विकिपिडिया newiki https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter मीडिया विशेष वार्तालाप प्रयोगकर्ता प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता विकिपिडिया विकिपिडिया वार्ता चित्र चित्र वार्ता मीडियाविकि मीडियाविकि वार्ता ढाँचा ढाँचा वार्ता मद्दत मद्दत वार्ता श्रेणी श्रेणी वार्ता पोर्टल पोर्टल वार्ता मस्यौदा मस्यौदा वार्ता TimedText TimedText talk मोड्युल मोड्युल वार्तालाप Event Event talk 8 4340 1365043 1356972 2026-07-06T14:06:49Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 /* */ +विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ 1365043 wikitext text/x-wiki == विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ मा सहभागी हुने सम्बन्धमा == {{fmbox | image = [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|90px|link=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AC]] | imageright= [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ne.svg|80px|link=]] | style = | textstyle = | text = <center> [[नेपाली विकिपिडिया]]मा ०५ जुलाई २०२६ देखि ३१ जुलाई २०२६ सम्म नारी सम्मानमा समर्पित '''"महिला स्वास्थ्य तथा स्वच्छता सम्बन्धी जागरूकता"''' नाराको साथ [[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६]] सञ्चालन भइरहेको छ, सहभागी हुनका लागि सहभागीहरूले '''[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६/सहभागीहरू|यहाँ]]''' आफ्नो नाम दर्ता गर्नको लागि अनुरोध गरिन्छ।<br> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६|<span style="color:white">अझ थप जानकारी...</span>]]</span></br></center> }} t7hi6la4dlm024flnpczvezp91dtfmz 0 6378 1365166 1350117 2026-07-07T05:47:50Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 /* */ 1365166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = भीमदत्त | official_name = | other_name = धुसुडी बजार<br/>महेन्द्रनगर | native_name = | settlement_type = [[नगरपालिका]]<br />[[सदरमुकाम]] | motto = | image_skyline = Madan chowk, kanchanpur कञ्चनपुर भीमदत्त नपा, मदन चोक - panoramio.jpg | image_caption = भीमदत्त नगरमा रहेको मदन चौक | image_size = 300px | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला#सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश#नेपाल | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = नक्सामा भीमदत्त नगरपालिका | pushpin_mapsize = 300px | coordinates = {{coord|28|55|N|80|20|E|region:NP_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[देश]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|नेपाल}} | subdivision_type1 = [[नेपालका प्रदेशहरू|प्रदेश]] | subdivision_name1 = [[सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश|सुदूरपश्चिम]] | subdivision_type2 = [[नेपालका जिल्लाहरू|जिल्ला]] | subdivision_name2 = [[कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला|कञ्चनपुर]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | government_footnotes = <ref name="निर्वाचन २०७९">{{cite news|title=स्थानीय तह निर्वाचन २०७९|url=https://localelection2079.ekantipur.com/pradesh-7/district-kanchanpur/bhimdatta?lng=nep|accessdate=०९ साउन २०८१|language=नेपाली|publisher=कान्तिपुर दैनिक}}</ref> | leader_title = [[नगरप्रमुख]] | leader_name = पदम बोगटी <small> ([[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]]) | leader_title1 = [[उपप्रमुख]] | leader_name1 = निलम जोशी <small> ([[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]])| established_title = सदरमुकाम | established_date = वि.सं. २०२३ पौष १८<ref name="सदरमुकाम">{{cite news|title=जिल्लाहरुको सदरमुकाम तोकेको बारे |url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book/?ref=3851 |date=वि.सं. २०२३ पौष १८ |accessdate=वि.सं. २०७८ फाल्गुन ४ |agency=नेपाल सरकार |language=नेपाली |publisher=नेपाल राजपत्र}}</ref> | established_title1 = नगर पञ्चायत | established_date1 = वि.सं. २०३४ फाल्गुन ९<ref name="नगर">{{cite news|title=कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला अन्तर्गत महेन्द्रनगरलाई नप क्षेत्र घोषित गरेको |url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book/?ref=12483 |date=वि.सं. २०३४ फाल्गुन ९ |accessdate=वि.सं. २०७८ फाल्गुन ३ |agency=नेपाल सरकार |language=नेपाली |publisher=नेपाल राजपत्र}}</ref> | established_title2 = समावेश गाउँ पञ्चायत | established_date2 = भुजेला, सिद्धनाथ र आदर्श (पूर्ण) तथा सुडा र ऐरी (धेरैजसो) | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 171.80 | population_as_of = [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]] |population_footnotes =<ref name="जनगणना २०७८">{{cite web |title=जनसङ्ख्याको आकार र वितरण|url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/np/population?province=7&district=77&municipality=4|accessdate=१५ असोज २०८१|work=राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८|publisher=[[राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय]]|language=नेपाली}}</ref> | population_total = 122320 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[नेपालको प्रमाणिक समय]] | utc_offset = +५:४५ | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = २२९ | postal_code_type = हुलाकी सङ्केत | postal_code = १०४०० | area_code = +९७७-९९ | website = [http://bheemdattamun.gov.np नगरपालिका वेबसाइट] | footnotes = }} '''भीमदत्त''' (पुरानो नाम: '''धुसुडी बजार'''<ref name="भीमदत्त">{{Cite web |url=https://bheemdattamun.gov.np/en/node/300 |title=नगरपालिकाको संक्षिप्त परिचय |website=भीमदत्त नगरपालिका |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215035644/https://bheemdattamun.gov.np/en/node/300 |date=2022-02-15 }}</ref> र '''महेन्द्रनगर'''<ref name="नगर"/>) [[नेपाल]]को [[सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश]]को [[कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला|कञ्चनपुर]] जिल्लाको सदरमुकाम<ref name="सदरमुकाम"/> तथा एक नगरपालिका हो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janaboli.com/post/313912 |title=विदेशीको मुखबाट समेत वाउ.. शब्द निस्किने नेपालका १० सुन्दर शहरहरू |date=2020-12-06 |website=जनबोली न्यूज |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216043027/https://www.janaboli.com/post/313912 |date=2022-02-16 }}</ref> नेपालका तत्कालीन राजा [[महेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|महेन्द्र]]को सम्मानमा सहर र नगरपालिकाको नाम महेन्द्रनगर राखिएको थियो। नेपालमा लोकतन्त्र स्थापनापछि वि.सं. २०६५ कार्तिक २० गते [[नेपाल सरकार]]को निर्णय बमोजिम यस नगरपालिकाको नाम महेन्द्रनगरलाई परिवर्तन गरेर क्रान्तिकारी किसान नेता [[भीमदत्त पन्त]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://dhangadhikhabar.com/news/17762 |title=शहीद भीमदत्त पन्तको ६८ औँ स्मृति दिवस मनाइँदै |website=धनगढी खबर |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref>को सम्मानमा यसको नाम भीमदत्त नगरपालिका राखिएको थियो।<ref name="भीमदत्त"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janasarokarpost.com/news-details/5433/2021-09-02 |title=सालिक र नामको चपेटामा घुसुडी बजार |website=जनसरोकार पोस्ट |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205052221/https://www.janasarokarpost.com/news-details/5433/2021-09-02 |date=2024-12-05 }}</ref> यस नगरपालिकाको पूर्वमा [[बेदकोट नगरपालिका]], उत्तरमा [[डडेल्धुरा जिल्ला]], दक्षिणमा [[शुक्लाफाँट राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज]] र पश्चिममा [[भारत]]को [[उत्तराखण्ड|उत्तराखण्ड राज्य]] रहेको छ। यो नगरपालिकाको पुरानो नाम महेन्द्रनगर थियो। यो नगर सुदूरपश्चिम नेपालको एक मुख्य पैठारीकर्ता तथा यातायातको केन्द्र हो। नेपालको पूर्वबाट आएको [[महेन्द्र राजमार्ग|पूर्व पश्चिम राजमार्ग]] यसै ठाउँमा आएर अन्त हुने तथा पश्चिमका दुर्गम स्थानहरूका लागि सहज यातायात उपलब्ध भएकाले यो स्थान पश्चिमको एक प्रमुख वाणिज्य केन्द्र पनि हो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lokaantar.com/story/38080/2018/3/17/current-affairs/local-news |title=भीमदत्त बन्यो प्रदेश ७ कै उत्कृष्ट नगरपालिका |website=लोकान्तर |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref> जिल्ला सदरमुकाम समेत रहेकोले यस नगरपालिकाभित्र जिल्ला स्तरीय सरकारी कार्यालयहरू रहेका छन्। नगर पञ्चायत ऐन २०१९ बमोजिम तत्कालीन सरकारले वि.सं. २०३४ साल फाल्गुन ९ गते तत्कालीन भुजेला, सिद्धनाथ र आदर्श गाँउ पञ्चायतका सम्पुर्ण भू-भाग तथा सुडा र ऐरी गाउँ [[पञ्चायती व्यवस्था|पञ्चायत]]को आंशिक भू-भाग मिलाएर सो समयमा 'महेन्द्रनगर नगर पञ्चायत' गठन गरेको थियो। यो नगर कञ्चनपुर जिल्लाकै पहिलो नगरपालिका समेत हो। जनसङ्ख्याको आधारमा यो नेपालको २८औँ ठूलो सहर हो। यो नगरपालिकाको ५ किलोमिटर (३.१ माइल) पूर्वमा भारतीय सीमाना रहेको छ भने देशको राजधानी [[काठमाडौँ]]बाट यो ७०० किलोमिटर (४३० माइल) पश्चिममा रहेको छ।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ekantipur.com/ampnews/2016-08-12/20160812085822.html?is_ifooter=1 |title=महेन्द्रनगर–दिल्ली बस सेवा सुचारु |website=कान्तिपुर समाचार |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref> == नामकरण == नेपाल अधिराज्यको तत्कालीन राजा [[महेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|महेन्द्र शाह]]को नाममा यो नगर क्षेत्रको नाम महेन्द्रनगर राखिएको हो। देशमा आएको राजनीतिक परिवर्तन र गणतन्त्र स्थापनापछि यसको नाम परिवर्तन गरेर भीमदत्त राखिएको हो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.paschimtoday.com/news-details/5020/2019-06-21 |title=चण्डीगढको नक्सानुसार बनेको सुन्दर महेन्द्रनगर |first=महादेव |last=अवस्थी |website=पश्चिम टुडे |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220025305/https://www.paschimtoday.com/news-details/5020/2019-06-21 |date=2022-02-20 }}</ref> नेपालका सहिद तथा क्रान्तिकारी किसान नेता [[भीमदत्त पन्त]]को सम्मानमा यसको नाम भीमदत्त नगरपालिका राखिएको थियो।<ref name=":0" /> ==नगर प्रशासनिक इतिहास== वि.सं. २०१९ मङ्सिर ५ गते तत्कालिन श्री ५ को सरकारको निर्णय र वि.सं. २०१९ पौष २ गते नेपाल गजेटमा प्रकाशित सूचना अनुसार नेपाल अधिराज्यलाई १४ अञ्चल र ७५ जिल्लामा विभाजन गरेपछि कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला बनेपछि सर्वप्रथम यसको सदरमुकाम वर्तमान [[बेलौरी नगरपालिका|श्रीपुर]] गाउँ विकास समितिको [[बेलौरी नगरपालिका|बेलौरी]] बजारमा रहेको थियो।<ref name="सदरमुकाम साविक">{{cite news|url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book?ref=2686|title=नेपाल अधिराज्यलाई १४ अंचल, ७५ जिल्लामा विभाजित|date=वि.सं. २०१९ पौष २|accessdate=वि.सं. २०७८ माघ २९|publisher=नेपाल राजपत्र|agency=नेपाल सरकार|page=१|language=नेपाली}}</ref> वि.सं. २०२३ कार्तिक २३ गते तत्कालिन श्री ५ को सरकारको निर्णय र वि.सं. २०२३ पौष १८ गते नेपाल गजेटमा प्रकाशित सूचना अनुसार जिल्ला सदरमुकामहरू विवादास्पद देखिएकोले कञ्चनपुरको सदरमुकाम तत्कालिन महेन्द्रनगर सारिएको थियो।<ref name="सदरमुकाम"/> == जनसङ्ख्या == [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]]को जनगणना अनुसार {{पृष्ठको नाम}}को कुल जनसङ्ख्या १,२२,३२० रहेको छ भने यहाँ २७,५७० घरधुरी रहेका छन्।<ref name="जनगणना २०७८"/> == भोगौलिक अवस्थिति == यो नगरपालिका २८°५२' देखि २९°०८' उत्तरी अक्षांश र ८०°०६' देखि ८०°१५.५' पूर्व देशान्तरमा अवस्थित रहेको छ। यो नगर क्षेत्र समुद्र सतहबाट १०० मिटर देखि १००० मिटरसम्मको उचाइमा रहेको छ। यस नगरपालिकाको जम्मा क्षेत्रफल १७१.८० वर्ग किलोमिटर रहेको छ। ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== *[http://ddckanchanpur.gov.np/ जिल्ला विकास समिति, कञ्चनपुर] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927053938/http://ddckanchanpur.gov.np/ |date=2015-09-27 }} {{कञ्चनपुर जिल्लाका स्थानीय तहहरू}} [[श्रेणी:वि.सं. २०३४ मा स्थापित नगरपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका जिल्ला सदरमुकामहरू]] [[श्रेणी:कञ्चनपुर जिल्लाका नगरपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका पूर्व नगर पञ्चायतहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका राजारानीहरूको नामबाट नामकरण गरिएका ठाउँहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेशका नगरपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाल–भारत सीमामा स्थित पारवहन र भन्सार चौकीहरू]] f2h0q9y2h41uhc9ifo3gqnxgntlpjjt 1365167 1365166 2026-07-07T05:50:11Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 /* */ 1365167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = भीमदत्त | official_name = | other_name = धुसुडी बजार<br/>महेन्द्रनगर | native_name = | settlement_type = [[नगरपालिका]]<br />[[सदरमुकाम]] | motto = | image_skyline = Madan chowk, kanchanpur कञ्चनपुर भीमदत्त नपा, मदन चोक - panoramio.jpg | image_caption = भीमदत्त नगरमा रहेको मदन चौक | image_size = 300px | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला#सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश#नेपाल | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = नक्सामा भीमदत्त नगरपालिका | pushpin_mapsize = 300px | coordinates = {{coord|28|96|N|80|17|E|region:NP_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[देश]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|नेपाल}} | subdivision_type1 = [[नेपालका प्रदेशहरू|प्रदेश]] | subdivision_name1 = [[सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश|सुदूरपश्चिम]] | subdivision_type2 = [[नेपालका जिल्लाहरू|जिल्ला]] | subdivision_name2 = [[कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला|कञ्चनपुर]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | government_footnotes = <ref name="निर्वाचन २०७९">{{cite news|title=स्थानीय तह निर्वाचन २०७९|url=https://localelection2079.ekantipur.com/pradesh-7/district-kanchanpur/bhimdatta?lng=nep|accessdate=०९ साउन २०८१|language=नेपाली|publisher=कान्तिपुर दैनिक}}</ref> | leader_title = [[नगरप्रमुख]] | leader_name = पदम बोगटी <small> ([[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]]) | leader_title1 = [[उपप्रमुख]] | leader_name1 = निलम जोशी <small> ([[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]])| established_title = सदरमुकाम | established_date = वि.सं. २०२३ पौष १८<ref name="सदरमुकाम">{{cite news|title=जिल्लाहरुको सदरमुकाम तोकेको बारे |url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book/?ref=3851 |date=वि.सं. २०२३ पौष १८ |accessdate=वि.सं. २०७८ फाल्गुन ४ |agency=नेपाल सरकार |language=नेपाली |publisher=नेपाल राजपत्र}}</ref> | established_title1 = नगर पञ्चायत | established_date1 = वि.सं. २०३४ फाल्गुन ९<ref name="नगर">{{cite news|title=कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला अन्तर्गत महेन्द्रनगरलाई नप क्षेत्र घोषित गरेको |url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book/?ref=12483 |date=वि.सं. २०३४ फाल्गुन ९ |accessdate=वि.सं. २०७८ फाल्गुन ३ |agency=नेपाल सरकार |language=नेपाली |publisher=नेपाल राजपत्र}}</ref> | established_title2 = समावेश गाउँ पञ्चायत | established_date2 = भुजेला, सिद्धनाथ र आदर्श (पूर्ण) तथा सुडा र ऐरी (धेरैजसो) | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 171.80 | population_as_of = [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]] |population_footnotes =<ref name="जनगणना २०७८">{{cite web |title=जनसङ्ख्याको आकार र वितरण|url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/np/population?province=7&district=77&municipality=4|accessdate=१५ असोज २०८१|work=राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८|publisher=[[राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय]]|language=नेपाली}}</ref> | population_total = 122320 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[नेपालको प्रमाणिक समय]] | utc_offset = +५:४५ | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = २२९ | postal_code_type = हुलाकी सङ्केत | postal_code = १०४०० | area_code = +९७७-९९ | website = [http://bheemdattamun.gov.np नगरपालिका वेबसाइट] | footnotes = }} '''भीमदत्त''' (पुरानो नाम: '''धुसुडी बजार'''<ref name="भीमदत्त">{{Cite web |url=https://bheemdattamun.gov.np/en/node/300 |title=नगरपालिकाको संक्षिप्त परिचय |website=भीमदत्त नगरपालिका |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215035644/https://bheemdattamun.gov.np/en/node/300 |date=2022-02-15 }}</ref> र '''महेन्द्रनगर'''<ref name="नगर"/>) [[नेपाल]]को [[सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश]]को [[कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला|कञ्चनपुर]] जिल्लाको सदरमुकाम<ref name="सदरमुकाम"/> तथा एक नगरपालिका हो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janaboli.com/post/313912 |title=विदेशीको मुखबाट समेत वाउ.. शब्द निस्किने नेपालका १० सुन्दर शहरहरू |date=2020-12-06 |website=जनबोली न्यूज |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216043027/https://www.janaboli.com/post/313912 |date=2022-02-16 }}</ref> नेपालका तत्कालीन राजा [[महेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|महेन्द्र]]को सम्मानमा सहर र नगरपालिकाको नाम महेन्द्रनगर राखिएको थियो। नेपालमा लोकतन्त्र स्थापनापछि वि.सं. २०६५ कार्तिक २० गते [[नेपाल सरकार]]को निर्णय बमोजिम यस नगरपालिकाको नाम महेन्द्रनगरलाई परिवर्तन गरेर क्रान्तिकारी किसान नेता [[भीमदत्त पन्त]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://dhangadhikhabar.com/news/17762 |title=शहीद भीमदत्त पन्तको ६८ औँ स्मृति दिवस मनाइँदै |website=धनगढी खबर |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref>को सम्मानमा यसको नाम भीमदत्त नगरपालिका राखिएको थियो।<ref name="भीमदत्त"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janasarokarpost.com/news-details/5433/2021-09-02 |title=सालिक र नामको चपेटामा घुसुडी बजार |website=जनसरोकार पोस्ट |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205052221/https://www.janasarokarpost.com/news-details/5433/2021-09-02 |date=2024-12-05 }}</ref> यस नगरपालिकाको पूर्वमा [[बेदकोट नगरपालिका]], उत्तरमा [[डडेल्धुरा जिल्ला]], दक्षिणमा [[शुक्लाफाँट राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज]] र पश्चिममा [[भारत]]को [[उत्तराखण्ड|उत्तराखण्ड राज्य]] रहेको छ। यो नगरपालिकाको पुरानो नाम महेन्द्रनगर थियो। यो नगर सुदूरपश्चिम नेपालको एक मुख्य पैठारीकर्ता तथा यातायातको केन्द्र हो। नेपालको पूर्वबाट आएको [[महेन्द्र राजमार्ग|पूर्व पश्चिम राजमार्ग]] यसै ठाउँमा आएर अन्त हुने तथा पश्चिमका दुर्गम स्थानहरूका लागि सहज यातायात उपलब्ध भएकाले यो स्थान पश्चिमको एक प्रमुख वाणिज्य केन्द्र पनि हो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lokaantar.com/story/38080/2018/3/17/current-affairs/local-news |title=भीमदत्त बन्यो प्रदेश ७ कै उत्कृष्ट नगरपालिका |website=लोकान्तर |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref> जिल्ला सदरमुकाम समेत रहेकोले यस नगरपालिकाभित्र जिल्ला स्तरीय सरकारी कार्यालयहरू रहेका छन्। नगर पञ्चायत ऐन २०१९ बमोजिम तत्कालीन सरकारले वि.सं. २०३४ साल फाल्गुन ९ गते तत्कालीन भुजेला, सिद्धनाथ र आदर्श गाँउ पञ्चायतका सम्पुर्ण भू-भाग तथा सुडा र ऐरी गाउँ [[पञ्चायती व्यवस्था|पञ्चायत]]को आंशिक भू-भाग मिलाएर सो समयमा 'महेन्द्रनगर नगर पञ्चायत' गठन गरेको थियो। यो नगर कञ्चनपुर जिल्लाकै पहिलो नगरपालिका समेत हो। जनसङ्ख्याको आधारमा यो नेपालको २८औँ ठूलो सहर हो। यो नगरपालिकाको ५ किलोमिटर (३.१ माइल) पूर्वमा भारतीय सीमाना रहेको छ भने देशको राजधानी [[काठमाडौँ]]बाट यो ७०० किलोमिटर (४३० माइल) पश्चिममा रहेको छ।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ekantipur.com/ampnews/2016-08-12/20160812085822.html?is_ifooter=1 |title=महेन्द्रनगर–दिल्ली बस सेवा सुचारु |website=कान्तिपुर समाचार |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref> == नामकरण == नेपाल अधिराज्यको तत्कालीन राजा [[महेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|महेन्द्र शाह]]को नाममा यो नगर क्षेत्रको नाम महेन्द्रनगर राखिएको हो। देशमा आएको राजनीतिक परिवर्तन र गणतन्त्र स्थापनापछि यसको नाम परिवर्तन गरेर भीमदत्त राखिएको हो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.paschimtoday.com/news-details/5020/2019-06-21 |title=चण्डीगढको नक्सानुसार बनेको सुन्दर महेन्द्रनगर |first=महादेव |last=अवस्थी |website=पश्चिम टुडे |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220025305/https://www.paschimtoday.com/news-details/5020/2019-06-21 |date=2022-02-20 }}</ref> नेपालका सहिद तथा क्रान्तिकारी किसान नेता [[भीमदत्त पन्त]]को सम्मानमा यसको नाम भीमदत्त नगरपालिका राखिएको थियो।<ref name=":0" /> ==नगर प्रशासनिक इतिहास== वि.सं. २०१९ मङ्सिर ५ गते तत्कालिन श्री ५ को सरकारको निर्णय र वि.सं. २०१९ पौष २ गते नेपाल गजेटमा प्रकाशित सूचना अनुसार नेपाल अधिराज्यलाई १४ अञ्चल र ७५ जिल्लामा विभाजन गरेपछि कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला बनेपछि सर्वप्रथम यसको सदरमुकाम वर्तमान [[बेलौरी नगरपालिका|श्रीपुर]] गाउँ विकास समितिको [[बेलौरी नगरपालिका|बेलौरी]] बजारमा रहेको थियो।<ref name="सदरमुकाम साविक">{{cite news|url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book?ref=2686|title=नेपाल अधिराज्यलाई १४ अंचल, ७५ जिल्लामा विभाजित|date=वि.सं. २०१९ पौष २|accessdate=वि.सं. २०७८ माघ २९|publisher=नेपाल राजपत्र|agency=नेपाल सरकार|page=१|language=नेपाली}}</ref> वि.सं. २०२३ कार्तिक २३ गते तत्कालिन श्री ५ को सरकारको निर्णय र वि.सं. २०२३ पौष १८ गते नेपाल गजेटमा प्रकाशित सूचना अनुसार जिल्ला सदरमुकामहरू विवादास्पद देखिएकोले कञ्चनपुरको सदरमुकाम तत्कालिन महेन्द्रनगर सारिएको थियो।<ref name="सदरमुकाम"/> == जनसङ्ख्या == [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]]को जनगणना अनुसार {{पृष्ठको नाम}}को कुल जनसङ्ख्या १,२२,३२० रहेको छ भने यहाँ २७,५७० घरधुरी रहेका छन्।<ref name="जनगणना २०७८"/> == भोगौलिक अवस्थिति == यो नगरपालिका २८°५२' देखि २९°०८' उत्तरी अक्षांश र ८०°०६' देखि ८०°१५.५' पूर्व देशान्तरमा अवस्थित रहेको छ। यो नगर क्षेत्र समुद्र सतहबाट १०० मिटर देखि १००० मिटरसम्मको उचाइमा रहेको छ। यस नगरपालिकाको जम्मा क्षेत्रफल १७१.८० वर्ग किलोमिटर रहेको छ। ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== *[http://ddckanchanpur.gov.np/ जिल्ला विकास समिति, कञ्चनपुर] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927053938/http://ddckanchanpur.gov.np/ |date=2015-09-27 }} {{कञ्चनपुर जिल्लाका स्थानीय तहहरू}} [[श्रेणी:वि.सं. २०३४ मा स्थापित नगरपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका जिल्ला सदरमुकामहरू]] [[श्रेणी:कञ्चनपुर जिल्लाका नगरपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका पूर्व नगर पञ्चायतहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका राजारानीहरूको नामबाट नामकरण गरिएका ठाउँहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेशका नगरपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाल–भारत सीमामा स्थित पारवहन र भन्सार चौकीहरू]] 3ju7nfe7w23eguw4x7hnrlx6k0i08ub 1365168 1365167 2026-07-07T05:52:37Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 /* */ 1365168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = भीमदत्त | official_name = | other_name = धुसुडी बजार<br/>महेन्द्रनगर | native_name = | settlement_type = [[नगरपालिका]]<br />[[सदरमुकाम]] | motto = | image_skyline = Madan chowk, kanchanpur कञ्चनपुर भीमदत्त नपा, मदन चोक - panoramio.jpg | image_caption = भीमदत्त नगरमा रहेको मदन चौक | image_size = 300px | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला#सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश#नेपाल | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = नक्सामा भीमदत्त नगरपालिका | pushpin_mapsize = 300px | coordinates = {{coord|28|60|N|80|17|E|region:NP_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[देश]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|नेपाल}} | subdivision_type1 = [[नेपालका प्रदेशहरू|प्रदेश]] | subdivision_name1 = [[सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश|सुदूरपश्चिम]] | subdivision_type2 = [[नेपालका जिल्लाहरू|जिल्ला]] | subdivision_name2 = [[कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला|कञ्चनपुर]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | government_footnotes = <ref name="निर्वाचन २०७९">{{cite news|title=स्थानीय तह निर्वाचन २०७९|url=https://localelection2079.ekantipur.com/pradesh-7/district-kanchanpur/bhimdatta?lng=nep|accessdate=०९ साउन २०८१|language=नेपाली|publisher=कान्तिपुर दैनिक}}</ref> | leader_title = [[नगरप्रमुख]] | leader_name = पदम बोगटी <small> ([[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]]) | leader_title1 = [[उपप्रमुख]] | leader_name1 = निलम जोशी <small> ([[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]])| established_title = सदरमुकाम | established_date = वि.सं. २०२३ पौष १८<ref name="सदरमुकाम">{{cite news|title=जिल्लाहरुको सदरमुकाम तोकेको बारे |url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book/?ref=3851 |date=वि.सं. २०२३ पौष १८ |accessdate=वि.सं. २०७८ फाल्गुन ४ |agency=नेपाल सरकार |language=नेपाली |publisher=नेपाल राजपत्र}}</ref> | established_title1 = नगर पञ्चायत | established_date1 = वि.सं. २०३४ फाल्गुन ९<ref name="नगर">{{cite news|title=कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला अन्तर्गत महेन्द्रनगरलाई नप क्षेत्र घोषित गरेको |url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book/?ref=12483 |date=वि.सं. २०३४ फाल्गुन ९ |accessdate=वि.सं. २०७८ फाल्गुन ३ |agency=नेपाल सरकार |language=नेपाली |publisher=नेपाल राजपत्र}}</ref> | established_title2 = समावेश गाउँ पञ्चायत | established_date2 = भुजेला, सिद्धनाथ र आदर्श (पूर्ण) तथा सुडा र ऐरी (धेरैजसो) | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 171.80 | population_as_of = [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]] |population_footnotes =<ref name="जनगणना २०७८">{{cite web |title=जनसङ्ख्याको आकार र वितरण|url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/np/population?province=7&district=77&municipality=4|accessdate=१५ असोज २०८१|work=राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८|publisher=[[राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय]]|language=नेपाली}}</ref> | population_total = 122320 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[नेपालको प्रमाणिक समय]] | utc_offset = +५:४५ | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = २२९ | postal_code_type = हुलाकी सङ्केत | postal_code = १०४०० | area_code = +९७७-९९ | website = [http://bheemdattamun.gov.np नगरपालिका वेबसाइट] | footnotes = }} '''भीमदत्त''' (पुरानो नाम: '''धुसुडी बजार'''<ref name="भीमदत्त">{{Cite web |url=https://bheemdattamun.gov.np/en/node/300 |title=नगरपालिकाको संक्षिप्त परिचय |website=भीमदत्त नगरपालिका |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215035644/https://bheemdattamun.gov.np/en/node/300 |date=2022-02-15 }}</ref> र '''महेन्द्रनगर'''<ref name="नगर"/>) [[नेपाल]]को [[सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश]]को [[कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला|कञ्चनपुर]] जिल्लाको सदरमुकाम<ref name="सदरमुकाम"/> तथा एक नगरपालिका हो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janaboli.com/post/313912 |title=विदेशीको मुखबाट समेत वाउ.. शब्द निस्किने नेपालका १० सुन्दर शहरहरू |date=2020-12-06 |website=जनबोली न्यूज |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216043027/https://www.janaboli.com/post/313912 |date=2022-02-16 }}</ref> नेपालका तत्कालीन राजा [[महेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|महेन्द्र]]को सम्मानमा सहर र नगरपालिकाको नाम महेन्द्रनगर राखिएको थियो। नेपालमा लोकतन्त्र स्थापनापछि वि.सं. २०६५ कार्तिक २० गते [[नेपाल सरकार]]को निर्णय बमोजिम यस नगरपालिकाको नाम महेन्द्रनगरलाई परिवर्तन गरेर क्रान्तिकारी किसान नेता [[भीमदत्त पन्त]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://dhangadhikhabar.com/news/17762 |title=शहीद भीमदत्त पन्तको ६८ औँ स्मृति दिवस मनाइँदै |website=धनगढी खबर |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref>को सम्मानमा यसको नाम भीमदत्त नगरपालिका राखिएको थियो।<ref name="भीमदत्त"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janasarokarpost.com/news-details/5433/2021-09-02 |title=सालिक र नामको चपेटामा घुसुडी बजार |website=जनसरोकार पोस्ट |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205052221/https://www.janasarokarpost.com/news-details/5433/2021-09-02 |date=2024-12-05 }}</ref> यस नगरपालिकाको पूर्वमा [[बेदकोट नगरपालिका]], उत्तरमा [[डडेल्धुरा जिल्ला]], दक्षिणमा [[शुक्लाफाँट राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज]] र पश्चिममा [[भारत]]को [[उत्तराखण्ड|उत्तराखण्ड राज्य]] रहेको छ। यो नगरपालिकाको पुरानो नाम महेन्द्रनगर थियो। यो नगर सुदूरपश्चिम नेपालको एक मुख्य पैठारीकर्ता तथा यातायातको केन्द्र हो। नेपालको पूर्वबाट आएको [[महेन्द्र राजमार्ग|पूर्व पश्चिम राजमार्ग]] यसै ठाउँमा आएर अन्त हुने तथा पश्चिमका दुर्गम स्थानहरूका लागि सहज यातायात उपलब्ध भएकाले यो स्थान पश्चिमको एक प्रमुख वाणिज्य केन्द्र पनि हो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lokaantar.com/story/38080/2018/3/17/current-affairs/local-news |title=भीमदत्त बन्यो प्रदेश ७ कै उत्कृष्ट नगरपालिका |website=लोकान्तर |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref> जिल्ला सदरमुकाम समेत रहेकोले यस नगरपालिकाभित्र जिल्ला स्तरीय सरकारी कार्यालयहरू रहेका छन्। नगर पञ्चायत ऐन २०१९ बमोजिम तत्कालीन सरकारले वि.सं. २०३४ साल फाल्गुन ९ गते तत्कालीन भुजेला, सिद्धनाथ र आदर्श गाँउ पञ्चायतका सम्पुर्ण भू-भाग तथा सुडा र ऐरी गाउँ [[पञ्चायती व्यवस्था|पञ्चायत]]को आंशिक भू-भाग मिलाएर सो समयमा 'महेन्द्रनगर नगर पञ्चायत' गठन गरेको थियो। यो नगर कञ्चनपुर जिल्लाकै पहिलो नगरपालिका समेत हो। जनसङ्ख्याको आधारमा यो नेपालको २८औँ ठूलो सहर हो। यो नगरपालिकाको ५ किलोमिटर (३.१ माइल) पूर्वमा भारतीय सीमाना रहेको छ भने देशको राजधानी [[काठमाडौँ]]बाट यो ७०० किलोमिटर (४३० माइल) पश्चिममा रहेको छ।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ekantipur.com/ampnews/2016-08-12/20160812085822.html?is_ifooter=1 |title=महेन्द्रनगर–दिल्ली बस सेवा सुचारु |website=कान्तिपुर समाचार |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref> == नामकरण == नेपाल अधिराज्यको तत्कालीन राजा [[महेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|महेन्द्र शाह]]को नाममा यो नगर क्षेत्रको नाम महेन्द्रनगर राखिएको हो। देशमा आएको राजनीतिक परिवर्तन र गणतन्त्र स्थापनापछि यसको नाम परिवर्तन गरेर भीमदत्त राखिएको हो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.paschimtoday.com/news-details/5020/2019-06-21 |title=चण्डीगढको नक्सानुसार बनेको सुन्दर महेन्द्रनगर |first=महादेव |last=अवस्थी |website=पश्चिम टुडे |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220025305/https://www.paschimtoday.com/news-details/5020/2019-06-21 |date=2022-02-20 }}</ref> नेपालका सहिद तथा क्रान्तिकारी किसान नेता [[भीमदत्त पन्त]]को सम्मानमा यसको नाम भीमदत्त नगरपालिका राखिएको थियो।<ref name=":0" /> ==नगर प्रशासनिक इतिहास== वि.सं. २०१९ मङ्सिर ५ गते तत्कालिन श्री ५ को सरकारको निर्णय र वि.सं. २०१९ पौष २ गते नेपाल गजेटमा प्रकाशित सूचना अनुसार नेपाल अधिराज्यलाई १४ अञ्चल र ७५ जिल्लामा विभाजन गरेपछि कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला बनेपछि सर्वप्रथम यसको सदरमुकाम वर्तमान [[बेलौरी नगरपालिका|श्रीपुर]] गाउँ विकास समितिको [[बेलौरी नगरपालिका|बेलौरी]] बजारमा रहेको थियो।<ref name="सदरमुकाम साविक">{{cite news|url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book?ref=2686|title=नेपाल अधिराज्यलाई १४ अंचल, ७५ जिल्लामा विभाजित|date=वि.सं. २०१९ पौष २|accessdate=वि.सं. २०७८ माघ २९|publisher=नेपाल राजपत्र|agency=नेपाल सरकार|page=१|language=नेपाली}}</ref> वि.सं. २०२३ कार्तिक २३ गते तत्कालिन श्री ५ को सरकारको निर्णय र वि.सं. २०२३ पौष १८ गते नेपाल गजेटमा प्रकाशित सूचना अनुसार जिल्ला सदरमुकामहरू विवादास्पद देखिएकोले कञ्चनपुरको सदरमुकाम तत्कालिन महेन्द्रनगर सारिएको थियो।<ref name="सदरमुकाम"/> == जनसङ्ख्या == [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]]को जनगणना अनुसार {{पृष्ठको नाम}}को कुल जनसङ्ख्या १,२२,३२० रहेको छ भने यहाँ २७,५७० घरधुरी रहेका छन्।<ref name="जनगणना २०७८"/> == भोगौलिक अवस्थिति == यो नगरपालिका २८°५२' देखि २९°०८' उत्तरी अक्षांश र ८०°०६' देखि ८०°१५.५' पूर्व देशान्तरमा अवस्थित रहेको छ। यो नगर क्षेत्र समुद्र सतहबाट १०० मिटर देखि १००० मिटरसम्मको उचाइमा रहेको छ। यस नगरपालिकाको जम्मा क्षेत्रफल १७१.८० वर्ग किलोमिटर रहेको छ। ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== *[http://ddckanchanpur.gov.np/ जिल्ला विकास समिति, कञ्चनपुर] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927053938/http://ddckanchanpur.gov.np/ |date=2015-09-27 }} {{कञ्चनपुर जिल्लाका स्थानीय तहहरू}} [[श्रेणी:वि.सं. २०३४ मा स्थापित नगरपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका जिल्ला सदरमुकामहरू]] [[श्रेणी:कञ्चनपुर जिल्लाका नगरपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका पूर्व नगर पञ्चायतहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका राजारानीहरूको नामबाट नामकरण गरिएका ठाउँहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेशका नगरपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाल–भारत सीमामा स्थित पारवहन र भन्सार चौकीहरू]] ob0tgspvkkbfbuw0847snw14w2oq9fv 1365169 1365168 2026-07-07T05:53:14Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 /* */ 1365169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = भीमदत्त | official_name = | other_name = धुसुडी बजार<br/>महेन्द्रनगर | native_name = | settlement_type = [[नगरपालिका]]<br />[[सदरमुकाम]] | motto = | image_skyline = Madan chowk, kanchanpur कञ्चनपुर भीमदत्त नपा, मदन चोक - panoramio.jpg | image_caption = भीमदत्त नगरमा रहेको मदन चौक | image_size = 300px | image_map = | mapsize = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला#सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश#नेपाल | pushpin_label_position = bottom | pushpin_map_caption = नक्सामा भीमदत्त नगरपालिका | pushpin_mapsize = 300px | coordinates = {{coord|28|59|N|80|17|E|region:NP_type:city|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[देश]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|नेपाल}} | subdivision_type1 = [[नेपालका प्रदेशहरू|प्रदेश]] | subdivision_name1 = [[सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश|सुदूरपश्चिम]] | subdivision_type2 = [[नेपालका जिल्लाहरू|जिल्ला]] | subdivision_name2 = [[कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला|कञ्चनपुर]] | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | government_footnotes = <ref name="निर्वाचन २०७९">{{cite news|title=स्थानीय तह निर्वाचन २०७९|url=https://localelection2079.ekantipur.com/pradesh-7/district-kanchanpur/bhimdatta?lng=nep|accessdate=०९ साउन २०८१|language=नेपाली|publisher=कान्तिपुर दैनिक}}</ref> | leader_title = [[नगरप्रमुख]] | leader_name = पदम बोगटी <small> ([[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]]) | leader_title1 = [[उपप्रमुख]] | leader_name1 = निलम जोशी <small> ([[नेपाली काङ्ग्रेस]])| established_title = सदरमुकाम | established_date = वि.सं. २०२३ पौष १८<ref name="सदरमुकाम">{{cite news|title=जिल्लाहरुको सदरमुकाम तोकेको बारे |url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book/?ref=3851 |date=वि.सं. २०२३ पौष १८ |accessdate=वि.सं. २०७८ फाल्गुन ४ |agency=नेपाल सरकार |language=नेपाली |publisher=नेपाल राजपत्र}}</ref> | established_title1 = नगर पञ्चायत | established_date1 = वि.सं. २०३४ फाल्गुन ९<ref name="नगर">{{cite news|title=कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला अन्तर्गत महेन्द्रनगरलाई नप क्षेत्र घोषित गरेको |url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book/?ref=12483 |date=वि.सं. २०३४ फाल्गुन ९ |accessdate=वि.सं. २०७८ फाल्गुन ३ |agency=नेपाल सरकार |language=नेपाली |publisher=नेपाल राजपत्र}}</ref> | established_title2 = समावेश गाउँ पञ्चायत | established_date2 = भुजेला, सिद्धनाथ र आदर्श (पूर्ण) तथा सुडा र ऐरी (धेरैजसो) | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 171.80 | population_as_of = [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]] |population_footnotes =<ref name="जनगणना २०७८">{{cite web |title=जनसङ्ख्याको आकार र वितरण|url=https://censusnepal.cbs.gov.np/results/np/population?province=7&district=77&municipality=4|accessdate=१५ असोज २०८१|work=राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८|publisher=[[राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क कार्यालय]]|language=नेपाली}}</ref> | population_total = 122320 | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone = [[नेपालको प्रमाणिक समय]] | utc_offset = +५:४५ | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = २२९ | postal_code_type = हुलाकी सङ्केत | postal_code = १०४०० | area_code = +९७७-९९ | website = [http://bheemdattamun.gov.np नगरपालिका वेबसाइट] | footnotes = }} '''भीमदत्त''' (पुरानो नाम: '''धुसुडी बजार'''<ref name="भीमदत्त">{{Cite web |url=https://bheemdattamun.gov.np/en/node/300 |title=नगरपालिकाको संक्षिप्त परिचय |website=भीमदत्त नगरपालिका |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215035644/https://bheemdattamun.gov.np/en/node/300 |date=2022-02-15 }}</ref> र '''महेन्द्रनगर'''<ref name="नगर"/>) [[नेपाल]]को [[सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेश]]को [[कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला|कञ्चनपुर]] जिल्लाको सदरमुकाम<ref name="सदरमुकाम"/> तथा एक नगरपालिका हो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janaboli.com/post/313912 |title=विदेशीको मुखबाट समेत वाउ.. शब्द निस्किने नेपालका १० सुन्दर शहरहरू |date=2020-12-06 |website=जनबोली न्यूज |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216043027/https://www.janaboli.com/post/313912 |date=2022-02-16 }}</ref> नेपालका तत्कालीन राजा [[महेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|महेन्द्र]]को सम्मानमा सहर र नगरपालिकाको नाम महेन्द्रनगर राखिएको थियो। नेपालमा लोकतन्त्र स्थापनापछि वि.सं. २०६५ कार्तिक २० गते [[नेपाल सरकार]]को निर्णय बमोजिम यस नगरपालिकाको नाम महेन्द्रनगरलाई परिवर्तन गरेर क्रान्तिकारी किसान नेता [[भीमदत्त पन्त]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://dhangadhikhabar.com/news/17762 |title=शहीद भीमदत्त पन्तको ६८ औँ स्मृति दिवस मनाइँदै |website=धनगढी खबर |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref>को सम्मानमा यसको नाम भीमदत्त नगरपालिका राखिएको थियो।<ref name="भीमदत्त"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.janasarokarpost.com/news-details/5433/2021-09-02 |title=सालिक र नामको चपेटामा घुसुडी बजार |website=जनसरोकार पोस्ट |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241205052221/https://www.janasarokarpost.com/news-details/5433/2021-09-02 |date=2024-12-05 }}</ref> यस नगरपालिकाको पूर्वमा [[बेदकोट नगरपालिका]], उत्तरमा [[डडेल्धुरा जिल्ला]], दक्षिणमा [[शुक्लाफाँट राष्ट्रिय निकुञ्ज]] र पश्चिममा [[भारत]]को [[उत्तराखण्ड|उत्तराखण्ड राज्य]] रहेको छ। यो नगरपालिकाको पुरानो नाम महेन्द्रनगर थियो। यो नगर सुदूरपश्चिम नेपालको एक मुख्य पैठारीकर्ता तथा यातायातको केन्द्र हो। नेपालको पूर्वबाट आएको [[महेन्द्र राजमार्ग|पूर्व पश्चिम राजमार्ग]] यसै ठाउँमा आएर अन्त हुने तथा पश्चिमका दुर्गम स्थानहरूका लागि सहज यातायात उपलब्ध भएकाले यो स्थान पश्चिमको एक प्रमुख वाणिज्य केन्द्र पनि हो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://lokaantar.com/story/38080/2018/3/17/current-affairs/local-news |title=भीमदत्त बन्यो प्रदेश ७ कै उत्कृष्ट नगरपालिका |website=लोकान्तर |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref> जिल्ला सदरमुकाम समेत रहेकोले यस नगरपालिकाभित्र जिल्ला स्तरीय सरकारी कार्यालयहरू रहेका छन्। नगर पञ्चायत ऐन २०१९ बमोजिम तत्कालीन सरकारले वि.सं. २०३४ साल फाल्गुन ९ गते तत्कालीन भुजेला, सिद्धनाथ र आदर्श गाँउ पञ्चायतका सम्पुर्ण भू-भाग तथा सुडा र ऐरी गाउँ [[पञ्चायती व्यवस्था|पञ्चायत]]को आंशिक भू-भाग मिलाएर सो समयमा 'महेन्द्रनगर नगर पञ्चायत' गठन गरेको थियो। यो नगर कञ्चनपुर जिल्लाकै पहिलो नगरपालिका समेत हो। जनसङ्ख्याको आधारमा यो नेपालको २८औँ ठूलो सहर हो। यो नगरपालिकाको ५ किलोमिटर (३.१ माइल) पूर्वमा भारतीय सीमाना रहेको छ भने देशको राजधानी [[काठमाडौँ]]बाट यो ७०० किलोमिटर (४३० माइल) पश्चिममा रहेको छ।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ekantipur.com/ampnews/2016-08-12/20160812085822.html?is_ifooter=1 |title=महेन्द्रनगर–दिल्ली बस सेवा सुचारु |website=कान्तिपुर समाचार |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-16}}</ref> == नामकरण == नेपाल अधिराज्यको तत्कालीन राजा [[महेन्द्र वीरविक्रम शाह|महेन्द्र शाह]]को नाममा यो नगर क्षेत्रको नाम महेन्द्रनगर राखिएको हो। देशमा आएको राजनीतिक परिवर्तन र गणतन्त्र स्थापनापछि यसको नाम परिवर्तन गरेर भीमदत्त राखिएको हो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.paschimtoday.com/news-details/5020/2019-06-21 |title=चण्डीगढको नक्सानुसार बनेको सुन्दर महेन्द्रनगर |first=महादेव |last=अवस्थी |website=पश्चिम टुडे |language=नेपाली |accessdate=2022-02-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220220025305/https://www.paschimtoday.com/news-details/5020/2019-06-21 |date=2022-02-20 }}</ref> नेपालका सहिद तथा क्रान्तिकारी किसान नेता [[भीमदत्त पन्त]]को सम्मानमा यसको नाम भीमदत्त नगरपालिका राखिएको थियो।<ref name=":0" /> ==नगर प्रशासनिक इतिहास== वि.सं. २०१९ मङ्सिर ५ गते तत्कालिन श्री ५ को सरकारको निर्णय र वि.सं. २०१९ पौष २ गते नेपाल गजेटमा प्रकाशित सूचना अनुसार नेपाल अधिराज्यलाई १४ अञ्चल र ७५ जिल्लामा विभाजन गरेपछि कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला बनेपछि सर्वप्रथम यसको सदरमुकाम वर्तमान [[बेलौरी नगरपालिका|श्रीपुर]] गाउँ विकास समितिको [[बेलौरी नगरपालिका|बेलौरी]] बजारमा रहेको थियो।<ref name="सदरमुकाम साविक">{{cite news|url=http://rajpatra.dop.gov.np/welcome/book?ref=2686|title=नेपाल अधिराज्यलाई १४ अंचल, ७५ जिल्लामा विभाजित|date=वि.सं. २०१९ पौष २|accessdate=वि.सं. २०७८ माघ २९|publisher=नेपाल राजपत्र|agency=नेपाल सरकार|page=१|language=नेपाली}}</ref> वि.सं. २०२३ कार्तिक २३ गते तत्कालिन श्री ५ को सरकारको निर्णय र वि.सं. २०२३ पौष १८ गते नेपाल गजेटमा प्रकाशित सूचना अनुसार जिल्ला सदरमुकामहरू विवादास्पद देखिएकोले कञ्चनपुरको सदरमुकाम तत्कालिन महेन्द्रनगर सारिएको थियो।<ref name="सदरमुकाम"/> == जनसङ्ख्या == [[नेपालको बाह्रौँ राष्ट्रिय जनगणना, २०७८|राष्ट्रिय जनगणना २०७८]]को जनगणना अनुसार {{पृष्ठको नाम}}को कुल जनसङ्ख्या १,२२,३२० रहेको छ भने यहाँ २७,५७० घरधुरी रहेका छन्।<ref name="जनगणना २०७८"/> == भोगौलिक अवस्थिति == यो नगरपालिका २८°५२' देखि २९°०८' उत्तरी अक्षांश र ८०°०६' देखि ८०°१५.५' पूर्व देशान्तरमा अवस्थित रहेको छ। यो नगर क्षेत्र समुद्र सतहबाट १०० मिटर देखि १००० मिटरसम्मको उचाइमा रहेको छ। यस नगरपालिकाको जम्मा क्षेत्रफल १७१.८० वर्ग किलोमिटर रहेको छ। ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== *[http://ddckanchanpur.gov.np/ जिल्ला विकास समिति, कञ्चनपुर] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927053938/http://ddckanchanpur.gov.np/ |date=2015-09-27 }} {{कञ्चनपुर जिल्लाका स्थानीय तहहरू}} [[श्रेणी:वि.सं. २०३४ मा स्थापित नगरपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका जिल्ला सदरमुकामहरू]] [[श्रेणी:कञ्चनपुर जिल्लाका नगरपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका पूर्व नगर पञ्चायतहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालका राजारानीहरूको नामबाट नामकरण गरिएका ठाउँहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सुदूरपश्चिम प्रदेशका नगरपालिकाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपाल–भारत सीमामा स्थित पारवहन र भन्सार चौकीहरू]] 9qikrhnfin5nar75d3d2qpz87oqne8c 0 12662 1365127 1362231 2026-07-07T01:36:51Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = कालेबुङ | native_name = | native_name_lang = | other_name = | settlement_type = [[नगरपालिका]] | image_skyline = View of Kalimpong, India.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = कालेबुङ सहर | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India West Bengal#India | pushpin_label_position = left | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|27|3|36|N|88|28|12|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = देश | subdivision_name = {{flag|भारत}} | subdivision_type1 = [[भारतका राज्य तथा केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरू|राज्य]] | subdivision_type2 = [[भारतका जिल्लाहरू|जिल्ला]] | subdivision_name1 = [[पश्चिम बङ्गाल]] | subdivision_name2 = [[कालिम्पोङ जिल्ला]] | established_title = <!-- Established --> | established_date = | founder = | named_for = काले बुङ | government_type = [[नगरपालिका]] | governing_body = कालेबुङ नगरपालिका | leader_title = [[अध्यक्ष]] | leader_name = रवि प्रधान | unit_pref = Metric | area_footnotes = <ref name='Kalimpong City'>{{cite web |title=Kalimpong Municipality |website=kalimpongdistrict.in |url=https://kalimpongdistrict.in/kalimpong-municipality/ |access-date=26 November 2020}}</ref> | area_total_km2 = ९.१६८ | area_rank = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = १२४७ | population_total = ४९,४०३ | population_as_of = २०११ | population_footnotes = <ref name='Kalimpong City'/> | population_density_km2 = auto | population_rank = | population_demonym = | demographics_type1 = भाषाहरू | demographics1_title1 = आधिकारिक | demographics1_info1 = [[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली]] , [[बङ्गाली भाषा|बङ्गाली]] र [[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]]<ref name="wblangoff"/><ref name="langreport"/> | demographics1_title2 = अतिरिक्त अधिकारी | demographics1_info2 = [[अङ्ग्रेजी भाषा|अङ्ग्रेजी]]<ref name="wblangoff">{{cite web |title=Fact and Figures |url=https://wb.gov.in/portal/web/guest/facts-and-figures;jsessionid=JzdD9RHb7aMY5esZPtcsIVLy |website=www.wb.gov.in |access-date=10 March 2019}}</ref> | timezone1 = [[भारतीय मानक समय]] | utc_offset1 = +५:३० | postal_code_type = [[हुलाक सूचकाङ्क नम्बर]] | postal_code = ७३४ ३०१ | area_code = ०३५५२ | official_name = कालेबुङ नगरपालिका }} '''कालेबुङ''' अथवा '''कालिम्पोङ''' [[भारत]]को [[पश्चिम बङ्गाल]] राज्यमा अवस्थित एउटा सहर र [[कालिम्पोङ जिल्ला]]को सदरमुकाम हो। यो {{convert|1250|m|ft|0}}को औसत उचाइमा अवस्थित छ।<ref name=":0">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/carved-out-of-darjeeling-kalimpong-a-district-today/articleshow/57137909.cms|title=Carved out of Darjeeling, Kalimpong a district today|date=14 February 2017|newspaper=Times of India|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> यो क्षेत्र [[गोर्खाल्यान्ड क्षेत्रीय प्रशासन]] अन्तर्गत पर्दछ जुन पश्चिम बङ्गाल राज्य भित्र एक स्वायत्त शासी निकाय हो।<ref name=":0" /> कालेबुङ आफ्नो शैक्षिक संस्थाहरूका लागि परिचित छ, जसमध्ये धेरै [[ब्रिटिस राज|ब्रिटिस औपनिवेशिक काल]]मा स्थापना भएका थिएँ। कालेबुङ र छिमेकी [[दार्जिलिङ]] सन् १९८० को दशकमा र हालै सन् २०१० मा छुट्टै [[गोर्खाल्यान्ड|गोर्खाल्यान्ड राज्य]]को माग गर्ने प्रमुख केन्द्रहरू थिएँ। कालेबुङ १७०० ई. सम्म [[सिक्किम]]को एक भाग थियो। १८औँ शताब्दीको सुरुमा [[भुटान]]का राजाले यसमा कब्‍जा गरेका थिएँ। आंग्ल भुटान युद्ध पछि १८८५ ई. मा यसलाई [[दार्जिलिङ]]मा मिलाईएको थियो। यो नगरपालिका [[टिस्टा नदी]]को किनारमा अवस्थित छ र यसको समशीतोष्ण हावापानी, प्राकृतिक वातावरण र यस क्षेत्रका लोकप्रिय पर्यटक स्थलहरूको निकटताका कारण पर्यटकीय गन्तव्य हो। कालेबुङको लागि बागवानी महत्त्वपूर्ण छ: यसको फराकिलो [[सुनगाभा]], नर्सरीहरू, जसले हिमालयी फूलका बल्बहरू, ट्युबरहरू र राइजोमहरू निर्यात गर्छन्, जसले कालेबुङको अर्थतन्त्रमा योगदान पुर्‍याउँ छ। == नामकरण == कालेबुङ नामको सटीक उत्पत्ति अस्पष्ट रहन्छ। नामको उत्पत्तिमा धेरै सिद्धान्तहरू छन्। एउटा व्यापक रूपमा स्वीकृत सिद्धान्तले दावी गर्छ कि "कालेबुङ" नामको अर्थ "राजाका मन्त्रीहरूको सभा (वा भण्डारण)" [[ल्हासा तिब्बती|तिब्बती]]मा, कालोन ("राजाका मन्त्रीहरू") र पोङ्ग ("भण्डारण") बाट आएको हो।<ref name="Kalimpong Etymology">{{cite web|url=http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/kalimpong2.html|title=Kalimpong Etymology|publisher=Government of West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205152844/http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/kalimpong2.html|archive-date=5 December 2008|access-date=22 December 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205152844/http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/kalimpong2.html |date=5 December 2008 }}</ref> अर्को सम्भावित व्युत्पत्तिले कौलिम (कलयुम) लाई सङ्केत गर्दछ, जसलाई स्थानीय रूपमा ओडल (उदाल) भनिन्छ वैज्ञानिक नाम [[ओदाने]], यस क्षेत्रमा प्रशस्त मात्रामा पाइने रेशायुक्त बोट।<ref name="wbnicpagearch">{{cite web|url=http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/kalimpong.html|title=Kalimpong|publisher=NITPU Kolkata, West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006025217/http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/kalimpong.html|archive-date=6 October 2008|access-date=11 December 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006025217/http://www.wb.nic.in/westbg/kalimpong.html |date=6 October 2008 }}</ref> == इतिहास == १९औँ शताब्दीको मध्य सम्म, कालेबुङ वरपरको क्षेत्र सिक्किमे र भुटानी राज्यहरूले क्रमशः शासन गरेका थिएँ।<ref name="sikkimkalimpong">{{cite book|last=Gurung|first=Chanda|author2=Gurung, Nawraj|title=Social and Gender Analysis in Natural Resource Management|editor=Ronnie Vernooy|publisher=International Development Research Centre (Canada), NetLibrary, Inc|year=2006|pages=39–43|chapter=The Social and Gendered Nature of Ginger Production and Commercialization|isbn=1-55250-218-X}}</ref> कालेबुङ सन् १७०६ मा भुटानको नियन्त्रणमा आएको भनिएको छ। तर, इतिहासकारहरूका अनुसार ग्याल्पो अजोक र अन्य लेप्चा सरदारको पराजयपछि भुटानी अतिक्रमण त्यतिबेलासम्म करिब दुई दशकदेखि लागु भइसकेको थियो।<ref>{{citation|first=John|last=Ardussi|title=Lepcha Chieftains of the 17th-18th centuries, based on Tibetan and Bhutanese Sources|journal=Journal of Bhutan Studies|volume=43|date=Winter 2020|issn=1608-411X|url=https://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/JBS/JBS%2043/01.%20Lepcha%20Chieftains%20of%20the%2017th%E2%80%9318th%20Centuries%2C%20based%20on%20Tibetan%20and%20Bhutanese%20Sources%20by%20John%20Ardusi.pdf|pages=9–10}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230930160039/https://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/publicationFiles/JBS/JBS%2043/01.%20Lepcha%20Chieftains%20of%20the%2017th%E2%80%9318th%20Centuries%2C%20based%20on%20Tibetan%20and%20Bhutanese%20Sources%20by%20John%20Ardusi.pdf |date=2023-09-30 }}</ref> सन् १८६४ मा [[अङ्ग्रेज भुटान युद्ध|ब्रिटिस-भुटान युद्ध]] पछि, [[अङ्ग्रेज भुटान युद्ध|सिन्चुला सन्धि]]मा हस्ताक्षर गरियो, जसमा [[टिस्टा नदी]]को पूर्व भुटानी-नियन्त्रित क्षेत्र [[इस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी|ब्रिटिस ईस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी]]लाई सुम्पिएको थियो।<ref name="kalidarjhist">{{cite web|url=http://www.darjeelingnews.net/kalimpong_history.html|title=History of Kalimpong|work=Darjeelingnews.net|publisher=Darjeeling News Service|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205043810/http://darjeelingnews.net/kalimpong_history.html|archive-date=5 February 2007|access-date=17 February 2007|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205043810/http://darjeelingnews.net/kalimpong_history.html |date=5 February 2007 }}</ref> यसलाई केही वर्षको लागि 'पश्चिमी [[डुवर्स|डुआर्स]]' जिल्लाको रूपमा प्रशासित गरिएको थियो, र तीन तहसीलहरूमा विभाजन गरिएको थियो।<ref name="kalidarjhist" /> कालेबुङ दलिङकोट तहसीलमा पर्यो, जसमा संलग्न क्षेत्रको सबै पहाडी भागहरू थिएँ। सन् १८६७ मा, दलिङकोट तहसील दार्जिलिङ जिल्लामा विलय गरियो, र अन्ततः कालेबुङ उपविभागको नामकरण गरियो।<ref name="kalidarjhist" /> सन् १९४७ मा [[भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता सङ्ग्राम|भारतीय स्वतन्त्रता]] पछि, कालेबुङ [[पश्चिम बङ्गाल]] राज्यको हिस्सा बन्यो, बङ्गाल भारत र [[पूर्वी पाकिस्तान]] बीच विभाजित भएपछि। सन् १९५९ मा [[चीन]]ले [[तिब्बत]]लाई गाभेपछि धेरै बौद्ध भिक्षुहरूले तिब्बतबाट भागेर कालेबुङमा मठहरू स्थापना गरे। यी भिक्षुहरूले धेरै दुर्लभ बौद्ध धर्मग्रन्थहरू आफूसँगै ल्याएका थिएँ। सन् १९६२ मा, [[भारत-चीन युद्ध|चीन-भारत युद्ध]] पछि जेलेप पासको स्थायी बन्दले तिब्बत र भारत बीचको व्यापारमा बाधा पुर्‍यायो, र कालेबुङको अर्थतन्त्रमा मन्दी आयो।<ref name="tribunekalim">{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020519/spectrum/travel.htm|title=A quiet hill retreat, far from the tourist crowd|last=Banerjee|first=Partha S|date=19 May 2002|work=Spectrum, The Tribune|publisher=The Tribune Trust|access-date=17 February 2007}}</ref> सन् १९८६ र सन् १९८८ को बीचमा, जातीय आधारमा [[गोर्खाल्यान्ड|गोर्खाल्यान्ड]] र कामतापुर छुट्टै राज्यको माग बलियो भयो। [[गोर्खा राष्ट्रिय मुक्ति मोर्चा]] र [[पश्चिम बङ्गाल सरकार]]बीच चालीस दिनको हडतालपछि दङ्गा चर्किएको छ।<ref name=":1">{{cite web|url=http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/news/Top-Story/Call-for-Gorkhaland-renewed.html|title=Call for Gorkhaland renewed|date=7 October 2007|publisher=Darjeeling Times|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222214506/http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/news/Top-Story/Call-for-Gorkhaland-renewed.html|archive-date=22 December 2008|access-date=13 January 2009|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222214506/http://www.darjeelingtimes.com/news/Top-Story/Call-for-Gorkhaland-renewed.html |date=22 December 2008 }}</ref> सहर लगभग घेराबन्दीमा थियो, र राज्य सरकारले कानून र व्यवस्था कायम राख्न [[भारतीय सेना]]लाई बोलायो। यसले दार्जिलिङ गोर्खा हिल काउन्सिलको गठन गर्‍यो, एउटा निकाय जसलाई सिलगढी उपविभाग अन्तर्गतको क्षेत्र बाहेक दार्जिलिङ जिल्लामा शासन गर्ने अर्ध-स्वायत्त अधिकार दिइएको थियो।<ref name=":1" /> सन् २००७ देखि, दार्जिलिङ पहाडहरूमा गोर्खा जनमुक्ति मोर्चा र यसका समर्थकहरूले छुट्टै गोर्खाल्यान्ड राज्यको मागलाई पुनरुत्थान गर्दै आएका छन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-29/india/28100583_1_kamtapur-state-north-bengal-demand|title=Now, demand for a separate Kamtapur state in WBengal|date=29 December 2009|work=[[The Times of India]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617172345/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-29/india/28100583_1_kamtapur-state-north-bengal-demand|archive-date=17 June 2013|url-status=dead|author=[[Press Trust of India]] (PTI)|access-date=11 December 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617172345/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-29/india/28100583_1_kamtapur-state-north-bengal-demand |date=17 June 2013 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /> == जनसाङ्ख्यिकी == २०११ को भारतको जनगणनामा, कालेबुङ सहर क्षेत्रको जनसङ्ख्या ४२,९८८ थियो, जसमध्ये ५२% पुरुष र ४८% महिला थिएँ।<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/PopulationFinder/View_Village_Population.aspx?pcaid=1699&category=M|title=Census of India: View population details|publisher=[[2011 census of India]]|access-date=19 January 2013}}</ref> २०११ को जनगणनामा, कालेबुङको औसत साक्षरता दर ७९% थियो, जुन राष्ट्रिय औसत ५९.५% भन्दा बढी थियो: पुरुष साक्षरता ८४% थियो, र महिला साक्षरता ७३% थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|title=Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)|publisher=Census Commission of India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999|archive-date=16 June 2004|access-date=1 November 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040616075334/http://www.censusindia.net/results/town.php?stad=A&state5=999 |date=16 June 2004 }}</ref> कालेबुङमा ८% जनसङ्ख्या ६ वर्ष मुनिका थिएँ। कालेबुङमा अनुसूचित जाति र अनुसूचित जनजातिको जनसङ्ख्या क्रमशः ५,१०० र ५,१२१ थियो।<ref name="Kalimpong Municipality">{{cite web|url=http://www.wbdma.gov.in/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Kalimpong.htm|title=Kalimpong Municipality|work=Department of Municipal Affairs.|publisher=Government of West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018204426/http://www.wbdma.gov.in/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Kalimpong.htm|archive-date=18 October 2015|access-date=10 December 2012|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018204426/http://www.wbdma.gov.in/HTM/DIS/MUNI_ULB_Kalimpong.htm |date=18 October 2015 }}</ref> == संस्कृति == कालेबुङका मूल बसोबास गर्नेहरू [[लेप्चा जाति|लेप्चा]]हरू हुन्, यद्यपि अधिकांश जनसङ्ख्या भारतीय गोर्खाहरू हुन्, तिब्बत र नेपालबाट कामको खोजीमा कालेबुङमा बसाइँ सरेका थिएँ जब यो ब्रिटिस शासनमा थियो।<ref name="Bhutan: Society and Polity">{{cite book|author=Ramakant|author2=Ramesh Chandra Misra|title=Bhutan: Society and Polity|publisher=Indus Publishing|year=1996|page=80|isbn=978-81-7387-044-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8U94l6xHlYC&q=kalimpong+%22ethnic+communities%22&pg=PA80}}</ref> स्थानीय हिन्दु चाडहरूमा [[दसैँ|दशैं]], [[तिहार]], [[साकेला]] सांस्कृतिक कार्यक्रम र तिब्बती चाड [[लोसार|ल्होसार]] पर्दछन्।<ref name="langreport">{{cite web|url=http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|title=52nd REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER FOR LINGUISTIC MINORITIES IN INDIA|website=nclm.nic.in|publisher=[[Ministry of Minority Affairs]]|page=85|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525141614/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM52ndReport.pdf|archive-date=25 May 2017|access-date=10 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> आधिकारिक भाषाहरू [[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]], [[बङ्गाली भाषा|बङ्गाली]] र [[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली]] हुन्, जसमा [[अङ्ग्रेजी भाषा|अङ्ग्रेजी]] अतिरिक्त आधिकारिक भाषाको रूपमा काम गर्दछ।<ref name="General Information">{{cite web|url=http://darjeeling.gov.in/kalimpong.html|title=General Information|work=Tourism Department|publisher=[[Darjeeling Gorkha Hill Council]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120211256/http://darjeeling.gov.in/kalimpong.html|archive-date=20 November 2008|access-date=8 December 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> कालेबुङको लोकप्रिय खाजा भनेको [[मम:]] हो, [[छुर्पी]], [[घरपालुवा चौरी गाई|याक]] वा [[चौँरी गाई|चौरी]] (याक र गाईवस्तुको हाइब्रिड) दूधबाट बनेको कडा चीज, कहिलेकाहीँ चपाइन्छ।<ref name="Thukpa">{{cite web|url=http://traveller.outlookindia.com/destinationlink.aspx?id=409&destinationid=34|title=Food|year=2008|work=Outlook Traveller|publisher=Outlook|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104224514/http://traveller.outlookindia.com/destinationlink.aspx?id=409&destinationid=34|archive-date=4 January 2013|access-date=30 December 2008|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715023423/http://traveller.outlookindia.com/destinationlink.aspx?id=409&destinationid=34 |date=15 July 2011 }}</ref> कालेबुङमा सूपको रूपमा पाइने [[थुक्पा]] नामक चाउचाउ लोकप्रिय छ।<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=akYLOTMdCSEC&q=churpi+yak&pg=PA142|title=IFIS Dictionary of Food Science and Technology|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|access-date=13 December 2012|date=26 May 2009|page=142|isbn=978-0-86014-186-0}}</ref> कालेबुङ् सङ्गीत, कला, साहीत्यको पनि उबर्र भुमी हो जस्को उदाहरण हुन [[तुलसी घिमिरे|तुलसी घिमीरे]], [[विपुल क्षेत्री |विपुल क्षेत्री]], [[गाउँले भाइ|गाउँले भाइ]], अनमोल गुरुङ आदी। == वनस्पति र जीवजन्तु == उच्च उचाइमा पाइने वनहरू [[सल्लो]] रूखहरू र अन्य [[सदाबहार वनस्पति|सदाबहार]] अल्पाइन वनस्पतिहरू मिलेर बनेका छन्।<ref name="Geography of the land">{{cite web|url=http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/wb/magnificantgreeneries_westbengal.html|title=Geography of the land|work=Department of Tourism|publisher=Government of West Bengal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109225114/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/wb/magnificantgreeneries_westbengal.html|archive-date=9 November 2009|access-date=30 December 2008|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091109225114/http://www.westbengaltourism.gov.in/wb/magnificantgreeneries_westbengal.html |date=9 November 2009 }}</ref> कालेबुङको पूर्व क्षेत्रमा सात प्रजातिका [[गुराँस]] पाइन्छ।<ref name="Geography of the land" /> कालेबुङ वरपर तीन सय प्रजातिका [[सुनगाभा]] पाइन्छ।<ref name="The road to Kalimpong">{{cite news|url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-26524682_ITM|title=The road to Kalimpong|date=28 October 2002|access-date=30 December 2008|publisher=Business Line}}</ref> [[हाब्रे]], [[ध्वाँसे चितुवा]], [[साइबेरियाली मलसाँप्रो]], [[हिमाली कालो भालु]], [[रतुवा]], [[झारल]], [[घोरल]], [[गौरीगाई]] र [[सालक]] कालेबुङ नजिकै पाइने जीवजन्तुहरू हुन्।<ref name="Ungulates of West Bengal and its adjoining areas including Sikkim, Bhutan and Bangladesh">{{cite web|url=http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/ungulatesofindia/ungulates.htm|title=Ungulates of West Bengal and its adjoining areas including Sikkim, Bhutan and Bangladesh|author2=J. K. Mallick|publisher=Government of West Bengal|author1=N.C. Bahuguna|access-date=30 December 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928051944/http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/ungulatesofindia/ungulates.htm |date=28 September 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Ungulates of West Bengal and its adjoining areas including Sikkim, Bhutan and Bangladesh2">{{cite web|url=http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/ungulatesofindia/ungulates.htm|title=Ungulates of West Bengal and its adjoining areas including Sikkim, Bhutan and Bangladesh|author2=J. K. Mallick|publisher=Government of West Bengal|author1=N.C. Bahuguna|access-date=30 December 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928051944/http://www.wii.gov.in/envis/ungulatesofindia/ungulates.htm |date=28 September 2011 }}</ref><ref name="Bears">{{cite book|others=IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, Kana Moll, Joseph Moll|title=Bears: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan|publisher=Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources|year=1999|page=205|isbn=978-2-8317-0462-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XXQ03uVmCAIC&q=kalimpong+forest+animals+panda&pg=PA205|author1=Christopher Servheen|author2=Stephen Herrero|author3=Bernard Peyton|author4=Kristy Pelletier|author-link2=Stephen Herrero}}</ref> यस क्षेत्रका चराहरूमा [[ह्युम कुखुरा]], [[कोइली (प्रजाति)|कोइली]], [[गुलाफी रानीचरी]], [[बुलबुल]], [[लाटोकोसेरो]], तितर, [[बुङ्गेचरा]], [[फिस्टो]] र [[गौँथली]]हरू पर्छन्।<ref name="avibase">{{cite web|url=http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/checklist.jsp?region=INggwb09&list=howardmoore|title=Avibase - Bird Checklists of the World: Lava (and Upper Neora Valley)|publisher=Avibase|access-date=10 December 2012}}</ref> ==चित्र दीर्घा== <gallery mode="packed" heights="160px"> चित्र:Teestavalley.jpg|[[टिस्टा नदी]] चित्र:Shaheed Park - panoramio.jpg|सहिद पार्क चित्र:Rabindranath Tagore's house in Mungpu 16.jpg|मुङ्पुमा [[रवीन्द्रनाथ ठाकुर]]को घर </gallery> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{Sister project links|कालेबुङ}} {{कालिम्पोङ जिल्ला}} {{पश्चिम बङ्गाल}} [[श्रेणी:कालिम्पोङ| ]] [[श्रेणी:कालिम्पोङ जिल्लाका सहर र नगरहरू]] [[श्रेणी:पश्चिम बङ्गालका सहर र नगरहरू]] 0s0ro6ppt7l2qy8v8rwz5jcqhqtcy15 0 18012 1365210 1056250 2026-07-07T10:42:12Z Janak Bhatta 10885 1365210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=जुन २०११}} '''पपुमपारे जिल्ला''' [[भारत|भारतीय]] राज्य [[अरुणाचल प्रदेश]]को एउटा जिल्ला हो। {{India Districts |Name = पपुमपारे |Local = |State = अरुणाचल प्रदेश |Division = |HQ = युपिया |Map = Papum Pare in Arunachal Pradesh (India).svg |Coordinates = |Area =2875 |Population = १७६३८५<ref name=districtcensus>{{cite web |url=http://www.census2011.co.in/district.php |title= District Census 2011 }}</ref>|publisher=Census2011.co.in |Year = २०११ |Density = |Urban = |Literacy = ८२.१%<ref name=districtcensus /> |SexRatio = ९५०<ref name=districtcensus /> |Collector = |Tehsils = |LokSabha = |Assembly = |Highways = |Rain= |Website = http://papumpare.nic.in/ }} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{ठुटो}} [[श्रेणी:अरुणाचल प्रदेश]] [[श्रेणी:अरुणाचल प्रदेशका जिल्लाहरू]] [[श्रेणी:भारतका जिल्लाहरू]] eeinpkz18zwb30so0w6hmptpv4ck33d 0 24848 1365186 1364830 2026-07-07T07:38:57Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* चीनको लागि कुटनैतिक मण्डल */ 1365186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wikify|date=जुन २०११}} {{dead end|date=जुन २०११}} {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix=श्री श्री श्री चौतारिया |name= पुष्कर शाह |image= Pushkarnepal.jpg |caption=चौतारिया पुष्कर शाहको तस्विर |birth_date= ईश्वी सन् १७८४ |death_date= ईश्वी सन् १८४६ |office=[[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरूको सूची|नेपालको पाँचौं प्रधानमन्त्री (मुख्तियार)]] |predecessor=[[रङ्गनाथ पौडेल|रंगनाथ पण्डित]] |successor=[[रणजङ्ग पाँडे|रणजङ्ग पाण्डे]] |term_start= वि. सं. १८९५ भाद्र |term_end= वि. सं. १८९५/६ |religion= }} [[चौतारिया|चौतारीया]] '''पुष्कर शाह''' [[नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरूको सूची|नेपालको पाँचौं प्रधानमन्त्री]] हुन्। यिनी वि.सं. १९९५ देखि १९९६ सम्म करिव १ वर्षसम्म नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री रहे। ==सुरुवाती जीवन== पुष्कर शाह १६ अगस्त १७८४ मा काठमांडौमा [[शाह वंश]]को सहायक शाखामा जन्मिएका थिए।<ref>{{cite book|last=Vaidya|first=Tulsi Ram|title=Prithvinarayan Shah, the founder of modern Nepal|publisher=Anmol Publications|year=1993|pages=98|isbn=978-81-7041-701-9}}</ref> उसले प्रशासन, सैनिक रणनीति, र कूटनीतिमा निजी शिक्षा प्राप्त गर्यो, जसले उनलाई उच्च पदको तयारी गर्यो। उनको पारिवारिक सम्बन्धले उनलाई शाही दरबार भित्र प्रभावशाली पदमा पहुँच दिन सक्यो। == डोटीको बडाहाकिम == उनी १८८८ देखि १८९४ सम्म डोटीको बडाहाकिम थिए। == चीनको लागि कुटनैतिक मण्डल == सन् १८३७ मा, पुष्कर शाहले छिङ सम्राट दाओगुआङको नेतृत्वमा चीनमा दशौं पञ्चवर्षीय नेपाली कुटनैतिक मण्डलको नेतृत्व गरे। मिसनको उद्देश्य नेपाल-चीन कूटनीतिक सम्बन्धलाई पुन: नवीकरण गर्नु, व्यापारिक मामिलाहरूमा वार्ता गर्नु र दक्षिण एसियामा ब्रिटिश औपनिवेशिक विस्तारको विरुद्धमा समर्थन खोज्नु थियो। === प्रतिनिधिमण्डल === कूटनीतिक प्रतिनिधिमण्डलमा निम्न समावेश थिए: * कप्तान कीर्ति धोज पाण्डे (उपनेता) * रण विक्रम शाह * खरदार पूर्ण नन्द * वंशराज थापा (दोभाषे) * महिमान कार्की, अमृत महत, दल वीर खत्री * गजधर पाध्या, भाउ सिंह, याक्तबार (शक्तबार) जैसी * मम्मु मिया, भरिया नायक पद्म नारायण, गोठा राना, डम्बर थापा<ref>Royal Nepal Army Headquarters, Part 3, Serial No. 63 (53)</ref> === यात्रा === मिसन १४ जुलाई १८३७ मा काठमाडौँबाट प्रस्थान गर्यो। पुष्कर शाहले यात्राभरि हिन्दू धार्मिक प्रचलनहरू कडाइका साथ पालना गरे, आफ्नै भान्सेले बनाएको खाना मात्र खाए र अरूले दिएको चिया अस्वीकार गरे।<ref>[[ज्ञानमणि नेपाल]], नेपाल-भोट चीन सम्बन्धका केही सांस्कृतिक पक्ष, काठमाडौं: [[नेपाल प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठान|राजकीय नेपाल प्रज्ञाप्रतिष्ठान]] २०४५, पृष्ठ १११-११२</ref> पेकिङ (बेइजिङ) आइपुगेपछि, प्रतिनिधिमण्डलले दाओगुआङ सम्राटसँग औपचारिक भेटघाट गर्‍यो। === राजनीतिक सन्दर्भ === यो मिसन नेपालमा राजनीतिक अशान्तिसँग मेल खायो, जसमा लामो समयदेखि प्रधानमन्त्री भीमसेन थापाको बर्खास्ती र कारावास समावेश थियो। पुष्कर शाहले मिसनको उद्देश्यहरू कायम राख्दै यी आन्तरिक चुनौतीहरूलाई सावधानीपूर्वक पार गरे। प्रतिनिधिमण्डल लगभग १४ महिनाको यात्रा पछि, चिनियाँ सम्राटको परवानासँगै २५ सेप्टेम्बर १८३८ मा काठमाडौं फर्कियो।<ref>Hodgson to Secretary, Govt of India, 3 October 1838, Foreign Dept. Sec, 26 December 1839, No. 139, National Archives of India, New Delhi.</ref> ==मुख्तियारी== मुख्तियार [[भीमसेन थापा]]लाई पदच्युत गरिएपछि मुलुकको मुख्तियारी पाएका [[रङ्गनाथ पौडेल|रंगनाथ पण्डित]]ले पनि वि.सं १८९५ भाद्रमा राजीनामा दिएपछि महारानी [[साम्राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी|साम्राज्यलक्ष्मी देवी]]को जोडबलमा १८९६ चैतमा चौतारीया पुष्कर शाहलाई मुख्तियारी दिइएको थियो।<ref name="AN">प्राचिन नेपाल (पृष्ठ-३२ ), बैसाख २०६३, पुरातत्व विभाग</ref> पुष्कर शाह अङ्ग्रेज पदाधिकारीका कट्टर विरोधी त थिएनन् । तर बृटिस कम्पनी सरकारका अङ्ग्रेज राजदूत बिएच हजसन यिनलाई अङ्ग्रेज पदाधिकारीका विरोधीका रुपमा गणना गरि आफ्नो सरकार समक्ष सन्देश पठाउँथे। ===सैनिक विद्रोह === त्यतिबेला सैनिक तथा निजामती कर्मचारीलाई तलब बापत नगद दिने व्यवस्था थिएन । वार्षिक खान्कीका रूपमा उनीहरूले धान, चामल, कोदो आदि जिन्सी वस्तु पाउँथे । सरकारबाट उनीहरूलाई ‘तिर्जा’ अर्थात् बाली उठाउन पाउने अधिकारपत्र दिइन्थ्यो र त्यही अधिकारपत्र देखाएर सैनिक तथा निजामती कर्मचारीहरूले आ-आफ्नो खान्की आफैं उठाउँथे । तर, राजनीतिक अस्थिरताका कारण राज्यले उनीहरूलाई दुई वर्षदेखि ‘तिर्जा’ दिन सकिरहेको थिएन। खान्कीको सट्टा नगदमा तलब दिने तयारी भइरहेको थियो। यसो गर्दा आफूहरूलाई घाटा हुने भन्दै [[नेपाली सेना]]को कम्पु-पल्टनका सैनिक र अफिसरले विद्रोह गरे । वि.सं १८९७ असार १० मा टुँडिखेलको परेड मैदानमा जम्मा भएका कम्पु पल्टनका सैनिकले आफूहरूसँग रहेका गोलीगट्ठा परेड मैदानमा छोडेर उनीहरू खान्की खारेज गर्ने पक्षमा रहेका चौतारा पुष्कर शाह, राजगुरु [[रङ्गनाथ पौडेल|रङ्गनाथ पण्डित]], प्रसादसिंह बस्नेत, कपर्दार कुलराज पाँडे तथा करवीर पाँडे आदि सात जना प्रमुख भाइ भारदारहरूको घरमा जबर्जस्ती पसी सम्पूर्ण कागतपत्र अप्रत्याशित रूपमा जलाइदिए। यसै क्रममा उनीहरूले [[इन्द्रचोक, काठमाडौँ|इन्द्रचोक]]मा रहेको राजगूरु रंगनाथ पाँडेको घरमा पसेर उनको निजी पुस्तकालयमा आगो लगाइदिए (अब यस्तो कहिल्यै नहोस्, पृ. ९५) । भनिन्छ- उनको पुस्तकालय त्यतिबेलाको वैभवशाली पुस्तकालय मध्येमा पथ्र्यो । === पदावधी अन्त्य/ बर्खास्ती === सैनिक विद्रोहलाई शान्त पार्न राजा राजेन्द्रले [[टुँडिखेल]]मा गएर कम्पु पल्टनका सैनिकलाई सान्त्वना दिँदा राजा राजेन्द्रले अधिराज्यको आम्दानीको स्रोत घटेको मात्र चर्चा गरेका थिए। तर [[इस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनी|बृटिस कम्पनी]] सरकारका राजदुत बिएच हजसनले "राजा राजेन्द्र द्वारा टुँडिखेलमा रहेको परेडको मैदानमा कम्पनी सरकारका पदाधिकारी विरोधी वक्तव्य दिइएको थियो" भन्ने झुटो सन्देश पठाई कम्पनी सरकारका गभर्नर जनरल अक्ल्यान्डका तर्फबाट राजाको नाममा एउटा हप्कीको कडिकडाउ पत्र लेखाइदिए। यस पत्रमा " नेपाल अधिराज्यमा हाल कार्यरत मन्त्रीहरूलाई हटाई यिनीहरूको बदलामा नयाँ मन्त्रीहरू नियुक्त गरिनु पर्छ" भन्ने सल्लाह समेत दिइएको थियो। राजा राजेन्द्र यस्तो पत्र आएपछि सुरुसुरुमा त अडिएर बसिरहेका थिए। तर यसको निम्ति दोश्रो ताकिता पत्र आएपछि राजाले धर नै पाएनन् र कम्पनी सरकारका पदाधिकारीहरूकै सल्लाहानुसार वि सं १८९७ कार्तिक १८ मा पुष्कर शाहालाई हटाई [[फत्तेजङ्ग शाह|फत्यजङ्ग शाह]]लाई मुख्तियार नियुक्त गरियो।<ref>{{cite book|title=[[अब यस्तो कहिल्यै नहोस्]]|author=[[बाबुराम आचार्य]]|page=१२१|date=माघ २०७५ |publisher=फाइनप्रिन्ट बुक्स|isbn=978-9937-665-40-7|url=}}</ref> == सन्तान == * भिम बिक्रम शाह * रण बिक्रम शाह * बिर बिक्रम शाह * अम्बर बिक्रम शाह ([[३८ सालको पर्व|१९३८]] को घटनामा टेकुमा काटिएका ) ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} {{नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू}} [[श्रेणी:चौतारिया]] [[श्रेणी:चौतारिया खलक]] [[श्रेणी:खस जाति]] [[श्रेणी:१९औँ शताब्दीका नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्रीहरू]] {{stub}} pxyk1cfye9rouowjeexe87do63kxp8z 10 36233 1365113 167541 2026-07-07T00:23:06Z Xqbot 2106 बोट: दोहोरो अनुप्रेषणलाई [[ढाँचा:Country data प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो]]मा ठिक गर्दै; कस्मेटिक परिवर्तनहरू 1365113 wikitext text/x-wiki #अनुप्रेषण [[ढाँचा:Country data प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो]] [[श्रेणी:country data redirects|COD]] t2w05i2zjs3ewepcdz7manogaq69xv6 10 36283 1365114 167591 2026-07-07T00:23:11Z Xqbot 2106 बोट: दोहोरो अनुप्रेषणलाई [[ढाँचा:Country data प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो]]मा ठिक गर्दै; कस्मेटिक परिवर्तनहरू 1365114 wikitext text/x-wiki #अनुप्रेषण [[ढाँचा:Country data प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो]] [[श्रेणी:Country data redirects|Congo, Democratic Republic of the]] lfgt1023da0n1ow73fbd15ek4kdmvqg 10 36411 1365115 167725 2026-07-07T00:23:16Z Xqbot 2106 बोट: दोहोरो अनुप्रेषणलाई [[ढाँचा:Country data प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो]]मा ठिक गर्दै; कस्मेटिक परिवर्तनहरू 1365115 wikitext text/x-wiki #अनुप्रेषण [[ढाँचा:Country data प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो]] [[श्रेणी:Country data redirects|Congo DR]] jb1mdrgo10egnaxntsxmwt852w3xo1y 10 36424 1365116 167739 2026-07-07T00:23:21Z Xqbot 2106 बोट: दोहोरो अनुप्रेषणलाई [[ढाँचा:Country data प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो]]मा ठिक गर्दै; कस्मेटिक परिवर्तनहरू 1365116 wikitext text/x-wiki #अनुप्रेषण [[ढाँचा:Country data प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो]] [[श्रेणी:Country data redirects|Congo-Kinshasa]] 9wfdedu7dfwr9s4dy9f0ftt6ag20i5a 10 37639 1365117 172039 2026-07-07T00:23:26Z Xqbot 2106 बोट: दोहोरो अनुप्रेषणलाई [[ढाँचा:Country data प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो]]मा ठिक गर्दै 1365117 wikitext text/x-wiki #अनुप्रेषण [[ढाँचा:Country data प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो]] 08xgjn50re40tiitvruox9c572zujik 10 37948 1365118 1255075 2026-07-07T00:23:31Z Xqbot 2106 बोट: दोहोरो अनुप्रेषणलाई [[ढाँचा:Country data प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो]]मा ठिक गर्दै 1365118 wikitext text/x-wiki #अनुप्रेषण [[ढाँचा:Country data प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो]] 08xgjn50re40tiitvruox9c572zujik 0 47138 1365173 1364720 2026-07-07T06:53:42Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher | region = [[पाश्चात्य दर्शन]] | era = [[१९औँ शताब्दीको दर्शन]] | image = Nietzsche187a.jpg | caption = नित्से {{circa}} १८७५ | birth_name = {{nowrap|फ्रेडरिस भिल्हेम नित्से}} | birth_date = {{birth date|df=y|1844|10|15}} | birth_place = [[रोकेन]], प्रसिया | death_date = {{death date and age|df=y|1900|08|25|1844|10|15}} | death_place = [[भाइमार]], जर्मनी | resting_place = रोकेन चर्चयार्ड | alma_mater = {{Plainlist}} * [[बोन विश्वविद्यालय]] * [[लाइपजिग विश्वविद्यालय]] {{Endplainlist}} | institutions = [[बाजेल विश्वविद्यालय]] | school_tradition = {{Plainlist| * [[महाद्वीपीय दर्शन]] * [[नित्सेवाद]] | style = padding-bottom: 4px; }} {{Collapsible list|title={{nobold|'''अन्य सम्प्रदायहरू'''}} | [[आधारविरोधिता]] | [[शुन्यवाद विरोधी]] {{small|(विवादित){{efn|हेर्नुहोस्, उदाहरणका लागि: {{bulleted list|"नित्सेका केही व्याख्याताहरूले उनले शुन्यवादी दर्शनलाई अँगाली दार्शनिक तर्कलाई अस्वीकार गर्दछन् भने उनले मानव अवस्थाको साहित्यिक अन्वेषणलाई प्रवर्द्धन गर्छन् भन्ने विश्वास गर्दछन्। जबकि तिनीहरू परम्परागत अर्थमा सत्य र ज्ञान प्राप्त गर्नमा चिन्तित हुँदैनन्। तथापि, नित्सेका अन्य व्याख्याताहरूका अनुसार शुन्यवादको आगामी वृद्धिलाई प्रतिकार गर्ने प्रयासमा, उनी जीवनलाई पुनः पुष्टि गर्न सकारात्मक अभियानमा संलग्न थिए जसकारण उनले मानव अस्तित्व, ज्ञान र नैतिकताको प्रकृतिको आमूल, प्राकृतिक पुनर्विचारको आह्वान गरेका थिए।"<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Friedrich Nietzsche |encyclopedia=Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy |url=https://www.iep.utm.edu/nietzsch/ |last=Wilkerson |first=Dale |issn=2161-0002}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Conant |first=James F. |year=2005 |title=The Dialectic of Perspectivism, I |journal=Sats: Nordic Journal of Philosophy |publisher=Philosophia Press |volume=6 |number=2 |pages=5–50 |url=http://philosophy.uchicago.edu/faculty/files/conant/The%20Dialectic%20of%20Perspectivism,%20I%20final%20version.pdf |archive-date=20 August 2018 |access-date=15 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820194003/http://philosophy.uchicago.edu/faculty/files/conant/The%20Dialectic%20of%20Perspectivism,%20I%20final%20version.pdf |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820194003/http://philosophy.uchicago.edu/faculty/files/conant/The%20Dialectic%20of%20Perspectivism,%20I%20final%20version.pdf |date=20 August 2018 }}</ref>}}}}}} | [[डायोनुसोस]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Brennan |first=Katie |year=2018 |title=The Wisdom of Silenus: Suffering in The Birth of Tragedy |journal=Journal of Nietzsche Studies |volume=49 |pages=174–193 |doi=10.5325/jnietstud.49.2.0174 |issn=0968-8005 |jstor=10.5325/jnietstud.49.2.0174 |s2cid=171652169 |number=2}}</ref> | [[दार्शनिक निराशावाद|निराशावाद]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dienstag |first=Joshua F. |year=2001 |title=Nietzsche's Dionysian Pessimism |journal=[[American Political Science Review]] |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=923–937 |jstor=3117722}}</ref> | [[अस्तित्ववाद]] | [[जर्मनेली स्वच्छन्दतावाद]] {{small|(विवादित)<ref name="Perez2015">{{Cite journal |last=Perez |first=Rolando |year=2015 |title=Nietzsche's Reading of Cervantes' "Cruel" Humor in Don Quijote |url=https://www.ehumanista.ucsb.edu/sites/secure.lsit.ucsb.edu.span.d7_eh/files/sitefiles/ehumanista/volume30/11%20ehum30.perez.pdf |journal=[[EHumanista]] |volume=30 |pages=168–175 |issn=1540-5877}}.</ref>}} | [[अनैतिकवाद]]<ref>नित्सेले आफ्नो दर्शनलाई अनैतिकवादको रूपमा वर्णन गर्छन्, हेर्नुहोस्: {{Cite journal |last=Laing |first=Bertram M. |year=1915 |title=The Metaphysics of Nietzsche's Immoralism |journal=[[The Philosophical Review]] |volume=24 |pages=386–418 |doi=10.2307/2178746 |jstor=2178746 |number=4}}</ref> | [[व्यक्तिवाद]] | [[प्रकृतिवाद (दर्शन)|प्रकृतिवाद]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schacht |first=Richard |year=2012 |title=Nietzsche's Naturalism |journal=Journal of Nietzsche Studies |publisher=Penn State University Press |volume=43 |pages=185–212 |doi=10.5325/jnietstud.43.2.0185 |s2cid=169130060 |number=2}}</ref> | [[परिप्रेक्ष्यवाद]] | [[दार्शनिक यथार्थवाद]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Conway |first=Daniel |title=Nietzsche, Epistemology, and Philosophy of Science |publisher=Springer |year=1999 |isbn=978-9048152346 |editor-last=Babich |editor-first=Babette E.|series=Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science |volume=204 |location=Dordrecht |pages=109–122 |chapter=Beyond Truth and Appearance: Nietzsche's Emergent Realism |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-2428-9_9}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Doyle |first=Tsarina |title=Nietzsche on Epistemology and Metaphysics: The World in View |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-0748628070 |pages=81–103 |chapter=Nietzsche's Emerging Internal Realism |doi=10.3366/edinburgh/9780748628070.003.0003}}</ref> | [[राजनीतिक यथार्थवाद]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirkland |first=Paul E. |year=2010 |title=Nietzsche's Tragic Realism |journal=The Review of Politics |volume=72 |pages=55–78 |doi=10.1017/S0034670509990969 |jstor=25655890 |s2cid=154098512 |number=1}}</ref> }} | main_interests = {{cslist | [[सौन्दर्यशास्त्र]] | [[भाषाशास्त्र]] | [[नैतिकता]] | [[साहित्य]] | [[अस्तित्वशास्त्र]] | [[इतिहासको दर्शन]] | [[कविता]] | [[मनोविज्ञान]] | [[सङ्गीत]] | [[त्रासदी]] | [[सत्य सिद्धान्त]] | [[मूल्य सिद्धान्त]] }} | notable_ideas = {{collapsible list|title={{nothing}} | {{lang|la|[[आमोर फाती]]}} | [[अपोलिनियन र डायोनिसियन]] | [[अनन्त पुनरावृत्ति]] | [[तथ्य–मूल्य विभेद]] | [[वंशावली (दर्शन)|वंशावली]] | [[ईश्वर मरेका छन्]] | [[बथान व्यवहार#मानव व्यवहार|बथान वृत्ति]] | [[अन्तिम मानिस]] | [[स्वामी–दास नैतिकता]] | [[नित्सेय पुष्टिकरण]] | [[शुन्यवाद]] | [[परिप्रेक्ष्यवाद]] | [[मूल्यहरूको पुनर्मूल्याङ्कन]] | [[उबेरमेन्स]] | [[शक्ति इच्छा]] }} | signature = Friedrich Nietzsche Signature.svg }} '''फ्रेडरिस नित्से''' ({{भाषा-जर्मनेली|Friedrich Nietzsche}}, १५ अक्टोबर १८४४ - २५ अगस्ट १९००) एक जर्मनेली दार्शनिक थिए। == जीवनी == == दर्शन == == टिप्पणीहरू == <references group="lower-alpha"/> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== <references/> {{stub}} {{Commonscat|Friedrich Nietzsche|फ्रेडरिक नीत्से}} [[श्रेणी:दार्शनिक]] 3espra7p46i0uriuu6wbkqqkihwga7h 0 47705 1365209 1177200 2026-07-07T10:41:00Z Janak Bhatta 10885 ठुटो लेख तथा विकिकरण गर्नुपर्ने 1365209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{विकिकरण}} '''ग्राफाइट''' कार्बनको क्रिस्टलीय रूप, प्राकैतिक अवस्थामा कार्बनको सबैभन्दा स्थिर रूप हो। ग्राफाइट ठूलो मात्रामा पेन्सिल, लुब्रिकन्ट र इलेक्ट्रोडमा प्रयोग गर्नका लागि खपत गरिन्छ। उच्च दबाव र तापक्रममा यो हीरामा परिणत हुन्छ । यो गर्मी र बिजुली दुवैको राम्रो चालक हो। ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{ठुटो}} 4n5iucdyspgt405xi6vb5i3nzi0g3tg 0 61709 1365162 1364649 2026-07-07T04:48:35Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{विशेष लेख|व्यक्तित्व}} {{Infobox person | name = दीपिका पादुकोण<br>({{en|Deepika Padukone}}) | image = Deepika Padukone Cannes 2018 (cropped).jpg | imagesize = | caption = सन् २०१८ मा पादुकोण | birth_date = {{birth date|1986|1|5}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Happy 27th b'day Deepika Padukone|trans-title=दीपिका पादुकोण को 27वाँ जन्मदिन मुबारक हो|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/8238.html|publisher=[[सीएनएन आईबीएन]]|accessdate=13 अगस्त 2013|language=अङ्ग्रेजी}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130107224248/http://ibnlive.in.com/photogallery/8238.html |date=2013-01-07 }}</ref><ref name="bio">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Celebrity/Deepika-Padukone/894255-Profile.aspx|title=Biography: Deepika Padukone|trans-title=जीवनी: दीपिका पादुकोण|date=2012-07-23|work=[[हिन्दुस्तान टाईम्स]]|accessdate=13 अगस्त 2013|language=अङ्ग्रेजी}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231022055/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Celebrity/Deepika-Padukone/894255-Profile.aspx |date=2014-12-31 }}</ref> | birth_place = [[कोपनहेगन]], [[डेनमार्क]] | occupation = अभिनेत्री | years_active = २००४–वर्तमान<ref name="summer">{{cite web|last=मेनन|first=सिता|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2005/apr/21fwdeep.htm|title=Go white this summer |trans-title = इस गर्मी में सफेद जाओ |accessdate=13 अगस्त 2013|date=2005-04-21|work=[[रीडिफ.कॉम]]}}</ref> | spouse = रणवीर सिंह<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/deepika-padukone-ranveer-singh-are-married-now-wedding-ceremony-ends-in-italy/story-OrrIJnMvTwI1wSwl7JbWqM.html|title=Deepika Padukone, Ranveer Singh are married now, wedding ceremony ends in Italy|accessdate=2019-02-15}}</ref> | height = {{height|ft=5|in=8}} <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.celebheightweight.com/2014/11/deepika-padukone-height-weight-bra-size-shoe-size-body-measurements-waist-hips/|title=Deepika Padukone Height, Weight, Bra Size, Shoe Size, Body, Measurements, Waist, Hips|publisher=Celebrity Measurements|date= |accessdate=2015-09-27}}</ref> }} '''दीपिका पादुकोण''' ({{IPA-hns|d̪iːpɪkaː pəɖʊkoːɳ|उच्चारण}}; जन्म ५ जनवरी १९८६) एक भारतीय अभिनेत्री एवं मोडल हुन्। उनी बलिउड चलचित्र उद्योगकी सबैभन्दा चर्चित अभिनेत्रीहरू मध्ये एक र सर्वाधिक पारिश्रमिक लिने भारतीय महिला अभिनेत्रीमा पर्छिन्। उनले आफ्नो जीवनयात्रा [[बलिउड]]मा स्थापित गरिसकेकी छिन् र हालसम्म दुई [[फिल्मफेयर पुरस्कार]] प्राप्त गरिसकेकी छिन्। पादुकोण, ब्याडमिन्टन खेलाडी [[प्रकाश पादुकोण]]की छोरी हुन। उनको जन्म [[कोपनहेगन]]मा भएको हो र हुर्काई [[बेङ्गलोर]]मा भएको हो। बाल्यवस्थामा उनले राष्ट्रियस्तरको ब्याडमिन्टन च्याम्पियनसिप खेलेकी छन् तर फेसन मोडल बन्नका लागि उनले ब्याडमिन्टन खेल छाडेकी थिइन्। मोडलिङ क्षेत्रबाट प्रवेश गरेकी उनले चाँडै चलचित्रमा अभिनय गर्ने अवसर प्राप्त गरिन्। सन् २००६ मा [[कन्नड चलचित्र]] ''[[ऐश्वर्य (चलचित्र)|ऐश्वर्य]]''मा मुख्य भूमिकामा उनले चलचित्र जगतमा पदार्पण गरिन्। पादुकोण त्यसपछि दोहोरो भूमिकामा उनको पहिलो बलिउड ब्लकबस्टर सन् २००७ मा प्रदर्शित ''[[ओम शान्ति ओम]]''बाट गरिन् जसले उनलाई [[सर्वश्रेष्ठ महिला पदार्पणको लागि फिल्मफेयर पुरस्कार|फिल्मफेयर उत्कृष्ट नयाँ महिला कलाकारको लागि पुरस्कार]] दिलाएको थियो। पादुकोणद्वारा अभिनित ''[[लभ आज कल]]'' (२००९) र ''[[लफङ्गे परिन्दे]]'' (२०१०) चलचित्रमा गरिएको दमदार अभिनयको लागि उनले निकै चर्चा कमाइन्। साथै त्यसै समयमा उनीद्वारा अभिनित ''[[बच्ना ए हसिनो]]'' (२००८) र हाँस्य चलचित्र ''[[हाउसफुल (२०१० चलचित्र)|हाउसफुल]]'' (२०१०) चलचित्रले नकारात्मक समीक्षा पाएको थियो। सन् २०१२ मा प्रदर्शित बक्स अफिस हिट ''[[ककटेल (२०१२ चलचित्र)|ककटेल]]'' चलचित्रले उनको अभिनय यात्रामा आयाम त थप्यो नै उनको अभिनयलाई सम्मान प्रदान गर्दै विभिन्न पुरस्कार समारोहमा उत्कृष्ट अभिनेत्रीको लागि नामाङ्कन समेत गराएको थियो। त्यसपछि उनी ''[[ये जवानी है दीवानी]]'' (२०१३), ''[[चेन्नई एक्सप्रेस]]'' (२०१३) र ''[[ह्याप्पी न्यू इअर (चलचित्र)|ह्याप्पी न्यू इयर]]'' (२०१४) जस्ता हाँस्य चलचित्र जुन [[सबैभन्दा बढी कमाइ गर्ने भारतीय चलचित्रहरू|सबैभन्दा बढी कमाइ गर्ने बलिउड चलचित्र]] रहेका थिए त्यस्ता चलचित्रमा मुख्य महिला पात्रको अभिनय गरेर बलिउडमा आफ्नो स्थान जमाइन्। उनले सन् २०१३ मा ''[[गोलियों की रासलीला राम-लीला]]'' नामक चलचित्रमा दमदार अभिनय गरेर [[सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेत्रीको लागि फिल्मफेयर पुरस्कार]] जितेकी थिइन्। अभिनय क्षेत्र बहेक पादुकोण रङ्गमञ्चमा भाग लिने गरेकी छिन् साथै उनले एक भारतीय पत्रिकाको लागि लेख समेत लेखिसकेकी छिन्। यस बाहेक उनले विभिन्न ब्रान्ड र उत्पादनको लागि स्थायी रूपमा विज्ञापन गर्ने गरेकी छिन्। महिलाको हक तथा अधिकारको लागि पनि उनले बेला बखत आवाज उठाउने गरेकी छिन्। == व्यक्तिगत जीवन र मोडलिङ करियर== दीपिका पादुकोणको जन्म ५ जनवरी १९८६ मा [[डेनमार्क]]को [[कोपनहेगन]]मा भएको हो। उनको जन्म [[कोङ्कणी भाषा|कोंकणी]] भाषी परिवारमा भएको हो।<ref name="bio1">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Celebrity/Deepika-Padukone/894255-Profile.aspx|title=Biography: Deepika Padukone|accessdate=6 August 2013|date=23 July 2012|work=Hindustan Times|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20141231022055/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Celebrity/Deepika-Padukone/894255-Profile.aspx|archivedate=31 December 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231022055/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Celebrity/Deepika-Padukone/894255-Profile.aspx |date=31 December 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Baksi|first=Dibyojyoti|title=Shah Rukh Khan made Deepika Padukone learn Tamil|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Shah-Rukh-Khan-made-Deepika-Padukone-learn-Tamil/Article1-1075508.aspx|accessdate=18 August 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=13 June 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821034850/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Entertainment/Bollywood/Shah-Rukh-Khan-made-Deepika-Padukone-learn-Tamil/Article1-1075508.aspx |date=21 August 2013 }}</ref> उनको बुवा, [[प्रकाश पादुकोण|प्रकाश]], एक भूतपूर्व अन्तर्राष्ट्रियस्तरका सम्मानित ब्याडमिन्टन खेलाडी थिए। उनकी आमा उज्जाला एक यात्रु एजेन्ट थिइन्।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-182121908.html|title=She's the model of success|work=The Star|date=4 August 2008|accessdate=29 August 2013}}{{subscription required|via=Highbeam}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140610213030/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-182121908.html |date=10 June 2014 }}</ref> उनकी कान्छी बहिनी अनिसा गोल्फ खेलाडी हुन्।<ref>{{cite news|last=Kaura|first=Neha|title=Deepika’s link-ups don’t bother us, says sister|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-11/news-interviews/32156802_1_anisha-link-ups-film-industry|accessdate=2 July 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=11 June 2012}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140106032230/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-06-11/news-interviews/32156802_1_anisha-link-ups-film-industry |date=6 January 2014 }}</ref> उनको हजुरबुवा रमेश मैसुर ब्याडमिन्टन सङ्घका प्रशासक थिए।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-metroplus/an-exciting-tournament/article3185184.ece|title=An exciting tournament|newspaper=The Hindu|date=5 January 2006|accessdate=3 August 2015}}</ref> पादुकोण जब एक वर्षकी थिइन् त्यस समय उनको परिवार [[भारत]]को [[बेङ्गलोर]] बसाइसराई गरे ।<ref name="toi interview">{{cite news|last=Gupta|first=Priya|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-13/news-interviews/34414302_1_deepika-padukone-badminton-father|title=Ranbir and I are still friends: Deepika Padukone|accessdate=29 August 2013|date=13 October 2012|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928194219/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-10-13/news-interviews/34414302_1_deepika-padukone-badminton-father |date=28 September 2013 }}</ref> उनले बेङ्गलोरको [[सोफिया उच्च विद्यालय]]बाट प्रारम्भिक शिक्षा प्राप्त गरेकी थिइन् र प्रवीणता प्रमाणपत्र तहको अध्ययन [[माउन्ट कार्मेल कलेज, बेङ्गलोर|माउन्ट कार्मेल कलेज]]बाट गरिन्।<ref>{{cite web|title=Just How educated are our Bollywood heroines?: Deepika Padukone|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/slide-show/slide-show-1-just-how-educated-are-bollywood-heroines/20120118.htm#3|publisher=Rediff.com|accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref> उनी मानविकी संकाय अन्तर्गत [[समाजशास्त्र]] विषयमा [[स्नातक तह|स्नातक]] तहको पढाइ गर्न [[इन्दिरा गान्धी राष्ट्रिय खुल्ला विश्वविद्यालय]]मा भर्ना भइन् तर पछि उनले समयको व्यस्तता तथा मोडलिङ गर्ने समयको अनियमितताले पढाइ स्थगन गरिन्।<ref name="toi interview"/><ref>{{cite news| url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Deepika-Padukone-has-not-put-studies-on-back-burner/articleshow/2661901.cms|work=The Times of India|title=Deepika Padukone has not put studies on back-burner|accessdate=6 August 2013|date=30 December 2007|archiveurl=|archivedate=8 June 2015}}</ref> [[File:Padukone with family.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.3|alt=Deepika Padukone is posing with her father, mother and sister|सन् २०१४ को [[५९औं फिल्मफेयर पुरस्कार]] समारोहमा दीपिका पादुकोण आफ्नो अभिभावक तथा बहिनीसँग]] पादुकोण बच्चा हुँदा कठिन सामाजिक अवस्था स्वीकार गरिन् जसले गर्दा उनको धेरै साथीहरू थिएनन्।<ref name="toi interview"/> उनको जीवनको लक्ष्य ब्याडमिन्टन थियो, जुन उनले युवा उमेरदेखि नै प्रतिस्पर्धात्मक तरिकाले खेल्ने गर्थिन्। सन् २०१२ को एक अन्तरवार्तामा पादुकोणले आफ्नो दिनचर्याको बारेमा भनेकी थिइन् "म सधैँ बिहान ५ बजे उठ्थेँ र शारीरिक कसरत गर्न जान्थे, विद्यालय जान्थे, ब्याडमिन्टन खेल्न जान्थे, आफ्नो गृहकार्य गर्थें र सुत्न जान्थेँ।"<ref name="toi interview"/> पादुकोणले विद्यालय अवधिमा ब्याडमिन्टनमा आफ्नो जीवन बनाउन जारी राखिन् र राष्ट्रियस्तरको च्याम्पियनसिपमा भाग लिइन्। उनले राज्यस्तरका बेसबल प्रतियोगितामा पनि आफ्नो सहभागिता जनाइन्।<ref>{{cite news|last=Banerjee|first=Soumyadipta|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/report-i-was-a-state-level-baseball-player-deepika-padukone-1349480|title=I was a state level baseball player: Deepika Padukone|work=Daily News and Analysis|accessdate=3 August 2013|date=18 February 2010}}</ref> शिक्षा तथा खेल करियरमा आफ्नो ध्यान केन्द्रित राखिरहेकै बेला पादुकोणले बाल कलाकारको रूपमा समेत कार्य गरिन्। उनी ८ वर्षको उमेरमा एक दुई विज्ञापन अभियानमा देखा परिन्।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/mp/2004/08/11/stories/2004081101100100.htm|title=The long and short of the ramp|work=The Hindu|accessdate=3 August 2013|date=11 August 2004}}</ref> १० कक्षामा अध्ययन गर्दा उनले आफ्नो ध्यान परिवर्तन गरी फेसन मोडल बन्ने निर्णय गरिन्। <ref name="model">{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/613309.cms|title=Smash hit on the ramp|work=The Times of India|first=Asha|last=Chowdary|accessdate=3 August 2013|date=13 April 2004}}</ref> सन् २००४ मा उनले [[प्रसाद बिडापा]]को संरक्षणमा पूर्ण समय मोडल बन्ने कार्यमा लागिन्।<ref name="model"/><ref>{{cite news|last=Malani|first=Gaurav|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-07/news-interviews/30485701_1_deepika-padukone-badminton-short-film|title=Deepika Padukone not a part of race|accessdate=3 August 2013|date=7 December 2011|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928194256/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-12-07/news-interviews/30485701_1_deepika-padukone-badminton-short-film |date=28 September 2013 }}<br>{{cite news|last=Saran|first=Rhea|title=Venus Rising?|url=http://www.verveonline.com/30/people/verve/venus/excerpt.shtml|accessdate=7 August 2013|work=Verve (magazine)}}</ref> करियरको प्रारम्भिक चरणमा पादुकोणले लिरिल साबुनको टेलिभिजन विज्ञापनले पहिचान प्राप्त गरिन्। त्यस सँगै उनले विभिन्न ब्रान्ड तथा उत्पादनको लागि मोडलिङ गरिन्।<ref>{{cite news|last=Gahlaut|first=Kanika|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/prakash-padukone-daughter-deepika-in-new-liril-soap-ad/1/196716.html|title=Making a splash|work=India Today|accessdate=3 August 2013|date=12 April 2004|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6JwBsSbRF|archivedate=27 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Deepika Padukone: Biography|url=http://zeenews.india.com/entertainment/celebrity-profile/Deepika-Padukone.htm|publisher=[[Zee News]]|accessdate=7 August 2013}}</ref> सन् २००५ मा, उनले डिजाइनर [[सुनीत वर्मा]]को लागि पहिलो पटक [[लक्मे फेसन विक]]मा भाग लिइन् र [[किङफिसर (बियर)|किङफिसर]] फेसन अवार्डमा ''मोडल अफ द इअर''को अवार्ड जित्न सफल भइन्।<ref>{{cite web|last=Menon|first=Sita|url=http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2005/apr/21fwdeep.htm|title=Go white this summer|accessdate=3 August 2013|date=21 April 2005|publisher=Rediff.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Chowdhury|first=Smita R.|title=Glamour, glitz & grace|url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1050405/asp/calcutta/story_4572605.asp|accessdate=3 August 2013|newspaper=[[The Telegraph (Calcutta)|The Telegraph]]|date=5 May 2005}}</ref> पादुकोणको प्रसिद्धिमा त्यस समय वृद्धि भयो जब उनलाई २००६ को [[किङफिसर पात्रो|किङफिसर क्यालेन्डर]]मा स्थान दिइयो ।<ref name="meet"/> क्यालेन्डरका डिजाइनरका रूपमा रहेका [[वेन्डेल रोड्रिक्स]]ले पादुकोणमाथि टिप्पणी गर्दै भनेका थिए "[[ऐश्वर्या राय बच्चन|ऐश्वर्या राय]]पछि हामीसँग यस्तो सुन्दर र ताजा महिला थिएन्।"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://m.indiatoday.in/story/young-achievers-deepika-padukone-ms-dhoni-to-rabbi-shergill/1/181846.html|title=Young achievers: Deepika Padukone to Aditya Mittal, MS Dhoni to Rabbi Shergill|work=India Today|accessdate=3 August 2013|date=20 February 2006|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6JwBwTlZD|archivedate=27 September 2013}}</ref> रोड्रिक्सले उनलाई गञ्जम ज्वेलरी कक्षामा हेरेका थिए र पछि उनले म्याट्रिक्स एजेन्सीका लागि पादुकोणलाई हस्ताक्षर गर्न भ्याए।<ref>{{cite book|last=Vasudev|first=Shefalee|title=Powder Room|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DzdfsXQEtqoC&pg=PT61|publisher=Random House India|isbn=978-81-8400-297-3|page=61|year=2012}}</ref> २१ वर्षको उमेरमा पादुकोण [[मुम्बई]] बसाइँ सरिन् र आफ्नो काकीको घरमा बसिन्।<ref name="toi interview"/> त्यसै वर्ष, उनले [[हिमेश रेशमिया]]को म्युजिक भिडियो ''नाम है तेरा'' मा काम गर्ने अवसर पाइन् र त्यसमा गरेको अभिनयले व्यापक पहिचान प्राप्त गरिन्।<ref>{{cite news|last=Iyer|first=Meena|title=Deepika Padukone in awe of beauty pageant winners|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-17/news-interviews/30409840_1_beauty-pageant-beauty-contest-music-video|accessdate=3 August 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=17 November 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928194304/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-11-17/news-interviews/30409840_1_beauty-pageant-beauty-contest-music-video |date=28 September 2013 }}</ref> पादुकोणले चाँडै चलचित्र भूमिकाको लागि प्रस्ताव प्राप्त गर्न सुरू गरिन्।<ref>{{cite web|title=The hottest heroine in Kannada cinema|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/aug/24sld1.htm|publisher=Rediff.com|date=24 August 2006|accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref> आफ्नो अभिनयलाई अझ प्रभावकारी बनाउन पादुकोणले [[अनुपम खेर]]को चलचित्र संस्थानमा अभिनय कोर्समा भर्ना भइन्।<ref>{{cite news|title=On course: Deepika Padukone joins Anupam Kher's Film Academy|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/badminton-star-prakash-padukone-daughter-deepika-shifted-to-mumbai/1/193374.html|work=India Today|date=11 July 2005|accessdate=6 August 2013|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6JwC0HxiV|archivedate=27 September 2013}}</ref> रेशमियाको साङ्गीतिक भिडियोमा निर्देशक [[फराह खान]]ले पादुकोणको अभिनय हेरेकी थिइन् जसले गर्दा उनले पादुकोणलाई आफ्नो चलचित्र [[ह्याप्पी न्यू इअर (चलचित्र)|ह्याप्पी न्यू इअर]]मा अभिनेत्रीको रूपमा चयन गरिन्।<ref name="toi interview"/><ref name="meet"/> ==अभिनय करियर== ===चलचित्र सुरूवात र सफलता (२००६–०९)=== पादुकोणले सन् २००६ मा आफू [[इन्द्रजीत लङ्केश]]को निर्देशनमा [[कन्नड चलचित्र]] ''[[ऐश्वर्य (चलचित्र)|ऐश्वर्य]]''बाट अभिनय क्षेत्रमा प्रवेश गर्न लागेको बताएकी थिइन्। <ref name="meet">{{cite web|last=Vijayasarathy|first=R.G.|title=Meet Deepika Padukone|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/mar/14sd1.htm|publisher=Rediff.com|date=14 March 2006|accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref> उक्त रोमान्टिक हाँस्य चलचित्र [[तेलगु चलचित्र|तेलुगु चलचित्र]] ''[[मनमधुदु]]''को रूपान्तरण रहेको थियो र पादुकोणलाई शीर्ष भूमिकामा अभिनेता [[उपेन्द्र (अभिनेता)|उपेन्द्र]]सँग तय गरिएको थियो । पादुकोण अभिनित कन्नड चलचित्रले उच्च व्यापारिक सफलता प्राप्त गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|last=Kumar|first=S.S|title=Ramya in a rush|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-features/tp-fridayreview/ramya-in-a-rush/article3230859.ece|accessdate=3 August 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=29 September 2006}}</ref> [[रिडिफ.कम]]का आरजी विजयसारथीले पादुकोणको भूमिकाको प्रशंसा गर्दै उनलाई ''आत्मीय दृश्यमा अझ बढी काम गर्नुपर्छ'' भनी थपेका थिए ।<ref>{{cite web|last=Vijayasarathy|first=R.G.|title=Deepika's Aishwarya is a must watch|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/15aish.htm|publisher=Rediff.com|date=15 September 2006|accessdate=3 August 2013}}</ref> सन् २००६ को अन्तसम्ममा फराह खानको ''ह्याप्पी न्यू इअर'' को काम रोकियो र खानले [[पुनर्जन्म]]को कथामा आधारित नाटकीय चलचित्र ''[[ओम शान्ति ओम]]'' (२००७) को लागि पादुकोणलाई चलचित्रमा लिने निर्णय गरिन्। <ref>{{cite web|title='I was pulling SRK's hair out!'|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2007/dec/10fchat.htm|publisher=Rediff.com|date=10 December 2007|accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref> [[बलिउड|हिन्दी चलचित्र उद्योग]]को पृष्ठभूमिमा तैयार पारिएको यस चलचित्रले सन् १९७० ताका सङ्घर्षरत् अभिनेताको कथा भन्दछ जो आफ्नो प्रेमिकाको हत्याको साक्षी भएर मर्छ र उसको प्रेमिकाको हत्याको बदला लिन पुनर्जन्म लिन्छ। यस चलचित्रको नायकको रूपमा [[साहरुख खान|शाहरूख खान]] एक समर्थकको भूमिकामा रहेका थिए भने पादुकोण दोहोरो भूमिकामा थिइन्।{{mdash}} पहिलो भूमिका शान्तिप्रिया, १९७० को शीर्ष अभिनेत्रीको रूपमा र पछि स्यान्डी, एक इच्छुक अभिनेत्रीको भूमिकामा रूपमा रहेकी थिइन्। उनले भनिन्, "म शाहरूखलाई चलचित्रमा हेरेर ठूली भएकी हुँ र वहाँको म सधैँ अनुशरण गर्थें। वहाँसँग काम गरेर&nbsp;... म ज्यादै खुसी महसुस गरिरहेकी छु। साथै फराहलाई पनि धन्यवाद दिन चाहन्छु जसले म माथि भरोसा गरेर वहाँसँग मलाई काम गर्ने मौका दिइन्।"<ref>{{cite news|last=Ray|first=Sarit|title=I'm a shy person: Deepika|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-02/news-interviews/27986233_1_dream-debut-modelling-deepika-padukone|accessdate=3 August 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2 November 2007}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928194317/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-02/news-interviews/27986233_1_dream-debut-modelling-deepika-padukone |date=28 September 2013 }}</ref> आफ्नो भूमिकाको तयारीको लागि पादुकोणले विभिन्न अभिनेत्रीहरू [[हेलन (अभिनेत्री)|हेलन]] र [[हेमा मालिनी]]को शारीरिक हाउभाउ पढ्न चलचित्र हेरिन्। जुन आजभोलिको अभिनेत्रीभन्दा ''ज्यादै भिन्न'' र ''अधिक मनोरम'' भएको महसुस गरिन ।<ref>{{cite news|last=Thakur|first=Shweta|title=I saw Hema Malini films for '70s look: Deepika|date=17 November 2007|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/I-saw-Hema-Malini-films-for-70s-look-Deepika/Article1-258255.aspx|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=10 August 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005230414/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/Entertainment/I-saw-Hema-Malini-films-for-70s-look-Deepika/Article1-258255.aspx |date=5 October 2013 }}</ref> तर, उनको आवाज भने आवाज कलाकार [[मोना घोष शेट्टी]]द्वारा स्वराङ्कित थियो ।<ref name="mona dub">{{cite web|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-03/news-interviews/45834895_1_deepika-padukone-dramatic-prowess-and-zest-kochadaiiyaan|title=Why is Deepika's Hindi in Kochadaiiyaan dubbed?|work=The Times of India|date=2 January 2013|accessdate=3 January 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105062349/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2014-01-03/news-interviews/45834895_1_deepika-padukone-dramatic-prowess-and-zest-kochadaiiyaan |date=5 January 2014 }}</ref> चलचित्रमा रहेको एक गीत ''धुम ताना'' मा पादुकोण भारतीय शास्त्रीय नृत्यकर्ताको रूपमा आफुलाई ढालेर नृत्य गरिन्। वर्षको चर्चित गीतहरू मध्ये एक साबित भएपछि [[डोर्लिङ किन्डर्सले]]ले भने पादुकोणले दर्शकलाई आफ्नो ''हस्त मुद्रा'' नृत्यले मन्त्रमुग्ध पार्न सफल भइन्।<ref>{{cite book|title=The Book of Dance|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=EzKmKyugOjkC&pg=PA113|date=3 September 2012|publisher=Dorling Kindersley Limited|isbn=978-1-4093-2237-5|page=113}}</ref> ''ओम शान्ति ओम'' सन् २००७ को व्यावसायिक सफल चलचित्र बन्न सफल रहयो र चलचित्रले विश्व्यापी {{INRConvert|1.49|b}} कारोबार गरेको थियो ।<ref name="top">{{cite web|url=http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat=|title=Top All Time Worldwide Grossers Updated|publisher=[[Box Office India]]|accessdate=13 October 2013|date=11 May 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131105215110/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=4409&nCat=|archivedate=26 January 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205213224/http://boxofficeindia.com/arounddetail.php?page=shownews&articleid=3997&nCat= |date=5 February 2012 }}</ref> [[बलिउड हङ्गामा]]का [[तरण आदर्श]]ले चलचित्रको समिक्षा गर्दै ''दीपिकाको अभिनयमा एउटा उत्कृष्ट अभिनेत्रीसँग हुनुपर्ने सबै कला भएको भनि भनेका थिए'' ।<ref>{{cite web|last=Adarsh|first=Taran|title=Movie Review: Om Shanti Om|date=7 November 2007|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/moviemicro/criticreview/id/54373|publisher=[[Bollywood Hungama]]|accessdate=18 December 2007|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6JwBYXxYy|archivedate=27 September 2013}}</ref> [[फिल्मफेयर पुरस्कार]]को वार्षिकोत्सवमा पादुकोणलाई सन् २००८ मा [[सर्वश्रेष्ठ महिला पदार्पणको लागि फिल्मफेयर पुरस्कार|फिल्मफेयर उत्कृष्ट नयाँ महिला कलाकारको लागि पुरस्कार]] दिइएको थियो र [[सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेत्रीको लागि फिल्मफेयर पुरस्कार|सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेत्री]] श्रेणीको लागि नामाङ्कन गरिएको थियो।<ref name="heroine">{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/gallery/top-actresses-of-bollywood-ever/9/7051.html#photo35|title=Top heroines of Bollywood|accessdate=19 July 2013|date=10 May 2013|work=India Today|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6JwC4LXB6|archivedate=27 September 2013}}</ref> [[File:Padukone in 2009.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=Deepika Padukone is smiling away from the camera|पादुकोण ''[[लभ आज कल]]'', २००९ को पहिलो दृश्य समारोहमा]] बलिउड हङ्गामाले ''ओम शान्ति ओम'' को सफलताले पादुकोणको अभिनय करियरमा आयाम थपेको एक रिपोर्टमा उल्लेख गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|last=Tuteja|first=Joginder|title=Exploring the Box Office journey of Deepika Padukone&nbsp;– Part 1|date=2 August 2013|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/5321|publisher=Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=10 August 2013|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6JwBdY9Zu|archivedate=27 September 2013}}</ref> उनले यो सफलतालाई आफ्नो अर्को चलचित्रमा गायत्री (रणवीर कपुरको प्रेमिका)को भूमिकामा एक अस्ट्रेलियाली विद्यार्थी जो क्याब चालकको रूपमा [[यश राज फिल्म्स|यशराज फिल्म्स]]को हाँस्य रोमान्टिक चलचित्र ''[[बच्ना ए हसिनो]]'' (२००८) मा अभिनय गरिन्। यो चलचित्रले व्यावसायिक सफलता प्राप्त गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|title=Bachna Ae Haseeno scores at box office|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/2008/aug/18box.htm|publisher=Rediff.com|accessdate=20 April 2013}}</ref> तर ''[[आउटलुक (पत्रिका)|आउटलुक]]'' को नम्रता जोशीले पादुकोणको अभिनयलाई सन्तोषजनक नभएको बताएकी थिइन्।।<ref>{{cite news|last=Joshi|first=Namrata|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?238292|title=Movie Review: Bachna Ae Haseeno|accessdate=19 July 2013|date=1 September 2008|work=[[Outlook (magazine)|Outlook]]|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6JwBjSin0|archivedate=27 September 2013}}</ref> सन् २००९ को पहिलो चलचित्रको रूपमा पादुकोण र [[अक्षय कुमार]]द्वारा [[निखिल आडवाणी]]को निर्देशनमा कुङ फु हाँस्य कथानक चलचित्र ''[[चाँदनी चौक टु चाइना]]'' रहेको थियो जसमा पादुकोणले भारतीय-चिनियाँ दिदी बहिनीको दोहोरो भूमिका निभाएकी थिइन्। [[वार्नर ब्रोज]]द्वारा निर्माण गरिएको यो चलचित्रले हिन्दी चलचित्रको इतिहासमा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय बजारमा सबैभन्दा बढी सिनेमाघरमा प्रदर्शित गरिएको थियो ।<ref>{{cite news|last=Anderson|first=Jason|title=Chandni Chowk to China: Kung fusion hustle|url=http://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2009/01/16/chandni_chowk_to_china_kung_fusion_hustle.html|work=[[Toronto Star]]|date=16 January 2009|accessdate=6 August 2013}}</ref> पादुकोणले आफ्नो भूमिकको लागि जापानी मार्सल आर्ट्स [[जुजुत्सु]]बाट सिखेकी थिइन् र आफ्नो सबै आक्रमक दृश्य आफैंले गरेकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web|title=Deepika's unbelievable stunt!|url=http://specials.rediff.com/movies/2008/nov/26slid1-deepika-unbelievable-stunt.htm?zcc=rl|publisher=Rediff.com|date=26 November 2008|accessdate=3 September 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lalwani|first=Vickeya|title=Yes, I'm dating Ranbir: Deepika|date=15 March 2008|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-15/news-interviews/27772143_1_action-film-deepika-ranbir-yash-raj|work=The Times of India|accessdate=3 September 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012195823/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-03-15/news-interviews/27772143_1_action-film-deepika-ranbir-yash-raj |date=12 October 2013 }}</ref> तर अपेक्षा गरिएको ठिक विपरित यस चलचित्रले विश्वव्यापी {{INRConvert|554.7|m}} कमाइ गर्न सक्यो जबकि यस चलचित्रको निर्माण लागत {{INRConvert|800|m}} थियो ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=348&catName=TGlmZXRpbWUgV29ybGR3aWRlIEluIFVTICQ=|title=Top Lifetime Grossers Worldwide (US $)|publisher=Box Office India|accessdate=11 November 2010|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20130602093609/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU=|archivedate=26 January 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602093609/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=312&catName=TGlmZXRpbWU%3D |date=2 June 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Sharma|first1=Amit|last2=Verma Ambwani|first2=Meenakshi|title=Chandni Chowk to China crosses Rs 33 cr at local box office|url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-01-20/news/27650181_1_domestic-box-office-bollywood-film-kinng|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=20 January 2009|accessdate=6 August 2013}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305091941/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2009-01-20/news/27650181_1_domestic-box-office-bollywood-film-kinng |date=5 March 2016 }}</ref> चलचित्र विश्लेषकहरूले पादुकोणको अभिनयलाई सामान्यत मन पराएनन्।<ref>{{cite web|title=Chandni Chowk To China (2009)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/chandni_chowk_to_china/|publisher=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|accessdate=7 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Strout|first=Justin|title=Ham Samurai|date=15 January 2009|url=http://www2.orlandoweekly.com/film/review.asp?rid=14086|work=[[Orlando Weekly]]|accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref> त्यसै वर्ष पादुकोणले नाटकीय चलचित्र ''[[बिल्लु]]'' (''लभ मेरा हिट हिट'' नामक गीत) मा आयटम डान्स गरेकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=3034274&page=4|title=Item Number in 'Billoo Barber'|publisher=[[MSN]]|date=6 January 2009|accessdate=2 May 2011}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314143005/http://entertainment.in.msn.com/gallery.aspx?cp-documentid=3034274&page=4 |date=14 March 2012 }}</ref> त्यस लगतै उनी [[सैफअली खान|सैफ अली खान]]सँग रोमान्टिक नाट्य चलचित्र '' [[लभ आज कल]]'' मा अभिनय गरिन् जसको कथाकार र निर्देशक [[इम्तियाज अली (निर्देशक)|इम्तियाज अली]] थिए। यस चलचित्रले युवाहरूको बदलिदो सम्बन्धलाई प्रस्तुत गरेको थियो। यस चलचित्रमा पादुकोणले एक सुदृढ सोच भएकी महिला मीरा पण्डेको भूमिका चरित्रार्थ गरेकी थिइन्। यस चलचित्रले विश्वव्यापी {{INRConvert|1.2|b}}को कारोबार गरेको थियो। ''लभ आज कल'' ले सन् २००९ को सबैभन्दा बढी पैसा कमाउने तेस्रो चलचित्रको रूपमा आफूलाई प्रमाणित गरेको थियो।<ref name="top"/> ''[[डेली न्यूज एन्ड एनालायसिस]]'' का अनिरूद्ध गुहाले पादुकोणको बारे उल्लेख गर्दै ''अहिलेसम्म अभिनय गरेका चार चलचित्रहरू मध्ये सबैभन्दा उत्कृष्ट प्रदर्शन '' गरेको भनी लेखेका थिए भने ''द टाइम्स अफ इन्डिया'' का बलिउड विशेशज्ञ [[निखत काजमी]]ले पादुकोणको अभिनयलाई ''उत्कृष्ट र दृढ'' भनी व्याख्या गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite news|last=Guha|first=Aniruddha|title=Review: Love Aaj Kal is the perfect date movie|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/entertainment/review-review-love-aaj-kal-is-the-perfect-date-movie-1278796|work=Daily News and Analysis|date=31 July 2009|accessdate=16 July 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kazmi|first=Nikhat|title=Love Aaj Kal|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/movie-reviews/hindi/Love-Aaj-Kal/movie-review/4838891.cms|work=The Times of India|date=30 July 2009|accessdate=16 July 2013}}</ref> यस चलचित्रको लागि पादुकोणले [[५५औँ फिल्मफेयर पुरस्कार]]मा उत्कृष्ट अभिनेत्रीको नामाङ्कन पाएकी थिइन्।<ref name="bollywoodhungama1">{{cite web|url=http://www.bollywoodhungama.com/movies/features/type/view/id/725/|title=Nominations for 55th Idea Filmfare Awards 2009|publisher=Bollywood Hungama|accessdate=27 April 2011}}</ref> ===करियर सङ्घर्ष (२०१०–११)=== सन् २०१० मा पादुकोणको पाँच चलचित्र प्रदर्शित भएको थियो। उनको पहिलो भूमिका विजय लालवाणीको [[मनोबैज्ञानिक रोमाञ्चकारी]] चलचित्र ''कार्तिक कलिङ कार्तिक'' थियो जसमा पादुकोणले एक हरेस खाइसकेको व्यक्ति ([[फरहान अख्तर]]द्वारा अभिनित) जो प्रत्येक विहान एक संदिग्ध फोन पाएर विभिन्न परिवर्तनबाट गुज्रिरहेको व्यक्तिको सहयोगी प्रेमिकाको भूमिका गरिन्। [[भराइटी (पत्रिका)|भराइटी]] पत्रिकाका डेरेक एलेले चलचित्रलाई समीक्षा गर्दै चलचित्रको कथाबस्तुले दर्शकमाझ छाप छोड्न नसकेको र पादुकोणको &nbsp;...निरीह भूमिकाले पनि चलचित्र सफल नभएको तर्क थपेका थिए ।<ref>{{cite news|last=Elley|first=Derek|title=Review: "Karthik Calling Karthik"|url=http://variety.com/2010/film/reviews/karthik-calling-karthik-1117942367/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=8 March 2010|accessdate=16 July 2013}}</ref> व्यवसायिक रूपमा चलचित्र असफल भएको थियो।<ref name="bo2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA==|title=Box Office 2010|publisher=Box office India|accessdate=14 May 2012|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20131014062657/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA==|archivedate=26 January 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014062657/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=318&catName=MjAxMA%3D%3D |date=14 October 2013 }}</ref> सो वर्ष उनको सबैभन्दा व्यवसायिक सफल चलचित्र [[साजिद खान]]को हाँस्यप्रधान चलचित्र [[हाउसफुल (२०१० चलचित्र)|हाउसफुल]] थियो जसले {{INRConvert|1.15|b}}को कारोबार गर्न सफल भएको थियो। यस चलचित्रमा उनी [[अक्षय कुमार]], [[रितेश देशमुख]], [[लारा दत्ता]], [[अर्जुन रामपाल]], [[जिया खान]] र [[बोमन इरानी]]सँग चित्रित गरिएका थिए।<ref name="top"/> [[राजा सेन]]ले चलचित्रलाई "खराब अभिनयको चाड" र पादुकोणद्वारा कमजोर अभिनय भनी वर्णन गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|last=Sen|first=Raja|title=Gags that'll make you gag|url=http://www.rediff.com/movies/review/review-housefull-is-painful/20100430.htm|publisher=Rediff.com|date=30 April 2010|accessdate=14 September 2013}}</ref> [[File:Deepika Padukone at an event.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Deepika Padukone is sitting on a chair and smiling at the camera|पादुकोण ''[[लफङ्गे परिन्दे]]'', २०१० को कार्यक्रममा]] {{-}} == प्रमुख चलचित्रहरू== {{main|दीपिका पादुकोण फिल्मोग्राफी}} * [[ऐश्वर्य (चलचित्र)|ऐश्वर्य]] (सन् २००६) * [[ओम शान्ति ओम]] (सन् २००७) * [[बच्ना ए हसिनो]] (सन् २००८) * [[लभ आज कल]] (सन् २००९) * [[लफङ्गे परिन्दे]] (सन् २०१०) * [[ककटेल (२०१२ चलचित्र)|ककटेल]] (सन् २०१२) * [[ये जवानी है दीवानी]] (सन् २०१३) * [[चेन्नई एक्सप्रेस]] (सन् २०१३) * [[गोलियों की रासलीला राम-लीला]] (सन् २०१३) * [[ह्याप्पी न्यू इअर (चलचित्र)|ह्याप्पी न्यू इअर]] (सन् २०१४) * [[पीकू]] (सन् २०१५) * [[बाजीराव मस्तानी]] == प्रसिद्धि == ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== * {{Commonscat-inline|Deepika Padukone|दीपिका पादुकोण}} * {{IMDb name|id=2138653}} * {{Twitter|deepikapadukone|दीपिका पादुकोण}} ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{सर्वश्रेष्ठ अभिनेत्रीको लागि फिल्मफेयर पुरस्कार}} {{फिल्मफेयर उत्कृष्ट नयाँ महिला कलाकारको लागि पुरस्कार}} {{उत्कृष्ट नयाँ महिला कलाकारको लागि आइफा अवार्ड}} {{उत्कृष्ट नयाँ महिला कलाकारको लागि स्क्रिन अवार्ड}} {{कमन्सश्रेणी|Deepika Padukone}} {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see Wikipedia:Persondata. --> | NAME = Padukone, Deepika | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Indian actor | DATE OF BIRTH = 5 January 1986 | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Copenhagen]], Denmark | DATE OF DEATH = | PLACE OF DEATH = }} [[श्रेणी:हिन्दी चलचित्र अभिनेत्रीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:जीवित मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय महिला मोडलहरू]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय चलचित्र अभिनेत्रीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सन् १९८६ मा जन्म]] [[श्रेणी:भारतीय हिन्दुहरू]] [[श्रेणी:बेङ्गलोरका अभिनेत्रीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:मानसिक स्वास्थ्य कार्यकर्ताहरू]] [[श्रेणी:बेङ्गलोरका महिला मोडलहरू]] [[श्रेणी:२१औँ शताब्दीका भारतीय अभिनेत्रीहरू]] l44xen36ms4x0acr4qha302glx9qwkp 3 63638 1365042 1364001 2026-07-06T13:57:38Z MediaWiki message delivery 14766 /* Tech News: 2026-28 */ नयाँ खण्ड 1365042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{archive box| search=yes| * [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nawaraj_Ghimire/वर्ता१|पुराना सन्देशहरू १ : २०१७/०३/१७ सम्म]] * [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nawaraj_Ghimire/वर्ता२|पुराना सन्देशहरू २ : २०२२/०७/२२सम्म]] * [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nawaraj_Ghimire/वर्ता३|पुराना सन्देशहरू ३ : २०२३/०३/२१सम्म]] * [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nawaraj_Ghimire/वर्ता४|पुराना सन्देशहरू ४ : २०२५/१०/२०८सम्म]] }} == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] condition limit was increased from 1000 to 2000. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309609] * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter#Locally disabled actions|Some Global AbuseFilter]] actions will no longer apply to local projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332521] * Desktop users are now able to subscribe to talk pages by clicking on the {{int:discussiontools-newtopicssubscription-button-subscribe-label}} link in the {{int:toolbox}} menu. If you subscribe to a talk page, you receive [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications|notifications]] when new topics are started on that talk page. This is separate from putting the page on your watchlist or subscribing to a single discussion. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263821] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-03-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.40/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * You will be able to choose [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diffs]] on all [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Page history|history pages]] at the Wiktionaries and Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314588] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The legacy [[mw:Mobile Content Service|Mobile Content Service]] is going away in July 2023. Developers are encouraged to switch to Parsoid or another API before then to ensure service continuity. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/4MVQQTONJT7FJAXNVOFV3WWVVMCHRINE/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:५९, २८ मार्च २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24780854 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The system for automatically creating categories for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Babel|Babel]] extension has had several important changes and fixes. One of them allows you to insert templates for automatic category descriptions on creation, allowing you to categorize the new categories. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T211665][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T64714][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170654][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184941][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33074] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Some older [[w:en:Web browser|Web browsers]] will stop being able to use [[w:en:JavaScript|JavaScript]] on Wikimedia wikis from this week. This mainly affects users of Internet Explorer 11. If you have an old web browser on your computer you can try to upgrade to a newer version. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T178356] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The deprecated <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.hoverIntent</code></bdi> module has been removed. This module could be used by gadgets and user scripts, to create an artificial delay in how JavaScript responds to a hover event. Gadgets and user scripts should now use jQuery <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>hover()</code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>on()</code></bdi> instead. Examples can be found in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Migration_guide_(users)#jquery.hoverIntent|migration guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311194] * Some of the links in [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] will be re-arranged. There will be a clearer separation between links that relate to all users, and links related to your own user account. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333242] * You will be able to hide the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Replying|Reply button]] in archived discussion pages with a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__ARCHIVEDTALK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. There will also be a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mw-archivedtalk</code></bdi> CSS class for hiding the Reply button in individual sections on a page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T249293][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295553][https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/DiscussionTools/+/738221] '''Future changes''' * The Vega software that creates data visualizations in pages, such as graphs, will be upgraded to the newest version in the future. Graphs that still use the very old version 1.5 syntax may stop working properly. Most existing uses have been found and updated, but you can help to check, and to update any local documentation. [[phab:T260542|Examples of how to find and fix these graphs are available]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:२५, ४ अप्रिल २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24820268 --> == This Month in Education: March 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 3 • March 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Audio-seminar project of the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program|Audio-seminar project of the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Empowering Nigerian Female Artists: Through Art & Feminism Edith-A-Thon at KWASU Fan Club|Empowering Nigerian Female Artists: Through Art & Feminism Edith-A-Thon at KWASU Fan Club]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Exploring How Wikipedia Works|Exploring How Wikipedia Works]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Florida graduate students complete Library History edit-a-thon for credit|Florida graduate students complete Library History edit-a-thon for credit]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Improving hearing health content in Brazil|Improving hearing health content in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Media Literacy Portal to become a key resource for media education in Czech Libraries |Media Literacy Portal to become a key resource for media education in Czech Libraries]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikeys in the Albanian language|Wikeys in the Albanian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikimarathon is an opportunity to involve students and teachers in creating and editing articles in Wikipedia|Wikimarathon is an opportunity to involve students and teachers in creating and editing articles in Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikimedia Polska short report|Wikimedia Polska short report]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2023/Wikimedia Serbia participated in the State Seminar of the The Mathematical Society of Serbia|Wikimedia Serbia participated in the State Seminar of the The Mathematical Society of Serbia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ००:३०, ९ अप्रिल २०२३ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24824837 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] In the visual editor, it is now possible to edit captions of images in galleries without opening the gallery dialog. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/Editable gallery captions in Visual Editor|voted #61 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T190224] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] You can now receive notifications when another user edits your user page. See the "{{int:Echo-category-title-edit-user-page}}" option in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-echo|your Preferences]]. This feature request was [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Anti-harassment/Notifications for user page edits|voted #3 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T3876] '''Problems''' * There was a problem with all types of CentralNotice banners still being shown to logged-in users even if they had [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-centralnotice-banners|turned off]] specific banner types. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331671] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-arywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dinwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-elwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-emlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-etwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-euwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-extwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tumwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ffwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiu_vrowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-furwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gcrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-glkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gotwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-guwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304551][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308133] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:५०, ११ अप्रिल २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24851886 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * You can now see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Show_nearby_articles|nearby articles on a Kartographer map]] with the button for the new feature "{{int:Kartographer-sidebar-nearbybutton}}". Six wikis have been testing this feature since October. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Nearby_articles#Implementation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334079] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Special:GlobalWatchlist]] page now has links for "{{int:globalwatchlist-markpageseen}}" for each entry. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Button to mark a single change as read in the global watch list|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334246] '''Problems''' * At Wikimedia Commons, some thumbnails have not been getting replaced correctly after a new version of the image is uploaded. This should be fixed later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331138][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333042] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] For the last few weeks, some external tools had inconsistent problems with logging-in with OAuth. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332650] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:४०, १८ अप्रिल २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24881071 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The date-selection menu on pages such as [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] will now show year-ranges that are in the current and past decade, instead of the current and future decade. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Change year range shown in date selection popup|voted #145 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334316] '''Problems''' * Due to security issues with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]], graphs have been disabled in all Wikimedia projects. Wikimedia Foundation teams are working to respond to these vulnerabilities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940] * For a few days, it was not possible to save some kinds of edits on the mobile version of a wiki. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334797][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334799][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334794] '''Changes later this week''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on April 26. This is planned for [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1682517653 14:00 UTC]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-04-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * The Editing team plans an A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|a usability analysis of the Talk page project]]. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|planned measurements are available]]. Your wiki [[phab:T332946|may be invited to participate]]. Please suggest improvements to the measurement plan at [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/Usability|the discussion page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024|The Wikimedia Foundation annual plan 2023-2024 draft is open for comment and input]] until May 19. The final plan will be published in July 2023 on Meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:४८, २५ अप्रिल २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24933592 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the French and Italian Wikipedias. More languages will be added in the near future. This is part of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T243711][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270490][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[:commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2commons]] tool has been updated. This fixed several bugs related to YouTube uploads. [https://github.com/toolforge/video2commons/pull/162/commits] * The [[{{#special:Preferences}}]] page has been redesigned on mobile web. The new design makes it easier to browse the different categories and settings at low screen widths. You can also now access the page via a link in the Settings menu in the mobile web sidebar. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Content_moderation_on_mobile_web/Preferences] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:३०, २ मे २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24966974 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Last week, Community Tech released the first update for providing [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diffs]], the #1 request in the 2022 Community Wishlist Survey. [[phab:T324759|This update]] adds legends and tooltips to inline diffs so that users unfamiliar with the blue and yellow highlights can better understand the type of edits made. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] When you close an image that is displayed via MediaViewer, it will now return to the wiki page instead of going back in your browser history. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Return to the article when closing the MediaViewer|voted #65 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T236591] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight|SyntaxHighlight]] extension now supports <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>wikitext</code></bdi> as a selected language. Old alternatives that were used to highlight wikitext, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html5</code></bdi>, <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>moin</code></bdi>, and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr"><code>html+handlebars</code></bdi>, can now be replaced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T29828] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Creating pages with preloaded text|Preloading text to new pages/sections]] now supports preloading from localized MediaWiki interface messages. [https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Martin_Urbanec_(WMF)?action=edit&section=new&preload=MediaWiki:July Here is an example] at the {{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}} that uses <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>preload=MediaWiki:July</nowiki></code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330337] '''Problems''' * Graph Extension update: Foundation developers have completed upgrading the visualization software to Vega5. Existing community graphs based on Vega2 are no longer compatible. Communities need to update local graphs and templates, and shared lua modules like <bdi lang="de" dir="ltr">[[:de:Modul:Graph]]</bdi>. The [https://vega.github.io/vega/docs/porting-guide/ Vega Porting guide] provides the most comprehensive detail on migration from Vega2 and [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Graph:PageViews&action=history here is an example migration]. Vega5 has currently just been enabled on mediawiki.org to provide a test environment for communities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940#8813922] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Until now, all new OAuth apps went through manual review. Starting this week, apps using identification-only or basic authorizations will not require review. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T67750] '''Future changes''' * During the next year, MediaWiki will stop using IP addresses to identify logged-out users, and will start automatically assigning unique temporary usernames. Read more at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates|IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates]]. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#What should it look like?|join the discussion]] about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Updates#What will temporary usernames look like?|format of the temporary usernames]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332805] * There will be an [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on 10 Wikipedias where the Vector 2022 skin is the default skin. Half of logged-in desktop users will see an interface where the different parts of the page are more clearly separated. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Updates/2023-05 Zebra9 A/B test|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333180][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335972] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] <code>jquery.tipsy</code> will be removed from the MediaWiki core. This will affect some user scripts. Many lines with <code>.tipsy(</code> can be commented out. <code>OO.ui.PopupWidget</code> can be used to keep things working like they are now. You can [[phab:T336019|read more]] and [[:mw:Help:Locating broken scripts|read about how to find broken scripts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336019] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:२१, ९ मे २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=24998636 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Citations that are automatically generated based on [[d:Q33057|ISBN]] are currently broken. This affects citations made with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]], and the use of the citoid API in gadgets and user scripts. Work is ongoing to restore this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-gorwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hakwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hifwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hsbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-htwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-igwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ilowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-inhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jvwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308134] '''Future changes''' * There is a recently formed team at the Wikimedia Foundation which will be focusing on experimenting with new tools. Currently they are building [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI|a prototype ChatGPT plugin that allows information generated by ChatGPT to be properly attributed]] to the Wikimedia projects. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget and userscript developers should replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi>. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> library will be removed in ~1 month, and staff developers will run a script to replace any remaining uses at that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336018] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:३०, १६ मे २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25011501 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The "recent edits" time period for page watchers is now 30 days. It used to be 180 days. This was a [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Change information about the number of watchers on a page|Community Wishlist Survey proposal]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336250] '''Changes later this week''' * An [[mw:special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Impact|improved impact module]] will be available at Wikipedias. The impact module is a feature available to newcomers [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer homepage|at their personal homepage]]. It will show their number of edits, how many readers their edited pages have, how many thanks they have received and similar things. It is also accessible by accessing Special:Impact. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W21"/> </div> २२:४०, २२ मे २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25028325 --> == This Month in Education: April 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 4 • April 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Auckland Museum Alliance fund project update|Auckland Museum Alliance fund project update]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Introducing Wikipedia to Kusaal Language Teachers|Introducing Wikipedia to Kusaal Language Teachers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/KWASU Fan Club Leads the Way in 21st Century Learning with Wiki in School Program|KWASU Fan Club Leads the Way in 21st Century Learning with Wiki in School Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/On-line Courses for Educators in Poland|On-line Courses for Educators in Poland]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Online meeting of Ukrainian educators working with Wikipedia – four perspectives|Online meeting of Ukrainian educators working with Wikipedia – four perspectives]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Wikiclubs Editathon in Elbasan, Albania |Wikiclubs Editathon in Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Wikipedia at the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad|Wikipedia at the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2023/Wikipedia at the University of Łódź Information Management Conference|Wikipedia at the University of Łódź Information Management Conference]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २२:१२, २३ मे २०२३ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=24999562 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Citations can once again be added automatically from ISBNs, thanks to Zotero's ISBN searches. The current data sources are the Library of Congress (United States), the Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library), and K10plus ISBN (German repository). Additional data source searches can be [[mw:Citoid/Creating Zotero translators|proposed to Zotero]]. The ISBN labels in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User_guide/Citations-Full#Automatic|VisualEditor Automatic tab]] will reappear later this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336298#8859917] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The page [[{{#special:EditWatchlist}}]] now has "{{int:watchlistedit-normal-check-all}}" options to select all the pages within a namespace. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Notifications, Watchlists and Talk Pages/Watchlist edit - "check all" checkbox|voted #161 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334252] '''Problems''' * For a few days earlier this month, the "Add interlanguage link" item in the Tools menu did not work properly. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337081] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-05-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/small.dblist small] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/medium.dblist medium] wikis this week. Large wikis will follow in the coming weeks. This is part of the effort to move Parsoid into MediaWiki core. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:४९, ३० मे २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25079963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe|RealMe]] extension allows you to mark URLs on your user page as verified for Mastodon and similar software. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] Citation and footnote editing can now be started from the reference list when using the visual editor. This feature request was [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Citations/Allow citations to be edited in the references section with VisualEditor|voted #2 in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T54750] * Previously, clicking on someone else's link to Recent Changes with filters applied within the URL could unintentionally change your preference for "{{int:Rcfilters-group-results-by-page}}". This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T202916#8874081] '''Problems''' * For a few days last week, some tools and bots returned outdated information due to database replication problems, and may have been down entirely while it was being fixed. These issues have now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337446] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.12|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Bots will no longer be prevented from making edits because of URLs that match the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SpamBlacklist|spam blacklist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T313107] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:३७, ६ जुन २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25114640 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] The content attribution tools [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Who Wrote That?|Who Wrote That?]], [[xtools:authorship|XTools Authorship]], and [[xtools:blame|XTools Blame]] now support the Dutch, German, Hungarian, Indonesian, Japanese, Polish and Portuguese Wikipedias. This was the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Reading/Extend "Who Wrote That?" tool to more wikis|#7 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334891] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Search Improvements#Search Preview panel|Search Preview panel]] has been deployed on four Wikipedias (Catalan, Dutch, Hungarian and Norwegian). The panel will show an image related to the article (if existing), the top sections of the article, related images (coming from MediaSearch on Commons), and eventually the sister projects associated with the article. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306341] * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:RealMe#Verifying_a_link_on_non-user_pages|RealMe]] extension now allows administrators to verify URLs for any page, for Mastodon and similar software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324937] * The default project license [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimediaannounce-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/7G6XPWZPQFLZ2JANN3ZX6RT4DVUI3HZQ/ has been officially upgraded] to CC BY-SA 4.0. The software interface messages have been updated. Communities should feel free to start updating any mentions of the old CC BY-SA 3.0 licensing within policies and related documentation pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319064] '''Problems''' * For three days last month, some Wikipedia pages edited with VisualEditor or DiscussionTools had an unintended <code><nowiki>__TOC__</nowiki></code> (or its localized form) added during an edit. There is [[mw:Parsoid/Deployments/T336101_followup|a listing of affected pages sorted by wiki]], that may still need to be fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336101] * Currently, the "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is broken. Existing <code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code> keywords incorrectly appear as missing templates in VisualEditor. Developers are exploring how to fix this. In the meantime, those wishing to edit the default sortkey of a page are advised to switch to source editing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Last week, an update to the delete form may have broken some gadgets or user scripts. If you need to manipulate (empty) the reason field, replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>#wpReason</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;"><code>#wpReason > input</code></bdi>. See [https://cs.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3AGadget-CleanDeleteReasons.js&diff=22859956&oldid=12794189 an example fix]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337809] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * VisualEditor will be switched to a new backend on English Wikipedia on Monday, and all other [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/source/mediawiki-config/browse/master/dblists/large.dblist large] wikis on Thursday. The change should have no noticeable effect on users, but if you experience any slow loading or other strangeness when using VisualEditor, please report it on the phabricator ticket linked here. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320529] '''Future changes''' * From 5 June to 17 July, the Foundation's [[:mw:Wikimedia Security Team|Security team]] is holding a consultation with contributors regarding a draft policy to govern the use of third-party resources in volunteer-developed gadgets and scripts. Feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|Third-party resources policy]] on meta-wiki. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २०:३७, १२ जुन २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25133779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Flame graphs are now available in WikimediaDebug. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JXNQD3EHG5V5QW5UXFDPSHQG4MJ3FWJQ/][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2023/06/08/flame-graphs-arrive-in-wikimediadebug/] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. * There is now a toolbar search popup in the visual editor. You can trigger it by typing <code>\</code> or pressing <code>ctrl + shift + p</code>. It can help you quickly access most tools in the editor. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Visual_editor_toolbar_search_feature.png][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T66905] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:५४, २० जुन २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25159510 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Action API modules and Special:LinkSearch will now add a trailing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>/</code></bdi> to all <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prop=extlinks</code></bdi> responses for bare domains. This is part of the work to remove duplication in the <code>externallinks</code> database table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337994] '''Problems''' * Last week, search was broken on Commons and Wikidata for 23 hours. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339810][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2023-06-18_search_broken_on_wikidata_and_commons] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-06-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Minerva skin now applies more predefined styles to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.mbox-text</code></bdi> CSS class. This enables support for mbox templates that use divs instead of tables. Please make sure that the new styles won't affect other templates in your wiki. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/skins/MinervaNeue/+/930901/][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T339040] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadgets will now load on both desktop and mobile by default. Previously, gadgets loaded only on desktop by default. Changing this default using the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|targets=</code></bdi> parameter is also deprecated and should not be used. You should make gadgets work on mobile or disable them based on the skin (with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>|skins=</code></bdi> parameter in <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition</bdi>) rather than whether the user uses the mobile or the desktop website. Popular gadgets that create errors on mobile will be disabled by developers on the Minerva skin as a temporary solution. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T127268] * All namespace tabs now have the same browser [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Keyboard_shortcuts|access key]] by default. Previously, custom and extension-defined namespaces would have to have their access keys set manually on-wiki, but that is no longer necessary. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T22126] * The review form of the Flagged Revisions extension now uses the standardized [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|user interface components]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] How media is structured in the parser's HTML output will change in the coming weeks at [[:wikitech:Deployments/Train#Thursday|group2 wikis]]. This change improves the accessibility of content. You may need to update your site-CSS, or userscripts and gadgets. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Media_structure/FAQ|details on what code to check, how to update the code, and where to report any related problems]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T314318] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २२:०४, २६ जुन २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25202311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the rolling out of the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposal, [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/small.dblist small wikis] will now be able to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline audio player mode|inline audio player]] that is implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] From this week all gadgets automatically load on mobile and desktop sites. If you see any problems with gadgets on your wikis, please adjust the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|gadget options]] in your gadget definitions file. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328610] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:३६, ४ जुलाई २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25231546 --> == This Month in Education: June 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 5 • June 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/Africa Day 2023: Abuja Teachers celebrates|Africa Day 2023: Abuja Teachers celebrates]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/From editing articles to civic power – Wikimedia UK's research on democracy and Wikipedia|From editing articles to civic power – Wikimedia UK's research on democracy and Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Program in Yemen Brings Positive Impact to Yemeni Teachers|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Program in Yemen Brings Positive Impact to Yemeni Teachers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/Using Wikipedia in education: students' and teachers' view|Using Wikipedia in education: students' and teachers' view]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/The Journey of Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Lagos State|The Journey of Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Lagos State]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/WMB goes to Serbia |WMB goes to Serbia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2023/But we don't want it to end!|But we don't want it to end!]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १४:२९, ४ जुलाई २०२३ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25147408 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Data Across Wikimedia/Section-level Image Suggestions|Section-level Image Suggestions feature]] has been deployed on seven Wikipedias (Portuguese, Russian, Indonesian, Catalan, Hungarian, Finnish and Norwegian Bokmål). The feature recommends images for articles on contributors' watchlists that are a good match for individual sections of those articles. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global AbuseFilter|Global abuse filters]] have been enabled on all Wikimedia projects, except English and Japanese Wikipedias (who opted out). This change was made following a [[:m:Requests for comment/Make global abuse filters opt-out|global request for comments]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341159] * [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] is a new tool for administrators to help fight spam. It provides a clearer interface for blocking plain domains (and their subdomains), is more easily searchable, and is faster for the software to process for each edit on the wiki. It does not support regex (for complex cases), nor URL path-matching, nor the [[MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist|MediaWiki:Spam-whitelist]], but otherwise it replaces most of the functionalities of the existing [[MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist|MediaWiki:Spam-blacklist]]. There is a Python script to help migrate all simple domains into this tool, and more feature details, within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:BlockedExternalDomains|the tool's documentation]]. It is available at all wikis except for Meta-wiki, Commons, and Wikidata. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337431] * The WikiEditor extension was updated. It includes some of the most frequently used features of wikitext editing. In the past, many of its messages could only be translated by administrators, but now all regular translators on translatewiki can translate them. Please check [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=ext-wikieditor&messages=&x=D#sortable:0=asc the state of WikiEditor localization into your language], and if the "Completion" for your language shows anything less than 100%, please complete the translation. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-ambassadors@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/D4YELU2DXMZ75PGELUOKXXMFF3FH45XA/ a more detailed explanation]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The default protocol of [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and API counterparts has changed from http to both http and https. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14810] * [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]] and its API counterparts will now search for all of the URL provided in the query. It used to be only the first 60 characters. This feature was requested fifteen years ago. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T17218] '''Future changes''' * There is an experiment with a [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin. This is to show users where the information is coming from when they read information from Wikipedia. It has been tested by Wikimedia Foundation staff and other Wikimedians. Soon all ChatGPT plugin users can use the Wikipedia plugin. This is the same plugin which was mentioned in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/20|Tech News 2023/20]]. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] * There is an ongoing discussion on a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Third-party resources policy|proposed Third-party resources policy]]. The proposal will impact the use of third-party resources in gadgets and userscripts. Based on the ideas received so far, policy includes some of the risks related to user scripts and gadgets loading third-party resources, some best practices and exemption requirements such as code transparency and inspectability. Your feedback and suggestions are warmly welcome until July 17, 2023 on [[m:Talk:Third-party resources policy|on the policy talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:३९, ११ जुलाई २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25278797 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] We are now serving 1% of all global user traffic from [[:en:Kubernetes|Kubernetes]] (you can [[wikitech:MediaWiki On Kubernetes|read more technical details]]). We are planning to increment this percentage regularly. You can [[phab:T290536|follow the progress of this work]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:System_message|system messages]] will now look for available local fallbacks, instead of always using the default fallback defined by software. This means wikis no longer need to override each language on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback_languages|fallback chain]] separately. For example, English Wikipedia doesn't have to create <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-ca</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>en-gb</code></bdi> subpages with a transclusion of the base pages anymore. This makes it easier to maintain local overrides. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T229992] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthsetmentorstatus</code></bdi> API will be deprecated with the new MediaWiki version. Bots or scripts calling that API should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>action=growthmanagementorlist</code></bdi> API now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T321503] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:५३, १८ जुलाई २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25289122 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] On July 18, the Wikimedia Foundation launched a survey about the [[:mw:Technical_decision_making|technical decision making process]] for people who do technical work that relies on software that is maintained by the Foundation or affiliates. If this applies to you, [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/885471 please take part in the survey]. The survey will be open for three weeks, until August 7. You can find more information in [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/Q7DUCFA75DXG3G2KHTO7CEWMLCYTSDB2/|the announcement e-mail on wikitech-l]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-07-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०८:०५, २५ जुलाई २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25332248 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Synchronizer|Synchronizer]] tool is now available to keep Lua modules synced across Wikimedia wikis, along with [[mw:Multilingual Templates and Modules|updated documentation]] to develop global Lua modules and templates. * The tag filter on [[{{#special:NewPages}}]] and revision history pages can now be inverted. For example, you can hide edits that were made using an automated tool. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334337][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334338] * The Wikipedia [[:w:en:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]] plugin experiment can now be used by ChatGPT users who can use plugins. You can participate in a [[:m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future Audiences#Announcing monthly Future Audiences open "office hours"|video call]] if you want to talk about this experiment or similar work. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Annual_Plan/2023-2024/Draft/Future_Audiences#FA2.2_Conversational_AI] '''Problems''' * It was not possible to generate a PDF for pages with non-Latin characters in the title, for the last two weeks. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342442] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-01|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-02|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-03|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Tuesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-kawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kaawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kbpwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-knwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kshwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kuwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kwwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308135] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:३९, १ अगस्ट २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25362228 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Mobile Web editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced_mobile_contributions#August_1,_2023_-_Full-page_editing_added_on_mobile|edit a whole page at once]]. To use this feature, turn on "{{int:Mobile-frontend-mobile-option-amc}}" in your settings and use the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" button in the "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T203151] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:०६, ८ अगस्ट २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25420038 --> == This Month in Education: July 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 7 • July 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wikimedia Kaduna Connect Campaign|Wikimedia Kaduna Connect Campaign]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wikimedia Serbia published a paper Promoting Equity in Access to Open Knowledge: An Example of the Wikipedia Educational Program|Wikimedia Serbia published a paper Promoting Equity in Access to Open Knowledge: An Example of the Wikipedia Educational Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wikimedia and Education Kailali Multiple campus|Wikimedia and Education Kailali Multiple campus]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/WikiCamp in Istog, Kosovo: Promoting Knowledge and Nature Appreciation|WikiCamp in Istog, Kosovo: Promoting Knowledge and Nature Appreciation]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Wiki at the Brazilian National History Symposium|Wiki at the Brazilian National History Symposium]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/US & Canada program reaches 100M words added |US & Canada program reaches 100M words added]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Renewed Community Wikiconference brought together experienced Wikipedians and newcomers|Renewed Community Wikiconference brought together experienced Wikipedians and newcomers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Kusaal Wikipedia Workshop at Ajumako Campus, University of Education, Winneba|Kusaal Wikipedia Workshop at Ajumako Campus, University of Education, Winneba]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Join us to celebrate the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program Graduation Ceremony|Join us to celebrate the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program Graduation Ceremony]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/Activities that took place during the presentation of the WikiEducation book|Activities that took place during the presentation of the WikiEducation book. Educational practices and experiences in Mexico with Wikipedia and other open resources in Xalala, Veracruz from the Wikimedia Mexico Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/62+ Participants Graduates from the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program|62+ Participants Graduates from the Kiwix4Schools Africa Mentorship Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/“Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” course launched in Ukraine|“Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” course launched in Ukraine]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2023/OFWA and Goethe Institute Host Wiki Skills For Librarians Workshop-Ghana|OFWA and Goethe Institute Host Wiki Skills For Librarians Workshop-Ghana]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २१:१८, १४ अगस्ट २०२३ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25457946 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Content translation system is no longer using Youdao's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation service]]. The service was in place for several years, but due to no usage, and availability of alternatives, it was deprecated to reduce maintenance overheads. Other services which cover the same languages are still available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329137] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-15|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-16|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-17|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ladwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lbewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lezwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lfnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-liwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lijwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lmowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ltgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-maiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-map_bmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mdfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kywiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308136] <!-- TODO replace wiki codes --> '''Future changes''' * A few gadgets/user scripts which add icons to the Minerva skin need to have their CSS updated. There are more details available including a [[phab:T344067|search for all existing instances and how to update them]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ११:४५, १५ अगस्ट २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25428668 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [https://gdrive-to-commons.toolforge.org/ GDrive to Commons Uploader] tool is now available. It enables [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GDrive to Commons Uploader|securely selecting and uploading files]] from your Google Drive directly to Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267868] * From now on, we will announce new Wikimedia wikis in Tech News, so you can update any tools or pages. ** Since the last edition, two new wikis have been created: *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q7121294|Pa'O]] ([[wikt:blk:|<code>wikt:blk:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343540] *** a Wikisource in [[d:Q34002|Sundanese]] ([[s:su:|<code>s:su:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343539] ** To catch up, the next most recent six wikis are: *** Wikifunctions ([[f:|<code>f:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275945] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[wikt:btm:|<code>wikt:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335216] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q5555465|Ghanaian Pidgin]] ([[w:gpe:|<code>w:gpe:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335969] *** a Wikinews in [[d:Q3111668|Gungbe]] ([[n:guw:|<code>n:guw:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334394] *** a Wiktionary in [[d:Q33522|Kabardian]] ([[wikt:kbd:|<code>wikt:kbd:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333266] *** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35570|Fante]] ([[w:fat:|<code>w:fat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335016] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-22|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-23|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-24|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There is an existing [[mw:Stable interface policy|stable interface policy]] for MediaWiki backend code. There is a [[mw:User:Jdlrobson/Stable interface policy/frontend|proposed stable interface policy for frontend code]]. This is relevant for anyone who works on gadgets or Wikimedia frontend code. You can read it, discuss it, and let the proposer know if there are any problems. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W34"/> </div> २१:१०, २१ अगस्ट २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25497111 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|better diff handling of paragraph splits]], improved detection of splits is being rolled out. Over the last two weeks, we deployed this support to [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Groups|group0]] and group1 wikis. This week it will be deployed to group2 wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341754] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] All [[{{#special:Contributions}}]] pages now show the user's local edit count and the account's creation date. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T324166] * Wikisource users can now use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>prpbengalicurrency</code></bdi> label to denote Bengali currency characters as page numbers inside the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><pagelist></nowiki></code></bdi> tag. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268932] * Two preferences have been relocated. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-visualeditor}}" is now shown on the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|"{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab]] at all wikis. Previously it was shown on the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab at some wikis. The preference "{{int:visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-enable}}" is now also shown on the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab at all wikis, instead of the "{{int:prefs-betafeatures}}" tab. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335056][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344158] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-29|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-30|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-08-31|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] New signups for a Wikimedia developer account will start being pushed towards <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://idm.wikimedia.org/ idm.wikimedia.org]</bdi>, rather than going via Wikitech. [[wikitech:IDM|Further information about the new system is available]]. * All right-to-left language wikis, plus Korean, Armenian, Ukrainian, Russian, and Bulgarian Wikipedias, will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. This feature will come to more wikis in future weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * The removal of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DoubleWiki|DoubleWiki extension]] is being discussed. This extension currently allows Wikisource users to view articles from multiple language versions side by side when the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><=></code></bdi> symbol next to a specific language edition is selected. Comments on this are welcomed at [[phab:T344544|the phabricator task]]. * A proposal has been made to merge the second hidden-categories list (which appears below the wikitext editing form) with the main list of categories (which is further down the page). [[phab:T340606|More information is available on Phabricator]]; feedback is welcome! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> १९:४५, २८ अगस्ट २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25510866 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[m:Wikisource_EditInSequence|EditInSequence]], a feature that allows users to edit pages faster on Wikisource has been moved to a Beta Feature based on community feedback. To enable it, you can navigate to the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features tab in Preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308098] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Generate Audio for IPA|Generate Audio for IPA]] and [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Multimedia and Commons/Audio links that play on click|Audio links that play on click]] wishlist proposals, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player mode]] of [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] has been deployed to all projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336763] * There is a new option for Administrators when they are changing the usergroups for a user, to add the user’s user page to their watchlist. This works both via [[{{#special:UserRights}}]] and via the API. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T272294] * One new wiki has been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34318|Talysh]] ([[w:tly:|<code>w:tly:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345166] '''Problems''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:LoginNotify|LoginNotify extension]] was not sending notifications since January. It has now been fixed, so going forward, you may see notifications for failed login attempts, and successful login attempts from a new device. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344785] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-mhrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-miwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-minwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrjwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mtwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mwlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-myvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mznwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-napwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ndswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nds_nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-novwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nqowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nrmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nsowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ocwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-olowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-omwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-orwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-oswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pagwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pamwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-papwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pcdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pdcwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pflwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pihwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pmswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pnbwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pntwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pswiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308137][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308138] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:१९, ५ सेप्टेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25566983 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ORES|ORES]], the revision evaluation service, is now using a new open-source infrastructure on all wikis except for English Wikipedia and Wikidata. These two will follow this week. If you notice any unusual results from the Recent Changes filters that are related to ORES (for example, "{{int:ores-rcfilters-damaging-title}}" and "{{int:ores-rcfilters-goodfaith-title}}"), please [[mw:Talk:Machine Learning|report them]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342115] * When you are logged in on one Wikimedia wiki and visit a different Wikimedia wiki, the system tries to log you in there automatically. This has been unreliable for a long time. You can now visit the login page to make the system try extra hard. If you feel that made logging in better or worse than it used to be, your feedback is appreciated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326281] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Technical decision making|Technical Decision-Making Forum Retrospective]] team invites anyone involved in the technical field of Wikimedia projects to signup to and join [[mw:Technical decision making/Listening Sessions|one of their listening sessions]] on 13 September. Another date will be scheduled later. The goal is to improve the technical decision-making processes. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] As part of the changes for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Better diff handling of paragraph splits|Better diff handling of paragraph splits]] wishlist proposal, the inline switch widget in diff pages is being rolled out this week to all wikis. The inline switch will allow viewers to toggle between a unified inline or two-column diff wikitext format. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336716] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on 20 September. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * The Enterprise API is launching a new feature called "[http://breakingnews-beta.enterprise.wikimedia.com/ breaking news]". Currently in BETA, this attempts to identify likely "newsworthy" topics as they are currently being written about in any Wikipedia. Your help is requested to improve the accuracy of its detection model, especially on smaller language editions, by recommending templates or identifiable editing patterns. See more information at [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/Breaking news|the documentation page]] on MediaWiki or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise/FAQ#What is Breaking News|the FAQ]] on Meta. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:५३, १२ सेप्टेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25589064 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki now has a [[mw:Stable interface policy/frontend|stable interface policy for frontend code]] that more clearly defines how we deprecate MediaWiki code and wiki-based code (e.g. gadgets and user scripts). Thank you to everyone who contributed to the content and discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346467][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344079] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.27|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on September 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This is planned at 14:00 UTC.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345263] * All wikis will have a link in the sidebar that provides a short URL of that page, using the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267921] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The team investigating the Graph Extension posted [[mw:Extension:Graph/Plans#Proposal|a proposal for reenabling it]] and they need your input. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:०५, १९ सेप्टेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25623533 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Vector 2022 skin will now remember the pinned/unpinned status for the Table of Contents for all logged-out users. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316060] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.28|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-09-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui</nowiki></code></bdi> modules are now deprecated as part of the move to Vue.js and Codex. There is a [[mw:Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. More [[phab:T346468|details are available in the task]] and your questions are welcome there. * Gadget definitions will have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "namespaces" option]]. The option takes a list of namespace IDs. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages in the given namespaces. '''Future changes''' * New variables will be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]]: <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_groups</bdi></code> and <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">global_account_editcount</bdi></code>. They are available only when an account is being created. You can use them to prevent blocking automatic creation of accounts when users with many edits elsewhere visit your wiki for the first time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345632][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Rules_format] '''Meetings''' * You can join the next meeting with the Wikipedia mobile apps teams. During the meeting, we will discuss the current features and future roadmap. The meeting will be on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1698426015 27 October at 17:00 (UTC)]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Office_Hours#October_2023|details and how to join]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २२:३६, २६ सेप्टेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25655264 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-advancedrendering|user preference]] for "{{int:tog-forcesafemode}}". This setting will make pages load without including any on-wiki JavaScript or on-wiki stylesheet pages. It can be useful for debugging broken JavaScript gadgets. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342347] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Gadget definitions now have a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Options|new "<var>contentModels</var>" option]]. The option takes a list of page content models, like <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">wikitext</bdi></code> or <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">css</bdi></code>. Gadgets that use this option will only load on pages with the given content models. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.29|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-03|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-04|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-05|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Vector 2022 skin will no longer use the custom styles and scripts of Vector legacy (2010). The change will be made later this year or in early 2024. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|how to adjust the CSS and JS pages on your wiki]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T331679] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:१२, ३ अक्टोबर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25686930 --> == ५०,००० लेख प्रतियोगिता == <div style="color:#c9c6bd; box-shadow: 0 20px 20px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.900); border-radius: 20px;"> <div style="position: relative; background: #DC143C; width: 100%; padding:5px;"> <div style="text-align:center; font-size: 36px; margin-top: 15px;margin-left: 26px; font-family: 'Verdana'; line-height: 1.5em;">नमस्ते, <span style="color: #ebe6d8">'''{{safesubst:<noinclude />BASEPAGENAME}}'''ज्यू!</span> तपाईंलाई नयाँ '''{{Uline|c=#ebe6d8|{{Coloredlink|#ebe6d8|विकिपिडिया:५० हजार लेखहरू|५०,००० लेख प्रतियोगिता}}}}'''मा सामेल हुन हार्दिक निमन्त्रणा गरिन्छ</div> <div style="font-size:20px; color: #c9c6bd; padding: 20px;margin-left: 26px; text-align: center;">सबैभन्दा पहिले, नेपाली विकिपिडियामा योगदान गर्नुभएकोमा धन्यवाद। तपाईंलाई नयाँ ५०,००० लेख प्रतियोगितामा सामेल हुन आमन्त्रित गरिएको छ, एउटा चुनौतीपूर्ण प्रतिस्पर्धा जसले लगभग १७,८०० लेख सिर्जनाहरू गर्ने लक्ष्य राखेको छ। सबै विषयहरूका लेखहरू स्वागत छन्। यदि इच्छुक हुनुहुन्छ भने '''{{Coloredlink|#ebe6d8|विकिपिडिया:५० हजार लेखहरू|यो पृष्ठमा}}''' सामेल हुनुहोस् र योगदान गर्न सुरु गर्नुहोस्!</div> </div></div> धन्यवाद - [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १९:१९, ३ अक्टोबर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:बडा काजी@newiki using the list at https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%AD&oldid=1171544 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33291|Fon]] ([[w:fon:|<code>w:fon:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347935] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/wmf.30|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-10|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-11|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-12|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-warwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-wowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xalwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xhwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-xmfwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-yowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zeawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zh_min_nanwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zuwiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308139] * At some wikis, newcomers are suggested images from Commons to add to articles without any images. Starting on Tuesday, newcomers at these wikis will be able to add images to unillustrated article sections. The specific wikis are listed under "Images recommendations" [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Deployment table|at the Growth team deployment table]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add an image|learn more about this feature.]] [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345940] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In the mobile web skin (Minerva) the CSS ID <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#page-actions</nowiki></code></bdi> will be replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-views</nowiki></code></bdi>. This change is to make it consistent with other skins and to improve support for gadgets and extensions in the mobile skin. A few gadgets may need to be updated; there are [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348267 details and search-links in the task]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २०:२४, ९ अक्टोबर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25712895 --> == This Month in Education: September 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 7 • September 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference|Inauguration of the Kent Wiki Club at the Wikimania 2023 Conference]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs|Letter Magic: Supercharging Your WikiEducation Programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa|Réseau @pprendre (Learning Network) : The Initiative for Educational Change in Francophone West Africa]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools|WikiChallenge Ecoles d’Afrique closes its 5th edition with 13 winning schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia|WikiConecta: connecting Brazilian university professors and Wikimedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2023/Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education |Wikimedia Germany launches interactive event series Open Source AI in Education]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १०:४६, १० अक्टोबर २०२३ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25700976 --> == Image Description Month in India Campaign == Dear Wikimedian, A2K has conducted an online activity or campaign which is an ongoing Image Description Month in India description-a-thon, a collaborative effort known as [[:m:Image Description Month|Image Description Month]]. This initiative aims to enhance image-related content across Wikimedia projects and is currently underway, running from October 1st to October 31st, 2023. Throughout this event, our focus remains centered on three primary areas: Wikipedia, Wikidata, and Wikimedia Commons. We have outlined several tasks, including the addition of captions to images on Wikipedia, the association of images with relevant Wikidata items, and improvements in the organization, categorization, and captions of media files on Wikimedia Commons. To participate, please visit our dedicated [[:m:CIS-A2K/Events/Image Description Month in India|event page]]. We encourage you to sign up on the respective meta page and generously contribute your time and expertise to make essential and impactful edits. Should you have any questions or require further information, please do not hesitate to reach out to me at nitesh@cis-india.org or [[User talk:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)|Nitesh (CIS-A2K)]]. Your active participation will play a significant role in enriching Wikimedia content, making it more accessible and informative for users worldwide. Join us in this ongoing journey of improvement and collaboration. Regards [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) २१:५४, १० अक्टोबर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Nitesh (CIS-A2K)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Satpal_(CIS-A2K)/Mahatma_Gandhi_2020_edit-a-thon_Participants&oldid=20516231 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|Unified login]] system's edge login should now be fixed for some browsers (Chrome, Edge, Opera). This means that if you visit a new sister project wiki, you should be logged in automatically without the need to click "Log in" or reload the page. Feedback on whether it's working for you is welcome. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347889] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Interface/Edit_notice|Edit notices]] are now available within the MobileFrontend/Minerva skin. This feature was inspired by [[w:en:Wikipedia:EditNoticesOnMobile|the gadget on English Wikipedia]]. See more details in [[phab:T316178|T316178]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-17|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-18|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-19|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.41/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * In 3 weeks, in the Vector 2022 skin, code related to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>#p-namespaces</nowiki></code></bdi> that was deprecated one year ago will be removed. If you notice tools that should appear next to the "Discussion" tab are then missing, please tell the gadget's maintainers to see [[phab:T347907|instructions in the Phabricator task]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:३२, १७ अक्टोबर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25745824 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * There is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language engineering/Newsletter/2023/October|Language and internationalization newsletter]], written quarterly. It contains updates on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects, and related support work. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Source map support has been enabled on all wikis. When you open the debugger in your browser's developer tools, you should be able to see the unminified JavaScript source code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T47514] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-24|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-25|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-26|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:०१, २४ अक्टोबर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25782286 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The Structured Content team, as part of its project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]], made some UX improvements to the upload step of choosing own vs not own work ([[phab:T347590|T347590]]), as well as to the licensing step for own work ([[phab:T347756|T347756]]). * The Design Systems team has released version 1.0.0 of [[wmdoc:codex/latest/|Codex]], the new design system for Wikimedia. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design_Systems_Team/Announcing_Codex_1.0|full announcement about the release of Codex 1.0.0]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-10-31|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * Listings on category pages are sorted on each wiki for that language using a [[:w:en:International Components for Unicode|library]]. For a brief period on 2 November, changes to categories will not be sorted correctly for many languages. This is because the developers are upgrading to a new version of the library. They will then use a script to fix the existing categories. This will take a few hours or a few days depending on how big the wiki is. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Technical Operations/ICU announcement|read more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T345561][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T267145] * Starting November 1, the impact module (Special:Impact) will be upgraded by the Growth team. The new impact module shows newcomers more data regarding their impact on the wiki. It was tested by a few wikis during the last few months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336203] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans#Roadmap|a proposed plan]] for re-enabling the Graph Extension. You can help by reviewing this proposal and [[mw:Extension_talk:Graph/Plans#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20231020221600-Update:_20_October|sharing what you think about it]]. * The WMF is working on making it possible for administrators to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration_2.0|edit MediaWiki configuration directly]]. This is similar to previous work on Special:EditGrowthConfig. [[phab:T349757|A technical RfC is running until November 08, where you can provide feedback.]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:०६, ३१ अक्टोबर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25801989 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, the default font-size of a number of navigational elements (tagline, tools menu, navigational links, and more) has been increased slightly to match the font size used in page content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T346062] '''Problems''' * Last week, there was a problem displaying some recent edits on [https://noc.wikimedia.org/conf/highlight.php?file=dblists/s5.dblist a few wikis], for 1-6 hours. The edits were saved but not immediately shown. This was due to a database problem. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350443] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). * The Growth team will reassign newcomers from former mentors to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Structured mentor list|the currently active mentors]]. They have also changed the notification language to be more user-friendly. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T330071][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327493] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:५१, ७ नोभेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25838105 --> == This Month in Education: October 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">Volume 12 • Issue 8 • October 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye|3 Generations at Wikipedia Education Program in Türkiye]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community|CBSUA Launches Wiki Education in Partnership with PhilWiki Community and Bikol Wikipedia Community]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan|Celebrating Wikidata’s Birthday in Elbasan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci|Edu Wiki Camp 2023 - together in Sremski Karlovci]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU|PhilWiki Community promotes language preservation and cultural heritage advocacies at ADNU]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab|PunjabWiki Education Program: A Wikipedia Adventure in Punjab]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities|WikiConference on Education ignites formation of Wikimedia communities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi|Wikimedia Estonia talked about education at CEE meeting in Tbilisi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book|Wikimedia in Brazil is going to be a book]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2023/Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023|Wikipedian Editor Project: Arabic Sounds Workshop 2023]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १७:१९, ८ नोभेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25784366 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Four new wikis have been created: ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q7598268|Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[w:zgh:|<code>w:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350216] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q35159|Dagaare]] ([[w:dga:|<code>w:dga:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350218] ** a Wikipedia in [[d:Q33017|Toba Batak]] ([[w:bbc:|<code>w:bbc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350320] ** a Wikiquote in [[d:Q33151|Banjar]] ([[q:bjn:|<code>q:bjn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350217] '''Problems''' * Last week, users who previously visited Meta-Wiki or Wikimedia Commons and then became logged out on those wikis could not log in again. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350695] * Last week, some pop-up dialogs and menus were shown with the wrong font size. The problem is now resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T350544] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). '''Future changes''' * Reference Previews are coming to many wikis as a default feature. They are popups for references, similar to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|You can opt out]] of seeing them. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews. [[phab:T282999|Deployment]] is planned for November 22, 2023. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Canary (also known as heartbeat) events will be produced into [https://stream.wikimedia.org/?doc#/streams Wikimedia event streams] from December 11. Streams users are advised to filter out these events, by discarding all events where <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>meta.domain == "canary"</nowiki></code></bdi>. Updates to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot|Pywikibot]] or [https://github.com/ChlodAlejandro/wikimedia-streams wikimedia-streams] will discard these events by default. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T266798] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:३७, १४ नोभेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25859263 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on Wednesday, a new set of Wikipedias will get "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]" ({{int:project-localized-name-quwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rmywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_rupwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-roa_tarawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ruewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rwwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sahwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-satwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-scowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sdwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-shwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-siwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-skwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-slwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-smwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-srnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-stqwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-suwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-szlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tcywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tetwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tgwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-towiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tpiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ttwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-twwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tyvwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-udmwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ugwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-uzwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vecwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vepwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vlswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-vowiki/en}}). This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to more Wikipedias]]. The communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|configure how this feature works locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308141][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308142][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308143] * The Vector 2022 skin will have some minor visual changes to drop-down menus, column widths, and more. These changes were added to four Wikipedias last week. If no issues are found, these changes will proceed to all wikis this week. These changes will make it possible to add new menus for readability and dark mode. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop_Improvements/Updates#November_2023:_Visual_changes,_more_deployments,_and_shifting_focus|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347711] '''Future changes''' * There is [[mw:Extension talk:Graph/Plans#Update: 15 November|an update on re-enabling the Graph Extension]]. To speed up the process, Vega 2 will not be supported and only [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T335325 some protocols] will be available at launch. You can help by sharing what you think about the plan. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:४०, २१ नोभेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25884616 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-11-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] MediaWiki's JavaScript system will now allow <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax in gadgets and user scripts. Gadget authors should remember that users' browsers may not support it, so it should be used appropriately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T343499] * The deployment of "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add_a_link|Add a link]]" announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/47|last week]] was postponed. It will resume this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:५४, २८ नोभेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25906379 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The spacing between paragraphs on Vector 2022 has been changed from 7px to 14px to match the size of the text. This will make it easier to distinguish paragraphs from sentences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T351754] * The "{{int:Visualeditor-dialog-meta-categories-defaultsort-label}}" feature in VisualEditor is working again. You no longer need to switch to source editing to edit <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>{{DEFAULTSORT:...}}</nowiki></code></bdi> keywords. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T337398] '''Changes later this week''' * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * On 6 December, people who have the enabled the preference for "{{int:Discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}" will notice the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|talk page usability improvements]] appear on pages that include the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>__NEWSECTIONLINK__</nowiki></code></bdi> magic word. If you notice any issues, please [[phab:T352232|share them with the team on Phabricator]]. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge [[wikitech:News/Toolforge Grid Engine deprecation|Grid Engine shutdown process]] will start on December 14. Maintainers of [[toolforge:grid-deprecation|tools that still use this old system]] should plan to migrate to Kubernetes, or tell the team your plans on Phabricator in the task about your tool, before that date. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/VIWWQKMSQO2ED3TVUR7KPPWRTOBYBVOA/] * Communities using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions|Structured Discussions]] are being contacted regarding [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|the upcoming deprecation of Structured Discussions]]. You can read more about this project, and share your comments, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|on the project's page]]. '''Events''' * Registration & Scholarship applications are now open for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2024|Wikimedia Hackathon 2024]] that will take place from 3–5 May in Tallinn, Estonia. Scholarship applications are open until 5 January 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:३५, ५ डिसेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25914435 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikimedia Commons, there are some minor user-interface improvements for the "choosing own vs not own work" step in the UploadWizard. This is part of the Structured Content team's project of [[:commons:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements|improving UploadWizard on Commons]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352707][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352709] '''Problems''' * There was a problem showing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Newcomer homepage|Newcomer homepage]] feature with the "impact module" and their page-view graphs, for a few days in early December. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352352][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352349] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=]] The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/796964 2023 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 5 January 2024, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:December_2023_Developer_Satisfaction_Survey|privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:५७, १२ डिसेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25945501 --> == This Month in Education: November 2023 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 12 • Issue 9 • November 2023</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2023/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education|4th WikiUNAM Editathon: Community knowledge strengthens education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo|Edit-a-thon at the Faculty of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia|EduWiki Nigeria Community: Embracing Digital Learning Through Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia|Evening Wikischool offers Czech seniors further education on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities|Expansion of Wikipedia Education Program through Student Associations at Iranian Universities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania |Exploring Wikipedia through Wikiclubs and the Wikeys board game in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/First anniversary of the game Wikeys|First anniversary of the game Wikeys]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Involve visiting students in education programs|Involve visiting students in education programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing|Iranian Students as Wikipedians: Using Wikipedia to Teach Research Methodology and Encyclopedic Writing]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy|Kiwix4Schools Nigeria: Bridging Knowledge Gap through Digital Literacy]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin|Lire wikipedia en classe à Djougou au Bénin]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach|Tyap Wikimedians Zaria Outreach]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/Art Outreach at Aje Compreshensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland|Art Outreach at Aje Comprehensive Senior High School 1st November 2023, Lagos Mainland]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2023/PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment|PhilWiki Community holds a meet-up to advocate women empowerment]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १४:०९, १४ डिसेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=25919737 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2023-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2023-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News''' * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 8 January 2024 because of [[w:en:Christmas and holiday season|the holidays]]. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2023-12-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). There is no new MediaWiki version next week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting December 18, it won't be possible to activate Structured Discussions on a user's own talk page using the Beta feature. The Beta feature option remains available for users who want to deactivate Structured Discussions. This is part of [[mw:Structured Discussions/Deprecation|Structured Discussions' deprecation work]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248309] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] There will be full support for redirects in the Module namespace. The "Move Page" feature will leave an appropriate redirect behind, and such redirects will be appropriately recognized by the software (e.g. hidden from [[{{#special:UnconnectedPages}}]]). There will also be support for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Renaming or moving modules|manual redirects]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T120794] '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The MediaWiki JavaScript documentation is moving to a new format. During the move, you can read the old docs using [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/REL1_41/js/ version 1.41]. Feedback about [https://doc.wikimedia.org/mediawiki-core/master/js/ the new site] is welcome on the [[mw:Talk:JSDoc_WMF_theme|project talk page]]. * The Wishathon is a new initiative that encourages collaboration across the Wikimedia community to develop solutions for wishes collected through the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]]. The first community Wishathon will take place from 15–17 March. If you are interested in a project proposal as a user, developer, designer, or product lead, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WishathonMarch2024|register for the event and read more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2023-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २२:०३, १८ डिसेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=25959059 --> == [[User:Kulchandra pyakurel|Kulchandra pyakurel]]बाट प्रश्न (००:०५, २० डिसेम्बर २०२३) == नमस्कार profile मा आफ्नो फोटो कसरी राख्ने --[[User:Kulchandra pyakurel|Kulchandra pyakurel]] ([[User talk:Kulchandra pyakurel|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) ००:०५, २० डिसेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) नमस्कार [[User:Kulchandra pyakurel|Kulchandra pyakurel]] तपाइले विकिमीडिया कमन्स [[यहाँ|https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard]] आफ्नो तस्विरहरु अपलोड जानुपर्ने छ र तपाईको आवश्यकता अनुसार [[file:filename]] राखी प्रयोग गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ [[User:Nawaraj Ghimire|Nawaraj Ghimire]] ([[User talk:Nawaraj Ghimire|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १६:२०, २० डिसेम्बर २०२३ (नेपाली समय) :Ok [[User:Kulchandra pyakurel|Kulchandra pyakurel]] ([[User talk:Kulchandra pyakurel|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) २१:२४, १५ अक्टोबर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-02</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W02"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [https://mediawiki2latex.wmflabs.org/ mediawiki2latex] is a tool that converts wiki content into the formats of LaTeX, PDF, ODT, and EPUB. The code now runs many times faster due to recent improvements. There is also an optional Docker container you can [[b:de:Benutzer:Dirk_Hünniger/wb2pdf/install#Using_Docker|install]] on your local machine. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The way that Random pages are selected has been updated. This will slowly reduce the problem of some pages having a lower chance of appearing. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T309477] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.13|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/02|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W02"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:०५, ९ जनवरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26026251 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Pages that use the JSON [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:ContentHandler|contentmodel]] will now use tabs instead of spaces for auto-indentation. This will significantly reduce the page size. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326065] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] and personal user scripts may now use JavaScript syntax introduced in ES6 (also known as "ES2015") and ES7 ("ES2016"). MediaWiki validates the source code to protect other site functionality from syntax errors, and to ensure scripts are valid in all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Compatibility#Browsers|supported browsers]]. Previously, Gadgets could use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>requiresES6</nowiki></code></bdi> option. This option is no longer needed and will be removed in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T75714] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|Bot passwords]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|owner-only OAuth consumers]] can now be restricted to allow editing only specific pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T349957] * You can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Thanks|thank]] edits made by bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341388] * An update on the status of the Community Wishlist Survey for 2024 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Future Of The Wishlist/January 4, 2024 Update|has been published]]. Please read and give your feedback. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.14|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting on January 17, it will not be possible to login to Wikimedia wikis from some specific old versions of the Chrome browser (versions 51–66, released between 2016 and 2018). Additionally, users of iOS 12, or Safari on Mac OS 10.14, may need to login to each wiki separately. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344791] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>jquery.cookie</code></bdi> module was deprecated and replaced with the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki.cookie</code></bdi> module last year. A script has now been run to replace any remaining uses, and this week the temporary alias will be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354966] '''Future changes''' * Wikimedia Deutschland is working to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. They are looking for people who are interested in participating in [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ individual video calls for user research in January and February]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:५८, १६ जनवरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26074460 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * A bug in UploadWizard prevented linking to the userpage of the uploader when uploading. It has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354529] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.15|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:४९, २३ जनवरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26096197 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting Monday January 29, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they are looking for, even if this comment was moved elsewhere. This will affect all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. You can read more about this change [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/ on Diff] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk_pages_permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]].<!-- The Diff post will be published on Monday morning UTC--> [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302011] * There are some improvements to the CAPTCHA to make it harder for spam bots and scripts to bypass it. If you have feedback on this change, please comment on [[phab:T141490|the task]]. Staff are monitoring metrics related to the CAPTCHA, as well as secondary metrics such as account creations and edit counts. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.16|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-01-31|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-01|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] On February 1, a link will be added to the "Tools" menu to download a [[w:en:QR code|QR code]] that links to the page you are viewing. There will also be a new [[{{#special:QrCode}}]] page to create QR codes for any Wikimedia URL. This addresses the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Mobile and apps/Add ability to share QR code for a page in any Wikimedia project|#19 most-voted wish]] from the [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Results|2023 Community Wishlist Survey]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329973] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] which only work in some skins have sometimes used the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>targets</code></bdi> option to limit where you can use them. This will stop working this week. You should use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>skins</code></bdi> option instead. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328497] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:१६, ३० जनवरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26137870 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' *The mobile site history pages now use the same HTML as the desktop history pages. If you hear of any problems relating to mobile history usage please point them to [[phab:T353388|the phabricator task]]. *On most wikis, admins can now block users from making specific actions. These actions are: uploading files, creating new pages, moving (renaming) pages, and sending thanks. The goal of this feature is to allow admins to apply blocks that are adequate to the blocked users' activity. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community health initiative/Partial blocks#action-blocks|Learn more about "action blocks"]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T242541][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T280531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.17|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-06|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-07|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-08|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Talk pages permalinks that included diacritics and non-Latin script were malfunctioning. This issue is fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356199] '''Future changes''' * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#24WPs|24 Wikipedias]] with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference_Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] as a default gadget are encouraged to remove that default flag. This would make [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference_Previews|Reference Previews]] the new default for reference popups, leading to a more consistent experience across wikis. For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#46WPs|46 Wikipedias]] with less than 4 interface admins, the change is already scheduled for mid-February, [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference Previews to become the default for previewing references on more wikis.|unless there are concerns]]. The older Reference Tooltips gadget will still remain usable and will override this feature, if it is available on your wiki and you have enabled it in your settings. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Reference_Previews_to_become_the_default_for_previewing_references_on_more_wikis][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355312] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:०७, ६ फेब्रुअरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26180971 --> == This Month in Education: January 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 1 • January 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia|Cross-Continental Wikimedia Activities: A Dialogue between Malaysia and Estonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students|Czech programme SWW in 2023 – how have we managed to engage students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania|Extending Updates on Wikipedia in Education – Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom Teacher’s guide – now available in Bulgarian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Summer students at Auckland Museum|Summer students at Auckland Museum]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project|WikiDunong: EduWiki Initiatives in the Philippines Project]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops|Wikimedia Armenia's Educational Workshops]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2024/Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment|Wikimedia Foundation publishes its first Child Rights Impact Assessment]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १५:४७, १० फेब्रुअरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26091771 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split experiment]] is working and loaded onto 3 test servers. The team in charge is testing the split's impact and requires feedback from WDQS users through the UI or programmatically in different channels. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata_talk:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_graph_split][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356773][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/User:Sannita_(WMF)] Users' feedback will validate the impact of various use cases and workflows around the Wikidata Query service. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:SPARQL_query_service/WDQS_backend_update/October_2023_scaling_update][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikidata_Query_Service/User_Manual#Federation] '''Problems''' *There was a bug that affected the appearance of visited links when using mobile device to access wiki sites. It made the links appear black; [[phab:T356928|this issue]] is fixed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.18|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-13|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-14|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-15|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] As work continues on the grid engine deprecation,[https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation] tools on the grid engine will be stopped starting on February 14th, 2024. If you have tools actively migrating you can ask for an extension so they are not stopped. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ११:३४, १३ फेब्रुअरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26223994 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * If you have the "{{int:Tog-enotifwatchlistpages}}" option enabled, edits by bot accounts no longer trigger notification emails. Previously, only minor edits would not trigger the notification emails. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356984] * There are changes to how user and site scripts load for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022| Vector 2022]] on specific wikis. The changes impacted the following Wikis: all projects with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector|Vector legacy]] as the default skin, Wikivoyage, and Wikibooks. Other wikis will be affected over the course of the next three months. Gadgets are not impacted. If you have been affected or want to minimize the impact on your project, see [[Phab:T357580| this ticket]]. Please coordinate and take action proactively. *Newly auto-created accounts (the accounts you get when you visit a new wiki) now have the same local notification preferences as users who freshly register on that wiki. It is effected in four notification types listed in the [[phab:T353225|task's description]]. *The maximum file size when using [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Upload_Wizard|Upload Wizard]] is now 5 GiB. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191804] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.19|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-20|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-21|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-22|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Selected tools on the grid engine have been [[wikitech:News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation|stopped]] as we prepare to shut down the grid on March 14th, 2024. The tool's code and data have not been deleted. If you are a maintainer and you want your tool re-enabled reach out to the [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge/About_Toolforge#Communication_and_support|team]]. Only tools that have asked for extension are still running on the grid. * The CSS <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/filter filter]</code></bdi> property can now be used in HTML <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>style</code></bdi> attributes in wikitext. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308160] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २१:२२, १९ फेब्रुअरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26254282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile|mobile visual editor]] is now the default editor for users who never edited before, at a small group of wikis. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor_on_mobile/VE_mobile_default#A/B_test_results| Research ]] shows that users using this editor are slightly more successful publishing the edits they started, and slightly less successful publishing non-reverted edits. Users who defined the wikitext editor as their default on desktop will get the wikitext editor on mobile for their first edit on mobile as well. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352127] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/ResourceLoader/Core modules#mw.config|mw.config]] value <code>wgGlobalGroups</code> now only contains groups that are active in the wiki. Scripts no longer have to check whether the group is active on the wiki via an API request. A code example of the above is: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>if (/globalgroupname/.test(mw.config.get("wgGlobalGroups")))</code></bdi>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356008] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.20|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-27|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-28|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-02-29|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The right to change [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Tags|edit tags]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>changetags</code></bdi>) will be removed from users in Wikimedia sites, keeping it by default for admins and bots only. Your community can ask to retain the old configuration on your wiki before this change happens. Please indicate in [[phab:T355639|this ticket]] to keep it for your community before the end of March 2024. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:०८, २७ फेब्रुअरी २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26294125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Special:Book</code></bdi> page (as well as the associated "Create a book" functionality) provided by the old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Collection|Collection extension]] has been removed from all Wikisource wikis, as it was broken. This does not affect the ability to download normal books, which is provided by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Wikisource|Wikisource extension]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358437] * [[m:Wikitech|Wikitech]] now uses the next-generation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] wikitext parser by default to generate all pages in the Talk namespace. Report any problems on the [[mw:Talk:Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Known_Issues|Known Issues discussion page]]. You can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration]] extension to control the use of Parsoid; see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|ParserMigration help documentation]] for more details. * Maintenance on [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org etherpad] is completed. If you encounter any issues, please indicate in [[phab:T316421|this ticket]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=| Advanced item]] [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets|Gadgets]] allow interface admins to create custom features with CSS and JavaScript. The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Gadget_definition</code></bdi> namespaces and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>gadgets-definition-edit</code></bdi> user right were reserved for an experiment in 2015, but were never used. These were visible on Special:Search and Special:ListGroupRights. The unused namespaces and user rights are now removed. No pages are moved, and no changes need to be made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T31272] * A usability improvement to the "Add a citation" in Wikipedia workflow has been made, the insert button was moved to the popup header. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354847] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.21|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-05|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-06|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-07|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233] * The HTML markup of headings and section edit links will be changed later this year to improve accessibility. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Heading_HTML_changes|Heading HTML changes]] for details. The new markup will be the same as in the new Parsoid wikitext parser. You can test your gadget or stylesheet with the new markup if you add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>?useparsoid=1</code></bdi> to your URL ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Selecting_a_parser_using_a_URL_query_string|more info]]) or turn on Parsoid read views in your user options ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration#Enabling_via_user_preference|more info]]). * '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:३२, ५ मार्च २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26329807 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translations]] are available. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.22|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-12|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-13|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-14|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * After consulting with various communities, the line height of the text on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] will be increased to its previous value of 1.65. Different options for typography can also be set using the options in the menu, as needed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358498] *The active link color in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva]] will be changed to provide more consistency with our other platforms and best practices. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358516] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Structured data|Structured data on Commons]] will no longer ask whether you want to leave the page without saving. This will prevent the “information you’ve entered may not be saved” popups from appearing when no information have been entered. It will also make file pages on Commons load faster in certain cases. However, the popups will be hidden even if information has indeed been entered. If you accidentally close the page before saving the structured data you entered, that data will be lost. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312315] '''Future changes''' * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at 14:00 UTC. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:४९, १२ मार्च २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26374013 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The notice "Language links are at the top of the page" that appears in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]] main menu has been removed now that users have learned the new location of the Language switcher. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T353619] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/IP_Editing:_Privacy_Enhancement_and_Abuse_Mitigation/IP_Info_feature|IP info feature]] displays data from Spur, an IP addresses database. Previously, the only data source for this feature was MaxMind. Now, IP info is more useful for patrollers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341395] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The Toolforge Grid Engine services have been shut down after the final migration process from Grid Engine to Kubernetes. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Obsolete:Toolforge/Grid][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/Toolforge_Grid_Engine_deprecation][https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2022/03/14/toolforge-and-grid-engine/] * Communities can now customize the default reasons for undeleting a page by creating [[MediaWiki:Undelete-comment-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326746] '''Problems''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE_Technical_Wishes/RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] is an interface to interactively browse a page's history. Users in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider/Developing_a_RTL-accessible_feature_in_MediaWiki_-_what_we%27ve_learned_while_creating_the_RevisionSlider|right-to-left]] languages reported RevisionSlider reacting wrong to mouse clicks. This should be fixed now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352169] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.23|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-19|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-21|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 20. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1710943200 14:00 UTC]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358233][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server_switch] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २३:२५, १८ मार्च २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26410165 --> == This Month in Education: February 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 2 • February 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February|2 new courses in Students Write Wikipedia Starting this February]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/More two wiki-education partnerships|More two wiki-education partnerships]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico|Open Education Week 2024 in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows|Reading Wikipedia in Bolivia, the community grows]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization|Wiki Education Philippines promotes OERs utilization]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna|Wiki Loves Librarians, Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2024/Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP - Call for Papers Research track|Wiki Workshop 2024 CfP – Call for Papers Research track]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ००:२३, २१ मार्च २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26310117 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] An update was made on March 18th 2024 to how various projects load site, user JavaScript and CSS in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Vector/2022|Vector 2022 skin]]. A [[phab:T360384|checklist]] is provided for site admins to follow. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.24|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-26|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-27|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-03-28|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ००:४२, २६ मार्च २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26446209 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|reading accessibility]] beta feature will notice that the default line height for the standard and large text options has changed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359030] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.25|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-02|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-03|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-04|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has an annual plan. The annual plan decides what the Wikimedia Foundation will work on. You can now read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs#Draft Key Results|the draft key results]] for the Product and Technology department. They are suggestions for what results the Foundation wants from big technical changes from July 2024 to June 2025. You can [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product & Technology OKRs|comment on the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०९:२१, २ अप्रिल २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26462933 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Web browsers can use tools called [[:w:en:Browser extension|extensions]]. There is now a Chrome extension called [[m:Future Audiences/Experiment:Citation Needed|Citation Needed]] which you can use to see if an online statement is supported by a Wikipedia article. This is a small experiment to see if Wikipedia can be used this way. Because it is a small experiment, it can only be used in Chrome in English. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Wishlist item]] A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit Recovery|Edit Recovery]] feature has been added to all wikis, available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user preference]]. Once you enable it, your in-progress edits will be stored in your web browser, and if you accidentally close an editing window or your browser or computer crashes, you will be prompted to recover the unpublished text. Please leave any feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Edit-recovery feature|project talk page]]. This was the #8 wish in the 2023 Community Wishlist Survey. * Initial results of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] experiments [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#4_April_2024|have been published]]. Edit Check is now deployed as a default feature at [[phab:T342930#9538364|the wikis that tested it]]. [[mw:Talk:Edit check|Let us know]] if you want your wiki to be part of the next deployment of Edit check. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T342930][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361727] * Readers using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:Minerva Neue|Minerva skin]] on mobile will notice there has been an improvement in the line height across all typography settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359029] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/wmf.26|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-09|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-10|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-11|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.42/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * New accounts and logged-out users will get the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|visual editor]] as their default editor on mobile. This deployment is made at all wikis except for the English Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361134] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:२२, ९ अप्रिल २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translations]] are available. '''Problems''' * Between 2 April and 8 April, on wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|Flagged Revisions]], the "{{Int:tag-mw-reverted}}" tag was not applied to undone edits. In addition, page moves, protections and imports were not autoreviewed. This problem is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361918][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361940] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.1|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-16|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-17|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-18|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#DEFAULTSORT|Default category sort keys]] will now affect categories added by templates placed in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite|footnotes]]. Previously footnotes used the page title as the default sort key even if a different default sort key was specified (category-specific sort keys already worked). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40435] * A new variable <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>page_last_edit_age</code></bdi> will be added to [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filters]]. It tells how many seconds ago the last edit to a page was made. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T269769] '''Future changes''' * Volunteer developers are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Four database fields will be removed from database replicas (including [[quarry:|Quarry]]). This affects only the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>abuse_filter_history</code></bdi> tables. Some queries might need to be updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361996] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:१४, १६ अप्रिल २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26564838 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Starting this week, newcomers editing Wikipedia [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Positive reinforcement#Leveling up 3|will be encouraged]] to try structured tasks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary#Newcomer tasks|Structured tasks]] have been shown to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Personalized first day/Structured tasks/Add a link/Experiment analysis, December 2021|improve newcomer activation and retention]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348086] * You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|nominate your favorite tools]] for the fifth edition of the Coolest Tool Award. Nominations will be open until May 10. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.2|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-23|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-24|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-25|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * This is the last warning that by the end of May 2024 the Vector 2022 skin will no longer share site and user scripts/styles with old Vector. For user-scripts that you want to keep using on Vector 2022, copy the contents of [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector.js]] to [[{{#special:MyPage}}/vector-2022.js]]. There are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements/Features/Loading Vector 2010 scripts|more technical details]] available. Interface administrators who foresee this leading to lots of technical support questions may wish to send a mass message to your community, as was done on French Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362701] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:१३, २३ अप्रिल २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26647188 --> == This Month in Education: March 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 3 • March 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna|Reading Wikipedia in the classroom, Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand|Reading Wikipedia in Ukraine – the course for educators is now available on demand]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad|Wiki Movement Brazil will once again support the Brazilian Linguistics Olympiad]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2024/Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania|Wikipedia within the Education Setting in Albania]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १३:१३, २८ अप्रिल २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26659969 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for the following wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hiwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-rowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-thwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}. These wikis participated to a test, where 50% of users got the new design, for one year. As this test [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability/Analysis|gave positive results]], the new design is deployed on these wikis as the default design. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at all wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341491] * Seven new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[w:bew:|<code>w:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357866] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35708|Kusaal]] ([[w:kus:|<code>w:kus:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359757] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35513|Igala]] ([[w:igl:|<code>w:igl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361644] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q33541|Karakalpak]] ([[wikt:kaa:|<code>wikt:kaa:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362135] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9228|Burmese]] ([[s:my:|<code>s:my:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361085] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[s:ms:|<code>s:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363039] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q8108|Georgian]] ([[s:ka:|<code>s:ka:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363085] * You can now [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Support#Early_access:_Watch_Message_Groups_on_Translatewiki.net watch message groups/projects] on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/translatewiki.net|Translatewiki.net]]. Initially, this feature will notify you of added or deleted messages in these groups. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348501] * Dark mode is now available on all wikis, on mobile web for logged-in users who opt into the [[Special:MobileOptions|advanced mode]]. This is the early release of the feature. Technical editors are invited to [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ check for accessibility issues on wikis]. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|more detailed guidelines]]. '''Problems''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can use an alternative visual style without labels, by using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mapstyle="osm"</nowiki></code></bdi>. This wasn't working in previews, creating the wrong impression that it wasn't supported. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T362531] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.3|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-04-30|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-01|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-02|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०९:१९, ३० अप्रिल २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26689057 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder to vote now to select members of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear Wikimedian, You are receiving this message because you previously participated in the UCoC process. This is a reminder that the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) ends on May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] ०४:३८, ३ मे २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_3&oldid=26721208 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' [[File:Talk_pages_default_look_(April_2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages changed for all wikis, except for Commons, Wikidata and most Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/18|a few]] have already received this design change). You can read the detail of the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt-out these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). The deployment will happen at remaining wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T352087][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Interface admins now have greater control over the styling of article components on mobile with the introduction of the <code>SiteAdminHelper</code>. More information on how styles can be disabled can be found [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikimediaMessages#Site_admin_helper|at the extension's page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363932] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has added article body sections in JSON format and a curated short description field to the existing parsed Infobox. This expansion to the API is also available via Wikimedia Cloud Services. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/article-sections-and-description/] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.4|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-07|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-08|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-09|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you look at the Special:Log page, the first view is labelled "All public logs", but it only shows some logs. This label will now say "Main public logs". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T237729] '''Future changes''' * A new service will be built to replace [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Extension:Graph]]. Details can be found in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph/Plans|the latest update]] regarding this extension. * Starting May 21, English Wikipedia and German Wikipedia will get the possibility to activate "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]]". This is part of the [[phab:T304110|progressive deployment of this tool to all Wikipedias]]. These communities can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Community configuration|activate and configure the feature locally]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T308144] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २२:३०, ६ मे २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26729363 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * On Wikisource there is a special page listing pages of works without corresponding scan images. Now you can use the new magic word <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>__EXPECTWITHOUTSCANS__</code></bdi> to exclude certain pages (list of editions or translations of works) from that list. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344214] * If you use the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|user-preference]] "{{int:tog-uselivepreview}}", then the template-page feature "{{int:Templatesandbox-editform-legend}}" will now also work without reloading the page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T136907] * [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]] maps can now specify an alternative text via the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. This is identical in usage to the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>alt=</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Syntax|image and gallery syntax]]. An exception for this feature is wikis like Wikivoyage where the miniature maps are interactive. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328137] * The old [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|Guided Tour]] for the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Review Improvements/New filters for edit review|New Filters for Edit Review]]" feature has been removed. It was created in 2017 to show people with older accounts how the interface had changed, and has now been seen by most of the intended people. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T217451] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.5|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-14|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-15|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-16|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The [[{{#special:search}}]] results page will now use CSS flex attributes, for better accessibility, instead of a table. If you have a gadget or script that adjusts search results, you should update your script to the new HTML structure. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T320295] '''Future changes''' * In the Vector 2022 skin, main pages will be displayed at full width (like special pages). The goal is to keep the number of characters per line large enough. This is related to the coming changes to typography in Vector 2022. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357706] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Two columns of the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:pagelinks table|pagelinks]]</code></bdi> database table (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_title</code></bdi>) are being dropped soon. Users must use two columns of the new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>[[mw:special:MyLanguage/Manual:linktarget table|linktarget]]</code></bdi> table instead (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_namespace</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_title</code></bdi>). In your existing SQL queries: *# Replace <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN linktarget</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>pl_</code></bdi> with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>lt_</code></bdi> in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>ON</code></bdi> statement *# Below that add <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>JOIN pagelinks ON lt_id = pl_target_id</code></bdi> ** See <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[phab:T222224]]</bdi> for technical reasoning. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T222224][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T299947] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:४४, १४ मे २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26762074 --> == This Month in Education: April 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 4 • April 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/EduWiki Updates From Uganda|EduWiki Updates From Uganda]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024|Good news from Bolivia: Reading Wikipedia Program continues in 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil|Hearing Health Project: Impactful partnership with Wiki Movement Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2024/Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project|Wikimedia Spain, Amical Wikimedia and the University of Valencia develop Wikipedia educational project]]</div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ०९:०५, १४ मे २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26698909 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, will now correctly delete pages which were moved to another title. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T43351] * New changes have been made to the UploadWizard in Wikimedia Commons: the overall layout has been improved, by following new styling and spacing for the form and its fields; the headers and helper text for each of the fields was changed; the Caption field is now a required field, and there is an option for users to copy their caption into the media description. [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Commons:WMF_support_for_Commons/Upload_Wizard_Improvements#Changes_to_%22Describe%22_workflow][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361049] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.6|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-21|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-22|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-23|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading_HTML_changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It will change on 22 May in some skins (Timeless, Modern, CologneBlue, Nostalgia, and Monobook). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in all other skins. The developers are also considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:४९, २१ मे २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26786311 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Several bugs related to the latest updates to the UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons have been fixed. For more information, see [[:phab:T365107|T365107]] and [[:phab:T365119|T365119]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] In March 2024 a new [[mw:ResourceLoader/Core_modules#addPortlet|addPortlet]] API was added to allow gadgets to create new portlets (menus) in the skin. In certain skins this can be used to create dropdowns. Gadget developers are invited to try it and [[phab:T361661|give feedback]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Some CSS in the Minerva skin has been removed to enable easier community configuration. Interface editors should check the rendering on mobile devices for aspects related to the classes: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.collapsible</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.multicol</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.reflist</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.coordinates</code></bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>.topicon</code></bdi>. [[phab:T361659|Further details are available on replacement CSS]] if it is needed. '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.7|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-28|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-29|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-05-30|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * When you visit a wiki where you don't yet have a local account, local rules such as edit filters can sometimes prevent your account from being created. Starting this week, MediaWiki takes your global rights into account when evaluating whether you can override such local rules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T316303] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:००, २८ मे २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26832205 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * It is now possible for local administrators to add new links to the bottom of the site Tools menu without JavaScript. [[mw:Manual:Interface/Sidebar#Add or remove toolbox sections|Documentation is available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6086] * The message name for the definition of the tracking category of WikiHiero has changed from "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikhiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>" to "<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MediaWiki:Wikihiero-usage-tracking-category</code></bdi>". [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/c/mediawiki/extensions/wikihiero/+/1035855] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q5317225|Kadazandusun]] ([[w:dtp:|<code>w:dtp:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365220] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.8|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-04|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-05|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-06|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Future changes''' * Next week, on wikis with the Vector 2022 skin as the default, logged-out desktop users will be able to choose between different font sizes. The default font size will also be increased for them. This is to make Wikimedia projects easier to read. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-06 deployments|Learn more]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:२०, ४ जुन २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26844397 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * The software used to render SVG files has been updated to a new version, fixing many longstanding bugs in SVG rendering. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265549] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML used to render all headings [[mw:Heading HTML changes|is being changed to improve accessibility]]. It was changed last week in some skins (Vector legacy and Minerva). Please test gadgets on your wiki on these skins and [[phab:T13555|report any related problems]] so that they can be resolved before this change is made in Vector-2022. The developers are still considering the introduction of a [[phab:T337286|Gadget API for adding buttons to section titles]] if that would be helpful to tool creators, and would appreciate any input you have on that. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The HTML markup used for citations by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] changed last week. In places where Parsoid previously added the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-reference-text</code></bdi> class, Parsoid now also adds the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>reference-text</code></bdi> class for better compatibility with the legacy parser. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1036705] '''Problems''' * There was a bug with the Content Translation interface that caused the tools menus to appear in the wrong location. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366374] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.9|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-11|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-12|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-13|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The new version of MediaWiki includes another change to the HTML markup used for citations: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]] will now generate a <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><span class="mw-cite-backlink"></nowiki></code></bdi> wrapper for both named and unnamed references for better compatibility with the legacy parser. Interface administrators should verify that gadgets that interact with citations are compatible with the new markup. [[mw:Specs/HTML/2.8.0/Extensions/Cite/Announcement|More details are available]]. [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/r/1035809] * On multilingual wikis that use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><translate></nowiki></code></bdi> system, there is a feature that shows potentially-outdated translations with a pink background until they are updated or confirmed. From this week, confirming translations will be logged, and there is a new user-right that can be required for confirming translations if the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requests it]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T49177] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:०५, ११ जुन २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26893898 --> == This Month in Education: May 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 5 • May 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024|Albania - Georgia Wikimedia Cooperation 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan|Aleksandër Xhuvani University Editathon in Elbasan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia|Central Bicol State University of Agriculture LitFest features translation and article writing on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons|Empowering Youth Council in Bulqiza through editathons]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi|We left a piece of our hearts at Arhavi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series |Wiki Movimento Brasil at Tech Week and Education Speaker Series]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2024/Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA|Wikimedia MKD trains new users in collaboration with MYLA]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १९:१५, १५ जुन २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=26854161 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * People who attempt to add an external link in the visual editor will now receive immediate feedback if they attempt to link to a domain that a project has decided to block. Please see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#11_June_2024|Edit check]] for more details. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366751] * The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CommunityConfiguration|Community Configuration extension]] is available [[testwiki:Special:CommunityConfiguration|on Test Wikipedia]]. This extension allows communities to customize specific features to meet their local needs. Currently only Growth features are configurable, but the extension will support other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community_configuration#Use_cases|Community Configuration use cases]] in the future. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T323811][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360954] * The dark mode [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] is now available on category and help pages, as well as more special pages. There may be contrast issues. Please report bugs on the [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366370] '''Problems''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] Cloud Services tools were not available for 25 minutes last week. This was caused by a faulty hardware cable in the data center. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incidents/2024-06-11_WMCS_Ceph] * Last week, styling updates were made to the Vector 2022 skin. This caused unforeseen issues with templates, hatnotes, and images. Changes to templates and hatnotes were reverted. Most issues with images were fixed. If you still see any, [[phab:T367463|report them here]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367480] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.10|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-18|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-19|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-20|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting June 18, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Edit Check]] will be deployed to [[phab:T361843|a new set of Wikipedias]]. This feature is intended to help newcomers and to assist edit-patrollers by inviting people who are adding new content to a Wikipedia article to add a citation when they do not do so themselves. During [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check#Reference_Check_A/B_Test|a test at 11 wikis]], the number of citations added [https://diff.wikimedia.org/?p=127553 more than doubled] when Reference Check was shown to people. Reference Check is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Configuration|community configurable]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361843]<!-- NOTE: THE DIFF BLOG WILL BE PUBLISHED ON MONDAY --> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mailing_lists|Mailing lists]] will be unavailable for roughly two hours on Tuesday 10:00–12:00 UTC. This is to enable migration to a new server and upgrade its software. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367521] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:३४, १८ जुन २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26911987 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Editors will notice that there have been some changes to the background color of text in the diff view, and the color of the byte-change numbers, last week. These changes are intended to make text more readable in both light mode and dark mode, and are part of a larger effort to increase accessibility. You can share your comments or questions [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading|on the project talkpage]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T361717] * The text colors that are used for visited-links, hovered-links, and active-links, were also slightly changed last week to improve their accessibility in both light mode and dark mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366515] '''Problems''' * You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|copy permanent links to talk page comments]] by clicking on a comment's timestamp. [[mw:Talk pages project/Permalinks|This feature]] did not always work when the topic title was very long and the link was used as a wikitext link. This has been fixed. Thanks to Lofhi for submitting the bug. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356196] '''Changes later this week''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Recurrent item]] The [[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/wmf.11|new version]] of MediaWiki will be on test wikis and MediaWiki.org from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-25|en}}. It will be on non-Wikipedia wikis and some Wikipedias from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-26|en}}. It will be on all wikis from {{#time:j xg|2024-06-27|en}} ([[mw:MediaWiki 1.43/Roadmap|calendar]]). [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Train][https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] * Starting 26 June, all talk pages messages' timestamps will become a link at English Wikipedia, making this feature available for you to use at all wikis. This link is a permanent link to the comment. It allows users to find the comment they were linked to, even if this comment has since been moved elsewhere. You can read more about this feature [[DiffBlog:/2024/01/29/talk-page-permalinks-dont-lose-your-threads/|on Diff]] or [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#Talk pages permalinking|on Mediawiki.org]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365974] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:१८, २५ जुन २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=26989424 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * Over the next three weeks, dark mode will become available for all users, both logged-in and logged-out, starting with the mobile web version. This fulfils one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community_Wishlist_Survey_2023/Reading/Dark_mode|top-requested community wishes]], and improves low-contrast reading and usage in low-light settings. As part of these changes, dark mode will also work on User-pages and Portals. There is more information in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Updates#June_2024:_Typography_and_dark_mode_deployments,_new_global_preferences|the latest Web team update]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366364] * Logged-in users can now set [[m:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering-skin-skin-prefs|global preferences for the text-size and dark-mode]], thanks to a combined effort across Foundation teams. This allows Wikimedians using multiple wikis to set up a consistent reading experience easily, for example by switching between light and dark mode only once for all wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341278] * If you use a very old web browser some features might not work on the Wikimedia wikis. This affects Internet Explorer 11 and versions of Chrome, Firefox and Safari older than 2016. This change makes it possible to use new [[d:Q46441|CSS]] features and to send less code to all readers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T288287][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:How_to_make_a_MediaWiki_skin#Using_CSS_variables_for_supporting_different_themes_e.g._dark_mode] * Wikipedia Admins can customize local wiki configuration options easily using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]]. Community Configuration was created to allow communities to customize how some features work, because each language wiki has unique needs. At the moment, admins can configure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature_summary|Growth features]] on their home wikis, in order to better recruit and retain new editors. More options will be provided in the coming months. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366458] * Editors interested in language issues that are related to [[w:en:Unicode|Unicode standards]], can now discuss those topics at [[mw:Talk:WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|a new conversation space in MediaWiki.org]]. The Wikimedia Foundation is now a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/WMF membership with Unicode Consortium|member of the Unicode Consortium]], and the coordination group can collaboratively review the issues discussed and, where appropriate, bring them to the attention of the Unicode Consortium. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2891049|Mandailing]] ([[w:btm:|<code>w:btm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368038] '''Problems''' * Editors can once again click on links within the visual editor's citation-preview, thanks to a bug fix by the Editing Team. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368119] '''Future changes''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 2 weeks. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:४४, २ जुलाई २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27038456 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translations]] are available. '''Recent changes''' * At the Wikimedia Foundation a new task force was formed to replace the disabled Graph with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project|more secure, easy to use, and extensible Chart]]. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Chart Project|subscribe to the newsletter]] to get notified about new project updates and other news about Chart. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension is now available on Meta-wiki, Igbo Wikipedia, and Swahili Wikipedia, and can be requested on your wiki. This extension helps in managing and making events more visible, giving Event organizers the ability to use tools like the Event registration tool. To learn more about the deployment status and how to request this extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status|CampaignEvents page on Meta-wiki]]. * Editors using the iOS Wikipedia app who have more than 50 edits can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits#Add an image|Add an Image]] feature. This feature presents opportunities for small but useful contributions to Wikipedia. * Thank you to [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth/Celebration|all of the authors]] who have contributed to MediaWiki Core. As a result of these contributions, the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Contributor retention and growth|percentage of authors contributing more than 5 patches has increased by 25% since last year]], which helps ensure the sustainability of the platform for the Wikimedia projects. '''Problems''' * A problem with the color of the talkpage tabs always showing as blue, even for non-existent pages which should have been red, affecting the Vector 2022 skin, [[phab:T367982|has been fixed]]. '''Future changes''' * The Trust and Safety Product team wants to introduce [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] with as little disruption to tools and workflows as possible. Volunteer developers, including gadget and user-script maintainers, are kindly asked to update the code of their tools and features to handle temporary accounts. The team has [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|created documentation]] explaining how to do the update. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/2024-04 CTA|Learn more]]. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 1 more week. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:१७, ९ जुलाई २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27080357 --> == This Month in Education: June 2024 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 6 • June 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect|From a Language Teacher to a Library Support Staff: The Wikimedia Effect]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico|5th WikiEducation 2024 Conference in Mexico]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students|Lviv hosted a spring wikischool for Ukrainian high school students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024|First class of teachers graduated from Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy|Empowering Digital Citizenship: Unlocking the Power of Open Knowledge with Participants of the LIFE Legacy]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects |Wiki Movimento Brazil supports online and in-person courses and launches material to guide educators in using Wikimedia projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions|Where to find images for free? Webinar for librarians answered many questions]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2024/Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration|Wikimedia MKD and University of Goce Delchev start a mutual collaboration]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १२:४३, ९ जुलाई २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27085892 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translations]] are available. '''Tech News survey''' * Please [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/758713?lang=en help us to improve Tech News by taking this short survey]. The goal is to better meet the needs of the various types of people who read Tech News. The survey will be open for 3 more days. The survey is covered by [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Tech_News_Survey_2024_Privacy_Statement this privacy statement]. Some translations are available. '''Recent changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia developers can now officially continue to use both [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]], due to a June 24 decision by the Wikimedia Foundation to support software development on both platforms. Gerrit and GitLab are both code repositories used by developers to write, review, and deploy the software code that supports the MediaWiki software that the wiki projects are built on, as well as the tools used by editors to create and improve content. This decision will safeguard the productivity of our developers and prevent problems in code review from affecting our users. More details are available in the [[mw:GitLab/Migration status|Migration status]] page. * The Wikimedia Foundation seeks applicants for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). This group will bring technical contributors and Wikimedia Foundation together to co-define a more resilient, future-proof technological platform. Council members will evaluate and consult on the movement's product and technical activities, so that we develop multi-generational projects. We are looking for a range of technical contributors across the globe, from a variety of Wikimedia projects. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal#Joining the PTAC as a technical volunteer|Please apply here by August 10]]. * Editors with rollback user-rights who use the Wikipedia App for Android can use the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Anti Vandalism|Edit Patrol]] features. These features include a new feed of Recent Changes, related links such as Undo and Rollback, and the ability to create and save a personal library of user talk messages to use while patrolling. If your wiki wants to make these features available to users who do not have rollback rights but have reached a certain edit threshold, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android#Contact us|you can contact the team]]. You can [[diffblog:2024/07/10/ِaddressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/|read more about this project on Diff blog]]. * Editors who have access to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/The_Wikipedia_Library|The Wikipedia Library]] can once again use non-open access content in SpringerLinks, after the Foundation [[phab:T368865|contacted]] them to restore access. You can read more about [[m:Tech/News/Recently_resolved_community_tasks|this and 21 other community-submitted tasks that were completed last week]]. '''Changes later this week''' * This week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-07 deployments|dark mode will be available on a number of Wikipedias]], both desktop and mobile, for logged-in and logged-out users. Interface admins and user script maintainers are encouraged to check gadgets and user scripts in the dark mode, to find any hard-coded colors and fix them. There are some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations for dark mode compatibility]] to help. '''Future changes''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Next week, functionaries, volunteers maintaining tools, and software development teams are invited to test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on testwiki. Temporary accounts is a feature that will help improve privacy on the wikis. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T348895] * Editors who upload files cross-wiki, or teach other people how to do so, may wish to join a Wikimedia Commons discussion. The Commons community is discussing limiting who can upload files through the cross-wiki upload/Upload dialog feature to users auto-confirmed on Wikimedia Commons. This is due to the large amount of copyright violations uploaded this way. There is a short summary at [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Cross-wiki upload|Commons:Cross-wiki upload]] and [[c:Commons:Village pump/Proposals#Deactivate cross-wiki uploads for new users|discussion at Commons:Village Pump]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:१६, १६ जुलाई २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27124561 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translations]] are available. '''Feature News''' * Stewards can now [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_blocks|globally block]] accounts. Before [[phab:T17294|the change]] only IP addresses and IP ranges could be blocked globally. Global account blocks are useful when the blocked user should not be logged out. [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_locks|Global locks]] (a similar tool logging the user out of their account) are unaffected by this change. The new global account block feature is related to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project, which is a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors that are no longer made public. * Later this week, Wikimedia site users will notice that the Interface of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") is improved and consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Wikimedia's design system]]. The FlaggedRevs interface experience on mobile and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Skin:MinervaNeue|Minerva skin]] was inconsistent before it was fixed and ported to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]] by the WMF Growth team and some volunteers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] * Wikimedia site users can now submit account vanishing requests via [[m:Special:GlobalVanishRequest|GlobalVanishRequest]]. This feature is used when a contributor wishes to stop editing forever. It helps you hide your past association and edit to protect your privacy. Once processed, the account will be locked and renamed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367329] * Have you tried monitoring and addressing vandalism in Wikipedia using your phone? [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/10/%d9%90addressing-vandalism-with-a-tap-the-journey-of-introducing-the-patrolling-feature-in-the-mobile-app/ A Diff blog post on Patrolling features in the Mobile App] highlights some of the new capabilities of the feature, including swiping through a feed of recent changes and a personal library of user talk messages for use when patrolling from your phone. * Wikimedia contributors and GLAM (galleries, libraries, archives, and museums) organisations can now learn and measure the impact Wikimedia Commons is having towards creating quality encyclopedic content using the [https://doc.wikimedia.org/generated-data-platform/aqs/analytics-api/reference/commons.html Commons Impact Metrics] analytics dashboard. The dashboard offers organizations analytics on things like monthly edits in a category, the most viewed files, and which Wikimedia articles are using Commons images. As a result of these new data dumps, GLAM organisation can more reliably measure their return on investment for programs bringing content into the digital Commons. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/] '''Project Updates''' * Come share your ideas for improving the wikis on the newly reopened [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. The Community Wishlist is Wikimedia’s forum for volunteers to share ideas (called wishes) to improve how the wikis work. The new version of the wishlist is always open, works with both wikitext and Visual Editor, and allows wishes in any language. '''Learn more''' * Have you ever wondered how Wikimedia software works across over 300 languages? This is 253 languages more than the Google Chrome interface, and it's no accident. The Language and Product Localization Team at the Wikimedia Foundation supports your work by adapting all the tools and interfaces in the MediaWiki software so that contributors in our movement who translate pages and strings can translate them and have the sites in all languages. Read more about the team and their upcoming work on [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/building-towards-a-robust-multilingual-knowledge-ecosystem-for-the-wikimedia-movement/ Diff]. * How can Wikimedia build innovative and experimental products while maintaining such heavily used websites? A recent [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/ blog post] by WMF staff Johan Jönsson highlights the work of the [[m:Future Audiences#Objectives and Key Results|WMF Future Audience initiative]], where the goal is not to build polished products but test out new ideas, such as a [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiments: conversational/generative AI|ChatGPT plugin]] and [[m:Future_Audiences/Experiment:Add a Fact|Add a Fact]], to help take Wikimedia into the future. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' You can also get other news from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]]. </div><section end="technews-2024-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:५०, २३ जुलाई २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27142915 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors using the Visual Editor in languages that use non-Latin characters for numbers, such as Hindi, Manipuri and Eastern Arabic, may notice some changes in the formatting of reference numbers. This is a side effect of preparing a new sub-referencing feature, and will also allow fixing some general numbering issues in Visual Editor. If you notice any related problems on your wiki, please share details at the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|project talkpage]]. '''Bugs status''' * Some logged-in editors were briefly unable to edit or load pages last week. [[phab:T370304|These errors]] were mainly due to the addition of new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|linter]] rules which led to caching problems. Fixes have been applied and investigations are continuing. * Editors can use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Information tool]] to get information about IP addresses. This tool is available as a Beta Feature in your preferences. The tool was not available for a few days last week, but is now working again. Thank you to Shizhao for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks#2024-07-25|28 other community-submitted tasks]] that were resolved last week. '''Project updates''' * There are new features and improvements to Phabricator from the Release Engineering and Collaboration Services teams, and some volunteers, including: the search systems, the new task creation system, the login systems, the translation setup which has resulted in support for more languages (thanks to Pppery), and fixes for many edge-case errors. You can [[phab:phame/post/view/316/iterative_improvements/|read details about these and other improvements in this summary]]. * There is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|update on the Charts project]]. The team has decided which visualization library to use, which chart types to start focusing on, and where to store chart definitions. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9056|Czech]] ([[voy:cs:|<code>voy:cs:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370905] '''Learn more''' * There is a [[diffblog:2024/07/26/the-journey-to-open-our-first-data-center-in-south-america/|new Wikimedia Foundation data center]] in São Paulo, Brazil which helps to reduce load times. * There is new [[diffblog:2024/07/22/the-perplexing-process-of-uploading-images-to-wikipedia/|user research]] on problems with the process of uploading images. * Commons Impact Metrics are [[diffblog:2024/07/19/commons-impact-metrics-now-available-via-data-dumps-and-api/|now available]] via data dumps and API. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/July|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:५६, ३० जुलाई २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27164109 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Two new parser functions will be available this week: <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#dir|#dir]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic_words#bcp47|#bcp47]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>. These will reduce the need for <code>Template:Dir</code> and <code>Template:BCP47</code> on Commons and allow us to [[phab:T343131|drop 100 million rows]] from the "what links here" database. Editors at any wiki that use these templates, can help by replacing the templates with these new functions. The templates at Commons will be updated during the Hackathon at Wikimania. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359761][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366623] * Communities can request the activation of the visual editor on entire namespaces where discussions sometimes happen (for instance ''Wikipedia:'' or ''Wikisource:'' namespaces) if they understand the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/FAQ#WPNS|known limitations]]. For discussions, users can already use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] in these namespaces. * The tracking category "Pages using Timeline" has been renamed to "Pages using the EasyTimeline extension" [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3ATimeline-tracking-category&namespace=8 in TranslateWiki]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. '''Project updates''' * Editors who help to organize WikiProjects and similar on-wiki collaborations, are invited to share ideas and examples of successful collaborations with the Campaigns and Programs teams. You can fill out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/WikiProjects|a brief survey]] or share your thoughts [[m:Talk:Campaigns/WikiProjects|on the talkpage]]. The teams are particularly looking for details about successful collaborations on non-English wikis. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The new parser is being rolled out on {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} wikis over the next few months. The {{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage}} and {{int:project-localized-name-hewikivoyage}} were [[phab:T365367|switched]] to Parsoid last week. For more information, see [[mw:Parsoid/Parser_Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]]. '''Learn more''' * There will be more than 200 sessions at Wikimania this week. Here is a summary of some of the [[diffblog:2024/08/05/interested-in-product-and-tech-here-are-some-wikimania-sessions-you-dont-want-to-miss/|key sessions related to the product and technology area]]. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/07-02|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/July|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New design previews for Translatable pages; Updates about MinT for Wiki Readers; the release of Translation dumps; and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/31|Growth newsletter]] is available. * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/July 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:२९, ६ अगस्ट २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27233905 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Tech News: 2024-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] editors and maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Actions#Show a CAPTCHA|make a CAPTCHA show if a filter matches an edit]]. This allows communities to quickly respond to spamming by automated bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T20110] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards|Stewards]] can now specify if global blocks should prevent account creation. Before [[phab:T17273|this change]] by the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product]] Team, all global blocks would prevent account creation. This will allow stewards to reduce the unintended side-effects of global blocks on IP addresses. '''Project updates''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#August_2024_committee_nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new members to refresh the [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]]. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open until at least 2024-08-26. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q2880037|West Coast Bajau]] ([[w:bdr:|<code>w:bdr:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371757] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:०७, १३ अगस्ट २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27253654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Editors who want to re-use references but with different details such as page numbers, will be able to do so by the end of 2024, using a new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Sub-referencing in a nutshell|sub-referencing]] feature. You can read more [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|about the project]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|how to test the prototype]]. * Editors using tracking categories to identify which pages use specific extensions may notice that six of the categories have been renamed to make them more easily understood and consistent. These categories are automatically added to pages that use specialized MediaWiki extensions. The affected names are for: [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aintersection-category&namespace=8 DynamicPageList], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Akartographer-tracking-category&namespace=8 Kartographer], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Aphonos-tracking-category&namespace=8 Phonos], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Arss-tracking-category&namespace=8 RSS], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Ascore-use-category&namespace=8 Score], [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translations?message=MediaWiki%3Awikihiero-usage-tracking-category&namespace=8 WikiHiero]. Wikis that have created the category locally should rename their local creation to match. Thanks to Pppery for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T347324] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Technical volunteers who edit modules and want to get a list of the categories used on a page, can now do so using the <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">categories</bdi></code> property of <code><bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#Title objects|mw.title objects]]</bdi></code>. This enables wikis to configure workflows such as category-specific edit notices. Thanks to SD001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T50175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T85372] '''Bugs status''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Your help is needed to check if any pages need to be moved or deleted. A maintenance script was run to clean up unreachable pages (due to Unicode issues or introduction of new namespaces/namespace aliases). The script tried to find appropriate names for the pages (e.g. by following the Unicode changes or by moving pages whose titles on Wikipedia start with <code>Talk:WP:</code> so that their titles start with <code>Wikipedia talk:</code>), but it may have failed for some pages, and moved them to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[[Special:PrefixIndex/T195546/]]</bdi> instead. Your community should check if any pages are listed there, and move them to the correct titles, or delete them if they are no longer needed. A full log (including pages for which appropriate names could be found) is available in [[phab:P67388]]. * Editors who volunteer as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|mentors]] to newcomers on their wiki are once again able to access lists of potential mentees who they can connect with to offer help and guidance. This functionality was restored thanks to [[phab:T372164|a bug fix]]. Thank you to Mbch331 for filing the bug report. You can read about that, and 18 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * The application deadline for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Proposal|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC) has been extended to September 16. Members will help by providing advice to Foundation Product and Technology leadership on short and long term plans, on complex strategic problems, and help to get feedback from more contributors and technical communities. Selected members should expect to spend roughly 5 hours per month for the Council, during the one year pilot. Please consider applying, and spread the word to volunteers you think would make a positive contribution to the committee. '''Learn more''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award#2024 Winners|2024 Coolest Tool Awards]] were awarded at Wikimania, in seven categories. For example, one award went to the ISA Tool, used for adding structured data to files on Commons, which was recently improved during the [[m:Event:Wiki Mentor Africa ISA Hackathon 2024|Wiki Mentor Africa Hackathon]]. You can see video demonstrations of each tool at the awards page. Congratulations to this year's recipients, and thank you to all tool creators and maintainers. * The latest [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin/2024/08-01|Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin]] is available, and includes some highlights from Wikimania, an upcoming Language community meeting, and other news from the movement. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:३९, २० अगस्ट २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27307284 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Administrators can now test the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] feature on test2wiki. This was done to allow cross-wiki testing of temporary accounts, for when temporary accounts switch between projects. The feature was enabled on testwiki a few weeks ago. No further temporary account deployments are scheduled yet. Temporary Accounts is a project to create a new type of user account that replaces IP addresses of unregistered editors which are no longer made public. Please [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|share your opinions and questions on the project talk page]]. * Later this week, editors at wikis that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs]] (also known as "Pending Changes") may notice that the indicators at the top of articles have changed. This change makes the system more consistent with the rest of the MediaWiki interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T191156] '''Bugs status''' * Editors who use the 2010 wikitext editor, and use the Character Insert buttons, will [[phab:T361465|no longer]] experience problems with the buttons adding content into the edit-summary instead of the edit-window. You can read more about that, and 26 other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Project updates''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Please review and vote on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas|Focus Areas]], which are groups of wishes that share a problem. Focus Areas were created for the newly reopened Community Wishlist, which is now open year-round for submissions. The first batch of focus areas are specific to moderator workflows, around welcoming newcomers, minimizing repetitive tasks, and prioritizing tasks. Once volunteers have reviewed and voted on focus areas, the Foundation will then review and select focus areas for prioritization. * Do you have a project and are willing to provide a three (3) month mentorship for an intern? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Outreachy|Outreachy]] is a twice a year program for people to participate in a paid internship that will start in December 2024 and end in early March 2025, and they need mentors and projects to work on. Projects can be focused on coding or non-coding (design, documentation, translation, research). See the Outreachy page for more details, and a list of past projects since 2013. '''Learn more''' * If you're curious about the product and technology improvements made by the Wikimedia Foundation last year, read [[diffblog:2024/08/21/wikimedia-foundation-product-technology-improving-the-user-experience/|this recent highlights summary on Diff]]. * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together.webm|Community Configuration - Shaping On-Wiki Functionality Together]] (55 mins) - about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Belgrade - Day 1 - Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views.webm|Future of MediaWiki. A sustainable platform to support a collaborative user base and billions of page views]] (30 mins) - an overview for both technical and non technical audiences, covering some of the challenges and open questions, related to the [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights|platform evolution, stewardship and developer experiences]] research. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:१९, २७ अगस्ट २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27341211 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Editors and volunteer developers interested in data visualisation can now test the new software for charts. Its early version is available on beta Commons and beta Wikipedia. This is an important milestone before making charts available on regular wikis. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|read more about this project update]] and help to test the charts. '''Feature news''' * Editors who use the [[{{#special:Unusedtemplates}}]] page can now filter out pages which are expected to be there permanently, such as sandboxes, test-cases, and templates that are always substituted. Editors can add the new magic word [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE|<code dir="ltr"><nowiki>__EXPECTUNUSEDTEMPLATE__</nowiki></code>]] to a template page to hide it from the listing. Thanks to Sophivorus and DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184633] * Editors who use the New Topic tool on discussion pages, will [[phab:T334163|now be reminded]] to add a section header, which should help reduce the quantity of newcomers who add sections without a header. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:28}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Last week, some Toolforge tools had occasional connection problems. The cause is still being investigated, but the problems have been resolved for now. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373243] * Translation administrators at multilingual wikis, when editing multiple translation units, can now easily mark which changes require updates to the translation. This is possible with the [[phab:T298852#10087288|new dropdown menu]]. '''Project updates''' * A new draft text of a policy discussing the use of Wikimedia's APIs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/API Policy Update 2024|has been published on Meta-Wiki]]. The draft text does not reflect a change in policy around the APIs; instead, it is an attempt to codify existing API rules. Comments, questions, and suggestions are welcome on [[m:Talk:API Policy Update 2024|the proposed update’s talk page]] until September 13 or until those discussions have concluded. '''Learn more''' * To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 2 - Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization.webm|Charts, the successor of Graphs - A secure and extensible tool for data visualization]] (25 mins) – about the above-mentioned Charts project. ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Ohrid - Day 3 - State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia.webm|State of Language Technology and Onboarding at Wikimedia]] (90 mins) – about some of the language tools that support Wikimedia sites, such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content]]/[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation|Section Translation]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MinT|MinT]], and LanguageConverter; also the current state and future of languages onboarding. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368772] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:५३, ३ सेप्टेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27390268 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translations]] are available. '''Feature news''' * Starting this week, the standard [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will receive new colors that make them compatible in dark mode. This is the first of many changes to come as part of a major upgrade to syntax highlighting. You can learn more about what's to come on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365311][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Editors of wikis using Wikidata will now be notified of only relevant Wikidata changes in their watchlist. This is because the Lua functions <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>entity:getSitelink()</code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid)</code></bdi> will have their logic unified for tracking different aspects of sitelinks to reduce junk notifications from [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Projects/Watchlist Wikidata Sitelinks Tracking|inconsistent sitelinks tracking]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295356] '''Project updates''' * Users of all Wikis will have access to Wikimedia sites as read-only for a few minutes on September 25, starting at 15:00 UTC. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] * Contributors of [[phab:T363538#10123348|11 Wikipedias]], including English will have a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS</code></bdi> namespace added to their Wikipedias. This improvement ensures that links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> (usually shortcuts to the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]]) are not broken by [[w:en:Mooré|Mooré]] Wikipedia (language code <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mos</code></bdi>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363538] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ००:३८, १० सेप्टेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27424457 --> == This Month in Education: August 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 7 • August 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran|Cross-Cultural Knowledge Sharing: Wikipedia's New Frontier at University of Tehran]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba|Let's Read Wikipedia in Bolivia reaches teachers in Cochabamba]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine|Results of the 2023 “Wikipedia for School” Contest in Ukraine]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024|Edu Wiki Camp in Serbia, 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount|Wikimedia Human Rights Month this year engaged schools in large amount]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning|Strengthening Education Programs at Wikimania 2024: A Global Leap in Collaborative Learning]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon|Wiki Education programs are featured in a scientific outreach magazine, and Wiki Movimento Brasil offers training for researchers in the Amazon]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2024/Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop|Wiki Movimento Brasil aims to adapt a game about Wikipedia, organize an academic event for scientific dissemination, and host the XXXIII Wiki-Education Workshop]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १९:०६, ११ सेप्टेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27310254 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translations]] are available. '''Improvements and Maintenance''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Editors interested in templates can help by reading the latest Wishlist focus area, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template recall and discovery]], and share your feedback on the talkpage. This input helps the Community Tech team to decide the right technical approach to build. Everyone is also encouraged to continue adding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|new wishes]]. * The new automated [[{{#special:NamespaceInfo}}]] page helps editors understand which [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Namespaces|namespaces]] exist on each wiki, and some details about how they are configured. Thanks to DannyS712 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T263513] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|References Check]] is a feature that encourages editors to add a citation when they add a new paragraph to a Wikipedia article. For a short time, the corresponding tag "Edit Check (references) activated" was erroneously being applied to some edits outside of the main namespace. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373692] * It is now possible for a wiki community to change the order in which a page’s categories are displayed on their wiki. By default, categories are displayed in the order they appear in the wikitext. Now, wikis with a consensus to do so can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|request]] a configuration change to display them in alphabetical order. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373480] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool authors can now access ToolsDB's [[wikitech:Portal:Data Services#ToolsDB|public databases]] from both [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry|Quarry]] and [[wikitech:Superset|Superset]]. Those databases have always been accessible to every [[wikitech:Portal:Toolforge|Toolforge]] user, but they are now more broadly accessible, as Quarry can be accessed by anyone with a Wikimedia account. In addition, Quarry's internal database can now be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Quarry#Querying Quarry's own database|queried from Quarry itself]]. This database contains information about all queries that are being run and starred by users in Quarry. This information was already public through the web interface, but you can now query it using SQL. You can read more about that, and {{formatnum:20}} other community-submitted tasks that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. * Any pages or tools that still use the very old CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mw-message-box</code></bdi> need to be updated. These old classes will be removed next week or soon afterwards. Editors can use a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-message-box&regex=1&namespaces=&title= global-search] to determine what needs to be changed. It is possible to use the newer <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>cdx-message</code></bdi> group of classes as a replacement (see [https://doc.wikimedia.org/codex/latest/components/demos/message.html#css-only-version the relevant Codex documentation], and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Header&diff=prev&oldid=27449042 an example update]), but using locally defined onwiki classes would be best. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374499] '''Technical project updates''' * Next week, all Wikimedia wikis will be read-only for a few minutes. This will start on September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. This is a planned datacenter switchover for maintenance purposes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|This maintenance process also targets other services.]] The previous switchover took 3 minutes, and the Site Reliability Engineering teams use many tools to make sure that this essential maintenance work happens as quickly as possible. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370962] '''Tech in depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/August 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes details about: research about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Hooks|hook]] handlers to help simplify development, research about performance improvements, work to improve the REST API for end-users, and more. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] To learn more about the technology behind the Wikimedia projects, you can now watch sessions from the technology track at Wikimania 2024 on Commons. This week, check out: ** [[c:File:Wikimania 2024 - Auditorium Kyiv - Day 4 - Hackathon Showcase.webm|Hackathon Showcase]] (45 mins) - 19 short presentations by some of the Hackathon participants, describing some of the projects they worked on, such as automated testing of maintenance scripts, a video-cutting command line tool, and interface improvements for various tools. There are [[phab:T369234|more details and links available]] in the Phabricator task. ** [[c:File:Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem.webm|Co-Creating a Sustainable Future for the Toolforge Ecosystem]] (40 mins) - a roundtable discussion for tool-maintainers, users, and supporters of Toolforge about how to make the platform sustainable and how to evaluate the tools available there. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:४८, १७ सेप्टेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27460876 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * All wikis will be [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday September 25 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1727276400 15:00 UTC]. Reading the wikis will not be interrupted, but editing will be paused. These twice-yearly processes allow WMF's site reliability engineering teams to remain prepared to keep the wikis functioning even in the event of a major interruption to one of our data centers. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Add alt text from a halfsheet, with the article behind.png|thumb|A screenshot of the interface for the Alt Text suggested-edit feature]] * Editors who use the iOS Wikipedia app in Spanish, Portuguese, French, or Chinese, may see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|Alt Text suggested-edit experiment]] after editing an article, or completing a suggested edit using "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project#Hypothesis 2 Add an Image Suggested Edit|Add an image]]". Alt-text helps people with visual impairments to read Wikipedia articles. The team aims to learn if adding alt-text to images is a task that editors can be successful with. Please share any feedback on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia Apps/iOS Suggested edits project/Alt Text Experiment|the discussion page]]. * The Codex color palette has been updated with new and revised colors for the MediaWiki user interfaces. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Design System Team/Color/Design documentation#Updates|most noticeable changes]] for editors include updates for: dark mode colors for Links and for quiet Buttons (progressive and destructive), visited Link colors for both light and dark modes, and background colors for system-messages in both light and dark modes. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] It is now possible to include clickable wikilinks and external links inside code blocks. This includes links that are used within <code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code> tags and on code pages (JavaScript, CSS, Scribunto and Sanitized CSS). Uses of template syntax <code><nowiki>{{…}}</nowiki></code> are also linked to the template page. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368166] * Two bugs were fixed in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Account vanishing|GlobalVanishRequest]] system by improving the logging and by removing an incorrect placeholder message. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370595][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T372223] * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] From [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]]: ** The API now enables 5,000 on-demand API requests per month and twice-monthly HTML snapshots freely (gratis and libre). More information on the updates and also improvements to the software development kits (SDK) are explained on [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api/ the project's blog post]. While Wikimedia Enterprise APIs are designed for high-volume commercial reusers, this change enables many more community use-cases to be built on the service too. ** The Snapshot API (html dumps) have added beta Structured Contents endpoints ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/ blog post on that]) as well as released two beta datasets (English and French Wikipedia) from that endpoint to Hugging Face for public use and feedback ([https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/hugging-face-dataset/ blog post on that]). These pre-parsed data sets enable new options for researchers, developers, and data scientists to use and study the content. '''In depth''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) is used to get answers to questions using the Wikidata data set. As Wikidata grows, we had to make a major architectural change so that WDQS could remain performant. As part of the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|WDQS Graph Split project]], we have new SPARQL endpoints available for serving the "[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org scholarly]" and "[https://query-main.wikidata.org main]" subgraphs of Wikidata. The [http://query.wikidata.org query.wikidata.org endpoint] will continue to serve the full Wikidata graph until March 2025. After this date, it will only serve the main graph. For more information, please see [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|the announcement on Wikidata]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:२२, २४ सेप्टेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27493779 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Readers of [[phab:T375401|42 more wikis]] can now use Dark Mode. If the option is not yet available for logged-out users of your wiki, this is likely because many templates do not yet display well in Dark Mode. Please use the [https://night-mode-checker.wmcloud.org/ night-mode-checker tool] if you are interested in helping to reduce the number of issues. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Recommendations for night mode compatibility on Wikimedia wikis|recommendations page]] provides guidance on this. Dark Mode is enabled on additional wikis once per month. * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor as their default can access features from the 2017 wikitext editor by adding <code dir=ltr>?veaction=editsource</code> to the URL. If you would like to enable the 2017 wikitext editor as your default, it can be set in [[Special:Preferences#mw-input-wpvisualeditor-newwikitext|your preferences]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T239796] * For logged-out readers using the Vector 2022 skin, the "donate" link has been moved from a collapsible menu next to the content area into a more prominent top menu, next to "Create an account". This restores the link to the level of prominence it had in the Vector 2010 skin. [[mw:Readers/2024 Reader and Donor Experiences#Donor Experiences (Key Result WE 3.2 and the related hypotheses)|Learn more]] about the changes related to donor experiences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373585] * The CampaignEvents extension provides tools for organizers to more easily manage events, communicate with participants, and promote their events on the wikis. The extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|enabled]] on Arabic Wikipedia, Igbo Wikipedia, Swahili Wikipedia, and Meta-Wiki. [[w:zh:Wikipedia:互助客栈/其他#引進CampaignEvents擴充功能|Chinese Wikipedia has decided]] to enable the extension, and discussions on the extension are in progress [[w:es:Wikipedia:Votaciones/2024/Sobre la política de Organizadores de Eventos|on Spanish Wikipedia]] and [[d:Wikidata:Project chat#Enabling the CampaignEvents Extention on Wikidata|on Wikidata]]. To learn how to enable the extension on your wiki, you can visit [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|the CampaignEvents page on Meta-Wiki]]. * View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers with an account on Wikitech-wiki should [[wikitech:Wikitech/SUL-migration|check if any action is required]] for their accounts. The wiki is being changed to use the single-user-login (SUL) system, and other configuration changes. This change will help reduce the overall complexity for the weekly software updates across all our wikis. '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|server switch]] was completed successfully last week with a read-only time of [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Past Switches|only 2 minutes 46 seconds]]. This periodic process makes sure that engineers can switch data centers and keep all of the wikis available for readers, even if there are major technical issues. It also gives engineers a chance to do maintenance and upgrades on systems that normally run 24 hours a day, and often helps to reveal weaknesses in the infrastructure. The process involves dozens of software services and hundreds of hardware servers, and requires multiple teams working together. Work over the past few years has reduced the time from 17 minutes down to 2–3 minutes. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/66ZW7B2MG63AESQVTXDIFQBDBS766JGW/] '''Meetings and events''' * October 4–6: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiIndaba conference 2024|WikiIndaba Conference's Hackathon]] in Johannesburg, South Africa * November 4–6: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] in Vienna, Austria '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:०६, १ अक्टोबर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27530062 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities can now request installation of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator|Automoderator]] on their wiki. Automoderator is an automated anti-vandalism tool that reverts bad edits based on scores from the new "Revert Risk" machine learning model. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AutoModerator/Deploying|read details about the necessary steps]] for installation and configuration. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T336934] '''Updates for editors''' * Translators in wikis where [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|the mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now customize their articles suggestion list from 41 filtering options when using the tool. This topic-based article suggestion feature makes it easy for translators to self-discover relevant articles based on their area of interest and translate them. You can [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions try it with your mobile device]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368422] * View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * It is now possible for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki><syntaxhighlight></nowiki></code></bdi> code blocks to offer readers a "Copy" button if the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>copy=1</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SyntaxHighlight#copy|set on the tag]]. Thanks to SD0001 for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T40932] * Customized copyright footer messages on all wikis will be updated. The new versions will use wikitext markup instead of requiring editing raw HTML. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375789] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this month, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] will be rolled out on several pilot wikis. The final list of the wikis will be published in the second half of the month. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on [[phab:T376499|these 11 wikis]], and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Rate limiting has been enabled for the code review tools [[Wikitech:Gerrit|Gerrit]] and [[Wikitech:GitLab|GitLab]] to address ongoing issues caused by malicious traffic and scraping. Clients that open too many concurrent connections will be restricted for a few minutes. This rate limiting is managed through [[Wikitech:nftables|nftables]] firewall rules. For more details, see Wikitech's pages on [[Wikitech:Firewall#Throttling with nftables|Firewall]], [[Wikitech:GitLab/Abuse and rate limiting|GitLab limits]] and [[Wikitech:Gerrit/Operations#Throttling IPs|Gerrit operations]]. * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q49224|Komering]] ([[w:kge:|<code>w:kge:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374813] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36096|Mooré]] ([[m:mos:|<code>m:mos:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374641] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[wikt:mad:|<code>wikt:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374968] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q2501174|Gorontalo]] ([[q:gor:|<code>q:gor:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375088] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikinews}} in [[d:Q56482|Shan]] ([[n:shn:|<code>n:shn:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375430] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:२८, ८ अक्टोबर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27557422 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is starting to be removed. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|A first set of wikis]] are being contacted. These wikis are invited to stop using Flow, and to move all Flow boards to sub-pages, as archives. At these wikis, a script will move all Flow pages that aren't a sub-page to a sub-page automatically, starting on 22 October 2024. On 28 October 2024, all Flow boards at these wikis will be set in read-only mode. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370722] * WMF's Search Platform team is working on making it easier for readers to perform text searches in their language. A [[phab:T332342|change last week]] on over 30 languages makes it easier to find words with accents and other diacritics. This applies to both full-text search and to types of advanced search such as the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''hastemplate''</bdi> and <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">''incategory''</bdi> keywords. More technical details (including a few other minor search upgrades) are available. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/User:TJones_%28WMF%29/Notes/Language_Analyzer_Harmonization_Notes#ASCII-folding/ICU-folding_%28T332342%29] * View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|EditCheck]] was installed at Russian Wikipedia, and fixes were made for some missing user interface styles. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors who use the Toolforge tool [[toolforge:copyvios|Earwig's Copyright Violation Detector]] will now be required to log in with their Wikimedia account before running checks using the "search engine" option. This change is needed to help prevent external bots from misusing the system. Thanks to Chlod for these improvements. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:New_pages_patrol/Reviewers#Authentication_is_now_required_for_search_engine_checks_on_Earwig's_Copyvio_Tool] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator|Phabricator]] users can create tickets and add comments on existing tickets via Email again. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Phabricator/Help#Using email|Sending email to Phabricator]] has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T356077] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Some HTML elements in the interface are now wrapped with a <code><nowiki><bdi></nowiki></code> element, to make our HTML output more aligned with Web standards. More changes like this will be coming in future weeks. This change might break some tools that rely on the previous HTML structure of the interface. Note that relying on the HTML structure of the interface is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Stable interface policy/Frontend#What is not stable?|not recommended]] and might break at any time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375975] '''In depth''' * The latest monthly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Reports/September 2024|MediaWiki Product Insights newsletter]] is available. This edition includes: updates on Wikimedia's authentication system, research to simplify feature development in the MediaWiki platform, updates on Parser Unification and MathML rollout, and more. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2024/October|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition include: research about improving topic suggestions related to countries, improvements to PHPUnit tests, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:०७, १५ अक्टोबर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27597254 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Mobile Apps team has released an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh#Phase 1: Creating a user Profile Menu (T373714)|update]] to the iOS app's navigation, and it is now available in the latest App store version. The team added a new Profile menu that allows for easy access to editor features like Notifications and Watchlist from the Article view, and brings the "Donate" button into a more accessible place for users who are reading an article. This is the first phase of a larger planned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Navigation Refresh|navigation refresh]] to help the iOS app transition from a primarily reader-focused app, to an app that fully supports reading and editing. The Wikimedia Foundation has added more editing features and support for on-wiki communication based on volunteer requests in recent years. [[File:IOS App Navigation refresh first phase 05.png|thumb|iOS Wikipedia App's profile menu and contents]] '''Updates for editors''' * Wikipedia readers can now download a browser extension to experiment with some early ideas on potential features that recommend articles for further reading, automatically summarize articles, and improve search functionality. For more details and to stay updated, check out the Web team's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments|Content Discovery Experiments page]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Newsletter:Web team's projects|subscribe to their newsletter]]. * Later this month, logged-out editors of [[phab:T376499|these 12 wikis]] will start to have [[mw:Special:Mylanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] created. The list may slightly change - some wikis may be removed but none will be added. Temporary account is a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/User account types|type of user account]]. It enhances the logged-out editors' privacy and makes it easier for community members to communicate with them. If you maintain any tools, bots, or gadgets on these 12 wikis, and your software is using data about IP addresses or is available for logged-out users, please check if it needs to be updated to work with temporary accounts. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|Guidance on how to update the code is available]]. Read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|deployment plan across all wikis]]. * View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[w:nr:Main Page|South Ndebele]], [[w:rsk:Главни бок|Pannonian Rusyn]], [[w:ann:Uwu|Obolo]], [[w:iba:Lambar Keterubah|Iban]] and [[w:tdd:ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ|Tai Nüa]] Wikipedia languages were created last week. [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36785][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35660][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36614][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33424][https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36556] * It is now possible to create functions on Wikifunctions using Wikidata lexemes, through the new [[f:Z6005|Wikidata lexeme type]] launched last week. When you go to one of these functions, the user interface provides a lexeme selector that helps you pick a lexeme from Wikidata that matches the word you type. After hitting run, your selected lexeme is retrieved from Wikidata, transformed into a Wikidata lexeme type, and passed into the selected function. Read more about this in [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2024-10-17#Function of the Week: select representation from lexeme|the latest Wikifunctions newsletter]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Users of the Wikimedia sites can now format dates more easily in different languages with the new <code dir="ltr">{{[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef|#timef]]:…}}</code> parser function. For example, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#timef:now|date|en}}</nowiki></code> will show as "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">{{#timef:now|date|en}}</bdi>". Previously, <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{#time:…}}</nowiki></code> could be used to format dates, but this required knowledge of the order of the time and date components and their intervening punctuation. <code dir="ltr">#timef</code> (or <code dir="ltr">#timefl</code> for local time) provides access to the standard date formats that MediaWiki uses in its user interface. This may help to simplify some templates on multi-lingual wikis like Commons and Meta. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T223772][https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##timef] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Commons and Meta users can now efficiently [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Localization|retrieve the user's language]] using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{USERLANGUAGE}}</nowiki></code> instead of using <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{int:lang}}</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T4085] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Tech Advisory Council]] (PTAC) now has its pilot members with representation across Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America. They will work to address the [[Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Technology Council|Movement Strategy's Technology Council]] initiative of having a co-defined and more resilient technological platform. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Movement_Strategy/Initiatives/Technology_Council] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/32|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: an upcoming Newcomer Homepage Community Updates module, new Community Configuration options, and details on new projects. * The Wikimedia Foundation is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Security Team#CNA Partnership|now an official partner of the CVE program]], which is an international effort to catalog publicly disclosed cybersecurity vulnerabilities. This partnership will allow the Security Team to instantly publish [[w:en:Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures|common vulnerabilities and exposures]] (CVE) records that are affecting MediaWiki core, extensions, and skins, along with any other code the Foundation is a steward of. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]] is now [[m:Community Wishlist/Updates#October 16, 2024: Conversations Made Easier: Machine-Translated Wishes Are Here!|testing machine translations]] for Wishlist content. Volunteers can now read machine-translated versions of wishes and dive into discussions even before translators arrive to translate content. '''Meetings and events''' * 24 October - Wiki Education Speaker Series Webinar - [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/N4XTB4G55BUY3M3PNGUAKQWJ7A4UOPAK/ Open Source Tech: Building the Wiki Education Dashboard], featuring Wikimedia interns and a Web developer in the panel. * 20–22 December 2024 - [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024|Indic Wikimedia Hackathon Bhubaneswar 2024]] in Odisha, India. A hackathon for community members, including developers, designers and content editors, to build technical solutions that improve contributors' experiences. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:३८, २२ अक्टोबर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27634672 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later in November, the Charts extension will be deployed to the test wikis in order to help identify and fix any issue. A security review is underway to then enable deployment to pilot wikis for broader testing. You can read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#October 2024: Working towards production deployment|the October project update]] and see the [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Charts latest documentation and examples on Beta Wikipedia]. * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[w:en:PediaPress|Pediapress.com]], an external service that creates books from Wikipedia, can now use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Maps|Wikimedia Maps]] to include existing pre-rendered infobox map images in their printed books on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375761] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikis can use [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GuidedTour|the Guided Tour extension]] to help newcomers understand how to edit. The Guided Tours extension now works with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Dark mode|dark mode]]. Guided Tour maintainers can check their tours to see that nothing looks odd. They can also set <code>emitTransitionOnStep</code> to <code>true</code> to fix an old bug. They can use the new flag <code>allowAutomaticBack</code> to avoid back-buttons they don't want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T73927#10241528] * Administrators in the Wikimedia projects who use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Nuke|Nuke Extension]] will notice that mass deletions done with this tool have the "Nuke" tag. This change will make reviewing and analyzing deletions performed with the tool easier. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366068] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:४१, २९ अक्टोबर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27668811 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Stewards can now make [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global blocks|global account blocks]] cause global [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblocks]]. This will assist stewards in preventing abuse from users who have been globally blocked. This includes preventing globally blocked temporary accounts from exiting their session or switching browsers to make subsequent edits for 24 hours. Previously, temporary accounts could exit their current session or switch browsers to continue editing. This is an anti-abuse tool improvement for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] project. You can read more about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|progress on key features for temporary accounts]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368949] * Wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]] can now use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Event list#October 29, 2024: Collaboration List launched|Collaboration List]] feature. This list provides a new, easy way for contributors to learn about WikiProjects on their wikis. Thanks to the Campaign team for this work that is part of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2024-2025/Product %26 Technology OKRs#WE KRs|the 2024/25 annual plan]]. If you are interested in bringing the CampaignEvents extension to your wiki, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|follow these steps]] or you can reach out to User:Udehb-WMF for help. * The text color for red links will be slightly changed later this week to improve their contrast in light mode. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370446] * View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, on multilingual wikis, users [[phab:T216368|can now]] hide translations from the WhatLinksHere special page. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * XML [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Data dumps|data dumps]] have been temporarily paused whilst a bug is investigated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/xmldatadumps-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/BXWJDPO5QI2QMBCY7HO36ELDCRO6HRM4/] '''In depth''' * Temporary Accounts have been deployed to six wikis; thanks to the Trust and Safety Product team for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|this work]], you can read about [[phab:T340001|the deployment plans]]. Beginning next week, Temporary Accounts will also be enabled on [[phab:T378336|seven other projects]]. If you are active on these wikis and need help migrating your tools, please reach out to [[m:User:Udehb-WMF|User:Udehb-WMF]] for assistance. * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2024/October|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: New languages supported in translatewiki or in MediaWiki; New keyboard input methods for some languages; details about recent and upcoming meetings, and more. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2024]] is happening in Vienna, Austria and online from 4 to 6 November 2024. The conference will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:३५, ५ नोभेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27693917 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Translate|Translate extension]] enabled, users will notice that the FuzzyBot will now automatically create translated versions of categories used on translated pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285463] * View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the submitted task to use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:SecurePoll|SecurePoll extension]] for English Wikipedia's special [[w:en:Wikipedia:Administrator elections|administrator election]] was resolved on time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371454] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] In <code dir="ltr">[[mw:MediaWiki_1.44/wmf.2|1.44.0-wmf-2]]</code>, the logic of Wikibase function <code>getAllStatements</code> changed to behave like <code>getBestStatements</code>. Invoking the function now returns a copy of values which are immutable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T270851] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. The API will be rerouting some page content endpoints from RESTbase to the newer [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST API]] endpoints. The [[phab:T374683|impacted endpoints]] include getting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content. These changes will be available on testwiki later this week, with other projects to follow. This change should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints should verify behavior on testwiki, and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]]. '''In depth''' * Admins and users of the Wikimedia projects [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator_Tools/Automoderator#Usage|where Automoderator is enabled]] can now monitor and evaluate important metrics related to Automoderator's actions. [https://superset.wmcloud.org/superset/dashboard/unified-automoderator-activity-dashboard/ This Superset dashboard] calculates and aggregates metrics about Automoderator's behaviour on the projects in which it is deployed. Thanks to the Moderator Tools team for this Dashboard; you can visit [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Automoderator/Unified Activity Dashboard|the documentation page]] for more information about this work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369488] '''Meetings and events''' * 21 November 2024 ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] & [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]) - [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Community call]] with Wikimedia Commons volunteers and stakeholders to help prioritize support efforts for 2025-2026 Fiscal Year. The theme of this call is how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:५२, १२ नोभेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27732268 --> == This Month in Education: October 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 8 • October 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year|CBSUA Wiki Education turns 1 year]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic|7th Senior WikiTown took place in Becov nad Teplou, Czech Republic]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo|Edit-a-thon about Modern Architecture in Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Edu_Wiki_in_South_Sudan:_Creating_a_better_future_in_education|Empowering Digital Literacy through Wikimedia in South Sudan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD|Many new articles and contributions in September and October for Wikimedia MKD]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month |New Record: 5 Events in Municipal Library within a Month]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms|Wiki-Education programs in Brazil are centered around the Wikidata and Wikisource platforms]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global|WikiChallenge African Schools wins the “Open Pedagogy” Award 2024 from OE Global]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills|Wikipedia helps in improving cognitive skills]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact|Wikipedia in Graduate Studies: Expanding Research Impact]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2024/WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club|WiLMa PH establishes a Wiki Club]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २०:४२, १२ नोभेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27733413 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of Wikimedia sites will now be warned when they create a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects|redirect]] to a page that doesn't exist. This will reduce the number of broken redirects to red links in our projects. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326057] * View all {{formatnum:42}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:42|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Pywikibot/Overview|Pywikibot]], which automates work on MediaWiki sites, was upgraded to 9.5.0 on Toolforge. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * On wikis that use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:FlaggedRevs|FlaggedRevs extension]], pages created or moved by users with the appropriate permissions are marked as flagged automatically. This feature has not been working recently, and changes fixing it should be deployed this week. Thanks to Daniel and Wargo for working on this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379218][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368380] '''In depth''' * There is a new [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/11/05/say-hi-to-temporary-accounts-easier-collaboration-with-logged-out-editors-with-better-privacy-protection Diff post] about Temporary Accounts, available in more than 15 languages. Read it to learn about what Temporary Accounts are, their impact on different groups of users, and the plan to introduce the change on all wikis. '''Meetings and events''' * Technical volunteers can now register for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which will take place in Istanbul, Turkey. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/hackathon2025/ Application for travel and accommodation scholarships] is open from '''November 12 to December 10 2024'''. The registration for the event will close in mid-April 2025. The Wikimedia Hackathon is an annual gathering that unites the global technical community to collaborate on existing projects and explore new ideas. * Join the [[C:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF%20support%20for%20Commons/Commons%20community%20calls|Wikimedia Commons community calls]] this week to help prioritize support for Commons which will be planned for 2025–2026. The theme will be how content should be organised on Wikimedia Commons. This is an opportunity for volunteers who work on different things to come together and talk about what matters for the future of the project. The calls will take place '''November 21, 2024, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 8:00 UTC|8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 21 November 2024 16:00 UTC|16:00 UTC]]'''. * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place '''November 29, 16:00 UTC''' to discuss updates and technical problem-solving. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:४६, १९ नोभेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27806858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new version of the standard wikitext editor-mode [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|syntax highlighter]] will be available as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] later this week. This brings many new features and bug fixes, including right-to-left support, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Template folding|template folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and an improved search panel. You can learn more on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|help page]]. * The 2010 wikitext editor now supports common keyboard shortcuts such <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>B</code></bdi> for bold and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>I</code></bdi> for italics. A full [[mw:Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|list of all six shortcuts]] is available. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62928] * Starting November 28, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>bswiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>elwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>euwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>fiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiquote</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikiversity</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwikivoyage</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>idwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>lvwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>plwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>ptwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>urwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>viwikisource</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwikisource</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a user creating a new AbuseFilter can now only set the filter to "protected" [[phab:T377765|if it includes a protected variable]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]], which can be used in JavaScript, CSS, JSON, and Lua pages, [[phab:T377663|now offers]] live autocompletion. Thanks to SD0001 for this improvement. The feature can be temporarily disabled on a page by pressing <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>Ctrl</code>+<code>,</code></bdi> and un-selecting "<bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Live Autocompletion</bdi>". * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Tool-maintainers who use the Graphite system for tracking metrics, need to migrate to the newer Prometheus system. They can check [https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/K6DEOo5Ik/grafana-graphite-datasource-utilization?orgId=1 this dashboard] and the list in the Description of the [[phab:T350592|task T350592]] to see if their tools are listed, and they should claim metrics and dashboards connected to their tools. They can then disable or migrate all existing metrics by following the instructions in the task. The Graphite service will become read-only in April. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/KLUV4IOLRYXPQFWD6WKKJUHMWE77BMSZ/] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/NewPP parser report|New PreProcessor parser performance report]] has been fixed to give an accurate count for the number of Wikibase entities accessed. It had previously been resetting after 400 entities. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T279069] '''Meetings and events''' * A [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community meetings#29 November 2024|Language community meeting]] will take place November 29 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000 16:00 UTC]. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Mooré Wikipedia, the language support track at [[m:Wiki Indaba|Wiki Indaba]], and a report from the Wayuunaiki community on their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community over the last 3 years. This meeting will be in English and will also have Spanish interpretation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:२७, २६ नोभेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27847039 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Two new parser functions were added this week. The <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interwikilink|#interwikilink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interwiki links|interwiki link]] and the <code dir="ltr"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#interlanguagelink|#interlanguagelink]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code> function adds an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Links#Interlanguage links|interlanguage link]]. These parser functions are useful on wikis where namespaces conflict with interwiki prefixes. For example, links beginning with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>MOS:</code></bdi> on English Wikipedia [[phab:T363538|conflict with the <code>mos</code> language code prefix of Mooré Wikipedia]]. * Starting this week, Wikimedia wikis no longer support connections using old RSA-based HTTPS certificates, specifically rsa-2048. This change is to improve security for all users. Some older, unsupported browser or smartphone devices will be unable to connect; Instead, they will display a connectivity error. See the [[wikitech:HTTPS/Browser_Recommendations|HTTPS Browser Recommendations page]] for more-detailed information. All modern operating systems and browsers are always able to reach Wikimedia projects. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/CTYEHVNSXUD3NFAAMG3BLZVTVQWJXJAH/] * Starting December 16, Flow/Structured Discussions pages will be automatically archived and set to read-only at the following wikis: <bdi>arwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>cawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>frwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>mediawikiwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>orwiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wawiktionary</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>wikidatawiki</bdi>{{int:comma-separator/en}}<bdi>zhwiki</bdi>. This is done as part of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured_Discussions/Deprecation|StructuredDiscussions deprecation work]]. If you need any assistance to archive your page in advance, please contact [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380910] * This month the Chart extension was deployed to production and is now available on Commons and Testwiki. With the security review complete, pilot wiki deployment is expected to start in the first week of December. You can see a working version [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug with the "Download as PDF" system was fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376438] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In late February, temporary accounts will be rolled out on at least 10 large wikis. This deployment will have a significant effect on the community-maintained code. This is about Toolforge tools, bots, gadgets, and user scripts that use IP address data or that are available for logged-out users. The Trust and Safety Product team wants to identify this code, monitor it, and assist in updating it ahead of the deployment to minimize disruption to workflows. The team asks technical editors and volunteer developers to help identify such tools by adding them to [[mw:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers/Impacted tools|this list]]. In addition, review the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|updated documentation]] to learn how to adjust the tools. Join the discussions on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|project talk page]] or in the [[discord:channels/221049808784326656/1227616742340034722|dedicated thread]] on the [[w:Wikipedia:Discord|Wikimedia Community Discord server (in English)]] for support and to share feedback. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:०८, ३ डिसेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27873992 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Technical documentation contributors can find updated resources, and new ways to connect with each other and the Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team, at the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Documentation|Documentation hub]] on MediaWiki.org. This page links to: resources for writing and improving documentation, a new <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">#wikimedia-techdocs</bdi> IRC channel on libera.chat, a listing of past and upcoming documentation events, and ways to request a documentation consultation or review. If you have any feedback or ideas for improvements to the documentation ecosystem, please [[mw:Wikimedia Technical Documentation Team#Contact us|contact the Technical Documentation Team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Edit Check on Desktop.png|thumb|Layout change for the Edit Check feature]] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit Check]] will be relocated to a sidebar on desktop. Edit check is the feature for new editors to help them follow policies and guidelines. This layout change creates space to present people with [[mw:Edit check#1 November 2024|new Checks]] that appear ''while'' they are typing. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#Reference Check A/B Test|initial results]] show newcomers encountering Edit Check are 2.2 times more likely to publish a new content edit that includes a reference and is not reverted. * The Chart extension, which enables editors to create data visualizations, was successfully made available on MediaWiki.org and three pilot wikis (Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedias). You can see a working examples [[testwiki:Charts|on Testwiki]] and read [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|the November project update]] for more details. * Translators in wikis where the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation/Section translation#Try the tool|mobile experience of Content Translation is available]], can now discover articles in Wikiproject campaigns of their interest from the "[https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=specialcx&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=collections&active-list=suggestions&from=es&to=en All collection]" category in the articles suggestion feature. Wikiproject Campaign organizers can use this feature, to help translators to discover articles of interest, by adding the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><page-collection> </page-collection></nowiki></code> tag to their campaign article list page on Meta-wiki. This will make those articles discoverable in the Content Translation tool. For more detailed information on how to use the tool and tag, please refer to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists/How to use the features|the step-by-step guide]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378958] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Nuke]] feature, which enables administrators to mass delete pages, now has a [[phab:T376379#10310998|multiselect filter for namespace selection]]. This enables users to select multiple specific namespaces, instead of only one or all, when fetching pages for deletion. * The Nuke feature also now [[phab:T364225#10371365|provides links]] to the userpage of the user whose pages were deleted, and to the pages which were not selected for deletion, after page deletions are queued. This enables easier follow-up admin-actions. Thanks to Chlod and the Moderator Tools team for both of these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364225#10371365] * The Editing Team is working on making it easier to populate citations from archive.org using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|Citoid]] tool, the auto-filled citation generator. They are asking communities to add two parameters preemptively, <code dir=ltr>archiveUrl</code> and <code dir=ltr>archiveDate</code>, within the TemplateData for each citation template using Citoid. You can see an [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACite_web%2Fdoc&diff=1261320172&oldid=1260788022 example of a change in a template], and a [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?namespaces=10&q=%5C%22citoid%5C%22%3A%20%5C%7B&regex=1&title= list of all relevant templates]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374831] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikivoyage}} in [[d:Q9240|Indonesian]] ([[voy:id:|<code>voy:id:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380726] * Last week, all wikis had problems serving pages to logged-in users and some logged-out users for 30–45 minutes. This was caused by a database problem, and investigation is ongoing. [https://www.wikimediastatus.net/incidents/3g2ckc7bp6l9] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add Link]] feature has been fixed. Previously, the list of sections which are excluded from Add Link was partially ignored in certain cases. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380455][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380329] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, now has an early-stage [[git:design/codex-php|implementation in PHP]]. It is available for general use in MediaWiki extensions and Toolforge apps through [https://packagist.org/packages/wikimedia/codex Composer], with use in MediaWiki core coming soon. More information is available in [[wmdoc:design-codex-php/main/index.html|the documentation]]. Thanks to Doğu for the inspiration and many contributions to the library. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379662] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/ Wikimedia REST API] users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. On December 4, the MediaWiki Interfaces team began rerouting page/revision metadata and rendered HTML content endpoints on [[testwiki:|testwiki]] from RESTbase to comparable MediaWiki REST API endpoints. The team encourages active users of these endpoints to verify their tool's behavior on testwiki and raise any concerns on the related [[phab:T374683|Phabricator ticket]] before the end of the year, as they intend to roll out the same change across all Wikimedia projects in early January. These changes are part of the work to replace the outdated [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|RESTBase]] system. * The [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/986172 2024 Developer Satisfaction Survey] is seeking the opinions of the Wikimedia developer community. Please take the survey if you have any role in developing software for the Wikimedia ecosystem. The survey is open until 3 January 2025, and has an associated [[foundation:Legal:Developer Satisfaction Survey 2024 Privacy Statement|privacy statement]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation discussions with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12 December 2024 08:00 UTC|December 12 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Event:Commons community discussion - 12_December 2024 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is new media and new contributors. Contributors from all wikis are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:०१, १० डिसेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27919424 --> == This Month in Education: November 2024 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 13 • Issue 9 • November 2024</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2024/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Student Programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language|Citizenship and free knowledge on Wikipedia in Albanian language]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week|Engaging students with Wikipedia and Wikidata at Hasanuddin University’s Wikimedia Week]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania|Minigrant initiative by empowering the Rrëshen community in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024|Wikidata birthday in Albania, 2024]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikidata birthday in School |Wikidata birthday in School]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University|Wikimedia Education Workshop at Lumbini Technological University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content|Wikimedia MKD's new collaborations and new content]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2024/Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program|Improving Historical Knowledge on Persian Wikipedia through a continuous Wikimedia Education Program: Shahid Beheshti University Wikipedia Education Program]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २०:५८, १० डिसेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=27879342 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2024-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2024-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Interested in improving event management on your home wiki? The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] offers organizers features like event registration management, event/wikiproject promotion, finding potential participants, and more - all directly on-wiki. If you are an organizer or think your community would benefit from this extension, start a discussion to enable it on your wiki today. To learn more about how to enable this extension on your wiki, visit the [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|deployment status page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in Italy and Mexico on the Italian, Spanish, and English Wikipedias, can see a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review|personalized Year in Review]] with insights based on their reading and editing history. * Users of the Android Wikipedia App in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia can see the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Rabbit Holes|Rabbit Holes]] feature. This feature shows a suggested search term in the Search bar based on the current article being viewed, and a suggested reading list generated from the user’s last two visited articles. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|global reminder bot]] is now active and running on nearly 800 wikis. This service reminds most users holding temporary rights when they are about to expire, so that they can renew should they want to. See [[m:Global reminder bot/Technical details|the technical details page]] for more information. * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 13 January 2025 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was [[phab:T374988|fixed]] in the Android Wikipedia App which had caused translatable SVG images to show the wrong language when they were tapped. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There is no new MediaWiki version next week. The next deployments will start on 14 January. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deployments/Yearly_calendar/2025] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2024-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:१०, १७ डिसेम्बर २०२४ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=27942374 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Single User Login system is being updated over the next few months. This is the system which allows users to fill out the login form on one Wikimedia site and get logged in on all others at the same time. It needs to be updated because of the ways that browsers are increasingly restricting cross-domain cookies. To accommodate these restrictions, login and account creation pages will move to a central domain, but it will still appear to the user as if they are on the originating wiki. The updated code will be enabled this week for users on test wikis. This change is planned to roll out to all users during February and March. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and a timeline. '''Updates for editors''' * On wikis with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments|PageAssessments]] installed, you can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:PageAssessments#Search|filter search results]] to pages in a given WikiProject by using the <code dir=ltr>inproject:</code> keyword. (These wikis: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwikivoyage/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-huwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-newiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378868] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q34129|Tigre]] ([[w:tig:|<code>w:tig:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381377] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with updating a user's edit-count after making a rollback edit, which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382592] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia REST API users, such as bot operators and tool maintainers, may be affected by ongoing upgrades. Starting the week of January 13, we will begin rerouting [[phab:T374683|some page content endpoints]] from RESTbase to the newer MediaWiki REST API endpoints for all wiki projects. This change was previously available on testwiki and should not affect existing functionality, but active users of the impacted endpoints may raise issues directly to the [[phab:project/view/6931/|MediaWiki Interfaces Team]] in Phabricator if they arise. * Toolforge tool maintainers can now share their feedback on Toolforge UI, an initiative to provide a web platform that allows creating and managing Toolforge tools through a graphic interface, in addition to existing command-line workflows. This project aims to streamline active maintainers’ tasks, as well as make registration and deployment processes more accessible for new tool creators. The initiative is still at a very early stage, and the Cloud Services team is in the process of collecting feedback from the Toolforge community to help shape the solution to their needs. [[wikitech:Wikimedia Cloud Services team/EnhancementProposals/Toolforge UI|Read more and share your thoughts about Toolforge UI]]. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] For tool and library developers who use the OAuth system: The identity endpoint used for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user|OAuth 1]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#Identifying the user 2|OAuth 2]] returned a JSON object with an integer in its <code>sub</code> field, which was incorrect (the field must always be a string). This has been fixed; the fix will be deployed to Wikimedia wikis on the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382139] * Many wikis currently use [[:mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|Cite CSS]] to render custom footnote markers in Parsoid output. Starting January 20 these rules will be disabled, but the developers ask you to ''not'' clean up your <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi> until February 20 to avoid issues during the migration. Your wikis might experience some small changes to footnote markers in Visual Editor and when using experimental Parsoid read mode, but if there are changes these are expected to bring the rendering in line with the legacy parser output. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370027] '''Meetings and events''' * The next meeting in the series of [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:WMF support for Commons/Commons community calls|Wikimedia Foundation Community Conversations with the Wikimedia Commons community]] will take place on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 08:00 UTC|January 15 at 8:00 UTC]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Commons community discussion - 15 January 2025 16:00 UTC|at 16:00 UTC]]. The topic of this call is defining the priorities in tool investment for Commons. Contributors from all wikis, especially users who are maintaining tools for Commons, are welcome to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:२७, १४ जनवरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28048614 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can mass-delete multiple pages created by a user or IP address using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Nuke|Extension:Nuke]]. It previously only allowed deletion of pages created in the last 30 days. It can now delete pages from the last 90 days, provided it is targeting a specific user or IP address. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380846] * On [[phab:P72148|wikis that use]] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Patrolled edits|Patrolled edits]] feature, when the rollback feature is used to revert an unpatrolled page revision, that revision will now be marked as "manually patrolled" instead of "autopatrolled", which is more accurate. Some editors that use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:New filters for edit review/Filtering|filters]] on Recent Changes may need to update their filter settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T302140] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Visual Editor's "Insert link" feature did not always suggest existing pages properly when an editor started typing, which has now been [[phab:T383497|fixed]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Structured Discussion extension (also known as Flow) is being progressively removed from the wikis. This extension is unmaintained and causes issues. It will be replaced by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]], which is used on any regular talk page. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Structured Discussions/Deprecation#Deprecation timeline|The last group of wikis]] ({{int:project-localized-name-cawikiquote/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fiwikimedia/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-gomwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kabwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwikibooks/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-sewikimedia/en}}) will soon be contacted. If you have questions about this process, please ping [[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] at your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380912] * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical_Community_Newsletter/2025/January|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: updates about services from the Data Platform Engineering teams, information about Codex from the Design System team, and more. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:२२, २१ जनवरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28129769 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Patrollers and admins - what information or context about edits or users could help you to make patroller or admin decisions more quickly or easily? The Wikimedia Foundation wants to hear from you to help guide its upcoming annual plan. Please consider sharing your thoughts on this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|13 other questions]] to shape the technical direction for next year. '''Updates for editors''' * iOS Wikipedia App users worldwide can now access a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Personalized Wikipedia Year in Review/How your data is used|personalized Year in Review]] feature, which provides insights based on their reading and editing history on Wikipedia. This project is part of a broader effort to help welcome new readers as they discover and interact with encyclopedic content. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Edit patrollers now have a new feature available that can highlight potentially problematic new pages. When a page is created with the same title as a page which was previously deleted, a tag ('Recreated') will now be added, which users can filter for in [[{{#special:RecentChanges}}]] and [[{{#special:NewPages}}]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T56145] * Later this week, there will be a new warning for editors if they attempt to create a redirect that links to another redirect (a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Redirects#Double redirects|double redirect]]). The feature will recommend that they link directly to the second redirect's target page. Thanks to the user SomeRandomDeveloper for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326056] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Wikimedia wikis allow [[w:en:WebAuthn|WebAuthn]]-based second factor checks (such as hardware tokens) during login, but the feature is [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Miscellaneous/Fix security key (WebAuthn) support|fragile]] and has very few users. The MediaWiki Platform team is temporarily disabling adding new WebAuthn keys, to avoid interfering with the rollout of [[mw:MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3]] (single user login version 3). Existing keys are unaffected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378402] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For developers that use the [[wikitech:Data Platform/Data Lake/Edits/MediaWiki history dumps|MediaWiki History dumps]]: The Data Platform Engineering team has added a couple of new fields to these dumps, to support the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Temporary Accounts]] initiative. If you maintain software that reads those dumps, please review your code and the updated documentation, since the order of the fields in the row will change. There will also be one field rename: in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>mediawiki_user_history</code></bdi> dump, the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>anonymous</code></bdi> field will be renamed to <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>is_anonymous</code></bdi>. The changes will take effect with the next release of the dumps in February. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LKMFDS62TXGDN6L56F4ABXYLN7CSCQDI/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:००, २८ जनवरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28149374 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use the "Special characters" editing-toolbar menu can now see the 32 special characters you have used most recently, across editing sessions on that wiki. This change should help make it easier to find the characters you use most often. The feature is in both the 2010 wikitext editor and VisualEditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T110722] * Editors using the 2010 wikitext editor can now create sublists with correct indentation by selecting the line(s) you want to indent and then clicking the toolbar buttons.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380438] You can now also insert <code><nowiki><code></nowiki></code> tags using a new toolbar button.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383010] Thanks to user stjn for these improvements. * Help is needed to ensure the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]] works properly on each wiki. ** (1) Administrators should update the local versions of the page <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json</code> to include entries for <code dir=ltr>preprint</code>, <code dir=ltr>standard</code>, and <code dir=ltr>dataset</code>; Here are example diffs to replicate [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1189164774&oldid=1165783565 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki%3ACitoid-template-type-map.json&diff=1270832208&oldid=1270828390 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. ** (2.1) If the citoid map in the citation template used for these types of references is missing, [[mediawikiwiki:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki#Step 2.a: Create a 'citoid' maps value for each citation template|one will need to be added]]. (2.2) If the citoid map does exist, the TemplateData will need to be updated to include new field names. Here are example updates [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270829051&oldid=1262470053 for 'preprint'] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template%3ACitation%2Fdoc&diff=1270831369&oldid=1270829480 for 'standard' and 'dataset']. The new fields that may need to be supported are <code dir=ltr>archiveID</code>, <code dir=ltr>identifier</code>, <code dir=ltr>repository</code>, <code dir=ltr>organization</code>, <code dir=ltr>repositoryLocation</code>, <code dir=ltr>committee</code>, and <code dir=ltr>versionNumber</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383666] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q15637215|Central Kanuri]] ([[w:knc:|<code>w:knc:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385181] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Wikisource/Wikimedia OCR|OCR (optical character recognition) tool]] used for Wikisource now supports a new language, Church Slavonic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384782] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:५४, ४ फेब्रुअरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28203495 --> == [[User:मर्मिक|मर्मिक]]बाट प्रश्न (११:३३, ४ फेब्रुअरी २०२५) == साच्चिकै लेख्न शैलीमा कस्तो प्रकारको शब्द चयन र प्रकाशन गर्दा कस्तो तरीकाबाट गर्न सकिन्छ हो मलाई Wikipediaको बारेमा ज्ञान् त छोइन अब सिक्न खोजिरहेको छु --[[User:मर्मिक|मर्मिक]] ([[User talk:मर्मिक|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) ११:३३, ४ फेब्रुअरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय) == This Month in Education: January 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 1 • January 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Advancing Education Pillar in Kosovo: 2024 Journey|Advancing Education Pillar in Kosovo: 2024 Journey]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Auckland Museum Wikipedia Students Making Progress|Auckland Museum Wikipedia Students Making Progress]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Celebrating 10 Years of Wiki Education|Celebrating 10 Years of Wiki Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Empowering Multilingual Students: Expanding Wikipedia Through Collaboration of foreign languages faculty's students of the University of Tehran|Empowering Multilingual Students: Expanding Wikipedia Through Collaboration of foreign languages faculty's students of the University of Tehran]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Ensuring accurate and authentic information with 1Lib1Ref Campaign in Anambra|Ensuring accurate and authentic information with 1Lib1Ref Campaign in Anambra]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Experiences of Wikipedia in the classroom with a gender perspective in Monterrey |Experiences of Wikipedia in the classroom with a gender perspective in Monterrey]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Fine Arts University Students exploring Wikipedia in Tirana, Albania|Fine Arts University Students exploring Wikipedia in Tirana, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Lviv hosted Ukraine’s first student photo walk for Wikipedia|Lviv hosted Ukraine’s first student photo walk for Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Many new trained volunteers and new articles at the end of the year in Macedonia|Many new trained volunteers and new articles at the end of the year in Macedonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Wikimedia and Scientific Events in Brazil|Wikimedia and Scientific Events in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2025/Wiki Workshop- Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop- Call for Contributions]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २१:४१, ५ फेब्रुअरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28111205 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Product and Technology Advisory Council (PTAC) has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|a draft of their recommendations]] for the Wikimedia Foundation's Product and Technology department. They have recommended focusing on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback/Mobile experiences|mobile experiences]], particularly contributions. They request community [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/February 2025 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|feedback at the talk page]] by 21 February. '''Updates for editors''' * The "Special pages" portlet link will be moved from the "Toolbox" into the "Navigation" section of the main menu's sidebar by default. This change is because the Toolbox is intended for tools relating to the current page, not tools relating to the site, so the link will be more logically and consistently located. To modify this behavior and update CSS styling, administrators can follow the instructions at [[phab:T385346|T385346]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T333211] * As part of this year's work around improving the ways readers discover content on the wikis, the Web team will be running an experiment with a small number of readers that displays some suggestions for related or interesting articles within the search bar. Please check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments#Experiment 1: Display article recommendations in more prominent locations, search|the project page]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template editors who use TemplateStyles can now customize output for users with specific accessibility needs by using accessibility related media queries (<code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-motion prefers-reduced-motion]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-reduced-transparency prefers-reduced-transparency]</code>, <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/prefers-contrast prefers-contrast]</code>, and <code dir=ltr>[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/@media/forced-colors forced-colors]</code>). Thanks to user Bawolff for these improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384175] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:22}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:22|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the global blocks log will now be shown directly on the {{#special:CentralAuth}} page, similarly to global locks, to simplify the workflows for stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377024] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Wikidata [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Default values for labels and aliases|now supports a special language as a "default for all languages"]] for labels and aliases. This is to avoid excessive duplication of the same information across many languages. If your Wikidata queries use labels, you may need to update them as some existing labels are getting removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T312511] * The function <code dir="ltr">getDescription</code> was invoked on every Wiki page read and accounts for ~2.5% of a page's total load time. The calculated value will now be cached, reducing load on Wikimedia servers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383660] * As part of the RESTBase deprecation [[mw:RESTBase/deprecation|effort]], the <code dir="ltr">/page/related</code> endpoint has been blocked as of February 6, 2025, and will be removed soon. This timeline was chosen to align with the deprecation schedules for older Android and iOS versions. The stable alternative is the "<code dir="ltr">morelike</code>" action API in MediaWiki, and [[gerrit:c/mediawiki/services/mobileapps/+/982154/13/pagelib/src/transform/FooterReadMore.js|a migration example]] is available. The MediaWiki Interfaces team [[phab:T376297|can be contacted]] for any questions. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/GFC2IJO7L4BWO3YTM7C5HF4MCCBE2RJ2/] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Language and Internationalization newsletter]] is available. It includes: Updates about the "Contribute" menu; details on some of the newest language editions of Wikipedia; details on new languages supported by the MediaWiki interface; updates on the Community-defined lists feature; and more. * The latest [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#January 2025: Better visibility into charts and tabular data usage|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on the progress towards bringing better visibility into global charts usage and support for categorizing pages in the Data namespace on Commons. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:५७, ११ फेब्रुअरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28231022 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Communities using growth tools can now showcase one event on the <code>{{#special:Homepage}}</code> for newcomers. This feature will help newcomers to be informed about editing activities they can participate in. Administrators can create a new event to showcase at <code>{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}</code>. To learn more about this feature, please read [[diffblog:2025/02/12/community-updates-module-connecting-newcomers-to-your-initiatives/|the Diff post]], have a look [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Community updates module|at the documentation]], or contact [[mw:Talk:Growth|the Growth team]]. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|thumb|Highlighted talk pages improvements]] * Starting next week, talk pages at these wikis – {{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}} – will get [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|a new design]]. This change was extensively tested as a Beta feature and is the last step of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|talk pages improvements]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379102] * You can now navigate to view a redirect page directly from its action pages, such as the history page. Previously, you were forced to first go to the redirect target. This change should help editors who work with redirects a lot. Thanks to user stjn for this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T5324] * When a Cite reference is reused many times, wikis currently show either numbers like "1.23" or localized alphabetic markers like "a b c" in the reference list. Previously, if there were so many reuses that the alphabetic markers were all used, [[MediaWiki:Cite error references no backlink label|an error message]] was displayed. As part of the work to [[phab:T383036|modernize Cite customization]], these errors will no longer be shown and instead the backlinks will fall back to showing numeric markers like "1.23" once the alphabetic markers are all used. * The log entries for each change to an editor's user-groups are now clearer by specifying exactly what has changed, instead of the plain before and after listings. Translators can [[phab:T369466|help to update the localized versions]]. Thanks to user Msz2001 for these improvements. * A new filter has been added to the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool, which allows administrators to mass delete pages, to enable users to filter for pages in a range of page sizes (in bytes). This allows, for example, deleting pages only of a certain size or below. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378488] * Non-administrators can now check which pages are able to be deleted using the [[{{#special:Nuke}}]] tool. Thanks to user MolecularPilot for this and the previous improvements. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376378] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:25}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:25|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed in the configuration for the AV1 video file format, which enables these files to play again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382193] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to most Wiktionaries over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyage to Parsoid Read Views last year. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385923][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371640] * Developers of tools that run on-wiki should note that <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> is deprecated. Tools requiring <code dir=ltr>mw.Uri</code> must explicitly declare <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.Uri</code> as a ResourceLoader dependency, and should migrate to the browser native <code dir=ltr>URL</code> API soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384515] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:०२, १८ फेब्रुअरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28275610 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators can now customize how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User language|Babel feature]] creates categories using [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Babel}}]]. They can rename language categories, choose whether they should be auto-created, and adjust other settings. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374348] * The <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://www.wikimedia.org/ wikimedia.org]</bdi> portal has been updated – and is receiving some ongoing improvements – to modernize and improve the accessibility of our portal pages. It now has better support for mobile layouts, updated wording and links, and better language support. Additionally, all of the Wikimedia project portals, such as <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[https://wikibooks.org wikibooks.org]</bdi>, now support dark mode when a reader is using that system setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373204][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368221][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Project_portals] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33965|Santali]] ([[wikt:sat:|<code>wikt:sat:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386619] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that prevented clicking on search results in the web-interface for some Firefox for Android phone configurations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381289] '''Meetings and events''' * The next Language Community Meeting is happening soon, February 28th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1740751200 14:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: highlights and technical updates on keyboard and tools for the Sámi languages, Translatewiki.net contributions from the Bahasa Lampung community in Indonesia, and technical Q&A. If you'd like to join, simply [[mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#28 February 2025|sign up on the wiki page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:२६, २५ फेब्रुअरी २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28296129 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * All logged-in editors using the mobile view can now edit a full page. The "{{int:Minerva-page-actions-editfull}}" link is accessible from the "{{int:minerva-page-actions-overflow}}" menu in the toolbar. This was previously only available to editors using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|Advanced mobile contributions]] setting. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387180] * Interface administrators can now help to remove the deprecated Cite CSS code matching "<code dir="ltr">mw-ref</code>" from their local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Common.css]]</bdi>. The list of wikis in need of cleanup, and the code to remove, [https://global-search.toolforge.org/?q=mw-ref%5B%5E-a-z%5D&regex=1&namespaces=8&title=.*css can be found with this global search] and in [https://ace.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Common.css&oldid=145662#L-139--L-144 this example], and you can learn more about how to help on the [[mw:Parsoid/Parser Unification/Cite CSS|CSS migration project page]]. The Cite footnote markers ("<code dir="ltr">[1]</code>") are now rendered by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid|Parsoid]], and the deprecated CSS is no longer needed. The CSS for backlinks ("<code dir="ltr">mw:referencedBy</code>") should remain in place for now. This cleanup is expected to cause no visible changes for readers. Please help to remove this code before March 20, after which the development team will do it for you. * When editors embed a file (e.g. <code><nowiki>[[File:MediaWiki.png]]</nowiki></code>) on a page that is protected with cascading protection, the software will no longer restrict edits to the file description page, only to new file uploads.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24521] In contrast, transcluding a file description page (e.g. <code><nowiki>{{:File:MediaWiki.png}}</nowiki></code>) will now restrict edits to the page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62109] * When editors revert a file to an earlier version it will now require the same permissions as ordinarily uploading a new version of the file. The software now checks for 'reupload' or 'reupload-own' rights,[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T304474] and respects cascading protection.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T140010] * When administrators are listing pages for deletion with the Nuke tool, they can now also list associated talk pages and redirects for deletion, alongside pages created by the target, rather than needing to manually delete these pages afterwards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T95797] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/03|previously noted]] update to Single User Login, which will accommodate browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies by moving login and account creation to a central domain, will now roll out to all users during March and April. The team plans to enable it for all new account creation on [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Tuesday|Group0]] wikis this week. See [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3#Deployment|the SUL3 project page]] for more details and an updated timeline. * Since last week there has been a bug that shows some interface icons as black squares until the page has fully loaded. It will be fixed this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387351] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q2044560|Sylheti]] ([[w:syl:|<code>w:syl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386441] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed with loading images in very old versions of the Firefox browser on mobile. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386400] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०८:१६, ४ मार्च २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28334563 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors who use password managers at multiple wikis may notice changes in the future. The way that our wikis provide information to password managers about reusing passwords across domains has recently been updated, so some password managers might now offer you login credentials that you saved for a different Wikimedia site. Some password managers already did this, and are now doing it for more Wikimedia domains. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|SUL3 project]] which aims to improve how our unified login works, and to keep it compatible with ongoing changes to the web-browsers we use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T385520][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384844] * The Wikipedia Apps Team is inviting interested users to help improve Wikipedia’s offline and limited internet use. After discussions in [[m:Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]] and the last [[m:Special:MyLanguage/ESEAP Hub/Meetings|ESEAP call]], key challenges like search, editing, and offline access are being explored, with upcoming focus groups to dive deeper into these topics. All languages are welcome, and interpretation will be available. Want to share your thoughts? [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Improving Wikipedia Mobile Apps for Offline & Limited Internet Use|Join the discussion]] or email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">aramadan@wikimedia.org</bdi>! * All wikis will be read-only for a few minutes on March 19. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 14:00 UTC]. More information will be published in Tech News and will also be posted on individual wikis in the coming weeks. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/33|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the launch of the Community Updates module, the most recent changes in Community Configuration, and the upcoming test of in-article suggestions for first-time editors. * An old API that was previously used in the Android Wikipedia app is being removed at the end of March. There are no current software uses, but users of the app with a version that is older than 6 months by the time of removal (2025-03-31), will no longer have access to the Suggested Edits feature, until they update their app. You can [[diffblog:2025/02/24/sunset-of-wikimedia-recommendation-api/|read more details about this change]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:५५, ११ मार्च २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28372257 --> == This Month in Education: February 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 2 • February 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Activities series at the Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania|Activities series at the Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia Brazil has formed a partnership with a public policy research institute|Wikimedia Brazil has formed a partnership with a public policy research institute]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Preserving Heritage: Tuluvas Aati Month Educational Wikimedia Programs|Preserving Heritage: Tuluvas Aati Month Educational Wikimedia Programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Reflecting on our Past: Farewell to the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Reflecting on our Past: Farewell to the Auckland Museum Summer Students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Successful Conclusion of the Second Phase of "Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom" in Yemen|Successful Conclusion of the Second Phase of "Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom" in Yemen]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wiki Workshop in Mitrovica |Wiki Workshop in Mitrovica]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia MKD' Education: Lots of new trained users, lots of new articles|Wikimedia MKD' Education: Lots of new trained users, lots of new articles]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2025/Wikimedia Serbia receives accreditation from the National Library of Serbia for the Wiki Senior seminar|Wikimedia Serbia receives accreditation from the National Library of Serbia for the Wiki Senior seminar]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १४:४९, १२ मार्च २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28314249 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Twice a year, around the equinoxes, the Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team performs [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|a datacenter server switchover]], redirecting all traffic from one primary server to its backup. This provides reliability in case of a crisis, as we can always fall back on the other datacenter. [http://listen.hatnote.com/ Thanks to the Listen to Wikipedia] tool, you can hear the switchover take place: Before it begins, you'll hear the steady stream of edits; Then, as the system enters a brief read-only phase, the sound stops for a couple of minutes, before resuming after the switchover. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. If you want to keep an ear out for the next server switchover, listen to the wikis on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1742392800 March 19 at 14:00 UTC]. '''Updates for editors''' * The [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es improved Content Translation tool dashboard] is now available in [[phab:T387820|10 Wikipedias]] and will be available for all Wikipedias [[phab:T387821|soon]]. With [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|the unified dashboard]], desktop users can now: Translate new sections of an article; Discover and access topic-based [https://ig.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=ig&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits article suggestion filters] (initially available only for mobile device users); Discover and access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translation suggestions: Topic-based & Community-defined lists|Community-defined lists]] filter, also known as "Collections", from wiki-projects and campaigns. * On Wikimedia Commons, a [[c:Commons:WMF support for Commons/Upload Wizard Improvements#Improve category selection|new system to select the appropriate file categories]] has been introduced: if a category has one or more subcategories, users will be able to click on an arrow that will open the subcategories directly within the form, and choose the correct one. The parent category name will always be shown on top, and it will always be possible to come back to it. This should decrease the amount of work for volunteers in fixing/creating new categories. The change is also available on mobile. These changes are part of planned improvements to the UploadWizard. * The Community Tech team is seeking wikis to join a pilot for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] feature and a refreshed Special:Block page in late March. Multiblocks enables administrators to impose multiple different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. If you are an admin or steward and would like us to discuss joining the pilot with your community, please leave a message on the [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|project talk page]]. * Starting March 25, the Editing team will test a new feature for Edit Check at [[phab:T384372|12 Wikipedias]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi-check|Multi-Check]]. Half of the newcomers on these wikis will see all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#ref|Reference Checks]] during their edit session, while the other half will continue seeing only one. The goal of this test is to see if users are confused or discouraged when shown multiple Reference Checks (when relevant) within a single editing session. At these wikis, the tags used on edits that show References Check will be simplified, as multiple tags could be shown within a single edit. Changes to the tags are documented [[phab:T373949|on Phabricator]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379131] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], which is a service for notifying users that their temporary user-rights are about to expire, now supports using the localized name of the user-rights group in the message heading. Translators can see the [[m:Global reminder bot/Translation|listing of existing translations and documentation]] to check if their language needs updating or creation. * The [[Special:GlobalPreferences|GlobalPreferences]] gender setting, which is used for how the software should refer to you in interface messages, now works as expected by overriding the local defaults. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386584] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:26}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:26|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Wikipedia App for Android had a bug fixed for when a user is browsing and searching in multiple languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379777] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, the way that Codex styles are loaded will be changing. There is a small risk that this may result in unstyled interface message boxes on certain pages. User generated content (e.g. templates) is not impacted. Gadgets may be impacted. If you see any issues [[phab:T388847|please report them]]. See the linked task for details, screenshots, and documentation on how to fix any affected gadgets. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:३३, १८ मार्च २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28412594 --> == [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Janak SK]]मा [[User:Janak SK|Janak SK]]को प्रश्न (१६:२३, २० मार्च २०२५) == रिमाल थर रिमाल थर नेपालमा पाइने एउटा थर हो, जसलाई गैरदलित र दलित समुदाय दुबैमा वर्गीकृत गर्न सकिन्छ। ऐतिहासिक रूपमा, यो थर विभिन्न भौगोलिक स्थानहरूमा फैलिएको पाइन्छ। इतिहास र उत्पत्ति रिमाल थरका व्यक्तिहरू मुख्य रूपमा बैतडी जिल्लाको दुगेडाकेदार गाउँपालिका अन्तर्गत पर्ने रिम भन्ने ठाउँबाट बसाई सरी आएका मानिन्छन्। करिब पाँच-छ सय वर्ष पहिले, त्यहाँका केही व्यक्तिहरू दार्चुलाको लेकम गाउँपालिका तथा अन्य विभिन्न स्थानमा बसाइँ सरेका थिए। त्यस समयमा स्थानीय भूगोलको आधारमा थर कायम गर्ने परम्पराअनुसार रिम क्षेत्रबाट आएका व्यक्तिहरूले आफ्नो थरलाई रिमाल भनेर संशोधित गरेका थिए। धार्मिक तथा सांस्कृतिक पक्ष रिमाल थर भएका व्यक्तिहरू प्रमुख रूपमा हिन्दू धर्म मान्ने गर्छन्। उनीहरूले दशैँ, तिहार, जनै पूर्णिमा, र तीज जस्ता पर्वहरू विशेष रूपमा मनाउँछन्। परम्परागत रूपमा, तिनका संस्कार र चाडपर्वहरू क्षेत्रीय भिन्नताका आधारमा केही फरक देखिन्छ। रिमाल थरको विविधता रिमाल थर कुनै एकल समुदाय वा जातिमा मात्र सीमित छैन। नेपालमा पाइने सामाजिक तथा जातीय संरचनाका आधारमा यो थर विभिन्न समुदायमा रहेका व्यक्तिहरूले राखेको पाइन्छ। भूगोल, इतिहास, तथा पारिवारिक परम्पराका आधारमा यसको सामाजिक स्थान फरक हुन सक्छ। सम्बन्धित विषयहरू नेपालको थरहरूको उत्पत्ति बैतडी जिल्लाको ऐतिहासिक बसाइँसराइ नेपाली समाजमा थरको महत्व --- यो जानकारीलाई विकिपिडियामा पोस्ट गर्दा थप विश्वसनीय स्रोतहरू उल्लेख गर्नुपर्छ। यदि थप प्रमाण र ऐतिहासिक सन्दर्भहरू उपलब्ध छन् भने, तिनलाई पनि समावेश गर्दा राम्रो हुनेछ। --[[User:Janak SK|Janak]] ([[User talk:Janak SK|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १६:२३, २० मार्च २०२५ (नेपाली समय) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is seeking your feedback on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|drafts of the objectives and key results that will shape the Foundation's Product and Technology priorities]] for the next fiscal year (starting in July). The objectives are broad high-level areas, and the key-results are measurable ways to track the success of their objectives. Please share your feedback on the talkpage, in any language, ideally before the end of April. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] will be released to multiple wikis (see [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|deployment plan]] for details) in April 2025, and the team has begun the process of engaging communities on the identified wikis. The extension provides tools to organize, manage, and promote collaborative activities (like events, edit-a-thons, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. The extension has three tools: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation Lists]]. It is currently on 13 Wikipedias, including English Wikipedia, French Wikipedia, and Spanish Wikipedia, as well as Wikidata. Questions or requests can be directed to the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:CampaignEvents|extension talk page]] or in Phabricator (with <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). * Starting the week of March 31st, wikis will be able to set which user groups can view private registrants in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], as part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension. By default, event organizers and the local wiki admins will be able to see private registrants. This is a change from the current behavior, in which only event organizers can see private registrants. Wikis can change the default setup by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|requesting a configuration change]] in Phabricator (and adding the <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" style="white-space: nowrap;">#campaigns-product-team</bdi> tag). Participants of past events can cancel their registration at any time. * Administrators at wikis that have a customized <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]</bdi> should check that it contains an entry for the {{int:specialpages}} listing. If it does not, they should add it using <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">* specialpages-url|specialpages</code>. Wikis with a default sidebar will see the link moved from the page toolbox into the sidebar menu in April. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388927] * The Minerva skin (mobile web) combines both Notice and Alert notifications within the bell icon ([[File:OOjs UI icon bell.svg|16px|link=|class=skin-invert]]). There was a long-standing bug where an indication for new notifications was only shown if you had unseen Alerts. This bug is now fixed. In the future, Minerva users will notice a counter atop the bell icon when you have 1 or more unseen Notices and/or Alerts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T344029] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * VisualEditor has introduced a [[mw:VisualEditor/Hooks|new client-side hook]] for developers to use when integrating with the VisualEditor target lifecycle. This hook should replace the existing lifecycle-related hooks, and be more consistent between different platforms. In addition, the new hook will apply to uses of VisualEditor outside of just full article editing, allowing gadgets to interact with the editor in DiscussionTools as well. The Editing Team intends to deprecate and eventually remove the old lifecycle hooks, so any use cases that this new hook does not cover would be of interest to them and can be [[phab:T355555|shared in the task]]. * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>mw.Api</code> JavaScript library, can now identify the tool using it with the <code dir=ltr>userAgent</code> parameter: <code dir=ltr>var api = new mw.Api( { userAgent: 'GadgetNameHere/1.0.1' } );</code>. If you maintain a gadget or user script, please set a user agent, because it helps with library and server maintenance and with differentiating between legitimate and illegitimate traffic. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373874][https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Wikimedia_Foundation_User-Agent_Policy] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:२८, २५ मार्च २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28443127 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Editing team is working on a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit Check|Edit check]]: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check#26 March 2025|Peacock check]]. This check's goal is to identify non-neutral terms while a user is editing a wikipage, so that they can be informed that their edit should perhaps be changed before they publish it. This project is at the early stages, and the team is looking for communities' input: [[phab:T389445|in this Phabricator task]], they are gathering on-wiki policies, templates used to tag non-neutral articles, and the terms (jargon and keywords) used in edit summaries for the languages they are currently researching. You can participate by editing the table on Phabricator, commenting on the task, or directly messaging [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Platform Team/SUL3|Single User Login]] has now been updated on all wikis to move login and account creation to a central domain. This makes user login compatible with browser restrictions on cross-domain cookies, which have prevented users of some browsers from staying logged in. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:35}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:35|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting on March 31st, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin a limited release of generated OpenAPI specs and a SwaggerUI-based sandbox experience for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API|MediaWiki REST APIs]]. They invite developers from a limited group of non-English Wikipedia communities (Arabic, German, French, Hebrew, Interlingua, Dutch, Chinese) to review the documentation and experiment with the sandbox in their preferred language. In addition to these specific Wikipedia projects, the sandbox and OpenAPI spec will be available on the [[testwiki:Special:RestSandbox|on the test wiki REST Sandbox special page]] for developers with English as their preferred language. During the preview period, the MediaWiki Interfaces Team also invites developers to [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|share feedback about your experience]]. The preview will last for approximately 2 weeks, after which the sandbox and OpenAPI specs will be made available across all wiki projects. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Sometimes a small, [[gerrit:c/operations/cookbooks/+/1129184|one line code change]] can have great significance: in this case, it means that for the first time in years we're able to run all of the stack serving <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[http://maps.wikimedia.org/ maps.wikimedia.org]</bdi> - a host dedicated to serving our wikis and their multi-lingual maps needs - from a single core datacenter, something we test every time we perform a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter switchover]]. This is important because it means that in case one of our datacenters is affected by a catastrophe, we'll still be able to serve the site. This change is the result of [[phab:T216826|extensive work]] by two developers on porting the last component of the maps stack over to [[w:en:Kubernetes|kubernetes]], where we can allocate resources more efficiently than before, thus we're able to withstand more traffic in a single datacenter. This work involved a lot of complicated steps because this software, and the software libraries it uses, required many long overdue upgrades. This type of work makes the Wikimedia infrastructure more sustainable. '''Meetings and events''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Workshop Spring 2025]] is happening in Sandusky, USA, and online, from 14–16 May 2025. The workshop will feature discussions around the usage of MediaWiki software by and within companies in different industries and will inspire and onboard new users. Registration and presentation signup is now available at the workshop's website. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:५०, १ अप्रिल २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28473566 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From now on, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface admins]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Central notice administrators|centralnotice admins]] are technically required to enable [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] before they can use their privileges. In the future this might be expanded to more groups with advanced user-rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T150898] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Design System Team is preparing to release the next major version of Codex (v2.0.0) on April 29. Editors and developers who use CSS from Codex should see the [[mw:Codex/Release Timeline/2.0|2.0 overview documentation]], which includes guidance related to a few of the breaking changes such as <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">font-size</code>, <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">line-height</code>, and <code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">size-icon</code>. * The results of the [[mw:Developer Satisfaction Survey/2025|Developer Satisfaction Survey (2025)]]  are now available. Thank you to all participants. These results help the Foundation decide what to work on next and to review what they recently worked on. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]] will take place in Istanbul, Turkey, between 2–4 May. Registration for attending the in-person event will close on 13 April. Before registering, please note the potential need for a [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkish-representations.en.mfa visa] or [https://www.mfa.gov.tr/visa-information-for-foreigners.en.mfa e-visa] to enter the country. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ००:३८, ८ अप्रिल २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28507470 --> == This Month in Education: March 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 3 • March 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/A Whole New World: Research Findings on New Editor Integration in Serbian Wikipedia|A Whole New World: Research Findings on New Editor Integration in Serbian Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Bolivia: a new round of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia|Bolivia: a new round of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Faculty of Social Sciences Workshop in Albania|Faculty of Social Sciences Workshop in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Lots of contributions and trainings as part of Wikimedia MKD's Education Programme|Lots of contributions and trainings as part of Wikimedia MKD's Education Programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2025/Wikimedia organized multiple events of science and education in Brazil during the month of March|Wikimedia organized multiple events of science and education in Brazil during the month of March]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २०:४९, १० अप्रिल २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28458563 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Later this week, the default thumbnail size will be increased from 220px to 250px. This changes how pages are shown in all wikis and has been requested by some communities for many years, but wasn't previously possible due to technical limitations. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] * File thumbnails are now stored in discrete sizes. If a page specifies a thumbnail size that's not among the standard sizes (20, 40, 60, 120, 250, 330, 500, 960), then MediaWiki will pick the closest larger thumbnail size but will tell the browser to downscale it to the requested size. In these cases, nothing will change visually but users might load slightly larger images. If it doesn't matter which thumbnail size is used in a page, please pick one of the standard sizes to avoid the extra in-browser down-scaling step. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Images#Thumbnail_sizes][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T355914] '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation are working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]] which will enable [[:w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[:w:en:Denial-of-service attack|Distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is so that they can more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. * To improve security for users, a small percentage of logins will now require that the account owner input a one-time password [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:EmailAuth|emailed to their account]]. It is recommended that you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|check]] that the email address on your account is set correctly, and that it has been confirmed, and that you have an email set for this purpose. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390662] * "Are you interested in taking a short survey to improve tools used for reviewing or reverting edits on your Wiki?" This question will be [[phab:T389401|asked at 7 wikis starting next week]], on Recent Changes and Watchlist pages. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools|Moderator Tools team]] wants to know more about activities that involve looking at new edits made to your Wikimedia project, and determining whether they adhere to your project's policies. * On April 15, the full Wikidata graph will no longer be supported on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi>. After this date, scholarly articles will be available through <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;">[https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/ query-scholarly.wikidata.org]</bdi>, while the rest of the data hosted on Wikidata will be available through the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">[https://query.wikidata.org/ query.wikidata.org]</bdi> endpoint. This is part of the scheduled split of the Wikidata Graph, which was [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/September 2024 scaling update|announced in September 2024]]. More information is [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS graph split|available on Wikidata]]. * The latest quarterly [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Newsletter/First quarter of 2025|Wikimedia Apps Newsletter]] is now available. It covers updates, experiments, and improvements made to the Wikipedia mobile apps. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Technical Community Newsletter/2025/April|Technical Community Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: an invitation for tool maintainers to attend the Toolforge UI Community Feedback Session on April 15th; recent community metrics; and recent technical blog posts. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:१०, १५ अप्रिल २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28540654 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] is now integrated with [[w:dag:Solɔɣu|Dagbani Wikipedia]] since April 15. It is the first project that will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in articles. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. [https://www.wikifunctions.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status_updates/2025-04-16] * A new type of lint error has been created: [[Special:LintErrors/empty-heading|{{int:linter-category-empty-heading}}]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Lint errors/empty-heading|documentation]]). The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Linter|Linter extension]]'s purpose is to identify wikitext patterns that must or can be fixed in pages and provide some guidance about what the problems are with those patterns and how to fix them. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T368722] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Following its publication on HuggingFace, the "Structured Contents" dataset, developed by Wikimedia Enterprise, is [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/kaggle-dataset/ now also available on Kaggle]. This Beta initiative is focused on making Wikimedia data more machine-readable for high-volume reusers. They are releasing this beta version in a location that open dataset communities already use, in order to seek feedback, to help improve the product for a future wider release. You can read more about the overall [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-snapshot-api/#open-datasets Structured Contents project], and about the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/structured-contents-wikipedia-infobox/ first release that's freely usable]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''Meetings and events''' * The Editing and Machine Learning Teams invite interested volunteers to a video meeting to discuss [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]], which is the latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]] that will detect "peacock" or "overly-promotional" or "non-neutral" language whilst an editor is typing. Editors who work with newcomers, or help to fix this kind of writing, or are interested in how we use artificial intelligence in our projects are encouraged to attend. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team/Community Conversations#Next Conversation|meeting will be on April 28, 2025]] at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745863200 18:00–19:00 UTC] and hosted on Zoom. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:४६, २२ अप्रिल २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28578245 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Event organizers who host collaborative activities on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#Global Deployment Plan|multiple wikis]], including Bengali, Japanese, and Korean Wikipedias, will have access to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] this week. Also, admins in the Wikipedia where the extension is enabled will automatically be granted the event organizer right soon. They won't have to manually grant themselves the right before they can manage events as [[phab:T386861|requested by a community]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The release of the next major version of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the design system for Wikimedia, is scheduled for 29 April 2025. Technical editors will have access to the release by the week of 5 May 2025. This update will include a number of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Breaking_changes|breaking changes]] and minor [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release_Timeline/2.0#Visual_changes|visual changes]]. Instructions on handling the breaking and visual changes are documented on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Release Timeline/2.0#|this page]]. Pre-release testing is reported in [[phab:T386298|T386298]], with post-release issues tracked in [[phab:T392379|T392379]] and [[phab:T392390|T392390]]. * Users of [[wikitech:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Wiki_Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will notice that the database views of <code dir="ltr">ipblocks</code>, <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_ipindex</code>, and <code dir="ltr">ipblocks_compat</code> are [[phab:T390767|now deprecated]]. Users can query the <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_table|block]]</code> and <code dir="ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block_target_table|block_target]]</code> new views that mirror the new tables in the production database instead. The deprecated views will be removed entirely from Wiki Replicas in June, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes an overview of the improved [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&campaign=contributionsmenu&to=es&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en#/ Content Translation Dashboard Tool], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Language Support for New and Existing Languages|support for new languages]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/April#Wiki Loves Ramadan Articles Made In Content Translation Mobile Workflow|highlights from the Wiki Loves Ramadan campaign]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Languages Onboarding Experiment 2024 - Executive Summary|results from the Language Onboarding Experiment]], an analysis of topic diversity in articles, and information on upcoming community meetings and events. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Knowledge_Sharing/Connect/Calendar|Let's Connect Learning Clinic]] will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1745937000 April 29 at 14:30 UTC]. This edition will focus on "Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects". You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Learning Clinic %E2%80%93 Understanding and Navigating Conflict in Wikimedia Projects (Part_1)|register now]] to attend. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Hackathon 2025|2025 Wikimedia Hackathon]], which brings the global technical community together to connect, brainstorm, and hack existing projects, will take place from May 2 to 4th, 2025, at Istanbul, Turkey. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:१७, २९ अप्रिल २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28585685 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared the latest draft update to their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|annual plan]] for next year (July 2025–June 2026). This includes an [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|executive summary]] (also on [[diffblog:2025/04/25/sharing-the-wikimedia-foundations-2025-2026-draft-annual-plan/|Diff]]), details about the three main [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals|goals]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Product & Technology OKRs|Infrastructure]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Volunteer Support|Volunteer Support]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Goals/Effectiveness|Effectiveness]]), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Global Trends|global trends]], and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Budget Overview|budget]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026/Financial Model|financial model]]. Feedback and questions are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|talk page]] until the end of May. '''Updates for editors''' * For wikis that have the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|CampaignEvents extension enabled]], two new feature improvements have been released: ** Admins can now choose which namespaces are permitted for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] via [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Community Configuration|Community Configuration]] ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Permitted namespaces|documentation]]). The default setup is for event registration to be permitted in the Event namespace, but other namespaces (such as the project namespace or WikiProject namespace) can now be added. With this change, communities like WikiProjects can now more easily use Event Registration for their collaborative activities. ** Editors can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Transclusion|transclude]] the Collaboration List on a wiki page ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Collaboration list/Transclusion|documentation]]). The Collaboration List is an automated list of events and WikiProjects on the wikis, accessed via {{#special:AllEvents}} ([[w:en:Special:AllEvents|example]]). Now, the Collaboration List can be added to all sorts of wiki pages, such as: a wiki mainpage, a WikiProject page, an affiliate page, an event page, or even a user page. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers who use the <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library in gadgets and user scripts should revise their code to use alternatives like the <code dir=ltr>Intl</code> library or the new <code dir=ltr>mediawiki.DateFormatter</code> library. The <code dir=ltr>moment</code> library has been deprecated and will begin to log messages in the developer console. You can see a global search for current uses, and [[phab:T392532|ask related questions in this Phabricator task]]. * Developers who maintain a tool that queries the Wikidata term store tables (<code dir=ltr style="white-space: nowrap;">wbt_*</code>) need to update their code to connect to a separate database cluster. These tables are being split into a separate database cluster. Tools that query those tables via the wiki replicas must be adapted to connect to the new cluster instead. [[wikitech:News/2025 Wikidata term store database split|Documentation and related links are available]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390954] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.44/wmf.28|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates|Chart Project newsletter]] is available. It includes updates on preparing to expand the deployment to additional wikis as soon as this week (starting May 6) and scaling up over the following weeks, plus exploring filtering and transforming source data. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:००, ६ मे २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28665011 --> == This Month in Education: April 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 4 • April 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Ceremony of giving certificates and awarding the winners of the edit-a-thon: Meet Slovenia|Ceremony of giving certificates and awarding the winners of the edit-a-thon: Meet Slovenia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/The Workshops Wikimedia & Education are back in Brazil|The Workshops Wikimedia & Education are back in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/EduWiki Nigeria: Advancing Digital Literacy in Schools|EduWiki Nigeria: Advancing Digital Literacy in Schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Empowering the Next Generation: Wikidata Training at Federal Government Boys College, FGBC Abuja|Empowering the Next Generation: Wikidata Training at Federal Government Boys College, FGBC Abuja]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Final Wikipedia project with Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania|Final Wikipedia project with Shefit Hekali school in Peqin, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Teachers who graduated from the Leamos Wikipedia program in Bolivia become mentors for their colleagues |Teachers who graduated from the Leamos Wikipedia program in Bolivia become mentors for their colleagues]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Wikivoyage in Has region, Northern Albania|Wikivoyage in Has region, Northern Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2025/Wikivoyage workshop in Bulqiza|Wikivoyage workshop in Bulqiza]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ०८:३३, १० मे २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28656387 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|"Get shortened URL"]] link on the sidebar now includes a [[phab:T393309|QR code]]. Wikimedia site users can now use it by scanning or downloading it to quickly share and access shared content from Wikimedia sites, conveniently. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is working on a system called [[m:Edge Uniques|Edge Uniques]], which will enable [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B testing]], help protect against [[w:en:Denial-of-service attack|distributed denial-of-service attacks]] (DDoS attacks), and make it easier to understand how many visitors the Wikimedia sites have. This is to help more efficiently build tools which help readers, and make it easier for readers to find what they are looking for. Tech News has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/16|previously written about this]]. The deployment will be gradual. Some might see the Edge Uniques cookie the week of 19 May. You can discuss this on the [[m:Talk:Edge Uniques|talk page]]. * Starting May 19, 2025, Event organisers in wikis with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled can use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] in the project namespace (e.g., Wikipedia namespace, Wikidata namespace). With this change, communities don't need admins to use the feature. However, wikis that don't want this change can remove and add the permitted namespaces at [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/CampaignEvents]]. * The Wikipedia project now has a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q36720|Nupe]] ([[w:nup:|<code>w:nup:</code>]]). This is a language primarily spoken in the North Central region of Nigeria. Speakers of this language are invited to contribute to [[w:nup:Tatacin feregi|new Wikipedia]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Developers can now access pre-parsed Dutch Wikipedia, amongst others (English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese) through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/snapshot/#structured-contents-snapshot-bundle-info-beta Structured Contents snapshots (beta)]. The content includes parsed Wikipedia abstracts, descriptions, main images, infoboxes, article sections, and references. * The <code dir="ltr">/page/data-parsoid</code> REST API endpoint is no longer in use and will be deprecated. It is [[phab:T393557|scheduled to be turned off]] on June 7, 2025. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.1|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/News/2025_Cloud_VPS_VXLAN_IPv6_migration IPv6 support] is a newly introduced Cloud virtual network that significantly boosts Wikimedia platforms' scalability, security, and readiness for the future. If you are a technical contributor eager to learn more, check out [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/05/06/wikimedia-cloud-vps-ipv6-support/ this blog post] for an in-depth look at the journey to IPv6. '''Meetings and events''' * The 2nd edition of 2025 of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Afrika Baraza|Afrika Baraza]], a virtual platform for African Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747328400 May 15 at 17:00 UTC]. This edition will focus on discussions regarding [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2025-2026|Wikimedia Annual planning and progress]]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MENA Connect Community Call|MENA Connect Community Call]], a virtual meeting for [[w:en:Middle East and North Africa|MENA]] Wikimedians to connect, will take place on [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1747501200 May 17 at 17:00 UTC]. You can [[m:Event:MENA Connect (Wiki_Diwan) APP Call|register now]] to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:२३, १३ मे २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28714188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check|Peacock check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Peacock language model for the following languages: Arabic, Spanish, Portuguese, English, and Japanese. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Edit check/Peacock check/model test|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on May 23, which will be the start date of the test. '''Updates for editors''' * From May 20, 2025, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Oversight policy|oversighters]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Meta:CheckUsers|checkusers]] will need to have their accounts secured with two-factor authentication (2FA) to be able to use their advanced rights. All users who belong to these two groups and do not have 2FA enabled have been informed. In the future, this requirement may be extended to other users with advanced rights. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|Multiblocks]] will begin mass deployment by the end of the month: all non-Wikipedia projects plus Catalan Wikipedia will adopt Multiblocks in the week of May 26, while all other Wikipedias will adopt it in the week of June 2. Please [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Multiblocks|contact the team]] if you have concerns. Administrators can test the new user interface now on your own wiki by browsing to [{{fullurl:Special:Block|usecodex=1}} {{#special:Block}}?usecodex=1], and can test the full multiblocks functionality [[testwiki:Special:Block|on testwiki]]. Multiblocks is the feature that makes it possible for administrators to impose different types of blocks on the same user at the same time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|help page]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * Later this week, the [[{{#special:SpecialPages}}]] listing of almost all special pages will be updated with a new design. This page has been [[phab:T219543|redesigned]] to improve the user experience in a few ways, including: The ability to search for names and aliases of the special pages, sorting, more visible marking of restricted special pages, and a more mobile-friendly look. The new version can be [https://meta.wikimedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages previewed] at Beta Cluster now, and feedback shared in the task. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T219543] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is being enabled on more wikis. For a detailed list of when the extension will be enabled on your wiki, please read the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|deployment timeline]]. * [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Main Page|Wikifunctions]] will be deployed on May 27 on five Wiktionaries: [[wikt:ha:|Hausa]], [[wikt:ig:|Igbo]], [[wikt:bn:|Bengali]], [[wikt:ml:|Malayalam]], and [[wikt:dv:|Dhivehi/Maldivian]]. This is the second batch of deployment planned for the project. After deployment, the projects will be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them in their pages. A function is something that takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, such as adding up two numbers, converting miles into metres, calculating how much time has passed since an event, or declining a word into a case. Wikifunctions will allow users to do that through a simple call of [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Catalogue|a stable and global function]], rather than via a local template. * Later this week, the Wikimedia Foundation will publish a hub for [[diffblog:2024/07/09/on-the-value-of-experimentation/|experiments]]. This is to showcase and get user feedback on product experiments. The experiments help the Wikimedia movement [[diffblog:2023/07/13/exploring-paths-for-the-future-of-free-knowledge-new-wikipedia-chatgpt-plugin-leveraging-rich-media-social-apps-and-other-experiments/|understand new users]], how they interact with the internet and how it could affect the Wikimedia movement. Some examples are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Generated Video|generated video]], the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Roblox game|Wikipedia Roblox speedrun game]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Future Audiences/Discord bot|the Discord bot]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a bug with creating an account using the API, which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T390751] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets and user scripts that interact with [[{{#special:Block}}]] may need to be updated to work with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|manage blocks interface]]. Please review the [[mw:Help:Manage blocks/Developers|developer guide]] for more information. If you need help or are unable to adapt your script to the new interface, please let the team know on the [[mw:Help talk:Manage blocks/Developers|talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T377121] * The <code dir=ltr>mw.title</code> object allows you to get information about a specific wiki page in the [[w:en:Wikipedia:Lua|Lua]] programming language. Starting this week, a new property will be added to the object, named <code dir=ltr>isDisambiguationPage</code>. This property allows you to check if a page is a disambiguation page, without the need to write a custom function. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T71441] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|15px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] User script developers can use a [[toolforge:gitlab-content|new reverse proxy tool]] to load javascript and css from [[gitlab:|gitlab.wikimedia.org]] with <code dir=ltr>mw.loader.load</code>. The tool's author hopes this will enable collaborative development workflows for user scripts including linting, unit tests, code generation, and code review on <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr">gitlab.wikimedia.org</bdi> without a separate copy-and-paste step to publish scripts to a Wikimedia wiki for integration and acceptance testing. See [[wikitech:Tool:Gitlab-content|Tool:Gitlab-content on Wikitech]] for more information. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The 12th edition of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Workshop 2025|Wiki Workshop 2025]], a forum that brings together researchers that explore all aspects of Wikimedia projects, will be held virtually on 21-22 May. Researchers can [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/wikiworkshop2025/ register now]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:५८, २० मे २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28724712 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A community-wide discussion about a very delicate issue for the development of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]] is now open on Meta: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. The discussion is open until June 12 at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]], and every opinion is welcomed. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. '''Updates for editors''' * Since last week, on all wikis except [[phab:T388604|the largest 20]], people using the mobile visual editor will have [[phab:T385851|additional tools in the menu bar]], accessed using the new <code>+</code> toolbar button. To start, the new menu will include options to add: citations, hieroglyphs, and code blocks. Deployment to the remaining wikis is [[phab:T388605|scheduled]] to happen in June. * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] The <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserFunctions##ifexist|#ifexist]]</code> parser function will no longer register a link to its target page. This will improve the usefulness of [[{{#special:WantedPages}}]], which will eventually only list pages that are the target of an actual red link. This change will happen gradually as the source pages are updated. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T14019] * This week, the Moderator Tools team will launch [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], starting at Indonesian Wikipedia. This new filter highlights edits that are likely to be reverted. The goal is to help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic edits. Other wikis will benefit from this filter in the future. * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. Readers of Catalan, Hebrew, and Italian Wikipedias and some sister projects will receive the change between May 21 and mid-June. Readers of other wikis will receive the change later. The goal is to encourage users to read the wikis more. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * Some users of the Wikipedia Android app can use a new feature for readers, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|WikiGames]], a daily trivia game based on real historical events. The release has started as an A/B test, available to 50% of users in the following languages: English, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Newsletter|Newsletter extension]] that is available on MediaWiki.org allows the creation of [[mw:Special:Newsletters|various newsletters]] for global users. The extension can now publish new issues as section links on an existing page, instead of requiring a new page for each issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393844] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The previously deprecated <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Ipblocks table|ipblocks]]</code> views in [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|Wiki Replicas]] will be removed in the beginning of June. Users are encouraged to query the new <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block table|block]]</code> and <code dir=ltr>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block target table|block_target]]</code> views instead. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects|Wikidata and Sister Projects]] is a multi-day online event that will focus on how Wikidata is integrated to Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia projects. The event runs from May 29 – June 1. You can [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Wikidata and Sister Projects#Sessions|read the Program schedule]] and [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1291|register]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:५०, २७ मे २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28788673 --> == This Month in Education: May 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 5 • May 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Journalism students at Aleksandër Xhuvani University explore Wikipedia in Albania|Journalism students at Aleksandër Xhuvani University explore Wikipedia in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Reviewing pending articles editathon with high school students in Albania|Reviewing pending articles editathon with high school students in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Several educational workshops to promote science on Wiki were held in Brazil in the month of May|Several educational workshops to promote science on Wiki were held in Brazil in the month of May]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Simón Bolívar Teacher Training College joins the Let's Read Wikipedia Program|Simón Bolívar Teacher Training College joins the Let's Read Wikipedia Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Students become Editors: Wikimedia Chile launches Latin America's first Vikidia Workshop|Students become Editors: Wikimedia Chile launches Latin America's first Vikidia Workshop]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/The DemocraTICon competition was held, this year for the first time with a discipline focused on Wikipedia |The DemocraTICon competition was held, this year for the first time with a discipline focused on Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2025/Wikimedia MKD's "Lajka" workshop in Skopje|Wikimedia MKD's "Lajka" workshop in Skopje]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ०८:४३, २८ मे २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28771448 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Chart extension]] is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Editors can use this new extension to create interactive data visualizations like bar, line, area, and pie charts. Charts are designed to replace many of the uses of the legacy [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|Graph extension]]. '''Updates for editors''' * It is now easier to configure automatic citations for your wiki within the visual editor's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|citation generator]]. Administrators can now set a default template by using the <code dir=ltr>_default</code> key in the local <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[MediaWiki:Citoid-template-type-map.json]]</bdi> page ([[mw:Special:Diff/6969653/7646386|example diff]]). Setting this default will also help to future-proof your existing configurations when [[phab:T347823|new item types]] are added in the future. You can still set templates for individual item types as they will be preferred to the default template. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T384709] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting the week of June 2, bots logging in using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> or <code dir=ltr>action=clientlogin</code> will fail more often. This is because of stronger protections against suspicious logins. Bots using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Bot passwords|bot passwords]] or using a loginless authentication method such as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/Owner-only consumers|OAuth]] are not affected. If your bot is not using one of those, you should update it; using <code dir=ltr>action=login</code> without a bot password was deprecated [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/3EEMN7VQX5G7WMQI5K2GP5JC2336DPTD/|in 2016]]. For most bots, this only requires changing what password the bot uses. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395205] * From this week, Wikimedia wikis will allow ES2017 features in JavaScript code for official code, gadgets, and user scripts. The most visible feature of ES2017 is <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code>async</code>/<code>await</code></bdi> syntax, allowing for easier-to-read code. Until this week, the platform only allowed up to ES2016, and a few months before that, up to ES2015. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381537] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Scholarship applications to participate in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025|GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] are now open. The conference will take place from 30 October to 1 November, in Lisbon, Portugal. GLAM contributors who lack the means to support their participation can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/GLAM Wiki 2025/Scholarships|apply here]]. Scholarship applications close on June 7th. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:४०, ३ जुन २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28819186 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product|Trust and Safety Product team]] is finalizing work needed to roll out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] on large Wikipedias later this month. The team has worked with stewards and other users with extended rights to predict and address many use cases that may arise on larger wikis, so that community members can continue to effectively moderate and patrol temporary accounts. This will be the second of three phases of deployment – the last one will take place in September at the earliest. For more information about the recent developments on the project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|see this update]]. If you have any comments or questions, write on the [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|talk page]], and [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 10 (June 2025)|join a CEE Catch Up]] this Tuesday. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist expiry|watchlist expiry]] feature allows editors to watch pages for a limited period of time. After that period, the page is automatically removed from your watchlist. Starting this week, you can set a preference for the default period of time to watch pages. The [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist-pageswatchlist|preferences]] also allow you to set different default watch periods for editing existing pages, pages you create, and when using rollback. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265716] [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * The appearance of talk pages will change at almost all Wikipedias ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2024/19|some]] have already received this design change, [[phab:T379264|a few]] will get these changes later). You can read details about the changes [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. It is possible to opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion|in user preferences]] ("{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}"). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T319146][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392121] * Users with specific extended rights (including administrators, bureaucrats, checkusers, oversighters, and stewards) can now have IP addresses of all temporary accounts [[phab:T358853|revealed automatically]] during time-limited periods where they need to combat high-speed account-hopping vandalism. This feature was requested by stewards. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386492] * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to several more Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-afwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-bnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cywiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hawwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-iswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-simplewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * AbuseFilter editors active on Meta-Wiki and large Wikipedias are kindly asked to update AbuseFilter to make it compatible with temporary accounts. A link to the instructions and the private lists of filters needing verification are [[phab:T369611|available on Phabricator]]. * Lua modules now have access to the name of a page's associated thumbnail image, and on [https://gerrit.wikimedia.org/g/operations/mediawiki-config/+/2e4ab14aa15bb95568f9c07dd777065901eb2126/wmf-config/InitialiseSettings.php#10849 some wikis] to the WikiProject assessment information. This is possible using two new properties on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#added-by-extensions|mw.title objects]], named <code dir=ltr>pageImage</code> and <code dir=ltr>pageAssessments</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131911][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380122] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:०२, १० जुन २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28846858 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * You can [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/359761?lang=en nominate your favorite tools] for the sixth edition of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|Coolest Tool Award]]. Nominations are anonymous and will be open until June 25. You can re-use the survey to nominate multiple tools. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Foundation staff and technical volunteers use Wikimedia APIs to build the tools, applications, features, and integrations that enhance user experiences. Over the coming years, the MediaWiki Interfaces team will be investing in Wikimedia web (HTTP) APIs to better serve technical volunteer needs and protect Wikimedia infrastructure from potential abuse. You can [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2025/06/12/apis-as-a-product-investing-in-the-current-and-next-generation-of-technical-contributors/ read more about their plans to evolve the APIs in this Techblog post]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:२४, १७ जुन २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * This week, the Moderator Tools and Machine Learning teams will continue the rollout of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|a new filter to Recent Changes]], releasing it to the third and last batch of Wikipedias. This filter utilizes the Revert Risk model, which was created by the Research team, to highlight edits that are likely to be reverted and help Recent Changes patrollers identify potentially problematic contributions. The feature will be rolled out to the following Wikipedias: {{int:project-localized-name-azwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-lawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mkwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-mrwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nnwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-pawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-swwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-tlwiki/en}}. The rollout will continue in the coming weeks to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2025 RecentChanges Language Agnostic Revert Risk Filtering|the rest of the Wikipedias in this project]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391964] '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] were rolled out on Czech, Korean, and Turkish Wikipedias. This and next week, deployments on larger Wikipedias will follow. [[mw:Talk:Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|Share your thoughts]] about the project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340001] * Later this week, the Editing team will release [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Multi check|Multi Check]] to all Wikipedias (except English Wikipedia). This feature shows multiple [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Reference check|Reference checks]] within the editing experience. This encourages users to add citations when they add multiple new paragraphs to a Wikipedia article. This feature was previously available as an A/B test. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/multi_check_ab_test_report_final.html#summary-of-results The test shows] that users who are shown multiple checks are 1.3 times more likely to add a reference to their edit, and their edit is less likely to be reverted (-34.7%). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395519] * A few pages need to be renamed due to software updates and to match more recent Unicode standards. All of these changes are related to title-casing changes. Approximately 71 pages and 3 files will be renamed, across 15 wikis; the complete list is in [[phab:T396903|the task]]. The developers will rename these pages next week, and they will fix redirects and embedded file links a few minutes later via a system settings update. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused pages to scroll upwards when text near the top was selected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T364023] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Editors can now use Lua modules to filter and transform tabular data for use with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Extension:Chart]]. This can be used for things like selecting a subset of rows or columns from the source data, converting between units, statistical processing, and many other useful transformations. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Transforms|Information on how to use transforms is available]]. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project/Updates] * The <code dir=ltr>all_links</code> variable in [[Special:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilter]] is now renamed to <code dir=ltr>new_links</code> for consistency with other variables. Old usages will still continue to work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391811] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Newsletters/34|Growth newsletter]] is available. It includes: the recent updates for the "Add a Link" Task, two new Newcomer Engagement Features, and updates to Community Configuration. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:०६, २४ जुन २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28870688 --> == This Month in Education: June 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 6 • June 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague|Albanian high school students at the Wikimedia Youth Conference 2025 in Prague]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program|Bolivia has 20 new teachers graduated from the Let's Read Wikipedia in the Classroom program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota|Brazil was present at the EduWiki Conference 2025 in Bogota]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT|Does Wikipedia has future in the times of Chat-GPT]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children|PhilWiki Community promotes accessible multilingual stories for children]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College|Reading and Editing Wikipedia in a Bangladeshi College]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June|Wikimedia MKD's Workshops in June]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2025/Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival|Wikipedia meets 2500 Ukrainian educators at the country’s biggest education festival]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १३:०४, २७ जुन २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=28903832 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled on all Wikipedias. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Campaigns/Foundation Product Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status#How to Request the CampaignEvents Extension for your wiki|Deployment information page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * AbuseFilter maintainers can now [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:IPReputation/AbuseFilter variables|match against IP reputation data]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter|AbuseFilters]]. IP reputation data is information about the proxies and VPNs associated with the user's IP address. This data is not shown publicly and is not generated for actions performed by registered accounts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T354599] * Hidden content that is within [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Collapsible elements|collapsible parts of wikipages]] will now be revealed when someone searches the page using the web browser's "Find in page" function (Ctrl+F or ⌘F) in supporting browsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T327893][https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Reference/Global_attributes/hidden#browser_compatibility] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature, called [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery|Favourite Templates]], will be deployed later this week on all projects (except English Wikipedia, which will receive the feature next week), following a piloting phase on Polish and Arabic Wikipedia, and Italian and English Wikisource. The feature will provide a better way for new and experienced contributors to recall and discover templates via the template dialog, by allowing users to put templates on a special "favourite list". The feature works with both the visual editor and the wikitext editor. The feature is a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|community wishlist focus area]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that had caused some Notifications to be sent multiple times. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397103] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:२६, १ जुलाई २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28917415 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Temporary accounts|Temporary accounts]] have been rolled out on 18 large and medium-sized Wikipedias, including German, Japanese, French, and Chinese. Now, about 1/3 of all logged-out activity across wikis is coming from temporary accounts. Users involved in patrolling may be interested in two new documentation pages: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Access to IP|Access to IP]], explaining everything related to access to temporary account IP addresses, and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Repository|Repository]] with a list of new gadgets and user scripts. '''Updates for editors''' * Anyone can play an experimental new game, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|WikiRun]], that lets you race through Wikipedia by clicking from one article to another, aiming to reach a target page in as few steps and in as little time as possible. The project's goal is to explore new ways of engaging readers. [https://wikirun-game.toolforge.org/ Try playing the game] and let the team know what you think [[mw:Talk:New Engagement Experiments/WikiRun|on the talk page]]. * Users of the Wikipedia Android app in some languages can now play the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/TrivaGame|trivia game]]. ''Which came first?'' is a simple history game where you guess which of two events happened earlier on today's date. It was previously available as an A/B test. It is now available to all users in English, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Russian, Arabic, Turkish, and Chinese. The goal of the feature is to help engage with new generations of readers. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/22] * Users of the iOS Wikipedia App in some languages may see a new tabbed browsing feature that enables you to open multiple tabs while reading. This feature makes it easier to explore related topics and switch between articles. The A/B test is currently running in Arabic, English, and Japanese in selected regions. More details are available on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)|Tabbed Browsing project page]]. * Bureaucrats on Wikimedia wikis can now use [[{{#special:VerifyOATHForUser}}]] to check if users have enabled [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T265726] * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] A new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed later this week to all Wikimedia projects: a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Template categories|template category browser]] will be introduced to assist users in finding templates to put in their “favourite” list. The browser will allow users to browse a list of templates which have been organised into a given category tree. The feature has been requested by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Select templates by categories|through the Community Wishlist]]. * It is now possible to access watchlist preferences from the watchlist page. Also the redundant button to edit the watchlist has been removed. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Moderator_Tools/Watchlist] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of [[mw:MediaWiki_1.44|MediaWiki 1.44]] there is now a unified built-in Notifications system that makes it easier for developers to send, manage, and customize notifications. Check out the updated documentation at [[mw:Manual:Notifications|Manual:Notifications]], information about migration in [[phab:T388663|T388663]] and details on deprecated hooks in [[phab:T389624|T389624]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Event:WikidataCon 2025|WikidataCon 2025]], the conference dedicated to Wikidata is now open for [https://pretalx.com/wikidatacon-2025/cfp session proposals] and for [[d:Special:RegisterForEvent/1340|registration]]. This year's event will be held online from October 31 – November 02 and will explore on the theme of "Connecting People through Linked Open Data". '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:५१, ८ जुलाई २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28930584 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-29</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W29"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData/Template discovery#Featured templates|Featured templates]], a new feature related to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Focus areas/Template recall and discovery|Template Recall and Discovery]] will be deployed this week to all Wikimedia projects: With this feature, editors will be able to quickly access a list of templates that are likely to be useful. These templates will be displayed in a list, under the "featured" tab of the template discovery interface. Administrators can define the list via the Community Configuration interface. The feature fulfills a request by the community [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Easy access Templates|through the Community Wishlist]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T367428][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392896] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the request to add Malayalam fonts in the [[oldWikisource:Special:MyLanguage/Wikisource:WS Export|Wikisource Book Export Tool]] was resolved and now, the rendering of Malayalam letters in exported Wikisource books are accurate. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T374457] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Developers, designers, and all Wikimedians are invited to [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/7953/ submit a project idea] for the Wikimania Hackathon 2025. Read [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/30/call-for-projects-wikimania-hackathon-2025-is-coming-to-nairobi/ this Diff blog post] for more details. '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:WikiIndaba conference 2025|WikiIndaba 2025]] scholarship application and program submission is open until 23:59 GMT on July 20. WikiIndaba is a regional conference for African Wikimedians both on the continent and in the diaspora to unite and grow together. Submit [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdJTv68R1OPASXXDfpIl8EWiMLTM-TDwh6_5gNVvFuWccFZ2Q/viewform your scholarship application] and [https://ee.kobotoolbox.org/x/BI3omIfH program proposal] now! * [https://br.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCon_Brasil_2025 WikiCon Brasil 2025] will take place on July 19-20 in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The Brazilian community members are encouraged to register and attend! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/29|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W29"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:५५, १५ जुलाई २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=28980963 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-30</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W30"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Translation Suggestions feature in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation|Content Translation tool]] now has another level of article filters added to the "[https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=fi#/ ... More]" category. Translators who use the Suggestions feature can now select and receive article suggestions that are customized to geographical locations of their interest using the new "{{int:Cx-sx-suggestions-filters-tab-regions}}" filter. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T113257] * Administrators can now limit "Add a Link" to newcomers. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|"Add a Link"]] Structured Task [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Constructive activation experimentation#Enwiki A/B test & "Add a Link" Improvements (Wiki Experiences 1.2.11 & 1.2.16)|helps new account holders start editing]], but some communities have requested the ability to restrict it to its intended audience: newcomers. Administrators can configure this setting within the [[Special:CommunityConfiguration/GrowthSuggestedEdits|Community Configuration]] feature. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:29}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:29|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * For AbuseFilter editors on [[phab:T392144|some wikis]], it is now possible to filter edits based on the RevertRisk score of the edit being attempted. It is only populated if the action being evaluated is an edit. For more information, please see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ORES/AbuseFilter variables#What variables are available for use|ORES/AbuseFilter variables]] documentation. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] wikis have [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/YDABPV75LADRQCXMJAFWUP256N4EQ25B/|been moved]] from <code dir=ltr>beta.wmflabs.org</code> to <code dir=ltr>beta.wmcloud.org</code>. Users may need to update URLs in any tools, or in their password managers. Any related issues can be [[phab:T289318|reported in the task]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WikiCite 2025|WikiCite 2025]] will take place from 29–31 August, both online and in-person in Bern, Switzerland. The event's goals are to reconnect communities, institutions, and individuals working with open citations, bibliographic data, and the Wikidata/Wikibase ecosystem. Registration is open and the call for proposals will be announced soon. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikidata@lists.wikimedia.org/message/KQZUG3ETKLBWPBYSB2YAWZIRPWHS24TG/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/30|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W30"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:२८, २२ जुलाई २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29005283 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-31</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W31"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Community Tech team will be focusing on wishes related to Watchlists and Recent Changes pages, over the next few months. They are looking for feedback. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#July 24, 2025: Watchlists and Recent Changes pages|read the latest update]], and if you have ideas, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist|submit a wish]] on the topic. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikimedia Commons community has decided to block [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Upload dialog|cross-wiki uploads]] to Wikimedia Commons, for all users without autoconfirmed rights on that wiki, starting on August 16. This is because of [[:c:Commons:Cross-wiki media upload tool/History|widespread problems]] related to files that are uploaded by newcomers. Users who are affected by this will get an error message with a link to the less restrictive UploadWizard on Commons. Please help translating the [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki:Abusefilter-disallowed-cross-wiki-upload|message]] or give feedback on the message text. Please also update your local help pages to explain this restriction. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T370598] * On wikis with temporary accounts enabled and Meta-Wiki, administrators may now set up a footer for the Special:Contributions pages of temporary accounts, similar to those which can be shown on IP and user-account pages. They may do it by creating the page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Sp-contributions-footer-temp</code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398347] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KFEFVG/ Temporary Accounts: Enhancing privacy for our unregistered editors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TVCVAB/ Building a Sustainable Future for Wikimedia Contributors] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/WTRQCJ/ A dozen visions for wikitext!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/8YKKP9/ Coordinate Across Stakeholders with the Product and Technology Advisory Council] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Fall 2025|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Fall 2025]] will be held 28–30 October 2025 in Hanover, Germany. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/31|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W31"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:१२, २९ जुलाई २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29051727 --> == This Month in Education: July 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 7 • July 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/July 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025|Crafting Impactful Education Newsletters: Shared Insights from EduWiki 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania|Educational Outreach with Youth Centers in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025|Discussing educational resources at WikiCon Brasil 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs|Enhancing Mobile-Friendly Contribution in Wikimedia Education Programs]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning|The second semester of Leamos Wikipedia begins in Bolivia with challenges and learning]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025 |When Travel Fails, Learning Continues: A Reflection from EduWiki 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD|Wiki club in Kumanovo - the newest Wiki club of Wikimedia MKD]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia|Jaroslav Mašek: How KISK FF MU students used AI to write Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/July 2025/Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague|Various programmes up and rolling with Charles University Prague]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ०८:४६, १ अगस्ट २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29005310 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-32</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W32"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors can now enable the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info card]]. This feature adds an icon next to usernames on history pages and similar user-contribution log pages. When you tap or click on the icon, it displays data related to that user account such as the number of edits, reverted edits, blocks, and more. It's part of a broader project to make it easier for moderators to evaluate account trustworthiness. The feature can be enabled in [[testwiki:Special:GlobalPreferences#mw-prefsection-rendering|your global preferences]], and later this week it will be available in local preferences. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T386439] * Everybody is invited to share comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative Contributions]], a project recently launched by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team|Connection team]]. The project aims to create a new way to display the impact of collaborative editing activities (such as edit-a-thons, backlog drives, and WikiProjects) on the wikis. Post your comments on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|project talk page]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378035] * Administrators can now define the default block duration for temporary accounts. To do that, they need to create a page named <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipb-default-expiry-temporary-account</code> and use a value defined in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Ipboptions</code>. This allows administrators to easily block temporary accounts for 90 days, which is functionally equivalent to an indefinite block. The advantage of this solution is that it does not clutter Special:BlockList. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Block and unblock#Default block duration options|More documentation]] is available. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398626] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Gadgets can now include <code dir=ltr>.vue</code> files. This makes it easier to develop modern user interfaces using [[mw:Vue.js|Vue.js]], in particular using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex|Codex]], the official design system of Wikimedia. [[wmdoc:codex/latest/icons/overview.html|Codex icons]] can be loaded through the gadget definition. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Gadgets#Pages|The documentation]] has examples. For user scripts that use Vue.js, an [[mw:API:CodexIcons|API module]] now exists to load Codex icons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340460][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T311099] * Module developers can now use a [[mw:Help:Extension:Translate/Message Bundles/Lua reference|Lua interface]] to simplify the preparation of Lua modules for translation on Meta-Wiki. This improvement makes it easier for translators to find and edit module strings without dealing with raw Lua code. It helps prevent mistakes that could break the module during translation. Module developers and translators are invited to [[commons:File:Translatable modules video demo July 2025.webm|watch the demo video]], read more about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Translatable modules|translatable modules]] to understand how it works, refer to Meta-Wiki's [[m:Module:User Wikimedia project|Module:User Wikimedia project]] for example usage, and [[mw:Talk:Translatable modules|share their feedback]] on how well it addresses the challenges in their workflow. The interface still has some performance issues, so it should not be used in widely used modules yet. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T359918] * Developers of external tools that connect to Wikimedia pages must set a user-agent that complies with [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|the user-agent policy]]. This policy will start to be more strongly enforced in August because of external crawlers that are [[diffblog:2025/04/01/how-crawlers-impact-the-operations-of-the-wikimedia-projects/|overusing]] Wikimedia's resources. Tools that are hosted on Wikimedia's Toolforge or Cloud VPS will not be affected by this for now, but should still set a user-agent. [[phab:T400119|More technical details are available]], and related questions are welcome in that task. * Parsoid Read Views is going to be rolling out to some smaller Wikipedias over the next few weeks, following the successful transition of Wikivoyages and Wiktionaries to Parsoid Read Views. For more information, see the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parsoid/Parser Unification]] project page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/profile/7694/] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Wikimania|Wikimania 2025]] will run from August 6–9. The [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/schedule/ program is available] for you to plan which sessions you want to attend. Most sessions will be live-streamed, with exceptions for those that show the "no camera" icon. If you are joining online to watch live-streams and use the interactive features, please [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2025:Registration|register]] for a free virtual ticket. For example, you may be interested in technical sessions such as: ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/GEH9DH/ Wikimedia’s knowledge infrastructure in a changing internet: Establishing sustainable pathways for content reuse] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/7ELN9Q/ Wikifunctions is coming soon to a wiki near you!] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/ZMGVJV/ Shaping the Future of Wikipedia’s Reader Experience] ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/KCKTFZ/ Making Wikipedia More Readable: What Comes Next] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/32|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W32"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०९:२६, ५ अगस्ट २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29083927 --> == विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५ मा सहभागी हुने सम्बन्धमा == {{fmbox | image = [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|90px|link=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB]] | imageright= [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ne.svg|80px|link=]] | style = | textstyle = | text = <center> [[नेपाली विकिपिडिया]]मा ०५ अगस्ट २०२५ देखि ३१ अगस्ट २०२५ सम्म नारी सम्मानमा समर्पित '''"महिला स्वास्थ तथा स्वच्छता सम्बन्धी जागरूकता"''' नाराको साथ [[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५]] सञ्चालन भइरहेको छ, सहभागी हुनका लागि सहभागीहरूले '''[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५/सहभागीहरू|यहाँ]]''' आफ्नो नाम दर्ता गर्नको लागि अनुरोध गरिन्छ।<br> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५|<span style="color:white">अझ थप जानकारी...</span>]]</span></br></center> }} <!-- Message sent by User:पर्वत सुबेदी@newiki using the list at https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:Nabin_K._Sapkota/Mass_Message_Users_List&oldid=1299914 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-33</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W33"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The WikiEditor toolbar now includes [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:WikiEditor#Keyboard shortcuts|its keyboard shortcuts]] in the tooltips for its buttons. This will help to improve the discoverability of this feature. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400583] * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] published a set of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|proposed experiments]] the Wikimedia Foundation can try to improve communication with community. Feedback on the proposals are welcomed until August 22 on [[m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/August 2025 draft PTAC proposals for feedback|this talk page]]. * The search bar on the Minerva skin (mobile) has been updated to use the same type-ahead search component that is used on the Vector 2022 skin. There are no changes in search functionality but there are minor visual changes. Specifically, the close-search button has been changed from an "X" to a back arrow. This helps to distinguish it from the other "X" button that is used to clear any text. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393944] * Editors on some wikis will see a new toggle for "Group results by page" on watchlist, related changes, and recent changes pages. This is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment|an A/B experiment]] that is planned to start on August 11, and will run for 3–6 weeks on the Bengali, Chinese, Czech, French, Greek, Portuguese, and Urdu Wikipedias. The experiment will examine how making this feature more discoverable might affect editors' ability to find the edits they are looking for. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The multiwiki datasets of [[:wikt:en:Module:Unicode data|Unicode data]] have been moved to [[c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|Category:Unicode Module Datasets]] on Wikimedia Commons, to follow the idea of "One common data source, multiple local wikis". Most wikis have been updated to use the Commons version. You can ask questions at [[c:Category talk:Unicode Module Datasets|the talkpage]]. [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Module_talk:Unicode_data#Data_from_commons] * Lua code can add warnings when something is wrong, by using the <code dir=ltr>mw.addWarning()</code> function. It is now possible to add more than one warning, instead of new warnings replacing old ones. If you maintain a Lua module that used warnings, you should check it still works as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398390] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/33|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W33"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:१५, १२ अगस्ट २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29106516 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-34</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W34"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Later this week, people who are logged-in and have the "[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary|Discussion tools]]" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature]] enabled will gain the ability to "Thank" individual comments directly from talk pages, rather than needing to navigate to page history. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Comment actions|Learn more about this feature]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400849] * An A/B test comparing two versions of the desktop donate link launched on testwiki on 12 August and on English Wikipedia 14 August for 0.1% of logged out users on the desktop site. The experiment will run for three weeks, ending on 12 September. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395716] * An A/A test to measure the baseline for reader retention was launched 12 August using [[wikitech:Experimentation Lab|Experimentation Lab]]. This measures the percentage of users who revisit a wiki after their initial visit over a 14-day period. No visual changes are expected. The experiment will run through 31 August. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399227] * Five new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q34057|Tagalog]] ([[s:tl:|<code>s:tl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T388639] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource/en}} in [[d:Q36213|Madurese]] ([[s:mad:|<code>s:mad:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T391747] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia/en}} in [[d:Q3450749|Rakhine]] ([[w:rki:|<code>w:rki:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T392490] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikibooks/en}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[b:min:|<code>b:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395452] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q7598268|Standard Moroccan Amazigh]] ([[wikt:zgh:|<code>wikt:zgh:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399684] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:46}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:46|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/34|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W34"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०६:२४, १९ अगस्ट २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29127690 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-35</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W35"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-gift.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Template authors can now use additional CSS properties, since the CSS sanitizer used by [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateStyles|TemplateStyles]] was updated. For example: <code>width: fit-content</code>; <code>ruby-align</code>; relative units such as <code>lh</code>; and custom strings in <code>list-style-type</code>. These improvements are a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Wishes/Allow use of modern CSS in templates by updating the TemplateStyles CSS sanitizer|Community Wishlist wish]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T271958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T277755][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T293633][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T295088][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T326906][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T340057][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T360725][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T371809][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T375344][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T394619] * On large wikis, the default time period to display edits from, within the Special:RecentChanges page, has been changed from 7 days to 1 day. This is part of a performance improvement project. This should have no user-facing impact due to the quantity of edits on these wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399455] * Administrators can now access the [[{{#special:BlockedExternalDomains}}]] page from the [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration}}]] list page. This makes it easier to find. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T393240] * Wikimedia Commons videos were not shown in the Videos tab in Google Search. The problem was investigated and reported to Google who have now fixed the issue. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396168][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/Wishes/Do_something_about_Google_%26_DuckDuckGo_search_not_indexing_media_files_and_categories_on_Commons] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wiktionary/en}} in [[d:Q33014|Betawi]] ([[wikt:bew:|<code>wikt:bew:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:39}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:39|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Two fields of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Recentchanges table|recentchanges database table]] are being removed. <code>rc_new</code> and <code>rc_type</code> are being removed in favor of <code>rc_source</code>. Queries to these older fields will start to fail starting this week and developers should use <code>rc_source</code> instead. These older fields were deprecated over 10 years ago and should not be in use. This is part of work to improve the performance and stability of queries to the recentchanges table. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400696] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The latest quarterly [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/July|Language and Internationalization Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: support for new languages in MediaWiki and translatewiki; the start of the Language Onboarding and Development project to help support the growth of new and small wikis; updates on research projects; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * The next [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Community meetings#29 August 2025|Language Community Meeting]] is happening soon, August 29th at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1756479600 15:00 UTC]. This week's meeting will cover: the Avro keyboard developers from Wikimedia Bangladesh, who were recently awarded a national award for their contributions to this keyboard; and other topics. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/35|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W35"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:५८, २६ अगस्ट २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29175124 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-36</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W36"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team wants to compile a list of templates, jargon terms, and policies used in edit summaries when a copyright violation is removed. This will help them identify the number of edits reverted due to copyright issues. We invite community members from the following Wikis to list these terms in [[Phab:T402601|T402601]], or to share their list with [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]]: {{int:project-localized-name-arwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-cswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-dewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-enwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-eswiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-fawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-frwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-hewiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-idwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-itwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-jawiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-kowiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-nlwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-plwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ptwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-trwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-ukwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-viwiki/en}}{{int:comma-separator/en}}{{int:project-localized-name-zhwiki/en}}. This project is open until September 9th 2025. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] has been enabled for all Wikisources. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. The extension has three features: [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaboration list|Collaboration List]], and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Connection Team/Invitation list|Invitation List]]. To request the extension for your wiki, visit the Deployment information page. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#How_to_Request_the_CampaignEvents_Extension_for_your_wiki] * The lists in the footer of the editing interface, such as "Templates used on this page," will now be organized into columns when there is enough space. This enhancement minimizes scrolling when editing lengthy articles on Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401066] * On September 3rd, 2025 we will increase the sampling percentages of our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Watchlist/Experiment#Scope of the experiment|group by toggle experiment]] of the <code>Special:RecentChanges</code>, <code>Special:Watchlist</code>, and <code>Special:RelatedChanges</code> pages on the Chinese, French, and Portuguese Wikipedias to 100 percent, allowing more editors to be part of this experiment. This adjustment is intended to ensure we have sufficient data to make informed decisions when evaluating the experiment results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402958][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T396789] * Upon clicking an empty search bar, logged-out users will see suggestions of articles for further reading on English Wikipedia beginning the week of September 22. The feature will be available on both desktop and mobile. All non-English wikis received this change in June and July. The goal is to make it easier for users to find articles. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Content Discovery Experiments/Search Suggestions|Learn more]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:37}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:37|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions now has a new capability called "lightweight enumeration types", an enumeration type is simply a fixed set of values that's in the type's definition. This capability makes it quick and easy to define such a type, and allows for the reuse of values that are already present in Wikidata. Here is [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-07-19|a newsletter]] to learn more. * The latest [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Newsletter updates#August 2025: Newsletter #1|Readers Newsletter]] is now available. This edition includes: the formation of two new teams — Reader Growth and Reader Experience; insights into declining pageviews and account creations; highlights from the Wikimania Nairobi panel on improving the reading experience; upcoming experiments to engage new and existing readers; and more. '''Meetings and events''' * Spotlight on some Wikimania 2025 Sessions: ** Identifying AI-generated text by searching for ISBNs whose checksums fail: Mathias Schindler of WMDE [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dw9o8Lsl974&t=15910s shared tools to help communities search for these]. ** [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/talk/wikimania2025/talk/TCHZKH/ La durabilité du mouvement Wikimedia face aux défis actuels et futurs]: This session explored how Wikimedia can stay a trusted source of knowledge in the age of generative AI, information overload, and disinformation. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/36|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W36"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:३६, २ सेप्टेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29196010 --> == This Month in Education: August 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 8 • August 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/August 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom|Bootcamp Wikipedia in Classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki|Brazil launches campaign about Open Science on Wiki]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins|Breaking Barriers: Yoruba Wikipedia Fan Club Offa's Historic Wins]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI|Emerging Voices in Free Knowledge: The Journey of Wiki Club SATI]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader|From a Curious Student to a Wikimedia Leader]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators|From webinars to conferences: Wikimedia Ukraine’s approach to events for educators]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain|Higher education with Wikipedia in Spain]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal|Scientific Contribution from Serbia: Wikipedia in Education Research Published in a Prestigious Journal]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network|Teachers with Wikipedia. What if we create a Spanish-speaking collaboration network]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/The brains behind Wikipedia|The brains behind Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers|Why EduWiki Should Be Considered by Policymakers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point|Wikimedia Chile in Visviri: Free knowledge and education at Chile’s starting point]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers|Wikipedia as a tool presented at Media Education Summer School for Teachers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University|Wikipedia vs AI at La Trobe University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers|St Aloysius University – Wikipedia training session for newcomers]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna|Wiki Loves Academics, WUGN Kaduna]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education|In Just 3 Minutes: The Power of Wiki Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/August 2025/Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer|Sensing Cebu: Fieldnotes of an Academic as a Wiki Volunteer]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २१:०१, २ सेप्टेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29205629 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-37</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W37"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Editing team is working on a new check: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Paste check|Paste check]]. This check informs newcomers who paste text into Wikipedia that the content might not be accepted. This check is an effort to increase the likelihood that the new content people are adding to Wikipedia is aligned with the Movement's commitment to offering information under a free content license. This check will soon be tested at a few wikis. If your community is interested in this test, please [[phab:T403680|tell us in this task]], or [[mw:Talk:Edit check|contact the team]]. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will be able to use a [[w:en:Lint (software)|linting tool]] to see errors or other potential problems in wikitext in real time. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|help page for more information]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381577] * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Advanced item]] When browsing a wiki (like <code dir=ltr>en.wikipedia.org</code>), the software responds in one of two ways: a desktop page, or a redirect to a mobile version on an "m" domain (like <code dir=ltr>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). Over the next three weeks, MediaWiki will start displaying the mobile version to mobile devices directly on the standard domain, without this redirect. This change does not affect existing m-dot URLs, or the "Desktop view" opt-out. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * When an edit changes the categories of a page, the changes to the category membership counts are now happening asynchronously. This improves the speed of saving edits, especially when moving many pages to or from the same category, and reduces the risk of site outages, but it means that the counts can show outdated information for a few minutes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T365303] * Edits on Wikidata to qualifiers (properties and values) and references (properties and values) in a Wikidata item statement will now not add entries to the RecentChanges or Watchlist pages on all other Wikis. This is a temporary change to improve performance while other solutions are created. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: Turn off (temporarily) Qualifiers and References Wikidata edits to the Recent Changes tables|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401286][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400698] * Japanese-language wikis have had a major upgrade to the way that search works. The new search should generally give more accurate and more relevant search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T318269] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/37|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W37"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०७:००, ९ सेप्टेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29238161 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-38</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W38"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * References lists that are made using the <code dir=ltr><nowiki><references/></nowiki></code> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Cite#references-tag|tag]] will now automatically display with columns in Vector 2022 when readers are using its 'standard' settings for text-size and page-width. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334941] * Starting in the week of October 6, on [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small wikis]] and [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] that have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] enabled, all autoconfirmed users will be able to use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] as an organizer. No changes will be made for [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/large.dblist|large wikis]] unless requested in Phabricator. This change is being made to make it easier for more people to use Event Registration, especially on wikis that are less likely to have policies related to the Event Organizer right. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Proposal to grant autoconfirmed users on small and medium wikis the organizer access to the event registration tool|Learn more]]. * Users that search using regular expressions (regex) can now use additional features including: ** for the <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> keyword: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Metacharacters|metacharacters]] for start-of-line (<code dir=ltr>^</code>) and end-of-line (<code dir=ltr>$</code>) anchors [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T317599] ** for both <code dir=ltr>intitle:</code> and <code dir=ltr>insource:</code> keywords: shorthand [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Character_Classes|character classes]] for digits (<code dir=ltr>\d</code>), whitespace (<code dir=ltr>\s</code>), and word characters (<code dir=ltr>\w</code>); and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#Escape codes|escape codes]] for line feed (<code dir=ltr>\r</code>), newline (<code dir=ltr>\n</code>), tab (<code dir=ltr>\t</code>), and unicode (e.g. <code dir=ltr>\uHHHH</code>). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403212] * When you search for text that looks like an IP, the system will now show search results. It used to take you to the contributions for that IP instead of showing search results. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T306325] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on September 24. This is planned at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests which happen twice a year. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the background and details of this process on the Diff blog]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug was fixed that affected users who used the page-tabs to switch from wikitext editing of a section into the visualeditor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401043] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is redesigning the Wikimedia REST API Sandbox with Codex. If you have feedback on improvements for the API documentation or what makes developer experiences smooth (or frustrating), you’re invited to [https://calendar.google.com/calendar/u/0/appointments/schedules/AcZssZ2aZzbXeQvjOF7gB1fJXiwAYemQjKf4sXNaRODPA7_obFyNBwkzNkoVCoTF-aeov89kIjXHbCQm join an upcoming discovery interview], or [[mw:MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Developer Feedback/Wikimedia Web APIs|leave feedback onwiki]]. [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/C4FBAOA57PH6G5ORVMAUF5TGYBLZDU5Q/|Learn more]]. * Edits to Wikidata aliases (an alternative name for an item or a property) will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [[m:Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects/Reduce change propagation noise#Phase 1: More granular Alias tracking|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401288] * The new [https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode17.0.0/ Unicode 17.0] version has been released. The [[:c:Category:Unicode Module Datasets|datasets on Commons]] for the [[:d:Q39301585|Module:Unicode data]] have been updated. Wikipedias that do not use the Commons datasets should either update their own data or switch to the Commons datasets. * Users of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] Structured Contents endpoints can now access [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/parsed-wikipedia-tables/ Parsed Tables]. The new Parsed Tables feature extracts and represents Wikipedia tables in structured JSON. This improves machine accessibility as part of the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/api/structured-contents/ Structured Contents initiative]. Structured Contents output is freely available through the [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/docs/on-demand/#article-structured-contents-beta On-demand API], or through Wikimedia Cloud Services. * A [https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/wikimedia-foundation/english-wikipedia-people-dataset dataset of English Wikipedia biographical information] from [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise|Wikimedia Enterprise]] has been published on Kaggle, for evaluation and research. This provides structured data from more than 1.5 million biographies, including birth and death dates, education, affiliations, careers, awards, and more (from a June 2024 snapshot). * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Scholarships|Scholarship applications]] for Wikimania 2026 in Paris, France, are open until October 31. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/38|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W38"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २२:५३, १५ सेप्टेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29263921 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-39</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W39"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1758726000 On September 24th at 15:00 UTC], all Wikimedia sites users will experience a brief read-only period due to a scheduled [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|datacenter server switchover]]. The Wikimedia Foundation's Site Reliability Engineering (SRE) team will redirect all traffic from one primary server to its backup. You can listen to the switchover using the [http://listen.hatnote.com/ "Listen to Wikipedia"] tool, where you will hear edits stop for a few minutes during the read-only phase, then resume. This twice-yearly datacenter server switchover ensures reliability by testing the backup datacenter, so that our sites can stay online even if the primary datacenter fails. You can [[diffblog:2025/03/12/hear-that-the-wikis-go-silent-twice-a-year/|read more about the process on the Diff blog]]. '''Updates for editors''' * Editors of [[f:Special:Mylanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-09-12#Next round of Wiktionaries to receive embedded Wikifunctions calls|60 more Wiktionaries]] will soon be able to call [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Introduction|functions from Wikifunctions]] and integrate them into their pages. A function takes one or more inputs and transforms them into a desired output, like adding numbers, converting miles to meters, calculating elapsed time, or declining a word into a case. They will join the other [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-29#Wikifunctions available on 65 Wiktionaries|65 Wiktionary language editions]], which already have access to embedded Wikifunctions calls. Later this year, plans are in place to expand to more Wiktionaries and the Incubator. * A new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#Technical metadata of another page|parser function]] has been added: <code><nowiki>{{#contentmodel}}</nowiki></code>. Template editors and admins can use it to get the localized or canonical name of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|content model]] of a specific page. The function makes it easier to create and edit system messages, such as ''MediaWiki:editinginterface'', even when you switch types of pages, like wiki, JavaScript, CSS or JSON page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T328254] * Adding or editing a <code>DISPLAYTITLE</code> for an article using VisualEditor will no longer be broken. Editors who use VisualEditor mode to modify the <code><nowiki>{{DISPLAYTITLE}}</nowiki></code> would no longer have the literal text "DISPLAYTITLE" or its localized variant added to their articles. A list of pages that may have been affected and might need cleanup is documented in [[phab:P83438|this ticket]]. * Beta users of the Wikipedia Android app can now try the redesigned [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Android/Activity Tab Experiment|Activity tab]], which replaces the Edits tab. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:12}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:12|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * Wikifunctions users can now import many essential facts involving [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6011|geo-coordinates]], [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6010|quantities]] and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Z6064|time]] values from Wikidata. This is made possible by the creation of Wikifunctions types for these values, which makes them available for use by functions in Wikifunctions. Learn more about how this works in [[c:File:ImportingWikidataDatatypesIntoWikifunctions.webm|this video]] and Wikifunctions' [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-01#News in Types I: Wikidata quantity|August 1 newsletter]] (for quantities) and [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2025-08-22#News in Types: Wikidata geo-coordinate|August 22 newsletter]] (for geo-coordinates). '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/39|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W39"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०४:४१, २३ सेप्टेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29305556 --> ==[[:सुदन गुरुङ]] [[विकिपिडिया:शीघ्र मेट्नुपर्ने आधार|शीघ्र मेट्नुपर्ने]]मा मनोनित== [[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]] {{Quote box|quote=<p>यदि यो तपाईँले सृजना गर्नुभएको पहिलो लेख हो भने, तपाईँ [[विकिपिडिया:स्वशिक्षा|लेखन सहयोग स्वशिक्षा]] पढ्न सक्नुहुन्छ।</p><p>लेख सृजना गर्न मद्दत गर्ने [[विकिपिडिया:लेख विजार्ड|लेख सहायिका]] पनि तपाईँ प्रयोग गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ।</p>|width=20%|align=right}} यस [[:सुदन गुरुङ]]लाई विकिपिडिया देखि [[विकिपिडिया:पृष्ठ हटाउने नीति|चाँडैनै मेटिने]] भनेर एउटा चिनो राखिएको छ। यसले [[वि:शीमे#ले७|ले७]] मापदण्ड अन्तर्गत एक वास्तविक व्यक्ति वा मानिसहरूको समूहलाई जनाउदछ। विकिपिडियाको [[विकिपिडिया:प्रमानिकता|विश्वसनीयता]] ज्ञानकोशमा भएका सम्पूर्ण सामग्री प्रमाणित भएको हुनुपर्नेछ । तर [[विकिपिडिया:प्रमानिकता|विश्वसनीयता]] नभएका सम्पूर्ण सामग्रीलाई [[विकिपिडिया:शीघ्र मेट्नुपर्ने आधार|शीघ्र मेट्नुपर्ने मापदण्ड]]को आधारमा कुनै पनि समयमा मेटाउन सकिन्छ। थप जानकारिका लागि कृपया [[विकिपिडिया:उल्लेखनियता|विकिपिडिया उल्लेखनियता]] पढ्नुहोला। यदि तपाईँलाई लाग्छ पृष्ठलाई यस कारणले मेटाउनु हुँदैन, तपाईँ '''नामाङ्कन विरोध गर्न''' [[:सुदन गुरुङ|पृष्ठमा गएर]] आफ्नो विचार राख्नुहोला। यसले तपाईँलाई पृष्ठ किन मेटाउनु हुँदैन वर्णन गर्ने अवसर दिनेछ। यद्यपि, याद रहोस्, एक पटक पृष्ठ शीघ्र मेटाउन अङ्कित भएमा, यो तत्काल मेटाइनेछ। कृपया पृष्ठबाट शीघ्र मेटाउने चिनो आफैंले नहटाउनुहोला, तर विकिपिडियाको [[विकिपिडिया:नीति तथा दिशानिर्देशहरूको सूची|नीति तथा दिशानिर्देशहरू]] अनुरूप जानकारी थप्न नहिचकिचाउनुहोला। यदि पृष्ठ मेटिसकिएको, र भविष्यका सन्दर्भ वा सुधारको लागि तपाईँ मेटाइएको सामग्री पुनःप्राप्त गर्न चाहनुहुन्छ भने, कृपया {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&page=%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%99|मेटाउने प्रशासकलाई सम्पर्क गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ}}। <!-- Template:Db-notability-notice --><!-- Template:Db-csd-notice-custom --> [[User:Saroj|Saroj]] ([[User talk:Saroj|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १२:५२, २३ सेप्टेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-40</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W40"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * A major software upgrade has been made to [[phab:|Phabricator]]. The update introduces performance improvements, a refreshed search interface, enhancements to Maniphest task search, updates to user profile pages and project workboards, new Herald automation features, as well as general text input, mobile experience improvements and more. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/phame/post/view/321/iterative_improvements_september_2025/] '''Updates for editors''' * The Community Tech team will release the new Community Wishlist extension on October 1, that will improve the way wishes will be submitted. The new extension will allow users to add tags to their wishes to better categorise them, and (in a future iteration) to filter them by status, tags and focus areas. It will also be possible to support individual wishes again, as requested by the community in many instances. The old system will be retired. There will be a brief period of downtime while the extension is deployed and wishes are migrated to the new system. You can read more about this [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|in the latest update]] or you can consult the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CommunityRequests|current documentation on MediaWiki]]. * As announced [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|on Diff blog]], the production trial of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|hCaptcha]] service for bot detection has begun. The trial is currently using hCaptcha to protect account creation on Chinese, Persian, Portuguese, Indonesian, Japanese, and Turkish Wikipedias, where it will replace our existing [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:ConfirmEdit#FancyCaptcha|CAPTCHA]] (FancyCaptcha). The goal with the trial is to better block bots while also improving usability and accessibility for users who encounter CAPTCHA challenges. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents]] extension has been [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|deployed]] to Wikimedia Commons. The extension makes it easier to organize and participate in collaborative activities, like edit-a-thons and WikiProjects, on the wikis. On Commons, anyone who is a registered user can use it as an event participant. To use it as an organizer, someone needs to have the [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Event organizers|event organizer right]]. * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to German Wikipedia. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|test the feature]] on testwiki or [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on betawiki] as well. Please share your thoughts on [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Templates used in sub-references|using templates in sub-references]] or [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|volunteer to become a pilot wiki]]. * On wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|Mentorship]] system, communities can now opt experienced editors out of Mentorship through [[{{#special:CommunityConfiguration/Mentorship}}]]. Within this setting, communities may define thresholds, based on edit count and account age, to decide when an editor is considered experienced enough to no longer receive Mentorship. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403563] * The Editing Team and the Machine Learning Team are working on a new check for newcomers: [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tone Check|Tone check]]. Using a prediction model, this check will encourage editors to improve the tone of their edits, using artificial intelligence. We invite volunteers to review the first version of the Tone language model for the following languages: Arabic, Czech, German, Hebrew, Indonesian, Dutch, Polish, Russian, Turkish, Chinese, Farsi, Italian, Norwegian, Romanian and Latvian. Users from these wikis interested in reviewing this model are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit_check/Tone_Check/Model_evaluation|invited to sign up at MediaWiki.org]]. The deadline to sign up is on October 3, which will be the start date of the test. * The rollout of [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manage blocks|multiblocks]] had the side effect that non-active block logs may have been shown on {{#special:Contributions}} and on blocked users' user and user_talk pages. This issue will be fully resolved in a few days. As part of the fix, [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=sp-contributions-blocked-notice}} messages prefixed with <code>sp-contributions-blocked-notice</code>] will be removed and replaced with [{{fullurl:Special:Allmessages|prefix=blocked-notice-logextract}} those prefixed with <code>blocked-notice-logextract</code>] in a few weeks. Please help translate the new messages and update any local overrides if needed. * There was a bug with links added using visual editor if they included characters such as <code dir=ltr><nowiki>[ ] |</nowiki></code> after the fragment identifier (<code><nowiki>#</nowiki></code>). They were not encoded properly creating an incorrect link. This has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404823] * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote/en}} in [[d:Q9237|Malay]] ([[q:ms:|<code>q:ms:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404698] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/User Info|User Info Card]] now displays currently active global lock/blocks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401128] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Later this week, editors using Lua modules will be able to use the <code>[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.title.newBatch|mw.title.newBatch]]</code> function to look up the existence of up to 25 pages at once, in a way that only increases the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parser functions#Expensive parser functions|expensive function]] count once. * A new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Unsupported Tools Working Group]] has been formed as part of ongoing efforts to collectively determine technical work priorities, similar to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product & Technology Advisory Council]] (PTAC). The working group will help prioritize and review requests for support of unmaintained extensions, gadgets, bots, and tools. For the first cycle, the group will be prioritizing an unsupported Wikimedia Commons tool. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/40|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W40"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:३८, ३० सेप्टेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29355230 --> == This Month in Education: September 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 9 • September 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/September 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination|Brazil organizes seminar to discuss open science and scientific dissemination]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism & Folklore 2025 Winners|CBSUA Recognizes Wiki Training Completers, Awards Feminism & Folklore 2025 Winners]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025|2nd International Conference on Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures Mexico 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište|Accredited seminar for teachers in Veliko Gradište]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters|Breaking Barriers, Why open Knowledge matters]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach |Cross-Continental Knowledge Exchange: Offa Youth Impact Initiative and St Aloysius University in 3D Education Outreach]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU & Alvan|Igbo Language Audio Project in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club IMSU & Alvan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia|Let's Read Wikipedia reached teachers of the Weenhayek indigenous nation in Bolivia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Monográfico sobre Wikipedia en el aula, Revista Docere|Monograph on Wikipedia in the classroom, Docere Magazine]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan|The Third Training Course of the “Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom” Program in Jordan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025|The Ukrainian Educators’ Wikimedia Conference 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes|Wikimedia MKD's edit-a-thon: Lakes]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Cultura libre en las aulas|Free culture in the classroom]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/September 2025/Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs|Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki clubs]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २०:५५, २ अक्टोबर २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29344785 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-41</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W41"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#paste|Paste Check]] is a new Edit Check feature to help avoid and fight copyright violations. When editors paste text into an article, Paste Check prompts them to confirm the origin and licensing of the content. Starting Wednesday, 8 October, [[phab:T403680|22 wikis will test Paste Check]]. Paste Check will help new volunteers understand and follow the policies and guidelines necessary to make constructive contributions to Wikipedia projects. '''Updates for editors''' * Mobile devices will receive mobile articles directly on the standard domain (like <code>en.wikipedia.org</code>), instead of via a redirect to an "m" domain (like <code>en.m.wikipedia.org</code>). This change improves performance. This week it will be enabled on Wikipedias. The existing mobile URLs and the "Desktop view" opt-out remain available. [[mw:Requests for comment/Mobile domain sunsetting/2025 Announcement|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T214998] * New [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch#creationdate and lasteditdate|date filters]], <code dir=ltr>creationdate:</code> and <code dir=ltr>lasteditdate:</code>, are now available in the wiki search engine. This allows users to filter search results by a page's first or last revision date. The filters support comparison operators (e.g. <code dir=ltr>>2024</code>) and relative dates (e.g. <code dir=ltr>today-1d</code>), making it easier to find recently updated content or pages within specific age ranges. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403593] * [[f:|Wikifunctions]] now supports rich text in embedded calls across the 150 wikis where it's enabled. To showcase this, the team created a [[f:Z26333|Latin declination table]] that Wiktionary editors can use to automatically generate noun forms, producing clear, formatted results — see an [[f:Wikifunctions:Embedded function calls/Wiktionary tables demonstration|example output]]. If you need any help or have any feedback, please [[f:Wikifunctions:Project chat|contact the Wikifunctions Team]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T397402] * An edit link will now appear inside the categories box on article pages for logged in users, which will directly launch the VisualEditor category dialog. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T291691] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a problem downloading pdf files last week and that has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405957] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The field <code dir=ltr>rev_sha1</code> in the revision database table is being removed in favor of <code dir=ltr>content_sha1</code> in the content database table. See [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/2D2M3SP4WHR6BXXKTZ2PBLZQYR3EGQVR/ the announcement] for more information. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web|Reader Experience team]] will roll out [[w:en:Light-on-dark color scheme|Dark Mode]] user interface on all Wikimedia sites on October 29, 2025. All anonymous users of Wikimedia sites will have the option to activate a color scheme that features light-colored text on a dark background. This is designed to provide a more comfortable reading experience, especially in low-light situations. Template authors and technical contributors are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Updates/2024-04|learn how to make pages ready for Dark mode]] and address any compatibility issues found in templates in their wiki before the enablement. Please contact the Web team for questions or any support on [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading#|this talk page]] before the enablement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Starting on Monday, October 6, API endpoints under the <code>rest.php</code> path will be rerouted through a new internal API Gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400130] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/41|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W41"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २३:०९, ६ अक्टोबर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29400897 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-42</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W42"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Last week, improvements to account security and two-factor authentication (2FA) features were enabled across all wikis. These changes include user interface improvements for [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity], the support of multiple 2FA methods via authenticator apps and portable security keys (previously users could only enable one method), and a new Recovery Codes module which facilitates fewer account lockouts due to lost two-factor apps and devices. As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project, work is continuing through the rest of 2025 on further user experience improvements, and support for passkeys as an alternate second factor. '''Updates for editors''' * Another part of the Account security project is making 2FA generally available to all users. Along with editors with advanced privileges, such as administrators and bureaucrats, 40% of editors now have access to 2FA. You can check if you have access at [https://auth.wikimedia.org/metawiki/wiki/Special:AccountSecurity Special:AccountSecurity]. Instructions for activation are on the linked page. The plan is to continue increasing availability if it is determined that the user support capabilities are able to support global usage. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T400579] * This week, users at wikis where talk page [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|Usability Improvements]] are already available by default (everywhere ''except'' the 12 wikis listed in [[phab:T379264|T379264]]) will gain the ability to Thank a comment directly from the talk page it appears on. Before this change, Thanking could only be done by visiting the revision history of the talk page. You can [[diffblog:2025/10/13/revolutionizing-gratitude-a-new-era-of-thanking-comments/|learn more about this change]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366095] * Users who have not [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-personal-email|verified their email address]] will soon be receiving monthly Notification reminders to do so. This is because users who have verified their email can more easily recover their account. These reminders will not be sent if the user is inactive or removes the unverified email from their account. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T58074] * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a fix was made for an occasional error with saving translated paragraphs in the Content Translation tool, and the related error messages are now easier to see. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T376531] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The Unsupported Tools Working Group has chosen [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] as the first tool for its pilot cycle. The group will explore ways to improve and sustain the tool over the coming months. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|Learn more on Meta]]. * [[File:Octicons-sync.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/42|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W42"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ००:४५, १४ अक्टोबर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29434481 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-43</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W43"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * To optimize how user data is stored in our databases, the saved preferences of users who haven't logged in for over five years and have fewer than 100 edits will be cleared. When those users return, default settings will apply. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406724] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, there was a broken link from the GlobalContributions interface message to the XTools GlobalContributions page which has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406415] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The work to reroute all traffic to API endpoints under the <code dir=ltr><nowiki>rest.php</nowiki></code> route through a common API gateway is now complete. If any issues are observed, please file a phabricator ticket to the [[phab:tag/serviceops/|Service Ops team board]]. * Edits to Wikidata references or qualifiers will now be shown in RecentChanges and Watchlist entries on other wikis less often, reducing unnecessary notifications. This will reduce the overall quantity of 'noisy' entries. Wikidata's own pages remain unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401290] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/43|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W43"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:२२, २१ अक्टोबर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29478670 --> == विकिपिडिया एसियाली महिना २०२५ मा सहभागिता == [[File:Wikipedia Asian Month Logo.svg|right|200px]] नमस्ते {{BASEPAGENAME}} ज्यू!<br /> तपाईंलाई '''[[विकिपिडिया:विकिपिडिया एसियाली महिना २०२५|विकिपिडिया एसियाली महिना २०२५]]''' मा सहभागी हुन हार्दिक निमन्त्रणा गर्दछौं। नोभेम्बर महिनाभर सञ्चालन हुने अनलाइन सम्पादन–थन प्रतियोगिताको उद्देश्य नेपाली विकिपिडियामा नेपालबाहेकका एसियाली देशहरूको लेख संख्या र गुणस्तर बढाउनु हो। चार वा सोभन्दा बढी योग्य लेख सिर्जना गर्ने सहभागीहरूले विशेष '''डिजिटल बार्नस्टार''' पाउनुहुनेछ। सहभागी हुन [[विकिपिडिया:विकिपिडिया एसियाली महिना २०२५/सहभागीहरू|यहाँ क्लिक गर्नुहोस्]]। आउनुहोस्, योगदान गरेर एसियाली विकिपिडिया समुदायबीच मित्रता र सहकार्य बढाऔं! --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Saroj|Saroj]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:Saroj|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) २०:४८, २५ अक्टोबर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Saroj@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Saroj/SampleInvitation&oldid=29506389 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-44</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W44"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia iOS app has launched an A/B/C test of improvements made to the tabbed browsing feature for select regions and languages. The test, named “More dynamic tabs”, explores new tab experiences and includes “Did you know” and “Because you read” article recommendations. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/Tabbed Browsing (Tabs)/New Tab Experience and Recommendations Experiment|read more on the project page]]. * Autoconfirmed users on [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/small.dblist|small]] and [[git:operations/mediawiki-config/+/a2d2aaab9ace84280dd2f4c70a33bb69cd73850f/dblists/medium.dblist|medium wikis]] with the CampaignEvents extension can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event Center/Registration|Event Registration]] without the Event Organizer right. This feature lets organizers enable registration, manage participants, and lets users register with one click instead of signing event pages. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue of flashing colors when holding or pressing the arrow keys under the dark mode settings in Vector 2022 has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402285] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The CampaignEvents extension will be deployed to all remaining wikis during the week of 17 November 2025. The extension currently includes three features: Event Registration, Collaboration List, and Invitation List. For this rollout, Invitation List will not be enabled on Wikifunctions and MediaWiki unless requested by those communities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Deployment status|Visit the deployment page to learn more]]. * The SwaggerUI-based REST sandbox experience is now live on all wiki projects. The sandbox can be accessed through the [[{{#special:RestSandbox}}]] page. Please report any issues to the MediaWiki Interfaces team board, or join the discussion on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team/Feature Feedback/REST Sandbox|project launch]] page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/board/6931/] * Transform endpoints with a trailing slash path in the MediaWiki REST API are now marked as deprecated. They will remain functional during this time, but removal is expected by the end of January 2026. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=mw-extra&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. See the [[mw:API/Deprecation|MediaWiki REST API Deprecation]] page for more detailed information about the API deprecation policies and procedures. * A dedicated [[mw:API:REST API/Changelog|changelog now exists for the MediaWiki REST API]]. The changelog provides an overview of these changes, making it easier for developers to keep track of improvements and iterations. Announcements will also continue to flow through the standard communication channels, including Tech News and email distribution lists, but can now be more easily referenced from a central location. If you have feedback about the style, structure, or content of this changelog, please [[mw:API talk:REST API/Changelog|join the discussion]]. * Administrators can delete the tracking category which was previously added by the JsonConfig extension, as it is no longer used. See the categories linked from [[d:Q130635582#sitelinks-wikipedia|Q130635582]]. It is OK if there are still pages listed in the category as that is just a caching issue, and they will be automatically cleared out the next time each page is edited. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T378352] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.25|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W44"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:१७, २८ अक्टोबर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29513638 --> == This Month in Education: October 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 10 • October 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/October 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/"WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!" winner at the Open Education Awards 2025|"WikiDonne Internship: Wikimedia Platforms for Open Education and Inclusive Culture!" winner at the Open Education Awards 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer|A Proud Chapter in My Wikimedia Journey 🇳🇬: From Editor to Organizer]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil|Debating open science and scientific dissemination in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta|Enhancing Academic Articles on Wikipedia with the State University of Jakarta]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025|India’s Students and Educators Lead the Way in the Wiki Science Competition 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/JDACA & Amman Arab University|JDACA & Amman Arab University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September|New starting page for Wikipedia users had been launched in September]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset|Teaching Evidence Synthesis Automation with the Wikipedia–Kaggle Dataset]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October|Wikimedia MKD’s Education Program activities for October]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp|Wikimedia Serbia prepares eight annual Edu Wiki camp]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/October 2025/Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania|Wikivoyage editathon in Peshkopia, Albania]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ११:५०, २ नोभेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29511272 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-45</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W45"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Administrators will now find that [[{{#special:MergeHistory}}]] is now significantly more flexible about what it can merge. It can now merge sections taken from the middle of the history of the source (rather than only the start) and insert revisions anywhere in the history of the destination page (rather than only the start). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382958] * For users with "{{int:discussiontools-preference-autotopicsub}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|enabled in their preferences]], starting a new topic or adding a reply to an existing topic will now subscribe them to replies to that topic. Previously, this would only happen if the DiscussionTools "{{int:Skin-action-addsection}}" or "{{int:Discussiontools-replybutton}}" widgets were used. When DiscussionTools was originally launched existing accounts were not opted in to automatic topic subscriptions, so this change should primarily affect newer accounts and users who have deliberately changed their preferences since that time. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290778] * Scribunto modules can now be used to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#SVG library|generate SVG images]]. This can be used to build charts, graphics and other visualizations dynamically through Lua, reducing the need to compose them externally and upload them as files. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405861] * Wikimedia sites now provide all anonymous users with the option to enable a dark mode color scheme, featuring light-colored text on a dark background. This enhancement aims to deliver a more enjoyable reading experience, especially in dimly lit environments. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T395628] * Users with large watchlists have long faced timeouts when editing [[Special:EditWatchlist|Special:EditWatchlist]]. The page now loads entries in smaller sections instead of all at once due to a paging update, allowing everyone to edit their watchlists smoothly. As part of the database update, sorting by expiry has been removed because it was over 100× slower than sorting by title. A [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Community_Wishlist/W454 community wish] has been created to explore alternative ways to restore sort-by-expiry. If this feature is important to you, please support the wish! [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T41510] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:31}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:31|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the fixing of the persisting highlighting when using VisualEditor find and replace during a query. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Since 2019 the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia URL Shortener|Wikimedia URL Shortener]] at https://w.wiki is available for all Wikimedia wikis to create short links to articles, permalinks, diffs, etc. It is available in the sidebar as "Get shortened URL". There are 30 wikis that also install an older "ShortUrl" extension. The old extension will soon be removed. This means <code>/s/</code> URLs will not be advertised under article titles via HTML <code dir=ltr>class="title-shortlink"</code>. The <code>/s/</code> URLs will keep working. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T107188] * On Thursday, October 30, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Interfaces Team|MediaWiki Interfaces]] and [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Service Operations]] teams began rerouting Action API traffic through a common API gateway. Individual wikis will be updated based on the standard release groups, with total traffic increased over time. This change is expected to be non-breaking and non-disruptive. If any issues are observed, please file a Phabricator ticket to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/tag/serviceops/ Service Ops team] board. * MediaWiki Train deployments will pause for the final two weeks of 2025: 22 December and 29 December. Backport windows will also pause between Monday, 22 December 2025 and Thursday, 2 January 2026. A backport window is a scheduled time to add things like bug fixes and configuration changes. There are seven deployment trains remaining for 2025. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/SMWTEAES4SDLDUSK4HMWNBSKNCXZAWYN/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.45/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * In 2025, the Wikimedia Foundation reported that AI systems and search engines increasingly use Wikipedia content without driving users to the site, contributing to an 8% drop in human pageviews compared to 2024. After detecting bots disguised as humans, Wikimedia updated its traffic data to reflect this shift. Read more about current user trends on Wikipedia in [[diffblog:2025/10/17/new-user-trends-on-wikipedia/|a Diff blog post]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/45|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W45"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:२०, ४ नोभेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29552512 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-46</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W46"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' [[File:Talk pages default look (April 2023).jpg|thumb|alt=Screenshot of the visual improvements made on talk pages|Example of a talk page with the new design, in French.]] * Starting November 12, users will see a change in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Feature summary#Usability improvements|appearance of talk pages]] on [[Phab:T379264|some Wikipedias]]. Almost [[phab:T392121|all wikis]] have received this design change; [[phab:T409297|English Wikipedia]] will get these changes later. You can read more [[diffblog:2024/05/02/making-talk-pages-better-for-everyone/|on ''Diff'']]. Users can opt out of these changes [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|in their user preferences]] in "{{int:discussiontools-preference-visualenhancements}}". [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T379264] * MediaWiki can now display a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Protection indicators|page indicator]] automatically while a page is protected. This feature is disabled by default. It can be enabled by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Requesting wiki configuration changes|community request]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T12347] * Using the "{{int:showpreview}}" or "{{int:showdiff}}" buttons in the wikitext editor will now carry over certain URL parameters like '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#useskin|useskin]]', '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Parameters to index.php#uselang|uselang]]' and '[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Section#Editing sections|section]]'. This update also fixes an issue where, if the browser crashed while previewing an edit to a single section, saving this edit could overwrite the entire page with just that section’s content. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T62744][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T24029][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T155097] * Wikivoyage wikis can use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer#Markers and counters|colored map markers in the article text]]. The text of these markers will now be shown in contrasting black or white color, instead of always being white. Local workarounds for the problem can be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T369454] * The Activity tab in the Wikipedia Android app is now available for all users. The new tab offers personalized insights into reading, editing, and donation activity, while simplifying navigation and making app use more engaging. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Android/Activity_Tab_Experiment] * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment called "Image browsing" to test how to make it easier for readers to browse and discover images on Wikipedia articles. This experiment, a mobile-only A/B test, will go live on English Wikipedia in the week of November 17 and will run for four weeks, affecting 0.05% of users on English wiki. The test launched on November 3 on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese wikis, affecting up to 10% of users on those wikis. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Reader_Growth/WE3.1.3_Image_Browsing] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example the inability to lock accounts on mobile sites has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T256185] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[wikitech:Help talk:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee#November 2025 committee nominations|Nominations are open on Wikitech]] for new [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Toolforge standards committee|Toolforge standards committee]] members. The committee oversees the Toolforge [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Right to fork policy|Right to fork policy]] and [[wikitech:Help:Toolforge/Abandoned tool policy|Abandoned tool policy]] among other duties. Nominations will remain open through 2025-11-28. * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT issuer field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]] has been changed to <code><nowiki>https://meta.wikimedia.org</nowiki></code>. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * The [[w:JSON Web Token#Standard fields|JWT subject field]] in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/OAuth/For Developers#OAuth 2|OAuth 2 access tokens]] will soon change from <code><user id></code> to <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">mw:<identity type>:<user id></code>, where <code><identity type></code> is typically <code dir=ltr>CentralAuth:</code><!-- not a typo --> (for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Unified login|SUL wikis]]) or <code dir=ltr style="white-space:nowrap">local:<wiki id></code> (for other wikis). This is to avoid conflicts between different user ID types, and to make OAuth 2 access tokens and the <code>sessionJwt</code> cookie more similar. Old access tokens will still work. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399199] * MediaWiki's block messages ([[MediaWiki:Blockedtext|blockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-partial|blockedtext-partial]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext|autoblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Systemblockedtext|systemblockedtext]], [[MediaWiki:Blockedtext-tempuser|blockedtext-tempuser]], [[MediaWiki:Autoblockedtext-tempuser|autoblockedtext-tempuser]]) now support additional parameters indicating whether the user is blocked from editing their own user talk page <code><nowiki>$9</nowiki></code> or emailing other users <code><nowiki>$</nowiki><nowiki>10</nowiki></code>. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T285612] * A <code>REL1_45</code> branch for MediaWiki core and each of the extensions and skins in Wikimedia git has been created. This is the first step in the release process for MediaWiki 1.45.0, scheduled for late November 2025. If you are working on a critical bug fix or working on a new feature, you may need to take note of this change. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/ZUY7TY3Z6XPZWZVAZV63OPO5OW52Q6GE/] * The process for generating CirrusSearch dumps has been updated due to slowing performance. If you encounter any issues migrating to the replacement dumps, please contact the Search Platform Team for support. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T366248][https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/3KQPOR6ACVN6OVLMLZPIBXQSWQKW4E3K/] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/46|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W46"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:२३, ११ नोभेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29606150 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-47</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W47"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is experimenting with [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4_Reading lists|reading lists on mobile web]], allowing logged-in readers with no edits to save private lists of articles for later. The experiment is running on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias since the week of 10 November, and will begin on English Wikipedia the week of 17 November. * Users who can’t receive their email verification code during login can now get help by submitting a form on a new special page. This update is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. If your account has an email address, please make sure you still have access to it. When logging in from a new device or location without 2FA, you may be asked to enter a 6-digit code sent by email to finish logging in. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Why are you requiring me to enter a code from my email to log in? Can I opt out of this?|Learn more]]. * One new wiki has been created: a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikisource}} in [[d:Q13324|Minangkabau]] ([[s:min:|<code>s:min:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408317] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, the Content Transform Team rolled out Parsoid as the default parser to many low-traffic Wikipedias and is preparing the next step to high traffic ones. This message is an invitation for you to opt-in to Parsoid, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation, and identify any issues you might encounter with your own workflow using bots, gadgets, or user scripts. Please, let us know through the ''"Report Visual Bug"'' link in the Tools sidebar or create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. * Unsupported Tools: Several issues with [[:c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons|Video2Commons]] have been fixed, including filename-related upload failures, black-video imports, and retry handling. AV1 support has also been added. Ongoing work focuses on backend stability, ffmpeg errors, subtitle imports, metadata handling, and playlist uploads. To track specific tasks, check the [[phab:tag/video2commons/|Phabricator board]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Save the date for the next Wikimedia Hackathon happening in Milan, Italy from May 1–3, 2026. Registration will open in January 2026. [https://pretix.eu/wikimedia/Hackathon-2026/ Scholarship applications are currently open], and will close on November 28, 2025. If you have any questions, please email <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">hackathon@wikimedia.org</bdi>. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/47|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W47"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २३:११, १७ नोभेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29627455 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-48</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W48"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Wikimedia Search Team]] recreated the "DWIM" (Do What I Mean) gadget functionality server-side, for Russian and Hebrew Wikipedias. This feature adds cross-keyboard suggestions to the standard search-box suggestions. For example, searching for ''<span lang="und" dir="ltr">cxfcnmt</span>'' on Russian Wikipedia will now add suggestions for ''<span lang="ru" dir="ltr">счастье</span>'' ("happiness") that the user probably intended. They plan to enable this feature for other Russian and Hebrew wikis this week. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408734] * Later this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have syntax highlighting available in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]]. This requires that the "{{int:discussiontools-preference-sourcemodetoolbar}}" preference be set. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T407918] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|Campaign events extension]] – the set of tools for coordinating events and other on-wiki collaborations has now been deployed to all Wikimedia wikis. A new feature known as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/CampaignEvents/Collaborative contributions|Collaborative contribution]] to help organizers and participants see the impact of activities has also been added. Join the upcoming [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Connection learning session 3|learning session]] to see the new feature in action and share your feedback. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:24}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:24|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug which stopped CodeReviewBot from working, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410417] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Users of Wikimedia API can join a usability study to help validate the new design of Wikimedia REST API sandboxes. Interested participants should fill the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/487662 recruitment survey]. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/IREJRRWTZTGCYWQHDMSNJFTQAEPOOAE3/] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is deprecating XSLT stylesheets within the Action API. Support for <code dir=ltr>format=xml'''&xlst={stylesheet}'''</code> will be removed from Wikimedia projects by the end of November, 2025. In addition, it will soon be disabled by default in MediaWiki release versions: v1.43 (LTS), v1.44, and v1.45. Support for XSLT stylesheets will be fully removed from MediaWiki v1.46 (expected to release between April and May 2026). [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/5AX7UWAVVUNUSBOIRHMNOKWOZ5EZI3JX/] * The WDQS legacy endpoint ([https://query-legacy-full.wikidata.org/ query-legacy-full.wikidata.org]) will be decommissioned at the end of December 2025, and finally closed down on 7th January 2026. After this date, users should expect requests to query.wikidata.org that require the full graph to fail or return invalid results if they are not rewritten to use SPARQL federation. The team encourages users to ensure that tools and workflows use the supported WDQS endpoints (<span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Main graph or <span dir=ltr><nowiki>https://query-scholarly.wikidata.org/</nowiki></span> - Scholarly graph). For support with migrating use cases, please review the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Data_access|Data Access]] and [[d:Wikidata:Request_a_query|Request a Query]] pages for details and assistance on alternative access methods. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/48|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W48"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २१:४२, २४ नोभेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29702226 --> == This Month in Education: November 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 11 • November 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/November 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 & 2026|Auckland Museum's Wiki Summer Student Programme is back for 2025 & 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia|Edu Wiki camp 2025 in Belgrade, Serbia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras|Wikidata na Escola: estudantes da zona rural de Minas Gerais contribuem com dados sobre mulheres negras brasileiras]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day|190 students from Oteitza Lizeoa create 48 articles on the history of the Basque Country for Txikipedia in one day]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI|2nd International Congress Wikimedia, Education, and Digital Cultures – WECUDI]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States|Africa and Proud Leads Wiki Classroom Project Across Three Nigerian States]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th|November 2025November 2025/Annual Czech Wiki Conference took place on Saturday, Nov 8th]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025|EduWiki Meetup at GLAM Wiki Conference 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia|Highly productive autumn education activities in Macedonia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon & Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka|Kannada Wikipedia Asian Month 2025: Edit-a-thon & Workshop Highlights from Loyola College, Karnataka]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe|Kosovo Wikivoyage Editathons in Gjakova and Krusha e Madhe]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course|Ukrainian educators create open lesson plans based on the «Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom» course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training|United Architects of the Philippines Student Auxiliary – University of Nueva Caceres joins Wikisource Training]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM|Videos on Teaching Experiences with Wikipedia, Wikidata, Commons, and OSM]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge|Wiki as a tool for technological empowerment of indigenous knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo|Wiki Science Competition in Albania and Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions|Wiki Workshop 2026 Call for Contributions]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo|Wikipedia Contribution with Faculty of Mathematical and Natural Sciences Students in Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/November 2025/Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community|Impact of Wikimedia Rwanda Wiki Clubs in Growth of Wikimedia User Group Rwanda Community]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १९:३१, ३० नोभेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29716809 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-49</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W49"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The Wikipedia Year in Review 2025 will be available on December 2 for users of iOS and Android Wikipedia apps, featuring new personalized insights, updated reading highlights, and refreshed designs. Learn more on the review's [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/Updates|project page]]. * The Growth team is working on improving the text and presentation of the Verification Email sent to new users to make them more welcoming, useful and informative. Some new text have been drafted for A/B testing and you can help by translating them. See [[phab:T396155|Phabricator]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] will now be deployed at Japanese, Urdu and Chinese Wikipedias on December 2. Add a link is based on a prediction model that suggests links to be added to articles. While this feature has already been available on most Wikipedias, the prediction model could not support certain languages. A new model has now been developed to handle these languages, and it will be gradually rolled out to other Wikipedias over time. If you would like to know more, please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where search boxes on some Commons pages showed no results due to switch from SpecialSearch to MediaSearch, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399476] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q36846|Toki Pona]] ([[w:tok:|<code>w:tok:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404457] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikiquote}} in [[d:Q33655|Nigerian Pidgin]] ([[q:pcm:|<code>q:pcm:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408318] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Foundation is in the early stages of exploring approaches to '''Article guidance'''. The initiative aims to identify interventions that could help new editors easily understand and apply existing Wikipedia practices and policies when creating an article. The project is in the exploration and early experimental design phase. All community members are encouraged to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|learn more]] about the project, and share their thoughts on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Article guidance|the talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/49|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W49"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ००:४३, २ डिसेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29732328 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-50</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W50"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Anybody who wishes to secure their user account can now use [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). This is available to all registered users of all Wikimedia projects. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] initiative. Later, 2FA will be required for all users who can take security- or privacy-sensitive actions. '''Updates for editors''' * Following last week's deployments, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Tools/Add a link|Add a link]] feature, which allows editors to add suggested links during editing, will be available to an additional [[Phab:T410469|33 Wikipedias]] starting on 9 December. This expansion is possible thanks to the new prediction model that now supports all languages, including those that were previously not covered. While the feature has been available on most Wikipedias for some time, this rollout brings us closer to using the improved model everywhere. If you have any questions or would like more details please contact [[mw:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]]. * Last week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Search Platform|Search Platform team]] added [[w:en:Transliteration|transliterated]] as-you-type search suggestions to Georgian wikis. If there are only a few regular search suggestions, then queries in Latin or Cyrillic script [[phab:T127003|are now rewritten into Georgian script]] to look for more matches. For example, searching for either <bdi lang="ka-Latn" dir="ltr">''bedniereba''</bdi> or <bdi lang="ka-Cyrl" dir="ltr">''бедниереба''</bdi> will now suggest the existing article about <bdi lang="ka" dir="ltr">ბედნიერება</bdi> ("happiness"). You can recommend other languages where transliterated suggestions would be useful [[phab:T375215|on Phabricator]] for future development. * Later this week, a controlled experiment will begin for editors on the 100 largest Wikipedias who are editing a section in the mobile web visual editor. 50% of these editors will notice a new "Edit full page" button that will enable them to expand their editing session to the whole page. This feature is intended to make it easier for people on mobile web to edit any article section, regardless of which section-edit icon they tapped to begin. The experiment will last ~4 weeks. You can find [[phab:T409112|more details]] about the project. * Later this week, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] will launch a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.1.14 Expanded Mobile Sections|mobile web experiment]] to expand all article sections by default (currently they are collapsed by default) and pin the section header the user is currently reading to the top of the page. The experiment will affect 10% of users on Arabic, Chinese, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409485] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Wikipedia Year in Review/2025 Year in Review|Wikipedia Year in Review 2025]], a feature in the Wikipedia mobile apps (iOS and Android) that provides users with a personalised summary of their engagement with Wikipedia over the year, is now available on the iOS and Android apps. This edition includes expanded personalised insights, improved reading highlights, new donor messaging, and updated designs. Open the app to view your Year in Review and explore your reading journey from 2025. * A recent software bug caused edits made with VisualEditor to make unintended changes to wikitext, including removing whitespace and replacing spaces with underscores in wikilinks inside citations. This was partially fixed last week, and further fixes are in progress. Editors who used VisualEditor between November 28 and December 2 should review their edits for unexpected modifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411238] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the incorrect handling of URLs copied from the address bar of Microsoft Edge users, has been resolved. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T341281] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting this week, users of the "{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]] will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] as the editor for Lua, JavaScript, CSS, JSON and Vue content models, instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]]. With this, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linters]] will be upgraded. This is part of a larger effort to eventually replace CodeEditor and provide a consistent code editing experience. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373711] * Developers are encouraged to take the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/552643 2025 Developer Satisfaction Survey], which remains open until 5 January 2026. If you build software for the Wikimedia ecosystem and would like to share your experiences or feedback, your participation is greatly appreciated. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/W4WBKO6Q55UWWCCSFWQATKEXBEHP3QNR/] * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/50|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W50"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २३:३१, ८ डिसेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29738112 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-51</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W51"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, one of the fixes addressed an issue for temporary accounts adding an external URL, which triggered an hCaptcha request in more cases than intended, and did not display the required popup on the first attempt to publish the edit. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411927] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To improve database and site performance, external links to Wikimedia projects will no longer be stored in the database. This means they will not be searchable in [[{{#special:LinkSearch}}]], will not be checked by the Spam Blacklist or AbuseFilter as new links, and will not be in the <code dir=ltr>externallinks</code> table on database replicas. In the future this may be extended to other highly-linked trusted websites on a per-wiki basis, such as Creative Commons links on Wikimedia Commons. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T405005] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/51|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W51"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ००:४८, १६ डिसेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29796010 --> == This Month in Education: December 2025 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 14 • Issue 12 • December 2025</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/December 2025/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages|WikiLatih Wiktionary with the Goethe-Institut: Strengthening the Digital Presence of Indonesia’s Local Languages]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage|Wiki in schools - Architecture and Open Heritage]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context|What are the challenges and opportunities in scientific dissemination? Reflecting on the topic in the Brazilian context]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge|WikipediaxAI: Wikipedia, AI, and the future of knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina|Wikipedia at University Another year of working alongside higher education institutions in Argentina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon & Workshop in St Aloysius University |WAM - Tulu Edit-a-thon & Workshop in St Aloysius University]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição|Visibilizando memórias negras: estudantes da UFRGS ampliam a Wikipédia com foco na imprensa e no associativismo pós-abolição]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025|Transforming Education Through Wikimedia in Kosovo: 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania|New WikiClubs and educational partnership in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania|New WikiClub with the Dibra Youth Center in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025|Landmark Educational Initiatives and Wikimedia Programs Transform Learning in 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/December 2025/Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop|Knowledge in the Digital Age: A WMUK Collaborative Workshop]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २०:०७, १७ डिसेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29814101 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2025-52</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2025-W52"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * From January, edit filters [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:AbuseFilter/Access flags|can be set]] to automatically suppress their details such as rules and list of attempted edits and actions. This will help oversighters use edit filters to prevent doxxing or other suppressible material. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T290324] * The next issue of Tech News will be sent out on 12 January 2026 because of the end of year holidays. Thank you to all of the translators, and people who submitted content or feedback, this year. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:16}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:16|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the crash that occurred when tapping "First Steps" in the Wikipedia Android Year in Review has now been fixed, and the feature opens as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411546] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Interface elements such as diffs and categories generated by MediaWiki used to have the attribute <code dir=ltr>data-mw="interface"</code> to distinguish from wiki content. The attribute has been replaced with <code dir=ltr>data-mw-interface=""</code>, to avoid potential conflicts with other <code dir=ltr>data-mw</code> attributes, which are generated by Parsoid. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409187] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] There is no new MediaWiki version this week or next week. '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications just opened mid-December and will close in mid-January or earlier if capacity is reached. With space for approximately 100 participants, early application is encouraged. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/52|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2025-W52"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:३०, २३ डिसेम्बर २०२५ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29831856 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-03</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W03"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the current work of Community Tech team on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W372|Multiple watchlists]] project, the display of [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]] will be updated as a first step towards multiple watchlists. Additionally, the pagination on [[Special:Search|Search]] will be updated too, as a part of the work on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/W186|Revamp pagination / page navigation]] wish. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411596] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] is a MediaWiki [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that lets you see your watchlists from different wikis on the same page. It was recently updated to look more like the regular [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]], such as preparing it for temporary accounts in IP masking (including rerouting user links to contributions pages), making page titles bold, and opening links in edit summaries and tags in new browser tabs. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398361][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T298919][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T273526][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T286309] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where global blocks did not have the option to disable sending emails, has now been fixed, and will be available for use in the week of January 13. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401293] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Citation tool|VisualEditor citation tool]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] now support "map" as a reference type. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411083] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.10|MediaWiki]]/[[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.11|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/03|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W03"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:१९, १३ जनवरी २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29907192 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-04</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W04"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The tray shown on [[Special:Diff|Special:Diff]] in mobile view has been redesigned. It is now collapsed by default, and incorporates a link to undo the edit being viewed, making it easier for mobile editors and reviewers to take action while keeping the interface uncluttered. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402297] * [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|The Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now automatically determines the text direction (ensuring correct display of sites with unusual domain names) and shows detailed descriptions for log actions. Later this week, a new permanent link for page creations and CSS classes for each entry element will be added. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T412505][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T287929][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T262768][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414135] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the previously observed issue in Vector 2022, where anchor link targets were obscured by the sticky header, has now been addressed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406114] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As mentioned in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2025/44|October 2025 deprecation announcement]], MediaWiki Interfaces team will begin sunsetting all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the MediaWiki REST API the week of January 26. Changes are expected to roll out to all wikis on or before January 30th. All API users currently calling them are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. Both endpoint variations can be found, compared, and tested using the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox]. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in Phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * Interactive reference documentation for the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia REST API|Wikimedia REST API]] has moved. Requests to API docs previously hosted through [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/RESTBase|RESTBase]] (e.g.: <code dir=ltr>https://en.wikipedia.org/api/rest_v1/</code>) are now redirected to the [[w:en:Special:RestSandbox|REST Sandbox]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|WMF Wikidata Platform team]] (WDP) has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|January 2026 newsletter]]. It includes updates on the legacy full-graph endpoint decommissioning, the User-Agent policy change, the monthly Blazegraph migration office hours, and efforts to reduce regressions caused by the legacy endpoint shutdown. As a reminder, you can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/WDP team updates|subscribe to the WDP newsletter]]! * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.12|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026|Wikimedia Hackathon Northwestern Europe 2026]] will take place on 13-14 March 2026 in Arnhem, the Netherlands. Applications opened mid-December and will close soon or when capacity is reached. It's a two-day, technically oriented hackathon bringing together Wikimedians from the region. Hope to see you there! '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/04|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W04"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:१५, २० जनवरी २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29943403 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-05</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W05"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia Foundation invites comments on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Year1 Reflections and Proposed Way Forward 2026 Update|proposed future]] of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] until 28 February. * All users with registered accounts can now use passkeys for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor authentication|two-factor authentication]] (2FA). Passkeys are a simple way to log in without using a second device. They verify the user's identity using a fingerprint, face scan, or a PIN code. To set up a passkey, first set up a regular 2FA method. Currently, to log in with a passkey, users must also use a password. Later this quarter, passwordless login will allow users to log in with a single click and a passkey. Users with advanced rights will also be required to have 2FA enabled. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. * Unregistered contributors on blocked IPs or blocked IP ranges can now interact on-wiki to appeal a block by creating a temporary account to appeal a block on the user talk page, unless the "prevent this user from editing their own talk page" is enabled. This solves the problem of logged-out users unable to use the default unblock process via user talk page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398673] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:20}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:20|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the Two-Factor Authentication (2FA) methods description on the management page has been updated. It is now clearer and easier for users to understand and make use of. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T332385] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new AbuseFilter variable, <code>account_type</code>, has been added to provide a reliable way to determine the account type being created in the <code>createaccount</code> and <code>autocreateaccount</code> actions. As part of this change, the variable <code>accountname</code> has been renamed to <code>account_name</code>, and <code>accountname</code> is now deprecated. Edit filter managers should update any filters that use hardcoded account type checks or the deprecated variable. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414049] * Image thumbnails that are requested in non-standard sizes, and using non-standard methods such as direct requests to <code dir=ltr><nowiki>upload.wikimedia.org/…</nowiki></code> will stop working in the near future. This change is to prevent ongoing external abuse by web-scrapers and bots. Some users with custom CSS/JS, Interface Admins who can fix gadgets and local skins, and Tool-authors, will need to update their code to use standard thumbnail sizes. [[phab:T414805|Details, search-links, and examples of how to fix them, are available in the task]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.13|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/05|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W05"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:०३, २७ जनवरी २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=29969530 --> == This Month in Education: January 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 1 • January 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/January 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026|Strengthening Wikimedia Education and Digital Literacy in 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan|Dzongkha Wikipedia Education Program in Bhutan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia Education Program - Train The Trainer in Nepal|Wikipedia Education Program – Train The Trainer in Nepal]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU|Wikipedia 25 celebration in the Igbo Wiki Fan Club Alvan and IMSU]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program|CBSUA boosts Open Knowledge and Local Culture through expanded Wiki Education Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth|WikiChallenge African Schools: Young voices, real impact, and continued (reasonable) growth]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme|Updates on Auckland Museum Summer Student Programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network|Stronger and bolder Wikiforhumanrights 2025 in Anambra Network]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge|Official Opening of IFAK Secondary School Wiki Club: Engaging Youth in Learning Through Open Knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025|Greetings from the Jeronim de Rada WikiClub in Elbasan, Albania, for Christmas 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme|Great and productive final activities of 2025 Wikimedia MKD education programme]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/Envisioning an Open Future together - WikiForAll|Envisioning an Open Future together – WikiForAll]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025|A look back: reviewing the main education activities in Brazil in 2025]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge|A 147-Year-Old Institution Celebrates 25 Years of Wikipedia: St Aloysius University and the Spirit of Open Knowledge]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/¡Celebrando 25 años de conocimiento libre! El Proyecto "25x25" llega a las aulas de Córdoba, Argentina|Celebrating 25 years of free knowledge! The '25x25' Project reaches the classrooms of Córdoba, Argentina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/January 2026/A atuação em rede da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora para a difusão do conhecimento livre na Wikipédia|The collaborative efforts of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora for the dissemination of free knowledge on Wikipedia]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] ००:११, २९ जनवरी २०२६ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=29951116 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-06</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W06"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The "{{int:pageinfo-toolboxlink}}" feature, which gives validating information about a page ([{{fullurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=info}} example]), now automatically includes a table of contents. If there is a local [[{{ns:8}}:Pageinfo-header]] page created by individual users, it can now be removed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T363726] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, VisualEditor previously added bold or italic formatting inside link descriptions, making the wikicode complex. This has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409669] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * There was no XML dump on 20 January. Additionally, from now on, dumps will be generated once per month only. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414389] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team removed support for all transform endpoints containing a trailing slash from the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/API:REST%20API MediaWiki REST API]. All API users currently calling those endpoints are encouraged to transition to the non-trailing slash versions. If you have questions or encounter any problems, please file a ticket in phabricator to the [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/project/view/6931/ #MW-Interfaces-Team board]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.14|MediaWiki]] '''Weekly highlight''' * Users are reminded that the Wikimedia Foundation has shared some guiding questions for the July 2026–June 2027 Annual Plan on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027/Product & Technology OKRs|Meta]] and ''[[diffblog:2025/12/10/shaping-wikimedia-foundations-2026-2027-annual-goals-key-questions-for-the-wikimedia-movement/|Diff]]''. These focus on global trends, faster and healthier experimentation, better support for newcomers, strengthening editors and advanced users, improving collaboration across projects, and growing and retaining readership. Feedback and ideas are welcome on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2026-2027|talk page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/06|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W06"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २३:२९, २ फेब्रुअरी २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30000986 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-07</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W07"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] Logged-in contributors who manage large or complex watchlists can now organise and filter watched pages in ways that improve their workflows with the new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|Watchlist labels]] feature. By adding custom labels (for example: pages you created, pages being monitored for vandalism, or discussion pages) users can more quickly identify what needs attention, reduce cognitive load, and respond more efficiently. This improves watchlist usability, especially for highly active editors. * A new feature available on [[Special:Contributions|Special:Contributions]] shows [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] that are likely operated by the same person, and so makes patrolling less time-consuming. Upon checking contributions of a temporary account, users with access to temporary account IP addresses can now see a view of contributions from the related temporary accounts. The feature looks up all the IPs associated with a given temporary account within the data retention period and shows all the contributions of all temporary accounts that have used these IPs. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts#February 2026: Improvements to the patroller tooling|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415674] * When editors preview a wikitext edit, the reminder box that they are only seeing a preview (which is shown at the top), now has a grey/neutral background instead of a yellow/warning background. This makes it easier to distinguish preview notes from actual warnings (for example, edit conflicts or problematic redirect targets), which will now be shown in separate warning or error boxes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414742] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] continues to improve — it now properly supports more than one Wikibase site, for example both [[d:|Wikidata]] and [[testwikidata:|testwikidata]]. In addition, issues regarding text direction have been fixed for users who prefer Wikidata or other Wikibase sites in right-to-left (RTL) languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415440][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415458] * The automatic "magic links" for ISBN, RFC, and PMID numbers have been [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic links|deprecated in wikitext since 2021]] due to inflexibility and difficulties with localization. Several wikis have successfully replaced RFC and PMID magic links with equivalent external links, but a template was often required to replace the functionality of the ISBN magic link. There is now a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Magic words#isbn|built-in parser function]] <code dir=ltr><nowiki>{{#isbn}}</nowiki></code> available to replace the basic functionality of the ISBN magic link. This makes it easier for wikis who wish to migrate off of the deprecated magic link functionality to do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145604] * Two new wikis have been created: ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q35401|Jju]] ([[w:kaj:|<code>w:kaj:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413283] ** a {{int:project-localized-name-group-wikipedia}} in [[d:Q1186896|Nawat]] ([[w:ppl:|<code>w:ppl:</code>]]) [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413273] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new global user group has been created: [[{{int:grouppage-local-bot}}|{{int:group-local-bot}}]]. It will be used internally by the software to allow community bots to bypass rate limits that are applied to abusive [[w:en:Web scraping|web scrapers]]. Accounts that are approved as bots on at least one Wikimedia wiki will be automatically added to this group. It will not change what user permissions the bot has. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415588] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.15|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference Spring 2026|MediaWiki Users and Developers Conference, Spring 2026]] will be held March 25–27 in Salt Lake City, USA. This event is organized by and for the third-party MediaWiki community. You can propose sessions and register to attend. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/AZBWVI46SDEB65PGR5J6E4TYOQQEZXM7/] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W07"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०५:१६, १० फेब्रुअरी २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30026671 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-08</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W08"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Site Reliability Engineering|SRE Team]] will be performing a cleanup of Wikimedia's [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Etherpad|Etherpad]] instance, the web-based editor for real-time collaborative document editing. All pads will be permanently deleted after 30 April, 2026 – if there are still migration projects in progress at that point the team can revisit the date on a case by case basis. Please create local backups of any content you wish to keep, as deleted data cannot be recovered. This cleanup helps reduce database size and minimize infrastructure footprint. Etherpad will continue to support real-time collaboration, but long-term storage should not be expected. Additional cleanups may occur in the future without prior notice. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415237] '''Updates for editors''' * The Information Retrieval team will be launching an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|Android mobile app experiment]] that tests hybrid search capabilities which can handle both semantic and keyword queries. The improvement of on-platform search will enable readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. The experiment will first be launched on Greek Wikipedia in late February, followed by English, French, and Portuguese in March. [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/08/semantic-search-making-it-easier-to-find-the-information-readers-want/ Read more] on Diff blog. [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Readers/Information_Retrieval] * The Reader Growth team will run [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/WE3.10.2 Mobile Table of Contents|an experiment]] for mobile web users, that adds a table of contents and automatically expands all article sections, to learn more about navigation issues they face. The test will be available on Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Indonesian, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. * Previously, site notices ([[{{ns:8}}:Sitenotice]] and [[{{ns:8}}:Anonnotice]]) would only render on the desktop site. Now, they will render on all platforms. Users on mobile web will now see these notices and be informed. Site administrators should be prepared to test and fix notices on mobile devices to avoid interference with articles. To opt out, interface admins can add <code dir="ltr">#siteNotice { display: none; }</code> to [[{{ns:8}}:Minerva.css]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T138572][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416644] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:19}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:19|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue on [[Special:RecentChanges|Special:RecentChanges]] has been fixed. Previously, clicking hide in the active filters caused the "view new changes since…" button to disappear, though it should have remained visible. The button now behaves as expected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T406339] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * New documentation is now available to help editors debug on-site search features. It supports troubleshooting when pages do not appear in results, when ranking seems unexpected, and when you need to inspect what content is being indexed, helping make search behavior easier to understand and analyze. [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/Debug|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T411169] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.16|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/08|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W08"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:०२, १७ फेब्रुअरी २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30086330 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-09</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W09"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Reference Check|Reference Check]] has been deployed to English Wikipedia, completing its rollout across all Wikipedias. The feature prompts newcomers to add a citation before publishing new content, helping reduce common citation-related reverts and improve verifiability. In A/B testing, the impact was substantial: newcomers shown Reference Check were approximately 2.2 times more likely to include a reference on desktop and about 17.5 times more likely on mobile web. [https://analytics.wikimedia.org/published/reports/editing/reference_check_ab_test_report_final_2025.html] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:InterwikiSorting|InterwikiSorting extension]], which allowed for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interwiki sorting order|sorting of interwiki links]], has been undeployed from Wikipedia. As a result, editors who had enabled interwiki link sorting in non-compact mode (full list format) will now see links reordered. The links moving forward will be listed in the alphabetical order of language code. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T253764] * Later this week, people who are editing a page-section using the mobile visual editor, will notice a new "Edit full page" button. When tapped, you will be able to edit the entire article. This helps when the change you want to make is outside the section you initially opened. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T387175][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T409112] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|The Reader Experience team]] is inviting editors to assess whether dark mode should still be considered "beta" on their wiki, based on their experience of how well it functions on desktop and mobile. If the feature is deemed mature, editors can update the interface messages in <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:skin-theme-description</code> and <code dir=ltr>MediaWiki:Vector-night-mode-beta-tag</code> to indicate that dark mode is ready and no longer considered beta. * The improved [[mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Team/iOS/Activity_Tab|Activity tab]] which displays user-insights is now available to all users of the Wikipedia iOS app (version 7.9.0 and later). Following earlier A/B testing that showed higher account creation among users with access to the feature, it has been rolled out to 100% of users along with some updates. The Activity tab now shows your edited articles in the timeline, offers editing impact insights like contribution counts and article view trends, and customization options to improve in-app experience for users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, a bug that prevented [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:DiscussionTools|DiscussionTools]] from working on mobile has now been fixed, restoring full functionality. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415303] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on one page. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] that makes this possible continues to improve. The latest upgrade is the inclusion of a [[mw:Extension:GlobalWatchlist#hook|new hook]], <code dir=ltr>ext.globalwatchlist.rebuild</code>, which fires after each watchlist rebuild. This allows you to run gadgets and user scripts for the Special page. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T275159] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.17|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/09|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W09"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ००:४९, २४ फेब्रुअरी २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30119102 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-10</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W10"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikipedia 25 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments|Birthday mode]] is now live on Betawi, Breton, Chinese, Czech, Dutch, English, French, Gorontalo, Indonesian, Italian, Luxembourgish, Madurese, Sicilian, Spanish, Thai, and Vietnamese Wikipedias! This limited-time campaign feature celebrates 25 years of Wikipedia with a birthday mascot, Baby Globe. When turned on, Baby Globe is shown on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments/article configuration|~2,500 articles]], waiting to be discovered by readers. Communities can choose to turn Birthday mode on by getting consensus from their community and asking an admin to enable the feature and customize it via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia 25/Easter egg experiments#Community Configuration Demo|community configuration]] on the local wiki. '''Updates for editors''' * [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new feature to re-use references with different details has been released to Swedish Wikipedia, Polish Wikipedia and [[:phab:T418209|a couple of other wikis]]. You can [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#test|try the feature]] on these projects or on testwiki and [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmcloud.org/wiki/Sub-referencing betawiki]. Learnings from the first pilot wiki German Wikipedia have been [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Learnings|published in a report]]. Reach out to the Wikimedia Deutschland team if you are [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Pilot wikis|interested in becoming a pilot wiki]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check#Paste check|Paste Check]] will become available at all Wikipedias this week. The feature prompts newcomers who are pasting text they are not likely to have written into VisualEditor to consider whether doing so risks a copyright violation. Paste Check [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Tags|tags]] all edits where it is shown for potential review. Local administrators can configure various aspects of the feature via [[{{#special:EditChecks}}]]. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check/Paste Check#A/B Experiment|Research]] across 22 wikis found that Paste Check resulted in an 18% decrease in relative reverted-edits compared to the control group. Translators can [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-visualeditor-ve-mw-editcheck&filter=&optional=1&action=translate help to localize] this and related features. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] will be standardizing the user menu in the top right for all mobile users so that it is closer to the desktop experience. Currently this user menu is only visible to users with Advanced Mobile Controls (AMC) turned on. The only change is that a couple buttons previously in the left-side menu will move to the top right for users who do not have AMC turned on. This change is expected to go out March 9 and seeks to improve the user interface. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413912] * Starting in the week of March 2, the emails sent out when an email address was added, removed, or changed for an account will switch to a substantially nicer and clearer HTML email from the prior plaintext one. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T410807] * Notifications are currently limited to 2,000 historic entries per user, and extend back to 2013 when the feature was released. This is going to be changed to only store Notifications from the last 5 years, but up to 10,000 of them. This will help with long-term infrastructure health and help to prevent more recent notifications from disappearing too soon. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]] which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page continues to see improvements. The latest update improves label usage experience. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:GlobalWatchlist|extension]] now allows activating the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Language#Fallback languages|language fallback system]] for Wikidata items without labels in the viewed language, and showing those labels in the user’s preferred Wikidata language if no <code dir=ltr>uselang=</code> URL parameter is provided. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373686][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416111] * The Wikipedia Android team has started a beta test of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Information Retrieval/Phase 1|hybrid search]] on Greek Wikipedia. Hybrid search capabilities can handle both semantic and keyword queries enabling readers to find what they’re looking for directly on Wikipedia more easily. * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Currently, 2FA is required to use the group, but not to be a member of it. Given that this model still has some vulnerabilities, the situation will [[phab:T418580|gradually change in March]]. Members of these groups will be unable to disable last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the second half of March, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. This applies to: CentralNotice administrators, checkusers, interface administrators, suppressors, Wikidata staff, Wikifunctions staff, WMF Office IT and WMF Trust & Safety. Nothing will change for other users. See the linked task for deployment schedule. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418580] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue preventing users from creating an instance in [https://www.wikibase.cloud/ Wikibase.cloud] has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416807] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], over the next month the Wikimedia Foundation will implement global API rate limits across our APIs. In early March, stricter limits will be applied to unidentified requests from outside Toolforge/WMCS and API requests that are made from web browsers. In April, higher limits will be applied to identified traffic. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The Wikidata Query Service Linked Data Fragment (LDF) endpoint will be decommissioned in February. This endpoint served limited traffic, which was successfully migrated to other data access methods that were better suited to support existing use cases. The hardware used to support the LDF endpoint will be reallocated to support the ongoing backend migration efforts. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415696] * The new Parsoid parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], improving platform sustainability and making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. Parsoid is now the default parser on 488 WMF wikis (268 Wikipedias), now covering more than 10% of all Wikipedia page views. * The process and criteria for [[Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Enterprise#Access|requesting exceptional access]] to the high volume feed of the ''Wikimedia Enterprise'' APIs (at no cost for mission-aligned usecases), [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Enterprise#Exceptional access criteria|have now been published]]. This is to provide more thorough and clearer documentation for users. * [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/ Tech Blog], the blog dedicated to the Wikimedia technical community [https://techblog.wikimedia.org/2026/02/24/a-tech-blog-diff/ will be migrating] to [[diffblog:|Diff]], the community news and event blog. The migration should be complete in April 2026, after which new posts will be accepted for publishing. Readers will be able to access posts – old and new – on the landing page at https://diff.wikimedia.org/techblog. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.18|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/10|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W10"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २३:३७, २ मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30137798 --> == This Month in Education: February 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 2 • February 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/February 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces|Cairo University Spanish Language Volunteers document Madrid’s Historic and Contemporary Palaces]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan|Celebrating 25 Years of Wikipedia in Uzbekistan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Encontro da Rede Latino Americana de Inteligência Artificial Feminista: construindo futuros possíveis|Meeting of the Latin American Network of Feminist Artificial Intelligence: building possible futures]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students|Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi|Inclusive Climate Learning with Wikimedia Reaches Special School in Kumasi]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana |Introducing Wikimedia in Academic curriculum for students of higher education in universities of Telangana]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade|Learning from Finland: Edit-a-thon on Finnish Education set to take place in Belgrade]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics|Library of IME-USP Workshop: Edits in History of Mathematics]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia|LitFest 2026: Room to Dream to amplify local voices across Wikimedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia|New online workshops for the German language Wikipedia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors|Road to Wiki Cohort 1: Building India's Next Generation of Wikimedia Technical Contributors]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects|The history of the Wikimedia movement in a Brazil: a book about stories and projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day|Wiki Club Federal Government Boys College Celebrates Mother Tongue Day]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages|Wiki Club Minalabac joins Freedom to Read 2026: One World, Many Languages]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026|Wiki Love Folklore Photowalk at Khajuraho Dance Festival 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity|Wiki Loves Fish Workshop Empowers Students to Document Coastal Biodiversity]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia|WikiCendekia 2026: Insights from our training of admins in Indonesia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops|Wikimedia MKD's activities- new wiki club and a lots of new training workshops]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valorisation du patrimoine culturel africain à l'Université Senghor|WikiPatrimoine Senghor : Valuation of African cultural heritage at the University Senghor]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/February 2026/Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future|Wikipedia Turns 25: Young Voices, Big Future]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १७:४०, ३ मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30155806 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-11</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W11"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. * Last week, all wikis had 2 hours of read-only time, and extended unavailability for user-scripts and gadgets. This was due to a security incident which has since been resolved. Work is ongoing to prevent re-occurrences. For current information please see the [[m:Steward's noticeboard#Statement on Meta about today's user script security incident|post on the Stewards' noticeboard]] ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Product Safety and Integrity/March 2026 User Script Incident|translations]]). '''Updates for editors''' * Users facing multiple blocks on mobile will now see the reasons for each block separately, instead of a generic message. This helps them understand why they are blocked and what steps they can take to resolve the issue. For example, users affected for using common VPNs (such as [[Special:MyLanguage/Apple iCloud Private Relay|iCloud Private Relay]]) will receive clearer guidance on what they need to do to start editing again. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T357118] * Later this week, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] will become available as a beta feature within the visual editor at all Wikipedias. This feature proactively suggests various types of actions that people can consider taking to improve Wikipedia articles, and learn about related guidelines. The feature is locally configurable, and can also be locally expanded with custom Suggestions. Current settings can be seen at [[Special:EditChecks]] and there are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Suggestion mode#For administrators %E2%80%93 local customization|instructions for how administrators can customize]] the links to point to local guidelines. The feature is connected to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Edit check|Edit check]] which suggests improvements while someone is writing new content. In the future, the Editing team plans to evaluate the feature's impact with newcomers through a controlled experiment. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T404600] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where the cursor became misaligned during the use of CodeMirror’s syntax highlighting, which makes wikitext and code easier to read, has now been fixed. This problem specifically affected users who defined a font rule in a custom stylesheet while creating a new topic with DiscussionTools. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418793] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * API rate limiting update: To help ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]], global API rate limits will be applied this week to requests without a compliant User-Agent that originate from outside Toolforge/WMCS and to unauthenticated requests made from web browsers. Higher limits will be applied to identified traffic in April. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]]. * The new GraphQL API has been released. The API was developed as a flexible alternative to select features of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS), to improve developer experience and foster adaptability, and efficient data access. Try it out and [[d:Wikidata:Wikibase GraphQL#Feedback and development|give feedback]]. You can also [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/GraphQLAPI/apply sign up for usability tests]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group|PTAC Unsupported Tools Working Group]] continued improvements to [[commons:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Video2commons#|Video2Commons]] in February, with fixes addressing authentication errors, large-file handling, task queue visibility, and clearer upload behavior. Work is still ongoing in some areas, including changes related to deprecated server-side uploads. Read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/Unsupported Tools Working Group#February 2026|this update]] to learn more. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.19|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Article Guidance team invites experienced Wikipedia editors from selected [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators#Collaborators|pilot wikis]] and interested contributors from other Wikipedias to fill out this questionnaire which is available in [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfmLeVWnxmsCbPoI_UF2jyRcn73WRGWCVPHzerXb4Cz97X_Ag/viewform English], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSd6rzr4XXQw8r4024fE3geTPFe13M_6w7Mitj-YJi0sOlWTAw/viewform?usp=header Arabic], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdok3-RfB18lcugYTUMGkpwmqG_8p760Wv4dCXitOXOszjUDw/viewform?usp=header Bengali], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfjTfYp4jEo0akA4B1e-Nfg3QZPCudUjhJzHzzDi6AHyAaMGA/viewform?usp=header Japanese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScteVoI29Aue4xc72dekk-6RYtvmMgQxzMI900UOawrFrSTWg/viewform?usp=header Portuguese], [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSetdxnYwL3ub2vqA7awCg5hJZPMIYcDPaiTe12rY9h0GYnVlw/viewform?usp=header Persian], and [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScNvfJF-Ot-4pzA4qAN771_0QDJ4Li19YcUsaTgSKW8Nc7U_Q/viewform?usp=header Turkish]. Your answers will help the team customize guidance for less experienced editors and help them learn community policies and practices while creating an article. Learn more [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|on the project page]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/11|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W11"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ००:३८, १० मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30213008 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-12</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W12"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature, also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], has been used for wikitext syntax highlighting since November 2024. It will be promoted out of beta by May 2026 in order to bring improvements and new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Features|features]] to all editors who use the standard syntax highlighter. If you have any questions or concerns about promoting the feature out of beta, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|please share]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * Some changes to local user groups are performed by stewards on Meta-Wiki and logged there only. Now, interwiki rights changes will be logged both on Meta-Wiki and the wiki of the target user to make it easier to access a full record of user's rights changes on a local wiki. Past log entries for such changes will be backfilled in the coming weeks. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T6055] * On wikis using [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Flagged Revisions|Flagged Revisions]], the number of pending changes shown on [[{{#Special:PendingChanges}}]] previously counted pages which were no longer pending review, because they have been removed from the system without being reviewed, e.g. due to being deleted, moved to a different namespace, or due to wiki configuration changes. The count will be correct now. On some wikis the number shown will be much smaller than before. There should be no change to the list of pages itself. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T413016] * Wikifunctions composition language has been rewritten, resulting in a new version of the language. This change aims to increase service stability by reducing the orchestrator's memory consumption. This rewrite also enables substantial latency reduction, code simplification, and better abstractions, which will open the door to later feature additions. Read more about [[f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-11|the changes]]. * Users can now sort search results alphabetically by page title. The update gives an additional option to finding pages more easily and quickly. Previously, results could be sorted by Edit date, Creation date, or Relevance. To use the new option, open 'Advanced Search' on the search results page and select 'Alphabetically' under 'Sorting Order'. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T403775] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:28}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:28|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented UploadWizard on Wikimedia Commons from importing files from Flickr has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419263] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * A new special page, [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}]], has been created to list transcluded pages that are flagged as containing lint errors to help users discover them easily. The list is sorted by the number of transclusions with errors. For example: [[{{#special:LintTemplateErrors}}/night-mode-unaware-background-color]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T170874] * Users of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature have been using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages, for some time now. Along with promoting CodeMirror 6 out of beta, the plan is to replace CodeEditor as the standard editor for these content models by May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help talk:Extension:CodeMirror|Feedback or concerns are welcome]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] JavaScript modules will soon be upgraded to CodeMirror 6. Leading up to the upgrade, loading the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror</code> or <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.lib</code> modules from gadgets and user scripts was deprecated in July 2025. The use of the <code dir=ltr>ext.CodeMirror.switch</code> hook was also deprecated in March 2025. Contributors can now make their scripts or gadgets compatible with CodeMirror 6. See the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror#Gadgets and user scripts|migration guide]] for more information. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T373720] * The MediaWiki Interfaces team is expanding coverage of REST API module definitions to include [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:REST API/Extensions|extension APIs]]. REST API modules are groups of related endpoints that can be independently managed and versioned. Modules now exist for [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T414470 GrowthExperiments] and [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419053 Wikifunctions] APIs. As we migrate extension APIs to this structure, documentation will move out of the main MediaWiki OpenAPI spec and REST Sandbox view, and will instead be accessible via module-specific options in the dropdown on the [https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RestSandbox REST Sandbox] (i.e., [[{{#Special:RestSandbox}}]], available on all wiki projects). * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto|Scribunto]] extension provides different pieces of information about the wiki where the module is being used via the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual|mw.site]] library. Starting last week, the library also provides a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Scribunto/Lua reference manual#mw.site.wikiId|way]] of accessing the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Wiki ID|wiki ID]] that can be used to facilitate cross-wiki module maintenance. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T146616] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.20|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Coolest Tool Award|2026 Coolest Tool Award]] celebrating outstanding community tools, is now open for nominations! Nominate your favorite tool using the [https://wikimediafoundation.limesurvey.net/435684?lang=en nomination survey] form by 23 March 2026. For more information on privacy and data handling, please see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Coolest_Tool_Award_2026_Survey_Privacy_Statement|survey privacy statement]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/12|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W12"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:२१, १७ मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30260505 --> == अत्यावश्यक ज्ञान अभियान २०२६ == नमस्ते {{BASEPAGENAME}} ज्यू! तपाईंलाई [[Event:अत्यावश्यक ज्ञान अभियान २०२६|अत्यावश्यक ज्ञान अभियान २०२६]] मा सहभागी हुन हार्दिक निमन्त्रणा गर्दछौं। यो ३-हप्ते अभियान (२३ मार्च – १३ अप्रिल २०२६) मार्फत नेपाली विकिपिडियामा अत्यावश्यक लेखहरू सुधार र विस्तार गर्ने लक्ष्य राखिएको छ। यस अभियानमा सहभागी भई तपाईंले: * विकिपिडियामा सम्पादन गर्ने सीप विकास गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ * लेखहरू सुधार, अनुवाद तथा नयाँ लेख सिर्जना गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ * नेपाली विकिपिडियामा महत्त्वपूर्ण योगदान दिन सक्नुहुन्छ उत्कृष्ट योगदानकर्ताहरूलाई [https://diff.wikimedia.org/ Diff] (विकिमिडिया समुदाय ब्लग) मार्फत विशेष पहिचान दिइनेछ। प्रति हप्ता २–५ घण्टा समय दिएर पनि तपाईं सहभागी हुन सक्नुहुन्छ। सहभागी हुन र थप जानकारीका लागि कृपया [[Event:अत्यावश्यक ज्ञान अभियान २०२६|अभियान पृष्ठ हेर्नुहोस्]]। धन्यवाद! --[[प्रयोगकर्ता:Saroj|Saroj]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:Saroj|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १५:३६, २३ मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Saroj@newiki using the list at https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:Saroj/MassMessage&oldid=1347853 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-13</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W13"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia site users can now log in without a password using passkeys. This is a secure method supported by fingerprint, facial recognition, or PIN. With this change, all users who opt for passwordless login will find it easier, faster, and more secure to log in to their accounts using any device. The new passkey login option currently appears as an autofill suggestion in the username field. An additional [[phab:T417120|"Log in with passkey" button]] will soon be available for users who have already registered a passkey. This update will improve security and user experience. The [[c:File:Passwordless_login_screencast.webm|screen recording]] demonstrates the passwordless login process step by step. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|All wikis will be read-only]] for a few minutes on Wednesday, 25 March 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1774450800 15:00 UTC]. This is for the datacenter server switchover backup tests, [[wikitech:Deployments/Yearly calendar|which happen twice a year]]. During the switchover, all Wikimedia website traffic is shifted from one primary data center to the backup data center to test availability and prevent service disruption even in emergencies. '''Updates for editors''' * Wikimedia site users can now export their notifications older than 5 years using a [[toolforge:echo-chamber|new Toolforge tool]]. This will ensure that users retain their important notifications and avoid them being lost based on the planned change to delete notifications older than 5 years, as previously announced. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T383948] * Wikipedia editors in Indonesian, Thai, Turkish, and Simple English now have access to Special:PersonalDashboard. This is an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Moderator Tools/Dashboard|early version of an experience]] that introduces newer editors to patrolling workflows, making it easier for them to move from making edits to participating in more advanced moderation work on their project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402647] * The [[Special:Block]] now has two minor interface changes. Administrators can now easily perform indefinite blocks through a dedicated radio button in the expiry section. Also, choosing an indefinite expiry provides a different set of common reasons to select from, which can be changed at: [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-indef-dropdown]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T401823] * Mobile editors [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#Logged-out|at several wikis]] can now see an improved logged-out edit warning, thanks to the recent updates from the Growth team. These changes released last week are part of ongoing efforts and tests to enhance [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|account creation experience on mobile]] and then increase participation. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T408484] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:36}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:36|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the bug that prevented mobile web users from seeing the block information when affected by multiple blocks has been fixed. They can now see messages of all the blocks currently affecting them when they access Wikipedia. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Images built using Toolforge will soon get the upgraded buildpacks version, bringing support for newer language versions and other upstream improvements and fixes. If you use Toolforge Build Service, review the recent [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/cloud-announce@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EMYTA32EV2V5SQ2JIEOD2CL66YFIZEKV/ cloud-announce email] and update your build configuration as necessary to ensure your tools are compatible. [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Toolforge/Building_container_images&oldid=2392097#Buildpack_environment_upgrade_process][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T380127] * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal] documentation wiki will shut down in June 2026. API keys created on the API Portal will continue to work normally. api.wikimedia.org endpoints will be deprecated gradually starting in July 2026. Documentation on the API Portal is moving to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.21|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] is considering improvements to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|automatically generated reference names in VisualEditor]]. Please check out the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|proposed solutions]] and participate in the [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|request for comment]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/13|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W13"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २२:३६, २३ मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30268305 --> ==[[:राष्ट्रिय शिक्षा पद्धतिको योजना (२०२८ - २०३२ )]] [[विकिपिडिया:शीघ्र मेट्नुपर्ने आधार|शीघ्र मेट्नुपर्ने]]मा मनोनित== [[Image:Information icon4.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]] {{Quote box|quote=<p>यदि यो तपाईँले सृजना गर्नुभएको पहिलो लेख हो भने, तपाईँ [[विकिपिडिया:स्वशिक्षा|लेखन सहयोग स्वशिक्षा]] पढ्न सक्नुहुन्छ।</p><p>लेख सृजना गर्न मद्दत गर्ने [[विकिपिडिया:लेख विजार्ड|लेख सहायिका]] पनि तपाईँ प्रयोग गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ।</p>|width=20%|align=right}} नमस्कार, विकिपिडियामा तपाईँलाई [[विकिपिडिया:स्वागत/नव आगन्तुक|स्वागत]] छ। यस [[:राष्ट्रिय शिक्षा पद्धतिको योजना (२०२८ - २०३२ )]]लाई विकिपिडिया देखि [[विकिपिडिया:पृष्ठ हटाउने नीति|चाँडैनै मेटिने]] भनेर एउटा चिनो राखिएको छ। यसले [[वि:शीमे#ले१|ले१]] मापदण्ड अन्तर्गत '''कुनै सन्दर्भ नभएको''' वा '''विषय पहिचान गर्न पर्याप्त सन्दर्भको कमी भएको''' जनाउदछ। [[विकिपिडिया:प्रमानिकता|कुनै सन्दर्भ नभएका]] सम्पूर्ण सामग्रीलाई [[विकिपिडिया:शीघ्र मेट्नुपर्ने आधार|शीघ्र मेट्नुपर्ने मापदण्ड]]को आधारमा कुनै पनि समयमा मेटिन सक्छ। यदि तपाईँलाई लाग्छ पृष्ठलाई यस कारणले मेटाउनु हुँदैन, तपाईँ '''नामाङ्कन विरोध गर्न''' [[:राष्ट्रिय शिक्षा पद्धतिको योजना (२०२८ - २०३२ )|पृष्ठमा गएर]] आफ्नो विचार राख्नुहोला। यसले तपाईँलाई पृष्ठ किन मेटाउनु हुँदैन वर्णन गर्ने अवसर दिनेछ। यद्यपि, याद रहोस्, एक पटक पृष्ठ शीघ्र मेटाउन अङ्कित भएमा, यो तत्काल मेटाइनेछ। कृपया पृष्ठबाट शीघ्र मेटाउने चिनो आफैंले नहटाउनुहोला, तर विकिपिडियाको [[विकिपिडिया:नीति तथा दिशानिर्देशहरूको सूची|नीति तथा दिशानिर्देशहरू]] अनुरूप जानकारी थप्न नहिचकिचाउनुहोला। यदि पृष्ठ मेटिसकिएको, र भविष्यका सन्दर्भ वा सुधारको लागि तपाईँ मेटाइएको सामग्री पुनःप्राप्त गर्न चाहनुहुन्छ भने, कृपया {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&page=%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B+%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%28%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AE+-+%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A9%E0%A5%A8+%29|मेटाउने प्रशासकलाई सम्पर्क गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ}}, वा यदि तपाईँले पहिल्यै त्यसो गरिसक्नुभएमा, एउटा अनुरोध तपाईँ [[विकिपिडिया:मेटाइएको संशोधन|यहाँ राख्न सक्नुहुन्छ]]। <!-- Template:Db-nocontext-notice --> <!-- Template:Db-csd-notice-custom --> [[User:पर्वत सुवेदी|पर्वत सुवेदी]] ([[User talk:पर्वत सुवेदी|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) २१:५०, २८ मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-14</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W14"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Beta version of [[abstract:|Abstract Wikipedia]] a new Wikimedia project which is language-independent, was launched last week. The project allows communities to build Wikipedia articles in their native language, which can be readily accessed by other users in their own languages. The wiki is powered by instructions from Wikifunctions and also based on structured content from Wikidata. [[:f:Special:MyLanguage/Wikifunctions:Status updates/2026-03-26|Read more]]. '''Updates for editors''' * The Growth team is running an A/B test to evaluate a clearer, more user-friendly message that promotes account creation on wikis. Currently when logged-out mobile users begin editing, they see a jarring warning message that can feel abrupt and discouraging. This also presents temporary account editing as the default rather than encouraging account creation. The test is running on ten Wikipedias, including Arabic, French, Spanish and German. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#2. Improve logged-out warning message (T415160)|Read more]]. * The Wikimedia Apps team is inviting feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Future of Editing on the Mobile Apps|how editing should work on the Wikipedia mobile apps]]. The discussion focuses on improving how users access editing tools when they tap "Edit". This is part of a broader effort to convert readers who develop an interest in editing, to access a more user-friendly pathway to start contributing. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:45}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:45|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where citation fetching from the large newspaper archive [https://www.newspapers.com Newspapers.com] was no longer working, due to a block in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid|Citoid]] requests, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419903] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.22|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/14|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W14"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:११, ३१ मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30329462 --> == This Month in Education: March 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 3 • March 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/March 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona|Advancing 21st-Century Education: Proposal to Establish the Yorùbá Wikipedia Fan Club at Arolu College of Education, Ilemona]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG|Awareness Programme on Language and Culture Protection by KWUG]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources|Teachers from Various Institutions in Rio de Janeiro Explore Wikipedia as a Means of Preserving Memory and Checking Sources]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe|Edu Wiki Nigeria Co-Founder Facilitates Textbook Donation to AHAJAS Integrated School, Gombe]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program|Inside Wikimedia Ukraine's education program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026|Karavali Wikimedians at Mangaluru Design Summit 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up|One School, One Article Campaign Wrap Up]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN|Seeds of Knowledge: A Wiki Project that Sparked a Community at ADUN]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology|Student workshops at Serbian Universities: enriching Wikipedia with topics on culture and technology]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries|The Open Knowledge Alliance: Wikimedia and Libraries]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners|Wikimedia CR published updated guide for beginners]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil|Wikimedia goes back to the classroom in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI|Workshop on Feminism and Folklore 2026 by Wiki Club SATI]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities|“Wikimedia MKD in Action: Teacher Conferences and Education Activities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/March 2026/Wikipedia & Libraries: Building New Contributors|Wikipedia & Libraries: Building New Contributors]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १६:०६, १ अप्रिल २०२६ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30317659 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-15</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W15"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]] now includes a new group goal-setting feature, enabling organizers to set and track event goals such as the number of articles created and participating contributors in real time. Similarly, participants can work toward shared targets and see their collective impact as the event unfolds. The feature is now available on all Wikimedia wikis. Learn more in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CampaignEvents/Registration/Collaborative contributions#Goal setting|the documentation]]. * [[File:Maki-gift-15.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Wishlist item]] The new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist labels|watchlist labels]] feature (announced in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/07|Tech News 2026-07]]) is now available via VisualEditor, the source editor, and the 'watchstar' (or watch link, for skins that don't have a star icon). Previously it was only possible to assign labels via [[Special:EditWatchlist|EditWatchlist]]. In all three places it is a new field following the expiry field. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:23}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:23|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where talk pages on mobile with Parsoid are unusable after empty section headers, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]], which lets editors add details to an existing reference without duplicating it, will be gradually rolled out to [[phab:T414094|more wikis]] later this year. Wikis using the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] gadget are encouraged to update their version (typically at [[m:MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js|MediaWiki:Gadget-ReferenceTooltips.js]] as shown [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1344408362 here]) to ensure compatibility. Other reference-related gadgets may also be affected. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416304] * All Wikinews editions will be closed and switched to read-only mode on 4 May 2026. Content will remain accessible, but no new edits or articles can be added. This closure was approved by the Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation following extended discussions. [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard#Board of Trustees Approves Closure of Wikinews|Read more]]. * The [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Action API|Action API]] has had several formats for requested output. One of them, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>format=php</nowiki></code></bdi>, is being removed soon. Please ensure your scripts or bots use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/API:Data formats#Output|JSON format]]. This removal should affect very few scripts and bots. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T118538] * The [[Special:NamespaceInfo|Special:NamespaceInfo]] page now includes namespace aliases. For example "WP" for the "Project" ("Wikipedia") namespace on the German Wikipedia. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T381455] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.23|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/15|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W15"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २२:०४, ६ अप्रिल २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30362761 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-16</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W16"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Experienced editors are invited to [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Main_Page test] the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature, designed to help less-experienced editors create well-structured, policy-compliant Wikipedia articles. Testing instructions are [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide|available]]. Also, after reviewing [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance the outlines], please provide feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Article guidance|project talk page]]. Based on your input, the feature will be refined and transferred to the pilot Wikipedias to translate and adapt. Check out [[c:File:Article Guidance workflow demo - April 2026.webm|the video]] explaining the feature. '''Updates for editors''' * On most wikis, all autoconfirmed users can now use [[Special:ChangeContentModel|Special:ChangeContentModel]] page to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:ChangeContentModel|create new pages with custom content models]], such as mass message lists, making custom page formats more accessible. Check [[Special:ListGroupRights|Special:ListGroupRights]] for the status of your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T248294] * The Growth team has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account_Creation_Experiments|account creation experiment]] to evaluate whether adding an account creation button to the mobile web header increases new account registrations and encourages more mobile users to contribute to the wikis. The experiment is currently live on Hindi, Indonesian, Bengali, Thai, and Hebrew Wikipedia, and targets 10% of logged-out mobile web users. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where VisualEditor could get stuck loading on Windows devices with animations turned off, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T382856] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting later this week, {{int:group-abusefilter}} who have the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]] beta feature enabled will have [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] as the editor at [[Special:AbuseFilter|Special:AbuseFilter]]. This is part of the broader effort to make the user experience more consistent across all editors. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T399673][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * Tools and bots that access the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Notifications/API|Notifications API]] (<bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>action=query&meta=notifications</nowiki></code></bdi>) will need to update their OAuth or BotPassword grants to also include access to private notifications. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421991] * Due to a library upgrade, listings on category pages may be displayed out of order starting on Monday, 20th April. A migration script will be run to correct this, and will take hours to days depending on the size of the wiki (up to a week for English Wikipedia). [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T422544] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.24|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/16|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W16"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २१:०४, १३ अप्रिल २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30380527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-17</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W17"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * After two years of development, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|{{int:codemirror-beta-feature-title}}]], also known as [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror 6]], is to be promoted out of beta on Tuesday, April 21. It brings better code and wikitext readability, reduction in typing errors, and other [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|benefits]] to all users of the standard syntax highlighter. A huge thank you to volunteer [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/p/Bhsd/ Bhsd] who developed many of the new features, including [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Code folding|code folding]], [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Autocompletion|autocompletion]], and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror#Linting|linting]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T259059] * A major update to the Wikipedia app for iOS is now rolling out, redesigning the interface to align with Apple's latest "Liquid Glass" visual design. [https://apps.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia/id324715238 Download the latest version] and explore the update. '''Updates for editors''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|Reading lists]] is a feature which allows readers to save articles to a list for reading later. This feature is now in beta on Arabic, French, Indonesian, Vietnamese, and Chinese Wikipedias and by default for all new accounts on all Wikipedias. * An experiment which explores extending [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews|Page Previews to mobile web]] will be launched in the week of April 20 on Arabic, English, French, Italian, Polish, and Vietnamese Wikipedias. Page Previews are pop-ups that display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and a link to open the full article of a blue link, thereby improving content discovery. The feature is already available on desktop and in the apps. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/List of experiments in Product and Technology#Template|Read more about this experiment and others]]. * On several wikis, logged-in editors who haven't [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email confirmation|confirmed their email addresses]] can now see a banner encouraging them to do so. Having the email address confirmed allows a user to restore access to the account if they lose it. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security#Encouraging users to confirm their email addresses|Learn more]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T421366] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:15}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:15|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where editing very large wiki pages in the 2017 wikitext editor caused slow loading, preview and scrolling lag, and performance issues when selecting, cutting, or pasting content, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T184857] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As part of the promotion of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] from a beta feature, all users will use [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] instead of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeEditor|CodeEditor]] for syntax highlighting when editing JavaScript, CSS, JSON, Vue and Lua content pages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T419332] * The <code>mirrors.wikimedia.org</code> service for Debian and Ubuntu users will sunset and stop working on May 15. The resources for the service will be replaced with new and better options. Some users may need to switch to a different server which should take about a minute. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/LJYRIS4WB66HIRCAO4GIDTXCMDVZRBMA/ You can read more]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416707] * The <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> table will be removed from [[wikitech:Help:Wiki Replicas|wikireplicas]]. If your tools or queries access <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>image</nowiki></code></bdi> or <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>oldimage</nowiki></code></bdi> directly, please update them to use the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>file</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>filerevision</nowiki></code></bdi> table before 28 May. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T28741] * Following the recent implementation of global API rate limits on unidentified traffic, the Wikimedia Foundation will continue efforts to ensure [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]] by applying global limits to identified API traffic beginning the last week of April. These limits are intentionally set as high as possible to minimise impact on the community. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Attribution API|Attribution API]] is now available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Stability policy|beta]]. The API fetches information for crediting Wikimedia articles and media files wherever they are used. Reference documentation is available through the REST Sandbox special page available on all Wikimedia wikis (such as the [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?api=attribution.v0-beta&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST sandbox on English Wikipedia]). Share your feedback on the [[mw:Talk:Attribution API|project talk page]]. * There is no new MediaWiki version this week. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/17|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W17"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २०:४६, २० अप्रिल २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30432763 --> == This Month in Education: April 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 4 • April 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/April 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update|Empowering Knowledge: Wikimedia MKD Education Update]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh|WikiScholar: A School-Level Initiative to Promote Free Knowledge in Bangladesh]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War|Wikipedia for School 2025–2026: A Competition That Continued Despite Frost, Power Outages, and War]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course|Wikimedia UK and Thoughtful delivery new media literacy teacher training course]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools|Wikimedia CR supporting SDG's in Czech schools]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia|University Students’ Mandatory Internships at Wikimedia Armenia]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania|Third year of collaboration with Aleksandër Xhuvani University in Elbasan, Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan|Students Discover Open Source and Learn Wikipedia and Wikidata Skills for the First Time in Zarqa, Jordan]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria|Leveraging on Wikipedia as a tool for curbing Health Misinformation and Disinformation in Akwa Ibom and Rivers State, Nigeria]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites|Governance and Public Knowledge: Wikipedia as a Learning Tool in Sustainability Education through UNESCO Designated Sites]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/April 2026/A month full of encounters with students in Brazil|A month full of encounters with students in Brazil]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २१:४६, २७ अप्रिल २०२६ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30406002 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-18</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W18"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * There is a change in how new users are autoconfirmed that will improve anti-vandalism protection. Currently, users who have had an account for a few days and made a few edits are automatically added to the [[{{int:grouppage-autoconfirmed/{{CONTENTLANGUAGE}}}}|{{int:group-autoconfirmed}}]] group. This configuration tends to be exploited by some vandals, who create accounts and start to use them only after some time. To mitigate this, the configuration will be updated next week so that – for the purpose of becoming autoconfirmed – the account age will be counted from their first edit, instead of registration date. The numeric value of the age threshold will remain the same. This change will be deployed only to wikis which require at least one edit as part of the autoconfirmation conditions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418484] * All Wikipedia users with new accounts and those who activated the "automatically enable most beta features" option in their preference can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/WE3.3.4 Reading lists|reading lists]] beta feature to save articles for later reading. This helps organize reading interests in one place for convenient access. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the issue where infobox images have huge padding in Firefox, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423676] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * As a reminder, the global API rate limits will be applied this week to identified API traffic. This is to help ensure [[mw:MediaWiki Product Insights/Responsible Reuse|fair use of infrastructure]]. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki should not be affected for now. However, all developers are advised to follow updated best practices. For more information, including the actual rate limits, see [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits]] and [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits/FAQ|Frequently Asked Questions]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.26|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/18|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W18"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २३:५१, २७ अप्रिल २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30458046 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-19</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W19"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] team invites experienced editors of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Pilot wikis and collaborators|pilot Wikipedias]]—Arabic, Bangla, Japanese, Portuguese, Persian, Turkish, Simple English, Spanish, and French—to help translate and adapt [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Category:Pages_using_article_guidance sample outlines]. These outlines will guide editors in creating clear, well-structured, and policy-compliant articles when using [https://b24e11a4f1.catalyst.wmcloud.org/wiki/Special:NewArticle the feature] once it is launched in May 2026. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|Simple instructions]] on how to translate and adapt the outlines are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council|Product and Technology Advisory Council]] has published [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|draft recommendations]] on a model that affiliates can follow when contributing to the technical space. Community members are invited to provide feedback on the recommendation until May 8th [[:m:Talk:Product and Technology Advisory Council/May 2026 draft PTAC recommendation for feedback|on the talk page]]. * The number of available thumbnail size preferences in MediaWiki is being reduced to three standardized options—Small (180px), Regular (250px), and Large (400px), as part of ongoing efforts to improve performance and reduce strain on thumbnail services. As a result, existing preferences will be mapped to the nearest new size (for example, smaller selections like 120px or 150px will render at 180px, while larger ones like 300px or 360px will render at 400px). The preferences interface will soon be updated to reflect these changes, and users who wish to opt out or provide feedback can do so. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424909] * From now on, even when a permission expires automatically, users will receive an Echo notification similar to the standard notification for permission changes. There is a difference between this and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]] in that the latter reminds users a week ''before'' the rights are due to expire, so that they can renew the rights. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, the problem where the ULS language selector in [[m:Special:Translate|Special:Translate]] would scroll vertically when it shouldn't, has been resolved. Previously, when users opened the "Translate to English" dropdown and typed certain inputs, the dialog would scroll vertically by a few pixels even when there was enough space to display all results. The dropdown no longer shifts unnecessarily when filtering languages. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T358864] * The [[m:Special:GlobalWatchlist|Global Watchlist]], which lets you view your watchlists from multiple wikis on a single page, continues to improve. For example, watchlists for Wikibase sites such as [[:d:|Wikidata]] now support [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:EntitySchema|EntitySchema]] elements for better tracking. The Live Updates mode now refreshes the special page every 60 seconds to comply with the updated [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] for improved real-time responsiveness. Additionally, a directionality bug that displayed links as "changes 3" instead of "3 changes" in mixed-direction lists has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T415450][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424422][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418091] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The second phase of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|global API rate limits]] has been rolled out to reduce the [[diffblog:2026/03/26/quo-vadis-crawlers-progress-and-whats-next-on-safeguarding-our-infrastructure/|impact of AI crawlers]] and ensure fair, sustainable access to Wikimedia resources, prioritising human and mission-aligned traffic. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits#Limits|Limits]] have been shifted from per-hour to per-minute, producing smoother traffic patterns and more predictable API load. Community users are not expected to be affected, and no action is required. Early indications show some User-Agent-based requestors are adjusting behaviour, and around 64% of automated API traffic has been identified. Monitoring continues, and Wikimedia Enterprise remains available for commercial support. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.46/wmf.27|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/19|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W19"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:२८, ५ मे २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30498077 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-20</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W20"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Community Tech has published [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/How to write a good wish|new guidance]] explaining how wishes on Community Wishlist are triaged and prioritized. The documentation is intended to help contributors write stronger proposals by clarifying the factors that influence prioritization decisions. Beyond vote counts, the guidance highlights considerations such as potential impact on the community when determining which wishes move forward. '''Updates for editors''' * The Reader Growth team is launching an experiment to test a new [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader_Growth/Share_Card|Share Card feature]] that allows readers to create visually engaging cards from Wikipedia articles or selected article sections and share them online, with each card linking back to the original article to help expand readership and article discovery. The mobile-only A/B test will be available to a portion of readers on Arabic, Chinese, French, Vietnamese, and English Wikipedia to better understand reading and sharing habits, and is scheduled to begin the week of May 18 and run for four weeks. * The Android and iOS Wikipedia apps recently released the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/25th_Birthday_Reading_Challenge|25-day reading challenge]] into Beta, as part of efforts to drive reader engagement by encouraging users to complete reading milestones. To track their reading streak during the challenge, App users can add a widget featuring Baby Globe to their home screen. The challenge officially begins May 11. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:17}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:17|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the global preference for enabling syntax highlighting in wikitext could unexpectedly disable itself after being turned on, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425286] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Octicons-tools.svg|12px|link=|alt=|Advanced item]] The ResourceLoader module <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mediawiki.ui.input</nowiki></code></bdi>, deprecated since [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2023/39|September 2023]], will be removed this week. There is a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Migrating_from_MediaWiki_UI|guide for migrating from MediaWiki UI to Codex]] for any tools that use it. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T420125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.2|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/20|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W20"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०१:०५, १२ मे २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30524429 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-21</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W21"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The Abstract Wikipedia team has identified five potential pilot wikis to assess their interest in adopting abstract articles on their wikis. The pilots are Malayalam, Bengali, Dagbani, Arabic, and Indonesian Wikipedia. The feedback period will be open until May 22. If your community is interested in becoming a pilot, [[m:Talk:Abstract Wikipedia|let us know on Meta]]. '''Updates for editors''' * An experiment to show [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|Reading Lists]] to logged-out readers on mobile web will launch on May 18 across German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu Wikipedias, and will run for one month. The effort supports broader goals of helping readers save and organize articles for later reading, while encouraging habits that could lead to future Wikipedia contributions. * To support a bookmark button in the Reading List beta feature, the "Tools > Action" menu has been updated to display icons, including the watch star indicator that helps editors identify temporarily watched articles. The icons now also match those used on mobile, improving consistency across platforms. The change is currently limited to the actions menu and mainly affects editors with privileged user rights. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T426008] * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Suggestion Mode|Suggestion Mode]] was released as an [[w:en:A/B test|A/B test]] for newcomer editors on the mobile website at [[phab:T421189|~15 Wikipedias]]. The experiment will measure the impact that Suggestion Mode has on the proportion of newcomer mobile web edit sessions that result in constructive (un-reverted) article edits. The experiment will also evaluate the feature's impact on editor retention, and monitor changes in revert and block rates. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:27}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:27|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue in the Wikipedia Android app where images could sometimes fail to load after opening a recommended reading list notification, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T418231] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata Platform|Wikidata Platform team]] has published its [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/Backend Replacement|backend replacement recommendation]] and accompanying [[wikitech:Wikidata Query Service/WDQS Architecture re-design|technical architecture]] for the migration of the Wikidata Query Service (WDQS) away from Blazegraph. Feedback is invited until May 25th 2026, especially on potential gaps and impacts on advanced use cases. Wikidata community members and WDQS users are also encouraged to help identify high-impact tools and workflows that may need attention on [[d:Wikidata:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update/High-Impact Use Cases|this page]]. Feedback can be shared on the [[d:Wikidata talk:SPARQL query service/WDQS backend update|Migration talk page]] or during the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Blazegraph Migration Office Hours|next office hour]]. See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Wikidata Platform team/Newsletter|WDP team newsletter]] for more details. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.3|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * On English, French, Japanese, and a few other Wikipedias, there was a [[diffblog:2025/09/02/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha/|trial of hCaptcha]], a third-party bot detection service. The trial showed that hCaptcha effectively detects and deters some bad-faith automated activity, on its own and by giving [[w:en:Wikipedia:Village pump (technical)/Archive 225#Introducing SuggestedInvestigations|checkusers and stewards]] signals to look into. Because the results were positive, hCaptcha will be rolled out across all wikis over the next few weeks. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Anti-abuse signals/hCaptcha|See the hCaptcha project page]] for technical information about the implementation and privacy protections. [[diffblog:2026/05/04/better-detecting-bots-and-replacing-our-captcha-part-2/|Learn more]]. * The latest Community Tech update is now available, with progress across several Community Wishlist initiatives, including Reading Lists expansion from the mobile app to the website, new language support for "Who Wrote That" and the Personal Dashboard, improvements to 3D rendering and Charts, and upcoming work on talk page sorting, audio playback, and editing workflows. The update also shares current priorities, wishlist status trends, and opportunities for community feedback on future focus areas and the Wikimedia Foundation’s 2026–2027 Annual Plan. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 13, 2026: Latest updates from the Community Tech team|Read the full newsletter for details]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/21|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W21"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:०७, १९ मे २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30539262 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">You may be eligible to vote in the U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am contacting you because you previously voted in elections related to the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. You may be eligible to vote in the current U4C election, which is open now and closes on 2 June 2026. You can find out more about the candidates and the election on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the election page on Meta]], and from there you can access the vote itself. Your participation in these elections is important to the governance of Wikimedia communities, and your time spent learning about the candidates and voting is appreciated. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) २३:०१, २० मे २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30569826 --> == Belated Wiki Anniversary Wishes 🎉 == <div style="border: 3px solid #f75920; background: #f8f9fa; padding: 15px; margin: 10px 0; font-size: 95%; line-height: 1.6em;"> [[File:Rose and Carnation Flower Bouquet 02.png|150px|right|Happy Wiki Anniversary]] Dear [[User:Nawaraj Ghimire|Nawaraj Ghimire]], Your wiki anniversary was '''26 days''' ago, marking '''12 years''' of dedicated service! I wanted to extend a heartfelt thanks for your amazing contributions. With over '''7,473''' edits, your dedication is an inspiration to the community. Wishing you all the best for the year ahead! ''Use this [https://wiki-anniversary.toolforge.org/ '''Tool'''] to send wiki anniversary wishes to other amazing Wikimedians.'' - [[User:Suyash.dwivedi|Suyash.dwivedi]] ([[User talk:Suyash.dwivedi|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १८:४२, २१ मे २०२६ (नेपाली समय) </div> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-22</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W22"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Following a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments#LOWM|successful account creation experiment]], an improved logged-out edit warning message will be deployed to all Wikimedia wikis in the first week of June. The change will only affect logged-out users on mobile web who open an editing session. The updated experience is designed to encourage account creation more clearly, while still allowing users to edit with temporary accounts. Results from the experiment showed a significant increase in account creation, with a 27% relative lift among users shown the updated message. As expected, as more people funnel into account creation, temporary accounts decreased by a relative 16%. The experiment did not show any significant changes in constructive edit rates or other monitored contributor metrics. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424595] '''Updates for editors''' * For security reasons, members of certain user groups are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Mandatory two-factor authentication for users with some extended rights|required to have two-factor authentication]] (2FA) enabled. Members of these groups will be unable to disable the last 2FA method on their account, and it will be impossible to add users without 2FA to these groups. Users will still be able to add new authentication methods or remove them, as long as at least one method is continuously enabled. In the next few weeks, users without 2FA will be removed from these groups. Notably, this applies to bureaucrats. See the linked tasks for deployment schedules. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423119][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T423120] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]] will run an [[w:en:A/B testing|A/B test]] on [[:phab:T415904|10 wikis]], testing [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/Reference Previews|potential improvements for Reference Previews]]. The experiment will run for ~2 weeks at the end of May / beginning of June and will affect 10% of desktop readers on the participating wikis. * After two successful experiments, the Reader Growth team is rolling out an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature for all Wikipedias on mobile on May 25. This means that anyone who has all beta features on by default will start to see this feature, and others can check the box to turn it on in their preferences. The beta feature will include a carousel of all an article's images at the top of the article, with controls for editors to [[mw:Readers/Reader_Growth/Image_Browsing#Phase_2.1_beta_feature|exclude images from the article's carousel or to exclude an article from the feature entirely]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:30}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:30|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, three dimensional STL files were being rendered incorrectly by the media viewer 3D extension which is now fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T416723] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The legacy CSS classes <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>tright</nowiki></code></bdi> have been replaced with <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> as the former do not work consistently across all MediaWiki platforms, notably mobile web and mobile apps. Projects relying on these classes are encouraged to review related usage and plan for migration. Please note that <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatleft</nowiki></code></bdi> and <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>floatright</nowiki></code></bdi> may also be deprecated in future, although there are currently no plans to do so. [[phab:T426452|Read more]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.4|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/22|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W22"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:३७, २६ मे २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30584502 --> == This Month in Education: May 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 5 • May 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Teaching innovation with Wikimedia. Shared experiences in Spanish Universities|Teaching innovation with Wikimedia. Shared experiences in Spanish Universities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Editing Wikipedia with Viktor Hygo High School in Albania|Editing Wikipedia with Viktor Hygo High School in Albania]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Debating free license in Brazil|Debating free license in Brazil]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Microclimatic Explainers: A short-form media approach to build micro-level environmental awareness in India|Microclimatic Explainers: A short-form media approach to build micro-level environmental awareness in India]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Ukraine publishes the first academic collection of papers on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Projects|Ukraine publishes the first academic collection of papers on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Projects]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wiki Digital Youth Club Launches in Tanzania: Youth Build Digital Skills Through Competitive Quest Challenges|Wiki Digital Youth Club Launches in Tanzania: Youth Build Digital Skills Through Competitive Quest Challenges]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wiki Youth Participation in Building Rwanda’s Open Knowledge Ecosystem|Wiki Youth Participation in Building Rwanda’s Open Knowledge Ecosystem]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikimedia Digi-Youth Club in Nigeria|Wikimedia Digi-Youth Club in Nigeria]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikimedia MKD's Education News & Activities|Wikimedia MKD's Education News & Activities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikipedia Serbia's interns and Wiki Ambassadors provide crucial support towards end of the school year|Wikipedia Serbia's interns and Wiki Ambassadors provide crucial support towards end of the school year]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] २२:३८, १ जुन २०२६ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30604297 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-23</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W23"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Reader Experience team]] is conducting an experiment to show the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|reading lists]] feature, which is still in development, to logged-out mobile readers to test whether it encourages account creation at a higher rate compared to the watchstar button. The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|experiment]] was launched on May 18th on German, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, Polish, Dutch, Turkish, and Urdu wikis, and it will run for a month. * The Wikimedia Apps team released [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Phase 1]] of the redesigned Home Feed to the Android Beta app. The new Home Feed includes a refreshed "Community" tab and a personalized "For You" tab featuring daily updated reading recommendations. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve content discovery and create more engaging learning experiences in the Wikipedia apps. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:18}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:18|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where images could fail to load for some suggested edits on [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], leaving the thumbnail stuck in a loading state, has now been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W23"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०२:५४, २ जुन २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30613639 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-24</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W24"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * Wikimedia Enterprise has increased the free usage limits for its API offerings. The monthly request limit for the On-demand API has increased from 5,000 to 50,000 requests, while the Snapshot API limit has increased from 15 to 30 requests per month. In addition, Structured Contents snapshots are now available for free accounts. These changes expand access to Wikimedia Enterprise data for developers, researchers, and organizations using Wikimedia content. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|refreshed Explore Feed]], now called the Home Feed, is rolling out to 50% of users of the Wikipedia Android app. The Home Feed helps readers discover relevant content through two new tabs: ''Community'' and ''For You''. The Community tab provides a scrollable feed of curated content and updates from the broader Wikimedia community and movement, while the ''For You'' tab offers a full-screen, swipeable experience that shows content tailored to a user's interests. The redesign is part of a broader effort to improve discovery and enhance the learning experience in the Wikipedia app. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/"Which came first?" Game|Which came first?]] daily trivia game is now available in the beta version of the Wikipedia iOS app in English, German, French, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Arabic, Chinese, and Turkish. The game uses historical events from Wikipedia's "On This Day" content and challenges readers to guess which of two events happened first. The game was previously released on Android. Communities interested in making the game available in their languages can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|read the instructions and requirements]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]], a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details, will begin rolling out to Wikimedia wikis following a successful pilot phase. Deployment will start on 8 June for most [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|Group 1 wikis]] and French Wikipedia, with additional Wikipedia language editions receiving the feature over the coming months. Communities are encouraged to prepare by checking for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=ext-cite&language=en&action_source=search&filter=%21translated&optional=1&action=translate untranslated Cite extension messages] in their language and reviewing any use of [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]], which may require [[:phab:T416304#11668731|updates]] to support the new functionality. Wikis using [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] do not need to take any action. Communities may also wish to create the ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' [[Special:TrackingCategories|tracking category]] as a hidden category using <code><nowiki>__HIDDENCAT__</nowiki></code> (or a dedicated template), and connect it to the corresponding Wikidata item [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662] * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Page Previews experiment]] on mobile web has concluded. The team decided not to roll out the feature after the results showed no statistically significant impact on reader retention, as the primary success metric was retention improvement. Page Previews, which are already available on desktop and in the apps, display a thumbnail, lead paragraph, and link to the full article when readers tap a blue link. The experiment tested this experience on mobile web across six Wikipedias. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|user interface icon library]] will be [[phab:T399175|updated later this week or next week]]. Most of the ~300 icons have been slightly refined and ~30 new icons have been added. These changes improve the icons to make them more consistent and comprehensible, and provide more visual balance when they are used in groups. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Universal Language Selector]] (ULS) interface in MediaWiki, which helps users select content in other languages, has been updated. The new version improves speed and accessibility, and users of Wikimedia projects can now pin languages for quicker language switching. The deployment to Wikimedia sites will happen gradually in the coming weeks. You can test it now as a beta feature by selecting [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]] in your profile preferences and share your feedback on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|the project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:21}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:21|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the Pageviews Analysis dashboard on pageviews.wmcloud.org stopped updating graph data in May 2026, affecting all users, has been fixed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * The function signature for <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> has been simplified. Developers can now pass a configuration object instead of a list of positional parameters when creating portlet links. The previous function signature remains supported for backwards compatibility. For example, instead of: <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');</nowiki></code></bdi> use <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });</nowiki></code></bdi>. Script maintainers are encouraged to review existing uses of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>addPortletLink()</nowiki></code></bdi> and update them where appropriate. This change will be available on all wikis from 11 June. Thanks to community volunteer Gerges for contributing this improvement. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945] * '''Community Wishlist discussion''': Product & Technology [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|introduced changes]] meant to increase the number and complexity of wishes fulfilled, including the disbanding of the Community Tech team. They are [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|engaging in discussions]] about a [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|proposed direction for the wishlist]] from community members. Includes ways to structure annual voting, better tracking of wishes, removing focus areas, and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|staffing updates]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W24"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> ०३:१५, ९ जुन २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30650573 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-25</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W25"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Reader Growth team]] has launched an [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Image Browsing]] beta feature on the mobile web version of all Wikipedias. The feature shows an image carousel at the top of articles with 3 or more images. Editors can configure this feature with the following controls: to hide a specific image from a page, either use <code>class=notpageimage</code> excluding it from thumbnail previews, or <code>class=noviewer</code> excluding it from MediaViewer. The carousel can also be disabled from a page entirely, with the magic word <code><nowiki>__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__</nowiki></code>. To submit feedback or flag bugs, please visit the [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|project page]]. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class="wikitable"|Wikitables]] can now be [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|sorted in descending order]] on the first click by adding <code dir=ltr>data-sort-order="desc"</code> to the header cell. Previously, by default, clicking a column header for the first time sorts it in ascending order. This addition to a Wikitable gives it more control and flexibility, while the default behavior for subsequent clicks remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416] '''Updates for editors''' * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Article guidance]] feature is currently being tested with some editors creating new articles on the Simple English, French, and Turkish Wikipedias. The experiment will soon begin on the Arabic and Bangla Wikipedias as well. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|This feature]] gives editors community-curated guidance to help them create articles that follow community standards. Experienced editors can continue creating or adapting outlines for specific article types that are commonly created by less experienced contributors. The outlines guide less experienced editors in creating high-quality articles. A quick guide to markups used in outlines can be found on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|this page]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Example outlines]] that can be adapted and instructions for how to adapt them are on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|this section]] of the project page. * Wikis that wish to replace the "indefinitely" button in Special:Block for temporary accounts (for example, wikis that block temporary users only until account expiration) will be able to do so by creating [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] with the block duration they want. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:41}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:41|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * By the end of June, a valid user-agent string will be required for automated dumps downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. This [[phab:T400119|extends enforcement]] of the long standing [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services will not change. * The roll out of global [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|API rate limits]] is now complete, with limits enforced across all APIs and at the documented levels for all groups. Bots running in Toolforge/WMCS or with the bot user right on any wiki remain exempt. All bots should continue to follow the documented best practices to avoid being rate limited. * The [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page API Portal wiki] will be read only starting this week (June 15-18). The following week (June 22-25), all API Portal wiki URLs will redirect to [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. Learn more on the [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|project page]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * On June 17th at 6pm UTC the WMF will be holding Discord call focused on a code review. We've heard through the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Developer Satisfaction Survey]] that volunteers are struggling with code review and we'd like to discuss these experiences with the goal of surfacing workable solutions. You can join the call [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 via the Wikimedia Community Discord server]. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Latin American Wikimedia Conference]] will host a regional hackathon that will bring together the Wikimedia movement’s technical community including developers, system administrators, data scientists, and users with extended rights. Interested technical contributors can [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform apply for a scholarship] to participate until June 21 at midnight (Bolivia time, UTC-4). * Sign up for Wikimania Team Challenges to join this special event. The Team challenges will take place online and in person from July 21 to 22, before Wikimania conference. Everyone is welcome, regardless of skills or Wikimania registration. Teams will work on 10 important challenges supporting the Wikimedia community. For details, visit [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|the Team Challenges page]] and [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ register there]. Registration closes on June 20th at 11pm UTC. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W25"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> २२:३४, १५ जुन २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30689604 --> == Thank you for being a part of Feminism and Folklore 2026 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|right|350px]] Dear {{PAGENAME}}, Your contributions helped make this year's [[:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore]] campaign a great success, and we are truly grateful for your time, knowledge, and dedication to documenting women's stories and folklore on Wikimedia projects. As we reflect on this year's campaign and prepare for the next edition, we'd love to hear about your experience. Please take a few minutes to fill out our feedback form and share your thoughts and suggestions. As a token of our appreciation, everyone who completes the form will receive a '''special digital postcard'''! in their email. This year marks '''''25 years of Wikipedia''''', and the postcard has been created to celebrate this milestone and to recognize the incredible efforts of participants like you who continue to enrich free knowledge for the world. '''Form Link - [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdqFZN9IdWbAnZ_7DyG5bIsuq7KAkdsIxweC_TdPH9In-tthQ/viewform?usp=dialog here]''' Please complete the feedback form by '''25 June 2026'''. Thank you once again for making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a success. We hope to see you again in future campaigns! Best regards, Feminism and Folklore international Team. --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) २०:१६, १८ जुन २०२६ (नेपाली समय) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf2026&oldid=30704478 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-26</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W26"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translations]] are available. '''Weekly highlight''' * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Growth features]] are [[phab:T418115|now available at Wikidata]]. This update enables access to Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|if configured]]), Impact module, the Help Panel, and a simplified Newcomer Homepage (without Suggested Edits). Wikidata administrators are still configuring the features through Community Configuration. '''Updates for editors''' * The special page [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] has been created. It allows users to find an IP range without needing to rely on external tools. Until now, this tool was only available to CheckUsers. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Sub-referencing]] is a new MediaWiki feature that allows editors to reuse references with different details. It will be deployed to most small and medium-sized Wikipedia language versions on June 23. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|FAQ]] lists possible actions to take on your wiki to support the deployment. Check the [[:phab:T414094|rollout plan]] for the next deployment steps. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902] * Starting next week, users will get a notification when they are blocked or unblocked from editing, or if this block changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:32}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:32|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting next week, abuse filters that are set to "require CAPTCHA verification" will begin to also affect users with the <code>skipcaptcha</code> right, which includes most autoconfirmed users. Bots are exempted. This change only affects edits that trigger an abuse filter. The <code>skipcaptcha</code> right will continue to exempt users from having to solve CAPTCHAs in the ordinary course of using the wikis. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595] * Reference documentation for the [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] has moved from the API Portal to the interactive [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox]. * The API Portal wiki is now closed. For API documentation, see [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|Wikimedia APIs on mediawiki.org]]. All API Portal wiki URLs (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) will redirect to the mediawiki.org page starting June 22. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]] '''Meetings and events''' * Join an online call on 25 June at 2:30pm UTC to meet the current Wikimedia interns for [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] and [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Interns will provide an overview of their projects and a brief demo of their work so far. Attendees are encouraged to [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|share ideas and connections in their community]]. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W26"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> १८:५०, २३ जुन २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30722494 --> == This Month in Education: June 2026 == <div class="plainlinks" lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;">This Month in Education</span> <span style="font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"> Volume 15 • Issue 6 • June 2026</span> <div style="border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]</div> <div style="color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;">In This Issue</div></div> <div style="text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;"> * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Wikipedia Editathon at Dinajpur Govt. College: Empowering Graduate Students in the Open Knowledge Movement|Wikipedia Editathon at Dinajpur Govt. College: Empowering Graduate Students in the Open Knowledge Movement]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Wikimedia Serbia prepares for Edu Wiki camp 2026|Wikimedia Serbia prepares for Edu Wiki camp 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Wiki Digi-Youth Clubs pilot explores challenge-based learning across three countries|Wiki Digi-Youth Clubs pilot explores challenge-based learning across three countries]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Why the EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education|Why the EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Portuguese Universities adopt free knowledge tools: Wikipedia is the favorite|Portuguese Universities adopt free knowledge tools: Wikipedia is the favorite]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Translating on Wikipedia used as extra – credit assignment in University of Prishtina, Kosovo|Translating on Wikipedia used as extra – credit assignment in University of Prishtina, Kosovo]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Strengthening Wikimedia Education Through Community Learning and Digital Literacy Initiatives|Strengthening Wikimedia Education Through Community Learning and Digital Literacy Initiatives]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Small Group, Big Impact: Building Skills Through the Wikimedia Volunteer Focus Group in Botswana|Small Group, Big Impact: Building Skills Through the Wikimedia Volunteer Focus Group in Botswana]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/"25x25 Project – Celebrating Wikipedia" in Córdoba, Argentina|"25x25 Project – Celebrating Wikipedia" in Córdoba, Argentina]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Mapping and gathering educational activities on Wiki in Brazilian universities|Mapping and gathering educational activities on Wiki in Brazilian universities]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Growing Wiki Education in the Philippines: Highlights from Bikol WikiConference 2026|Growing Wiki Education in the Philippines: Highlights from Bikol WikiConference 2026]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/From Mentee to Builder: Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program|From Mentee to Builder: Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/EduWiki Hub publishes its first Community Newsletter|EduWiki Hub publishes its first Community Newsletter]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Click, Capture, and Contribute: Scaling Open Knowledge Through Mobile Photography|Click, Capture, and Contribute: Scaling Open Knowledge Through Mobile Photography]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Education in Action: Limkokwing School Adoption Program 2026 and Wikimedia Learning Outcomes|Education in Action: Limkokwing School Adoption Program 2026 and Wikimedia Learning Outcomes]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Impact of Wiki Digi youth Clubs initiative in education of Rwanda|Impact of Wiki Digi youth Clubs initiative in education of Rwanda]] </div> <div style="margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] १०:००, २८ जुन २०२६ (नेपाली समय)</div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&oldid=30725833 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-27</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W27"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * As part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Account Creation Experiments|Account Creation Experiments]], the Growth team tested adding a user account icon in the mobile web header for logged-out users, providing direct access to "Create account" and "Log in" actions. The experiment increased account creation by about 20% without negatively affecting edit quality or constructive edit rates. The feature will now be rolled out to all Wikimedia Foundation wikis on mobile web in the first week of July. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428220] * After a [[phab:T426248|successful experiment]], logged-in users who did not [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Email_confirmation|confirm their email address]] when their account was created see a new banner asking them to complete that process. This helps reduce the risk that users get locked out of their account, and makes account email addresses overall more reliable. This is part of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity/Account Security|Account Security]] project. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428292] * An update to [[Special:Search|Search]] is refining how the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> behaves when used to exclude results. Previously, using <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> with negation could unintentionally broaden search results by adding the namespaces included in the search scope, leading to confusing behavior for users expecting a straightforward exclusion filter. With the update, <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>-prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> will now strictly exclude matching page titles as intended and may display a warning if the relevant namespace has not been explicitly selected. The behavior of <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>prefix:</nowiki></code></bdi> without negation however remains unchanged. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427443] * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:33}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:33|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where reviewers using the Page Curation toolbar were not automatically subscribed to talk page discussions they started has now been fixed. Reviewers will now receive notifications when someone replies to those discussions. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T329346] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * Starting June 29th, automated downloads from the dumps.wikimedia.org website will be subject to the [[Foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|user-agent policy]]. Automated requests that provide a generic or empty user-agent will be blocked. Access to dumps through Wikimedia Cloud Services remains unaffected. This is a follow up to the announcement made in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|2026/25 issue of Tech News]]. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.9|MediaWiki]] '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/27|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W27"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> १७:३३, २९ जुन २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30744833 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Tech News: 2026-28</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="technews-2026-W28"/><div class="plainlinks"> Latest '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|tech news]]''' from the Wikimedia technical community. Please tell other users about these changes. Not all changes will affect you. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translations]] are available. '''Updates for editors''' * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] View all {{formatnum:34}} community-submitted {{PLURAL:34|task|tasks}} that were [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|resolved last week]]. For example, an issue where the search bar results on Wikidata, showed English results instead of using the correct language fallback for users of language variants, has now been fixed. Search suggestions will now follow the expected language fallback chain. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T429769] '''Updates for technical contributors''' * In preparation for [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Celebrate Women|Celebrate Women campaign]] planned for March 2027, the Wikimedia Foundation’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Advancement/Community Growth/Content Enablement|Content Enablement team]] has launched a 22-question survey to better understand technical contributions by women+ (anyone who identifies as a woman) across Wikimedia projects. The survey takes approximately 15–20 minutes to complete and will remain open until 20 July 2026. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Celebrate Women/Technical contributions survey|questions]] are also available on-wiki for review in advance. * The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Score|Score extension]] now supports rendering music scores as SVG images in addition to PNG, addressing a long-standing [[:phab:T49578|feature request]] and resolving historical image quality issues. Both formats are now provided to clients, with PNG in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>src</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute and SVG in the <bdi lang="zxx" dir="ltr"><code><nowiki>srcset</nowiki></code></bdi> attribute. * The new [[wikitech:Parsoid|Parsoid]] parser [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Updates|continues to be deployed to additional wikis]], making it easier to introduce new reading and editing features. It was enabled on French Wikipedia, bringing total progress to covering 78.9% of Wikipedia page views. Rollout to English Wikipedia desktop will progress through this week. * [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Recurrent item]] Detailed code updates later this week: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.10|MediaWiki]] '''In depth''' * The Wikimedia Hackathon 2026 [[diffblog:2026/06/29/wikimedia-hackathon-2026-building-collaborating-and-shaping-the-future-together/|recap blog post]] is now live. It highlights the projects, sessions, and social activities from this year’s event, and shares initial plans for the 2027 Wikimedia Hackathon. '''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech news]]''' prepared by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Tech News writers]] and posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Contribute]]&nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/28|Translate]]&nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Get help]]&nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Give feedback]]&nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Subscribe or unsubscribe]].'' </div><section end="technews-2026-W28"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> १९:४२, ६ जुलाई २०२६ (नेपाली समय) <!-- Message sent by User:STei (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&oldid=30773578 --> 5hcju51q5517ynk7p13hzzyz2kzn90j 10 63953 1365119 392712 2026-07-07T00:23:36Z Xqbot 2106 बोट: दोहोरो अनुप्रेषणलाई [[ढाँचा:Country data प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो]]मा ठिक गर्दै; कस्मेटिक परिवर्तनहरू 1365119 wikitext text/x-wiki #अनुप्रेषण [[ढाँचा:Country data प्रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कङ्गो]] [[श्रेणी:country data redirects|रजातान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र कंगो]] 0bub55mvzizz6am0ta8vbzi92pp84ca 0 69280 1365206 1330862 2026-07-07T10:16:12Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365206 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = हिरोसी अमानो | image =Hiroshi Amano 20141211.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption =हिरोसी अमानो | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1960|9|11}} | birth_place = हमाम्त्सु<ref>{{cite web|title=University Webpage|url=http://profs.provost.nagoya-u.ac.jp/view/html/100001778_en.html|website=Nagoya University|accessdate=October 7, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107071642/http://profs.provost.nagoya-u.ac.jp/view/html/100001778_en.html |date=January 7, 2019 }}</ref> | death_date = | death_place = | residence = | citizenship = | nationality = | fields = | workplaces = नागोया बिश्वबिद्यालय | alma_mater = नागोया बिश्वबिद्यालय | doctoral_advisor = | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = [[:en:Light-emitting diode#Ultraviolet and blue LEDs|निलो]] तथा [[:en:Light-emitting diode#White light|सेतो]] [[:en:Light-emitting diode|एलईडी]] | influences = | influenced = | awards = [[भौतिक शास्त्रमा नोबेल पुरस्कार]] {{small|(२०१४)}} | signature = <!--(filename only)--> | signature_alt = | footnotes = }} {{nihongo|'''हिरोसी अमानो'''|天野 浩|''अमानो हिरोसी''| जन्म सेप्टेम्बर ११,१९६०}} जापानी [[भौतिक शास्त्री]] हुन् । सन् २०१४ मा उनलाई उनको खोज "रातो र हरियो एलईडी लाईट्ससँग नीलोको संयोजन" गरी सेतो बत्ती बनाएको हुँदा जापानकै अन्य दुई बैज्ञानिक [[इसामु आकासाकी]] र [[सुजी नाकामुरा]]सँग [[भौतिक शास्त्रमा नोबेल पुरस्कार]] पुरस्कार प्रदान गरिएको हो ।<ref name=NobelPrize>{{cite web|title=The 2014 Nobel Prize in Physics - Press Release|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2014/press.html|website=Nobelprize.org|publisher=Nobel Media AB 2014|accessdate=October 7, 2014}}</ref><ref name="नोबेल पुरस्कार">{{cite web |url=http://annapurnapost.com/News.aspx/story/602 |title=नीलो एलईडी लाईट्सको आविष्कारमा नोबेल पुरस्कार |publisher=अन्नपूर्ण पोस्ट |accessdate=१० अक्टोबर २०१४ }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313091843/http://annapurnapost.com/news.aspx/story/602 |date=2016-03-13 }}</ref> ==प्रारम्भिक जीवन== ==सन्दर्भ सूची== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{२०१४ नोबेल पुरस्कार विजेताहरू}} {{श्रेणी:भौतिक शास्त्रमा नोबेल पुरस्कार विजेता}} [[श्रेणी:भौतिक शास्त्रमा नोबेल पुरस्कार विजेता]] [[श्रेणी:नोबेल पुरस्कार विजेता]] [[श्रेणी:सन् १९६० मा जन्म]] eadozee0z1zdhnvdtnh5mxbu4mddowa 0 79680 1365112 1340032 2026-07-06T23:45:02Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = इस्लामिक इमिरेट्स अफगानिस्तान {{unbulleted list|item_style=font-size:88%; | <hr/> {{longitem|{{nobold|{{Nastaliq|{{resize|120%|د افغانستان اسلامي امارت}}}}<br/>{{nowrap|''Də Afġānistān Islāmī Imārat''{{Spaces|2}}{{resize|70%|([[पस्तो भाषा |पस्तो]])}}}}}}}} | <hr/> {{longitem|{{nobold|{{Nastaliq|{{resize|120%|امارت اسلامی افغانستان}}}}<br />{{native name|fa|Imārat-i Islāmī-yi Afghānistān}}}}}}}} | common_name = Afghanistan | image_flag = Flag of the Taliban.svg | flag_caption = [[अफगानिस्तानको झन्डा|झन्डा]] | image_coat = | symbol_type = निसाना छाप | image_map = Afghanistan (orthographic projection).svg | image_map2 = Afghanistan - Location Map (2013) - AFG - UNOCHA.svg | national_motto = | national_anthem = अफगानी राष्ट्रिय गान | languages_type = [[आधिकारिक भाषा]]हरू | languages = {{hlist|style=white-space:nowrap; |[[पस्तो भाषा|पस्तो]]|[[दारी भाषा|दारी]]}} | religion = [[इस्लाम धर्म|इस्लाम]] | demonym = [[अफगानी नागरिक|अफगानी]] {{ref label|crown|alternatives|none}} | capital = [[काबुल]] | coordinates = {{Coord|34|31|N|69|11|E|region:AF_source:geonames|display=inline,title}}<ref>[{{geonameslink|gnid=1149361|name=islamic-republic-of-afghanistan}} Islamic Republic of Afghanistan] in [{{geonamesabout}} Geonames.org (CC BY)]</ref> | largest_city = काबुल | government_type = [[एकात्मक राज्य|एकात्मक]] [[अन्तरिम सरकार|अन्तरिम]] [[धार्मिक]] [[इस्लामी राज्य|इस्लामी]] [[इमिरेट्स]] | leader_title1 = [[अफगानिस्तानको इस्लामिक इमिरेट्सका नेता|नेता]] | leader_name1 = हिबतुल्लाह अखुन्दजादा | leader_title2 = प्रधानमन्त्री | leader_name2 = हसन अखुन्द | legislature = [[अफगानिस्तानको नेतृत्व परिषद्|नेतृत्व परिषद्]] (सल्लाहकार निकाय)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sofoglu |first1=Murat |title=How the Taliban governs itself |url=https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/how-the-taliban-governs-itself-50274 |access-date=13 March 2022 |work=[[TRT World]] |date=27 September 2021 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027011825/https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/how-the-taliban-governs-itself-50274 |date=27 October 2021 }}</ref> | area_rank = ४१औँ | area_km2 = ६५२,८६७ | area_sq_mi = auto | percent_water = नगण्य | population_estimate = ४०,२१८,२३४<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html |title=The World Factbook: Afghanistan |accessdate=July 24, 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709035637/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/af.html |date=July 9, 2016 }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = सन् २०२१ | population_estimate_rank = ३७औँ | population_density_km2 = ४३.५ | population_density_sq_mi = १११.८ | population_density_rank = १५०औँ | GDP_PPP_year = २०१४ | GDP_PPP = $३६.८३८ विलियन<ref name="imf2">{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=40&pr.y=12&sy=2012&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=Afghanistan |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=26 April 2014}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_rank = | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $१,१७७<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = | GDP_nominal_year = २०१४ | GDP_nominal = $२१.७४७ विलियन<ref name=imf2/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $६९५<ref name=imf2/> | Gini_year = २००८ | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = २९ <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = <ref name="wb-gini">{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI/ |title=Gini Index |author= |date= |work= |publisher=World Bank |accessdate=2 March 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140511044958/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI|archivedate=2014-05-11}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = २०१३ | HDI_change = steady<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = ०.४६८ <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr14-summary-en.pdf |title=2014 Human Development Report Summary |date=2014 |accessdate=27 July 2014 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme | pages=21–25}}</ref> | HDI_rank = १६९औँ | sovereignty_type = | established_event1 = {{nowrap|[[होटक साम्राज्य|पहिलो अफगानी राज्य]]}} | established_date1 = सन् १७०९ अप्रिल | established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[दुर्रानी साम्राज्य|अफगान साम्राज्य]]}} | established_date2 = सन् १७४७ अक्टोबर | established_event3 = [[अफगानी स्वतन्त्रता दिवस|स्वतन्त्र]] | established_date3 = सन् १९१९ अगस्ट १९ | currency = [[अफगानी]] | currency_code = AFN | time_zone = D† | utc_offset = +४:३० | drives_on = दायाँ | calling_code = +९३ | cctld = .af [[افغانستان.]] | established_event4 = इस्लामिक इमिरेट्सको पुनर्स्थापना | established_date4 = सन् २०२१ अगस्ट १५ }} '''अफगानिस्तान''', आधिकारिक रूपमा '''इस्लामिक इमिरेट्स अफगानिस्तान''', [[मध्य एसिया]] र [[दक्षिण एसिया]]को चौराहमा अवस्थित एक भूमि-बन्द देश हो। एसियाको मुटु भनेर चिनिन्छ, यसको सिमाना पूर्व र दक्षिणमा [[पाकिस्तान]], पश्चिममा [[इरान]], उत्तरपश्चिममा [[तुर्कमेनिस्तान]], उत्तरमा [[उज्बेकिस्तान]], उत्तरपूर्वमा [[ताजिकिस्तान]] र उत्तरपूर्व र पूर्वमा [[चीन]]ले घेरेको छ।<ref>{{Cite report|title=د هېواد د وګړو اټکل برآورد نفوس کشور1399|url=https://www.nsia.gov.af:8080/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D9%86%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B3-%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1-%DB%B1%DB%B3%DB%B9%DB%B9-%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AE%DB%80-%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84.pdf|archivedate=3 July 2020|access-date=1 July 2020}}</ref> ६,५२,८६४ वर्ग किलोमिटर (२,५२,०७२ वर्ग माइल) भूमि ओगटेको यो देश मुख्यतया पहाडी छ जसको उत्तर र दक्षिण-पश्चिममा मैदानहरू छन्, जुन [[हिन्दुकुश]] पर्वत शृङ्खलाद्वारा अलग गरिएको छ। [[काबुल]] देशको सबैभन्दा ठुलो सहर हो र यसको राजधानीको रूपमा काम गर्दछ। विश्व जनसङ्ख्या समीक्षाअनुसार सन् २०२३ सम्ममा अफगानिस्तानको जनसङ्ख्या ४ करोड ३० लाख छ। अफगानिस्तानको राष्ट्रिय तथ्याङ्क सूचना प्राधिकरणले सन् २०२० सम्ममा अफगानिस्तानको जनसङ्ख्या तीन करोड २९ लाख रहेको अनुमान गरेको छ। अफगानिस्तानमा मानव बस्ती मध्य पुरापाषाण युगको हो। साम्राज्यहरूको चिहानको रूपमा लोकप्रिय रूपमा चिनिने यो भूमि ऐतिहासिक रूपमा विभिन्न मानिसहरूको घर भएको छ र पर्सियाली, [[सिकन्दर महान|अलेक्जान्डर द ग्रेट]], [[मौर्य साम्राज्य]], अरब मुस्लिम, मङ्गोल, ब्रिटिस, सोभियत सङ्घ र अमेरिकी नेतृत्वको गठबन्धन धेरै सैन्य अभियानहरू देखेको छ। अफगानिस्तानले स्रोतको रूपमा पनि सेवा गऱ्यो जहाँबाट ग्रिको-ब्याक्ट्रियन र [[मुगल साम्राज्य|मुगलहरू]], अन्यहरू बीच, प्रमुख साम्राज्यहरू गठन गर्न उठे। इरानी र भारतीय सांस्कृतिक क्षेत्रहरूमा विभिन्न विजयहरू र अवधिहरू यो क्षेत्र [[पारसी धर्म|जोरोस्ट्रियनवाद]], बौद्ध धर्म, [[हिन्दु धर्म]] र पछि इस्लामको केन्द्र थियो। अफगानिस्तानको आधुनिक राज्य १८औँ शताब्दीमा दुर्रानी अफगान साम्राज्य सुरु भयो, यद्यपि दोस्त मोहम्मद खान कहिलेकाहीँ पहिलो आधुनिक अफगान राज्य संस्थापक मानिन्छ। अफगानिस्तानलाई एकताबद्ध गर्ने उनको अन्तिम अभियान केही दिनपछि सन् १८६३ मा दोस्त मोहम्मदको मृत्यु भयो र फलस्वरूप अफगानिस्तानलाई गृहयुद्धमा फ्याँकिएको थियो। यस समयमा, अफगानिस्तान [[बेलायती साम्राज्य|ब्रिटिस साम्राज्य]] र [[रुसी साम्राज्य|रूसी साम्राज्य]] बिचको ग्रेट गेममा एक बफर राज्य बन्यो। भारतबाट, अङ्ग्रेजहरूले अफगानिस्तानलाई वशमा पार्ने प्रयास गरे तर पहिलो अङ्ग्रेज-अफगान युद्धमा पछि हटाइएको थियो। यद्यपि, दोस्रो अङ्ग्रेज-अफगान युद्ध ब्रिटिस विजय र ब्रिटिस राजनीतिक प्रभावको सफल स्थापना देख्यो। सन् १९१९ मा तेस्रो अङ्ग्रेज-अफगान युद्ध अफगानिस्तान विदेशी राजनीतिक आधिपत्यबाट मुक्त भयो र जुन १९२६ मा अमानुल्लाह खान नेतृत्वमा अफगानिस्तानको स्वतन्त्र राज्यको रूपमा देखा पर्यो। यो राजतन्त्र लगभग आधा शताब्दीसम्म चल्यो, जबसम्म सन् 1973 मा जाहिर शाहलाई अपदस्थ गरियो, त्यसपछि अफगानिस्तान गणतन्त्रको स्थापना भयो। == व्युत्पत्ति == केही विद्वानहरूले सुझाव दिन्छन् कि मूल नाम ''अफगान'' [[संस्कृत]] शब्द अश्वकनबाट आएको हो, जुन नाम [[हिन्दुकुश|हिन्दुकुश]] प्राचीन बासिन्दाहरूका लागि प्रयोग गरिएको थियो। ''अश्व'' शाब्दिक अर्थ "घोडसवार", "घोडा प्रजनन गर्नेहरू", वा "घोडचढी" (अश्वबाट, [[संस्कृत]] र अवेस्तन शब्दहरू "घोडा" को लागि) हो।<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ancient India|doi=Ramesh Chandra Majumdar|page=99|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XNxiN5tzKOgC&pg=PA99}}</ref> == इतिहास == [[सिकन्दर महान|अलेक्ज्याण्डर द ग्रेट]] र उनको म्यासेडोनियन सेनाहरू एक वर्ष अघि गौगामेलाको युद्धमा पर्सियाको दारियस III लाई पराजित गरेपछि ३३० ईपूर्वमा अफगानिस्तान आइपुगे। अलेक्ज्याण्डरको छोटो व्यवसाय पछि, सेल्युसिड साम्राज्यको उत्तराधिकारी राज्यले ३०५ ईपूर्व सम्म यस क्षेत्रलाई नियन्त्रण गर्यो, जब तिनीहरूले गठबन्धन सन्धिको भागको रूपमा [[मौर्य साम्राज्य|मौर्य साम्राज्यलाई]] धेरै दिए। मौर्यहरूले [[हिन्दुकुश|हिन्दुकुशको]] दक्षिणी क्षेत्रलाई लगभग १८५ ईपूर्वमा पराजित नगरेसम्म नियन्त्रण गरे। तिनीहरूको पतन [[अशोक|अशोकको]] शासन समाप्त भएको ६० वर्ष पछि सुरु भयो, जसले ग्रीको-ब्याक्ट्रियनहरूद्वारा हेलेनिस्टिक पुनर्विजयको नेतृत्व गर्‍यो। यसको धेरैजसो भाग चाँडै टुटे र इन्डो-ग्रीक राज्यको हिस्सा बन्यो। ईपूर्व दोस्रो शताब्दीको उत्तरार्धमा [[भारतीय सिथियाली|इन्डो-सिथियनहरूद्वारा]] तिनीहरू पराजित र निष्कासित भएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2008 |title=Country Profile: Afghanistan |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408085103/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Afghanistan.pdf |archive-date=8 April 2014 |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=[[Library of Congress Country Studies]] on Afghanistan}}</ref>{{Sfn|Runion|2007|p=44}} [[रेसम मार्ग]] ईपूर्व प्रथम शताब्दीको दौडान देखा पर्‍यो, र अफगानिस्तानले चीन, भारत, पर्सिया र उत्तरमा हालको उजबेकिस्तानको [[बुखराको एतिहासिक केन्द्र|बुखारा]], [[समरकन्द – संस्कृतिको चौबाटो|समरकन्द]] र खीवा सहरहरू जाने मार्गहरूको साथ व्यापारमा फस्टाएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2010 |title='Afghanistan and the Silk Road: The land at the heart of world trade' by Bijan Omrani |url=https://unama.unmissions.org/afghanistan-and-silk-road-land-heart-world-trade-bijan-omrani |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816022140/https://unama.unmissions.org/afghanistan-and-silk-road-land-heart-world-trade-bijan-omrani |archive-date=16 August 2021 |access-date=17 June 2020 |website=UNAMA }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210816022140/https://unama.unmissions.org/afghanistan-and-silk-road-land-heart-world-trade-bijan-omrani |date=16 August 2021 }}</ref> यस केन्द्र बिन्दुमा चिनियाँ रेशम, फारसी चाँदी र रोमन सुन जस्ता वस्तुहरू र विचारहरू आदानप्रदान भए, जबकि वर्तमान अफगानिस्तानको क्षेत्र मुख्यतया [[बडाखसान|बदख्सान]] क्षेत्रबाट ल्यापिस लाजुली ढुङ्गाहरू खनन र व्यापार गर्दै आएको थियो। १६औँ शताब्दीको प्रारम्भमा [[बाबर]] फर्घानाबाट आइपुगे र अर्गुन वंशबाट काबुल नियन्त्रण गरे।{{Sfn|Barfield|2012|pp=92–93}} [[बाबर]] [[पानीपतको प्रथम युद्ध|पानीपतको पहिलो युद्ध]] दिल्ली सल्तनतमा शासन गरेका अफगान लोदी वंशलाई जित्नका लागि अगाडि बढ्नेछन्।{{Sfn|Barfield|2012|pp=75}} १६औँ र १८औँ शताब्दीको बिचमा, बुखारा, इरानी सफाविद र भारतीय [[मुगल साम्राज्य|मुगलहरू]] उज्बेक खानटले यस क्षेत्रका केही भागहरूमा शासन गरे।{{Sfn|Dupree|1997|pp=319, 321}} मध्ययुगीन अवधिमा, अफगानिस्तानको उत्तरपश्चिमी क्षेत्रलाई क्षेत्रीय नाम खोरासानले उल्लेख गरेको थियो, जुन १९औँ शताब्दीसम्म सामान्यतया मूल निवासीहरू बीच आफ्नो देशको वर्णन गर्न प्रयोग गरिन्थ्यो।<ref>{{Cite book|title=The History of India|page=8|access-date=22 August 2010|location=London|archive-date=26 July 2013|doi=Firishta}}</ref> सोभियत-अफगान युद्धले अफगानिस्तानमा गम्भीर सामाजिक प्रभाव पारेको थियो। समाजको सैन्यीकरणले भारी सशस्त्र प्रहरी, निजी अङ्गरक्षकहरू, खुला रूपमा सशस्त्र नागरिक सुरक्षा समूहहरू, र त्यस्ता अन्य चीजहरू अफगानिस्तानमा दशकौंसम्म सामान्य बन्यो। परम्परागत शक्ति संरचना पादरी, समुदायका वृद्ध, बुद्धिजीवी वर्ग र सेनाबाट शक्तिशाली सरदारहरूको पक्षमा सरेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Afghanistan |url=https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121200011/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print |archive-date=21 January 2023 |access-date=25 August 2021 |website=publishing.cdlib.org }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230121200011/https://publishing.cdlib.org/ucpressebooks/view?docId=ft7b69p12h;chunk.id=0;doc.view=print |date=21 January 2023 }}</ref> अक्टोबर २००१ मा, संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाले तालिबानलाई सत्ताबाट हटाउन अफगानिस्तानमा आक्रमण गऱ्यो, उनीहरूले सेप्टेम्बर 11 को आक्रमणका प्रमुख संदिग्ध [[ओसामा बिन लादेन]] हस्तान्तरण गर्न अस्वीकार गरेपछि, जो तालिबानको "अतिथि" थिए र अफगानिस्तानमा उनको [[अल कायदा|अल-कायदा]] नेटवर्क सञ्चालन गरिरहेका थिए। अधिकांश अफगानहरूले अमेरिकी आक्रमणलाई समर्थन गरे। प्रारम्भिक आक्रमणको समयमा, अमेरिका र बेलायतका सेनाहरूले अल-कायदाको प्रशिक्षण शिविरहरूमा बम प्रहार गरे, र पछि उत्तरी गठबन्धनसँग काम गर्दा तालिबान शासन समाप्त भयो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/08/world/nation-challenged-attack-us-britain-strike-afghanistan-aiming-bases-terrorist.html|title=A Nation challenged: The attack; U.S. and Britain strike Afghanistan, aiming at bases and terrorist camps; Bush warns 'Taliban will pay a price'|last=Tyler|first=Patrick|date=8 October 2001|work=The New York Times|access-date=28 February 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411134316/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/08/world/nation-challenged-attack-us-britain-strike-afghanistan-aiming-bases-terrorist.html|archive-date=11 April 2014}}</ref> == भूगोल == अफगानिस्तान दक्षिणी-मध्य एसियामा अवस्थित छ अफगानिस्तानमा केन्द्रित क्षेत्रलाई "एसियाको चौराहा" मानिन्छ, र देशको उपनाम हार्ट अफ एसिया रहेको छ। प्रख्यात [[उर्दु भाषा|उर्दु]] कवि अल्लामा इकबाल एक पटक देशको बारेमा लेखेका थिएः {{Quote|एसिया पानी र पृथ्वीको शरीर हो, जसको हृदय अफगान राष्ट्र हो। यसको कलहबाट, एसियाको कलह; र यसको कलहबाट, एसियाको कलह।}} {{Convert|652864|km2|abbr=on}} मा,<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Land area (sq. km) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185313/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.TOTL.K2 |archive-date=29 October 2013 |access-date=13 October 2011 |website=World Development Indicators |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> अफगानिस्तान विश्वको [[क्षेत्रफल अनुसार देश तथा आश्रित क्षेत्रहरूको सूची|४१औँ ठुलो देश]] हो, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 1991 |title=CIA Factbook&nbsp;– Area: 41 |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html#af |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html |archive-date=31 January 2014 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140131115000/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2147.html#af |date=31 January 2014 }}</ref> फ्रान्सभन्दा अलिकति ठुलो र म्यानमारभन्दा सानो, र संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको टेक्सास जति आकारको छ। अफगानिस्तान [[भूपरिवेष्ठित राष्ट्र|भूपरिवेष्ठित]] भएकोले त्यहाँ कुनै तटीय रेखा छैन। अफगानिस्तानले पूर्व र दक्षिणमा पाकिस्तानसँग यसको सबैभन्दा लामो भूमि सीमा साझा गर्दछ, त्यसपछि उत्तरपूर्वमा ताजिकिस्तान, पश्चिममा इरान, उत्तर-पश्चिममा तुर्कमेनिस्तान, उत्तरमा उज्वेकिस्तान र सुदूर उत्तरपूर्वमा चीनसँग सीमानाहरू छन्। === प्रशासनिक विभाजनहरू === अफगानिस्तान प्रशासनिक रूपमा ३४ प्रदेशहरूमा विभाजित छ। प्रत्येक प्रदेशमा एक जना प्रदेश प्रमुख र एक जना राजधानी छन्। देशलाई लगभग ४०० प्रदेशीय जिल्लाहरूमा विभाजित गरिएको छ, जसमध्ये प्रत्येकले सामान्यतया एक सहर वा धेरै गाउँहरू समेट्छ। प्रत्येक जिल्लाको प्रतिनिधित्व एक जिल्ला राज्यपालद्वारा गरिन्छ। संविधानको धारा १४० र निर्वाचनसम्बन्धी राष्ट्रपतिको अध्यादेश अनुसार सहरका मेयरहरू चार वर्षका लागि स्वतन्त्र र प्रत्यक्ष निर्वाचनबाट निर्वाचित हुनुपर्ने व्यवस्था छ। तर व्यवहारमा मेयरहरू सरकारले नै नियुक्त गर्ने गरेको छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jamie Boex |last2=Grace Buencamino |last3=Deborah Kimble |title=An Assessment of Afghanistan's Municipal Governance Framework |url=http://webarchive.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412448-An-Assessment-of-Afghanistans-Municipal-Governance-Framework.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704193403/http://webarchive.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412448-An-Assessment-of-Afghanistans-Municipal-Governance-Framework.pdf |archive-date=4 July 2019 |access-date=4 July 2019 |publisher=Urban Institute Center on International Development and Governance }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704193403/http://webarchive.urban.org/UploadedPDF/412448-An-Assessment-of-Afghanistans-Municipal-Governance-Framework.pdf |date=4 July 2019 }}</ref> [[चित्र:Afghanistan_provinces_numbered.png|अङ्गुठाकार| अफगानिस्तानलाई [[अफगानिस्तानका प्रदेशहरू|३४ प्रदेशहरूमा]] विभाजन गरिएको छ, जसलाई थप जिल्लाहरूमा विभाजन गरिएको छ।]]{{colbegin|colwidth=15em}} # [[बदख्शान प्रदेश|बदख्शान]] # [[बादघिस प्रदेश|बादघिस]] # [[बाघलान प्रदेश|बघलान]] # [[बल्ख प्रदेश|बल्ख]] # [[बाम्यान प्रदेश|बाम्यान]] # [[दयकुण्डी प्रदेश|दयकुण्डी]] # [[फराह प्रदेश|फराह]] # [[फर्याब प्रदेश|फर्याब]] # [[गजनी प्रदेश|गजनी]] # [[घोर प्रदेश|घोर]] # [[हेलमाण्ड प्रदेश|हेलमाण्ड]] # [[हेरत प्रदेश|हेरत]] # [[जोज्जान प्रदेश|जोज्जान]] # [[काबुल प्रदेश|काबुल]] # [[कन्दाहार प्रदेश|कन्दहार]] # [[कपिसा प्रदेश|कपिसा]] # [[खोस्ट प्रदेश|खोस्ट]] # [[कुनार प्रदेश|कुनार]] # [[कुन्दुज प्रदेश|कुन्दुज]] # [[लघमान प्रदेश|लघमान]] # [[लोगर प्रदेश|लोगर]] # [[नाङ्गरहार प्रदेश|नाङ्गरहार]] # [[निमरुज प्रदेश|निमरुज]] # [[नुरिस्तान प्रदेश|नुरिस्तान]] # [[ओरुजगान प्रदेश|ओरुजगान]] # [[पाकटिया प्रदेश|पाकटिया]] # [[पाक्टिका प्रदेश|पक्टिका]] # [[पन्जशिर प्रदेश|पन्जशीर]] # [[परवान प्रदेश|परवान]] # [[समंगन प्रदेश|समंगन]] # [[सर-ए-पोल प्रदेश|सर-ए-पोल]] # [[तखर प्रदेश|तखर]] # [[वरदक प्रदेश|वरदक]] # [[जाबुल प्रदेश|जाबुल]]{{colend}} === विदेशी सम्बन्ध === सन् १९४६ मा अफगानिस्तान संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घको सदस्य बनेको थियो।{{Sfn|Dupree|1997|p=642}} ऐतिहासिक रूपमा, अफगानिस्तानको जर्मनीसँग बलियो सम्बन्ध थियो, सन् १९१९ मा अफगानिस्तानको स्वतन्त्रतालाई मान्यता दिने पहिलो देशहरू मध्ये एक, सोभियत सङ्घ, जसले अफगानिस्तानका सेनाहरूलाई धेरै सहायता र सैन्य प्रशिक्षण प्रदान गर्यो र सन् १९२१ र १९७८ मा मैत्री सन्धिमा हस्ताक्षर गरेको थियो। डुरान्ड लाइन सीमा मुद्दा र अफगान विद्रोही समूहहरूमा पाकिस्तान संलग्नता जस्ता विभिन्न कारणहरूले गर्दा पाकिस्तानसँगको सम्बन्ध प्रायः तनावपूर्ण रहेको छ। === कृषि === कृषि उत्पादन अफगानिस्तानको अर्थतन्त्रको मेरुदण्ड हो <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agriculture |url=http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/agriculture |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929082220/http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/agriculture |archive-date=29 September 2013 |access-date=23 May 2017 |publisher=USAID }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929082220/http://afghanistan.usaid.gov/en/programs/agriculture |date=29 September 2013 }}</ref> र यसले परम्परागत रूपमा अर्थतन्त्रमा प्रभुत्व जमाएको छ, सन् २०१८ सम्म करिब ४०% श्रमशक्तिलाई रोजगारी दिएको छ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Unlocking the Potential of Agriculture for Afghanistan's Growth |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/afghanistan/publication/unlocking-potential-of-agriculture-for-afghanistan-growth |publisher=World Bank}}</ref> यो देश अनार, अङ्गुर, खुबानी, खरबुजा र अन्य धेरै ताजा र सुक्खा फल उत्पादनको लागि परिचित छ। अफगानिस्तान पनि २०१० मा विश्वको शीर्ष भांग उत्पादक बनेको थियो <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-afghanistan-cannabis-idUSTRE62U0IC20100331|title=Afghanistan now world's top cannabis source: U.N.|last=Burch|first=Jonathon|date=31 March 2010|agency=Reuters}}</ref> मार्च २०२३ मा, तथापि, हिबतुल्लाह अखुन्दजादाको डिक्रीद्वारा भांग उत्पादनमा प्रतिबन्ध लगाइएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sultan |first=Abid |title=Taliban leader bans cannabis cultivation in Afghanistan |url=https://www.trtworld.com/asia/taliban-leader-bans-cannabis-cultivation-in-afghanistan-66283 |access-date=1 July 2024 |website=Taliban leader bans cannabis cultivation in Afghanistan }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701030117/https://www.trtworld.com/asia/taliban-leader-bans-cannabis-cultivation-in-afghanistan-66283 |date=1 July 2024 }}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} {{एसियाका देशहरू}} [[श्रेणी:दक्षिण एसियाली देशहरू]] [[श्रेणी:संयुक्त राष्ट्रसङ्घका सदस्य राष्ट्रहरू]] [[श्रेणी:दक्षिण एसियाली क्षेत्रीय सहयोग सङ्गठनका सदस्य राष्ट्रहरू]] [[श्रेणी:अल्पविकसित देशहरू]] [[श्रेणी:भूपरिवेष्ठित राष्ट्रहरू]] [[श्रेणी:एसियाका देशहरू]] [[श्रेणी:अफगानिस्तान]] f3imlafth7f8z8tq5anvc7e61djkpbf 0 83285 1365148 1315653 2026-07-07T03:54:53Z Padam Bahadur Shrestha 79696 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|2 */ 1365148 wikitext text/x-wiki '''मानव विकास''' भन्नाले आर्थिक दृष्टिले मानिसहरूको जीवनस्तर, स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा, आय, र अवसरहरूको स्तर सुधार गरेर उनीहरूको जीवन गुणस्तर र क्षमता वृद्धि गर्नु हो। यसले केवल देशको कुल राष्ट्रिय आय (GDP) बढाउनु मात्र नभई आम नागरिकहरूले आर्थिक स्रोतहरूको पहुँच, रोजगारी, स्वास्थ्य सेवा, शिक्षा र सामाजिक सुरक्षामा समान अवसर पाउने सुनिश्चितता पनि समावेश गर्छ। आर्थिक क्षेत्रको विकास भएको अवस्थामा मात्र विकास भएको ठहर्छ भन्ने कुरा अर्थशास्त्रीहरूको राय देखिन्छ। राजनीति तथा सामाजिक क्षेत्रको विकास गर्नको लागि पनि अर्थकै आवश्यकता पर्दछ। अर्थ अथवा पैसा भएन भने न त राजनीति अगाडि बढ्न सक्छ, न त समाज नै। मानिसमा रक्तसञ्चारको जति आवश्यक हुन्छ, त्यस्तै आर्थिक पक्षको हुने गर्दछ। == दृष्टिकोण == ====मानवका आर्थिक==== मानव विकासका तीनवटा दृष्टिकोण छन्– <br>क) मनोवैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोण <br>ख) मानवीय मूल्य दृष्टिकोण <br>ग) गुणस्तरीय जीवन दृष्टिकोण ====मनोवैज्ञानिक दृष्टिकोण==== मनोविज्ञानमा यस दृष्टिकोणले मानिसको आन्तरिक र बाह्य विकासलाई ध्यानमा राख्छ अर्थात् यसले मानिसको शारीरिक र मानसिक विकास तथा रोग प्रतिरोध क्षमता विकासको अध्ययन गर्छ। सामान्यतया मनोविज्ञानमा बाल विकासको बढी अध्ययन हुन्छ। यस अन्तर्गत मानिसको शारीरिक विकास अन्तर्गत स्वास्थ्य, तौल, लम्बाई इत्यादि कुराहरु पर्दछन्। मानसिक विकास अन्तर्गत शारीरिक परिवर्तनको मानसिक प्रभाव, मानसिक क्षमता, संवेग, केवल मानसिक विकास इत्यादि पर्दछन्। यी दुवै कुराको विकासका दुइ मुख्य तत्त्व मानिन्छ, प्रथम वंशानुक्रम र अर्को वातावरण। यी दुइ कुराको प्रभावले मानिसको जुन व्यक्तित्व निर्माण हुन्छ त्यसले व्यक्तिको सामाजिक, आर्थिक, मनोवैज्ञानिक र व्यक्तिगत अवस्था प्रभावित हुन्छ। ====मानवीय मूल्य दृष्टिकोण==== मानवीय मूल्य दृष्टिकोणमा मानवीय गुणहरूको विकासलाई मानव विकास भनिन्छ। मानवीय मूल्य, मान्यता र यसको विकासले सभ्य र सुसंस्कृत समाजको निर्माणमा सहयोग पुग्छ। मानवीय सभ्यता र संस्कृतिले तीन कुराको कामना गर्दछ– अन्धकारबाट उज्यालो तिर। मृत्युबाट अमरता तिर र असत्यबाट सत्य तिर– तमसोमा ज्योतिर्गमय। मृत्योर्मा अमृतं गमय। असतोमा सद्गमय। मानव विकासको यस दृष्टिकोणले मुख्यतः नैतिक कुराहरूलाई केन्द्रमा राख्छ। ====गुणस्तरीय जीवन दृष्टिकोण==== अर्थशास्त्रमा मानव विकासको अध्ययन अलि फरक प्रकारले गरिन्छ। कुनै देशको आर्थिक विकासका दुइ मुख्य आधार हुन्छन्– प्राृकतिक साधन र मानवीय साधन। मानवीय साधनको प्रयोगले मानिसको सुख र कल्याणका उन्नतिका विविध प्रयास गर्नु नै आर्थिक विकास हो। <br>यहा“ ध्यान दिनु पर्ने कुरा के भने, मानवीय साधनलाई बढी उत्पादनशील बनाउन यसमा लगानी गरिरहनु पर्दछ। शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य, सरसफाईमा लगानी गर्नु भनेको मानव विकासमा लागनी गर्नु हो। यी मध्ये मानव विकासका लागि सबभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण खर्च भनेको शिक्षा क्षेत्र हो। यसको दीर्घकालिक प्रभाव हुन्छ। तर स्वास्थ्य र सरसफाईमा खर्चको प्रतिफल छिटै प्राप्त हुन्छ। यस खर्चले मानवीय साधनलाई उत्पादनशील मात्र बनाउ“दैन, मानवीय कल्याणमा पनि योगदान गर्छ। यसले गर्दा मानव विकासमा गरिएको खर्च साधन र साध्य दुवै मानिन्छ। जबकि भौतिक पूर्वाधारमा गरिएको खर्चको केवल एक पक्षीय प्रभाव हुन्छ। त्यसले उत्पादनका साधन छिटो र सरलतासाथ उपलब्ध हुन जान्छन्। उत्पादन क्षमतामा वृद्धि हुन जान्छ। सडक, विद्युत स्वयंमा लक्ष्य होइन। यसको उद्देश्य मानव कल्याणसंग सम्बन्धित छ। <br>मानव विकासको अर्थशास्त्रले जैविकीय विकासको अध्ययन गर्दैन बरु यसले गुणस्तरीय जीवनका लागि अनिवार्य, र आरामदायक आवश्यकताहरूको परिपूर्ति, सभ्य नागरिक सरह जीवन बिताउनका लागि चाहिने आवश्यक ज्ञान, सुख भोगका लागि चाहिने स्वस्थ र लामो आयु जस्ता कुराहरूको उपलब्धि जस्ता कुराहरूको अध्ययन गर्दछ। यी सबैका लागि चाहिने न्यूनतम मात्रा कति हो ? कति प्राप्त भएको छ ? कसरी प्राप्त गर्न सकिन्छ र यसको निरन्तर उपलब्धि र विकास के कसरी गर्न सकिन्छ भन्ने कुरा मानव विकासका अर्थशास्त्रको विषय वस्तु हो। <br>त्यसैले, यस अवधारणालाई आर्थिक प्रगतिको तुलनामा सामाजिक न्यायलाई बढी महत्त्व दिने अवधारणा मानिन्छ। यो आर्थिक अवधारणा भइकन पनि यसले भौतिक धन र पूंजीको होइन मानवीय धन र मानवीय पूंजीको अध्ययन गर्दछ। मानिसका शारीरिक, मानसिक र बौद्धिक विकासको अध्ययन अर्थिक दृष्टिकोणले गर्दछ। ==मानव विकास अध्ययनका विधि == विधि अनुमान गर्ने समान्य तरीकाहरूलाई भनिन्छ। मानव विकास सम्बन्धी अवधारणामा समय समयमा अर्थशास्त्री, समाजशास्त्री, राजनीतिशास्त्री लगायतका विचारकहरूले विचार गर्दै आएका छन्। यस आधारमा मानव विकासका लागि निम्न्लिखित विचारहरु प्रस्तुत गरिएका छन्– १. आर्थिक वृद्धि: एडम स्मिथको समय देखिनै विकासलाई आर्थिक आयामसंग जोड्ने परम्परा सुरु भएको हो। [[दोस्रो विश्व युद्ध]] पछि यस अवधारणालाई अझ महत्त्वपूर्ण ठानिएको हो। यस अवधारणाले मानव विकास र गुणस्तरीय जीवन मूलतः आर्थिक पू“जी र प्रविधिको उपज हो भन्ने मान्दछ।यस अवधारणाले सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक र राजनीतिक सम्बन्धहरूलाई न्यूनीकरण गरेकोले यसलाई कम महत्त्वपूर्ण सूचक मानिन्छ। २. मानव पूंजीको विकास: सन ५० को दशक पछि मानव पूंजीको अवधारणा विकसित भयो। यस अवधारणाले मानव विकासको अवधारणालाई अस्वीकार गर्दैन तर यसले केवल मानवको स्वास्थ्य शिक्षा, सीप जस्ता मानव पूंजीलाई बढी महत्त्व दिन्छ। किनभने शिक्षित स्वस्थ र सीपयुक्त जनसङ्ख्याले आर्थिक विकासमा योगदान गर्दछ। यस अवधारणाको दोष के हो भने यसले मानिसलाई उत्पादनको एक साधनको रूपमा मात्र अध्ययन गरिएको छ। जबकि मानिस उत्पादनको अन्तिम लक्ष्य पनि हो। ३. आर्थिक समानता: राष्ट्रिय आयमा वृद्धिले पूंजी र लगानीमा वृद्धि भइ रोजगारी बढछ जसले सबै मानिसको कल्याणमा वृद्धि हुन्छ भन्ने पूँजीवादी अवधारणा आंशिक रूपमा मात्र सफल रह्यो किनभने यसले समाजमा असमानता वृद्धि भइ धनी झन धनी र गरीब झन गरीब अझ गरीब हुन पुग्यो। जसले समाजमा जातीय, वर्गीय र अन्य द्वन्द्व चर्कियो। त्यस कारण समानता सहितको आर्थिक वृद्धिको अवधारणा विकसित भयो। तर यस अवधारणामा पनि आर्थिक पक्षलाई मात्र समेटिएको र अन्य मानवीय र व्यक्तिगत तत्वलाई बेवास्ता गरिएकोले मानव विकास र मानिसको कल्याणमा यसको योगदानलाई पूर्ण मानिंदैन। ४. आधारभूत आवश्यकता: सन ७०को शुरुमा यस अवधारणाको विकास भयो। राष्ट्रिय आयको वृद्धि, आर्थिक समानता लक्ष्य नभएर मानवीय कल्याण प्राप्त गर्ने साधन हो। यी दुवै कुरा भए पनि मानिस आधारभूत आवश्यकताबाट वंचित भएको हुन सक्छ।त्यसैले मूलकुरा भनेको मानिसका आधारभूत आवश्यकताहरूको परिपूर्ति हो। यस अन्तर्गत खाद्यान्न, लत्ता कपडा, आवास, शिक्षा, सामाजिक सुरक्षाको न्यूनतम प्राप्ति लाई आधार मानियो। तर अल्पविकसित मुलुकहरूमा उपर्युक्त लक्ष्यहरूको सन्तोषजनक रूपमा प्राप्ति भएन। तसर्थ मानव विकास र जीवनको गुणस्तरीयताको नाप यस आधारमा हुन सकेन। ५. आर्थिक उदारीकरण: स्थानीय अर्थतंत्र र बजार व्यवस्थालाई विश्व अर्थतंत्रसंग समायोजन गर्दै बजार व्यवस्था माथि सरकारी हस्तक्षेप बन्द गरेर आर्थिक वृद्धि हुन सक्ने मान्यता यस अवधारणाको छ। यसले प्रत्येक व्यक्तिको व्यक्तिगत स्वतंत्रता र क्षमता अभिवृद्धि गर्ने अवसर प्राप्त हुनसक्ने कुरालाई नकार्न सकिंदैन तथापि यस अवधारणाका पनि केही त्रुटिहरु छन। तथापि वर्तमानमा आर्थिक उदारीकरण र आर्थिक स्वतन्त्रतालाई मानव विकासको एक तत्त्वको रूपमा सामान्यतः स्वीकार गरिएको छ। ६. मानवीय विकास: कुनै पनि मुलुकको वास्तविक धन भनेका त्यहांका महिला र पुरुष हुन र विकासको उद्देश्य यस्तो वातावरणको सृजना गर्नु हो जसमा जनता स्वस्थ, दीर्घायु र रचनात्मक हुन सक्छन। भौतिक र वित्तीय धनको लालसामा यो महत्त्वपूर्ण सत्य ओझेलमा पर्छ। राष्ट्रिय आय तुलनात्मक रूपमा कम छ तर मानिसको जीवनको गुणस्तरीयता उच्च रहेको छ। यो अवधारणाकेहि नयां हो। यसले मानवीय विकास र गुणस्तरीय जीवनलाई आर्थिक विकासको आधार मान्दछ। यस अवधारणालाई के कारणले पनि वैज्ञानिक मानिन्छ भने यसमा आर्थिक विकासका अन्य सूचकहरु, प्रति व्यक्ति आय, शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य आदि कुराहरु पनि समायोजित गरिन्छ। साथै गुणस्तरीयताको संख्यात्मक नाप गरिने भएकोले यो सूचक अन्य भन्दा बढी वैज्ञानिक छ। === सहस्राब्दी मानव विकास लक्ष्य === सन् २०१५ सम्मका लागि सं.रा.सं.ले निम्नलिखित आठवटा विकास लक्ष्य निर्धारित गरेको छ * १. भोक र गरिबीबाट मुक्ति * २. सबैलाई प्राथमिक शिक्षा * ३. लैगिक समानता र महिला सशक्तिकरण * ४. बाल मृत्युदर घटाउने * ५. मातृस्वास्थय सुधार * ६. एच आइ भीबाट सुरक्षा * ७. वातावरणीय सुरक्षा * ८. अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय सम्बन्ध === मानवीय विकासका क्षेत्र === अमत्र्य सेनले मानवीय विकासका आधारभूत पक्षलाई निम्नलिखित प्रकारले उल्लेख गरेका छन् * १. समानता * २. दिगो आर्थिक विकास * ३. उत्पादकता * ४. सशक्तिकरण * ५. सहकार्य, र * ६. सुरक्षा === मानव विकासका विषयहरु === मानव विकासकालागि कुनै देशले शिक्षा र स्वास्थ्यमा लगानी गर्नु पर्दछ। स्वस्थ र शिक्षित जनशक्ति नै देशकालागि वास्तविक पूंजी हुन्छ। अस्वस्थ र अशिक्षित जनसङ्ख्या देशकालागि मात्र होइन स्वयं आफ्नैलागि पनि समस्या हुन जान्छ। नेपालमा मानव संसाधन विकासकालागि देशले शिक्षामा लगानी गरिरहेको छ। शिक्षा स्वास्थ्य, खानेपानी जस्ता कुरामा सरकारले प्रति वर्ष कुल बजेटको एक तिहाइ खर्च गरिएको छ। शिक्षामा मात्र कुल बजेटको २० प्रतिशत खर्च गरिएको छ। यसले गर्दा नेपालमा साक्षरता र विद्यालय शिक्षाको उपलब्धि निकै सकारात्मक भए तापनि शिक्षित जनशक्तिको गुण स्तर अभिवृद्धि गराउने चुनौती अझै पनि नेपालले बेहोर्नु परेको छ। गुणस्तरीयतामा अभिवृद्धि गर्न शिक्षालाई निजी संस्थाहरुद्वारा सञ्चालन गर्ने काम गरिएको छ। अहिले नेपालमा सरकारी, निजी र सामुदायिक तीन प्रकारका कार्यक्रमहरूद्वारा शिक्षाको विकास प्रयास गरिएको छ। उच्च शिक्षाको लागि सबभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण संस्था अहिले त्रिभुवन विश्वविद्यालय हो। यस बाहेक नेपाल संस्कृत विश्वविद्यालय, क्षेत्रीय विश्वविद्यालयहरु, तथा निजी विश्वविद्यालयहरु पनि क्रियाशील छन्। === मानव विकास अर्थशास्त्रको विषय वस्तु === मानव विकास अर्थशास्त्रले निम्नलिखित विषय वस्तु अध्ययन गर्दछ– * १. मानव विकासका मनोवैज्ञानिक सिद्धान्त * २. जन्म, मृत्यु, बसाईं सराइका नाप र तिनीहरूलाई प्रभावित गर्ने तत्त्व * ३. मानव संसाधन विकास र मानव विकासको सम्बन्ध * ४. मानव संसाधनको नापका विधि * ५. मानव विकास सूचक र यसको नाप * ६. मानव विकास सूचकका अवयव * ७. लैगिक भिन्नता र मानव विकास * ८. मानव समुदायमा गरिने लागनी * ९. मानव पूंजी र आर्थिक वृद्धिको सम्बन्ध * १०. मानव विकास र आर्थिक वृद्धि * ११.मानव विकास र गरिबी निवारण * १२. वैश्विकीकरण र मानव विकास * १३. सुशासन र मानव विकास * १४. मानव विकाससम्बन्धी योजना र नीतिहरु === जनसङ्ख्या, श्रम, जनशक्ति र मानव विकास अर्थशास्त्र === जनसङ्ख्या अर्थशास्त्रमा जनसङ्ख्याका पक्षहरु जन्म, मृत्यु, बसाईं सराइ र यसलाई प्रभाव पार्ने तत्त्वहरूको अध्ययन गरिन्छ। श्रम अर्थशास्त्रले उत्पादनको साधनको रूपमा मानव साधनको अध्ययन गर्छ। यसमा श्रम समस्या, श्रम कानुन, सामूहिक मोलमोलाई, श्रमको सीमान्त उत्पादक, ज्याला, जीवनस्तर र जयालाको सम्बन्धको बारेमा अध्ययन गरिन्छ। यसमा मुख्यतः श्रम बजारमा श्रमको माग र पूर्तिसंग सम्बन्धित विषयवसतु अध्ययन गरिन्छ। जनशक्ति अर्थशास्त्रमा त्यस जनसङ्ख्याको बारेमा अध्ययन गरिन्छ जुन देशको राष्ट्रिय आयमा योगदान गर्छ। यस जनशक्तिलाई अझ बढी उत्पादक बनाउन शिक्षा, सीप र स्वास्थयमा लागनी गर्नु पर्छ। तथापि जनशक्ति अर्थशास्त्रमा शिक्षा र प्रशिक्षणमा बढी ध्यान केन्द्रित गरिन्छ। त्यसैले जनशक्ति अर्थशास्त्रलाई शिक्षाको अर्थशास्त्रको समानान्तर मानिन्छ। तथापि जनशक्ति अर्थशास्त्र र शिक्षाको अर्थशास्त्रमा अन्तर हुन्छ। मानव विकास अर्थशास्त्र एक विस्तृत अवधारणा हो। यसमा श्रमको अध्ययन उत्पादनको एकाई र उपभोग दुवै दृष्टिले गरिन्छ। यसमा श्रम साधन मात्र हुंदैन साध्य पनि हुन्छ। त्यसैले यसमा मानव जीवनको सुख र सन्तोष मुख्य कुरा हुन्छ। त्यसैले यसमा निम्नलिखित विषयवस्तु अध्ययन गरिन्छ– * १.मानव विकासका मनोवैज्ञानिक सिद्धान्त * २.मानव विकासको परिभाषा र मानव विकासको नापका विधिहरु * ३.जनसङ्ख्या, मानव संसाधन, मानव पू“जी र आर्थिक विकासको सम्बन्ध * ४.लैंगिक समानता, गरिबी निवारण र मानव विकासको सम्बन्ध * ५. सुशासन र मानव विकास * ६. विश्वव्यापीकरण र मानव विकास * ७. मानव विकास सम्बन्धी नीति र योजना == मानव विकासका मापन == [[File:World Map of Subnational HDI.jpg|thumb|सन् २०१८ को विश्वका क्षेत्रीय मानव विकास सूचकाङ्क (HDI): रातो = कम HDI, हरियो = उच्च HDI; मानव विकासको स्तरलाई मापन गर्ने प्रमुख सूचक मानव विकास सूचकाङ्क लाई लिइन्छ।]] मानव विकासको नापका लागि विभिन्न दृष्टिकोणहरु विकसित भइरहेका छन्। केही नापहरु यस प्रकार छन्– * १. मानव विकास सूचक * २. मानव निर्धनता सूचक * ३. लैंगिक विकास सूचक * ४. लैगिक सशक्तता माप मानव विकासमा कति उन्नति भएको छ भन्ने कुरा पत्ता लगाउन एच डी आईको निर्माण गरिएको छ। विभिन्न देशका मानव विकास सूचकहरूले कुन देश मानव विकासको कुन स्तरमा छ भन्ने कुरा अध्ययन गर्न सकिन्छ। यस सूचकले मानिसको प्रत्याशित आयु, शैक्षिक अवस्था, र प्रति व्यक्ति आयको स्तर नाप गर्छ। मानव वंचितता सूचकले मानव विकासमा रहेको कमीलाई र लैंगिक विकास सूचकले पुरुषको तुलनामा महिलाको विकास स्तरको सापेक्षिक नाप गर्छ।लैंगिक सशक्तता नापले महिलाहरूको विकासका लागि गरिएका कामहरूको विवरणको अध्ययन गर्छ। == नेपाली परिवेश == २०२३ को मानव विकास सूचकाङ्क (HDI) रिपोर्ट अनुसार, १९९० देखि २०२२ सम्म नेपालमा मानव विकासका मुख्य सूचकहरूमा महत्वपूर्ण सुधार देखिएको छ। जन्मको समयमा जीवन प्रत्याशा ५४.४ वर्षबाट बढेर ७१.४५ वर्ष पुगेको छ भने औसत शिक्षाको वर्ष २.० वर्षबाट ५.१ वर्षमा पुगेको छ। आर्थिक दृष्टिले कुल ग्राह्य राष्ट्रिय आय प्रति व्यक्ति (GNI per capita, PPP$) $1,372 बाट $3,877 मा वृद्धि भएको छ। यससँगै मानव विकास सूचकाङ्क ०.३८७ बाट ०.६०२ मा सुधार भएको छ। यी तथ्यांकहरूले नेपालले पछिल्ला तीन दशकमा स्वास्थ्य, शिक्षा र आर्थिक आयका क्षेत्रमा सकारात्मक प्रगति हासिल गरेको देखाउँछन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Opinion {{!}} HDI and development delusion |url=https://kathmandupost.com/columns/2025/07/18/hdi-and-development-delusion |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> १९९० देखि २०२२ सम्म नेपालमा मानव विकास सूचकाङ्क (HDI) ०.३९९ बाट ०.६०२ मा पुगेको छ, जसले ५०.९ प्रतिशतको वृद्धि देखाउँछ। प्रदेश अनुसार हेर्दा बागमती प्रदेशले सबैभन्दा उच्च HDI मूल्य (०.६६९) हासिल गरेको छ भने काठमाडौं उपत्यकामा HDI स्कोर ०.६२२ पुगेको छ। सहर र गाउँको तुलनामा, शहरी क्षेत्रहरूमा HDI उच्च देखिन्छ, तर ग्रामीण क्षेत्रहरूसँगको अन्तर क्रमिक रूपमा घट्दै गएको छ। यसले ग्रामीण क्षेत्रमा पनि मानव विकासमा सुधार भइरहेको संकेत गर्छ।<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dulal |first=Tulasa Devi |date=2023-12-31 |title=Status of Human Development Index with Reference to Nepal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/jpd/article/view/64256 |journal=Journal of Population and Development |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=166–180 |doi=10.3126/jpd.v4i1.64256 |issn=2717-5065}}</ref> सन् २०२५ को मानव विकास सूचकाङ्क (HDI) अनुसार नेपाल १९३ देशमध्ये १४५औं स्थानमा रहेको छ, जसको HDI स्कोर ०.६२२ छ। देश अझै पनि मध्यम मानव विकास वर्गमा रहँदै आएको छ र पछिल्ला दशकमा क्रमिक प्रगति जारी राखेको देखिन्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepal ranks 145th in UN Human Development Index amid digital push |url=https://kathmandupost.com/money/2025/06/11/nepal-ranks-145th-in-un-human-development-index-amid-digital-push |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> नेपालको पन्ध्रौं योजना (२०१९/२०–२०२३/२४) ले “समृद्ध नेपाल, सुखी नेपाली” हासिल गर्न लक्ष्य राखेको थियो। यस योजनाले २०४३ सम्म देशलाई उच्च आय भएका राष्ट्र बनाउनको लागि सतत् आर्थिक वृद्धि र सामाजिक विकासमा आधारित आधार तयार पार्ने प्रयास गरेको थियो। योजना अन्तर्गत शिक्षा, स्वास्थ्य जस्ता क्षेत्रहरूमा सुधार गरी मानव विकास सूचकाङ्क (HDI) सम्बन्धी लक्ष्यहरूमा प्रगति गर्ने उद्देश्य राखिएको थियो, यद्यपि केही सामाजिक लक्ष्यहरू पूर्ण रूपमा हासिल हुन सकेनन्। सोह्रौँ योजनामा मानव विकास सूचकाङ्क (HDI) ०.६०१ बाट ०.६५ सम्म वृद्धि गर्ने लक्ष्य राखेको छ भने मानव सम्पत्ति सूचकाङ्क (Human Property Index) ७६.३ प्रतिशतबाट ७८ प्रतिशत पुर्‍याउने उद्देश्य राखिएको छ। आर्थिक र वातावरणीय जोखिम सूचकाङ्क (Economic and Environmental Risk Index) २९.७ बाट २४ मा घटाउने अपेक्षा गरिएको छ। साथै, जीवन प्रत्याशा (Life Expectancy) ७१.३ वर्षबाट ७३ वर्ष पुर्‍याउने लक्ष्य पनि समावेश गरिएको छ। शिक्षा क्षेत्रमा पनि विशेष लक्ष्य राखिएको छ; साक्षरता दर ७६.२ प्रतिशतबाट ८५ प्रतिशत पुर्‍याउने योजना छ। यस योजनाको कार्यान्वयनका लागि करिब रु ११.१ खर्ब लगानी अनुमान गरिएको छ।<ref>{{Cite web |title=16th plan sets economic growth rate target of 7.3 per cent |url=https://risingnepaldaily.com/news/42984 |access-date=2025-09-04 |website=GorakhaPatra}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == थप अध्ययन == * घोष, बी एन, १९९०, पपुलेशन इकोनोमिक्स, दीप एन्ड दीप। * ज्ञवाली, बाबुराम, वि.सं. २०७०, जनसंख्या अर्थशास्त्र, ज्ञानज्योति प्रकाशन। * झिङ्गन,एम एल १९९०, इकोनोमिक्स अफ डिभलपमेन्ट, विकास पब्लिेकशन्स।   * टोडारो, इकोनोमिक डिभलपमेन्ट (पी डि एफ) २०१९। * यु एन डी पी, १९९८, नेपालमा मानव विकास १९९८। * शुल्ज, टी डब्लु,  इन्वेस्टमेन्ट इन ह्युमन क्यापिटल, (पी डि एफ) २०१९। * ह्युमन डिभलपमेन्ट इन्डेक्स, विकिपीडिया, नवम्बर २०१९। * हार्बिन्सन एन्ड मायर्स, एजुकेशन, म्यान पावर एन्ड इकोनोमिक ग्रोथ। {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== [[श्रेणी:अर्थशास्त्र]] [[श्रेणी:मानव विकास सूचकाङ्क]] db9ssybn5wafuq5c0sm32oo744yetji 0 90085 1365195 1357798 2026-07-07T07:55:09Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* जन्म */ 1365195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |honorific-prefix = श्री कमाण्डर ईन चिफ |name = खड्ग शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा |honorific-suffix = |native_name = |othername = नेपालको शाहाजहाँ |image = Khadga Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana.jpg |caption = |birth_date = १६ फेब्रुअरी, १८६१ |birth_place = |death_date = २२ डिसेम्बर, १९२१ |death_place = नेपाल दरबार, सौगोर |father = [[धीर शमशेर राणा]] |mother = नन्द कुमारी थापा |office = [[नेपाली सेनाको प्रधान सेनापति|नेपालको प्रधान सेनापति]] |term_start = सन् १८८५ |term_end = सन् १८८७ <ref>http://www.royalark.net/Nepal/lamb2.htm</ref> |predecessor = [[जीतजङ्ग राणा]] |successor = [[रण शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] |office1 = पाल्पाको बडाहाकिम |term_start1 = वि सं १९४८ |term_end1 = वि सं १९५९ |predecessor1 = [[भीम शमशेर]] |successor1 = समर शमशेर |primeminister1=वीर शमशेर |rank = जनरल |award = |religion = [[हिन्दू धर्म|हिन्दू]] }} '''खड्ग शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा''' नेपाली सेनाका [[नेपाली सेनाको प्रधान सेनापति|प्रधान सेनापति]] थिए। वीर शमशेरलाई प्रधानमन्त्रीबाट हटाएर आफू श्री ३ तथा प्राइममिनिस्टर हुने षड्यन्त्र गर्दा उनलाई वीरशमशेरले [[राणा वंशको उत्तराधिकारी रोलक्रम|रोलक्रम]]बाट हटाई पाल्पामा निर्वासित गरेका थिए। ==जन्म== [[चित्र:Khadga_Shumsher_Rana_(cropped).jpg|alt=Khadga Shumsher Rana (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Khadga Shumsher Rana (cropped)]] उनको जन्म कमाण्डर [[धीर शमशेर राणा]]को तेश्रो पुत्रको रूपमा भयो। उनी आफ्नी माता रानी नन्द कुमारी थापा (गोदार)का ज्येष्ठ पुत्र हुन् । उनका मावली हजुरबुवा काजी [[हेमदलसिंह थापा]] र मामा काजी कर्णेल [[केशरसिंह थापा]] हुन् । उनी पहिले देखिनै अति महत्वाकांक्षी थिए । श्री ३ रणोद्दीपासिंह धेरै पटक बिना अंगरक्षक आफू मात्र धीरशमशेरको दर बारमा आउँथे। त्यो देखी एकदिन खड्ग शमशेरले बुवा धीरशम्शेरसँग एकान्तमा ,"बुवाज्यु, अब हजुर आफै महाराज भइ बक्सनु पर्‍यो ।" भने । सो सुनी धीरशमशेरले "ठाइलादाइ महाराज हुँदाहुँदै म कसरी महाराज हुने" भनी प्रश्न गरे । जवाफमा खड्गशमशेरले, "महाराज यहाँ एक्लाई सवारी भएको बेलामा थुन्ने र बुवाअज्यु महाराज होइबक्सने" भनेए सुझाव दिए । सो सुझाव सुन्नासाथ धीरशमशेरले मेजर जनरला भइसकेका र बिबाह समेत भईसकेका लाठे जवान छोरालाई लात्तै लात्ताले गोदे।<ref name="पुरुषोत्तम">{{cite book|last=शम्शेर ज ब राणा|first=पुरुषोत्तम|author-link=पुरुषोत्तम शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा |year=२०४७|title=श्री ३ हरुको तथ्य वृत्तान्त|publisher=|url=https://archive.org/details/gzof-shree-3-haruko-tathya-vrittanta-by-purushottam-sha/page/१९८/mode/2up|isbn=|pages=192}}</ref> ==४२ सालको पर्व== {{main|४२ सालको पर्व}} वि.सं. १९४२(सन् १८८५) मा आफ्नै ठुलोबुवा प्रधानमन्त्री [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दिप सिँह बहादुर राणा]]को हत्या गरे। थियो। कार्तिक १५ गते राती ८ बजे वीर शमशेर, खड्ग शमशेर, चन्द्र शमशेर र भिम शमशेर सैन्य परेडको लागि हतियार देखाउने जरुरी काम रहेकाले भेट्नु पर्ने भनेर प्रवेश गरे। र भित्र गएर " पेटिकोट भित्रबाट शासन गर्नेको यस्तै गति हुन्छ" भनेर ड्याङ-ड्याङ गोली चलाए । रणोद्दीप सिंहको मृत्यु भयो । ४२ सालको पर्व पश्चात उनी प्रधान सेनापति भए साथै प्रधानमन्त्रीको मर्यादामा दाजु [[वीर शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|वीर शमशेर]] पछिको दोस्रो थिए। ==असफल कु र रोलक्रमबाट निष्कासन == वीर शमशेरले बनाएको रोलक्रममा उनी दोश्रो रोलमा थिए। तर महत्वाकांक्षी खड्गसंग दाजु वीरको मृत्यु कुर्न सक्ने धैर्यता थिएन। त्यसैले उनले दाजु वीरलाई हटाएर आफै प्रधानमन्त्री बन्ने षड्यन्त्र रच्न थाले। सो काममा चन्द्र शमशेरले पनि उनलाई सघाएका थिए। यो षड्यन्त्रको पोल वीर शमशेरले थाहा पाए। वि.सं १९४३ फागुन २३ (फागुन शुल्क दशमी मासन् १८८७ मा) यिनीलाई [[कमान्डर-इन-चिफ|कमान्डर इनचिफ]]बाट पदच्युत भए र [[राणा वंशको उत्तराधिकारी रोलक्रम|प्रधानमन्त्रीको रोलक्रम]]बाट निश्काषित भई ठाडा जेलमा बन्दी भए। [[चन्द्र शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|चन्द्र शमशेर]]लाई पनि निष्कासन गर्ने निर्णय हुन लागेको थियो तर [[देव शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|देवशमशेर]]ले स्नेहपूर्वक चन्द्रलाई जोगाइदिए। तिनै चन्द्रले वि.सं. १९५८ मा देव शमशेरलाई पदच्युत गरेका थिए। ==पाल्पाको बडाहाकिम== सन् १८८९ मा पाल्पाको बडाहाकिममा नियुक्त भइ पुनर्स्थापित भए। सन् १९०१ मा धनकुटाको बडाहाकिम भए। सन् १९०९ मा बेलायतका महाराज एडवार्ड सातौँबाट व्यक्तिगत '''राजा'''को उपाधि पाए। उनी नेपालका शाहाजहाँ कहलिएका थिए। वि.सं. १९५० मा उनले आफ्नी पत्नी तेजकुमारीको स्मृतिमा [[कालीगण्डकी नदी]]को तटमा भव्य दरबार बनाए, त्यसलाई [[रानीमहल]] भनियो र त्यो तटलाई रानीघाट भनियो। जुन नेपालको ताजमहल कहलिएको थियो। ===लुम्बिनीको उत्खनन्=== खडगशमशेरले डा. फुहररको सहयोगमा लुम्बिनी स्थित अशोकस्तम्भ, कपिलवस्तुका पुरातात्त्विक वस्तुको पुनस्र्त्थान गरे। डा. फुहरर भारतीय पुरातत्त्व विभागका सदस्य थिए। गौतम बुद्धको जन्मस्थल नेपालमा हो भनी खडग शमशेरले पत्ता लगाए। <ref>नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास [[राजाराम सुवेदी]] पृष्ठ २४७</ref> ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[नेपालको प्रधान सेनापति]] * [[नेपाली सेनाको प्रधान सेनापति|नेपालका प्रधान सेनापतिहरूको सुचि]] ==स्रोत== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== * [[https://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/ नेपाली सेना] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली सेनाका प्रधान सेनापतिहरू]] [[श्रेणी:शमशेर खलक]] [[श्रेणी:पाल्पाका बडाहाकिमहरू]] 2bhfbz85izczkvlzzrbvxntlh7y3v3s 1365196 1365195 2026-07-07T07:55:30Z Bishaldev100 28807 [[Special:Contributions/Bishaldev100|Bishaldev100]] ([[User talk:Bishaldev100|वार्ता]])द्वारा [[Special:Diff/1365195|1365195]] संशोधनलाई खारेज गरियो 1365196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |honorific-prefix = श्री कमाण्डर ईन चिफ |name = खड्ग शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा |honorific-suffix = |native_name = |othername = नेपालको शाहाजहाँ |image = Khadga Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana.jpg |caption = |birth_date = १६ फेब्रुअरी, १८६१ |birth_place = |death_date = २२ डिसेम्बर, १९२१ |death_place = नेपाल दरबार, सौगोर |father = [[धीर शमशेर राणा]] |mother = नन्द कुमारी थापा |office = [[नेपाली सेनाको प्रधान सेनापति|नेपालको प्रधान सेनापति]] |term_start = सन् १८८५ |term_end = सन् १८८७ <ref>http://www.royalark.net/Nepal/lamb2.htm</ref> |predecessor = [[जीतजङ्ग राणा]] |successor = [[रण शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] |office1 = पाल्पाको बडाहाकिम |term_start1 = वि सं १९४८ |term_end1 = वि सं १९५९ |predecessor1 = [[भीम शमशेर]] |successor1 = समर शमशेर |primeminister1=वीर शमशेर |rank = जनरल |award = |religion = [[हिन्दू धर्म|हिन्दू]] }} '''खड्ग शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा''' नेपाली सेनाका [[नेपाली सेनाको प्रधान सेनापति|प्रधान सेनापति]] थिए। वीर शमशेरलाई प्रधानमन्त्रीबाट हटाएर आफू श्री ३ तथा प्राइममिनिस्टर हुने षड्यन्त्र गर्दा उनलाई वीरशमशेरले [[राणा वंशको उत्तराधिकारी रोलक्रम|रोलक्रम]]बाट हटाई पाल्पामा निर्वासित गरेका थिए। ==जन्म== [[चित्र:Khadga_Shumsher_Rana_(cropped).jpg|alt=Khadga Shumsher Rana (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Khadga Shumsher Rana (cropped)]] उनको जन्म कमाण्डर [[धीर शमशेर राणा]]को तेश्रो पुत्रको रूपमा भयो। उनी आफ्नी माता रानी नन्द कुमारी थापा (गोदार)का ज्येष्ठ पुत्र हुन् । उनका मावली हजुरबुवा काजी [[हेमदलसिंह थापा]] र मामा काजी कर्णेल [[केशरसिंह थापा]] हुन् । उनी पहिले देखिनै अति महत्वाकांक्षी थिए । श्री ३ रणोद्दीपासिंह धेरै पटक बिना अंगरक्षक आफू मात्र धीरशमशेरको दर बारमा आउँथे। त्यो देखी एकदिन खड्ग शमशेरले बुवा धीरशम्शेरसँग एकान्तमा ,"बुवाज्यु, अब हजुर आफै महाराज भइ बक्सनु पर्‍यो ।" भने । सो सुनी धीरशमशेरले "ठाइलादाइ महाराज हुँदाहुँदै म कसरी महाराज हुने" भनी प्रश्न गरे । जवाफमा खड्गशमशेरले, "महाराज यहाँ एक्लाई सवारी भएको बेलामा थुन्ने र बुवाअज्यु महाराज होइबक्सने" भनेए सुझाव दिए । सो सुझाव सुन्नासाथ धीरशमशेरले मेजर जनरला भइसकेका र बिबाह समेत भईसकेका लाठे जवान छोरालाई लात्तै लात्ताले गोदे।<ref name="पुरुषोत्तम">{{cite book|last=शम्शेर ज ब राणा|first=पुरुषोत्तम|author-link=पुरुषोत्तम शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा |year=२०४७|title=श्री ३ हरुको तथ्य वृत्तान्त|publisher=|url=https://archive.org/details/gzof-shree-3-haruko-tathya-vrittanta-by-purushottam-sha/page/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A8/mode/2up|isbn=|pages=192}}</ref> ==४२ सालको पर्व== {{main|४२ सालको पर्व}} वि.सं. १९४२(सन् १८८५) मा आफ्नै ठुलोबुवा प्रधानमन्त्री [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दिप सिँह बहादुर राणा]]को हत्या गरे। थियो। कार्तिक १५ गते राती ८ बजे वीर शमशेर, खड्ग शमशेर, चन्द्र शमशेर र भिम शमशेर सैन्य परेडको लागि हतियार देखाउने जरुरी काम रहेकाले भेट्नु पर्ने भनेर प्रवेश गरे। र भित्र गएर " पेटिकोट भित्रबाट शासन गर्नेको यस्तै गति हुन्छ" भनेर ड्याङ-ड्याङ गोली चलाए । रणोद्दीप सिंहको मृत्यु भयो । ४२ सालको पर्व पश्चात उनी प्रधान सेनापति भए साथै प्रधानमन्त्रीको मर्यादामा दाजु [[वीर शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|वीर शमशेर]] पछिको दोस्रो थिए। ==असफल कु र रोलक्रमबाट निष्कासन == वीर शमशेरले बनाएको रोलक्रममा उनी दोश्रो रोलमा थिए। तर महत्वाकांक्षी खड्गसंग दाजु वीरको मृत्यु कुर्न सक्ने धैर्यता थिएन। त्यसैले उनले दाजु वीरलाई हटाएर आफै प्रधानमन्त्री बन्ने षड्यन्त्र रच्न थाले। सो काममा चन्द्र शमशेरले पनि उनलाई सघाएका थिए। यो षड्यन्त्रको पोल वीर शमशेरले थाहा पाए। वि.सं १९४३ फागुन २३ (फागुन शुल्क दशमी मासन् १८८७ मा) यिनीलाई [[कमान्डर-इन-चिफ|कमान्डर इनचिफ]]बाट पदच्युत भए र [[राणा वंशको उत्तराधिकारी रोलक्रम|प्रधानमन्त्रीको रोलक्रम]]बाट निश्काषित भई ठाडा जेलमा बन्दी भए। [[चन्द्र शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|चन्द्र शमशेर]]लाई पनि निष्कासन गर्ने निर्णय हुन लागेको थियो तर [[देव शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|देवशमशेर]]ले स्नेहपूर्वक चन्द्रलाई जोगाइदिए। तिनै चन्द्रले वि.सं. १९५८ मा देव शमशेरलाई पदच्युत गरेका थिए। ==पाल्पाको बडाहाकिम== सन् १८८९ मा पाल्पाको बडाहाकिममा नियुक्त भइ पुनर्स्थापित भए। सन् १९०१ मा धनकुटाको बडाहाकिम भए। सन् १९०९ मा बेलायतका महाराज एडवार्ड सातौँबाट व्यक्तिगत '''राजा'''को उपाधि पाए। उनी नेपालका शाहाजहाँ कहलिएका थिए। वि.सं. १९५० मा उनले आफ्नी पत्नी तेजकुमारीको स्मृतिमा [[कालीगण्डकी नदी]]को तटमा भव्य दरबार बनाए, त्यसलाई [[रानीमहल]] भनियो र त्यो तटलाई रानीघाट भनियो। जुन नेपालको ताजमहल कहलिएको थियो। ===लुम्बिनीको उत्खनन्=== खडगशमशेरले डा. फुहररको सहयोगमा लुम्बिनी स्थित अशोकस्तम्भ, कपिलवस्तुका पुरातात्त्विक वस्तुको पुनस्र्त्थान गरे। डा. फुहरर भारतीय पुरातत्त्व विभागका सदस्य थिए। गौतम बुद्धको जन्मस्थल नेपालमा हो भनी खडग शमशेरले पत्ता लगाए। <ref>नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास [[राजाराम सुवेदी]] पृष्ठ २४७</ref> ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[नेपालको प्रधान सेनापति]] * [[नेपाली सेनाको प्रधान सेनापति|नेपालका प्रधान सेनापतिहरूको सुचि]] ==स्रोत== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== * [[https://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/ नेपाली सेना] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली सेनाका प्रधान सेनापतिहरू]] [[श्रेणी:शमशेर खलक]] [[श्रेणी:पाल्पाका बडाहाकिमहरू]] 4uzxzohqa0n17caripczq5bkf2jsk0j 1365205 1365196 2026-07-07T10:15:01Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* जन्म */ 1365205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Officeholder |honorific-prefix = श्री कमाण्डर ईन चिफ |name = खड्ग शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा |honorific-suffix = |native_name = |othername = नेपालको शाहाजहाँ |image = Khadga Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana.jpg |caption = |birth_date = १६ फेब्रुअरी, १८६१ |birth_place = |death_date = २२ डिसेम्बर, १९२१ |death_place = नेपाल दरबार, सौगोर |father = [[धीर शमशेर राणा]] |mother = नन्द कुमारी थापा |office = [[नेपाली सेनाको प्रधान सेनापति|नेपालको प्रधान सेनापति]] |term_start = सन् १८८५ |term_end = सन् १८८७ <ref>http://www.royalark.net/Nepal/lamb2.htm</ref> |predecessor = [[जीतजङ्ग राणा]] |successor = [[रण शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा]] |office1 = पाल्पाको बडाहाकिम |term_start1 = वि सं १९४८ |term_end1 = वि सं १९५९ |predecessor1 = [[भीम शमशेर]] |successor1 = समर शमशेर |primeminister1=वीर शमशेर |rank = जनरल |award = |religion = [[हिन्दू धर्म|हिन्दू]] }} '''खड्ग शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा''' नेपाली सेनाका [[नेपाली सेनाको प्रधान सेनापति|प्रधान सेनापति]] थिए। वीर शमशेरलाई प्रधानमन्त्रीबाट हटाएर आफू श्री ३ तथा प्राइममिनिस्टर हुने षड्यन्त्र गर्दा उनलाई वीरशमशेरले [[राणा वंशको उत्तराधिकारी रोलक्रम|रोलक्रम]]बाट हटाई पाल्पामा निर्वासित गरेका थिए। ==जन्म== [[चित्र:Khadga_Shumsher_Rana_(cropped).jpg|alt=Khadga Shumsher Rana (cropped).jpg|left|thumb|Khadga Shumsher Rana (cropped)]] उनको जन्म कमाण्डर [[धीर शमशेर राणा]]को तेश्रो पुत्रको रूपमा भयो। उनी आफ्नी माता रानी नन्द कुमारी थापा (गोदार)का ज्येष्ठ पुत्र हुन् । उनका मावली हजुरबुवा काजी [[हेमदलसिंह थापा]] र मामा काजी कर्णेल [[केशरसिंह थापा]] हुन् । उनी पहिले देखिनै अति महत्वाकांक्षी थिए। श्री ३ रणोद्दीपासिंह धेरै पटक बिना अंगरक्षक आफू मात्र धीरशमशेरको दर बारमा आउँथे। त्यो देखी एकदिन खड्ग शमशेरले बुवा धीरशम्शेरसँग एकान्तमा ,"बुवाज्यु, अब हजुर आफै महाराज भइ बक्सनु पर्‍यो ।" भने। सो सुनी धीरशमशेरले "ठाइलादाइ महाराज हुँदाहुँदै म कसरी महाराज हुने" भनी प्रश्न गरे। जवाफमा खड्गशमशेरले, "महाराज यहाँ एक्लई सवारी भएको बेलामा थुन्ने र बुवाज्यु महाराज होइबक्सने" भनेए सुझाव दिए। सो सुझाव सुन्नासाथ धीरशमशेरले मेजर जनरला भइसकेका र बिबाह समेत भईसकेका लाठे जवान छोरालाई लात्तै लात्ताले गोदे।<ref name="पुरुषोत्तम">{{cite book|last=शम्शेर ज ब राणा|first=पुरुषोत्तम|author-link=पुरुषोत्तम शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा |year=२०४७|title=श्री ३ हरुको तथ्य वृत्तान्त|publisher=|url=https://archive.org/details/gzof-shree-3-haruko-tathya-vrittanta-by-purushottam-sha/page/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%AF%E0%A5%A8/mode/2up|isbn=|pages=192}}</ref> ==४२ सालको पर्व== {{main|४२ सालको पर्व}} वि.सं. १९४२(सन् १८८५) मा आफ्नै ठुलोबुवा प्रधानमन्त्री [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दिप सिँह बहादुर राणा]]को हत्या गरे। थियो। कार्तिक १५ गते राती ८ बजे वीर शमशेर, खड्ग शमशेर, चन्द्र शमशेर र भिम शमशेर सैन्य परेडको लागि हतियार देखाउने जरुरी काम रहेकाले भेट्नु पर्ने भनेर प्रवेश गरे। र भित्र गएर " पेटिकोट भित्रबाट शासन गर्नेको यस्तै गति हुन्छ" भनेर ड्याङ-ड्याङ गोली चलाए । रणोद्दीप सिंहको मृत्यु भयो । ४२ सालको पर्व पश्चात उनी प्रधान सेनापति भए साथै प्रधानमन्त्रीको मर्यादामा दाजु [[वीर शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|वीर शमशेर]] पछिको दोस्रो थिए। ==असफल कु र रोलक्रमबाट निष्कासन == वीर शमशेरले बनाएको रोलक्रममा उनी दोश्रो रोलमा थिए। तर महत्वाकांक्षी खड्गसंग दाजु वीरको मृत्यु कुर्न सक्ने धैर्यता थिएन। त्यसैले उनले दाजु वीरलाई हटाएर आफै प्रधानमन्त्री बन्ने षड्यन्त्र रच्न थाले। सो काममा चन्द्र शमशेरले पनि उनलाई सघाएका थिए। यो षड्यन्त्रको पोल वीर शमशेरले थाहा पाए। वि.सं १९४३ फागुन २३ (फागुन शुल्क दशमी मासन् १८८७ मा) यिनीलाई [[कमान्डर-इन-चिफ|कमान्डर इनचिफ]]बाट पदच्युत भए र [[राणा वंशको उत्तराधिकारी रोलक्रम|प्रधानमन्त्रीको रोलक्रम]]बाट निश्काषित भई ठाडा जेलमा बन्दी भए। [[चन्द्र शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|चन्द्र शमशेर]]लाई पनि निष्कासन गर्ने निर्णय हुन लागेको थियो तर [[देव शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|देवशमशेर]]ले स्नेहपूर्वक चन्द्रलाई जोगाइदिए। तिनै चन्द्रले वि.सं. १९५८ मा देव शमशेरलाई पदच्युत गरेका थिए। ==पाल्पाको बडाहाकिम== सन् १८८९ मा पाल्पाको बडाहाकिममा नियुक्त भइ पुनर्स्थापित भए। सन् १९०१ मा धनकुटाको बडाहाकिम भए। सन् १९०९ मा बेलायतका महाराज एडवार्ड सातौँबाट व्यक्तिगत '''राजा'''को उपाधि पाए। उनी नेपालका शाहाजहाँ कहलिएका थिए। वि.सं. १९५० मा उनले आफ्नी पत्नी तेजकुमारीको स्मृतिमा [[कालीगण्डकी नदी]]को तटमा भव्य दरबार बनाए, त्यसलाई [[रानीमहल]] भनियो र त्यो तटलाई रानीघाट भनियो। जुन नेपालको ताजमहल कहलिएको थियो। ===लुम्बिनीको उत्खनन्=== खडगशमशेरले डा. फुहररको सहयोगमा लुम्बिनी स्थित अशोकस्तम्भ, कपिलवस्तुका पुरातात्त्विक वस्तुको पुनस्र्त्थान गरे। डा. फुहरर भारतीय पुरातत्त्व विभागका सदस्य थिए। गौतम बुद्धको जन्मस्थल नेपालमा हो भनी खडग शमशेरले पत्ता लगाए। <ref>नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास [[राजाराम सुवेदी]] पृष्ठ २४७</ref> ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[नेपालको प्रधान सेनापति]] * [[नेपाली सेनाको प्रधान सेनापति|नेपालका प्रधान सेनापतिहरूको सुचि]] ==स्रोत== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== * [[https://www.nepalarmy.mil.np/ नेपाली सेना] [[श्रेणी:नेपाली सेनाका प्रधान सेनापतिहरू]] [[श्रेणी:शमशेर खलक]] [[श्रेणी:पाल्पाका बडाहाकिमहरू]] 95c8mj9s3u10f3igxdvg07bm7d89m28 0 92489 1365188 1166842 2026-07-07T07:40:36Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox mythical creature |image = Burne-Jones-le-Vampire.jpg |image_size = |caption = [[फिलिप बर्न जोन्स]]को ''द भ्याम्पायर'', १८९७ |Grouping=[[काल्पनिक पात्र]] |Sub_Grouping=[[पिचास]]|Country=[[ट्रान्सिल्भानिया]], [[सर्बिया]],<ref name=Grimm>{{cite web|url=http://germazope.uni-trier.de/Projects/WBB/woerterbuecher/dwb/wbgui?lemid=GV00025|title=Deutsches Wörterbuch von Jacob Grimm und Wilhelm Grimm. 16 Bde. (in 32 Teilbänden). Leipzig: S. Hirzel 1854–1960|accessdate=2006-06-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215950/http://germazope.uni-trier.de/Projects/WBB/woerterbuecher/dwb/wbgui?lemid=GV00025|archivedate=26 September 2007|language=de}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926215950/http://germazope.uni-trier.de/Projects/WBB/woerterbuecher/dwb/wbgui?lemid=GV00025 |date=2007-09-26 }}</ref><ref name=MW>{{cite web |title=Vampire |publisher=Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |url=http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/vampire |accessdate=2006-06-13 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060614081137/http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/vampire |date=2006-06-14 }}</ref><ref name=Tresor>{{cite web|url=http://stella.atilf.fr/Dendien/scripts/tlfiv5/affart.exe?44;s=2356384875;?b=0; |title=Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé |accessdate=2006-06-13 |language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Dauzat 1938">{{cite book |last=Dauzat |first=Albert|title=Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue française |year=1938 |publisher=Librairie Larousse |location=Paris |oclc=904687|language=fr}}</ref> [[बुल्गेरीया]], [[अल्बानिया]], [स्लोभेनिया]], [[क्रोएसिया]], [[मेसेडोनिया]], [[ग्रिस|ग्रीस]], [[पोल्यान्ड]], [[हङ्गेरी]], [[बोहेमिया]], [[मोराभिया]], [[सिलेसिया]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Calmet|first1=Augustin|title=Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants: of Hungary, Moravia, et al. The Complete Volumes I & II. 2016|isbn=978-1-5331-4568-0|page=7}}</ref> |Similar_creatures=[[रिभेनान्ट]], [[वेरवोल्फ]]}} '''भ्याम्पायर''' लोककथाहरूमा प्रचलित पात्र हो जसले जीवित प्राणीहरूको रगत खाएर आफ्नो जीवन निर्वाह गर्ने विस्वास गरिन्छ। युरोपेली लोककथाहरूमा भ्याम्पायरहरू आफ्ना प्रीयजनहरूलाई भेट्न आउने र आफू जीवित हुँदाका छिमेकीहरूलाई दुख दिने वा मार्ने गरेको भनेर वर्णन गर्ने गरेको पाइन्छ। ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पिचास]] bvl4nncj36hcv63yaz60nrxk7jv5i3g 0 99843 1365192 1136942 2026-07-07T07:47:45Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* घटना */ 1365192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Military Conflict |conflict=३८ सालको पर्व |image= |caption= |date=वि.सं. १९३८ |place=काठमाण्डौ |cause = रणोद्दीप सिंह , [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] को हत्या षड्यन्त् |result=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह , [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] , बमवीर सिंह चुनार किल्लामा नजरबन्द<br>[[४२ सालको पर्व]] |combatant1= [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]] |combatant2=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह |commander1=रणोद्दीप सिंह , [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] |commander2=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह<br>[[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] |casualties1=० |casualties2=४१ }} वि.सं. १९३८ पौषमा प्रधानमन्त्री [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]] शिकारको लागि चितवनतर्फ गएको बेलामा जगतजङको नेतृत्वमा नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाहले प्रधानमन्त्री रणोद्दीप सिंह, प्रधान सेनापति [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] र उनका शाखा सन्तान सखाप बनाउने षड्यन्त्र बनाए। त्यसै साल वैशाख ११ मा गद्दीआरोहण गरेका बालक राजा पृथ्वी विक्रम लाई हटाएर श्री ५ मा नरेन्द्रविक्रम शाह, श्री ३ मा जगतजङ र पद्मजङ प्रधान सेनापती हुने षड्यन्त्रको पोल [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह खवास]]का नाति उत्तरध्वज भण्डारीले धीरशमशेरलाई खोले।<ref>{{cite book|title=नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास|author=प्रा. डा. [[राजाराम सुवेदी]]|page=२४३|date=फागुन २०६१|publisher=[[साझा प्रकाशन]]|isbn=99933-2-406-X|url=}}</ref> त्यसपछि नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह, [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]], बमवीर सिंहलाई इलाहावादको चुनार किल्लामा नजरबन्द गरिएको थियो । यसै गरी सुब्बा टंकनाथ र होमनाथ लगायत १० जना बाहुनलाई चारपाटा मुडेर जातिच्युत गरियो भने ४१ जनाको हत्या र केहि व्यक्तिको सर्वस्वहरण गरियो ।<ref>सामान्य ज्ञान : भिम राना जिज्ञासु</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == जंगबहादुरको मृत्यु पछि उनको श्री ३ महाराज र प्रधानमन्त्रीको दुवै पद [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]]लाई दिलाउन [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]ले जंगबहादुरको मृत्युको समाचार एकदम गोप्य राखे । जंगबहादुरका छोरा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] महाराजको मृत्यु पछि छोरा राजा हुनु पर्ने भएकाले, श्री ३ महाराजको पद आफूले पाउनुपर्ने दावी गर्थे। त्यसकारण उनी काका [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]सँग रिसाएका थिए। == घटना == श्री ३ रणोद्दीप काठमाडौँमा जाडो सुरु भएकाले कान्छा भाइ प्रधान सेनापति धीर शमशेरलाई कायम मुकायम प्रधानमन्त्रीको जिम्मेवारी दिएर वि सं १९३८ पौष ४ मा शिकारको लागि चितवनतर्फ प्रस्थान गरे। रणोद्दीप काठमाडौँ बाहिर गएको मौका पारेर जंगबहादुरका छोरा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग]]ले श्री ५, श्री ३ र प्रधान सेनापतिको हत्या गरेर शासन सत्ता हातमा लिने योजना बनाएका थिए। यो षड्यन्त्र अनुसार वि सं १९३८ पौष २९ (पौष मसान्त)को रात कमान्डर इनचिफ धीर शमशेर कुँवर राणाको उनकै महलमा काम तमाम गर्ने र यसै दिन बालक राजा श्री ५ पृथ्वीवीरविक्रम शाहलाई पनि आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिई पदच्युत गराई स्वयम् नै महाराजधिराजका रुपमा स्थापित हुने र तेस्रो रोलक्रमका जंगीलाठ जनरल जगतजंग कुँवर राणा लाई प्राइममिनिस्टर तथा श्री ३ महाराजका रुपमा स्थापित गराउने र चौथो रोलक्रमका पद्मजंग कुँवर राणालाई जंगीलाठ बनाउने भन्ने राजकुमार नरेन्द्रविक्रम शाहको समूह को योजना थियो। कमान्डर इनचिफ जनरल धीर शमशेरको हत्यापछि राणा परिवारका अन्य सदस्यका साथसाथै तराई तिर लागेका रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर राणाहरू पनि त्यहीँबाटै भागाभाग गर्नेछन् भन्ने यिनीहरूको आकलन थियो। यदि त्यहाँबाट नभागे त्यहीँ नै उनको संहार गर्न भनी यिनीहरूले आफ्ना केही विश्वस्त मानिसहरू तराईतिर पनि खटाइअसकेका थिए।<ref>{{cite book|title=[[अब यस्तो कहिल्यै नहोस्]] |author=[[बाबुराम आचार्य]] |page=२३३ |date=माघ २०७५ |publisher=फाइनप्रिन्ट बुक्स |isbn=978-9937-665-40-7|url=}}</ref> बालक राजा [[पृथ्वी वीरविक्रम शाह|पृथ्वीबीरविक्रम]]को हत्या गरी माहिला साहेवज्यू [[नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह]] राजा, जगतजंग राणा श्री ३ महाराज/प्रधानमन्त्री र [[पदमजंग राणा]] प्रधान सेनापति हुने योजना थियो। यो कुराको पोल कामु प्रधानमन्त्री [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] समक्ष पौष २३ गते लेफ्टिनेन्ट उत्तरध्वज भँडारीले खोलिदिए, जो कोतपर्वका कारक मानिएका [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह]]का नाति थिए। पोल खुलेपछि षडयन्त्रमा संलग्न ४३ जना कैद गरिए। जसमा साहेवज्यू नरेन्द्रबिक्रम सहित श्री ३ जंगका छोरा, अन्य भाइभारदाहरु थिए। प्राइममिनिस्टर रणोद्दीपसिंह तराईबाट दौडादौड गरि बि.सं १९३८ माघ ४ को मध्यरातमा आफ्नो महलमा दाखिल भए। धीरशमशेरले विद्रोहीहरूलाई भोलिपल्ट बिहान सबेरै नेल, गलफन्दी तथा हतकडीहरूले कसी खर्पनमा बोकाएर प्राइममिनिस्टर रणोद्दीप समक्ष उपस्थित गराए। मुख्य दोषी २३ जनालाई १२ माघ १९३८ मा मृत्युदण्डको सजायँ स्वरुप काठमाडौँका विभिन्न ठाउँमा लगी काटियो। काटिनेहरूमा [[कुपण्डोल]]मा बसोबास गर्ने बिष्ट काजी खलकका ७ जना थिए। तीमध्ये लेफ्टिनेन्ट रणकेशर बिष्टलाई भादगाउँको खस्याङ खुसुङमा काटियो, संखमुलमा कप्तान नरबहादुर बिष्ट र सूर्यप्रताप बिष्ट काटिए। मेजर संग्रामसिँह बिष्ट भाताकोशी र कप्तान भोज बिष्ट टेकुमा काटिए। आफ्नो दाइ जगतजंग राणाले आफ्नो छोरालाई हटाएर देवर राजा हुने भए पछि [[जङ्गबहादुर राणा|जंग]]का छोरी [[ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी]]हरु धीर शमशेरका छोराहरूसँग मिले । === काटिनेहरू === १९३८ माघ १२ भादगाउंमा काटिनेहरू # कप्तान समर विक्रमसिंह थापा # लेफ्टिनेन्ट रनकेशर विष्ट # रणजङ्क थापा धोबिखोलामा काटिनेहरू # मेजर शमशेरजङ्ग थापा # कप्तान फौदसिह गुरुङ्ग # सुवेदार पहल्मान कार्कि संखमूलमा काटिनेहरू # कर्णेल इन्द्र सिंह ( श्री ३ जङ्गका साला ) # मेजर सन्सार विक्रम थापा # कप्तान नरबहादुर बिष्ट # लेफ्टिनेन्ट सूर्यप्रताप बिष्ट # इन्सानयेन रणदल काकि टेकूमा काटिनेहरू # कर्णेल श्री विक्रम थापा (प्र. मन्त्री, [[माथवरसिंह थापा|माथवरसिह]]का नाती ) # कर्णेल अम्वर विक्रमसिंह थापा ) # कप्तान वक्वा र शाही # कप्तान भोज विष्ट भाताकोसीमा काटिनेहरू # मेजर सङ्ग्रामसूर विष्ट # कप्तान रणध्वज अधिकारी # अजिटन वाँका षत्रि # सुवेदार जगविक्रम पाँडे # छत्रध्वज शाही सोहिसाल फागुन बदी २ रोज १ का दिन संखमूलमा काटिनेहरू # कर्णेल अमृतसिह्‌ अधिकारी # कर्णेल वीरमानसिह वस्नेत # सुवेदार लोकबहादुर थापा # # मुडिनेहरू # खजान्ची शिवप्रसाद आर्याल # सुन्बा होमनाथ उपाध्याय # सुब्बा दिग्विजय उपाध्याय # सुब्बा टंकनाथ उपाध्याय # दक्षिणकानाभट्ट स्यामला == परिणाम == * जंगका छोरी [[ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी|ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी]]हरु धीर शमशेरका छोराहरूसँग मिले जसले गर्दा [[४२ सालको पर्व]]को पर्व भयो । * काठमाडौँबाट विस्ट काजीहरु निर्वासित । == चलचित्र == सेतो बाघ<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGjBlXcQD98</ref> == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[नेपालको इतिहासका प्रमुख काण्ड तथा पर्वहरू|नेपालको इतिहासका प्रमुख काण्ड तथा पर्वहरु]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == <references /> == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{ठुटो}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालको राणाकालीन इतिहास]] p6fzaa3kqyogap2xwf9zi6f0fw7sodd 1365193 1365192 2026-07-07T07:48:04Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* काटिनेहरू */ 1365193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Military Conflict |conflict=३८ सालको पर्व |image= |caption= |date=वि.सं. १९३८ |place=काठमाण्डौ |cause = रणोद्दीप सिंह , [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] को हत्या षड्यन्त् |result=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह , [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] , बमवीर सिंह चुनार किल्लामा नजरबन्द<br>[[४२ सालको पर्व]] |combatant1= [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]] |combatant2=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह |commander1=रणोद्दीप सिंह , [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] |commander2=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह<br>[[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] |casualties1=० |casualties2=४१ }} वि.सं. १९३८ पौषमा प्रधानमन्त्री [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]] शिकारको लागि चितवनतर्फ गएको बेलामा जगतजङको नेतृत्वमा नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाहले प्रधानमन्त्री रणोद्दीप सिंह, प्रधान सेनापति [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] र उनका शाखा सन्तान सखाप बनाउने षड्यन्त्र बनाए। त्यसै साल वैशाख ११ मा गद्दीआरोहण गरेका बालक राजा पृथ्वी विक्रम लाई हटाएर श्री ५ मा नरेन्द्रविक्रम शाह, श्री ३ मा जगतजङ र पद्मजङ प्रधान सेनापती हुने षड्यन्त्रको पोल [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह खवास]]का नाति उत्तरध्वज भण्डारीले धीरशमशेरलाई खोले।<ref>{{cite book|title=नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास|author=प्रा. डा. [[राजाराम सुवेदी]]|page=२४३|date=फागुन २०६१|publisher=[[साझा प्रकाशन]]|isbn=99933-2-406-X|url=}}</ref> त्यसपछि नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह, [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]], बमवीर सिंहलाई इलाहावादको चुनार किल्लामा नजरबन्द गरिएको थियो । यसै गरी सुब्बा टंकनाथ र होमनाथ लगायत १० जना बाहुनलाई चारपाटा मुडेर जातिच्युत गरियो भने ४१ जनाको हत्या र केहि व्यक्तिको सर्वस्वहरण गरियो ।<ref>सामान्य ज्ञान : भिम राना जिज्ञासु</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == जंगबहादुरको मृत्यु पछि उनको श्री ३ महाराज र प्रधानमन्त्रीको दुवै पद [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]]लाई दिलाउन [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]ले जंगबहादुरको मृत्युको समाचार एकदम गोप्य राखे । जंगबहादुरका छोरा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] महाराजको मृत्यु पछि छोरा राजा हुनु पर्ने भएकाले, श्री ३ महाराजको पद आफूले पाउनुपर्ने दावी गर्थे। त्यसकारण उनी काका [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]सँग रिसाएका थिए। == घटना == श्री ३ रणोद्दीप काठमाडौँमा जाडो सुरु भएकाले कान्छा भाइ प्रधान सेनापति धीर शमशेरलाई कायम मुकायम प्रधानमन्त्रीको जिम्मेवारी दिएर वि सं १९३८ पौष ४ मा शिकारको लागि चितवनतर्फ प्रस्थान गरे। रणोद्दीप काठमाडौँ बाहिर गएको मौका पारेर जंगबहादुरका छोरा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग]]ले श्री ५, श्री ३ र प्रधान सेनापतिको हत्या गरेर शासन सत्ता हातमा लिने योजना बनाएका थिए। यो षड्यन्त्र अनुसार वि सं १९३८ पौष २९ (पौष मसान्त)को रात कमान्डर इनचिफ धीर शमशेर कुँवर राणाको उनकै महलमा काम तमाम गर्ने र यसै दिन बालक राजा श्री ५ पृथ्वीवीरविक्रम शाहलाई पनि आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिई पदच्युत गराई स्वयम् नै महाराजधिराजका रुपमा स्थापित हुने र तेस्रो रोलक्रमका जंगीलाठ जनरल जगतजंग कुँवर राणा लाई प्राइममिनिस्टर तथा श्री ३ महाराजका रुपमा स्थापित गराउने र चौथो रोलक्रमका पद्मजंग कुँवर राणालाई जंगीलाठ बनाउने भन्ने राजकुमार नरेन्द्रविक्रम शाहको समूह को योजना थियो। कमान्डर इनचिफ जनरल धीर शमशेरको हत्यापछि राणा परिवारका अन्य सदस्यका साथसाथै तराई तिर लागेका रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर राणाहरू पनि त्यहीँबाटै भागाभाग गर्नेछन् भन्ने यिनीहरूको आकलन थियो। यदि त्यहाँबाट नभागे त्यहीँ नै उनको संहार गर्न भनी यिनीहरूले आफ्ना केही विश्वस्त मानिसहरू तराईतिर पनि खटाइअसकेका थिए।<ref>{{cite book|title=[[अब यस्तो कहिल्यै नहोस्]] |author=[[बाबुराम आचार्य]] |page=२३३ |date=माघ २०७५ |publisher=फाइनप्रिन्ट बुक्स |isbn=978-9937-665-40-7|url=}}</ref> बालक राजा [[पृथ्वी वीरविक्रम शाह|पृथ्वीबीरविक्रम]]को हत्या गरी माहिला साहेवज्यू [[नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह]] राजा, जगतजंग राणा श्री ३ महाराज/प्रधानमन्त्री र [[पदमजंग राणा]] प्रधान सेनापति हुने योजना थियो। यो कुराको पोल कामु प्रधानमन्त्री [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] समक्ष पौष २३ गते लेफ्टिनेन्ट उत्तरध्वज भँडारीले खोलिदिए, जो कोतपर्वका कारक मानिएका [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह]]का नाति थिए। पोल खुलेपछि षडयन्त्रमा संलग्न ४३ जना कैद गरिए। जसमा साहेवज्यू नरेन्द्रबिक्रम सहित श्री ३ जंगका छोरा, अन्य भाइभारदाहरु थिए। प्राइममिनिस्टर रणोद्दीपसिंह तराईबाट दौडादौड गरि बि.सं १९३८ माघ ४ को मध्यरातमा आफ्नो महलमा दाखिल भए। धीरशमशेरले विद्रोहीहरूलाई भोलिपल्ट बिहान सबेरै नेल, गलफन्दी तथा हतकडीहरूले कसी खर्पनमा बोकाएर प्राइममिनिस्टर रणोद्दीप समक्ष उपस्थित गराए। मुख्य दोषी २३ जनालाई १२ माघ १९३८ मा मृत्युदण्डको सजायँ स्वरुप काठमाडौँका विभिन्न ठाउँमा लगी काटियो। काटिनेहरूमा [[कुपण्डोल]]मा बसोबास गर्ने बिष्ट काजी खलकका ७ जना थिए। तीमध्ये लेफ्टिनेन्ट रणकेशर बिष्टलाई भादगाउँको खस्याङ खुसुङमा काटियो, संखमुलमा कप्तान नरबहादुर बिष्ट र सूर्यप्रताप बिष्ट काटिए। मेजर संग्रामसिँह बिष्ट भाताकोशी र कप्तान भोज बिष्ट टेकुमा काटिए। आफ्नो दाइ जगतजंग राणाले आफ्नो छोरालाई हटाएर देवर राजा हुने भए पछि [[जङ्गबहादुर राणा|जंग]]का छोरी [[ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी]]हरु धीर शमशेरका छोराहरूसँग मिले । === काटिनेहरू === १९३८ माघ १२ भादगाउंमा काटिनेहरू # कप्तान समर विक्रमसिंह थापा # लेफ्टिनेन्ट रनकेशर विष्ट # रणजङ्क थापा <br>धोबिखोलामा काटिनेहरू # मेजर शमशेरजङ्ग थापा # कप्तान फौदसिह गुरुङ्ग # सुवेदार पहल्मान कार्कि संखमूलमा काटिनेहरू # कर्णेल इन्द्र सिंह ( श्री ३ जङ्गका साला ) # मेजर सन्सार विक्रम थापा # कप्तान नरबहादुर बिष्ट # लेफ्टिनेन्ट सूर्यप्रताप बिष्ट # इन्सानयेन रणदल काकि टेकूमा काटिनेहरू # कर्णेल श्री विक्रम थापा (प्र. मन्त्री, [[माथवरसिंह थापा|माथवरसिह]]का नाती ) # कर्णेल अम्वर विक्रमसिंह थापा ) # कप्तान वक्वा र शाही # कप्तान भोज विष्ट भाताकोसीमा काटिनेहरू # मेजर सङ्ग्रामसूर विष्ट # कप्तान रणध्वज अधिकारी # अजिटन वाँका षत्रि # सुवेदार जगविक्रम पाँडे # छत्रध्वज शाही सोहिसाल फागुन बदी २ रोज १ का दिन संखमूलमा काटिनेहरू # कर्णेल अमृतसिह्‌ अधिकारी # कर्णेल वीरमानसिह वस्नेत # सुवेदार लोकबहादुर थापा # # मुडिनेहरू # खजान्ची शिवप्रसाद आर्याल # सुन्बा होमनाथ उपाध्याय # सुब्बा दिग्विजय उपाध्याय # सुब्बा टंकनाथ उपाध्याय # दक्षिणकानाभट्ट स्यामला == परिणाम == * जंगका छोरी [[ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी|ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी]]हरु धीर शमशेरका छोराहरूसँग मिले जसले गर्दा [[४२ सालको पर्व]]को पर्व भयो । * काठमाडौँबाट विस्ट काजीहरु निर्वासित । == चलचित्र == सेतो बाघ<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGjBlXcQD98</ref> == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[नेपालको इतिहासका प्रमुख काण्ड तथा पर्वहरू|नेपालको इतिहासका प्रमुख काण्ड तथा पर्वहरु]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == <references /> == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{ठुटो}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालको राणाकालीन इतिहास]] pk8ofvalhdtdrxd1rg4v62rnn60k5vq 1365194 1365193 2026-07-07T07:48:59Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* काटिनेहरू */ 1365194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Military Conflict |conflict=३८ सालको पर्व |image= |caption= |date=वि.सं. १९३८ |place=काठमाण्डौ |cause = रणोद्दीप सिंह , [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] को हत्या षड्यन्त् |result=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह , [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] , बमवीर सिंह चुनार किल्लामा नजरबन्द<br>[[४२ सालको पर्व]] |combatant1= [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]] |combatant2=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह |commander1=रणोद्दीप सिंह , [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] |commander2=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह<br>[[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] |casualties1=० |casualties2=४१ }} वि.सं. १९३८ पौषमा प्रधानमन्त्री [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]] शिकारको लागि चितवनतर्फ गएको बेलामा जगतजङको नेतृत्वमा नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाहले प्रधानमन्त्री रणोद्दीप सिंह, प्रधान सेनापति [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] र उनका शाखा सन्तान सखाप बनाउने षड्यन्त्र बनाए। त्यसै साल वैशाख ११ मा गद्दीआरोहण गरेका बालक राजा पृथ्वी विक्रम लाई हटाएर श्री ५ मा नरेन्द्रविक्रम शाह, श्री ३ मा जगतजङ र पद्मजङ प्रधान सेनापती हुने षड्यन्त्रको पोल [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह खवास]]का नाति उत्तरध्वज भण्डारीले धीरशमशेरलाई खोले।<ref>{{cite book|title=नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास|author=प्रा. डा. [[राजाराम सुवेदी]]|page=२४३|date=फागुन २०६१|publisher=[[साझा प्रकाशन]]|isbn=99933-2-406-X|url=}}</ref> त्यसपछि नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह, [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]], बमवीर सिंहलाई इलाहावादको चुनार किल्लामा नजरबन्द गरिएको थियो । यसै गरी सुब्बा टंकनाथ र होमनाथ लगायत १० जना बाहुनलाई चारपाटा मुडेर जातिच्युत गरियो भने ४१ जनाको हत्या र केहि व्यक्तिको सर्वस्वहरण गरियो ।<ref>सामान्य ज्ञान : भिम राना जिज्ञासु</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == जंगबहादुरको मृत्यु पछि उनको श्री ३ महाराज र प्रधानमन्त्रीको दुवै पद [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]]लाई दिलाउन [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]ले जंगबहादुरको मृत्युको समाचार एकदम गोप्य राखे । जंगबहादुरका छोरा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] महाराजको मृत्यु पछि छोरा राजा हुनु पर्ने भएकाले, श्री ३ महाराजको पद आफूले पाउनुपर्ने दावी गर्थे। त्यसकारण उनी काका [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]सँग रिसाएका थिए। == घटना == श्री ३ रणोद्दीप काठमाडौँमा जाडो सुरु भएकाले कान्छा भाइ प्रधान सेनापति धीर शमशेरलाई कायम मुकायम प्रधानमन्त्रीको जिम्मेवारी दिएर वि सं १९३८ पौष ४ मा शिकारको लागि चितवनतर्फ प्रस्थान गरे। रणोद्दीप काठमाडौँ बाहिर गएको मौका पारेर जंगबहादुरका छोरा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग]]ले श्री ५, श्री ३ र प्रधान सेनापतिको हत्या गरेर शासन सत्ता हातमा लिने योजना बनाएका थिए। यो षड्यन्त्र अनुसार वि सं १९३८ पौष २९ (पौष मसान्त)को रात कमान्डर इनचिफ धीर शमशेर कुँवर राणाको उनकै महलमा काम तमाम गर्ने र यसै दिन बालक राजा श्री ५ पृथ्वीवीरविक्रम शाहलाई पनि आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिई पदच्युत गराई स्वयम् नै महाराजधिराजका रुपमा स्थापित हुने र तेस्रो रोलक्रमका जंगीलाठ जनरल जगतजंग कुँवर राणा लाई प्राइममिनिस्टर तथा श्री ३ महाराजका रुपमा स्थापित गराउने र चौथो रोलक्रमका पद्मजंग कुँवर राणालाई जंगीलाठ बनाउने भन्ने राजकुमार नरेन्द्रविक्रम शाहको समूह को योजना थियो। कमान्डर इनचिफ जनरल धीर शमशेरको हत्यापछि राणा परिवारका अन्य सदस्यका साथसाथै तराई तिर लागेका रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर राणाहरू पनि त्यहीँबाटै भागाभाग गर्नेछन् भन्ने यिनीहरूको आकलन थियो। यदि त्यहाँबाट नभागे त्यहीँ नै उनको संहार गर्न भनी यिनीहरूले आफ्ना केही विश्वस्त मानिसहरू तराईतिर पनि खटाइअसकेका थिए।<ref>{{cite book|title=[[अब यस्तो कहिल्यै नहोस्]] |author=[[बाबुराम आचार्य]] |page=२३३ |date=माघ २०७५ |publisher=फाइनप्रिन्ट बुक्स |isbn=978-9937-665-40-7|url=}}</ref> बालक राजा [[पृथ्वी वीरविक्रम शाह|पृथ्वीबीरविक्रम]]को हत्या गरी माहिला साहेवज्यू [[नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह]] राजा, जगतजंग राणा श्री ३ महाराज/प्रधानमन्त्री र [[पदमजंग राणा]] प्रधान सेनापति हुने योजना थियो। यो कुराको पोल कामु प्रधानमन्त्री [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] समक्ष पौष २३ गते लेफ्टिनेन्ट उत्तरध्वज भँडारीले खोलिदिए, जो कोतपर्वका कारक मानिएका [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह]]का नाति थिए। पोल खुलेपछि षडयन्त्रमा संलग्न ४३ जना कैद गरिए। जसमा साहेवज्यू नरेन्द्रबिक्रम सहित श्री ३ जंगका छोरा, अन्य भाइभारदाहरु थिए। प्राइममिनिस्टर रणोद्दीपसिंह तराईबाट दौडादौड गरि बि.सं १९३८ माघ ४ को मध्यरातमा आफ्नो महलमा दाखिल भए। धीरशमशेरले विद्रोहीहरूलाई भोलिपल्ट बिहान सबेरै नेल, गलफन्दी तथा हतकडीहरूले कसी खर्पनमा बोकाएर प्राइममिनिस्टर रणोद्दीप समक्ष उपस्थित गराए। मुख्य दोषी २३ जनालाई १२ माघ १९३८ मा मृत्युदण्डको सजायँ स्वरुप काठमाडौँका विभिन्न ठाउँमा लगी काटियो। काटिनेहरूमा [[कुपण्डोल]]मा बसोबास गर्ने बिष्ट काजी खलकका ७ जना थिए। तीमध्ये लेफ्टिनेन्ट रणकेशर बिष्टलाई भादगाउँको खस्याङ खुसुङमा काटियो, संखमुलमा कप्तान नरबहादुर बिष्ट र सूर्यप्रताप बिष्ट काटिए। मेजर संग्रामसिँह बिष्ट भाताकोशी र कप्तान भोज बिष्ट टेकुमा काटिए। आफ्नो दाइ जगतजंग राणाले आफ्नो छोरालाई हटाएर देवर राजा हुने भए पछि [[जङ्गबहादुर राणा|जंग]]का छोरी [[ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी]]हरु धीर शमशेरका छोराहरूसँग मिले । === काटिनेहरू === १९३८ माघ १२ भादगाउंमा काटिनेहरू # कप्तान समर विक्रमसिंह थापा # लेफ्टिनेन्ट रनकेशर विष्ट # रणजङ्क थापा <br>'''धोबिखोलामा काटिनेहरू''' # मेजर शमशेरजङ्ग थापा # कप्तान फौदसिह गुरुङ्ग # सुवेदार पहल्मान कार्कि <br>'''संखमूलमा काटिनेहरू''' # कर्णेल इन्द्र सिंह ( श्री ३ जङ्गका साला ) # मेजर सन्सार विक्रम थापा # कप्तान नरबहादुर बिष्ट # लेफ्टिनेन्ट सूर्यप्रताप बिष्ट # इन्सानयेन रणदल काकि टेकूमा काटिनेहरू # कर्णेल श्री विक्रम थापा (प्र. मन्त्री, [[माथवरसिंह थापा|माथवरसिह]]का नाती ) # कर्णेल अम्वर विक्रमसिंह थापा ) # कप्तान वक्वा र शाही # कप्तान भोज विष्ट <br>'''भाताकोसीमा काटिनेहरू''' # मेजर सङ्ग्रामसूर विष्ट # कप्तान रणध्वज अधिकारी # अजिटन वाँका षत्रि # सुवेदार जगविक्रम पाँडे # छत्रध्वज शाही <br>'''सोहिसाल फागुन बदी २ रोज १ का दिन संखमूलमा काटिनेहरू''' # कर्णेल अमृतसिह्‌ अधिकारी # कर्णेल वीरमानसिह वस्नेत # सुवेदार लोकबहादुर थापा ===मुडिनेहरू === # खजान्ची शिवप्रसाद आर्याल # सुन्बा होमनाथ उपाध्याय # सुब्बा दिग्विजय उपाध्याय # सुब्बा टंकनाथ उपाध्याय # दक्षिणकानाभट्ट स्यामला == परिणाम == * जंगका छोरी [[ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी|ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी]]हरु धीर शमशेरका छोराहरूसँग मिले जसले गर्दा [[४२ सालको पर्व]]को पर्व भयो । * काठमाडौँबाट विस्ट काजीहरु निर्वासित । == चलचित्र == सेतो बाघ<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGjBlXcQD98</ref> == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[नेपालको इतिहासका प्रमुख काण्ड तथा पर्वहरू|नेपालको इतिहासका प्रमुख काण्ड तथा पर्वहरु]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == <references /> == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{ठुटो}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालको राणाकालीन इतिहास]] hj5x5ajxtdazvv4ri418fuqkjyvcpfe 1365197 1365194 2026-07-07T07:55:39Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* घटना */ 1365197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Military Conflict |conflict=३८ सालको पर्व |image= |caption= |date=वि.सं. १९३८ |place=काठमाण्डौ |cause = रणोद्दीप सिंह , [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] को हत्या षड्यन्त् |result=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह , [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] , बमवीर सिंह चुनार किल्लामा नजरबन्द<br>[[४२ सालको पर्व]] |combatant1= [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]] |combatant2=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह |commander1=रणोद्दीप सिंह , [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] |commander2=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह<br>[[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] |casualties1=० |casualties2=४१ }} वि.सं. १९३८ पौषमा प्रधानमन्त्री [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]] शिकारको लागि चितवनतर्फ गएको बेलामा जगतजङको नेतृत्वमा नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाहले प्रधानमन्त्री रणोद्दीप सिंह, प्रधान सेनापति [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] र उनका शाखा सन्तान सखाप बनाउने षड्यन्त्र बनाए। त्यसै साल वैशाख ११ मा गद्दीआरोहण गरेका बालक राजा पृथ्वी विक्रम लाई हटाएर श्री ५ मा नरेन्द्रविक्रम शाह, श्री ३ मा जगतजङ र पद्मजङ प्रधान सेनापती हुने षड्यन्त्रको पोल [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह खवास]]का नाति उत्तरध्वज भण्डारीले धीरशमशेरलाई खोले।<ref>{{cite book|title=नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास|author=प्रा. डा. [[राजाराम सुवेदी]]|page=२४३|date=फागुन २०६१|publisher=[[साझा प्रकाशन]]|isbn=99933-2-406-X|url=}}</ref> त्यसपछि नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह, [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]], बमवीर सिंहलाई इलाहावादको चुनार किल्लामा नजरबन्द गरिएको थियो । यसै गरी सुब्बा टंकनाथ र होमनाथ लगायत १० जना बाहुनलाई चारपाटा मुडेर जातिच्युत गरियो भने ४१ जनाको हत्या र केहि व्यक्तिको सर्वस्वहरण गरियो ।<ref>सामान्य ज्ञान : भिम राना जिज्ञासु</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == जंगबहादुरको मृत्यु पछि उनको श्री ३ महाराज र प्रधानमन्त्रीको दुवै पद [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]]लाई दिलाउन [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]ले जंगबहादुरको मृत्युको समाचार एकदम गोप्य राखे । जंगबहादुरका छोरा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] महाराजको मृत्यु पछि छोरा राजा हुनु पर्ने भएकाले, श्री ३ महाराजको पद आफूले पाउनुपर्ने दावी गर्थे। त्यसकारण उनी काका [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]सँग रिसाएका थिए। == घटना == श्री ३ रणोद्दीप काठमाडौँमा जाडो सुरु भएकाले कान्छा भाइ प्रधान सेनापति धीर शमशेरलाई कायम मुकायम प्रधानमन्त्रीको जिम्मेवारी दिएर वि सं १९३८ पौष ४ मा शिकारको लागि चितवनतर्फ प्रस्थान गरे। रणोद्दीप काठमाडौँ बाहिर गएको मौका पारेर जंगबहादुरका छोरा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग]]ले श्री ५, श्री ३ र प्रधान सेनापतिको हत्या गरेर शासन सत्ता हातमा लिने योजना बनाएका थिए। यो षड्यन्त्र अनुसार वि सं १९३८ पौष २९ (पौष मसान्त)को रात कमान्डर इनचिफ धीर शमशेर कुँवर राणाको उनकै महलमा काम तमाम गर्ने र यसै दिन बालक राजा श्री ५ पृथ्वीवीरविक्रम शाहलाई पनि आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिई पदच्युत गराई स्वयम् नै महाराजधिराजका रुपमा स्थापित हुने र तेस्रो रोलक्रमका जंगीलाठ जनरल जगतजंग कुँवर राणा लाई प्राइममिनिस्टर तथा श्री ३ महाराजका रुपमा स्थापित गराउने र चौथो रोलक्रमका पद्मजंग कुँवर राणालाई जंगीलाठ बनाउने भन्ने राजकुमार नरेन्द्रविक्रम शाहको समूह को योजना थियो। कमान्डर इनचिफ जनरल धीर शमशेरको हत्यापछि राणा परिवारका अन्य सदस्यका साथसाथै तराई तिर लागेका रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर राणाहरू पनि त्यहीँबाटै भागाभाग गर्नेछन् भन्ने यिनीहरूको आकलन थियो। यदि त्यहाँबाट नभागे त्यहीँ नै उनको संहार गर्न भनी यिनीहरूले आफ्ना केही विश्वस्त मानिसहरू तराईतिर पनि खटाइअसकेका थिए।<ref>{{cite book|title=[[अब यस्तो कहिल्यै नहोस्]] |author=[[बाबुराम आचार्य]] |page=२३३ |date=माघ २०७५ |publisher=फाइनप्रिन्ट बुक्स |isbn=978-9937-665-40-7|url=}}</ref> बालक राजा [[पृथ्वी वीरविक्रम शाह|पृथ्वीबीरविक्रम]]को हत्या गरी माहिला साहेवज्यू [[नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह]] राजा, जगतजंग राणा श्री ३ महाराज/प्रधानमन्त्री र [[पदमजंग राणा]] प्रधान सेनापति हुने योजना थियो। यो कुराको पोल कामु प्रधानमन्त्री [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] समक्ष पौष २३ गते लेफ्टिनेन्ट उत्तरध्वज भँडारीले खोलिदिए, जो कोतपर्वका कारक मानिएका [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह]]का नाति थिए। पोल खुलेपछि षडयन्त्रमा संलग्न ४३ जना कैद गरिए। जसमा साहेवज्यू नरेन्द्रबिक्रम सहित श्री ३ जंगका छोरा, अन्य भाइभारदाहरु थिए। पोल खोल्ने लेफ्टिनेन्ट उत्तरध्वज भडारीले पछि कर्णेल सम्मको पद पाए। प्राइममिनिस्टर रणोद्दीपसिंह तराईबाट दौडादौड गरि बि.सं १९३८ माघ ४ को मध्यरातमा आफ्नो महलमा दाखिल भए। धीरशमशेरले विद्रोहीहरूलाई भोलिपल्ट बिहान सबेरै नेल, गलफन्दी तथा हतकडीहरूले कसी खर्पनमा बोकाएर प्राइममिनिस्टर रणोद्दीप समक्ष उपस्थित गराए। मुख्य दोषी २३ जनालाई १२ माघ १९३८ मा मृत्युदण्डको सजायँ स्वरुप काठमाडौँका विभिन्न ठाउँमा लगी काटियो। काटिनेहरूमा [[कुपण्डोल]]मा बसोबास गर्ने बिष्ट काजी खलकका ७ जना थिए। तीमध्ये लेफ्टिनेन्ट रणकेशर बिष्टलाई भादगाउँको खस्याङ खुसुङमा काटियो, संखमुलमा कप्तान नरबहादुर बिष्ट र सूर्यप्रताप बिष्ट काटिए। मेजर संग्रामसिँह बिष्ट भाताकोशी र कप्तान भोज बिष्ट टेकुमा काटिए। आफ्नो दाइ जगतजंग राणाले आफ्नो छोरालाई हटाएर देवर राजा हुने भए पछि [[जङ्गबहादुर राणा|जंग]]का छोरी [[ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी]]हरु धीर शमशेरका छोराहरूसँग मिले । === काटिनेहरू === '''१९३८ माघ १२ भादगाउंमा काटिनेहरू'''<ref name="पुरुषोत्तम">{{cite book|last=शम्शेर ज ब राणा|first=पुरुषोत्तम|author-link=पुरुषोत्तम शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|year=२०४७|title=श्री ३ हरुको तथ्य वृत्तान्त|publisher=|url=https://archive.org/details/gzof-shree-3-haruko-tathya-vrittanta-by-purushottam-sha/page/१९८/mode/2up|isbn=|pages=197-200}}</ref> # कप्तान समर विक्रमसिंह थापा # लेफ्टिनेन्ट रनकेशर विष्ट # रणजङ्क थापा <br>'''धोबिखोलामा काटिनेहरू''' # मेजर शमशेरजङ्ग थापा # कप्तान फौदसिह गुरुङ्ग # सुवेदार पहल्मान कार्कि <br>'''संखमूलमा काटिनेहरू''' # कर्णेल इन्द्र सिंह ( श्री ३ जङ्गका साला ) # मेजर सन्सार विक्रम थापा # कप्तान नरबहादुर बिष्ट # लेफ्टिनेन्ट सूर्यप्रताप बिष्ट # इन्सानयेन रणदल काकि टेकूमा काटिनेहरू # कर्णेल श्री विक्रम थापा (प्र. मन्त्री, [[माथवरसिंह थापा|माथवरसिह]]का नाती ) # कर्णेल अम्वर विक्रमसिंह थापा ) # कप्तान वक्वा र शाही # कप्तान भोज विष्ट <br>'''भाताकोसीमा काटिनेहरू''' # मेजर सङ्ग्रामसूर विष्ट # कप्तान रणध्वज अधिकारी # अजिटन वाँका षत्रि # सुवेदार जगविक्रम पाँडे # छत्रध्वज शाही <br>'''सोहिसाल फागुन बदी २ रोज १ का दिन संखमूलमा काटिनेहरू''' # कर्णेल अमृतसिह्‌ अधिकारी # कर्णेल वीरमानसिह वस्नेत # सुवेदार लोकबहादुर थापा ===मुडिनेहरू === # खजान्ची शिवप्रसाद आर्याल # सुन्बा होमनाथ उपाध्याय # सुब्बा दिग्विजय उपाध्याय # सुब्बा टंकनाथ उपाध्याय # दक्षिणकानाभट्ट स्यामला सङ्ग्रामसूर विष्टलाई भाताकोसीमा पोडेले गर्देनमा खुकुरीले काट्दा धार नलागेबाट होला भनी धारदार खक्रीले काटदा पनि न काटिएत । के कारणले हो भनी तलास गर्दा टुपीमा 'बुटी” बाँधेको स्वच निकाली काटेपछि एके चोटमा पोडेले गर्दन काटी मारे । == परिणाम == * जंगका छोरी [[ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी|ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी]]हरु धीर शमशेरका छोराहरूसँग मिले जसले गर्दा [[४२ सालको पर्व]]को पर्व भयो । * काठमाडौँबाट विस्ट काजीहरु निर्वासित । == चलचित्र == सेतो बाघ<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGjBlXcQD98</ref> == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[नेपालको इतिहासका प्रमुख काण्ड तथा पर्वहरू|नेपालको इतिहासका प्रमुख काण्ड तथा पर्वहरु]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == <references /> == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{ठुटो}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालको राणाकालीन इतिहास]] l84k1nx141xx09mhx2dvv53j0v89i40 1365198 1365197 2026-07-07T07:56:43Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* काटिनेहरू */ 1365198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Military Conflict |conflict=३८ सालको पर्व |image= |caption= |date=वि.सं. १९३८ |place=काठमाण्डौ |cause = रणोद्दीप सिंह , [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] को हत्या षड्यन्त् |result=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह , [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] , बमवीर सिंह चुनार किल्लामा नजरबन्द<br>[[४२ सालको पर्व]] |combatant1= [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]] |combatant2=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह |commander1=रणोद्दीप सिंह , [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] |commander2=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह<br>[[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] |casualties1=० |casualties2=४१ }} वि.सं. १९३८ पौषमा प्रधानमन्त्री [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]] शिकारको लागि चितवनतर्फ गएको बेलामा जगतजङको नेतृत्वमा नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाहले प्रधानमन्त्री रणोद्दीप सिंह, प्रधान सेनापति [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] र उनका शाखा सन्तान सखाप बनाउने षड्यन्त्र बनाए। त्यसै साल वैशाख ११ मा गद्दीआरोहण गरेका बालक राजा पृथ्वी विक्रम लाई हटाएर श्री ५ मा नरेन्द्रविक्रम शाह, श्री ३ मा जगतजङ र पद्मजङ प्रधान सेनापती हुने षड्यन्त्रको पोल [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह खवास]]का नाति उत्तरध्वज भण्डारीले धीरशमशेरलाई खोले।<ref>{{cite book|title=नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास|author=प्रा. डा. [[राजाराम सुवेदी]]|page=२४३|date=फागुन २०६१|publisher=[[साझा प्रकाशन]]|isbn=99933-2-406-X|url=}}</ref> त्यसपछि नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह, [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]], बमवीर सिंहलाई इलाहावादको चुनार किल्लामा नजरबन्द गरिएको थियो । यसै गरी सुब्बा टंकनाथ र होमनाथ लगायत १० जना बाहुनलाई चारपाटा मुडेर जातिच्युत गरियो भने ४१ जनाको हत्या र केहि व्यक्तिको सर्वस्वहरण गरियो ।<ref>सामान्य ज्ञान : भिम राना जिज्ञासु</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == जंगबहादुरको मृत्यु पछि उनको श्री ३ महाराज र प्रधानमन्त्रीको दुवै पद [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]]लाई दिलाउन [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]ले जंगबहादुरको मृत्युको समाचार एकदम गोप्य राखे । जंगबहादुरका छोरा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] महाराजको मृत्यु पछि छोरा राजा हुनु पर्ने भएकाले, श्री ३ महाराजको पद आफूले पाउनुपर्ने दावी गर्थे। त्यसकारण उनी काका [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]सँग रिसाएका थिए। == घटना == श्री ३ रणोद्दीप काठमाडौँमा जाडो सुरु भएकाले कान्छा भाइ प्रधान सेनापति धीर शमशेरलाई कायम मुकायम प्रधानमन्त्रीको जिम्मेवारी दिएर वि सं १९३८ पौष ४ मा शिकारको लागि चितवनतर्फ प्रस्थान गरे। रणोद्दीप काठमाडौँ बाहिर गएको मौका पारेर जंगबहादुरका छोरा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग]]ले श्री ५, श्री ३ र प्रधान सेनापतिको हत्या गरेर शासन सत्ता हातमा लिने योजना बनाएका थिए। यो षड्यन्त्र अनुसार वि सं १९३८ पौष २९ (पौष मसान्त)को रात कमान्डर इनचिफ धीर शमशेर कुँवर राणाको उनकै महलमा काम तमाम गर्ने र यसै दिन बालक राजा श्री ५ पृथ्वीवीरविक्रम शाहलाई पनि आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिई पदच्युत गराई स्वयम् नै महाराजधिराजका रुपमा स्थापित हुने र तेस्रो रोलक्रमका जंगीलाठ जनरल जगतजंग कुँवर राणा लाई प्राइममिनिस्टर तथा श्री ३ महाराजका रुपमा स्थापित गराउने र चौथो रोलक्रमका पद्मजंग कुँवर राणालाई जंगीलाठ बनाउने भन्ने राजकुमार नरेन्द्रविक्रम शाहको समूह को योजना थियो। कमान्डर इनचिफ जनरल धीर शमशेरको हत्यापछि राणा परिवारका अन्य सदस्यका साथसाथै तराई तिर लागेका रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर राणाहरू पनि त्यहीँबाटै भागाभाग गर्नेछन् भन्ने यिनीहरूको आकलन थियो। यदि त्यहाँबाट नभागे त्यहीँ नै उनको संहार गर्न भनी यिनीहरूले आफ्ना केही विश्वस्त मानिसहरू तराईतिर पनि खटाइअसकेका थिए।<ref>{{cite book|title=[[अब यस्तो कहिल्यै नहोस्]] |author=[[बाबुराम आचार्य]] |page=२३३ |date=माघ २०७५ |publisher=फाइनप्रिन्ट बुक्स |isbn=978-9937-665-40-7|url=}}</ref> बालक राजा [[पृथ्वी वीरविक्रम शाह|पृथ्वीबीरविक्रम]]को हत्या गरी माहिला साहेवज्यू [[नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह]] राजा, जगतजंग राणा श्री ३ महाराज/प्रधानमन्त्री र [[पदमजंग राणा]] प्रधान सेनापति हुने योजना थियो। यो कुराको पोल कामु प्रधानमन्त्री [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] समक्ष पौष २३ गते लेफ्टिनेन्ट उत्तरध्वज भँडारीले खोलिदिए, जो कोतपर्वका कारक मानिएका [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह]]का नाति थिए। पोल खुलेपछि षडयन्त्रमा संलग्न ४३ जना कैद गरिए। जसमा साहेवज्यू नरेन्द्रबिक्रम सहित श्री ३ जंगका छोरा, अन्य भाइभारदाहरु थिए। पोल खोल्ने लेफ्टिनेन्ट उत्तरध्वज भडारीले पछि कर्णेल सम्मको पद पाए। प्राइममिनिस्टर रणोद्दीपसिंह तराईबाट दौडादौड गरि बि.सं १९३८ माघ ४ को मध्यरातमा आफ्नो महलमा दाखिल भए। धीरशमशेरले विद्रोहीहरूलाई भोलिपल्ट बिहान सबेरै नेल, गलफन्दी तथा हतकडीहरूले कसी खर्पनमा बोकाएर प्राइममिनिस्टर रणोद्दीप समक्ष उपस्थित गराए। मुख्य दोषी २३ जनालाई १२ माघ १९३८ मा मृत्युदण्डको सजायँ स्वरुप काठमाडौँका विभिन्न ठाउँमा लगी काटियो। काटिनेहरूमा [[कुपण्डोल]]मा बसोबास गर्ने बिष्ट काजी खलकका ७ जना थिए। तीमध्ये लेफ्टिनेन्ट रणकेशर बिष्टलाई भादगाउँको खस्याङ खुसुङमा काटियो, संखमुलमा कप्तान नरबहादुर बिष्ट र सूर्यप्रताप बिष्ट काटिए। मेजर संग्रामसिँह बिष्ट भाताकोशी र कप्तान भोज बिष्ट टेकुमा काटिए। आफ्नो दाइ जगतजंग राणाले आफ्नो छोरालाई हटाएर देवर राजा हुने भए पछि [[जङ्गबहादुर राणा|जंग]]का छोरी [[ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी]]हरु धीर शमशेरका छोराहरूसँग मिले । === काटिनेहरू === '''१९३८ माघ १२ भादगाउंमा काटिनेहरू'''<ref name="पुरुषोत्तम">{{cite book|last=शम्शेर ज ब राणा|first=पुरुषोत्तम|author-link=पुरुषोत्तम शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|year=२०४७|title=श्री ३ हरुको तथ्य वृत्तान्त|publisher=|url=https://archive.org/details/gzof-shree-3-haruko-tathya-vrittanta-by-purushottam-sha/page/१९८/mode/2up|isbn=|pages=197-200}}</ref> # कप्तान समर विक्रमसिंह थापा # लेफ्टिनेन्ट रनकेशर विष्ट # रणजङ्क थापा <br>'''धोबिखोलामा काटिनेहरू''' # मेजर शमशेरजङ्ग थापा # कप्तान फौदसिह गुरुङ्ग # सुवेदार पहल्मान कार्कि <br>'''संखमूलमा काटिनेहरू''' # कर्णेल इन्द्र सिंह ( श्री ३ जङ्गका साला ) # मेजर सन्सार विक्रम थापा # कप्तान नरबहादुर बिष्ट # लेफ्टिनेन्ट सूर्यप्रताप बिष्ट # इन्सानयेन रणदल काकि <br>'''टेकूमा काटिनेहरू''' # कर्णेल श्री विक्रम थापा (प्र. मन्त्री, [[माथवरसिंह थापा|माथवरसिह]]का नाती ) # कर्णेल अम्वर विक्रमसिंह थापा ) # कप्तान वक्वा र शाही # कप्तान भोज विष्ट <br>'''भाताकोसीमा काटिनेहरू''' # मेजर सङ्ग्रामसूर विष्ट # कप्तान रणध्वज अधिकारी # अजिटन वाँका षत्रि # सुवेदार जगविक्रम पाँडे # छत्रध्वज शाही <br>'''सोहिसाल फागुन बदी २ रोज १ का दिन संखमूलमा काटिनेहरू''' # कर्णेल अमृतसिह्‌ अधिकारी # कर्णेल वीरमानसिह वस्नेत # सुवेदार लोकबहादुर थापा ===मुडिनेहरू === # खजान्ची शिवप्रसाद आर्याल # सुन्बा होमनाथ उपाध्याय # सुब्बा दिग्विजय उपाध्याय # सुब्बा टंकनाथ उपाध्याय # दक्षिणकानाभट्ट स्यामला सङ्ग्रामसूर विष्टलाई भाताकोसीमा पोडेले गर्देनमा खुकुरीले काट्दा धार नलागेबाट होला भनी धारदार खक्रीले काटदा पनि न काटिएत । के कारणले हो भनी तलास गर्दा टुपीमा 'बुटी” बाँधेको स्वच निकाली काटेपछि एके चोटमा पोडेले गर्दन काटी मारे । == परिणाम == * जंगका छोरी [[ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी|ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी]]हरु धीर शमशेरका छोराहरूसँग मिले जसले गर्दा [[४२ सालको पर्व]]को पर्व भयो । * काठमाडौँबाट विस्ट काजीहरु निर्वासित । == चलचित्र == सेतो बाघ<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGjBlXcQD98</ref> == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[नेपालको इतिहासका प्रमुख काण्ड तथा पर्वहरू|नेपालको इतिहासका प्रमुख काण्ड तथा पर्वहरु]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == <references /> == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{ठुटो}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालको राणाकालीन इतिहास]] 4mfj4nopqxqpbz4zlmr7ozwyadcp3u4 1365199 1365198 2026-07-07T08:19:04Z Bishaldev100 28807 1365199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Military Conflict |conflict=३८ सालको पर्व |image= |caption= |date=वि.सं. १९३८ |place=काठमाण्डौ |cause = रणोद्दीप सिंह , [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] को हत्या षड्यन्त् |result=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह , [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] , बमवीर सिंह चुनार किल्लामा नजरबन्द<br>[[४२ सालको पर्व]] |combatant1= [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]] |combatant2=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह |commander1=रणोद्दीप सिंह , [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] |commander2=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह<br>[[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] |casualties1=० |casualties2=४१ }} '''३८ सालको पर्व''' भनेको १९३८ मा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजङ]] र [[नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह]]ले प्रधानमन्त्री [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]], प्रधान सेनापति [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]लाई हत्या गर्ने योजना असफल हुँदा भएको दमनको घटना हो। वि.सं. १९३८ पौषमा प्रधानमन्त्री [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]] शिकारको लागि चितवनतर्फ गएको बेलामा जगतजङको नेतृत्वमा नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाहले प्रधानमन्त्री रणोद्दीप सिंह, प्रधान सेनापति [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] र उनका शाखा सन्तान सखाप बनाउने षड्यन्त्र बनाए। त्यसै साल वैशाख ११ मा गद्दीआरोहण गरेका बालक राजा पृथ्वी विक्रम लाई हटाएर श्री ५ मा नरेन्द्रविक्रम शाह, श्री ३ मा जगतजङ र पद्मजङ प्रधान सेनापती हुने षड्यन्त्रको पोल [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह खवास]]का नाति उत्तरध्वज भण्डारीले धीरशमशेरलाई खोले।<ref>{{cite book|title=नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास|author=प्रा. डा. [[राजाराम सुवेदी]]|page=२४३|date=फागुन २०६१|publisher=[[साझा प्रकाशन]]|isbn=99933-2-406-X|url=}}</ref> त्यसपछि नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह, [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]], बमवीर सिंहलाई इलाहावादको चुनार किल्लामा नजरबन्द गरिएको थियो । यसै गरी सुब्बा टंकनाथ र होमनाथ लगायत १० जना बाहुनलाई चारपाटा मुडेर जातिच्युत गरियो भने ४१ जनाको हत्या र केहि व्यक्तिको सर्वस्वहरण गरियो ।<ref>सामान्य ज्ञान : भिम राना जिज्ञासु</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == जंगबहादुरको मृत्यु पछि उनको श्री ३ महाराज र प्रधानमन्त्रीको दुवै पद [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]]लाई दिलाउन [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]ले जंगबहादुरको मृत्युको समाचार एकदम गोप्य राखे । जंगबहादुरका छोरा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] महाराजको मृत्यु पछि छोरा राजा हुनु पर्ने भएकाले, श्री ३ महाराजको पद आफूले पाउनुपर्ने दावी गर्थे। त्यसकारण उनी काका [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]सँग रिसाएका थिए। == घटना == श्री ३ रणोद्दीप काठमाडौँमा जाडो सुरु भएकाले कान्छा भाइ प्रधान सेनापति धीर शमशेरलाई कायम मुकायम प्रधानमन्त्रीको जिम्मेवारी दिएर वि सं १९३८ पौष ४ मा शिकारको लागि चितवनतर्फ प्रस्थान गरे। रणोद्दीप काठमाडौँ बाहिर गएको मौका पारेर जंगबहादुरका छोरा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग]]ले श्री ५, श्री ३ र प्रधान सेनापतिको हत्या गरेर शासन सत्ता हातमा लिने योजना बनाएका थिए। यो षड्यन्त्र अनुसार वि सं १९३८ पौष २९ (पौष मसान्त)को रात कमान्डर इनचिफ धीर शमशेर कुँवर राणाको उनकै महलमा काम तमाम गर्ने र यसै दिन बालक राजा श्री ५ पृथ्वीवीरविक्रम शाहलाई पनि आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिई पदच्युत गराई स्वयम् नै महाराजधिराजका रुपमा स्थापित हुने र तेस्रो रोलक्रमका जंगीलाठ जनरल जगतजंग कुँवर राणा लाई प्राइममिनिस्टर तथा श्री ३ महाराजका रुपमा स्थापित गराउने र चौथो रोलक्रमका पद्मजंग कुँवर राणालाई जंगीलाठ बनाउने भन्ने राजकुमार नरेन्द्रविक्रम शाहको समूह को योजना थियो। कमान्डर इनचिफ जनरल धीर शमशेरको हत्यापछि राणा परिवारका अन्य सदस्यका साथसाथै तराई तिर लागेका रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर राणाहरू पनि त्यहीँबाटै भागाभाग गर्नेछन् भन्ने यिनीहरूको आकलन थियो। यदि त्यहाँबाट नभागे त्यहीँ नै उनको संहार गर्न भनी यिनीहरूले आफ्ना केही विश्वस्त मानिसहरू तराईतिर पनि खटाइअसकेका थिए।<ref>{{cite book|title=[[अब यस्तो कहिल्यै नहोस्]] |author=[[बाबुराम आचार्य]] |page=२३३ |date=माघ २०७५ |publisher=फाइनप्रिन्ट बुक्स |isbn=978-9937-665-40-7|url=}}</ref> बालक राजा [[पृथ्वी वीरविक्रम शाह|पृथ्वीबीरविक्रम]]को हत्या गरी माहिला साहेवज्यू [[नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह]] राजा, जगतजंग राणा श्री ३ महाराज/प्रधानमन्त्री र [[पदमजंग राणा]] प्रधान सेनापति हुने योजना थियो। यो कुराको पोल कामु प्रधानमन्त्री [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] समक्ष पौष २३ गते लेफ्टिनेन्ट उत्तरध्वज भँडारीले खोलिदिए, जो कोतपर्वका कारक मानिएका [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह]]का नाति थिए। पोल खुलेपछि षडयन्त्रमा संलग्न ४३ जना कैद गरिए। जसमा साहेवज्यू नरेन्द्रबिक्रम सहित श्री ३ जंगका छोरा, अन्य भाइभारदाहरु थिए। पोल खोल्ने लेफ्टिनेन्ट उत्तरध्वज भडारीले पछि कर्णेल सम्मको पद पाए। प्राइममिनिस्टर रणोद्दीपसिंह तराईबाट दौडादौड गरि बि.सं १९३८ माघ ४ को मध्यरातमा आफ्नो महलमा दाखिल भए। धीरशमशेरले विद्रोहीहरूलाई भोलिपल्ट बिहान सबेरै नेल, गलफन्दी तथा हतकडीहरूले कसी खर्पनमा बोकाएर प्राइममिनिस्टर रणोद्दीप समक्ष उपस्थित गराए। मुख्य दोषी २३ जनालाई १२ माघ १९३८ मा मृत्युदण्डको सजायँ स्वरुप काठमाडौँका विभिन्न ठाउँमा लगी काटियो। काटिनेहरूमा [[कुपण्डोल]]मा बसोबास गर्ने बिष्ट काजी खलकका ७ जना थिए। तीमध्ये लेफ्टिनेन्ट रणकेशर बिष्टलाई भादगाउँको खस्याङ खुसुङमा काटियो, संखमुलमा कप्तान नरबहादुर बिष्ट र सूर्यप्रताप बिष्ट काटिए। मेजर संग्रामसिँह बिष्ट भाताकोशी र कप्तान भोज बिष्ट टेकुमा काटिए। आफ्नो दाइ जगतजंग राणाले आफ्नो छोरालाई हटाएर देवर राजा हुने भए पछि [[जङ्गबहादुर राणा|जंग]]का छोरी [[ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी]]हरु धीर शमशेरका छोराहरूसँग मिले । === काटिनेहरू === '''१९३८ माघ १२ भादगाउंमा काटिनेहरू'''<ref name="पुरुषोत्तम">{{cite book|last=शम्शेर ज ब राणा|first=पुरुषोत्तम|author-link=पुरुषोत्तम शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|year=२०४७|title=श्री ३ हरुको तथ्य वृत्तान्त|publisher=|url=https://archive.org/details/gzof-shree-3-haruko-tathya-vrittanta-by-purushottam-sha/page/१९८/mode/2up|isbn=|pages=197-200}}</ref> # कप्तान समर विक्रमसिंह थापा # लेफ्टिनेन्ट रनकेशर विष्ट # रणजङ्क थापा <br>'''धोबिखोलामा काटिनेहरू''' # मेजर शमशेरजङ्ग थापा # कप्तान फौदसिह गुरुङ्ग # सुवेदार पहल्मान कार्कि <br>'''संखमूलमा काटिनेहरू''' # कर्णेल इन्द्र सिंह ( श्री ३ जङ्गका साला ) # मेजर सन्सार विक्रम थापा # कप्तान नरबहादुर बिष्ट # लेफ्टिनेन्ट सूर्यप्रताप बिष्ट # इन्सानयेन रणदल काकि <br>'''टेकूमा काटिनेहरू''' # कर्णेल श्री विक्रम थापा (प्र. मन्त्री, [[माथवरसिंह थापा|माथवरसिह]]का नाती ) # कर्णेल अम्वर विक्रमसिंह थापा ) # कप्तान वक्वा र शाही # कप्तान भोज विष्ट <br>'''भाताकोसीमा काटिनेहरू''' # मेजर सङ्ग्रामसूर विष्ट # कप्तान रणध्वज अधिकारी # अजिटन वाँका षत्रि # सुवेदार जगविक्रम पाँडे # छत्रध्वज शाही <br>'''सोहिसाल फागुन बदी २ रोज १ का दिन संखमूलमा काटिनेहरू''' # कर्णेल अमृतसिह्‌ अधिकारी # कर्णेल वीरमानसिह वस्नेत # सुवेदार लोकबहादुर थापा ===मुडिनेहरू === # खजान्ची शिवप्रसाद आर्याल # सुन्बा होमनाथ उपाध्याय # सुब्बा दिग्विजय उपाध्याय # सुब्बा टंकनाथ उपाध्याय # दक्षिणकानाभट्ट स्यामला सङ्ग्रामसूर विष्टलाई भाताकोसीमा पोडेले गर्देनमा खुकुरीले काट्दा धार नलागेबाट होला भनी धारदार खक्रीले काटदा पनि न काटिएत । के कारणले हो भनी तलास गर्दा टुपीमा 'बुटी” बाँधेको स्वच निकाली काटेपछि एके चोटमा पोडेले गर्दन काटी मारे । == परिणाम == * जंगका छोरी [[ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी|ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी]]हरु धीर शमशेरका छोराहरूसँग मिले जसले गर्दा [[४२ सालको पर्व]]को पर्व भयो । * काठमाडौँबाट विस्ट काजीहरु निर्वासित । == चलचित्र == सेतो बाघ<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGjBlXcQD98</ref> == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[नेपालको इतिहासका प्रमुख काण्ड तथा पर्वहरू|नेपालको इतिहासका प्रमुख काण्ड तथा पर्वहरु]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == <references /> == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{ठुटो}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालको राणाकालीन इतिहास]] 6zu8vudn6i07iva9d0ph6swmyd73sr5 1365200 1365199 2026-07-07T08:20:43Z Bishaldev100 28807 1365200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Military Conflict |conflict=३८ सालको पर्व |image= |caption= |date=वि.सं. १९३८ |place=काठमाण्डौ |cause = रणोद्दीप सिंह , [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] को हत्या षड्यन्त् |result=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह , [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] , बमवीर सिंह चुनार किल्लामा नजरबन्द<br>[[४२ सालको पर्व]] |combatant1= [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]] |combatant2=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह |commander1=रणोद्दीप सिंह , [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] |commander2=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह<br>[[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] |casualties1=० |casualties2=२३ }} '''३८ सालको पर्व''' भनेको १९३८ मा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजङ]] र [[नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह]]ले प्रधानमन्त्री [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]], प्रधान सेनापति [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]लाई हत्या गर्ने योजना असफल हुँदा भएको दमनको घटना हो। वि.सं. १९३८ पौषमा प्रधानमन्त्री [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]] शिकारको लागि चितवनतर्फ गएको बेलामा जगतजङको नेतृत्वमा नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाहले प्रधानमन्त्री रणोद्दीप सिंह, प्रधान सेनापति [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] र उनका शाखा सन्तान सखाप बनाउने षड्यन्त्र बनाए। त्यसै साल वैशाख ११ मा गद्दीआरोहण गरेका बालक राजा पृथ्वी विक्रम लाई हटाएर श्री ५ मा नरेन्द्रविक्रम शाह, श्री ३ मा जगतजङ र पद्मजङ प्रधान सेनापती हुने षड्यन्त्रको पोल [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह खवास]]का नाति उत्तरध्वज भण्डारीले धीरशमशेरलाई खोले।<ref>{{cite book|title=नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास|author=प्रा. डा. [[राजाराम सुवेदी]]|page=२४३|date=फागुन २०६१|publisher=[[साझा प्रकाशन]]|isbn=99933-2-406-X|url=}}</ref> त्यसपछि नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह, [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]], बमवीर सिंहलाई इलाहावादको चुनार किल्लामा नजरबन्द गरिएको थियो । यसै गरी सुब्बा टंकनाथ र होमनाथ लगायत १० जना बाहुनलाई चारपाटा मुडेर जातिच्युत गरियो भने २३ जनाको हत्या र केहि व्यक्तिको सर्वस्वहरण गरियो ।<ref>सामान्य ज्ञान : भिम राना जिज्ञासु</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == जंगबहादुरको मृत्यु पछि उनको श्री ३ महाराज र प्रधानमन्त्रीको दुवै पद [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]]लाई दिलाउन [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]ले जंगबहादुरको मृत्युको समाचार एकदम गोप्य राखे । जंगबहादुरका छोरा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] महाराजको मृत्यु पछि छोरा राजा हुनु पर्ने भएकाले, श्री ३ महाराजको पद आफूले पाउनुपर्ने दावी गर्थे। त्यसकारण उनी काका [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]सँग रिसाएका थिए। == घटना == श्री ३ रणोद्दीप काठमाडौँमा जाडो सुरु भएकाले कान्छा भाइ प्रधान सेनापति धीर शमशेरलाई कायम मुकायम प्रधानमन्त्रीको जिम्मेवारी दिएर वि सं १९३८ पौष ४ मा शिकारको लागि चितवनतर्फ प्रस्थान गरे। रणोद्दीप काठमाडौँ बाहिर गएको मौका पारेर जंगबहादुरका छोरा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग]]ले श्री ५, श्री ३ र प्रधान सेनापतिको हत्या गरेर शासन सत्ता हातमा लिने योजना बनाएका थिए। यो षड्यन्त्र अनुसार वि सं १९३८ पौष २९ (पौष मसान्त)को रात कमान्डर इनचिफ धीर शमशेर कुँवर राणाको उनकै महलमा काम तमाम गर्ने र यसै दिन बालक राजा श्री ५ पृथ्वीवीरविक्रम शाहलाई पनि आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिई पदच्युत गराई स्वयम् नै महाराजधिराजका रुपमा स्थापित हुने र तेस्रो रोलक्रमका जंगीलाठ जनरल जगतजंग कुँवर राणा लाई प्राइममिनिस्टर तथा श्री ३ महाराजका रुपमा स्थापित गराउने र चौथो रोलक्रमका पद्मजंग कुँवर राणालाई जंगीलाठ बनाउने भन्ने राजकुमार नरेन्द्रविक्रम शाहको समूह को योजना थियो। कमान्डर इनचिफ जनरल धीर शमशेरको हत्यापछि राणा परिवारका अन्य सदस्यका साथसाथै तराई तिर लागेका रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर राणाहरू पनि त्यहीँबाटै भागाभाग गर्नेछन् भन्ने यिनीहरूको आकलन थियो। यदि त्यहाँबाट नभागे त्यहीँ नै उनको संहार गर्न भनी यिनीहरूले आफ्ना केही विश्वस्त मानिसहरू तराईतिर पनि खटाइअसकेका थिए।<ref>{{cite book|title=[[अब यस्तो कहिल्यै नहोस्]] |author=[[बाबुराम आचार्य]] |page=२३३ |date=माघ २०७५ |publisher=फाइनप्रिन्ट बुक्स |isbn=978-9937-665-40-7|url=}}</ref> बालक राजा [[पृथ्वी वीरविक्रम शाह|पृथ्वीबीरविक्रम]]को हत्या गरी माहिला साहेवज्यू [[नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह]] राजा, जगतजंग राणा श्री ३ महाराज/प्रधानमन्त्री र [[पदमजंग राणा]] प्रधान सेनापति हुने योजना थियो। यो कुराको पोल कामु प्रधानमन्त्री [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] समक्ष पौष २३ गते लेफ्टिनेन्ट उत्तरध्वज भँडारीले खोलिदिए, जो कोतपर्वका कारक मानिएका [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह]]का नाति थिए। पोल खुलेपछि षडयन्त्रमा संलग्न ४३ जना कैद गरिए। जसमा साहेवज्यू नरेन्द्रबिक्रम सहित श्री ३ जंगका छोरा, अन्य भाइभारदाहरु थिए। पोल खोल्ने लेफ्टिनेन्ट उत्तरध्वज भडारीले पछि कर्णेल सम्मको पद पाए। प्राइममिनिस्टर रणोद्दीपसिंह तराईबाट दौडादौड गरि बि.सं १९३८ माघ ४ को मध्यरातमा आफ्नो महलमा दाखिल भए। धीरशमशेरले विद्रोहीहरूलाई भोलिपल्ट बिहान सबेरै नेल, गलफन्दी तथा हतकडीहरूले कसी खर्पनमा बोकाएर प्राइममिनिस्टर रणोद्दीप समक्ष उपस्थित गराए। मुख्य दोषी २३ जनालाई १२ माघ १९३८ मा मृत्युदण्डको सजायँ स्वरुप काठमाडौँका विभिन्न ठाउँमा लगी काटियो। काटिनेहरूमा [[कुपण्डोल]]मा बसोबास गर्ने बिष्ट काजी खलकका ७ जना थिए। तीमध्ये लेफ्टिनेन्ट रणकेशर बिष्टलाई भादगाउँको खस्याङ खुसुङमा काटियो, संखमुलमा कप्तान नरबहादुर बिष्ट र सूर्यप्रताप बिष्ट काटिए। मेजर संग्रामसिँह बिष्ट भाताकोशी र कप्तान भोज बिष्ट टेकुमा काटिए। आफ्नो दाइ जगतजंग राणाले आफ्नो छोरालाई हटाएर देवर राजा हुने भए पछि [[जङ्गबहादुर राणा|जंग]]का छोरी [[ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी]]हरु धीर शमशेरका छोराहरूसँग मिले । === काटिनेहरू === '''१९३८ माघ १२ भादगाउंमा काटिनेहरू'''<ref name="पुरुषोत्तम">{{cite book|last=शम्शेर ज ब राणा|first=पुरुषोत्तम|author-link=पुरुषोत्तम शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|year=२०४७|title=श्री ३ हरुको तथ्य वृत्तान्त|publisher=|url=https://archive.org/details/gzof-shree-3-haruko-tathya-vrittanta-by-purushottam-sha/page/१९८/mode/2up|isbn=|pages=197-200}}</ref> # कप्तान समर विक्रमसिंह थापा # लेफ्टिनेन्ट रनकेशर विष्ट # रणजङ्क थापा <br>'''धोबिखोलामा काटिनेहरू''' # मेजर शमशेरजङ्ग थापा # कप्तान फौदसिह गुरुङ्ग # सुवेदार पहल्मान कार्कि <br>'''संखमूलमा काटिनेहरू''' # कर्णेल इन्द्र सिंह ( श्री ३ जङ्गका साला ) # मेजर सन्सार विक्रम थापा # कप्तान नरबहादुर बिष्ट # लेफ्टिनेन्ट सूर्यप्रताप बिष्ट # इन्सानयेन रणदल काकि <br>'''टेकूमा काटिनेहरू''' # कर्णेल श्री विक्रम थापा (प्र. मन्त्री, [[माथवरसिंह थापा|माथवरसिह]]का नाती ) # कर्णेल अम्वर विक्रमसिंह थापा ) # कप्तान वक्वा र शाही # कप्तान भोज विष्ट <br>'''भाताकोसीमा काटिनेहरू''' # मेजर सङ्ग्रामसूर विष्ट # कप्तान रणध्वज अधिकारी # अजिटन वाँका षत्रि # सुवेदार जगविक्रम पाँडे # छत्रध्वज शाही <br>'''सोहिसाल फागुन बदी २ रोज १ का दिन संखमूलमा काटिनेहरू''' # कर्णेल अमृतसिह्‌ अधिकारी # कर्णेल वीरमानसिह वस्नेत # सुवेदार लोकबहादुर थापा ===मुडिनेहरू === # खजान्ची शिवप्रसाद आर्याल # सुन्बा होमनाथ उपाध्याय # सुब्बा दिग्विजय उपाध्याय # सुब्बा टंकनाथ उपाध्याय # दक्षिणकानाभट्ट स्यामला सङ्ग्रामसूर विष्टलाई भाताकोसीमा पोडेले गर्दनमा खुकुरीले काट्दा धार नलागेबाट होला भनी धारदार खक्रीले काटदा पनि न काटिएत । के कारणले हो भनी तलास गर्दा टुपीमा 'बुटी” बाँधेको स्वच निकाली काटेपछि एके चोटमा पोडेले गर्दन काटी मारे । == परिणाम == * जंगका छोरी [[ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी|ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी]]हरु धीर शमशेरका छोराहरूसँग मिले जसले गर्दा [[४२ सालको पर्व]]को पर्व भयो । * काठमाडौँबाट विस्ट काजीहरु निर्वासित । == चलचित्र == सेतो बाघ<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGjBlXcQD98</ref> == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[नेपालको इतिहासका प्रमुख काण्ड तथा पर्वहरू|नेपालको इतिहासका प्रमुख काण्ड तथा पर्वहरु]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == <references /> == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{ठुटो}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालको राणाकालीन इतिहास]] iw7r5z5ta7wikjjp7j17yoxckvg7xts 1365201 1365200 2026-07-07T08:48:19Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* काटिनेहरू */ 1365201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Military Conflict |conflict=३८ सालको पर्व |image= |caption= |date=वि.सं. १९३८ |place=काठमाण्डौ |cause = रणोद्दीप सिंह , [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] को हत्या षड्यन्त् |result=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह , [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] , बमवीर सिंह चुनार किल्लामा नजरबन्द<br>[[४२ सालको पर्व]] |combatant1= [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]] |combatant2=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह |commander1=रणोद्दीप सिंह , [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] |commander2=नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह<br>[[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] |casualties1=० |casualties2=२३ }} '''३८ सालको पर्व''' भनेको १९३८ मा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजङ]] र [[नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह]]ले प्रधानमन्त्री [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]], प्रधान सेनापति [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]लाई हत्या गर्ने योजना असफल हुँदा भएको दमनको घटना हो। वि.सं. १९३८ पौषमा प्रधानमन्त्री [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]] शिकारको लागि चितवनतर्फ गएको बेलामा जगतजङको नेतृत्वमा नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाहले प्रधानमन्त्री रणोद्दीप सिंह, प्रधान सेनापति [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] र उनका शाखा सन्तान सखाप बनाउने षड्यन्त्र बनाए। त्यसै साल वैशाख ११ मा गद्दीआरोहण गरेका बालक राजा पृथ्वी विक्रम लाई हटाएर श्री ५ मा नरेन्द्रविक्रम शाह, श्री ३ मा जगतजङ र पद्मजङ प्रधान सेनापती हुने षड्यन्त्रको पोल [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह खवास]]का नाति उत्तरध्वज भण्डारीले धीरशमशेरलाई खोले।<ref>{{cite book|title=नेपालको तथ्य इतिहास|author=प्रा. डा. [[राजाराम सुवेदी]]|page=२४३|date=फागुन २०६१|publisher=[[साझा प्रकाशन]]|isbn=99933-2-406-X|url=}}</ref> त्यसपछि नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह, [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]], बमवीर सिंहलाई इलाहावादको चुनार किल्लामा नजरबन्द गरिएको थियो । यसै गरी सुब्बा टंकनाथ र होमनाथ लगायत १० जना बाहुनलाई चारपाटा मुडेर जातिच्युत गरियो भने २३ जनाको हत्या र केहि व्यक्तिको सर्वस्वहरण गरियो ।<ref>सामान्य ज्ञान : भिम राना जिज्ञासु</ref> == पृष्ठभूमि == जंगबहादुरको मृत्यु पछि उनको श्री ३ महाराज र प्रधानमन्त्रीको दुवै पद [[रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर|रणोद्दीप सिंह]]लाई दिलाउन [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]ले जंगबहादुरको मृत्युको समाचार एकदम गोप्य राखे । जंगबहादुरका छोरा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग राणा]] महाराजको मृत्यु पछि छोरा राजा हुनु पर्ने भएकाले, श्री ३ महाराजको पद आफूले पाउनुपर्ने दावी गर्थे। त्यसकारण उनी काका [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]]सँग रिसाएका थिए। == घटना == श्री ३ रणोद्दीप काठमाडौँमा जाडो सुरु भएकाले कान्छा भाइ प्रधान सेनापति धीर शमशेरलाई कायम मुकायम प्रधानमन्त्रीको जिम्मेवारी दिएर वि सं १९३८ पौष ४ मा शिकारको लागि चितवनतर्फ प्रस्थान गरे। रणोद्दीप काठमाडौँ बाहिर गएको मौका पारेर जंगबहादुरका छोरा [[जगतजङ्ग राणा|जगतजंग]]ले श्री ५, श्री ३ र प्रधान सेनापतिको हत्या गरेर शासन सत्ता हातमा लिने योजना बनाएका थिए। यो षड्यन्त्र अनुसार वि सं १९३८ पौष २९ (पौष मसान्त)को रात कमान्डर इनचिफ धीर शमशेर कुँवर राणाको उनकै महलमा काम तमाम गर्ने र यसै दिन बालक राजा श्री ५ पृथ्वीवीरविक्रम शाहलाई पनि आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिई पदच्युत गराई स्वयम् नै महाराजधिराजका रुपमा स्थापित हुने र तेस्रो रोलक्रमका जंगीलाठ जनरल जगतजंग कुँवर राणा लाई प्राइममिनिस्टर तथा श्री ३ महाराजका रुपमा स्थापित गराउने र चौथो रोलक्रमका पद्मजंग कुँवर राणालाई जंगीलाठ बनाउने भन्ने राजकुमार नरेन्द्रविक्रम शाहको समूह को योजना थियो। कमान्डर इनचिफ जनरल धीर शमशेरको हत्यापछि राणा परिवारका अन्य सदस्यका साथसाथै तराई तिर लागेका रणोद्दीपसिंह कुँवर राणाहरू पनि त्यहीँबाटै भागाभाग गर्नेछन् भन्ने यिनीहरूको आकलन थियो। यदि त्यहाँबाट नभागे त्यहीँ नै उनको संहार गर्न भनी यिनीहरूले आफ्ना केही विश्वस्त मानिसहरू तराईतिर पनि खटाइअसकेका थिए।<ref>{{cite book|title=[[अब यस्तो कहिल्यै नहोस्]] |author=[[बाबुराम आचार्य]] |page=२३३ |date=माघ २०७५ |publisher=फाइनप्रिन्ट बुक्स |isbn=978-9937-665-40-7|url=}}</ref> बालक राजा [[पृथ्वी वीरविक्रम शाह|पृथ्वीबीरविक्रम]]को हत्या गरी माहिला साहेवज्यू [[नरेन्द्र बिक्रम शाह]] राजा, जगतजंग राणा श्री ३ महाराज/प्रधानमन्त्री र [[पदमजंग राणा]] प्रधान सेनापति हुने योजना थियो। यो कुराको पोल कामु प्रधानमन्त्री [[धीर शमशेर राणा|धीर शमशेर]] समक्ष पौष २३ गते लेफ्टिनेन्ट उत्तरध्वज भँडारीले खोलिदिए, जो कोतपर्वका कारक मानिएका [[गगनसिंह भण्डारी|गगनसिंह]]का नाति थिए। पोल खुलेपछि षडयन्त्रमा संलग्न ४३ जना कैद गरिए। जसमा साहेवज्यू नरेन्द्रबिक्रम सहित श्री ३ जंगका छोरा, अन्य भाइभारदाहरु थिए। पोल खोल्ने लेफ्टिनेन्ट उत्तरध्वज भडारीले पछि कर्णेल सम्मको पद पाए। प्राइममिनिस्टर रणोद्दीपसिंह तराईबाट दौडादौड गरि बि.सं १९३८ माघ ४ को मध्यरातमा आफ्नो महलमा दाखिल भए। धीरशमशेरले विद्रोहीहरूलाई भोलिपल्ट बिहान सबेरै नेल, गलफन्दी तथा हतकडीहरूले कसी खर्पनमा बोकाएर प्राइममिनिस्टर रणोद्दीप समक्ष उपस्थित गराए। मुख्य दोषी २३ जनालाई १२ माघ १९३८ मा मृत्युदण्डको सजायँ स्वरुप काठमाडौँका विभिन्न ठाउँमा लगी काटियो। काटिनेहरूमा [[कुपण्डोल]]मा बसोबास गर्ने बिष्ट काजी खलकका ७ जना थिए। तीमध्ये लेफ्टिनेन्ट रणकेशर बिष्टलाई भादगाउँको खस्याङ खुसुङमा काटियो, संखमुलमा कप्तान नरबहादुर बिष्ट र सूर्यप्रताप बिष्ट काटिए। मेजर संग्रामसिँह बिष्ट भाताकोशी र कप्तान भोज बिष्ट टेकुमा काटिए। आफ्नो दाइ जगतजंग राणाले आफ्नो छोरालाई हटाएर देवर राजा हुने भए पछि [[जङ्गबहादुर राणा|जंग]]का छोरी [[ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी]]हरु धीर शमशेरका छोराहरूसँग मिले । === काटिनेहरू === '''१९३८ माघ १२ भादगाउंमा काटिनेहरू'''<ref name="पुरुषोत्तम">{{cite book|last=शम्शेर ज ब राणा|first=पुरुषोत्तम|author-link=पुरुषोत्तम शमशेर जङ्गबहादुर राणा|year=२०४७|title=श्री ३ हरुको तथ्य वृत्तान्त|publisher=|url=https://archive.org/details/gzof-shree-3-haruko-tathya-vrittanta-by-purushottam-sha/page/१९८/mode/2up|isbn=|pages=197-200}}</ref> # कप्तान समर विक्रमसिंह थापा # लेफ्टिनेन्ट रनकेशर विष्ट # रणजङ्क थापा <br>'''धोबिखोलामा काटिनेहरू''' # मेजर शमशेरजङ्ग थापा # कप्तान फौदसिह गुरुङ्ग # सुवेदार पहल्मान कार्कि <br>'''संखमूलमा काटिनेहरू''' # कर्णेल इन्द्र सिंह ( श्री ३ जङ्गका साला ) # मेजर सन्सार विक्रम थापा # कप्तान नरबहादुर बिष्ट # लेफ्टिनेन्ट सूर्यप्रताप बिष्ट # इन्सानयेन रणदल काकि <br>'''टेकूमा काटिनेहरू''' # कर्णेल श्री विक्रम थापा (प्र. मन्त्री, [[माथवरसिंह थापा|माथवरसिह]]का नाती ) # कर्णेल अम्वर विक्रम शाह ([[पुष्कर शाह]]का छोरा) # कप्तान वक्वा र शाही # कप्तान भोज विष्ट <br>'''भाताकोसीमा काटिनेहरू''' # मेजर सङ्ग्रामसूर विष्ट # कप्तान रणध्वज अधिकारी # अजिटन वाँका षत्रि # सुवेदार जगविक्रम पाँडे # छत्रध्वज शाही <br>'''सोहिसाल फागुन बदी २ रोज १ का दिन संखमूलमा काटिनेहरू''' # कर्णेल अमृतसिह्‌ अधिकारी # कर्णेल वीरमानसिह वस्नेत # सुवेदार लोकबहादुर थापा ===मुडिनेहरू === # खजान्ची शिवप्रसाद आर्याल # सुन्बा होमनाथ उपाध्याय # सुब्बा दिग्विजय उपाध्याय # सुब्बा टंकनाथ उपाध्याय # दक्षिणकानाभट्ट स्यामला सङ्ग्रामसूर विष्टलाई भाताकोसीमा पोडेले गर्दनमा खुकुरीले काट्दा धार नलागेबाट होला भनी धारदार खक्रीले काटदा पनि न काटिएत । के कारणले हो भनी तलास गर्दा टुपीमा 'बुटी” बाँधेको स्वच निकाली काटेपछि एके चोटमा पोडेले गर्दन काटी मारे । == परिणाम == * जंगका छोरी [[ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी देवी|ललित राजेश्वरी राज्य लक्ष्मी]]हरु धीर शमशेरका छोराहरूसँग मिले जसले गर्दा [[४२ सालको पर्व]]को पर्व भयो । * काठमाडौँबाट विस्ट काजीहरु निर्वासित । == चलचित्र == सेतो बाघ<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGjBlXcQD98</ref> == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[नेपालको इतिहासका प्रमुख काण्ड तथा पर्वहरू|नेपालको इतिहासका प्रमुख काण्ड तथा पर्वहरु]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == <references /> == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{ठुटो}} [[श्रेणी:नेपालको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालको राणाकालीन इतिहास]] l0psrgjxzpmt71k8xhoyek0x1qu7dsj 0 99987 1365170 1321518 2026-07-07T06:23:34Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365170 wikitext text/x-wiki '''पाकिस्तान महिला राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टिम''' अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय फुटबल प्रतियोगिताहरूमा [[पाकिस्तान]]को प्रतिनिधित्व गर्ने महिला फुटबल टिम हो । यो [[पाकिस्तान]] फुटबलको लागि शासकीय निकाय [[पाकिस्तान]] फुटबल संघको नियन्त्रणमा रहेकोे छ । यो [[फिफा]]द्वारा मान्यता प्राप्त र [[एसियाली फुटबल महासङ्घ|एएफसी]]को सदस्य राष्ट्र हो ।<ref name=defence>{{Cite web|title = पाकिस्तान महिला राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टिम!|url = http://defence.pk/threads/this-pakistani-women%25E2%2580%2599s-football-team-is-simply-drop-dead-gorgeous.376723/|website = पाकिस्तान|access-date = 2016-02-02}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160310065137/http://defence.pk/threads/this-pakistani-women%E2%80%99s-football-team-is-simply-drop-dead-gorgeous.376723/ |date=2016-03-10 }}</ref> {{Infobox national football team | Name = पाकिस्तान | Badge = | Nickname = | FIFA Trigramme = PAK | Association = [[पाकिस्तान फुटबल सङ्घ]] | Sub-confederation = [[दक्षिण एसियाली फुटबल सङ्घ|साफ]] (दक्षिण एसिया) | Confederation = [[एसियाली फुटबल महासङ्घ|एएफसी]] (एसिया) | Coach = | Captain = [[हजरा खान]] | Most caps = | Top scorer = | FIFA Rank = {{Nft rank|हाल उपलब्ध छैन|४|date=१ सेप्टेम्बर २०१७}} | FIFA max = १०६ | FIFA max date = मार्च २०१०,२०१३ | FIFA min = १३५ | FIFA min date = सेप्टेम्बर २०१५ | pattern_la1=_whiteborder|pattern_b1=_whitehalfsides|pattern_ra1= _whiteborder | leftarm1=005500|body1=005500|rightarm1=005500|shorts1=005500|socks1=005500 | pattern_la2=_greenborder|pattern_b2=_greensides_2|pattern_ra2=_greenborder | leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=FFFFFF|socks2=FFFFFF | First game = {{flagicon|IND}} [[भारत राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|भारत]] ६–० '''पाकिस्तान''' {{flagicon|PAK}} <br> ([[ढाका]], बङ्गलादेश; ३१ जनवरी २०१०) | Largest win = {{flagicon|Pakistan}} '''पाकिस्तान''' ३–० [[अफगानिस्तान महिला राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|अफगानिस्तान]] {{flagicon|AFG|}} <br> ([[कोक्स बजार]], बङ्गलादेश; १६ डिसेम्बर २०१०) <br> {{flagicon|Pakistan}} '''पाकिस्तान''' ३–० [[माल्दिभ्स राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|माल्दिभ्स]] {{flagicon|MDV}} <br> ([[कोलम्बो]], श्रीलङ्का; १२ सेप्टेम्बर २०१२) | Largest loss = {{flagicon|NEP}} [[नेपाल महिला राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|नेपाल]] १२–० '''पाकिस्तान''' {{flagicon|PAK}} <br> (कोक्स बजार, बङ्गलादेश; १८ डिसेम्बर २०१०) | type=महिला }} ==साफ महिला च्याम्पियनसिप== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:50%;" |- !colspan=10|साफ महिला च्याम्पियनसिप |- !वर्ष !नतिजा !खेलेका खेलहरू !जित !बराबर !हार !गरेका गोलहरू !खाएका होलहरू !गोल अन्तर |- | {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[२०१० साफ महिला च्याम्पियनसिप|२०१०]]||''सेमिफाइनल''||४||२||०||२||५||२१||-१६ |- | {{flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[२०१२ साफ महिला च्याम्पियनसिप|२०१२]]||''समूह चरण''||३||१||०||२||३||१२||-९ |- | style="border: 3px solid red"|{{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[सन् २०१४ साफ महिला च्याम्पियनसिप|२०१४]]||''समूह चरण''||३||१||०||२||५||५||० |- | {{flagicon|India}} [[सन् २०१६ साफ महिला च्याम्पियनसिप|२०१६]]||colspan=8|''प्रभेश हुन असफल'' |- |'''जम्मा'''||३/३||१०||४||०||६||१३||३८||-२५ |} ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[पाकिस्तान राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|पाकिस्तान राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टिम]] ==सन्दर्भ सामाग्री== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== [[श्रेणी:विकिथन-७ मा बनाइएका वा सुधारिएका लेखहरू]] [[श्रेणी:महिला राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोलीहरू]] 4hv51qpau6o2i3w4c9hptrkt0v3ebdh 0 100538 1365208 1364757 2026-07-07T10:21:27Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football match | title = २००२ युइएफए च्याम्पियन्स लिग | image = | image_size = 200 | caption = Match programme cover | event = [[२००१–०२ युइएफए च्याम्पियन्स लिग]] | team1 = [[बायर ०४ लिभरकुसेन]] | team1association = {{flagicon|GER|size=30px}} | team1score = १ | team2 = [[रियल म्याड्रिड]] | team2association = {{flagicon|ESP|size=30px}} | team2score = २ | date = १५ मे २००२ | stadium = हाम्प्डेन पार्क | city = ग्लाज्गो<ref name="hampdenpark">{{cite news |first=सिन |last=स्मिथ|title=ग्लास्गो |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/champions_league/1984838.stm |work=बिबिसी स्पोर्ट्स |publisher=बिबिसी |date=13 May 2002 |accessdate=31 December 2010 }}</ref> | man_of_the_match1a = [[जिनेदीन जिदेन]] (रियल म्याड्रिड)<ref name="attendance"/> | referee = युर्स मियर ([[स्विट्जरल्यान्ड]])<ref name="ursmeier">{{cite journal |first=म्याथ्युज |last=लिन्ड्से |title=Meier the man for job |journal=इभिनिङ टाइम्स |date=13 May 2002 |volume= |issue= |pages=52 |publisher=ProQuest Archiver |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/119493609.html?dids=119493609:119493609&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+13,+2002&author=Matthew;+Lindsay&pub=Evening+Times&desc=Meier+the+man+for+job&pqatl=google |accessdate=31 December 2010 }}{{subscription required}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104221231/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/119493609.html?dids=119493609:119493609&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=May+13,+2002&author=Matthew;+Lindsay&pub=Evening+Times&desc=Meier+the+man+for+job&pqatl=google |date=4 November 2012 }}</ref> | attendance = ५०,४९९<ref name="attendance">{{cite book |year=2017 |chapter=2. Finals |chapter-url=https://www.uefa.com/MultimediaFiles/Download/EuroExperience/competitions/Publications/02/28/56/89/2285689_DOWNLOAD.pdf |chapter-format=पिडिएफ |title=युइएफए च्याम्पियन्स लिगको तथ्याङ्क |location= नियोन , स्विजरल्यान्ड|publisher=युरोपेली फुटबल महासङ्घ |page=1 |access-date=22 April 2017}}</ref> | weather = हल्का बादल, <br />{{convert|15|°C|°F}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wunderground.com/history/airport/EGPF/2002/5/15/DailyHistory.html?req_city=NA&req_state=NA&req_statename=NA|title=मैसमको इतिहास|website=www.wunderground.com}}</ref> | previous = [[२००१ युइएफए च्याम्पियन्स लिग फाइनल|२००१]] | next = [[२००३ युइएफए च्याम्पियन्स लिग फाइनल|२००३]] }} '''२००२ युइएफए च्याम्पियन्स लिग फाइनल''' २००१-२००२ च्याम्पियन्स लिग सिजनको अन्तिम खेल थियो । यो खेला स्विट्जरल्यान्डको ग्लाज्गो सहरमा अवस्थित हम्प्डेन पार्कमा भएको थियो । यो फाइनल खेलमा जर्मनीको बायर ०४ लिभरकुसेन र स्पेनी क्लब रियल म्याड्रिड बिच भएको थियो । यो खेल १५ जुन २००२ मा भएको थियो जसमा रियल म्याड्रिड लिभरकुसेनलाई २ को बिरुद्ध १ गोल अन्तरले हराएको थियो । ==खेलको तथ्याङ्क== {{col-begin}} {{col-3}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+पहिलो हाप<ref name="half time report">{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/ucl/2001/1025482_hr.pdf |title= पहिलो आधा समयको तथ्याङ्क |website=युइएफए डट कम |publisher=युरोपेली फुटबल महासङ्घ |format=पिडिएफ |date=15 May 2002 |access-date=31 December 2010}}</ref> |-पहिलो !width=100 |तथ्याङ्क !width=70 | बायर लिभरकुसेन !width=70 | रियल म्याड्रिड |- |गरेका गोलहरू || १ || २ |- |जम्मा सट || ५ || ६ |- |लक्षमा लागेको सटहरू || ३ || ३ |- |बलमा नियन्त्रण || ४२% || ५८% |- |कर्नक किक || ३ || १ |- |फल || ८ ||१९ |- |अफसाइड || ३ || २ |- |पहेंलो कार्ड || ० || १ |- |रातो कार्ड || ० || ० |} {{col-3}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+दोश्रो हाप<ref name="full time report">{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/newsfiles/ucl/2001/1025482_fr.pdf |title=फुट टाइम रिपोर्ट |website=युइएफए डट कम |publisher=युरोपेली फुटबल महासङ्घ |format=पिडिएफ |date=15 May 2002 |access-date=1 September 2010}}</ref> |- दोस्रो हाप !width=100 |तथ्याङ्क !width=70 | बायर लिभरकुसेन !width=70 | रियल म्याड्रिड |- |गरेका गोल || ० || ० |- |जम्मा सट || ८ || ६ |- |लक्षमा लागेका सटहरू || ३ || ४ |- |बलमा नियन्त्रण || ५४% || ४६% |- |कर्नर किक || ३ || ४ |- |फल || ९ || २५ |- |अफसाइड || ० || ० |- |पहेंलो कार्ड || ० || १ |- |रातो कार्ड || ० || ० |} {{col-3}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |- |+सबै !width=100 |तथ्याङ्क !width=70 | बायर ०४ लिभरमुसेन !width=70 | रियल म्याड्रिड |- |गरेको गोल ||१ || २ |- |जम्मा सट || १३ || १२ |- |लक्षमा लागेका सटहरू || ६ || ९ |- |Ball possession || ४८% || ५२% |- |कर्नर किक || ६ || ५ |- |फल || १७ || ४४ |- |अफसाइड || ३ || ३ |- |पहेंलो कार्ड || ० || २ |- |रातो कार्ड || ० || ० |} {{col-end}} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्री== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20020606170756/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/UCL/INDEX.html २००१–०२ युइएफए च्याम्पियन्स लिग ] युइएफएमा [[श्रेणी:विकिथन-७ मा बनाइएका वा सुधारिएका लेखहरू]] [[श्रेणी:युइएफए च्याम्पियन्स लिगका फाइनलहरू]] nf4n699hd4z778qiqbbk1cpn7559678 0 100978 1365189 1328101 2026-07-07T07:46:10Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 1365189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox news event | title = निर्मला पन्त बलात्कार तथा हत्या | image = | image_name = | image_size = | caption = | date = २०७५ साउन १० | place = [[कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला]], [[भीमदत्त नगरपालिका|भीमदत्त]] | verdict = | sentence= | convictions = |suspects= दीलिपसिंह विष्ट | convicted = | outcome = | reported injuries = | reported death(s) = १ <small>(निर्मला पन्त)</small> २०७५ साउन १० }} '''निर्मला पन्त बलात्कार र हत्या प्रकरण''' नेपालमा भएको र हालसम्म पनि नसुल्झिएको हत्याकाण्डहरू मध्ये एक हो। निर्मला पन्त नेपालको [[कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला]]को [[भीमदत्त नगरपालिका]] वडा नम्बर २ उल्टाखामकी एक १३ वर्षीया बालिका थिइन्। २०७५ साउन १० मा दिन आफ्नो घर नजिकैको एउटा उखुबारीमा [[बलात्कार]] र [[हत्या]] गरिएको अवस्थामा फेला परेकी थिइन् भने उनी त्यसको अघिल्लो दिन हराएकी थिइन्। यस घटनाको समाचार व्यापक रूपमा फैलिएको थियो र यसको चौतर्फी व्यापक आलोचना गरिएको थियो। त्यसपछिका दिन र महिनाहरूमा, सरकार र प्रहरीलाई दबाब दिनका लागि देशभरि विभिन्न न्याय अभियान र सामूहिक विरोध प्रदर्शनहरू आयोजना गरिएका थिए। २०७५ भदौ ७ गते सरकारले उक्त घटनाको लागि एक विशेष छानबीन समिति गठन गरेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web|title=निर्मला हत्याकाण्ड : छानबिन प्रतिवेदन सार्वजनिक (पूर्णपाठ)|url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/news/59343/|language=नेपाली|website=नागरिक दैनिक|date=२०७५ असोज २१|accessdate=२०८३ असार २३}}</ref> छानबिन आयोगले घटनाको अनुसन्धानमा प्रहरीले लापरवाही गरेको प्रतिवेदन दिएको थियो। भदौ ८ गते प्रहरीको विरूद्धमा भएको प्रदर्शनमा गोली लागि थप एक युवकको समेत मृत्यु भएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web|title=निर्मला पन्त हत्या प्रकरण : प्रहरीको गोलीले एक जनाको मृत्यु (अपडेट)|url=https://reportnepal.com/news/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0-4/|language=नेपाली|website=रिपोर्ट नेपाल|date=२०७५ भदौ ८|accessdate=२०८३ असार २३}}</ref> स्थानीय प्रहरी र [[केन्द्रिय अनुसन्धान ब्युरो]]को टोलीले गरेको पहिलो अनुसन्धानको कार्यशैली र आचरणलाई लिएर व्यापक आलोचना भएको थियो। == घटना == निर्मला पन्त [[भीमदत्त नगरपालिका|भीमदत्त]] वडा नम्बर २ की कक्षा नौमा अध्ययनरत विद्यार्थी थिइन्।<ref name=":0" /> २०७५ साउन १० मा उनी आफ्नी साथी रोशनी बमको घरमा पढ्नका लागि निस्किएकी थिइन्।<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2019-09-11 |title=Everything you should know about the Nirmala Pant rape and murder case |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2019/07/25/everything-you-should-know-about-the-rape-and-murder-of-nirmala-pant |access-date= |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=en|archive-date=25 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725235618/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2019/07/25/everything-you-should-know-about-the-rape-and-murder-of-nirmala-pant |url-status=live }}</ref> उनी बिहान ११ बजेतिर आफ्नो घरबाट १.५ किलोमिटर टाढा रहेको बमको घरमा गएकी थिइन्।<ref name="nagarik1" /> उनी दिउँसो ३ बजेतिर त्यहाँबाट निस्किएकी थिइन् र पछि घर फर्किइनन्।<ref name="nagarik1" /> पन्तको परिवारले स्थानीय प्रहरी कार्यालयमा बेपत्ता भएको निवेदन दर्ता गराउन खोजे पनि प्रहरीले उनीहरूलाई भोलिपल्ट बिहान आउन अनुरोध गरेको थियो।<ref name="nagarik1">{{cite web |last=Chhatyal |first=Dil Bahadur |date=2018-07-29 |title=Teenager raped and killed in Kanchanpur |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/teenager-raped-and-killed-in-kanchanpur/ |website=MyRepublica |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=23 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923110933/https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/teenager-raped-and-killed-in-kanchanpur/ |url-status=live }}</ref> साउन ११ मा भीमदत्तनगर वडा नम्बर १८ को निम्बुखेडास्थित बमको घरबाट करिब {{Convert|500|m|ft}} टाढा रहेको पानीले भरिएको उखुबारीमा निर्मलाको नग्न शव फेला परेको थियो।<ref name="nagarik1" /><ref name="kathmandupost1">{{cite web|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-07-29/kanchanpur-tense-after-girls-rape-murder.html|title=Kanchanpur tense after girl's rape, murder|access-date=19 September 2018|archive-date=18 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181018161419/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-07-29/kanchanpur-tense-after-girls-rape-murder.html|url-status=live}}</ref> == अनुसन्धान == सडकको छेउमा रहेको उखुबारीमा निर्मलाको साइकल देखेपछि उनको शव फेला परेको थियो।<ref name="kathmandupost1"/> प्रारम्भिक अनुसन्धानका आधारमा स्थानीय प्रहरीले उनको बलात्कार पछि हत्या गरिएको जनाएको थियो।<ref name="kathmandupost1"/> घटनाको चार दिनपछि कञ्चनपुर पुगेर प्रहरी नायब उपरीक्षक अङ्गुर जिसीको नेतृत्वमा रहेको केन्द्रीय अनुसन्धान ब्युरोको टोलीले अनुसन्धान सुरु गरेको थियो। कञ्चनपुर प्रहरी र सिआईबी टोलीले आफ्नै जेठानको हत्या अभियोगमा ९ वर्ष जेल सजाय भुक्तान गरिसकेका एक ४१ वर्षीय स्थानीय व्यक्ति दिलिपसिंह विष्टलाई मुख्य संदिग्धको रूपमा सार्वजनिक गरेको थियो।<ref name=":0" /> प्रहरीले उनले [[सोधपुछ]]का क्रममा पटक-पटक अपराध स्वीकार गरेको दाबी गरेको थियो।<ref name=":0" /> तर, पीडितको शरीरबाट सङ्कलन गरिएको नमुनासँग उनको [[डिएनए]] मेल नखाएपछि उनलाई २०७५ भदौ २७ मा रिहा गरिएको थियो।<ref name=":0" /> उनी निर्दोष रहेको र वास्तविक अपराधीहरूलाई जोगाउन प्रहरीले उनलाई फसाएको भन्दै निर्मलाको परिवार सहित स्थानीय बासिन्दाहरूले विरोध प्रदर्शन सुरु गरेका थिए।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Bhatta |first=Bhawani |date=2018-09-12 |title=Bista, Bam sisters released |url=http://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/09/12/bista-bam-sisters-released |access-date= |website=The Kathmandu Post |language=English |archive-date=5 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230505052334/https://kathmandupost.com/national/2018/09/12/bista-bam-sisters-released |url-status=live }}</ref> आन्दोलनकारीहरूले उनीहरूलाई पक्राउ गर्न माग गरेपछि भदौ ७ मा बम दिदीबहिनी (रोशनी र बबिता बम) लाई पक्राउ गरिएको थियो। पछि, पर्याप्त प्रमाण नभएको भन्दै प्रहरीले जिल्ला सरकारी वकिल कार्यालयसँगको सल्लाहमा उनीहरूलाई रिहा गरेको थियो। रोशनी बमलाई प्रहरीले माग गरेका बखत उपस्थित हुने सर्तमा र उनकी दिदीलाई ३०,००० रुपैयाँ धरौटीमा रिहा गरिएको थियो।<ref name=":1" /> भदौ ७ देखि कारागार व्यवस्थापन विभागका महानिर्देशक हरिप्रसाद मैनालीको नेतृत्वमा नेपाल सरकारले यस घटनाको छानबिन गर्न एक समिति गठन गरेको थियो। कञ्चनपुरका प्रहरी प्रमुख, प्रहरी उपरीक्षक डिल्लीराज विष्ट र प्रमुख जिल्ला अधिकारी कुमारबहादुर खड्कालाई काठमाडौँ बोलाइएको थियो,<ref name="setopati1">{{cite web |date=2018-08-25 |title=SP Bista to be suspended over mishandling of Nirmala Panta rape case |url=https://setopati.net/political/128910 |website=Setopati |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204102055/http://setopati.net/political/128910 |url-status=live }}</ref> र उनीहरूको स्थानमा नयाँ अधिकारीहरू पठाइएको थियो।<ref name="himalayan1">{{cite web |last=Satyal |first=Ujjwal |date=2018-09-13 |title=Nirmala's parents in capital seeking justice |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nirmala-panta-parents-in-capital-seeking-justice/ |website=The Himalayan Times |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=14 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180914133526/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nirmala-panta-parents-in-capital-seeking-justice/ |url-status=live }}</ref> यस घटनाका कारण [[गृह मन्त्रालय (नेपाल)|गृह मन्त्रालय]]ले डिएसपीहरू ज्ञानबहादुर सेठी र अङ्गुर जिसी, इन्स्पेक्टरहरू एकेन्द्र खड्का र जगदीश भट्ट, तथा प्रहरी सहायक निरीक्षक (असिनी) रामसिंह धामीलाई निलम्बन गरेको थियो।<ref name="kathmandupost4">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-17 |title=New team to scan officers for faulty investigation |url=https://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-09-17/new-team-to-scan-officers-for-faulty-investigation.html |website=The Kathmandu Post |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=18 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918132659/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-09-17/new-team-to-scan-officers-for-faulty-investigation.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=2018-09-16 |title=DIG Dhiru Basnet to lead investigation of rape and murder of Nirmala Panta |url=https://setopati.net/social/130408 |website=Setopati |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204102058/http://setopati.net/social/130408 |url-status=live }}</ref> भदौ ३१ मा पूर्व एसपी डिल्लीराज विष्ट सहित नौ जना प्रहरी अधिकारीहरूसँग घटनाको अनुसन्धानमा उनीहरूको भूमिकालाई लिएर सोधपुछ गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=Basnyat panel grills police officials |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2018-09-18/basnyat-panel-grills-police-officials.html |website=The Kathmandu Post |access-date=19 September 2018 |archive-date=4 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181204005843/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/printedition/news/2018-09-18/basnyat-panel-grills-police-officials.html |url-status=live }}</ref> तथापि, अनुसन्धानलाई कमजोर बनाउन खोज्ने समूहबाट धम्की आएको भन्दै वीरेन्द्र केसीले गृह मन्त्रालयको छानबिन समितिबाट राजीनामा दिएका थिए।<ref name=":1" /> [[नेपाल प्रहरी]]का तत्कालीन प्रवक्ता प्रहरी वरिष्ठ उपरीक्षक (एसएसपी) [[शैलेश थापा क्षेत्री]]का अनुसार थप अनुसन्धानका लागि पीडितको योनि स्राव (भेजाइनल स्वाब)को नमुनासँगै एसपी विष्ट, उनका छोरा र [[भीमदत्त नगरपालिका|भीमदत्त]]का मेयरका भतिजाको डिएनए नमुना सङ्कलन गरिएको थियो, तर कसैको पनि मेल खाएको थिएन।<ref name="kathmandupost4" /> भदौ ३१ मा एसएसपी उत्तम सुवेदीको नेतृत्वमा रहेको तत्कालीन अनुसन्धान समितिको सट्टा प्रहरी नायब महानिरीक्षक (डिआईजी) धीरु बस्न्यातको नेतृत्वमा [[नेपाल प्रहरीले]] नयाँ छानबिन समिति गठन गरेको थियो।<ref name="kathmandupost4" /> सोही दिन तात्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री [[केपी शर्मा ओली]]ले स्थानीय प्रहरीले अनुसन्धानलाई गलत दिशामा मोडेको दाबी गरेका थिए। उनले प्रहरीले या त नक्कली अनुसन्धान गरेको वा अनुसन्धानमा गम्भीर गल्ती गरेको शङ्का व्यक्त गरेका थिए। पन्त परिवार केन्द्र सरकारको ध्यानाकर्षण गराउन ३५ घण्टा बसको यात्रा गरेर कञ्चनपुरबाट [[काठमाडौँ]] आइपुगेका थिए।<ref name="himalayan1" /> असोज २ मा कञ्चनपुरका नयाँ प्रहरी प्रमुख एसपी कुवेर कठायतले कुनै ठोस प्रमाण फेला नपरेको र अनुसन्धान जारी रहेको बताएका थिए। पीडितको शव फेला परेपछि स्थानीय अनुसन्धान अधिकारीहरूले प्रमाण नष्ट गरेको पाइएपछि सरकारले यसअघि नै छानबिन समिति गठन गरिसकेको थियो।<ref name="kathmandupost6">{{cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=Kanchanpur rape and murder case: Investigators still 'clueless' |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-09-18/investigators-still-clueless.html |website=The Kathmandu Post |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=21 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921001516/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-09-18/investigators-still-clueless.html |url-status=live }}</ref> २०७५ भदौ ३१ मा गठित ९ सदस्यीय छानबिन समितिको नेतृत्व सम्हालेका डिआईजी धीरु बस्न्यातले अनुसन्धानलाई पूर्ण रूपमा नयाँ शिराबाट सुरु गरिने बताएका थिए।<ref name="kathmandupost.ekantipur.com">{{cite web |date=2018-09-30 |title=Kanchanpur rape and murder: Probe committee formed under DIG Dhiru Basnyat |url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-09-16/kanchanpur-rape-and-murder-probe-committee-formed-under-dig-dhiru-basnet.html |website=The Kathmandu Post |access-date=20 September 2018 |archive-date=19 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919131530/http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2018-09-16/kanchanpur-rape-and-murder-probe-committee-formed-under-dig-dhiru-basnet.html |url-status=live }}</ref> २०७५ मङ्सिर मा केन्द्रीय अनुसन्धान ब्युरोले काठमाडौँबाट निर्मलाका एक छिमेकीलाई पक्राउ गरेको थियो। सोधपुछका लागि कञ्चनपुरबाट उनका एक साथीलाई पनि ब्युरोमा बोलाइएको थियो। प्रहरी स्रोतका अनुसार तात्कालीन प्रहरी महानिरीक्षक [[सर्वेन्द्र खनाल]] र ब्युरो प्रमुख प्रहरी नायब महानिरीक्षक नीरजबहादुर शाहीले उनीहरूसँग आफैँ सोधपुछ गरेका थिए। प्रहरीका अनुसार उनीहरूले निर्मलाको बलात्कार र हत्या गरेको स्वीकार गरेका थिए।<ref name=":0" /> तर, उनीहरूको डिएनए पनि निर्मलाको भेजाइनल स्वाबबाट सङ्कलन गरिएको नमुनासँग मेल नखाएपछि उनीहरू दुवैलाई रिहा गरिएको थियो। पछि उनीहरूले प्रहरीले आफूहरूलाई यातना दिएको आरोप लगाएता पनि प्रहरीले उक्त आरोपको खण्डन गरेको थियो।<ref name=":0" /> === डिएनए परीक्षण === [[राष्ट्रिय मानव अधिकार आयोग (नेपाल)|राष्ट्रिय मानव अधिकार आयोग]]को प्रतिवेदन अनुसार डिएनए सङ्कलनमा गम्भीर लापरबाही भएको र जसका कारण सही नतिजा आउन नसकेको जनाएको थियो। भेजाइनल स्वाबको तीनवटा पत्रबाट डिएनएको नमुना परीक्षण नली (टेस्ट ट्युब) मा सङ्कलन गरिएको थियो। आयोगको प्रतिवेदनमा नमुना निकाल्दा पर्याप्त मात्रामा डिएनए प्राप्त हुन नसकेको र यो क्षतिग्रस्त समेत भएको हुन सक्ने बताएको थियो। प्रतिवेदनले डिएनए परीक्षणमा अपनाइएको वैज्ञानिक विधिमा पनि त्रुटि पनि औंल्याएको थियो।<ref name=":0" /> आयोगले डिएनए परीक्षण बाहेकका अन्य अनुसन्धान विधिहरू प्रयोग गर्न सिफारिस गरेको थियो। डिएनए अनुसन्धानका लागि गठित जीवन रिजाल नेतृत्वको अर्को प्राविधिक समितिले पनि पीडितको शरीरबाट लिइएको नमुनामा पुरुषको अंश दूषित भएको हुन सक्ने र त्यो वास्तविक अपराधीको नहुन सक्ने निष्कर्ष निकालेको थियो। यसले नमुनामा शुक्रकीट फेला परेको भन्ने प्रयोगशालाको प्रतिवेदनको वैधतामाथि पनि प्रश्न उठाएको थियो। === प्रहरी अधिकारीहरूको निलम्बन र पुनर्बहाली === २०७५ मङ्सिरमा नागरिक समाजको सल्लाहमा निर्मला पन्तकी आमा दुर्गादेवीले यस घटनामा प्रमाण नष्ट गरेको आरोप लगाउँदै आठ जना प्रहरी अधिकारीविरुद्ध किटानी जाहेरी दर्ता गराएकी थिइन्।<ref name="thehimalayantimes.com">{{Cite news |last=Himalayan News Service |title=Durga Devi's U-turn |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/ampArticle/245755 |work=The Himalayan Times}}</ref> २०७५ फागुन मा जिल्ला सरकारी वकिल कार्यालयले कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला अदालतमा ती अधिकारीहरू विरुद्ध संदिग्ध दिलीपसिंह विष्टलाई यातना दिएको र प्रमाण नष्ट गरेको अभियोगमा मुद्दा दायर गरेको थियो। तर, निर्मलाकी आमा दुर्गादेवी पन्तले पछि उक्त जाहेरी फिर्ता लिन निवेदन दिएकी थिइन्। उनले जाहेरीमा राखिएका नामहरूबारे आफूलाई थाहा नभएको खुलासा गरेकी थिइन्।<ref name="thehimalayantimes.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=CHHATYAL |first=DIL BAHADUR |title=Nirmala's mother files complaint against 8 cops for 'destroying evidence' |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/55589/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref> सो निवेदनका बाबजुद आठमध्ये छ जना प्रहरी कर्मचारीलाई तुरुन्तै हिरासतमा लिएर अदालतमा उपस्थित गराइएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Case filed against eight cops for torture, evidence destruction in Nirmala rape and murder case |url=https://kathmandupost.com/karnali-province/2019/03/07/nirmala-pant-rape-and-murder-six-cops-arrested-for-torture-evidence-destruction |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> न्यायाधीश राजेन्द्रकुमार आचार्यको एकल इजलासले छ जना प्रहरी अधिकारीलाई विभिन्न धरौटी रकममा रिहा गर्न आदेश दिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Court releases six cops on bail in Nirmala rape and murder case |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2019/03/14/nirmala-pant-rape-and-murder-court-orders-release-of-six-police-officers-on-bail |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> तत्कालीन प्रहरी उपरीक्षक (एसपी) डिल्लीराज विष्टले पछि कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला अदालतमा आत्मसमर्पण गरेका थिए र अदालतले उनलाई १५ लाख रुपैयाँ धरौटीमा छाड्ने आदेश दिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-19 |title=Suspended SP Bista surrenders in court |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/suspended-sp-bista-surrenders-to-court |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=himalayantimes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Court frees former SP Dilli Raj Bista, an accused in torture and evidence tampering in Nirmala rape and murder, on Rs1.05 million bail |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2019/03/24/court-frees-former-sp-dilli-raj-bista-an-accused in-torture-and-evidence-tampering-in-nirmala-rape-and-murder-on-rs-rs15-million-bail |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref> सीआईबीका डीएसपी अङ्गुर जिसीले पनि पछि अदालतमा आत्मसमर्पण गरेका थिए र अदालतले उनलाई ९ लाख रुपैयाँ धरौटीमा रिहा गरेको थियो। निर्मलाका बुबा यज्ञराज पन्तले अदालतको सो आदेशको स्वागत गरेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-28 |title=Suspended DSP GC freed on bail |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/suspended-dsp-angoor-gc-freed-on-bail |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=himalayantimes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=CHHATYAL |first=DIL BAHADUR |title=Suspended DSP GC surrenders before court |url=http://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/61987/ |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=My Republica |language=en}}</ref> २०७७ साउन मा न्यायाधीश गोपालप्रसाद बास्तोलाको एकल इजलासले ती आठै जना प्रहरी अधिकारीलाई सफाइ दिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|title=निर्मला पन्तको बलात्कार र हत्याकाण्ड झन् रहस्यमय बन्दै, परिवारमाथि प्रहरीकै दबाब|url=http://www.dcnepal.com/-47723|website=डिसी नेपाल|accessdate=५ भाद्र २०७५}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322005938/http://www.dcnepal.com/-47723 |date=2019-03-22 }}</ref> निलम्बित सात अधिकारीहरू काममा फर्किएका थिए भने सेवाबाट बर्खास्त गरिएका डिल्लीराज विष्टलाई पछि पुनर्बहाली गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |last=diwakar |date=2020-12-31 |title=Nirmala Pant murder: Acquitted police officer Bista reinstated - OnlineKhabar English News |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/nirmala-pant-murder-acquitted-police-officer-bista-reinstated.html |access-date=2024-01-05 |language=en}}</ref> === पत्रकार खेम भण्डारीको भूमिका === स्थानीय पत्रिका 'मानसखण्ड'का प्रकाशक तथा प्रधान सम्पादक खेम भण्डारीले निर्मला प्रकरणलाई आफ्नो अनुकूलतामा प्रस्तुत गर्न स्थानीय संवाददाताहरूलाई परिचालन गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Republica |title=Apathy delays justice |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/apathy-delays-justice/ |access-date=5 January 2024 |publisher=Republica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=POLICE ARREST JOURNALISTS BHANDARI, BHATTA OVER NEWS |url=https://nepalpressfreedom.org/main/issue-single/838 |website=Freedom Forum |publisher=Nepal Press Freedom |access-date=5 January 2024}}</ref> उनको समाचारले सार्वजनिक विरोध प्रदर्शनलाई थप उक्साएको थियो र बम दिदीबहिनी (रोशनी र बबिता बम), डिल्लीराजका छोरा आयुष र अन्य विरुद्ध सामाजिक सञ्जालमा एक प्रकारको 'मिडिया ट्रायल' सुरु भएको थियो। उनले निर्मलाकी आमा दुर्गादेवीमाथि 'पैसाका लागि छोरीको न्याय बेचेको' आरोप समेत लगाएका थिए। उनले आफ्नो फेसबुकमा दुर्गादेवीले दिलीप सिंह विष्टलाई अपराधी प्रमाणित गराउन १० लाख रुपैयाँ र एक [[बिघा]] जग्गा लिएको लेखेका थिए।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Subedi |first1=Anjali |title=Durga Devi in digital violence maelstrom |url=https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/durga-devi-in-digital-violence-maelstrom/ |access-date=5 January 2024 |publisher=Republica}}</ref> पछि उनी मुख्य अभियुक्त दिलीपसिंह विष्टका नातेदार भएको खुलेको थियो। कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला बार एसोसिएसनले उनीविरुद्ध अदालतको मानहानी गरेको र अदालतको प्रक्रियामा हस्तक्षेप गरेको आरोपमा मुद्दा दायर गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dhakal |first1=Sabin |title=पत्रकार खेम भण्डारीलाई १ घन्टा जेल हालियो र १ रुपैयाँ जरिवाना पनि तिरायो अदालतले |url=https://pahilopost.com/content/20191119163449.html |access-date=5 January 2024 |publisher=Pahilopost |language=नेपाली}}</ref> उनलाई पक्राउ गरिएङ्को थियो र अदालतले उनलाई मानहानी तथा बलात्कार र हत्याको घटनालाई 'अतिरञ्जित' गरेको र 'भ्रामक समाचार' प्रकाशित गरेको अभियोगमा दोषी ठहर गरेको थियो। अदालतले उनलाई एक घण्टाको जेल सजाय र १ रुपैयाँ जरिवानाको प्रतीकात्मक सजाय सुनाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |last1=PTI |title=Journalist in Nepal Given 1-Hour Jail Term, Fined Re 1 for 'Sensationalising' and Publishing 'Twisted' News |url=https://www.news18.com/news/world/nepali-journalist-gets-1-hour-jail-term-re-1-fine-for-sensationalising-publishing-twisted-news-2393035.html |access-date=5 January 2024 |agency=PTI |publisher=News18}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=RSS |title=Journalist released after 1 hr jail and fine of 1 rupee in Kanchanpur |url=https://www.eadarsha.com/eng/journalist-released-after-1-hr-jail-and-fine-of-1-rupee-in-kanchanpur/ |access-date=5 January 2024 |agency=RSS |publisher=eAdarsha.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Onlinekhabar |title=Morning Starter: Wednesday, November 20, 2019 |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/morning-starter-wednesday-november-20-2019.html |access-date=5 January 2024 |publisher=Onlinekhabar}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Annapurna |title=निर्मला प्रकरण : खेम भण्डारी 'तुच्छ सजाय'मा जेल चलान |url=https://annapurnapost.com/story/141100/ |access-date=5 January 2024 |publisher=अन्नपूर्ण मिडिया नेटवर्क|language=नेपाली}}</ref> ‍ ==== पछिल्ला कानुनी विकासक्रमहरू ==== २०८३ असार १८ मा, कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला प्रहरीले निर्मला पन्त प्रकरणसँग सम्बन्धित मानहानीको मुद्दामा उच्च अदालत दिपायलको महेन्द्रनगर इजलासको फैसला कार्यान्वयनका लागि खेम भण्डारीलाई पक्राउ गरेको थियो। भण्डारीले ''मानसखण्ड'' दैनिक र सामाजिक सञ्जालमा प्रकाशित गरेका सामग्रीहरू मार्फत आफ्नो बेइज्जती गरेको आरोप लगाउँदै किरण विष्टले मानहानीको मुद्दा दायर गरेका थिए। कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला अदालतले २०८२ जेठ १ मा भण्डारीलाई दोषी ठहर गर्दै एक महिना सात दिनको कैद सजाय, १२,१०० रुपैयाँ जरिवाना र १,००,००० रुपैयाँ क्षतिपूर्ति भराउने फैसला सुनाएको थियो। भण्डारीले उक्त फैसला विरुद्ध पुनरावेदन गरे पनि २०८३ चैत २३ मा उच्च अदालत दिपायलको महेन्द्रनगर इजलासले जिल्ला अदालतको फैसलालाई सदर गरेको थियो। अदालतको फैसला कार्यान्वयनका लागि भण्डारीलाई नियन्त्रणमा लिई स्वास्थ्य परीक्षण पश्चात् कञ्चनपुर जिल्ला अदालतमा उपस्थित गराइएको प्रहरीले जनाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|title=निर्मला पन्त प्रकरणमा पुरानो फैसला कार्यान्वयन गर्न पत्रकार खेम भण्डारी पक्राउ |url=https://ekantipur.com/sudurpaschim-pradesh/2026/07/02/journalist-khem-bhandari-arrested-to-enforce-old-verdict-in-nirmala-panta-case-08-04.html|website=कान्तिपुर|language=नेपाली|date=१८ असार २०८३|accessdate=२३ असार २०८३}}</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == * [https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jBzvDf-H6MNd_q0IK3AFjBunN9elJhVy/view?usp=embed_facebook निर्मला पन्तको पोस्टमार्टम प्रतिवेदन, नयाँ पत्रिका (पिडिएफ)] [[श्रेणी:नेपालमा बलात्कार]] [[श्रेणी:कञ्चनपुर जिल्लाका मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नेपालमा महिला विरुद्धको हिंसा]] mjuncqjj78a6cuwe30ww42ny6te64ig 0 102019 1365204 1338080 2026-07-07T10:00:00Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = सेक इट अफ | cover = चित्र:Taylor Swift - Shake It Off.png | alt = | border = yes | type = एकल | artist = [[टेलर स्विफ्ट]] | album = [[१९८९ (टेलर स्विफ्टको एल्बम)|१९८९]] | released = {{Start date|2014|8|18}} | format = {{hlist|सिडि एकल|डिजिटल डाउनलोड}} | recorded = | studio = | venue = | genre = [[पप सङ्गीत|डान्स पप]] | length = {{duration|m=3|s=39}} | label = {{hlist|[[बिग मेसिन रेकर्ड्स|बिग मेसिन]]|[[रिपब्लिक रेकर्ड्स|रिपब्लिक]]}} | writer = {{hlist|टेलर स्विफ्ट|[[म्याक्स मार्टिन]]|[[सेलब्याक (रेकर्ड निर्माता)|सेलब्याक]]}} | producer = {{hlist|म्याक्स मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | prev_title = [[द लास्ट टाइम (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|द लास्ट टाइम]] | prev_year = २०१३ | next_title = [[ब्ल्याङ्क स्पेस (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|ब्ल्याङ्क स्पेस]] | next_year = २०१४ | misc = {{External music video|1={{YouTube|nfWlot6h_JM|"सेक इट अफ"}}}} }} "'''सेक इट अफ'''" अमेरिकी गायिका-गीतकार टेलर स्विफ्ट को गीत हो जुन उनको पाँचौँ स्टुडियो एल्बम [[१९८९ (टेलर स्विफ्टको एल्बम)|१९८९]]का लागि रेकर्ड गराइएको थियो। यस गीत एक डान्स पप सङ्गीतको वरियतामा पर्छ। सेक इट अफलाई एल्बमको छैठौँ र मुख्य सङ्गीतको रूपमा सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो। ==लेखन र बनावट== ==चार्ट प्रस्तुति== ==साङ्गितिक भिडियो== ==अवार्ड== {| class="wikitable" |- ! वर्ष ! संस्था ! अवार्ड ! नतिजा ! सन्दर्भ |- | rowspan=3| २०१५ | rowspan=3| ग्र्यामी अवार्ड | रेकर्ड अफ द इएर | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="billboard">{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/grammys-2015/6465551/grammys-2015-winners-57th-annual|title=२०१५ ग्र्यामी अवार्ड |work=बिलबोर्ड}}</ref> |- |वर्षको उत्कृष्ट सङ्गीत | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="billboard"/> |- |उत्कृष्ट एकल प्रस्तुति | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref name="billboard"/> |- |- | rowspan=3| २०१५ |टप स्ट्रिमिङ भिडियो rowspan=3| बिलबोर्ड म्युजिक अवार्ड | टप स्ट्रिमिङ सङ | {{won}} | "|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/bbma-2015/6524277/billboard-music-awards-2015-finalists |title=बिलबोर्ड म्युजिक अवार्ड - २०१५ |work=बिलबोर्ड |date=April 7, 2015 |accessdate=April 7, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409005544/http://www.billboard.com/articles/events/bbma-2015/6524277/billboard-music-awards-2015-finalists |archivedate=April 9, 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- | टप हट १०० सङ | {{nom}} | "|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/bbma-2015/6524277/billboard-music-awards-2015-finalists |title=बिलबोर्ड म्युजिक अवार्ड |work=बिलबोर्ड |date=April 7, 2015 |accessdate=April 7, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409005544/http://www.billboard.com/articles/events/bbma-2015/6524277/billboard-music-awards-2015-finalists |archivedate=April 9, 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- | टप डिजिटल सङ | {{nom}} | "|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/bbma-2015/6524277/billboard-music-awards-2015-finalists |title=२०१५ - बिलबोर्ड म्युजिक अवार्ड |work=बिलबोर्ड |date=April 7, 2015 |accessdate=April 7, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409005544/http://www.billboard.com/articles/events/bbma-2015/6524277/billboard-music-awards-2015-finalists |archivedate=April 9, 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- | rowspan=13| २०१५ |rowspan=1| टिन च्वाइस अवार्ड | च्वाइस फिमेल आर्टिस्ट | {{nom}} | <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.teenchoice.com/article/winners-of-%E2%80%9Cteen-choice-2015%E2%80%9D-announced |title=२०१५ टिन च्वाइस अवार्डका विजेता |publisher=टिन च्वाइस अवार्ड |date=August 16, 2015 |accessdate=August 17, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150818075858/http://www.teenchoice.com/article/winners-of-%E2%80%9Cteen-choice-2015%E2%80%9D-announced |archivedate=August 18, 2015 |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160320045213/http://www.pressacademy.com/award_cat/2015/ |date=March 20, 2016 }}</ref> |- | रक बर्जुन | बेस्ट फरेन ट्युन | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/musik/rockbjornen/article21237780.ab |title=Nominerade & vinnare i Rockbjörnen 2015 |work=Aftonbladet |accessdate=August 29, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906220450/http://www.aftonbladet.se/nojesbladet/musik/rockbjornen/article21237780.ab |archivedate=September 6, 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- | rowspan=2| रेडियो डिज्नी म्युजिक अवार्ड | वर्षको उत्कृष्ट सङ्गीत | {{nom}} | |- | बेस्ट सङ टु डान्स | {{won}} | |- | आइहर्ट रेडियो म्युजिक अवार्ड | वर्षको उत्कृष्ट सङ्गीत | {{won}} | |- | मिक्स म्युजिक अवार्ड | फेवरेट इन्टरनेसनल भिडियो | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://myxph.com/features/4903/myx-music-awards-2013-nominees-here/ |title=मिक्स अवार्ड |publisher=एमवाइएक्स |accessdate=April 16, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402103410/http://myxph.com/features/4903/myx-music-awards-2013-nominees-here/ |archivedate=April 2, 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- | न्युसभिल गीतकार सङ्घ | टप १० सङ आइवुड ह्याभ रिटन | {{won}} | <ref>{{cite web |title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - आर्टिस्ट अफ द इएर |url=http://nashvillegab.com/2015/10/taylor-swift-earns-7th-songwriterartist-of-the-year-award.html |accessdate=October 11, 2015 |publisher=न्युसभिल गीतकार सङ्घ |date=October 11, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013085805/http://nashvillegab.com/2015/10/taylor-swift-earns-7th-songwriterartist-of-the-year-award.html |archivedate=October 13, 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013085805/http://nashvillegab.com/2015/10/taylor-swift-earns-7th-songwriterartist-of-the-year-award.html |date=October 13, 2015 }}<br/>{{cite web |title=टप १० सङ आइवुड ह्याभ रिटन |url=http://www.nashvillesongwriters.com/ten-songs-i-wish-i%E2%80%99d-written |accessdate=March 5, 2016 |publisher=न्युसभिल गीतकार सङ्घ |date=October 11, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305193638/http://www.nashvillesongwriters.com/ten-songs-i-wish-i%E2%80%99d-written |archivedate=March 5, 2016 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305193638/http://www.nashvillesongwriters.com/ten-songs-i-wish-i%E2%80%99d-written |date=March 5, 2016 }}</ref> |- | निकलोडियन किड च्वाइस अवार्ड | वर्षको उत्कृष्ट सङ्गीत | {{nom}} | |- | पिपुल्स च्वाइस अवार्ड | लोकप्रिय सङ्गीत | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=मनोनयन र विजेताहरू |url=http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/?year=2014 |publisher=पिपुल्स च्वाइस अवार्ड |accessdate=June 22, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306195635/http://www.peopleschoice.com/pca/awards/nominees/?year=2014 |archivedate=March 6, 2016 |df= }}</ref> |- | लस प्रिमोस ४० प्रिन्सिपल्स | बेस्ट इन्टरनेसनल भिडियो | {{nom}} | <ref>{{cite web|title=२०१५ - लस प्रिमोस ४० प्रिन्सिपल्स |url=http://los40.com/especiales/premios-40-principales/2015/ |website=लस प्रिमोस ४० प्रिन्सिपल्स |accessdate=October 16, 2015 |language=स्पेनी |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013233528/http://los40.com/especiales/premios-40-principales/2015/ |archivedate=October 13, 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- | rowspan=3| बिएमआइ अवार्ड |- | अवार्ड-विनिङ सङ | {{won}} | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bmi.com/news/entry/2016_bmi_pop_awards |title=बिएमआइ अवार्डका विजेता र मनोनयनहरू |publisher=ब्रोडकास्ट म्युजिक |accessdate=May 11, 2016 |date=May 11, 2016 |deadurl=no 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[[File:Septuple platinum record icon.svg|30px|center]]<ref>{{cite web|language=en|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/SingleAccreds2015.htm|title=एरिया एकल चार्ट|publisher=एरिया|date=३१ जनवरी २०१७}}</ref> |- | {{AUT}} (आइएफपीआइ अस्ट्रिया) | गोल्ड [[File:Gold record icon.svg|30px|center]]<ref>{{cite web|language=जर्मन|url=http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - सेक इट अफ|publisher=आइएफपीआइ अस्ट्रिया|date=२७ अगस्ट २०१६}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216161149/http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin |date=2008-12-16 }}</ref> |- | {{CAN}} (म्युजिक क्यानडा) | ६× प्लेटिनम [[File:Sextuple platinum record icon.svg|30px|center]]<ref>{{cite web|language=en|url=http://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?fwp_gp_search=Shake+It+Off%20Taylor+Swift|title=म्युजिक क्यानडा- टेलर स्विफ्ट (सेक इट अफ) |publisher=म्युजिक क्यानडा|date=३१ जनवरी २०१७}}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[डेनमार्क]] (आइएफपीआइ डेनमार्क) | गोल्ड [[File:Gold record icon.svg|30px|center]]<ref>{{cite 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web|language=जापानी|url=http://aramajapan.com/chart/the-recording-industry-association-of-japan-releases-its-digital-certifications-for-october/52344/|title=一般社団法人 日本レコード協会｜各種統計|publisher=आरआइएजे|date=३१ जनवरी २०१७}}</ref> |- | {{MEX}} (एम्प्रोफन) | गोल्ड [[File:Gold record icon.svg|30px|center]]<ref>{{cite web|language=स्पेनी|url=http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones-amprofon.php?disquera=&anio=2014&tipoAlbum=12&tipoCertificacion=1&aniocer=2014&key=Taylor+Swift|title=प्रमाणपत्र|publisher=एम्प्रोफन|date=३१ जनवरी २०१७}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306032236/http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones-amprofon.php?disquera= |date=2016-03-06 }}</ref> |- | {{NZL}} (आरआइएएनजेट) | ३× प्लेटिनम [[File:Triple platinum record icon.svg|30px|center]]<ref>{{cite web|language=en|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=3854|title=टप ४० एकल|publisher=रेकर्डङ् म्युजिक एनजेट|date=३१ जनवरी २०१७}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218121249/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/singles?chart=3854 |date=2015-02-18 }}</ref> |- | {{GBR}} (बिपिआइ) | प्लेटिनम [[File:Platinum record icon.svg|30px|center]]<ref>{{cite web|language=en|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards/search.aspx|title=अवार्ड|publisher=बिपिआइ|date=३१ जनवरी २०१७}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801142929/http://www.bpi.co.uk/certified-awards/Search.aspx |date=2017-08-01 }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|SWE}} [[स्विडेन]] (जीएलएफ) | प्लेटिनम [[File:Platinum record icon.svg|30px|center]]<ref>{{cite web|language=स्वेडिस|url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/netdata/ghl002.mbr/artdata?dfom=20140822&sart=4411676|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट — सेक इट अफ|publisher=जीएलएफ|date=३१ जनवरी २०१७}}</ref> |- | {{SUI}} (आइएफपीआइ स्विजरल्यान्ड) | प्लेटिनम [[File:Platinum record icon.svg|30px|center]]<ref>{{cite web|language=en|url=http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Taylor+Swift+Shake+It+Off|title=टेलर 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scope="row" rowspan="2"| {{USA}} | बिग मेसिन | <ref name="amazon">{{cite web|title=सेक इट अफ&nbsp;– टेलर स्विफ्ट|url=https://www.amazon.com/Shake-It-Off-Taylor-Swift/dp/B00MUGV98Y|publisher=अमेजन|accessdate=August 20, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905104527/http://www.amazon.com/Shake-It-Off-Taylor-Swift/dp/B00MUGV98Y|archivedate=September 5, 2014}}</ref><br /><ref>{{cite web|title=सेक इट अफ - टेलर स्विफ्ट |url=https://www.amazon.com/Shake-It-Off/dp/B00MUGVDJ4|publisher=अमेजन|accessdate=September 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904125618/http://www.amazon.com/Shake-It-Off/dp/B00MUGVDJ4|archivedate=September 4, 2014}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2"|कन्टेम्पोररी हिट रेडियो | {{hlist|बिग मेसिन|रिपब्लिक}} | <ref name="radio">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Rxzidh9l?url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |title=टा ४० सङ |publisher=अल एक्सेस म्युजिक ग्रुप |archivedate=August 20, 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103221501/https://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |date=January 3, 2019 }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{UK}} | २५ अगस्ट २०१४ | rowspan="2"| बिग मेसिन | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/playlist |title=बिबिसी रेडियो १ |publisher=बिबिसी रेडियो |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6S5ZjfRw2?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio1/playlist |archivedate=August 25, 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| {{USA}} | ११ सेप्टेम्बर २०१४ | rowspan="2"|सिडि एकल | |- ! scope="row"| {{GER}} | १० अक्टोबर २०१४ | युनिभर्सल | |- |} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्री== {{reflist}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== * [https://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/taylorswift/shakeitoff.html सेक इट अफ गीतको सार] ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== {{टेलर स्विफ्टका गीतहरू}} [[श्रेणी:टेलर स्विफ्टका गीतहरू]] [[श्रेणी:टेलर स्विफ्टद्वारा लिखित गीतहरू]] 261xo0ab8bjkthhfvmoc69fp9wttmwb 0 102320 1365207 1362536 2026-07-07T10:21:02Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album | name = १९८९ | type = स्टुडियो एल्बम | artist = [[टेलर स्विफ्ट]] | cover = Taylor Swift - 1989.png | border = yes | alt = | released = {{start date|2014|10|27}} | recorded = २०१३–१४ | venue = | studio = | genre = {{hlist|[[पप सङ्गीत|पप]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://consequenceofsound.net/2014/10/album-review-taylor-swift-1989/|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट&nbsp;– १९८९&nbsp;– एल्बम|work=कन्सिकोन्सेस अफ साउन्ड|accessdate=February 7, 2015}}</ref>|[[पप सङ्गीत|डान्स-पप]]|[[पप सङ्गीत|सिन्थ-पप]]}} | length = {{duration|m=48|s=41}} | label = [[बिग मेसिन रेकर्ड्स|बिग मेसिन]] | producer = {{hlist|म्याक्स मार्टिन|टेलर स्विफ्ट|ज्याक एन्टोनअफ|नेथन चापम्यान|इमोजीन हिप|जर्ज क्रिस्टिन|म्याथ्युज एण्ड रोबिन|अली प्यामी|सेलब्याक|रायन टेडर|}} | prev_title = [[रेड (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|रेड]] | prev_year = २०१२ | next_title = [[रेपुटेसन (टेलर स्विफ्टको एल्बम)|रेपुटेसन]] | next_year = २०१७ | misc = {{Singles | name = १९८९ | type = स्टुडियो | single1 = [[सेक इट अफ (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|सेक इट अफ]] | single1date = १८ अगस्ट २०१४ | single2 = [[ब्ल्याङ्क स्पेस (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|ब्ल्याङ्क स्पेस]] | single2date = १० नोभेम्बर २०१४ | single3 = [[स्टाइल (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|स्टाइल]] | single3date = ९ फेब्रुअरी २०१५ | single4 = [[ब्याड ब्लड (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|ब्याड ब्लड]] | single4date = १७ मे २०१५ | single5 = [[वाइल्डेस्ट ड्रिम्स (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|वाइल्डेस्ट ड्रिम्स]] | single5date = ३१ अगस्ट २०१५ | single6 = [[आउट अफ द उड्स (गीत)|आउट अफ द उड्स]] | single6date = ५ फेब्रुअरी २०१६ | single7 = [[न्यू रोमान्टिक (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|न्यू रोमान्टिक]] | single7date = २३ फेब्रुअरी २०१६ }} }} "'''१९८९'''" अमेरिकी गायिका तथा गीतकार [[टेलर स्विफ्ट]]को पाँचौँ स्टुडियो एल्बम हो जुन [[बिग मेसिन रेकर्ड्स|बिग मेसिन]] रेकर्डस् द्वरा २७ अक्टोबर २०१४ मा सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो। स्विफ्टले उनको चौँथो स्टुडियो एल्बमको [[रेड (टेलर स्विफ्टको एल्बम)|रेड]]को सार्वजनिक पछि यस एल्बमको लागि गीतहरू रेकर्ड गर्न सुरु गरेकी थिइन्। दुई वर्षको अवधिमा स्विफ्टले म्याक्स मार्टिन, सेलब्याक र अन्य रेकर्ड निर्मातासँग सहकार्य गर्दै एल्बमका लागि गीत रेकर्ड गराउन सुरु गरेकी थिइन्। यस एल्बमको शीर्षक स्विफ्टको जन्म वर्षको आधारमा राखिएको थियो र यस एल्बममा समावेश गरिएका सङ्गीत १९८० को दशकका पप सङ्गीतहरू द्वारा प्रेरित भएको थियो। एल्बमले स्विफ्टको पछिल्लो एल्बममा समावेश गरिएका कन्ट्रि सङ्गीतबाट प्रस्थानको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्दछ र स्विफ्ट द्वारा उनको पहिलो दस्तावेज आधिकारिक पप एल्बम को रूपमा वर्णन गरिएको छ। १९८९ एल्बमका गीतहरूमा वाद्ययन्त्रका रूपमा विषेश गरी ड्रम प्रोग्रामिङ, सिन्थेसाइजर्स, पुलसटिङ बेस, गीतारहरूको प्रयोग गरिएको छ। १९८९ ले समकालीन सङ्गीत आलोचकहरूबाट सामान्यतया सकारात्मक समीक्षा प्राप्त गर्‍यो र यसलाई बिलबोर्ड, टाइम, र रोलिङ स्टोन सहित विभिन्न प्रकाशनहरू द्वारा २०१४ को सर्वश्रेष्ठ एल्बमहरूको रूपमा वर्णन गरियो। १९८९ ले संयुक्त राज्यमा १.२८७ मिलियन प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री गर्‍यो भने एल्बम सार्वजनिक भएको पहिलो हप्ता एल्बम बिलबोर्ड २०० एल्बम चार्टको शीर्ष स्थानमा आउन सफल भएको थियो। एल्बम सन् २०१४ मा संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाको सर्वाधिक बिक्री हुन सफल एल्बमको रूपमा स्थापित भयो भने डिसेम्बर २०१७ सम्म एल्बमका कुल ६.११ मिलियन प्रतिलिपीहरू विश्व व्यापी रूपमा बिक्री भएको थियो। एल्बमका १०.१ मिलियन प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री हुने क्रममा गीतका सात एकल सङ्गीतहरू सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो जसमा [[ब्ल्याङ्क स्पेस (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|ब्ल्याङ्क स्पेस]], [[सेक इट अफ (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|सेक इट अफ]] र [[ब्याड ब्लड (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|ब्याड ब्लड]] गरी तीन गीतहरू [[बिलबोर्ड हट १००]]को शीर्ष स्थानमा आउन सफल भएका थिए र त्यस्तै गरी [[स्टाइल (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|स्टाइल]] र [[वाइल्डेस्ट ड्रिम्स (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|वाइल्डेस्ट ड्रिम्स]] बिलबोर्डको शीर्ष दशमा र [[आउट अफ द उड्स (गीत)|आउट अफ द उड्स]]ले शीर्ष २० मा स्थान सुरक्षित गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|last1=कल्टफिल्ड|first1=केथ|title=सन् २०१७ का उत्कृष्ट एल्बमहरू|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/8085932/ed-sheeran-divide-nielsen-music-top-album-2017|work=बिलबोर्ड म्यागेजिन|accessdate=January 5, 2018|date=January 3, 2018}}</ref> एल्बममा पहिलो पाँच एकलले अमेरिकी रेकर्डिङ उद्योग सङ्घ द्वरा विभिन्न प्रमाणपत्रहरू प्राप्त गरेको थियो। यस एल्बमले सन् २०१६ को वर्षको उत्कृष्ट एल्बमको रूपमा ग्र्यामी अवार्ड जित्न सफल भयो जसले गर्दा स्विफ्ट दुईपटक ग्र्यामी अवार्ड जित्ने पहिलो महिला कलाकार बनिन्। ==पृष्ठभूमि== स्विफ्टले उनको चौँथो स्टुडियो एल्बम रेड २२ अक्टोबर २०१२ मा सार्वजनिक गरेकी थिइन्। यस एल्बमले स्विफ्टको साङ्गीतिक शैली र लेखन शैलीमा परिवर्तन ल्याएको थियो।<ref name="yahoo1">{{cite web|last=विलमेन|first=क्रिस|url=http://music.yahoo.com/blogs/our-country/scott-borchetta-taylor-tim-martina-band-perry-personalized-005314825.html|title=बिग मेसिन रेकर्ड्स|website=याहु! सङ्गीत|date=June 13, 2012|accessdate=July 1, 2012}}</ref> रेड एल्बमले व्यापारिक हिसाबमा निकै सफलता प्राप्त गरेको थियो भने एल्बम सार्वजनिक भएको पहिलो हप्ता एल्बम बिलबोर्ड २०० एल्बम चार्टको शीर्ष स्थानमा आउन सफल भयो र पहिलो हप्तै एल्बमका १.२१ मिलियन प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री भएका थियो जुन दशकको इतिहासम‌ै सबैभन्दा उच्च बिक्री थियो र त्यसले गर्दा स्विफ्ट दुईवटा एल्बमले सार्वजनिक भएकै अर्को हप्ता १ मिलियन भन्दा बढि प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री गर्‍यो जसले गर्दा स्विफ्ट पहिलो महिला कलाकार बन्न सफल भइन्।<ref>{{cite news|author=|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2012/oct/18/taylor-swift-want-believe-pretty-lies|title=टेलर स्विफ्टका केही भनाइहरू|work=द गार्डियन|accessdate=October 23, 2012|location=लण्डन|date=October 18, 2012}}</ref><ref name="slantmagazine.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.slantmagazine.com/music/review/taylor-swift-red/2900|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट: रेड &#124; |work=स्लन्ट म्यागेजिन|accessdate=February 25, 2013}}</ref> एल्बमको बिक्री र प्रचारप्रसार गर्न स्विफ्टले विश्व भ्रमण गरेकी थिइन् जुन मार्च देखि सेप्टेम्बर २०१३ सम्म सञ्चालनमा रहेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/474400/taylor-swifts-red-sells-121-million-biggest-sales-week-for-an-album-since-2002|title=स्विफ्टको रेड एल्बमको पहिलो हप्तै १.२१ मिलियन प्रतिलिपी बिक्री|work=बिलबोर्ड|date=September 14, 2009|accessdate=November 7, 2012}}</ref> विश्व भ्रमणका क्रममा स्विफ्टले उत्तर अमेरिका, न्युजिल्यान्ड, अस्ट्रेलिया, इङल्याण्ड, जर्मनी र एसियाका केही मुलुकहरूमा साङ्गीतिक कार्यक्रम आयोजना भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://theboot.com/taylor-swift-2014-red-tour-dates-asia/|title=स्विफ्टले सन् २०१४ मा एसियाका केही मुलुकहरूमा साङ्गीतिक कार्यक्रमहरू गर्ने|website=द बुट|date=February 13, 2014|accessdate=April 3, 2014}}</ref> रेडको विश्व भ्रमणमा स्विफ्टको रोमान्टिक जीवन मिडियाको सुश्म परीक्षणको विषय बनेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|author=|url=http://gawker.com/5965470/who-has-taylor-swift-dated-a-brief-history-of-all-the-men-in-the-universe|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - रेड एल्बम|website=ग्वेकर|date=November 19, 2012|accessdate=November 17, 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131117022847/http://gawker.com/5965470/who-has-taylor-swift-dated-a-brief-history-of-all-the-men-in-the-universe|archivedate=November 17, 2013|df=}}</ref> रेड एल्बमको विश्व भ्रमण सकिएपछि स्विफ्टले १९८९ एल्बमको लागि गीतहरू रेकर्ड गराउनु सुरु गरेकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite news|last=च्याङ|first=बी|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/17/fashion/for-taylor-swifts-image-erosion-is-a-danger.html?_r=0|work=द न्यूज टाइम्स|accessdate=June 10, 2013|date=March 15, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Talbott">{{cite news|last=टलबोट|first=क्रिस|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/taylor-swift-talks-next-album-cmas-and-ed-sheeran|title=टेलर स्विफ्टको आउँदै एल्बम|agency=एसोसियटेड प्रेस|date=October 12, 2013|accessdate=August 19, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131026093555/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/taylor-swift-talks-next-album-cmas-and-ed-sheeran |date=October 26, 2013 }}</ref> ==लेखन र रेकर्डिङ== [[File:Jungle City Studios.jpeg|thumb|जङ्गल सिटी स्टुडियो जहाँ एल्बमका केही गीतहरू रेकर्ड गरिएको थियो।]] स्विफ्टको चौँथो स्टुडियो एल्बम रेडको सार्वजनिक पछि स्विफ्ट ६ महिना सम्म गीत लेखनका तल्लीन भएकी थिइन्। नोभेम्बर २०१३ मा स्विफ्टले बिलबोर्डलाई बताए अनुसार स्विफ्टले भनिन् ,"त्यहाँ सात वा आठ गीतहरू छन् जुन मलाई थाहा छ म रेकर्ड गर्न चाहन्छु"।<ref>{{cite web|last1=|first1=जेसन|last2=कल्टफिल्ड|first2=केथ|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/5800742/taylor-swift-talks-next-album-at-amas-we-got-a-lot-already#orz0YlbTrebdscmh.99|work=बिलबोर्ड|accessdate=August 19, 2014|date=November 25, 2013}}</ref> एल्बमको प्रचारप्रसारका क्रममा स्विफ्टले भनिन् कि उनी दैनिक उठ्दा खेरि पहिला बनाएको सङ्गीत भन्दा नयाँ शैली बनाउन आवश्यक छ भन्ने कुरा गर्थिन। स्विफ्टले सन् २०१५ को एक अन्तरबार्तामा भनिन् कि उनले एक पप एल्बम बनाएकामा उनी निकै खुसी र गर्भ गर्छिन्।<ref name="Slam">{{cite web|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट|url=http://www.accesshollywood.com/taylor-swift-slams-hackers-nude-photo-claims_article_103356|website=एक्सेस हलिउड |publisher=एनबीसी युनिभर्स, Inc|accessdate=January 30, 2015|date=January 28, 2015}}</ref> गीतको रेकर्डिङ लस एन्जलसको कोनवे स्टुडियो, न्यु योर्कको जङ्गल सिटी स्टुडियो, ब्रोक्लेनको लेम्बीज् हाउस स्टुडियो, स्टकहोमको एमएक्सएम स्टुडियो, न्यासभिलको आर्ट स्टुडियो, गोटबर्गको स्टुडियो इलिभेटर नोबडि र हाइटअवे स्टुडियोमा भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |title=१९८९|others=टेलर स्विफ्ट|year=२०१४|type=कम्प्याक्ट डिस्क लिनियर नोट्स|publisher=बिग मेसिन रेकर्ड्स}}</ref> फेब्रुअरी २०१४ मा स्विफ्टले एकपटक पुन सेलब्याक र म्याक्स मार्टिनसँग सहकार्य गर्ने खुलाएकी थिइन् जोसँग पहिलानै स्विफ्टले रेड एल्बमका तीन गीतहरूको लेखनमा साझेदार गरेकी थिइन्।<ref name="ootw">{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/taylor-swift-reveals-five-things-to-expect-on-1989-20140916|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ |work=रोलिङ स्टोन|publisher=विनर मिडिया एलएलसी|date=September 16, 2014|accessdate=September 16, 2014}}</ref> १९८९ एल्बमका गितहरूमा भने उनीहरूको टोलीले ५ भन्दा बढी गीतहरू रचना गरेको थियो। यस एल्बममा स्विफ्टका साथी ज्याक एन्टोनअफ र रायन टेडरले पनि स्विफ्टसँग सहकार्य गरेका थिए। एन्टोनअफले स्विफ्टलाई लेखन र गीत निर्माण गर्न सहयोग गरेका थिए भने उनीहरूले "आउट अफ द उड्स" , "आइ व्इस यु वुड" र "यु आर इन लभ" गीतका सहयोग गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1969054/taylor-swift-welcome-to-new-york/|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - वेलकम टू न्यु योर्क|last=वाकर|first=जोन|date=October 20, 2014|website=एमटिभी न्युज|accessdate=October 26, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107012916/http://www.mtv.com/news/1969054/taylor-swift-welcome-to-new-york/ |date=November 7, 2017 }}</ref> एन्टोनअफले एक ट्र्याक उनको आइफोनमा रेकर्ड गराएका थिए जुन पछि "आइ व्इस यु उड" बनेको थियो। टेलर र स्विफ्टले दुई गीतहरू लेखे जसमा "[[वेलकम टू न्यु योर्क (गीत)|वेलकम टू न्यु योर्क]] र "आइ न्यू दिस प्लेस" रहेका छन्।<ref>{{cite web|author1=|title=रायन टेडर र टेलर स्विफ्ट - आइ नु प्लेस|url=http://www.at40.com/news-article/taylor-swift-gives-details-on-recording-i-know-places-with-ryan-tedder/33459|website=एटी४० डटकम|publisher=एटी४०|accessdate=January 22, 2015|date=October 20, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119234653/http://www.at40.com/news-article/taylor-swift-gives-details-on-recording-i-know-places-with-ryan-tedder/33459|archivedate=January 19, 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150119234653/http://www.at40.com/news-article/taylor-swift-gives-details-on-recording-i-know-places-with-ryan-tedder/33459 |date=January 19, 2015 }}</ref> सेप्टेम्बर २०१४ मा स्विफ्टले रोलिङ स्टोनलाई बताए अनुसार उनको १९८९ मा रहेको एक गीत उनको दैनिक विवरण र समाचारबाट बनाइएको हो तर तात्कालिक समय सम्म गीतको शीर्षक सार्वजनिक गरिएको थिएन्। स्विफ्टले एक अन्तरबार्ता बताएका अनुसार उक्त गीत "[[आउट अफ द उड्स (गीत)|आउट अफ द उड्स]] रहेको थियो। एन्टोनअफका अनुसार आउट अफ द उड्स गीतको एक भाग पढ्दा एक डायरीको कथा जस्तो लाग्छ भने यसमा लगभग १००,००० मानिसहरूको आवाज सुनिन्छ। आउट अफ द उड्स गीत स्विफ्टले पहिलो पटक एन्टोनअफले पहिलानै बनाएको सङ्गीतमा गीत लेखेकी थिइन्।<ref name="usa">{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2014/10/14/taylor-swift-out-of-the-woods/17228091/|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - आउट अफ द उड्स|date=October 14, 2014|newspaper=युएसए टुडे|accessdate=October 15, 2014|first=ब्रायन|last=मेन्सफिल्ड}}</ref> ==सङ्गीत== स्विफ्टले १८ अगस्ट २०१४ मा एल्बमको घोषणा गरेकी थिइन् भने उनले उक्त एल्बम एक पप एल्बम हुने पनि जानकारी गराएकी थिइन्।<ref name="auto1">टेलर स्विफ्ट: अन्तरबार्ता, "१९८९ एल्बम" १० अक्टोबर २०१४. १२:४४. (लण्डन) किस एफएम (युके)</ref> यस एल्बममा समावेश गरिएका सबै गीतहरू १९८० दशकको [[पप सङ्गीत|पप]] सङ्गीतबाट प्रेरित भएका थिए। साङ्गीतिक हिसाबले १९८९ एल्बम एक सिन्थ पप र डान्स पप एल्बम हो।<ref name="Graham">{{cite news|first=एडम|last=ग्राम|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट कसरी पप सङ्गीत क्षेत्रमा छाइन्?|date=May 27, 2015|url=http://www.detroitnews.com/story/entertainment/music/2015/05/27/taylors-world-swift-became-pops-reigning-queen/27989861/|newspaper=द डिट्रोयट न्युज|accessdate=June 30, 2015}}</ref><ref name="South Florida Sun-Sentinel">{{cite web|url=http://www.sun-sentinel.com/teenlink/music/fl-tl-teenlink-review-1989-taylor-swift-20141120-story.html|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९|author=|date=November 20, 2014|work=सन|accessdate=February 7, 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170825105049/http://www.sun-sentinel.com/teenlink/music/fl-tl-teenlink-review-1989-taylor-swift-20141120-story.html |date=August 25, 2017 }}</ref> एल्बममा मार्टिन द्वरा जुटाएका ड्रम्स र सिन्सेसाइजरहरू समावेश गरिएको छ भने अन्य [[रेकर्ड निर्माता]]हरूले गीतार, किबोर्ड र पियानोको प्रयोग गरेका छन्। किस एफएम (युके)सँगको एक अन्तरबार्तामा स्विफ्टले बताएकी छन् कि १९८९ एल्बमको नाम उनको जन्म वर्षबाट साभार गरिएको थियो। सेप्टेम्बरमा रोलिङ स्टोन म्यागेजिनसँग बताए अनुसार स्विफ्टलाई उक्त एल्बममा मार्टिन, [[न्युयोर्क सहर|न्यु योर्क सहर]], फाइन योङ केनीबल्स र अनुसन्धनात्मक भावनाले उनको एल्बमलाई टेवा मिलि रहेको छ।<ref name="curve">{{cite journal|title=१९८९ एल्बम|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6289405/taylor-swift-1989-album-review|journal=बिलबोर्ड|date=October 24, 2014|first=जेम|last=अस्वाड|accessdate=November 5, 2014}}</ref> अनुसन्धानको सम्बन्धमा स्विफ्टले १९८० को दशकका पप सङ्गीतहरूको वर्णन गरेकी छन्।<ref name="likeaprayer">{{cite web|first=जोस|last=इलिस|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/taylor-swift-1989-cover-story-20140908|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट|date=September 8, 2014|work=रोलिङ स्टोन|accessdate=March 22, 2016}}</ref> साङ्गीतिक हिसाबले हेर्दा खेरि १९८९ एल्बम १९८९ को दशकमा सार्वजनिक भएका स्विफ्टलाई मनपर्ने केही एल्बमहरू र गीतहरू छन् जसमा एनी लेनोक्स, फिल कोलिन्सका गीत र [[म्याडोना (मनोरञ्जनकर्मी)|म्याडोना]]को ''लाइक अ प्रेअर-एरा'' पर्छन्। २०१४ अक्टोबरमा एक गीतकारले बताए अनुसार गीतको बोल र गीतमा समावेश गरिएका शब्दहरू १९८९ एल्बम सार्वजनिक हुनुभन्दा दुई वर्ष अधि देखिका केही घटना र खोजीबाट प्रेरित भएका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|title=युट्युबमा टेलर स्विफ्टका भिडियोहरू|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSCkVUupaRM|website=युट्युब|publisher=गूगल इङ्क|accessdate=January 8, 2015|format=भिडियो|date=October 27, 2014}}</ref> स्विफ्टको गीतलेखन एक साङ्गीतिक समूह अस्वाडले पूर्वावलोकन गरेको थियो भने उनीहरूले उक्त लेखनको प्रशंसा गरेका थिए। स्विफ्टले रचेका केही गीतहरूमा उनको वास्तविक जीवनसँग सम्बन्धित प्रेम कथाहरू पनि समावेश गरिएको छ भने उक्त घटनालाई स्विफ्टले आफ्नै सैलिमा वर्णन गरिकी छिन्। स्विफ्टले बताइनकि एल्बमका गीतलेखनहरू जोन ह्युगसका चलचित्रहरूबाट प्रेरित भएका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/see-ryan-adams-taylor-swift-discuss-1989-songwriting-20151019|title=स्विफ्टले १९८९ एल्बमका बारे केही बताउँदै|author=डेनियल|work=रोलिङ स्टोन|date=October 19, 2015|accessdate=October 20, 2015}}</ref> ==रचना== एल्बमको सुरुवाती गीत "वेलकम टू न्यु योर्क" हो जुन स्विस्टले न्यु योर्क सहरलाई दिएको एक उपहार थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/news/589890/taylor-swift-talks-new-single-welcome-to-new-york-says-it-s-very-sexist-to-claim-she-only-writes-about-exes|title=स्विफ्ट "वेलकम टू न्यु योर्क" गीतका बारेमा वर्णन गर्दै|last=टमी|first=अल्स|date=October 20, 2014|website=इ!अनलाइन|accessdate=October 21, 2014}}</ref> गीतले लिफ्टलाई एलजीबिटी समुदायको लागि समानतालाई समर्थन गर्दछ।<ref name="slant">{{cite web|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2014/10/20/taylor_swift_welcome_to_new_york_new_song_from_1989_is_a_pro_gay_synth_pop.html|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - वेलकम टू न्यु योर्क |last=रिकमेन|first=फरेस्ट|date=October 20, 2014|work=स्लेट म्यागेजिन|accessdate=October 21, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gay.net/celebrities/2014/10/21/taylor-swift-supports-equality-new-track-%E2%80%98welcome-new-york%E2%80%99|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट 'वेलकम टू न्यु योर्क'|last=किर्क|first=अलेक्जेन्डर|date=October 21, 2014|website=ग्रे डटनेट|accessdate=October 21, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20141021205855/http://www.gay.net/celebrities/2014/10/21/taylor-swift-supports-equality-new-track-%E2%80%98welcome-new-york%E2%80%99|archivedate=October 21, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20141021205855/http://www.gay.net/celebrities/2014/10/21/taylor-swift-supports-equality-new-track-%E2%80%98welcome-new-york%E2%80%99 |date=October 21, 2014 }}</ref> "ब्ल्याङ्क स्पेस" एक इलेक्ट्रो पप गीत हो भने यस गीतले स्विफ्ट र उनको प्रेमीको सम्बन्धको बर्णन गरेको छ।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vulture.com/2014/10/album-review-taylor-swift-1989.html|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ |first=लिन्ड्से|last=जोल्ड्ज|website=भल्चर डटकम|accessdate=October 28, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/3533569/taylor-swift-1989-review/#3533569/taylor-swift-1989-review|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट|accessdate=November 7, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023223029/http://time.com/3533569/taylor-swift-1989-review/#3533569/taylor-swift-1989-review |date=October 23, 2014 }}</ref> धेरै आलोचकहरूले गीतको तुलना गरे जुन स्विफ्टले हालैको मीडियामा हालको प्रदर्शन गरेको छ।यस गीतलाई पप कलाकार लोर्डेको एक कार्यको तुलना गरी आलेचना गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/taylor-swift-1989-album-review-pop-star-shows-promising-signs-of-maturity-9814620.html|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ एल्बम |accessdate=October 24, 2014}}</ref><ref name="time">{{cite news|url=http://time.com/3533569/taylor-swift-1989-review/#3533569/taylor-swift-1989-review|title=१९८९ एल्बम|work=[टाइम म्यागेजिन|first=श्याम|last=लेन्स्की|date=October 23, 2014|accessdate=March 1, 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141023223029/http://time.com/3533569/taylor-swift-1989-review/#3533569/taylor-swift-1989-review |date=October 23, 2014 }}</ref> "स्टाइल" गीतलाई इलेक्ट्रो पप, पोस्ट डिस्को र फङ्क पप गीतको रूपमा व्याख्या गरिएको छ। <ref name="latimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/la-et-ms-review-taylor-swift-smooths-out-the-wrinkles-on-sleek-1989-20141027-story.html|title=१९८९ एल्बम|work=लस एन्जल्स टाइम्स|quote=|first=|last=उड|accessdate=October 27, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nme.com/reviews/taylor-swift/15754|title= – टेलर स्विफ्ट – '१९८९'|accessdate=October 27, 2014}}</ref> "आउट अफ द उड्स" एक सिन्थ पप सङ्गीत हो।र।स्विफ्टले १९८९ एल्बमका लागि लेखेको पहिलो गीत थियो। यस गीतमा म्याक मनर्टिनको निर्माण छ भने स्विफ्टको स्वर रेकर्ड गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/taylor-swift-out-of-the-woods-20141014|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट 'आउट अफ द उड्स' – रेलिङ स्टोन|work=रोलिङ स्टोन}}</ref> रेकर्ड निर्माता एन्टोनअफका अनुसार यस गीतमा १९८९ दशकको र हालको सङ्गीतहरूको समिश्रण रहेको छ। "अल यु ह्याड टु डु वाज स्टे" गीत उनको वास्तविक जीवन भन्दा पनि उनको सपनाबाट प्रेरित भएको थियो।<ref name="Esther Lee">{{cite web|url=http://m.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/taylor-swift-explains-why-she-gave-up-on-men-20141411|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट केही बताउँदै|first=इस्टर|last=ली|work=युएस विक्ली|date=November 14, 2014|accessdate=November 16, 2014}}</ref> "सेक इट अफ" एक पप सङ्गीत हो जसमा स्विफ्टले निकालेको अन्य गीतहरूको भन्दा भिन्न आवाजमा रेकर्ड गरिएको थियो। बिलबोर्डका जेसन लिपसट्जका अनुसार गीत म्याकलमोरे र रायन लुइजको "थिफ सफ (२०१२) भन्दा राम्रो लयमा रेकर्ड गरिएको छ।<ref name="LATimes">{{cite web|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-listen-taylor-swift-releases-shake-it-off-from-new-album-1989-20140818-story.html|title=१९८९ एल्बमका केही गीतहरू|work=लस एन्जल्स टाइम्स|date=August 18, 2014|accessdate=August 19, 2014|first=माइकल|last=उड}}</ref> यस गीतको बोल र प्रयोग गीतमा गरिएका शब्दले स्विफ्टको निन्दा गर्ने व्यक्तिहरूलाई समर्पण गररिएको छ।<ref name="BBReview">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/review/track-review/6221814/taylor-swift-shake-it-off-single-review|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - सेक इट अफ |work=बिलबोर्ड|first=जेसन|last=लिपसल्ट|date=August 18, 2014|accessdate=August 19, 2014}}</ref> स्विफ्टले उक्त गीत मार्फत वर्णन गर्दै भनिन्,"मैले यसबाट एकदम कठिन पाठ सिकेको छु कि मानिसहरूले कुनै पनि समयमा जुनसुकै कुरामा हाम्रो बारेमा सोध्न सक्छन्, र हामी त्यसलाई नियन्त्रण गर्न सक्दैनौ। हामी नियन्त्रण गर्न सक्ने एक मात्र कुरा हो कि हामीले उनीहरूलाई दिने प्रतिक्रिया"।<ref name="Time">{{cite news|url=http://time.com/3138525/taylor-swift-shake-it-off-1989/|title=सेक इट अफ गीतको आधिकारिक भिडियो|first=नोलम|last=फिनी|work=टाइम म्यागेजिन|date=August 18, 2014|accessdate=August 19, 2014}}</ref> "आइ विस यु उड" स्विफ्ट र एन्टोनअफले लेखेको यस एल्बमको अर्को गीत थियो भने उनीहरूले आउट अफ द उड्स पनि सँगै लेखेका थिए।<ref name="slate-analysis">{{cite web|last1=रिकमेन|first1=फरेस्ट|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ |url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/browbeat/2014/10/24/taylor_swift_s_1989_leaked_here_s_a_track_by_track_breakdown_of_the_new.html|work=स्लेट म्यागेजिन|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref> यस एल्बममा अर्को गीत पनि समावेश गरिएको छ जुन "ब्याड ब्लड" हो भने यस गीतको सारले दुई घनिष्ठ मित्र बीचको धोकाको वर्णन गरेको छ। टेलर स्विफ्टले एक अज्ञात महिला सङ्गीतकारको बर्णन गर्दै यस गीत लेखेकी थिइन्।<ref name="rolling-stone">{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/taylor-swift-1989-cover-story-20140908?page=4|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९|date=September 8, 2014|last=इलिस|first=जोस|work=रोलिङ स्टोन|accessdate=May 10, 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150603060354/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/features/taylor-swift-1989-cover-story-20140908?page=4 |date=June 3, 2015 }}</ref> स्विफ्टले भनेकी छिन् "एक व्यक्तीले उनले आयोजना गरेको साङ्गीतिक कार्यक्रममा स्विफ्टका लागि काम गर्ने व्यक्तीहरूलाई डाक्दै कार्यक्रममा अवरोध पुर्‍याउने कोसिस गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|title=टेलर स्विफ्टसँगको एक अन्तरबार्ता|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rk2bxUe9boU&t=7m54s|website=युट्युब|accessdate=February 19, 2015}}</ref> यस एल्बममा समावेश गरिएको ९अौँ गीत "वाइल्डेस्ट ड्रिम्स" थियो भने यस गीतका आधारमा स्विफ्टले उनको प्रेमीलाई उनलाई सपनामा भएपनि सम्झन अनुरोध गरेकी छन्।<ref>{{cite journal|title=तपाईँले थाहा नपाउनु भएको टेलर स्विफ्टको १२ तथ्य|journal=टिन भोग|volume=वेब|url=http://www.teenvogue.com/entertainment/2014-05/taylor-swift-trivia|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref> एल्बममा "हाउ यु गेट द गल" नामक गीत पनि समावेश गरिएको छ। "दिस लभ" नामक एक कविता स्विफ्टे सन् २०१३ को अन्तिममा लेखेकी थिइन् भने उक्त कविता पनि पछि गीतको रूपमा विकासित हुँदै एल्बममा समावेश गरिएको थियो। १९८९ एल्बममा "आइ नू दिस प्लेस" नामक गीत पनि समावेश गराइएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|last1=भोर्गास|first1=|title= टेलर स्विफ्ट|url=http://www.whosay.com/articles/5464-taylor-swift-clean-lyrics-1989-review|website=हु से|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref> यस एल्बमको डिलक्स संस्करण एल्बम सार्वजनिक गरेको केही महिना पछि अमेरिकाको केही स्टोर र पछि आइट्युन्समा सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो जसमा "वन्डरल्यान्ड", "यु आर इन लभ" र "न्यू रोमान्टिक" गरी तीन गीतहरू पनि सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो भने "ब्ल्याङ्क स्पेस", "आइ व्इस यु उड" र "आइ नू प्लेस" गीतहरूको पनि अन्य संस्करण सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|title=टेलर स्विफ्टले न्यू रोमान्टिक गीत सेलिना गोमेजका लागि लेखिन|url=http://www.bustle.com/articles/48134-taylor-swifts-new-romantics-lyrics-were-totally-written-for-selena-gomez|website=बुस्टल|publisher=बुस्टल|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref> ==एकल सङ्गीतहरू== १८ अगस्ट २०१४ मा स्विफ्टले "सेक इट अफ" नामक गीत पहिलो पटक प्रथम श्रेणीमा सार्वजनिक गरेकी थिइन् भने उक्त गीतलाई स्विफ्टले म्याक्स मार्टिन र सेलब्याकसँग सहकार्य गर्दै लेखेकी थिइन्। यस गीतको आधिकारिक सङ्गीत भिडियोलाई मार्क रोमेनीकले निर्देशन गरेका थिए जसलाई प्रत्यक्ष प्रसारणका बेलामा सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो। यस गीतको भिडियोमा विभिन्न किसिमका व्यवसायीक नर्तकहरूको प्रयोग गरिएको छ। यस गीतले बिलबोर्ड हट १०० चार्टको शीर्ष स्थानमा आउन सफल भएको थियो भने गीत ४ हप्ता सम्म शीर्ष स्थानमा रहेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6229439/taylor-swift-shake-it-off-no-1-hot-100-nicki-minaj-anaconda|title=बिलबोर्ड हट १००|website=बिलबोर्ड}}</ref> २१ अक्टोबर २०१४ मा स्विफ्टको एक गीत दुरघटनात्मक रूपमा सार्वजनिक भएको थियो र उक्त गीत क्यानडेली आइट्युन्स चार्टको शीर्ष स्थानमा आएको थियो तर गीतलाई पछि त्यहाँबाट मेटाइएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://time.com/3531269/taylor-swift-track-3-review/|title=स्विफ्टको तेस्रो ट्र्याक|work=टाइम्स म्यागेजिन|date=October 22, 2014|accessdate=August 28, 2015|author=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2014/10/22/showbiz/music/taylor-swift-track-3-white-noise/|title= टेलर स्विफ्ट|work=सिएनएन|date=October 22, 2014|accessdate=August 28, 2015|author=}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/newsblogs/yourcommunity/2014/10/taylor-swift-accidentally-releases-8-seconds-of-white-noise-tops-canadian-itunes-chart.html|title=स्विफ्टले दुरघटनात्मक रूपमा गीत सार्वजनिक गरिन् |website=सिबिसी|date=October 21, 2014|accessdate=August 28, 2015|author=ओ-निल, लरेन}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2014/10/the-author-of-white-noise-reviews-taylor-swifts-white-noise/381771/|title=टेलर स्विफ्टको गीतहरू|work=द एट्लान्टिक|date=October 22, 2014|accessdate=August 28, 2015|author=गेर्बर, मेगन}}</ref> एल्बमको अर्को प्रमुख एकलको रूपमा "ब्ल्याङ्क स्पेस" नामक गीत सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो जुन नोभेम्बर १० का दिन मेनस्ट्रिम टप ४०, रिदमिक टप ४० र हट एसी रेडियो चार्टमा देखा परेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.billboard.com/entry/view/id/105235|title=टेलर स्विफ्टको १९८९ एल्बमबाट आउँदै गीतहरू|first=जेसन|last=लिपसल्ट|work=बिलबोर्ड|date=October 30, 2014|accessdate=October 31, 2014}}</ref> गीत गीतको आधिकारिक सङ्गीत भिडियो एकै दिनमा याहु! द्वरा सार्वजनिक भएको थियो भने त्यस घटना पछि स्विफ्टले आफ्नो भिभो खातामा उक्त भिडियो सार्वजनिक गरेकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/10/taylor-swift-blank-space-music-video_n_6132186.html|title=टेलर स्विफ्टको ब्ल्याङ्क स्पेस भिडियो पहिलानै सार्वजनिक|last=गुडमेन|first=जेसिका|work=द हफिङटन पोस्ट|accessdate=November 12, 2014}}</ref> ब्ल्याङ्क स्पेसले बिलबोर्ड हट १०० चार्टमा शीर्ष स्थानमा आउन सफल भएको थियो भने गीत ७ हप्ता सम्म चार्टको शीर्ष स्थानमा रहन सफल भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6320061/taylor-swift-blank-space-hot-100|title=हट १००|last=|first=|date=|website=बिलबोर्ड|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> एल्बमको तेस्रो एकल सङ्गीतको रूपमा स्टाइल गीत ९ फेब्रुअरी २०१५ मा बिग मसिन रेकर्डस् र रिपब्लिक रेकर्ड्स द्वारा रेडियोमा सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो।<ref name="Hot">{{cite web|url=http://www.republicplaybook.com/track/taylor-swift-style-3/|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट "स्टाइल" – रिपब्लिक प्लेबुक|work=रिपब्लिक प्लेबुक|accessdate=January 12, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6VeMTm956?url=http://www.republicplaybook.com/track/taylor-swift-style-3/|archivedate=January 17, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=केभिपोड|title=टेलर स्विफ्टको १९८९ एल्बमबाट आउँदो गीतहरू|url=http://www.directlyrics.com/its-real-style-is-taylor-swifts-next-single-from-1989-news.html|website=डाइरेक्ट लिरिक्स|accessdate=January 13, 2015|location=संयुक्त राज्य|date=January 13, 2015}}</ref> गीतको आधिकारिक सङ्गीत भिडियो १३ फेब्रुअरी २०१५ मा सार्वजनिक गरियो जसमा विभिन्न स्थानका दृश्यहरू समावेश गरिएको छ। यस गीत बिलबोर्ड हट १०० चार्टको मा शीर्ष ६ मा आउन सफल भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/music/taylor-swifts-releases-style-music-video-article-1.2114041|title=स्टाइल गीतको साङ्गीतिक भिडियो|last=|first=|date=|website=बिलबोर्ड|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/hot-100/2015-03-21|title=स्टाइल हट १००|last=|first=|date=|website=बिलबोर्ड|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> एल्बमको चौँथो एकल ब्याड ब्लड र त्यसको आधिकारिक भिडियो एकै दिन १७ मे २०१५ मा सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो भने उक्त भिडियोलाई पछि २०१५ बिलबोर्ड म्युजिक अवार्डको सुरुवाती कार्यक्रममा प्रसारण गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट र केन्ड्रिक लामारको ब्याड ब्लड|url=http://news.iheart.com/articles/trending-104650/listen-to-taylor-swifts-bad-blood-13597345/|website=आइहर्ट रेडियो|publisher=आइहर्ट मिडिया, इङ्क|accessdate=May 18, 2015|date=May 17, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518175638/http://news.iheart.com/articles/trending-104650/listen-to-taylor-swifts-bad-blood-13597345/|archive-date=May 18, 2015|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=टेलर स्विफ्टको भिडियो सार्वजनिक|url=http://www.billboardmusicawards.com/2015/05/taylor-swift-bad-blood/|work=बिलबोर्ड|accessdate=May 7, 2015|date=May 7, 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708052921/http://www.billboardmusicawards.com/2015/05/taylor-swift-bad-blood/ |date=July 8, 2015 }}</ref> यस सङ्गीत भिडियोमा स्विफ्टका धेरै साथीहरूको पनि अभिनय रहेको छ जसमा कार्लि क्लोस, लेन डुनहन, सेलिना गोमेज रहेका छन्। उक्त गीतको दोस्रो संस्करणमा र्‍यापर केन्ड्रिक लामारको पनि र्‍याप रहेको छ जो आधिकारिक भिडियोमा पनि देखा परेका छन्।<ref>{{cite web|title=टेलर स्विफ्टको ब्याड ब्लड सार्वजनिक|url=http://www.inveterate.co.uk/music/taylor-swift-singer-premieres-bad-blood-music-video-with-all-star-cast/145946/|website=|publisher=|accessdate=May 18, 2015|date=May 18, 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150520101323/http://www.inveterate.co.uk/music/taylor-swift-singer-premieres-bad-blood-music-video-with-all-star-cast/145946/|archivedate=May 20, 2015}}</ref> यस सङ्गीत भिडियोमा लिलि एल्ड्रिड, जिन्डेया, हेली स्टिनफिल्ड, एली गोल्डिङ, हेइली, जेसिका आल्बा, मार्था हन्ट आदि रहेका छन् जसको भिडियोमा भन्न भिन्न नाम राखिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/371422/taylor-swift/chart|title=ब्ल्या ब्लड हट १००|last=|first=|date=|website=बिलबोर्ड डटकम|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> ब्याड ब्लड बिलबोर्ड हट १०० को शीर्ष स्थानमा आएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entertainthis.usatoday.com/2015/08/05/taylor-swift-wildest-dreams/|title=स्विफ्टले १९८९ एल्बमका लागि अर्को गीतको घोषण गरिन्|first=कार्लि|last=|work=युएसए टुडे|date=August 5, 2015|accessdate=August 5, 2015}}</ref> १९८९ एल्बमको पाँचौं एकल रूपमा यस गीत ३१ अगस्ट २०१५ मा बिग मसिन रेकर्डस् र रिपब्लिक रेकर्ड्स द्वारा रेडियोमा सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allaccess.com/hot-modern-ac/future-releases|title=हट १०० कन्टेम्पोररी सङ|date=August 24, 2015|website=अल एक्सेस|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824000429/http://www.allaccess.com/hot-modern-ac/future-releases|archivedate=August 24, 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824000429/http://www.allaccess.com/hot-modern-ac/future-releases |date=August 24, 2015 }}</ref> यस गीतको भिडियो पहिलो पटक ३० अगस्ट २०१५ का दिन एमटिभी भिएमए भिडियो म्युजिक अवार्डमा प्रसारण गरिएको थियोे। यस गीतको आधिकारिक भिडियो जोसेफ केन द्वारा निर्देशित भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824222536/http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases|url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases|title=४० ४० रिलिज|archivedate=August 24, 2015|accessdate=September 1, 2015|author=अल एक्सेस}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103221501/https://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |date=January 3, 2019 }}</ref> वाइल्डेस्ट ड्रिम्स बिलबोर्ड हट १०० चार्टको शीर्ष ५ मा आएको थियो। <ref>{{cite web|url=http://taylorswift.com/news/257843|title=स्विफ्टको वाइल्डेस्ट ड्रिम्स|last=|first=|date=|website=टेलरस्विफ्ट डटकम|publisher=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805071735/http://taylorswift.com/news/257843|archive-date=August 5, 2016|dead-url=yes|df=mdy-all}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805071735/http://taylorswift.com/news/257843 |date=August 5, 2016 }}</ref> डिसेम्बर २०१५ मा बिलबोर्डले १९८९ एल्बमको छैटौँ गीतको रूपमा "आउट अफ द उड्स" गीत निस्कासन गर्ने जनाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/371422/taylor-swift/chart|title=वाइल्डेस्ट ड्रिम्स हट १०० |last=|first=|date=|website=बिलबोर्ड|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> आउट अफ द उड्सको आधिकारिक सङ्गीत भिडियो ३१ डिसेम्बर २०१५ मा सार्वजनिक गरियो भने गीतलाई ५ फेब्रुअरी २०१६ मा पहिलो पटक रेडियोमा सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो। यस गीत बिलबोर्ड हट १०० चार्टमा १८अौँ स्थानमा आउन सफल भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/6820708/taylor-swift-out-of-the-woods-premiere-new-years-rockin-eve|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट आउट अफ द उड्स|author=एरिन|work=बिलबोर्ड म्यागेजिन|date=December 22, 2015|accessdate=December 23, 2015}}</ref> १९८९ एल्बमको सातौँ र अन्तिम गीतको रूपमा "न्यू रोमान्टिक" गीत ३ मार्च २०१५ मा आइट्युनस् स्टोरमा सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – आउट अफ द उड्स|url=http://radiodate.it/radio-date/taylor-swift-out-of-the-woods-144108-05-02-2016-radiodate/|website=रेडियो एअरप्ले|accessdate=February 4, 2016|date=February 5, 2016}}</ref> यस गीतको आधिकारिक भिडियोलाई १३ अप्रिल २०१६ मा स्विफ्टको आधिकारिक भिभो र युट्युब खाता मार्फत सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/371422/taylor-swift/chart?page=2&f=379|title=आउट अफ द उड्स हट १००|last=|first=|date=|website=बिलबोर्ड डटकम|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> यस गीतको भिडियोमा लगभग सबै दृश्यहरू स्विफ्टको १९८९ विश्व भ्रमणमा क्रममा खिचिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|title=टप ४० रिलिज|url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases|publisher=अल एक्सेस मिडिया ग्रुप|website=अल एक्सेस|accessdate=February 19, 2016|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6fQHaSCFU?url=http://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases|archivedate=February 19, 2016}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103221501/https://www.allaccess.com/top40-mainstream/future-releases |date=January 3, 2019 }}</ref> न्यू रोमान्टिक गीत १९८९ एल्बमकै बिलबोर्ड हट १०० चार्टमा प्रवेश गर्ने सबैभन्दा न्यून स्थानमा पर्ने गीत थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/7325391/taylor-swift-new-romantics-music-video-apple-music|title=न्यू रोमान्टिक|website=बिलबोर्ड|publisher=|access-date=November 3, 2017}}</ref> गीत चार्टको ४६ अौँ स्थानमा रहेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/371422/taylor-swift/chart?page=4&f=379|title=न्यू रोमान्टिक हट १००|last=|first=|date=|website=बिलबोर्ड डटकम|publisher=|access-date=November 3, 2017}}</ref> ==सार्वजनिक== स्विफ्टले अगस्ट २०१४ मा एल्बमको सार्वजनिक मिती घोषणा गर्ने भन्दै आफ्नो केही भनाइहरू सामाजिक सञ्जाल मार्फल व्यक्त गरेकी थिइन्। ४ अगस्टमा स्विफ्टले आफ्नो आधिकारिक इन्स्टाग्राममा एक भिडियो राखेकी थिइन् जहाँ उनले नम्बर १८ लाई एक सिढीबाट धक्का दिएकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web|last1=न्युमेन|first1=मेलिन्डा|title=टेलर स्विफ्टको एल्बम|url=http://www.hitfix.com/news/taylor-swift-drops-hints-about-her-new-albumwe-think|website=हिट फिक्स|accessdate=August 18, 2014|date=August 4, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140810144655/http://www.hitfix.com/news/taylor-swift-drops-hints-about-her-new-albumwe-think |date=August 10, 2014 }}</ref> अगस्ट ६ का दिन स्विफ्टले आफ्नो ट्विटर खाता मार्फत ५:०० लेखिएको एक तस्वीर राखेकी थिइन्। त्यसपछि स्विफ्टले एल्बमको अगाडिको दृश्य रहेको एक कभरको तस्वीर सार्वजनिक गरिन भने उक्त कभरको फेदमा "T. S. 1989" लेखिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|last1=स्क्रिचर|first1=एरिन|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ एल्बम |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/6214062/taylor-swift-clues-new-music|work=बिलबोर्ड|accessdate=August 18, 2014|date=August 7, 2014}}</ref> ==पदोन्नति== ===एकल सङ्गीतहरू=== एल्बमबाट पहिलो एकल "सेक इट अफ" स्विफ्ट द्वारा आयोजना गरिएको एक विश्वव्यापी प्रत्यक्ष भिडियो प्रसारणको समयमा देखाइएको थियो जुन स्विफ्टले याहु!सँग साझेदार गर्द‌ै आयोजना गरिकी हुन्।<ref name="Vox">{{cite web|author1=केल्स्ली मिकेन्ली|title=स्विफ्टको नयाँ पप सङ्गीतहरू|url=https://www.vox.com/2014/8/19/6033483/taylor-swift-new-single-shake-it-off-video|website=भोक्स|publisher=भोक्स मिडिया इङ्क|accessdate=January 22, 2015|date=August 19, 2014}}</ref> उक्त कार्यक्रममा स्विफ्टले १९८९ एल्बमको बारेमा र दुई वर्षे गीत लेखन प्रक्रियाको पनि कुरा राखेकी थिइन्। उक्त भिडियो प्रत्यक्ष प्रसारणकै दिन स्विफ्टले अर्को कार्यक्रममा अनलाइन रेडियोमा मार्फत पनि प्रसारण गरेकी थिइन्।<ref name=usatoday>{{cite web|last1=मेन्सफिल्ड|first1=ब्रायन|title=टेलर स्विफ्टले सेक इट अफ सार्वजनिक गरिन्|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2014/08/18/taylor-swift-yahoo-live-stream/14242387/|newspaper=युएसए टुडे|accessdate=August 19, 2014|date=August 18, 2014}}</ref> १९८९ को प्रचारप्रसार गर्ने क्रममा स्विफ्टले त्यस कार्यक्रमको अर्को महिना उनका अनुयायीहरूलाई न्युयोर्क स्थित उनको घरमा लगायत लण्डनको एक होटेलमा पनि केही कार्यक्रमहरू सञ्चालन गरेकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web|first=स्टोफिनी|last=एन्डरसन|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/stephanieanderson/taylor-swift-secret-sessions-la#.ef48ywW3J|website=बजफिड|publisher=बजफिड इङ्क|accessdate=January 14, 2015|date=September 22, 2014}}</ref> १९८९ एल्बम २७ अक्टोबर २०१४ का दिन संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकामा सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो जसमा १३ वटा गीतहरू समावेश गरिएको थियो।<ref name="usitunes">{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/1989/id907242701|title=आइट्युन्स&nbsp;– म्युजिक – १९८९|work=आइट्युन्स स्टोर|publisher=एप्पल इङ्क|accessdate=October 21, 2014}}</ref> एल्बमको डिलक्स संस्करण पनि केही महिनामा निस्कासन गरिएको थियो जसमा तीन अन्य गीतहरू र नयाँ सङ्गीतको।समायोजन गरिएका गीतहरू रहेका थिए जुन पछि क्यानडा र संयुक्त राज्यमा सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो।<ref name="target">{{cite web|url=http://www.target.com/p/taylor-swift-1989-deluxe-edition-target-exclusive/-/A-16365103|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (डिलक्स संस्करण) – |website=तारगेट|accessdate=October 21, 2014}}</ref><ref> *{{cite web|title=१९८९ - टेलर स्विफ्ट |url=https://itunes.apple.com/de/album/1989/id907104653|website=आइट्युन्स स्टोर |publisher=एप्पल इङ्क|accessdate=August 23, 2014|language=जर्मन}} *{{cite web|title=१९८९ (डिलक्स) टेलर स्विफ्ट|url=https://itunes.apple.com/de/album/1989-deluxe/id907104698 |website=आइट्युन्स स्टोर |publisher=एप्पल इङ्क|accessdate=August 23, 2014|language=जर्मन}} *{{cite web|title=१९८९|url=https://www.amazon.de/dp/B00MV0FQFG/|website=अमेजन डटकम |publisher=अमेजन डटकम इङ्क|accessdate=August 23, 2014|language=जर्मन}} *{{cite web|title=१९८९ (डिलक्स संस्करण)|url=https://www.amazon.de/dp/B00MV0FT4Y/|website=अमेजन डटकम इङ्क|accessdate=August 23, 2014|language=जर्मन}} *{{cite web|title=टेलर स्विफ्टको १९८९|url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/1989/id907104653|website=आइट्युन्स स्टोर |publisher=एप्पल इङ्क|accessdate=August 23, 2014}} *{{cite web|title=१९८९ - टेलर स्विफ्ट |url=https://itunes.apple.com/gb/album/1989-deluxe/id907104698|website=आइट्युन्स स्टोर |publisher=एप्पल इङ्क|accessdate=August 23, 2014}} *{{cite web|title=1989|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00MV0FQFG/|website=अमेजन डटकम|accessdate=August 23, 2014}} *{{cite web|title=१९८९ (डिलक्स संस्करण)|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00MV0FT4Y/|website=अमेजन डटकम|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref> एल्बमलाई पछि जर्मनी र संयुक्त अधिराज्यमा पनि सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो जहाँ एल्बमको सबै गीतहरू र अन्य गीतहरूको नयाँ संस्करणहरू समावेश गरिएको थियोे तर एल्बम सार्वजनिक मिती भन्दा केही दिन अगाडिनै विभिन्न सञ्चार माध्यमहरूबाट निस्कासन भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2014/10/24/taylor-swift-1989-album-leaks/17846595/|title=टेलर स्विफ्टको नयाँ एल्बम सार्वजनिक मिती भन्दा अगाडि सार्वजनिक|first=एन्ड्रि|last=मेन्डल|date=October 24, 2014|newspaper=युएसए टुडे|accessdate=November 5, 2014}}</ref> एल्बमलाई उत्थान गर्ने क्रममा स्विफ्टले १४ अक्टोबर २०१४ मा "आउट अफ द उड्स" गीत सार्वजनिक गरेकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-11-12/taylor-swift-and-big-machine-are-the-music-industry|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - बिग मेसिन |author=डेभिन लियोनार्ड|work=ब्लुम्बर्ग बिजनेस विक}}</ref> त्यसको अर्को हप्ता २० अक्टोबर २०१४ मा स्विफ्टले "वेलकम टू न्यु योर्क" गीत निस्कासन गरेकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/business/industries/media/article4290698.ece|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट|work=द टाइम्स}}</ref> अक्टोबर २८ का दिन स्टारबकले "दिस लभ" नामक गीतको सार्वजनिक मिती तोकेको थियो र आइट्युन्समा नि:सुल्क रूपमा डाउनलोड गर्न दिइएको थियो। <ref>{{cite web|last1=लिन्डर|first1=एमिल|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - आउट अफ द उड्स|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/1958457/taylor-swift-out-of-the-woods-single-1989/|website=एमटिभी|publisher=एमटिभी|accessdate=October 15, 2014|date=October 9, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013104514/http://www.mtv.com/news/1958457/taylor-swift-out-of-the-woods-single-1989/ |date=October 13, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://music-mix.ew.com/2014/10/20/taylor-swift-welcome-to-new-york/|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - वेलकम टू न्यु योर्क |last=जुकरमेन|first=इस्टर|date=October 20, 2014|work=इन्टरटेन्मेन्ट विक्ली|accessdate=October 21, 2014}}</ref> ===डिलक्स संस्करण=== १७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५ मा स्विफ्टले १९८९ एल्बमका गीतहरूको डिलक्स संस्करण सार्वजनिक गर्ने निदो दिएकी थिइन् भने अक्टोबरमा एप्पल इङ्क र अन्य माध्यमहरूबाट गीतहरू सार्वजनिक भएको थियो।<ref name="SinBB">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6473113/taylor-swift-1989-bonus-songs-itunes|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ एल्बम|author=जेसन लिपसल्ट|work=बिलबोर्ड म्यागेजिन|date=February 17, 2015|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref> यस संस्करणमा "वन्डरल्यान्ड" गीत त्यहीँ दिनमा डिजिटल एकल डाउनलोड र एल्बमको प्रचारप्रसारका लागि आइट्युन्स मार्फत सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो। वन्डरल्यान्डको निस्कासन पछि "यु आर इन लभ" २४ फेब्रुअरी २०१५ र "न्यू रोमान्टिक" ४ मार्च २०१५ मा सार्वजनिक गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/wonderland-single/id964325199|title=वन्डरल्यान्ड&nbsp;– टेलर स्विफ्टको एकल|publisher=एप्पल इङ्क|work=आइट्युन्स स्टोर|accessdate=February 17, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150220072443/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/wonderland-single/id964325199|archivedate=February 20, 2015}}</ref> ===१९८९ विश्व भ्रमण=== एल्बमको उत्थान प्रचारप्रसारका लागि १९८९ विश्व भ्रमण मे ५ २०१५ मा जापानको टोकीयोबाट सुरु गरिएको थियो। उक्त विश्व भ्रमणले युरोप र उत्तर अमेरिकाको पनि पुगेको थियो भने डिसेम्बर २०१५ मा अस्ट्रेलियामा समापन भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taylorswift.com/news/230983|title=१९८९ विश्व! भ्रमण|date=November 3, 2014|accessdate=November 4, 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107080640/http://taylorswift.com/news/230983|archivedate=November 7, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141107080640/http://taylorswift.com/news/230983 |date=November 7, 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/taylor-swift-reveals-massive-1989-world-tour-20141103|title=१९८९ विश्व भ्रमण|first=डेनियल|last=क्रिप्स|work=रोलिङ स्टोन|date=November 4, 2014|accessdate=November 4, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2014/11/03/taylor-swift-1989-world-tour-dates-2015/18401935/|title=टेलर स्विफ्टको २०१५ को १९८९ एल्बम|first=ब्रायन|last=मेन्सफिल्ड|work=युएसए टुडे|date=November 3, 2014|accessdate=November 4, 2014}}</ref> भ्रमणका बेलमा अस्ट्रेलियाका एक कलाकारल भेन्स जोयले स्विफ्टलाई साथ युरोप र उत्तर अमेरिकामा सञ्चालन साङ्गीतिक कार्यक्रममा साथ दिएका थिए भने अमेरिकी गायक [[सन मेन्डेज|शन मिन्डेज]]ले दक्षिण अमेरिकामा आयोजना गरिएका केही साङ्गीतिक कार्यक्रममा स्विफ्टलाई सहयोग गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|author1=लिन्ड्स फोली|title=१९८९ विश्व भ्रमणमा जेम्स बे पनि सम्लग्न|url=http://www.sugarscape.com/music/news/a1074282/james-bay-vance-joy-support-taylor-swift-1989-tour/|website=सुगरस्कोप|publisher=राष्ट्र पत्रपत्रिका कम्पनी|accessdate=February 2, 2015|date=January 19, 2015}}</ref> विश्व भ्रमणका बेलामा बेलायती गायक तथा गीतकार ''जेम्स बे''ले जनवरी २०१५ को मध्यमा जर्मनीमा आयोजना गरिएको कार्यक्रमको सुरुवातमा प्रस्तुति दिने निर्णय गरिएको थियो भने १ फेब्रुअरी २०१५ मा [[क्यालिफोर्निया]]का एक साङ्गीतिक समूह एचएआइएमले संयुक्त राज्यमा हुने कार्यक्रमको सुरुवातमा प्रस्तुति दिने गरी ढाँचा तयार पारिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|author1=मिचेल पिटर्स|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ विश्व भ्रमण |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop-shop/6458185/taylor-swift-announces-haim-as-1989-tour-opener?facebook_20150201|work=बिलबोर्ड|accessdate=February 2, 2015|date=February 1, 2015}}</ref> यस विश्व भ्रमणमा अन्य कलाकारहरू जस्तै [[एड सिरन]], द विकएन्ड, [[एलेन डिजेनर्स]], जुलिया रोबर्ड, फेटि वाप, [[जस्टिन टिम्बरलेक]], [[विज खलिफा]], [[सेलेना गोमेज|सेलिना गोमेज]] र अन्य थुप्रै प्रख्यात कलाकारका कारण कार्यक्रमहरू राम्रोसँग सञ्चालन भएका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ |url=http://www.billboard.com/photos/6634335/taylor-swift-1989-tour-guests/|work=बिलबोर्ड|accessdate=October 26, 2015}}</ref> ==अवार्ड== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- ! scope="col"| वर्ष ! scope="col"| संस्था ! scope="col"| अवार्ड ! scope="col"| नतिजा ! scope="col"| {{abbr|सन्दर्भ}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="7"| २०१५ | अमेरिकी सङ्गीत अवार्ड | लोकप्रिय पप/रक एल्बम | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|title=अमेरिकी म्युजिक अवार्ड २०१५: विजेताका नामहरू |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/events/amas/6770317/american-music-awards-2015-winners-list-amas |accessdate=November 23, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151124152847/http://www.billboard.com/articles/events/amas/6770317/american-music-awards-2015-winners-list-amas |archivedate=November 24, 2015 |date=November 22, 2015|work=बिलबोर्ड }}</ref> |- | बिलबोर्ड म्युजिक अवार्ड | टप बिलबोर्ड २०० एल्बम | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/events/bbma-2015/6524277/billboard-music-awards-2015-finalists |title=बिलबोर्ड म्युजिक अवार्ड २०१५: अन्तिम प्रतिस्पर्धीको नाम |work=बिलबोर्ड |date=April 7, 2015 |accessdate=April 7, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150409005544/http://www.billboard.com/articles/events/bbma-2015/6524277/billboard-music-awards-2015-finalists |archivedate=April 9, 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- | इको अवार्ड | एन्टरनेसनल एल्बम अफ द इअर | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web|title=Die Helene-Fischer-Festspiele haben begonnen |language=जर्मन |publisher=Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg |first=युएलए |last=बर्नर |date=March 27, 2015 |accessdate=June 24, 2015 |url=http://www.rbb-online.de/kultur/beitrag/2015/03/musikpreis-echo-2015.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20150330121504/http://www.rbb-online.de/kultur/beitrag/2015/03/musikpreis-echo-2015.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=March 30, 2015 }}</ref> |- | rowspan=2| जापान गोल्ड डिस्क अवार्ड | एल्बम अफ द इअर | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|author=रोनाल्ड |url=http://aramajapan.com/news/the-japan-gold-disc-award-2015-winners-announced/17222/ |title=जापान डिस्क अवार्ड २०१५ नतिजा |accessdate=March 9, 2015 |website= |publisher=जापान रेकर्डिङ उद्योग सङ्घ |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150310182900/http://aramajapan.com/news/the-japan-gold-disc-award-2015-winners-announced/17222/ |archivedate=March 10, 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- | बेस्ट ३ एल्बम | {{won}} |- | जुनो अवार्ड | इन्टरनेसनल एल्बम अफ द इअर | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|last1=ब्लिस |first1=केरन |url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/events/grammys-2015/6451070/juno-awards-nominations |title=जुनो अवार्ड |work=बिलबोर्ड |accessdate=January 27, 2015 |date=January 27, 2015 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150130011353/http://www.billboard.com/articles/events/grammys-2015/6451070/juno-awards-nominations |archivedate=January 30, 2015 |df= }}</ref> |- | लस प्रिमोस ४० प्रिन्सिपल्स | उत्कृष्ट अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय एल्बम | {{nom}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite web |title= लस प्रिमोस ४० प्रिन्सिपल्स|url=http://los40.com/especiales/premios-40-principales/2015/ |website= |accessdate=October 16, 2015 |language=स्पेनी |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151013233528/http://los40.com/especiales/premios-40-principales/2015/ |archivedate=October 13, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| २०१६ | rowspan=2|ग्र्यामी अवार्ड | एल्बम अफ द इअर | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;;" rowspan="2"|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.grammy.com/files/58th-final-58thpresslist12042015.pdf |format=पिडिएफ |title=५८अौँ ग्र्यामी अवार्ड |website=ग्र्यामी डटकम |publisher=ग्र्यामी अवार्ड |accessdate=December 7, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151210200316/http://www.grammy.com/files/58th-final-58thpresslist12042015.pdf |archivedate=December 10, 2015 |df= }}<br />{{cite news|title=ग्र्यामी अवार्ड २०१६: विजेताको पूर्ण सूची |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/feb/15/grammy-awards-2016-the-main-nominees |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221180634/http://www.theguardian.com/music/2016/feb/15/grammy-awards-2016-the-main-nominees |archivedate=February 21, 2016 |accessdate=February 16, 2016 |work=द गार्जियन्स |date=February 16, 2016 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> |- | बेस्ट पप भोकल एल्बम | {{won}} |- | आइहर्ट रेडियो म्युजिक अवार्ड | एल्बम अफ द इअर | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;"|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/taylor-swift-the-weeknd-lead-iheartradio-music-awards-noms-20160209 |title=आइहर्ट म्युजिक अवार्डका मनोनीयनहरू |work=रोलिङ स्टोन |date=February 9, 2016 |accessdate=February 10, 2016 |author=जोन |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210093249/http://www.rollingstone.com/music/news/taylor-swift-the-weeknd-lead-iheartradio-music-awards-noms-20160209 |archivedate=February 10, 2016 |df= }}</ref> |} ==व्यापारिक प्रस्तुति== [[File:Taylor Swift 1989 Tour at Ford Field in Detroit, 5-30-15.jpg|thumb|175px|स्विफ्ट १९८९ विश्व भ्रमणमा प्रस्तुति दिँदै]] १९८९ एल्बम सार्वजनिक भएको पहिलो हप्तै गीतले संयुक्त राज्यमा १,२८७,००० प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री गरेको थियो भने एल्बम बिलबोर्ड २०० चार्टको शीर्ष स्थानमा आएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/music/posts/la-et-ms-taylor-swift-1989-first-week-1287-million-20141104-story.html|title=१९८९ एल्बमको सार्वजनिक भएको पहिलो हप्तानै १० लाख भन्दा बढि बिक्री&nbsp|newspaper=लि एन्जल्स टाइम्स|first=रेन्डि|last=लुइज|date=November 4, 2014|accessdate=November 12, 2014}}</ref> थप प्रतिलिपी अमेरिकी माइक्रोसफ्टको मार्फत $०.९९ मा बेचिएको थियो तर निस्कासनको पहिलो चार हप्ता भित्रको $३.९९ अन्तर्गत बिक्रीको लागि नेल्सल साउन्डस्क्यान नीतिका कारण कुल गीतहरू समावेश गरिएको थिएन। यस एल्बमले स्विफ्टको पहिलाको व्यक्तिगत कृतिमानलाई पनि पछि पार्दै सार्वजनिक भएको पहिलो हप्तामै एक मिलियन भन्दा बढी प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री गर्नेमा एक नयाँ कृतिमान राखेको थियो। उक्त बिक्री सङ्गीत इतिहासकै सबैभन्दा धेरै प्रतिलिपी बिक्री गर्नेमा सातौँ स्थानमा परेको थियो। स्विफ्टका तीन एल्बमहरू सार्वजनिक भएर सबैले एल्बमहरूले सार्वजनिक भएको पहिलो हप्तै एक मिलियन भन्दा बढि प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री गराएपछि त्यसो गर्ने स्विफ्ट पहिलो महिला कलाकार बनेकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2014/11/05/showbiz/music/taylor-swift-1989-sales/|title=१९८९ एल्बमको बिक्री इतिहास|author=लिजा |work=सिएनएन|date=November 6, 2014|accessdate=November 9, 2014}}</ref> एल्बम सार्वजनिक भएको दोस्रो र तेस्रो हप्ता पनि १९८९ एल्बम बिलबोर्ड २०० एल्बम चार्टको पहिलो स्थानमै रहेको थियो र तात्कालिक समयमा एल्बममा दुई मिलियन प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री भएका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6312375/taylor-swift-1989-second-week-no-1-bette-midler-calvin-harris|title=बिलबोर्ड २०० एल्बम चार्टको शीर्षमा १९८९ एल्बम र|first=किथ|last=कल्टफिल्ड|work=बिलबोर्ड|date=November 12, 2014|accessdate=November 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://m.billboard.com/entry/view/id/107327|title=बिलबोर्ड २०० एल्बम चार्ट|first=किथ|last=कल्टफिल्ड|work=बिलबोर्ड|date=November 20, 2014|accessdate=November 20, 2014}}{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/taylor-swift-1-for-third-week-ties-eminems-record-103071381306.html|title=रटेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ एल्बम |first=पल|last=ग्रेन|website=याहु! सङ्गीत|date=November 20, 2014|accessdate=November 20, 2014}}</ref> निस्कासन भएको चौँथो हप्ता एल्बम एक स्थान तल खस्किएको थियो भने शीर्ष स्थानमा वान डिरेक्सनको "फोर" एल्बम उक्लिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/entry/view/id/108468|title=बिलबोर्ड आर्टिस्ट हर १००|first=ग्रे|last=ट्रस्ट|work=बिलबोर्ड|date=November 27, 2014|accessdate=November 28, 2014}}</ref> एल्बमका १० हप्ता पछि फेरि २००,००० प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री भएका थिए।<ref name="2.5million">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/v/News/TaylorSwifts1989Retu|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ एल्बम |first=किथ|last=कल्टफिल्ड|work=बिलबोर्ड|date=December 3, 2014|accessdate=December 6, 2014}}</ref> अन्ततः १९८९ एल्बमले सन् २०१४ सम्ममा ३,६६०,००० प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री गरेको थियो जुन २०१४ को सबैभन्दा बिक्री भएको एल्बम मध्ये एक थियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6304536/official-taylor-swifts-1989-debuts-with-1287-million-sold-in|title=१९८९ एल्बमको बिक्री इतिहास first=किथ|last=कल्टफिल्ड|work=बिलबोर्ड|date=November 4, 2014|accessdate=November 4, 2014}}</ref><ref name=us_2014sales>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6422396/taylor-swift-1989-seventh-week-no-1-billboard-200|title=बिलबोर्ड २०० एल्बम चार्ट|last=कल्टफिल्ड|first=किथ|work=बिलबोर्ड म्यागेजिन|date=December 31, 2014|accessdate=December 31, 2014}}</ref><ref name="yearend">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/entry/view/id/111355|title=१९८९ सन् २०१४ कै उत्कृष्ट एल्बम मध्ये एक|first=किथ|last=कल्टफिल्ड|work=बिलबोर्ड म्यागेजिन|date=December 31, 2014|accessdate=January 1, 2015}}</ref> १९ जनवरी २०१५ का दिन एल्बमले कुल ४ मिलियन प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री गरेको थियो। १९८९ एल्बम सन् २०१४ को ४ मिलियन प्रतिलिपी बिक्री गराउन सफल पहिलो एल्बम बनेको थियो।.<ref name="4MInJust12Weeks">{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/taylor-swifts-1989-4m-sales-in-just-12-weeks-108270462876.html|title=१९८९ एल्बमका ४ मिलियन प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री|last=ग्रेन|first=पल|website=याहु! सङ्गीत|date=January 16, 2015|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}</ref><ref name="MeghanTrainorDebutNo1">{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/music/meghan-trainors-debut-album-arrives-at-1-108758860341.html|title=मेगान ट्रेनर शीर्ष स्थानमा|last=ग्रेन|first=पल|website=याहु! सङ्गीत|date=January 21, 2015|accessdate=January 21, 2015}}</ref> एल्बम सार्वजनिक भएको १५अौँ हप्ता सन् २०१५ फेब्रुअरीको पहिलो हप्ता एल्बम पुन बिलबोर्ड २०० को चार्टको शीर्षमा आएको थियो भने एल्बम ११ हप्ता सम्म शीर्ष स्थान ओगट्न सफल भएको थियो जसले गर्दा स्विफ्ट एल्बम चार्टमा धेरै समयसम्म एल्बम शीर्षमा पर्ने कलाकारको रूपमा दोस्रो कलाकार बनिन्।<ref>{{cite web|author1=केभिन कल्टफिल्ड|title=१९८९|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/earshot/taylor-swifts-1989-hits-4-766615|work=द हलिउड रिपोर्टर|accessdate=January 25, 2015|date=January 24, 2015}}</ref> १९८९ एल्बमले बिलबोर्ड २०० एल्बम चार्टको कुल २४ हप्ता सम्म शीर्ष ५ मा स्थान बनाएको थियो जसले गर्दा १९८९ सन् १९६३ पछिको २४ हप्ता सम्म एल्बम चार्टमा स्थान बनाउने दश एल्बम मध्ये पर्न सफल भएको थियोे।<ref name="8thweek">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/entry/view/id/111885|title=बिलबोर्ड २०० एल्बम चार्ट|first=किथ|last=कल्टफिल्ड|work=बिलबोर्ड|date=January 7, 2015|accessdate=January 8, 2015}}</ref><ref name="11thweek">{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/v/News/TaylorSwiftsSpen4|title=१९८९ एल्बम ११ हप्ता सम्म चार्टको शीर्ष स्थानमा |author=किथ कल्टफिल्ड|work=बिलबोर्ड म्यागेजिन|date=February 11, 2015|accessdate=February 11, 2015}}</ref> १३ मार्च २०१५ मा बिलबोर्डले घोषणा गरे अनुसार १९८९ एल्बमका साथसाथै स्विफ्टको अगाडिका अन्य दुई एल्बमहरूको पनि बिक्री भएको तथ्य खुलाएको थियो। २७ अक्टोबर २०१५ मा यस एल्बम सार्वजनिक भएको एक वर्ष पछि पनि चार्टमा स्थान बनाउने एल्बमको सूचीमा पनि परेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/entry/view/id/121445|title='बिलबोर्ड २००|author=किथ कल्टफिल्ड|work=''बिलबोर्ड मिडिया''|publisher=ग्लोबल मिडिया|date=April 15, 2015|accessdate=April 15, 2015}}</ref> यस एल्बम बिलबोर्ड २०० एल्बम चार्टमा सार्वजनिक भएको ५४अौँ हप्ता पनि शीर्ष दशमा स्थान बनाउन सफल भएको थियो।<ref name="Outsold">{{cite web|author1=किथ कल्टफिल्ड|title=१९८९ एल्बमको बिक्री|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6502076/taylor-swift-1989-outsold-her-last-two-albums|work=बिलबोर्ड|publisher=ग्लोबल मिडिया|accessdate=March 14, 2015|date=March 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ एल्बम |url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/articles/6745045/taylor-swifts-1989-only-fifth-album-to-spend-first-year-in-billboard-200s-top|website=बिलबोर्ड|last=कल्टफिल्ड|first=किथ|date=October 27, 2015|accessdate=October 27, 2015}}</ref> जनवरी २०१८ का अनुसार १९८९ एल्बमले विश्व व्यपी रूपमा ६.११ मिलियन प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|title=बिलबोर्ड २०० एल्बम चार्ट तालिका|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6754084/chris-stapleton-soars-to-no-1-on-billboard-200-albums-chart|work=बिलबोर्ड|last=कल्टफिल्ड|first=किथ|date=November 8, 2015|accessdate=November 8, 2015}}</ref> क्यानडाको आधिकारिक एल्बम चार्ट कम्पनी क्याडेली एल्बम चार्टमा एल्बम निस्कासन भएको पहिलो हप्तानै शीर्ष स्थानमा आएको थियो भने एल्बमले तात्कालिक समयमा क्याडामा १०७,००० प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajournalofmusicalthings.com/weekly-music-sales-analysis-05-november-2014/|title=साप्ताहि एल्बम बिक्री प्रतिवेदन|date=November 5, 2014|first=एलेन|last=क्रस|website=म्युजिक जर्नल|accessdate=November 12, 2014}}</ref> दोस्रो हप्ता पनि एल्बम शीर्ष स्थानमै रहँदै थप ३७,००० प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री गरेको थियो जुन दुई हप्तामा कुल १४४,००० भएको थियो। एल्बम क्यानडामा वर्षको उत्कृष्ट बिक्री हुन सफल एल्बमको रूपमा स्थापित भयो भने एल्बमले ३१४,००० प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ajournalofmusicalthings.com/weekly-music-sales-report-analysis-12-november-2014/|title=सन् २०१४ को साप्ताहि एल्बम बिक्री प्रतिवेदन|website=म्युजिक जर्नल|date=November 12, 2014|first=एलेन|last=क्रस|accessdate=November 19, 2014}}</ref> एल्बम निस्कासन भएको पहिलो हप्ता संयुक अधिराज्यमा एसले ९०,००० प्रतिलिपी बिक्री गरेको थियो भने पहिलो हप्तामै एल्बम चार्टको शीर्ष स्थानमा स्थान बनाएको थियो।<ref name=CANsales>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/6451045/nielsen-music-canada-report-2014-sales-streaming-data|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ एल्बम |last=ब्लिस|first=केरन|work=बिलबोर्ड म्यागेजिन|date=January 27, 2015|accessdate=January 30, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.co.uk/music/news/a607361/taylor-swift-claims-number-one-uk-album-with-1989.html|title=१९८९ एल्बम|first=ह्यारी|last=फ्लिचर|work=डिजिटल स्काइ|date=November 2, 2014|accessdate=November 4, 2014}}</ref> यस एल्बम सन् २०१४ को सबै छिटो धेरै प्रतिलिपी बिक्री गर्ने एल्बमको रूपमा स्थापित भयो। एल्बमले संयुक्त अधिराज्यमा १.१२७ मिलियन प्रतिलिपी बिक्री गर्न सफल भएको थियो।<ref name="1989uksales">{{cite web|url=https://www.musicweek.com/talent/read/reputation-management-biz-braced-for-taylor-swift-s-new-album/069567|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट|last=सुथरल्यान्ड|first=मार्क|work=म्युजिक विक|date=August 24, 2017|accessdate=August 24, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.org/downloads/Digital-Music-Report-2015.pdf |title=सन् २०१५ - आइएफपीआइ ग्लोबल म्युजिक प्रतिवेदन |accessdate=October 6, 2017 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200101231623/https://www.ifpi.org/downloads/Digital-Music-Report-2015.pdf |date=January 1, 2020 }}</ref> अक्टोबर २०१७ का अनुसार एल्बमका विश्व व्यापी १०.१ मिलियन प्रतिलिपीहरू बिक्री भएका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|title=आइएफपीआइ ग्लोबल म्युजिक प्रतिवेदन|url=http://www.ifpi.org/downloads/GMR2016.pdf|accessdate=October 6, 2017|format=पिडिएफ}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160412192734/http://www.ifpi.org/downloads/GMR2016.pdf |date=April 12, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=ANUARIO SGAE DE LAS ARTES ESCÉNICAS, MUSICALES Y AUDIOVISUALES 2017 - MÚSICA GRABADA|url=http://www.anuariossgae.com/anuario2017/anuariopdfs/04_MGRABADA.pdf|language=स्पेनी|accessdate=October 6, 2017|format=पिडिएफ}}</ref> सन् २०१५ मा "१९८९" बिलबोर्ड २०० एल्बम वरियताको पहिलो नम्बरमा स्थान बनाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/top-billboard-200-albums|title=टप बिलबोर्ड एल्बम – सन् २०१५|work=बिलबोर्ड|accessdate=December 12, 2015}}</ref> ==गीति ट्र्याकहरू== {{Track listing | extra_column = निर्माताहरू | headline = मुख्य संस्करण<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/1989/id907242701|title=1989 by Taylor Swift|website=iTunes Store|location=United States|accessdate=February 1, 2015}}</ref> | total_length = ४८:४१ | title1 = [[वेलकम टू न्यु योर्क (गीत)|वेलकम टू न्यु योर्क]] | writer1 = {{hlist|[[टेलर स्विफ्ट]]|[[रायन टेडर]]}} | extra1 = {{hlist|टेडर|नोअल जेनकेनल|स्विफ्ट}} | length1 = ३:३२ | title2 = [[ब्ल्याङ्क स्पेस (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|ब्ल्याङ्क स्पेस]] | writer2 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|म्याक्स मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | extra2 = {{hlist|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | length2 = ३:५१ | title3 = [[स्टाइल (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|स्टाइल]] | writer3 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक|अली प्यामी}} | extra3 = {{hlist|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक|प्यामी}} | length3 = ३:५१ | title4 = [[आउट अफ द उड्स (गीत)|आउट अफ द उड्स]] | writer4 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|ज्याक एन्टोनअफ}} | extra4 = {{hlist|एन्टोनअफ|स्विफ्ट|मार्टिन{{ref|a|[a]}}}} | length4 = ३:५५ | title5 = अल यु ह्याड टु डु वाज स्टोन | writer5 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|मार्टिन}} | extra5 = {{hlist|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक|म्याट एण्ड म्याथ्युज}} | length5 = ३:१३ | title6 = [[सेक इट अफ (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|सेक इट अफ]] | writer6 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | extra6 = {{hlist|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | length6 = ३:३९ | title7 = आइ व्इस यु उड | writer7 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|एन्टोनअफ}} | extra7 = {{hlist|एन्टोनअफ|स्विफ्ट|जर्ज क्रुस्टिन{{ref|b|[b]}}|मार्टिन{{ref|a|[a]}}}} | length7 = ३:२७ | title8 = [[ब्याड ब्लड (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|ब्याड ब्लड]] | writer8 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | extra8 = {{hlist|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | length8 = ३:३१ | title9 = [[वाइल्डेस्ट ड्रिम्स (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|वाइल्डेस्ट ड्रिम्स]] | writer9 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | extra9 = {{hlist|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | length9 = ३:४० | title10 = हाउ यु गेट द गर्ल | writer10 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | extra10 = {{hlist|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | length10 = ४:०७ | title11 = दिस लभ | writer11 = स्विफ्ट | extra11 = {{hlist|नेथन चापम्यान|स्विफ्ट}} | length11 = ४:१० | title12 = आइ नू प्लेस | writer12 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|टेडर}} | extra12 = {{hlist|टेडर|जेनक्यानल|स्विफ्ट}} | length12 = ३:१५ | title13 = क्लिन | writer13 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|इमोजीन हिप}} | extra13 = {{hlist|हिप|स्विफ्ट}} | length13 = ४:३०}} {{track listing | extra_column = निर्माताहरू | collapsed = yes | headline = क्यानडेली आइट्युन्स स्टोर | total_length = ५६:३६ | title14 = [[वन्डरल्यान्ड (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|वन्डरल्यान्ड]] | writer14 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | extra14 = {{hlist|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | length14 = ४:०५ | title15 = [[न्यू रोमान्टिक (टेलर स्विफ्टको गीत)|न्यू रोमान्टिक]] | writer15 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | extra15 = {{hlist|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | length15 = ३:५०}} {{track listing | extra_column = निर्माताहरू | collapsed = yes | headline = डिलक्स संस्करण (संयुक्त राज्य र क्यानडामा)<ref name="1989DeluxeAlbum">References for bonus tracks on ''1989'' deluxe edition: * International deluxe edition: {{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/au/album/1989-deluxe/id907104698|title=1989 (Deluxe Edition) by Taylor Swift|website=iTunes Store|location=Australia|accessdate=February 1, 2015}} * Target edition: {{cite web|url=http://www.target.com/p/taylor-swift-1989-deluxe-edition-target-exclusive/-/A-16365103|title=Taylor Swift&nbsp;– ''1989'' (Deluxe Edition)&nbsp;– Target Exclusive |website=target.com |publisher=[[Target Corporation]]|accessdate=February 1, 2015}}</ref> | total_length = ६८:३७ | title14 = वन्डरल्यान्ड{{anchor|DLX}} | writer14 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | extra14 = {{hlist|मार्टिन|सेवब्याक}} | length14 = ४:०५ | title15 = यु आर इन लभ | writer15 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|एन्टोनअफ}} | extra15 = {{hlist|एन्टोनअफ|स्विफ्ट|मार्टिन{{ref|a|[a]}}}} | length15 = ४:२७ | title16 = न्यू रोमान्टिब | writer16 = {{hlist|स्पिफ्ट|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | extra16 = {{hlist|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | length16 = ३:५० | title17 = आइ नू प्लेसेस | note17 = पियानो/स्वर | writer17 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|टेडर}} | length17 = ३:३६ | title18 = आइ व्इस यु उड | note18 = सङ्गीत/स्वर | writer18 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|एन्टोनअफ}} | length18 = १:४७ | title19 = ब्ल्याङ्क स्पेस | note19 = गीतार/स्वर | writer19 = {{hlist|स्विफ्ट|मार्टिन|सेलब्याक}} | length19 = २:११}} {{Track listing | collapsed = yes | extra_column = निर्माताहरू | headline = जापानी डिलक्स संस्करण<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmv.co.jp/en/artist_Taylor-Swift_000000000353416/item_1989-Deluxe-Edition_5984096M|title=1989 -Deluxe Edition : Taylor Swift / HMV ONLINE&nbsp;– POCS-24009 [English Site]|website=[[HMV]] Japan|accessdate=February 1, 2015}}</ref> | title1 = सेक इट अफ | note1 = सङ्गीत भिडियो | extra1 = मार्क रोमनेक | title2 = सेक इट अल&nbsp;– द चिअरलिडर सिन | length2 = | title3 = सेक इट अफ&nbsp;– | length3 = | title4 = सेक इट अफ&nbsp;– द मोर्डन डान्सर सिन | length4 = | title5 = सेक इट अफ&nbsp;– द एनिमेटर सिन | length5 = | title6 = सेक इट अफ&nbsp;– | length6 = | title7 = सेक इट अफ&nbsp;– द रिबन डान्सर सिन | length7 = | title8 = सेक इट अफ&nbsp;– द एक्स्ट्रा सिन | length8 = }} ==चार्ट== ===साप्ताहि चार्ट=== {|class="wikitable sortable" ! एल्बम तालिका (२०१४-१५) ! शीर्ष<br />स्थान |- | {{ZAF}} (इन्टरटेन्मेनट मेनिटेरिङ अफ्रिका)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20150115223025/http://www.rsg.co.za/|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (इन्टरटेन्मेनट मेनिटेरिङ अफ्रिका)|publisher=इन्टरटेन्मेनट मेनिटेरिङ अफ्रिका|date=७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|८ |- | {{GER}} (मिडिया कन्ट्रोल चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.officialcharts.de/album.asp?artist=Taylor+Swift&title=1989&cat=a&country=de|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (मिडिया कन्ट्रोल चार्ट)|publisher=मिडिया कन्ट्रोल चार्ट|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|४ |- | {{AUS}} (एरिया चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (एरिया चार्ट)|publisher=एरिया चार्ट|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|'''१''' |- | {{AUT}} (Ö३ अस्ट्रिया टप ४०)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://austriancharts.at/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (Ö३ अस्ट्रिया टप ४०)|publisher=Ö३ अस्ट्रिया टप ४०|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|४ |- | {{flagicon|BEL}} [[बेल्जियम]] (अल्ट्राटप ५०)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://ultratop.be/nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (अल्ट्राटप ५०)|publisher=अल्ट्राटप ५०|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|'''१''' |- | {{flagicon|BEL}} [[बेल्जियम]] (अल्ट्राटप ४०)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (अल्ट्राटप ४०)|publisher=अल्ट्राटप ४०|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|७ |- | {{BRA}} (ब्राजिल हट १०० एयरप्ले)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/biz/charts/2014-12-13/brazil-albums|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (ब्राजिल हट १०० एयरप्ले)|publisher=ब्राजिल हट १०० एयरप्ले|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|३ |- | {{CAN}} (क्यानडेली एल्बम चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/371422/Taylor+Swift/chart?f=309|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (क्यानडेली एल्बम चार्ट)|publisher=क्यानडेली एल्बम चार्ट|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|'''१''' |- | {{KOR}} (गावन म्युजिक चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/album.gaon?termGbn=week&hitYear=2014&targetTime=45&nationGbn=E|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (गावन म्युजिक चार्ट)|publisher=गावन म्युजिक चार्ट|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|2 |- | {{HRV}} (क्रएसियाली सङ्गीत सङ्घ)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.hdu-toplista.com/index.php?what=izvodjaci&w=details&id=517|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९|publisher=क्रएसियाली सङ्गीत सङ्घ|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|५ |- | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[डेनमार्क]] (हिटलिसन)<ref>{{cite web|language=en|url=http://danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (हिटलिसन)|publisher=हिटलिसन|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211053343/http://www.danishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a |date=2017-12-11 }}</ref> | align="center"|२ |- | {{flagicon|SCO}} [[स्कटल्यान्ड]] (आधिकारिक चार्ट कम्पनी)<ref name="escocia">{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/archive-chart/_/23/2014-11-08|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (आधिकारिक चार्ट कम्पनी)|publisher=हिटलिसन|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|'''१''' |- | {{ESP}} (स्पेनी सङ्गीत उत्पादक सङ्घ)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://spanishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (स्पेनी सङ्गीत उत्पादक सङ्घ)|publisher=स्पेनी सङ्गीत उत्पादक सङ्घ|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|४ |- | {{USA}} (बिलबोर्ड २००) | align="center"|'''१''' |- | {{USA}} (डिजिटल एल्बम)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.billboard.com/artist/371422/Taylor%20Swift/chart?f=400|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (डिजिटल एल्बम)|publisher=डिजिटल एल्बम|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|'''१''' |- | {{FIN}} (आइएफपीआइ फिनल्यान्ड)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://finnishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (आइएफपीआइ फिनल्यान्ड)|publisher=आइएफपीआइ फिनल्यान्ड|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|१० |- | {{FRA}} (फोनोग्राफिक राष्ट्रिय सङ्घ)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://spanishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९|publisher=फोनोग्राफिक राष्ट्रिय सङ्घ|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|९ |- | {{GRE}} (आइएफपीआइ ग्रिस)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.archive.today/Cfjb7|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (फोनोग्राफिक राष्ट्रिय सङ्घ)|publisher=फोनोग्राफिक राष्ट्रिय सङ्घ|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|११ |- | {{HUN}} (हङ्गेरी रेकर्ड लेबल सङ्घ)<ref>{{cite web|language=hu|url=http://zene.slagerlistak.hu/archivum/kereso-lista-es-datum-szerint|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (हङ्गेरी रेकर्ड लेबल सङ्घ)|publisher=हङ्गेरी रेकर्ड लेबल सङ्घ|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|२२ |- | {{IRL}} (आइरीस रेकर्ड म्युजिक सङ्घ)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2014&year=2014&week=44|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (आइरीस रेकर्ड म्युजिक सङ्घ)|publisher=आइरीस रेकर्ड म्युजिक सङ्घ|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110231932/http://www.chart-track.co.uk/index.jsp?c=p%2Fmusicvideo%2Fmusic%2Farchive%2Findex_test.jsp&ct=240002&arch=t&lyr=2014&year=2014&week=44 |date=2017-11-10 }}</ref> | align="center"|'''१''' |- | {{flagicon|ITA}} [[इटाली]] (इटाली सङ्गीत उद्योग)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://italiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (इटाली सङ्गीत उद्योग)|publisher=इटाली सङ्गीत उद्योग|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|५ |- | {{JPN}} (ओरिकन)<ref>{{cite web|language=जापानी|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/441127/products/1097289/1/|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (ओरिकन)|publisher=ओरिकन|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|३ |- | {{MEX}} (मेक्सिको एल्बम चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=https://twitter.com/Amprofon/status/538105089123028992|title=Puesto #1 del #Top100MX del 27/10 al 2/11|publisher=मेक्सिको सङ्गीत उद्योग सङ्घ|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|'''१''' |- | {{NOR}} (भिजी-लिस्टा)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://norwegiancharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (भिजी-लिस्टा)|publisher=भिजी-lista|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|'''१''' |- | {{NZL}} (रेकर्डिङ म्युजिक एन-जेट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (एनजेट टप ४०)|publisher=रेकर्डिङ म्युजिक एनजेट|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141108224610/http://www.charts.org.nz/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a |date=2014-11-08 }}</ref> | align="center"|'''१''' |- | {{NLD}} (मेगाचार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (मेगाचार्ट)|publisher=मेगाचार्ट|date=17 de fevereiro de 2015}}</ref> | align="center"|'''१''' |- | {{POL|pt-br}} (अडियो भिडियो उत्पादक उद्योग)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://olis.onyx.pl/listy/index.asp?idlisty=894&lang=en|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (अडियो भिडियो उत्पादक सङ्घ)|publisher=अडियो भिडियो उत्पादक सङ्घ|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|३८ |- | {{POR}} (पोर्चुगाली फोनोग्राफीक उद्योग सङ्घ)<ref name="ptcharts">{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://portuguesecharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९|publisher=पोर्चुगाली फोनोग्राफीक उद्योग सङ्घ|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116040319/https://portuguesecharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a |date=2018-11-16 }}</ref> | align="center"|३ |- | {{UK}} (युके एल्बम चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/taylor-swift-scores-fastest-selling-female-album-of-the-year-so-far-3255/|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ एल्बम |publisher=संयुक्त अधिराज्य चार्ट कम्पनी|date=२ नोभेम्बर २०१४}}</ref> | align="center"|'''१''' |- | {{CZE}} (आइएफपीआइ चेक गणतन्त्र)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.ifpicr.cz/hitparada/index.php?a=titul&hitparada=14&titul=153050&sec=0a2898644b06402f4b7727ae758c1109|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (आइएफपीआइ चेक गणतन्त्र)|publisher=आइएफपीआइ चेक गणतन्त्र|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|१७ |- | {{RUS}} (रुसी सङ्गीत चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://lenta.ru/news/2014/11/06/grebenshchikov|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (रुसी सङ्गीत चार्ट)|publisher=रुसी सङ्गीत चार्ट|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|७ |- | {{flagicon|SWE}} [[स्विडेन]] (टपलिस्टन)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|२३ |- | {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[स्विट्जरल्यान्ड]] (स्वीजर ह्याटफ्रिड)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://hitparade.ch/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९|publisher=स्वीजर ह्याटफ्रिड|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|३ |- | {{झण्डा|ताइवान}} (जि-म्युजिक)<ref>{{cite web|language=चिनियाँ|url=http://www.g-music.com.tw/GMusicBillboard7.aspx|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट – १९८९ (जि-म्युजिक)|publisher=जि-म्युजिक|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809130925/http://www.g-music.com.tw/GMusicBillboard7.aspx |date=2010-08-09 }}</ref> | align="center"|'''१''' |- |} ===वर्ष समाप्ति चार्ट=== {|class="wikitable sortable" ! एल्बम तालिका (२०१४) ! स्थान |- | {{GER}} (मिडिया कन्ट्रोल चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=जर्मन|url=http://www.chartsurfer.de/musik/album-charts-deutschland/jahrescharts/alben-2014-2x3.html|title=जेहर्स चार्ट|publisher=मिडिया कन्ट्रोल चार्ट|date=२१ मार्च २०१५}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150110225407/http://www.chartsurfer.de/musik/album-charts-deutschland/jahrescharts/alben-2014-2x3.html |date=2015-01-10 }}</ref> | align="center"|७१ |- | {{AUS}} (एरिया चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://aria.com.au/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-albums-2014.htm|title=एरिया चार्ट – वर्षको समाप्ति – टप १०० एल्बम चार्ट|publisher=एरिया चार्ट|date=२१ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|२ |- | {{flagicon|BEL}} [[बेल्जियम]] (अल्ट्राटप टप ५०)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2014&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzichten 2014|publisher=अल्ट्राटप ५०|date=२१ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|७१ |- | {{flagicon|BEL}} [[बेल्जियम]] (अल्ट्राटप ४०)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=2014&cat=a|title=२०१४ वार्षिक प्रतिवेदन|publisher=अल्ट्राटप ४०|date=२१ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|१९८ |- | {{CAN}} (क्यानडेली एल्बम चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2014/top-canadian-albums|title=२०१४ वर्ष समाप्ति: टप क्यानडेली एल्बम|publisher=क्यानडेली एल्बम चार्ट|date=२१ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|२ |- | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[डेनमार्क]] (हिटलिसन)<ref>{{cite web|language=जर्मन|url=http://www.archive.today/0AoEv|title=एल्बम टि-१०० - सन् २०१४|publisher=हिटलिसन|date=२१मार्च २०१४}}</ref> | align="center"|६९ |- | {{USA}} (बिलबोर्ड २००)<ref name="2014yearend">{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2014/top-billboard-200-albums|title=२०१४ वर्ष समाप्ति: टप बिलबोर्ड २०० एल्बम|publisher=बिलबोर्ड २००|date=२१ मार्च २०१४}}</ref> | align="center"|३ |- | {{USA}} (डिजिटल एल्बम)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2014/digital-albums|title=२०१४ वर्ष समाप्ति: डिजिटल एल्बम|publisher=डिजिटल एल्बम|date=२१"मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|३ |- | {{IRL}} (आइरीस रेकर्ड म्युजिक सङ्घ)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.irma.ie/best-of-20141|title=आइआरएमए - सन् २०१४ को उत्कृष्ट एल्बमहरू|publisher=आइरीस रेकर्ड म्युजिक सङ्घ|date=२१ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|७ |- | {{JPN}} (ओरिकन)<ref>{{cite web|language=जापानी|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/rank/ja/y/2014/p/4/|title=年間　CDアルバムランキング 2014年度|publisher=ओरिकन|date=२१ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|३४ |- | {{MEX}} (मेक्सिको एल्बम चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|format=पिडिएफ|url=http://www.webcitation.org/6WJgyz8vc|title=Los Más Vendidos 2014|publisher=मेक्सिको एल्बम चार्ट|date=१९ सेप्टेम्बर २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|२८ |- | {{NZL}} (एनजेट टप ४० एल्बम)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=2629|title=२०१४ को सर्वाधिक बिक्री भएका एल्बमहरू|publisher=रेकर्डिङ म्युजिक एनजेट|date=२१ मार्च २०१५}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175645/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=2629 |date=2016-03-03 }}</ref> | align="center"|३ |- | {{UK}} (युके एल्बम चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-40-biggest-selling-artist-albums-of-2014__7579/|title=सन् २०१४ को सर्वाधिक बिक्री भएका कारकारहरूका एल्बम|publisher=आधिकारिक चार्ट कम्पनी|date=२१ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|११ |- | {{SUI}} (स्वीजर ह्याटफ्रिड)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://swisscharts.com/charts/jahreshitparade/2014|title=उत्कृष्ट एल्बमहरू|publisher=स्वीजर ह्याटफ्रिड|date=२१ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|८७ |- |} {|class="wikitable sortable" ! तालिका (२०१५) ! स्थान |- | {{GER}} (मिडिया कन्ट्रोल चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=https://www.offiziellecharts.de/charts/album-jahr/for-date-2015|title=टप १०० एल्बम|publisher=मिडिया कन्ट्रोल चार्ट|date=८ जनवरी २०१६}}</ref> | align="center"|५६ |- | {{AUS}} (एरिया चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.aria.com.au/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-albums-2015.htm|title=एरिया चार्ट – वर्षको समाप्तिमा – सन् २०१५ का १०० उत्कृष्ट एल्बमहरू|publisher=एरिया चार्ट|date=५ जनवरी २०१६}}</ref> | align="center"|३ |- | {{AUT}} (Ö३ अस्ट्रिया टप ४०)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.austriancharts.at/year.asp?id=2015&cat=a|title=जेहर्सफ्रिड एल्बम|publisher=Ö३ अस्ट्रिया टप ४०|date=१ जनवरी २०१६}}</ref> | align="center"|४७ |- | {{CAN}} (क्यानडेली एल्बम चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/top-canadian-albums|title=टप क्यानडेली एल्बम: २०१५ वर्ष समाप्ति|publisher=क्यानडेली एल्बम चार्ट|date=१२ डिसेम्बर २०१६}}</ref> | align="center"|'''१''' |- | {{USA}} (''बिलबोर्ड'' २००)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/chart-beat/6792629/the-year-in-pop-2015-taylor-swift-1989-uptown-funk-top-artist-album-song|title=२०१५: टेलर स्विफ्ट '१९८९' |publisher=किथ कल्टफिल्ड|publisher=ग्लोबल मिडिया|date=९ डिसेम्बर २०१५|date=९ डिसेम्बर २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|'''१''' |- | {{USA}} (डिजिटल एल्बम)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2015/digital-albums|title=डिजिटल एल्बम: वर्ष समाप्ति २०१५|publisher=डिजिटल एल्बम|date=१२ डिसेम्बर २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|'''१''' |- | {{JPN}} (ओरिकन)<ref>{{cite web|language=जापानी|url=http://www.oricon.co.jp/special/48546/5/|title=2015年 年間音楽ランキングを発表|publisher=ओरिकन|date=४ जनवरी २०१६}}</ref> | align="center"|३० |- | {{MEX}} (मेक्सिको एल्बम चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203134822/http://www.centrodedesarrollodigital.com/amprofonanual/100.php|title=Los Más Vendidos 2015|publisher=मेक्सिको एल्बम चार्ट|date=४ मार्च २०१८}}</ref> | align="center"|२० |- | {{NZL}} (एनजेट टप ४० एल्बम)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4183|title=सन् २०१५ को सर्वाधिक बिक्री हुने एल्बमहरू|publisher=रेकर्डिङ म्युजिक एनजेट|date=२५ डिसेम्बर २०१५}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823012621/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4183 |date=2016-08-23 }}</ref> | align="center"|५ |- | {{NLD}} (मेगाचार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=2015&cat=a|title=सन् २०१५|publisher=मेगाचार्ट|date=४ जनवरी २०१६}}</ref> | align="center"|३५ |- | {{UK}} (युके एल्बम चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/chart-news/the-official-top-40-biggest-artist-albums-of-2015-revealed__13273/|title=सन् २०१५ का उत्कृष्ट एल्बमहरू|publisher=युके एल्बम चार्ट|date=५ जनवरी २०१६}}</ref> | align="center"|६ |- | {{SUI}} (स्वीजर ह्याटफ्रिड)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.hitparade.ch/charts/jahreshitparade/2015|title=एल्बम|publisher=स्वीजर ह्याटफ्रिड|date=२८ डिसेम्बर २०१५}}</ref> | align="center"|४७ |- ! तालिका (२०१६) ! स्थान |- | {{AUS}} (एरिया चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.aria.com.au/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-albums-2016.htm|title=एरिया चार्ट – वर्षको समाप्ति – सन् २०१६ को टप १०० एल्बमहरू|publisher=एरिया चार्ट|date=१७ अप्रिल २०१४}}</ref> | align="center"|१७ |- | {{flagicon|BEL}} [[बेल्जियम]] (अल्ट्राटप टप ५०)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=2016&cat=a|title=१९८९ एल्बम|publisher=अल्ट्राटप ५०|date=१७ अप्रिल २०१७}}</ref> | align="center"|९७ |- | {{CAN}} (क्यानडेली एल्बम चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/top-canadian-albums|title=टप क्यानडेली एल्बम: वर्ष समाप्ति २०१६|publisher=क्यानडेली एल्बम चार्ट|date=१७ अप्रिल २०१७}}</ref> | align="center"|१७ |- | {{USA}} (''बिलबोर्ड'' २००)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/top-billboard-200-albums|title=२०१६ वर्ष समाप्ति: टप बिलबोर्ड २०० एल्बम|publisher=बिलबोर्ड २००|date=१७ अप्रिल २०१७}}</ref> | align="center"|१७ |- | {{USA}} (डिजिटल एल्बम)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2016/digital-albums|title=२०१६ वर्ष समाप्ति: टप बिलबोर्ड २०० एल्बम|publisher=डिजिटल एल्बम|date=१७ अप्रिल २०१७}}</ref> | align="center"|२२ |- | {{NZL}} (एनजेट टप ४० एल्बम)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4311|title=सन् २०१६ को सर्वाधिक बिक्री भएका एल्बमहरू|publisher=एनजेट टप ४० एल्बम|date=१७ अप्रिल २०१७}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229123517/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4311 |date=2016-12-29 }}</ref> | align="center"|१९ |- | {{UK}} (युके एल्बम चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.officialcharts.com/charts/end-of-year-artist-albums-chart/|title=वर्ष समाप्ति चार्ट – २०१६|publisher=आधिकारिक चार्ट कम्पनी|date=१७ अप्रिल २०१६}}</ref> | align="center"|४४ |- ! तालिका (२०१७) ! स्थान |- | {{AUS}} (एरिया चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/2017/albums-chart|title=एरिया - २०१७ को समाप्ति |publisher=एरिया चार्ट|date=७ अप्रिल २०१८}}</ref> | align="center"|३२ |- | {{USA}} (''बिलबोर्ड'' २००)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/top-billboard-200-albums|title=२०१७ वर्ष समाप्ति - टप बिलबोर्ड एल्बम|publisher=बिलबोर्ड २००|date=३० डिसेम्बर २०१७}}</ref> | align="center"|१०० |- ! तालिका (२०१८) ! स्थान |- | {{AUS}} (एरिया चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/2017/albums-chart|title=एरिया चार्ट सन् २०१७ वर्ष समाप्ति|publisher=एरिया चार्ट|date=१० जनवरी २०१९}}</ref> | align="center"|३६ |- | {{AUS}} (एरिया क्याटलग एल्बम चार्ट)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=https://www.ariacharts.com.au/annual-charts/2018/catalogue-albums-chart|title=२०१८ एरिया चार्ट|publisher=एरिया चार्ट|date=१० जनवरी २०१९}}</ref> | align="center"|१२ |- | {{USA}} (''बिलबोर्ड'' २००)<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.billboard.com/charts/year-end/2017/top-billboard-200-albums|title=२०१७ वर्ष समाप्ति: टप बिलबोर्ड २०० एल्बम|publisher=बिलबोर्ड २००|date=१० जनवरी २०१९}}</ref> | align="center"|८२ |- |} ==प्रमाणपत्र== {| class="wikitable" |- ! देशहरू ! प्रमाणपत्र ! बिक्री |- | {{AUS}} (एरिया)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Taylor+Swift&titel=1989&cat=a |title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - एरिया चार्ट इतिहास |publisher=एरिया चार्ट|date=१७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५ |accessdate=}}</ref> | डाइमन्ड [[File:Diamond record icon.svg|30px|place|centre]] | ५००,००० |- | {{AUT}} (आइएफपीआइ अस्ट्रिया)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin |title=अस्ट्रिया चार्ट |publisher=आइएफपीआइ अस्ट्रिया |date=७ मार्च २०१६ |accessdate= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216161149/http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin |date=2008-12-16 }}</ref> | २× प्ल्याटिनम [[File:Double platinum record icon.svg|30px|center]] | ४५,००० |- | {{BRA}} (प्रो म्युजिक ब्राजिल)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.portalpopline.com.br/1989-album-da-taylor-swift-ganha-certificado-triplo-de-platina-no-brasil/ |title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ |publisher=प्रो म्युजिक ब्राजिल|date=७ मार्च २०१६}}</ref> | प्लेटिनम [[File:Platinum record icon.svg|30px|center]] | ४०,००० |- | {{BRA}} (प्रो म्युजिक ब्राजिल)<ref>[http://pro-musicabr.org.br/home/certificados/?busca_artista=Taylor+Swift&tmidia=1 प्रो म्युजिक ब्राजिल] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217124641/http://pro-musicabr.org.br/home/certificados/?busca_artista=Taylor+Swift&tmidia=1 |date=2017-02-17 }}</ref><br> डिजिटल एल्बम | गोल्ड [[File:Gold record icon.svg|30px|center]] | २०,००० |- | {{CAN}} (म्युजिक क्यानडा)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://musiccanada.com/gold-platinum/?fwp_gp_search=1989%2520Taylor+Swift |title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ |publisher=म्युजिक क्यानडा|date=२७ डिसेम्बर २०१५ |accessdate=}}</ref> | ६× प्लेटिनम [[File:Sextuple platinum record icon.svg|30px|center]] | ५३०,००० |- | {{CHN}} (एसएआरएफटी)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://music.yule.sohu.com/20141226/n407316541.shtml|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ |publisher=सोहु म्युजिक|date= |accessdate=६ जनवरी २०१५}}</ref> | प्लेटिनम [[File:Platinum record icon.svg|30px|center]] | १००,००० |- | {{flagicon|DEN}} [[डेनमार्क]] (आइएफपीआइ डेनमार्क)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.dk/?q=content/taylor-swift-1989 |title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ |publisher=आइएफपीआइ डेनमार्क|date= |accessdate=१ मार्च २०१७}}</ref> | गोल्ड [[File:Gold record icon.svg|30px|center]] | १०,००० |- | {{FRA}} | | ७०,००० |- | {{GER}} (बिभिएमआइ)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musikindustrie.de/nc/datenbank/?action=suche&strTitel=1989&strInterpret=Taylor+Swift&strTtArt=alben&strAwards=checked |title=१९८९ एल्बम |publisher=बिभिएमआइ|date=२८ मार्च २०१५ |accessdate=}}</ref> | प्लेटिनम [[File:Platinum record icon.svg|30px|center]] | २००,००० |- | {{IND}} (आइएमआइ)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mid-day.com/articles/taylor-swifts-1989-is-certified-triple-platinum-in-india/16672150 |title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ एल्बम |publisher=आइएमआइ|date=११ नोभेम्बर २०१५ |accessdate=}}</ref> | ३× प्लेटिनम [[File:Triple platinum record icon.svg|30px|center]] | ६०,००० |- | {{flagicon|ITA}} [[इटाली]] (एफआइएमआइ)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin |title=१९८९ एल्बम |publisher=एफआइएमआइ इटाली |date=७ मार्च २०१६ |accessdate= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216161149/http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin |date=2008-12-16 }}</ref> | गोल्ड [[File:Gold record icon.svg|30px|center]] | २५,००० |- | {{JPN}} (आरआइएजे)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gold/201504.html |title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ |publisher=जापान रेकर्डिङ उद्योग सङ्घ |date=१९ सेप्टेम्बर २०१५ }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200724130553/http://www.riaj.or.jp/data/others/gold/201504.html |date=2020-07-24 }}</ref> | प्लेटिनम [[File:Platinum record icon.svg|30px|center]] | २६८,१८३ |- | {{MEX}} (एम्प्रोफोन)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/612828 |title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ प्रमाणपत्र |publisher=एम्प्रोफोन|date=९ जुन २०१७ |accessdate=}}</ref> | गोल्ड [[File:Gold record icon.svg|20px|center]] + ३× प्लेटिनम [[File:Triple platinum record icon.svg|20px|place|centre]] | २१०,००० |- | {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[नेदरल्यान्ड|नेदरल्यान्ड्स]] (एनभिपिएल)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nvpi.nl/nvpi-audio/marktinformatie/goud-platina/ |title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ गोल्ड र प्लेटिनम प्रमाणपत्र |publisher=एनभिपिएल |date=२७ डिसेम्बर २०१५ |accessdate= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704212857/https://nvpi.nl/nvpi-audio/marktinformatie/goud-platina/ |date=2018-07-04 }}</ref> | गोल्ड [[File:Gold record icon.svg|30px|center]] | २५,००० |- | {{NZL}} (आरएमएनजेट)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4012|title=न्युजिल्यान्ड टप ४० चार्ट|publisher=आधिकारिक चार्ट कम्पनी|date=|accessdate=१ अक्टोबर २०१५}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518075141/http://nztop40.co.nz/chart/albums?chart=4012 |date=2015-05-18 }}</ref> | ६× प्लेटिनम [[File:Sextuple platinum record icon.svg|30px|center]] | ९०,००० |- | {{POL}} (जेटपिएभि)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/wyroznienia/zloteplyty/cd/archiwum.php?year=2015 |title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ |publisher=जेटपिएभी |date= |accessdate=२७ डिसेम्बर २०१५ }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150118153000/http://bestsellery.zpav.pl/wyroznienia/zloteplyty/cd/archiwum.php?year=2015 |date=2015-01-18 }}</ref> | २× प्ल्याटिनम [[File:Double platinum record icon.svg|30px|center]] | ४०,००० |- | {{RSA}} <ref>{{cite web |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20150626121827/http://mobi.iol.co.za/#!/article/something-to-rock-everyone-s-xmas-sock-1.1796602|title=१९८९ एल्बम इतिहास |publisher=वेब्याक मेसिन|date= |accessdate=१९ सेप्टेम्बर २०१५}}</ref> | गोल्ड [[File:Gold record icon.svg|30px|center]] | २०,००० |- | {{ESP}} (प्रो म्युजिक)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.elportaldemusica.es/album-8898-taylor-swift-1989 |title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ |publisher=प्रो म्युजिक |date=१९ सेप्टेम्बर २०१५ |accessdate= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429203245/http://www.elportaldemusica.es/album-8898-taylor-swift-1989 |date=2015-04-29 }}</ref> | गोल्ड [[File:Gold record icon.svg|30px|center]] | २०,००० |- | {{flagicon|Sweden}} [[स्विडेन]] (जिएलएफ)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sverigetopplistan.se/ |title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ गोल्ड र प्लेटिनम प्रमाणपत्र |publisher=जिएलएफ|date=९ जुन २०१९ |accessdate=}}</ref> | गोल्ड [[File:Gold record icon.svg|30px|center]] | २०,००० |- | {{flagicon|Switzerland}} [[स्विट्जरल्यान्ड]] (आइएफपीआइ स्विट्जरल्यान्ड)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.hitparade.ch/awards.asp?year=2015|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ |publisher=स्वीजर ह्याटप्रिड|date= |accessdate=९ सेप्टेम्बर २०१५}}</ref> | गोल्ड [[File:Gold record icon.svg|30px|center]] | १५,००० |- | {{UK}} (बिपिआइ)<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/13026-1598-2|title=ब्रिटिस्ट फोनोग्रामिक उद्योग |publisher=बिपिआइ|date= |accessdate=४ अगस्ट २०१८}}</ref> | ३× प्लेटिनम [[File:Triple platinum record icon.svg|20px|center]] | १,०८१,२२० |- | {{USA}} (आरआइएए)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=Taylor+Swift&ti=1989#search_section |title=आरआइएए - गोल्ड र प्लेटिनम |publisher=अमेरिकी रेकर्डिङ उद्योग सङ्घ|date=११ डिसेम्बर २०१७ |accessdate=}}</ref> | ९× प्लेटिनम [[File:Nonuple platinum record icon.svg|30px|center]] | ६,११०,००० |- |} ==सार्वजनिक इतिहास== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! देश ! मिती ! ढाँचा ! रेकर्ड गरिएको |- | {{GER}}<ref>{{cite web|language=जर्मन|url=http://www.amazon.de/1989-Swift-Taylor/dp/B00MV0FQFG/|title=१९८९|publisher=अमेजन|date=२३ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | rowspan="10" | २७ अक्टोबर २०१४ | rowspan="10" | {{hlist|सिडि|डिजिटल डाउनलोड}} | rowspan="4" | युनिभर्सल म्युजिक |- | {{AUS}}<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.getmusic.com.au/store/taylor-swift-1989-digital-album-5139921|title=टेलर स्विफ्टको १९८९ एल्बम|publisher=गेट म्युजिक|date=२३ मार्च २०१४}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402150813/http://www.getmusic.com.au/store/taylor-swift-1989-digital-album-5139921 |date=2015-04-02 }}</ref> |- | {{flagicon|BEL}} [[बेल्जियम]]<ref>{{cite web|language=फ्रान्सेली|url=https://itunes.apple.com/be/album/1989-deluxe/id907104698?l=fr|title=१९८९|publisher=आइट्युन्स स्टोर र एप्पल इङ्क|date=२३ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> |- | {{CAN}}<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.amazon.ca/1989-Taylor-Swift/dp/B00MRHANNI/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&qid=1427112150&sr=8-1&keywords=1989|title=१९८९|publisher=अमेजन|date=२३ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> |- | {{ESP}}<ref>{{cite web|language=स्पेनी|url=http://www.amazon.es/1989-Edici%C3%B3n-Deluxe-Taylor-Swift/dp/B00MV0FT4Y/|title=१९८९ - सम्पादन संस्करण|publisher=अमेजन|date=२३ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | [[रिपब्लिक रेकर्ड्स|रिपब्लिक]] |- | {{USA}}<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.amazon.com/1989-Taylor-Swift/dp/B00MRHANNI/|title=१९८९|publisher=अमेजन|date=२३ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | बिग मेसिन |- | {{FRA}}<ref>{{cite web|language=फ्रान्सेली|url=http://www.amazon.fr/1989-CD-Deluxe-Taylor-Swift/dp/B00MV0FT4Y/|title=१९८९ - सिडि डिलक्स|publisher=अमेजन|date=२३ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | मर्करी रेकर्डस् |- | {{IRL}}<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ie/album/1989-deluxe/id907104698|title=१९८९ - टेलर स्विफ्ट |publisher=आइट्युन्स स्टोर, एप्पल इङ्क|date=२३ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | युनिभर्सल म्युजिक |- | {{flagicon|ITA}} [[इटाली]]<ref>{{cite web|language=इटालीनो|url=http://www.amazon.it/1989-Taylor-Swift/dp/B00MV0FQFG/|title=१९८९|publisher=अमेजन|date=२३ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | rowspan="2" | भर्जिना इएमआइ |- | {{UK}}<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00MV0FQFG/|title=१९८९|publisher=अमेजन|date=२३ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> |- | {{JPN}} | rowspan="2" | २८ अक्टोबर २०१४ | सिडि+डिभिडि | rowspan="4" | युनिभर्सल म्युजिक |- | {{NZL}}<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.wowhd.co.nz/CD/taylor-swift-1989/dp/40499069#bc=6306|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट : १९८९|publisher=डब्ल्यूओडब्ल्यू|date=२३ मार्च २०१५}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144710/http://www.wowhd.co.nz/CD/taylor-swift-1989/dp/40499069#bc=6306 |date=2015-04-02 }}</ref> | rowspan="2" | सिडि |- | {{BRA}}<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://portalpopline.com.br/taylor-swift-1989-chega-as-lojas-brasileiras-e-ja-e-disco-de-ouro/|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९|publisher=पप लाइन |date=२३ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | ११ नोभेम्बर २०१४ |- | {{CAN}}<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00P2HSETA/|title=१९८९|publisher=अमेजन|date=२३ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | rowspan="3" | ९ डिसेम्बर २०१४ | rowspan="3" | भिनिल |- | {{USA}}<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.amazon.com/dp/B00P2HSETA/|title=१९८९ (भिनिल)|publisher=अमेजन|date=२३ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | rowspan="2" | बिग मेसिन |- | {{POR}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdgo.com/Detalhes/swift-taylor-1989/3303908|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ |publisher=सिडिजिओ|date=२३ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> |- | {{TUR}}<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=http://www.dr.com.tr/Muzik/1989-%5BLicensee%5D/Taylor-Swift/Yabanci-Albumler/Pop-Music/Country/urunno=0000000624008|title=१९८९|publisher=डिआर डटका डट टिआर|date=२३ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | rowspan="2" | 10 de dezembro de 2014 | rowspan="2" | सिडि | rowspan="2" | युनिभर्सल म्युजिक |- | {{POR}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdgo.com/Detalhes/swift-taylor-1989/3251867|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९|publisher=सिडिजिओ|date=२३ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> |- | {{USA}}<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/taylor-swift-karaoke-1989/id951348926|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट: १९८९|publisher=अमेजन|date=१९ नोभेम्बर २०१७}}</ref> | १५ डिसेम्बर २०१४ | ''डिजिटल'' डाउनलोड | बिग मेसिन |- | {{CHN}}<ref>{{cite web|language=चिनियाँ|url=http://www.amazon.cn/dp/B00QWC2HB0/|title=泰勒•史薇芙特:1989(CD 豪华版 附限量版文件夹)|publisher=अमेजन|date=२३ मार्च २०१५}}</ref> | ३० डिसेम्बर २०१४ | सिडि | 北京电视艺术中心 |- | {{CAN}}<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=https://itunes.apple.com/ca/album/taylor-swift-karaoke-1989/id969609941|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट - १९८९ |publisher=आइट्युन्स स्टोर, एप्पल इङ्क|date=१९ नोभेम्बर २०१७}}</ref> | ३ मार्च २०१५ | ''डाउनलोड'' डिजिटल | rowspan="4" | बिग मेसिन |- | {{USA}}<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00UXA96G6/|title=टेलर स्विफ्ट|publisher=अमेजन|date=१९ नोभेम्बर २०१७}}</ref> | १४ अप्रिल २०१५ | {{hlist|सिडि+जि|डिभिडि |- | {{CAN}}<ref>{{cite web|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|url=https://www.amazon.ca/dp/B00V7Y297A/|title=१९८९ - टेलर स्विफ्ट|publisher=अमेजन|date=१९ नोभेम्बर २०१७}}</ref> | १४ मे २०१५ | सिडि+जि |- | [[File:Rotating earth (large).gif|25px]] [[पृथ्वी|विश्व]] | ९ जुन २०१७ | ''स्ट्रिमिङ'' |- |} ==सन्दर्भ सामग्री== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== * [https://duckduckgo.com/?q=1989+album+taylor+swift&t=ucbrowser&iax=products&ia=products १९८९ एल्बमको थप जानकारी] [[श्रेणी:टेलर स्विफ्टका एल्बमहरू]] lbymelzqmnsum1xd5qjg9o5tjax97kh 0 107834 1365161 1339289 2026-07-07T04:44:26Z Bishaldev100 28807 1365161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{विशेष लेख}} {{Infobox military conflict |group = |image = BangladeshLiberationWarMontage.jpg |image_size = 280px |caption = घडीको दिशामा शीर्ष बायाँदेखि; [[बुद्धिजीवी सहिद स्मारक]], [[मुक्ति बाहिनी|बङ्गलादेशी सेना]]को [[होइट्जर]], बङ्गलादेशी र भारतीय सेनासमक्ष पाकिस्तानी सेनाको आत्मसमर्पण,<ref>http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5312/Instrument+of+Surrender+of+Pakistan+forces+in+Dacca "The Pakistan Eastern Command agree to surrender all Pakistan Armed Forces in Bangladesh to Lieutenant General Jagjit Singh Aurora, General Officer Commanding-in –chief of the Indian and Bangladesh forces in the eastern theatre."</ref> पाकिस्तानी पनडुब्बी पिएनएस गाजी |partof = |date = २६ मार्च – १६ डिसेम्बर १९७१ |place = {{झण्डा चिन्ह|बङ्गलादेश}}[[बङ्गलादेश]] (तत्कालीन पूर्व पाकिस्तान), बङ्गालको खाडी, पश्चिम पाकिस्तान, अरबी सागर, भारतको केही भाग |casus = |territory = पाकिस्तानबाट [[पूर्वी पाकिस्तान|पूर्व पाकिस्तान]] स्वतन्त्र हुँदै स्वाधीन बङ्गलादेश परिणत भएको थियो। |result = बङ्गलादेशको जित |combatant1 = {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Bangladesh|1971}} [[बङ्गलादेश]] *{{झण्डा चिन्ह|Bangladesh|1971}} [[बङ्गलादेश]]{{झण्डा चिन्ह|भारत}} [[भारत]] (३ डिसेम्बर १९७१ युद्धमा भाग लिएको)* {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} भारतीय सशस्त्र सेना<ref>{{वेब स्रोत| युआरएल=http://articles.latimes.com/2002/mar/30/local/me-passings30.1 | कार्य=The Los Angeles Times | शीर्षक=Gen. Tikka Khan, 87; 'Butcher of Bengal' Led Pakistani Army | मिति=30 March 2002}}</ref> '''समर्थनकारी देश''' <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Soviet Union}} [[सोभियत सङ्घ]]<ref name=RIR>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=Rakesh Krishnan Simha|शीर्षक=1971 War: How Russia sank Nixon's gunboat diplomacy|युआरएल=http://in.rbth.com/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041.html |कार्य= In.rbth.com |प्रकाशक=Russia & India Report|पहुँचमिति=2 March 2015|मिति=December 20, 2011}}</ref>|combatant2 = {{झण्डा चिन्ह|पाकिस्तान}} [[पाकिस्तान]] * पाकिस्तानी सशस्त्र सेना'''अर्धसैनिक लडाकु'''<br>* पूर्व पाकिस्तान केन्द्रीय शान्ति समिति* [[राजाकार]]* आल बदर* आल शामस <br>'''समर्थनकारी देश''': <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका}} [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|युआरएल=http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48542.htm |शीर्षक=Document 172 |प्रकाशक=2001-2009.state.gov |मिति=1971-12-10 |पहुँचमिति=2015-05-31}}</ref> <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|संयुक्त अधिराज्य}} [[संयुक्त अधिराज्य]]<ref name="theworldreporter.com">{{वेब स्रोत|युआरएल=http://www.theworldreporter.com/2011/10/1971-india-pakistan-war-role-of-russia.html|शीर्षक=1971 India Pakistan War: Role of Russia, China, America and Britain|कार्य=The World Reporter|पहुँचमिति=30 October 2011}}</ref><ref>{{वेब स्रोत|युआरएल=http://www.frontierindia.net/british-aircraft-carrier-hms-eagle-tried-to-intervene-in-1971-india-pakistan-war|शीर्षक=British aircraft carrier 'HMS Eagle' tried to intervene in 1971 India&nbsp;– Pakistan war&nbsp;– Frontier India&nbsp;– News, Analysis, Opinion&nbsp;– Frontier India&nbsp;– News, Analysis, Opinion|प्रकाशक=Frontier India|मिति=18 December 2010|पहुँचमिति=27 July 2012|अभिलेख-युआरएल=https://web.archive.org/web/20160110154941/http://frontierindia.net/british-aircraft-carrier-hms-eagle-tried-to-intervene-in-1971-india-pakistan-war/|अभिलेख-मिति=१० जनवरी २०१६}}</ref> <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|श्रीलङ्का}}[[श्रीलङ्का]] <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|चीन}} [[चीन]]<ref name="Manohar, Singh">{{पुस्तक स्रोत|अन्तिम१=Singh|प्रथम१=edited by Swaran|शीर्षक=China-Pakistan strategic cooperation : Indian perspectives|मिति=2007|प्रकाशक=Manohar|स्थान=New Delhi|आइएसबिएन=8173047618}}</ref><ref name="Columbia University Press, Jaffrelot">{{पुस्तक स्रोत|अन्तिम१=Jaffrelot|प्रथम१=Christophe|शीर्षक=Pakistan at the Crossroads: Domestic Dynamics and External Pressures|प्रकाशक=Columbia University Press|आइएसबिएन=9780231540254|युआरएल=https://books.google.com/?id=A791CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA285&dq=china+1971+indo+pak+war+general#v=onepage&q=china%201971%20indo%20pak%20war%20general&f=false|पहुँचमिति=25 December 2016|भाषा=अङ्ग्रेजी}}</ref> <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|साउदी अरब}} [[साउदी अरब]]<ref>{{वेब स्रोत |शीर्षक=সংরক্ষণাগারভুক্ত অনুলিপি |युआरएल=http://orbat.com/site/cimh/iaf/IAF_1971_kills.pdf |पहुँचमिति=१७ मार्च २०१७ |अभिलेखयुआरएल=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511153500/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/iaf/IAF_1971_kills.pdf |अभिलेखमिति=११ मे २०१३ }}</ref><ref>{{वेब स्रोत |युआरएल=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_326.shtml |शीर्षक=India – Pakistan War, 1971; Introduction |प्रकाशक=Acig.org |मिति= |पहुँचमिति=2013-07-01}}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606195040/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_326.shtml]</ref><ref>{{पुस्तक स्रोत|शीर्षक=India's Foreign Policy|युआरएल=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y32u4JMroQgC&pg=PA317|पहुँचमिति=1 July 2013|वर्ष=2009|प्रकाशक=Pearson Education India|आइएसबिएन=978-81-317-1025-8|पृष्ठ=३१७–}}</ref><ref name="Ward1992">{{पुस्तक स्रोत|लेखक=Richard Edmund Ward|शीर्षक=India's Pro-Arab Policy: A Study in Continuity|युआरएल=https://books.google.com/books?id=5n359Tp2FRMC&pg=PA85|पहुँचमिति=1 July 2013|मिति=1 January 1992|प्रकाशक=Greenwood Publishing Group|आइएसबिएन=978-0-275-94086-7|पृष्ठ=85–}}</ref> <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|टर्की}} [[टर्की|तुर्की]]<ref name=RIR>{{वेब स्रोत|लेखक=Rakesh Krishnan Simha|शीर्षक=1971 War: How Russia sank Nixon's gunboat diplomacy|युआरएल=http://in.rbth.com/articles/2011/12/20/1971_war_how_russia_sank_nixons_gunboat_diplomacy_14041.html |कार्य= In.rbth.com |प्रकाशक=Russia & India Report|पहुँचमिति=2 March 2015|मिति=December 20, 2011}}</ref> |commander1 = {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Bangladesh|1971}} [[शेख मुजिबुर रहमान]] <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Bangladesh|1971}} ताजउद्दिन आहमेद <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Bangladesh|1971}} सैयद नजरुल इसलाम <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Bangladesh|1971}} मुहाम्मद मनसुर आली <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Bangladesh|1971}} आबुल हासनात मोहाम्मद कामारुज्जामान <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Bangladesh|1971}} एमएजी ओसमानी <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Bangladesh|1971}} [[जियाउर रहमान]] <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Bangladesh|1971}} खालेद मोशार्रफ <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Bangladesh|1971}} काजी मुहम्मद शफिउल्लाह <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} श्याम मानेकश <br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} जगजित सिंह अरोरा <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of Indian Army.svg}} ज्याक फर्ज राफाएल ज्याकब | commander2 = {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Pakistan}} याह्या खान <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Pakistan}} नुरुल आमिन <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Pakistan}} आब्दुल मोतालेब मालिक (युद्धबन्दी) <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} आमिर आबदुल्लाह खान नियाजी (युद्धबन्दी) <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} राओ फरमान आली (युद्धबन्दी) <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} मोहाम्मद जामशेद (युद्धबन्दी) <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Pakistani Army.svg}} टिक्का खान <br> {{flagicon image|Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg}} मोहाम्मद शरिफ (युद्धबन्दी) <br> {{flagicon image|Naval Jack of Pakistan.svg}} लेस्ली मुङ्गाभिन (युद्धबन्दी) <br> {{flagicon image|Air Force Ensign of Pakistan.svg}} प्याट्रिक डेसमन्ड कालाघान (युद्धबन्दी) <br> {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Pakistan}} (पूर्व पाकिस्तान केन्द्रीय शान्ति समिति) <br>{{झण्डा चिन्ह|Pakistan}} (आल बदर) <br>{{झण्डा चिन्ह|पाकिस्तान}} (आल शामस) |strength1 = {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Bangladesh|1971}} [[बङ्गलादेश]] ११०,०००<ref>Pakistan & the Karakoram Highway By Owen Bennett-Jones, Lindsay Brown, John Mock, Sarina Singh, Pg 30</ref> <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} २५०,०००<ref>''[http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_326.shtml India - Pakistan War, 1971; Introduction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606195040/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_326.shtml |date=2011-06-06 }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110606195040/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_326.shtml]'' - Tom Cooper, Khan Syed Shaiz Ali</ref> |strength2 = {{झण्डा चिन्ह|पाकिस्तान}} '''सशस्त्र सेना''': <br> १००,००० <br> '''अर्धसैनिक''': <br> २५,०००<ref>p442 Indian Army after Independence'' by KC Pravel: Lancer 1987|आइएसबिएन=81-7062-014-7]</ref> |casualties1 = {{झण्डा चिन्ह|Bangladesh|1971}} [[बङ्गलादेश]] ~३०,००,००० योद्धा तथा निरीह सर्वसाधारण सहिद भए<ref>{{पुस्तक स्रोत|अन्तिम१=Thiranagama|प्रथम१=edited by Sharika|अन्तिम२=Kelly|प्रथम२=Tobias|शीर्षक=Traitors : suspicion, intimacy, and the ethics of state-building|मिति=2012|प्रकाशक=University of Pennsylvania Press|स्थान=Philadelphia, Pa.|आइएसबिएन=0812222377}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{वेब स्रोत|युआरएल=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18049515 |शीर्षक=Bangladesh Islamist leader Ghulam Azam charged |प्रकाशक=BBC |मिति=13 May 2012 |पहुँचमिति=13 May 2012}}</ref> <br> {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ministry of Defence of India.svg}} १,४२६–१,५२५ सेना सहिद भए <br> ३,६११–४,०६१ सेना घाइते<ref name=FallOfDacca>Figures from ''The Fall of Dacca'' by [[जगजित सिंह अरोरा]] in ''The Illustrated Weekly of India'' dated [[23 December]] [[1973]] quoted in ''Indian Army after Independence'' by KC Pravel: Lancer 1987 [ आइएसबिएन=81-7062-014-7</ref> |casualties2 = {{झण्डा चिन्ह|पाकिस्तान}} ८,००० सैनिक मारिए <br> १०,००० सैनिक घाइते भए <br> ९१,००० युद्धबन्धि (५६,६९४ लडाकु सैनिक, १२,१९२ अर्धसैनिक र बाँकी नागरिकहरू)<ref name=FallOfDacca/><ref>Figure from ''Pakistani Prisioners of War in India'' by Col S.P. Salunke p.10 quoted in ''Indian Army after Independence'' by KC Pravel: Lancer 1987|आइएसबिएन=81-7062-014-7</ref> |casualties3= सर्वसाधारणहरूको प्राणहानी: अनुमानित २७,९०,०००<ref>Daily Observer,Bangladesh, 11th January 1972,Dhaka,Bangladesh</ref> देखि ३०,००००० सम्म<ref name=MW>Matthew White's ''[http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/warstat2.htm#Bangladesh Death Tolls for the Major Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century]''</ref> }} '''बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रता युद्ध''' ({{भाषा-बाङ्ला|বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধ}}; उच्चारण: '''बाङ्लादेशेर शाधिनता जुद्धो''') बङ्गलादेशी राष्ट्रवादी तथा स्व-दृढताको एक क्रान्ति र सशस्त्र सङ्घर्ष आन्दोलन थियो जसको सुरुवात सन् १९७१ मार्च २६ र अन्त्य डिसेम्बर १६ का दिन भएको थियो। यो युद्धका कारण [[बङ्गलादेश]] स्वतन्त्र भएको थियो। यो युद्ध २५ मार्च १९७१ को रात पश्चिम [[पाकिस्तान]]ले पूर्व पाकिस्तानमा रहेका मानिसहरूलाई आक्रमण गरेपछि सुरु भएको थियो।<ref name="Social 2005 p93"> {{cite book|last=Moss|first=Peter|title=Secondary Social Studies For Pakistan|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Karachi|isbn=9780195977042|page=93|oclc=651126824}}</ref> यस युद्धमा बङ्गलादेशका नागरिकहरू, विद्यार्थीहरू, धार्मिक अल्पसङ्ख्यक र सशस्त्र कर्मचारीहरू संलग्न रहेका थिए। यो युद्ध १६ डिसेम्बर १९७१ का दिन पश्चिम पाकिस्तानले [[आत्मसमर्पण (सैन्य)|आत्मसमर्पण]] गरेपछि अन्त्य भएको थियो। [[पूर्वी पाकिस्तान|पूर्व पाकिस्तान]]को ग्रामीण र सहरी क्षेत्रहरू व्यापक सैनिक सञ्चालन र हवाई हमला भएको थियो। उर्दू-बोल्ने बिहारीहरू बङ्गलादेशमा (जातीय अल्पसाङ्ख्यक) पनि पाकिस्तानी सैनिकको समर्थनमा थिए। पाकिस्तानी सेना र सेनाका सहयोगीहरूले यस युद्धमा स्थानीय मानिसहरूको सामूहिक हत्या, लुटपाट र सामूहिक बलात्कार गर्ने गरेका थिए। यस युद्धको समयमा बङ्गलादेशको राजधानी ढाकामा विभिन्न हत्या काण्डहरू घटेका थिए जसमा [[ढाका विश्वविद्यालय]] हत्याकाण्ड समावेश रहेको छ।<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LQHIAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA57#v=onepage|title=The World's Most Threatening Terrorist Networks and Criminal Gangs|last=Schneider|first=B.|last2=Post|first2=J.|last3=Kindt|first3=M. |year=2009 |publisher=Springer|isbn=9780230623293|location=|page=57|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsrfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168#v=onepage|title=Pakistan: From the Rhetoric of Democracy to the Rise of Militancy|last=Kalia|first=Ravi |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781136516412|location=|page=168|language=en}}</ref> अनुमानित १ करोड बङ्गाली शरणार्थीहरू छिमेकी मुलुक [[भारत]]मा शरण लिएका थिए जबकि ३ करोड मानिसहरू घरवारविहीन बनेका थिए। बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्र भएको घोषणा [[चट्टोग्राम]]बाट बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रताका लागि लडिरहेको एक संस्था [[मुक्तिवाहिनी]]ले गरेको थियो। यस युद्धमा पूर्वी बङ्गाली पल्टन र पूर्वी पाकिस्तान बन्दुकधारीहरूले प्रतिरोधमा महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेलेका थिए। सेनापति एमजिए ओसमानी र ११ क्षेत्रीय वरिष्ठ सैनिकले नेतृत्वमा रहेको बङ्गलादेशी सेनाले पाकिस्तानी सेनाको विरुद्धमा एक ठूलो युद्धको गरेको थियो। बङ्गलादेशी लडाकुहरूले सङ्घर्षको प्रारम्भिक महिनामा थुप्रै सहरहरूलाई स्वतन्त्र गराएका थिए। पाकिस्तानी सेनाले वर्षाऋतुको सुरुवातमा पुनः गति पाएको थियो भने पछि बङ्गलादेशी लडाकुहरूले पाकिस्तानी नौसेना विरुद्ध विभिन्न कार्वाही र आक्रमणहरूलाई तिव्र बनाएका थिए। बङ्गलादेश वायु सेनाले पाकिस्तानी सेनाको आधार सिविरमा आक्रमण गर्न सुरु गरेका थिए भने नोभेम्बर सम्ममा बङ्गलादेशी लडाकुहरूले पाकिस्तानी सेनालाई रातको समयमा आक्रमण गरेका थिए।<ref>Pg. 240 Tomsen, Peter (2011). ''The Wars of Afghanistan: Messianic Terrorism, Tribal Conflicts, and the Failures of Great Powers''. Public Affairs. {{ISBN|978-1-58648-763-8}}.</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PdrcAgAAQBAJ|title=Unconventional Warfare in South Asia: Shadow Warriors and Counterinsurgency|last=Roy|first=Dr Kaushik|last2=Gates|first2=Professor Scott |year=2014 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=9781472405791|language=en}}</ref> त्यसपछि लडाकुहरूले ग्रामीण इलाकाको र अधिकतम भूभागहरूलाई नियन्त्रण लिन सफल भएका थिए। बङ्गलादेशको प्रावधानवादी सरकार १७ अप्रिल १९७७ मा मुजिबनगरमा गठन गरिएको थियो। पश्चिम पाकिस्तानमा हजारौँ बङ्गाली परिवारहरू पूर्वी पाकिस्तान छिरेका थिए भने त्यहाँबाट धेरैजना [[अफगानिस्तान]] तर्फ भागेका थिए। युद्ध कालीन समयमा बङ्गाली सांस्कृतिक कार्यकर्ताहरूले गोप्य नि:शुल्क बङ्गाल रेडियो स्टेसन सञ्चालन गरेका थिए। बङ्गाली नागरिकहरूले यस युद्धको प्रचार विश्वव्यापी गरिसकेपछि [[इन्दिरा गान्धी]]को नेतृत्वमा रहेक‍ो भारतीय राज्यले बङ्गलादेश राष्ट्रवादीहरूलाई पर्याप्त राजनैतिक, आर्थिक र सैन्य सहयोग प्रदान गरेको थियो। बेलायती, भारतीय र अमेरिकी सङ्गीतकारहरूले बङ्गलादेशी नागरिकहरूको समर्थन गर्दै [[न्युयोर्क सहर|न्युयोर्क]] सहरमा विश्वको पहिलो प्रत्यक्ष साङ्गीतिक कार्यक्रमको आयोजना गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C&lpg=PR2&pg=PA34#v=onepage |title=Dictionary of Genocide: A-L |last=Totten|first=Samuel|last2=Bartrop|first2=Paul Robert |year=2008 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313346422 |location=|page=34|language=en}}</ref> [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]मा व्यवस्थापन सभाका सदस्य टेड केनेडीले काङ्ग्रेस अभियानमा पाकिस्तानी सेनाको विरुद्धमा आवाज उठाएका थिए। पाकिस्तानले उत्तर भारतमा उपप्रथम समुद्री आक्रमण सुरु गरेपछि [[भारत]] पनि युद्धमा सामेल भएक‍ो थियो र त्यस घटना पछि पाकिस्तानी सेनाहरू दुई पक्षमा विभाजित भएका थिए। पाकिस्तानी सेनाले २६ डिसेम्बर १९७९ का दिन [[ढाका]]मा [[आत्मसमर्पण (सैन्य)|आत्मसमर्पण]] गरेको थियो। युद्धले दक्षिण एसियाको भौगोलिक परिदृश्य परिवर्तन गरेको थियो भने बङ्गलादेश उद्भवसँग विश्वको सातौँ सबैभन्दा धेरै जनसङ्ख्या भएको देश बनेको थियो।<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jamal|first=Ahmed|date=5–17 October 2008|title=Mukti Bahini and the liberation war of Bangladesh: A review of conflicting views|url=http://www.cdrb.org/journal/2008/4/1.pdf|journal=Asian Affairs|volume=30|access-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103014904/http://www.cdrb.org/journal/2008/4/1.pdf|archive-date=3 January 2015|url-status=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103014904/http://www.cdrb.org/journal/2008/4/1.pdf |date=3 January 2015 }}</ref> जटिल क्षेत्रीय गठबन्धनहरू र यस युद्धका कारण [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]], [[सोभियत सङ्घ]] र गणतन्त्र [[चीन]]बीच [[शीतयुद्ध]] तथा तनाव बढेको थियो। [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ]]का अधिकांश सदस्यहरूले सन् १९७२ मा बङ्गलादेशलाई एक सार्वभौम राष्ट्रको रूपमा मान्यता प्रदान गरेका थिए। == पृष्ठभूमि == बेलायती भारतको विभाजन अघि, लाहोर प्रस्तावले हिन्दु-बहुसाङ्ख्यक राज्यहरूलाई बेलायती भारतको पूर्वी र उत्तरपश्चिम क्षेत्रहरूमा प्रस्तुत गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=78xTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6DgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1738,3655&dq=india+partition |title=Britain Proposes Indian Partition |work=The Leader-Post |date=2 June 1947 |access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> एक स्वतन्त्र संयुक्त बङ्गलाको लागि प्रस्ताव सन् १९४६ मा प्रधानमन्त्री होसेन सहिद सोहरावार्दीद्वारा प्रस्ताव गरिएको थियो तर औपनिवेशिक अधिकारीहरूले उक्त प्रस्तावको विरोध गरेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VbYqAAAAIBAJ&sjid=mGQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=1342,6305096&dq=india+partition |title=India Partition with Present Many Problems |work=Sarasota Herald-Tribune |date=8 June 1947 |access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> पूर्वी पाकिस्तान पुनर्जागरणले पूर्वी ब्रिटिस भारतमा एक सार्वभौमिक राज्यको निर्माणको वकालत गरेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=WPdUAAAAIBAJ&sjid=GZMDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7167,1795176&dq=india+partition |title=Problems of Partition |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=14 June 1947 |access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> अन्ततः राजनैतिक वार्तालापले अगस्ट १९४७ मा दुई राज्य, पाकिस्तान र भारतको आधिकारिक रूपमा विभाजन गरेको थियो जसले पाकिस्तानमा मुस्लिम र भारतमा हिन्दुहरूका लागि स्थायी घरहरू प्रदान गरेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html |title=Gendercide Watch: Genocide in Bangladesh, 1971 |website=gendercide.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721230201/http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html |archive-date=21 July 2012 |url-status= |access-date=11 June 2017 }}</ref> ब्रिटिस भारतको विभाजन पछि पाकिस्तानका प्रशासकीय राज्यहरू दुई भौगोलिक र सांस्कृतिक रूपमा विभाजित भएका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/21.htm|title=Bangladesh – The Zia Regime and Its Aftermath, 1977–82|website=countrystudies.us|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113093702/http://countrystudies.us/bangladesh/21.htm|archive-date=13 November 2016|url-status=|access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> पश्चिमी क्षेत्र लोकप्रिय थियो (एक समयकालका लागि आधिकारिक रूपमा) जुन पछि पश्चिम पाकिस्तानक‍ो रूपमा स्थापना भयो भने पूर्वी क्षेत्र (हाल बङ्गलादेश) पूर्वी पाकिस्तानको रूपमा स्थापना भएको थियो।<ref name="epw">{{cite journal |last=Bose |first=Sarmila |date=8 October 2005 |title=Anatomy of Violence, Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971 |url=http://www.epw.org.in/showArticles.php?root=2005&leaf=10&filename=9223&filetype=html |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=40 |issue=41 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301084941/http://www.epw.org.in/showArticles.php?root=2005&leaf=10&filename=9223&filetype=html |archivedate=1 March 2007 |accessdate=27 July 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301084941/http://www.epw.org.in/showArticles.php?root=2005&leaf=10&filename=9223&filetype=html |date=1 March 2007 }}</ref> यद्यपि दुई क्षेत्रहरूको जनसङ्ख्या लगभग बराबर भएतापनि राजनीतिक शक्ति पश्चिम पाकिस्तानमा केन्द्रित थियो भने पूर्वी पाकिस्तान आर्थिक रूपले शोषण भइरहेको थियो जहाँ धेरै समस्याहरू आइलाग्ने गरेको थियो। पछि यी दुई प्रशासकीय क्षेत्रहरूको असमानता मिलाउने कार्य एक चुनौतीको रूपमा देखा पर्न सुरु भएको थियो। २५ मार्च १९७१ का दिन भएको चुनावमा पूर्वी पाकिस्तानको एक राजनितीक दल आवामी लिगले जितेता पनि पश्चिम पाकिस्तानद्वारा पूर्वी पाकिस्तानलाई शासन सत्ता चलाउन बहिस्कार गरिएको थियो।<ref name=":1">{{cite web |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Rk4fAAAAIBAJ&sjid=jtEEAAAAIBAJ&pg=2676,6420028&dq=east+pakistan+independence |title=Civil War Rocks East Pakistan |work=Daytona Beach Morning Journal |date=27 March 1971 |access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> पूर्वी पाकिस्तान र पश्चिम पाकिस्तान बीच बढ्दो राजनीतिक असमानता र सांस्कृतिक राष्ट्रियता क्रान्तिकारी प्रकसीकरणीय शक्तिले गर्दा पश्चिम पाकिस्तानले अपारेसन सार्चलाइटको योजना बनाएको थियो। पाकिस्तान सेनाद्वारा हिंस्रक दमनको नेतृत्वमा अवामी लिगका नेता [[शेख मुजिबुर रहमान]]ले २६ मार्च १९७१ का दिन पूर्वी पाकिस्तानलाई स्वतन्त्र [[बङ्गलादेश]]को रूपमा घोषणा गरेका थिए। यस कदमलाई अधिकांश बङ्गालीहरूले समर्थन जनाएता पनि इस्लामी र बिहारीहरूले यसको विरोध गर्दै पाकिस्तानी सेनाको पक्ष लिन सुरु गरेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bose|first=Sarmila|date=8 October 2005|title=Anatomy of Violence: Analysis of Civil War in East Pakistan in 1971|url=http://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/sbose-anatomy_of_violence-epw_v_40_no_41_2005.pdf|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|page=4463}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201228012627/https://www.politics.ox.ac.uk/materials/profile_materials/sbose-anatomy_of_violence-epw_v_40_no_41_2005.pdf |date=28 December 2020 }}</ref> पाकिस्तानी राष्ट्रपति याह्या खानले पाकिस्तानी सेनालाई गृहयुद्ध सुरु गरेर पाकिस्तानी सरकारको अख्तियार फिर्ता लिन आदेश दिएका थिए भने यस गृहयुद्धका कारण शरणार्थीहरू समुद्री किनारमा घर बसाल्न बाध्य बनेका थिए (त्यतिखेर करिब १० करोड अनुमान गरिएको) र पछि भारतको पूर्वी प्रदेशहरूमा भिषण बाढी आएका कारण कयौँ मानिसहरू विस्थापित तथा घरवारविहीन हुन पुगेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/research/refugees-in-india-partition-bangladesh-war-tibet-occupation-sri-lankan-tamils-rohingyas-mynamar-world-refugee-day-five-human-influxes-that-have-shaped-india-2864449/|title=World Refugee Day: Five human influxes that have shaped India|date=20 June 2016|work=The Indian Express|access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155-2,00.html|title=The World: India and Pakistan: Over the Edge|date=13 December 1971|work=Time|access-date=11 June 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523003701/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C910155-2%2C00.html|archive-date=23 May 2011|url-status=|issn=0040-781X}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110523003701/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C910155-2%2C00.html |date=23 May 2011 }}</ref> बढ्दो मानवीय र आर्थिक सङ्कट सामना गर्दै भारतले मुक्तिवाहिनी नामक बङ्गलादेशी प्रतिरोध सेनालाई सक्रिय सहयोग र सङ्गठित गर्न सुरु गरेको थियो। === भाषा विवाद === [[चित्र:Shaheed minar Roehl.jpg|thumb|भाषा आन्दोलन स्मारक]] सन् १९४८ मा पाकिस्तानका तत्कालीन जनरल महम्मद ली जिनाहद्वारा मात्र [[उर्दु भाषा|उर्दू भाषा]]लाई पाकिस्तानको सङ्घीय भाषा हुनेछ भनि घोषणा गरेका थिए। यद्यपि उर्दू ऐतिहासिक रूपमा उपमहाद्वीपको उत्तर, मध्य र पश्चिमी क्षेत्रमा मात्र प्रचलित भाषा थियो जबकि पूर्वी बङ्गालमा बङ्गालीहरूको मातृभाषा [[बङ्गाली भाषा|बङ्गला]] थियो जुन दुई भारतीय-युरोपेली भाषाहरूको महत्त्वपूर्ण भाषाहरू हुन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=भाषा आन्दोलन|title=Language Movement|website=बाङ्लापिडिया|access-date=11 June 2017|url-status=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033428/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Language_Movement|archive-date=7 March 2016}}{{Dead link|date=June 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2BKzbHnFTfEC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA158#v=onepage|title=Sociolinguistics and Language Education|last=Hornberger|first=Nancy H.|last2=McKay|first2=Sandra Lee |year=2010 |publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=9781847694010|location=|pages=158|language=अङ्ग्रेजी}}</ref> पाकिस्तानमा बङ्गला मातृभाषा हुने मानिसहरूको सङ्ख्या देशको ३० प्रतिशत थिए। भाषा सम्बन्धि त्यस सरकारी अडानले पूर्वी क्षेत्रको संस्कृति माथि दमन गर्ने प्रयास गरेको रूपमा अनुमान गरिएको थियो। पूर्वी बङ्गालका मानिसहरूले उनीहरूको मातृभाषा बङ्गलालाई उर्दु र अङ्ग्रेजीको साथसाथै सङ्घीय दर्जा दिने माग गरेका थिए। पाकिस्तानमा भाषा आन्दोलन सन् १९४८ मा सुरु भएको थियो जब नागरिक समाजले बङ्गला लिपिलाई मुद्रा र टिकटबाट हटाउने निर्णयलाई विरोध गरेको थियो यद्यपि बेलायती राजको समयदेखिनै चलनचल्तीमा ल्याइएको थियो। <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.soas.ac.uk/languagecentre/languages/bengali/|title=SOAS Language Centre – Bengali Language Courses|website=soas.ac.uk}}</ref> सन्‌ १९७२ मा यो आन्दोलन चरम सीमामा पुगेको थियो जब २१ फेब्रुअरीमा प्रहरीले प्रदर्शनकारी, विद्यार्थी र सर्वसाधारणलाई गोली हान्दै कयौँको हत्या गरेका थिए। यो दिन बङ्गलादेशमा भाषा आन्दोलन दिवसको रूपमा मनाइँदै आएको छ।<ref>{{Cite web|title = International Mother Language Day|url = https://www.un.org/en/events/motherlanguageday/ |website=United Nations |access-date = 19 February 2016}}</ref> पछि सन् १९५२ मा भएको मृत्युको सम्झनामा युनेस्कोले २१ फेब्रुअरीलाई नोभेम्बर १९९९ मा अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मातृभाषा दिवसका रूपमा घोषणा गरेको थियो। === असमानता === पूर्वी पाकिस्तानको जनसङ्ख्या पश्चिमको भन्दा बढी भएता पनि पश्चिम पाकिस्तानले विभाजित देशलाई राजनैतिक रूपमा दमन गर्दै साधारण बजेटबाट पश्चिम पाकिस्तानका लागि बढी रकम विनियोजन गर्ने गरेको थियो। पूर्वी पाकिस्तान पुरै पाकिस्तानको निर्माणको क्रममा आर्थिक हिसाबले पहिलेनै वञ्चित भइसकेको थियो।<ref name="Willem van Schendel 136">{{cite book |author=Willem van Schendel |title=A History of Bangladesh |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-511-99741-9 |page=136 }}</ref> विभिन्न कारकहरूले विकास नीतिहरूमा जानाजानी राज्य बीच भेदभाव मात्र समावेश गरेन तर देशको राजधानी र पश्चिम पाकिस्तानमा बढी आप्रवासी व्यवसायीको उपस्थितिले त्यहाँ सरकारको ठूलो रकम छुट्याएको तथ्यलाई पनि समेटेको थियो। पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा थोरै सङ्ख्यामा मात्रै स्वदेशी व्यवसायी, पर्याप्त श्रम अशान्ति र तनावपूर्ण राजनैतिक वातावरणका कारण पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा विदेशी लगानी पनि कम रहेको थियो। पाकिस्तानी राज्यको आर्थिक दृष्टिकोण सहरी उद्योगतर्फ अग्रसर थियो जुन पूर्वी पाकिस्तानको मुख्यतया कृषि अर्थव्यवस्थासँग उपयुक्त थिएन।<ref name="Library">{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+bd0139) |title=Library of Congress studies |publisher=Memory.loc.gov |date=1 July 1947 |accessdate=23 June 2011}}</ref> बङ्गालीहरूलाई पाकिस्तानी सेनाको प्रतिनिधित्व गराइएको थियो। सशस्त्र सेनाका विभिन्न शाखामा बङ्गाली मूलका अधिकारीहरू सन् १९६५ सम्ममा कुल सेनाको ५ प्रतिशत मात्रै थिए। यी मध्ये केवल थोरै मात्रै सेनापतिको स्थानमा बहुमत प्राविधिक वा प्रशासकको भूमिकामा रहेको थियो। यस बाहेक पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा अधिक सेनाको बाहुल्यता रहेता पनि यहाँका सेनाहरूले सैन्य खरिदको सुविधाबाट बञ्चित हुनु परेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/dec/demons.htm |title=Demons of December – Road from East Pakistan to Bangladesh |website=Defencejournal.com |access-date=23 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609122558/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/dec/demons.htm |archive-date=9 June 2011 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609122558/http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/dec/demons.htm |date=9 June 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Rounaq Jahan |author-link=Rounaq Jahan |title=Pakistan: Failure in National Integration |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=1972 |pages=166–167 |isbn=978-0-231-03625-2 }}</ref> सन् १९६५ काश्मीरको भारत पाकिस्तान युद्धले बङ्गालीहरूमा सैनिक असुरक्षाको भावनालाई पनि प्रकाश पारेको थियो किनकि द्वन्द्वको क्रममा कुनै पनि भारतीय प्रतिरोधलाई असफल तुल्याउन पूर्व पाकिस्तानी सेनालाई खटाइएको थियो जसमा मात्र १५ लडाकु विमानहरू रहेका थिए। === वैचारिक र साँस्कृतिक भिन्नता === सन् १९४७ मा बङ्गाली मुलका मुसलमानहरूले आफूलाई पाकिस्तानको मुसलमानको रूपमा चिनाएका थिए तर सन् १९७० को दशकमा पूर्वी पाकिस्तानका मानिसहरूले आफ्नो धार्मिक पहिचानलाई भन्दा बङ्गाली जातीयतालाई प्राथमिकता दिँदै धर्मनिरपेक्षता, लोकतन्त्र र समाजवाद जस्ता पश्चिमी सिद्धान्तहरू अनुसार समाजको चाहना गरेका थिए।<ref name="Willem van Schendel 183">{{cite book|author=Willem van Schendel|title=A History of Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-99741-9|page=183}}</ref> धेरै बङ्गाली मुसलमानहरूले पाकिस्तानी राज्यले लगाएको इस्लामिक दृष्टान्तको कडा विरोध गरेका थिए।<ref name="Haqqani2010">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYppZ_dEjdIC&pg=PA19|title=Pakistan: Between Mosque and Military |year=2010 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment|isbn=978-0-87003-285-1|pages=19–|author=Husain Haqqani}}</ref> पश्चिम पाकिस्तानका शासक अभिजात वर्गका अधिकांश सदस्यहरू पनि उदार समाजवादी धारणा राख्नेहरूमा थिए तर पनि उनीहरूले साझा विश्वासलाई पाकिस्तानको सृष्टि र पाकिस्तानको बहु पहिचानलाई एकमा परिणत गर्ने गतिशील कारकको रूपमा बुझेका थिए।<ref name="Baxter 1997 70">{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=Craig |year=1997 |title=Bangladesh: From A Nation To A State |publisher=Westview Press |page=70 |isbn=978-0-813-33632-9 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gK3d627xESAC&pg=PA24|title=Military Intervention and Secession in South Asia: The Cases of Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Kashmir, and Punjab|last=Anne Noronha dos Santos|year=2007|isbn=9780275999490|location=|pages=24}}</ref> दुई पाकिस्तान बीचको साँस्कृतिक र भाषिक भिन्नताले कुनै पनि धार्मिक एकतालाई पछाडि पारेको थियो।<ref>{{cite book|author=Willem van Schendel|title=A History of Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-99741-9|page=114}}</ref> बङ्गालीहरू आफ्नो संस्कृति र भाषामा ठूलो गर्व गर्थे जुन यसको बङ्गला लिपि र शब्दावली पश्चिमी पाकिस्तानी अभिजात वर्गलाई अस्वीकार्य थियो भने उनीहरू यसमा पर्याप्त हिन्दु सांस्कृतिक प्रभाव रहेको छ भनी।विश्वास गर्दथे। <ref name="Willem van Schendel 2009 117">{{cite book|author=Willem van Schendel|title=A History of Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-99741-9|page=117}}</ref> पश्चिम पाकिस्तानीहरू पूर्वीलाई 'इस्लामीकरण' गर्ने प्रयासमा बङ्गालीहरूले उर्दु भाषा अपनाउँदै बोलीचालीको भाषा बनाएको हेर्न चाहन्थे।<ref name="Willem van Schendel 2009 117"/> भाषा आन्दोलनको घटनाले बङ्गालीहरूमा धर्मनिरपेक्ष आड लिइ राजनीतिको पक्षमा पाकिस्तानको साम्प्रदायिकतालाई त्याग्ने पक्षमा भावना उत्पन्न गराएको थियो भने आवामी लिगले यसको प्रचार प्रसार गर्न सुरु गर्दै पत्रिका मार्फत बङ्गाली पाठकहरूलाई धर्मनिरपेक्ष सन्देश प्रवाह गरेको थियो।<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NsrfCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA168#v=onepage|title=Pakistan: From the Rhetoric of Democracy to the Rise of Militancy|last=|first=|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=9781136516412|location=|pages=168}}</ref> धर्मनिरपेक्षताको विषयमा आवामी लिगको यस कदम मुस्लिम लिगको भन्दा पृथक् थियो।<ref name="RiazRahman2016">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nC9-CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA46|title=Routledge Handbook of Contemporary Bangladesh |year=2016 |publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-30877-5|pages=46–|author1=Ali Riaz|author2=Mohammad Sajjadur Rahman}}</ref> सन् १९७१ मा पाकिस्तानको विरुद्ध बङ्गलादेशी मुक्ति सङ्ग्रामको नेतृत्व धर्मनिरपेक्षवादी नेताहरूले गरेका थिए र धर्मनिरपेक्षवादीहरूले बङ्गलादेशको विजयलाई धर्म केन्द्रित पाकिस्तानी राष्ट्रवादमा धर्मनिरपेक्ष बङ्गाली राष्ट्रवादको विजयको रूपमा स्वागत गरेका थिए।<ref name="Baxter2018">{{cite book|author=Craig Baxter|title=Bangladesh: From A Nation To A State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FJdNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT10 |year=2018 |publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-813-33632-9|page=xiii}}</ref> पाकिस्तानको सरकारले मुस्लिम राज्यको लागि प्रयत्न गर्दा बङ्गलादेशमा धर्मनिरपेक्ष स्थापना भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite book|author=Willem van Schendel|title=A History of Bangladesh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Y2bBQAAQBAJ |year=2009 |publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-511-99741-9|page=175}}</ref> बङ्गलादेशको विजय पछि आवामी लिगले धर्मनिरपेक्ष व्यवस्था निर्माण गर्ने प्रयास गर्दै पाकिस्तान समर्थक इस्लामी राजनैतिक दलहरूलाई राजनीतिक सहभागिताबाट प्रतिबन्ध लगाइदिएको थियो।<ref name="Ahmed1998">{{cite book|author=Ishtiaq Ahmed|title=State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czSm7cmhgA0C&pg=PA223|year=1998|publisher=A&C Black|isbn=978-1-85567-578-0|pages=223–}}</ref> पूर्वी पाकिस्तानी उलामाहरू पछि तटस्थ हुँदै पाकिस्तानी राज्यलाई समर्थन गरेका थिए भने पाकिस्तानको विच्छेद इस्लामको लागि हानिकारक हुनेछ भनी उनीहरूले आँकलन गरिसकेका थिए। === राजनीतिक भिन्नता === [[चित्र:৭ই মার্চে রেসকোর্সে ময়দানে ঐতিহাসিক ভাষণ দিচ্ছেন শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান.jpg|right|thumb|७ मार्च १९७१ का दिन रेसकोर्स मैदानमा लाखौँ मानिसको अगाडि बोङ्गोबोन्धुले एक ऐतिहासिक भाषण दिएका थिए]] पूर्वी पाकिस्तानले पाकिस्तान भरिको जनसङ्ख्याको धेरै हिस्सा ओगटेता पनि राजनीतिक शक्ति पश्चिम पाकिस्तानीको हातमा रहेको थियो। जनसङ्ख्याको आधारमा प्रतिनिधित्व गर्ने स्पष्ट प्रणालीले पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा राजनीतिक शक्ति केन्द्रित हुने भएकोले पश्चिम पाकिस्तानी प्रतिष्ठानले "एक इकाई" योजना ल्यायो जसले पश्चिमी पाकिस्तानलाई एउटा प्रदेश मानिन्थ्यो। सन् १९५१ मा पाकिस्तानको पहिलो प्रधानमन्त्री लियाकत आली खानको हत्या पछि पाकिस्तानको नयाँ राष्ट्रपतिलाई राजनीतिक शक्तिले परिवर्तन गर्न थाल्यो जसले पाकिस्तानको गणतन्त्र भए पछि गभर्नर जनरलको पदलाई प्रतिस्थापित गर्‍यो र अन्ततः सेनाले पनि प्रतिस्थापन गरेको थियो।<ref name="pop">{{cite book|title=The Political System of Pakistan |first=Khalid B.|last=Sayeed|publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year=1967|page=61}}</ref> सन् १९६४ मा पूर्वी पाकिस्तान आन्दोलनमा बङ्गाली हिन्दुलाई जातीय सफाया देखियो र सन् १९६९ को विरोध प्रदर्शनहरू पछि पाकिस्तानका राष्ट्रपति अयुब खानले राष्ट्रपति पदबाट राजिनामा दिएका थिए र पाकिस्तानी सरकारको प्रमुख पद सम्हाल्नका लागि पाकिस्तानी सेनाका प्रमुख याह्या खानलाई आमन्त्रण दिएका थिए जसकारण पछि याह्या खान पाकिस्तानको राष्ट्रपति बनेका थिए। ७ दिसेम्बर १९७० मा पाकिस्तानमा भएको पहिलो साधारण निर्वाचन पूर्वी पाकिस्तानको अवामी लिगको जित्न सफल भएको थियो जसले पूर्वी पाकिस्तान विधानसभामा १६९ मा १६७ सिटहरूका साथ पूर्ण बहुमत हासिल गर्‍यो र ३१३ सिटहरू भएको राष्ट्रिय विधानसभामा लगभग पूर्ण बहुमत प्राप्त गर्न सफल भएको थियो भने तात्कालिक समयमा अवामी लिगका नेता शेख मुजिबुर रहमान थिए। पाकिस्तान पिपल्स राजनितीक दलले पश्चिम पाकिस्तानमा राष्ट्रिय विधानसभामा ८१ सिटहरूको साथ अधिकांश मत जित्न सफल भएको थियो भने तात्कालिक समयमा उक्त राजनितीक दलका नेता जुलफिकार अली भुट्टो रहेका थिए। अवामी लिगका नेता शेख मुजीबुर रहमानले छ बुँदे आन्दोलनको नेतृत्व गरेका थिए जसले पूर्वी पाकिस्तानका लागि अधिक स्वायत्ततामा जोड दिएको थियो। उनले बङ्गालीको शासनको अधिकारका लागि पनि वकालत गरेका थिए। ७ मार्च १९७१ मा शेख मुजीबुर रहमान सोहरावार्दी उद्यानमा भाषण दिएका थिए। यस भाषणमा उनले २५ मार्चको राष्ट्रियसभाको बैठकमा विचार गर्नुपर्ने थप चार बुँदे सर्त उल्लेख गरेका थिए जुन यस प्रकार छ: * सैनिक कानूनको तत्काल उठान गरिनु पर्ने * उनीहरूको सैनिक किल्लामा सबै सैनिक कर्मीहरूको तत्काल फिर्ता लिने * मृत्यु भएका मानिसहरूको जाँच गरिनु पर्ने * सभाको बैठक भन्दा अघि जनताको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्ने प्रतिनिधिलाई तत्काल शक्ति हस्तान्तरण गरिनु पर्ने यही भाषणमा उनले पछि प्रत्येक घरलाई प्रतिरोधको किल्लामा परिवर्तन गर्न आग्रह गरेका थिए। "हाम्रो सङ्घर्ष हाम्रो स्वतन्त्रताको लागि हो। भन्दै उनले आफ्नो भाषण बन्द गरेका थिए जसले देशलाई यसको स्वतन्त्रताको लागि लड्न प्रेरित गर्‍यो। पछि जनरल टिक्का खानलाई पूर्वी बङ्गालको गभर्नर बन्न ढाका पठाइएको थियो तर पूर्व-पाकिस्तानी न्यायाधीशहरू, जस्टिस सिद्दिक लगायतले उनको शपथ लिन अस्वीकार गरिएका थिए। अर्कोतर्फ पश्चिम पाकिस्तानमा पाकिस्तान पिपुल्स राजनितीक दल र राष्ट्रपति याह्या खान सरकारमा पूर्वी पाकिस्तानबाट एक पार्टी हुनको पक्षमा थिएनन् जसकारण विधानसभा सत्र आयोजना गरिएको थिएन। पूर्वी पाकिस्तान बङ्गालीहरू र बहु-जातीय पश्चिम पाकिस्तानिहरूको बीच पाकिस्तानको संविधान र शासनको अधिकारको मुद्दाले अन्तत पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा अशान्ति मच्चाएको थियो जसले केही समयमै गृह युद्धको रूप लिएको थियो। पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा पश्चिमी पाकिस्तानको समर्थन गर्नेहरूमा बिहारी समुदायलाई मार्च १९७१ को सुरुवात दिनमा एक दङ्गाको समयमा चट्टोग्राममा बङ्गाली मानिसहरूद्वारा लगभग ३०० बिहारीहरूको हत्या गर्नको परिणामस्वरूप भएको असन्तुष्टीको प्रकोपको सामना गर्नु परेको थियो। चट्टोग्राममा भएको एक दङ्गाका कारण कयौँ बिहारीहरूको मृत्यु भएपछि पश्चिम पाकिस्तानले बिहारी नरसंहारको उपयोग गर्दै यस महिनाको २५ तारिखमा पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा सेना तैनात गरेको थियो जसको नेतृत्व टिक्का खानले गरेका थिए जुन पछि उनको उत्तरदायित्व अन्तर्गत भएको अत्याचार र हत्याको लागि उनी "बङ्गालीको हत्यारा" को रूपमा परिचित भएका थिए बङ्गाली राष्ट्रवादी आन्दोलनलाई प्रतिबन्धित गर्नका र निरुत्साहित गर्नका लागि पाकिस्तानी सेनाले २६ मार्च १९८१ देखि २५ मे १९७१ ‘अपारेशन सार्चलाइट’ एक सुनियोजित सैन्य कार्वाहीको सुरुवात गरेका थिए।<ref name="Hassan 2000 p. 393"> {{cite book | last = Hassan, Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) | first = Dr. Professor Mubashir | authorlink = Mubashir Hassan | title =The Mirage of Power | place =Oxford University, United Kingdom | publisher =Dr. Professor [[Mubashir Hassan]], professor of Civil Engineering at the [[University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore|University of Engineering and Technology]] and the Oxford University Press | series = | year = 2000 | edition = | chapter = §Zulfikar Ali Bhutto: All Power to People! Democracy and Socialism to People! | chapterurl= | pages = 50–90 | language = | isbn = 978-0-19-579300-0 }} </ref> यस सैन्य कार्वाहीले पहिलो फेब्रुअरी सन् १९७१ मा राष्ट्रपति याह्या खानले पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा रहेका तीन लाख मानिसहरूको हत्या गर्नका लागि आदेश दिएका थिए र चुनावमा अत्याधिक बहुमतका कारण विजयी भएको पूर्वी पाकिस्तानको अवामी लिगलाई सरकारले रद्द गर्दै मार्च महिनाको अन्तिम दिनहरू तिर प्रधानमन्त्री पदका उम्मेदवार शेख मुजीबुर रहमानलाई गिरफ्तार गरी पश्चिम पाकिस्तान लिएर गएका थिए जबकि पार्टी का अन्य सदस्य र सहानुभूति राख्ने मानिसहरू पूर्वी पाकिस्तान भागेका थिए। === सन् १९७० को चक्रवात === सन्‌ १९७० मा भोला नामक एक चक्रवातले पूर्वी पाकिस्तानको तटवर्ती क्षेत्रमा नोभेम्बर १२ को साँझको समयमा आँधीको प्रभाव परेको थियो जसकारण अनुमानित ३ देखि ५ लाख मानिसहरूको मृत्यु भएको थियो।<ref name="IMD">{{cite web |url=http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED281.pdf#page=10 |title=Annual Summary – Storms & Depressions |work=India Weather Review 1970 |author=India Meteorological Department |author-link=India Meteorological Department |year=1970 |access-date=15 April 2007 |format=PDF |pages=10–11 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006111905/https://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/cd024_pdf/005ED281.pdf#page=10 |date=6 October 2017 }}</ref> यद्यपि सहि मृत्यु हुनेहरूको सङ्ख्या थाहा भएको थिएन।<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ag127e/ag127e07.htm |title = Thematic paper: Role of forests and trees in protecting coastal areas against cyclones |last=Fritz |first=Hermann M. |last2=Blount |first2=Chris |work=Coastal protection in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean tsunami: What role for forests and trees? |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141129050856/http://www.fao.org/docrep/010/ag127e/AG127E07.htm |archive-date=29 November 2014 |access-date=27 July 2015 }}</ref> यो इतिहासमै सबैभन्दा घातक उष्णकटिबन्धीय चक्रवात मानिन्छ। आँधीको एक हप्ता पछि सरकारले विपत्तिको परिमाण बुझ्न नसक्दा राहत कार्यहरूलाई सम्बोधन गर्न ढिलाइ भएको भनी राष्ट्रपति खानले स्वीकार गरेका थिए।<ref name="NYT-6">{{cite news|title=Yahya Condedes 'Slips' In Relief|first=Sydney|last=Schanberg|authorlink=Sydney Schanberg|work=The New York Times|date=22 November 1970}}</ref> पूर्वी पाकिस्तानका ११ राजनीतिक नेताहरूद्वारा जारी एक बयान चक्रवातको दश दिन पछि जारी गरिएको थियो जसले सरकारलाई घोर उपेक्षा, कठोर र पूर्ण उदासीनताका आरोप लगाएको थियो।<ref name="NYT-10">{{cite news |title=East Pakistani Leaders Assail Yahya on Cyclone Relief|agency=Reuters |newspaper=The New York Times|date=23 November 1970}}</ref> उनीहरूले राष्ट्रपति माथि समाचार नबनाइएको समस्याको परिमाणलाई कम गर्नेहरूको पनि आरोप लगाएका थिए। १९ नोभेम्बरमा विद्यार्थीहरूले सरकारले प्रतिक्रिया दिनलाई ढिलासुस्ती गरेको भन्दै ढाकामा एक विरोध र्‍यालिको आयोजना गरेका थिए।<ref name="NYT-13">{{cite news|title=Copter Shortage Balks Cyclone Aid|newspaper=The New York Times|date=18 November 1970}}</ref> आब्दुल हामिद खान भसानीले २४ नोभेम्बरमा ५० हजार मानिसहरूको एक र्‍यालीलाई सम्बोधित गरेका थिए जहाँ उनले राष्ट्रपति माथि अक्षमताको आरोप लगाउँदै उनको राजिनामा माग गरेका थिए। मार्चमा पूर्वी र पश्चिम पाकिस्तान बीचको द्वन्द्व बढ्दै जाँदा राहत कार्यमा संलग्न दुई सरकारी सङ्गठनहरूको ढाका कार्यालयहरू कम्तीमा दुई हप्तासम्म बन्द भएका थिए।<ref name="NYT-12">{{cite news |last=Durdin |first=Tillman |date=11 March 1971 |title=Pakistanis Crisis Virtually Halts Rehabilitation Work in Cyclone Region |newspaper=The New York Times |page=2}}</ref> पहिलो साधारण हडताल गरेर र त्यसपछि पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा सरकारी काममा प्रतिबन्ध लगाएर आवामी लिग तनावको यो वृद्धिसँगै हिंसाको डरले विदेशी कामदारहरूलाई बाहिर निकालिदिएको थियो।<ref name="USAID">{{cite web|url=http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/publications/ofda_cjanalysis_02_21-2005.pdf|access-date=15 April 2007|date=21 February 2005|title=A Critical Juncture Analysis, 1964–2003|last=Olson|first=Richard|publisher=USAID|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070414002649/http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/publications/ofda_cjanalysis_02_21-2005.pdf|archive-date=14 April 2007|url-status=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070414002649/http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/humanitarian_assistance/disaster_assistance/publications/ofda_cjanalysis_02_21-2005.pdf |date=14 April 2007 }}</ref> राहत क्षेत्रमा काम जारी रहेतापनि दीर्घकालीन योजनालाई कटौती गरिएको थियो। यो द्वन्द्व डिसेम्बरमा बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रता युद्धमा विस्तार भई बङ्गलादेशको स्थापनासँगै समाप्त भएको थियो। भोला चक्रवात यस्तो प्राकृतिक विपत बन्यो जसले गृहयुद्धलाई सघाउन मद्दत गरेको थियो। === मुजिबुर-याह्या बैठक === जब पूर्वी पाकिस्तानका मानिसहरू स्वतन्त्रताको खोजीमा थिए तब याह्या खान ढाका आउँदै सरकार गठन गर्ने र सत्ता हस्तान्तरण गर्ने सम्बन्धमा शेख मुजिबसँग छलफल गर्न सुरु गरेका थिए। तर सोही समयमा पश्चिम पाकिस्तानी सेनाले पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा नरसंहार गर्ने तयारी गरिरहेको थियो। बलूचिस्तानका हत्यारा भनेर चिनिने जनरल टिक्का खानलाई पूर्वी पाकिस्तानको गभर्नरका रूपमा ढाका पठाइएको थियो तर पूर्व-पाकिस्तानी न्यायाधीशहरू, जस्टिस सिद्दिक लगायतले उनको शपथ लिन अस्वीकार गरेका थिए। पश्चिम पाकिस्तानबाट पछि भारि मात्रामा सेना र हतियारहरू पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा ल्याउन सुरु गरिएको थियो। मार्च १० देखि १३ मार्चको बीचमा पाकिस्तान एअरलाइन्सले पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा "सरकारी यात्रीहरू" ढुवानी गर्न सबै अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय उडानहरू रद्द गरेको थियो। प्राय: ती सबै "सरकारी यात्रीहरू" सेता पोशाक लगाएका पश्चिम पाकिस्तानी सैनिकहरू थिए। गोला बारुद र हतियारले भरिएको एमभी स्वाट नामक पाकिस्तानी पानीजहाज [[चट्टोग्राम]]को बन्दरगाहमा ल्याइएको थियो तर बन्दरगाहामा काम गर्नेहरूले सामानहरू उतार्न अस्वीकार गरेका थिए। पूर्वी पाकिस्तान राइफल्स नामक एक समूहले बङ्गाली प्रदर्शनकारीहरूलाई गोली हान्न अस्वीकार गरे जसकारण बङ्गाली सेनाले विद्रोहको सुरुवात गरेका थिए। धेरै आशाहरूको बाबजुद पनि, मुजिबुर-याह्या बैठक असफल बनेको थियो। मार्च २५ को रात पाकिस्तानी राष्ट्रपति याह्या खानले पश्चिम पाकिस्तानी सेनालाई पूर्वी पाकिस्तान र सर्वसाधारणहरूलाई मार्नका लागि हरित सङ्केत दिँदै साँझ तिर पश्चिम पाकिस्तानको लागि प्रस्थान गरेका थिए। === अपारेशन सार्चलाइट === बङ्गाली राष्ट्रवादी आन्दोलनलाई प्रतिबन्धित गर्न र निरुत्साहित गर्नका लागि पाकिस्तानी सेनाले २६ मार्च १९८१ देखि २५ मे १९७१ ‘अपारेशन सार्चलाइट’ नामक एक सुनियोजित सैन्य कार्वाहीको सुरुवात गरेका थिए भने उक्त सैन्य कार्वाहीले एक महिनाको भित्रै पूर्वी पाकिस्तानका केही प्रमुख सहरहरूमा रहेका सबै राजनैतिक दल तथा सेनाहरूलाई त्यहाँबाट हटाएका थिए।<ref>Salik, Siddiq, ''Witness To Surrender'', pp 63, 228–9 {{ISBN|984-05-1373-7}}</ref> पाकिस्तानी राज्यले मार्चको सुरुमा बङ्गालीहरूलाई बिहारी विरोधी हिंसाको (जो पश्चिम पाकिस्तानका समर्थक थिए) आधारमा अपारेशन सार्चलाइट सुरु गर्न औचित्य प्रमाणित गरेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite book |title=Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia |last=D' Costa |first=Bina |publisher=Routledge|year=2011|isbn=9780415565660|location=|page=103}}</ref> उक्त सैन्य कार्वाही हुनु भन्दा अगाडि सबै विदेशी पत्रकारहरूलाई योजनाबद्ध रूपमा पूर्वी पाकिस्तानबाट हटाइएको थियो।<ref>{{cite journal |last=Siddiqui |first=Asif |date=December 1997 |title=From Deterrence and Coercive Diplomacy to War: The 1971 Crisis in South Asia |journal=Journal of International and Area Studies |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=73–92 |jstor=43106996}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://necrometrics.com/20c1m.htm#Bangladesh |title = Twentieth Century Atlas – Death Tolls |website=necrometrics.com |access-date=11 June 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{वेब स्रोत|युआरएल=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GF23Df04.html|प्रकाशक=Asia Times|शीर्षक='Indians are bastards anyway'|अन्तिम=Debasish Roy Chowdhury|मिति=2005-06-23}}</ref> <blockquote>সামরিক বাহিনীর বড় বড় অফিসারদের নিয়ে বৈঠকে ইয়াহিয়া খান ঘোষণা করেন "তিরিশ লক্ষ বাঙালিকে হত্যা করো, তখন দেখবে বাকিরা আমাদের হাত চেটে খাবে।" সে পরিকল্পনা মতোই ২৫ মার্চ রাতে পাকিস্তানি সেনাবাহিনী ''অপারেশন সার্চলাইট'' আরম্ভ করে যার উদ্দেশ্য ছিল বাঙালি প্রতিরোধ গুঁড়িয়ে দেয়া। এরই অংশ হিসাবে সামরিক বাহিনীর বাঙালি সদস্যদের নিরস্ত্র করে হত্যা করা হয়, ছাত্র ও বুদ্ধিজীবীদের নিধন করা হয় এবং সারা বাংলাদেশে নির্বিচারে সাধারণ মানুষ হত্যা করা হয়।</blockquote> अपारेशन सार्चलाइटको मुख्य चरण मध्य मे महिनामा बङ्गालीले अन्तिम प्रमुख सहरहरूमा कब्जा जमाएपछि समाप्त भएको थियो। यस सैन्य कार्वाहीले सन् १९७१ को बङ्गलादेश नरसंहार पनि सुरु गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |last=Bergman|first=David|title=Questioning an iconic number|url= http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/questioning-an-iconic-number/article5940833.ece |access-date=28 September 2016 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=24 April 2014 }}</ref> यस्ता सैन्या कार्वाही र नरसंहारले बङ्गालीहरूलाई स्वतन्त्रताका लागि थप कडा रूपमा प्रस्तुत हुन प्रेरित गर्‍यो जसको फलस्वरूप त्यही वर्ष पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा पश्चिम पाकिस्तानबाट छुट्टिएर बङ्गलादेशको रूपमा स्थापित भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite book | last = Rummel | first = Rudolph | author-link = Rudolph Rummel | title = Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 | chapter = Chapter 8: Statistics of Pakistan's Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources | page = 544 | isbn = 978-3-8258-4010-5| year = 1998 }}</ref> बङ्गलादेशी सञ्चार माध्यम र अङ्ग्रेजीमा रहेका सन्दर्भ पुस्तकहरूले आकस्मिक तथ्या प्रकाशित गरेका थिए जसले ढाकमा ३,००० देखि ३५ हजार र पुरै बङ्गलादेश भरी २,००,००० देखि ३०,००,००० को बीच मानिसहरूको मृत्यु भएको आँकलन गरिको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |author=Zunaid Kazi |url=http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/holocaust.html |title=History : The Bangali Genocide, 1971 |publisher=Virtual Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723203401/http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/holocaust.html |archive-date=23 July 2011 |access-date=23 June 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723203401/http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/holocaust.html |date=23 July 2011 }}</ref> यद्यपि बेलायती मेडिकल जर्नल सहित स्वतन्त्र अनुसन्धानकर्ताहरूले यो तथ्या १,२५,००० देखि ५,०५,००० को बीच रहेको भन्दै तथ्य सार्वजनिक गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GF23Df04.html|newspaper=Asia Times|title=Indians are bastards anyway|last=Debasish Roy Chowdhury|date=23 June 2005}} {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090717140439/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/south_asia/gf23df04.html |date=17 July 2009 }}</ref> अमेरिकी राजनीतिक वैज्ञानिक रुडोल्फ रुम्मेले १५ लाख व्यक्तिको मृत्यु भएको भनि भनाइ सार्वजनिक गरेका थिए। अपारेशन सार्चलाइटलाई भयानक नरसंहारको संज्ञा दिइएको थियो। यस हिंसा प्रान्तीय राजधानी ढाकामा केन्द्रित भए पनि यसले पूर्वी पाकिस्तानको सबै भागलाई असर गरेको थियो। [[ढाका विश्वविद्यालय]]का आवासीय छात्रवासहरू विषेश रूपमा आक्रमण लक्षित थिए।<ref name="nurullah">{{cite book | last = Malik | first = Amita | authorlink = Amita Malik | title = The Year of the Vulture | publisher=Orient Longmans | location = New Delhi | year = 1972 | isbn = 978-0-8046-8817-8 | pages= 79–83 }}</ref> पछि पाकिस्तान सेनाले ढाका विश्वविद्यालयलाई चारै तर्फबाट घेरा हाली त्यहाँ उपस्थित विद्यार्थी, शिक्षक तथा कर्मचारीहरूको सामूहिक हत्या गरेका थिए। जगन्नाथ हल नामक एक हिन्दु आवसीय हललाई पाकिस्तानी सशस्त्र सेनाले ध्वस्त पार्दै त्यहाँका ६०० देखि ७०० जनाको सामूहिक हत्या गरेका थिए।<ref name="BBC">{{cite web |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-16207201 |title = Bangladesh war: The article that changed history – Asia |publisher=BBC |date=16 December 2011 }}</ref> यस सैन्य कार्वाहीले पहिलो फेब्रुअरी सन् १९७१ मा राष्ट्रपति याह्या खानले पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा रहेका तीन लाख मानिसहरूको हत्या गर्नका लागि आदेश दिएका थिए र चुनावमा अत्याधिक बहुमतका कारण विजयी भएको पूर्वी पाकिस्तानको आवामी लिगलाई सरकारले रद्द गर्दै मार्च महिनाको अन्तिम दिनहरू तिर प्रधानमन्त्री पदका उम्मेदवार शेख मुजिबुर रहमानलाई गिरफ्तार गरी पश्चिम पाकिस्तान लिएर गएका थिए।<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/651231/Agha-Mohammad-Yahya-Khan |title = Encyclopædia Britannica Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=23 June 2011 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110604051235/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/651231/Agha-Mohammad-Yahya-Khan |archive-date= 4 June 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> === सन् १९७१ को नरसंहार === पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा यो नरसंहार २६ मार्च १९७१ मा अपारेशन सार्चलाइट नामक एक सैन्य कार्वाहीको सँगसँगै सुरु भएको थियो। यसद्वारा बङ्गालीको आत्मनिर्णयको अधिकारको मागलाई दबाउन र बङ्गालीहरूलाई स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलन गर्नबाट निरुत्साहित गर्नका लागि तत्कालीन पश्चिम पाकिस्तानले पूर्वी पाकिस्तान माथि सैनिक कार्वाही सुरु गरेको थियो। यस नरसंहार चलिरहँदा पूर्वी पाकिस्तानका सर्वसाधारणहरूले स्वतन्त्रता युद्धको सुरुवात गरेका थिए जसलाई बर्बरतापूर्वक दबाउनका लागि पश्चिम पाकिस्तानी सेना र जमाते इस्लामी नामक एक कट्टर इस्लामी लडाकु दलले भयानक नरसंहार गरेका थिए जसमा ३ लाखदेखि ३० लाखसम्म अनुमानित सङ्ख्यामा सर्वसाधारणहरूको हत्या गरिएको थियो। यस नरसंहार चलिरहँदा २ लाखदेखि ४ लाखको बीच बङ्गाली महिला तथा युवतीहरू पश्चिम पाकिस्तानी सेनाद्वारा बलात्कृत भएका थिए।।महिलाहरूको विरुद्ध गरिएको अपराधहरूलाई जमाते इस्लामीको समर्थन प्राप्त थियो। जमाते इस्लामका नेताहरूले बङ्गाली महिलाहरू 'सार्वजनिक सम्पत्ति' हुन् भनि घोषणा गरेका थिए। यस सैन्य कार्वाही तथा सङ्घर्षका कारण ८० लाखदेखि १ करोड मानिसहरू पूर्वी पाकिस्तानबाट भागेर छिमेकी देश भारतमा शरणार्थीको रूपमा शरण लिएका थिए जसमा अधिकांश हिन्दु धर्मवलम्बी थिए। यसै समय बङ्गाला र उर्दु भाषी बिहारीको बीच पनि दङ्गाको सुरुवात भएको थियो। === स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा === [[चित्र:Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1950.jpg|size|200px|thumb|शेख मुजिबुर रहमानले बङ्गलादेश पश्चिम पाकिस्तानबाट स्वतन्त्रत हुनु भन्दा अगाडिनै बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरेका थिए।]] सन् १९७१ मार्च ३१ का दिन बङ्गोबोन्धु शेख मुजिबुर रहमानको तर्फबाट [[जियाउर रहमान]]ले बङ्गलादेशका जनतालाई औपचारिक रूपमा [[चट्टोग्राम]]को कलुरघाट रेडियो स्टेसनबाट स्वतन्त्रता युद्धमा भाग लिन आग्रह गरेका थिए।<ref name="MMR Jalal">{{पुस्तक स्रोत|शीर्षक=The Sheikh Mujib Declaration of Independence of Bangladesh : U.S. Government Records and Media Documentation|प्रकाशक=Cbgr1971.org|पृष्ठ=২|युआरएल=http://cbgr1971.org/files/Mar261971DecOfIndep/FinalDeclarationBSMR.pdf|पहुँचमिति=२८ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> सन् १९७१ मार्च २५ को आधी रातमा (लगभग बिहानको १:३० बजे तिर) शेख मुजिबुर रहमानलाई पाकिस्तानी आक्रमणकारीहरूले पक्राउ गरेका थिए भने पक्राउ पर्नुभन्दा केही समय अघि २५ मार्च बिहानको १२ बजेतिर उनले बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा पत्रमा हस्ताक्षर गरेका थिए जसलाई प्रसारण गर्न चट्टोग्रामको तत्कालीन इपिआर प्रसारण केन्द्रमा पठाइएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|last=Afreen Mallick|first=Sadya|title='Potua' and freedom's colours|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119256|newspaper=The Daily Star|access-date=12 February 2016|date=25 December 2009}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160224034828/http://archive.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=119256 |date=24 February 2016 }}</ref> २६ मार्चका दिन बेलाल मोहाम्मद, आबुल कासिम र चट्टोग्राम रेडियो केन्द्रका केही अन्य अधिकारीहरू र स्थानीय आवामी लिगका नेता एमए हान्नानले सर्वप्रथम भाषण गर्दै शेख मुजिबको स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणालाई प्रचार गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://arts.bdnews24.com/?p=2769 |title=সংযোজনস্বাধীনতার ঘোষণা: বেলাল মোহাম্মদের সাক্ষাৎকার |website=bdnews24.com |language=बाङ्ला }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100329134219/http://arts.bdnews24.com/?p=2769 |date=2010-03-29 }}</ref> २६ मार्चमा तत्कालीन पाकिस्तान सेनाका बङ्गाली अधिकारी [[मेजर जनरल|मेजर]] [[जियाउर रहमान]]ले चट्टोग्रामको कलुरघाट रेडियो स्टेसनबाट बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा गरेका थिए।<ref name="The Age-01">{{वेब स्रोत|शीर्षक=Troops Battle Rag-Tag Battle|युआरएल=http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19710329_theage_when_tanks_took_over_the_talking.pdf|पहुँचमिति=१ मार्च २०१५|कार्य=হাওয়ার্ড হুইটেন|मिति=२९ मार्च १९७१}}</ref> {{उक्ति|এটাই হয়ত আমার শেষ বার্তা, আজ থেকে বাংলাদেশ স্বাধীন। আমি বাংলাদেশের মানুষকে আহ্বান জানাই, আপনারা যেখানেই থাকুন, আপনাদের সর্বস্ব দিয়ে দখলদার সেনাবাহিনীর বিরুদ্ধে শেষ পর্যন্ত প্রতিরোধ চালিয়ে যান। বাংলাদেশের মাটি থেকে সর্বশেষ পাকিস্তানি সৈন্যটিকে উৎখাত করা এবং চূড়ান্ত বিজয় অর্জনের আগ পর্যন্ত আপনাদের যুদ্ধ অব্যাহত থাকুক।}} शेख मुजिबुर रहमानको घोषणा पत्र टेलिग्राम मार्फत चट्टोग्राका केही विद्यार्थीसम्म पुगेको थियो। उक्त सन्देशलाई बङ्गलामा अनुवाद डा मञ्जुला अनवरले गरेका थिए।<ref name="টেলিগ্রাফ-১">{{वेब स्रोत|शीर्षक=CIVIL WAR FLARE E.PAKISTAN|युआरएल=http://www.docstrangelove.com/uploads/1971/foreign/19710327_dt_civil_war_flares_in_e_pakistan.pdf|पहुँचमिति=१ मार्च २०१५|कार्य=ডেভিড লোশহাক}}</ref> केही विद्यार्थीहरूले पाकिस्तान प्रसारण निगमको नजिक एबटआबाद स्टेसनबाट सन्देश प्रसारित गर्नका लागि उच्च अधिकारीहरूबाट अनुमति प्राप्त गर्न विफल रहेका थिए।<ref name=Gupta>{{cite book |last=Sen Gupta |first=Jyoti |date=1974 |title=History of freedom movement in Bangladesh, 1943–1973: some involvement |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DedtAAAAMAAJ |location=Calcutta |publisher=Naya Prokash |pages=325–326 |access-date=18 February 2013}}</ref> तर यस सन्देशलाई केहीपटक स्वतन्त्र स्वाधीन बाङ्ला रेडियो केन्द्र कलुरघाटमा केही विद्रोही बङ्गाली रेडियो कार्यकर्ताहरूद्वारा स्थापित गरिएको थियो। पछि उक्त रेडियो स्टेसनलाई सुरक्षा प्रदान गर्न र उक्त घोषणालाई पढ्न प्रमुख अधिकारी जियाउर रहमानलाई आग्रह गरिएको थियो। जियाउर रहमानले शेख मुजिबुर रहमानको तर्फबाट बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्र भएको भन्दै घोषणा गरेका थिए। कलुरघाट रेडियो स्टेसनको प्रसारण क्षमता सीमित थियो तर सन्देश बङ्गालको खाडीमा रहेको एक जापानी जहाजद्वारा पुनः प्रसारण गरिएको थियो र त्यसपछि रेडियो अस्ट्रेलिया र पछि बीबीसीद्वारा पनि यस समाचारलाई प्रसारण गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DedtAAAAMAAJ|title=History of freedom movement in Bangladesh, 1943–1973: some involvement|last=Gupta|first=Jyoti Sen|year=1974|publisher=Naya Prokash|isbn=|location=|pages=325–326|language=अङ्ग्रेजी}}</ref><ref>{{वेब स्रोत|शीर्षक=declaration of independence of Bangladesh-Original Speech by Ziaur Rahman|युआरएल=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h_n9AvFWGeA|वेबसाइट=ইউটিউব}}</ref><ref name=NYT-01>{{वेब स्रोत|शीर्षक=Sheik Mijib Arrested After a Broadcast Proclaiming Region's Independence DACCA CURFEW EASED Troops Said to Be Gaining in Fighting in Cities -Heavy Losses Seen|युआरएल=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9A05E1D71131E73BBC4F51DFB566838A669EDE#|पहुँचमिति=२७ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> सन् १९७१ मार्च २७ को यो घोषणाले बङ्गलादेशी भूमिमा ९ महिनासम्म चलेको स्वतन्त्रताको रक्तपातपूर्ण युद्धको सुरूवात गर्दछ।<ref name=Betar>{{Cite news|title=Swadhin Bangla Betar Kendro and Bangladesh's Declaration of Independence|url=http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2008/march/declaration.htm|archiveurl=http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2008/march/declaration.htm|archivedate=২৭-শে ফেব্রুয়ারি|work=Mashuqur Rahman and Mahbubur Rahman Jalal|agency=দ্য ডেইলি স্টার|date=মার্চ ২০০৮}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140622064057/http://archive.thedailystar.net/forum/2008/march/declaration.htm |date=2014-06-22 }}</ref> {{उक्ति|আমাদের মহান নেতা, বাংলাদেশের সর্বাধিনায়ক শেখ মুজিবুর রহমানের হয়ে আমি বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা ঘোষণা করছি। এটি আরও ঘোষণা করা হচ্ছে যে বাংলাদেশের সাড়ে সাত কোটি জনগণের নির্বাচিত জনপ্রতিনিধিদের একমাত্র নেতা হচ্ছেন শেখ মুজিবুর রহমান। আমি সেই কারণে আমাদের মহান নেতা শেখ মুজিবুর রহমানের হয়ে বিশ্বের সকল গণতান্ত্রিক রাষ্ট্র বিশেষ করে বৃহৎ বিশ্ব ও প্রতিবেশীদের কাছে কার্যকারী পদক্ষেপ নেয়ার জন্য অনুরোধ করছি। পাকিস্তানের সেনাবাহিনীর হামলার ফলে ভয়াবহ গণহত্যা শুরু হয়েছে। অধিকাংশ জনগণের বৈধভাবে নির্বাচিত জনপ্রতিনিধি নিপীড়নকারী, এটি একটি ক্রূর কৌতুক ও মিথ্যা অপবাদ যার কাউকে বোকা বানানো উচিত নয়। বিরোধ নিষ্পত্তির ক্ষেত্রে প্রধান পদক্ষেপগুলোর মধ্যে প্রথম হতে হবে নিরপেক্ষতা, দ্বিতীয় শান্তি এং তৃতীয় সকলের সাথে বন্ধুভাবপন্ন ও কারো সম্বন্ধে অজ্ঞানতা নয়। ─ আল্লাহ্ সহায় হোক, জয় বাংলা।}} २६ मार्च १९७१ को दिनलाई बङ्गलादेशको आधिकारिक स्वतन्त्रता दिवसको रूपमा लिइन्छ।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/declaration.html |title=History : The Declaration of Independence |website=Virtual Bangladesh |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901035519/http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/declaration.html |archive-date=1 September 2014 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901035519/http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/history/declaration.html |date=1 September 2014 }}</ref> जुलाई १९७१ मा भारतीय प्रधानमन्त्री [[इन्दिरा गान्धी]]ले पुरानो पूर्वी पाकिस्तानलाई बङ्गलादेश भनेर जनसमुदाय समक्ष उल्लेख गरेकी थिइन् तर केही पाकिस्तानी र भारतीय अधिकारीहरूले १६ डिसेम्बर १९७१ सम्म पनि "पूर्वी पाकिस्तान"कै नाम प्रयोग गरिरहेका थिए।<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0876091990&id=srCLD-PXl-gC&pg=PA143&lpg=PA143&dq=pakistan+army#PPA37, M1 India, Pakistan, and the United States: Breaking with the Past By Shirin R. Tahir-Kheli] {{ISBN|0-87609-199-0}}, 1997, Council on Foreign Relations. pp 37</ref><ref name=Archive-01>{{वेब स्रोत|शीर्षक=Bangladesh Genocide Archives – Foreign Newspaper Reports|युआरएल=http://www.docstrangelove.com/2007/12/02/bangladesh-genocide-archives-foreign-newspaper-reports/|वेबसाइट=Docstrangelove.com|पहुँचमिति=१ मार्च २०१५|अभिलेखयुआरएल=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228024237/http://www.docstrangelove.com/2007/12/02/bangladesh-genocide-archives-foreign-newspaper-reports/|अभिलेखमिति=२८ फेब्रुअरी २०१५}}</ref> == स्वतन्त्रता युद्ध == === अस्थायी सरकार गठन === सन् १९७१ अप्रिल १७ का दिन बङ्गलादेशको अस्थायी सरकार [[कुष्टिया जिल्ला]]को [[मेहेरपुर जिल्ला|मेहेरपुर]] उपविभाग (हाल जिल्ला) वैद्यनाथला अन्तर्गत भाबेरपारा (हालको मुजिबनगर) गाउँमा स्वतन्त्रा युद्ध गर्नका लागि औपचारिक रूपमा स्थापना भएको थियो। [[शेख मुजिबुर रहमान]]को अनुपस्थितिमा उनलाई राष्ट्रपति बनाई अस्थायी सरकारको गठन गरिएको थियो भने तत्कालीन समयमा सैयल नजरुल इस्लामले कार्यवाहक राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा र ताजउद्दसन अहमदले प्रधानमन्त्रीको रूपमा काम गरेका थिए। बङ्गलादेशको पहिलो सरकारले स्थानीय र विदेशी पत्रकारहरूको अगाडि शपथ लिँदै आधिकारिक रूपमा आफ्नो कर्तव्य सुरु पालन गर्न सुरु गरेको थियो। शपथ ग्रहण समारोहमा स्वतन्त्रताको घोषणा पत्र पढेर बङ्गलादेशलाई मार्च २६ देखि औपचारिक रूपमा एक स्वतन्त्र सार्वभौम राज्यको रूपमा घोषणा गरिएको थियो। [[चित्र:Provisional Government of BD (2).jpg|thumb|left|सन् १९७१ को अस्थायी बङ्गलादेश सरकारका मन्त्री परिषद्का सदस्यहरू]] अगस्ट महिना लगत्तै बङ्गलादेशका विभिन्न भागमा अधिक सङ्ख्यामा स्वतन्त्रता सेनानीले (मुक्तिवाहिनी) पाकिस्तानी सेना र त्यसका सहयोगी दलहरू माथि आक्रमण गर्न सुरु गरेका थिए। बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रताका लागि लडिरहेका लडाकुले पाकिस्तानी सैन्य आधरदेखि लिएर सैन्य प्रतिष्ठानहरू, सडकहरू, पुलहरू आदि जस्ता स्थानहरूमा पाकिस्तानी सेनालाई आक्रमण गरेका थिए। पछि बङ्गलादेशी लडाकुहरूले छापामार आक्रमण गर्न सुरु गरेका थिए। १६ अगस्त १९७१ मा मुक्तिवाहिनीको नौसेना सेनापतिले अपारेशन ज्याकपटको माध्यमबाट [[चट्टोग्राम]] बन्दरगाहमा कयौँ युद्धजहाजहरूलाई ध्वस्त पारेका थिए। विस्तारै विस्तारै बङ्गलादेशको विभिन्न स्थान पश्चिम पाकिस्तानबाट स्वतन्त्र हुँदै गएको थियो। === मार्चदेखि जुन महिनासम्मको युद्ध === बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्रता युद्धको समयमा बङ्गलादेशको मुक्तिका लागि लडिरहेका लडाकुहरू देशको सम्पूर्ण स्थानमा फैलिएको बसेका थिए तर उक्त सेनाले पाकिस्तानी सेनालाई सहर प्रवेश गर्नबाट प्रतिरोध गर्नु सहज थिएन र प्रतिरोधी कार्यहरू लामो समयसम्म हुने आशा गरिएको थिएन। यद्यपि जब पाकिस्तानी सेनाहरू विभिन्न स्थानमा छरिन थाले, त्यसपछि बङ्गलादेशको मुक्तिका लागि लडिरहेका लडाकुले पाकिस्तानी सेनालाई केही स्थानहरूमा प्रतिरोध गर्न सफल बनेका थिए भने उनीहरू थप सक्रियता पूर्वक विभिन्न स्थानमा छरिएका थिए।<ref>{{cite web |url= https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3452.htm |title=Bangladesh |website=State.gov |date=24 May 2010 |access-date=23 June 2011 }}</ref> पाकिस्तानी सेनाले उनीहरूलाई विभिन्न स्थानमा आक्रमण गर्न खोज्दा बङ्गाली सेनाको बढ्दो सङ्ख्याले यस भूमिगत बङ्गलादेशी सेना लाई असक्षम तुल्याएको थियो। पछि विभिन्न स्थानमा रहेका यस्ता लडाकुहरू विस्तारै मुक्तिवाहिनीमा विलय हुँदै गए पछि उनीहरूका लागि हातहतियार भारतबाट आयात गरिएको थियो। पाकिस्तानले पछि दुई विभागहरूमा हवाईयात्राका साथ आफ्नो सेनाको पुनर्गठन गरेको थियो। पाकिस्तानी सेनाले राजाकार, अल-बद्रस र अल-शमश (अधिकांश मुस्लिम लिग र अन्य इस्लामी समूहका सदस्य) र स्वतन्त्रताको विरोध गर्ने अन्य बङ्गालीहरू र विभाजनको समयमा बसोबास गर्ने बिहारी मुसलमानको अर्धसैन्य बल पनि खडा गर्न सफल भएका थिए। [[ढाका]]मा भएको नरसंहार पछि पाकिस्तानी सैन्य बलले १० अप्रिलसम्म पुरै बङ्गलादेशलाई आफ्नो कब्जामा लिने योजना बनाएका थिए तर बङ्गलादेशी सेनाका सदस्यहरू, विद्यार्थी र सर्वसाधारणहरूले पाकिस्तानी सेनालाई प्रतिरोध गर्न सुरु गरेका थिए। चट्टोग्राममा बङ्गाली सेनाका सदस्यहरूले विद्रोह गर्दै सहरका ठूला भूभागहरूमा नियन्त्रण प्राप्त गर्न सफल भएका थिए। चट्टोग्राम सहरमा नियन्त्रण पाउनका लागि बङ्गाली सेनाले पाकिस्तानी सेना विरुद्ध निकै सङ्घर्ष गर्नु परेको थियो। [[कुष्टिया जिल्ला|कुष्टिया]], [[पाबना जिल्ला|पाबना]], [[बगुडा जिल्ला|बगुडा]], [[दिनाजपुर जिल्ला|दिनाजपुर]] र अन्य जिलहरूमा पनि बङ्गाली सेनाले विद्रोह गर्दै उक्त स्थानहरूलाई नियन्त्रणमा लिएका थिए।<ref>Jacob, Lt. Gen. JFR, Surrender at Dacca, pp 90–91</ref> पाकिस्तानी सेनाले पछि अधिक सङ्ख्यामा सेना र हातहतियारसहित थुप्रै क्षेत्रहरूमा कब्जा गरेका थिए। मार्च महिनाको अन्त्यतिर पाकिस्तानी सेनाहरू बङ्गलादेशका विभिन्न गाउँहरूमा पुगेर आतङ्क मच्चाउन सुरु गरेका थिए। सन् १९७१ अप्रिल १७ का दिन बङ्गलादेशको अस्थायी सरकार कुष्टिया जिल्लाको मेहेरपुर उपविभाग (हाल जिल्ला) वैद्यनाथला अन्तर्गत भाबेरपारा (हालको मुजिबनगर) गाउँमा स्वतन्त्रा युद्ध गर्नका लागि औपचारिक रूपमा स्थापना भएको थियो।<ref>Islam, Major Rafiqul, ''A Tale of Millions'', pp. 227, 235</ref> शेख मुजिबुर रहमानको अनुपस्थितिमा उनलाई राष्ट्रपति बनाई अस्थायी सरकारको गठन गरिएको थियो भने तत्कालीन समयमा सैयल नजरुल इस्लामले कार्यवाहक राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा र ताजउद्दसन अहमदले प्रधानमन्त्रीको रूपमा काम गरेका थिए। पाकिस्तानी सेना र बङ्गाली मुक्तिबहिनीको बिचमा बीचको बढ्दो युद्धका कारण अनुमानित १ करोड बङ्गालीहरूले भारतीय राज्य असम र पश्चिम बङ्गालमा शरण लिएका थिए। === जुनदेखि सेप्टेम्बरसम्मको युद्ध === बङ्गलादेशी सेनाको एक समूह ११ जुलाईमा गठन गरिएको थियो जसमा मुहम्मद आताउल गनि ओसमानीलाई मन्त्रिमण्डलको एक सदस्यको रूपमा सेनापति घोषित गरिएको थियो भने आब्दुर रबलाई प्रमुख सेनानीको भूमिकामा राखिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.liberationwarmuseumbd.org/history/#blaf |title=Bangladesh Liberation Armed Force |website=Liberation War Museum, Bangladesh }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906143409/http://www.liberationwarmuseumbd.org/history/#blaf |date=2015-09-06 }}</ref> त्यस्तैगरि आब्दुल करिम खन्दोकारलाई कर्मचारीहरूको उपप्रमुख र एआर चौधुरीलाई सहायक प्रमुखको भूमिकामा खटाइएको थियो। द्वन्द्वका बेला मुक्तिवाहिनीको भूमिकाबारे सेनापति ओसमानी भारतीय नेतृत्वसँग असहमत थिए।<ref name="Untold heroism of Muktibahini Frogmen">{{cite book|last=Roy|first=Mihir, K|title=War in the Indian Ocean|year=1995|publisher=Lancer Publisher & Distributor|location=56, Gautaum Nagar, New-Delhi, 110049, India|isbn=978-1-897829-11-0|page=154}}</ref><ref name="On the water front spectacular achievement">{{cite book|last=Robi|first=Mir Mustak Ahmed|title=Chetonai Ekattor|year=2008|publisher=Zonaki Publisher|location=38, Bangla Bazar (2nd Floor), Dacca-1100, Bangladesh|url=http://opac.iub.edu.bd/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=15244&query_desc=%28su%3A{Bangladesh}%29|page=69}}</ref> भारतीय नेतृत्वले सुरुमा ८,००० बङ्गाली सेनाहरूलाई सैनिक प्रशिक्षण दिने कल्पना गरेका थिए। जुलाईमा बङ्गलादेशलाई ११ क्षेत्रहरूमा विभाजन गरिएको थियो जसमा प्रत्येक क्षेत्रहरूमा एक सेनापति र उनको समूहहरूलाई खटाइएको थियो जो पाकिस्तानी सेनाद्वारा सेनापदबाट निकालिएको थियो भने उनीहरू बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्रता युद्धमा प्रशिक्षकको भूमिका सम्हाल्दै मुक्तिवाहिनीमा सामेल भएका थिए। उनीहरूको अधिकांश प्रशिक्षण शिविर सीमा क्षेत्र वरिपरिका क्षेत्रहरूमा हुन्थ्यो उक्त शिविर भारतको सहायताबाट सञ्चालित थियो।<ref>মুক্তিযুদ্ধের ইতিহাস (পৃষ্ঠা ৯) - মুহম্মদ জাফর ইকবাল</ref> १०औँ क्षेत्र ओसमानीको अधिनमा राखिएको थियो जसमा नौसेना सेनापति र कर्णेलहरूको विशेष बल सामेल थिए। मुक्ति युद्धका लागि अनुमानित १ लाख सैनिकहरूलाई प्रशिक्षण दिइएको थियो। जुन र जुलाई महिनाको बीच मुक्तिवाहिनीले अपारेशन ज्याकपट नामक एक सैन्य कार्वाहीको सुरुवात गरेका थिए भने उक्त सैन्य कार्वाहीको माध्यमबाट भारतीय सहायताको साथ सीमामा सेनाको पुनः सङ्गठित गर्न सफल हुँदै सीमामा २,००० देखि ५,००० लडाकुहरूलाई पठाउन सुरु गरेका थिए। पछि विभिन्न कारणहरूले गर्दा (उचित प्रशिक्षणको अभाव, आपूर्तिको अभाव, बङ्गलादेश भित्र उचित समर्थन सञ्जालको अभाव) मुक्तिवाहिनी आफ्नो उद्देश्य प्राप्त गर्न असफल भएको थिए।<ref>গেরিলাদেৱ ইতিহাস (পৃষ্ঠা ১০) - মুহম্মদ জাফর ইকবাল</ref> बङ्गाली नियमित सैन्य बलले [[मयमनसिंह जिल्ला|मयमनसिङ्ह]], कुमिल्ला र [[सिलेट जिल्ला|सिलेट]]मा पाकिस्तानी सेना माथि आक्रमण गरेका थिए। छापामार आक्रमण प्रशिक्षणको समयमा केही बेरका लागि स्थगित भएता पनि त्यसलाई पुनः निरन्तर दिइएको थियो।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|युआरएल=http://www.liberationmuseum.org.bd/bangladesh_liberation_armed_forces.htm|शीर्षक=Bangladesh Liberation Armed Force|अभिलेखयुआरएल =https://web.archive.org/web/20080317014224/http://www.liberationmuseum.org.bd/bangladesh_liberation_armed_forces.htm |अभिलेखमिति=१७ मार्च २००८ }}</ref> स्वतन्त्रता वाहिनीले पछि ढाकाका आर्थिक र सैन्य किल्लाहरूमा आक्रमण गरेका थिए जसको सफलताको प्रमुख कारण अपारेशन ज्याकपट थियो। <ref>[http://www.bengalrenaissance.com/war.html List of Sectors in Bangladesh Liberation War] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226034525/http://www.bengalrenaissance.com/war.html |date=2017-12-26 }}</ref> मुक्तिवाहिनीद्वारा सञ्चालन अपारेशन ज्याकपट नामक एक सैन्य कार्वाहीले १५ अगस्ट १९७१ मा [[चट्टोग्राम]], मोङ्ला, [[नारायणगन्ज जिल्ला|नारायनगञ्ज]] र चाँदपुरमा रहेका पाकिस्तानी सेनाका पानी जहाजहरूमा बम बारुद खसाली ध्वस्त पारेका थिए जसकारण थुप्रै पाकिस्तानी सेना मारिएका थिए।<ref>[http://www.bengalrenaissance.com/war.html সেক্টরসমূহের তালিকা] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226034525/http://www.bengalrenaissance.com/war.html |date=2017-12-26 }}</ref> === रणभूमि संरचना === [[चित्र:বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধের সেক্টরসমূহ.svg|thumb|right|বাংলাদেশের স্বাধীনতা যুদ্ধে সেক্টরসমূহের তালিকা]] '''क्षेत्र सङ्ख्या १'''<br> यस क्षेत्रमा [[चट्टोग्राम]] सहर, चट्टोग्राम पर्वतीय जिल्ला, नोवाखली जिल्लामा मुहुरी नदीको पूर्वका क्षेत्रहरू सामेल थिए। यस क्षेत्रको प्रधानकार्यालय हरिनामा रहेको थियो। यस क्षेत्रका प्रमुख पहला मेजर जियाउर रहमान र त्यसपछि मेजर रफिकुल इसलाम थिए। यस क्षेत्रका पाँच उपक्षेत्र (सेनापतिहरूको नाम सहित); ऋषिमुख (कप्तान शमसुल इस्लाम), श्रीनगर (कप्तान मतीउर रहमान र पछि कप्तान माहफुजुर रहमान), मनुघाट (कप्तान माहफुजुर रहमान), तबलछडी (सबेदार आली होसेन) र दीमागिरी (एक सुबेदार) थिए। लगभग दस हजार स्वतन्त्रता सैनिकहरूले यस क्षेत्रको स्वतन्त्रताका लागि युद्ध लडेका थिए जसमा प्रहरी, सेना, नौसेना र वायु सेनाका लगभग दुई हजार नियमित सैनिक र लगभग आठ हजार मानिसहरू रहेका थिए।<br> '''क्षेत्र सङ्ख्या २'''<br> यस क्षेत्रमा [[ढाका]], [[कुमिल्ला]], फरिदपुर र नोवाखाली जिल्ला सामेल थिए। यस क्षेत्रको प्रधान कार्यालय अगरतला भन्दा २० माइल दक्षिणमा मेलाघरमा थियो।यस क्षेत्रका सेनापति सुरुमा मेजर खालिद मुशर्रफ र पछि मेजर एमटिएम हायदर बनेका थिए। यस क्षेत्रका लागि लगभग ३५,००० लडाकुहरू युद्धमा होमिएका थिए भने नियमित सैन्य बलको सङ्ख्या लगभग ६ हजार थियो। यस क्षेत्रका छ उपक्षेत्रहरू (सेनापतिहरूको नाम सहित); गङ्गासागर, अखाउडा र कसबा (माहबुब पछि सेनानी फारूक र सेनानी हुमायुन कबीर), मन्दभार (कप्तान गाफफार), शालदान्दी (आब्दुस सालेक चौधुरी), मतिनगर (सेनानी दिदारुल आलम), निर्भयपुर (कप्तान आकबर पछि सेनानी माहबुब), र राजनगर (कप्तान जफर इमाम पछि कप्तान सहिद र सेनानी इमामुज्जमाज) थिए। यस क्षेत्रमा सैन्य बल परिचालन गरेको परिणाम स्वरूप कुमिल्ला र फेनीको बीच ढाका-चट्टोग्राम राजमार्गबाट पाक सेनालाई सम्पूर्ण रूपमा निस्कासित गरिएको थियो भने यस क्षेत्र बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रता युद्धभरी स्वतन्त्रता सेनानीहरूको कब्जामा रहेको थियो। यस क्षेत्रमा परिचालित सैन्य बलको मुख्य सफलताहरू मध्ये एक बलोनिया सुचिबूजहको प्रतिरक्षा रहेको थियो। क्षेत्र नम्बर १ र २ का स्वतन्त्रता लडाकुहरूको संयुक्त अभियानको फलस्वरूप बलोनिया सुचिबुजहमा प्रवेश २१ जुनसम्म खुला गरिएको थियो जसअन्तर्गत क्षेत्र २ मा नियमित कम्पनीहरू बङ्गलादेश भित्र सञ्चालनमा रहेका थिए।<br> '''क्षेत्र सङ्ख्या ३'''<br> यस अन्तर्गत उत्तरमा चूडामनकाठी (श्रीमङ्गल नजिक) देखि लिएर दक्षिणमा [[ब्राह्मनबाडिया जिल्ला|ब्राह्मनबाडिया]]को सिङ्गारबिलसम्मको क्षेत्र गठित गरिएको थियो।यस क्षेत्रका सेनापति मेजर केएम शफिउल्लाह र त्यसपछि मेजर एएनएम नूरुज्जमान रहेका थिए। यस क्षेत्रमा पूर्वी बङ्गालका सिलेट र मयमनसिङ्ह इपिआरको समन्वयमा गठन गरिएको थियो। यस क्षेत्रको प्रधान कार्यालय हेजामारामा रहेको थियो। यस क्षेत्र अन्तर्गत १९ गेरिला समूहहरू परिचालन गरिएको थियो। सन् १९७१ नोभेम्बरसम्ममा यस क्षेत्रका स्वतन्त्रता लडाकुहरूको सङ्ख्या लगभग ३० हजार रहेको थिए भने सेनानीहरूले कुमिल्ला सिफेत मार्गका केही पुलहरू नष्ट गर्दै पाकिस्तानी सेनाका लागि यातायातको मार्ग बन्द गराउन सफल भएका थिए। स्वतन्त्रता लडाकुहरूले रेल मार्ग नष्ट गरेका थिए जुन स्वतन्त्रता लडाकुहरूको सबैभन्दा सफल आक्रमण मध्ये एक थियो। यस क्षेत्र अन्तर्गत दश उपक्षेत्रहरू; (सेनापतिहरूको नाम सहित) आश्रमबाडि (कप्तान आजिज र उनी पछि कप्तान एजाज), बाघाइबाडि (कप्तान अजीज र उनी पछि कप्तान एजाज), हतकटा (कप्तान मतिउर रहमान), सिमला (कप्तान मतिन), पञ्चबटी (कप्तान नासिम), मनतला (कप्तान एमएसए भूँइया), विजयनगर (एमएसए भूँइया), कालाछडा (सेनानी मजुमदार), कलकलिया (सेनानी गोलम हेलाल मोरशेद) र बामुटिया (सेनानी साईद) थिए।<br> '''क्षेत्र सङ्ख्या ४'''<br> यस क्षेत्र अन्तर्गत उत्तरमा सिलेटको [[हबिगन्ज जिल्ला|हबिगञ्ज]] उपखण्ड देखि दक्षिणमा कानाइघाट थानासम्म १०० माइल सीमा क्षेत्र सामेल थियो। सिलेटमा विद्यार्थी मुक्तिवाहिनीको सहयोगमा बङ्गलादेश सीमा सुरक्षा कर्मीद्वारा यस क्षेत्रको गठन गरिएको थियो। यस क्षेत्रका सेनापति मेजर चितरञ्जन दत्त थिए भने त्यसपछि यस क्षेत्रका सेनापति कप्तान ए रब बनेका थिए। यस क्षेत्रको प्रधान कार्यालय पहिला करिमगञ्ज थियो भने त्यसपछि यसको प्रधान कार्यालय आसामको मासिमपुरमा सारिएको थियो। यस क्षेत्रमा स्वतन्त्रता लडाकुहरूको सङ्ख्या लगभग ९,००० थियो नियमित सैन्य बल लगभग ४,००० रहेको थियो। यस क्षेत्रको छ उपक्षेत्रहरू (सेनापतिहरूको नाम सहित); जालालपुर (मसदुर राब शादी), बडपञ्जी (कप्तान ए रब), अमलासिद (सेनानी जहिर), कुकितल (सेनानी कादेर र उनी पछि शरिफुल हक), कैलाश शहोर (सेनानी उयाकिउज्जामान), र कमलपुर (कप्तान एनाम) थिए। <br> '''क्षेत्र सङ्ख्या ५'''<br> यस क्षेत्रले [[सिलेट जिल्ला]]को दुर्गापुरदेखि डाउकी (तमाबिल) सम्मको विस्तृत क्षेत्र र जिल्लाको पूर्वी सीमालाई ओगटेको थियो भने यस क्षेत्रका सेनापति मेजर मिर शओकत आली थिए। यस क्षेत्रको सदरमुकाम बाँशतलामा रहेको थियो। यस क्षेत्रमा ८ सय नियमित स्वतन्त्रता लडाकु तथा पाँच हजार स्वतन्त्रता लडाकु र गोरिलाहरूको रहेका थिए। यस क्षेत्रमा सुनामगञ्ज र छातकको अधिकांश भूमिहरू समावेश थिए। यस क्षेत्रका छ उपक्षेत्र (सेनापतिहरूको नाम सहित); मुक्तापुर (सूबेदार नजिज होसेर र लडाकु फारुक यस क्षेत्रका दोस्रो सेनापति थिए), डाउकि (सुबेदार मेजर बीआर चौधुरी), शेला (कप्तान हेलाल सहयोग सेनापति सेनानी माहबुबर रहमान र सेनानी आब्दुर रउफ), भोलागञ्ज (सेनानी ताहेरुद्दीन अखुञ्जी, सहयोग सेनापति सेनानी एसएम खालेद), बालाट (सुबेदार गनी र उनी पछि कप्तान सालाउद्दीन र इनामुल हक चौधुरी) र बडछडा (कप्तान मुस्लिम उद्दीन) थिए। यस क्षेत्रका स्वतन्त्रता लडाकुहरूले सिलेट, तामाबिल र सिलेट-सुनामगञ्ज सडकखण्डका कयौँ पुलहरूलाई नष्ट गरेका थिए जसकारण पाकिस्तानी सेना आउने बाटो अवरोध भएको थियो। यस क्षेत्र सबैभन्दा सफल आक्रमण छातक आक्रमण थियो। '''क्षेत्र सङ्ख्या ६''' <br> यस क्षेत्रमा समग्र [[रङ्पुर जिल्ला]] र [[दिनाजपुर जिल्ला]]को [[ठाकुरगाउँ जिल्ला|ठाकुरगाँउ]] उपखण्ड सामेल थियो। यस क्षेत्रलाई मुख्य रूपबाट रङ्पुर र दिनाजपुरका स्वतन्त्रता लडाकु तथा सीमा सुरक्षा कर्मीहरूको सक्रियतामा गठित गरिएको थियो। यस क्षेत्रका सेनापति खादेमुल बाशार थिए। यस क्षेत्रको सदरमुकाम पाटग्रामको नजिक बुडीमारिमा रहेको थियो। यस क्षेत्रमा सैन्य लडाकुहरूको सङ्ख्या ७०० थियो भने डिसेम्बर महिनासम्म यस सङ्ख्या लगभग ११ हजार पुगेको थियो। यस मध्ये २,००० नियमित सैनिक र ९,००० बङ्गलादेशको मुक्तिका लागि लडिरहेका लडाकु थिए। यस क्षेत्रका पाँच उपक्षेत्र (सेनापतिहरूको नाम सहित); भजनपुर (कप्तान नजरुल र उनी पछि सदरुद्दीन र कप्तान शाहरियार), पाटग्राम (सुरुमा केही बङ्गलादेशी सीमा सुरक्षा बलले यस क्षेत्रको सेनापतिको रूपमन काम गरेका थिए र पछि कप्तान मतिउर रहमानले यस क्षेत्रको नेतृत्व गरेका थिए), साहेबगञ्ज (कप्तान नवाजेश उद्दिन), मोगलहाट (कप्तान डेलवार) र चिलाहाटी (सेनानी इकबाल) थिए। यस क्षेत्रको सेनाहरूले रङ्पुर जिल्लाको उत्तरी भागमा कब्जा गर्न सफल भएका थिए। '''क्षेत्र सङ्ख्या ७''' <br> यस क्षेत्रमा [[राजशाही जिल्ला|राजशाही]], [[पाबना जिल्ला|पाबना]], बगुडा र [[दिनाजपुर जिल्ला|दिनाजपुर]] जिल्लाको दक्षिण क्षेत्रहरूलाई लिएर गठन गरिएको थियो। यस क्षेत्रमा बङ्गलादेशी सैन्य सुरक्षा बल तैपनि गरिएको थियो। यस क्षेत्रका सेनापति मेजर नाजमुल हक र उनी पछि सुबेदार मेजर ए रब र मेजर काजी नूरुज्जामार रहेका थिए। यस क्षेत्रको सदरमुकाम बालुरघाटको नजिक तरङपुरमा रहेको थियो। यस क्षेत्रमा २५०० नियमित सैन्य बल परिचालित थिए भने १२,५०० लडाकु समन्वयमा १५ हजार मुक्तियोद्धाहरू युद्धमा होमिएका थिए। यस क्षेत्रमा ८ उपक्षेत्रहरू (सेनापतिको नाम सहित); मालन (सुरुवातमा कयेकजन जुनियर अफिसर र उनको पछि कप्तान महिउद्दिन जाहाङ्गीर), तपन (मेजर नजमुल हक र उनको पछि कयेकजर जुनियर बङ्गलादेशी सीमा सुरक्षा बलका कप्तान महिउद्दीन जाहाङ्गीर), हामजापुर (कप्तान इद्रिस), आङ्गिनाबाद (एकजना जनवाहिनीका सदस्य), शेखपाडा (कप्तान रशीद), ठोकराबाडि (सुबेदार मोयाज्जेम) र लालगोला (कप्तान जियासउद्दिन चौधुरी) थिए। यस क्षेत्रमा परिचालित सैन्य बलले जुन महिनामा महेशकान्द र परागपुर प्रहरी चौकीमा आक्रमण गर्दै अगस्ट महिनामा मोहनपुरमा थानामा अधिक सङ्ख्यामा दुश्मनहरू माथि सफल आक्रमण गरेका थिए। हामजापुर उपक्षेत्रका सेनापति कप्तान इद्रिसले आफ्ना सैन्य बलको साथमा पाक बाहिनी माथि एक आकासमात आक्रमण गर्दै पार्वतीपुर नजिक रहेको एक रेललाई नष्ट गरेका थिए। '''क्षेत्र सङ्ख्या ८'''<br> अप्रिल महिनासम्ममा यस क्षेत्रमा [[कुष्टिया जिल्ला|कुष्टिया]], [[जशोर जिल्ला|जशोर]], खुलना, बरिशाल, फरिदपुर र पटुयाखाली जिल्लाहरूलाई समावेश गरी यस क्षेत्रको गठन गरिएको थियो भने मे महिनामा यस क्षेत्रमा कुष्टिया, जशोर, खुलना, सातखीरा उपविभाग र फरिदपुरको उत्तरी क्षेत्रहरू समावेश गरी पुनर्गठन गरिएको थियो। यस क्षेत्रका सेनापति मेजर आबु ओसमान चौधुरी र उनी पछि मेजर एम ए मञ्जुर रहेका थिए। यस क्षेत्रको सदरमुकाम कल्यानीमा रहेको थियो। यस क्षेत्रका सैन्य बल मध्ये ३,००० नियमित लडाकु तथा २५,००० स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी रहेका थिए। यस क्षेत्रमा परिचालित नियमित सैन्य बलले कयौँ क्षेत्रहरूमा आफ्नो अधिकार स्थापना गर्दै लडाकु बलले बङ्गलादेश भित्र कयौँ सैन्य किल्लाहरूको निर्माण गरेका थिए। यस क्षेत्रका सैनिक योद्धाहरूले एक कौशल रणनीति पनि बनाएका थिए। नियमित सैन्य बलले बङ्गलादेश भित्र पाक बाहिनीको किल्लाहरू भन्दा ६-७ माइलको दूरीमा उक्त क्षेत्र प्रवेश गर्दै स्थितिलाई सम्हाल्दै पाकिस्तानी सेना माथि आक्रमण गरेका थिए। यस रणनीतिलाई अपनाई बङ्गलादेशका लागि लडिरहेका लडाकुहरूले कयौँ पाकिस्तान सेनालाई मार्न सफल भएका थिए। यस क्षेत्रमा ८ उपक्षेत्रहरू (सेनापतिको नाम सहित); बयरा (कप्तान खोन्दकार नजमुल हुदा), हाकिमपुर (कप्तान शफिक उल्लाह), भोमरा (कप्तान सालाहउद्दीन र उनी पछि कप्तान शाहाबुद्दीन), लालबाजार (कप्तान ए आर आजम चौधुरी), बानपुर (कप्तान मुस्ताफिजुर रहमान), बेनापोल (कप्तान आबदुल हालिम र उनी पछि कप्तान तौफिक-ई-एलाही चौधुरी), शिकारपुर (कप्तान तौफिक-इ-एलाही चौधुरी र उनी पछि सेनानी जाहाङ्गीर) थिए।<br> '''क्षेत्र सङ्ख्या ९''' <br> क्षेत्र सङ्ख्या ९ मा बरिसाल, पटुयाखली, [[खुलना जिल्ला|खुलना]] र [[फरिदपुर जिल्ला|फरिदपुर]] जिल्लाका केही भागहरू सामेल थिए। यस क्षेत्रको प्रधानकार्यालय बशिरहाटको नजिकको स्थान रहेको थियो। यस क्षेत्रका सेनापति मेजर एमए जलिल र उनी पछि मेजर एमए मञ्जुर र मेजर जयनाल अबेदीन थिए। यस क्षेत्रका लागि लगभग बीस हजार स्वतन्त्रता सेनानीले लडाइ लडेका थिए। यस क्षेत्र टाकि, हिङ्गलगञ्ज, शमसेरनगर गरी तीन उपक्षेत्रअरूमा विभाजित थिए। यस क्षेत्रका स्वतन्त्रता सैन्य बललाई मुक्तिवाहिनीको रूपमा काम गरेका थिए। कप्तान शाहजहान ओमरको नेतृत्वमा स्वतन्त्रता लडाकुले [[बरिसाल जिल्ला|बरिशाल]]का थुप्रै क्षेत्रहरूमा छापामार आक्रमण गरेका थिए। कप्तान मेहदी आली इमामले पटुयाखलीमा एक स्थायी सैनिक किल्लाबाट आक्रमणको सञ्चालन गर्ने गरेका थिए। सेनानी जियाले सुन्दोरवनमा वरिपरिका क्षेत्रहरूको नेतृत्व गरेका थिए। कप्तान हुदाले नियमित सैन्य बलहरूको साथमा ठूलो क्षेत्रमा नियन्त्रण जमाउन सफल भएका थिए। उनले जुन महिनामा सीमा चौकी वरिपरिको क्षेत्रमा नियन्त्रण जमाउँदै स्वतन्त्रता सैनिकहरूको साथमा केही क्षेत्रमा नियन्त्रण जमाउन सफल भएका थिए। यस क्षेत्रमा परिचालित सैन्य बल तथा बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रका लागि लडिरहेका लडाकुहरूले देभाता र श्यामनगर प्रहरी चौकीमा आक्रमण गर्दै उक्त स्थानमा नियन्त्रण जमाएका थिए। <br> '''क्षेत्र सङ्ख्या १०''' यस क्षेत्र एक नौसेनाका सेनापतिको नेतृत्वमा गठित भएको थियो। यस क्षेत्रमा परिचालित सैन्य बलको गठनको सुरुवात [[फ्रान्स]]मा प्रशिक्षित पाकिस्तानी नौसेनाका आठ बङ्गाली नौसैनिकहरूले गरेका थिए। जसमा गाजी मोहाम्मद रहमतुल्लाह (प्रमुख सैनिक अधिकारी), सैयद मोशर्रफ होसेन (अधिकारी), आमिन उल्लाह शेख, आहसान उल्लाह, एडब्ल्यू चौधुर, बदीउल आलम, एआर मिया र आबेदुर रहमान रहेका थिए। यी आठ बङ्गाली सैनिकहरूलाई भारतीय नौसेनाको व्यवस्थापन अन्तर्गत दिल्लीको नजिकको जमुना नदीमा विशेष नौसेना प्रशिक्षण दिइएको थियो। त्यस पछि पाकिस्तान नौसेनाको केही सैनिकहरूले बङ्गलादेशी नौसेनामा सामेल भएका थिए। पौडी खेल्न कौशल १५० विद्यार्थीहरूलाई विभिन्न स्थानबाट छनोट गरी विद्यार्थी प्रशिक्षणको लागि प्रशिक्षण केन्द्रमा पठाइएको थियो। उनीहरूलाई बम फाल्ने र बमहरूको प्रयो गरी जहाजहरू माथि आक्रमण गर्न प्रशिक्षण दिइएको थियो। प्रशिक्षण पछि चार टोलीहरूलाई अगस्टको पहिलो हप्तामा चट्टोग्राम, नारायनगञ्ज, दाउडकान्दि र मङ्ला बन्दरगाहमा पठाइएको थियो जसलाई समुद्री किनारमा गरेका जहाजहरूलाई नष्ट गर्न आदेश दिइएको थियो। पाकिस्तानको स्वतन्त्रता दिवस (१४ अगस्ट) का दिन, चार समूहहरूले एकैसाथ कयौँ पाकिस्तानी जहाजहरू माथि आक्रमण गरी नष्ट गरिदिएका थिए। चट्टोग्राम बन्दरगाहमम एडब्ल्यू चौधुरीको नेतृत्वमा रहेको एक दलले सात जहाजहरूलाई नष्ट गरेका थिए जसमा पाकिस्तानी मालवाहक जहाज एमडी ओह्रमाज्द र एमभी अल-अब्बास सामेल थिए। यसपछि अक्टोबर र नोभेम्बरमा देशको सबै बन्दरगाहहरूमा यही तरिकाबाट केही सफल आक्रमणहरू गरिएका थिए जसकारण पाकिस्तानी सेनाका कयौँ जहाजहरू डुबेका थिए।<br> '''क्षेत्र सङ्ख्या ११'''<br> यस क्षेत्रमा [[टाङ्गाइल जिल्ला]] र [[किशोरगन्ज जिल्ला|किशोरगञ्ज]] उपखण्डलाई छोडेर पुरै [[मयमनसिंह जिल्ला|मयमनसिङ्ह जिल्ला]] सामेल थिए। यस क्षेत्रका सेनापति मेजर एम आबु ताहेर थिए। जब मेजर ताहेर एक लडाइमा गम्भीर घाइते भए तब एक समूहका नेतृत्वकर्ता हामिदुल्लाहलाई यस क्षेत्रको सेनापति बनाइएको थियो। यस क्षेत्रका सदरमुकाम महेन्द्रगञ्जमा रहेको थियो। यस क्षेत्रका लागि लगभग २५ हजार स्वतन्त्रता सैनिकहरू युद्धका होमिएका थिए। यस क्षेत्रका आठ उपक्षेत्र (सेनापतिहरूको नाम सहित); मानइकारचर (हामिदुल्लाह), महेन्द्रगञ्ज (सेनानी मिजान), पुरखासिया (सेनानी हासेम), ढालु (सेनानी ताहेर आहमद र उनी पछि सेनानी कामाल), रङरा (मतिउर रहमान), शिवबाडि (बङ्गलादेश सीमा सुरक्षा बलका केही अधिकारीहरू), बागमारा (बङ्गलादेश सीमा सुरक्षा बलका केही अधिकारीहरू) र महेशखोला (एक बङ्गलादेश सीमा सुरक्षा बलका सदस्य) थिए। यस क्षेत्रमा व्यापक छापामार सैन्य कार्वाहीहरू सञ्चालनमा आएका थिए भने सीमावर्ती क्षेत्रहरूमा नियमित सैन्य बलको कब्जा रहेको थियो। सुबेदार आफताबले युद्धको नौ महिनासम्मका स्वतन्त्र क्षेत्रहरूमा कब्जा गरेका थिए। यस क्षेत्रका महिलाहरूले पनि हातहतियारसाथ पाकिस्तानी सेनाको विरुद्ध लडाइ लडेका थिए। भने यस बाहेक टाङ्गाइलको एक स्वतन्त्रता सेनानी क्वादेर सिद्दीकीले आफ्नो जिल्लामा १८,००० छापामार सैनिकहरूलाई सङ्गठित गर्दै पाकिस्तानी सेना विरुद्ध केही सफल आक्रमणहरू गरेका थिए। === अक्टोबरदेखि डिसेम्बरसम्मको युद्ध === मुक्तिवाहिनीले छापामार आक्रमण गर्दै पाकिस्तानी सेनालाई सीमावर्ती क्षेत्रबाट विस्थापित गर्दै विभिन्न ठाउँहरूलाई पश्चिम पाकिस्तानबाट स्वतन्त्र बनाएका थिए। बङ्गलादेशी सेनाहरूले पाकिस्तानी सेना रहेको कमलपुर, बिलोनिया, बोयरा, आदि जस्ता सीमावर्ती क्षेत्रहरूमा आक्रमण गर्दै ३०६ स्थान मध्ये ९० क्षेत्रहरूमा नियन्त्रण जमाउन सफल भएका थिए। यस बाहेक मुक्तिबाहिनीले थप तीब्रताका साथ छापामार आक्रमण गर्न सुरु गरेका थिए। पाकिस्तानी सेना र त्यससँग सम्बन्धित राजाकारहरूको नियमित कार्य सर्वसाधारहरूको हत्या गर्दै विभिन्न स्थानहरूमा आतङ्क मच्चाउनु थियो। सीमा र देश भित्र बङ्गलादेशको मुक्तिका लागि लडिरहेका लडाकुले पाकिस्तानी सेनाद्वारा गरिएको भयङ्कर आक्रमणको फलस्वरूप पाकिस्तानी सेना र राजाकार माथि थप सक्रियतासाथ आक्रमण गर्न सुरु गरेका थिए।<ref name=ACIG>{{cite web |url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_326.shtml |title=India – Pakistan War, 1971; Introduction By Tom Cooper, with Khan Syed Shaiz Ali |publisher=Acig.org |accessdate=23 June 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606195040/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_326.shtml |archivedate=6 June 2011 |url-status= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606195040/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_326.shtml |date=6 June 2011 }}</ref> अक्टोबरको महिनाको अन्त्य तिर पाकिस्तानी सेनाले बङ्गलादेशका स्वतन्त्रताका लागि लडिरहेका लडाकुको विरुद्ध कडा प्रतिरोधको सामना गर्नु परेको थियो जसकारण पश्चिम पाकिस्तानबाट ५ लडाकु दल सहितका पाकिस्तानी सेनाहरू पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा आपातकालीन परिचालनका लागि ल्याइएको थियो। == सन् १९७१ भारत-पाकिस्तान युद्ध == सन् १९७१ को भारत-पाकिस्तान युद्धलाई इतिहासकै सबैभन्दा छोटो युद्धहरू मध्येमा लिइन्छ।<ref name=Lyon>{{cite book|last=Lyon|first=Peter|title=Conflict between India and Pakistan: An Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/conflictbetweeni00lyon|url-access=limited|year=2008|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-57607-712-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/conflictbetweeni00lyon/page/n182 166]|quote=India's decisive victory over Pakistan in the 1971 war and emergence of independent Bangladesh dramatically transformed the power balance of South Asia}}</ref><ref name=Kemp>{{cite book|last=Kemp|first=Geoffrey|title=The East Moves West India, China, and Asia's Growing Presence in the Middle East|url=https://archive.org/details/eastmoveswestind00kemp|url-access=limited|year=2010|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=978-0-8157-0388-4|page=[https://archive.org/details/eastmoveswestind00kemp/page/n60 52]|quote=However, India's decisive victory over Pakistan in 1971 led the Shah to pursue closer relations with India}}</ref><ref name=Byman>{{cite book|last=Byman|first=Daniel|title=Deadly connections: States that Sponsor Terrorism|url=https://archive.org/details/deadlyconnection00byma_576|url-access=limited|year=2005|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-83973-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/deadlyconnection00byma_576/page/n170 159]|quote=India's decisive victory in 1971 led to the signing of the Simla Agreement in 1972}}</ref> यो युद्ध भारत र पाकिस्तानको बीच एक सैन्य लडाइ थियो जुन पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्रता युद्धको समयमा भएको थियो।<ref name="Shuja Nawaz 2008">{{cite book |last=Nawaz |first=Shuja |title=Crossed Swords: Pakistan, Its Army, and the Wars Within |date=2008 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-547697-2 |page=329}}</ref><ref name="books.google.com">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=LCaAQCnO3QQC&pg=PA81&q=5000%20miles%20square%20indian%20army%201971|title=Benazir, a Profile&nbsp;– M. G. Chitkara|accessdate=27 July 2012|isbn=9788170247524|author1=Chitkara|first1=M. G|year=1996}}</ref><ref name="https">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Ek00fuXVz1wC&pg=PA117&q=5000%20miles%20indian%20army%201971|title=Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War&nbsp;– Victoria Schofield|date=18 January 2003|accessdate=27 July 2012|isbn=9781860648984|author1=Schofield|first1=Victoria}}</ref> ३ डिसेम्बर १९७१ का दिन उत्तर भारतका ११ भारतीय वायु सैन्य किल्लाहरूमा पाकिस्तानद्वारा हवाई आक्रकण सुरु गरेपछि भारत-पाकिस्तान युद्ध चर्किएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web|title = 1971: Making Bangladesh a reality – I|url = http://www.indiandefencereview.com/news/1971-making-bangladesh-a-reality-i/|website = Indian Defence Review|accessdate = 21 June 2015}}</ref> बङ्गाली राष्ट्रवादीहरूको समर्थनमा बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्रता युद्धकै समयमा भारत र पाकिस्तानको युद्ध सुरुवात भएको थियो। पाकिस्तानको साथ पूर्वी र पश्चिमी गरी दुवै क्षेत्रहरूमा सैन्य लडाइ तथा सङ्घर्ष सुरुवात भएको थियो।<ref name="injuredsoldiers">{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/inside-politics/this-vijay-diwas-remember-the-sacrifices-and-do-good-by-our-disabled-soldiers/|title=This Vijay Diwas, remember the sacrifices and do good by our disabled soldiers|work=Times of India|quote=About 3,843 Indian soldiers died in this war that resulted in the unilateral surrender of the Pakistan Army and led to the creation of Bangladesh. Among the soldiers who returned home triumphant were also 9,851 injured; many of them disabled.|date=16 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217134312/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/blogs/inside-politics/this-vijay-diwas-remember-the-sacrifices-and-do-good-by-our-disabled-soldiers/|archive-date=17 December 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=DeeGAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q=3843%201971%20war%20india%20deaths Vulnerable India: A Geographical Study of Disaster By Anu Kapur]</ref> इन्दिरा गान्धीको प्रधानमन्त्री मन्त्रालयले २८ अप्रिल १९७१ मा भारतीय सेनाका तत्कालीन सेनाध्यक्ष श्याम मानेकशलाई पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा जानका लागि निर्देशन दिइएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiannavy.nic.in/t2t2e/Trans2Trimph/chapters/10_1971%20wnc1.htm |title=Chapter 10: Naval Operations In The Western Naval Command |website=Indian Navy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223133540/http://indiannavy.nic.in/t2t2e/Trans2Trimph/chapters/10_1971%20wnc1.htm |archive-date=23 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://orbat.com/site/cimh/navy/navy_1971_kills.html |title=Damage Assessment– 1971 Indo Pak Naval War |publisher=Orbat.com |accessdate=27 July 2012 |url-status= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319212243/http://orbat.com/site/cimh/navy/navy_1971_kills.html |archivedate=19 March 2012 }}</ref> केही समयपछि भारतमा रहेका शरणार्थी शिविरहरूको प्रयोग भारतको विदेशी गुप्तचर निकाय र पूर्वी पाकिस्तानका सैन्य अधिकारीहरूद्वारा गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/pakistan/air-force-combat.htm|title=Pakistan Air Force Combat Expirence|quote=Pakistan retaliated by causing extensive damage through a single B-57 attack on Indian naval base Okha. The bombs scored direct hits on fuel dumps, ammunition dump and the missile boats jetty.|work=Global Security|date=9 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dr. He Hemant Kumar Pandey & Manish Raj Singh|title=INDIA’S MAJOR MILITARY & RESCUE OPERATIONS|page=117|publisher=Horizon Books ( A Division of Ignited Minds Edutech P Ltd), 2017|date=1 August 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Col Y Udaya Chandar (Retd)|title=Independent India's All the Seven Wars|publisher=Notion Press, 2018|date=2 January 2018}}</ref> जब भारतकी तत्कालीन प्रधानमन्त्री इन्दिरा गान्धीको नेतृत्वमा भारत पाकिस्तान विरुद्धको युद्धका लागि तैयार थियो तब सोभियत सङ्घले कथित रूपमा पाकिस्तानका राष्ट्रपति याह्या खानलाई भारत विरुद्ध युद्धबाट बच्न र पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा शान्तिपूर्ण राजनीतिक समझौता गर्नका लागि एक गुप्त सन्देश पठाइएको थियो किनभने यदि भारत विरुद्ध युद्धमा पाकिस्तान सामेल भयो भने पाकिस्तानी सेनालाई दुई पक्षको नियन्त्रण गर्न लगभग असम्भव जस्तै हुने।अनुमनन लगाइएको थियो।<ref name=Lal>{{cite book|author=Air Chief Marshal P C Lal|title=My Days with the IAF|url=https://books.google.com/?id=vvTM-xbW41MC|year=1986|publisher=Lancer|isbn=978-81-7062-008-2|page=286}}</ref><ref name="indiadefenceupdate.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.indiadefenceupdate.com/news94.html |title=The Battle of Longewala—The Truth |website=India Defence Update |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608050522/http://www.indiadefenceupdate.com/news94.html |archive-date=8 June 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608050522/http://www.indiadefenceupdate.com/news94.html |date=8 June 2011 }}</ref> त्यसको बाबजुद पाकिस्तानका तत्कालीन राष्ट्रपति याह्या खानले आफ्ना लडाकु तथा सेनाहरूलाई युद्धका लागि तैयार रहन आदेश दिएका थिए।<ref name="MSN Encarta">{{cite web |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588350_3/Indo-Pakistani_Wars.html# |title=Indo-Pakistani Wars |work=MSN Encarta |access-date=20 October 2009 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwrHv6ph?url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588350_3/Indo-Pakistani_Wars.html |archive-date=1 November 2009 |url-status= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091029081918/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761588350_3/Indo-Pakistani_Wars.html |date=29 October 2009 }}</ref> २३ नोभेम्बर १९७१ का दिन पाकिस्तानमा आपातकालको स्थिति घोषित गरिएको थियो जबकि अर्कोतर्फ भारतले भारतीय सेनाहरूलाई तैनातीका साथ आफ्ना पश्चिमी सीमाहरूमा नियन्त्रण गर्न सुरु गरेका थिए। पाकिस्तान र भारतको बीच शत्रुताको सुरुवात सन् १९७१ मा भारत-पाकिस्तान युद्धको परिणामस्वरूप भएको थियो जब पाकिस्तानी वायु सेनाले ३ डिसेम्बर साँझ ५:४० बजे भारतको सीमावर्ती क्षेत्रमा आक्रमण गरेको थियो। उत्तर-पश्चिमी भारतमा ११ हवाई क्षेत्रहरूमा आक्रमण भएको थियो जसमा सबैभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण निशाना सीमाभन्दा ४८० किलोमिटर टाढा आगरा क्षेत्र थियो।<ref name="time-edge">{{cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155,00.html|title=India and Pakistan: Over the Edge|magazine=Time|date=13 December 1971|access-date=18 May 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008221847/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,910155,00.html |date=8 October 2013 }}</ref> कश्मीरमा भारतीय सैनिक किल्लामा पाकिस्तानी सेनाद्वारा तोपद्वारा आक्रमण गरिएको थियो तर भारतले पहिलेनै आक्रमण हुन सक्ने अनुमान लगाउँदै त्यहाँ रहेका सबै लडाकु र हातहतियारहरूलाई अन्य सैनिक किल्लामा स्थानान्तरण गरेको थियो जसकारण मानवीय क्षति हुनबाट भारतीय सैनिकलाई बचाइएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_330.shtml|title=India&nbsp;– Pakistan War, 1971; Western Front, Part I|publisher=acig.com|accessdate=22 December 2011|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/69aZfN64R?url=http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_330.shtml|archive-date=1 August 2012|url-status=}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120910064126/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_330.shtml |date=10 September 2012 }}</ref> पाकिस्तानी सेनाद्वारा आक्रमण गरिएकै साँझ इन्दिरा गान्धीले रेडियो मार्फत भारतका मानिसरूलाई सम्बोधन गर्दै भारतको विरुद्ध पाकिस्तानद्वारा युद्धको घोषणा भएका कारण यस्तो आक्रमण भएको जानकारी दिएकी थिइन्।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Appendix3.html |title=Aircraft Losses in Pakistan - 1971 War |accessdate=24 April 2010 |url-status= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501082102/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Appendix3.html |archivedate=1 May 2009 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501082102/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/IAF/History/1971War/Appendix3.html |date=1 May 2009 }}</ref> सोही दिनको रातमा भारतीय वायु सेनाले सैन्य आक्रमणको कार्वाही हवाई आक्रमण गरेको थियो भने भोलिपल्ट बिहान भारतीय सेनाद्वारा हवाई आक्रमण गरिएको थियो। भारत र पाकिस्तानले अघिल्लो बिहान दुवै राष्ट्रहरूको बीच युद्धको स्थितिको पुष्टि गर्ने वयानहरू आएको थियो तर भारत-पाकिस्तान युद्धको घोषणाको औपचारिक कार्वाही कुनै पनि राष्ट्रद्वारा जारी गरिएको थिएन।<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878969-4,00.html |title=Bangladesh: Out of War, a Nation Is Born |magazine=Time |date=20 December 1971 |access-date=23 June 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071103235823/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,878969-4,00.html |date=3 November 2007 }}</ref> इन्दिरा गान्धीले सेनापतिहरूलाई सैनिहरूलाई एकसाथ जुटाउन निर्देशन दिएकी थिइन् भने त्यसपछि पाकिस्तानमा चौतर्फी आक्रमण सुरु गरिएको थियो जसमा भारतीय सेना, नौसेना र वायु सेनाको प्रयोग गरिएको थियो। भारतको मुख्य लक्ष्य पूर्वी पाकिस्तानी क्षेत्र ढाकामा कब्जा गर्ने र पश्चिमी क्षेत्रमा पाकिस्तानलाई भारतमा अतिक्रमण गर्नबाट प्रतिरोध गर्नु थियो। भारतीय नौसेनाले समुद्रबाट पाकिस्तानी सेनाको दमन गर्न सुरु गरेका थिए। युद्धको पूर्वी रङमञ्च माथि भारतीय सेना र मुक्तिवाहिनीले भारतीय वायु सेना, भारतीय नौसेना र बङ्गलादेशी वायु सेनाबाट समर्थन प्राप्त गरेको थियो। भारतको वायुले ४ डिसेम्बर १९७१ का दिन पूर्वी पाकिस्तानमा परिचालन सुरु गरेको थियो। भारतीय वायु सेनाको सहायताद्वारा मुक्तिवाहिनी एक विमानको साथ युद्ध स्थानमा प्रस्थान गरेको थियो।<ref>''Indian Army after Independence'' by Maj KC Praval 1993 Lancer, p. 317 {{ISBN|1-897829-45-0}}</ref> भारत र बङ्गलादेशको संयुक्त सेनाको सैन्य कार्वाही पाकिस्तानी सेनामाथि हावी हुँदै गयो जसले पाकिस्तानी सेनालाई आत्मसमर्पण गर्नका लागि प्रेरित गरेको थियो। १६ डिसेम्बर १९८१ का दिन ढाका सहर वरिपरि रहँदै महासेनानी जगजीत सिंह अरोराको नेतृत्वमा भारतीय सेनाले मेजर-जनरल राफेल जेकबको माध्यमबाट एक सन्देश पठायो जसमा पाकिस्तानी सेनालाई ३० मिनेटमा आत्मसमर्पण गर्नका लागि अन्तिम चेतावनी दिइएको थियो। पाकिस्तानी सेना प्रभावी रूपबाट भारतीय आक्रमणको प्रतिउत्तर दिन असमर्थ रह्यो किनभने पाकिस्तानी सेनाको एक सानो समूह मुक्तिवाहिनीद्वारा गरिएको छापामार आक्रमणको प्रतिरोध गर्नका लागि सीमा वरिपरिका क्षेत्रहरूमा तैनाथ गरिएको थियो जहाँ पाकिस्तानी सेना नराम्रोसँग पराजित भएको थियो जसको फलस्वरूप पाकिस्तानी सेनाद्वारा १६ डिसेम्बर १९७१ का दिन आत्मसमर्पण गरिएको थियो जुन पाकिस्तानको एक सबैभन्दा ठूला पराजित थियो जसमा ८,००० मानिसहरूको मृत्यु भयो भने २५,००० युद्धको समयमा घाइते भएका थिए। अर्कोतर्फ भारतीय पक्षमा ३,००० लडाकुको मृत्यु भयो भने १२,००० लडाकुको मृत्यु भएको थियो। भारत र बङ्गलादेशको सम्बद्ध सेनाहरूले सामूहिक रूपमा पाकिस्तानी सेनालाई आक्रमण गर्न सुरु गरेका थिए। १६ डिसेम्बर १९७१ ढाकामा पाकिस्तान भारत युद्ध समाप्त भएको थियो जब पाकिस्तानको सैन्य बलका पूर्वी सेनापति द्वारा आत्मसमर्पण पत्रमा हस्ताक्षर गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/supplements/independence-day-special-2015/submariners-heroism-and-the-first-military-response-france|title=Naval Commandos in Operation Jackpot|work=The Daily Star|date=26 March 2015}}</ref> जसको फलस्वरूप पूर्वी पाकिस्तानलाई स्वतन्त्रता प्राप्त भयो र एक नयाँ राष्ट्रको रूपमा बङ्गलादेशको उदय भएको थियो। यस सङ्घर्षमा हजारोँ सर्वसाधारणहरू पाकिस्तानी सैनिकहरू र राजाकारद्वारा मारिएका थिए जबकि लाखोँ मानिस भारतमा शरण लिन बङ्गलादेशबाट भागेका थिए भने भारतीय सेनाद्वारा हजारोँ पाकिस्तानी सैनिकहरूलाई बन्दी बनाइएको थियो। == पाकिस्तानी सेनाद्वारा आत्मसमर्पण == [[चित्र:১৯৭১ আত্মসমর্পণ.jpg|thumb|left|१६ डिसेम्बर १९७१, पाकिस्तानी सैन्य अधिकारिकद्वारा आत्मसमर्पण पत्रमा हस्ताक्षर गरिँदै]] सन् १९७१ डिसेम्बरको सुरुवाती दिनहरूमा भारत र बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रताका लागि लडिरहेका लडाकुहरू सिधै पाकिस्तान विरुद्धको युद्धमा सामेल भएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web |title=India's Strategic Blunders in the 1971 War |url = http://www.rediff.com/news/slide-show/slide-show-1-three-indian-blunders-in-the-1971-war/20111212.htm |website=Rediff.com |access-date=3 August 2014 }}</ref> बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्राका लागि लडिरहेका लडाकु र भारतीय सेनाको संयुक्त आक्रमणका कारण पाकिस्तान पहिले देखिनै विभिन्न स्थानहरूमा पराजित भएको थियो जसकारण पाकिस्तानी सेनाले आत्मसमर्पण गर्ने निर्णय लिएको थियो। १६ डिसेम्बरका दिन लगभग ९३,००० सैनिकहरूको साथ पाकिस्तानी सैन्य अधिकारीहरूले ढाका स्थित रेसकोर्स मैदानमा औपचारिक रूपबाट आत्मसमर्पण गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A109&Pg=6 |title=The Simla Agreement 1972 – Story of Pakistan |website=Story of Pakistan |date=1 June 2003 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614014904/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A109&Pg=6 |archive-date=14 June 2011 |access-date=23 June 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614014904/http://www.storyofpakistan.com/articletext.asp?artid=A109&Pg=6 |date=14 June 2011 }}</ref> जसकारण ९ महिनासम्म चलेको रक्तपात युक्त युद्धको समाप्त हुँदै एक स्वाधीनता देशको रूपमा बङ्गलादेशको उदय भएको थियो। ९ डिसेम्बरका दिन गभर्नर मालिकले पाकिस्तानी राष्ट्रपतिलाई सैन्य स्थिति खराब भएको जानकारी गराएका थिए भने उनले सोही सन्देशमा पश्चिममा दुश्मनहरू फरिदपुरको नजिक आइरहेका छन् र पूर्वमा हाम्रो सैनिक किल्लाको नजिक कुमिल्ला वरिपरिका क्षेत्रहरू र मेघना नदीको तटसम्म आएका छन् भनी सन्देश मार्फत सार्वजनिक गरेका थिए। १० डिसेम्बरमा गभर्नरका सैन्य सल्लाहकार [[मेजर जनरल]] राओ फरमान आली र पश्चिम पाकिस्तानका मुख्य सचिव मुजफ्फर होसेनले एक सैन्य किल्लामा जनरल नियाजीसँग विस्तृत छलफल गर्दै ढाकामा संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घका प्रतिनिधि समक्ष आत्मसमर्पण पत्र हस्तान्तरण गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sacw.net/article524.html |title=Bangladesh: Unfinished Justice for the crimes of 1971 – South Asia Citizens Web |website=Sacw.net |accessdate=23 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722041729/http://www.sacw.net/article524.html |archivedate=22 July 2011 |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722041729/http://www.sacw.net/article524.html |date=22 July 2011 }}</ref> तथापि यस आत्मसमर्पण पत्रमा आत्मसमर्पणको सट्टा हातहतियार विश्राम जस्ता शब्दावलीहरूको प्रयोग गरिएको थियो जुन यस प्रकार छ। "राजनीतिक कारणले नै यो सङ्कट उत्पन्न भएकोले यसलाई राजनीतिक तरिका मार्फत समाधान गर्नुपर्दछ। त्यसकारण म पाकिस्तानको राष्ट्रपतिले अधिकार पाएको पूर्वी पाकिस्तानका निर्वाचित प्रतिनिधिहरूलाई ढाकामा सरकार गठन गर्न आग्रह गर्दछु। म संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घलाई शान्तिपूर्वक सत्ता हस्तान्तरणको लागि काम गर्न आह्वान गर्दछु"। ढाकामा रहेका संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घका प्रतिनिधि पल मार्क हेनरीलाई उक्त आवेदन हस्तान्तरण गरिएको थियो। पाकिस्तानी समूहहरूमा भने यो सन्देश मालिक-फरमान आली सन्देशको रूपमा परिचित छ। तर अर्को दिन यस आवेदनलाई पाकिस्तानी पक्षका तर्फबाट फिर्ता लिइएको थियो। बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रताका लागि लडिरहेका स्वतन्त्र सेनानी र भारतीय सेनाले पुनः ढाकामा घेरा हाली पाकिस्तानी सेनाको आत्मसमर्पणको माग गरेका थिए।<ref>[http://www.newint.org/issue332/guess.htm Guess who's coming to dinner] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224195916/http://www.newint.org/issue332/guess.htm |date=24 February 2007 }} Naeem Bangali</ref> गभर्नर मालिकको नेतृत्वमा पूर्वी पाकिस्तानको कठपुतली सरकारले पनि गठबन्धनको घर (अहिले बङ्गाभवन) मा भएको बम विष्फोटका कारण राजीनामा दिँदै होटल इन्टरकन्टिनेन्टल (अहिलेको होटल शेराटन) मा शरण लिएका थिए। त्यस समयमा शान्तिपूर्ण आत्मसमर्पणका लागि आकाशबाट निरन्तर रूपमा प्रचारपत्रहरू तथा प्रचाहरू खसालिएको थियो। भारत पाकिस्तान युद्ध पछि आत्मसमर्पण दस्तावेजहरूलाई प्रमुख सेनानी जगजीत सिंह अरोरा र अन्य भारतीय सेनाका सेनानीहरू; जनरल सगत सिंह र जनरल राफेल फराज ज्याकबद्वारा हेलिकप्टरको माध्यमबाट ढाका ल्याइएको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mofa.go.jp/policy/other/bluebook/1972/1972-1-9.htm|title=Situation in the Indian Subcontinent|work=mofa.go.jp}}</ref> आत्मसमर्पणको पत्रमा १६ डिसेम्बर १९७१ का दिन दिउँसोको ४ बजेर ३१ मिनेटमा हस्ताक्षर गरिएको थियो जो प्रमुख सेनानी जगजीत सिंह अरोरा र ए.ए को बीच ढाकामा रमना रेसकोर्स मैदानमा भएको थियो। यस प्रकार समझौताले बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्रता युद्धलाई समाप्त गरेको थियो। १६ डिसेम्बरलाई बङ्गलादेशमा विजय दिवसको रूपमा मनाइन्छ। जनरल नियाजी र उनका बङ्गाली समर्थकहरू सहित लगभग ९०,००० पाकिस्तान पूर्वी सैनिकहरूलाई भारतीय सेनाद्वारा युद्ध बन्धिको रूपमा लिइएको थियो। पाकिस्तानले गरेको यस आत्मसमर्पण द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध पछिको सबैभन्दा ठूला आत्मसमर्पण रूपमा परिचित छ। १६ डिसेम्बरको दिन दिउँसोको रेसकोर्स मैदान (हाल सोहरावर्दी उद्यान) मा बङ्गलादेशमा पाकिस्तानी सेनाका महासेनानी नियाजीले हजारोँ उत्साहीत मानिसहरूको अगाडि आत्मसमर्पण दस्तावेजमा हस्ताक्षर गरेका थिए। द्वितीय विश्व युद्ध पछि लगभग ९३,००० पाकिस्तानी सैनिकहरूले आत्मसमर्पण गरेका थिए।<ref name="Faruqui2003">{{cite book|author=Ahmad Faruqui|title=Rethinking the National Security of Pakistan: The Price of Strategic Myopia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ElHfAAAAMAAJ|year=2003|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-1497-5|page=55|quote=১৯৭১ সালে ভারতীয় সেনাবাহিনীর চিফ অফ স্টাফ ফিল্ড মার্শাল মানেকশওয়া তাদের চূড়ান্ত প্রশংসা কুড়িয়েছিলেন যখন তিনি বলেছিলেন: পূর্ব পাকিস্তানের পাকিস্তান সেনাবাহিনী খুব সাহসিকতার সাথে লড়াই করেছিল। তবে তাদের কোনও সুযোগ ছিল না। তারা তাদের বেস থেকে হাজার মাইল দূরে ছিল। এবং আমার প্রস্তুতিগুলি করার জন্য আমার আট বা নয় মাস ছিল। আমার প্রায় পাঁচ-থেকে একজনের শ্রেষ্ঠত্ব ছিল}}</ref> पाकिस्तानी सेनाले १६ डिसेम्बरका दिन आत्मसमर्पण गरेतापनि आत्मसमर्पण गर्नका लागि देशभरीका सबै पाकिस्तानी सैनिकहरूलाई २२ डिसेम्बरसम्म लागेको थियो। पाकिस्तानी सेनाको आत्मसमर्पणको दिन अमेरिकाको सातौँ फ्लाइटले बङ्गालको खाडीको दक्षिण क्षेत्रमा प्रवेश गरेको थियो तर बङ्गलादेश तब पाकिस्तानको कब्जाबाट पूर्णतया स्वतन्त्रत भैसकेको थियो। सन् १९७२ मा संयुक्त राष्ट्रका अधिकांश सदस्य देशहरूद्वारा बङ्गलादेशलाई एक सर्वभौम सम्पन्न राष्ट्रको रूपमा मान्यता प्रदान गरेका थिए। [[शेख मुजिबुर रहमलाई पाकिस्तानको सदरमुकाम कारागारबाट रिहा गरिएको थियो भने त्यसपछि उनी पुनः बङ्गलादेश फिर्ता हुँदै बङ्गलादेशका पहिलो [[राष्ट्रपति]] बनेका थिए।<ref name="BBC1971">{{cite news|title=The 1971 war|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/in_depth/south_asia/2002/india_pakistan/timeline/1971.stm|access-date=11 October 2011 |work=BBC News}}</ref> २ जुलाई १९७२ का दिन सिमलामा आयोजित भारत-पाकिस्तान शिखर सम्मेलनमा भारतीय प्रधानमन्त्री [[इन्दिरा गान्धी]] र पाकिस्तानका राष्ट्रपति जुल्फिकार अली भुट्टोका बीच सिमला समझौते पत्रमा हस्ताक्षर गरिएको थियो।समझौताले पाकिस्तानलाई बङ्गलादेशको सर्वभौम राष्ट्रको मान्यता प्रदान गर्न मार्गदर्शन गरेको थियो। समझौताको अनुसार भारतले युद्धको समय भारतीय सेनाद्वारा कब्जा गरिएको पाकिस्तानको १३,००० वर्ग किलोमिटर भन्दा बढी भूमि फिर्ता गरेको थियो। भारतद्वारा ९०,००० भन्दा अधिक युद्ध बन्धिहरूलाई पाँच महिनाको अवधिमा रिहा गरिएको थियो जहाँ पाकिस्तानका प्रमुख सेनानी नियाजी रिहा हुनेहरूमा अन्तिममा परेका थिए। == अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय मान्यता == ६ डिसेम्बर १९७१ का दिन दक्षिण एसियाली देश [[भुटान]] र [[भारत]]ले औपचारिक रूपमा बङ्गलादेशलाई एक स्वतन्त्र तथा सर्वभौम राष्ट्रको मान्यता प्रदान गरेको थियो। सबैभन्दा पहिला भुटानले मान्यता प्रदान गरेको केही घण्टा पश्चात् भारतले टेलिग्रामको माध्यमबाट बङ्गलादेशलाई दोस्रो मान्यता दिएको थियो।<ref>http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/23563 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605114542/http://archive.prothom-alo.com/detail/news/23563 |date=2020-06-05 }} দৈনিক প্রথম আলো প্রকাশিত ধারাবাহিক নিবন্ধ</ref> ६ दिसेम्बरका दिन भारत सरकारले आधिकारिक रूपमा बङ्गलादेशलाई राजनैतिक मान्यता घोषणा गरेको थियो। दिउँसोको ११ बजे तिर अल इन्डिया रेडियो मार्फत भारतले बङ्गलादेशलाई एक सर्वभौम राज्यको रूपमा मान्यता प्रादन गरेको भनी घोषणा गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{वेब स्रोत|युआरएल=http://www.sangbad.com.bd/?view=details&pub_no=198&menu_id=23&news_type_id=1&type=single&val=18713 |शीर्षक=দৈনিক সংবাদ|अभिलेखयुआरएल=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823064410/http://www.sangbad.com.bd/?view=details&pub_no=198&menu_id=23&news_type_id=1&type=single&val=18713 |अभिलेखमिति=२३ अगस्ट २०११ }}</ref> == अत्याचार == === जनहत्याकाण्ड === बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्रता युद्धको समयमा बङ्गलादेशको इतिहासमै सबैभन्दा भयङ्कर नरसंहार गरिएको थियो। २५ मार्च १९७१ का दिन कलोरामा पाकिस्तानी सेनाद्वारा सुरु गरिएको अपारेशन सार्चलाइट नामक एक सैन्य कार्वाही बङ्गलादेशको पाकिस्तानबाट स्वतन्त्रता हुनेबेलासम्म पनि चलिरहेको थियो र त्यही नौ महिनाको अन्तरालमा बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रताका लागि लडिरहेका लडाकु र लाखौँ सर्वसाधारणहरूको देशका विभिन्न स्थानहरूमा निर्मम सामूहिक हत्या गरिएक‍ थियो।<ref name="Rummel-8-2">Rummel, Rudolph J., [http://www.Hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP8.HTM "Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder Since 1900"] Chapter 8, [http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.TAB8.2.GIF Table 8.2 Pakistan Genocide in Bangladesh Estimates, Sources, and Calcualtions]: lowest estimate two million claimed by Pakistan (reported by Aziz, Qutubuddin. ''Blood and tears'' Karachi: United Press of Pakistan, 1974. pp. 74,226), all the other sources used by Rummel suggest a figure of between 8 and 10 million with one (Johnson, B. L. C. ''Bangladesh''. New York: Barnes & Noble, 1975. pp. 73,75) that "could have been" 12 million.</ref> स्वतन्त्रता युद्धको समयमा मृत्यु हुने मानिसहरूको केही बङ्गलादेशी सञ्चार माध्यमहरूसँग आँकडाहरू रहेका थिए। विश्वभरीका विभिन्न विश्वकोशहरू र पुस्तकहरूमा यस सङ्ख्याको उल्लेख गरिएको छ जसमा २ लाख देखि तीन करोडसम्मको अनुमान लगाइएको थियो। बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्रता युद्धको समयमा सहिद हुनेहरूको सङ्ख्या अनुमानित तीन करोड छ। स्वतन्त्रता युद्धको समयमा लगभग एक करोड शरणार्थीहरूले भारतमा शरण लिएका थिए तर जो आफ्नो देश छाडेर अन्त नगएको खण्डमा उनीहरूको साथ सबै परिवारको नरसंहार हुनु निश्चित थियो। स्वतन्त्रताको पूर्व सन्ध्यामा १४ डिसेम्बरका दिन राजाकार, अल-बद्र र अल-शम्स नामक पाकिस्तानी सेनाका सहयोग समूहहरूले पाकिस्तानी सेनाको आदेशमा शिक्षकहरू, चिकित्सक, अभियान्त्रिक, कलाकार, कवि, लेखक, वैज्ञानिक सहित लगभग ३०० बङ्गलादेशी बुद्धिजीवीहरूलाई गिरफ्तार गरी निर्मम हत्या गरेका थिए।<ref name="nyt12-19-1971">{{वेब स्रोत |शीर्षक = 125 Slain in Dacca Area, Believed Elite of Bengal |युआरएल = http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C13F83C5E127A93CBA81789D95F458785F9 |कार्य = New York Times |स्थान = New York, NY, USA |मिति = 19 December 1971 |कथन = চিকিত্সক, অধ্যাপক, লেখক এবং শিক্ষক হিসাবে অন্তত জনকে আজ কার বাইরে একটি মাঠে খুন করা হয়েছে বলে মনে করা হয়। ক্ষতিগ্রস্থদের সমস্ত হাত তাদের পিঠে বাঁধা ছিল এবং তারা বেয়নেট, গারোটেড বা গুলি করা হয়েছিল। তারা হলেন আনুমানিক ৩০০ বাঙালি বুদ্ধিজীবী, যাকে পশ্চিম পাকিস্তানী সৈন্যরা এবং স্থানীয়ভাবে নিয়োগপ্রাপ্ত সমর্থকরা ধরে নিয়েছিল }} </ref> पाकिस्तान समर्थक बङ्गाली राजाकारहरूले डिसेम्बर महिनाको सुरुवातमा युद्ध परिणाम महसुस गर्दै स्वतन्त्रता भन्दा ठिक केही दिन अघि एक सुनियोजित तरिकाले सर्वसाधारणहरूको सामूहिक हत्या गरेका थिए। बुद्धिजीविहरूको हत्या गर्नुको पछाडि मुख्य उद्देश्य नयाँ स्वतन्त्र बङ्गलादेशको उन्नति र प्रगतिलाई अवरुद्ध गर्नु थियो। सामूहिक हत्या गरी मारिएका बुद्धिजीवीहरूको शवलाई १४ डिसेम्बर १९७१ का दिन देश भित्र रहेका विभिन्न चिहानहरूमा त्यत्तिकै फालिएको थियो जसमा रायरबाजार नरसंहार स्थल (हाल नरसंहार स्थल भएको स्थानमा एक बौद्धिक स्मारक बनाइएको छ) सामेल छ। हालका दिनहरूमा ढाका र बङ्गलादेशको अन्य हिस्साहरूमा थुप्रै सामूहिक हत्या स्थल र चिहानहरू पाइएको थियो र यस्तै नयाँ सामूहिक हत्या स्थलहरूको कहिलेकाँही खोजी गरिन्छ।<ref>Sajit Gandhi ''[http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/ The Tilt: The U.S. and the South Asian Crisis of 1971 National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 79]'' 16 December 2002</ref> (उदाहरणका लागि सन् १९९९ अगस्टमा ढाकामा एक गैर-बङ्गाली मानिसहरू बसेको क्षेत्रमा थुप्रै चिहानहरू फेला पारिएको थियो)। ढाकामा अमेरिकी वाणिज्य दूतावासबाट अमेरिकी विदेश विभागलाई पठाइएको एक खबरमा युद्धको सुरुवातको रात ढाका विश्वविद्यालयको विद्यार्थी तथा नागरिकहरूको निर्मम हत्याहरूको उल्लेख भएको थियो। बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्रता युद्धको समयमा लाखौँ बङ्गाली महिलाहरूका साथ बलात्कार गरिएको थियो भने पीडित महिलाहरूको सङ्ख्या अज्ञात छ। स्वतन्त्रता युद्धको समयमा लगभग २ लाख महिलाहरू बलात्कारको सिकार भएका थिए भने थुप्रै महिलाहरूको पेटमा पाकिस्तान सेनाको बच्चाहरू पनि हुर्किरहेका थिए भनी अनुमान लगाइएको थियो। <ref name="time.oct25-1971">[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877316,00.html East Pakistan: Even the Skies Weep] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008112352/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,877316,00.html |date=2009-10-08 }}, ''Time Magazine'', 25 October 1971.</ref> ढाका स्थित एक सैनिक किल्लामा पाकिस्तानी सैनिकहरूले थुप्रै सङ्ख्यामा महिलाहरूलाई गिरफ्तार गरेका थिए जसमा अधिकांश ढाका विश्वविद्यालयका छात्रा तथा सामान्य परिवारका छोरीहरू थिए। === बुद्धिजीवी हत्याकाण्ड === [[चित्र:একাত্তরের বাঙালি বুদ্ধিজীবীদের মৃতদেহ.jpg|thumb|सामूहिक हत्या पछि कैद गरिएको बङ्गाली बुद्धिजीवीहरूको लाशको तस्वीर (''छविकार: रशिद तालुकदार, सन् १९७१'')]] बुद्धिजीवी हत्याकाण्ड सन् १९७१ मा बङ्गलादेशको सम्पूर्ण मुक्ति युद्धका बेला पाकिस्तानी सेना र त्यससँग सम्बन्धित लडाकु समूहहरूले बङ्गलादेशका शिक्षकहरू, चिकित्सक, अभियान्त्रिक, कलाकार, कवि, लेखक, वैज्ञानिक लगायतका बुद्धिजीवीहरूलाई गिरफ्तार गरी सामूहिक हत्या गरेका थिए।<ref name=bp>{{पुस्तक स्रोत |युआरएल=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Killing_of_Intellectuals|शीर्षक= बुद्धिजीवीहरूको हत्याकाण्डमा |संस्करण=दोस्रो |प्रकाशक=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh}}</ref> डिसेम्बर १९७१ मा जब पाकिस्तानी सेनाहरू थुप्रै क्षेत्रहरूबाट पराजित भएका थिए र उनीहरूको हारको समय आएको महसुस हुने बित्तिकै पाकिस्तानी सेना र राजाकारहरूको समूहले सांस्कृतिक, सामाजिक र शैक्षिक रूपबाट नवगठित देशलाई कमजोर गराउन उद्देश्यका साथ यस हत्याकाण्डको योजना बनाएका थिए।<ref name=kishor>{{पुस्तक स्रोत|लेखक= মুনতাসীর মামুন |शीर्षक= কিশোর মুক্তিযুদ্ধ কোষ |प्रकाशक= সময় প্রকাশন |आइएसबिएन= 984-458-70114-0070-9}}</ref> यस योजना अनुसार १४ डिसेम्बरको रात पाकिस्तानी सेनाले आफ्नो स्थानीय सहयोगीहरू; रजाकर, अल - बदर अल-शम्सलाई देशका विभिन्न स्थाहरूबाट बुद्धिजीवीहरूलाई गिरफ्तार गर्न आदेश दिएका थिए भने उनीहरूले पछि केही बुद्धिजीवीहरूलाई गिरफ्तार गरी एक सामूहिक हत्या स्थलमा लगि बुद्धिजीवीहरूको सामूहिक हत्या गरेका थिए।<ref name= murder>{{पुस्तक स्रोत|लेखक= মুনতাসীর মামুন |शीर्षक= যে সব হত্যার বিচার হয়নি |प्रकाशक= সময় প্রকাশন |आइएसबिएन= 984-458-202-4}}</ref> मारिएकाहरूमा मानिसहरू मध्ये लगभग ३०० जना बुद्धिजीवीहरू रहेका थिए। <ref>[http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/48049.pdf Telegram 978 From the Consulate General in Dacca to the Department of State, March 29, 1971, 1130Z]</ref> यस नियोजित नरसंहार बङ्गलादेशको इतिहासमा बुद्धिजीवी हत्याकाण्डको रूपमा परिचित छ। कैद गरी राखिएका बङ्गलादेशी बुद्धिजीवीहरूलाई विभिन्न सामूहिक हत्याकाण्डको समयमा मारिएको थियो।<ref name="askari05star">Dr. Rashid Askari, [http://www.thedailystar.net/2005/12/14/d51214020321.htm "Our martyerd intellectuals"], editorial, the Daily Star, December 14, 2005</ref> बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रता पश्चात् बुद्धिजीवीहरूको मृत शरीर मिरपुर हत्या स्थलबाट बरामद गरिएको थियो भने थुप्रै शवहरूको पहिचान गर्न पनि कठिनाइ परेको थियो।<ref name=bangla>দৈনিক বাংলা, ২৩ ডিসেম্বর ১৯৭১</ref> १४ डिसेम्बर १९७१ को यस नरसंहारको स्मरण गर्दै बङ्गलादेशमा प्रत्येक वर्ष १४ डिसेम्बरको दिन सहिद बौद्धिक दिवस मनाइन्छ।<ref name=pakistani>{{पुस्तक स्रोत|लेखक= মুনতাসীর মামুন ও মহিউদ্দিন আহমেদ সম্পাদিত |शीर्षक= পাকিস্তানীদের দৃষ্টিতে মুক্তিযুদ্ধ |प्रकाशक= দি ইউনিভার্সিটি প্রেস লিমিটেড |आइएसबिएन= 984-05-0274-3}}</ref> बुद्धिजीवीहरूको हत्याको स्मरण गर्दै राजधानी ढाकामा एक बौद्धिक स्मारक पनि स्थापन गरिएको छ।<ref name="hasan01onneshon">{{पुस्तक स्रोत|लेखक=ডঃ এম এ হাসান |शीर्षक= যুদ্ধাপরাধ,গণহত্যা ও বিচার অন্বেষণ |प्रकाशक=War Crimes Fact Finding Committee and Genocide archive & Human Studies Centre, Dhaka}}</ref> २५ मार्चको रात अपारेशन सार्चलाइटको योजनाका साथसाथै बुद्धिजीवीहरूको हत्याको पनि योजना बनाइएको थियो।<ref name="massacre-intel">{{पुस्तक स्रोत | मिति = December 2, 1997 | शीर्षक = State, nation, identity: The quest for legitimacy in Bangladesh | प्रकाशक = South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies | आइएसबिएन = 14790270}}</ref> पाकिस्तानी सेना उक्त सैन्य कार्वाहीको समय बुद्धिजीवीहरूलाई खोजी खोजी उनीहरूको हत्या गरिरहेका थिए। २५ मार्चको रात [[ढाका विश्वविद्यालय]]का थुप्रै शिक्षकहरूलाई पनि पाकिस्तानी सेनाले निशान बनाइ चौतर्फी रूपबाट आक्रमण गरी सबैको हत्या गरेका थिए। युद्ध समाप्ति हुनु भन्दा केही दिन पहिला थुप्रै योजनाबद्ध आक्रमणहरू सञ्चालन गरिएको थियो जसमा थुप्रै मानिसहरूका साथ बुद्धिजीवीहरूको पनि मृत्यु भएको थियो।<ref name=bp2>{{वेब स्रोत |शीर्षक=Killing of Intellectuals - Banglapedia |युआरएल=http://www.bpedia.org/K_0261.php |पहुँचमिति=१३ जनवरी २०१० |अभिलेखयुआरएल=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304002236/http://www.bpedia.org/K_0261.php |अभिलेखमिति=४ मार्च २०१६ }}</ref> युद्धको समय पाकिस्तानी सेना र त्यसका प्रशिक्षित अर्धसैनिक बलहरू अल-बदर र अल-शम्सले यी सबै स्वतन्त्रताका लागि आवाज उठाइरहेका बुद्धिजीवीहरूको नाम सङ्कलन गरी एक सूची तयार पारेका थिए। यी सबै योजनाबद्ध हमला तथा सामूहिक हत्याको पछाडि सबैभन्दा ठूलो हात पाकिस्तान सेनाका महासेनानी राओ फरमान आलीको रहेको मानिन्छ। <ref name="2005-12-14">Asadullah Khan ''[http://www.thedailystar.net/2005/12/14/d512141501115.htm The loss continues to haunt us]'' in The Daily Star (Bangladesh) 14 December 2005</ref> आलीद्वारा लिखित केही कापीहरूमा उनको अक्षरका साथ यो अनुमान लगाइएको हो जसलाई बङ्गभवनबाट बरामद गरिएको थियो। == विदेशी प्रतिक्रियाहरू == सन् १९७१ मा [[शेख मुजिबुर रहमान]]ले बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रता घोषणा गरेपछि, बङ्गलादेशको अस्थायी सरकारले पूर्वी पाकिस्तानको स्वतन्त्रताको लागि राजनीतिक समर्थनको साथसाथै बङ्गाली जनताको मानवीय सहयोगका लागि एक अभियान चलाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2014/04/28/bernard-henri-levy-andre-malraux-s-bangladesh-before-the-radicals.html|title=Bernard-Henri Levy: Andre Malraux's Bangladesh, Before the Radicals|newspaper=The Daily Beast|date=28 April 2014|last1=Lévy|first1=Bernard-Henri}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=212838:andre-malraux-a-true-friend-of-bangladesh&catid=182:city-life&Itemid=220 |title=André Malraux: A true friend of Bangladesh |work=The Independent |location=Dhaka |date=25 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411040048/http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=212838:andre-malraux-a-true-friend-of-bangladesh&catid=182:city-life&Itemid=220 |archive-date=11 April 2015 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411040048/http://www.theindependentbd.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=212838:andre-malraux-a-true-friend-of-bangladesh&catid=182:city-life&Itemid=220 |date=11 April 2015 }}</ref> भारतीय प्रधानमन्त्री [[इन्दिरा गान्धी]]ले बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रता आन्दोलनमा व्यापक कुटनीतिक र राजनैतिक समर्थन प्रदान गरेकी थिइन्। उनले बङ्गाली सर्वसाधारणहरू माथि पाकिस्तानी सेना र त्यससँग सम्बन्धि आलङ्ककारी संस्थाले गरेको अत्याचार र उत्पीडितको बारेमा सचेतना जगाउनका लागि धेरै देशको भ्रमण गरेकी थिइन्।<ref name="recog-story">{{cite web |url=http://www.bdsdf.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=3072 |title=The Recognition Story |publisher=Bangladesh Strategic and Development Forum |accessdate=17 August 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725050939/http://www.bdsdf.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=3072 |archivedate=25 July 2011 |url-status= }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725050939/http://www.bdsdf.org/forum/index.php?showtopic=3072 |date=25 July 2011 }}</ref> यस प्रयासले युद्धको पछाडि विश्वको सन्दर्भमा र भारतले सैन्य कारबाहीको औचित्य प्रमाणित गर्न महत्त्वपूर्ण घटनाक्रमको साबित गर्न खोजेको थियो भने पाकिस्तानको पराजय पछि यसले बङ्गलादेशको नयाँ स्वतन्त्र राज्यलाई शीघ्र सर्वभौम राष्ट्रको मान्यता सुनिश्चित गरेको थियो। === संयुक्त राष्ट्र === संयुक्त राष्ट्रले पाकिस्तानी सेनाद्वारा आयोजित अपारेशन सार्चलाइट सैन्य कार्वाहीको समयमा र त्यसले निम्त्याएको मानव अधिकारको उल्लङ्घनलाई निन्दा गरेको थियो। तर यो युद्धको सुरुवात भन्दा पहला राजनीतिक रूपबाट स्थितिलाई परिभाषित गर्न विफल बनेको थियो। युद्धमा भारतको हस्तक्षेप पश्चात् पाकिस्तानले हारको डरले संयुक्त राष्ट्रबाट हस्तक्षेप गर्ने र भारतलाई युद्ध विरामका लागि बाध्य गर्नका लागि तत्काल सुझाव दिएको थियो। संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद्ले ४ डिसेम्बर १९७१ का दिन दक्षिण [[एसिया]]मा शत्रुता माथि चर्चा गर्नका लागि एक सम्मेलनको आयोजना गरेको थियो।<ref name=":3">{{cite book|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto's_farewell_speech_to_the_United_Nations_Security_Council|title=Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's farewell speech to the United Nations Security Council|last=Bhutto|first=Zulfiqar Ali}}</ref> ७ डिसेम्बरका दिन गरिएको एक लामो बैठक पश्चात् संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाले "तत्काल सङ्घर्ष विराम तथा सैन्य बल फिर्ता गर्नका लागि एक प्रस्ताव गरेको थियो। उक्त प्रस्ताव बहुमतद्वारा समर्थित भएतापनि तत्कालीन [[सोभियत सङ्घ]]ले दुईपटक यस प्रस्ताव माथि [[भिटो|भिटो अधिकार]] लगाइ यसलाई विफाल पारेको थियो। बङ्गालीहरूको विरुद्धमा पाकिस्तानी सेना तथा त्यससँग सम्बन्धि सैन्य बलले गरेको अत्याचारलाई प्रकाश पार्दै [[संयुक्त अधिराज्य]] र [[फ्रान्स]]ले उक्त प्रस्तावलाई रोक लगाएको थियो। १२ डिसेम्बर १९७१ का दिन पाकिस्तानले हारको सामना गर्दै गर्दा सुरक्षा परिषद्को पुनर्गठन गरियोस् भनि [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]] सामु पाकिस्तानले अनुरोध गरेको थियो। पाकिस्तानका उपप्रधानमन्त्री तर विदेश मन्त्री जुल्फिकार अली भुट्टोलाई युद्धको वार्तालाप समाधानको लागि [[न्युयोर्क सहर|न्यु योर्क सहर]] पठाइएको थियो भने परिषद्ले चार दिनसम्म विचार-विमर्श जारी रखेको थियो। जब प्रस्तावहरूलाई अन्तिम रूप दिइयो तब पूर्वमा पाकिस्तानको सेनाले आत्मसमर्पण गरिसकेको थियो र युद्ध समाप्त भैसकेको थियो। उक्त प्रस्तावको असफलता र [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ]]को असक्रियताको कारण निराश भुट्टोले आफ्नो भाषणलाई रोक्दै परिषद् छाडेका थिए। संयुक्त राष्ट्रका अधिकांश सदस्य राष्ट्रहरूले बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रता पश्चात् केही महिनाको भित्रै बङ्गलादेशलाई सर्वभौम राष्ट्रको मान्यता प्रदान गर्न तत्पर रहेका थिए। === भुटान === बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्रता युद्धले पाकिस्तानी सेनाको हार बेहोरेका कारण [[भुटान]]ले ६ डिसेम्बर १९७१ का दिन बङ्गलादेशलाई नयाँ स्वतन्त्र देश मान्यता प्रदान गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/2014/dec/08/bhutan-recognised-bangladesh-first|title=Bhutan recognised Bangladesh first |work=Dhaka Tribune|date=8 December 2014 }}</ref> बङ्गलादेशका पहिला राष्ट्रपति शेख मुजिबुर रहमान जुन १९८४ मा भुटानका चौथा राजा जिग्मे सिङ्गये वाङ्चुकको राज्यभिषेकमा सामेल हुनका लागि भुटान गएका थिए। === चीन === पाकिस्तानको दीर्घकालिन सहयोगीका रूपमा जन गणतन्त्र [[चीन]]ले पूर्वी पाकिस्तानको विकसित अवस्था र पश्चिमी पाकिस्तान र पाकिस्तान प्रशासित कश्मीरमा भारतले आक्रमण गर्ने सम्भावना प्रति चिन्ता व्यक्त गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/xi/45650.htm|title=Foreign Relations, 1969-1976, Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971|accessdate=19 May 2020|website=US Department of State}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=1971|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2S-wAQAAQBAJ|publisher=Harvard University Press|pages=101–105|author=Srinath Raghavan}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=East Pakistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1IRmDwAAQBAJ|pages=52–53|author=Noah Berlatsky|publisher=Greenhaven Publishing}}</ref> १० डिसेम्बर १९७१ मा अमेरिकी राष्ट्रपति निक्सनले हेनरी किसिन्जरलाई चिनियाँहरूलाई भारतसँगको सीमानामा केही सेनाहरू सार्न निर्देशन दिएका थिए। किसिन्जरले पछिल्लो बेलुका संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घका लागि चीनका स्थायी प्रतिनिधि हुआङ हुआसँग भेटवार्ता गरेका थिए तथापि, चिनियाँहरूले यस प्रोत्साहनलाई प्रतिक्रिया दिएनन्, किनभने सन् १९६२ को चीन-भारतीय युद्धको विरुद्ध जब भारत पूर्ण रूपले अज्ञात रहेको थियो, यस पटक भारतीय सेना तयार भइसकेका थिए र चीन भारतीय सीमामा आठ पर्वतीय श्रृङ्खलाहरूमा तैनाथ रहेका थिए। <ref name="oxnard">{{cite news |title=China Recognizes Bangladesh |agency=Associated Press |location=Oxnard, California, US |date=1 September 1975 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rnVKAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RSINAAAAIBAJ&pg=4237,20391&dq=china+recognize+bangladesh }}</ref> पाकिस्तानले युद्धका बन्दी र नागरिकहरूलाई फिर्ता दिने सम्बन्धमा संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घको दुई प्रस्तावलाई कार्यनयनमा ल्याएका कारण सन् १९७२ मा बङ्गलादेशले संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घको सदस्यताका लागि आवेदन पेश गर्दा चीनले उनीहरूको आवेदनलाई भिटो अधिकारको प्रयोग गरी बहिष्कार गरेको थियो। <ref>{{cite news |title=China Veto Downs Bangladesh UN Entry |agency=United Press International |date=26 August 1972 |location=Montreal, Quebec, Canada |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GQsyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=w6EFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4712,6055847&dq=bangladesh+united-nations+china }}</ref> स्वतन्त्र बङ्गलादेशलाई सर्वभौम राष्ट्रको मान्यता प्रदान गर्ने पनि अन्तिम देशहरू मध्ये चीन रहेको थियो जसले ३१ अगस्ट १९७५ सम्म बङ्गलादेशलाई सर्वभौम राष्ट्रको मान्यता प्रदान गर्नबाट अस्वीकार गरिरहेको थियो। === श्रीलङ्का === भारतले भविष्यमा श्रीलङ्काको विरुद्ध आफ्नो बढी रहेको शक्ति प्रयोग गर्न सक्ने ठान्दै [[श्रीलङ्का]]ले पाकिस्तानको विभाजनलाई लिएर आफ्ना लागि यो एक उदाहरण रूपमा हेर्दै चिन्ता व्यक्त गरेको थियो। <ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP83S00854R000200130001-0.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922101839/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP83S00854R000200130001-0.pdf |date=2020-09-22 }}</ref> एक गैर गठबन्धन विदेश नीति पछि सिरिमावो बन्दरानाइकको वामपन्थी सरकारको बाबजुद पनि श्रीलङ्काले युद्धमा पाकिस्तानको मद्दत गर्ने निर्णय लिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.island.lk/index.php?page_cat=article-details&page=article-details&code_title=13217|title=The Island|website=www.island.lk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfa.gov.lk/brief-overview-of-sri-lankas-foreign-relations-to-post-independence/|title=You are being redirected...|website=www.mfa.gov.lk}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408011417/https://www.mfa.gov.lk/brief-overview-of-sri-lankas-foreign-relations-to-post-independence/ |date=2019-04-08 }}</ref> पाकिस्तानी विमानले भारतीय क्षेत्रमा उडान भर्न नसक्ने भएकाले पाकिस्तानी सेना र लडाकु विमानहरूलाई भारतको चारैतिरबाट एक लामो यात्रा तय गरी श्रीलङ्काको बन्दरानाइके विमानस्थलमा लगिने गरिन्थ्यो भने त्यहाँ गएर लडाकु विमानमा इन्धन भर्ने काम गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=11 June 2011 |title=Pak thanks Lanka for help in 1971 war |url = https://www.hindustantimes.com/world/pak-thanks-lanka-for-help-in-1971-war/story-UpZWXd0fFX5eDPac0KMIYL.html |newspaper=Hindustan Times |access-date=14 February 2019 }}</ref> === संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका === [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]]का तत्कालीन राष्ट्रपति [[रिचार्ड निक्सन|रिचर्ड निक्सन]]ले बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रता युद्धका बेला यो युद्ध पाकिस्तानको आन्तरिक मामलाको रूपमा रहेको भन्दै परिस्थितिलाई नियन्त्रण गर्नमा उनीहरूको कुनै सम्बन्ध नहरेको धारणा व्यक्त गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jarrod Hayes |date=2012 |title=Securitization, social identity, and democratic security: Nixon, India, and the ties that bind |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241754960 |journal=International Organization |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=63–93 |doi=10.1017/S0020818311000324 |jstor=41428946}}</ref> सन् १९७१ मा संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका पाकिस्तानको मुख्य सहयोगी थियो र युद्धको समयमा संयुक्त राज्यले पाकिस्तानलाई राजनीतिक र भौतिक रूपबाट सहयोग प्रदान गरेको थियो।<ref name="Shalom">Shalom, Stephen R., [http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htm The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo-Pak War of 1971]</ref> पाकिस्तानका लागि एक अपरिहार्य पराजितको घोषणा गर्दै निक्सनले युएस इन्टरप्राइज नामक जहाजलाई तैनाथ गराएका थिए भने संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाबाट [[बङ्गालको खाडी]] पठाइएको थियो जसमा भारतमा परमाणु युद्ध सुरु गर्न उल्लेख गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thedailystar.net/perspective/the-triumvirate-the-diplomat-the-journalist-and-the-artist-1330978|title=The triumvirate of the Diplomat, the Journalist and the Artist|date=17 December 2016|newspaper=The Daily Star|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> ११ डिसेम्बर १९७१ का दिन त्यस विमानलाई आफ्नो गन्तव्यमा पुर्‍याइएको थियो। अमेरिकी खतराको जवाफमा सोभियत नौसेनाले ६ र १३ डिसेम्बरका दिन भ्लादिभोस्तोकबाट [[बङ्गालको खाडी]]मा दुई परमाणु सञ्चालित पनडुब्बिहरूलाई पठाइएको थियो जसले १६ डिसेम्बरदेखि ६ जनवरी १९७२ सम्म अमेरिकी टास्क फोर्स ७४ लाई हिन्द महासागरमा पिछा गरेको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Scott |title=Naval 'Show of Force' By Nixon Meant as Blunt Warning to India |work=Bangor Daily News |date=21 December 1971 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=HUU0AAAAIBAJ&sjid=IeEIAAAAIBAJ&pg=5099,2016461&dq=nixon+pakistan+military }}</ref> सोभियत सङ्घले मुक्ति युद्धका बेला बङ्गलादेश र भारतीय सेनाको साथसाथै मुक्ति बहिनीलाई पनि समर्थन गरेको थियो।<ref name="Orton2010">{{cite book|author=Anna Orton|title=India's Borderland Disputes: China, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Nepal|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0RBOnS8KsgcC&pg=PA116|year=2010|publisher=Epitome Books|isbn=978-93-80297-15-6|page=116}}</ref><ref name="White2011">{{cite book|author=Matthew White|title=Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5w9qmd1UeMC&pg=PR45&dq=pakistani+dictator+yahya+khan |year=2011 |publisher=Canongate Books|isbn=978-0-85786-125-2|page=45}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/29/books/review/the-blood-telegram-by-gary-j-bass.html|title=Collateral Damage:'The Blood Telegram,' by Gary J. Bass|author=Dexter Filkins|date=27 September 2013|work= The New York Times|access-date=16 December 2015}}</ref> सोभियत सङ्घले बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रताले आफ्ना प्रतिद्वन्द्वीहरूको स्थिति कमजोर पार्नेछ भन्ने कुरालाई स्वीकार्दै गरेको थियो भने सोभियत सङ्घको प्रतिद्वन्द्वी अमेरिका र जन गणतन्त्र चीन थिए।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1161217/jsp/frontpage/story_125276.jsp|title=That same fleet but new face|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=11 January 2017}}</ref> यदि संयुक्त राज्य वा [[चीन]]सँगको युद्ध भयो भने [[सोभियत सङ्घ]]ले प्रतिरोधको काम गर्नेछ भनेर भारतमा आश्वासन दिइएको थियो। सन् १९७१ अगस्टमा हस्ताक्षर गरिएको भारत सोभियत मित्रता सन्धिमा समावेश गरिएको कुरा यसमा उल्लेख गरिएको थियो। <ref>{{cite news |title=USSR, Czechoslovakia Recognize Bangladesh |agency=Associated Press |location=Sumter, South Carolina, US |date=25 January 1972 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=0dIoAAAAIBAJ&sjid=gQYGAAAAIBAJ&pg=2219,2272476&dq=bangladesh+ussr+recognize }}</ref> सोभियतहरूले हिन्द महासागरमा युएसएस इन्टरप्राइजेसको खतराबाट बच्न आणविक पनडुब्बीहरू पनि पठाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |title=Nixon Hopes for Subcontinent Peace |agency=Associated Press |location=Spartanburg, South Carolina, US |date=9 April 1972 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5TMsAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5ssEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3505,1398456&dq=usa+recognize+bangladesh }}</ref> == जनप्रिय संस्कृतिमा स्वतन्त्रता युद्ध == बङ्गलादेश र देश बाहिर युद्धका बेला र युद्धको समाप्ति पश्चात् बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्रता युद्ध सम्बन्धि कयौँ कृति रचनाहरू सार्वजनिक गरिएका थिए। सन् १९७१ मा [[द बिटल्स]]का सदस्यहरूद्वारा बङ्गलादेशमा आयोजित एक साङ्गीतिक कार्यक्रम बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्रता युद्धका लागि हौसलाको रूपमा एक ठूलो कार्यक्रमको रूपमा लिइएको थियो। स्वाधीन बाङ्ला रेडियो केन्द्रद्वारा प्रसारित र प्रसारित गरिने गीतहरू मध्ये यी गीतहरू आज पनि बङ्गलादेशमा लोकप्रिय रहेका छन्। युद्धको समयमा बनाइएको ४ दस्तावेजहरूमा जहिर रहानको ''स्टप जेनोसाइट'' र ''अ स्टेट इज बोर्न'', बाबुल चौधुरीको ''इनोसेन्ट मिलियन्स'', आलमगीर कबीरको ''लिबरेसन फाइटार्स'', बङ्गलादेशमा बनेको पहिलो चलचित्रको रूपमा वर्णित थियो किनभने त्यसभन्दा पहिला सबै चलचित्रहरू [[पाकिस्तान]] वा [[भारत]]मा बनाइने गरिन्थ्यो। ''मुक्तिर गान'' युद्धको बेला लेर लेभिनद्वारा रेकर्ड गरिएको भिडियो तथा तस्वीरहरूको आधारमा बनाइएको एक वृत्तचित्र थियो। बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्रता युद्धमा आधारित कयौँ [[उपन्यास]], [[कविता]] तथा [[गीत]]हरू रचाना गरिएका छन्। जसमा युद्धको समयमा लेखिएको शामसुर रहमानको प्रसिद्ध कविताहरू रहेका छन्। बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रता युद्ध सन् १९७१ पछि बङ्गलादेशी साहित्यका लागि सबैभन्दा अधिक प्रयोग गरिने विषय मध्ये एक थियो। युद्धको स्मरण तथा सहिदहरू प्रति श्रद्धा सुमन प्रकट गर्नका लागि बङ्गलादेशका कयौँ स्थानहरूमा सहिद स्मारकहरू बनाइएका छन्। === चलचित्रहरू === * ''स्टप जेनोसाइड'' – तथ्यचित्र (जहिर रायहान) (सन् सन् १९७१) * ''लेट देयर बि लाइट'' (जहिर रायहान) (सन् १९७१) * ''नाइन मान्थस टु फ्रिडम: द स्टोरी अफ बङ्गलादेश'' – तथ्यचित्र (सन् १९७२) * ''ओरा सन् ११ जन'' निर्माता (चाषी नजरुल इसलाम) (सन् १९७२) * ''रक्तात्त बाङ्ला'' (ममताज आली) (सन् १९७२) * ''धीरे बोहे मेघना'' (आलमगीर कविर) (सन् १९७३)'' * ''आमार जन्मभूमि'' (सन् १९७३) * ''आमि स्वाधीनता एनेछि'' निर्माता (सागर लोहानी) (सन् २००३) * ''सङ्ग्राम'', खालेद मोशार्रफ एर लेखा अवलम्बने, निर्माता (चाषी नजरुल इसलाम) (सन् १९७३) * ''अरुनोदयेर अग्गीसाखी'' ''सुभाष दत्त ''(सन् १९७४)'' * ''मेघना अनेक रङ'' (हारुनर रशीद) (सन् १९७६)'' * ''कलाीतला'' शहीदुल आलम खान (सन् १९८१) * ''चित्तकार'' (सन् १९९२) * ''आगामी'' (मार्शेदुल इसलाम) (सन् १९८४) * ''हुलिया'' (निर्मेन्दु गुओन) (सन् १९८५) * ''प्रत्यावर्तन'' (सन् १९८६) * ''सूचना'' (मोशादुल इसलामद्वारा) (सन् १९८८) * ''छाडपत्र'' (सन् १९८८) * ''बखाटे'' (सन् १९८९) * ''दुरन्त'' (सन् १९८९) * ''पताक'' (सन् १९८९) * ''नोदीर नाम मोधुमति'' (तानभीर मोकाम्मेल) (सन् १९९०) * ''कालो चिल'७१'' (सन् १९९०) * ''धूसर जात्रा'' (सन् १९९२) * ''एकात्तरेर जीशु'' शाहवियार कविरको कथामा आधारित - (नासिरउद्दीन इउसुफद्वारा) निर्मित चलचित्र। (सन् १९९३) * ''मुक्तिर गान'' (सन् १९९५), ''मुक्तिर कोथा'' (सन् १९९९) र ''नाबीर कोथा'' – तीन विभिन्न भाषामा, निर्माता तारेक मासुद र कथ्यारिन मासुद * ''आगुनेर परिशमनि'' – (हुमायून आहमेद) (सन् १९९५) * ''एखाने ओनेक रात'' (सन् १९९७) * ''हाङरा नोदी ग्रेनेड'', सेलिना होसेनको उपन्यासमा आधारित, निर्माता (चाषी नजरुल इसलाम) (सन् १९९७) * ''गौरर'' (सन् १९९८) * ''छाना ओ मुक्तिजुद्दो'' (सन् १९९८) * ''एकात्तोरेर लाश'' (सन् १९९८) * ''इतिहास कान्ना'' (सन् १९९९) * ''शोभनेर एकात्तोर'' (सन् २०००) * ''मुक्तिजुद्दो ओ जीवोन'' (सन् २०००) * ''सेइ रातेर कथा बोलते एसेछि'' – तथ्यचित्र (काउसार चौधुरी) (सन् २००१) * ''एकजोन मुक्तिजोद्धा'' (सन् २००१) * ''एकात्तोरेर मिछिल'' (कबरी सारोवार) (सन् २००१) * ''एकात्तोरेर रङ पेन्सिफ'' मान्नार हीरो (सन् २००१) * ''मार्टिर मोयना'' व्यवस्थापक, तारेक मासुद, (सन् २००२) – कान चलचित्र उत्सव (सन् २००२) <ref>[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0319836/ Matir moina (The Clay Bird)]</ref> * ''शीलालिपी'' सेलिना पारभिन, आक्तारको जीवनमा आधारित, (सन् २००२) * ''हृदयगाँथा'' (सन् २००२) * ''स्पार्टाकास ''७१'' * ''शरत्त'७१'' (मोर्शेदुल इसलाम) (सन् २००२) * ''जोयजात्री'' – (तरिकुर आहमेद), (सन् २००४) * ''मेधेर परे मेध'' (चाषी नजरुल इसलाम) (सन् २००४) * ''ध्रुवतार'' (सन् २००६) * ''स्वाधीनता'' (इयासमिन कबिर) (सन् २००६) * ''श्यामल छाया'' – हुमायून आहमेद, (सन् २००६) * ''खेलाघोर'' (मोर्शेदुल इसलाम), (सन् २००६) * ''नि:सङ्ग सारथी'' ताजउद्दिन आहमेदको जीवनी, निर्माता (तानभीर मोकाम्मेल), (सन् २००७) * ''राबेया'' (तानभीर मोकाम्मेल) (सन् २००९) * ''मेहेरजान'' (रुबाइय्यात होसेन) (सन् २०११) * ''गेरिला'' (नासिर उद्दिन इउसुफ) (सन् २०११) * ''खण्ड जल्पो'७१'' (सन् २०११) * ''आमार बोन्धु राशेद'' मुहाम्मद जाफर इकबाल एक उपन्यासमा आधारित, निर्माता, (मोर्शेदुफ इसलाम) (सन् २०११) * ''पिता'' मासुद आकन्द (सन् २०१२) * ''दि वार क्राइम्स फाइल'' डेभिड बार्गम्यान (युद्दोपराधेर दाये तिनजन पुरुषेर भूमिका) (सन् २०१३) * ''डेइटलाइन बाङ्लादेश'' गीता मेहता (सन् २०१३) * ''नोकाब्बरेर महाप्रायन'' निर्मेन्दु गुनको कवितामा आधारित, निर्माता तथा निर्देशक (मासुम पथिक) (सन् २०१४) * ''सङ्ग्राम'' (सन् २०१४) * ''चिल्ड्रेन अफ वार्स'' बङ्गलादेश स्वतन्त्रता युद्धमा आधारित भारतीय चलचित्र (सन् २०१४) * ''भूवन माझि'' (फखरुल आरेफिन खान) (सन् २०१७) ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== * [[मस्यौदा:खाब टूट जाते हैं|खाब टूट जाते हैं]] == सन्दर्भ सामग्री == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू == * [http://bn.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7 बाङ्लापिडियामा मुक्तियुद्धको जानकारी] * {{website|https://molwa.gov.bd/|बङ्गलादेशको स्वतन्त्रता युद्ध विषयक मन्त्रालय}} * [https://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh-liberation-war दैनिक प्रथोम आलोको मुक्तियुद्ध विषयक प्रचिवेदनहरू] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180630092627/http://www.prothomalo.com/bangladesh-liberation-war |date=2018-06-30 }} * [http://www.liberationwarmuseumbd.org/ युक्तियुद्ध सम्बन्धित सङ्ग्राहलय वेबसाइट] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100308004522/http://www.genocidebangladesh.org/ बङ्गलादेश जनहत्या वेबसाइट] * [http://www.gendercide.org/case_bangladesh.html बङ्गलादेशको जनहत्या अनुसन्धान] [[श्रेणी:बङ्गलादेशको स्वाधीनता युद्ध]] [[श्रेणी:बङ्गलादेशको इतिहास]] [[श्रेणी:स्वाधीनता युद्ध]] [[श्रेणी:पाकिस्तानको इतिहास]] dh19028qt2c86m5cc7rtngv9rkwu724 0 117780 1365156 1206820 2026-07-07T04:37:20Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365156 wikitext text/x-wiki '''दलित साहित्य''' भनेको [[दलित]] जीवन तथा अनुभवको चित्रण गरी रचना गरिएको साहित्य हो ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/dalit-literatures-in-india-review-voice-of-protest/article26471306.ece|title=‘Dalit Literatures in India’ review: Voice of protest|last=जोशी|first=प्रकाश बाल|date=९ मार्च २०१९|work=द हिन्दु|access-date=८ अगस्ट २०१९|language=भारतीय अङ्ग्रेजी|issn=0971-751X}}</ref><ref>[http://www.gowanusbooks.com/dalit.htm Dalit literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814024531/http://www.gowanusbooks.com/dalit.htm |date=2010-08-14 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.museindia.com/showconnew.asp?id=386 Brief Introduction to Dalit Literature] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107223124/http://www.museindia.com/showconnew.asp?id=386 |date=७ जनवरी २००९ }}</ref> दलित जीवनका अनुभव तथा दलित राजनीतिक दृश्यको चित्रण गरी सन् १९६० को दशकमा [[मराठी भाषा]]मा कविता, फुटकर कथा र आत्मकथाका रूपमा रचना गर्न थालिएको दलित साहित्य वर्तमानमा [[उर्दु भाषा|उर्दू]], [[कन्नड भाषा|कन्नड]], [[तमिल भाषा|तमिल]], [[तेलगु भाषा|तेलुगु]], [[नेपाली भाषा|नेपाली]], [[पन्जाबी भाषा|पञ्जाबी]], [[बङ्गाली भाषा|बङ्गाली]] र [[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]] भाषाहरूमा समेत रचना हुन्छन् ।<ref>{{cite news |title=‘Dalit literature reflects oppression of Dalits’ |url=http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/09/stories/2009090958010200.htm |publisher=द हिन्दु |date=१९ मार्च २००२ }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090913083749/http://www.hindu.com/2009/09/09/stories/2009090958010200.htm |date=2009-09-13 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=TAMIL: Dalit literature |url=http://www.hindu.com/br/2008/02/26/stories/2008022650051400.htm |publisher=द हिन्दु|date=२६ फेब्रुअरी २००८}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Healing with languages|url=http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/08/06/stories/2006080600160400.htm|publisher=द हिन्दु|date=६ अगस्ट २००६}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813174545/http://www.hindu.com/lr/2006/08/06/stories/2006080600160400.htm |date=2006-08-13 }}</ref><ref name="Kumar2014">{{cite book|author=अक्षय कुमार|title=Poetry, Politics and Culture: Essays on Indian Texts and Contexts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=68ITAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1|date=१४ मार्च २०१४|publisher=रूटलेज|isbn=978-1-317-80963-0|pages=२७२-३१४}}</ref> दलित साहित्यको सुरुवातका साथै तत्कालीन [[मराठी साहित्य]]मा चित्रण गरिने सौखिन जीवनशैलीलाई निन्दा गर्न सुरु गरिएको थियो ।<ref>{{cite book|author=अक्षय कुमार|title=Dalit literature and African-American literature|date=सन् २००१|publisher=प्रेस्टिज बुक्स, नयाँ दिल्ली|isbn=81-7551-116-8|editor-last= एस्टन|editor1-first=एन. एम.}}</ref> ==प्रारम्भिक दलित साहित्य== "[[वचन साहित्य]]का पिता" का रूपमा चिनिने एघारौँ शताब्दीका [[प्रतीच्य चालुक्य]] निवासी [[मादरा चेन्नैया]]लाई सर्वप्रथम दलित साहित्यकार मानिन्छन् । उनका साथै दलित साहित्यकारका रूपमा दोहारा कक्कयाको नाम पनि उल्लेख गरिएको पाइन्छ, जसका हालसम्म छ ओटा कविता पाइएको छ । दलित साहित्यको इतिहास सम्भवतः बौद्ध साहित्यको इतिहाससँग जोड्न सकिन्छ । मुख्यतः दलित साहित्यको सुरुवातको श्रेय बाह्रौँ शताब्दीको [[पेरिय पुराणम्]]मा प्रकाशित जीवनीका आधारमा मराठी साहित्यकार गोरा, [[चोखामेला]] र [[कर्ममेला]]का साथै तमिल [[सिद्ध (धर्म)|सिद्ध]] जस्ता दलित भक्ति कविता रचना गर्ने काव्यकारलाई दिइएको छ । [[नारायण गुरु]], [[जोतीराव गोविन्दराज फुले]], [[बाबासाहेब आम्बेडकर]], [[इयोथी थास]], [[सहोदरण अय्यप्पन]], [[अय्यङ्काली]] र [[पोईकाइल योहन्नान]] लगायत अन्य साहित्यकारले प्रमुख रूपमा दलित अनुभव तथा दलित जीवनमा आधारित भई साहित्य रचना गर्न थालेपछि मात्रै दलित साहित्यलाई साहित्यका अन्य विधाबाट छुट्टयाइएको हो ।<ref>{{cite news|last1=सच्चिदानन्द|first1=के.|title=Mainstreaming the subaltern|url=http://www.frontline.in/navigation/?type=static&page=flonnet&rdurl=fl3001/stories/20130125300107700.htm|work=फ्रन्टलाइन|volume=३०|issue=१|date=२५ जनवरी २०१३}}</ref> ==आधुनिक दलित साहित्य== [[के. सत्यनारायण]] र [[सुजी थारु]] अनुसार प्राचीन कालमा दलित साहित्य लेखिएपनि दलित साहित्य रचनामा मूल विकास भई यो लोकप्रिय बनेको चाहिँ सन् १९६० को दशकमा हो । सो दशकमा आम्बेडकरवादी सिद्धान्तको ग्रहण गरी गान्धीवादी भारतीय राष्ट्रवादको विरोध गर्ने उद्देश्य लिई भएको [[दलित प्यान्थर्स]]को स्थापनाले सामाजिक विचारधारामा महत्त्वपूर्ण परिवर्तन ल्याएको थियो । फलस्वरूप दलित साहित्यको रचना एक अखिल भारतीय अभियान बन्यो । यस प्रकारको साहित्यले धार्मिक प्रणाली तथा जाति व्यवस्थालाई सुधार्नुका साथै उपनिवेशवाद तथा धर्म प्रचारक गतिविधिको महत्त्वलाई पुनर्मूल्याङ्कन गर्छ । यसले जातिलाई वर्ण तथा नवबौद्ध मार्गको रूपमा मूल्याङ्कन गर्ने सङ्कुचित प्रणालीको प्रतिरोध गरी मानिसको जाति तथा उसले समाजमा पाउने अवसरको विश्लेषण गर्छ ।<ref>{{cite book|last1=सत्यनारायण|last2=थारु|title=The Exercise of Freedom: An Introduction to Dait Writing|date=सन् २०१३|publisher=नवयान|location=नयाँ दिल्ली|isbn=9788189059613|page=२१}}</ref> ==मराठी भाषामा दलित साहित्य== "दलित साहित्य" वाक्यांश पहिलो पटक सन् १९५८ मा [[मुम्बई]]मा आयोजित प्रथम महाराष्ट्र दलित साहित्य सङ्घमा प्रयोग भएको थियो ।<ref>{{cite book |title=Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India|last=नाटराजन|first=नलिनी|author2=इमानुअल सम्पथ नेलसन|chapter= Chap 13: Dalit Literature in Marathi by Veena Deo|year=सन् १९९६|publisher=ग्रीनवुड पब्लिसिङ ग्रुप|isbn=0-313-28778-3|page=३६३|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA363&dq=Dalit+literature&cd=2#v=onepage&q=Dalit%20literature&f=false}}</ref> [[बाबुराव बागूल]]लाई मराठी दलित साहित्यका प्रणेता मानिन्छ ।<ref name=han>{{cite book |title=Handbook of twentieth-century literatures of India|last=नाटराजन|first=नलिनी|author2=इमानुअल सम्पथ नेलसन|chapter= Issues of Language and Representation:Babu Rao Bagul|year=सन् १९९६|publisher=ग्रीनवुड पब्लिसिङ ग्रुप|isbn=0-313-28778-3|page=३६८|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1lTnv6o-d_oC&pg=PA368&dq=Baburao+Bagul&lr=}}</ref> उनको प्रथम कथा सङ्ग्रह ''जेव्हा मी जात चोरली होती'' ({{translation|''जब मैले मेरो जात लुकाएको थिएँ''}}) मा दलित प्रति हुने भेदभावको चित्रणद्वारा समाजको क्रूरता र निष्ठुरतामा प्रकाश पारिएको थियो । यसले गर्दा मराठी दलित साहित्यको क्षेत्रमा नयाँ मोड आएको हुनाले यसलाई अझै पनि आलोचकहरूले दलित जीवनको महत्त्वपूर्ण चित्रणको रूपमा लिन्छन् । यस कथा सङ्ग्रहमा आधारित भई अभिनेता तथा निर्देशक [[विनय आप्टे]]ले चलचित्र समेत बनाएका थिए ।<ref name=sa>{{cite book |title=Indian short stories, 1900–2000|last=रामाकृष्णन|first=इ. भी.|author2=आइ. भी. रामाकृष्णन|chapter= Mother 1970|year=सन् १९९६|publisher=साहित्य अकादेमी|page=२१७, ४०९|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kLn11KD4ea0C&pg=PA409&lpg=PA409&dq=%22Baburao+Bagul%22+Awards&source=bl&ots=4RR8PcINz8&sig=d-0GK0EI8yPGyALHEv1YtidKMhU&hl=en&ei=A6JQSv65EpaG6wOvyrn7Cw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopaedia of Indian literature vol. 2|chapter=Jevha Mi Jat Chorali Hoti (1963)|editor-last=दत्त|editor-first=अमरेश|year=सन् १९८८|publisher=साहित्य अकादेमी|isbn=81-260-1194-7|page=१८२३|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zB4n3MVozbUC&pg=PA1823&dq=Baburao+Bagul&lr=}}</ref> पछि [[नामदेव ढसाल]] ([[दलित प्यान्थर्स]]का संस्थापक), [[अरुण काम्बले]], [[शान्ताबाई काम्बले]], [[राजा ढाले]], [[दया पवार]], [[अण्णा भाऊ साठे]], [[लक्ष्मण माने]], [[लक्ष्मण गायकवाड]], [[शरणकुमार लिम्बाले]], [[भाऊ पञ्चभाई]], [[किशोर शान्ताबाई काले]], [[नरेन्द्र जाधव]], [[ऊर्मिला पवार]] र [[शङ्करराव खरात]] जस्ता साहित्यकारले दलित आन्दोलनको सशक्तिकरणमा महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेलेका थिए ।<ref>{{cite news|title=Of art, identity, and politics|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/23/stories/2003012300470200.htm|publisher=द हिन्दु|date=२३ जनवरी २००३}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030702073745/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/mp/2003/01/23/stories/2003012300470200.htm |date=2003-07-02 }}</ref> सन् १९८४ मा [[जलगाव]]मा आयोजित [[अखिल भारतीय मराठी साहित्य सम्मेलन]]मा खरातलाई सभापतिको पदमा राखिएको थियो ।<ref>{{cite magazine |last= मोरखण्डीकर|first= आर. एस.|date= सन् १९९०|title= Dilemmas of Dalit Movement in Maharashtra: Unity Moves and After|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4396063?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents|magazine= इकोनोमिक एन्ड पोलिटिकल वीक्ली|volume= २५|issue=१२|pages= ५८६-५९०|publisher=जेस्टोर|access-date=२१ जुलाई २०२०}}</ref> सन् १९५८ मा हालै बौद्धमार्गी बनेका दलितहरूले पहिलो पटक दलित साहित्य सम्मेलनको आयोजना गरेपनि साम्यवादबाट आम्बेडकरवादमा लागेका [[अण्णा भाऊ साठे]]लाई दलित साहित्यका संस्थापक पिता मानिन्छ ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.in/entry/annabhau-sathe-dalit-writer-marathi_in_5d415c3ce4b0d24cde082f0d|title=Remembering Annabhau Sathe, The Dalit Writer Who Dealt A Blow To Class and Caste Slavery|date=१ अगस्ट २०१९|website=हफपोस्ट इन्डिया|language=अङ्ग्रेजी|access-date=२ अगस्ट २०१९}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://velivada.com/2019/08/01/annabhau-sathe-remembering-the-founder-of-dalit-literature/|title=Annabhau Sathe – Remembering The Founder of ‘Dalit Literature’|website=वेलिवाडा|access-date=२ अगस्ट २०१९}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127131305/http://velivada.com/2019/08/01/annabhau-sathe-remembering-the-founder-of-dalit-literature/ |date=2020-11-27 }}</ref> मराठी दलित साहित्यको अङ्ग्रेजीमा अनुवाद हुन थालेपछि मात्रै यो विधा भारतका अन्य क्षेत्रमा लोकप्रिय हुन थालेको हो । सन् १९९२ मा प्रकाशित [[मुल्कराज आनन्द]] र [[एलेनोर जेलियट]]द्वारा सम्पादित ''एन एन्थोलोजी अफ दलित लिटरेचर'' (अङ्ग्रेजी: ''An Anthology of Dalit Literature'', {{translation|''दलित साहित्यको सङ्ग्रह''}}) र [[अर्जुन डाङ्गले]]द्वारा सम्पादित सुरुमा ३ खण्डमा प्रकाशित र पछि १ खण्डमा प्रकाशित ''पोइजन्ड ब्रेड: ट्रान्स्लेसन्स फ्रम मोडर्न मराठी दलित लिटरेचर'' (अङ्ग्रेजी: ''Poisoned Bread: Translations from Modern Marathi Dalit Literature'', {{translation|''विषाक्त रोटी: आधुनिक मराठी दलित साहित्यका अनुवाद''}}) लाई दलित साहित्यलाई भारतीय उपमहाद्वीपमा लोकप्रिय बनाएका पुस्तकहरू मानिन्छन् । सन् १९९३ मा आम्बेडकरी साहित्य परिषद्ले [[महाराष्ट्र]]स्थित [[वर्धा]]मा आयोजना गरेको प्रथम अखिल भारतीय आम्बेडकरी साहित्य सम्मेलनमा दलित साहित्यलाई प्रख्यात दलित अभियन्ता [[बाबासाहेब आम्बेडकर]]को नाममा आम्बेडकरी साहित्य पनि भन्ने प्रस्ताव राखिएको थियो । यस प्रस्ताव राखिएको बेला उपस्थित अधिकतम व्यक्तिहरूले सहमति जनाएपछि दलित साहित्यलाई आम्बेडकरी साहित्यको नामले पनि चिनिन्छ । आम्बेडकरी साहित्य परिषद्ले सन् १९९६ मा पनि सफलतापूर्वक तृतीय अखिल भारतीय आम्बेडकरी साहित्य सम्मेलनको आयोजना गरेपछि उक्त परिषद्लाई चेतनास्तरको अभिवृद्धि तथा सामाजिक परिवर्तन ल्याउन कार्यरत अग्रगामी संस्थाको दर्जा दिइएको थियो । तृतीय सम्मेलनको पूर्णता पछि हालसम्म भारतका विभिन्न क्षेत्रमा १० भन्दा बढी साहित्य सम्मेलनको आयोजना भइसकेको छ । ==सम्बन्धित लेख== * [[दलित सङ्गीत]] * [[दलित चलचित्र तथा सांस्कृतिक उत्सव]] ==सन्दर्भ सामग्री== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:दलित साहित्य]] 1493iiqwxa588w2vo0xvv7yy0m9gyfx 0 118838 1365171 1165810 2026-07-07T06:27:02Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox recurring event |name = पारलैङ्गिक स्मृति दिवस |image = Transgender Pride flag.svg |image_size = 275px |alt = |caption = |organized = |frequency = वर्षेनी नोभेम्बर २० |location = |first = विश्वमा {{start date|१९९९}} |current = }} वर्षेनी नोभेम्बर २० तारिखमा '''पारलैङ्गिक स्मृति दिवस''' मनाइने गरिन्छ । [[पारद्वेषिता|पारद्वेषी]] हिंसाका शिकार भई ज्यान गुमाएका व्यक्तिहरूको स्मृतिमा यो दिवस मनाइन्छ । पारलैङ्गिक व्यक्तिहरू प्रति हुने हिंसा विरुद्ध जनचेतना फैलाउन र आवाज उठाउन पनि यो दिवस मनाइन्छ । <ref>{{cite web|title=Trans Day of Remembrance|url=http://www.masstpc.org/dor/|publisher=Massachusetts Transgender Political Coalition|accessdate=November 20, 2013|date=2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814023619/http://www.masstpc.org/dor/|archive-date=August 14, 2010|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100814023619/http://www.masstpc.org/dor/ |date=August 14, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Transgender Day of Remembrance|url=http://www.hrc.org/campaigns/transgender-day-remembrance|publisher=Human Rights Campaign|accessdate=November 20, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126173312/http://www.hrc.org/campaigns/transgender-day-remembrance|archive-date=November 26, 2013|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115202207/https://www.hrc.org/campaigns/transgender-day-remembrance |date=November 15, 2019 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite news|last=Millen|first=Lainey|title=North Carolinians mark Transgender Remembrance Day|url=http://goqnotes.com/1091/north-carolinians-mark-transgender-remembrance-day/|newspaper=QNotes|date=November 20, 2008|access-date=November 28, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724194244/http://goqnotes.com/1091/north-carolinians-mark-transgender-remembrance-day/|archive-date=July 24, 2011|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724194244/http://goqnotes.com/1091/north-carolinians-mark-transgender-remembrance-day/ |date=July 24, 2011 }}</ref> ==इतिहास== पारलैङ्गिक स्मृति दिवस सन् १९९९मा संयुक्त राष्ट्र अमेरिकाको [[म्यासेचुसेट्स]] राज्यका एक पारलैङ्गिक महिला [[ग्वेन्डोलिन एन स्मिथ]]ले सुरु गरेका थिए । हत्या भएका रीता हेस्टलर नामक एक अफ्रिकी-अमेरिकी पारलैङ्गिक महिलाको स्मृतिमा यो दिवस सुरु भएको देखिन्छ । <ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=G.|title=Biography|url=http://www.gwensmith.com/background/biography.html|publisher=Gwensmith.com|accessdate=November 20, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424004720/http://www.gwensmith.com/background/biography.html|archivedate=April 24, 2008}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080424004720/http://www.gwensmith.com/background/biography.html |date=April 24, 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jacobs|first=Ethan|title=Remembering Rita Hester|url=http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=entertainment&sc=music&sc2=features&sc3&id=83392|newspaper=EDGE Boston|date=November 15, 2008|access-date=November 28, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008000747/http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=entertainment&sc=music&sc2=features&sc3&id=83392|archive-date=October 8, 2012|url-status=live}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008000747/http://www.edgeboston.com/index.php?ch=entertainment&sc=music&sc2=features&sc3&id=83392 |date=October 8, 2012 }}</ref> ==नेपालमा== सन् २०२० देखि नेपालमा यो दिवस मनाउन थालिएको थियो । हत्याको शिकार र आत्महत्या गर्न बाध्य पारिएका पारलैङ्गिक व्यक्तिहरूको सम्झनामा घरघरमा मैनबत्ती र दियो बाली सामाजिक संजालमा राख्ने अभियान चालिएको थियो । <ref> {{cite web | url=https://archive.org/details/statement-in-nepali | title=पारलैङ्गिक स्मृति दिवस : सार्वजनिक वक्तव्य | publisher=क्वयेर युथ ग्रुप}} </ref> सामाजिक संजालमा #TdorNepal र #TdorNepal2020 अन्तर्गत यस बारे विचार सम्प्रेषण समेत भएको थियो । <ref> {{cite web | url=https://twitter.com/hashtag/TdorNepal | title=#TdorNepal | publisher=[[ट्विटर]]}} </ref> यसै दिवसको एक दिन अघि निकिशा श्रेष्ठ माथी सार्वजनिक स्थलमा भएको दुर्व्यवहारको घटनाले पारलैङ्गिक व्यक्तिहरू प्रति हुने हिंसा र नेपाली सञ्चार माध्यम लगायत रोस्टिङ जस्ता गतिविधिहरूले यसलाई दिएको बढावा सम्बन्धी सामाजिक बहस उठान भएको हो । <ref> {{cite web | url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/Province5/2020-11-20-26812 | title=सार्वजनिक ठाउँमै दुर्व्यवहार भोग्दै पारलैङ्गिक समुदाय | publisher=[[गोरखापत्र]]}} </ref> ==मान्यता== सन् २०१७ डिसेम्बर १२मा [[क्यानडा]]को [[ओन्टारियो]] राज्यले पारलैङ्गिक स्मृति दिवस ऐन २०१७ सर्वमतले पारित गरी यस दिवसलाई मान्यता दिनुका साथ यस दिन संसदीय सभाले मौन अवधी राख्नुपर्ने अनिवार्य गरिएको छ । <ref>{{cite news|title=Ontario enshrines Trans Day of Remembrance in law as Nov. 20|url=https://www.cp24.com/news/ontario-enshrines-trans-day-of-remembrance-in-law-as-nov-20-1.3718985|accessdate=December 21, 2017|work=CP24|agency=The Canadian Press|date=December 12, 2017|language=en-CA|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051240/https://www.cp24.com/news/ontario-enshrines-trans-day-of-remembrance-in-law-as-nov-20-1.3718985|archive-date=December 22, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Trans Day of Remembrance Act, 2017 | type = Act | number = | language = | date = December 14, 2017 | article = 2017, c. 29 | page = | url = https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/17t29 | accessdate = December 21, 2017 | ref = | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20171222051741/https://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/17t29 | archivedate = December 22, 2017 | url-status = live }}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ== {{reflist}} [[श्रेणी:क्वयेर दिवसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय दिवसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:पारलैङ्गिक]] no0g0gwmbgkkft71j9ghe5ksnubizwp 0 122916 1364986 1311834 2026-07-06T12:02:10Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1364986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म है वहाँ विजय है। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = Controlling authority | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = Legal personality | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = Justice Administration<br/> Public Interest Litigation<br/>Guardian of the Constitution | label10 = Hierarchy of Courts in India | data10 = 1.[[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]<br/> 2.[[High Courts of India|High Court]]<br/>3.[[District Courts of India|Subordinate Courts]] - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>4.Executive /Revenue Court | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = [[Justice]]<br/>[[Judge]]<br/>[[Magistrate]] - Judicial & Executive | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = 23,790 Judges strength (34 in Supreme Court, 1079 for High Court, 22677 for Subordinate Court) | label13 = Selection / Appointment | data13 = 1. [[President of India]] for SC & HC Judges (as per the recommendations of Collegium)<br/>2. [[Governor]] for Subordinate Judiciary (after passing the Judicial Service Exam) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[Chief Justice of India]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] 1rt5j9tvum26y06pxyx9o4blgw2ca8q 1364989 1364986 2026-07-06T12:05:29Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1364989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म है वहाँ विजय है। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = Controlling authority | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = Legal personality | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = Justice Administration<br/> Public Interest Litigation<br/>Guardian of the Constitution | label10 = Hierarchy of Courts in India | data10 = 1.[[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]<br/> 2.[[High Courts of India|High Court]]<br/>3.[[District Courts of India|Subordinate Courts]] - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>4.Executive /Revenue Court | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = [[Justice]]<br/>[[Judge]]<br/>[[Magistrate]] - Judicial & Executive | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = 23,790 Judges strength (34 in Supreme Court, 1079 for High Court, 22677 for Subordinate Court) | label13 = Selection / Appointment | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि भारतका राष्ट्रपति (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि राज्यपाल (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[Chief Justice of India]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] 90b9vs7se6gk4vcbi3m5igpnaj1i9w1 1364991 1364989 2026-07-06T12:08:57Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1364991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म है वहाँ विजय है। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = Controlling authority | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = Legal personality | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = Justice Administration<br/> Public Interest Litigation<br/>Guardian of the Constitution | label10 = Hierarchy of Courts in India | data10 = 1.[[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]<br/> 2.[[High Courts of India|High Court]]<br/>3.[[District Courts of India|Subordinate Courts]] - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>4.Executive /Revenue Court | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = [[Justice]]<br/>[[Judge]]<br/>[[Magistrate]] - Judicial & Executive | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = 23,790 Judges strength (34 in Supreme Court, 1079 for High Court, 22677 for Subordinate Court) | label13 = Selection / Appointment | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि भारतका राष्ट्रपति (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[Chief Justice of India]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] l5d7su4mj7e1nkk8hjxqrgfhsbvltkp 1364993 1364991 2026-07-06T12:10:49Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1364993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म है वहाँ विजय है। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = Controlling authority | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = Legal personality | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = Justice Administration<br/> Public Interest Litigation<br/>Guardian of the Constitution | label10 = Hierarchy of Courts in India | data10 = 1.[[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]<br/> 2.[[High Courts of India|High Court]]<br/>3.[[District Courts of India|Subordinate Courts]] - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>4.Executive /Revenue Court | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = [[Justice]]<br/>[[Judge]]<br/>[[Magistrate]] - Judicial & Executive | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = 23,790 Judges strength (34 in Supreme Court, 1079 for High Court, 22677 for Subordinate Court) | label13 = Selection / Appointment | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[Chief Justice of India]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] jhxnxbt7zxwfuve8l2ezvs9d7swlvlt 1364996 1364993 2026-07-06T12:12:28Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1364996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म है वहाँ विजय है। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = Controlling authority | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = Legal personality | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = Justice Administration<br/> Public Interest Litigation<br/>Guardian of the Constitution | label10 = Hierarchy of Courts in India | data10 = 1.[[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]<br/> 2.[[High Courts of India|High Court]]<br/>3.[[District Courts of India|Subordinate Courts]] - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>4.Executive /Revenue Court | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = [[Justice]]<br/>[[Judge]]<br/>[[Magistrate]] - Judicial & Executive | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = 23,790 Judges strength (34 in Supreme Court, 1079 for High Court, 22677 for Subordinate Court) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[Chief Justice of India]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] juixoj9p6rgdzfhr744uv7fbj3r26tu 1364998 1364996 2026-07-06T12:16:35Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1364998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म है वहाँ विजय है। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = Controlling authority | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = Legal personality | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = Justice Administration<br/> Public Interest Litigation<br/>Guardian of the Constitution | label10 = Hierarchy of Courts in India | data10 = १.सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/> 2.२.उच्च अदालत<br/>3.[३.मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>4.Executive /Revenue Court | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = [[Justice]]<br/>[[Judge]]<br/>[[Magistrate]] - Judicial & Executive | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = 23,790 Judges strength (34 in Supreme Court, 1079 for High Court, 22677 for Subordinate Court) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[Chief Justice of India]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] 5v8j0i0rr5afpuxrfgpx3mh0nz02vwv 1364999 1364998 2026-07-06T12:17:04Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1364999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म है वहाँ विजय है। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = Controlling authority | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = Legal personality | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = Justice Administration<br/> Public Interest Litigation<br/>Guardian of the Constitution | label10 = Hierarchy of Courts in India | data10 = १.सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/> 2.२.उच्च अदालत<br/>3.मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>4.Executive /Revenue Court | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = [[Justice]]<br/>[[Judge]]<br/>[[Magistrate]] - Judicial & Executive | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = 23,790 Judges strength (34 in Supreme Court, 1079 for High Court, 22677 for Subordinate Court) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[Chief Justice of India]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] khwstasc48rxhq9cmwcx65xs78xn0cy 1365000 1364999 2026-07-06T12:18:15Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म है वहाँ विजय है। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = Controlling authority | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = Legal personality | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = Justice Administration<br/> Public Interest Litigation<br/>Guardian of the Constitution | label10 = Hierarchy of Courts in India | data10 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/>२. उच्च अदालत<br/>३. मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>4.Executive /Revenue Court | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = [[Justice]]<br/>[[Judge]]<br/>[[Magistrate]] - Judicial & Executive | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = 23,790 Judges strength (34 in Supreme Court, 1079 for High Court, 22677 for Subordinate Court) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[Chief Justice of India]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] 2vvuwq1yeywdq2bs502o5j02xyi776g 1365002 1365000 2026-07-06T12:19:17Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म है वहाँ विजय है। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = Controlling authority | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = Legal personality | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = Justice Administration<br/> Public Interest Litigation<br/>Guardian of the Constitution | label10 = Hierarchy of Courts in India | data10 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/>२. उच्च अदालत<br/>३. मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>४.कार्यकारी/राजस्व अदालत | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = [[Justice]]<br/>[[Judge]]<br/>[[Magistrate]] - Judicial & Executive | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = 23,790 Judges strength (34 in Supreme Court, 1079 for High Court, 22677 for Subordinate Court) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[Chief Justice of India]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] hssfp3wzlyo1h1f1fhinhfqxx7m4y99 1365004 1365002 2026-07-06T12:21:28Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म है वहाँ विजय है। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = Controlling authority | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = Legal personality | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = Justice Administration<br/> Public Interest Litigation<br/>Guardian of the Constitution | label10 = Hierarchy of Courts in India | data10 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/>२. उच्च अदालत<br/>३. मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>४.कार्यकारी/राजस्व अदालत | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = [[Justice]]<br/>[[Judge]]<br/>[[Magistrate]] - Judicial & Executive | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = २३,७९० न्यायाधीशहरूको संख्या (सर्वोच्च अदालतमा ३४, उच्च अदालतमा १०७९, मातहत अदालतमा २२६७७) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[Chief Justice of India]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] ls3so1t36tyzhcbizau4mjesufls820 1365006 1365004 2026-07-06T12:23:36Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म है वहाँ विजय है। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = Controlling authority | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = Legal personality | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = न्याय प्रशासन<br/>सार्वजनिक सरोकारको मुद्दा<br/>संविधानको संरक्षक | label10 = Hierarchy of Courts in India | data10 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/>२. उच्च अदालत<br/>३. मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>४.कार्यकारी/राजस्व अदालत | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = [[Justice]]<br/>[[Judge]]<br/>[[Magistrate]] - Judicial & Executive | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = २३,७९० न्यायाधीशहरूको संख्या (सर्वोच्च अदालतमा ३४, उच्च अदालतमा १०७९, मातहत अदालतमा २२६७७) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[Chief Justice of India]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] 5fpo5vwd04tu66u4lcvg29myuncjs9j 1365008 1365006 2026-07-06T12:25:11Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म है वहाँ विजय है। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = Controlling authority | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = Legal personality | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = न्याय प्रशासन<br/>सार्वजनिक सरोकारको मुद्दा<br/>संविधानको संरक्षक | label10 = Hierarchy of Courts in India | data10 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/>२. उच्च अदालत<br/>३. मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>४.कार्यकारी/राजस्व अदालत | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = [[Justice]]<br/>[[Judge]]<br/>[[Magistrate]] - Judicial & Executive | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = २३,७९० न्यायाधीशहरूको संख्या (सर्वोच्च अदालतमा ३४, उच्च अदालतमा १०७९, मातहत अदालतमा २२६७७) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] 2idjf75lgyqs5xlnzbkqodlrl9enopg 1365026 1365008 2026-07-06T13:10:09Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म है वहाँ विजय है। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = Controlling authority | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = Legal personality | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = न्याय प्रशासन<br/>सार्वजनिक सरोकारको मुद्दा<br/>संविधानको संरक्षक | label10 = Hierarchy of Courts in India | data10 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/>२. उच्च अदालत<br/>३. मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>४.कार्यकारी/राजस्व अदालत | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = जस्टिस<br/>न्यायाधीश<br/>मजिस्ट्रेट - न्यायिक र कार्यकारी | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = २३,७९० न्यायाधीशहरूको संख्या (सर्वोच्च अदालतमा ३४, उच्च अदालतमा १०७९, मातहत अदालतमा २२६७७) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] pbh1kgftc42uu4ub0hfu2ablhbe5t6g 1365027 1365026 2026-07-06T13:11:25Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म है वहाँ विजय है। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = Controlling authority | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = Legal personality | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = न्याय प्रशासन<br/>सार्वजनिक सरोकारको मुद्दा<br/>संविधानको संरक्षक | label10 = भारतमा अदालतहरूको पदानुक्रम | data10 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/>२. उच्च अदालत<br/>३. मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>४.कार्यकारी/राजस्व अदालत | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = जस्टिस<br/>न्यायाधीश<br/>मजिस्ट्रेट - न्यायिक र कार्यकारी | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = २३,७९० न्यायाधीशहरूको संख्या (सर्वोच्च अदालतमा ३४, उच्च अदालतमा १०७९, मातहत अदालतमा २२६७७) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] pmq1cs2qg474vl8lale7gt9wtm0ityz 1365028 1365027 2026-07-06T13:12:50Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365028 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म हुन्छ त्यहाँ विजय हुन्छ। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = Controlling authority | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = Legal personality | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = न्याय प्रशासन<br/>सार्वजनिक सरोकारको मुद्दा<br/>संविधानको संरक्षक | label10 = भारतमा अदालतहरूको पदानुक्रम | data10 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/>२. उच्च अदालत<br/>३. मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>४.कार्यकारी/राजस्व अदालत | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = जस्टिस<br/>न्यायाधीश<br/>मजिस्ट्रेट - न्यायिक र कार्यकारी | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = २३,७९० न्यायाधीशहरूको संख्या (सर्वोच्च अदालतमा ३४, उच्च अदालतमा १०७९, मातहत अदालतमा २२६७७) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] hanzkpd7mbbyogii3erxdxv0fcl6pcl 1365029 1365028 2026-07-06T13:14:32Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म हुन्छ त्यहाँ विजय हुन्छ। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = Controlling authority | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = कानुनी व्यक्तित्व | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = न्याय प्रशासन<br/>सार्वजनिक सरोकारको मुद्दा<br/>संविधानको संरक्षक | label10 = भारतमा अदालतहरूको पदानुक्रम | data10 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/>२. उच्च अदालत<br/>३. मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>४.कार्यकारी/राजस्व अदालत | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = जस्टिस<br/>न्यायाधीश<br/>मजिस्ट्रेट - न्यायिक र कार्यकारी | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = २३,७९० न्यायाधीशहरूको संख्या (सर्वोच्च अदालतमा ३४, उच्च अदालतमा १०७९, मातहत अदालतमा २२६७७) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] d7ajbxv1tmvu851cpf8o8c0nzfg5oyd 1365030 1365029 2026-07-06T13:17:03Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म हुन्छ त्यहाँ विजय हुन्छ। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = Federal Judiciary | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = नियन्त्रण गर्ने निकाय | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = कानुनी व्यक्तित्व | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = न्याय प्रशासन<br/>सार्वजनिक सरोकारको मुद्दा<br/>संविधानको संरक्षक | label10 = भारतमा अदालतहरूको पदानुक्रम | data10 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/>२. उच्च अदालत<br/>३. मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>४.कार्यकारी/राजस्व अदालत | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = जस्टिस<br/>न्यायाधीश<br/>मजिस्ट्रेट - न्यायिक र कार्यकारी | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = २३,७९० न्यायाधीशहरूको संख्या (सर्वोच्च अदालतमा ३४, उच्च अदालतमा १०७९, मातहत अदालतमा २२६७७) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] sqi2jhzho9ou19abwnlv1fcp0hgkpyn 1365031 1365030 2026-07-06T13:18:05Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365031 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म हुन्छ त्यहाँ विजय हुन्छ। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = संघीय न्यायपालिका | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = Mayor's Court, Madras (1726) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = 1. [[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/> 2. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = नियन्त्रण गर्ने निकाय | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = कानुनी व्यक्तित्व | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = न्याय प्रशासन<br/>सार्वजनिक सरोकारको मुद्दा<br/>संविधानको संरक्षक | label10 = भारतमा अदालतहरूको पदानुक्रम | data10 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/>२. उच्च अदालत<br/>३. मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>४.कार्यकारी/राजस्व अदालत | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = जस्टिस<br/>न्यायाधीश<br/>मजिस्ट्रेट - न्यायिक र कार्यकारी | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = २३,७९० न्यायाधीशहरूको संख्या (सर्वोच्च अदालतमा ३४, उच्च अदालतमा १०७९, मातहत अदालतमा २२६७७) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] 9iruvyx2f1m9vew52xxzcxwnnbs5zpj 1365032 1365031 2026-07-06T13:19:49Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365032 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म हुन्छ त्यहाँ विजय हुन्छ। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = संघीय न्यायपालिका | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = मेयरको अदालत, मद्रास (१७२६) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = १.[[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/>२. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = नियन्त्रण गर्ने निकाय | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = कानुनी व्यक्तित्व | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = न्याय प्रशासन<br/>सार्वजनिक सरोकारको मुद्दा<br/>संविधानको संरक्षक | label10 = भारतमा अदालतहरूको पदानुक्रम | data10 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/>२. उच्च अदालत<br/>३. मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>४.कार्यकारी/राजस्व अदालत | label11 = Post Designation | data11 = जस्टिस<br/>न्यायाधीश<br/>मजिस्ट्रेट - न्यायिक र कार्यकारी | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = २३,७९० न्यायाधीशहरूको संख्या (सर्वोच्च अदालतमा ३४, उच्च अदालतमा १०७९, मातहत अदालतमा २२६७७) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] 9h47njmc0iv6z1paelshkvi78ntxstp 1365033 1365032 2026-07-06T13:21:38Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म हुन्छ त्यहाँ विजय हुन्छ। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = संघीय न्यायपालिका | label4 = [[Date of establishment|Founded]] | data4 = मेयरको अदालत, मद्रास (१७२६) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = १.[[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/>२. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = नियन्त्रण गर्ने निकाय | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = कानुनी व्यक्तित्व | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = न्याय प्रशासन<br/>सार्वजनिक सरोकारको मुद्दा<br/>संविधानको संरक्षक | label10 = भारतमा अदालतहरूको पदानुक्रम | data10 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/>२. उच्च अदालत<br/>३. मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>४.कार्यकारी/राजस्व अदालत | label11 = पद ओहोदा | data11 = जस्टिस<br/>न्यायाधीश<br/>मजिस्ट्रेट - न्यायिक र कार्यकारी | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = २३,७९० न्यायाधीशहरूको संख्या (सर्वोच्च अदालतमा ३४, उच्च अदालतमा १०७९, मातहत अदालतमा २२६७७) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] kqh227ts22772vb3zaki79en4ktchzx 1365034 1365033 2026-07-06T13:23:26Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म हुन्छ त्यहाँ विजय हुन्छ। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = संघीय न्यायपालिका | label4 = स्थापना भएको | data4 = मेयरको अदालत, मद्रास (१७२६) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = १.[[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/>२. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = नियन्त्रण गर्ने निकाय | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = कानुनी व्यक्तित्व | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = न्याय प्रशासन<br/>सार्वजनिक सरोकारको मुद्दा<br/>संविधानको संरक्षक | label10 = भारतमा अदालतहरूको पदानुक्रम | data10 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/>२. उच्च अदालत<br/>३. मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>४.कार्यकारी/राजस्व अदालत | label11 = पद ओहोदा | data11 = जस्टिस<br/>न्यायाधीश<br/>मजिस्ट्रेट - न्यायिक र कार्यकारी | label12 = [[En cadre|Cadre strength]] | data12 = २३,७९० न्यायाधीशहरूको संख्या (सर्वोच्च अदालतमा ३४, उच्च अदालतमा १०७९, मातहत अदालतमा २२६७७) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] 4sq24o9xty9tp8nqaedhe2whzdjnslk 1365035 1365034 2026-07-06T13:28:30Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = Motto: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म हुन्छ त्यहाँ विजय हुन्छ। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = संघीय न्यायपालिका | label4 = स्थापना भएको | data4 = मेयरको अदालत, मद्रास (१७२६) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = १.[[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/>२. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = नियन्त्रण गर्ने निकाय | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = कानुनी व्यक्तित्व | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = न्याय प्रशासन<br/>सार्वजनिक सरोकारको मुद्दा<br/>संविधानको संरक्षक | label10 = भारतमा अदालतहरूको पदानुक्रम | data10 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/>२. उच्च अदालत<br/>३. मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>४.कार्यकारी/राजस्व अदालत | label11 = पद ओहोदा | data11 = जस्टिस<br/>न्यायाधीश<br/>मजिस्ट्रेट - न्यायिक र कार्यकारी | label12 = संवर्ग शक्ति | data12 = २३,७९० न्यायाधीशहरूको संख्या (सर्वोच्च अदालतमा ३४, उच्च अदालतमा १०७९, मातहत अदालतमा २२६७७) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] jx7zstzfraojwj2m0yyntyev0muuz8x 1365036 1365035 2026-07-06T13:29:51Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365036 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = भारतीय न्यायपालिका | headerstyle = background:#FF0000; color:black; | header1 = सेवा अवलोकन | image = [[File:Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg|180px]] | caption = मूल मन्त्र: ''[[यतो धर्मस्ततो जयः]]॥''<br/>जहाँ धर्म हुन्छ त्यहाँ विजय हुन्छ। | label3 = पूर्व नाम | data3 = संघीय न्यायपालिका | label4 = स्थापना भएको | data4 = मेयरको अदालत, मद्रास (१७२६) | label5 = देश | data5 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label6 = प्रशिक्षण संस्थान | data6 = १.[[राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान (भारत)|राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान]] ([[भोपाल]])<ref name="National Judicial Academy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nja.nic.in|title=National Judicial Academy|date=24 March 2020|access-date=24 March 2020}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031205034402/http://www.nja.nic.in/ |date=5 December 2003 }}</ref><br/>२. राज्य न्यायिक प्रतिष्ठान | label7 = नियन्त्रण गर्ने निकाय | data7 = [[भारत का उच्चतम न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] <br/>[[भारत के उच्च न्यायालयों की सूची|भारत के उच्च न्यायालय]] | label8 = कानुनी व्यक्तित्व | data8 = [[न्यायपालिका]] | label9 = कर्तव्य | data9 = न्याय प्रशासन<br/>सार्वजनिक सरोकारको मुद्दा<br/>संविधानको संरक्षक | label10 = भारतमा अदालतहरूको पदानुक्रम | data10 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत<br/>२. उच्च अदालत<br/>३. मातहत अदालतहरू - देवानी र फौजदारी<br/>४.कार्यकारी/राजस्व अदालत | label11 = पद ओहोदा | data11 = जस्टिस<br/>न्यायाधीश<br/>मजिस्ट्रेट - न्यायिक र कार्यकारी | label12 = संवर्ग शक्ति | data12 = २३,७९० न्यायाधीशहरूको संख्या (सर्वोच्च अदालतमा ३४, उच्च अदालतमा १०७९, मातहत अदालतमा २२६७७) | label13 = छनोट / नियुक्ति | data13 = १. सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरूका लागि [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपति]] (कलेजियमको सिफारिस अनुसार<br/>२. अधीनस्थ न्यायपालिकाका लागि [[राज्यपाल]] (न्यायिक सेवा परीक्षा उत्तीर्ण गरेपछि) | label14 = संघहरू | data14 = अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ<ref>{{Cite web|title=AIJA website|url=https://allindiajudges.org/}}</ref> | header15 = न्यायपालिकाको प्रमुख | label16 = [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश]] | data16 = Justice [[N. V. Ramana|Nuthalapati Venkata Ramana]] (48th CJI) }} '''भारतीय न्यायपालिका''' (भारतीय न्यायपालिका) सामान्य कानून प्रणाली (कमन ल) मा आधारित छ। यो प्रणाली ब्रिटिश द्वारा औपनिवेशिक शासन को समयमा बनाईएको थियो। यो प्रणाली लाई 'आम कानून व्यवस्था' को नाम बाट जानिन्छ जसमा न्यायाधीशहरु आफ्नो निर्णय, आदेश र निर्णय द्वारा कानून को विकास गर्दछन् । १५ अगस्त १९४७ मा स्वतन्त्र भएपछि [[भारतीय संविधान]] २६ जनवरी १९५० बाट लागू भयो। यस संविधान को माध्यम बाट ब्रिटिश न्यायिक समिति को स्थान मा एक नयाँ न्यायिक संरचना गठन भएको थियो। यस अनुसार, त्यहाँ धेरै स्तरहरु र भारत मा विभिन्न प्रकारका अदालतहरु छन्। भारत को शीर्ष न्यायालय [[नयाँ दिल्ली]] स्थित [[:hi:भारत_का_उच्चतम_न्यायालय|सर्वोच्च न्यायालय]] हो, जसको प्रमुख न्यायधीश को नियुक्त [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारत को राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरिन्छ [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|।]] तल विभिन्न राज्यहरु [[उच्च अदालत|मा उच्च अदालतहरु छन्।]] उच्च अदालतको तल जिल्ला अदालत र उसको मातहतका अदालतहरुलाई 'लोअर अदालत' भनिन्छ। भारतका चार महानगरहरुमा छुट्टाछुट्टै सर्वोच्च अदालत को गठन को लागी मानीन्छ कि दिल्ली देश को धेरै भौगोलिक भागहरु बाट टाढा छ र सर्वोच्च अदालत मा काम का बोझ धेरै छ। == सर्वोच्च अदालत == भारतको स्वतन्त्र न्यायपालिकाको सर्वोच्च अदालत मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नेतृत्वमा छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतलाई आफ्नो नयाँ मामिला र उच्च अदालतको विवाद दुबैलाई हेर्ने अधिकार छ। भारत मा २५ [[उच्च अदालत|उच्च न्यायालयहरु]] छन्, जसको शक्ति र जिम्मेवारीहरु सर्वोच्च अदालत को तुलना मा सीमित छन्। न्यायपालिका र व्यवस्थापिकाको आपसी मतभेद वा विवाद को मेलमिलाप [[राष्ट्रपति]]ले गर्दछन। === राज्य न्यायपालिका === === उच्च अदालत === उच्च अदालत राज्य को न्यायिक प्रशासन को प्रमुख हो। भारत मा २५ उच्च अदालतहरु छन्, जस मध्ये तीन मध्ये एक भन्दा बढी राज्यहरुमा अधिकार क्षेत्र छ। दिल्ली एक मात्र [[केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश|केन्द्र शासित प्रदेश हो जहाँ]] उच्च न्यायालय छ। अन्य सात केन्द्र शासित प्रदेशहरु बिभिन्न राज्यहरुको उच्च अदालत अन्तर्गत आउँछन्। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत मा एक मुख्य न्यायाधीश र धेरै न्यायाधीशहरु हुन्छन्। उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको नियुक्ती एक भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश र सम्बन्धित राज्य को [[:hi:राज्यपाल|राज्यपाल]] को सल्लाह मा [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|राष्ट्रपति]] द्वारा गरीन्छ। उच्च अदालतहरु को अन्य न्यायाधीशहरु को नियुक्ति को प्रक्रिया उस्तै हो बाहेक यस कुरा को कि लागी उच्च न्यायाधीश को सिफारिश संबद्ध उच्च अदालत का मुख्य न्यायाधीश गर्दछन। उच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरु ६२ बर्ष को उमेर सम्म आफ्नो पदमा रहन्छन्। न्यायाधीश बन्ने योग्यता यो हो कि उनी भारत का नागरिक हुनु पर्छ, देश को कुनै न्यायिक पद मा दस बर्ष को अनुभव हुनु पर्छ वा उसले एक उच्च न्यायालय वा यस श्रेणी को दुई अदालतहरुमा यति समय सम्म एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा अभ्यास गरी सकेको हुनु पर्दछ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालतलाई मौलिक अधिकारहरु को रक्षा गर्नको लागी वा कुनै अन्य उद्देश्य बाट आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत व्यक्ति वा कुनै प्राधिकरण वा सरकारलाई [[रिट|निर्देशन, आदेश वा रिट जारी गर्ने अधिकार छ।]] यो रिट [[:hi:बंदी_प्रत्यक्षीकरण|बन्दी प्रत्यक्षीकरण]], [[:hi:परमादेश|परमादेश]], निषेध, [[:hi:अधिकार-पृच्छा|अधिकार-पृच्छा]] र [[:hi:उत्प्रेषण|उत्प्रेषण]] को रुपमा पनि हुन सक्छ। कुनै पनि उच्च अदालतले आफ्नो अधिकार को उपयोग त्यस मामला वा घटना मा पनि गर्न सक्छ जो उसको कार्यक्षेत्र मा घटित भएको हो, तर यसमा संलग्न व्यक्ति वा सरकारी अधिकार त्यो क्षेत्र बाहिर छ। प्रत्येक उच्च अदालत लाई आफ्नो कार्यक्षेत्र को सबै अधीनस्थ अदालतहरुमा अधीक्षण को अधिकार छ। यो अधीनस्थ अदालतहरु बाट जवाफ को लागी कल गर्न सक्छ र सामान्य कानून बनाउने र अदालत को कार्यवाही को लागी प्रारूप तय गर्ने र मुद्दाहरु र लेखा प्रविष्टि को तौर-तरीके को बारे मा निर्देशन जारी गर्न सक्दछ । विभिन्न उच्च अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीशहरु र अतिरिक्त न्यायाधीशहरुको स्वीकृत संख्या ६७८ हो तर २६ जुन २००६ सम्म यी ५८७ न्यायाधीशहरु आ -आफ्नो पदमा कार्यरत थिए। {| class="wikitable" !ठाडो र उच्च न्यायालय को ठाउँ नाम ! स्थापना वर्ष ! क्षेत्रीय डोमेन ! स्थान |- | इलाहाबाद | १८६६ | उत्तर प्रदेश | इलाहाबाद (लखनऊ मा न्यायपीठ) |- | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | १९५४ | आन्द्रा प्रदेश | अमरावती |- | मुम्बई | १८६२ | महाराष्ट्र, गोवा, दादरा र नगर हवेली, दमन र दीव | मुम्बई (फिर्ता नागपुर, पणजी र औरंगाबाद) |- | कोलकाता | १८६२ | पश्चिम बंगाल | कोलकाता (सर्किट बेन्च पोर्ट ब्लेयर) |- | छत्तीसगढ | २००० | बिलासपुर | बिलासपुर |- | दिल्ली | १९६६ | दिल्ली | दिल्ली |- | गुवाहाटी* | १९४८ | असम, मणिपुर, र अरुणाचल प्रदेश | मेघालय, नागाल्याण्ड, त्रिपुरा, मिजोरम गुवाहाटी (पछाडि- कोहिमा, इम्फाल, आइजोल, अगरतला, शिलाong र ईटानगर) |- | गुजरात | १९६० | गुजरात | अहमदाबाद |- | हिमाचल प्रदेश | १९७१ | हिमाचल प्रदेश | शिमला |- | जम्मू कश्मीर | १९२८ | जम्मू कश्मीर | श्रीनगर र जम्मू |- | झारखण्ड | २००० | झारखण्ड | रांची |- | कर्नाटक ** | १८८४ | कर्नाटक | बैंगलोर |- | केरला | १९५८ | केरला | एर्नाकुलम |- | मध्य प्रदेश | १९५६ | मध्य प्रदेश | जबलपुर (पछाडि- ग्वालियर र इंदौर) |- | मद्रास | १८६२ | तमिलनाडु र पांडिचेरी | चेन्नई (पछाडि- मदुरै) |- | उड़ीसा | १९४८ | उड़ीसा | रिज |- | पटना | १९१६ | पूर्वी भारत मा एक राज्य | पटना |- | पञ्जाब र हरियाणा | १९६६ | पञ्जाब, हरियाणा र चण्डीगढ | चण्डीगढ |- | राजस्थान | १९४९ | राजस्थान | जोधपुर (पछाडि- जयपुर) |- | सिक्किम | १९७५ | सिक्किम | ग्याtटोक |- | उत्तराखण्ड | २००० | उत्तराखण्ड | नैनीताल |} : ''* पूर्व असम उच्च अदालत को नाम वर्ष १९७१ मा गुवाहाटी उच्च अदालत मा परिवर्तन गरीएको थियो।'' : ''** मूल नाम मैसूर उच्च न्यायालय, वर्ष १९७२ मा कर्नाटक उच्च न्यायालय को रूप मा नामकरण गरियो।'' : ''*** पञ्जाब उच्च अदालत को नाम सन् १९६६ मा पञ्जाब र हरियाणा उच्च अदालत राखियो।'' <nowiki></br></nowiki>राज्य न्यायपालिकामा तीन प्रकारका बेन्च छन्- '''एकल''' जसको निर्णय उच्च अदालत/ सर्वोच्च अदालत को विभागीय/ विभागीय बेन्च मा चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ '''डिभिजन बेन्च''' २ वा ३ जना न्यायाधीशहरुको संयोजन बाट बनेको छ जसको फैसला सर्वोच्च अदालतमा मात्र चुनौती दिन सकिन्छ। '''संवैधानिक / पूर्ण बेन्च''' संवैधानिक व्याख्या संग सम्बन्धित सबै मामलाहरु सुन्छ, बेन्च को यस प्रकार कम्तीमा पाँच न्यायाधीशहरु को हुन्छन्। === अधीनस्थ अदालत वा तल्लो अदालत === देशभरका तल्लो अदालतको कामकाज र उसको ढांचा लगभग उस्तै छ। यी अदालतहरुको दर्जा उनीहरुको कामकाज निर्धारण गर्दछ। यी अदालतहरु आफ्नो अधिकारको आधारमा सबै प्रकारका देवानी र फौजदारी मामलाहरु को उनीहरुको समाधान गर्दछन्। यी अदालतहरु देवानी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९०८ र फौजदारी कार्यविधी संहिता, १९७३ को आधारमा काम गर्दछन्। अदालतले यी संहिताहरुमा उल्लेखित प्रक्रियाहरुको आधारमा निर्णय लिनु पर्दछ। उनीहरुले स्थानीय कानूनको पालना गर्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। अखिल भारतीय न्यायाधीश संघ को मामलाहरु डब्ल्यू.पी (नागरिक) १०२२/१९८९ मा सर्वोच्च अदालत द्वारा गरिएको निर्देश को अनुसार देश भर मा तल्लो अदालत मा न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को पदहरुमा एकरूपता कायम राखिएको छ। सीआरपीसी अन्तर्गत सिविल मुद्दाका लागि जिल्ला र अतिरिक्त जिल्ला न्यायाधीशहरु, सिविल न्यायाधीशहरु (वरिष्ठ डिभिजन) र सिविल जजहरु (कनिष्ठ डिभिजन) छन् जबकि फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को लागी सत्र न्यायाधीश, अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश, मुख्य न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट, न्यायिक मजिस्ट्रेट आदि छन्। छन्। यदि आवश्यक भयो भने, सबै राज्य सरकार/संघ शासित प्रदेश प्रशासनहरु को लागी समान श्रेणीहरु को माध्यम बाट अवस्थित पदहरुमा कुनै उपयुक्त रोजगार बनाउन सक्छन्। भारतीय संविधान के धारा २३५ के अनुसार, अधीनस्थ न्यायिक सेवा के सदस्यहरु मा प्रशासनिक नियन्त्रण उच्च न्यायालय के अधिकार क्षेत्र को अन्तर्गत आउदछ। धारा २३३ र २३४ को साथै धारा ३०९ को प्रावधान अन्तर्गत प्रदत्त अधिकारहरुको सन्दर्भ मा, राज्य सरकारहरु, उच्च अदालत संग परामर्श पछि, यी राज्यहरु को लागी नियम र नियम बनाउनेछन्। राज्य न्यायिक सेवाहरु को सदस्यहरु यी नियमहरु र नियमहरु द्वारा शासित हुनेछन्। यस स्तरमा, देवानी फौजदारी मुद्दाहरु को सुनवाई अलग अलग हुन्छ, यस स्तर मा सिविल र सत्र अदालतहरु फरक छन्। यस स्तरका न्यायाधीशहरु सामान्य भर्ती परीक्षा को आधार मा भर्ती हुन्छन्, उनीहरुलाई राज्य को मुख्य न्यायाधीश को सल्लाह मा राज्यपाल द्वारा नियुक्त गरिन्छ। '''फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालतहरु''' - यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, यसको गठन लामो समय देखि विचाराधीन अपराध तथा अंडर ट्रायल मुद्दाहरु लाई छिटो डिस्पोजल को लागी गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यी अतिरिक्त सत्र अदालतहरु हुन्, उनीहरु लामो समयदेखि विचाराधीन अपराध र विचाराधीन मुद्दाहरुको छिटो निपटान को लागी गठन गरीएको हो।<nowiki></br></nowiki> यसको पछाडिको कारण यो थियो कि मुद्दा लम्बाईको कारणले न्याय हराउँछ र न्यायको निरोध शक्ति घट्छ, कारागार मा भीड बढ्छ १० औं वित्त आयोगको सल्लाहमा, केन्द्र सरकारले १ अप्रिल २००१ बाट १७३४ फास्ट ट्र्याक अदालत स्थापना गर्न राज्य सरकारहरुलाई आदेश दियो। अतिरिक्त सत्र न्यायाधीश वा उच्च पद बाट सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा न्यायाधीश हुदछन। यस प्रकारको अदालतहरुमा मुद्दा लम्ब्याउन सम्भव छैन, प्रत्येक मुद्दा निर्धारित समयमा निपटान गर्नु पर्छ। '''आलोचना''' 1. गठन को निर्धारित संख्या ठाउँ लिईएन। २. मामिलाहरु एक संक्षिप्त तरीकाले निर्णय गरीन्छ जसमा अभियुक्तलाई बचाउको पूर्ण अवसर प्राप्त हुँदैन। 3. न्यायाधीशहरु को लागी कुनै सेवा नियम छैन। == न्यायाधिकरण == सामान्यतया, एक न्यायाधिकरण एक व्यक्ति वा संस्था भनिन्छ, जसलाई न्यायिक काम गर्ने शक्ति छ, भले यो शीर्षक मा एक न्यायाधिकरण पनि भनिएन। उदाहरण को लागी, जब एक न्यायाधीश भएको अदालत अदालत मा हुँदा वकील त्यो न्यायाधीश लाई न्यायाधिकरण भन्नेछन्। ८ अक्टूबर २०१२ को भारत की सर्वोच्च अदालत को वेबसाइट मा अपलोड गरिएको सूचना को अनुसार, १९ ट्रिब्यूनल छ्न: * बिजुली को लागी अपील न्यायाधिकरण * सशस्त्र बल न्यायाधिकरण * केन्द्रीय विद्युत नियामक आयोग * केन्द्रीय प्रशासनिक आयोग * कम्पनी कानून बोर्ड * भारतीय प्रतिस्पर्धा आयोग * प्रतिस्पर्धा अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * प्रतिलिपि अधिकार बोर्ड * भन्सार, अन्तशुल्क र सेवा पुनरावेदन अदालत * साइबर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * कर्मचारी भविष्य निधि पुनरावेदन न्यायाधिकरण * आयकर अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * बीमा नियामक र विकास प्राधिकरण * बौद्धिक सम्पत्ति अपील बोर्ड * राष्ट्रिय हरित न्यायाधिकरण * भारतीय धितोपत्र र विनिमय बोर्ड * दूरसंचार निपटान र अपीलीय न्यायाधिकरण * दूरसंचार नियामक प्राधिकरण == न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति == भारतको संविधानमा सर्वोच्च अदालत, उच्च अदालत र जिल्ला अदालतमा न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति सम्बन्धी नियम बनाइएको छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतका राष्ट्रपतिले]] मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा गर्छन्। उहाँ मुख्य न्यायाधीश र चार वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशहरुको समूह द्वारा नियुक्त हुनुहुन्छ। त्यस्तै गरी, उच्च अदालतको लागि, राष्ट्रपति मुख्य न्यायाधीश, त्यो राज्यको राज्यपाल र त्यो उच्च अदालतको मुख्य न्यायाधीशको सल्लाहमा नियुक्त गर्दछन। न्यायाधीश बन्ने व्यक्तिको योग्यता यो हो कि ऊ भारतको नागरिक हुनु पर्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीश बन्नको लागी, उसले पाँच बर्ष को लागी एक अधिवक्ता को रूप मा वा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा एक न्यायाधीश को रूप मा काम गरेको हुनुपर्छ। एक उच्च अदालत को न्यायाधीश को लागी, यो जरूरी छ कि व्यक्ति कम्तीमा दस बर्ष को लागी एक उच्च अदालत मा अधिवक्ता को रूप मा काम गरीएको होस। एक न्यायाधीश राष्ट्रपति को आदेश मा दुर्व्यवहार को आधार मा उनको पद बाट हटाउन सकिन्छ। सर्वोच्च अदालतका एक न्यायाधीशलाई मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ यदि नोटिसमा [[राज्‍य सभा|५० राज्यसभा]] वा १०० [[लोक सभा|लोकसभा सदस्यहरुको हस्ताक्षर छ।]] === लोक अदालत === लोक अदालत नियमित अदालतहरु भन्दा फरक छन्। पदेन वा सेवानिवृत्त न्यायाधीश र दुई सदस्य एक सामाजिक कार्यकर्ता, एक वकिल यसको सदस्य हुन्छन, सुनुवाई तब हुन्छ जब दुबै पक्षले यसको अनुमोदन दिन्छन्। [[बीमा|यो बीमा दावी क्षतिपूर्ति]] को रूप मा दावी समाधान गर्दछ<nowiki></br></nowiki> उनीहरुसँग वैधानिक स्थिति छ, वकिलहरु पक्ष पेश गर्दैनन्। '''उनीहरुको फाइदा''' - 1. कुनै अदालत शुल्क छैन२. कार्यविधी संहिता/प्रमाण कानून यहाँ लागू हुँदैन ३. दुवै पक्षहरु न्यायाधीश संग सीधा कुरा गरेर एक सहमति मा पुग्छन्। ४. आफ्नो निर्णय विरुद्ध अपील ल्याउन सक्दैनन् '''आलोचनाहरु''' 1. यो नियमित अन्तराल मा काम गर्दैन२. जब यो काम गर्न को लागी आउँछ, यो बिना सुनुवाई ठूलो मात्रा मा मामिलाहरु को निपटारा गर्दछ ३. जनतालाई लोक अदालतको उपस्थिति र फाइदाको बारेमा थाहा छैन। == ई-अदालत == == न्यायपालिका का भारतीयकरण == बीसौं शताब्दीको पूर्वार्धसम्म दास देशहरु मध्ये भारत मात्र एकमात्र देश हो, जुन, स्वतन्त्रता को लगभग साढे छ दशक पछि पनि, भाषिक रूप मा कुनै पनि मौजूदा दास देश भन्दा अधिक दास बनी रहेको छ। देशमा शासन प्रणाली मात्र होइन, न्यायिक प्रणाली पनि भाषिक दासत्वको बन्धनमा फसेको छ। सेप्टेम्बर २०२१ मा, भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशले आफैंले भने कि भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको भारतीयकरणको ठूलो आवश्यकता छ। <ref>[https://www.newsnationtv.com/india/news/indianiation-of-legal-ytem-i-the-need-of-the-hour-cji-ramana-211639.html हमारी कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण किया जाना समय की जरूरत : मुख्य न्यायधीश वेंकटरमण]</ref> प्रश्न मात्र भारतीय अदालतहरुलाई भाषिक दासत्व बाट मुक्त गर्ने हैन, तर सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली को भारतीयकरण को लागी हो। लगभग साढे तीन करोड मामिलाहरु हाम्रा ठूला वा साना सबै अदालतमा लम्बित छन्, । यो प्रत्येक मामला को समाधान गर्न दस-दस, पन्ध्र-पन्ध्र बर्ष लाग्छ। यसको मुख्य कारण अंग्रेजी को एकाधिकार हो। हाम्रा सबै कानूनहरु अंग्रेजी मा र ब्रिटिश राज को आवश्यकताहरु अनुसार बनेका छन्। आफ्नो नागरिकहरुलाई वास्तविक अर्थ मा न्याय प्राप्त गर्न को लागी सम्पूर्ण न्यायिक प्रणाली लाई भारतीयकरण गर्न धेरै जरूरी छ। यसो गर्नाले न्यायिक प्रणाली मात्र न सिर्फ सस्तो हुन्छ, बरु मुद्दाहरु चाँडै सुल्झाईनेछ र न्याय प्रणालीमा जनताको विश्वास पनि बलियो हुनेछ। यदि अंग्रेजी हाम्रो न्यायपालिका बाट अंगरेजी लाई बिदाई हुन्छ भने, तब यो सरकार र संसद बाट पनि छोड्न को लागी धेरै समय लाग्दैन। == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[न्यायपालिका]] * सर्वोच्च अदालत * महान्यायाधिवक्ता (भारत) * सलिसिटर जनरल * [[उच्च अदालत]] * भारतीय न्यायपालिकामा भ्रष्टाचार == बाह्य लि्क == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190413211638/http://www.vivacepanorama.com/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98-%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-the-union-judiciary/ संघीय न्यायपालिका] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161108195431/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/government-of-india/judiciary/ भारतको न्यायपालिका] * [http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE न्यायपालिका] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506211258/http://www.atpeducation.com/viewchapter.php?id=notes&chpt=Political%20Science&ch=11&me=1&view=6.%20%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE |date=2021-05-06 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ न्यायाधीशहरुको नियुक्ति एक भ्रम हो ...!] [https://web.archive.org/web/20161102183521/http://www.pravakta.com/appointment-of-judges-a-camouflages/ !] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161228034010/http://hindi.mapsofindia.com/my-india/india/major-problems-indian-judicial-system-facing भारतीय न्यायिक प्रणाली को पाँच प्रमुख समस्याहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/know-the-law/--152799?infinitescroll=1 सजायको अधिकार र फौजदारी अदालतको कार्यालयहरु] * [https://hindi.livelaw.in/category/news-updates/the-need-of-the-hour-is-the-indianisation-of-our-legal-system-chief-justice-nv-ramana-181927 हाम्रो कानूनी प्रणाली का भारतीयकरण समय की जरूरत है: मुख्य न्यायाधीश एन वी रमन] == सन्दर्भ == {{Reflist}} [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] 9wyotppvptijngmf4454qmtdbftl5mm 0 122917 1365014 1038536 2026-07-06T12:38:37Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365014 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Judicial training wing of India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox | title = National Judicial Academy<br>(राष्ट्रीय न्यायिक अकादमी) | headerstyle = background:#FF0800; color:white; | header1 = संस्था अवलोकन | image = | caption = '''Motto:''' Knowledge for Justice|न्याय के लिए ज्ञान | label2 = स्थापना | data2 = In 1993 | label3= प्रकार | data3 = Independent Registered Society <!-- [[Governmental organization|GO]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], [[Intergovernmental organization|IGO]], [[International nongovernmental organization|INGO]], etc --> |director = Hon'ble Mr. Justice G. Raghuram (Retd.) (5 August 2016 - ), Geeta Oberoi (2 November 2014 – 4 August 2016), Dr.Balram K. Gupta ( April 2013 - November 2014), Dr. K.N. Chandrashekeran Pillai (July 2011 - March 2013),Prof. G. Mohan Gopal (July 2006-July 2011) | label4= कानूनी स्थिति | data4= The Societies Registration Act, 1860 | label5 = निर्देशक | data5 = Justice KN Saikia | label6 = अध्यक्ष | data6= [[भारतका प्रधानन्यायाधीश]] | label7 = स्थान | data7 = [[भोपाल]], [[मध्य प्रदेश]] | label8 = देश | data8 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label9 = परिसर | data9 = 63acre | label10 = कोषदता | data10 = भारत सरकार | label11 = शैक्षिक कार्यक्रम | data11 = राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक शिक्षा रणनीति (NJES) | label12 = उद्देश्य | data12 = न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुको तालिम | label13 = संकाय | data13 = १७ | label14 = वेबसाइट | data14 = [http://www.nja.nic.in www.nja.nic.in] }} '''राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक एकेडेमी''' एक [[भारत सरकार|भारतीय सरकार द्वारा]] वित्त पोषित प्रशिक्षण संस्थान हो मुख्यतः उच्च न्यायालय न्यायाधीशहरु र न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को लागी, सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतहरुमा प्रतिनियुक्ति मा काम गरीरहेको छ। यसले जिल्ला मा पोस्ट गरिएका अन्य न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुलाई पनि तालिम प्रदान गर्दछ जुन SJA ले निरन्तर न्यायिक शिक्षा (CJE) को अधीनमा छैन। संस्थान १७ अगस्त १९९३ मा समाज दर्ता अधिनियम १८६० अन्तर्गत दर्ता भएको थियो। <ref name="India">{{Cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/citizen/justice/institution_justice.php|title=National judicial Academy|website=Government of India}}</ref> एन आर माधव मेनन यसको संस्थापक निर्देशक थे। == राष्ट्रिय कौशल डाटाबेस == शिक्षाविद्हरु को अलावा, संस्थान, न्यायपालिका को कामकाज मा सुधार गर्ने उद्देश्य संग, भारतीय न्यायाधीशहरु को एक अनलाइन कौशल रजिस्ट्री स्थापित गरीरहेको छ, प्रवीणता को आफ्नो क्षेत्रहरु संग, जो न्यायाधीशहरु लाई आफ्नो प्रमाण पत्र को उपयोग गरेर पहुँच गर्न सकिन्छ।{{स्रोत नखुलेको|date=September 2019}} == राज्य न्यायिक एकेडेमीहरु == * उत्तराखण्ड न्यायिक र कानूनी एकेडेमी * राष्ट्रिय कानून विश्वविद्यालय र न्यायिक एकेडेमी, असम * पश्चिम बंगाल न्यायिक एकेडेमी == सन्दर्भ ==   2ll3vhv2vtvy9780k0tnx8uce2hmiol 1365015 1365014 2026-07-06T12:39:29Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Judicial training wing of India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox | title = National Judicial Academy<br>(राष्ट्रीय न्यायिक अकादमी) | headerstyle = background:#FF0800; color:white; | header1 = संस्था अवलोकन | image = | caption = '''Motto:''' Knowledge for Justice|न्याय के लिए ज्ञान | label2 = स्थापना | data2 = In 1993 | label3= प्रकार | data3 = Independent Registered Society <!-- [[Governmental organization|GO]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], [[Intergovernmental organization|IGO]], [[International nongovernmental organization|INGO]], etc --> |director = Hon'ble Mr. Justice G. Raghuram (Retd.) (5 August 2016 - ), Geeta Oberoi (2 November 2014 – 4 August 2016), Dr.Balram K. Gupta ( April 2013 - November 2014), Dr. K.N. Chandrashekeran Pillai (July 2011 - March 2013),Prof. G. Mohan Gopal (July 2006-July 2011) | label4= कानूनी स्थिति | data4= The Societies Registration Act, 1860 | label5 = निर्देशक | data5 = Justice KN Saikia | label6 = अध्यक्ष | data6= [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश|भारतका प्रधानन्यायाधीश]] | label7 = स्थान | data7 = [[भोपाल]], [[मध्य प्रदेश]] | label8 = देश | data8 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label9 = परिसर | data9 = 63acre | label10 = कोषदता | data10 = भारत सरकार | label11 = शैक्षिक कार्यक्रम | data11 = राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक शिक्षा रणनीति (NJES) | label12 = उद्देश्य | data12 = न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुको तालिम | label13 = संकाय | data13 = १७ | label14 = वेबसाइट | data14 = [http://www.nja.nic.in www.nja.nic.in] }} '''राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक एकेडेमी''' एक [[भारत सरकार|भारतीय सरकार द्वारा]] वित्त पोषित प्रशिक्षण संस्थान हो मुख्यतः उच्च न्यायालय न्यायाधीशहरु र न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को लागी, सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतहरुमा प्रतिनियुक्ति मा काम गरीरहेको छ। यसले जिल्ला मा पोस्ट गरिएका अन्य न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुलाई पनि तालिम प्रदान गर्दछ जुन SJA ले निरन्तर न्यायिक शिक्षा (CJE) को अधीनमा छैन। संस्थान १७ अगस्त १९९३ मा समाज दर्ता अधिनियम १८६० अन्तर्गत दर्ता भएको थियो। <ref name="India">{{Cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/citizen/justice/institution_justice.php|title=National judicial Academy|website=Government of India}}</ref> एन आर माधव मेनन यसको संस्थापक निर्देशक थे। == राष्ट्रिय कौशल डाटाबेस == शिक्षाविद्हरु को अलावा, संस्थान, न्यायपालिका को कामकाज मा सुधार गर्ने उद्देश्य संग, भारतीय न्यायाधीशहरु को एक अनलाइन कौशल रजिस्ट्री स्थापित गरीरहेको छ, प्रवीणता को आफ्नो क्षेत्रहरु संग, जो न्यायाधीशहरु लाई आफ्नो प्रमाण पत्र को उपयोग गरेर पहुँच गर्न सकिन्छ।{{स्रोत नखुलेको|date=September 2019}} == राज्य न्यायिक एकेडेमीहरु == * उत्तराखण्ड न्यायिक र कानूनी एकेडेमी * राष्ट्रिय कानून विश्वविद्यालय र न्यायिक एकेडेमी, असम * पश्चिम बंगाल न्यायिक एकेडेमी == सन्दर्भ ==   idn872lcf0off58qpwy8retz801y6hk 1365016 1365015 2026-07-06T12:40:35Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Judicial training wing of India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox | title = National Judicial Academy<br>(राष्ट्रीय न्यायिक अकादमी) | headerstyle = background:#FF0800; color:white; | header1 = संस्था अवलोकन | image = | caption = '''Motto:''' Knowledge for Justice|न्यायको लागि ज्ञान | label2 = स्थापना | data2 = १९९३ मा | label3= प्रकार | data3 = Independent Registered Society <!-- [[Governmental organization|GO]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], [[Intergovernmental organization|IGO]], [[International nongovernmental organization|INGO]], etc --> |director = Hon'ble Mr. Justice G. Raghuram (Retd.) (5 August 2016 - ), Geeta Oberoi (2 November 2014 – 4 August 2016), Dr.Balram K. Gupta ( April 2013 - November 2014), Dr. K.N. Chandrashekeran Pillai (July 2011 - March 2013),Prof. G. Mohan Gopal (July 2006-July 2011) | label4= कानूनी स्थिति | data4= The Societies Registration Act, 1860 | label5 = निर्देशक | data5 = Justice KN Saikia | label6 = अध्यक्ष | data6= [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश|भारतका प्रधानन्यायाधीश]] | label7 = स्थान | data7 = [[भोपाल]], [[मध्य प्रदेश]] | label8 = देश | data8 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label9 = परिसर | data9 = 63acre | label10 = कोषदता | data10 = भारत सरकार | label11 = शैक्षिक कार्यक्रम | data11 = राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक शिक्षा रणनीति (NJES) | label12 = उद्देश्य | data12 = न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुको तालिम | label13 = संकाय | data13 = १७ | label14 = वेबसाइट | data14 = [http://www.nja.nic.in www.nja.nic.in] }} '''राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक एकेडेमी''' एक [[भारत सरकार|भारतीय सरकार द्वारा]] वित्त पोषित प्रशिक्षण संस्थान हो मुख्यतः उच्च न्यायालय न्यायाधीशहरु र न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को लागी, सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतहरुमा प्रतिनियुक्ति मा काम गरीरहेको छ। यसले जिल्ला मा पोस्ट गरिएका अन्य न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुलाई पनि तालिम प्रदान गर्दछ जुन SJA ले निरन्तर न्यायिक शिक्षा (CJE) को अधीनमा छैन। संस्थान १७ अगस्त १९९३ मा समाज दर्ता अधिनियम १८६० अन्तर्गत दर्ता भएको थियो। <ref name="India">{{Cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/citizen/justice/institution_justice.php|title=National judicial Academy|website=Government of India}}</ref> एन आर माधव मेनन यसको संस्थापक निर्देशक थे। == राष्ट्रिय कौशल डाटाबेस == शिक्षाविद्हरु को अलावा, संस्थान, न्यायपालिका को कामकाज मा सुधार गर्ने उद्देश्य संग, भारतीय न्यायाधीशहरु को एक अनलाइन कौशल रजिस्ट्री स्थापित गरीरहेको छ, प्रवीणता को आफ्नो क्षेत्रहरु संग, जो न्यायाधीशहरु लाई आफ्नो प्रमाण पत्र को उपयोग गरेर पहुँच गर्न सकिन्छ।{{स्रोत नखुलेको|date=September 2019}} == राज्य न्यायिक एकेडेमीहरु == * उत्तराखण्ड न्यायिक र कानूनी एकेडेमी * राष्ट्रिय कानून विश्वविद्यालय र न्यायिक एकेडेमी, असम * पश्चिम बंगाल न्यायिक एकेडेमी == सन्दर्भ ==   s9pyzh0g9t6zg6ecl5t7wbpv5jvpr4o 1365017 1365016 2026-07-06T12:41:43Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Judicial training wing of India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox | title = National Judicial Academy<br>(राष्ट्रीय न्यायिक अकादमी) | headerstyle = background:#FF0800; color:white; | header1 = संस्था अवलोकन | image = [[File:National Judicial Academy (India).png|200px]] | caption = '''Motto:''' Knowledge for Justice|न्यायको लागि ज्ञान | label2 = स्थापना | data2 = १९९३ मा | label3= प्रकार | data3 = Independent Registered Society <!-- [[Governmental organization|GO]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], [[Intergovernmental organization|IGO]], [[International nongovernmental organization|INGO]], etc --> |director = Hon'ble Mr. Justice G. Raghuram (Retd.) (5 August 2016 - ), Geeta Oberoi (2 November 2014 – 4 August 2016), Dr.Balram K. Gupta ( April 2013 - November 2014), Dr. K.N. Chandrashekeran Pillai (July 2011 - March 2013),Prof. G. Mohan Gopal (July 2006-July 2011) | label4= कानूनी स्थिति | data4= The Societies Registration Act, 1860 | label5 = निर्देशक | data5 = Justice KN Saikia | label6 = अध्यक्ष | data6= [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश|भारतका प्रधानन्यायाधीश]] | label7 = स्थान | data7 = [[भोपाल]], [[मध्य प्रदेश]] | label8 = देश | data8 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label9 = परिसर | data9 = 63acre | label10 = कोषदता | data10 = भारत सरकार | label11 = शैक्षिक कार्यक्रम | data11 = राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक शिक्षा रणनीति (NJES) | label12 = उद्देश्य | data12 = न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुको तालिम | label13 = संकाय | data13 = १७ | label14 = वेबसाइट | data14 = [http://www.nja.nic.in www.nja.nic.in] }} '''राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक एकेडेमी''' एक [[भारत सरकार|भारतीय सरकार द्वारा]] वित्त पोषित प्रशिक्षण संस्थान हो मुख्यतः उच्च न्यायालय न्यायाधीशहरु र न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को लागी, सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतहरुमा प्रतिनियुक्ति मा काम गरीरहेको छ। यसले जिल्ला मा पोस्ट गरिएका अन्य न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुलाई पनि तालिम प्रदान गर्दछ जुन SJA ले निरन्तर न्यायिक शिक्षा (CJE) को अधीनमा छैन। संस्थान १७ अगस्त १९९३ मा समाज दर्ता अधिनियम १८६० अन्तर्गत दर्ता भएको थियो। <ref name="India">{{Cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/citizen/justice/institution_justice.php|title=National judicial Academy|website=Government of India}}</ref> एन आर माधव मेनन यसको संस्थापक निर्देशक थे। == राष्ट्रिय कौशल डाटाबेस == शिक्षाविद्हरु को अलावा, संस्थान, न्यायपालिका को कामकाज मा सुधार गर्ने उद्देश्य संग, भारतीय न्यायाधीशहरु को एक अनलाइन कौशल रजिस्ट्री स्थापित गरीरहेको छ, प्रवीणता को आफ्नो क्षेत्रहरु संग, जो न्यायाधीशहरु लाई आफ्नो प्रमाण पत्र को उपयोग गरेर पहुँच गर्न सकिन्छ।{{स्रोत नखुलेको|date=September 2019}} == राज्य न्यायिक एकेडेमीहरु == * उत्तराखण्ड न्यायिक र कानूनी एकेडेमी * राष्ट्रिय कानून विश्वविद्यालय र न्यायिक एकेडेमी, असम * पश्चिम बंगाल न्यायिक एकेडेमी == सन्दर्भ ==   l2sjb00lh6wsomuv9dpe2v124ai6uva 1365018 1365017 2026-07-06T12:42:33Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Judicial training wing of India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox | title = National Judicial Academy<br>(राष्ट्रीय न्यायिक अकादमी) | headerstyle = background:#FF0800; color:white; | header1 = संस्था अवलोकन | image = File:National Judicial Academy (India).png | caption = '''Motto:''' Knowledge for Justice|न्यायको लागि ज्ञान | label2 = स्थापना | data2 = १९९३ मा | label3= प्रकार | data3 = Independent Registered Society <!-- [[Governmental organization|GO]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], [[Intergovernmental organization|IGO]], [[International nongovernmental organization|INGO]], etc --> |director = Hon'ble Mr. Justice G. Raghuram (Retd.) (5 August 2016 - ), Geeta Oberoi (2 November 2014 – 4 August 2016), Dr.Balram K. Gupta ( April 2013 - November 2014), Dr. K.N. Chandrashekeran Pillai (July 2011 - March 2013),Prof. G. Mohan Gopal (July 2006-July 2011) | label4= कानूनी स्थिति | data4= The Societies Registration Act, 1860 | label5 = निर्देशक | data5 = Justice KN Saikia | label6 = अध्यक्ष | data6= [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश|भारतका प्रधानन्यायाधीश]] | label7 = स्थान | data7 = [[भोपाल]], [[मध्य प्रदेश]] | label8 = देश | data8 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label9 = परिसर | data9 = 63acre | label10 = कोषदता | data10 = भारत सरकार | label11 = शैक्षिक कार्यक्रम | data11 = राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक शिक्षा रणनीति (NJES) | label12 = उद्देश्य | data12 = न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुको तालिम | label13 = संकाय | data13 = १७ | label14 = वेबसाइट | data14 = [http://www.nja.nic.in www.nja.nic.in] }} '''राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक एकेडेमी''' एक [[भारत सरकार|भारतीय सरकार द्वारा]] वित्त पोषित प्रशिक्षण संस्थान हो मुख्यतः उच्च न्यायालय न्यायाधीशहरु र न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को लागी, सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतहरुमा प्रतिनियुक्ति मा काम गरीरहेको छ। यसले जिल्ला मा पोस्ट गरिएका अन्य न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुलाई पनि तालिम प्रदान गर्दछ जुन SJA ले निरन्तर न्यायिक शिक्षा (CJE) को अधीनमा छैन। संस्थान १७ अगस्त १९९३ मा समाज दर्ता अधिनियम १८६० अन्तर्गत दर्ता भएको थियो। <ref name="India">{{Cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/citizen/justice/institution_justice.php|title=National judicial Academy|website=Government of India}}</ref> एन आर माधव मेनन यसको संस्थापक निर्देशक थे। == राष्ट्रिय कौशल डाटाबेस == शिक्षाविद्हरु को अलावा, संस्थान, न्यायपालिका को कामकाज मा सुधार गर्ने उद्देश्य संग, भारतीय न्यायाधीशहरु को एक अनलाइन कौशल रजिस्ट्री स्थापित गरीरहेको छ, प्रवीणता को आफ्नो क्षेत्रहरु संग, जो न्यायाधीशहरु लाई आफ्नो प्रमाण पत्र को उपयोग गरेर पहुँच गर्न सकिन्छ।{{स्रोत नखुलेको|date=September 2019}} == राज्य न्यायिक एकेडेमीहरु == * उत्तराखण्ड न्यायिक र कानूनी एकेडेमी * राष्ट्रिय कानून विश्वविद्यालय र न्यायिक एकेडेमी, असम * पश्चिम बंगाल न्यायिक एकेडेमी == सन्दर्भ ==   cg0kib6k296bqb6sz2e40kmlsvly7jz 1365019 1365018 2026-07-06T12:42:55Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Judicial training wing of India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox | title = National Judicial Academy<br>(राष्ट्रीय न्यायिक अकादमी) | headerstyle = background:#FF0800; color:white; | header1 = संस्था अवलोकन | image = | caption = '''Motto:''' Knowledge for Justice|न्यायको लागि ज्ञान | label2 = स्थापना | data2 = १९९३ मा | label3= प्रकार | data3 = Independent Registered Society <!-- [[Governmental organization|GO]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], [[Intergovernmental organization|IGO]], [[International nongovernmental organization|INGO]], etc --> |director = Hon'ble Mr. Justice G. Raghuram (Retd.) (5 August 2016 - ), Geeta Oberoi (2 November 2014 – 4 August 2016), Dr.Balram K. Gupta ( April 2013 - November 2014), Dr. K.N. Chandrashekeran Pillai (July 2011 - March 2013),Prof. G. Mohan Gopal (July 2006-July 2011) | label4= कानूनी स्थिति | data4= The Societies Registration Act, 1860 | label5 = निर्देशक | data5 = Justice KN Saikia | label6 = अध्यक्ष | data6= [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश|भारतका प्रधानन्यायाधीश]] | label7 = स्थान | data7 = [[भोपाल]], [[मध्य प्रदेश]] | label8 = देश | data8 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label9 = परिसर | data9 = 63acre | label10 = कोषदता | data10 = भारत सरकार | label11 = शैक्षिक कार्यक्रम | data11 = राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक शिक्षा रणनीति (NJES) | label12 = उद्देश्य | data12 = न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुको तालिम | label13 = संकाय | data13 = १७ | label14 = वेबसाइट | data14 = [http://www.nja.nic.in www.nja.nic.in] }} '''राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक एकेडेमी''' एक [[भारत सरकार|भारतीय सरकार द्वारा]] वित्त पोषित प्रशिक्षण संस्थान हो मुख्यतः उच्च न्यायालय न्यायाधीशहरु र न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को लागी, सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतहरुमा प्रतिनियुक्ति मा काम गरीरहेको छ। यसले जिल्ला मा पोस्ट गरिएका अन्य न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुलाई पनि तालिम प्रदान गर्दछ जुन SJA ले निरन्तर न्यायिक शिक्षा (CJE) को अधीनमा छैन। संस्थान १७ अगस्त १९९३ मा समाज दर्ता अधिनियम १८६० अन्तर्गत दर्ता भएको थियो। <ref name="India">{{Cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/citizen/justice/institution_justice.php|title=National judicial Academy|website=Government of India}}</ref> एन आर माधव मेनन यसको संस्थापक निर्देशक थे। == राष्ट्रिय कौशल डाटाबेस == शिक्षाविद्हरु को अलावा, संस्थान, न्यायपालिका को कामकाज मा सुधार गर्ने उद्देश्य संग, भारतीय न्यायाधीशहरु को एक अनलाइन कौशल रजिस्ट्री स्थापित गरीरहेको छ, प्रवीणता को आफ्नो क्षेत्रहरु संग, जो न्यायाधीशहरु लाई आफ्नो प्रमाण पत्र को उपयोग गरेर पहुँच गर्न सकिन्छ।{{स्रोत नखुलेको|date=September 2019}} == राज्य न्यायिक एकेडेमीहरु == * उत्तराखण्ड न्यायिक र कानूनी एकेडेमी * राष्ट्रिय कानून विश्वविद्यालय र न्यायिक एकेडेमी, असम * पश्चिम बंगाल न्यायिक एकेडेमी == सन्दर्भ ==   11y2acch5o1fj8qweasv0fadc99qye4 1365020 1365019 2026-07-06T12:44:04Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Judicial training wing of India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox | title = National Judicial Academy<br>(राष्ट्रीय न्यायिक अकादमी) | headerstyle = background:#FF0800; color:white; | header1 = संस्था अवलोकन | image = | caption = '''Motto:''' Knowledge for Justice|न्यायको लागि ज्ञान | label2 = स्थापना | data2 = १९९३ मा | label3= प्रकार | data3 = स्वतन्त्र दर्ता गरिएको समाज <!-- [[Governmental organization|GO]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], [[Intergovernmental organization|IGO]], [[International nongovernmental organization|INGO]], etc --> |director = Hon'ble Mr. Justice G. Raghuram (Retd.) (5 August 2016 - ), Geeta Oberoi (2 November 2014 – 4 August 2016), Dr.Balram K. Gupta ( April 2013 - November 2014), Dr. K.N. Chandrashekeran Pillai (July 2011 - March 2013),Prof. G. Mohan Gopal (July 2006-July 2011) | label4= कानूनी स्थिति | data4= The Societies Registration Act, 1860 | label5 = निर्देशक | data5 = Justice KN Saikia | label6 = अध्यक्ष | data6= [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश|भारतका प्रधानन्यायाधीश]] | label7 = स्थान | data7 = [[भोपाल]], [[मध्य प्रदेश]] | label8 = देश | data8 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label9 = परिसर | data9 = 63acre | label10 = कोषदता | data10 = भारत सरकार | label11 = शैक्षिक कार्यक्रम | data11 = राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक शिक्षा रणनीति (NJES) | label12 = उद्देश्य | data12 = न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुको तालिम | label13 = संकाय | data13 = १७ | label14 = वेबसाइट | data14 = [http://www.nja.nic.in www.nja.nic.in] }} '''राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक एकेडेमी''' एक [[भारत सरकार|भारतीय सरकार द्वारा]] वित्त पोषित प्रशिक्षण संस्थान हो मुख्यतः उच्च न्यायालय न्यायाधीशहरु र न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को लागी, सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतहरुमा प्रतिनियुक्ति मा काम गरीरहेको छ। यसले जिल्ला मा पोस्ट गरिएका अन्य न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुलाई पनि तालिम प्रदान गर्दछ जुन SJA ले निरन्तर न्यायिक शिक्षा (CJE) को अधीनमा छैन। संस्थान १७ अगस्त १९९३ मा समाज दर्ता अधिनियम १८६० अन्तर्गत दर्ता भएको थियो। <ref name="India">{{Cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/citizen/justice/institution_justice.php|title=National judicial Academy|website=Government of India}}</ref> एन आर माधव मेनन यसको संस्थापक निर्देशक थे। == राष्ट्रिय कौशल डाटाबेस == शिक्षाविद्हरु को अलावा, संस्थान, न्यायपालिका को कामकाज मा सुधार गर्ने उद्देश्य संग, भारतीय न्यायाधीशहरु को एक अनलाइन कौशल रजिस्ट्री स्थापित गरीरहेको छ, प्रवीणता को आफ्नो क्षेत्रहरु संग, जो न्यायाधीशहरु लाई आफ्नो प्रमाण पत्र को उपयोग गरेर पहुँच गर्न सकिन्छ।{{स्रोत नखुलेको|date=September 2019}} == राज्य न्यायिक एकेडेमीहरु == * उत्तराखण्ड न्यायिक र कानूनी एकेडेमी * राष्ट्रिय कानून विश्वविद्यालय र न्यायिक एकेडेमी, असम * पश्चिम बंगाल न्यायिक एकेडेमी == सन्दर्भ ==   dqgcd4628759h2i324fcekkj8wk9pr0 1365021 1365020 2026-07-06T12:45:12Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Judicial training wing of India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox | title = National Judicial Academy<br>(राष्ट्रीय न्यायिक अकादमी) | headerstyle = background:#FF0800; color:white; | header1 = संस्था अवलोकन | image = | caption = '''Motto:''' Knowledge for Justice|न्यायको लागि ज्ञान | label2 = स्थापना | data2 = १९९३ मा | label3= प्रकार | data3 = स्वतन्त्र दर्ता गरिएको समाज <!-- [[Governmental organization|GO]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], [[Intergovernmental organization|IGO]], [[International nongovernmental organization|INGO]], etc --> |director = Hon'ble Mr. Justice G. Raghuram (Retd.) (5 August 2016 - ), Geeta Oberoi (2 November 2014 – 4 August 2016), Dr.Balram K. Gupta ( April 2013 - November 2014), Dr. K.N. Chandrashekeran Pillai (July 2011 - March 2013),Prof. G. Mohan Gopal (July 2006-July 2011) | label4= कानूनी स्थिति | data4= समाज दर्ता ऐन, १८६० | label5 = निर्देशक | data5 = न्यायाधीश केएन सैकिया | label6 = अध्यक्ष | data6= [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश|भारतका प्रधानन्यायाधीश]] | label7 = स्थान | data7 = [[भोपाल]], [[मध्य प्रदेश]] | label8 = देश | data8 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label9 = परिसर | data9 = 63acre | label10 = कोषदता | data10 = भारत सरकार | label11 = शैक्षिक कार्यक्रम | data11 = राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक शिक्षा रणनीति (NJES) | label12 = उद्देश्य | data12 = न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुको तालिम | label13 = संकाय | data13 = १७ | label14 = वेबसाइट | data14 = [http://www.nja.nic.in www.nja.nic.in] }} '''राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक एकेडेमी''' एक [[भारत सरकार|भारतीय सरकार द्वारा]] वित्त पोषित प्रशिक्षण संस्थान हो मुख्यतः उच्च न्यायालय न्यायाधीशहरु र न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को लागी, सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतहरुमा प्रतिनियुक्ति मा काम गरीरहेको छ। यसले जिल्ला मा पोस्ट गरिएका अन्य न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुलाई पनि तालिम प्रदान गर्दछ जुन SJA ले निरन्तर न्यायिक शिक्षा (CJE) को अधीनमा छैन। संस्थान १७ अगस्त १९९३ मा समाज दर्ता अधिनियम १८६० अन्तर्गत दर्ता भएको थियो। <ref name="India">{{Cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/citizen/justice/institution_justice.php|title=National judicial Academy|website=Government of India}}</ref> एन आर माधव मेनन यसको संस्थापक निर्देशक थे। == राष्ट्रिय कौशल डाटाबेस == शिक्षाविद्हरु को अलावा, संस्थान, न्यायपालिका को कामकाज मा सुधार गर्ने उद्देश्य संग, भारतीय न्यायाधीशहरु को एक अनलाइन कौशल रजिस्ट्री स्थापित गरीरहेको छ, प्रवीणता को आफ्नो क्षेत्रहरु संग, जो न्यायाधीशहरु लाई आफ्नो प्रमाण पत्र को उपयोग गरेर पहुँच गर्न सकिन्छ।{{स्रोत नखुलेको|date=September 2019}} == राज्य न्यायिक एकेडेमीहरु == * उत्तराखण्ड न्यायिक र कानूनी एकेडेमी * राष्ट्रिय कानून विश्वविद्यालय र न्यायिक एकेडेमी, असम * पश्चिम बंगाल न्यायिक एकेडेमी == सन्दर्भ ==   f2d1hpgqttz26daopexme3e6ajfot5s 1365022 1365021 2026-07-06T12:46:01Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Judicial training wing of India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox | title = National Judicial Academy<br>(राष्ट्रीय न्यायिक अकादमी) | headerstyle = background:#FF0800; color:white; | header1 = संस्था अवलोकन | image = | caption = '''Motto:''' Knowledge for Justice|न्यायको लागि ज्ञान | label2 = स्थापना | data2 = १९९३ मा | label3= प्रकार | data3 = स्वतन्त्र दर्ता गरिएको समाज <!-- [[Governmental organization|GO]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], [[Intergovernmental organization|IGO]], [[International nongovernmental organization|INGO]], etc --> |director = Hon'ble Mr. Justice G. Raghuram (Retd.) (5 August 2016 - ), Geeta Oberoi (2 November 2014 – 4 August 2016), Dr.Balram K. Gupta ( April 2013 - November 2014), Dr. K.N. Chandrashekeran Pillai (July 2011 - March 2013),Prof. G. Mohan Gopal (July 2006-July 2011) | label4= कानूनी स्थिति | data4= समाज दर्ता ऐन, १८६० | label5 = निर्देशक | data5 = न्यायाधीश केएन सैकिया | label6 = अध्यक्ष | data6= [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश|भारतका प्रधानन्यायाधीश]] | label7 = स्थान | data7 = [[भोपाल]], [[मध्य प्रदेश]] | label8 = देश | data8 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label9 = परिसर | data9 = ६३ एकड | label10 = कोषदता | data10 = भारत सरकार | label11 = शैक्षिक कार्यक्रम | data11 = राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक शिक्षा रणनीति (NJES) | label12 = उद्देश्य | data12 = न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुको तालिम | label13 = संकाय | data13 = १७ | label14 = वेबसाइट | data14 = [http://www.nja.nic.in www.nja.nic.in] }} '''राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक एकेडेमी''' एक [[भारत सरकार|भारतीय सरकार द्वारा]] वित्त पोषित प्रशिक्षण संस्थान हो मुख्यतः उच्च न्यायालय न्यायाधीशहरु र न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को लागी, सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतहरुमा प्रतिनियुक्ति मा काम गरीरहेको छ। यसले जिल्ला मा पोस्ट गरिएका अन्य न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुलाई पनि तालिम प्रदान गर्दछ जुन SJA ले निरन्तर न्यायिक शिक्षा (CJE) को अधीनमा छैन। संस्थान १७ अगस्त १९९३ मा समाज दर्ता अधिनियम १८६० अन्तर्गत दर्ता भएको थियो। <ref name="India">{{Cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/citizen/justice/institution_justice.php|title=National judicial Academy|website=Government of India}}</ref> एन आर माधव मेनन यसको संस्थापक निर्देशक थे। == राष्ट्रिय कौशल डाटाबेस == शिक्षाविद्हरु को अलावा, संस्थान, न्यायपालिका को कामकाज मा सुधार गर्ने उद्देश्य संग, भारतीय न्यायाधीशहरु को एक अनलाइन कौशल रजिस्ट्री स्थापित गरीरहेको छ, प्रवीणता को आफ्नो क्षेत्रहरु संग, जो न्यायाधीशहरु लाई आफ्नो प्रमाण पत्र को उपयोग गरेर पहुँच गर्न सकिन्छ।{{स्रोत नखुलेको|date=September 2019}} == राज्य न्यायिक एकेडेमीहरु == * उत्तराखण्ड न्यायिक र कानूनी एकेडेमी * राष्ट्रिय कानून विश्वविद्यालय र न्यायिक एकेडेमी, असम * पश्चिम बंगाल न्यायिक एकेडेमी == सन्दर्भ ==   nucqfsi9o2k8zspedb6crqb86x6kgur 1365023 1365022 2026-07-06T12:50:16Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Judicial training wing of India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox | title = National Judicial Academy<br>(राष्‍ट्रिय न्यायिक अकादमी) | headerstyle = background:#FF0800; color:white; | header1 = संस्था अवलोकन | image = | caption = '''Motto:''' Knowledge for Justice|न्यायको लागि ज्ञान | label2 = स्थापना | data2 = १९९३ मा | label3= प्रकार | data3 = स्वतन्त्र दर्ता गरिएको समाज <!-- [[Governmental organization|GO]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], [[Intergovernmental organization|IGO]], [[International nongovernmental organization|INGO]], etc --> |director = Hon'ble Mr. Justice G. Raghuram (Retd.) (5 August 2016 - ), Geeta Oberoi (2 November 2014 – 4 August 2016), Dr.Balram K. Gupta ( April 2013 - November 2014), Dr. K.N. Chandrashekeran Pillai (July 2011 - March 2013),Prof. G. Mohan Gopal (July 2006-July 2011) | label4= कानूनी स्थिति | data4= समाज दर्ता ऐन, १८६० | label5 = निर्देशक | data5 = न्यायाधीश केएन सैकिया | label6 = अध्यक्ष | data6= [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश|भारतका प्रधानन्यायाधीश]] | label7 = स्थान | data7 = [[भोपाल]], [[मध्य प्रदेश]] | label8 = देश | data8 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label9 = परिसर | data9 = ६३ एकड | label10 = कोषदता | data10 = भारत सरकार | label11 = शैक्षिक कार्यक्रम | data11 = राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक शिक्षा रणनीति (NJES) | label12 = उद्देश्य | data12 = न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुको तालिम | label13 = संकाय | data13 = १७ | label14 = वेबसाइट | data14 = [http://www.nja.nic.in www.nja.nic.in] }} '''राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक एकेडेमी''' एक [[भारत सरकार|भारतीय सरकार द्वारा]] वित्त पोषित प्रशिक्षण संस्थान हो मुख्यतः उच्च न्यायालय न्यायाधीशहरु र न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को लागी, सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतहरुमा प्रतिनियुक्ति मा काम गरीरहेको छ। यसले जिल्ला मा पोस्ट गरिएका अन्य न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुलाई पनि तालिम प्रदान गर्दछ जुन SJA ले निरन्तर न्यायिक शिक्षा (CJE) को अधीनमा छैन। संस्थान १७ अगस्त १९९३ मा समाज दर्ता अधिनियम १८६० अन्तर्गत दर्ता भएको थियो। <ref name="India">{{Cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/citizen/justice/institution_justice.php|title=National judicial Academy|website=Government of India}}</ref> एन आर माधव मेनन यसको संस्थापक निर्देशक थे। == राष्ट्रिय कौशल डाटाबेस == शिक्षाविद्हरु को अलावा, संस्थान, न्यायपालिका को कामकाज मा सुधार गर्ने उद्देश्य संग, भारतीय न्यायाधीशहरु को एक अनलाइन कौशल रजिस्ट्री स्थापित गरीरहेको छ, प्रवीणता को आफ्नो क्षेत्रहरु संग, जो न्यायाधीशहरु लाई आफ्नो प्रमाण पत्र को उपयोग गरेर पहुँच गर्न सकिन्छ।{{स्रोत नखुलेको|date=September 2019}} == राज्य न्यायिक एकेडेमीहरु == * उत्तराखण्ड न्यायिक र कानूनी एकेडेमी * राष्ट्रिय कानून विश्वविद्यालय र न्यायिक एकेडेमी, असम * पश्चिम बंगाल न्यायिक एकेडेमी == सन्दर्भ ==   21p7xy993g41wcc5x3ynzz9kwxxut6k 1365024 1365023 2026-07-06T12:57:47Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Judicial training wing of India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox | title = National Judicial Academy<br>(राष्‍ट्रिय न्यायिक अकादमी) | headerstyle = background:#FF0800; color:white; | header1 = संस्था अवलोकन | image = | caption = '''Motto:''' Knowledge for Justice|न्यायको लागि ज्ञान | label2 = स्थापना | data2 = १९९३ मा | label3= प्रकार | data3 = स्वतन्त्र दर्ता गरिएको समाज <!-- [[Governmental organization|GO]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], [[Intergovernmental organization|IGO]], [[International nongovernmental organization|INGO]], etc --> |director = Hon'ble Mr. Justice G. Raghuram (Retd.) (5 August 2016 - ), Geeta Oberoi (2 November 2014 – 4 August 2016), Dr.Balram K. Gupta ( April 2013 - November 2014), Dr. K.N. Chandrashekeran Pillai (July 2011 - March 2013),Prof. G. Mohan Gopal (July 2006-July 2011) | label4= कानूनी स्थिति | data4= समाज दर्ता ऐन, १८६० | label5 = निर्देशक | data5 = न्यायाधीश केएन सैकिया | label6 = अध्यक्ष | data6= [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश|भारतका प्रधानन्यायाधीश]] | label7 = स्थान | data7 = [[भोपाल]], [[मध्य प्रदेश]] | label8 = देश | data8 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label9 = परिसर | data9 = ६३ एकड | label10 = कोषदता | data10 = भारत सरकार | label11 = शैक्षिक कार्यक्रम | data11 = राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक शिक्षा रणनीति (NJES) | label12 = उद्देश्य | data12 = न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुको तालिम | label13 = संकाय | data13 = १७ | label14 = वेबसाइट | data14 = {{URL|https://www.nja.gov.in}} }} '''राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक एकेडेमी''' एक [[भारत सरकार|भारतीय सरकार द्वारा]] वित्त पोषित प्रशिक्षण संस्थान हो मुख्यतः उच्च न्यायालय न्यायाधीशहरु र न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को लागी, सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतहरुमा प्रतिनियुक्ति मा काम गरीरहेको छ। यसले जिल्ला मा पोस्ट गरिएका अन्य न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुलाई पनि तालिम प्रदान गर्दछ जुन SJA ले निरन्तर न्यायिक शिक्षा (CJE) को अधीनमा छैन। संस्थान १७ अगस्त १९९३ मा समाज दर्ता अधिनियम १८६० अन्तर्गत दर्ता भएको थियो। <ref name="India">{{Cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/citizen/justice/institution_justice.php|title=National judicial Academy|website=Government of India}}</ref> एन आर माधव मेनन यसको संस्थापक निर्देशक थे। == राष्ट्रिय कौशल डाटाबेस == शिक्षाविद्हरु को अलावा, संस्थान, न्यायपालिका को कामकाज मा सुधार गर्ने उद्देश्य संग, भारतीय न्यायाधीशहरु को एक अनलाइन कौशल रजिस्ट्री स्थापित गरीरहेको छ, प्रवीणता को आफ्नो क्षेत्रहरु संग, जो न्यायाधीशहरु लाई आफ्नो प्रमाण पत्र को उपयोग गरेर पहुँच गर्न सकिन्छ।{{स्रोत नखुलेको|date=September 2019}} == राज्य न्यायिक एकेडेमीहरु == * उत्तराखण्ड न्यायिक र कानूनी एकेडेमी * राष्ट्रिय कानून विश्वविद्यालय र न्यायिक एकेडेमी, असम * पश्चिम बंगाल न्यायिक एकेडेमी == सन्दर्भ ==   97qz82pwmbx579cg9hunsmi50enfh85 1365025 1365024 2026-07-06T13:02:16Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Judicial training wing of India}} {{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2019}} {{Infobox | title = National Judicial Academy<br>(राष्‍ट्रिय न्यायिक अकादमी) | headerstyle = background:#FF0800; color:white; | header1 = संस्था अवलोकन | image = | caption = '''Motto:''' Knowledge for Justice|न्यायको लागि ज्ञान | label2 = स्थापना | data2 = १९९३ मा | label3= प्रकार | data3 = स्वतन्त्र दर्ता गरिएको समाज <!-- [[Governmental organization|GO]], [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]], [[Intergovernmental organization|IGO]], [[International nongovernmental organization|INGO]], etc --> |director = Hon'ble Mr. Justice G. Raghuram (Retd.) (5 August 2016 - ), Geeta Oberoi (2 November 2014 – 4 August 2016), Dr.Balram K. Gupta ( April 2013 - November 2014), Dr. K.N. Chandrashekeran Pillai (July 2011 - March 2013),Prof. G. Mohan Gopal (July 2006-July 2011) | label4= कानूनी स्थिति | data4= समाज दर्ता ऐन, १८६० | label5 = निर्देशक | data5 = न्यायाधीश केएन सैकिया | label6 = अध्यक्ष | data6= [[भारतको प्रधान न्यायाधीश|भारतका प्रधानन्यायाधीश]] | label7 = स्थान | data7 = [[भोपाल]], [[मध्य प्रदेश]] | label8 = देश | data8 = {{Flag|भारत}} | label9 = परिसर | data9 = ६३ एकड | label10 = कोषदता | data10 = भारत सरकार | label11 = शैक्षिक कार्यक्रम | data11 = राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक शिक्षा रणनीति (NJES) | label12 = उद्देश्य | data12 = न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुको तालिम | label13 = संकाय | data13 = १७ | label14 = वेबसाइट | data14 = {{URL|https://www.nja.gov.in}} }} '''राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक एकेडेमी''' एक [[भारत सरकार|भारतीय सरकार द्वारा]] वित्त पोषित प्रशिक्षण संस्थान हो मुख्यतः उच्च न्यायालय न्यायाधीशहरु र न्यायिक अधिकारीहरु को लागी, सर्वोच्च अदालत र उच्च अदालतहरुमा प्रतिनियुक्ति मा काम गरीरहेको छ। यसले जिल्ला मा पोस्ट गरिएका अन्य न्यायिक अधिकारीहरुलाई पनि तालिम प्रदान गर्दछ जुन SJA ले निरन्तर न्यायिक शिक्षा (CJE) को अधीनमा छैन। संस्थान १७ अगस्त १९९३ मा समाज दर्ता ऐन १८६० अन्तर्गत दर्ता भएको थियो। <ref name="India">{{Cite web|url=http://www.india.gov.in/citizen/justice/institution_justice.php|title=National judicial Academy|website=Government of India}}</ref> एन आर माधव मेनन यसको संस्थापक निर्देशक थे। == राष्ट्रिय कौशल डाटाबेस == शिक्षाविद्हरु को अलावा, संस्थान, न्यायपालिका को कामकाज मा सुधार गर्ने उद्देश्य संग, भारतीय न्यायाधीशहरु को एक अनलाइन कौशल रजिस्ट्री स्थापित गरीरहेको छ, प्रवीणता को आफ्नो क्षेत्रहरु संग, जो न्यायाधीशहरु लाई आफ्नो प्रमाण पत्र को उपयोग गरेर पहुँच गर्न सकिन्छ।{{स्रोत नखुलेको|date=September 2019}} == राज्य न्यायिक एकेडेमीहरु == * उत्तराखण्ड न्यायिक र कानूनी एकेडेमी * राष्ट्रिय कानून विश्वविद्यालय र न्यायिक एकेडेमी, असम * पश्चिम बंगाल न्यायिक एकेडेमी == सन्दर्भ ==   cfbmj64uvq7q7p0tybith2wpcbwnlhq 0 127002 1365154 1364968 2026-07-07T04:28:30Z Bishaldev100 28807 1365154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Erling Haaland | image = FC RB Salzburg versus SV Mattersburg (4. Juli 2019) 29.jpg | caption = Haaland with [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] in 2019 | full_name = Erling Braut Haaland<ref>{{cite web |title=Derfor byttet han fra Håland til Haaland |trans-title=The reason he changed from Håland to Haaland |language=no |newspaper=Dagbladet |date=19 September 2019 |access-date=19 December 2019 |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/derfor-byttet-han-fra-haland-til-haaland/71617171/amp |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203185824/https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/derfor-byttet-han-fra-haland-til-haaland/71617171/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> | birth_name = Erling Braut Håland<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |title=FIFA U-20 World Cup Poland 2019: List of Players: Norway |publisher=FIFA |page=13 |date=13 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206013743/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2020 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206013743/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |date=6 February 2020 }}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|7|21|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |title=Erling Haaland: Overview |publisher=ESPN |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127150717/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |url-status=live }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]], England | height = 1.95 m<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mancity.com/citytv/mens/inside-city-398-erling-haaland-special-63790731 |title=Inside City 398: Erling Haaland Special |publisher=Manchester City F.C. |date=14 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022}} 4 minutes 50 seconds in.</ref> | position = [[अग्रपङ्क्ति (फुटबल)|स्ट्राइकर]] | currentclub = [[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटी]] | clubnumber = 9 | youthyears1 = 2005–2016 | youthclubs1 = [[Bryne FK|Bryne]] | youthyears2 = 2017 | youthclubs2 = [[Molde FK|Molde]] | years1 = 2015–2016 | clubs1 = [[Bryne FK 2|Bryne 2]] | caps1 = 14 | goals1 = 18 | years2 = 2016–2017 | clubs2 = [[Bryne FK|Bryne]] | caps2 = 16 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2017 | clubs3 = [[Molde FK 2|Molde 2]] | caps3 = 4 | goals3 = 2 | years4 = 2017–2019 | clubs4 = [[Molde FK|Molde]] | caps4 = 39 | goals4 = 14 | years5 = 2019–2020 | clubs5 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] | caps5 = 16 | goals5 = 17 | years6 = 2020–2022 | clubs6 = [[बोरुसिया डोर्टमुन्ड|बोरुसिया डर्टमन्ड]] | caps6 = 67 | goals6 = 62 | years7 = 2022– | clubs7 =[[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटी]] | caps7 = 6 | goals7 = 10 <!-- PREMIER LEAGUE APPEARANCES AND GOALS ONLY --> | nationalyears1 = 2015 | nationalteam1 = Norway U15 | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 4 | nationalyears2 = 2016 | nationalteam2 = [[Norway national under-16 football team|Norway U16]] | nationalcaps2 = 17 | nationalgoals2 = 1 | nationalyears3 = 2017 | nationalteam3 = [[Norway national under-17 football team|Norway U17]] | nationalcaps3 = 5 | nationalgoals3 = 2 | nationalyears4 = 2017 | nationalteam4 = [[Norway national under-18 football team|Norway U18]] | nationalcaps4 = 6 | nationalgoals4 = 6 | nationalyears5 = 2018 | nationalteam5 = [[Norway national under-19 football team|Norway U19]] | nationalcaps5 = 6 | nationalgoals5 = 6 | nationalyears6 = 2019 | nationalteam6 = [[Norway national under-20 football team|Norway U20]] | nationalcaps6 = 5 | nationalgoals6 = 11 | nationalyears7 = 2018 | nationalteam7 = [[Norway national under-21 football team|Norway U21]] | nationalcaps7 = 3 | nationalgoals7 = 0 | nationalyears8 = 2019– | nationalteam8 = [[Norway national football team|Norway]] | nationalcaps8 = 21 | nationalgoals8 = 20 | club-update = 19:31, 3 September 2022 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 15:59, 27 August 2022 (UTC) }}   '''अर्लिङ ब्राउट हल्यान्ड''' ( né '''Håland'''{{IPA-no|ˈhoːlɑn|}} ; जन्म २१ जुलाई २०००) एक नर्वेजियन व्यवासायिक [[फुटबल खेल|फुटबल खेलाडी]] हुन् । उनले प्रिमियर लिग क्लब [[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटी]] र [[नर्वे राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|नर्वे राष्ट्रिय टोलीका]] लागि [[अग्रपङ्क्ति (फुटबल)|स्ट्राइकर]]को रूपमा खेल्छन्। विश्वका उत्कृष्ट खेलाडीहरू मध्ये एक मानिन्छ, उनी आफ्नो एथलेटिकिज्म, गति र फिनिशिङका लागि परिचित छन्। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sport.optus.com.au/articles/os16468/champions-league-talking-points-wednesday-morning|title=Is Erling Haaland the best striker in the world?|date=25 November 2020|publisher=Optus Sport|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231302/https://sport.optus.com.au/articles/os16468/champions-league-talking-points-wednesday-morning|archivedate=16 April 2021|accessdate=13 March 2021}}</ref> हल्यान्ड युवा प्रणालीबाट आएर ब्राइनको बैकल्पिक र सिनियर टिममा समावेश भए। उनी २०१७ मा उनी मोल्डे गए, जहाँ उनले दुई सिजन बिताए। हालान्डले जनवरी २०१९ मा अस्ट्रियाको बुन्डेसलिगा मा रेड बुल साल्जबर्गसँग सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गरे, दुईवटा लिग उपाधि र एउटा अस्ट्रियन कप जिते। डिसेम्बर २०१९मा, उनी जर्मन [[बुन्डेसलिगा]] क्लब [[बोरुसिया डोर्टमुन्ड|बोरुसिया डर्टमुन्डमा]] गए, जहाँ उनले २०२०-२१ मा डि.एफ.बि- पोकल जितेका थिए। == बाल्यकाल == एर्लिङ ब्राउट हालान्डको जन्म २१ जुलाई २००० मा इङ्गल्याण्डको वेस्ट योर्कशायरको लीड्समा भएको थियो<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4672503/premier-league-clubs-publish-202526-retained-lists |title=Premier League clubs publish 2025/26 retained lists |publisher=Premier League |date=10 June 2026 |access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |title=Erling Haaland: Overview |work=ESPN |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127150717/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- DO NOT REMOVE "West Yorkshire", there are multiple "Leeds" in England, one cannot force a user to click the link to know which Leeds is meant here per "MOS:FORCELINK". Also, DO NOT LINK, see "MOS:GEOLINK" for further guidance -->, उनका बुबा अल्फी हालान्ड लिड्स युनाइटेडबाट खेलिरहेका थिए।<ref name="Cross">{{cite news |url=https://www.leeds-live.co.uk/sport/leeds-united/erling-haaland-leeds-united-manutd-14854128 |title=Wonderkid Haaland would pick Leeds United over Man Utd every time |last=Cross |first=Beren |date=9 July 2018 |website=Leeds Live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231306/https://www.leeds-live.co.uk/sport/leeds-united/erling-haaland-molde-leeds-united-14854128 |url-status=live}}</ref> फलस्वरूप, हालान्ड लिड्सको समर्थकको रूपमा हुर्केका थिए।<ref name="Cross"/> २००४ मा, तीन वर्षको उमेरमा, उनी नर्वेमा रहेको आफ्ना आमाबाबुको गृहनगर [[ब्रायन]]मा सरे। <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Ole Jonny Eriksrud |date=29 November 2018 |title=Erling Braut Haaland: – Har sagt til meg selv at jeg vil bli verdens beste spiller |url=http://nettavisen.no/artikkel/3423560463|access-date=31 October 2020 |website=Nettavisen |language=no|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231307/https://www.nettavisen.no/artikkel/erling-braut-haaland-har-sagt-til-meg-selv-at-jeg-vil-bli-verdens-beste-spiller/s/12-95-3423560463|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rose |first=Gary |date=2 October 2019 |title=Erling Braut Haaland: Is Red Bull Salzburg striker really 'the next Zlatan Ibrahimovic'? |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49885026 |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002060355/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49885026 |url-status=live}}</ref> उनकी आमा ग्री मारिता ब्राउट १९९० को दशकमा नर्वेमा राष्ट्रिय हेप्टाथलन च्याम्पियन थिइन्।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/inside-erling-haalands-family-life-214805117.html|title=Inside Erling Haaland's Family Life: Father, Mother, Siblings|author=Farah Ben Gamra|date=16 June 2026|website=Sports.yahoo.com|access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref> == क्लब क्यारियर == === ब्रायन === हल्यान्डले पाँच वर्षको उमेरमा उनको गृहनगर क्लब ब्रायनको एकेडेमीमा सुरु गरे। <ref>{{cite news |last1=Godø |first1=Øyvind |title=Slik ble Erling Braut Haaland en av heteste fotballspillere – Han kunne ikke løpe skikkelig |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/han-kunne-ikke-lope-skikkelig/72073154 |newspaper=Dagbladet |access-date=2 September 2020 |date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130134208/https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/han-kunne-ikke-lope-skikkelig/72073154 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BL Background">{{cite web |title=Erling Haaland's journey: from Bryne to Borussia Dortmund |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/erling-haaland-roots-from-bryne-to-borussia-dortmund-history-norway-solskjaer-10652 |publisher=Bundesliga |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531212502/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/erling-haaland-roots-from-bryne-to-borussia-dortmund-history-norway-solskjaer-10652 }}</ref> २०१५-१६ को सिजनको बेलामा, उनले ब्रायनको बैकल्पिक टिमबाट खेले र १५ खेलबाट १८ गोल गरे।<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=In Profile: Erling Braut Håland |website=FOTBALLBEN |date=13 July 2018 |access-date=13 July 2018 |url=https://fotballben.weebly.com/home/in-profile-erling-braut-haland# |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713173626/https://fotballben.weebly.com/home/in-profile-erling-braut-haland |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713173626/https://fotballben.weebly.com/home/in-profile-erling-braut-haland |date=13 July 2018 }}</ref> === मोल्ड === === रेड बुल साल्जबर्ग === === बोरुसिया डर्टमन्ड === === म्यानचेस्टर सिटी === [[चित्र:Haaland_and_Rodri_warm_up_2022.jpeg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Haaland_and_Rodri_warm_up_2022.jpeg/176px-Haaland_and_Rodri_warm_up_2022.jpeg|thumb|228x228px| हालान्ड २०२२ मा [[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटीसँग]] वार्मअप गर्दै]] २०२२ मे २० मा, प्रिमियर लिग क्लब म्यान्चेस्टर सिटिले उनीहरू हल्यान्डलाईइ भित्राउन सम्झौता गरेको घोषणा गर्यो। <ref>{{cite news |title=Erling Haaland: Manchester City agree to sign Norway striker from Borussia Dortmund for £51.2m |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60819647 |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> यो सम्झौतालाई १३ जुनमा सिटिले हल्यान्डले ५ वर्षे करार अनुसार १ जुलाईमा क्लबमा आउने घोषणा गरेर औपचारिकता दिइयो। <ref>{{cite web |date=13 June 2022 |access-date=13 June 2022 |title= City Complete Haaland Transfer |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/erling-haaland-manchester-city-transfer-complete-63790702|publisher=Manchester City F.C.}}</ref> उनले २०२२ एफए कम्युनिटी सिल्डमा लिभरपुललाई ३-१ ले पराजित गरेको खेलमा ९० मिनेट खेल्दै ३० जुलाईमा पहिलो खेल खेले। <ref>{{cite web |last=Bosher |first=Luke |url=https://theathletic.com/3463035/2022/07/30/pep-guardiola-erling-haaland-manchester-city/ |title=Guardiola after Man City's Community Shield defeat: ‘It is good for Haaland to see the reality in a new country’ |date=30 July 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Athletic}}</ref> ७ अगस्टमा, उनले वेस्ट ह्याम बिरुद्धको २-० को जितमा २ गोल गरे। <ref>{{cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Erling Haaland ‘born to score goals', says Pep Guardiola after City victory |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/07/erling-haaland-born-to-score-goals-says-pep-guardiola-after-city-victory |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> २७ अगस्टमा, हल्यान्डले क्रिस्टल प्यालेस विरुद्धको ४-२ को जितमा प्रिमियर लिगमा पहिलो ह्याट्रिक गरे। <ref>{{cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=Haaland's 19-minute Manchester City hat-trick puts out Crystal Palace's fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/27/manchester-city-crystal-palace-premier-league-match-report |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> चार दिन पछि, नोटिनघाम फरेस्ट विरुद्ध ६-० को जितमा उनले दोस्रो ह्याट्रिक गरे। <ref>{{cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=Erling Haaland scores perfect hat-trick against Nottingham Forest |url=https://www.skysports.com/watch/video/sports/football/12686519/haalands-perfect-hat-trick-flattens-forest |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> । यसबाट उनी सबैभन्दा छिटो दुई ह्याट्रिक गरेको खेलाडी भए, जुन यसभन्दा अगाडि १४ खेलमा भएको थियो।;<ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2022|title=Haaland scores hat-trick as Manchester City hit Nottingham Forest for six |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/31/manchester-city-nottingham-forest-premier-league-match-report |access-date=31 August 2022|work=The Guardian}}</ref> उनी अगस्ट महिनाको लागि "प्रिमियर लिग प्लेयर अफ द मन्थ" चुनिए। <ref name="voted">{{cite web |title=Haaland voted August EA SPORTS Player of the Month |url=http://www.premierleague.com/news/2787350 |access-date=16 September 2022 |date=16 September 2022 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> ६ सेप्टेम्बरमा, उनले सेभिल्ला बिरुद्ध २ गोल गर्दै क्लबको लागि च्याम्पियन्स लिगको पहिलो खेल खेले। उनी च्याम्पियन्स लिगमा २० खेल खेलेर २५ गोल गर्ने पहिलो खेलाडी भए। <ref>{{cite web |last=Sutcliffe |first=Steve |title=Sevilla 0–4 Manchester City: Erling Haaland scores twice in comfortable win for Pep Guardiola's side |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/62800316 |work=BBC Sport |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dawson |first=Rob |title=Erling Haaland, Man City's Champions League quest off to a flying start with big win over Sevilla |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/blog-the-match/story/4740153/erling-haalandman-citys-champions-league-quest-off-to-a-flying-start-with-big-win-over-sevilla |publisher=ESPN |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref> २ अक्टोबरमा, हल्यान्ड प्रिमियर लिग इतिहासमा लगातार तीन होम गेममा ह्याट्रिक गर्ने पहिलो खेलाडी भए। म्यान्चेस्टर युनाइटेड विरुद्धको ६-३ को जितमा उनले ३ गोल र २ असिस्ट गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web |last=Gastelum |first=Andrew |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2022/10/02/erling-haaland-hat-trick-manchester-derby-city-foden-video |title=Man City's Erling Haaland, Phil Foden Net Hat Tricks in Manchester Derby |date=2 October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=Sports Illustrated}}</ref> उनी प्रिमियर लिग इतिहासमा सबै भन्दा छिटो ३ ह्याट्रिक गर्ने खेलाडी भए, उनले ८ लिग खेलमा ३ [[ह्याट्रिक]] गरेका थिए। यसभन्दा अगाडि यो कीर्तिमान ४८ लिग खेलमा थियो जुन १९९८ मा [[माइकल ओवेन]]को नाममा थियो। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Erling Haaland's City hat-tricks |url=https://www.mancity.com/citytv/mens/erling-haaland-manchester-city-hat-tricks-63800396 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=www.mancity.com |language=en}}</ref> == अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय करियर == == खेल्ने शैली == ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} {{कमन्सश्रेणी|Erling Braut Haaland}} [[श्रेणी:बुन्डेसलिगा खेलाडीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:बोरुसिया डर्टमन्डका खेलाडीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नर्वेली फुटबल खेलाडीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:जीवित मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सन् २००० मा जन्म]] [[श्रेणी:२०२६ फिफा विश्वकपका खेलाडीहरू]] 9jjl2coyrwj3rh80lcpgvdwiroqd0yn 1365157 1365154 2026-07-07T04:37:21Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय करियर */ 1365157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Erling Haaland | image = FC RB Salzburg versus SV Mattersburg (4. Juli 2019) 29.jpg | caption = Haaland with [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] in 2019 | full_name = Erling Braut Haaland<ref>{{cite web |title=Derfor byttet han fra Håland til Haaland |trans-title=The reason he changed from Håland to Haaland |language=no |newspaper=Dagbladet |date=19 September 2019 |access-date=19 December 2019 |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/derfor-byttet-han-fra-haland-til-haaland/71617171/amp |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203185824/https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/derfor-byttet-han-fra-haland-til-haaland/71617171/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> | birth_name = Erling Braut Håland<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |title=FIFA U-20 World Cup Poland 2019: List of Players: Norway |publisher=FIFA |page=13 |date=13 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206013743/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2020 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206013743/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |date=6 February 2020 }}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|7|21|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |title=Erling Haaland: Overview |publisher=ESPN |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127150717/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |url-status=live }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]], England | height = 1.95 m<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mancity.com/citytv/mens/inside-city-398-erling-haaland-special-63790731 |title=Inside City 398: Erling Haaland Special |publisher=Manchester City F.C. |date=14 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022}} 4 minutes 50 seconds in.</ref> | position = [[अग्रपङ्क्ति (फुटबल)|स्ट्राइकर]] | currentclub = [[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटी]] | clubnumber = 9 | youthyears1 = 2005–2016 | youthclubs1 = [[Bryne FK|Bryne]] | youthyears2 = 2017 | youthclubs2 = [[Molde FK|Molde]] | years1 = 2015–2016 | clubs1 = [[Bryne FK 2|Bryne 2]] | caps1 = 14 | goals1 = 18 | years2 = 2016–2017 | clubs2 = [[Bryne FK|Bryne]] | caps2 = 16 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2017 | clubs3 = [[Molde FK 2|Molde 2]] | caps3 = 4 | goals3 = 2 | years4 = 2017–2019 | clubs4 = [[Molde FK|Molde]] | caps4 = 39 | goals4 = 14 | years5 = 2019–2020 | clubs5 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] | caps5 = 16 | goals5 = 17 | years6 = 2020–2022 | clubs6 = [[बोरुसिया डोर्टमुन्ड|बोरुसिया डर्टमन्ड]] | caps6 = 67 | goals6 = 62 | years7 = 2022– | clubs7 =[[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटी]] | caps7 = 6 | goals7 = 10 <!-- PREMIER LEAGUE APPEARANCES AND GOALS ONLY --> | nationalyears1 = 2015 | nationalteam1 = Norway U15 | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 4 | nationalyears2 = 2016 | nationalteam2 = [[Norway national under-16 football team|Norway U16]] | nationalcaps2 = 17 | nationalgoals2 = 1 | nationalyears3 = 2017 | nationalteam3 = [[Norway national under-17 football team|Norway U17]] | nationalcaps3 = 5 | nationalgoals3 = 2 | nationalyears4 = 2017 | nationalteam4 = [[Norway national under-18 football team|Norway U18]] | nationalcaps4 = 6 | nationalgoals4 = 6 | nationalyears5 = 2018 | nationalteam5 = [[Norway national under-19 football team|Norway U19]] | nationalcaps5 = 6 | nationalgoals5 = 6 | nationalyears6 = 2019 | nationalteam6 = [[Norway national under-20 football team|Norway U20]] | nationalcaps6 = 5 | nationalgoals6 = 11 | nationalyears7 = 2018 | nationalteam7 = [[Norway national under-21 football team|Norway U21]] | nationalcaps7 = 3 | nationalgoals7 = 0 | nationalyears8 = 2019– | nationalteam8 = [[Norway national football team|Norway]] | nationalcaps8 = 21 | nationalgoals8 = 20 | club-update = 19:31, 3 September 2022 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 15:59, 27 August 2022 (UTC) }}   '''अर्लिङ ब्राउट हल्यान्ड''' ( né '''Håland'''{{IPA-no|ˈhoːlɑn|}} ; जन्म २१ जुलाई २०००) एक नर्वेजियन व्यवासायिक [[फुटबल खेल|फुटबल खेलाडी]] हुन् । उनले प्रिमियर लिग क्लब [[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटी]] र [[नर्वे राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|नर्वे राष्ट्रिय टोलीका]] लागि [[अग्रपङ्क्ति (फुटबल)|स्ट्राइकर]]को रूपमा खेल्छन्। विश्वका उत्कृष्ट खेलाडीहरू मध्ये एक मानिन्छ, उनी आफ्नो एथलेटिकिज्म, गति र फिनिशिङका लागि परिचित छन्। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sport.optus.com.au/articles/os16468/champions-league-talking-points-wednesday-morning|title=Is Erling Haaland the best striker in the world?|date=25 November 2020|publisher=Optus Sport|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231302/https://sport.optus.com.au/articles/os16468/champions-league-talking-points-wednesday-morning|archivedate=16 April 2021|accessdate=13 March 2021}}</ref> हल्यान्ड युवा प्रणालीबाट आएर ब्राइनको बैकल्पिक र सिनियर टिममा समावेश भए। उनी २०१७ मा उनी मोल्डे गए, जहाँ उनले दुई सिजन बिताए। हालान्डले जनवरी २०१९ मा अस्ट्रियाको बुन्डेसलिगा मा रेड बुल साल्जबर्गसँग सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गरे, दुईवटा लिग उपाधि र एउटा अस्ट्रियन कप जिते। डिसेम्बर २०१९मा, उनी जर्मन [[बुन्डेसलिगा]] क्लब [[बोरुसिया डोर्टमुन्ड|बोरुसिया डर्टमुन्डमा]] गए, जहाँ उनले २०२०-२१ मा डि.एफ.बि- पोकल जितेका थिए। == बाल्यकाल == एर्लिङ ब्राउट हालान्डको जन्म २१ जुलाई २००० मा इङ्गल्याण्डको वेस्ट योर्कशायरको लीड्समा भएको थियो<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4672503/premier-league-clubs-publish-202526-retained-lists |title=Premier League clubs publish 2025/26 retained lists |publisher=Premier League |date=10 June 2026 |access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |title=Erling Haaland: Overview |work=ESPN |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127150717/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- DO NOT REMOVE "West Yorkshire", there are multiple "Leeds" in England, one cannot force a user to click the link to know which Leeds is meant here per "MOS:FORCELINK". Also, DO NOT LINK, see "MOS:GEOLINK" for further guidance -->, उनका बुबा अल्फी हालान्ड लिड्स युनाइटेडबाट खेलिरहेका थिए।<ref name="Cross">{{cite news |url=https://www.leeds-live.co.uk/sport/leeds-united/erling-haaland-leeds-united-manutd-14854128 |title=Wonderkid Haaland would pick Leeds United over Man Utd every time |last=Cross |first=Beren |date=9 July 2018 |website=Leeds Live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231306/https://www.leeds-live.co.uk/sport/leeds-united/erling-haaland-molde-leeds-united-14854128 |url-status=live}}</ref> फलस्वरूप, हालान्ड लिड्सको समर्थकको रूपमा हुर्केका थिए।<ref name="Cross"/> २००४ मा, तीन वर्षको उमेरमा, उनी नर्वेमा रहेको आफ्ना आमाबाबुको गृहनगर [[ब्रायन]]मा सरे। <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Ole Jonny Eriksrud |date=29 November 2018 |title=Erling Braut Haaland: – Har sagt til meg selv at jeg vil bli verdens beste spiller |url=http://nettavisen.no/artikkel/3423560463|access-date=31 October 2020 |website=Nettavisen |language=no|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231307/https://www.nettavisen.no/artikkel/erling-braut-haaland-har-sagt-til-meg-selv-at-jeg-vil-bli-verdens-beste-spiller/s/12-95-3423560463|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rose |first=Gary |date=2 October 2019 |title=Erling Braut Haaland: Is Red Bull Salzburg striker really 'the next Zlatan Ibrahimovic'? |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49885026 |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002060355/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49885026 |url-status=live}}</ref> उनकी आमा ग्री मारिता ब्राउट १९९० को दशकमा नर्वेमा राष्ट्रिय हेप्टाथलन च्याम्पियन थिइन्।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/inside-erling-haalands-family-life-214805117.html|title=Inside Erling Haaland's Family Life: Father, Mother, Siblings|author=Farah Ben Gamra|date=16 June 2026|website=Sports.yahoo.com|access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref> == क्लब क्यारियर == === ब्रायन === हल्यान्डले पाँच वर्षको उमेरमा उनको गृहनगर क्लब ब्रायनको एकेडेमीमा सुरु गरे। <ref>{{cite news |last1=Godø |first1=Øyvind |title=Slik ble Erling Braut Haaland en av heteste fotballspillere – Han kunne ikke løpe skikkelig |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/han-kunne-ikke-lope-skikkelig/72073154 |newspaper=Dagbladet |access-date=2 September 2020 |date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130134208/https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/han-kunne-ikke-lope-skikkelig/72073154 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BL Background">{{cite web |title=Erling Haaland's journey: from Bryne to Borussia Dortmund |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/erling-haaland-roots-from-bryne-to-borussia-dortmund-history-norway-solskjaer-10652 |publisher=Bundesliga |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531212502/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/erling-haaland-roots-from-bryne-to-borussia-dortmund-history-norway-solskjaer-10652 }}</ref> २०१५-१६ को सिजनको बेलामा, उनले ब्रायनको बैकल्पिक टिमबाट खेले र १५ खेलबाट १८ गोल गरे।<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=In Profile: Erling Braut Håland |website=FOTBALLBEN |date=13 July 2018 |access-date=13 July 2018 |url=https://fotballben.weebly.com/home/in-profile-erling-braut-haland# |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713173626/https://fotballben.weebly.com/home/in-profile-erling-braut-haland |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713173626/https://fotballben.weebly.com/home/in-profile-erling-braut-haland |date=13 July 2018 }}</ref> === मोल्ड === === रेड बुल साल्जबर्ग === === बोरुसिया डर्टमन्ड === === म्यानचेस्टर सिटी === [[चित्र:Haaland_and_Rodri_warm_up_2022.jpeg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Haaland_and_Rodri_warm_up_2022.jpeg/176px-Haaland_and_Rodri_warm_up_2022.jpeg|thumb|228x228px| हालान्ड २०२२ मा [[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटीसँग]] वार्मअप गर्दै]] २०२२ मे २० मा, प्रिमियर लिग क्लब म्यान्चेस्टर सिटिले उनीहरू हल्यान्डलाईइ भित्राउन सम्झौता गरेको घोषणा गर्यो। <ref>{{cite news |title=Erling Haaland: Manchester City agree to sign Norway striker from Borussia Dortmund for £51.2m |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60819647 |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> यो सम्झौतालाई १३ जुनमा सिटिले हल्यान्डले ५ वर्षे करार अनुसार १ जुलाईमा क्लबमा आउने घोषणा गरेर औपचारिकता दिइयो। <ref>{{cite web |date=13 June 2022 |access-date=13 June 2022 |title= City Complete Haaland Transfer |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/erling-haaland-manchester-city-transfer-complete-63790702|publisher=Manchester City F.C.}}</ref> उनले २०२२ एफए कम्युनिटी सिल्डमा लिभरपुललाई ३-१ ले पराजित गरेको खेलमा ९० मिनेट खेल्दै ३० जुलाईमा पहिलो खेल खेले। <ref>{{cite web |last=Bosher |first=Luke |url=https://theathletic.com/3463035/2022/07/30/pep-guardiola-erling-haaland-manchester-city/ |title=Guardiola after Man City's Community Shield defeat: ‘It is good for Haaland to see the reality in a new country’ |date=30 July 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Athletic}}</ref> ७ अगस्टमा, उनले वेस्ट ह्याम बिरुद्धको २-० को जितमा २ गोल गरे। <ref>{{cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Erling Haaland ‘born to score goals', says Pep Guardiola after City victory |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/07/erling-haaland-born-to-score-goals-says-pep-guardiola-after-city-victory |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> २७ अगस्टमा, हल्यान्डले क्रिस्टल प्यालेस विरुद्धको ४-२ को जितमा प्रिमियर लिगमा पहिलो ह्याट्रिक गरे। <ref>{{cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=Haaland's 19-minute Manchester City hat-trick puts out Crystal Palace's fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/27/manchester-city-crystal-palace-premier-league-match-report |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> चार दिन पछि, नोटिनघाम फरेस्ट विरुद्ध ६-० को जितमा उनले दोस्रो ह्याट्रिक गरे। <ref>{{cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=Erling Haaland scores perfect hat-trick against Nottingham Forest |url=https://www.skysports.com/watch/video/sports/football/12686519/haalands-perfect-hat-trick-flattens-forest |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> । यसबाट उनी सबैभन्दा छिटो दुई ह्याट्रिक गरेको खेलाडी भए, जुन यसभन्दा अगाडि १४ खेलमा भएको थियो।;<ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2022|title=Haaland scores hat-trick as Manchester City hit Nottingham Forest for six |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/31/manchester-city-nottingham-forest-premier-league-match-report |access-date=31 August 2022|work=The Guardian}}</ref> उनी अगस्ट महिनाको लागि "प्रिमियर लिग प्लेयर अफ द मन्थ" चुनिए। <ref name="voted">{{cite web |title=Haaland voted August EA SPORTS Player of the Month |url=http://www.premierleague.com/news/2787350 |access-date=16 September 2022 |date=16 September 2022 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> ६ सेप्टेम्बरमा, उनले सेभिल्ला बिरुद्ध २ गोल गर्दै क्लबको लागि च्याम्पियन्स लिगको पहिलो खेल खेले। उनी च्याम्पियन्स लिगमा २० खेल खेलेर २५ गोल गर्ने पहिलो खेलाडी भए। <ref>{{cite web |last=Sutcliffe |first=Steve |title=Sevilla 0–4 Manchester City: Erling Haaland scores twice in comfortable win for Pep Guardiola's side |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/62800316 |work=BBC Sport |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dawson |first=Rob |title=Erling Haaland, Man City's Champions League quest off to a flying start with big win over Sevilla |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/blog-the-match/story/4740153/erling-haalandman-citys-champions-league-quest-off-to-a-flying-start-with-big-win-over-sevilla |publisher=ESPN |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref> २ अक्टोबरमा, हल्यान्ड प्रिमियर लिग इतिहासमा लगातार तीन होम गेममा ह्याट्रिक गर्ने पहिलो खेलाडी भए। म्यान्चेस्टर युनाइटेड विरुद्धको ६-३ को जितमा उनले ३ गोल र २ असिस्ट गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web |last=Gastelum |first=Andrew |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2022/10/02/erling-haaland-hat-trick-manchester-derby-city-foden-video |title=Man City's Erling Haaland, Phil Foden Net Hat Tricks in Manchester Derby |date=2 October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=Sports Illustrated}}</ref> उनी प्रिमियर लिग इतिहासमा सबै भन्दा छिटो ३ ह्याट्रिक गर्ने खेलाडी भए, उनले ८ लिग खेलमा ३ [[ह्याट्रिक]] गरेका थिए। यसभन्दा अगाडि यो कीर्तिमान ४८ लिग खेलमा थियो जुन १९९८ मा [[माइकल ओवेन]]को नाममा थियो। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Erling Haaland's City hat-tricks |url=https://www.mancity.com/citytv/mens/erling-haaland-manchester-city-hat-tricks-63800396 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=www.mancity.com |language=en}}</ref> == अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय करियर == === २०१५–२०१८: युवा === === २०१९–२०२१: पहिलो प्रमुख प्रतियोगिता === === २०२१–२०२४: लगातार नेसन्स लिगका उच्च गोलकर्ता र नर्वेको उच्च गोलकर्ता === === २०२५–२०२६: पहिलो विश्वकप === [[चित्र:Erling_Haaland_June_2025.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|Haaland with [[Norway national football team|Norway]] in 2025]] ६ जुन २०२५ मा, हालान्डले इटाली विरुद्धको विश्वकप छनोट खेलमा नर्वेको लागि ३-० को जितमा अन्तिम गोल गरे, जसले २५ वर्षमा इटालियनहरूमाथि राष्ट्रको पहिलो जित सुनिश्चित गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/world-cup-qualifying-haaland-leads-norway-its-first-win-vs-italy-25-years|title=World Cup qualifying: Haaland leads Norway to its first win vs. Italy in 25 years|date=12 June 2025|access-date=12 June 2025|publisher=Fox Sports}}</ref> सेप्टेम्बर ९ मा, उनले मोल्डोभामाथि ११-१ को जितमा पाँच गोल गरे र थप दुई गोलमा सहयोग गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46208975/erling-haaland-scores-5-norway-keep-pressure-italy|title=Erling Haaland scores 5 as Norway keep pressure on Italy|date=9 September 2025|work=ESPN|access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref> एक महिना पछि, अक्टोबर ११ मा, उनले इजरायलमाथि ५-० को जितमा ह्याट्रिक गरे, २१ औं शताब्दीमा ५० अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गोल पूरा गर्ने सबैभन्दा छिटो खेलाडी बने र केनको ७१ खेलको तुलनामा केवल ४६ खेलमा कोसेढुङ्गा हासिल गरेर [[ह्यारी केन]]को रेकर्ड तोडे।<ref>{{cite web |last=Stewart |first=Ben |date=12 October 2025 |title=Erling Haaland obliterates goalscoring record once held by Harry Kane & Neymar |url=https://www.planetfootball.com/manchester-city/erling-haaland-obliterates-goalscoring-record-harry-kane-neymar |access-date=12 October 2025 |publisher=Planet Football}}</ref> उनी ५० भन्दा कम खेलमा ५० अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गोल पूरा गर्ने छैटौं खेलाडी बने।<ref name=":8" /> १६ नोभेम्बरमा, हालान्डले इटालीमाथि ४-१ को अवे जितमा दुई गोल गरे, आठ जितका साथ २०२६ फिफा विश्वकपमा आफ्नो राष्ट्रको स्थान सुरक्षित गरे, जुन [[१९९८ फिफा विश्वकप|१९९८]] पछि पहिलो पटक विश्वकपमा उपस्थित भएको थियो। <ref>{{cite web |last=Begley |first=Emlyn |date=16 November 2025 |title=How Haaland fired Norway to the World Cup |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cpv18vznj78o |access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> हालान्डले विश्वकप छनोट अभियान १६ गोलका साथ समाप्त गरे, नर्वेका सबै आठ खेलमा गोल गर्दै, र एकल विश्वकप छनोट अभियानको लागि २०१८ छनोटबाट [[रोबर्ट लेवान्डोस्की|रोबर्ट लेवान्डोव्स्की]]को रेकर्ड तालिकाको बराबरी गरे।<ref>{{cite web |date=16 November 2025 |title=Italy 1–4 Norway: Haaland double caps World Cup qualification in style |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/uefa-world-cup-qualifiers/articles/italy-1-4-norway-haaland-double-caps-world-cup-qualification-in-style-2025-11-16 |access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=beIN SPORTS}}</ref> हालान्ड पोर्चुगलका पाउलेटापछि लगातार आठ विश्वकप छनोट खेलमा गोल गर्ने दोस्रो खेलाडी पनि बने।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Dante |date=16 November 2025 |title=Erling Haaland reaches incredible goalscoring record in World Cup qualifiers not even Messi or Ronaldo achieved |url=https://worldsoccertalk.com/news/erling-haaland-reaches-incredible-goalscoring-record-in-world-cup-qualifiers-not-even-messi-or-ronaldo-achieved/ |access-date=6 July 2026 |website=World Soccer Talk |language=en-US}}</ref> उनले १९६२ मा अब्दुल घानी मिन्हातको लगातार ११ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय खेलमा गोल गर्ने कीर्तिमान बराबरी गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/ca/soccer/news/erling-haaland-consecutive-goals-record-international-football/864cf4abdba8c55afb7ee48a|title=Erling Haaland equals consecutive goals record held for over 60 years which neither Messi nor Ronaldo could touch|last=Bonn|first=Kyle|date=16 November 2025|access-date=16 November 2025|website=Sporting News}}</ref> == खेल्ने शैली == ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} {{कमन्सश्रेणी|Erling Braut Haaland}} [[श्रेणी:बुन्डेसलिगा खेलाडीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:बोरुसिया डर्टमन्डका खेलाडीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नर्वेली फुटबल खेलाडीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:जीवित मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सन् २००० मा जन्म]] [[श्रेणी:२०२६ फिफा विश्वकपका खेलाडीहरू]] cqlo4x0b4zylq3qown11i3cq4ln3ghs 1365158 1365157 2026-07-07T04:39:54Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* २०२५–२०२६: पहिलो विश्वकप */ 1365158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Erling Haaland | image = FC RB Salzburg versus SV Mattersburg (4. Juli 2019) 29.jpg | caption = Haaland with [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] in 2019 | full_name = Erling Braut Haaland<ref>{{cite web |title=Derfor byttet han fra Håland til Haaland |trans-title=The reason he changed from Håland to Haaland |language=no |newspaper=Dagbladet |date=19 September 2019 |access-date=19 December 2019 |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/derfor-byttet-han-fra-haland-til-haaland/71617171/amp |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203185824/https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/derfor-byttet-han-fra-haland-til-haaland/71617171/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> | birth_name = Erling Braut Håland<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |title=FIFA U-20 World Cup Poland 2019: List of Players: Norway |publisher=FIFA |page=13 |date=13 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206013743/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2020 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206013743/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |date=6 February 2020 }}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|7|21|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |title=Erling Haaland: Overview |publisher=ESPN |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127150717/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |url-status=live }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]], England | height = 1.95 m<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mancity.com/citytv/mens/inside-city-398-erling-haaland-special-63790731 |title=Inside City 398: Erling Haaland Special |publisher=Manchester City F.C. |date=14 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022}} 4 minutes 50 seconds in.</ref> | position = [[अग्रपङ्क्ति (फुटबल)|स्ट्राइकर]] | currentclub = [[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटी]] | clubnumber = 9 | youthyears1 = 2005–2016 | youthclubs1 = [[Bryne FK|Bryne]] | youthyears2 = 2017 | youthclubs2 = [[Molde FK|Molde]] | years1 = 2015–2016 | clubs1 = [[Bryne FK 2|Bryne 2]] | caps1 = 14 | goals1 = 18 | years2 = 2016–2017 | clubs2 = [[Bryne FK|Bryne]] | caps2 = 16 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2017 | clubs3 = [[Molde FK 2|Molde 2]] | caps3 = 4 | goals3 = 2 | years4 = 2017–2019 | clubs4 = [[Molde FK|Molde]] | caps4 = 39 | goals4 = 14 | years5 = 2019–2020 | clubs5 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] | caps5 = 16 | goals5 = 17 | years6 = 2020–2022 | clubs6 = [[बोरुसिया डोर्टमुन्ड|बोरुसिया डर्टमन्ड]] | caps6 = 67 | goals6 = 62 | years7 = 2022– | clubs7 =[[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटी]] | caps7 = 6 | goals7 = 10 <!-- PREMIER LEAGUE APPEARANCES AND GOALS ONLY --> | nationalyears1 = 2015 | nationalteam1 = Norway U15 | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 4 | nationalyears2 = 2016 | nationalteam2 = [[Norway national under-16 football team|Norway U16]] | nationalcaps2 = 17 | nationalgoals2 = 1 | nationalyears3 = 2017 | nationalteam3 = [[Norway national under-17 football team|Norway U17]] | nationalcaps3 = 5 | nationalgoals3 = 2 | nationalyears4 = 2017 | nationalteam4 = [[Norway national under-18 football team|Norway U18]] | nationalcaps4 = 6 | nationalgoals4 = 6 | nationalyears5 = 2018 | nationalteam5 = [[Norway national under-19 football team|Norway U19]] | nationalcaps5 = 6 | nationalgoals5 = 6 | nationalyears6 = 2019 | nationalteam6 = [[Norway national under-20 football team|Norway U20]] | nationalcaps6 = 5 | nationalgoals6 = 11 | nationalyears7 = 2018 | nationalteam7 = [[Norway national under-21 football team|Norway U21]] | nationalcaps7 = 3 | nationalgoals7 = 0 | nationalyears8 = 2019– | nationalteam8 = [[Norway national football team|Norway]] | nationalcaps8 = 21 | nationalgoals8 = 20 | club-update = 19:31, 3 September 2022 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 15:59, 27 August 2022 (UTC) }}   '''अर्लिङ ब्राउट हल्यान्ड''' ( né '''Håland'''{{IPA-no|ˈhoːlɑn|}} ; जन्म २१ जुलाई २०००) एक नर्वेजियन व्यवासायिक [[फुटबल खेल|फुटबल खेलाडी]] हुन् । उनले प्रिमियर लिग क्लब [[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटी]] र [[नर्वे राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|नर्वे राष्ट्रिय टोलीका]] लागि [[अग्रपङ्क्ति (फुटबल)|स्ट्राइकर]]को रूपमा खेल्छन्। विश्वका उत्कृष्ट खेलाडीहरू मध्ये एक मानिन्छ, उनी आफ्नो एथलेटिकिज्म, गति र फिनिशिङका लागि परिचित छन्। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sport.optus.com.au/articles/os16468/champions-league-talking-points-wednesday-morning|title=Is Erling Haaland the best striker in the world?|date=25 November 2020|publisher=Optus Sport|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231302/https://sport.optus.com.au/articles/os16468/champions-league-talking-points-wednesday-morning|archivedate=16 April 2021|accessdate=13 March 2021}}</ref> हल्यान्ड युवा प्रणालीबाट आएर ब्राइनको बैकल्पिक र सिनियर टिममा समावेश भए। उनी २०१७ मा उनी मोल्डे गए, जहाँ उनले दुई सिजन बिताए। हालान्डले जनवरी २०१९ मा अस्ट्रियाको बुन्डेसलिगा मा रेड बुल साल्जबर्गसँग सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गरे, दुईवटा लिग उपाधि र एउटा अस्ट्रियन कप जिते। डिसेम्बर २०१९मा, उनी जर्मन [[बुन्डेसलिगा]] क्लब [[बोरुसिया डोर्टमुन्ड|बोरुसिया डर्टमुन्डमा]] गए, जहाँ उनले २०२०-२१ मा डि.एफ.बि- पोकल जितेका थिए। == बाल्यकाल == एर्लिङ ब्राउट हालान्डको जन्म २१ जुलाई २००० मा इङ्गल्याण्डको वेस्ट योर्कशायरको लीड्समा भएको थियो<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4672503/premier-league-clubs-publish-202526-retained-lists |title=Premier League clubs publish 2025/26 retained lists |publisher=Premier League |date=10 June 2026 |access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |title=Erling Haaland: Overview |work=ESPN |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127150717/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- DO NOT REMOVE "West Yorkshire", there are multiple "Leeds" in England, one cannot force a user to click the link to know which Leeds is meant here per "MOS:FORCELINK". Also, DO NOT LINK, see "MOS:GEOLINK" for further guidance -->, उनका बुबा अल्फी हालान्ड लिड्स युनाइटेडबाट खेलिरहेका थिए।<ref name="Cross">{{cite news |url=https://www.leeds-live.co.uk/sport/leeds-united/erling-haaland-leeds-united-manutd-14854128 |title=Wonderkid Haaland would pick Leeds United over Man Utd every time |last=Cross |first=Beren |date=9 July 2018 |website=Leeds Live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231306/https://www.leeds-live.co.uk/sport/leeds-united/erling-haaland-molde-leeds-united-14854128 |url-status=live}}</ref> फलस्वरूप, हालान्ड लिड्सको समर्थकको रूपमा हुर्केका थिए।<ref name="Cross"/> २००४ मा, तीन वर्षको उमेरमा, उनी नर्वेमा रहेको आफ्ना आमाबाबुको गृहनगर [[ब्रायन]]मा सरे। <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Ole Jonny Eriksrud |date=29 November 2018 |title=Erling Braut Haaland: – Har sagt til meg selv at jeg vil bli verdens beste spiller |url=http://nettavisen.no/artikkel/3423560463|access-date=31 October 2020 |website=Nettavisen |language=no|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231307/https://www.nettavisen.no/artikkel/erling-braut-haaland-har-sagt-til-meg-selv-at-jeg-vil-bli-verdens-beste-spiller/s/12-95-3423560463|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rose |first=Gary |date=2 October 2019 |title=Erling Braut Haaland: Is Red Bull Salzburg striker really 'the next Zlatan Ibrahimovic'? |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49885026 |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002060355/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49885026 |url-status=live}}</ref> उनकी आमा ग्री मारिता ब्राउट १९९० को दशकमा नर्वेमा राष्ट्रिय हेप्टाथलन च्याम्पियन थिइन्।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/inside-erling-haalands-family-life-214805117.html|title=Inside Erling Haaland's Family Life: Father, Mother, Siblings|author=Farah Ben Gamra|date=16 June 2026|website=Sports.yahoo.com|access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref> == क्लब क्यारियर == === ब्रायन === हल्यान्डले पाँच वर्षको उमेरमा उनको गृहनगर क्लब ब्रायनको एकेडेमीमा सुरु गरे। <ref>{{cite news |last1=Godø |first1=Øyvind |title=Slik ble Erling Braut Haaland en av heteste fotballspillere – Han kunne ikke løpe skikkelig |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/han-kunne-ikke-lope-skikkelig/72073154 |newspaper=Dagbladet |access-date=2 September 2020 |date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130134208/https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/han-kunne-ikke-lope-skikkelig/72073154 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BL Background">{{cite web |title=Erling Haaland's journey: from Bryne to Borussia Dortmund |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/erling-haaland-roots-from-bryne-to-borussia-dortmund-history-norway-solskjaer-10652 |publisher=Bundesliga |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531212502/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/erling-haaland-roots-from-bryne-to-borussia-dortmund-history-norway-solskjaer-10652 }}</ref> २०१५-१६ को सिजनको बेलामा, उनले ब्रायनको बैकल्पिक टिमबाट खेले र १५ खेलबाट १८ गोल गरे।<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=In Profile: Erling Braut Håland |website=FOTBALLBEN |date=13 July 2018 |access-date=13 July 2018 |url=https://fotballben.weebly.com/home/in-profile-erling-braut-haland# |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713173626/https://fotballben.weebly.com/home/in-profile-erling-braut-haland |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713173626/https://fotballben.weebly.com/home/in-profile-erling-braut-haland |date=13 July 2018 }}</ref> === मोल्ड === === रेड बुल साल्जबर्ग === === बोरुसिया डर्टमन्ड === === म्यानचेस्टर सिटी === [[चित्र:Haaland_and_Rodri_warm_up_2022.jpeg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Haaland_and_Rodri_warm_up_2022.jpeg/176px-Haaland_and_Rodri_warm_up_2022.jpeg|thumb|228x228px| हालान्ड २०२२ मा [[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटीसँग]] वार्मअप गर्दै]] २०२२ मे २० मा, प्रिमियर लिग क्लब म्यान्चेस्टर सिटिले उनीहरू हल्यान्डलाईइ भित्राउन सम्झौता गरेको घोषणा गर्यो। <ref>{{cite news |title=Erling Haaland: Manchester City agree to sign Norway striker from Borussia Dortmund for £51.2m |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60819647 |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> यो सम्झौतालाई १३ जुनमा सिटिले हल्यान्डले ५ वर्षे करार अनुसार १ जुलाईमा क्लबमा आउने घोषणा गरेर औपचारिकता दिइयो। <ref>{{cite web |date=13 June 2022 |access-date=13 June 2022 |title= City Complete Haaland Transfer |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/erling-haaland-manchester-city-transfer-complete-63790702|publisher=Manchester City F.C.}}</ref> उनले २०२२ एफए कम्युनिटी सिल्डमा लिभरपुललाई ३-१ ले पराजित गरेको खेलमा ९० मिनेट खेल्दै ३० जुलाईमा पहिलो खेल खेले। <ref>{{cite web |last=Bosher |first=Luke |url=https://theathletic.com/3463035/2022/07/30/pep-guardiola-erling-haaland-manchester-city/ |title=Guardiola after Man City's Community Shield defeat: ‘It is good for Haaland to see the reality in a new country’ |date=30 July 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Athletic}}</ref> ७ अगस्टमा, उनले वेस्ट ह्याम बिरुद्धको २-० को जितमा २ गोल गरे। <ref>{{cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Erling Haaland ‘born to score goals', says Pep Guardiola after City victory |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/07/erling-haaland-born-to-score-goals-says-pep-guardiola-after-city-victory |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> २७ अगस्टमा, हल्यान्डले क्रिस्टल प्यालेस विरुद्धको ४-२ को जितमा प्रिमियर लिगमा पहिलो ह्याट्रिक गरे। <ref>{{cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=Haaland's 19-minute Manchester City hat-trick puts out Crystal Palace's fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/27/manchester-city-crystal-palace-premier-league-match-report |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> चार दिन पछि, नोटिनघाम फरेस्ट विरुद्ध ६-० को जितमा उनले दोस्रो ह्याट्रिक गरे। <ref>{{cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=Erling Haaland scores perfect hat-trick against Nottingham Forest |url=https://www.skysports.com/watch/video/sports/football/12686519/haalands-perfect-hat-trick-flattens-forest |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> । यसबाट उनी सबैभन्दा छिटो दुई ह्याट्रिक गरेको खेलाडी भए, जुन यसभन्दा अगाडि १४ खेलमा भएको थियो।;<ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2022|title=Haaland scores hat-trick as Manchester City hit Nottingham Forest for six |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/31/manchester-city-nottingham-forest-premier-league-match-report |access-date=31 August 2022|work=The Guardian}}</ref> उनी अगस्ट महिनाको लागि "प्रिमियर लिग प्लेयर अफ द मन्थ" चुनिए। <ref name="voted">{{cite web |title=Haaland voted August EA SPORTS Player of the Month |url=http://www.premierleague.com/news/2787350 |access-date=16 September 2022 |date=16 September 2022 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> ६ सेप्टेम्बरमा, उनले सेभिल्ला बिरुद्ध २ गोल गर्दै क्लबको लागि च्याम्पियन्स लिगको पहिलो खेल खेले। उनी च्याम्पियन्स लिगमा २० खेल खेलेर २५ गोल गर्ने पहिलो खेलाडी भए। <ref>{{cite web |last=Sutcliffe |first=Steve |title=Sevilla 0–4 Manchester City: Erling Haaland scores twice in comfortable win for Pep Guardiola's side |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/62800316 |work=BBC Sport |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dawson |first=Rob |title=Erling Haaland, Man City's Champions League quest off to a flying start with big win over Sevilla |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/blog-the-match/story/4740153/erling-haalandman-citys-champions-league-quest-off-to-a-flying-start-with-big-win-over-sevilla |publisher=ESPN |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref> २ अक्टोबरमा, हल्यान्ड प्रिमियर लिग इतिहासमा लगातार तीन होम गेममा ह्याट्रिक गर्ने पहिलो खेलाडी भए। म्यान्चेस्टर युनाइटेड विरुद्धको ६-३ को जितमा उनले ३ गोल र २ असिस्ट गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web |last=Gastelum |first=Andrew |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2022/10/02/erling-haaland-hat-trick-manchester-derby-city-foden-video |title=Man City's Erling Haaland, Phil Foden Net Hat Tricks in Manchester Derby |date=2 October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=Sports Illustrated}}</ref> उनी प्रिमियर लिग इतिहासमा सबै भन्दा छिटो ३ ह्याट्रिक गर्ने खेलाडी भए, उनले ८ लिग खेलमा ३ [[ह्याट्रिक]] गरेका थिए। यसभन्दा अगाडि यो कीर्तिमान ४८ लिग खेलमा थियो जुन १९९८ मा [[माइकल ओवेन]]को नाममा थियो। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Erling Haaland's City hat-tricks |url=https://www.mancity.com/citytv/mens/erling-haaland-manchester-city-hat-tricks-63800396 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=www.mancity.com |language=en}}</ref> == अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय करियर == === २०१५–२०१८: युवा === === २०१९–२०२१: पहिलो प्रमुख प्रतियोगिता === === २०२१–२०२४: लगातार नेसन्स लिगका उच्च गोलकर्ता र नर्वेको उच्च गोलकर्ता === === २०२५–२०२६: पहिलो विश्वकप === [[चित्र:Erling_Haaland_June_2025.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|Haaland with [[Norway national football team|Norway]] in 2025]] ६ जुन २०२५ मा, हालान्डले इटाली विरुद्धको विश्वकप छनोट खेलमा नर्वेको लागि ३-० को जितमा अन्तिम गोल गरे, जसले २५ वर्षमा इटालियनहरूमाथि राष्ट्रको पहिलो जित सुनिश्चित गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/world-cup-qualifying-haaland-leads-norway-its-first-win-vs-italy-25-years|title=World Cup qualifying: Haaland leads Norway to its first win vs. Italy in 25 years|date=12 June 2025|access-date=12 June 2025|publisher=Fox Sports}}</ref> सेप्टेम्बर ९ मा, उनले मोल्डोभामाथि ११-१ को जितमा पाँच गोल गरे र थप दुई गोलमा सहयोग गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46208975/erling-haaland-scores-5-norway-keep-pressure-italy|title=Erling Haaland scores 5 as Norway keep pressure on Italy|date=9 September 2025|work=ESPN|access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref> एक महिना पछि, अक्टोबर ११ मा, उनले इजरायलमाथि ५-० को जितमा ह्याट्रिक गरे, २१ औं शताब्दीमा ५० अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गोल पूरा गर्ने सबैभन्दा छिटो खेलाडी बने र केनको ७१ खेलको तुलनामा केवल ४६ खेलमा कोसेढुङ्गा हासिल गरेर [[ह्यारी केन]]को रेकर्ड तोडे।<ref>{{cite web |last=Stewart |first=Ben |date=12 October 2025 |title=Erling Haaland obliterates goalscoring record once held by Harry Kane & Neymar |url=https://www.planetfootball.com/manchester-city/erling-haaland-obliterates-goalscoring-record-harry-kane-neymar |access-date=12 October 2025 |publisher=Planet Football}}</ref> उनी ५० भन्दा कम खेलमा ५० अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गोल पूरा गर्ने छैटौं खेलाडी बने।<ref name=":8" /> १६ नोभेम्बरमा, हालान्डले इटालीमाथि ४-१ को अवे जितमा दुई गोल गरे, आठ जितका साथ २०२६ फिफा विश्वकपमा आफ्नो राष्ट्रको स्थान सुरक्षित गरे, जुन [[१९९८ फिफा विश्वकप|१९९८]] पछि पहिलो पटक विश्वकपमा उपस्थित भएको थियो। <ref>{{cite web |last=Begley |first=Emlyn |date=16 November 2025 |title=How Haaland fired Norway to the World Cup |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cpv18vznj78o |access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> हालान्डले विश्वकप छनोट अभियान १६ गोलका साथ समाप्त गरे, नर्वेका सबै आठ खेलमा गोल गर्दै, र एकल विश्वकप छनोट अभियानको लागि २०१८ छनोटबाट [[रोबर्ट लेवान्डोस्की|रोबर्ट लेवान्डोव्स्की]]को रेकर्ड तालिकाको बराबरी गरे।<ref>{{cite web |date=16 November 2025 |title=Italy 1–4 Norway: Haaland double caps World Cup qualification in style |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/uefa-world-cup-qualifiers/articles/italy-1-4-norway-haaland-double-caps-world-cup-qualification-in-style-2025-11-16 |access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=beIN SPORTS}}</ref> हालान्ड पोर्चुगलका पाउलेटापछि लगातार आठ विश्वकप छनोट खेलमा गोल गर्ने दोस्रो खेलाडी पनि बने।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Dante |date=16 November 2025 |title=Erling Haaland reaches incredible goalscoring record in World Cup qualifiers not even Messi or Ronaldo achieved |url=https://worldsoccertalk.com/news/erling-haaland-reaches-incredible-goalscoring-record-in-world-cup-qualifiers-not-even-messi-or-ronaldo-achieved/ |access-date=6 July 2026 |website=World Soccer Talk |language=en-US}}</ref> उनले १९६२ मा अब्दुल घानी मिन्हातको लगातार ११ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय खेलमा गोल गर्ने कीर्तिमान बराबरी गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/ca/soccer/news/erling-haaland-consecutive-goals-record-international-football/864cf4abdba8c55afb7ee48a|title=Erling Haaland equals consecutive goals record held for over 60 years which neither Messi nor Ronaldo could touch|last=Bonn|first=Kyle|date=16 November 2025|access-date=16 November 2025|website=Sporting News}}</ref> १६ जुन २०२६ मा, हालान्डले इराक विरुद्ध फिफा विश्वकपमा डेब्यू गरे, दुई गोल गरे र ४-१ को जितमा [[प्लेयर अफ द म्याच]] घोषित भए।<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2026 |title=Haaland brace helps guide Norway past Iraq |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/iraq-norway-highlights-match-report |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> जुन २३ मा नर्वेको दोस्रो समूह चरणको खेलमा, हालान्डले फेरि दुई गोल गरे र [[सेनेगल राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|सेनेगल]]माथि ३-२ को जितमा प्लेयर अफ द म्याच घोषित भए, विश्वकपमा आफ्नो देशको सर्वकालीन सर्वाधिक गोलकर्ता बने, र नर्वेको नकआउट चरणमा छनोट सुनिश्चित गरे।<ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2026 |title=Haaland helps fire Norway into knockouts |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/norway-senegal-match-report-highlights |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> == खेल्ने शैली == ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} {{कमन्सश्रेणी|Erling Braut Haaland}} [[श्रेणी:बुन्डेसलिगा खेलाडीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:बोरुसिया डर्टमन्डका खेलाडीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नर्वेली फुटबल खेलाडीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:जीवित मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सन् २००० मा जन्म]] [[श्रेणी:२०२६ फिफा विश्वकपका खेलाडीहरू]] g6za111kh6flv5ukyaaxqdkbv7kk6rm 1365159 1365158 2026-07-07T04:40:43Z Bishaldev100 28807 1365159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = अर्लिङ ब्राउट हल्यान्ड | image = FC RB Salzburg versus SV Mattersburg (4. Juli 2019) 29.jpg | caption = Haaland with [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] in 2019 | full_name = Erling Braut Haaland<ref>{{cite web |title=Derfor byttet han fra Håland til Haaland |trans-title=The reason he changed from Håland to Haaland |language=no |newspaper=Dagbladet |date=19 September 2019 |access-date=19 December 2019 |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/derfor-byttet-han-fra-haland-til-haaland/71617171/amp |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203185824/https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/derfor-byttet-han-fra-haland-til-haaland/71617171/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> | birth_name = Erling Braut Håland<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |title=FIFA U-20 World Cup Poland 2019: List of Players: Norway |publisher=FIFA |page=13 |date=13 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206013743/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2020 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206013743/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |date=6 February 2020 }}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|7|21|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |title=Erling Haaland: Overview |publisher=ESPN |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127150717/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |url-status=live }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]], England | height = 1.95 m<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mancity.com/citytv/mens/inside-city-398-erling-haaland-special-63790731 |title=Inside City 398: Erling Haaland Special |publisher=Manchester City F.C. |date=14 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022}} 4 minutes 50 seconds in.</ref> | position = [[अग्रपङ्क्ति (फुटबल)|स्ट्राइकर]] | currentclub = [[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटी]] | clubnumber = 9 | youthyears1 = 2005–2016 | youthclubs1 = [[Bryne FK|Bryne]] | youthyears2 = 2017 | youthclubs2 = [[Molde FK|Molde]] | years1 = 2015–2016 | clubs1 = [[Bryne FK 2|Bryne 2]] | caps1 = 14 | goals1 = 18 | years2 = 2016–2017 | clubs2 = [[Bryne FK|Bryne]] | caps2 = 16 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2017 | clubs3 = [[Molde FK 2|Molde 2]] | caps3 = 4 | goals3 = 2 | years4 = 2017–2019 | clubs4 = [[Molde FK|Molde]] | caps4 = 39 | goals4 = 14 | years5 = 2019–2020 | clubs5 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] | caps5 = 16 | goals5 = 17 | years6 = 2020–2022 | clubs6 = [[बोरुसिया डोर्टमुन्ड|बोरुसिया डर्टमन्ड]] | caps6 = 67 | goals6 = 62 | years7 = 2022– | clubs7 =[[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटी]] | caps7 = 6 | goals7 = 10 <!-- PREMIER LEAGUE APPEARANCES AND GOALS ONLY --> | nationalyears1 = 2015 | nationalteam1 = Norway U15 | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 4 | nationalyears2 = 2016 | nationalteam2 = [[Norway national under-16 football team|Norway U16]] | nationalcaps2 = 17 | nationalgoals2 = 1 | nationalyears3 = 2017 | nationalteam3 = [[Norway national under-17 football team|Norway U17]] | nationalcaps3 = 5 | nationalgoals3 = 2 | nationalyears4 = 2017 | nationalteam4 = [[Norway national under-18 football team|Norway U18]] | nationalcaps4 = 6 | nationalgoals4 = 6 | nationalyears5 = 2018 | nationalteam5 = [[Norway national under-19 football team|Norway U19]] | nationalcaps5 = 6 | nationalgoals5 = 6 | nationalyears6 = 2019 | nationalteam6 = [[Norway national under-20 football team|Norway U20]] | nationalcaps6 = 5 | nationalgoals6 = 11 | nationalyears7 = 2018 | nationalteam7 = [[Norway national under-21 football team|Norway U21]] | nationalcaps7 = 3 | nationalgoals7 = 0 | nationalyears8 = 2019– | nationalteam8 = [[Norway national football team|Norway]] | nationalcaps8 = 21 | nationalgoals8 = 20 | club-update = 19:31, 3 September 2022 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 15:59, 27 August 2022 (UTC) }} '''अर्लिङ ब्राउट हल्यान्ड''' ( né '''Håland'''{{IPA-no|ˈhoːlɑn|}} ; जन्म २१ जुलाई २०००) एक नर्वेजियन व्यवासायिक [[फुटबल खेल|फुटबल खेलाडी]] हुन् । उनले प्रिमियर लिग क्लब [[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटी]] र [[नर्वे राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|नर्वे राष्ट्रिय टोलीका]] लागि [[अग्रपङ्क्ति (फुटबल)|स्ट्राइकर]]को रूपमा खेल्छन्। विश्वका उत्कृष्ट खेलाडीहरू मध्ये एक मानिन्छ, उनी आफ्नो एथलेटिकिज्म, गति र फिनिशिङका लागि परिचित छन्। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sport.optus.com.au/articles/os16468/champions-league-talking-points-wednesday-morning|title=Is Erling Haaland the best striker in the world?|date=25 November 2020|publisher=Optus Sport|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231302/https://sport.optus.com.au/articles/os16468/champions-league-talking-points-wednesday-morning|archivedate=16 April 2021|accessdate=13 March 2021}}</ref> हल्यान्ड युवा प्रणालीबाट आएर ब्राइनको बैकल्पिक र सिनियर टिममा समावेश भए। उनी २०१७ मा उनी मोल्डे गए, जहाँ उनले दुई सिजन बिताए। हालान्डले जनवरी २०१९ मा अस्ट्रियाको बुन्डेसलिगा मा रेड बुल साल्जबर्गसँग सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गरे, दुईवटा लिग उपाधि र एउटा अस्ट्रियन कप जिते। डिसेम्बर २०१९मा, उनी जर्मन [[बुन्डेसलिगा]] क्लब [[बोरुसिया डोर्टमुन्ड|बोरुसिया डर्टमुन्डमा]] गए, जहाँ उनले २०२०-२१ मा डि.एफ.बि- पोकल जितेका थिए। == बाल्यकाल == एर्लिङ ब्राउट हालान्डको जन्म २१ जुलाई २००० मा इङ्गल्याण्डको वेस्ट योर्कशायरको लीड्समा भएको थियो<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4672503/premier-league-clubs-publish-202526-retained-lists |title=Premier League clubs publish 2025/26 retained lists |publisher=Premier League |date=10 June 2026 |access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |title=Erling Haaland: Overview |work=ESPN |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127150717/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- DO NOT REMOVE "West Yorkshire", there are multiple "Leeds" in England, one cannot force a user to click the link to know which Leeds is meant here per "MOS:FORCELINK". Also, DO NOT LINK, see "MOS:GEOLINK" for further guidance -->, उनका बुबा अल्फी हालान्ड लिड्स युनाइटेडबाट खेलिरहेका थिए।<ref name="Cross">{{cite news |url=https://www.leeds-live.co.uk/sport/leeds-united/erling-haaland-leeds-united-manutd-14854128 |title=Wonderkid Haaland would pick Leeds United over Man Utd every time |last=Cross |first=Beren |date=9 July 2018 |website=Leeds Live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231306/https://www.leeds-live.co.uk/sport/leeds-united/erling-haaland-molde-leeds-united-14854128 |url-status=live}}</ref> फलस्वरूप, हालान्ड लिड्सको समर्थकको रूपमा हुर्केका थिए।<ref name="Cross"/> २००४ मा, तीन वर्षको उमेरमा, उनी नर्वेमा रहेको आफ्ना आमाबाबुको गृहनगर [[ब्रायन]]मा सरे। <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Ole Jonny Eriksrud |date=29 November 2018 |title=Erling Braut Haaland: – Har sagt til meg selv at jeg vil bli verdens beste spiller |url=http://nettavisen.no/artikkel/3423560463|access-date=31 October 2020 |website=Nettavisen |language=no|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231307/https://www.nettavisen.no/artikkel/erling-braut-haaland-har-sagt-til-meg-selv-at-jeg-vil-bli-verdens-beste-spiller/s/12-95-3423560463|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rose |first=Gary |date=2 October 2019 |title=Erling Braut Haaland: Is Red Bull Salzburg striker really 'the next Zlatan Ibrahimovic'? |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49885026 |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002060355/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49885026 |url-status=live}}</ref> उनकी आमा ग्री मारिता ब्राउट १९९० को दशकमा नर्वेमा राष्ट्रिय हेप्टाथलन च्याम्पियन थिइन्।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/inside-erling-haalands-family-life-214805117.html|title=Inside Erling Haaland's Family Life: Father, Mother, Siblings|author=Farah Ben Gamra|date=16 June 2026|website=Sports.yahoo.com|access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref> == क्लब क्यारियर == === ब्रायन === हल्यान्डले पाँच वर्षको उमेरमा उनको गृहनगर क्लब ब्रायनको एकेडेमीमा सुरु गरे। <ref>{{cite news |last1=Godø |first1=Øyvind |title=Slik ble Erling Braut Haaland en av heteste fotballspillere – Han kunne ikke løpe skikkelig |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/han-kunne-ikke-lope-skikkelig/72073154 |newspaper=Dagbladet |access-date=2 September 2020 |date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130134208/https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/han-kunne-ikke-lope-skikkelig/72073154 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BL Background">{{cite web |title=Erling Haaland's journey: from Bryne to Borussia Dortmund |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/erling-haaland-roots-from-bryne-to-borussia-dortmund-history-norway-solskjaer-10652 |publisher=Bundesliga |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531212502/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/erling-haaland-roots-from-bryne-to-borussia-dortmund-history-norway-solskjaer-10652 }}</ref> २०१५-१६ को सिजनको बेलामा, उनले ब्रायनको बैकल्पिक टिमबाट खेले र १५ खेलबाट १८ गोल गरे।<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=In Profile: Erling Braut Håland |website=FOTBALLBEN |date=13 July 2018 |access-date=13 July 2018 |url=https://fotballben.weebly.com/home/in-profile-erling-braut-haland# |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713173626/https://fotballben.weebly.com/home/in-profile-erling-braut-haland |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713173626/https://fotballben.weebly.com/home/in-profile-erling-braut-haland |date=13 July 2018 }}</ref> === मोल्ड === === रेड बुल साल्जबर्ग === === बोरुसिया डर्टमन्ड === === म्यानचेस्टर सिटी === [[चित्र:Haaland_and_Rodri_warm_up_2022.jpeg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Haaland_and_Rodri_warm_up_2022.jpeg/176px-Haaland_and_Rodri_warm_up_2022.jpeg|thumb|228x228px| हालान्ड २०२२ मा [[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटीसँग]] वार्मअप गर्दै]] २०२२ मे २० मा, प्रिमियर लिग क्लब म्यान्चेस्टर सिटिले उनीहरू हल्यान्डलाईइ भित्राउन सम्झौता गरेको घोषणा गर्यो। <ref>{{cite news |title=Erling Haaland: Manchester City agree to sign Norway striker from Borussia Dortmund for £51.2m |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60819647 |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> यो सम्झौतालाई १३ जुनमा सिटिले हल्यान्डले ५ वर्षे करार अनुसार १ जुलाईमा क्लबमा आउने घोषणा गरेर औपचारिकता दिइयो। <ref>{{cite web |date=13 June 2022 |access-date=13 June 2022 |title= City Complete Haaland Transfer |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/erling-haaland-manchester-city-transfer-complete-63790702|publisher=Manchester City F.C.}}</ref> उनले २०२२ एफए कम्युनिटी सिल्डमा लिभरपुललाई ३-१ ले पराजित गरेको खेलमा ९० मिनेट खेल्दै ३० जुलाईमा पहिलो खेल खेले। <ref>{{cite web |last=Bosher |first=Luke |url=https://theathletic.com/3463035/2022/07/30/pep-guardiola-erling-haaland-manchester-city/ |title=Guardiola after Man City's Community Shield defeat: ‘It is good for Haaland to see the reality in a new country’ |date=30 July 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Athletic}}</ref> ७ अगस्टमा, उनले वेस्ट ह्याम बिरुद्धको २-० को जितमा २ गोल गरे। <ref>{{cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Erling Haaland ‘born to score goals', says Pep Guardiola after City victory |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/07/erling-haaland-born-to-score-goals-says-pep-guardiola-after-city-victory |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> २७ अगस्टमा, हल्यान्डले क्रिस्टल प्यालेस विरुद्धको ४-२ को जितमा प्रिमियर लिगमा पहिलो ह्याट्रिक गरे। <ref>{{cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=Haaland's 19-minute Manchester City hat-trick puts out Crystal Palace's fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/27/manchester-city-crystal-palace-premier-league-match-report |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> चार दिन पछि, नोटिनघाम फरेस्ट विरुद्ध ६-० को जितमा उनले दोस्रो ह्याट्रिक गरे। <ref>{{cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=Erling Haaland scores perfect hat-trick against Nottingham Forest |url=https://www.skysports.com/watch/video/sports/football/12686519/haalands-perfect-hat-trick-flattens-forest |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> । यसबाट उनी सबैभन्दा छिटो दुई ह्याट्रिक गरेको खेलाडी भए, जुन यसभन्दा अगाडि १४ खेलमा भएको थियो।;<ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2022|title=Haaland scores hat-trick as Manchester City hit Nottingham Forest for six |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/31/manchester-city-nottingham-forest-premier-league-match-report |access-date=31 August 2022|work=The Guardian}}</ref> उनी अगस्ट महिनाको लागि "प्रिमियर लिग प्लेयर अफ द मन्थ" चुनिए। <ref name="voted">{{cite web |title=Haaland voted August EA SPORTS Player of the Month |url=http://www.premierleague.com/news/2787350 |access-date=16 September 2022 |date=16 September 2022 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> ६ सेप्टेम्बरमा, उनले सेभिल्ला बिरुद्ध २ गोल गर्दै क्लबको लागि च्याम्पियन्स लिगको पहिलो खेल खेले। उनी च्याम्पियन्स लिगमा २० खेल खेलेर २५ गोल गर्ने पहिलो खेलाडी भए। <ref>{{cite web |last=Sutcliffe |first=Steve |title=Sevilla 0–4 Manchester City: Erling Haaland scores twice in comfortable win for Pep Guardiola's side |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/62800316 |work=BBC Sport |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dawson |first=Rob |title=Erling Haaland, Man City's Champions League quest off to a flying start with big win over Sevilla |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/blog-the-match/story/4740153/erling-haalandman-citys-champions-league-quest-off-to-a-flying-start-with-big-win-over-sevilla |publisher=ESPN |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref> २ अक्टोबरमा, हल्यान्ड प्रिमियर लिग इतिहासमा लगातार तीन होम गेममा ह्याट्रिक गर्ने पहिलो खेलाडी भए। म्यान्चेस्टर युनाइटेड विरुद्धको ६-३ को जितमा उनले ३ गोल र २ असिस्ट गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web |last=Gastelum |first=Andrew |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2022/10/02/erling-haaland-hat-trick-manchester-derby-city-foden-video |title=Man City's Erling Haaland, Phil Foden Net Hat Tricks in Manchester Derby |date=2 October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=Sports Illustrated}}</ref> उनी प्रिमियर लिग इतिहासमा सबै भन्दा छिटो ३ ह्याट्रिक गर्ने खेलाडी भए, उनले ८ लिग खेलमा ३ [[ह्याट्रिक]] गरेका थिए। यसभन्दा अगाडि यो कीर्तिमान ४८ लिग खेलमा थियो जुन १९९८ मा [[माइकल ओवेन]]को नाममा थियो। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Erling Haaland's City hat-tricks |url=https://www.mancity.com/citytv/mens/erling-haaland-manchester-city-hat-tricks-63800396 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=www.mancity.com |language=en}}</ref> == अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय करियर == === २०१५–२०१८: युवा === === २०१९–२०२१: पहिलो प्रमुख प्रतियोगिता === === २०२१–२०२४: लगातार नेसन्स लिगका उच्च गोलकर्ता र नर्वेको उच्च गोलकर्ता === === २०२५–२०२६: पहिलो विश्वकप === [[चित्र:Erling_Haaland_June_2025.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|Haaland with [[Norway national football team|Norway]] in 2025]] ६ जुन २०२५ मा, हालान्डले इटाली विरुद्धको विश्वकप छनोट खेलमा नर्वेको लागि ३-० को जितमा अन्तिम गोल गरे, जसले २५ वर्षमा इटालियनहरूमाथि राष्ट्रको पहिलो जित सुनिश्चित गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/world-cup-qualifying-haaland-leads-norway-its-first-win-vs-italy-25-years|title=World Cup qualifying: Haaland leads Norway to its first win vs. Italy in 25 years|date=12 June 2025|access-date=12 June 2025|publisher=Fox Sports}}</ref> सेप्टेम्बर ९ मा, उनले मोल्डोभामाथि ११-१ को जितमा पाँच गोल गरे र थप दुई गोलमा सहयोग गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46208975/erling-haaland-scores-5-norway-keep-pressure-italy|title=Erling Haaland scores 5 as Norway keep pressure on Italy|date=9 September 2025|work=ESPN|access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref> एक महिना पछि, अक्टोबर ११ मा, उनले इजरायलमाथि ५-० को जितमा ह्याट्रिक गरे, २१ औं शताब्दीमा ५० अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गोल पूरा गर्ने सबैभन्दा छिटो खेलाडी बने र केनको ७१ खेलको तुलनामा केवल ४६ खेलमा कोसेढुङ्गा हासिल गरेर [[ह्यारी केन]]को रेकर्ड तोडे।<ref>{{cite web |last=Stewart |first=Ben |date=12 October 2025 |title=Erling Haaland obliterates goalscoring record once held by Harry Kane & Neymar |url=https://www.planetfootball.com/manchester-city/erling-haaland-obliterates-goalscoring-record-harry-kane-neymar |access-date=12 October 2025 |publisher=Planet Football}}</ref> उनी ५० भन्दा कम खेलमा ५० अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गोल पूरा गर्ने छैटौं खेलाडी बने।<ref name=":8" /> १६ नोभेम्बरमा, हालान्डले इटालीमाथि ४-१ को अवे जितमा दुई गोल गरे, आठ जितका साथ २०२६ फिफा विश्वकपमा आफ्नो राष्ट्रको स्थान सुरक्षित गरे, जुन [[१९९८ फिफा विश्वकप|१९९८]] पछि पहिलो पटक विश्वकपमा उपस्थित भएको थियो। <ref>{{cite web |last=Begley |first=Emlyn |date=16 November 2025 |title=How Haaland fired Norway to the World Cup |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cpv18vznj78o |access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> हालान्डले विश्वकप छनोट अभियान १६ गोलका साथ समाप्त गरे, नर्वेका सबै आठ खेलमा गोल गर्दै, र एकल विश्वकप छनोट अभियानको लागि २०१८ छनोटबाट [[रोबर्ट लेवान्डोस्की|रोबर्ट लेवान्डोव्स्की]]को रेकर्ड तालिकाको बराबरी गरे।<ref>{{cite web |date=16 November 2025 |title=Italy 1–4 Norway: Haaland double caps World Cup qualification in style |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/uefa-world-cup-qualifiers/articles/italy-1-4-norway-haaland-double-caps-world-cup-qualification-in-style-2025-11-16 |access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=beIN SPORTS}}</ref> हालान्ड पोर्चुगलका पाउलेटापछि लगातार आठ विश्वकप छनोट खेलमा गोल गर्ने दोस्रो खेलाडी पनि बने।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Dante |date=16 November 2025 |title=Erling Haaland reaches incredible goalscoring record in World Cup qualifiers not even Messi or Ronaldo achieved |url=https://worldsoccertalk.com/news/erling-haaland-reaches-incredible-goalscoring-record-in-world-cup-qualifiers-not-even-messi-or-ronaldo-achieved/ |access-date=6 July 2026 |website=World Soccer Talk |language=en-US}}</ref> उनले १९६२ मा अब्दुल घानी मिन्हातको लगातार ११ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय खेलमा गोल गर्ने कीर्तिमान बराबरी गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/ca/soccer/news/erling-haaland-consecutive-goals-record-international-football/864cf4abdba8c55afb7ee48a|title=Erling Haaland equals consecutive goals record held for over 60 years which neither Messi nor Ronaldo could touch|last=Bonn|first=Kyle|date=16 November 2025|access-date=16 November 2025|website=Sporting News}}</ref> १६ जुन २०२६ मा, हालान्डले इराक विरुद्ध फिफा विश्वकपमा डेब्यू गरे, दुई गोल गरे र ४-१ को जितमा [[प्लेयर अफ द म्याच]] घोषित भए।<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2026 |title=Haaland brace helps guide Norway past Iraq |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/iraq-norway-highlights-match-report |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> जुन २३ मा नर्वेको दोस्रो समूह चरणको खेलमा, हालान्डले फेरि दुई गोल गरे र [[सेनेगल राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|सेनेगल]]माथि ३-२ को जितमा प्लेयर अफ द म्याच घोषित भए, विश्वकपमा आफ्नो देशको सर्वकालीन सर्वाधिक गोलकर्ता बने, र नर्वेको नकआउट चरणमा छनोट सुनिश्चित गरे।<ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2026 |title=Haaland helps fire Norway into knockouts |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/norway-senegal-match-report-highlights |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> == खेल्ने शैली == ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} {{कमन्सश्रेणी|Erling Braut Haaland}} [[श्रेणी:बुन्डेसलिगा खेलाडीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:बोरुसिया डर्टमन्डका खेलाडीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नर्वेली फुटबल खेलाडीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:जीवित मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सन् २००० मा जन्म]] [[श्रेणी:२०२६ फिफा विश्वकपका खेलाडीहरू]] 49tmplomeq4x5zu6nbzq7s6b4tfwnb3 1365160 1365159 2026-07-07T04:41:31Z Bishaldev100 28807 /* अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय करियर */ 1365160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = अर्लिङ ब्राउट हल्यान्ड | image = FC RB Salzburg versus SV Mattersburg (4. Juli 2019) 29.jpg | caption = Haaland with [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] in 2019 | full_name = Erling Braut Haaland<ref>{{cite web |title=Derfor byttet han fra Håland til Haaland |trans-title=The reason he changed from Håland to Haaland |language=no |newspaper=Dagbladet |date=19 September 2019 |access-date=19 December 2019 |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/derfor-byttet-han-fra-haland-til-haaland/71617171/amp |archive-date=3 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200203185824/https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/derfor-byttet-han-fra-haland-til-haaland/71617171/amp |url-status=live }}</ref> | birth_name = Erling Braut Håland<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |title=FIFA U-20 World Cup Poland 2019: List of Players: Norway |publisher=FIFA |page=13 |date=13 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206013743/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |archive-date=6 February 2020 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200206013743/https://www.fifadata.com/document/FWYC/2019/pdf/FWYC_2019_SquadLists.pdf |date=6 February 2020 }}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2000|7|21|df=y}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |title=Erling Haaland: Overview |publisher=ESPN |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127150717/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |url-status=live }}</ref> | birth_place = [[Leeds]], [[West Yorkshire]], England | height = 1.95 m<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.mancity.com/citytv/mens/inside-city-398-erling-haaland-special-63790731 |title=Inside City 398: Erling Haaland Special |publisher=Manchester City F.C. |date=14 June 2022 |access-date=16 June 2022}} 4 minutes 50 seconds in.</ref> | position = [[अग्रपङ्क्ति (फुटबल)|स्ट्राइकर]] | currentclub = [[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटी]] | clubnumber = 9 | youthyears1 = 2005–2016 | youthclubs1 = [[Bryne FK|Bryne]] | youthyears2 = 2017 | youthclubs2 = [[Molde FK|Molde]] | years1 = 2015–2016 | clubs1 = [[Bryne FK 2|Bryne 2]] | caps1 = 14 | goals1 = 18 | years2 = 2016–2017 | clubs2 = [[Bryne FK|Bryne]] | caps2 = 16 | goals2 = 0 | years3 = 2017 | clubs3 = [[Molde FK 2|Molde 2]] | caps3 = 4 | goals3 = 2 | years4 = 2017–2019 | clubs4 = [[Molde FK|Molde]] | caps4 = 39 | goals4 = 14 | years5 = 2019–2020 | clubs5 = [[FC Red Bull Salzburg|Red Bull Salzburg]] | caps5 = 16 | goals5 = 17 | years6 = 2020–2022 | clubs6 = [[बोरुसिया डोर्टमुन्ड|बोरुसिया डर्टमन्ड]] | caps6 = 67 | goals6 = 62 | years7 = 2022– | clubs7 =[[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटी]] | caps7 = 6 | goals7 = 10 <!-- PREMIER LEAGUE APPEARANCES AND GOALS ONLY --> | nationalyears1 = 2015 | nationalteam1 = Norway U15 | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 4 | nationalyears2 = 2016 | nationalteam2 = [[Norway national under-16 football team|Norway U16]] | nationalcaps2 = 17 | nationalgoals2 = 1 | nationalyears3 = 2017 | nationalteam3 = [[Norway national under-17 football team|Norway U17]] | nationalcaps3 = 5 | nationalgoals3 = 2 | nationalyears4 = 2017 | nationalteam4 = [[Norway national under-18 football team|Norway U18]] | nationalcaps4 = 6 | nationalgoals4 = 6 | nationalyears5 = 2018 | nationalteam5 = [[Norway national under-19 football team|Norway U19]] | nationalcaps5 = 6 | nationalgoals5 = 6 | nationalyears6 = 2019 | nationalteam6 = [[Norway national under-20 football team|Norway U20]] | nationalcaps6 = 5 | nationalgoals6 = 11 | nationalyears7 = 2018 | nationalteam7 = [[Norway national under-21 football team|Norway U21]] | nationalcaps7 = 3 | nationalgoals7 = 0 | nationalyears8 = 2019– | nationalteam8 = [[Norway national football team|Norway]] | nationalcaps8 = 21 | nationalgoals8 = 20 | club-update = 19:31, 3 September 2022 (UTC) | nationalteam-update = 15:59, 27 August 2022 (UTC) }} '''अर्लिङ ब्राउट हल्यान्ड''' ( né '''Håland'''{{IPA-no|ˈhoːlɑn|}} ; जन्म २१ जुलाई २०००) एक नर्वेजियन व्यवासायिक [[फुटबल खेल|फुटबल खेलाडी]] हुन् । उनले प्रिमियर लिग क्लब [[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटी]] र [[नर्वे राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|नर्वे राष्ट्रिय टोलीका]] लागि [[अग्रपङ्क्ति (फुटबल)|स्ट्राइकर]]को रूपमा खेल्छन्। विश्वका उत्कृष्ट खेलाडीहरू मध्ये एक मानिन्छ, उनी आफ्नो एथलेटिकिज्म, गति र फिनिशिङका लागि परिचित छन्। <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sport.optus.com.au/articles/os16468/champions-league-talking-points-wednesday-morning|title=Is Erling Haaland the best striker in the world?|date=25 November 2020|publisher=Optus Sport|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231302/https://sport.optus.com.au/articles/os16468/champions-league-talking-points-wednesday-morning|archivedate=16 April 2021|accessdate=13 March 2021}}</ref> हल्यान्ड युवा प्रणालीबाट आएर ब्राइनको बैकल्पिक र सिनियर टिममा समावेश भए। उनी २०१७ मा उनी मोल्डे गए, जहाँ उनले दुई सिजन बिताए। हालान्डले जनवरी २०१९ मा अस्ट्रियाको बुन्डेसलिगा मा रेड बुल साल्जबर्गसँग सम्झौतामा हस्ताक्षर गरे, दुईवटा लिग उपाधि र एउटा अस्ट्रियन कप जिते। डिसेम्बर २०१९मा, उनी जर्मन [[बुन्डेसलिगा]] क्लब [[बोरुसिया डोर्टमुन्ड|बोरुसिया डर्टमुन्डमा]] गए, जहाँ उनले २०२०-२१ मा डि.एफ.बि- पोकल जितेका थिए। == बाल्यकाल == एर्लिङ ब्राउट हालान्डको जन्म २१ जुलाई २००० मा इङ्गल्याण्डको वेस्ट योर्कशायरको लीड्समा भएको थियो<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.premierleague.com/en/news/4672503/premier-league-clubs-publish-202526-retained-lists |title=Premier League clubs publish 2025/26 retained lists |publisher=Premier League |date=10 June 2026 |access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |title=Erling Haaland: Overview |work=ESPN |access-date=27 November 2020 |archive-date=27 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127150717/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/_/id/253989/erling-haaland |url-status=live}}</ref> <!-- DO NOT REMOVE "West Yorkshire", there are multiple "Leeds" in England, one cannot force a user to click the link to know which Leeds is meant here per "MOS:FORCELINK". Also, DO NOT LINK, see "MOS:GEOLINK" for further guidance -->, उनका बुबा अल्फी हालान्ड लिड्स युनाइटेडबाट खेलिरहेका थिए।<ref name="Cross">{{cite news |url=https://www.leeds-live.co.uk/sport/leeds-united/erling-haaland-leeds-united-manutd-14854128 |title=Wonderkid Haaland would pick Leeds United over Man Utd every time |last=Cross |first=Beren |date=9 July 2018 |website=Leeds Live |access-date=22 November 2019 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231306/https://www.leeds-live.co.uk/sport/leeds-united/erling-haaland-molde-leeds-united-14854128 |url-status=live}}</ref> फलस्वरूप, हालान्ड लिड्सको समर्थकको रूपमा हुर्केका थिए।<ref name="Cross"/> २००४ मा, तीन वर्षको उमेरमा, उनी नर्वेमा रहेको आफ्ना आमाबाबुको गृहनगर [[ब्रायन]]मा सरे। <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hansen |first=Ole Jonny Eriksrud |date=29 November 2018 |title=Erling Braut Haaland: – Har sagt til meg selv at jeg vil bli verdens beste spiller |url=http://nettavisen.no/artikkel/3423560463|access-date=31 October 2020 |website=Nettavisen |language=no|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416231307/https://www.nettavisen.no/artikkel/erling-braut-haaland-har-sagt-til-meg-selv-at-jeg-vil-bli-verdens-beste-spiller/s/12-95-3423560463|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Rose |first=Gary |date=2 October 2019 |title=Erling Braut Haaland: Is Red Bull Salzburg striker really 'the next Zlatan Ibrahimovic'? |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49885026 |publisher=BBC Sport |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-date=2 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191002060355/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49885026 |url-status=live}}</ref> उनकी आमा ग्री मारिता ब्राउट १९९० को दशकमा नर्वेमा राष्ट्रिय हेप्टाथलन च्याम्पियन थिइन्।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/articles/inside-erling-haalands-family-life-214805117.html|title=Inside Erling Haaland's Family Life: Father, Mother, Siblings|author=Farah Ben Gamra|date=16 June 2026|website=Sports.yahoo.com|access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref> == क्लब क्यारियर == === ब्रायन === हल्यान्डले पाँच वर्षको उमेरमा उनको गृहनगर क्लब ब्रायनको एकेडेमीमा सुरु गरे। <ref>{{cite news |last1=Godø |first1=Øyvind |title=Slik ble Erling Braut Haaland en av heteste fotballspillere – Han kunne ikke løpe skikkelig |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/han-kunne-ikke-lope-skikkelig/72073154 |newspaper=Dagbladet |access-date=2 September 2020 |date=30 January 2020 |archive-date=30 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130134208/https://www.dagbladet.no/sport/han-kunne-ikke-lope-skikkelig/72073154 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="BL Background">{{cite web |title=Erling Haaland's journey: from Bryne to Borussia Dortmund |url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/erling-haaland-roots-from-bryne-to-borussia-dortmund-history-norway-solskjaer-10652 |publisher=Bundesliga |access-date=2 September 2020 |archive-date=31 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200531212502/https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/erling-haaland-roots-from-bryne-to-borussia-dortmund-history-norway-solskjaer-10652 }}</ref> २०१५-१६ को सिजनको बेलामा, उनले ब्रायनको बैकल्पिक टिमबाट खेले र १५ खेलबाट १८ गोल गरे।<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=In Profile: Erling Braut Håland |website=FOTBALLBEN |date=13 July 2018 |access-date=13 July 2018 |url=https://fotballben.weebly.com/home/in-profile-erling-braut-haland# |archive-date=13 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713173626/https://fotballben.weebly.com/home/in-profile-erling-braut-haland |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713173626/https://fotballben.weebly.com/home/in-profile-erling-braut-haland |date=13 July 2018 }}</ref> === मोल्ड === === रेड बुल साल्जबर्ग === === बोरुसिया डर्टमन्ड === === म्यानचेस्टर सिटी === [[चित्र:Haaland_and_Rodri_warm_up_2022.jpeg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Haaland_and_Rodri_warm_up_2022.jpeg/176px-Haaland_and_Rodri_warm_up_2022.jpeg|thumb|228x228px| हालान्ड २०२२ मा [[म्यानचेस्टर सिटी फुटबल क्लब|म्यानचेस्टर सिटीसँग]] वार्मअप गर्दै]] २०२२ मे २० मा, प्रिमियर लिग क्लब म्यान्चेस्टर सिटिले उनीहरू हल्यान्डलाईइ भित्राउन सम्झौता गरेको घोषणा गर्यो। <ref>{{cite news |title=Erling Haaland: Manchester City agree to sign Norway striker from Borussia Dortmund for £51.2m |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60819647 |date=10 May 2022 |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=BBC Sport}}</ref> यो सम्झौतालाई १३ जुनमा सिटिले हल्यान्डले ५ वर्षे करार अनुसार १ जुलाईमा क्लबमा आउने घोषणा गरेर औपचारिकता दिइयो। <ref>{{cite web |date=13 June 2022 |access-date=13 June 2022 |title= City Complete Haaland Transfer |url=https://www.mancity.com/news/mens/erling-haaland-manchester-city-transfer-complete-63790702|publisher=Manchester City F.C.}}</ref> उनले २०२२ एफए कम्युनिटी सिल्डमा लिभरपुललाई ३-१ ले पराजित गरेको खेलमा ९० मिनेट खेल्दै ३० जुलाईमा पहिलो खेल खेले। <ref>{{cite web |last=Bosher |first=Luke |url=https://theathletic.com/3463035/2022/07/30/pep-guardiola-erling-haaland-manchester-city/ |title=Guardiola after Man City's Community Shield defeat: ‘It is good for Haaland to see the reality in a new country’ |date=30 July 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=The Athletic}}</ref> ७ अगस्टमा, उनले वेस्ट ह्याम बिरुद्धको २-० को जितमा २ गोल गरे। <ref>{{cite web |date=7 August 2022 |title=Erling Haaland ‘born to score goals', says Pep Guardiola after City victory |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/07/erling-haaland-born-to-score-goals-says-pep-guardiola-after-city-victory |access-date=8 August 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> २७ अगस्टमा, हल्यान्डले क्रिस्टल प्यालेस विरुद्धको ४-२ को जितमा प्रिमियर लिगमा पहिलो ह्याट्रिक गरे। <ref>{{cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=Haaland's 19-minute Manchester City hat-trick puts out Crystal Palace's fire |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/27/manchester-city-crystal-palace-premier-league-match-report |access-date=27 August 2022 |work=The Guardian}}</ref> चार दिन पछि, नोटिनघाम फरेस्ट विरुद्ध ६-० को जितमा उनले दोस्रो ह्याट्रिक गरे। <ref>{{cite web |date=27 August 2022 |title=Erling Haaland scores perfect hat-trick against Nottingham Forest |url=https://www.skysports.com/watch/video/sports/football/12686519/haalands-perfect-hat-trick-flattens-forest |access-date=27 August 2022 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> । यसबाट उनी सबैभन्दा छिटो दुई ह्याट्रिक गरेको खेलाडी भए, जुन यसभन्दा अगाडि १४ खेलमा भएको थियो।;<ref>{{cite web |date=31 August 2022|title=Haaland scores hat-trick as Manchester City hit Nottingham Forest for six |url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/aug/31/manchester-city-nottingham-forest-premier-league-match-report |access-date=31 August 2022|work=The Guardian}}</ref> उनी अगस्ट महिनाको लागि "प्रिमियर लिग प्लेयर अफ द मन्थ" चुनिए। <ref name="voted">{{cite web |title=Haaland voted August EA SPORTS Player of the Month |url=http://www.premierleague.com/news/2787350 |access-date=16 September 2022 |date=16 September 2022 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> ६ सेप्टेम्बरमा, उनले सेभिल्ला बिरुद्ध २ गोल गर्दै क्लबको लागि च्याम्पियन्स लिगको पहिलो खेल खेले। उनी च्याम्पियन्स लिगमा २० खेल खेलेर २५ गोल गर्ने पहिलो खेलाडी भए। <ref>{{cite web |last=Sutcliffe |first=Steve |title=Sevilla 0–4 Manchester City: Erling Haaland scores twice in comfortable win for Pep Guardiola's side |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/62800316 |work=BBC Sport |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Dawson |first=Rob |title=Erling Haaland, Man City's Champions League quest off to a flying start with big win over Sevilla |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/blog-the-match/story/4740153/erling-haalandman-citys-champions-league-quest-off-to-a-flying-start-with-big-win-over-sevilla |publisher=ESPN |date=6 September 2022 |access-date=6 September 2022}}</ref> २ अक्टोबरमा, हल्यान्ड प्रिमियर लिग इतिहासमा लगातार तीन होम गेममा ह्याट्रिक गर्ने पहिलो खेलाडी भए। म्यान्चेस्टर युनाइटेड विरुद्धको ६-३ को जितमा उनले ३ गोल र २ असिस्ट गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite web |last=Gastelum |first=Andrew |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2022/10/02/erling-haaland-hat-trick-manchester-derby-city-foden-video |title=Man City's Erling Haaland, Phil Foden Net Hat Tricks in Manchester Derby |date=2 October 2022 |access-date=2 October 2022 |work=Sports Illustrated}}</ref> उनी प्रिमियर लिग इतिहासमा सबै भन्दा छिटो ३ ह्याट्रिक गर्ने खेलाडी भए, उनले ८ लिग खेलमा ३ [[ह्याट्रिक]] गरेका थिए। यसभन्दा अगाडि यो कीर्तिमान ४८ लिग खेलमा थियो जुन १९९८ मा [[माइकल ओवेन]]को नाममा थियो। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Watch: Erling Haaland's City hat-tricks |url=https://www.mancity.com/citytv/mens/erling-haaland-manchester-city-hat-tricks-63800396 |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=www.mancity.com |language=en}}</ref> == अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय करियर == === २०१५–२०१८: युवा === === २०१९–२०२१: पहिलो प्रमुख प्रतियोगिता === === २०२१–२०२४: नेसन्स लिगका उच्च गोलकर्ता र नर्वेको उच्च गोलकर्ता === === २०२५–२०२६: पहिलो विश्वकप === [[चित्र:Erling_Haaland_June_2025.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|Haaland with [[Norway national football team|Norway]] in 2025]] ६ जुन २०२५ मा, हालान्डले इटाली विरुद्धको विश्वकप छनोट खेलमा नर्वेको लागि ३-० को जितमा अन्तिम गोल गरे, जसले २५ वर्षमा इटालियनहरूमाथि राष्ट्रको पहिलो जित सुनिश्चित गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.foxsports.com/stories/soccer/world-cup-qualifying-haaland-leads-norway-its-first-win-vs-italy-25-years|title=World Cup qualifying: Haaland leads Norway to its first win vs. Italy in 25 years|date=12 June 2025|access-date=12 June 2025|publisher=Fox Sports}}</ref> सेप्टेम्बर ९ मा, उनले मोल्डोभामाथि ११-१ को जितमा पाँच गोल गरे र थप दुई गोलमा सहयोग गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/46208975/erling-haaland-scores-5-norway-keep-pressure-italy|title=Erling Haaland scores 5 as Norway keep pressure on Italy|date=9 September 2025|work=ESPN|access-date=9 September 2025}}</ref> एक महिना पछि, अक्टोबर ११ मा, उनले इजरायलमाथि ५-० को जितमा ह्याट्रिक गरे, २१ औं शताब्दीमा ५० अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गोल पूरा गर्ने सबैभन्दा छिटो खेलाडी बने र केनको ७१ खेलको तुलनामा केवल ४६ खेलमा कोसेढुङ्गा हासिल गरेर [[ह्यारी केन]]को रेकर्ड तोडे।<ref>{{cite web |last=Stewart |first=Ben |date=12 October 2025 |title=Erling Haaland obliterates goalscoring record once held by Harry Kane & Neymar |url=https://www.planetfootball.com/manchester-city/erling-haaland-obliterates-goalscoring-record-harry-kane-neymar |access-date=12 October 2025 |publisher=Planet Football}}</ref> उनी ५० भन्दा कम खेलमा ५० अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय गोल पूरा गर्ने छैटौं खेलाडी बने।<ref name=":8" /> १६ नोभेम्बरमा, हालान्डले इटालीमाथि ४-१ को अवे जितमा दुई गोल गरे, आठ जितका साथ २०२६ फिफा विश्वकपमा आफ्नो राष्ट्रको स्थान सुरक्षित गरे, जुन [[१९९८ फिफा विश्वकप|१९९८]] पछि पहिलो पटक विश्वकपमा उपस्थित भएको थियो। <ref>{{cite web |last=Begley |first=Emlyn |date=16 November 2025 |title=How Haaland fired Norway to the World Cup |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cpv18vznj78o |access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> हालान्डले विश्वकप छनोट अभियान १६ गोलका साथ समाप्त गरे, नर्वेका सबै आठ खेलमा गोल गर्दै, र एकल विश्वकप छनोट अभियानको लागि २०१८ छनोटबाट [[रोबर्ट लेवान्डोस्की|रोबर्ट लेवान्डोव्स्की]]को रेकर्ड तालिकाको बराबरी गरे।<ref>{{cite web |date=16 November 2025 |title=Italy 1–4 Norway: Haaland double caps World Cup qualification in style |url=https://www.beinsports.com/en-us/soccer/uefa-world-cup-qualifiers/articles/italy-1-4-norway-haaland-double-caps-world-cup-qualification-in-style-2025-11-16 |access-date=16 November 2025 |publisher=beIN SPORTS}}</ref> हालान्ड पोर्चुगलका पाउलेटापछि लगातार आठ विश्वकप छनोट खेलमा गोल गर्ने दोस्रो खेलाडी पनि बने।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Dante |date=16 November 2025 |title=Erling Haaland reaches incredible goalscoring record in World Cup qualifiers not even Messi or Ronaldo achieved |url=https://worldsoccertalk.com/news/erling-haaland-reaches-incredible-goalscoring-record-in-world-cup-qualifiers-not-even-messi-or-ronaldo-achieved/ |access-date=6 July 2026 |website=World Soccer Talk |language=en-US}}</ref> उनले १९६२ मा अब्दुल घानी मिन्हातको लगातार ११ अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय खेलमा गोल गर्ने कीर्तिमान बराबरी गरे।<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sportingnews.com/ca/soccer/news/erling-haaland-consecutive-goals-record-international-football/864cf4abdba8c55afb7ee48a|title=Erling Haaland equals consecutive goals record held for over 60 years which neither Messi nor Ronaldo could touch|last=Bonn|first=Kyle|date=16 November 2025|access-date=16 November 2025|website=Sporting News}}</ref> १६ जुन २०२६ मा, हालान्डले इराक विरुद्ध फिफा विश्वकपमा डेब्यू गरे, दुई गोल गरे र ४-१ को जितमा [[प्लेयर अफ द म्याच]] घोषित भए।<ref>{{cite web |date=17 June 2026 |title=Haaland brace helps guide Norway past Iraq |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/iraq-norway-highlights-match-report |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> जुन २३ मा नर्वेको दोस्रो समूह चरणको खेलमा, हालान्डले फेरि दुई गोल गरे र [[सेनेगल राष्ट्रिय फुटबल टोली|सेनेगल]]माथि ३-२ को जितमा प्लेयर अफ द म्याच घोषित भए, विश्वकपमा आफ्नो देशको सर्वकालीन सर्वाधिक गोलकर्ता बने, र नर्वेको नकआउट चरणमा छनोट सुनिश्चित गरे।<ref>{{cite web |date=23 June 2026 |title=Haaland helps fire Norway into knockouts |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/tournaments/mens/worldcup/canadamexicousa2026/articles/norway-senegal-match-report-highlights |publisher=FIFA}}</ref> == खेल्ने शैली == ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{reflist}} {{कमन्सश्रेणी|Erling Braut Haaland}} [[श्रेणी:बुन्डेसलिगा खेलाडीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:बोरुसिया डर्टमन्डका खेलाडीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:नर्वेली फुटबल खेलाडीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:जीवित मानिसहरू]] [[श्रेणी:सन् २००० मा जन्म]] [[श्रेणी:२०२६ फिफा विश्वकपका खेलाडीहरू]] 6yhmjwz3x7bpfzuj4b6l01vlu9vn0um 0 137074 1365010 1322339 2026-07-06T12:26:41Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{More citations needed|date=December 2023}} {{Infobox official post | post = मुख्य न्यायाधीश | body = भारत | type = Chief Justice | status = Presiding Judge | native_name = {{lang|hi-Latn|Bhārat kē Mukhya Nyāyādhīśa}} | insignia = Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg | insigniasize = 100px | insigniacaption = भारतीय सर्वोच्च न्यायालय का प्रतीक | flag = Flag of India.svg <!--please do not put presidential standard here, as the standard was replaced by the flag of India in 1971--> | flagsize = 150px | flagcaption = भारतको राष्ट्रीय ध्वज | flagborder = yes | image = Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud.jpg | incumbent = धनंजय यशवंत चंद्रचूड़ | incumbentsince = ९ नोभेम्बर २०२२ | department = सर्वोच्च न्यायालय | seat = [[भारतको सर्वोच्च न्यायालय|भारतको सर्वोच्च अदालत]], [[नयाँ दिल्ली]], [[भारत]] | nominator = वरिष्ठताको आधारमा भारतका निवर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीश | appointer = [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति]] | termlength = Until the age of 65 <ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/judges.htm|title=Supreme Court of India - CJI & Sitting Judges|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> | constituting_instrument = भारतको संविधान (धारा १२४ के तहत) | formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1950|01|28}} | first = एच. जे. कानिया (१९५०–१९५१)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/rcji.htm|title=Supreme Court of India Retired Hon'ble the Chief Justices' of India|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> | abbreviation = CJI | salary = {{INRConvert|280000 }} (per month)<ref name="salary hike for judges">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-high-court-judges-get-nearly-200-salary-hike/story-sRMnVUhOLqAgXJaVOf0VcN.html|title=Supreme Court, High Court judges get nearly 200% salary hike|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=30 January 2018|access-date=30 January 2018}}</ref> | residence = 5, Krishna Menon Marg, Sunehri Bagh, [[नयाँ दिल्ली]], [[भारत]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi-confidential/caste-census-nitish-kumar-bihar-cm-delhi-confidential-7467557/|title=Delhi confidential: Mutual Praise|date=24 August 2021}}</ref> | website = {{URL|https://www.sci.gov.in/|sci.gov.in}} | succession = 6th {{small|(on the [[Indian order of precedence]])}} }} '''भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश''' ([[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्कृत लिप्यन्तरण वर्णमाला|IAST]] : ''{{Lang|hi-Latn|Bhārat kē Mukhya Nyāyādhīśa}}'') [[भारतको सर्वोच्च न्यायालय|भारतको सर्वोच्च अदालतका]] [[प्रधान न्यायाधीश|मुख्य न्यायाधीशका]] साथै [[भारतीय न्यायपालिका|भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको]] सर्वोच्च पदका अधिकारी हुन्। [[भारतीय संविधान|भारतको संविधानले]] सर्वोच्च अदालतका २१ जना न्यायाधीशहरूको न्यायिक क्याबलको परामर्शमा निवर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीशले नियुक्ति गर्ने अधिकार [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतको राष्ट्रपतिलाई]] दिएको छ, अर्को प्रधान न्यायाधीश, जसले पैसठ्ठी वर्षको उमेर नपुग्दासम्म काम गर्नेछन् वा [[महाभियोग|महाभियोगको]] संवैधानिक प्रक्रिया द्वारा हटाईन्छ। परम्परा अनुसार वर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीशले सिफारिस गरेको नाम प्रायः सर्वोच्च अदालतको अर्को वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीश हुने गर्छ। तर, यो परम्परा दुई पटक भङ्ग भइसकेको छ। सन् १९७३ मा न्यायाधीश एएन रे तीनजना वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशलाई हटाएर नियुक्त भए। साथै, १९७७ मा न्यायमूर्ति मिर्जा हमिदुल्लाह बेगलाई न्यायमूर्ति हंस राज खन्नालाई हटाएर मुख्य न्यायाधीश नियुक्त गरियो। सर्वोच्च अदालतको प्रमुखको हैसियतमा प्रधानन्यायाधीशले कानुनका महत्त्वपूर्ण मामिलाहरू सम्बोधन गर्न मुद्दाको बाँडफाँड र संवैधानिक इजलासको नियुक्तिको जिम्मेवारी लिन्छन।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/new-captain-ship-change-sailing-rules-soon/|title=New Captain Of The Ship, Change In Sailing Rules Soon?|last=Saxena|first=Namit|date=23 December 2016|work=Live Law|access-date=24 December 2016|language=en-US}}</ref> [[भारतीय संविधान|भारतको संविधानको]] धारा १४५ र १९६६ को सर्वोच्च अदालतको कार्यविधिको नियम अनुसार, प्रधानन्यायाधीशले अन्य न्यायाधीशहरूलाई सबै काम बाँडफाँड गर्दछ उनीहरूले यसलाई थप न्यायाधीशहरूको ठुलो बेन्चले हेर्नु आवश्यक भए कुनै पनि अवस्थामा उनीहरूलाई फिर्ता पठाउन बाध्य छन् (पुनविनियोजनको लागि)। प्रशासनिक पक्षमा प्रधानन्यायाधीशले रोस्टरको मर्मत राखान धारण, अदालतका पदाधिकारीहरूको नियुक्ति र सर्वोच्च अदालतको सुपरिवेक्षण र काम कारवाही सम्बन्धी सामान्य तथा विविध मामिलाहरू सम्हाल्छन्। ५०औँ र वर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीश धनन्जय वाई चन्द्रचुड हुन्। उनले ९ नोभेम्बर २०२२ मा भारतको ५०औँ मुख्य न्यायाधीशको रूपमा सपथ लिए <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/justice-dy-chandrachud-sworn-in-as-50th-chief-justice-of-india/article66114002.ece|title=D.Y. Chandrachud is sworn in as 50th Chief Justice of India|date=2022-11-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2022-11-09|others=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> == नियुक्ति == वर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीशको अवकाश नजिकिँदै गर्दा कानून तथा न्याय मन्त्रालयले प्रधानन्यायाधीशसँग सिफारिस मागेको छ। अन्य न्यायाधीशहरूसँग पनि परामर्श हुन सक्छ। त्यसपछि सिफारिस प्रधानमन्त्री समक्ष पेश गरिन्छ, जसले राष्ट्रपतिलाई सल्लाह दिन्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Law and Justice |first=Department Of Justice |date=8 November 2021 |title=MEMORANDUM SHOWING THE PROCEDURE FOR APPOINTMENT OF THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF India AND JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA |url=https://doj.gov.in/memorandum-of-procedure-of-appointment-of-supreme-court-judges/}}</ref> == हटाउने == भारतको संविधानको धारा १२४(४) ले सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीशलाई हटाउने कार्यविधि तोकेको छ जुन मुख्य न्यायाधीशहरूमा पनि लागु हुन्छ। प्रधानन्यायाधीश नियुक्त भइसकेपछि ६५ वर्षको उमेर नपुग्दासम्म प्रधानन्यायाधीश बहाल रहन्छ। संविधानमा कुनै निश्चित कार्यकाल तोकिएको छैन।{{स्रोत नखुलेको|date=September 2021}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">उद्धरण आवश्यक</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> उहाँलाई निम्नानुसार [[भारतीय संसद|संसद]] द्वारा हटाउने प्रक्रिया मार्फत मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ: {{Quote|संसदको प्रत्येक सदनले उक्त सदनको कुल सदस्य सङ्ख्याको बहुमतले समर्थन गरेको र कम्तीमा दुई जनाको बहुमतले सम्बोधन गरेपछि राष्ट्रपतिको आदेशमा बाहेक सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीशलाई पदबाट हटाउन सकिने छैन। सो सदनका एक तिहाइ सदस्य उपस्थित र मतदानमा रहेका सदस्यहरूले सोही अधिवेशनमा दुर्व्यवहार वा असक्षमता प्रमाणित भएको आधारमा हटाउन राष्ट्रपतिसमक्ष पेश गरेका छन्।|धारा १२४(४), [[भारतीय संविधान]]|<ref name="Article 124, Constitution of India">{{cite web|title=Article 124, Constitution of India|url=http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/Constitution/S124.htm|publisher=Vakilno1.com|access-date=11 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226003752/http://vakilno1.com/bareacts/Constitution/S124.htm|archive-date=26 December 2010}}</ref>}} राष्ट्रपति (कार्य निर्वहन) ऐन, १९६९ <ref>{{Cite web |title=President Discharge of Functions Act 1969 Complete Act - Citation 134059 - Bare Act &#124; LegalCrystal |url=https://www.legalcrystal.com/act/134059/president-discharge-of-functions-act-1969-complete-act }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626164651/https://www.legalcrystal.com/act/134059/president-discharge-of-functions-act-1969-complete-act |date=2020-06-26 }}</ref>  ले राष्ट्रपति र उपराष्ट्रपति दुवैको पद रिक्त भएको अवस्थामा भारतको प्रधानन्यायाधीशले भारतको राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा काम गर्नेछ भनी निर्दिष्ट गर्दछ। [[जाकिर हुसेन (राजनीतिज्ञ)|राष्ट्रपति जाकिर हुसैनको]] कार्यकालमा निधन भएपछि उपराष्ट्रपति भीभी गिरीले अध्यक्षको भूमिका निर्वाह गरेका थिए। पछि गिरीले उपाध्यक्ष पदबाट राजीनामा दिएका थिए। त्यसपछि प्रधानन्यायाधीश [[मुहम्मद हिदायतुल्लाह|मोहम्मद हिदायतुल्लाह]] भारतको कार्यवाहक राष्ट्रपति बने। महाधिवेशन अनुसार सर्वोच्च अदालतका वरिष्ठतम न्यायाधीश कायममुकायम प्रधानन्यायाधीश हुने भएका छन्। नवनिर्वाचित राष्ट्रपतिले एक महिनापछि पदभार ग्रहण गरेपछि, न्यायमूर्ति हिदायतुल्लाहलाई भारतको प्रधानन्यायाधीशको रूपमा फिर्ता गरियो। == पारिश्रमिक == [[भारतीय संविधान|भारतको संविधानले]] प्रधानन्यायाधीशको पारिश्रमिक र सेवाका अन्य सर्तहरू निर्धारण गर्ने अधिकार [[भारतीय संसद|भारतको संसदलाई]] दिएको छ। तदनुसार ''सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरू (तलब र सेवाका सर्तहरू) ऐन, ११५८'' मा यस्तो व्यवस्था गरिएको छ।<ref name="HC and SC Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008">{{Cite web |title=The High Court and Supreme Court Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008 |url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1230018357/1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822023037/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1230018357/1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=PRS India }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822023037/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1230018357/1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf |date=22 August 2017 }}</ref><ref name="SC Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act 1958">{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act 1958 |url=http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/SC%28salary_and_condition_of_services%29act_1958.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104092701/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/SC%28salary_and_condition_of_services%29act_1958.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2011 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104092701/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/SC%28salary_and_condition_of_services%29act_1958.pdf |date=4 January 2011 }}</ref> यो पारिश्रमिक छैटौँ केन्द्रीय वेतन आयोगको सिफारिस पछि २००६-२००८ मा परिमार्जन गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite book|date=2008|url=https://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/vikas_doc/docs/1241592662~~1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf|access-date=17 December 2018|title=Archived copy|archive-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> २०१६ को सातौँ तलब आयोग अनुसार तलब परिमार्जन गरिएको छ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pay, Allowance and Pension {{!}} Department of Justice {{!}} India |url=https://doj.gov.in/pay-allowance/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> == प्रधानन्यायाधीशहरूको सूची == == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * कलेजियम प्रणाली * [[भारतको सर्वोच्च न्यायालय|भारतको सर्वोच्च अदालत]] * भारतको उच्च अदालतहरू * भारतमा न्यायाधिकरणहरू * [[भारतीय न्यायपालिका|भारतको न्यायपालिका]] * [[भारतीय संविधान|भारत का संविधान]] * भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशहरूको सूची * राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक नियुक्ति आयोग * भारतमा ऐतिहासिक अदालतका निर्णयहरूको सूची === वर्तमान न्यायपालिका === * वर्तमान भारतीय प्रधान न्यायाधीशहरूको सूची * भारतको सर्वोच्च अदालतका वर्तमान न्यायाधीशहरूको सूची == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == * {{Commons category-inline|Chief Justices of India}} * [http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in Official website of Supreme Court of India] {{Chief Justices of India}}{{Judiciary of India}} hb15dzuekhqppmdwrdn4dx6h92g58bn 1365011 1365010 2026-07-06T12:27:40Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{More citations needed|date=December 2023}} {{Infobox official post | post = मुख्य न्यायाधीश | body = भारत | type = Chief Justice | status = Presiding Judge | native_name = {{lang|hi-Latn|Bhārat kē Mukhya Nyāyādhīśa}} | insignia = Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg | insigniasize = 100px | insigniacaption = भारतीय सर्वोच्च न्यायालय का प्रतीक | flag = Flag of India.svg <!--please do not put presidential standard here, as the standard was replaced by the flag of India in 1971--> | flagsize = 150px | flagcaption = भारतको राष्ट्रीय ध्वज | flagborder = yes | image = Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud.jpg | incumbent = धनंजय यशवंत चंद्रचूड़ | incumbentsince = ९ नोभेम्बर २०२२ | department = सर्वोच्च न्यायालय | seat = [[भारतको सर्वोच्च न्यायालय|भारतको सर्वोच्च अदालत]], [[नयाँ दिल्ली]], [[भारत]] | nominator = वरिष्ठताको आधारमा भारतका निवर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीश | appointer = [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति]] | termlength = ६५ वर्षको उमेरसम्म <ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/judges.htm|title=Supreme Court of India - CJI & Sitting Judges|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> | constituting_instrument = भारतको संविधान (धारा १२४ के तहत) | formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1950|01|28}} | first = एच. जे. कानिया (१९५०–१९५१)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/rcji.htm|title=Supreme Court of India Retired Hon'ble the Chief Justices' of India|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> | abbreviation = CJI | salary = {{INRConvert|280000 }} (per month)<ref name="salary hike for judges">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-high-court-judges-get-nearly-200-salary-hike/story-sRMnVUhOLqAgXJaVOf0VcN.html|title=Supreme Court, High Court judges get nearly 200% salary hike|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=30 January 2018|access-date=30 January 2018}}</ref> | residence = 5, Krishna Menon Marg, Sunehri Bagh, [[नयाँ दिल्ली]], [[भारत]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi-confidential/caste-census-nitish-kumar-bihar-cm-delhi-confidential-7467557/|title=Delhi confidential: Mutual Praise|date=24 August 2021}}</ref> | website = {{URL|https://www.sci.gov.in/|sci.gov.in}} | succession = 6th {{small|(on the [[Indian order of precedence]])}} }} '''भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश''' ([[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्कृत लिप्यन्तरण वर्णमाला|IAST]] : ''{{Lang|hi-Latn|Bhārat kē Mukhya Nyāyādhīśa}}'') [[भारतको सर्वोच्च न्यायालय|भारतको सर्वोच्च अदालतका]] [[प्रधान न्यायाधीश|मुख्य न्यायाधीशका]] साथै [[भारतीय न्यायपालिका|भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको]] सर्वोच्च पदका अधिकारी हुन्। [[भारतीय संविधान|भारतको संविधानले]] सर्वोच्च अदालतका २१ जना न्यायाधीशहरूको न्यायिक क्याबलको परामर्शमा निवर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीशले नियुक्ति गर्ने अधिकार [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतको राष्ट्रपतिलाई]] दिएको छ, अर्को प्रधान न्यायाधीश, जसले पैसठ्ठी वर्षको उमेर नपुग्दासम्म काम गर्नेछन् वा [[महाभियोग|महाभियोगको]] संवैधानिक प्रक्रिया द्वारा हटाईन्छ। परम्परा अनुसार वर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीशले सिफारिस गरेको नाम प्रायः सर्वोच्च अदालतको अर्को वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीश हुने गर्छ। तर, यो परम्परा दुई पटक भङ्ग भइसकेको छ। सन् १९७३ मा न्यायाधीश एएन रे तीनजना वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशलाई हटाएर नियुक्त भए। साथै, १९७७ मा न्यायमूर्ति मिर्जा हमिदुल्लाह बेगलाई न्यायमूर्ति हंस राज खन्नालाई हटाएर मुख्य न्यायाधीश नियुक्त गरियो। सर्वोच्च अदालतको प्रमुखको हैसियतमा प्रधानन्यायाधीशले कानुनका महत्त्वपूर्ण मामिलाहरू सम्बोधन गर्न मुद्दाको बाँडफाँड र संवैधानिक इजलासको नियुक्तिको जिम्मेवारी लिन्छन।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/new-captain-ship-change-sailing-rules-soon/|title=New Captain Of The Ship, Change In Sailing Rules Soon?|last=Saxena|first=Namit|date=23 December 2016|work=Live Law|access-date=24 December 2016|language=en-US}}</ref> [[भारतीय संविधान|भारतको संविधानको]] धारा १४५ र १९६६ को सर्वोच्च अदालतको कार्यविधिको नियम अनुसार, प्रधानन्यायाधीशले अन्य न्यायाधीशहरूलाई सबै काम बाँडफाँड गर्दछ उनीहरूले यसलाई थप न्यायाधीशहरूको ठुलो बेन्चले हेर्नु आवश्यक भए कुनै पनि अवस्थामा उनीहरूलाई फिर्ता पठाउन बाध्य छन् (पुनविनियोजनको लागि)। प्रशासनिक पक्षमा प्रधानन्यायाधीशले रोस्टरको मर्मत राखान धारण, अदालतका पदाधिकारीहरूको नियुक्ति र सर्वोच्च अदालतको सुपरिवेक्षण र काम कारवाही सम्बन्धी सामान्य तथा विविध मामिलाहरू सम्हाल्छन्। ५०औँ र वर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीश धनन्जय वाई चन्द्रचुड हुन्। उनले ९ नोभेम्बर २०२२ मा भारतको ५०औँ मुख्य न्यायाधीशको रूपमा सपथ लिए <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/justice-dy-chandrachud-sworn-in-as-50th-chief-justice-of-india/article66114002.ece|title=D.Y. Chandrachud is sworn in as 50th Chief Justice of India|date=2022-11-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2022-11-09|others=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> == नियुक्ति == वर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीशको अवकाश नजिकिँदै गर्दा कानून तथा न्याय मन्त्रालयले प्रधानन्यायाधीशसँग सिफारिस मागेको छ। अन्य न्यायाधीशहरूसँग पनि परामर्श हुन सक्छ। त्यसपछि सिफारिस प्रधानमन्त्री समक्ष पेश गरिन्छ, जसले राष्ट्रपतिलाई सल्लाह दिन्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Law and Justice |first=Department Of Justice |date=8 November 2021 |title=MEMORANDUM SHOWING THE PROCEDURE FOR APPOINTMENT OF THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF India AND JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA |url=https://doj.gov.in/memorandum-of-procedure-of-appointment-of-supreme-court-judges/}}</ref> == हटाउने == भारतको संविधानको धारा १२४(४) ले सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीशलाई हटाउने कार्यविधि तोकेको छ जुन मुख्य न्यायाधीशहरूमा पनि लागु हुन्छ। प्रधानन्यायाधीश नियुक्त भइसकेपछि ६५ वर्षको उमेर नपुग्दासम्म प्रधानन्यायाधीश बहाल रहन्छ। संविधानमा कुनै निश्चित कार्यकाल तोकिएको छैन।{{स्रोत नखुलेको|date=September 2021}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">उद्धरण आवश्यक</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> उहाँलाई निम्नानुसार [[भारतीय संसद|संसद]] द्वारा हटाउने प्रक्रिया मार्फत मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ: {{Quote|संसदको प्रत्येक सदनले उक्त सदनको कुल सदस्य सङ्ख्याको बहुमतले समर्थन गरेको र कम्तीमा दुई जनाको बहुमतले सम्बोधन गरेपछि राष्ट्रपतिको आदेशमा बाहेक सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीशलाई पदबाट हटाउन सकिने छैन। सो सदनका एक तिहाइ सदस्य उपस्थित र मतदानमा रहेका सदस्यहरूले सोही अधिवेशनमा दुर्व्यवहार वा असक्षमता प्रमाणित भएको आधारमा हटाउन राष्ट्रपतिसमक्ष पेश गरेका छन्।|धारा १२४(४), [[भारतीय संविधान]]|<ref name="Article 124, Constitution of India">{{cite web|title=Article 124, Constitution of India|url=http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/Constitution/S124.htm|publisher=Vakilno1.com|access-date=11 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226003752/http://vakilno1.com/bareacts/Constitution/S124.htm|archive-date=26 December 2010}}</ref>}} राष्ट्रपति (कार्य निर्वहन) ऐन, १९६९ <ref>{{Cite web |title=President Discharge of Functions Act 1969 Complete Act - Citation 134059 - Bare Act &#124; LegalCrystal |url=https://www.legalcrystal.com/act/134059/president-discharge-of-functions-act-1969-complete-act }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626164651/https://www.legalcrystal.com/act/134059/president-discharge-of-functions-act-1969-complete-act |date=2020-06-26 }}</ref>  ले राष्ट्रपति र उपराष्ट्रपति दुवैको पद रिक्त भएको अवस्थामा भारतको प्रधानन्यायाधीशले भारतको राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा काम गर्नेछ भनी निर्दिष्ट गर्दछ। [[जाकिर हुसेन (राजनीतिज्ञ)|राष्ट्रपति जाकिर हुसैनको]] कार्यकालमा निधन भएपछि उपराष्ट्रपति भीभी गिरीले अध्यक्षको भूमिका निर्वाह गरेका थिए। पछि गिरीले उपाध्यक्ष पदबाट राजीनामा दिएका थिए। त्यसपछि प्रधानन्यायाधीश [[मुहम्मद हिदायतुल्लाह|मोहम्मद हिदायतुल्लाह]] भारतको कार्यवाहक राष्ट्रपति बने। महाधिवेशन अनुसार सर्वोच्च अदालतका वरिष्ठतम न्यायाधीश कायममुकायम प्रधानन्यायाधीश हुने भएका छन्। नवनिर्वाचित राष्ट्रपतिले एक महिनापछि पदभार ग्रहण गरेपछि, न्यायमूर्ति हिदायतुल्लाहलाई भारतको प्रधानन्यायाधीशको रूपमा फिर्ता गरियो। == पारिश्रमिक == [[भारतीय संविधान|भारतको संविधानले]] प्रधानन्यायाधीशको पारिश्रमिक र सेवाका अन्य सर्तहरू निर्धारण गर्ने अधिकार [[भारतीय संसद|भारतको संसदलाई]] दिएको छ। तदनुसार ''सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरू (तलब र सेवाका सर्तहरू) ऐन, ११५८'' मा यस्तो व्यवस्था गरिएको छ।<ref name="HC and SC Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008">{{Cite web |title=The High Court and Supreme Court Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008 |url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1230018357/1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822023037/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1230018357/1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=PRS India }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822023037/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1230018357/1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf |date=22 August 2017 }}</ref><ref name="SC Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act 1958">{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act 1958 |url=http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/SC%28salary_and_condition_of_services%29act_1958.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104092701/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/SC%28salary_and_condition_of_services%29act_1958.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2011 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104092701/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/SC%28salary_and_condition_of_services%29act_1958.pdf |date=4 January 2011 }}</ref> यो पारिश्रमिक छैटौँ केन्द्रीय वेतन आयोगको सिफारिस पछि २००६-२००८ मा परिमार्जन गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite book|date=2008|url=https://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/vikas_doc/docs/1241592662~~1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf|access-date=17 December 2018|title=Archived copy|archive-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> २०१६ को सातौँ तलब आयोग अनुसार तलब परिमार्जन गरिएको छ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pay, Allowance and Pension {{!}} Department of Justice {{!}} India |url=https://doj.gov.in/pay-allowance/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> == प्रधानन्यायाधीशहरूको सूची == == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * कलेजियम प्रणाली * [[भारतको सर्वोच्च न्यायालय|भारतको सर्वोच्च अदालत]] * भारतको उच्च अदालतहरू * भारतमा न्यायाधिकरणहरू * [[भारतीय न्यायपालिका|भारतको न्यायपालिका]] * [[भारतीय संविधान|भारत का संविधान]] * भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशहरूको सूची * राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक नियुक्ति आयोग * भारतमा ऐतिहासिक अदालतका निर्णयहरूको सूची === वर्तमान न्यायपालिका === * वर्तमान भारतीय प्रधान न्यायाधीशहरूको सूची * भारतको सर्वोच्च अदालतका वर्तमान न्यायाधीशहरूको सूची == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == * {{Commons category-inline|Chief Justices of India}} * [http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in Official website of Supreme Court of India] {{Chief Justices of India}}{{Judiciary of India}} hyjnqyszlfiqtcqltdrtjmi57ivvra3 1365012 1365011 2026-07-06T12:28:38Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365012 wikitext text/x-wiki {{More citations needed|date=December 2023}} {{Infobox official post | post = मुख्य न्यायाधीश | body = भारत | type = Chief Justice | status = Presiding Judge | native_name = {{lang|hi-Latn|Bhārat kē Mukhya Nyāyādhīśa}} | insignia = Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg | insigniasize = 100px | insigniacaption = भारतीय सर्वोच्च न्यायालय का प्रतीक | flag = Flag of India.svg <!--please do not put presidential standard here, as the standard was replaced by the flag of India in 1971--> | flagsize = 150px | flagcaption = भारतको राष्ट्रीय ध्वज | flagborder = yes | image = Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud.jpg | incumbent = धनंजय यशवंत चंद्रचूड़ | incumbentsince = ९ नोभेम्बर २०२२ | department = सर्वोच्च न्यायालय | seat = [[भारतको सर्वोच्च न्यायालय|भारतको सर्वोच्च अदालत]], [[नयाँ दिल्ली]], [[भारत]] | nominator = वरिष्ठताको आधारमा भारतका निवर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीश | appointer = [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति]] | termlength = ६५ वर्षको उमेरसम्म <ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/judges.htm|title=Supreme Court of India - CJI & Sitting Judges|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> | constituting_instrument = भारतको संविधान (धारा १२४ के तहत) | formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1950|01|28}} | first = एच. जे. कानिया (१९५०–१९५१)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/rcji.htm|title=Supreme Court of India Retired Hon'ble the Chief Justices' of India|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> | abbreviation = CJI | salary = {{INRConvert|280000 }} (प्रति महिना)<ref name="salary hike for judges">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-high-court-judges-get-nearly-200-salary-hike/story-sRMnVUhOLqAgXJaVOf0VcN.html|title=Supreme Court, High Court judges get nearly 200% salary hike|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=30 January 2018|access-date=30 January 2018}}</ref> | residence = 5, Krishna Menon Marg, Sunehri Bagh, [[नयाँ दिल्ली]], [[भारत]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi-confidential/caste-census-nitish-kumar-bihar-cm-delhi-confidential-7467557/|title=Delhi confidential: Mutual Praise|date=24 August 2021}}</ref> | website = {{URL|https://www.sci.gov.in/|sci.gov.in}} | succession = 6th {{small|(on the [[Indian order of precedence]])}} }} '''भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश''' ([[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्कृत लिप्यन्तरण वर्णमाला|IAST]] : ''{{Lang|hi-Latn|Bhārat kē Mukhya Nyāyādhīśa}}'') [[भारतको सर्वोच्च न्यायालय|भारतको सर्वोच्च अदालतका]] [[प्रधान न्यायाधीश|मुख्य न्यायाधीशका]] साथै [[भारतीय न्यायपालिका|भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको]] सर्वोच्च पदका अधिकारी हुन्। [[भारतीय संविधान|भारतको संविधानले]] सर्वोच्च अदालतका २१ जना न्यायाधीशहरूको न्यायिक क्याबलको परामर्शमा निवर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीशले नियुक्ति गर्ने अधिकार [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतको राष्ट्रपतिलाई]] दिएको छ, अर्को प्रधान न्यायाधीश, जसले पैसठ्ठी वर्षको उमेर नपुग्दासम्म काम गर्नेछन् वा [[महाभियोग|महाभियोगको]] संवैधानिक प्रक्रिया द्वारा हटाईन्छ। परम्परा अनुसार वर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीशले सिफारिस गरेको नाम प्रायः सर्वोच्च अदालतको अर्को वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीश हुने गर्छ। तर, यो परम्परा दुई पटक भङ्ग भइसकेको छ। सन् १९७३ मा न्यायाधीश एएन रे तीनजना वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशलाई हटाएर नियुक्त भए। साथै, १९७७ मा न्यायमूर्ति मिर्जा हमिदुल्लाह बेगलाई न्यायमूर्ति हंस राज खन्नालाई हटाएर मुख्य न्यायाधीश नियुक्त गरियो। सर्वोच्च अदालतको प्रमुखको हैसियतमा प्रधानन्यायाधीशले कानुनका महत्त्वपूर्ण मामिलाहरू सम्बोधन गर्न मुद्दाको बाँडफाँड र संवैधानिक इजलासको नियुक्तिको जिम्मेवारी लिन्छन।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/new-captain-ship-change-sailing-rules-soon/|title=New Captain Of The Ship, Change In Sailing Rules Soon?|last=Saxena|first=Namit|date=23 December 2016|work=Live Law|access-date=24 December 2016|language=en-US}}</ref> [[भारतीय संविधान|भारतको संविधानको]] धारा १४५ र १९६६ को सर्वोच्च अदालतको कार्यविधिको नियम अनुसार, प्रधानन्यायाधीशले अन्य न्यायाधीशहरूलाई सबै काम बाँडफाँड गर्दछ उनीहरूले यसलाई थप न्यायाधीशहरूको ठुलो बेन्चले हेर्नु आवश्यक भए कुनै पनि अवस्थामा उनीहरूलाई फिर्ता पठाउन बाध्य छन् (पुनविनियोजनको लागि)। प्रशासनिक पक्षमा प्रधानन्यायाधीशले रोस्टरको मर्मत राखान धारण, अदालतका पदाधिकारीहरूको नियुक्ति र सर्वोच्च अदालतको सुपरिवेक्षण र काम कारवाही सम्बन्धी सामान्य तथा विविध मामिलाहरू सम्हाल्छन्। ५०औँ र वर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीश धनन्जय वाई चन्द्रचुड हुन्। उनले ९ नोभेम्बर २०२२ मा भारतको ५०औँ मुख्य न्यायाधीशको रूपमा सपथ लिए <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/justice-dy-chandrachud-sworn-in-as-50th-chief-justice-of-india/article66114002.ece|title=D.Y. Chandrachud is sworn in as 50th Chief Justice of India|date=2022-11-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2022-11-09|others=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> == नियुक्ति == वर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीशको अवकाश नजिकिँदै गर्दा कानून तथा न्याय मन्त्रालयले प्रधानन्यायाधीशसँग सिफारिस मागेको छ। अन्य न्यायाधीशहरूसँग पनि परामर्श हुन सक्छ। त्यसपछि सिफारिस प्रधानमन्त्री समक्ष पेश गरिन्छ, जसले राष्ट्रपतिलाई सल्लाह दिन्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Law and Justice |first=Department Of Justice |date=8 November 2021 |title=MEMORANDUM SHOWING THE PROCEDURE FOR APPOINTMENT OF THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF India AND JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA |url=https://doj.gov.in/memorandum-of-procedure-of-appointment-of-supreme-court-judges/}}</ref> == हटाउने == भारतको संविधानको धारा १२४(४) ले सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीशलाई हटाउने कार्यविधि तोकेको छ जुन मुख्य न्यायाधीशहरूमा पनि लागु हुन्छ। प्रधानन्यायाधीश नियुक्त भइसकेपछि ६५ वर्षको उमेर नपुग्दासम्म प्रधानन्यायाधीश बहाल रहन्छ। संविधानमा कुनै निश्चित कार्यकाल तोकिएको छैन।{{स्रोत नखुलेको|date=September 2021}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">उद्धरण आवश्यक</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> उहाँलाई निम्नानुसार [[भारतीय संसद|संसद]] द्वारा हटाउने प्रक्रिया मार्फत मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ: {{Quote|संसदको प्रत्येक सदनले उक्त सदनको कुल सदस्य सङ्ख्याको बहुमतले समर्थन गरेको र कम्तीमा दुई जनाको बहुमतले सम्बोधन गरेपछि राष्ट्रपतिको आदेशमा बाहेक सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीशलाई पदबाट हटाउन सकिने छैन। सो सदनका एक तिहाइ सदस्य उपस्थित र मतदानमा रहेका सदस्यहरूले सोही अधिवेशनमा दुर्व्यवहार वा असक्षमता प्रमाणित भएको आधारमा हटाउन राष्ट्रपतिसमक्ष पेश गरेका छन्।|धारा १२४(४), [[भारतीय संविधान]]|<ref name="Article 124, Constitution of India">{{cite web|title=Article 124, Constitution of India|url=http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/Constitution/S124.htm|publisher=Vakilno1.com|access-date=11 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226003752/http://vakilno1.com/bareacts/Constitution/S124.htm|archive-date=26 December 2010}}</ref>}} राष्ट्रपति (कार्य निर्वहन) ऐन, १९६९ <ref>{{Cite web |title=President Discharge of Functions Act 1969 Complete Act - Citation 134059 - Bare Act &#124; LegalCrystal |url=https://www.legalcrystal.com/act/134059/president-discharge-of-functions-act-1969-complete-act }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626164651/https://www.legalcrystal.com/act/134059/president-discharge-of-functions-act-1969-complete-act |date=2020-06-26 }}</ref>  ले राष्ट्रपति र उपराष्ट्रपति दुवैको पद रिक्त भएको अवस्थामा भारतको प्रधानन्यायाधीशले भारतको राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा काम गर्नेछ भनी निर्दिष्ट गर्दछ। [[जाकिर हुसेन (राजनीतिज्ञ)|राष्ट्रपति जाकिर हुसैनको]] कार्यकालमा निधन भएपछि उपराष्ट्रपति भीभी गिरीले अध्यक्षको भूमिका निर्वाह गरेका थिए। पछि गिरीले उपाध्यक्ष पदबाट राजीनामा दिएका थिए। त्यसपछि प्रधानन्यायाधीश [[मुहम्मद हिदायतुल्लाह|मोहम्मद हिदायतुल्लाह]] भारतको कार्यवाहक राष्ट्रपति बने। महाधिवेशन अनुसार सर्वोच्च अदालतका वरिष्ठतम न्यायाधीश कायममुकायम प्रधानन्यायाधीश हुने भएका छन्। नवनिर्वाचित राष्ट्रपतिले एक महिनापछि पदभार ग्रहण गरेपछि, न्यायमूर्ति हिदायतुल्लाहलाई भारतको प्रधानन्यायाधीशको रूपमा फिर्ता गरियो। == पारिश्रमिक == [[भारतीय संविधान|भारतको संविधानले]] प्रधानन्यायाधीशको पारिश्रमिक र सेवाका अन्य सर्तहरू निर्धारण गर्ने अधिकार [[भारतीय संसद|भारतको संसदलाई]] दिएको छ। तदनुसार ''सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरू (तलब र सेवाका सर्तहरू) ऐन, ११५८'' मा यस्तो व्यवस्था गरिएको छ।<ref name="HC and SC Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008">{{Cite web |title=The High Court and Supreme Court Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008 |url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1230018357/1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822023037/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1230018357/1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=PRS India }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822023037/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1230018357/1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf |date=22 August 2017 }}</ref><ref name="SC Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act 1958">{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act 1958 |url=http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/SC%28salary_and_condition_of_services%29act_1958.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104092701/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/SC%28salary_and_condition_of_services%29act_1958.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2011 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104092701/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/SC%28salary_and_condition_of_services%29act_1958.pdf |date=4 January 2011 }}</ref> यो पारिश्रमिक छैटौँ केन्द्रीय वेतन आयोगको सिफारिस पछि २००६-२००८ मा परिमार्जन गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite book|date=2008|url=https://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/vikas_doc/docs/1241592662~~1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf|access-date=17 December 2018|title=Archived copy|archive-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> २०१६ को सातौँ तलब आयोग अनुसार तलब परिमार्जन गरिएको छ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pay, Allowance and Pension {{!}} Department of Justice {{!}} India |url=https://doj.gov.in/pay-allowance/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> == प्रधानन्यायाधीशहरूको सूची == == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * कलेजियम प्रणाली * [[भारतको सर्वोच्च न्यायालय|भारतको सर्वोच्च अदालत]] * भारतको उच्च अदालतहरू * भारतमा न्यायाधिकरणहरू * [[भारतीय न्यायपालिका|भारतको न्यायपालिका]] * [[भारतीय संविधान|भारत का संविधान]] * भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशहरूको सूची * राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक नियुक्ति आयोग * भारतमा ऐतिहासिक अदालतका निर्णयहरूको सूची === वर्तमान न्यायपालिका === * वर्तमान भारतीय प्रधान न्यायाधीशहरूको सूची * भारतको सर्वोच्च अदालतका वर्तमान न्यायाधीशहरूको सूची == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == * {{Commons category-inline|Chief Justices of India}} * [http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in Official website of Supreme Court of India] {{Chief Justices of India}}{{Judiciary of India}} lvllz3m5ceaqeoyzihdwemoiafgm3nn 1365013 1365012 2026-07-06T12:33:07Z ~2026-38184-13 79655 1365013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{More citations needed|date=December 2023}} {{Infobox official post | post = मुख्य न्यायाधीश | body = भारत | type = Chief Justice | status = Presiding Judge | native_name = {{lang|hi-Latn|Bhārat kē Mukhya Nyāyādhīśa}} | insignia = Emblem of the Supreme Court of India.svg | insigniasize = 100px | insigniacaption = भारतीय सर्वोच्च न्यायालय का प्रतीक | flag = Flag of India.svg <!--please do not put presidential standard here, as the standard was replaced by the flag of India in 1971--> | flagsize = 150px | flagcaption = भारतको राष्ट्रीय ध्वज | flagborder = yes | image = Dhananjaya Yeshwant Chandrachud.jpg | incumbent = धनंजय यशवंत चंद्रचूड़ | incumbentsince = ९ नोभेम्बर २०२२ | department = सर्वोच्च न्यायालय | seat = [[भारतको सर्वोच्च न्यायालय|भारतको सर्वोच्च अदालत]], [[नयाँ दिल्ली]], [[भारत]] | nominator = वरिष्ठताको आधारमा भारतका निवर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीश | appointer = [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति]] | termlength = ६५ वर्षको उमेरसम्म <ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/judges.htm|title=Supreme Court of India - CJI & Sitting Judges|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> | constituting_instrument = भारतको संविधान (धारा १२४ के तहत) | formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1950|01|28}} | first = एच. जे. कानिया (१९५०–१९५१)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/judges/rcji.htm|title=Supreme Court of India Retired Hon'ble the Chief Justices' of India|access-date=4 July 2015}}</ref> | abbreviation = CJI | salary = {{INRConvert|280000 }} (प्रति महिना)<ref name="salary hike for judges">{{cite news|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/supreme-court-high-court-judges-get-nearly-200-salary-hike/story-sRMnVUhOLqAgXJaVOf0VcN.html|title=Supreme Court, High Court judges get nearly 200% salary hike|newspaper=[[The Hindustan Times]]|date=30 January 2018|access-date=30 January 2018}}</ref> | residence = 5, Krishna Menon Marg, Sunehri Bagh, [[नयाँ दिल्ली]], [[भारत]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/delhi-confidential/caste-census-nitish-kumar-bihar-cm-delhi-confidential-7467557/|title=Delhi confidential: Mutual Praise|date=24 August 2021}}</ref> | website = {{URL|https://www.sci.gov.in/|sci.gov.in}} | succession = छैठौं {{small|(भारतीय मर्यादाक्रम मा)}} }} '''भारतको मुख्य न्यायाधीश''' ([[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय संस्कृत लिप्यन्तरण वर्णमाला|IAST]] : ''{{Lang|hi-Latn|Bhārat kē Mukhya Nyāyādhīśa}}'') [[भारतको सर्वोच्च न्यायालय|भारतको सर्वोच्च अदालतका]] [[प्रधान न्यायाधीश|मुख्य न्यायाधीशका]] साथै [[भारतीय न्यायपालिका|भारतीय न्यायपालिकाको]] सर्वोच्च पदका अधिकारी हुन्। [[भारतीय संविधान|भारतको संविधानले]] सर्वोच्च अदालतका २१ जना न्यायाधीशहरूको न्यायिक क्याबलको परामर्शमा निवर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीशले नियुक्ति गर्ने अधिकार [[भारतको राष्ट्रपति|भारतको राष्ट्रपतिलाई]] दिएको छ, अर्को प्रधान न्यायाधीश, जसले पैसठ्ठी वर्षको उमेर नपुग्दासम्म काम गर्नेछन् वा [[महाभियोग|महाभियोगको]] संवैधानिक प्रक्रिया द्वारा हटाईन्छ। परम्परा अनुसार वर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीशले सिफारिस गरेको नाम प्रायः सर्वोच्च अदालतको अर्को वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीश हुने गर्छ। तर, यो परम्परा दुई पटक भङ्ग भइसकेको छ। सन् १९७३ मा न्यायाधीश एएन रे तीनजना वरिष्ठ न्यायाधीशलाई हटाएर नियुक्त भए। साथै, १९७७ मा न्यायमूर्ति मिर्जा हमिदुल्लाह बेगलाई न्यायमूर्ति हंस राज खन्नालाई हटाएर मुख्य न्यायाधीश नियुक्त गरियो। सर्वोच्च अदालतको प्रमुखको हैसियतमा प्रधानन्यायाधीशले कानुनका महत्त्वपूर्ण मामिलाहरू सम्बोधन गर्न मुद्दाको बाँडफाँड र संवैधानिक इजलासको नियुक्तिको जिम्मेवारी लिन्छन।<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.livelaw.in/new-captain-ship-change-sailing-rules-soon/|title=New Captain Of The Ship, Change In Sailing Rules Soon?|last=Saxena|first=Namit|date=23 December 2016|work=Live Law|access-date=24 December 2016|language=en-US}}</ref> [[भारतीय संविधान|भारतको संविधानको]] धारा १४५ र १९६६ को सर्वोच्च अदालतको कार्यविधिको नियम अनुसार, प्रधानन्यायाधीशले अन्य न्यायाधीशहरूलाई सबै काम बाँडफाँड गर्दछ उनीहरूले यसलाई थप न्यायाधीशहरूको ठुलो बेन्चले हेर्नु आवश्यक भए कुनै पनि अवस्थामा उनीहरूलाई फिर्ता पठाउन बाध्य छन् (पुनविनियोजनको लागि)। प्रशासनिक पक्षमा प्रधानन्यायाधीशले रोस्टरको मर्मत राखान धारण, अदालतका पदाधिकारीहरूको नियुक्ति र सर्वोच्च अदालतको सुपरिवेक्षण र काम कारवाही सम्बन्धी सामान्य तथा विविध मामिलाहरू सम्हाल्छन्। ५०औँ र वर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीश धनन्जय वाई चन्द्रचुड हुन्। उनले ९ नोभेम्बर २०२२ मा भारतको ५०औँ मुख्य न्यायाधीशको रूपमा सपथ लिए <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/justice-dy-chandrachud-sworn-in-as-50th-chief-justice-of-india/article66114002.ece|title=D.Y. Chandrachud is sworn in as 50th Chief Justice of India|date=2022-11-09|work=The Hindu|access-date=2022-11-09|others=PTI|language=en-IN|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> == नियुक्ति == वर्तमान प्रधानन्यायाधीशको अवकाश नजिकिँदै गर्दा कानून तथा न्याय मन्त्रालयले प्रधानन्यायाधीशसँग सिफारिस मागेको छ। अन्य न्यायाधीशहरूसँग पनि परामर्श हुन सक्छ। त्यसपछि सिफारिस प्रधानमन्त्री समक्ष पेश गरिन्छ, जसले राष्ट्रपतिलाई सल्लाह दिन्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ministry of Law and Justice |first=Department Of Justice |date=8 November 2021 |title=MEMORANDUM SHOWING THE PROCEDURE FOR APPOINTMENT OF THE CHIEF JUSTICE OF India AND JUDGES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA |url=https://doj.gov.in/memorandum-of-procedure-of-appointment-of-supreme-court-judges/}}</ref> == हटाउने == भारतको संविधानको धारा १२४(४) ले सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीशलाई हटाउने कार्यविधि तोकेको छ जुन मुख्य न्यायाधीशहरूमा पनि लागु हुन्छ। प्रधानन्यायाधीश नियुक्त भइसकेपछि ६५ वर्षको उमेर नपुग्दासम्म प्रधानन्यायाधीश बहाल रहन्छ। संविधानमा कुनै निश्चित कार्यकाल तोकिएको छैन।{{स्रोत नखुलेको|date=September 2021}}</link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2021)">उद्धरण आवश्यक</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> उहाँलाई निम्नानुसार [[भारतीय संसद|संसद]] द्वारा हटाउने प्रक्रिया मार्फत मात्र हटाउन सकिन्छ: {{Quote|संसदको प्रत्येक सदनले उक्त सदनको कुल सदस्य सङ्ख्याको बहुमतले समर्थन गरेको र कम्तीमा दुई जनाको बहुमतले सम्बोधन गरेपछि राष्ट्रपतिको आदेशमा बाहेक सर्वोच्च अदालतको न्यायाधीशलाई पदबाट हटाउन सकिने छैन। सो सदनका एक तिहाइ सदस्य उपस्थित र मतदानमा रहेका सदस्यहरूले सोही अधिवेशनमा दुर्व्यवहार वा असक्षमता प्रमाणित भएको आधारमा हटाउन राष्ट्रपतिसमक्ष पेश गरेका छन्।|धारा १२४(४), [[भारतीय संविधान]]|<ref name="Article 124, Constitution of India">{{cite web|title=Article 124, Constitution of India|url=http://www.vakilno1.com/bareacts/Constitution/S124.htm|publisher=Vakilno1.com|access-date=11 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226003752/http://vakilno1.com/bareacts/Constitution/S124.htm|archive-date=26 December 2010}}</ref>}} राष्ट्रपति (कार्य निर्वहन) ऐन, १९६९ <ref>{{Cite web |title=President Discharge of Functions Act 1969 Complete Act - Citation 134059 - Bare Act &#124; LegalCrystal |url=https://www.legalcrystal.com/act/134059/president-discharge-of-functions-act-1969-complete-act }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626164651/https://www.legalcrystal.com/act/134059/president-discharge-of-functions-act-1969-complete-act |date=2020-06-26 }}</ref>  ले राष्ट्रपति र उपराष्ट्रपति दुवैको पद रिक्त भएको अवस्थामा भारतको प्रधानन्यायाधीशले भारतको राष्ट्रपतिको रूपमा काम गर्नेछ भनी निर्दिष्ट गर्दछ। [[जाकिर हुसेन (राजनीतिज्ञ)|राष्ट्रपति जाकिर हुसैनको]] कार्यकालमा निधन भएपछि उपराष्ट्रपति भीभी गिरीले अध्यक्षको भूमिका निर्वाह गरेका थिए। पछि गिरीले उपाध्यक्ष पदबाट राजीनामा दिएका थिए। त्यसपछि प्रधानन्यायाधीश [[मुहम्मद हिदायतुल्लाह|मोहम्मद हिदायतुल्लाह]] भारतको कार्यवाहक राष्ट्रपति बने। महाधिवेशन अनुसार सर्वोच्च अदालतका वरिष्ठतम न्यायाधीश कायममुकायम प्रधानन्यायाधीश हुने भएका छन्। नवनिर्वाचित राष्ट्रपतिले एक महिनापछि पदभार ग्रहण गरेपछि, न्यायमूर्ति हिदायतुल्लाहलाई भारतको प्रधानन्यायाधीशको रूपमा फिर्ता गरियो। == पारिश्रमिक == [[भारतीय संविधान|भारतको संविधानले]] प्रधानन्यायाधीशको पारिश्रमिक र सेवाका अन्य सर्तहरू निर्धारण गर्ने अधिकार [[भारतीय संसद|भारतको संसदलाई]] दिएको छ। तदनुसार ''सर्वोच्च अदालतका न्यायाधीशहरू (तलब र सेवाका सर्तहरू) ऐन, ११५८'' मा यस्तो व्यवस्था गरिएको छ।<ref name="HC and SC Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008">{{Cite web |title=The High Court and Supreme Court Judges Salaries and Conditions of Service Amendment Bill 2008 |url=http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1230018357/1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822023037/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1230018357/1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf |archive-date=22 August 2017 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=PRS India }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822023037/http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/1230018357/1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf |date=22 August 2017 }}</ref><ref name="SC Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act 1958">{{Cite web |title=Supreme Court Judges (Salaries and Conditions of Service) Act 1958 |url=http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/SC%28salary_and_condition_of_services%29act_1958.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104092701/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/SC%28salary_and_condition_of_services%29act_1958.pdf |archive-date=4 January 2011 |access-date=23 July 2012 |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs, India }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104092701/http://mha.nic.in/pdfs/SC%28salary_and_condition_of_services%29act_1958.pdf |date=4 January 2011 }}</ref> यो पारिश्रमिक छैटौँ केन्द्रीय वेतन आयोगको सिफारिस पछि २००६-२००८ मा परिमार्जन गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite book|date=2008|url=https://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/vikas_doc/docs/1241592662~~1230018357_The_High_Court_and_Supreme_Court_Judges__Salaries_and_Conditions_of_Service__Amendment_Bill__2008.pdf|access-date=17 December 2018|title=Archived copy|archive-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> २०१६ को सातौँ तलब आयोग अनुसार तलब परिमार्जन गरिएको छ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pay, Allowance and Pension {{!}} Department of Justice {{!}} India |url=https://doj.gov.in/pay-allowance/ |access-date=2022-08-27 |language=en-US}}</ref> == प्रधानन्यायाधीशहरूको सूची == == यो पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * कलेजियम प्रणाली * [[भारतको सर्वोच्च न्यायालय|भारतको सर्वोच्च अदालत]] * भारतको उच्च अदालतहरू * भारतमा न्यायाधिकरणहरू * [[भारतीय न्यायपालिका|भारतको न्यायपालिका]] * [[भारतीय संविधान|भारत का संविधान]] * भारतका मुख्य न्यायाधीशहरूको सूची * राष्ट्रिय न्यायिक नियुक्ति आयोग * भारतमा ऐतिहासिक अदालतका निर्णयहरूको सूची === वर्तमान न्यायपालिका === * वर्तमान भारतीय प्रधान न्यायाधीशहरूको सूची * भारतको सर्वोच्च अदालतका वर्तमान न्यायाधीशहरूको सूची == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == * {{Commons category-inline|Chief Justices of India}} * [http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in Official website of Supreme Court of India] {{Chief Justices of India}}{{Judiciary of India}} 6lsdhbackhap7pyckccrj3of0ytjfnw 3 145355 1365163 1299936 2026-07-07T05:08:34Z A09 52446 A09द्वारा [[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:DreamRimmer]] पृष्ठलाई [[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MX]]मा सारियो: प्रयोगकर्तालाई पुन: नामाकरण गर्दा "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]" लाई "[[Special:CentralAuth/MX|MX]]"मा स्वचालित रूपमा सारियो 1299936 wikitext text/x-wiki == विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५ मा सहभागी हुने सम्बन्धमा == {{fmbox | image = [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|90px|link=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB]] | imageright= [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ne.svg|80px|link=]] | style = | textstyle = | text = <center> [[नेपाली विकिपिडिया]]मा ०५ अगस्ट २०२५ देखि ३१ अगस्ट २०२५ सम्म नारी सम्मानमा समर्पित '''"महिला स्वास्थ तथा स्वच्छता सम्बन्धी जागरूकता"''' नाराको साथ [[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५]] सञ्चालन भइरहेको छ, सहभागी हुनका लागि सहभागीहरूले '''[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५/सहभागीहरू|यहाँ]]''' आफ्नो नाम दर्ता गर्नको लागि अनुरोध गरिन्छ।<br> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५|<span style="color:white">अझ थप जानकारी...</span>]]</span></br></center> }} <!-- Message sent by User:पर्वत सुबेदी@newiki using the list at https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:Nabin_K._Sapkota/Mass_Message_Users_List&oldid=1299914 --> cbf5cmm6ltuaamon4i9r1x94ea04yk3 1365211 1365163 2026-07-07T10:45:59Z Neriah 52268 Neriah ले [[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:DreamRimmer]] बाट पुनार्निर्देश हटाएर [[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MX]] मा पुनर्निर्देश नछोडी [[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:MX]] लाई [[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:DreamRimmer]] मा सारेको हो: प्रयोगकर्तालाई पुन: नामाकरण गर्दा "[[Special:CentralAuth/MX|MX]]" लाई "[[Special:CentralAuth/DreamRimmer|DreamRimmer]]"मा स्वचालित रूपमा सारियो 1299936 wikitext text/x-wiki == विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५ मा सहभागी हुने सम्बन्धमा == {{fmbox | image = [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|90px|link=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB]] | imageright= [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-ne.svg|80px|link=]] | style = | textstyle = | text = <center> [[नेपाली विकिपिडिया]]मा ०५ अगस्ट २०२५ देखि ३१ अगस्ट २०२५ सम्म नारी सम्मानमा समर्पित '''"महिला स्वास्थ तथा स्वच्छता सम्बन्धी जागरूकता"''' नाराको साथ [[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५]] सञ्चालन भइरहेको छ, सहभागी हुनका लागि सहभागीहरूले '''[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५/सहभागीहरू|यहाँ]]''' आफ्नो नाम दर्ता गर्नको लागि अनुरोध गरिन्छ।<br> <span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५|<span style="color:white">अझ थप जानकारी...</span>]]</span></br></center> }} <!-- Message sent by User:पर्वत सुबेदी@newiki using the list at https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE:Nabin_K._Sapkota/Mass_Message_Users_List&oldid=1299914 --> cbf5cmm6ltuaamon4i9r1x94ea04yk3 14 145462 1365155 1300441 2026-07-07T04:33:54Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 [[विकिपिडिया:हटक्याट|हटक्याट]]द्वारा [[श्रेणी:महिला]] जोडियो 1365155 wikitext text/x-wiki नयाँ श्रेणी [[श्रेणी:महिला]] bl52o3lu37lcmnaystvzrnwhujebe7e 0 146718 1365165 1364963 2026-07-07T05:41:58Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{कम्पनी |नाम = नेपाल खाद्य बैंक लिमिटेड |लोगो = |प्रकार = सेवादायि |उद्योग = कृषि तथा पर्यटन |स्थापित वर्ष = सन् २०१५ |संस्थापक = रामराजा श्रेष्ठ ,राजन श्रेष्ठ ,दिपक श्रेष्ठ ,अनिता श्रेष्ठ,राज श्रेष्ठ,शम्भु सिग्देल,जिवन कुमार पौडेल |मुख्यालय = बेलकोटगढी नगरपालिका, नुवाकोट |सेवा क्षेत्र = नेपाल ,नाईजेरिया |प्रमुख कार्यकारी अधिकृत = रामराजा श्रेष्ठ |प्रमुख ब्यक्तिहरू = रामराजा श्रेष्ठ ,योगेन्द्र थापा |उत्पादन = |राजस्व = |चालु पुँजी = १०,००,००,००० |जारी पुँजी = ७,००,००,००० |कर्मचारी = |उत्पादक = |परिसम्पत्ति = |सञ्चालन आय = |शुद्ध आय = |वेबसाईट = }} '''नेपाल खाद्य बैंक लिमिटेड''', नेपालको पहिलो खाद्य बैंक <ref>{{Cite web |last=समाचार |first=आईसीटी |title=नेपाल खाद्य बैंकका अध्यक्ष रामराजा श्रेष्ठलाइ नाइजेरियामा बिशेष सम्मान |url=https://ictsamachar.com/news/19/ |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=ictsamachar.com |language=en}}</ref> भनेर चिनिन्छ। यसलाई '''नेपाल फुड बैंक'', "खाद्य बैंक" समेत भनिन्छ। जस्लाई यो नुवाकोटका बेलकोटगढी नगरपालिका ,काशिटारमा दर्ता गरिएको छ।{{स्रोत नखुलेको}} नेपालमा खाद्य सुरक्षा र कृषि क्षेत्रको विकासका लागि स्थापित एक कम्पनी हो। यसको मुख्य उद्देश्य कृषकहरूबाट सिधै कृषि उत्पादन खरिद गरी भण्डारण गर्नु, उचित मूल्यमा उपभोक्ताहरूलाई उपलब्ध गराउनु र खाद्य वस्तुहरूको आपूर्ति शृङ्खलालाई व्यवस्थित गर्नु हो। हुन त यो बैंकको स्थापनाकाल पश्चात कोभिड महामारिको कारण चुनौतिहरू श्रृजना भएको देखिन्छ। ततपश्चात [[नेपाल सरकार]]ले नै विभिन्न जिल्लामा खाद्य बैंक गरेको भेटिन्छ भने सन् २०२० पछि धेरै संख्यामा फुड बैंक र खाद्य बैंकहरु दर्ता र प्रचलनमा आएको भेटिन्छ। उदाहरणको लागि रास्ट्रिय खाद्य बैंक लिमिटेड र समृद्धि खाद्य बैंक नेपालमा प्रचलनमा आएको कोभिड पछि नै हो भन्ने कुरा दस्तावेजहरुले पुष्ठि गर्दछ। नेपाल खाद्य बैंक लिमिटेडले केही बर्षदेखि नेपाली उत्पादनको अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय बजारिकरणको लागी मार्केट सर्भे, मार्केट रिसर्च एन्ड डेभलपमेन्ट, प्रोडक्ट डिजाइन, फूड सेक्युरिटी, एग्री टुरिजम, क्रियटीङ डिमाण्ड तथा क्षमता अभिबृद्दिको लागी काम गर्दै आएको छ । == स्थापना र अवधारणा == नेपाल खाद्य बैंकको स्थापना सन् २०१५ मा भएको हो। यसको अवधारणा खाद्य सुरक्षा ,कृषि पर्यटन ,रासन कार्ड सहित कृषकहरूलाई उनीहरूको उत्पादनको उचित मूल्य दिलाउनु र बजारमा बिचौलियाहरूको भूमिकालाई कम गर्नु हो। यसले '''खाद्य वस्तुलाई बचत गर्ने'''<ref>{{Cite web |last=Khabar |first=Halo |title=केडिया ग्रुपले तयार पारेको कृषि उपजका उत्पादन अब युरोपेली बजारमा उपलब्ध हुने |url=https://halokhabar.com/news-details/1415/2019-05-01 |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Halokhabar |language=np }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-10-05 |title=नेपाल खाद्य बैंकका अध्यक्ष श्रेष्ठलाई ‘ओसन युथ फर पिस अवार्ड’, सम्मान थाप्न नाइजेरिया जाँदै |url=https://www.bizkhabar.com/news/30960.html |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Bizkhabar Online |language=en }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505030021/https://www.bizkhabar.com/news/30960.html |date=2024-05-05 }}</ref> (बचत गर्ने, उधारो लिने र दिने) प्रणालीलाई प्रोत्साहन गर्छ। यसअन्तर्गत, कृषकहरूले आफूले उत्पादन गरेका अन्न, तरकारी र फलफूल बैंकमा जम्मा गर्न सक्छन् र आवश्यक परेको बेला फिर्ता लिन वा सोही बराबरको मूल्य प्राप्त गर्न सक्छन्।<ref>{{Cite web |title=के हो ‘नेपाल खाद्य बैंक ?’ के पाउँछन् कृषकले ? के पाउँछ देशले ?, राम राजा श्रेष्ठसँगको अन्तर्वार्ता |url=https://arthasarokar.com/2016/12/ram-raja-shrestha-2.html |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=arthasarokar.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Osun to partner Nepal bank on Agriculture |url=https://dailytrust.com/osun-to-partner-nepal-bank-on-agriculture/ |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=BusinessDay |date=2017-08-22 |title=Nepalese Bank to invest in Nigeria’s agribusiness |url=https://businessday.ng/agriculture/article/nepalese-bank-invest-nigerias-agribusiness/ |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=Businessday NG |language=en-US}}</ref> == प्रमुख कार्यहरू == नेपाल खाद्य बैंकले विभिन्न कार्यहरू सञ्चालन गर्दछ, जसले कृषि क्षेत्रलाई टेवा पुर्‍याउन मद्दत गर्छ:<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nation |first=The |date=2017-08-08 |title=Nepalese bank mulls massive agric investment in UNILORIN |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/nepalese-bank-mulls-massive-agric-investment-unilorin/ |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> * '''कृषि उपजको भण्डारण र प्रशोधन:''' बैंकले कृषकहरूबाट धान, गहुँ, मकै, दालजस्ता खाद्यान्नहरू र अन्य कृषि उपजहरू सिधै खरिद गरी सुरक्षित भण्डारण गर्छ। यसले गर्दा कृषकहरूले सस्तोमा आफ्नो उत्पादन बेच्नुपर्ने बाध्यता हट्छ। * '''उचित मूल्यको सुनिश्चितता:''' यसले बजार मूल्यमा हुने उतारचढावलाई नियन्त्रण गर्न मद्दत गर्छ। जब बजारमा कुनै वस्तुको अभाव हुन्छ, बैंकले आफ्नो भण्डारबाट वस्तुहरू बजारमा ल्याई मूल्य स्थिर राख्न सहयोग गर्छ। * '''आपूर्ति शृङ्खला व्यवस्थापन:''' बैंकले कृषकदेखि उपभोक्तासम्मको खाद्य यात्रालाई व्यवस्थित र पारदर्शी बनाउने प्रयास गर्छ। यसले अनावश्यक बिचौलियाहरूलाई हटाउँछ र सबैलाई फाइदा हुने वातावरण सिर्जना गर्छ। * '''खाद्य सुरक्षाको प्रवर्द्धन:''' विपद् वा संकटको समयमा खाद्य वस्तुहरूको उपलब्धता सुनिश्चित गर्नु पनि यसको एक महत्त्वपूर्ण लक्ष्य हो। * '''कृषक सशक्तिकरण:''' बैंकले कृषकहरूलाई आर्थिक रूपमा आत्मनिर्भर बनाउन र उनीहरूलाई थप उत्पादन गर्न प्रोत्साहन गर्छ। == चुनौतीहरू र भविष्य == नेपाल खाद्य बैंकले आफ्नो यात्रामा केही चुनौतीहरू पनि सामना गरिरहेको छ। ठूलो मात्रामा कृषि उपजको भण्डारणका लागि आवश्यक पर्ने पूर्वाधारको कमी, लगानीको चुनौती र देशभरि आफ्नो सञ्जाल विस्तार गर्नुपर्ने आवश्यकता यसका प्रमुख चुनौती हुन्। यद्यपि, बैंकले आधुनिक प्रविधि र दिगो कृषि प्रणालीलाई अपनाएर यी चुनौतीहरू पार गर्ने लक्ष्य राखेको छ। भविष्यमा नेपाल खाद्य बैंकले नेपालको समग्र कृषि अर्थतन्त्रलाई सकारात्मक दिशामा डोर्‍याउन महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेल्ने अपेक्षा गरिएको छ। २०१७ मा नाईजेरियाको ओसुन राज्यमा कार्यक्रम बिस्तार गरेको देखिन्छ । <ref>{{Cite web |title=नेपाल र नाइजेरियाका उच्च अधिकारीबीच कृर्षि परियोजनामा सम्झौता |url=https://pahilopost.com/content/-42816.html |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=pahilopost.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=क्लिकमान्डु |title=नेपाल र नाइजेरियाबीच कृषि क्षेत्रमा सहकार्य गर्ने सम्झौता |url=https://clickmandu.com/2017/12/36505.html |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Clickmandu |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-08-09 |title=Osun to Partner Nepal bank on Agriculture |url=https://www.osunstate.gov.ng/2017/08/osun-partner-nepal-bank-agriculture/ |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Osun State Official Website |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Uzor |first=Franklin |date=2017-08-23 |title=Nepalese Bank to Invest in Nigeria’s Agribusiness |url=https://www.nipc.gov.ng/2017/08/23/nepalese-bank-invest-nigerias-agribusiness/ |access-date=2025-09-18 |website=Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission |language=en-US }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241112135807/https://www.nipc.gov.ng/2017/08/23/nepalese-bank-invest-nigerias-agribusiness/ |date=2024-11-12 }}</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामग्री == {{Reflist|2}} qd1ggifu44tp5co37m7jm3yx2i57fhb 0 147003 1365001 1344365 2026-07-06T12:18:51Z KB Thakulla 31378 /* नकआउट चरण */ 1365001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cricket tournament | name = २०२६ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप | image = | caption = | fromdate = सन् २०२६ फेब्रुअरी ७ | todate = सन् २०२६ मार्च ८ | administrator = [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] | cricket format = [[ट्वान्टी२० अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय]] | tournament format = [[समूह चरण]], सुपर ८ र [[नक आउट]] | host = {{flag|भारत}}<br>{{flag|श्रीलंका}} | champions = {{cr|IND}} | runner up = {{cr|NZ}} | count = ३ | player of the series = {{cricon|IND}} [[:en:Sanju Samson|सञ्जु सामसन]] | most runs ={{cricon|PAK}} [[:en: Sahibzada Farhan|साहिबजादा फरहान]] (३८३) | most wickets ={{cricon|IND}} [[:en:Jasprit Bumrah|जसप्रित बुमराह]] (१४) <br> {{cricon|IND}} [[:en:Varun Chakravarthy|वरुण चक्रवर्ती]] (१४) | participants = २० | matches = ५५ | previous_year = २०२४ | previous_tournament = २०२४ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप | next_year = २०२८ | next_tournament = २०२८ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप | website = {{URL|https://t20worldcup.com/|t20worldcup.com}} }} '''२०२६ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप''' [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]]ले सञ्चालन गर्ने आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकपको दशौं संस्करण हो। यो विश्वकप क्रिकेट प्रतियोगिताको [[भारत]] र [[श्रीलंका]] संयुक्त रुपमा आयोजक रहेका छन्।<ref name="hc">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=USA to stage T20 World Cup: 2024–2031 ICC Men's tournament hosts confirmed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/usa-to-stage-t20-world-cup-2024-2031-icc-mens-tournament-hosts-confirmed |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=[[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205110854/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==छनौट भएका टोलीहरू== {|class="wikitable" |+ २०२६ टिट्वान्टी विश्वकपमा चयनित टोलीहरू ! scope="col" | छनौटको तरिका || छनौट भएको मिति || स्थान || टोली सङ्ख्या || टोलीहरू |- | rowspan=2 | आयोजक || rowspan=2 | १६ नोभेम्बर २०२१ || rowspan=2 {{N/A}} || rowspan=2 | '''{{center|२}}''' || {{cr|IND}} |- | {{cr|SL}} |- | rowspan=7 | [[२०२४ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप]]<br/><small>(आयोजक बाहेक अघिल्लो प्रतियोगिता शीर्ष ६ टोलीहरू)</small> || rowspan=7 | १७ जुन २०२४ || rowspan=7 | {{nowrap|{{flag|अमेरिका}}<br/>{{flag|वेस्ट इन्डिज}}}} || rowspan=7 | '''{{center|६ (७)}}''' || {{cr|AFG}} |- | {{cr|AUS}} |- | <s>{{cr|BAN}}</s> {{efn|name=Bangladesh}} |- | {{cr|ENG}} |- | {{cr|SA}} |- | {{nobr|{{cr|USA}}}} |- | {{cr|WIN}} |- | rowspan=4 | [[:en:ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings|आइसिसि रेंकिङ]] || rowspan=4 | ३० जुन २०२४ || rowspan=4 {{N/A}} || rowspan=4 | '''{{center|४ (३)}}''' || {{cr|IRE}} |- | {{cr|NZ}} |- | {{cr|PAK}} |- | {{cr|SCO}} {{efn|name=Bangladesh}} |- | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Americas Regional Final|अमेरिकाज क्वालिफाएर]] || १५–२२ जुन || {{flag|क्यानडा}} || '''{{center|१}}''' || {{cr|CAN}} |- | rowspan=2 | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Europe Regional Final|युरोप क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan=2 | ५–११ जुलाई 2025 || rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|{{Flag|नेदरल्यान्ड}}}} || rowspan="2" | '''{{center|२}}''' || {{cr|ITA}} |- || {{cr|NED}} |- | rowspan=2 | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Africa Regional Final|अफ्रिका क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan=2 | २६ सेप्टेम्बर–८ अक्टोबर 2025 || rowspan="2" | {{flag|जिम्बाब्वे}} | rowspan="2" |'''{{center|२}}'''|| {{cr|NAM}} |- | {{cr|ZIM}} |- | rowspan="3" | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Asia–EAP Regional Final|एसिया इ ए पि क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan="3" | ८–१७ अक्टोबर|| rowspan="3" | {{flag|ओमान}} || rowspan="3" | '''{{center|३}}''' || {{cr|NEP}} |- | {{cr|OMA}} |- | {{nobr|{{cr|UAE}}}} |- ! जम्मा || || || २० || |} {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=Bangladesh|[[:en:Bangladesh Cricket Board|बंगलादेश क्रिकेट बोर्डले]] भारतमा खेल्न अस्वीकार गरेपछि, [[:en:Bangladesh national cricket team|बंगलादेशलाई]] [[:en:Scotland national cricket team|स्कटल्यान्डले]] प्रतिस्थापन गर्यो, जो पछिल्लो उच्च रैंकिङको टी20आई टोली थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/cricket/bangladesh-replaced-by-scotland-t20-world-cup-reports-say-2026-01-24/ |website=reuters.com |date=January 24, 2026 |title=Bangladesh replaced by Scotland at T20 World Cup |access-date=January 24, 2026}}</ref>}} }} === बङ्गलादेशको नाम फिर्ता === बङ्गलादेशी क्रिकेटर [[मुस्ताफिजूर रहमान]] लाई [[:en:Kolkata Knight Riders|कोलकाता नाइट राइडर्स]] ले [[:en:2026 Indian Premier League|२०२६ इंडियन प्रिमियर लिग]] टोलीबाट ३ जनवरी २०२६ मा मुक्त गरेपछि, [[:en:Bangladesh Cricket Board|बङ्गलादेश क्रिकेट बोर्ड]] (बीसीबी) ले सुरक्षा कारण देखाउँदै विश्वकपका लागि बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू भारतबाट सार्न अनुरोध गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=4 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh govt asks cricket board to shift T20 World Cup games out of India after Mustafizur controversy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bangladesh-govt-asks-cricket-board-to-shift-t20-world-cup-games-out-of-india-after-mustafizur-controversy/articleshow/126330617.cms |access-date=4 January 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=4 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104105817/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bangladesh-govt-asks-cricket-board-to-shift-t20-world-cup-games-out-of-india-after-mustafizur-controversy/articleshow/126330617.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh refuse to travel to India for T20 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-t20-world-cup-bangladesh-refuse-to-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1518033 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=4 January 2026 |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105080256/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-t20-world-cup-bangladesh-refuse-to-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1518033 |url-status=live }}</ref> यस विषयमा समाधान खोज्न [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] का अधिकारीहरूले बीसीबीका प्रतिनिधिहरूसँग बैठक गरे।<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2026 |title=ICC to meet with BCB over refusal to play T20 World Cup matches in India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-meet-with-bcb-over-bangladesh-s-refusal-to-play-t20-world-cup-matches-in-india-1518291 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=10 January 2026 }}</ref> ६ जनवरीमा [[:en:ESPNcricinfo|इएसपीएन क्रिकइन्फो]] ले [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले बीसीबीको अनुरोध अस्वीकार गरेको र भारतमा खेल्न अस्वीकार गरेमा बङ्गलादेशले अंक गुमाउने जनाएको समाचार प्रकाशित गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2026 |title=ICC to Bangladesh: play in India or forfeit points |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-bangladesh-play-in-india-or-forfeit-points-1518315 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=7 January 2026 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107160701/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-bangladesh-play-in-india-or-forfeit-points-1518315 |url-status=live }}</ref> तर भोलिपल्ट बीसीबीले “आईसीसीले हाम्रा चिन्ताहरू सम्बोधन गर्न नजिकबाट सहकार्य गर्न इच्छुक रहेको जानकारी दिएको छ” भनी दाबी गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2026 |title=BCB: ICC willing to address concerns about playing T20 World Cup in India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bangladesh-says-icc-willing-to-address-concerns-about-playing-t20-world-cup-in-india-1518430 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=7 January 2026 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref> ११ जनवरीमा [[:en:Pakistan Cricket Board|पाकिस्तान क्रिकेट बोर्ड]] (पीसीबी) ले श्रीलङ्कामा स्थल उपलब्ध नभए बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू पाकिस्तानमा आयोजना गर्न तयार रहेको जनाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2026|title=Pakistan Want To Host Bangladesh's Matches Amid T20 World Cup 2026 Controversy – Report |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/pakistan-want-to-host-bangladeshs-matches-amid-t20-world-cup-2026-controversy-report-article-153431521 |access-date=12 January 2026 |work=[[Times Now]] |archive-date=11 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260111175311/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/pakistan-want-to-host-bangladeshs-matches-amid-t20-world-cup-2026-controversy-report-article-153431521 |url-status=live }}</ref> त्यसको भोलिपल्ट सञ्चारमाध्यमहरूले [[:en:Tamil Nadu Cricket Association|तमिलनाडु क्रिकेट सङ्घ]] र [[:en:Kerala Cricket Association|केरल क्रिकेट सङ्घ]] ले क्रमशः [[:en:M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|एम. ए. चिदम्बरम स्टेडियम]] र [[:en:Greenfield International Stadium|ग्रीनफिल्ड अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्टेडियम]] मा खेल आयोजना गर्ने प्रस्ताव राखेको जनाए, जुन भारतका [[:en:Eden Gardens|ईडेन गार्डन्स]] र [[:en:Wankhede Stadium|वानखेडे स्टेडियम]] को विकल्पका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2026 |title=New venue options emerge for Bangladesh's T20 World Cup 2026 matches: Report |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/new-venue-options-emerge-for-bangladesh-s-t20-world-cup-2026-matches-report-2026-01-12-1025458 |access-date=12 January 2026 |work=[[India TV]] |archive-date=13 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113082114/https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/new-venue-options-emerge-for-bangladesh-s-t20-world-cup-2026-matches-report-2026-01-12-1025458 |url-status=live }}</ref> १२ जनवरीमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले बङ्गलादेशको सुरक्षा मूल्याङ्कन अस्वीकार गर्दै “टोलीमाथि कुनै समग्र खतरा नरहेको” र “केही स्थलमा जोखिम न्यूनदेखि मध्यम तथा अन्यत्र न्यूनदेखि शून्य रहेको” जनाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2026 |title=No specific threat to Bangladesh team in India, says ICC security assessment |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-specific-threat-to-bangladesh-team-in-india-for-2026-t20-world-cup-says-icc-security-assessment-1519243 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 January 2026 |archive-date=13 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113044212/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-specific-threat-to-bangladesh-team-in-india-for-2026-t20-world-cup-says-icc-security-assessment-1519243 |url-status=live }}</ref> भोलिपल्ट बीसीबीले सुरक्षा चिन्ताकै कारण भारतबाहिर खेल सार्नुपर्ने आफ्नो अडान दोहोर्‍यायो।<ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2026 |title=BCB firm on stance that Bangladesh won't travel to India for T20 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcb-firm-on-stance-that-bangladesh-won-t-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1519348 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=16 January 2026 |archive-date=14 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114052724/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcb-firm-on-stance-that-bangladesh-won-t-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1519348 |url-status=live }}</ref> १७ जनवरीमा बीसीबीले श्रीलङ्कामा खेल्ने तय भएको आयरल्याण्डसँग समूह साट्न अनुरोध गर्‍यो, तर [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले यसलाई अस्वीकार गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=T20 World Cup crisis: PCB writes to ICC supporting Bangladesh's stance |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-crisis-pcb-writes-to-icc-supporting-bangladesh-s-stance-1520329 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 January 2026 }}</ref> १८ जनवरीमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले २१ जनवरीमा हुने बोर्ड बैठकपछि अन्तिम निर्णय लिने घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=18 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh's participation in 2026 T20 World Cup to be finalised by January 21 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-2026-bangladesh-s-participation-to-be-finalised-by-january-21-1520069 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 January 2026 }}</ref> २१ जनवरीको बैठकपछि आईसीसीले बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू सार्न अस्वीकार गर्दै सहभागिताबारे निर्णय गर्न एक दिनको समय दियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=ICC to replace Bangladesh at T20 World Cup if they don't travel to India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-replace-bangladesh-at-t20-world-cup-if-they-don-t-travel-to-india-1520371 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 January 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh asked to play in India or sit-out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/icc-s-t20-world-cup-verdict-on-bangladesh-cricket-bcci-2855353-2026-01-21 |access-date=21 January 2026 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref> तर भोलिपल्ट पनि बीसीबीले भारतमा खेल्न अस्वीकार गरिरह्यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh firm on not playing T20 World Cup in India despite risk of exclusion |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bangladesh-firm-on-not-playing-t20-world-cup-in-india-despite-icc-saying-they-will-be-replaced-1520515 |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] }}</ref> २४ जनवरीमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले आधिकारिक रूपमा बङ्गलादेशलाई प्रतियोगिताबाट हटाई स्कटल्यान्डलाई प्रतिस्थापन गर्ने घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref name="Scot">{{cite news |date=24 January 2026 |title=Scotland to replace Bangladesh at T20 World Cup |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/scotland-to-replace-bangladesh-at-t20-world-cup |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[International Cricket Council]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh Replaced By Scotland At 2026 Men's T20 World Cup After Refusing To Travel To India |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/icc-mens-t20-world-cup-2026/cricket-news/bangladesh-replaced-by-scotland-at-2026-mens-t20-world-cup-after-refusing-travel-to-india |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[Wisden]] }}</ref> १ फेब्रुअरी २०२६ मा [[:en:Government of Pakistan|पाकिस्तान सरकार]] ले १५ फेब्रुअरीमा हुने भारतविरुद्धको खेल बहिष्कार गर्ने घोषणा गर्‍यो। यद्यपि [[:en:Pakistan Cricket Board|पाकिस्तान क्रिकेट बोर्ड]] ले यो निर्णय औपचारिक रूपमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] लाई जानकारी गराएन, तर यो कदम बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू भारतबाट नसार्ने निर्णयको विरोधस्वरूप लिइएको बताइएको छ।<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan government says 'no' to India match in T20 World Cup |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/137531/pakistan-to-forfeit-india-clash-in-t20-world-cup |publisher=[[Cricbuzz]] |date=1 February 2026 |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 February 2026 |title=Pakistan to Boycott India match on 15 Feb |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-to-boycott-t20-world-cup-match-against-india-1521915 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 February 2026 }}</ref> == खेल स्थल == {{col-begin}} {{col-break|width=50%}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="3" | भारतमा खेल स्थल |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="3" | {{location map+ |India |float=center |width=450 |caption= |alt=A map of India with pin-points on 2026 Men's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{location map~ |India |lat=23.09 |long=72.60 |label=[[अहमदाबाद]] |position=right}} {{location map~ |India |lat=13.06 |long=80.28 |label=[[चेन्नई]] |position=right}} {{location map~ |India |lat=28.63 |long=77.24 |label=[[दिल्ली]] |position=left}} {{location map~ |India |lat=22.56 |long=88.34 |label=[[कोलकाता]] |position=left}} {{location map~ |India |lat=18.94 |long=72.83 |label=[[मुम्बई]] |position=left}} }} |- ! [[अहमदाबाद]] ! [[चेन्नई]] ! [[दिल्ली]] |- | [[:en:Narendra Modi Stadium|नरेन्द्र मोदी स्टेडियम]] | [[:en:M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|एमए चिदम्बरम स्टेडियम]] | [[:en:Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|अरुण जेटली स्टेडियम]] |- | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''132,000'''}} | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''39,000'''}} | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''55,000'''}} |- | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7 (फाइनल)'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''6'''}} |- | [[File:Narendra modi stadium 2023 Final between India and Australia.jpg|alt=Narendra Modi Stadium in 2023|150px]] | [[File:M.A.Chidambaram Stadium before IND vs AUS 3rd ODI 2023.jpg|alt=M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in 2023|150px]] | [[File:India vs Afghanistan on 11th October 2023.jpg|alt=Arun Jaitley Stadium in 2023|150px]] |- ! [[कोलकाता]] ! [[मुम्बई]] |- | [[इडेन गार्डेन्स]] | [[वानखेडे स्टेडियम]] |- | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''68,000'''}} | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''33,108'''}} |- | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7 (सेमिफाइनल 1)'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''8 (सेमिफाइनल 2)'''}} |- | [[File:Eden Gardens under floodlights during a match.jpg|alt=Eden Gardens in 2017|150px]] | [[File:Wankhede_ICC_WCF.jpg|alt=Wankhede Stadium in 2011|150px]] |} {{col-break|width=50%}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="3" | श्रीलंकामा खेल स्थल |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="3" | {{location map+ |Sri Lanka |float=center |width=450 |caption= |alt=A map of Sri Lanka with pin-points on 2026 Men's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{location map~ |Sri Lanka |lat=7.280278 |long=80.722222 |label=[[क्यान्डी]] |position=Bottom}} {{location map~ |Sri Lanka |lat=6.939667 |long=79.872028 |label=[[कोलम्बो]] (RPS) |position=right}} {{location map~ |Sri Lanka | lat = 6.93 | long = 79.85 |label=[[कोलम्बो]] (SSC) |position=left}} }} |- ! colspan="2" | [[कोलम्बो]] ! [[क्यान्डी]] |- | [[:en:R. Premadasa Stadium|आर प्रेमदासा स्टेडियम]] | [[:en:Sinhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground|एसएससी क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Pallekele International Cricket Stadium|पल्लेकेले क्रिकेट स्टेडियम]] |- | क्षमता: '''{{formatnum:35,000}}''' | क्षमता: '''{{formatnum:10,000}}''' | क्षमता: '''{{formatnum:35,000}}''' |- | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''10 (सेमिफाइनल 1 & फाइनल)'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''5'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7'''}} |- | [[File:The_clouds_roll_in.jpg|alt=R. Premadasa Stadium in 2014|150px]] | [[File:SCC_Ground_Colombo.jpg|alt=SSC Cricket Ground in 2001|150px]] | [[File:Pallekele_International_Cricket_Stadium5.JPG|alt=Pallekele Cricket Stadium in 2012|150px]] |} {{notelist}} {{col-end}} == नकआउट चरण == <section begin="bracket" />{{4TeamBracket | team-width = 150px | score-width = 150px | RD1 = '''[[#Semi-finals|सेमिफाइनल]]''' | RD1-seed1 = 1W | RD1-team1 = {{cr|SA}} | RD1-score1 = १६९/८ (२० ओभर) | RD1-seed2 = '''2R''' | RD1-team2 = '''{{cr|NZ}}''' | RD1-score2 = '''१७३/१ (१२.५ ओभर)''' | RD1-seed3 = 2W | RD1-team3 = {{cr|ENG}} | RD1-score3 = २४६/७ (२० ओभर) | RD1-seed4 = '''1R''' | RD1-team4 = '''{{cr|IND}}''' | RD1-score4 = '''२५३/७ (२० ओभर)''' | RD2= '''[[#final|फाइनल]]''' | RD2-seed1 = SF1W | RD2-team1 = {{cr|NZ}} | RD2-score1 = १५९ (१९ ओभर) | RD2-seed2 = '''SF2W''' | RD2-team2 = '''{{cr|IND}}''' | RD2-score2 = '''२५५/५ (२० ओभर) }}''' * Source:<ref>{{cite -web=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |title=2026 Men's T20 World Cup, fixtures and results|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref><ref name="Guide"/><ref name="26t20wc-pc"/><section end="bracket"/> == तथ्यांक == {{hatnote|८ मार्च २०२६ अनुसार}} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक रन<ref name="mr">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-17604|title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup, 2026|stat=most runs|access-date=19 February 2026|dynamic=y}}</ref> ! scope=col | रन ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- ! scope=row | ३८३ | [[:en:Sahibzada Farhan|साहिबजादा फरहान]] || {{cr|PAK}} |- ! scope=row | ३२६ | [[:en:Tim Seifert|टिम सिफर्ट]] || {{cr|NZ}} |- ! scope=row | ३२१ | [[:en:Sanju Samson|सञ्जु सामसन]] || {{cr|IND}} |- ! scope=row | ३१७ | [[:en:Ishan Kishan|इशान किशन]] || {{cr|IND}} |- ! scope=row | २९८ | [[:en:Finn Allen|फिन एलन]] || {{cr|NZ}} |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक विकेट <ref name="mw">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-17604|title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup, 2026|stat=most wickets|access-date=19 February 2026|dynamic=y}}</ref> ! scope=col | विकेट ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- ! scope=row rowspan=2 | १४ | [[:en:Jasprit Bumrah|जसप्रित बुमराह]] || {{cr|IND}} |- | [[:en:Varun Chakravarthy|वरुण चक्रवर्ती]] || {{cr|IND}} |- ! scope=row rowspan=3 | १३ | {{nobr|[[:en:Shadley van Schalkwyk|शाडले भान सकविक]]}} || {{nobr|{{cr|USA}}}} |- | [[:en:Blessing Muzarabani|ब्लेसिङ मुजरबानी]] || {{cr|ZIM}} |- | [[:en:Adil Rashid|आदिल रशिद]] || {{cr|ENG}} |- |} ==सन्दर्भ सामाग्री== {{reflist}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{Commons category}} * {{आधिकारिक वेबसाइट|https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026}} * {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138}} * {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-warm-up-matches-2025-26-1521126|title=२०२६ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप वार्म अफ म्याच}} [[श्रेणी:आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप]] owrtaothprh8xni6bexdqjmtaf24og6 1365003 1365001 2026-07-06T12:20:44Z KB Thakulla 31378 /* नकआउट चरण */ 1365003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cricket tournament | name = २०२६ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप | image = | caption = | fromdate = सन् २०२६ फेब्रुअरी ७ | todate = सन् २०२६ मार्च ८ | administrator = [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] | cricket format = [[ट्वान्टी२० अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय]] | tournament format = [[समूह चरण]], सुपर ८ र [[नक आउट]] | host = {{flag|भारत}}<br>{{flag|श्रीलंका}} | champions = {{cr|IND}} | runner up = {{cr|NZ}} | count = ३ | player of the series = {{cricon|IND}} [[:en:Sanju Samson|सञ्जु सामसन]] | most runs ={{cricon|PAK}} [[:en: Sahibzada Farhan|साहिबजादा फरहान]] (३८३) | most wickets ={{cricon|IND}} [[:en:Jasprit Bumrah|जसप्रित बुमराह]] (१४) <br> {{cricon|IND}} [[:en:Varun Chakravarthy|वरुण चक्रवर्ती]] (१४) | participants = २० | matches = ५५ | previous_year = २०२४ | previous_tournament = २०२४ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप | next_year = २०२८ | next_tournament = २०२८ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप | website = {{URL|https://t20worldcup.com/|t20worldcup.com}} }} '''२०२६ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप''' [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]]ले सञ्चालन गर्ने आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकपको दशौं संस्करण हो। यो विश्वकप क्रिकेट प्रतियोगिताको [[भारत]] र [[श्रीलंका]] संयुक्त रुपमा आयोजक रहेका छन्।<ref name="hc">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=USA to stage T20 World Cup: 2024–2031 ICC Men's tournament hosts confirmed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/usa-to-stage-t20-world-cup-2024-2031-icc-mens-tournament-hosts-confirmed |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=[[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205110854/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==छनौट भएका टोलीहरू== {|class="wikitable" |+ २०२६ टिट्वान्टी विश्वकपमा चयनित टोलीहरू ! scope="col" | छनौटको तरिका || छनौट भएको मिति || स्थान || टोली सङ्ख्या || टोलीहरू |- | rowspan=2 | आयोजक || rowspan=2 | १६ नोभेम्बर २०२१ || rowspan=2 {{N/A}} || rowspan=2 | '''{{center|२}}''' || {{cr|IND}} |- | {{cr|SL}} |- | rowspan=7 | [[२०२४ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप]]<br/><small>(आयोजक बाहेक अघिल्लो प्रतियोगिता शीर्ष ६ टोलीहरू)</small> || rowspan=7 | १७ जुन २०२४ || rowspan=7 | {{nowrap|{{flag|अमेरिका}}<br/>{{flag|वेस्ट इन्डिज}}}} || rowspan=7 | '''{{center|६ (७)}}''' || {{cr|AFG}} |- | {{cr|AUS}} |- | <s>{{cr|BAN}}</s> {{efn|name=Bangladesh}} |- | {{cr|ENG}} |- | {{cr|SA}} |- | {{nobr|{{cr|USA}}}} |- | {{cr|WIN}} |- | rowspan=4 | [[:en:ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings|आइसिसि रेंकिङ]] || rowspan=4 | ३० जुन २०२४ || rowspan=4 {{N/A}} || rowspan=4 | '''{{center|४ (३)}}''' || {{cr|IRE}} |- | {{cr|NZ}} |- | {{cr|PAK}} |- | {{cr|SCO}} {{efn|name=Bangladesh}} |- | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Americas Regional Final|अमेरिकाज क्वालिफाएर]] || १५–२२ जुन || {{flag|क्यानडा}} || '''{{center|१}}''' || {{cr|CAN}} |- | rowspan=2 | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Europe Regional Final|युरोप क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan=2 | ५–११ जुलाई 2025 || rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|{{Flag|नेदरल्यान्ड}}}} || rowspan="2" | '''{{center|२}}''' || {{cr|ITA}} |- || {{cr|NED}} |- | rowspan=2 | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Africa Regional Final|अफ्रिका क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan=2 | २६ सेप्टेम्बर–८ अक्टोबर 2025 || rowspan="2" | {{flag|जिम्बाब्वे}} | rowspan="2" |'''{{center|२}}'''|| {{cr|NAM}} |- | {{cr|ZIM}} |- | rowspan="3" | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Asia–EAP Regional Final|एसिया इ ए पि क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan="3" | ८–१७ अक्टोबर|| rowspan="3" | {{flag|ओमान}} || rowspan="3" | '''{{center|३}}''' || {{cr|NEP}} |- | {{cr|OMA}} |- | {{nobr|{{cr|UAE}}}} |- ! जम्मा || || || २० || |} {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=Bangladesh|[[:en:Bangladesh Cricket Board|बंगलादेश क्रिकेट बोर्डले]] भारतमा खेल्न अस्वीकार गरेपछि, [[:en:Bangladesh national cricket team|बंगलादेशलाई]] [[:en:Scotland national cricket team|स्कटल्यान्डले]] प्रतिस्थापन गर्यो, जो पछिल्लो उच्च रैंकिङको टी20आई टोली थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/cricket/bangladesh-replaced-by-scotland-t20-world-cup-reports-say-2026-01-24/ |website=reuters.com |date=January 24, 2026 |title=Bangladesh replaced by Scotland at T20 World Cup |access-date=January 24, 2026}}</ref>}} }} === बङ्गलादेशको नाम फिर्ता === बङ्गलादेशी क्रिकेटर [[मुस्ताफिजूर रहमान]] लाई [[:en:Kolkata Knight Riders|कोलकाता नाइट राइडर्स]] ले [[:en:2026 Indian Premier League|२०२६ इंडियन प्रिमियर लिग]] टोलीबाट ३ जनवरी २०२६ मा मुक्त गरेपछि, [[:en:Bangladesh Cricket Board|बङ्गलादेश क्रिकेट बोर्ड]] (बीसीबी) ले सुरक्षा कारण देखाउँदै विश्वकपका लागि बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू भारतबाट सार्न अनुरोध गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=4 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh govt asks cricket board to shift T20 World Cup games out of India after Mustafizur controversy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bangladesh-govt-asks-cricket-board-to-shift-t20-world-cup-games-out-of-india-after-mustafizur-controversy/articleshow/126330617.cms |access-date=4 January 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=4 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104105817/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bangladesh-govt-asks-cricket-board-to-shift-t20-world-cup-games-out-of-india-after-mustafizur-controversy/articleshow/126330617.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh refuse to travel to India for T20 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-t20-world-cup-bangladesh-refuse-to-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1518033 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=4 January 2026 |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105080256/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-t20-world-cup-bangladesh-refuse-to-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1518033 |url-status=live }}</ref> यस विषयमा समाधान खोज्न [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] का अधिकारीहरूले बीसीबीका प्रतिनिधिहरूसँग बैठक गरे।<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2026 |title=ICC to meet with BCB over refusal to play T20 World Cup matches in India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-meet-with-bcb-over-bangladesh-s-refusal-to-play-t20-world-cup-matches-in-india-1518291 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=10 January 2026 }}</ref> ६ जनवरीमा [[:en:ESPNcricinfo|इएसपीएन क्रिकइन्फो]] ले [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले बीसीबीको अनुरोध अस्वीकार गरेको र भारतमा खेल्न अस्वीकार गरेमा बङ्गलादेशले अंक गुमाउने जनाएको समाचार प्रकाशित गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2026 |title=ICC to Bangladesh: play in India or forfeit points |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-bangladesh-play-in-india-or-forfeit-points-1518315 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=7 January 2026 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107160701/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-bangladesh-play-in-india-or-forfeit-points-1518315 |url-status=live }}</ref> तर भोलिपल्ट बीसीबीले “आईसीसीले हाम्रा चिन्ताहरू सम्बोधन गर्न नजिकबाट सहकार्य गर्न इच्छुक रहेको जानकारी दिएको छ” भनी दाबी गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2026 |title=BCB: ICC willing to address concerns about playing T20 World Cup in India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bangladesh-says-icc-willing-to-address-concerns-about-playing-t20-world-cup-in-india-1518430 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=7 January 2026 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref> ११ जनवरीमा [[:en:Pakistan Cricket Board|पाकिस्तान क्रिकेट बोर्ड]] (पीसीबी) ले श्रीलङ्कामा स्थल उपलब्ध नभए बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू पाकिस्तानमा आयोजना गर्न तयार रहेको जनाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2026|title=Pakistan Want To Host Bangladesh's Matches Amid T20 World Cup 2026 Controversy – Report |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/pakistan-want-to-host-bangladeshs-matches-amid-t20-world-cup-2026-controversy-report-article-153431521 |access-date=12 January 2026 |work=[[Times Now]] |archive-date=11 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260111175311/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/pakistan-want-to-host-bangladeshs-matches-amid-t20-world-cup-2026-controversy-report-article-153431521 |url-status=live }}</ref> त्यसको भोलिपल्ट सञ्चारमाध्यमहरूले [[:en:Tamil Nadu Cricket Association|तमिलनाडु क्रिकेट सङ्घ]] र [[:en:Kerala Cricket Association|केरल क्रिकेट सङ्घ]] ले क्रमशः [[:en:M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|एम. ए. चिदम्बरम स्टेडियम]] र [[:en:Greenfield International Stadium|ग्रीनफिल्ड अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्टेडियम]] मा खेल आयोजना गर्ने प्रस्ताव राखेको जनाए, जुन भारतका [[:en:Eden Gardens|ईडेन गार्डन्स]] र [[:en:Wankhede Stadium|वानखेडे स्टेडियम]] को विकल्पका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2026 |title=New venue options emerge for Bangladesh's T20 World Cup 2026 matches: Report |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/new-venue-options-emerge-for-bangladesh-s-t20-world-cup-2026-matches-report-2026-01-12-1025458 |access-date=12 January 2026 |work=[[India TV]] |archive-date=13 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113082114/https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/new-venue-options-emerge-for-bangladesh-s-t20-world-cup-2026-matches-report-2026-01-12-1025458 |url-status=live }}</ref> १२ जनवरीमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले बङ्गलादेशको सुरक्षा मूल्याङ्कन अस्वीकार गर्दै “टोलीमाथि कुनै समग्र खतरा नरहेको” र “केही स्थलमा जोखिम न्यूनदेखि मध्यम तथा अन्यत्र न्यूनदेखि शून्य रहेको” जनाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2026 |title=No specific threat to Bangladesh team in India, says ICC security assessment |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-specific-threat-to-bangladesh-team-in-india-for-2026-t20-world-cup-says-icc-security-assessment-1519243 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 January 2026 |archive-date=13 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113044212/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-specific-threat-to-bangladesh-team-in-india-for-2026-t20-world-cup-says-icc-security-assessment-1519243 |url-status=live }}</ref> भोलिपल्ट बीसीबीले सुरक्षा चिन्ताकै कारण भारतबाहिर खेल सार्नुपर्ने आफ्नो अडान दोहोर्‍यायो।<ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2026 |title=BCB firm on stance that Bangladesh won't travel to India for T20 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcb-firm-on-stance-that-bangladesh-won-t-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1519348 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=16 January 2026 |archive-date=14 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114052724/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcb-firm-on-stance-that-bangladesh-won-t-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1519348 |url-status=live }}</ref> १७ जनवरीमा बीसीबीले श्रीलङ्कामा खेल्ने तय भएको आयरल्याण्डसँग समूह साट्न अनुरोध गर्‍यो, तर [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले यसलाई अस्वीकार गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=T20 World Cup crisis: PCB writes to ICC supporting Bangladesh's stance |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-crisis-pcb-writes-to-icc-supporting-bangladesh-s-stance-1520329 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 January 2026 }}</ref> १८ जनवरीमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले २१ जनवरीमा हुने बोर्ड बैठकपछि अन्तिम निर्णय लिने घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=18 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh's participation in 2026 T20 World Cup to be finalised by January 21 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-2026-bangladesh-s-participation-to-be-finalised-by-january-21-1520069 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 January 2026 }}</ref> २१ जनवरीको बैठकपछि आईसीसीले बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू सार्न अस्वीकार गर्दै सहभागिताबारे निर्णय गर्न एक दिनको समय दियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=ICC to replace Bangladesh at T20 World Cup if they don't travel to India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-replace-bangladesh-at-t20-world-cup-if-they-don-t-travel-to-india-1520371 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 January 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh asked to play in India or sit-out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/icc-s-t20-world-cup-verdict-on-bangladesh-cricket-bcci-2855353-2026-01-21 |access-date=21 January 2026 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref> तर भोलिपल्ट पनि बीसीबीले भारतमा खेल्न अस्वीकार गरिरह्यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh firm on not playing T20 World Cup in India despite risk of exclusion |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bangladesh-firm-on-not-playing-t20-world-cup-in-india-despite-icc-saying-they-will-be-replaced-1520515 |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] }}</ref> २४ जनवरीमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले आधिकारिक रूपमा बङ्गलादेशलाई प्रतियोगिताबाट हटाई स्कटल्यान्डलाई प्रतिस्थापन गर्ने घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref name="Scot">{{cite news |date=24 January 2026 |title=Scotland to replace Bangladesh at T20 World Cup |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/scotland-to-replace-bangladesh-at-t20-world-cup |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[International Cricket Council]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh Replaced By Scotland At 2026 Men's T20 World Cup After Refusing To Travel To India |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/icc-mens-t20-world-cup-2026/cricket-news/bangladesh-replaced-by-scotland-at-2026-mens-t20-world-cup-after-refusing-travel-to-india |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[Wisden]] }}</ref> १ फेब्रुअरी २०२६ मा [[:en:Government of Pakistan|पाकिस्तान सरकार]] ले १५ फेब्रुअरीमा हुने भारतविरुद्धको खेल बहिष्कार गर्ने घोषणा गर्‍यो। यद्यपि [[:en:Pakistan Cricket Board|पाकिस्तान क्रिकेट बोर्ड]] ले यो निर्णय औपचारिक रूपमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] लाई जानकारी गराएन, तर यो कदम बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू भारतबाट नसार्ने निर्णयको विरोधस्वरूप लिइएको बताइएको छ।<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan government says 'no' to India match in T20 World Cup |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/137531/pakistan-to-forfeit-india-clash-in-t20-world-cup |publisher=[[Cricbuzz]] |date=1 February 2026 |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 February 2026 |title=Pakistan to Boycott India match on 15 Feb |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-to-boycott-t20-world-cup-match-against-india-1521915 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 February 2026 }}</ref> == खेल स्थल == {{col-begin}} {{col-break|width=50%}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="3" | भारतमा खेल स्थल |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="3" | {{location map+ |India |float=center |width=450 |caption= |alt=A map of India with pin-points on 2026 Men's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{location map~ |India |lat=23.09 |long=72.60 |label=[[अहमदाबाद]] |position=right}} {{location map~ |India |lat=13.06 |long=80.28 |label=[[चेन्नई]] |position=right}} {{location map~ |India |lat=28.63 |long=77.24 |label=[[दिल्ली]] |position=left}} {{location map~ |India |lat=22.56 |long=88.34 |label=[[कोलकाता]] |position=left}} {{location map~ |India |lat=18.94 |long=72.83 |label=[[मुम्बई]] |position=left}} }} |- ! [[अहमदाबाद]] ! [[चेन्नई]] ! [[दिल्ली]] |- | [[:en:Narendra Modi Stadium|नरेन्द्र मोदी स्टेडियम]] | [[:en:M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|एमए चिदम्बरम स्टेडियम]] | [[:en:Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|अरुण जेटली स्टेडियम]] |- | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''132,000'''}} | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''39,000'''}} | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''55,000'''}} |- | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7 (फाइनल)'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''6'''}} |- | [[File:Narendra modi stadium 2023 Final between India and Australia.jpg|alt=Narendra Modi Stadium in 2023|150px]] | [[File:M.A.Chidambaram Stadium before IND vs AUS 3rd ODI 2023.jpg|alt=M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in 2023|150px]] | [[File:India vs Afghanistan on 11th October 2023.jpg|alt=Arun Jaitley Stadium in 2023|150px]] |- ! [[कोलकाता]] ! [[मुम्बई]] |- | [[इडेन गार्डेन्स]] | [[वानखेडे स्टेडियम]] |- | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''68,000'''}} | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''33,108'''}} |- | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7 (सेमिफाइनल 1)'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''8 (सेमिफाइनल 2)'''}} |- | [[File:Eden Gardens under floodlights during a match.jpg|alt=Eden Gardens in 2017|150px]] | [[File:Wankhede_ICC_WCF.jpg|alt=Wankhede Stadium in 2011|150px]] |} {{col-break|width=50%}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="3" | श्रीलंकामा खेल स्थल |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="3" | {{location map+ |Sri Lanka |float=center |width=450 |caption= |alt=A map of Sri Lanka with pin-points on 2026 Men's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{location map~ |Sri Lanka |lat=7.280278 |long=80.722222 |label=[[क्यान्डी]] |position=Bottom}} {{location map~ |Sri Lanka |lat=6.939667 |long=79.872028 |label=[[कोलम्बो]] (RPS) |position=right}} {{location map~ |Sri Lanka | lat = 6.93 | long = 79.85 |label=[[कोलम्बो]] (SSC) |position=left}} }} |- ! colspan="2" | [[कोलम्बो]] ! [[क्यान्डी]] |- | [[:en:R. Premadasa Stadium|आर प्रेमदासा स्टेडियम]] | [[:en:Sinhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground|एसएससी क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Pallekele International Cricket Stadium|पल्लेकेले क्रिकेट स्टेडियम]] |- | क्षमता: '''{{formatnum:35,000}}''' | क्षमता: '''{{formatnum:10,000}}''' | क्षमता: '''{{formatnum:35,000}}''' |- | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''10 (सेमिफाइनल 1 & फाइनल)'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''5'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7'''}} |- | [[File:The_clouds_roll_in.jpg|alt=R. Premadasa Stadium in 2014|150px]] | [[File:SCC_Ground_Colombo.jpg|alt=SSC Cricket Ground in 2001|150px]] | [[File:Pallekele_International_Cricket_Stadium5.JPG|alt=Pallekele Cricket Stadium in 2012|150px]] |} {{notelist}} {{col-end}} == नकआउट चरण == <section begin="bracket" />{{4TeamBracket | team-width = 150px | score-width = 150px | RD1 = '''[[#Semi-finals|सेमिफाइनल]]''' | RD1-seed1 = 1W | RD1-team1 = {{cr|SA}} | RD1-score1 = १६९/८ (२० ओभर) | RD1-seed2 = '''2R''' | RD1-team2 = '''{{cr|NZ}}''' | RD1-score2 = '''१७३/१ (१२.५ ओभर)''' | RD1-seed3 = 2W | RD1-team3 = {{cr|ENG}} | RD1-score3 = २४६/७ (२० ओभर) | RD1-seed4 = '''1R''' | RD1-team4 = '''{{cr|IND}}''' | RD1-score4 = '''२५३/७ (२० ओभर)''' | RD2= '''[[#final|फाइनल]]''' | RD2-seed1 = SF1W | RD2-team1 = {{cr|NZ}} | RD2-score1 = १५९ (१९ ओभर) | RD2-seed2 = '''SF2W''' | RD2-team2 = '''{{cr|IND}}''' | RD2-score2 = '''२५५/५ (२० ओभर) }}''' * Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |title=2026 Men's T20 World Cup, fixtures and results|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> == तथ्यांक == {{hatnote|८ मार्च २०२६ अनुसार}} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक रन<ref name="mr">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-17604|title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup, 2026|stat=most runs|access-date=19 February 2026|dynamic=y}}</ref> ! scope=col | रन ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- ! scope=row | ३८३ | [[:en:Sahibzada Farhan|साहिबजादा फरहान]] || {{cr|PAK}} |- ! scope=row | ३२६ | [[:en:Tim Seifert|टिम सिफर्ट]] || {{cr|NZ}} |- ! scope=row | ३२१ | [[:en:Sanju Samson|सञ्जु सामसन]] || {{cr|IND}} |- ! scope=row | ३१७ | [[:en:Ishan Kishan|इशान किशन]] || {{cr|IND}} |- ! scope=row | २९८ | [[:en:Finn Allen|फिन एलन]] || {{cr|NZ}} |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक विकेट <ref name="mw">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-17604|title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup, 2026|stat=most wickets|access-date=19 February 2026|dynamic=y}}</ref> ! scope=col | विकेट ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- ! scope=row rowspan=2 | १४ | [[:en:Jasprit Bumrah|जसप्रित बुमराह]] || {{cr|IND}} |- | [[:en:Varun Chakravarthy|वरुण चक्रवर्ती]] || {{cr|IND}} |- ! scope=row rowspan=3 | १३ | {{nobr|[[:en:Shadley van Schalkwyk|शाडले भान सकविक]]}} || {{nobr|{{cr|USA}}}} |- | [[:en:Blessing Muzarabani|ब्लेसिङ मुजरबानी]] || {{cr|ZIM}} |- | [[:en:Adil Rashid|आदिल रशिद]] || {{cr|ENG}} |- |} ==सन्दर्भ सामाग्री== {{reflist}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{Commons category}} * {{आधिकारिक वेबसाइट|https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026}} * {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138}} * {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-warm-up-matches-2025-26-1521126|title=२०२६ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप वार्म अफ म्याच}} [[श्रेणी:आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप]] 50o5cwoxon24t7vlqgfw69bq9915wc2 1365005 1365003 2026-07-06T12:21:48Z KB Thakulla 31378 /* तथ्यांक */ 1365005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cricket tournament | name = २०२६ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप | image = | caption = | fromdate = सन् २०२६ फेब्रुअरी ७ | todate = सन् २०२६ मार्च ८ | administrator = [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] | cricket format = [[ट्वान्टी२० अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय]] | tournament format = [[समूह चरण]], सुपर ८ र [[नक आउट]] | host = {{flag|भारत}}<br>{{flag|श्रीलंका}} | champions = {{cr|IND}} | runner up = {{cr|NZ}} | count = ३ | player of the series = {{cricon|IND}} [[:en:Sanju Samson|सञ्जु सामसन]] | most runs ={{cricon|PAK}} [[:en: Sahibzada Farhan|साहिबजादा फरहान]] (३८३) | most wickets ={{cricon|IND}} [[:en:Jasprit Bumrah|जसप्रित बुमराह]] (१४) <br> {{cricon|IND}} [[:en:Varun Chakravarthy|वरुण चक्रवर्ती]] (१४) | participants = २० | matches = ५५ | previous_year = २०२४ | previous_tournament = २०२४ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप | next_year = २०२८ | next_tournament = २०२८ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप | website = {{URL|https://t20worldcup.com/|t20worldcup.com}} }} '''२०२६ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप''' [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]]ले सञ्चालन गर्ने आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकपको दशौं संस्करण हो। यो विश्वकप क्रिकेट प्रतियोगिताको [[भारत]] र [[श्रीलंका]] संयुक्त रुपमा आयोजक रहेका छन्।<ref name="hc">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=USA to stage T20 World Cup: 2024–2031 ICC Men's tournament hosts confirmed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/usa-to-stage-t20-world-cup-2024-2031-icc-mens-tournament-hosts-confirmed |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=[[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205110854/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==छनौट भएका टोलीहरू== {|class="wikitable" |+ २०२६ टिट्वान्टी विश्वकपमा चयनित टोलीहरू ! scope="col" | छनौटको तरिका || छनौट भएको मिति || स्थान || टोली सङ्ख्या || टोलीहरू |- | rowspan=2 | आयोजक || rowspan=2 | १६ नोभेम्बर २०२१ || rowspan=2 {{N/A}} || rowspan=2 | '''{{center|२}}''' || {{cr|IND}} |- | {{cr|SL}} |- | rowspan=7 | [[२०२४ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप]]<br/><small>(आयोजक बाहेक अघिल्लो प्रतियोगिता शीर्ष ६ टोलीहरू)</small> || rowspan=7 | १७ जुन २०२४ || rowspan=7 | {{nowrap|{{flag|अमेरिका}}<br/>{{flag|वेस्ट इन्डिज}}}} || rowspan=7 | '''{{center|६ (७)}}''' || {{cr|AFG}} |- | {{cr|AUS}} |- | <s>{{cr|BAN}}</s> {{efn|name=Bangladesh}} |- | {{cr|ENG}} |- | {{cr|SA}} |- | {{nobr|{{cr|USA}}}} |- | {{cr|WIN}} |- | rowspan=4 | [[:en:ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings|आइसिसि रेंकिङ]] || rowspan=4 | ३० जुन २०२४ || rowspan=4 {{N/A}} || rowspan=4 | '''{{center|४ (३)}}''' || {{cr|IRE}} |- | {{cr|NZ}} |- | {{cr|PAK}} |- | {{cr|SCO}} {{efn|name=Bangladesh}} |- | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Americas Regional Final|अमेरिकाज क्वालिफाएर]] || १५–२२ जुन || {{flag|क्यानडा}} || '''{{center|१}}''' || {{cr|CAN}} |- | rowspan=2 | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Europe Regional Final|युरोप क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan=2 | ५–११ जुलाई 2025 || rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|{{Flag|नेदरल्यान्ड}}}} || rowspan="2" | '''{{center|२}}''' || {{cr|ITA}} |- || {{cr|NED}} |- | rowspan=2 | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Africa Regional Final|अफ्रिका क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan=2 | २६ सेप्टेम्बर–८ अक्टोबर 2025 || rowspan="2" | {{flag|जिम्बाब्वे}} | rowspan="2" |'''{{center|२}}'''|| {{cr|NAM}} |- | {{cr|ZIM}} |- | rowspan="3" | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Asia–EAP Regional Final|एसिया इ ए पि क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan="3" | ८–१७ अक्टोबर|| rowspan="3" | {{flag|ओमान}} || rowspan="3" | '''{{center|३}}''' || {{cr|NEP}} |- | {{cr|OMA}} |- | {{nobr|{{cr|UAE}}}} |- ! जम्मा || || || २० || |} {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=Bangladesh|[[:en:Bangladesh Cricket Board|बंगलादेश क्रिकेट बोर्डले]] भारतमा खेल्न अस्वीकार गरेपछि, [[:en:Bangladesh national cricket team|बंगलादेशलाई]] [[:en:Scotland national cricket team|स्कटल्यान्डले]] प्रतिस्थापन गर्यो, जो पछिल्लो उच्च रैंकिङको टी20आई टोली थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/cricket/bangladesh-replaced-by-scotland-t20-world-cup-reports-say-2026-01-24/ |website=reuters.com |date=January 24, 2026 |title=Bangladesh replaced by Scotland at T20 World Cup |access-date=January 24, 2026}}</ref>}} }} === बङ्गलादेशको नाम फिर्ता === बङ्गलादेशी क्रिकेटर [[मुस्ताफिजूर रहमान]] लाई [[:en:Kolkata Knight Riders|कोलकाता नाइट राइडर्स]] ले [[:en:2026 Indian Premier League|२०२६ इंडियन प्रिमियर लिग]] टोलीबाट ३ जनवरी २०२६ मा मुक्त गरेपछि, [[:en:Bangladesh Cricket Board|बङ्गलादेश क्रिकेट बोर्ड]] (बीसीबी) ले सुरक्षा कारण देखाउँदै विश्वकपका लागि बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू भारतबाट सार्न अनुरोध गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=4 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh govt asks cricket board to shift T20 World Cup games out of India after Mustafizur controversy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bangladesh-govt-asks-cricket-board-to-shift-t20-world-cup-games-out-of-india-after-mustafizur-controversy/articleshow/126330617.cms |access-date=4 January 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=4 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104105817/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bangladesh-govt-asks-cricket-board-to-shift-t20-world-cup-games-out-of-india-after-mustafizur-controversy/articleshow/126330617.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh refuse to travel to India for T20 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-t20-world-cup-bangladesh-refuse-to-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1518033 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=4 January 2026 |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105080256/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-t20-world-cup-bangladesh-refuse-to-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1518033 |url-status=live }}</ref> यस विषयमा समाधान खोज्न [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] का अधिकारीहरूले बीसीबीका प्रतिनिधिहरूसँग बैठक गरे।<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2026 |title=ICC to meet with BCB over refusal to play T20 World Cup matches in India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-meet-with-bcb-over-bangladesh-s-refusal-to-play-t20-world-cup-matches-in-india-1518291 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=10 January 2026 }}</ref> ६ जनवरीमा [[:en:ESPNcricinfo|इएसपीएन क्रिकइन्फो]] ले [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले बीसीबीको अनुरोध अस्वीकार गरेको र भारतमा खेल्न अस्वीकार गरेमा बङ्गलादेशले अंक गुमाउने जनाएको समाचार प्रकाशित गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2026 |title=ICC to Bangladesh: play in India or forfeit points |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-bangladesh-play-in-india-or-forfeit-points-1518315 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=7 January 2026 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107160701/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-bangladesh-play-in-india-or-forfeit-points-1518315 |url-status=live }}</ref> तर भोलिपल्ट बीसीबीले “आईसीसीले हाम्रा चिन्ताहरू सम्बोधन गर्न नजिकबाट सहकार्य गर्न इच्छुक रहेको जानकारी दिएको छ” भनी दाबी गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2026 |title=BCB: ICC willing to address concerns about playing T20 World Cup in India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bangladesh-says-icc-willing-to-address-concerns-about-playing-t20-world-cup-in-india-1518430 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=7 January 2026 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref> ११ जनवरीमा [[:en:Pakistan Cricket Board|पाकिस्तान क्रिकेट बोर्ड]] (पीसीबी) ले श्रीलङ्कामा स्थल उपलब्ध नभए बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू पाकिस्तानमा आयोजना गर्न तयार रहेको जनाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2026|title=Pakistan Want To Host Bangladesh's Matches Amid T20 World Cup 2026 Controversy – Report |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/pakistan-want-to-host-bangladeshs-matches-amid-t20-world-cup-2026-controversy-report-article-153431521 |access-date=12 January 2026 |work=[[Times Now]] |archive-date=11 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260111175311/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/pakistan-want-to-host-bangladeshs-matches-amid-t20-world-cup-2026-controversy-report-article-153431521 |url-status=live }}</ref> त्यसको भोलिपल्ट सञ्चारमाध्यमहरूले [[:en:Tamil Nadu Cricket Association|तमिलनाडु क्रिकेट सङ्घ]] र [[:en:Kerala Cricket Association|केरल क्रिकेट सङ्घ]] ले क्रमशः [[:en:M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|एम. ए. चिदम्बरम स्टेडियम]] र [[:en:Greenfield International Stadium|ग्रीनफिल्ड अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्टेडियम]] मा खेल आयोजना गर्ने प्रस्ताव राखेको जनाए, जुन भारतका [[:en:Eden Gardens|ईडेन गार्डन्स]] र [[:en:Wankhede Stadium|वानखेडे स्टेडियम]] को विकल्पका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2026 |title=New venue options emerge for Bangladesh's T20 World Cup 2026 matches: Report |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/new-venue-options-emerge-for-bangladesh-s-t20-world-cup-2026-matches-report-2026-01-12-1025458 |access-date=12 January 2026 |work=[[India TV]] |archive-date=13 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113082114/https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/new-venue-options-emerge-for-bangladesh-s-t20-world-cup-2026-matches-report-2026-01-12-1025458 |url-status=live }}</ref> १२ जनवरीमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले बङ्गलादेशको सुरक्षा मूल्याङ्कन अस्वीकार गर्दै “टोलीमाथि कुनै समग्र खतरा नरहेको” र “केही स्थलमा जोखिम न्यूनदेखि मध्यम तथा अन्यत्र न्यूनदेखि शून्य रहेको” जनाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2026 |title=No specific threat to Bangladesh team in India, says ICC security assessment |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-specific-threat-to-bangladesh-team-in-india-for-2026-t20-world-cup-says-icc-security-assessment-1519243 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 January 2026 |archive-date=13 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113044212/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-specific-threat-to-bangladesh-team-in-india-for-2026-t20-world-cup-says-icc-security-assessment-1519243 |url-status=live }}</ref> भोलिपल्ट बीसीबीले सुरक्षा चिन्ताकै कारण भारतबाहिर खेल सार्नुपर्ने आफ्नो अडान दोहोर्‍यायो।<ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2026 |title=BCB firm on stance that Bangladesh won't travel to India for T20 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcb-firm-on-stance-that-bangladesh-won-t-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1519348 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=16 January 2026 |archive-date=14 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114052724/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcb-firm-on-stance-that-bangladesh-won-t-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1519348 |url-status=live }}</ref> १७ जनवरीमा बीसीबीले श्रीलङ्कामा खेल्ने तय भएको आयरल्याण्डसँग समूह साट्न अनुरोध गर्‍यो, तर [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले यसलाई अस्वीकार गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=T20 World Cup crisis: PCB writes to ICC supporting Bangladesh's stance |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-crisis-pcb-writes-to-icc-supporting-bangladesh-s-stance-1520329 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 January 2026 }}</ref> १८ जनवरीमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले २१ जनवरीमा हुने बोर्ड बैठकपछि अन्तिम निर्णय लिने घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=18 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh's participation in 2026 T20 World Cup to be finalised by January 21 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-2026-bangladesh-s-participation-to-be-finalised-by-january-21-1520069 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 January 2026 }}</ref> २१ जनवरीको बैठकपछि आईसीसीले बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू सार्न अस्वीकार गर्दै सहभागिताबारे निर्णय गर्न एक दिनको समय दियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=ICC to replace Bangladesh at T20 World Cup if they don't travel to India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-replace-bangladesh-at-t20-world-cup-if-they-don-t-travel-to-india-1520371 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 January 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh asked to play in India or sit-out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/icc-s-t20-world-cup-verdict-on-bangladesh-cricket-bcci-2855353-2026-01-21 |access-date=21 January 2026 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref> तर भोलिपल्ट पनि बीसीबीले भारतमा खेल्न अस्वीकार गरिरह्यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh firm on not playing T20 World Cup in India despite risk of exclusion |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bangladesh-firm-on-not-playing-t20-world-cup-in-india-despite-icc-saying-they-will-be-replaced-1520515 |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] }}</ref> २४ जनवरीमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले आधिकारिक रूपमा बङ्गलादेशलाई प्रतियोगिताबाट हटाई स्कटल्यान्डलाई प्रतिस्थापन गर्ने घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref name="Scot">{{cite news |date=24 January 2026 |title=Scotland to replace Bangladesh at T20 World Cup |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/scotland-to-replace-bangladesh-at-t20-world-cup |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[International Cricket Council]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh Replaced By Scotland At 2026 Men's T20 World Cup After Refusing To Travel To India |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/icc-mens-t20-world-cup-2026/cricket-news/bangladesh-replaced-by-scotland-at-2026-mens-t20-world-cup-after-refusing-travel-to-india |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[Wisden]] }}</ref> १ फेब्रुअरी २०२६ मा [[:en:Government of Pakistan|पाकिस्तान सरकार]] ले १५ फेब्रुअरीमा हुने भारतविरुद्धको खेल बहिष्कार गर्ने घोषणा गर्‍यो। यद्यपि [[:en:Pakistan Cricket Board|पाकिस्तान क्रिकेट बोर्ड]] ले यो निर्णय औपचारिक रूपमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] लाई जानकारी गराएन, तर यो कदम बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू भारतबाट नसार्ने निर्णयको विरोधस्वरूप लिइएको बताइएको छ।<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan government says 'no' to India match in T20 World Cup |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/137531/pakistan-to-forfeit-india-clash-in-t20-world-cup |publisher=[[Cricbuzz]] |date=1 February 2026 |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 February 2026 |title=Pakistan to Boycott India match on 15 Feb |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-to-boycott-t20-world-cup-match-against-india-1521915 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 February 2026 }}</ref> == खेल स्थल == {{col-begin}} {{col-break|width=50%}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="3" | भारतमा खेल स्थल |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="3" | {{location map+ |India |float=center |width=450 |caption= |alt=A map of India with pin-points on 2026 Men's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{location map~ |India |lat=23.09 |long=72.60 |label=[[अहमदाबाद]] |position=right}} {{location map~ |India |lat=13.06 |long=80.28 |label=[[चेन्नई]] |position=right}} {{location map~ |India |lat=28.63 |long=77.24 |label=[[दिल्ली]] |position=left}} {{location map~ |India |lat=22.56 |long=88.34 |label=[[कोलकाता]] |position=left}} {{location map~ |India |lat=18.94 |long=72.83 |label=[[मुम्बई]] |position=left}} }} |- ! [[अहमदाबाद]] ! [[चेन्नई]] ! [[दिल्ली]] |- | [[:en:Narendra Modi Stadium|नरेन्द्र मोदी स्टेडियम]] | [[:en:M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|एमए चिदम्बरम स्टेडियम]] | [[:en:Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|अरुण जेटली स्टेडियम]] |- | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''132,000'''}} | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''39,000'''}} | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''55,000'''}} |- | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7 (फाइनल)'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''6'''}} |- | [[File:Narendra modi stadium 2023 Final between India and Australia.jpg|alt=Narendra Modi Stadium in 2023|150px]] | [[File:M.A.Chidambaram Stadium before IND vs AUS 3rd ODI 2023.jpg|alt=M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in 2023|150px]] | [[File:India vs Afghanistan on 11th October 2023.jpg|alt=Arun Jaitley Stadium in 2023|150px]] |- ! [[कोलकाता]] ! [[मुम्बई]] |- | [[इडेन गार्डेन्स]] | [[वानखेडे स्टेडियम]] |- | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''68,000'''}} | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''33,108'''}} |- | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7 (सेमिफाइनल 1)'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''8 (सेमिफाइनल 2)'''}} |- | [[File:Eden Gardens under floodlights during a match.jpg|alt=Eden Gardens in 2017|150px]] | [[File:Wankhede_ICC_WCF.jpg|alt=Wankhede Stadium in 2011|150px]] |} {{col-break|width=50%}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="3" | श्रीलंकामा खेल स्थल |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="3" | {{location map+ |Sri Lanka |float=center |width=450 |caption= |alt=A map of Sri Lanka with pin-points on 2026 Men's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{location map~ |Sri Lanka |lat=7.280278 |long=80.722222 |label=[[क्यान्डी]] |position=Bottom}} {{location map~ |Sri Lanka |lat=6.939667 |long=79.872028 |label=[[कोलम्बो]] (RPS) |position=right}} {{location map~ |Sri Lanka | lat = 6.93 | long = 79.85 |label=[[कोलम्बो]] (SSC) |position=left}} }} |- ! colspan="2" | [[कोलम्बो]] ! [[क्यान्डी]] |- | [[:en:R. Premadasa Stadium|आर प्रेमदासा स्टेडियम]] | [[:en:Sinhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground|एसएससी क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Pallekele International Cricket Stadium|पल्लेकेले क्रिकेट स्टेडियम]] |- | क्षमता: '''{{formatnum:35,000}}''' | क्षमता: '''{{formatnum:10,000}}''' | क्षमता: '''{{formatnum:35,000}}''' |- | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''10 (सेमिफाइनल 1 & फाइनल)'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''5'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7'''}} |- | [[File:The_clouds_roll_in.jpg|alt=R. Premadasa Stadium in 2014|150px]] | [[File:SCC_Ground_Colombo.jpg|alt=SSC Cricket Ground in 2001|150px]] | [[File:Pallekele_International_Cricket_Stadium5.JPG|alt=Pallekele Cricket Stadium in 2012|150px]] |} {{notelist}} {{col-end}} == नकआउट चरण == <section begin="bracket" />{{4TeamBracket | team-width = 150px | score-width = 150px | RD1 = '''[[#Semi-finals|सेमिफाइनल]]''' | RD1-seed1 = 1W | RD1-team1 = {{cr|SA}} | RD1-score1 = १६९/८ (२० ओभर) | RD1-seed2 = '''2R''' | RD1-team2 = '''{{cr|NZ}}''' | RD1-score2 = '''१७३/१ (१२.५ ओभर)''' | RD1-seed3 = 2W | RD1-team3 = {{cr|ENG}} | RD1-score3 = २४६/७ (२० ओभर) | RD1-seed4 = '''1R''' | RD1-team4 = '''{{cr|IND}}''' | RD1-score4 = '''२५३/७ (२० ओभर)''' | RD2= '''[[#final|फाइनल]]''' | RD2-seed1 = SF1W | RD2-team1 = {{cr|NZ}} | RD2-score1 = १५९ (१९ ओभर) | RD2-seed2 = '''SF2W''' | RD2-team2 = '''{{cr|IND}}''' | RD2-score2 = '''२५५/५ (२० ओभर) }}''' * Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |title=2026 Men's T20 World Cup, fixtures and results|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> == तथ्यांक == {{hatnote|८ मार्च २०२६ अनुसार}} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक रन<ref name="mr">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-17604|title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup, 2026|stat=most runs|access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> ! scope=col | रन ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- ! scope=row | ३८३ | [[:en:Sahibzada Farhan|साहिबजादा फरहान]] || {{cr|PAK}} |- ! scope=row | ३२६ | [[:en:Tim Seifert|टिम सिफर्ट]] || {{cr|NZ}} |- ! scope=row | ३२१ | [[:en:Sanju Samson|सञ्जु सामसन]] || {{cr|IND}} |- ! scope=row | ३१७ | [[:en:Ishan Kishan|इशान किशन]] || {{cr|IND}} |- ! scope=row | २९८ | [[:en:Finn Allen|फिन एलन]] || {{cr|NZ}} |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक विकेट <ref name="mw">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-17604|title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup, 2026|stat=most wickets|access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> ! scope=col | विकेट ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- ! scope=row rowspan=2 | १४ | [[:en:Jasprit Bumrah|जसप्रित बुमराह]] || {{cr|IND}} |- | [[:en:Varun Chakravarthy|वरुण चक्रवर्ती]] || {{cr|IND}} |- ! scope=row rowspan=3 | १३ | {{nobr|[[:en:Shadley van Schalkwyk|शाडले भान सकविक]]}} || {{nobr|{{cr|USA}}}} |- | [[:en:Blessing Muzarabani|ब्लेसिङ मुजरबानी]] || {{cr|ZIM}} |- | [[:en:Adil Rashid|आदिल रशिद]] || {{cr|ENG}} |- |} ==सन्दर्भ सामाग्री== {{reflist}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{Commons category}} * {{आधिकारिक वेबसाइट|https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026}} * {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138}} * {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-warm-up-matches-2025-26-1521126|title=२०२६ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप वार्म अफ म्याच}} [[श्रेणी:आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप]] 4f3ievbd3w0s4estuj8paq97kytpojm 1365007 1365005 2026-07-06T12:24:10Z KB Thakulla 31378 /* तथ्यांक */ 1365007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cricket tournament | name = २०२६ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप | image = | caption = | fromdate = सन् २०२६ फेब्रुअरी ७ | todate = सन् २०२६ मार्च ८ | administrator = [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] | cricket format = [[ट्वान्टी२० अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय]] | tournament format = [[समूह चरण]], सुपर ८ र [[नक आउट]] | host = {{flag|भारत}}<br>{{flag|श्रीलंका}} | champions = {{cr|IND}} | runner up = {{cr|NZ}} | count = ३ | player of the series = {{cricon|IND}} [[:en:Sanju Samson|सञ्जु सामसन]] | most runs ={{cricon|PAK}} [[:en: Sahibzada Farhan|साहिबजादा फरहान]] (३८३) | most wickets ={{cricon|IND}} [[:en:Jasprit Bumrah|जसप्रित बुमराह]] (१४) <br> {{cricon|IND}} [[:en:Varun Chakravarthy|वरुण चक्रवर्ती]] (१४) | participants = २० | matches = ५५ | previous_year = २०२४ | previous_tournament = २०२४ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप | next_year = २०२८ | next_tournament = २०२८ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप | website = {{URL|https://t20worldcup.com/|t20worldcup.com}} }} '''२०२६ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप''' [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]]ले सञ्चालन गर्ने आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकपको दशौं संस्करण हो। यो विश्वकप क्रिकेट प्रतियोगिताको [[भारत]] र [[श्रीलंका]] संयुक्त रुपमा आयोजक रहेका छन्।<ref name="hc">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=USA to stage T20 World Cup: 2024–2031 ICC Men's tournament hosts confirmed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/usa-to-stage-t20-world-cup-2024-2031-icc-mens-tournament-hosts-confirmed |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=[[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205110854/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==छनौट भएका टोलीहरू== {|class="wikitable" |+ २०२६ टिट्वान्टी विश्वकपमा चयनित टोलीहरू ! scope="col" | छनौटको तरिका || छनौट भएको मिति || स्थान || टोली सङ्ख्या || टोलीहरू |- | rowspan=2 | आयोजक || rowspan=2 | १६ नोभेम्बर २०२१ || rowspan=2 {{N/A}} || rowspan=2 | '''{{center|२}}''' || {{cr|IND}} |- | {{cr|SL}} |- | rowspan=7 | [[२०२४ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप]]<br/><small>(आयोजक बाहेक अघिल्लो प्रतियोगिता शीर्ष ६ टोलीहरू)</small> || rowspan=7 | १७ जुन २०२४ || rowspan=7 | {{nowrap|{{flag|अमेरिका}}<br/>{{flag|वेस्ट इन्डिज}}}} || rowspan=7 | '''{{center|६ (७)}}''' || {{cr|AFG}} |- | {{cr|AUS}} |- | <s>{{cr|BAN}}</s> {{efn|name=Bangladesh}} |- | {{cr|ENG}} |- | {{cr|SA}} |- | {{nobr|{{cr|USA}}}} |- | {{cr|WIN}} |- | rowspan=4 | [[:en:ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings|आइसिसि रेंकिङ]] || rowspan=4 | ३० जुन २०२४ || rowspan=4 {{N/A}} || rowspan=4 | '''{{center|४ (३)}}''' || {{cr|IRE}} |- | {{cr|NZ}} |- | {{cr|PAK}} |- | {{cr|SCO}} {{efn|name=Bangladesh}} |- | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Americas Regional Final|अमेरिकाज क्वालिफाएर]] || १५–२२ जुन || {{flag|क्यानडा}} || '''{{center|१}}''' || {{cr|CAN}} |- | rowspan=2 | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Europe Regional Final|युरोप क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan=2 | ५–११ जुलाई 2025 || rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|{{Flag|नेदरल्यान्ड}}}} || rowspan="2" | '''{{center|२}}''' || {{cr|ITA}} |- || {{cr|NED}} |- | rowspan=2 | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Africa Regional Final|अफ्रिका क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan=2 | २६ सेप्टेम्बर–८ अक्टोबर 2025 || rowspan="2" | {{flag|जिम्बाब्वे}} | rowspan="2" |'''{{center|२}}'''|| {{cr|NAM}} |- | {{cr|ZIM}} |- | rowspan="3" | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Asia–EAP Regional Final|एसिया इ ए पि क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan="3" | ८–१७ अक्टोबर|| rowspan="3" | {{flag|ओमान}} || rowspan="3" | '''{{center|३}}''' || {{cr|NEP}} |- | {{cr|OMA}} |- | {{nobr|{{cr|UAE}}}} |- ! जम्मा || || || २० || |} {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=Bangladesh|[[:en:Bangladesh Cricket Board|बंगलादेश क्रिकेट बोर्डले]] भारतमा खेल्न अस्वीकार गरेपछि, [[:en:Bangladesh national cricket team|बंगलादेशलाई]] [[:en:Scotland national cricket team|स्कटल्यान्डले]] प्रतिस्थापन गर्यो, जो पछिल्लो उच्च रैंकिङको टी20आई टोली थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/cricket/bangladesh-replaced-by-scotland-t20-world-cup-reports-say-2026-01-24/ |website=reuters.com |date=January 24, 2026 |title=Bangladesh replaced by Scotland at T20 World Cup |access-date=January 24, 2026}}</ref>}} }} === बङ्गलादेशको नाम फिर्ता === बङ्गलादेशी क्रिकेटर [[मुस्ताफिजूर रहमान]] लाई [[:en:Kolkata Knight Riders|कोलकाता नाइट राइडर्स]] ले [[:en:2026 Indian Premier League|२०२६ इंडियन प्रिमियर लिग]] टोलीबाट ३ जनवरी २०२६ मा मुक्त गरेपछि, [[:en:Bangladesh Cricket Board|बङ्गलादेश क्रिकेट बोर्ड]] (बीसीबी) ले सुरक्षा कारण देखाउँदै विश्वकपका लागि बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू भारतबाट सार्न अनुरोध गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=4 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh govt asks cricket board to shift T20 World Cup games out of India after Mustafizur controversy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bangladesh-govt-asks-cricket-board-to-shift-t20-world-cup-games-out-of-india-after-mustafizur-controversy/articleshow/126330617.cms |access-date=4 January 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=4 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104105817/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bangladesh-govt-asks-cricket-board-to-shift-t20-world-cup-games-out-of-india-after-mustafizur-controversy/articleshow/126330617.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh refuse to travel to India for T20 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-t20-world-cup-bangladesh-refuse-to-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1518033 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=4 January 2026 |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105080256/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-t20-world-cup-bangladesh-refuse-to-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1518033 |url-status=live }}</ref> यस विषयमा समाधान खोज्न [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] का अधिकारीहरूले बीसीबीका प्रतिनिधिहरूसँग बैठक गरे।<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2026 |title=ICC to meet with BCB over refusal to play T20 World Cup matches in India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-meet-with-bcb-over-bangladesh-s-refusal-to-play-t20-world-cup-matches-in-india-1518291 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=10 January 2026 }}</ref> ६ जनवरीमा [[:en:ESPNcricinfo|इएसपीएन क्रिकइन्फो]] ले [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले बीसीबीको अनुरोध अस्वीकार गरेको र भारतमा खेल्न अस्वीकार गरेमा बङ्गलादेशले अंक गुमाउने जनाएको समाचार प्रकाशित गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2026 |title=ICC to Bangladesh: play in India or forfeit points |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-bangladesh-play-in-india-or-forfeit-points-1518315 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=7 January 2026 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107160701/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-bangladesh-play-in-india-or-forfeit-points-1518315 |url-status=live }}</ref> तर भोलिपल्ट बीसीबीले “आईसीसीले हाम्रा चिन्ताहरू सम्बोधन गर्न नजिकबाट सहकार्य गर्न इच्छुक रहेको जानकारी दिएको छ” भनी दाबी गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2026 |title=BCB: ICC willing to address concerns about playing T20 World Cup in India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bangladesh-says-icc-willing-to-address-concerns-about-playing-t20-world-cup-in-india-1518430 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=7 January 2026 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref> ११ जनवरीमा [[:en:Pakistan Cricket Board|पाकिस्तान क्रिकेट बोर्ड]] (पीसीबी) ले श्रीलङ्कामा स्थल उपलब्ध नभए बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू पाकिस्तानमा आयोजना गर्न तयार रहेको जनाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2026|title=Pakistan Want To Host Bangladesh's Matches Amid T20 World Cup 2026 Controversy – Report |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/pakistan-want-to-host-bangladeshs-matches-amid-t20-world-cup-2026-controversy-report-article-153431521 |access-date=12 January 2026 |work=[[Times Now]] |archive-date=11 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260111175311/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/pakistan-want-to-host-bangladeshs-matches-amid-t20-world-cup-2026-controversy-report-article-153431521 |url-status=live }}</ref> त्यसको भोलिपल्ट सञ्चारमाध्यमहरूले [[:en:Tamil Nadu Cricket Association|तमिलनाडु क्रिकेट सङ्घ]] र [[:en:Kerala Cricket Association|केरल क्रिकेट सङ्घ]] ले क्रमशः [[:en:M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|एम. ए. चिदम्बरम स्टेडियम]] र [[:en:Greenfield International Stadium|ग्रीनफिल्ड अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्टेडियम]] मा खेल आयोजना गर्ने प्रस्ताव राखेको जनाए, जुन भारतका [[:en:Eden Gardens|ईडेन गार्डन्स]] र [[:en:Wankhede Stadium|वानखेडे स्टेडियम]] को विकल्पका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2026 |title=New venue options emerge for Bangladesh's T20 World Cup 2026 matches: Report |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/new-venue-options-emerge-for-bangladesh-s-t20-world-cup-2026-matches-report-2026-01-12-1025458 |access-date=12 January 2026 |work=[[India TV]] |archive-date=13 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113082114/https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/new-venue-options-emerge-for-bangladesh-s-t20-world-cup-2026-matches-report-2026-01-12-1025458 |url-status=live }}</ref> १२ जनवरीमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले बङ्गलादेशको सुरक्षा मूल्याङ्कन अस्वीकार गर्दै “टोलीमाथि कुनै समग्र खतरा नरहेको” र “केही स्थलमा जोखिम न्यूनदेखि मध्यम तथा अन्यत्र न्यूनदेखि शून्य रहेको” जनाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2026 |title=No specific threat to Bangladesh team in India, says ICC security assessment |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-specific-threat-to-bangladesh-team-in-india-for-2026-t20-world-cup-says-icc-security-assessment-1519243 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 January 2026 |archive-date=13 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113044212/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-specific-threat-to-bangladesh-team-in-india-for-2026-t20-world-cup-says-icc-security-assessment-1519243 |url-status=live }}</ref> भोलिपल्ट बीसीबीले सुरक्षा चिन्ताकै कारण भारतबाहिर खेल सार्नुपर्ने आफ्नो अडान दोहोर्‍यायो।<ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2026 |title=BCB firm on stance that Bangladesh won't travel to India for T20 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcb-firm-on-stance-that-bangladesh-won-t-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1519348 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=16 January 2026 |archive-date=14 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114052724/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcb-firm-on-stance-that-bangladesh-won-t-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1519348 |url-status=live }}</ref> १७ जनवरीमा बीसीबीले श्रीलङ्कामा खेल्ने तय भएको आयरल्याण्डसँग समूह साट्न अनुरोध गर्‍यो, तर [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले यसलाई अस्वीकार गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=T20 World Cup crisis: PCB writes to ICC supporting Bangladesh's stance |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-crisis-pcb-writes-to-icc-supporting-bangladesh-s-stance-1520329 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 January 2026 }}</ref> १८ जनवरीमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले २१ जनवरीमा हुने बोर्ड बैठकपछि अन्तिम निर्णय लिने घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=18 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh's participation in 2026 T20 World Cup to be finalised by January 21 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-2026-bangladesh-s-participation-to-be-finalised-by-january-21-1520069 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 January 2026 }}</ref> २१ जनवरीको बैठकपछि आईसीसीले बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू सार्न अस्वीकार गर्दै सहभागिताबारे निर्णय गर्न एक दिनको समय दियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=ICC to replace Bangladesh at T20 World Cup if they don't travel to India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-replace-bangladesh-at-t20-world-cup-if-they-don-t-travel-to-india-1520371 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 January 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh asked to play in India or sit-out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/icc-s-t20-world-cup-verdict-on-bangladesh-cricket-bcci-2855353-2026-01-21 |access-date=21 January 2026 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref> तर भोलिपल्ट पनि बीसीबीले भारतमा खेल्न अस्वीकार गरिरह्यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh firm on not playing T20 World Cup in India despite risk of exclusion |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bangladesh-firm-on-not-playing-t20-world-cup-in-india-despite-icc-saying-they-will-be-replaced-1520515 |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] }}</ref> २४ जनवरीमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले आधिकारिक रूपमा बङ्गलादेशलाई प्रतियोगिताबाट हटाई स्कटल्यान्डलाई प्रतिस्थापन गर्ने घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref name="Scot">{{cite news |date=24 January 2026 |title=Scotland to replace Bangladesh at T20 World Cup |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/scotland-to-replace-bangladesh-at-t20-world-cup |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[International Cricket Council]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh Replaced By Scotland At 2026 Men's T20 World Cup After Refusing To Travel To India |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/icc-mens-t20-world-cup-2026/cricket-news/bangladesh-replaced-by-scotland-at-2026-mens-t20-world-cup-after-refusing-travel-to-india |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[Wisden]] }}</ref> १ फेब्रुअरी २०२६ मा [[:en:Government of Pakistan|पाकिस्तान सरकार]] ले १५ फेब्रुअरीमा हुने भारतविरुद्धको खेल बहिष्कार गर्ने घोषणा गर्‍यो। यद्यपि [[:en:Pakistan Cricket Board|पाकिस्तान क्रिकेट बोर्ड]] ले यो निर्णय औपचारिक रूपमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] लाई जानकारी गराएन, तर यो कदम बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू भारतबाट नसार्ने निर्णयको विरोधस्वरूप लिइएको बताइएको छ।<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan government says 'no' to India match in T20 World Cup |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/137531/pakistan-to-forfeit-india-clash-in-t20-world-cup |publisher=[[Cricbuzz]] |date=1 February 2026 |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 February 2026 |title=Pakistan to Boycott India match on 15 Feb |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-to-boycott-t20-world-cup-match-against-india-1521915 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 February 2026 }}</ref> == खेल स्थल == {{col-begin}} {{col-break|width=50%}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="3" | भारतमा खेल स्थल |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="3" | {{location map+ |India |float=center |width=450 |caption= |alt=A map of India with pin-points on 2026 Men's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{location map~ |India |lat=23.09 |long=72.60 |label=[[अहमदाबाद]] |position=right}} {{location map~ |India |lat=13.06 |long=80.28 |label=[[चेन्नई]] |position=right}} {{location map~ |India |lat=28.63 |long=77.24 |label=[[दिल्ली]] |position=left}} {{location map~ |India |lat=22.56 |long=88.34 |label=[[कोलकाता]] |position=left}} {{location map~ |India |lat=18.94 |long=72.83 |label=[[मुम्बई]] |position=left}} }} |- ! [[अहमदाबाद]] ! [[चेन्नई]] ! [[दिल्ली]] |- | [[:en:Narendra Modi Stadium|नरेन्द्र मोदी स्टेडियम]] | [[:en:M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|एमए चिदम्बरम स्टेडियम]] | [[:en:Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|अरुण जेटली स्टेडियम]] |- | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''132,000'''}} | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''39,000'''}} | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''55,000'''}} |- | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7 (फाइनल)'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''6'''}} |- | [[File:Narendra modi stadium 2023 Final between India and Australia.jpg|alt=Narendra Modi Stadium in 2023|150px]] | [[File:M.A.Chidambaram Stadium before IND vs AUS 3rd ODI 2023.jpg|alt=M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in 2023|150px]] | [[File:India vs Afghanistan on 11th October 2023.jpg|alt=Arun Jaitley Stadium in 2023|150px]] |- ! [[कोलकाता]] ! [[मुम्बई]] |- | [[इडेन गार्डेन्स]] | [[वानखेडे स्टेडियम]] |- | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''68,000'''}} | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''33,108'''}} |- | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7 (सेमिफाइनल 1)'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''8 (सेमिफाइनल 2)'''}} |- | [[File:Eden Gardens under floodlights during a match.jpg|alt=Eden Gardens in 2017|150px]] | [[File:Wankhede_ICC_WCF.jpg|alt=Wankhede Stadium in 2011|150px]] |} {{col-break|width=50%}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="3" | श्रीलंकामा खेल स्थल |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="3" | {{location map+ |Sri Lanka |float=center |width=450 |caption= |alt=A map of Sri Lanka with pin-points on 2026 Men's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{location map~ |Sri Lanka |lat=7.280278 |long=80.722222 |label=[[क्यान्डी]] |position=Bottom}} {{location map~ |Sri Lanka |lat=6.939667 |long=79.872028 |label=[[कोलम्बो]] (RPS) |position=right}} {{location map~ |Sri Lanka | lat = 6.93 | long = 79.85 |label=[[कोलम्बो]] (SSC) |position=left}} }} |- ! colspan="2" | [[कोलम्बो]] ! [[क्यान्डी]] |- | [[:en:R. Premadasa Stadium|आर प्रेमदासा स्टेडियम]] | [[:en:Sinhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground|एसएससी क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Pallekele International Cricket Stadium|पल्लेकेले क्रिकेट स्टेडियम]] |- | क्षमता: '''{{formatnum:35,000}}''' | क्षमता: '''{{formatnum:10,000}}''' | क्षमता: '''{{formatnum:35,000}}''' |- | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''10 (सेमिफाइनल 1 & फाइनल)'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''5'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7'''}} |- | [[File:The_clouds_roll_in.jpg|alt=R. Premadasa Stadium in 2014|150px]] | [[File:SCC_Ground_Colombo.jpg|alt=SSC Cricket Ground in 2001|150px]] | [[File:Pallekele_International_Cricket_Stadium5.JPG|alt=Pallekele Cricket Stadium in 2012|150px]] |} {{notelist}} {{col-end}} == नकआउट चरण == <section begin="bracket" />{{4TeamBracket | team-width = 150px | score-width = 150px | RD1 = '''[[#Semi-finals|सेमिफाइनल]]''' | RD1-seed1 = 1W | RD1-team1 = {{cr|SA}} | RD1-score1 = १६९/८ (२० ओभर) | RD1-seed2 = '''2R''' | RD1-team2 = '''{{cr|NZ}}''' | RD1-score2 = '''१७३/१ (१२.५ ओभर)''' | RD1-seed3 = 2W | RD1-team3 = {{cr|ENG}} | RD1-score3 = २४६/७ (२० ओभर) | RD1-seed4 = '''1R''' | RD1-team4 = '''{{cr|IND}}''' | RD1-score4 = '''२५३/७ (२० ओभर)''' | RD2= '''[[#final|फाइनल]]''' | RD2-seed1 = SF1W | RD2-team1 = {{cr|NZ}} | RD2-score1 = १५९ (१९ ओभर) | RD2-seed2 = '''SF2W''' | RD2-team2 = '''{{cr|IND}}''' | RD2-score2 = '''२५५/५ (२० ओभर) }}''' * Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |title=2026 Men's T20 World Cup, fixtures and results|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> == तथ्यांक == {{hatnote|८ मार्च २०२६ अनुसार}} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक रन<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-17604|title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup, 2026|access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> ! scope=col | रन ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- ! scope=row | ३८३ | [[:en:Sahibzada Farhan|साहिबजादा फरहान]] || {{cr|PAK}} |- ! scope=row | ३२६ | [[:en:Tim Seifert|टिम सिफर्ट]] || {{cr|NZ}} |- ! scope=row | ३२१ | [[:en:Sanju Samson|सञ्जु सामसन]] || {{cr|IND}} |- ! scope=row | ३१७ | [[:en:Ishan Kishan|इशान किशन]] || {{cr|IND}} |- ! scope=row | २९८ | [[:en:Finn Allen|फिन एलन]] || {{cr|NZ}} |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक विकेट <ref name="mw">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-17604|title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup, 2026|stat=most wickets|access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> ! scope=col | विकेट ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- ! scope=row rowspan=2 | १४ | [[:en:Jasprit Bumrah|जसप्रित बुमराह]] || {{cr|IND}} |- | [[:en:Varun Chakravarthy|वरुण चक्रवर्ती]] || {{cr|IND}} |- ! scope=row rowspan=3 | १३ | {{nobr|[[:en:Shadley van Schalkwyk|शाडले भान सकविक]]}} || {{nobr|{{cr|USA}}}} |- | [[:en:Blessing Muzarabani|ब्लेसिङ मुजरबानी]] || {{cr|ZIM}} |- | [[:en:Adil Rashid|आदिल रशिद]] || {{cr|ENG}} |- |} ==सन्दर्भ सामाग्री== {{reflist}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{Commons category}} * {{आधिकारिक वेबसाइट|https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026}} * {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138}} * {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-warm-up-matches-2025-26-1521126|title=२०२६ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप वार्म अफ म्याच}} [[श्रेणी:आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप]] dj15ybgdtt04xbqhy75gbpl8xta81rf 1365009 1365007 2026-07-06T12:25:44Z KB Thakulla 31378 /* तथ्यांक */ 1365009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox cricket tournament | name = २०२६ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप | image = | caption = | fromdate = सन् २०२६ फेब्रुअरी ७ | todate = सन् २०२६ मार्च ८ | administrator = [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] | cricket format = [[ट्वान्टी२० अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय]] | tournament format = [[समूह चरण]], सुपर ८ र [[नक आउट]] | host = {{flag|भारत}}<br>{{flag|श्रीलंका}} | champions = {{cr|IND}} | runner up = {{cr|NZ}} | count = ३ | player of the series = {{cricon|IND}} [[:en:Sanju Samson|सञ्जु सामसन]] | most runs ={{cricon|PAK}} [[:en: Sahibzada Farhan|साहिबजादा फरहान]] (३८३) | most wickets ={{cricon|IND}} [[:en:Jasprit Bumrah|जसप्रित बुमराह]] (१४) <br> {{cricon|IND}} [[:en:Varun Chakravarthy|वरुण चक्रवर्ती]] (१४) | participants = २० | matches = ५५ | previous_year = २०२४ | previous_tournament = २०२४ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप | next_year = २०२८ | next_tournament = २०२८ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप | website = {{URL|https://t20worldcup.com/|t20worldcup.com}} }} '''२०२६ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप''' [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]]ले सञ्चालन गर्ने आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकपको दशौं संस्करण हो। यो विश्वकप क्रिकेट प्रतियोगिताको [[भारत]] र [[श्रीलंका]] संयुक्त रुपमा आयोजक रहेका छन्।<ref name="hc">{{Cite web |date=16 November 2021 |title=USA to stage T20 World Cup: 2024–2031 ICC Men's tournament hosts confirmed |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/usa-to-stage-t20-world-cup-2024-2031-icc-mens-tournament-hosts-confirmed |access-date=20 February 2025 |publisher=[[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] |language=en |archive-date=5 December 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211205110854/https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/2354682 |url-status=live }}</ref> ==छनौट भएका टोलीहरू== {|class="wikitable" |+ २०२६ टिट्वान्टी विश्वकपमा चयनित टोलीहरू ! scope="col" | छनौटको तरिका || छनौट भएको मिति || स्थान || टोली सङ्ख्या || टोलीहरू |- | rowspan=2 | आयोजक || rowspan=2 | १६ नोभेम्बर २०२१ || rowspan=2 {{N/A}} || rowspan=2 | '''{{center|२}}''' || {{cr|IND}} |- | {{cr|SL}} |- | rowspan=7 | [[२०२४ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप]]<br/><small>(आयोजक बाहेक अघिल्लो प्रतियोगिता शीर्ष ६ टोलीहरू)</small> || rowspan=7 | १७ जुन २०२४ || rowspan=7 | {{nowrap|{{flag|अमेरिका}}<br/>{{flag|वेस्ट इन्डिज}}}} || rowspan=7 | '''{{center|६ (७)}}''' || {{cr|AFG}} |- | {{cr|AUS}} |- | <s>{{cr|BAN}}</s> {{efn|name=Bangladesh}} |- | {{cr|ENG}} |- | {{cr|SA}} |- | {{nobr|{{cr|USA}}}} |- | {{cr|WIN}} |- | rowspan=4 | [[:en:ICC Men's T20I Team Rankings|आइसिसि रेंकिङ]] || rowspan=4 | ३० जुन २०२४ || rowspan=4 {{N/A}} || rowspan=4 | '''{{center|४ (३)}}''' || {{cr|IRE}} |- | {{cr|NZ}} |- | {{cr|PAK}} |- | {{cr|SCO}} {{efn|name=Bangladesh}} |- | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Americas Regional Final|अमेरिकाज क्वालिफाएर]] || १५–२२ जुन || {{flag|क्यानडा}} || '''{{center|१}}''' || {{cr|CAN}} |- | rowspan=2 | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Europe Regional Final|युरोप क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan=2 | ५–११ जुलाई 2025 || rowspan="2" | {{nowrap|{{Flag|नेदरल्यान्ड}}}} || rowspan="2" | '''{{center|२}}''' || {{cr|ITA}} |- || {{cr|NED}} |- | rowspan=2 | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Africa Regional Final|अफ्रिका क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan=2 | २६ सेप्टेम्बर–८ अक्टोबर 2025 || rowspan="2" | {{flag|जिम्बाब्वे}} | rowspan="2" |'''{{center|२}}'''|| {{cr|NAM}} |- | {{cr|ZIM}} |- | rowspan="3" | [[:en:2025 Men's T20 World Cup Asia–EAP Regional Final|एसिया इ ए पि क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan="3" | ८–१७ अक्टोबर|| rowspan="3" | {{flag|ओमान}} || rowspan="3" | '''{{center|३}}''' || {{cr|NEP}} |- | {{cr|OMA}} |- | {{nobr|{{cr|UAE}}}} |- ! जम्मा || || || २० || |} {{notelist|refs= {{efn|name=Bangladesh|[[:en:Bangladesh Cricket Board|बंगलादेश क्रिकेट बोर्डले]] भारतमा खेल्न अस्वीकार गरेपछि, [[:en:Bangladesh national cricket team|बंगलादेशलाई]] [[:en:Scotland national cricket team|स्कटल्यान्डले]] प्रतिस्थापन गर्यो, जो पछिल्लो उच्च रैंकिङको टी20आई टोली थियो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/cricket/bangladesh-replaced-by-scotland-t20-world-cup-reports-say-2026-01-24/ |website=reuters.com |date=January 24, 2026 |title=Bangladesh replaced by Scotland at T20 World Cup |access-date=January 24, 2026}}</ref>}} }} === बङ्गलादेशको नाम फिर्ता === बङ्गलादेशी क्रिकेटर [[मुस्ताफिजूर रहमान]] लाई [[:en:Kolkata Knight Riders|कोलकाता नाइट राइडर्स]] ले [[:en:2026 Indian Premier League|२०२६ इंडियन प्रिमियर लिग]] टोलीबाट ३ जनवरी २०२६ मा मुक्त गरेपछि, [[:en:Bangladesh Cricket Board|बङ्गलादेश क्रिकेट बोर्ड]] (बीसीबी) ले सुरक्षा कारण देखाउँदै विश्वकपका लागि बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू भारतबाट सार्न अनुरोध गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=4 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh govt asks cricket board to shift T20 World Cup games out of India after Mustafizur controversy |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bangladesh-govt-asks-cricket-board-to-shift-t20-world-cup-games-out-of-india-after-mustafizur-controversy/articleshow/126330617.cms |access-date=4 January 2026 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=4 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260104105817/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/sports/bangladesh-govt-asks-cricket-board-to-shift-t20-world-cup-games-out-of-india-after-mustafizur-controversy/articleshow/126330617.cms |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=4 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh refuse to travel to India for T20 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-t20-world-cup-bangladesh-refuse-to-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1518033 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=4 January 2026 |archive-date=5 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260105080256/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/2026-t20-world-cup-bangladesh-refuse-to-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1518033 |url-status=live }}</ref> यस विषयमा समाधान खोज्न [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] का अधिकारीहरूले बीसीबीका प्रतिनिधिहरूसँग बैठक गरे।<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2026 |title=ICC to meet with BCB over refusal to play T20 World Cup matches in India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-meet-with-bcb-over-bangladesh-s-refusal-to-play-t20-world-cup-matches-in-india-1518291 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=10 January 2026 }}</ref> ६ जनवरीमा [[:en:ESPNcricinfo|इएसपीएन क्रिकइन्फो]] ले [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले बीसीबीको अनुरोध अस्वीकार गरेको र भारतमा खेल्न अस्वीकार गरेमा बङ्गलादेशले अंक गुमाउने जनाएको समाचार प्रकाशित गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=6 January 2026 |title=ICC to Bangladesh: play in India or forfeit points |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-bangladesh-play-in-india-or-forfeit-points-1518315 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=7 January 2026 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260107160701/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-bangladesh-play-in-india-or-forfeit-points-1518315 |url-status=live }}</ref> तर भोलिपल्ट बीसीबीले “आईसीसीले हाम्रा चिन्ताहरू सम्बोधन गर्न नजिकबाट सहकार्य गर्न इच्छुक रहेको जानकारी दिएको छ” भनी दाबी गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=7 January 2026 |title=BCB: ICC willing to address concerns about playing T20 World Cup in India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bangladesh-says-icc-willing-to-address-concerns-about-playing-t20-world-cup-in-india-1518430 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=7 January 2026 |archive-date=7 January 2026 |url-status=live }}</ref> ११ जनवरीमा [[:en:Pakistan Cricket Board|पाकिस्तान क्रिकेट बोर्ड]] (पीसीबी) ले श्रीलङ्कामा स्थल उपलब्ध नभए बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू पाकिस्तानमा आयोजना गर्न तयार रहेको जनाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=11 January 2026|title=Pakistan Want To Host Bangladesh's Matches Amid T20 World Cup 2026 Controversy – Report |url=https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/pakistan-want-to-host-bangladeshs-matches-amid-t20-world-cup-2026-controversy-report-article-153431521 |access-date=12 January 2026 |work=[[Times Now]] |archive-date=11 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260111175311/https://www.timesnownews.com/sports/cricket/pakistan-want-to-host-bangladeshs-matches-amid-t20-world-cup-2026-controversy-report-article-153431521 |url-status=live }}</ref> त्यसको भोलिपल्ट सञ्चारमाध्यमहरूले [[:en:Tamil Nadu Cricket Association|तमिलनाडु क्रिकेट सङ्घ]] र [[:en:Kerala Cricket Association|केरल क्रिकेट सङ्घ]] ले क्रमशः [[:en:M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|एम. ए. चिदम्बरम स्टेडियम]] र [[:en:Greenfield International Stadium|ग्रीनफिल्ड अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय स्टेडियम]] मा खेल आयोजना गर्ने प्रस्ताव राखेको जनाए, जुन भारतका [[:en:Eden Gardens|ईडेन गार्डन्स]] र [[:en:Wankhede Stadium|वानखेडे स्टेडियम]] को विकल्पका रूपमा प्रस्तुत गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2026 |title=New venue options emerge for Bangladesh's T20 World Cup 2026 matches: Report |url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/new-venue-options-emerge-for-bangladesh-s-t20-world-cup-2026-matches-report-2026-01-12-1025458 |access-date=12 January 2026 |work=[[India TV]] |archive-date=13 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113082114/https://www.indiatvnews.com/sports/cricket/new-venue-options-emerge-for-bangladesh-s-t20-world-cup-2026-matches-report-2026-01-12-1025458 |url-status=live }}</ref> १२ जनवरीमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले बङ्गलादेशको सुरक्षा मूल्याङ्कन अस्वीकार गर्दै “टोलीमाथि कुनै समग्र खतरा नरहेको” र “केही स्थलमा जोखिम न्यूनदेखि मध्यम तथा अन्यत्र न्यूनदेखि शून्य रहेको” जनाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=12 January 2026 |title=No specific threat to Bangladesh team in India, says ICC security assessment |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-specific-threat-to-bangladesh-team-in-india-for-2026-t20-world-cup-says-icc-security-assessment-1519243 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=13 January 2026 |archive-date=13 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260113044212/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/no-specific-threat-to-bangladesh-team-in-india-for-2026-t20-world-cup-says-icc-security-assessment-1519243 |url-status=live }}</ref> भोलिपल्ट बीसीबीले सुरक्षा चिन्ताकै कारण भारतबाहिर खेल सार्नुपर्ने आफ्नो अडान दोहोर्‍यायो।<ref>{{cite news |date=13 January 2026 |title=BCB firm on stance that Bangladesh won't travel to India for T20 World Cup |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcb-firm-on-stance-that-bangladesh-won-t-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1519348 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=16 January 2026 |archive-date=14 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114052724/https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bcb-firm-on-stance-that-bangladesh-won-t-travel-to-india-for-t20-world-cup-1519348 |url-status=live }}</ref> १७ जनवरीमा बीसीबीले श्रीलङ्कामा खेल्ने तय भएको आयरल्याण्डसँग समूह साट्न अनुरोध गर्‍यो, तर [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले यसलाई अस्वीकार गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=T20 World Cup crisis: PCB writes to ICC supporting Bangladesh's stance |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-crisis-pcb-writes-to-icc-supporting-bangladesh-s-stance-1520329 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 January 2026 }}</ref> १८ जनवरीमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले २१ जनवरीमा हुने बोर्ड बैठकपछि अन्तिम निर्णय लिने घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=18 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh's participation in 2026 T20 World Cup to be finalised by January 21 |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/t20-world-cup-2026-bangladesh-s-participation-to-be-finalised-by-january-21-1520069 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 January 2026 }}</ref> २१ जनवरीको बैठकपछि आईसीसीले बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू सार्न अस्वीकार गर्दै सहभागिताबारे निर्णय गर्न एक दिनको समय दियो।<ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=ICC to replace Bangladesh at T20 World Cup if they don't travel to India |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/icc-to-replace-bangladesh-at-t20-world-cup-if-they-don-t-travel-to-india-1520371 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=21 January 2026 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=21 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh asked to play in India or sit-out |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/cricket/story/icc-s-t20-world-cup-verdict-on-bangladesh-cricket-bcci-2855353-2026-01-21 |access-date=21 January 2026 |work=[[India Today]] }}</ref> तर भोलिपल्ट पनि बीसीबीले भारतमा खेल्न अस्वीकार गरिरह्यो।<ref>{{cite news |date=22 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh firm on not playing T20 World Cup in India despite risk of exclusion |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/bangladesh-firm-on-not-playing-t20-world-cup-in-india-despite-icc-saying-they-will-be-replaced-1520515 |access-date=22 January 2026 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] }}</ref> २४ जनवरीमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] ले आधिकारिक रूपमा बङ्गलादेशलाई प्रतियोगिताबाट हटाई स्कटल्यान्डलाई प्रतिस्थापन गर्ने घोषणा गर्‍यो।<ref name="Scot">{{cite news |date=24 January 2026 |title=Scotland to replace Bangladesh at T20 World Cup |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/scotland-to-replace-bangladesh-at-t20-world-cup |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[International Cricket Council]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=24 January 2026 |title=Bangladesh Replaced By Scotland At 2026 Men's T20 World Cup After Refusing To Travel To India |url=https://www.wisden.com/series/icc-mens-t20-world-cup-2026/cricket-news/bangladesh-replaced-by-scotland-at-2026-mens-t20-world-cup-after-refusing-travel-to-india |access-date=31 January 2026 |work=[[Wisden]] }}</ref> १ फेब्रुअरी २०२६ मा [[:en:Government of Pakistan|पाकिस्तान सरकार]] ले १५ फेब्रुअरीमा हुने भारतविरुद्धको खेल बहिष्कार गर्ने घोषणा गर्‍यो। यद्यपि [[:en:Pakistan Cricket Board|पाकिस्तान क्रिकेट बोर्ड]] ले यो निर्णय औपचारिक रूपमा [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] लाई जानकारी गराएन, तर यो कदम बङ्गलादेशका खेलहरू भारतबाट नसार्ने निर्णयको विरोधस्वरूप लिइएको बताइएको छ।<ref>{{cite news |title=Pakistan government says 'no' to India match in T20 World Cup |url=https://www.cricbuzz.com/cricket-news/137531/pakistan-to-forfeit-india-clash-in-t20-world-cup |publisher=[[Cricbuzz]] |date=1 February 2026 |access-date=1 February 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=1 February 2026 |title=Pakistan to Boycott India match on 15 Feb |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/story/pakistan-to-boycott-t20-world-cup-match-against-india-1521915 |publisher=[[ESPNcricinfo]] |access-date=1 February 2026 }}</ref> == खेल स्थल == {{col-begin}} {{col-break|width=50%}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="3" | भारतमा खेल स्थल |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="3" | {{location map+ |India |float=center |width=450 |caption= |alt=A map of India with pin-points on 2026 Men's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{location map~ |India |lat=23.09 |long=72.60 |label=[[अहमदाबाद]] |position=right}} {{location map~ |India |lat=13.06 |long=80.28 |label=[[चेन्नई]] |position=right}} {{location map~ |India |lat=28.63 |long=77.24 |label=[[दिल्ली]] |position=left}} {{location map~ |India |lat=22.56 |long=88.34 |label=[[कोलकाता]] |position=left}} {{location map~ |India |lat=18.94 |long=72.83 |label=[[मुम्बई]] |position=left}} }} |- ! [[अहमदाबाद]] ! [[चेन्नई]] ! [[दिल्ली]] |- | [[:en:Narendra Modi Stadium|नरेन्द्र मोदी स्टेडियम]] | [[:en:M. A. Chidambaram Stadium|एमए चिदम्बरम स्टेडियम]] | [[:en:Arun Jaitley Cricket Stadium|अरुण जेटली स्टेडियम]] |- | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''132,000'''}} | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''39,000'''}} | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''55,000'''}} |- | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7 (फाइनल)'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''6'''}} |- | [[File:Narendra modi stadium 2023 Final between India and Australia.jpg|alt=Narendra Modi Stadium in 2023|150px]] | [[File:M.A.Chidambaram Stadium before IND vs AUS 3rd ODI 2023.jpg|alt=M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in 2023|150px]] | [[File:India vs Afghanistan on 11th October 2023.jpg|alt=Arun Jaitley Stadium in 2023|150px]] |- ! [[कोलकाता]] ! [[मुम्बई]] |- | [[इडेन गार्डेन्स]] | [[वानखेडे स्टेडियम]] |- | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''68,000'''}} | क्षमता: {{formatnum:'''33,108'''}} |- | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7 (सेमिफाइनल 1)'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''8 (सेमिफाइनल 2)'''}} |- | [[File:Eden Gardens under floodlights during a match.jpg|alt=Eden Gardens in 2017|150px]] | [[File:Wankhede_ICC_WCF.jpg|alt=Wankhede Stadium in 2011|150px]] |} {{col-break|width=50%}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="3" | श्रीलंकामा खेल स्थल |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="3" | {{location map+ |Sri Lanka |float=center |width=450 |caption= |alt=A map of Sri Lanka with pin-points on 2026 Men's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{location map~ |Sri Lanka |lat=7.280278 |long=80.722222 |label=[[क्यान्डी]] |position=Bottom}} {{location map~ |Sri Lanka |lat=6.939667 |long=79.872028 |label=[[कोलम्बो]] (RPS) |position=right}} {{location map~ |Sri Lanka | lat = 6.93 | long = 79.85 |label=[[कोलम्बो]] (SSC) |position=left}} }} |- ! colspan="2" | [[कोलम्बो]] ! [[क्यान्डी]] |- | [[:en:R. Premadasa Stadium|आर प्रेमदासा स्टेडियम]] | [[:en:Sinhalese Sports Club Cricket Ground|एसएससी क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Pallekele International Cricket Stadium|पल्लेकेले क्रिकेट स्टेडियम]] |- | क्षमता: '''{{formatnum:35,000}}''' | क्षमता: '''{{formatnum:10,000}}''' | क्षमता: '''{{formatnum:35,000}}''' |- | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''10 (सेमिफाइनल 1 & फाइनल)'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''5'''}} | म्याच: {{formatnum:'''7'''}} |- | [[File:The_clouds_roll_in.jpg|alt=R. Premadasa Stadium in 2014|150px]] | [[File:SCC_Ground_Colombo.jpg|alt=SSC Cricket Ground in 2001|150px]] | [[File:Pallekele_International_Cricket_Stadium5.JPG|alt=Pallekele Cricket Stadium in 2012|150px]] |} {{notelist}} {{col-end}} == नकआउट चरण == <section begin="bracket" />{{4TeamBracket | team-width = 150px | score-width = 150px | RD1 = '''[[#Semi-finals|सेमिफाइनल]]''' | RD1-seed1 = 1W | RD1-team1 = {{cr|SA}} | RD1-score1 = १६९/८ (२० ओभर) | RD1-seed2 = '''2R''' | RD1-team2 = '''{{cr|NZ}}''' | RD1-score2 = '''१७३/१ (१२.५ ओभर)''' | RD1-seed3 = 2W | RD1-team3 = {{cr|ENG}} | RD1-score3 = २४६/७ (२० ओभर) | RD1-seed4 = '''1R''' | RD1-team4 = '''{{cr|IND}}''' | RD1-score4 = '''२५३/७ (२० ओभर)''' | RD2= '''[[#final|फाइनल]]''' | RD2-seed1 = SF1W | RD2-team1 = {{cr|NZ}} | RD2-score1 = १५९ (१९ ओभर) | RD2-seed2 = '''SF2W''' | RD2-team2 = '''{{cr|IND}}''' | RD2-score2 = '''२५५/५ (२० ओभर) }}''' * Source:<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/series/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138/match-schedule-fixtures-and-results |title=2026 Men's T20 World Cup, fixtures and results|access-date=1 January 2026}}</ref> == तथ्यांक == {{hatnote|८ मार्च २०२६ अनुसार}} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक रन<ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-17604|title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup, 2026|access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> ! scope=col | रन ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- ! scope=row | ३८३ | [[:en:Sahibzada Farhan|साहिबजादा फरहान]] || {{cr|PAK}} |- ! scope=row | ३२६ | [[:en:Tim Seifert|टिम सिफर्ट]] || {{cr|NZ}} |- ! scope=row | ३२१ | [[:en:Sanju Samson|सञ्जु सामसन]] || {{cr|IND}} |- ! scope=row | ३१७ | [[:en:Ishan Kishan|इशान किशन]] || {{cr|IND}} |- ! scope=row | २९८ | [[:en:Finn Allen|फिन एलन]] || {{cr|NZ}} |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक विकेट <ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-17604|title=ICC Men's T20 World Cup, 2026|access-date=19 February 2026}}</ref> ! scope=col | विकेट ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- ! scope=row rowspan=2 | १४ | [[:en:Jasprit Bumrah|जसप्रित बुमराह]] || {{cr|IND}} |- | [[:en:Varun Chakravarthy|वरुण चक्रवर्ती]] || {{cr|IND}} |- ! scope=row rowspan=3 | १३ | {{nobr|[[:en:Shadley van Schalkwyk|शाडले भान सकविक]]}} || {{nobr|{{cr|USA}}}} |- | [[:en:Blessing Muzarabani|ब्लेसिङ मुजरबानी]] || {{cr|ZIM}} |- | [[:en:Adil Rashid|आदिल रशिद]] || {{cr|ENG}} |- |} ==सन्दर्भ सामाग्री== {{reflist}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{Commons category}} * {{आधिकारिक वेबसाइट|https://www.icc-cricket.com/tournaments/mens-t20-world-cup-2026}} * {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-2025-26-1502138}} * {{ESPNcricinfo 2|series|id=icc-men-s-t20-world-cup-warm-up-matches-2025-26-1521126|title=२०२६ आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप वार्म अफ म्याच}} [[श्रेणी:आइसिसी पुरुष टि२० विश्वकप]] kzh5ftlwxkhddoby2ifmjhb04v074nu 0 148043 1365120 1363329 2026-07-07T00:42:57Z ~2026-38504-17 79691 /* मणिकर्णिका घाट */ 1365120 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Ahilya_Ghat_by_the_Ganges,_Varanasi.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|184x184पिक्सेल|गंगा नदी किनारमा रहेको अहिल्या घाट, वाराणसी]] [[चित्र:Chet_Singh_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|185x185पिक्सेल|चेत सिंह घाट, वाराणसी]] [[चित्र:Kedar_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|183x183पिक्सेल|केदार घाट, वाराणसी]] '''वाराणसीमा रहेका घाटहरू''' [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] नदीको किनारमा पुग्ने नदी किनारका सिँढीहरू हुन्। सहरमा ८४ वटा घाटहरू छन्। अधिकांश घाटहरू स्नान र [[पूजा]] समारोह घाटहरू हुन्, जबकि दुई घाटहरू, मणिकर्णिका र हरिशचन्द्र, विशेष रूपमा दाहसंस्कार स्थलहरूको रूपमा प्रयोग गरिन्छ।<ref>Rob Bowden (2003), The Ganges, {{ISBN|978-0739860700}}, Heinemann</ref> वाराणसीका अधिकांश घाटहरू १८ औँ शताब्दीमा [[मराठी जाति|मराठा]] संरक्षणमा पुनर्निर्माण गरिएको थियो। वर्तमान घाटका संरक्षकहरू बनारसका महाराजा, मराठा, सिन्देस ([[सिन्धिया|सिन्धिया)]] होल्कर, भोँसले र पेशवे (पेशवा) थिए। धेरै घाटहरू किंवदन्ती वा पौराणिक कथाहरूसँग सम्बन्धित छन् जबकि अन्य घाटहरूको निजी इतिहास र प्रयोगकर्ताहरू छन्। घाटको किनारमा गङ्गामा बिहानको डुङ्गा सवारी पर्यटकहरूको लोकप्रिय आकर्षण हो। == व्युत्पत्ति == यो [[संस्कृत]] आएको हो, "घट" (संस्कृतः घट) । यसको अर्थ तटबन्ध वा अवतरण स्थान हो।<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Kashi ke Ghat|date=1996|location=Varanasi}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShankar1996">Shankar, Hari (1996). ''Kashi ke Ghat'' (1&nbsp;ed.). Varanasi: Vishwvidyalaya Prakashan.</cite></ref> ''घाट'', [[भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप]] प्रयोग हुने शब्द, सन्दर्भको आधारमा [[पूर्वी घाट|पूर्वी]] घाट र [[पश्चिमी घाट]] जस्तो पाइला चालेका पहाडहरूको दायरा वा पानी वा घाटको निकायमा जाने चरणहरूको श्रृंखलालाई बुझाउन सकिन्छ, स्नान वा दाहसंस्कारका लागि वाराणसीको घाट, धोबी घाट वा [[आप्रवासी घाट|अप्रवासी घाट]] जस्ता नदी वा पोखरीको किनारमा।.<ref name="dict1">Sunithi L. Narayan, Revathy Nagaswami, 1992, [https://books.google.com/books?id=miZuAAAAMAAJ&q=ghat+means Discover sublime India: handbook for tourists], Page 5.</ref><ref name="dict2">[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ghat Ghat definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053346/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ghat|date=30 January 2019}}, Cambridge dictionary.</ref> घाट हुँदै जाने सडकलाई घाट सडक भनिन्छ। == घाटहरूको सूची == वाराणसी सहरले नाम दिएका र गणना गरेका घाटहरू तिनीहरूको स्थान अनुसार आरोही क्रममा सूचीबद्ध छन् (अस्सी घाटदेखि आदि केशव घाटसम्म) भाग १: अस्सी घाट देखि प्रयाग घाट (१-४१) {{colbegin}} {| class="wikitable sortable" width=50% ! नम्बर ! नाम !class="unsortable"|तस्वीर |- | १ | [[अस्सी घाट]] | [[File:Assi Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २ | [[गंगा महल घाट (I)]] | [[File:Ganga Mahal Ghat Assi, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३ | [[रिवान घाट]] | [[File:Rewa Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ४ | [[तुलसी घाट]] | [[File:Tulasi Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ५ | भदैनी घाट | [[File:Bhadaini Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ६ | जानकी घाट | [[File:Janaki Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ७ | [[आनन्दमयी मा|माता आनन्दमाई]] | [[File:Anandamayi,Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ८ | वच्छराजा घाट | [[File:Vaccharaja Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ९ | जैन घाट | [[File:Jain Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | १० | निषादराज घाट | [[File:Nishadraj Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ११ | प्रभु घाट | [[File:Prabhu Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | १२ | पञ्चकोटा घाट | [[File:Panchakot Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | १३ | चेतसिंह घाट | [[File:Chet Singh Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | १४ | निरञ्जनी घाट | [[File:Niranjani Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | १५ | महानिरवानी घाट | not available |- | १६ | शिवला घाट | [[File:Shivala Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | १७ | गुलरिया घाट | [[File:Gulariya Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | १८ | डाँडी घाट |- | १९ | हनुमान घाट | not available |- | २० | प्राचीना (पुरानो) हनुमान घाट | [[File:Prachin Hanuman Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २१ | कर्नाटक घाट | [[File:Karnataka Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २२ | हरिश्चन्द्र घाट | [[File:Harishchandra Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २३ | लाली घाट | [[File:Lali Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २४ | विजयनगरम घाट | [[File:Vijayanagaram Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २५ | केदार घाट | [[File:Kedar Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २६ | काउकी (चौकी) घाट | [[File:Chauki Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २७ | क्षेमेश्वर / सोमेश्वर घाट | [[File:Kshemeshvara Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २८ | मानसरोवर घाट | [[File:Mansarovar Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २९ | नारद घाट | [[File:Narada_Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३० | राजा घाट अमृत राव [[पेशवा]] द्वारा पुनर्निर्माण | [[File:Raja Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३१ | खोरी घाट | not available |- | ३२ | पाण्डे घाट | [[File:Pandey Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३३ | सर्वेश्वर घाट | not available |- | ३४ | दिग्पातिया घाट | [[File:Diigpatiya Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३५ | कौसठी घाट | [[File:Chausatthi Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३६ | राणा महल घाट | [[File:Ranamahal Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३७ | [[दरभंगा घाट]] | [[File:Darbhanga Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३८ | [[मुन्शी घाट]] | [[File:Munshi Ghat.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३९ | अहिल्याबाई घाट | [[File:Ahilyabai Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ४० | सितला घाट | [[File:Shitala Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ४१ | [[दशाश्वमेध घाट]] | [[File:Dashashvamedh Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- |} {{colend}} भाग २ः प्रयागदेखि आदि केशव घाटसम्म (४२–८४) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%" !नम्बर !नाम ! class="unsortable" |तस्विर |- |४२ |प्रयाग घाट |उपलब्ध छैन |- |४३ |राजेन्द्र प्रसाद घाट |.. |- |४४ |मान मन्दिर घाट |[[चित्र:Man_Mandir_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |४५ |त्रिपुरा भैरवी घाट |[[चित्र:Tripurabhairavi_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |४६ |मीरा (मीर) घाट |[[चित्र:Meer_Ghat_2.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |४७ |यज्ञेश्वर/नया घाट |यज्ञेश्वर घाटको पुरानो स्थल |- |४८ |नेपाली घाट |उपलब्ध छैन |- |४९ |ललिता घाट |[[चित्र:Lalita_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |५० |बाउली/उमरोगिरी/अमरोहा घाट |उपलब्ध छैन |- |५१ |जलसेन (जलसायी घाट) |[[चित्र:Jalasen_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |५२ |क्षीरिकी घाट |उपलब्ध छैन |- |५३ |मणिकर्णिका घाट |[[चित्र:Manikarnika_Ghat,_Varanas.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |५४ |बाजीराव घाट |उपलब्ध छैन |- |५५ |सिन्धिया घाट |[[चित्र:Scindia_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |५६ |सङ्कथा घाट |[[चित्र:Sanktha_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |५७ |गंगा महल घाट (II) |[[चित्र:Benares-_Temple_on_Ganges_in_state_of_collapse,_India,_ca._1906_(IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-59).jpg|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |५८ |भोन्सले घाट |[[चित्र:Bhonsale_Ghat_(13535658844).jpg|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |५९ |नया घाट |सन् 1822 को प्रिन्सेपको नक्सामा यसलाई गुलेरिया घाट नाम दिइएको थियो। |- |६० |जिनेसा/अग्निश्वर घाट | |- |६१ |मेहता घाट |औपचारिक रूपमा यो अघिल्लो घाटको हिस्सा थियो, तर V.S.Mehta अस्पताल (1962) निर्माण पछि यो पछिल्लो घाटको नामबाट चिनिन्छ। |- |६२ |रामा घाट |[[चित्र:Ram_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |६३ |जटारा घाट |[[चित्र:Jatar_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |६४ |राजा ग्वालियर घाट |[[चित्र:Raja_Gwalior_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |६५ |मङ्गला गौरी घाट (बाला घाटको नामले पनि चिनिन्छ) |[[चित्र:Balaji_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |६६ |वेनिमाधव घाट |पञ्चगङ्गा घाटको भाग र जसलाई बिन्दु माधव घाट पनि भनिन्छ |- |६७ |पञ्चगङ्गा घाट |[[चित्र:PanchaGanga_Ghat,_Varanasi_(2).JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |६८ |दुर्गा घाट |[[चित्र:Durga_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |६९ |ब्रह्मा घाट |[[चित्र:Brahma_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |७० |बुन्दी परकोटा घाट |[[चित्र:Bundi_Parkota_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |७१ | (आदित्य शीतल घाट) |यो अघिल्लो घाटको विस्तारित भाग हो। |- |७२ |लाल घाट |[[चित्र:Lal_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |७३ |हनुमानगढ घाट |[[चित्र:Hanumangarhi_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |७४ |गया/गाई घाट |[[चित्र:Gai_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |७५ |बद्री नायर घाट |[[चित्र:Badrinarayan_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|200x200पिक्सेल]] |- |७६ |त्रिलोचन घाट |[[चित्र:Trilochan_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |७७ |गोला घाट |12 औँ शताब्दीको अन्त्यदेखि। यो साइट फेरी पोइन्टको रूपमा प्रयोग गरिएको थियो र धेरै अन्न भण्डारहरूका लागि पनि चिनिन्थ्यो (गोल्ड) |- |७८ |नन्देश्वर/नन्दु घाट |[[चित्र:Nandesvara_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |७९ |सक्का घाट |[[चित्र:Sakka_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |८० |तेलिया नाला घाट |[[चित्र:Telianala_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |८१ |नया/फुटा घाट |18 औँ शताब्दीमा घाट-क्षेत्र सुनसान भयो (फुटाह) तर पछि यसलाई नवीकरण गरियो। यसरी घाटलाई पहिले फुटा र पछि नया भनेर चिनिन्थ्यो। |- |८२ |प्रहलाद घाट |[[चित्र:Prahlad_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |८३ |राजा घाट (भैसासुर राजघाट/लर्ड डफरिन पुल/मालवीय पुल | |- |८४ |आदि केशव घाट | |- | |सन्त रविदास घाट | |- | |निषाद घाट (प्रहलादबाट विभाजित) | |- | |रानी घाट | |- | |श्री पञ्च अग्नि अखाडा घाट | |- | |तथागट घाट/बुद्ध घाट | |- |८९ |ना मो घाट |हालैको निर्माण, [[भारतको प्रधानमन्त्री|भारतीय प्रधानमन्त्री]] [[नरेन्द्र मोदी]] उपनाम (नमो) पछि राखिएको छ। |- |} == लोकप्रिय घाटहरू == पौराणिक स्रोतहरूका अनुसार, यस नदीको किनारमा पाँचवटा प्रमुख घाटहरू छन् जुन पवित्र सहर ''काशी'' परिभाषित विशेषतासँग सम्बन्धित भएकाले महत्त्वपूर्ण छन्ः अस्सी घाट, दशाश्वमेध घाट, मणिकर्णिका घाट, पञ्चगङ्गा घाट, राजेन्द्र प्रसाद घाट र आदि केशव घाट।<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Kashi ke Ghat|date=1996|location=Varanasi}}</ref> === अस्सी घाट === सुख्खा नदी असीसँग गङ्गाको सङ्गममा अवस्थित हुने यो घाटले सहरको परम्परागत दक्षिणी सीमालाई चिह्नित गर्दछ। घाटमा रहेको ''असि'' मन्दिरको उल्लेख स्कन्दमहापुरानको ''काशी खण्ड'' पाइन्छ। यो घाट धेरै लोकप्रिय छ किनभने यो धेरै थोरै घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो जुन फराकिलो सडकबाट सहरसँग जोडिएको छ। यो [[काशी हिन्दु विश्वविद्यालय|बनारस हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय]] सबैभन्दा नजिकको प्रमुख घाट पनि हो। अस्सी घाटको नाम अस्सी नदीबाट आएको हो। यस स्थानमा दुईवटा लिङ्गको पूजा गरिन्छ। अस्सी घाटलाई केही [[पुराण|पुराणहरू]] देवी [[दुर्गा]] दुई असुर, सुम्बा र निशुम्बालाई पराजित गरेको स्थानको रूपमा वर्णन गरिएको छ। अस्सी घाट त्यो स्थान पनि हो जहाँ [[तुलसीदास]] ''[[रामचरितमानस]]'' पूरा गरेका थिए।<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|last=Warrier|first=Shrikala|url=|title=Kamandalu : the seven sacred rivers of Hinduism|publisher=Mayur University London|year=2014|isbn=|location=London|pages=59|oclc=}}</ref> प्रधानमन्त्री [[नरेन्द्र मोदी]] ले १७ सेप्टेम्बर २०१५ मा प्रधानमन्त्रीको जन्मदिनको अवसरमा यहाँ पानीको एटीएम सुरु गरेका थिए।<ref>Rob Bowden (2003), The Ganges, {{ISBN|978-0739860700}}, Heinemann</ref> === दशाश्वमेध घाट === [[चित्र:Ganga_Aarti_at_Varanasi_ghats.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|267x267पिक्सेल|दशश्वमेध घाट, वाराणसीमा [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] [[आरती]]]] दशाश्वमेध घाट [[काशी विश्वनाथ|विश्वनाथ मन्दिर]] नजिक अवस्थित छ र सबैभन्दा लोकप्रिय घाट हो। पौराणिक कथाअनुसार [[ब्रह्मा]] यहाँ दस [[अश्वमेध यज्ञ|अश्वमेध]] यज्ञहरू गरे।.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Warrier|first=Shrikala|url=|title=Kamandalu : the seven sacred rivers of Hinduism|publisher=Mayur University London|year=2014|isbn=|location=London|pages=59|oclc=}}</ref> शिव, देवी गङ्गा, सूर्य, अग्नि, साथै सम्पूर्ण ब्रह्माण्डलाई समर्पण गर्दै प्रत्येक साँझ यस घाटमा आरती गरिन्छ। === मणिकर्णिका घाट === {{main|मणिकर्णिका घाट}} मणिकर्णिका घाट दाहसंस्कार स्थलहरू मध्ये एक हो।.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Warrier|first=Shrikala|url=|title=Kamandalu : the seven sacred rivers of Hinduism|publisher=Mayur University London|year=2014|isbn=|location=London|pages=59|oclc=}}</ref> त्यहाँ दुई किंवदन्तीहरू छन, जुन मणिकर्णिका घाटसँग सम्बन्धित छन्।<ref>{{cite web |last=Varanasi Guru |date=5 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Kund |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |via=Varanasi Guru}}</ref> एकका अनुसार, [[विष्णु]] आफ्नो चक्र प्रयोग गरेर खाडल खोसेर विभिन्न तपस्या गर्दा आफ्नो पसिनाले भरिदिए। विष्णुलाई हेर्दै गर्दा शिवको एउटा कानको झुम्का वा मणिकर्णिका खाडलमा खस्यो। दोस्रो किंवदन्ती अनुसार, शिवलाई संसारभरि यात्रा गर्नबाट रोक्नका लागि [[पार्वती]] यस स्थानमा आफ्ना कानका झुम्काहरू लुकाएकी थिइन्। उनले उनलाई गङ्गाको किनारमा कानका झुम्काहरू गुमाएको बताइन्। यस किंवदन्तीमा, जब पनि मणिकर्णिका घाटमा शरीर दाहसंस्कार गरिन्छ, शिवले आत्मालाई सोध्छन् कि उसले कानका झुम्काहरू देखेको छ कि छैन।<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Warrier|first=Shrikala|url=|title=Kamandalu : the seven sacred rivers of Hinduism|publisher=Mayur University London|year=2014|isbn=|location=London|pages=59|oclc=}}</ref> === राजघाट === काशी रेलवे स्टेसन नजिकै अवस्थित यो वाराणसीको प्रसिद्ध घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। यो राजघाट पुलको छेउमा अवस्थित छ। प्रसिद्ध रविदास मन्दिर यस घाटमा अवस्थित छ। यो पिण्ड दान र अस्थि-विसर्जन समारोहहरूका लागि पनि प्रसिद्ध छ। काशीका प्रसिद्ध पुजारीहरू यहाँ बस्छन्। घाटमा पार्किङ सुविधा उपलब्ध गराएर यातायातका विभिन्न साधनहरूद्वारा सजिलै पुग्न सकिन्छ। यो घाट काशीको साँघुरो गल्लीबाट हिँड्न नसक्ने अपाङ्गता भएका मानिसहरूका लागि पनि अनुकूल छ। तिनीहरू यहाँ सजिलै कार वा बाइकबाट पुग्न सक्छन्। === सिन्धिया घाट === [[चित्र:Meditation_on_a_Ghat_on_the_Ganges,_Varanasi.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|225x225पिक्सेल|बिहान गङ्गा घाटमा ध्यान, वाराणसी]] सिन्धिया घाट ग्वालियरकी महारानी बैजाबाई सिन्धिया ले निर्माण गरेकी हुन्। यसको उत्तरमा मणिकर्णिकाको सिमानामा रहेको छ, यसको शिव मन्दिर लगभग १५० वर्ष पहिले घाटको निर्माणको अत्यधिक वजनको कारण आंशिक रूपमा नदीमा डुबेको छ। घाटको माथि, काशीका धेरै प्रभावशाली मन्दिरहरू सिद्ध क्षेत्र (पूरा गर्ने क्षेत्र) को गल्लीहरूको कडा भूलभुलैयाभित्र अवस्थित छन्। परम्परा अनुसार हिन्दू [[अग्नी (देव)|अग्नि]] देवता अग्नि यहाँ जन्मिएका थिए। हिन्दू भक्तहरूले यस ठाउँमा सबै नायकहरूका भगवान विरेश्वरलाई पुत्रका लागि प्रसन्न पार्छन्। === मान-मन्दिर घाट === माना-मन्दिर घाटः [[जयपुर]] महाराजा जय सिंह द्वितीयले सन् १७७० मा यो घाट निर्माण गरेका थिए, साथै दिल्ली, जयपुर, उज्जैन र मथुरामा अलंकृत झ्यालका आवरणहरूसहित जन्तर मन्तर पनि निर्माण गरेका थिए। घाटको उत्तरी भागमा एउटा राम्रा ढुङ्गाको बालकनी छ। भक्तहरूले यहाँ चन्द्रमाका भगवान सोमेश्वरको [[शिवलिङ्ग|लिङ्गम]] श्रद्धाञ्जलि अर्पण गर्छन्। === ललिता घाट === [[चित्र:Lalita_Ghat.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|ललिता घाट]] ललिता घाट नेपालका स्वर्गीय राजाले वाराणसीको उत्तरी क्षेत्रमा यो घाट बनाएका थिए। यो गङ्गा केशव मन्दिरको स्थल हो, काठको मन्दिर विशिष्ट काठमाडौँ शैलीमा निर्माण गरिएको छ, मन्दिरमा भगवान शिवको अवतार पशुपतिश्वरको छवि छ। घाटहरूको निरन्तर रेखाको अन्त्यमा रहेको सुन्दर अस्सी घाट साङ्गीतिक पार्टीहरू र खेलहरूसहित स्थानीय चाडपर्वहरू नियमित रूपमा हुन्छन्। यो चित्रकार र फोटोग्राफरहरूको मनपर्ने साइट हो। यही अस्सी घाटमा भारत सेवाश्रम सङ्घका संस्थापक स्वामी प्रणबानन्दले गोरखपुरका गुरु गम्भीरानन्दको आश्रयमा आफ्नो तपस्या (भगवान शिवको प्रयास) मा 'सिद्धि' (पूर्णता/सफलता) प्राप्त गरे। === जैन घाट अथवा बचराज घाट === [[चित्र:Jain_Ghat,_Varanasi,_UP,_India.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|बछराज घाट]] जैन घाट वा बचराज घाट एउटा जैन घाट हो र नदीको किनारमा तिनवटा जैन मन्दिरहरू छन्। जैन महाराजाहरूले यी घाटहरूको स्वामित्व लिने गरेको विश्वास गरिन्छ। बाचराज घाटमा नदीको किनारमा तिनवटा जैन मन्दिरहरू छन् र ती मध्ये एउटा तीर्थङ्कर सुपरस्वनाथको धेरै पुरानो मन्दिर हो। === तथागट घाट अथवा बुद्ध घाट === सराइ मोहनमा अवस्थित वाराणसीको प्रसिद्ध घाट तथागट घाट हो। सराय मोहना सारनाथ नजिकै अवस्थित छ। सारनाथ त्यो स्थान हो जहाँ तथागता बुद्धले आफ्ना पाँचजना शिष्यहरूलाई पहिलो प्रवचन दिए। यो घाट गौतम बुद्धको नाममा राखिएको हो। 'तथागता' शब्द गौतम बुद्धको पर्यायवाची हो। त्यसैले यसलाई बुद्ध घाट पनि भनिन्छ। बौद्धहरूले यो घाटहरू प्रयोग गर्थे भन्ने विश्वास गरिन्छ। घाट परिसरमा एउटा तथागता बुद्ध (भगवान) को मूर्ति अवस्थित छ। === अन्य === * मान-सरोवर घाट अम्बर [[राजा मान सिंह|मान सिंह]] बनाएका थिए। * दरभङ्गा घाट दरभङ्गाका महाराजा निर्माण गरिएको थियो। * [[तुलसीदास]] तुलसीघाटमा [[रामचरितमानस]] लेखे। * भव्य किल्ला जस्तो दरबार भएको चेत सिंह घाटको नाम चैत सिंह नाममा राखिएको छ। घाटको मूल नाम शिवाला घाट हो। यद्यपि, उनको विद्रोहको सम्झनामा सम्मान गर्न यसलाई चेत सिंह घाट भनिन्छ। * [[कोङ्कणी भाषा|कोङ्कणी]] भाषी गौड़ सरस्वती ब्राह्मण पछ्याइएको आध्यात्मिक विद्यालय श्री काशी मठ संस्थान मुख्यालय ब्रह्मा घाटमा अवस्थित छ। == घाटमा दाहसंस्कार == [[चित्र:Burning_ghats_of_Manikarnika,_Varanasi.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|[[बनारस|वाराणसी]] मणिकर्णिका घाटमा अन्तिम संस्कार भइरहेको छ।]] [[हिन्दु धर्म|हिन्दू परम्परा]] मा, दाहसंस्कार एउटा संस्कार हो<ref name="Natgeo 20142">{{cite magazine |last=McBride |first=Pete |date=7 August 2014 |title=The Pyres of Varanasi: Breaking the Cycle of Death and Rebirth |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/the-pyres-of-varanasi-breaking-the-cycle-of-death-and-rebirth |url-status=live |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |issn=0027-9358 |oclc=643483454 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425202234/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/the-pyres-of-varanasi-breaking-the-cycle-of-death-and-rebirth |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |magazine=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref>, र वाराणसीको घाटलाई यस अनुष्ठानका लागि शुभ स्थानहरू मध्ये एक मानिन्छ।<ref name=":1">Diana Eck, Banaras - City of Light, {{ISBN|978-0231114479}}, Columbia University Press</ref><ref name="Natgeo 20143">{{cite magazine |last=McBride |first=Pete |date=7 August 2014 |title=The Pyres of Varanasi: Breaking the Cycle of Death and Rebirth |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/the-pyres-of-varanasi-breaking-the-cycle-of-death-and-rebirth |url-status=live |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |issn=0027-9358 |oclc=643483454 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425202234/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/the-pyres-of-varanasi-breaking-the-cycle-of-death-and-rebirth |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |magazine=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> दाहसंस्कार वा "अन्तिम संस्कार" को समयमा, ''[[पूजा]]'' (प्रार्थना) एक वा बढी हिन्दू पुजारीहरू गरिन्छ। संस्कारको समयमा संस्कारको चिन्ह लगाउन पवित्र भजन र [[मन्त्र|मन्त्रहरू]] पठन गरिन्छ। मणिकर्णिका र हरिश्चन्द्र घाट दाहसंस्कार अनुष्ठानमा समर्पित छन्। वार्षिक रूपमा, [[भारत]] मर्ने १००० मध्ये २ भन्दा कम मानिसहरू, वा २५,००० देखि ३०,००० शवहरू वाराणसीका विभिन्न घाटहरूमा लगभग प्रति दिन औसत ८० वटा दाहसंस्कार गरिन्छ। == घाटको प्रदूषण == वाराणसीमा दाहसंस्कारको प्रथा गङ्गा नदीमा हुने वातावरणीय प्रदूषणका कारण विवादास्पद भएको छ। सन् १९८० को दशकमा भारत सरकारले वाराणसीको घाटमा दाहसंस्कार र पानी प्रदूषणका अन्य स्रोतहरूलाई सम्बोधन गर्न स्वच्छ गङ्गा पहललाई आर्थिक सहयोग गऱ्यो। धेरै अवस्थामा दाहसंस्कार अन्यत्र गरिन्छ र केवल खरानी यी घाटहरू नजिकै नदीमा छरिन्छ। यस बाहेक, अनुपचारित ढल भारतमा नदी प्रदूषणको व्यापक स्रोत हो। सहरको नगरपालिका फोहोर र उपचार नगरिएको ढल वाराणसीको घाट नजिकै गङ्गा नदीको प्रदूषणको सबैभन्दा ठुलो स्रोत हो।<ref>O. Singh, Frontiers in Environmental Geography, {{ISBN|978-8170224624}}, pp 246-256</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaholidaymall.com/highlights/detail/ghats-in-varanasi|title=Ghats of Varanasi|access-date=3 November 2017|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005111955/https://www.indiaholidaymall.com/highlights/detail/ghats-in-varanasi|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005111955/https://www.indiaholidaymall.com/highlights/detail/ghats-in-varanasi |date=5 October 2018 }}</ref> == पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[Ghats in Bhagalpur|भागलपुरमा घाट]] == सन्दर्भहरू == == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == * ''[[बनारस|वाराणसी]]'' घाट, वाराणसीको आधिकारिक वेबसाइटमा वेबपेज। [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] b8vjscm6e9jkjtv8r9154au87dxscd8 1365121 1365120 2026-07-07T00:44:29Z ~2026-38504-17 79691 1365121 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Ahilya_Ghat_by_the_Ganges,_Varanasi.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|184x184पिक्सेल|गंगा नदी किनारमा रहेको अहिल्या घाट, वाराणसी]] [[चित्र:Chet_Singh_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|185x185पिक्सेल|चेत सिंह घाट, वाराणसी]] [[चित्र:Kedar_Ghat_in_Varanasi.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|183x183पिक्सेल|केदार मणिकर्णिका घाट, वाराणसी]] '''वाराणसीमा रहेका घाटहरू''' [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] नदीको किनारमा पुग्ने नदी किनारका सिँढीहरू हुन्। सहरमा ८४ वटा घाटहरू छन्। अधिकांश घाटहरू स्नान र [[पूजा]] समारोह घाटहरू हुन्, जबकि दुई घाटहरू, मणिकर्णिका [[मणिकर्णिका घाट|मणिकर्णिका]] र हरिशचन्द्र, विशेष रूपमा दाहसंस्कार स्थलहरूको रूपमा प्रयोग गरिन्छ।<ref>Rob Bowden (2003), The Ganges, {{ISBN|978-0739860700}}, Heinemann</ref> वाराणसीका अधिकांश घाटहरू १८ औँ शताब्दीमा [[मराठी जाति|मराठा]] संरक्षणमा पुनर्निर्माण गरिएको थियो। वर्तमान घाटका संरक्षकहरू बनारसका महाराजा, मराठा, सिन्देस ([[सिन्धिया|सिन्धिया)]] होल्कर, भोँसले र पेशवे (पेशवा) थिए। धेरै घाटहरू किंवदन्ती वा पौराणिक कथाहरूसँग सम्बन्धित छन् जबकि अन्य घाटहरूको निजी इतिहास र प्रयोगकर्ताहरू छन्। घाटको किनारमा गङ्गामा बिहानको डुङ्गा सवारी पर्यटकहरूको लोकप्रिय आकर्षण हो। == व्युत्पत्ति == यो [[संस्कृत]] आएको हो, "घट" (संस्कृतः घट) । यसको अर्थ तटबन्ध वा अवतरण स्थान हो।<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Kashi ke Ghat|date=1996|location=Varanasi}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFShankar1996">Shankar, Hari (1996). ''Kashi ke Ghat'' (1&nbsp;ed.). Varanasi: Vishwvidyalaya Prakashan.</cite></ref> ''घाट'', [[भारतीय उपमहाद्वीप]] प्रयोग हुने शब्द, सन्दर्भको आधारमा [[पूर्वी घाट|पूर्वी]] घाट र [[पश्चिमी घाट]] जस्तो पाइला चालेका पहाडहरूको दायरा वा पानी वा घाटको निकायमा जाने चरणहरूको श्रृंखलालाई बुझाउन सकिन्छ, स्नान वा दाहसंस्कारका लागि वाराणसीको घाट, धोबी घाट वा [[आप्रवासी घाट|अप्रवासी घाट]] जस्ता नदी वा पोखरीको किनारमा।.<ref name="dict1">Sunithi L. Narayan, Revathy Nagaswami, 1992, [https://books.google.com/books?id=miZuAAAAMAAJ&q=ghat+means Discover sublime India: handbook for tourists], Page 5.</ref><ref name="dict2">[https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ghat Ghat definition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053346/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ghat|date=30 January 2019}}, Cambridge dictionary.</ref> घाट हुँदै जाने सडकलाई घाट सडक भनिन्छ। == घाटहरूको सूची == वाराणसी सहरले नाम दिएका र गणना गरेका घाटहरू तिनीहरूको स्थान अनुसार आरोही क्रममा सूचीबद्ध छन् (अस्सी घाटदेखि आदि केशव घाटसम्म) भाग १: अस्सी घाट देखि प्रयाग घाट (१-४१) {{colbegin}} {| class="wikitable sortable" width=50% ! नम्बर ! नाम !class="unsortable"|तस्वीर |- | १ | [[अस्सी घाट]] | [[File:Assi Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २ | [[गंगा महल घाट (I)]] | [[File:Ganga Mahal Ghat Assi, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३ | [[रिवान घाट]] | [[File:Rewa Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ४ | [[तुलसी घाट]] | [[File:Tulasi Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ५ | भदैनी घाट | [[File:Bhadaini Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ६ | जानकी घाट | [[File:Janaki Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ७ | [[आनन्दमयी मा|माता आनन्दमाई]] | [[File:Anandamayi,Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ८ | वच्छराजा घाट | [[File:Vaccharaja Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ९ | जैन घाट | [[File:Jain Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | १० | निषादराज घाट | [[File:Nishadraj Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ११ | प्रभु घाट | [[File:Prabhu Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | १२ | पञ्चकोटा घाट | [[File:Panchakot Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | १३ | चेतसिंह घाट | [[File:Chet Singh Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | १४ | निरञ्जनी घाट | [[File:Niranjani Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | १५ | महानिरवानी घाट | not available |- | १६ | शिवला घाट | [[File:Shivala Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | १७ | गुलरिया घाट | [[File:Gulariya Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | १८ | डाँडी घाट |- | १९ | हनुमान घाट | not available |- | २० | प्राचीना (पुरानो) हनुमान घाट | [[File:Prachin Hanuman Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २१ | कर्नाटक घाट | [[File:Karnataka Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २२ | हरिश्चन्द्र घाट | [[File:Harishchandra Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २३ | लाली घाट | [[File:Lali Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २४ | विजयनगरम घाट | [[File:Vijayanagaram Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २५ | केदार घाट | [[File:Kedar Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २६ | काउकी (चौकी) घाट | [[File:Chauki Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २७ | क्षेमेश्वर / सोमेश्वर घाट | [[File:Kshemeshvara Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २८ | मानसरोवर घाट | [[File:Mansarovar Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | २९ | नारद घाट | [[File:Narada_Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३० | राजा घाट अमृत राव [[पेशवा]] द्वारा पुनर्निर्माण | [[File:Raja Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३१ | खोरी घाट | not available |- | ३२ | पाण्डे घाट | [[File:Pandey Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३३ | सर्वेश्वर घाट | not available |- | ३४ | दिग्पातिया घाट | [[File:Diigpatiya Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३५ | कौसठी घाट | [[File:Chausatthi Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३६ | राणा महल घाट | [[File:Ranamahal Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३७ | [[दरभंगा घाट]] | [[File:Darbhanga Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३८ | [[मुन्शी घाट]] | [[File:Munshi Ghat.JPG|150px|]] |- | ३९ | अहिल्याबाई घाट | [[File:Ahilyabai Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ४० | सितला घाट | [[File:Shitala Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- | ४१ | [[दशाश्वमेध घाट]] | [[File:Dashashvamedh Ghat, Varanasi.JPG|150px|]] |- |} {{colend}} भाग २ः प्रयागदेखि आदि केशव घाटसम्म (४२–८४) {| class="wikitable sortable" width="50%" !नम्बर !नाम ! class="unsortable" |तस्विर |- |४२ |प्रयाग घाट |उपलब्ध छैन |- |४३ |राजेन्द्र प्रसाद घाट |.. |- |४४ |मान मन्दिर घाट |[[चित्र:Man_Mandir_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |४५ |त्रिपुरा भैरवी घाट |[[चित्र:Tripurabhairavi_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |४६ |मीरा (मीर) घाट |[[चित्र:Meer_Ghat_2.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |४७ |यज्ञेश्वर/नया घाट |यज्ञेश्वर घाटको पुरानो स्थल |- |४८ |नेपाली घाट |उपलब्ध छैन |- |४९ |ललिता घाट |[[चित्र:Lalita_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |५० |बाउली/उमरोगिरी/अमरोहा घाट |उपलब्ध छैन |- |५१ |जलसेन (जलसायी घाट) |[[चित्र:Jalasen_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |५२ |क्षीरिकी घाट |उपलब्ध छैन |- |५३ |मणिकर्णिका घाट |[[चित्र:Manikarnika_Ghat,_Varanas.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |५४ |बाजीराव घाट |उपलब्ध छैन |- |५५ |सिन्धिया घाट |[[चित्र:Scindia_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |५६ |सङ्कथा घाट |[[चित्र:Sanktha_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |५७ |गंगा महल घाट (II) |[[चित्र:Benares-_Temple_on_Ganges_in_state_of_collapse,_India,_ca._1906_(IMP-CSCNWW33-OS14-59).jpg|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |५८ |भोन्सले घाट |[[चित्र:Bhonsale_Ghat_(13535658844).jpg|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |५९ |नया घाट |सन् 1822 को प्रिन्सेपको नक्सामा यसलाई गुलेरिया घाट नाम दिइएको थियो। |- |६० |जिनेसा/अग्निश्वर घाट | |- |६१ |मेहता घाट |औपचारिक रूपमा यो अघिल्लो घाटको हिस्सा थियो, तर V.S.Mehta अस्पताल (1962) निर्माण पछि यो पछिल्लो घाटको नामबाट चिनिन्छ। |- |६२ |रामा घाट |[[चित्र:Ram_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |६३ |जटारा घाट |[[चित्र:Jatar_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |६४ |राजा ग्वालियर घाट |[[चित्र:Raja_Gwalior_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |६५ |मङ्गला गौरी घाट (बाला घाटको नामले पनि चिनिन्छ) |[[चित्र:Balaji_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |६६ |वेनिमाधव घाट |पञ्चगङ्गा घाटको भाग र जसलाई बिन्दु माधव घाट पनि भनिन्छ |- |६७ |पञ्चगङ्गा घाट |[[चित्र:PanchaGanga_Ghat,_Varanasi_(2).JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |६८ |दुर्गा घाट |[[चित्र:Durga_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |६९ |ब्रह्मा घाट |[[चित्र:Brahma_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |७० |बुन्दी परकोटा घाट |[[चित्र:Bundi_Parkota_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |७१ | (आदित्य शीतल घाट) |यो अघिल्लो घाटको विस्तारित भाग हो। |- |७२ |लाल घाट |[[चित्र:Lal_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |७३ |हनुमानगढ घाट |[[चित्र:Hanumangarhi_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |७४ |गया/गाई घाट |[[चित्र:Gai_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |७५ |बद्री नायर घाट |[[चित्र:Badrinarayan_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|200x200पिक्सेल]] |- |७६ |त्रिलोचन घाट |[[चित्र:Trilochan_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |७७ |गोला घाट |12 औँ शताब्दीको अन्त्यदेखि। यो साइट फेरी पोइन्टको रूपमा प्रयोग गरिएको थियो र धेरै अन्न भण्डारहरूका लागि पनि चिनिन्थ्यो (गोल्ड) |- |७८ |नन्देश्वर/नन्दु घाट |[[चित्र:Nandesvara_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |७९ |सक्का घाट |[[चित्र:Sakka_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |८० |तेलिया नाला घाट |[[चित्र:Telianala_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |८१ |नया/फुटा घाट |18 औँ शताब्दीमा घाट-क्षेत्र सुनसान भयो (फुटाह) तर पछि यसलाई नवीकरण गरियो। यसरी घाटलाई पहिले फुटा र पछि नया भनेर चिनिन्थ्यो। |- |८२ |प्रहलाद घाट |[[चित्र:Prahlad_Ghat,_Varanasi.JPG|150x150पिक्सेल]] |- |८३ |राजा घाट (भैसासुर राजघाट/लर्ड डफरिन पुल/मालवीय पुल | |- |८४ |आदि केशव घाट | |- | |सन्त रविदास घाट | |- | |निषाद घाट (प्रहलादबाट विभाजित) | |- | |रानी घाट | |- | |श्री पञ्च अग्नि अखाडा घाट | |- | |तथागट घाट/बुद्ध घाट | |- |८९ |ना मो घाट |हालैको निर्माण, [[भारतको प्रधानमन्त्री|भारतीय प्रधानमन्त्री]] [[नरेन्द्र मोदी]] उपनाम (नमो) पछि राखिएको छ। |- |} == लोकप्रिय घाटहरू == पौराणिक स्रोतहरूका अनुसार, यस नदीको किनारमा पाँचवटा प्रमुख घाटहरू छन् जुन पवित्र सहर ''काशी'' परिभाषित विशेषतासँग सम्बन्धित भएकाले महत्त्वपूर्ण छन्ः अस्सी घाट, दशाश्वमेध घाट, मणिकर्णिका घाट, पञ्चगङ्गा घाट, राजेन्द्र प्रसाद घाट र आदि केशव घाट।<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Kashi ke Ghat|date=1996|location=Varanasi}}</ref> === अस्सी घाट === सुख्खा नदी असीसँग गङ्गाको सङ्गममा अवस्थित हुने यो घाटले सहरको परम्परागत दक्षिणी सीमालाई चिह्नित गर्दछ। घाटमा रहेको ''असि'' मन्दिरको उल्लेख स्कन्दमहापुरानको ''काशी खण्ड'' पाइन्छ। यो घाट धेरै लोकप्रिय छ किनभने यो धेरै थोरै घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो जुन फराकिलो सडकबाट सहरसँग जोडिएको छ। यो [[काशी हिन्दु विश्वविद्यालय|बनारस हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय]] सबैभन्दा नजिकको प्रमुख घाट पनि हो। अस्सी घाटको नाम अस्सी नदीबाट आएको हो। यस स्थानमा दुईवटा लिङ्गको पूजा गरिन्छ। अस्सी घाटलाई केही [[पुराण|पुराणहरू]] देवी [[दुर्गा]] दुई असुर, सुम्बा र निशुम्बालाई पराजित गरेको स्थानको रूपमा वर्णन गरिएको छ। अस्सी घाट त्यो स्थान पनि हो जहाँ [[तुलसीदास]] ''[[रामचरितमानस]]'' पूरा गरेका थिए।<ref name=":04">{{Cite book|last=Warrier|first=Shrikala|url=|title=Kamandalu : the seven sacred rivers of Hinduism|publisher=Mayur University London|year=2014|isbn=|location=London|pages=59|oclc=}}</ref> प्रधानमन्त्री [[नरेन्द्र मोदी]] ले १७ सेप्टेम्बर २०१५ मा प्रधानमन्त्रीको जन्मदिनको अवसरमा यहाँ पानीको एटीएम सुरु गरेका थिए।<ref>Rob Bowden (2003), The Ganges, {{ISBN|978-0739860700}}, Heinemann</ref> === दशाश्वमेध घाट === [[चित्र:Ganga_Aarti_at_Varanasi_ghats.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|267x267पिक्सेल|दशश्वमेध घाट, वाराणसीमा [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] [[आरती]]]] दशाश्वमेध घाट [[काशी विश्वनाथ|विश्वनाथ मन्दिर]] नजिक अवस्थित छ र सबैभन्दा लोकप्रिय घाट हो। पौराणिक कथाअनुसार [[ब्रह्मा]] यहाँ दस [[अश्वमेध यज्ञ|अश्वमेध]] यज्ञहरू गरे।.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book|last=Warrier|first=Shrikala|url=|title=Kamandalu : the seven sacred rivers of Hinduism|publisher=Mayur University London|year=2014|isbn=|location=London|pages=59|oclc=}}</ref> शिव, देवी गङ्गा, सूर्य, अग्नि, साथै सम्पूर्ण ब्रह्माण्डलाई समर्पण गर्दै प्रत्येक साँझ यस घाटमा आरती गरिन्छ। === मणिकर्णिका घाट === {{main|मणिकर्णिका घाट}} मणिकर्णिका घाट दाहसंस्कार स्थलहरू मध्ये एक हो।.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Warrier|first=Shrikala|url=|title=Kamandalu : the seven sacred rivers of Hinduism|publisher=Mayur University London|year=2014|isbn=|location=London|pages=59|oclc=}}</ref> त्यहाँ दुई किंवदन्तीहरू छन, जुन मणिकर्णिका घाटसँग सम्बन्धित छन्।<ref>{{cite web |last=Varanasi Guru |date=5 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Kund |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |via=Varanasi Guru}}</ref> एकका अनुसार, [[विष्णु]] आफ्नो चक्र प्रयोग गरेर खाडल खोसेर विभिन्न तपस्या गर्दा आफ्नो पसिनाले भरिदिए। विष्णुलाई हेर्दै गर्दा शिवको एउटा कानको झुम्का वा मणिकर्णिका खाडलमा खस्यो। दोस्रो किंवदन्ती अनुसार, शिवलाई संसारभरि यात्रा गर्नबाट रोक्नका लागि [[पार्वती]] यस स्थानमा आफ्ना कानका झुम्काहरू लुकाएकी थिइन्। उनले उनलाई गङ्गाको किनारमा कानका झुम्काहरू गुमाएको बताइन्। यस किंवदन्तीमा, जब पनि मणिकर्णिका घाटमा शरीर दाहसंस्कार गरिन्छ, शिवले आत्मालाई सोध्छन् कि उसले कानका झुम्काहरू देखेको छ कि छैन।<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last=Warrier|first=Shrikala|url=|title=Kamandalu : the seven sacred rivers of Hinduism|publisher=Mayur University London|year=2014|isbn=|location=London|pages=59|oclc=}}</ref> === राजघाट === काशी रेलवे स्टेसन नजिकै अवस्थित यो वाराणसीको प्रसिद्ध घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। यो राजघाट पुलको छेउमा अवस्थित छ। प्रसिद्ध रविदास मन्दिर यस घाटमा अवस्थित छ। यो पिण्ड दान र अस्थि-विसर्जन समारोहहरूका लागि पनि प्रसिद्ध छ। काशीका प्रसिद्ध पुजारीहरू यहाँ बस्छन्। घाटमा पार्किङ सुविधा उपलब्ध गराएर यातायातका विभिन्न साधनहरूद्वारा सजिलै पुग्न सकिन्छ। यो घाट काशीको साँघुरो गल्लीबाट हिँड्न नसक्ने अपाङ्गता भएका मानिसहरूका लागि पनि अनुकूल छ। तिनीहरू यहाँ सजिलै कार वा बाइकबाट पुग्न सक्छन्। === सिन्धिया घाट === [[चित्र:Meditation_on_a_Ghat_on_the_Ganges,_Varanasi.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|225x225पिक्सेल|बिहान गङ्गा घाटमा ध्यान, वाराणसी]] सिन्धिया घाट ग्वालियरकी महारानी बैजाबाई सिन्धिया ले निर्माण गरेकी हुन्। यसको उत्तरमा मणिकर्णिकाको सिमानामा रहेको छ, यसको शिव मन्दिर लगभग १५० वर्ष पहिले घाटको निर्माणको अत्यधिक वजनको कारण आंशिक रूपमा नदीमा डुबेको छ। घाटको माथि, काशीका धेरै प्रभावशाली मन्दिरहरू सिद्ध क्षेत्र (पूरा गर्ने क्षेत्र) को गल्लीहरूको कडा भूलभुलैयाभित्र अवस्थित छन्। परम्परा अनुसार हिन्दू [[अग्नी (देव)|अग्नि]] देवता अग्नि यहाँ जन्मिएका थिए। हिन्दू भक्तहरूले यस ठाउँमा सबै नायकहरूका भगवान विरेश्वरलाई पुत्रका लागि प्रसन्न पार्छन्। === मान-मन्दिर घाट === माना-मन्दिर घाटः [[जयपुर]] महाराजा जय सिंह द्वितीयले सन् १७७० मा यो घाट निर्माण गरेका थिए, साथै दिल्ली, जयपुर, उज्जैन र मथुरामा अलंकृत झ्यालका आवरणहरूसहित जन्तर मन्तर पनि निर्माण गरेका थिए। घाटको उत्तरी भागमा एउटा राम्रा ढुङ्गाको बालकनी छ। भक्तहरूले यहाँ चन्द्रमाका भगवान सोमेश्वरको [[शिवलिङ्ग|लिङ्गम]] श्रद्धाञ्जलि अर्पण गर्छन्। === ललिता घाट === [[चित्र:Lalita_Ghat.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|ललिता घाट]] ललिता घाट नेपालका स्वर्गीय राजाले वाराणसीको उत्तरी क्षेत्रमा यो घाट बनाएका थिए। यो गङ्गा केशव मन्दिरको स्थल हो, काठको मन्दिर विशिष्ट काठमाडौँ शैलीमा निर्माण गरिएको छ, मन्दिरमा भगवान शिवको अवतार पशुपतिश्वरको छवि छ। घाटहरूको निरन्तर रेखाको अन्त्यमा रहेको सुन्दर अस्सी घाट साङ्गीतिक पार्टीहरू र खेलहरूसहित स्थानीय चाडपर्वहरू नियमित रूपमा हुन्छन्। यो चित्रकार र फोटोग्राफरहरूको मनपर्ने साइट हो। यही अस्सी घाटमा भारत सेवाश्रम सङ्घका संस्थापक स्वामी प्रणबानन्दले गोरखपुरका गुरु गम्भीरानन्दको आश्रयमा आफ्नो तपस्या (भगवान शिवको प्रयास) मा 'सिद्धि' (पूर्णता/सफलता) प्राप्त गरे। === जैन घाट अथवा बचराज घाट === [[चित्र:Jain_Ghat,_Varanasi,_UP,_India.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|बछराज घाट]] जैन घाट वा बचराज घाट एउटा जैन घाट हो र नदीको किनारमा तिनवटा जैन मन्दिरहरू छन्। जैन महाराजाहरूले यी घाटहरूको स्वामित्व लिने गरेको विश्वास गरिन्छ। बाचराज घाटमा नदीको किनारमा तिनवटा जैन मन्दिरहरू छन् र ती मध्ये एउटा तीर्थङ्कर सुपरस्वनाथको धेरै पुरानो मन्दिर हो। === तथागट घाट अथवा बुद्ध घाट === सराइ मोहनमा अवस्थित वाराणसीको प्रसिद्ध घाट तथागट घाट हो। सराय मोहना सारनाथ नजिकै अवस्थित छ। सारनाथ त्यो स्थान हो जहाँ तथागता बुद्धले आफ्ना पाँचजना शिष्यहरूलाई पहिलो प्रवचन दिए। यो घाट गौतम बुद्धको नाममा राखिएको हो। 'तथागता' शब्द गौतम बुद्धको पर्यायवाची हो। त्यसैले यसलाई बुद्ध घाट पनि भनिन्छ। बौद्धहरूले यो घाटहरू प्रयोग गर्थे भन्ने विश्वास गरिन्छ। घाट परिसरमा एउटा तथागता बुद्ध (भगवान) को मूर्ति अवस्थित छ। === अन्य === * मान-सरोवर घाट अम्बर [[राजा मान सिंह|मान सिंह]] बनाएका थिए। * दरभङ्गा घाट दरभङ्गाका महाराजा निर्माण गरिएको थियो। * [[तुलसीदास]] तुलसीघाटमा [[रामचरितमानस]] लेखे। * भव्य किल्ला जस्तो दरबार भएको चेत सिंह घाटको नाम चैत सिंह नाममा राखिएको छ। घाटको मूल नाम शिवाला घाट हो। यद्यपि, उनको विद्रोहको सम्झनामा सम्मान गर्न यसलाई चेत सिंह घाट भनिन्छ। * [[कोङ्कणी भाषा|कोङ्कणी]] भाषी गौड़ सरस्वती ब्राह्मण पछ्याइएको आध्यात्मिक विद्यालय श्री काशी मठ संस्थान मुख्यालय ब्रह्मा घाटमा अवस्थित छ। == घाटमा दाहसंस्कार == [[चित्र:Burning_ghats_of_Manikarnika,_Varanasi.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|[[बनारस|वाराणसी]] मणिकर्णिका घाटमा अन्तिम संस्कार भइरहेको छ।]] [[हिन्दु धर्म|हिन्दू परम्परा]] मा, दाहसंस्कार एउटा संस्कार हो<ref name="Natgeo 20142">{{cite magazine |last=McBride |first=Pete |date=7 August 2014 |title=The Pyres of Varanasi: Breaking the Cycle of Death and Rebirth |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/the-pyres-of-varanasi-breaking-the-cycle-of-death-and-rebirth |url-status=live |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |issn=0027-9358 |oclc=643483454 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425202234/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/the-pyres-of-varanasi-breaking-the-cycle-of-death-and-rebirth |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |magazine=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref>, र वाराणसीको घाटलाई यस अनुष्ठानका लागि शुभ स्थानहरू मध्ये एक मानिन्छ।<ref name=":1">Diana Eck, Banaras - City of Light, {{ISBN|978-0231114479}}, Columbia University Press</ref><ref name="Natgeo 20143">{{cite magazine |last=McBride |first=Pete |date=7 August 2014 |title=The Pyres of Varanasi: Breaking the Cycle of Death and Rebirth |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/the-pyres-of-varanasi-breaking-the-cycle-of-death-and-rebirth |url-status=live |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |publisher=[[National Geographic Society]] |issn=0027-9358 |oclc=643483454 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220425202234/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/photography/article/the-pyres-of-varanasi-breaking-the-cycle-of-death-and-rebirth |archive-date=25 April 2022 |access-date=1 October 2022 |magazine=[[National Geographic]]}}</ref> दाहसंस्कार वा "अन्तिम संस्कार" को समयमा, ''[[पूजा]]'' (प्रार्थना) एक वा बढी हिन्दू पुजारीहरू गरिन्छ। संस्कारको समयमा संस्कारको चिन्ह लगाउन पवित्र भजन र [[मन्त्र|मन्त्रहरू]] पठन गरिन्छ। मणिकर्णिका र हरिश्चन्द्र घाट दाहसंस्कार अनुष्ठानमा समर्पित छन्। वार्षिक रूपमा, [[भारत]] मर्ने १००० मध्ये २ भन्दा कम मानिसहरू, वा २५,००० देखि ३०,००० शवहरू वाराणसीका विभिन्न घाटहरूमा लगभग प्रति दिन औसत ८० वटा दाहसंस्कार गरिन्छ। == घाटको प्रदूषण == वाराणसीमा दाहसंस्कारको प्रथा गङ्गा नदीमा हुने वातावरणीय प्रदूषणका कारण विवादास्पद भएको छ। सन् १९८० को दशकमा भारत सरकारले वाराणसीको घाटमा दाहसंस्कार र पानी प्रदूषणका अन्य स्रोतहरूलाई सम्बोधन गर्न स्वच्छ गङ्गा पहललाई आर्थिक सहयोग गऱ्यो। धेरै अवस्थामा दाहसंस्कार अन्यत्र गरिन्छ र केवल खरानी यी घाटहरू नजिकै नदीमा छरिन्छ। यस बाहेक, अनुपचारित ढल भारतमा नदी प्रदूषणको व्यापक स्रोत हो। सहरको नगरपालिका फोहोर र उपचार नगरिएको ढल वाराणसीको घाट नजिकै गङ्गा नदीको प्रदूषणको सबैभन्दा ठुलो स्रोत हो।<ref>O. Singh, Frontiers in Environmental Geography, {{ISBN|978-8170224624}}, pp 246-256</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaholidaymall.com/highlights/detail/ghats-in-varanasi|title=Ghats of Varanasi|access-date=3 November 2017|archive-date=5 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005111955/https://www.indiaholidaymall.com/highlights/detail/ghats-in-varanasi|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005111955/https://www.indiaholidaymall.com/highlights/detail/ghats-in-varanasi |date=5 October 2018 }}</ref> == पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * [[Ghats in Bhagalpur|भागलपुरमा घाट]] == सन्दर्भहरू == == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == * ''[[बनारस|वाराणसी]]'' घाट, वाराणसीको आधिकारिक वेबसाइटमा वेबपेज। [[श्रेणी:पुनरावलोकन नगरिएको अनुवादहरू रहेको पृष्ठ]] cpvl59kb37m66u8bqut22du5pzh0mpp 0 148532 1365177 1341152 2026-07-07T07:24:29Z Saroj 31493 [[विकिपिडिया:हटक्याट|हटक्याट]]द्वारा [[श्रेणी:धूम्रपान]] जोडियो 1365177 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Ashtray_and_lighter_in_hotel_room.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|एउटा सिसाको ठुटौरो]] '''ठुटौरो''' भनेको चुरोट, सिगार र अन्य धुवाँजन्य उत्पादनहरूबाट निस्केको खरानी झार्न प्रयोग गरिने भाँडो हो। ठुटौरोहरू प्रायः आगो-प्रतिरोधी सामग्री जस्तै [[काँच|सिसा]], ताप-प्रतिरोधी [[प्लास्टिक]], [[माटो]], फलाम वा [[चट्टान|ढुङ्गा]]बाट बनाइन्छन्।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Luzzie |title=Cigars and the History of the Ashtray |url=https://www.neptunecigar.com/tips/cigars-and-the-history-of-the-ashtray |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140220/https://www.neptunecigar.com/tips/cigars-and-the-history-of-the-ashtray |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=6 June 2018 |website=Neptune Cigars, Inc. (US)}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{कमन्सश्रेणी}} [[श्रेणी:घरेलु उपकरणहरू]] [[श्रेणी:धूम्रपान]] {{stub}} fb9w7oitmyh4leudmfl406123ugkc1n 1365183 1365177 2026-07-07T07:29:28Z Saroj 31493 [[विकिपिडिया:हटक्याट|हटक्याट]]द्वारा [[श्रेणी:धूम्रपान]] हटाइयो; [[श्रेणी:धुम्रपान]] जोडियो 1365183 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Ashtray_and_lighter_in_hotel_room.jpg|दायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|एउटा सिसाको ठुटौरो]] '''ठुटौरो''' भनेको चुरोट, सिगार र अन्य धुवाँजन्य उत्पादनहरूबाट निस्केको खरानी झार्न प्रयोग गरिने भाँडो हो। ठुटौरोहरू प्रायः आगो-प्रतिरोधी सामग्री जस्तै [[काँच|सिसा]], ताप-प्रतिरोधी [[प्लास्टिक]], [[माटो]], फलाम वा [[चट्टान|ढुङ्गा]]बाट बनाइन्छन्।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Normand |first=Luzzie |title=Cigars and the History of the Ashtray |url=https://www.neptunecigar.com/tips/cigars-and-the-history-of-the-ashtray |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612140220/https://www.neptunecigar.com/tips/cigars-and-the-history-of-the-ashtray |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=6 June 2018 |website=Neptune Cigars, Inc. (US)}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} ==बाह्य कडीहरू== {{कमन्सश्रेणी}} [[श्रेणी:घरेलु उपकरणहरू]] [[श्रेणी:धुम्रपान]] {{stub}} qokx6n7ugzdgiikypsnb5nzod92o1ic 0 148874 1365126 1346042 2026-07-07T01:32:33Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|हिन्दू तान्त्रिक देवी}} {{About||मन्दिरको लागि|कामाख्या मन्दिर}} {{Infobox deity | type = हिन्दु | image = Kamakshya Shakespeare Sarani Arnab Dutta 2011.jpg | caption = [[काली पूजा]], पण्डालमा पूजा गरिएकी कामाख्या | name = कामाख्या | affiliation = * [[महादेवी]], [[पार्वती]] [[त्रिपुरसुन्दरी]], [[भवानी]], [[सतिदेवी|सती]],[[महाविद्या]] | god_of = इच्छा (काम), प्रजनन र रचनात्मक शक्तिकी देवी | abode = नीलाचल पर्वत | mantra = कामाख्ये वरदे देवी नील पर्वत वासिनी त्वं देवी जगतां माता योनिमुद्रे नमोस्तुते | day = आइतबार | weapon = खड्ग, त्रिशूल, चक्र, ढाल, धनुष, बाण, गदा, कमल, घण्टा, अङ्कुश, कपाल, शङ्ख | consort = [[शिव]] | mount = सिंह | festivals = [[अम्बुवाची मेला]], [[नौरथा]] }} '''कामाख्या''' एक [[मातृदेवी]] हुन्<ref>"Kamakhya was a new goddess unknown to the Devi herself" {{harvcol|Kakati|1989|p=38}}</ref> जसलाई [[शाक्त सम्प्रदाय|शाक्त]] [[तन्त्र|तान्त्रिक]] [[देवता]] मानिन्छ। ''[[काम]] (इच्छा)'' को अवतार मानिने उनलाई इच्छाकी देवीको रूपमा पुजिन्छ।<ref name="Urban H.B">{{Cite journal |last=Urban |first=Hugh B. |date=December 2008 |title=Matrix of Power: Tantra, Kingship, and Sacrifice In the Worship of Mother Goddess Kamakhya |url=https://www.academia.edu/12553181/Matrix_of_Power_Tantra_Kingship_and_Sacrifice_in_the_Worship_of_Mother_Goddess_Kamakhya?sm=b |journal=Journal of South Asian studies |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=501 |access-date=23 November 2022 |archive-date=23 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221123125908/https://www.academia.edu/12553181/Matrix_of_Power_Tantra_Kingship_and_Sacrifice_in_the_Worship_of_Mother_Goddess_Kamakhya?sm=b |url-status=live }}</ref> उनको निवासस्थल अर्थात् [[कामाख्या मन्दिर]] भारतको [[असम]] स्थित [[कामरूप]] क्षेत्रमा अवस्थित छ।<ref name="urban256">"उत्तरपूर्वी भारतको असम राज्यमा [[ब्रह्मपुत्र नदी]]को किनारमा रहेको नीलाचल पहाडको टाकुरामा अवस्थित कामाख्या मन्दिर दक्षिण एसियाकै सबैभन्दा पुरानो र सम्मानित तान्त्रिक साधना केन्द्रहरूमध्ये एक हो। कम्तीमा आठौँ शताब्दीदेखि नै कामरूप क्षेत्र (जसको अर्थ 'इच्छाको स्थान' वा 'इच्छाको रूप' वा वर्तमान असम) लाई [[भारत]], [[पाकिस्तान]] र [[बङ्गलादेश]]को पवित्र भू-भागमा फैलिएका शाक्त पीठहरू ('शक्तिको केन्द्र') वा देवी उपासनाका केन्द्रहरूमध्ये एक अत्यन्त महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थलको रूपमा मान्यता दिइएको छ।" {{harvcol|Urban|2019|p=256}}</ref><ref>"असमको नीलाचल (नीलो पहाड), जो सुप्रसिद्ध देवी कामाख्याको पवित्र निवासस्थल हो, प्रारम्भिक मध्यकालदेखि नै सबैभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण शाक्त-तान्त्रिक केन्द्रहरूमध्ये एक रहँदै आएको छ र आज पनि छिमेकी राज्यहरूबाट लाखौँ भक्तजनहरूलाई आकर्षित गर्ने गर्दछ।" {{harvtxt|Shin|2010|p=3}}</ref> मूलतः एक [[किरात]] देवीको रूपमा रहेकी उनी १० औँ/११औँ शताब्दीमा [[गुवाहाटी]] को पश्चिममा [[ब्रह्मपुत्र नदी]] को किनारमा रहेको नीलाचल पहाडमा विराजमान छिन् (जहाँको [[मन्दिर]] सन् १५६५ मा पुनः निर्माण गरिएको थियो)।<ref>"असमको गुवाहाटीमा अवस्थित नीलाचल पहाड, देवी कामाख्याका साथै १० [[महाविद्या]]हरूको पवित्र निवासस्थल हो।" {{harvcol|Shin|2018|p=87}}</ref> उनलाई कुनै मूर्ति वा मानव रूपमा नभई प्राकृतिक पानीको मुहानद्वारा सिञ्चित [[योनी (हिन्दु धर्म)|योनी]] आकारको शिलाको रूपमा पूजा गरिन्छ।<ref>{{harvtxt|Shin|2010|pp=4–7}}</ref> यो मन्दिर ५१ [[शक्तिपीठ|शक्तिपीठहरू]] मध्ये प्रमुख मानिन्छ र [[शाक्त सम्प्रदाय]] को सबैभन्दा महत्त्वपूर्ण मन्दिरहरू मध्ये एक हो।<ref name="urban256"/> == प्रतिमा लक्षण == कामाख्याको प्रतिमा लक्षणको वर्णन हिन्दु धर्मशास्त्र ''[[कालिका पुराण]]''मा गरिएको छ। उनका बाह्रवटा हात र विभिन्न रङका (सेतो, रातो, पहेँलो, हरियो, कालो र रङ्गीचङ्गी) छवटा टाउकाहरू छन्। प्रत्येक टाउकाले [[उपासना]]को मार्गमा उनीसम्म पुग्ने विभिन्न तरिकाहरूको प्रतिनिधित्व गर्दछन्। उनले बहुमूल्य गहनाहरू र [[जवा कुसुम]] (घण्टी फूल) जस्ता राता फूलहरू पहिरिएकी छिन्। उनले आफ्ना दशवटा हातहरूमा कमल, त्रिशूल, खड्ग, घण्टा, चक्र, धनुष, बाण, गदा वा राजदण्ड, अङ्कुश र रक्षाकवच लिएकी छिन्। उनका बाँकी दुई हातले सुन वा खप्परबाट बनेको कचौरा समातेका छन्। उनी [[ब्रह्मा]]को प्रतीक मानिने कमलमा विराजमान छिन् जुन सिधै श्वेत प्रेत (सेतो शव) माथि रहेको छ। यो शवलाई [[शिव]]को प्रतीक मानिन्छ जो एउटा सिंहमाथि सुतिरहेको हुन्छ।<ref>{{Cite book |title=Re-imagining South Asian Religions: Essays in Honour of Professors Harold G. Coward and Ronald W. Neufeldt |publisher=BRILL |year=2012 |isbn=978-90-04-24237-1 |pages=147–8 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Description of Devi Kamakhya as per Tantra-S |url=http://adhyatmikta.com/description-of-devi-kamakhya-as-per-tantra-s/ |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=21 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121185425/http://adhyatmikta.com/description-of-devi-kamakhya-as-per-tantra-s/ |url-status=live }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121185425/http://adhyatmikta.com/description-of-devi-kamakhya-as-per-tantra-s/ |date=21 November 2021 }}</ref> == किंवदन्ती == {{मुख्य|नरकासुर}} यस देवीको किंवदन्तीले हिन्दु साहित्यका पात्र र स्थानीय परम्पराहरूलाई जोड्दछ। एक पटक, [[नरकासुर]]ले आफ्नो इच्छाले प्रेरित भई कामाख्यासँग विवाह गर्न चाहेको हुन्छ। जब विवाहको प्रस्ताव राखिन्छ तब देवीले ठट्टा गर्दै उसको अगाडि एउटा सर्त राख्छिन्। यदि उसले एकै रातमा, भाले बासेर बिहानीको सङ्केत हुनुभन्दा अगाडि, नीलाचल पहाडको फेदीदेखि मन्दिरसम्म सिँढी बनाउन सक्यो भने उनी पक्कै पनि उससँग विवाह गर्छु भनेर सर्त राख्छिन्। नरकासुरले यसलाई चुनौतीको रूपमा लिन्छ र आफ्नो सम्पूर्ण बल लगाएर यो ठूलो काम सम्पन्न गर्ने प्रयास गर्छ। बिहान हुनुभन्दा ठीक अगाडि उसले काम झण्डै पूरा गरिसकेको थियो। यस समाचारले त्रसित भई देवीले एउटा भालेको घाँटी अठ्याएर त्यसलाई असामयिक रूपमा बास्न लगाउँछिन् जसले गर्दा नरकासुरलाई बिहान भएको भान हुन्छ। यस चालबाट धोका खाएपछि नरकासुरले काम बीचैमा छाडिदिन्छ। अहिले उक्त स्थानलाई 'कुकुरकाता' भनिन्छ, जुन दररङ जिल्लामा अवस्थित छ। त्यो अपूर्ण सिँढीलाई 'मेखेलाउजा पथ' भनिन्छ।<ref>Kāmarūpa Anusandhān Samiti (2007),''Journal of the Assam Research Society - Volume 38'',p.30</ref> देवताहरूले गरेको छलबाट दुःखी भएको र आफ्नो पराक्रम अतुलनीय छ भन्ने जानेको हुनाले उसले पृथ्वीका सबै राज्यहरूलाई आफ्नो नियन्त्रणमा लिन्छ। त्यसपछि, उसले [[स्वर्ग]] तर्फ आँखा लगाउँछ। [[विष्णु]]का पुत्र (नरकासुर) को आक्रमणलाई शक्तिशाली [[इन्द्र]]ले पनि थाम्न नसकेर स्वर्ग छोडेर भाग्छन्। नरकासुर स्वर्ग र पृथ्वी दुवैको अधिपति बन्छ। सबै अपमानको बदला लिन उसले स्वर्गकी [[मातृदेवी]] [[अदिति]]का झुम्काहरू खोस्छ र उनको केही क्षेत्र कब्जा गर्नुका साथै आफ्नो सुखका लागि श्रीकृष्णका १६,००० [[गोपी|गोपिनी]]हरूलाई बन्दी बनाउँछ।<ref>{{cite book |last=Swami |first=Parmeshwaranand |title=Encyclopaedic Dictionary of the Puranas |publisher=Sarup and Sons |year=2001 |isbn=8176252263 |location=New Delhi |page=941}}</ref> इन्द्रको नेतृत्वमा सबै [[देवता]]हरू नरकासुरबाट मुक्ति पाउन विष्णु कहाँ जान्छन्। विष्णुले उनी [[कृष्ण]]को रूपमा अवतार लिएर यस विषयको समाधान गर्नेछु भनेर आश्वासन दिन्छन्।<ref>B. K. Chaturvedi (2017), ''Vishnu Puran''</ref> [[भूमि (देवी)|भूदेवी]]लाई दिएको वचन अनुसार नरकासुरलाई लामो समयसम्म शासन गर्न दिइएको हुन्छ। अन्ततः विष्णुले कृष्णको रूपमा जन्म लिन्छन्। कृष्णकी पत्नी [[सत्यभामा]] (जसलाई भूदेवीको अवतार मानिन्छ) की नातेदार अदितिले मद्दतका लागि सत्यभामासँग सम्पर्क गर्छिन्। सत्यभामाले नरकासुर विरुद्ध युद्ध गर्न कृष्णसँग अनुमति माग्छिन्। देवताहरू र अदितिलाई दिएको वचन अनुसार कृष्णले आफ्नी पत्नी सत्यभामासँगै आफ्नो वाहन [[गरुड]]मा चढेर नरकासुरको विशाल किल्लामा आक्रमण गर्छन्। कृष्णले नरकासुरको सेना विरुद्ध नारायणास्त्र र आग्नेयास्त्र प्रयोग गरेर युद्ध लड्दा युद्धले भीषण रूप लिन्छ। नरकासुरले आफ्ना ११ [[अक्षौहिणी]] सेना कृष्ण विरुद्ध परिचालन गर्छ। यद्यपि, कृष्णको थोरै प्रयासमै ती सबैको संहार गरिन्छ। कृष्णले नरकासुरका सेनापति मुरको पनि वध गर्छन्। त्यसैले कृष्णलाई 'मुरारी' (मुरको वध गर्ने) भनिन्छ।<ref>Dianne M. MacMillan (2008), ''Diwali: Hindu Festival of Lights'', p.24</ref> नरकासुरले कृष्ण विरुद्ध धेरै अस्त्रहरू प्रयोग गर्छ तर कृष्णले सजिलै ती सबैलाई निष्क्रिय पारिदिन्छन्। अन्तमा, जब नरकासुरले त्रिशूलले कृष्णलाई मार्ने प्रयास गर्छ, उसले हरिको छेउमा देवी कामाख्या उभिएको देख्छ र अन्ततः कृष्णले आफ्नो [[सुदर्शन चक्र]]ले उसको शिर छेदन गर्छन्। नरकासुरको मृत्यु हुनुभन्दा अघि उसले आफ्नी आमा सत्यभामासँग सबैले आफ्नो मृत्युलाई रङ्गीचङ्गी उज्यालोका साथ मनाउनुपर्ने वरदान मागेको मानिन्छ। यसरी, यो दिनलाई [[तिहार|दीपावली]]को एक दिन अगाडि '[[नरक चतुर्दशी]]' को रूपमा मनाइन्छ। कृष्णले नरकासुरले बन्दी बनाएका महिलाहरूको सम्मान बचाउन उनीहरूकै आग्रहमा पत्नीका रूपमा स्वीकार गर्छन्, किनकि समाजले उनीहरूलाई नरकासुरको कब्जामा रहेका वस्तुका रूपमा हेर्थ्यो। तीमध्ये मुख्यलाई कहिलेकाहीँ [[रोहिणी (कृष्णकी पत्नी)|रोहिणी]] भनिन्छ। विवाहपछि उनीहरू सबै [[द्वारका]]मा बस्छ थाल्छन्। == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:हिन्दु देवीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:पार्वतीका रूपहरू]] [[श्रेणी:शाक्त सम्प्रदाय]] nxj4cizwq2zeaaffr8znq0f77kxd51r 3 149000 1364997 1346582 2026-07-06T12:13:01Z ~2026-38553-12 79683 /* Digital marketing */ नयाँ खण्ड 1364997 wikitext text/x-wiki ==विकिपिडियामा स्वागत छ!== <div style="width: 99%; color: #111; {{box-shadow|0|1px|3px|rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35)}} {{border-radius|2px}}"> <div style="overflow:hidden; height:auto; background: #fff; width: 100%; padding-bottom:18px;"> <div style="font-size: 36px; margin-top: 24px;margin-left: 16px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height: 1.2em;">नमस्ते, Punaj Gurungज्यू</div> <div style="font-size: 24px; padding-top: 0px; margin-left: 16px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.2em; color: #666; "> [[नेपाली विकिपिडिया]]मा हार्दिक [[विकिपिडिया:स्वागत|स्वागत]] छ! </div></div> <div style="vertical-align:middle; color: black; background-color:#fff"> <div style="display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; background-color:#EAECF0; padding: 10px; padding-left: 25px; "> <div style="font-size: 18px; padding-top: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.5em; color: #111; "> हालसम्म नेपाली विकिपिडियामा [[विशेष:Statistics|२९,५६८]] लेखहरू छन्। यसलाई बढाउन तपाईंको योगदानको आवश्यकता रहेको छ। आउनुहोस् तपाईं हामी सबै मिलेर नेपाली विकिपिडियालाई विश्वका अन्य प्रमुख [[:meta:List_of_Wikipedias/ne|भाषाका विकिपिडिया जत्ति कै धनी]] बनाऔँ। विकिपिडियाले कुनै पनि व्यक्तिलाई सम्पादन गर्ने अधिकार दिन्छ। मलाई आशा छ कि तपाईंले यहाँ मन पराउनुहुन्छ र योगदान गर्ने निर्णय गर्नुहुन्छ।</div> <div style="flex: 1 1 300px;"><br/> <div style="font-size: 17px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;">[[चित्र:Symbol support2 vote.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] सुरुवात</div> <div style="font-size: 15px;"> * पहिले [[विकिपिडिया:विकिपिडियाको बारेमा|विकिपिडियाको परिचय पृष्ठ]] पढ्नुहोस्। * तपाईंले कसरी [[मद्दत:सहायता विषयसूचि|विकिपिडियामा योगदान गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ]] जान्नुहोस्। * आफ्नो परिचय दिनको लागि तपाईंको [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Punaj Gurung|प्रयोगकर्ता पृष्ठ]] बनाउनुहोला ताकि हामी तपाईंलाई अझ राम्रोसँग चिन्न सक्छौँ। (परिचय दिइरहनु आवश्यक नै भने छैन) </div> </div> <div style="flex: 1 1 300px;"><br/> <div style="font-size: 17px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;">[[चित्र:Artículo bueno-blue.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] सुझावहरू</div> <div style="font-size: 15px;"> * कृपया [[विकिपिडिया:स्वशिक्षा/वार्तालाप पृष्ठ|वार्तालाप पृष्ठ]]मा चारवटा वक्र (<code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code>) प्रयोग गरि हस्ताक्षर गर्नुहोला। यसो गर्नाले वार्तालाप पृष्ठमा स्वत: तपाईंको नाम, वार्ता पृष्ठसूत्र र मिति थपिने छ। * यदि तपाईंलाई विकिपिडियामा केही समस्या परेको छ भने आफ्नो वार्तालाप पृष्ठमा <code>'''<nowiki>{{मद्दत}}</nowiki>'''</code> राख्नु होला। हाम्रा प्रयोगकर्ताहरूले तपाईंको समस्याको समाधान बताउने छन्। * नयाँ पृष्ठहरू [[विकिपिडिया:स्वशिक्षा/सम्पादन|सम्पादन गर्दा]] वा [[विकिपिडिया:कसरी लेख बनाउने?|सिर्जना गर्दा]], [[विकिपिडिया:स्वशिक्षा/सन्दर्भ|सन्दर्भ]]हरू थप्दा वा मेटाउँदा गल्ती गर्न डराउनु पर्दैन किनकि गल्ती जो कोहीबाट हुन् सक्छ। </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 10px; padding-left: 25px; "> <div style="text-align: center;"> {{clickable button 2|विकिपिडिया:कसरी लेख बनाउने?|कसरी लेख बनाउने?|class=mw-ui-constructive center}} </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> {{clickable button 2|विकिपिडिया:चिया घर|यदि तपाईंसँग प्रश्नहरू छन् भने यहाँ सोध्नुहोस्|class=mw-ui-constructive center}} </div> </div> </div> </div> '''स्वागतम्''', हामी नेपाली विकिपिडियामा तपाईंको सम्पादनको लागि पर्खिरहेका छौँ! -- [[User:नेपाली विकिपिडिया स्वागत|नेपाली विकिपिडिया स्वागत]] ([[User talk:नेपाली विकिपिडिया स्वागत|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १५:४८, १९ मार्च २०२६ (नेपाली समय) == Digital marketing == snake boy [[विशेष:Contributions/&#126;2026-38553-12|&#126;2026-38553-12]] ([[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:&#126;2026-38553-12|वार्तालाप]]) १७:५८, ६ जुलाई २०२६ (नेपाली समय) 0io0azitsq8m5yy506kamvlxn186ou3 0 150101 1365203 1356213 2026-07-07T09:18:10Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = शुभेन्दु अधिकारी | image = Suvendu Adhikari at Esplanade Metro Rail Station, Kolkata, 6 March 2024.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = सन् २०२४ मा अधिकारी | office = पश्चिम बंगालका ९औँ [[पश्चिम बंगालका मुख्यमन्त्री|मुख्यमन्त्री]] | governor = [[आर. एन. रवि]] | deputy = {{ubl|[[अग्निमित्रा पाल]] | [[दिलीप घोष]]}} | term_start = ९ मे २०२६ | term_end = | preceding = | preceded = [[ममता बनर्जी]] | succeeding = | successor = | office1 = [[पश्चिम बंगाल विधानसभाका सदस्य]] | term_start1 = २० मे २०१६ | constituency1 = [[नन्दीग्राम विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र|नन्दीग्राम]] | predecessor1 = [[फिरोजा बीबी]] | term_start3 = ११ मे २००६ | term_end3 = १६ मे २००९ | constituency3 = [[काँथी दक्षिण विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र|काँथी दक्षिण]] | predecessor3 = [[शिशिर अधिकारी]] | successor3 = [[दिब्येन्दु अधिकारी]] | constituency2 = [[भवानीपुर विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र|भवानीपुर]] | term_start2 = ४ मे २०२६ | predecessor2 = [[ममता बनर्जी]] | office4 = [[पश्चिम बंगाल विधानसभामा विपक्षका नेता]] | governor4 = [[जगदीप धनखड]]<br/>[[ला. गणेशन]] ''(अतिरिक्त जिम्मेवारी)''<br/>[[सी. वी. आनन्द बोस]]<br/>[[आर. एन. रवि]] | deputy4 = [[मिहिर गोस्वामी]] | predecessor4 = [[अब्दुल मन्नान]] | term_start4 = १३ मे २०२१ | term_end4 = ९ मे २०२६ | office5 = [[जुट कर्पोरेशन अफ इन्डिया]]का अध्यक्ष | 1blankname5 = [[कपडा मन्त्रालय|केन्द्रीय कपडा मन्त्री]] | 1namedata5 = [[स्मृति इरानी]] | predecessor5 = अजय कुमार जोली | term_start5 = ३१ डिसेम्बर २०२०<ref>{{Cite news|last=Podder|first=Debasish|date=31 December 2020|title=জুট কর্পোরেশন অফ ইন্ডিয়ার চেয়ারম্যান হচ্ছেন শুভেন্দু অধিকারী, নতুন বছরেই নিয়োগ|url=https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/suvendu-adhikari-will-appointed-as-the-chairman-of-jute-corporation-of-india-in-the-new-year-31609419893893.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231131434/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/suvendu-adhikari-will-appointed-as-the-chairman-of-jute-corporation-of-india-in-the-new-year-31609419893893.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=31 December 2020|access-date=31 December 2020|work=Hindustan Times|language=bn}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231131434/https://bangla.hindustantimes.com/bengal/kolkata/suvendu-adhikari-will-appointed-as-the-chairman-of-jute-corporation-of-india-in-the-new-year-31609419893893.html |date=31 December 2020 }}</ref> | term_end5 = २ मार्च २०२१<ref>{{cite news |title=BJP leader Suvendu Adhikari likely to step down as Chairperson of Jute Corporation of India |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/bjp-leader-suvendu-adhikari-likely-to-step-down-as-chairperson-of-jute-corporation-of-india20210302170152/ |work=ANI News |date=2 March 2021 |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref> | office6 = [[पश्चिम बंगाल सरकार]]का [[दोस्रो बनर्जी मन्त्रालय|वातावरण मन्त्री]] | term_start6 = २०१८ | term_end6 = २०२० | 1blankname6 = मुख्यमन्त्री | 1namedata6 = [[ममता बनर्जी]] | predecessor6 = [[सोवन चट्टोपाध्याय]] | successor6 = [[ममता बनर्जी]]<ref name="r"/> | office7 = [[पश्चिम बंगाल सरकार]]का [[यातायात विभाग (पश्चिम बंगाल)|यातायात मन्त्री]] | term_start7 = २७ मे २०१६ | term_end7 = २७ नोभेम्बर २०२० | 1blankname7 = मुख्यमन्त्री | 1namedata7 = [[ममता बनर्जी]] | predecessor7 = [[अरूप विश्वास]] | successor7 = [[फिरहाद हाकिम]]<ref name="r">{{cite news|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-to-keep-transport-portfolio-following-suvendu-adhikaris-resignation-2331328|title=CM Banerjee to retain transport portfolio following Suvendu Adhikari's resignation|newspaper=[[NDTV]]|date=28 November 2020}}</ref> | office8 = [[लोकसभा]]का सांसद | term_start8 = १६ मे २००९ | term_end8 = २० मे २०१६ | constituency8 = [[तमलुक लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र|तमलुक, पश्चिम बंगाल]] | predecessor8 = [[लक्ष्मण चन्द्र सेठ]] | successor8 = [[दिब्येन्दु अधिकारी]] | birth_place = कारकुली, [[पूर्व मेदिनीपुर]], [[पश्चिम बंगाल]], भारत | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|12|15|df=y}} | spouse = | party = [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी]] {{small|(२०२० देखि)}} | alma_mater = [[रवीन्द्र भारती विश्वविद्यालय]]<ref>{{cite news |title= Suvendu Adhikar's Affidavit 2026 |url= https://suvidha.eci.gov.in/ac/public/uploads2/acaffidavit/E32/2026/AC/S25/210/S25_10940_3519_202604060137411775462861.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ([[Master of Arts|एम.ए.]]) | profession = [[राजनीतिज्ञ]] | father = [[शिशिर अधिकारी]] | mother = [[गायत्री अधिकारी]] | relatives = [[दिब्येन्दु अधिकारी]] (भाइ) <br/> [[सौमेन्दु अधिकारी]] (भाइ) | website = | footnotes = | other_party = * [[भारतीय राष्ट्रिय कांग्रेस]] {{small|(१९९५–२०००)}} * [[तृणमूल कांग्रेस]] {{small|(२०००–२०२०)}} }} '''शुभेन्दु अधिकारी''' ({{IPA|bn|ʃubʱendu ɔdʱikari}}; जन्म १५ डिसेम्बर १९७०) एक भारतीय राजनीतिज्ञ हुन्, जसले ९ मे २०२६ देखि पश्चिम बंगालका ९औँ [[पश्चिम बंगालका मुख्यमन्त्री|मुख्यमन्त्री]]का रूपमा कार्यभार सम्हाल्नेछन्। उनले ९ मे २०२६ सम्म [[विपक्षी नेता|विपक्ष नेता]] तथा [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी – पश्चिम बंगाल|पश्चिम बंगाल इकाइ]]का [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी]]का नेताका रूपमा पनि कार्य गरेका थिए। अधिकारीले यसअघि सन् २०१६ देखि २०२० सम्म [[पश्चिम बंगाल सरकार]]को राज्य मन्त्रिपरिषद्मा काम गरेका थिए। उनी सन् २०१६ र २०२१ मा [[नन्दीग्राम विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र|नन्दीग्राम]]बाट [[विधानसभाका सदस्य]] (एमएलए) निर्वाचित भएका थिए तथा हाल २०२६ देखि [[भवानीपुर विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र|भवानीपुर]]बाट निर्वाचित छन्। यसअघि उनी सन् २००५ मा [[काँथी दक्षिण]]बाट तथा सन् २००९ र २०१४ मा [[तमलुक लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र|तमलुक]]बाट [[लोकसभा]] सदस्य (सांसद) निर्वाचित भएका थिए।<ref name=HT_1/> उनी यसअघि सन् २०१६ देखि २०२० सम्म [[पश्चिम बंगाल सरकार]]मा यातायात मन्त्री तथा सन् २०१८ देखि २०२० सम्म सिंचाइ तथा जलस्रोत मन्त्रीका रूपमा कार्यरत थिए। उनी सन् २००९ देखि २०१६ सम्म [[तमलुक लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र|तमलुक]]बाट [[लोकसभा]] सदस्य तथा सन् २०२० देखि २०२१ सम्म [[जुट कर्पोरेशन अफ इन्डिया]]का अध्यक्ष पनि थिए। उनी सन् १९९८ देखि २०२० सम्म [[तृणमूल कांग्रेस]] तथा सन् १९९५ देखि १९९८ सम्म [[भारतीय राष्ट्रिय कांग्रेस]]का सदस्य थिए। उनी [[शिशिर अधिकारी]]का छोरा हुन्, जो सांसद तथा [[मनमोहन सिंह सरकार]]मा ग्रामीण विकास राज्यमन्त्री रहिसकेका राजनीतिज्ञ हुन्।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Ravik |title=Had no work, say former TMC ministers in UPA govt |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/had-no-work-say-former-tmc-ministers-in-upa-govt/story-u42OCyo4PuSXfNtPwjP3hO.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 September 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://westbengalelectionresult.com/suvendu-adhikari-profilecontact-blogs-news-address/469 | title = Suvendu Adhikari -Profile | access-date = 20 June 2009 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101029035522/http://westbengalelectionresult.com/suvendu-adhikari-profilecontact-blogs-news-address/469 | archive-date = 29 October 2010 | df = dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029035522/http://westbengalelectionresult.com/suvendu-adhikari-profilecontact-blogs-news-address/469 |date=29 October 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Election Commission of India|url=https://results.eci.gov.in/Result2021/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|access-date=2 May 2021|website=results.eci.gov.in|archive-date=3 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210503202328/https://results.eci.gov.in/ConstituencywiseS25210.htm?ac=210|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Nandigram Election Result 2021 LIVE: Nandigram MLA Election Result & Vote Share - Oneindia |url=https://www.oneindia.com/nandigram-assembly-elections-wb-210/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=OneIndia}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Nandigram Assembly Election Results 2021 LIVE - Nandigram Vidhan Sabha Election Results|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/nandigram-west-bengal-election-result-2021|work=Times Now|access-date=29 May 2022}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612225129/https://www.timesnownews.com/elections/nandigram-west-bengal-election-result-2021 |date=12 June 2021 }}</ref> == प्रारम्भिक जीवन तथा शिक्षा == अधिकारीको जन्म १५ डिसेम्बर १९७० मा [[बंगाली ब्राह्मण]] परिवारमा<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bhattacharya |first=Snigdhendu |date=13 March 2021 |title=At Nandigram, Site of Historic Land Movement, a Battle to See Who the 'Real' Brahmin Is |url=https://thewire.in/politics/at-nandigram-site-of-historic-land-movement-a-battle-to-see-who-the-real-brahmin-is |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313030537/https://thewire.in/politics/at-nandigram-site-of-historic-land-movement-a-battle-to-see-who-the-real-brahmin-is |archive-date=13 March 2021 |work=The Wire |access-date=8 May 2026 |quote=I am a Brahmin’s son. I do the chandipath every day.}}</ref> [[पश्चिम बंगाल]]को [[पूर्व मेदिनीपुर जिल्ला]]स्थित कारकुलीमा [[शिशिर अधिकारी]] र गायत्री अधिकारीका सन्तानका रूपमा भएको थियो। शिशिर अधिकारी एक राजनीतिज्ञ तथा [[दोस्रो मनमोहन सिंह मन्त्रालय]]मा पूर्व [[राज्यमन्त्री]] हुन् र उनी सन् २०१९ मा [[काँथी लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र|काँथी निर्वाचन क्षेत्र]]बाट [[लोकसभा]]मा निर्वाचित भएका थिए।<ref name="LS">{{cite web |title=Adhikari, Shri Suvendu |url=https://sansad.in/ls/members/biographyM/4501 |publisher=Lok Sabha |access-date=23 May 2025}}</ref><ref name="AN">{{cite news |last1=Bhattacharya |first1=Kajari |date=31 March 2018 |title=Nandigram: Trinamool's stronghold, one family's stranglehold |url=https://newsable.asianetnews.com/india/west-bengal-polls-nandigram-subhendu-adhikari |work=Asianet Newsable |access-date=11 May 2025}}</ref> अधिकारी अविवाहित छन्।<ref>{{cite news |title=ভাইরা বিয়ে করলেও অকৃতদার তিনি, জানুন কেমন শুভেন্দুর সংসার |url=https://bangla.aajtak.in/elections/west-bengal-assembly-elections/story/former-wb-minister-suvendu-adhikary-explained-why-he-unmarried-255166-2020-12-16 |access-date=28 May 2023 |work=Aaj Tak বাংলা |date=16 December 2020 |language=bn}}</ref> अधिकारीले सन् २०११ मा [[रवीन्द्र भारती विश्वविद्यालय]]बाट [[Master of Arts|स्नातकोत्तर (एम.ए.)]] उपाधि प्राप्त गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite news |title=Suvendu Adhikar's Affidavit 2026 |url=https://suvidha.eci.gov.in/ac/public/uploads2/acaffidavit/E32/2026/AC/S25/210/S25_10940_3519_202604060137411775462861.pdf |work=[[Election Commission of India]] |access-date=25 April 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == राजनीतिक जीवन == === प्रारम्भिक राजनीति === अधिकारी पहिलो पटक सन् १९९५ मा [[भारतीय राष्ट्रिय कांग्रेस]]बाट [[काँथी]] नगरपालिकाका पार्षदका रूपमा निर्वाचित भएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite news|title=The importance of being Suvendu Adhikari: Why the TMC strongman is miffed with the party leadership|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/the-importance-of-being-suvendu-adhikari-why-the-tmc-strongman-is-miffed-with-the-party-leadership/684054|access-date=17 December 2020|work=Times Now|date=19 November 2020}}</ref> सन् २००६ मा अधिकारी [[काँथी दक्षिण]] निर्वाचन क्षेत्रबाट [[पश्चिम बंगाल विधानसभा]]मा निर्वाचित भएका थिए। सोही वर्ष उनी काँथी नगरपालिकाका अध्यक्ष पनि बनेका थिए।<ref name="LS"/> === नन्दीग्राम आन्दोलन तथा तृणमूल कांग्रेसभित्र उदय === सन् २००७ मा अधिकारीले [[नन्दीग्राम]]मा भूमि अधिग्रहणविरुद्धको आन्दोलनको नेतृत्व गरेका थिए। उनले [[भूमि उच्छेद प्रतिरोध समिति]]को नेतृत्व गरेका थिए। पश्चिम बंगालको सत्तारुढ [[वाम मोर्चा (पश्चिम बंगाल)|वाम मोर्चा]] सरकारले विशेष आर्थिक क्षेत्र स्थापना गर्न गाउँमा १०,००० एकड जमिन अधिग्रहण गर्ने योजना बनाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |last1=Sarkar |first1=Arindam |title=Mamata promises to marry off raped girls of Nandigram |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/kolkata/mamata-promises-to-marry-off-raped-girls-of-nandigram/story-umlmKryBUWdkP6re98mV2L.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=27 April 2019 |date=26 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="ET">{{cite news |title=Trinamool Congress confident of victory in Nandigram |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/trinamool-congress-confident-of-victory-in-nandigram/articleshow/52103488.cms?from=mdr |newspaper=[[The Economic Times]] |access-date=27 April 2019 |date=4 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="HT">{{cite news |title=From Nandigram to Murshidabad - Suvendu Adhikari is Mamata Banerjee's all weather man |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/from-nandigram-to-murshidabad-suvendu-adhikari-is-mamata-banerjee-s-all-weather-man/story-kNqePhKEQzC9SE9BpPs34M.html |newspaper=[[Hindustan Times]] |access-date=27 April 2019 |date=26 August 2019}}</ref> यस आन्दोलनले [[ममता बनर्जी]]लाई बंगाली राजनीतिमा केन्द्रिय व्यक्तित्वका रूपमा स्थापित गरायो।<ref name="HT"/> राज्यको [[अपराध अनुसन्धान विभाग (भारत)|सीआईडी]]ले अधिकारीमाथि राज्य सरकारविरुद्ध सशस्त्र आन्दोलन सञ्चालन गर्न माओवादीहरूलाई हतियार उपलब्ध गराएको आरोप लगाएको थियो।<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Roy |first1=Anirban |title=CID to question Trinamool's Adhikari on Maoist links |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/latest-headlines/story/cid-to-question-trinamools-adhikari-on-maoist-links-78841-2010-07-17 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=27 April 2019 |date=17 July 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine |title=Trinamool MP accused of supplying ammo to Naxalites |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/east/story/trinamool-mp-accused-of-supplying-ammo-to-naxalites-78780-2010-07-16 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=27 April 2019 |date=16 July 2010}}</ref> नन्दीग्राममा अधिकारीको सफलतापछि बनर्जीले उनलाई [[जंगलमहल]] अर्थात् [[पश्चिम मेदिनीपुर जिल्ला|पश्चिम मेदिनीपुर]], [[पुरुलिया जिल्ला|पुरुलिया]] तथा [[बाँकुरा जिल्ला|बाँकुरा]] जिल्लाको पार्टी पर्यवेक्षक (प्रभारी) नियुक्त गरेकी थिइन्। उनले यी जिल्लाहरूमा पार्टीको आधार विस्तार गर्न सफलता प्राप्त गरेका थिए।<ref name="HT"/> सन् २००९ मा उनी [[तमलुक लोकसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र|तमलुक निर्वाचन क्षेत्र]]बाट [[लोकसभा]]मा निर्वाचित भएका थिए।<ref>{{cite news |title=In Contai, it's family first for Trinamool's Sisir Adhikary |url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/in-contai-it-s-family-first-for-trinamool-s-sisir-adhikary/537544/ |newspaper=[[Indian Express]] |access-date=27 April 2019 |date=5 November 2009}}</ref> उनले आफ्ना निकटतम प्रतिद्वन्द्वी [[भारतीय कम्युनिस्ट पार्टी (मार्क्सवादी)]]का [[लक्ष्मण सेठ]]लाई करिब १ लाख ७३ हजार मतान्तरले पराजित गरेका थिए।<ref name="SA">{{cite web |date=17 May 2009 |title=Nandigram swings two seats in East Midnapore in Trinamool's favour |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/nandigram-swings-two-seats-in-east-midnapore/461025/ |access-date=30 July 2009 |publisher=Indian Express 17 May 2009}}</ref> [[२०१६ पश्चिम बंगाल विधानसभा निर्वाचन]]मा अधिकारीलाई नन्दीग्राम निर्वाचन क्षेत्रमा वाम मोर्चा–[[भारतीय राष्ट्रिय कांग्रेस]] गठबन्धनका अब्दुल कादिर शेखविरुद्ध उम्मेदवार बनाइएको थियो।<ref name="ET"/> निर्वाचित भएपछि उनले तमलुक निर्वाचन क्षेत्रबाट सांसद पदबाट राजीनामा दिएका थिए।<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Dibyendu Adhikari to contest from Tamluk parliament constituency |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/dibyendu-adhikari-tamluk-parliament-constituency-tmc-mamata-banerjee-347066-2016-10-17 |magazine=[[India Today]] |access-date=30 April 2019 |date=17 October 2016}}</ref> उनलाई २७ मे २०१६ मा [[दोस्रो ममता बनर्जी मन्त्रालय]]मा यातायात मन्त्रीका रूपमा शपथ गराइएको थियो।<ref>{{cite news |title=List of Ministers in Mamata's cabinet |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/kolkata/list-of-ministers-in-mamatas-cabinet/article8654872.ece |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=30 April 2019 |date=27 May 2016}}</ref> === भारतीय जनता पार्टीमा प्रवेश तथा २०२१ निर्वाचन === अधिकारीले २६ नोभेम्बर २०२० मा [[हुग्ली रिभर ब्रिज कमिसन]] (एचआरबीसी) को अध्यक्ष पदबाट राजीनामा दिएका थिए, जुन [[पश्चिम बंगाल सरकार]]अन्तर्गतको एक वैधानिक निकाय हो।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/tmc-mla-suvendu-adhikari-resigns-transport-irrigation-minister-1744603-2020-11-27 |title=TMC's Suvendu Adhikari steps down as Bengal minister a day after resigning as Hooghly commission chairman |publisher=India Today |date=27 November 2020 |access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> उनले २७ नोभेम्बर २०२० मा पश्चिम बंगालका यातायात मन्त्री पदबाट पनि राजीनामा दिएका थिए।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/west-bengal-tmc-rebel-leader-suvendu-adhikari-resigns-as-transport-minister-in-mamata-govt/687503 |title=West Bengal: TMC rebel leader Suvendu Adhikari resigns as Transport Minister from Mamata govt |publisher=Times Now |date=27 November 2020 |access-date=27 November 2020}}</ref> उनले १६ डिसेम्बर २०२० मा पश्चिम बंगाल विधानसभा अध्यक्षसमक्ष विधायक पदबाट राजीनामा पेश गरेका थिए, तर प्राविधिक कारण देखाउँदै प्रारम्भमा उक्त राजीनामा स्वीकृत गरिएको थिएन। पछि २१ डिसेम्बर २०२० मा उनको राजीनामा स्वीकृत गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite news |last=Sanyal |first=Anindita |date=16 December 2020 |title=Trinamool's Suvendu Adhikari Quits As MLA Amid Reports He Will Join BJP |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/trinamool-dissident-suvendu-adhikari-resigns-as-mla-amid-reports-he-will-switch-to-bjp-2339450 |work=NDTV |access-date=5 May 2021}}</ref> १७ डिसेम्बर २०२० मा उनले अखिल भारतीय तृणमूल कांग्रेसको प्राथमिक सदस्यताबाट राजीनामा दिएका थिए।<ref>{{cite news |title=Didi aide Suvendu Adhikari exits TMC, sparks a spate of resignations |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/didi-aide-suvendu-adhikari-exits-tmc-sparks-a-spate-of-resignations/articleshow/79787773.cms |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=The Times of India |date=18 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Phadikar |first=Anshuman |date=6 July 2021 |title= Suvendu Adhikari meets victims of post-poll violence in East Midnapore |url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/west-bengal/suvendu-adhikari-meets-victims-of-post-poll-violence-in-east-midnapore/cid/1821357 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=6 July 2021}}</ref> १९ डिसेम्बर २०२० मा उनले गृहमन्त्री [[अमित शाह]]को उपस्थितिमा [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी]]मा प्रवेश गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite news |title=অমিত শাহের হাত ধরে বিজেপিতে যোগদান করলেন শুভেন্দু অধিকারী সহ ৯ জন বিধায়ক |url=https://banglahunt.com/subhendu-join-bjp-with-9-mla/ |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=Bangla Hunt |date=19 December 2020 |language=bn }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="India Today">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/suvendu-adhikari-joins-bjp-in-presence-of-amit-shah-1751135-2020-12-19 |title=Suvendu Adhikari ends all speculation, joins BJP, delivers jolt to Mamata and TMC |access-date=29 May 2022 |magazine=India Today |date=19 December 2022}}</ref> अधिकारीको दल परिवर्तनको मुख्य कारण ममता बनर्जीका भतिजा [[अभिषेक बनर्जी (राजनीतिज्ञ)|अभिषेक बनर्जी]]सँगको प्रतिद्वन्द्विता रहेको बताइएको थियो, जसलाई बनर्जीको राजनीतिक उत्तराधिकारीका रूपमा अघि बढाइँदै थियो।<ref>{{Cite news |title=কেউ দল ছেড়েছেন, দলে গুরুত্ব হারিয়েছেন কেউ কেউ! মমতার দাপুটে ‘মিডল অর্ডার’ ভেঙে পড়ল কি অভিষেকের উত্থানে? |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/how-mamata-banerjees-core-team-weakened-after-abhishek-banerjees-rise-in-tmc-dgtl/cid/1684845 |work=[[Anandabazar Patrika]]}}</ref> उनले [[२०२१ पश्चिम बंगाल विधानसभा निर्वाचन]]मा [[नन्दीग्राम विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र|नन्दीग्राम विधानसभा क्षेत्र]]बाट तत्कालीन पश्चिम बंगालकी मुख्यमन्त्री [[ममता बनर्जी]]लाई १,९५६ मतले पराजित गरेका थिए। ममता बनर्जीले नन्दीग्राम निर्वाचनको नतिजाविरुद्ध [[कलकत्ता उच्च न्यायालय]]मा निर्वाचन याचिका दायर गरेकी थिइन्।<ref name=HT_1>{{cite news |last1=Manral |first1=Karan |title= |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/mamata-banerjee-challenges-suvendu-adhikari-s-nandigram-win-in-calcutta-hc-101623948924307.html |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=Hindustan Times |date=17 June 2021 |language=en}}</ref> १० मे २०२१ मा केन्द्रीय मन्त्री [[रवि शंकर प्रसाद]]ले पश्चिम बंगाल विधानसभामा भारतीय जनता पार्टीको विधायक दलको नेताका रूपमा शुभेन्दु अधिकारीको नाम घोषणा गरेका थिए।<ref>{{cite news |agency=PTI |title=Suvendu Adhikari Elected Opposition Leader In West Bengal Assembly |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/suvendu-adhikari-elected-opposition-leader-in-west-bengal-assembly-2438995 |access-date=29 May 2022 |work=NDTV |date=10 May 2021}}</ref> === २०२६ निर्वाचन === [[२०२६ पश्चिम बंगाल विधानसभा निर्वाचन]]मा शुभेन्दु अधिकारीले एकैसाथ नन्दीग्राम तथा [[भवानीपुर विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र|भवानीपुर]]—जुन तत्कालीन मुख्यमन्त्री [[ममता बनर्जी]]को निर्वाचन क्षेत्र थियो—बाट उम्मेदवारी दिएका थिए र दुवै क्षेत्रमा उल्लेखनीय मतान्तरले विजयी भएका थिए। कुनै कार्यरत मुख्यमन्त्रीलाई दुई निर्वाचन क्षेत्रबाट चुनाव लड्ने उम्मेदवारले उनको आफ्नै क्षेत्रमा पराजित गरेको अन्तिम घटना [[१९६७ पश्चिम बंगाल विधानसभा निर्वाचन]]मा भएको थियो, जब [[बंगला कांग्रेस]]का [[अजोय मुखर्जी]]ले कांग्रेसका तत्कालीन मुख्यमन्त्री [[प्रफुल्ल चन्द्र सेन]]लाई उनको [[आरामबाग विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र|आरामबाग]] क्षेत्रमा पराजित गर्दै आफ्नो [[तमलुक विधानसभा निर्वाचन क्षेत्र|तमलुक]] क्षेत्र पनि कायम राखेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=রাজনৈতিক সন্ন্যাস হয়ে গেল মমতার’! ভবানীপুরে জিতে শুভেন্দু অধিকারী বললেন, ‘এই জয় হিন্দুত্বের |url=https://www.anandabazar.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly-election/bjp-leader-suvendu-adhikari-slams-tmc-leader-mamata-banerjee-after-defeated-her-in-bhabanipur-assembly-constituency-dgtl/cid/1684877 |website=Anandabazar Patrika}}</ref> २०२६ को निर्वाचनमा विजय हासिल गरेपछि शुभेन्दु अधिकारीले आफूलाई मुख्यतः [[हिन्दू]], [[बौद्ध]], [[जैन धर्मावलम्बी|जैन]] तथा [[सिख]] मतदाताहरूबाट समर्थन प्राप्त भएको, तर [[मुस्लिम]] मतदाताहरूको समर्थन विपक्षतर्फ गएको बताएका थिए। उनले यसबाट धार्मिक आधारमा मतदान भएको संकेत गरेको टिप्पणी गरेका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Banerjee |first=Tirtho |date=5 May 2026 |title=‘Muslim voters openly…’: What Suvendu Adhikari said after defeating Mamata |url=https://www.news9live.com/elections/assembly/muslim-voters-openly-what-suvendu-adhikari-said-after-defeating-mamata-2968328 |access-date=8 May 2026 |website=News9live |language=en-US}}</ref> ६ मे २०२६ को राति मोटरसाइकलमा आएका आक्रमणकारीहरूले शुभेन्दु अधिकारीका व्यक्तिगत सहायक [[चन्द्रनाथ रथ]]माथि गोली प्रहार गरी हत्या गरेका थिए।<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8pjz7dv7ro</ref> ८ मे २०२६ मा केन्द्रीय पर्यवेक्षक [[अमित शाह]]को उपस्थितिमा उनलाई पश्चिम बंगालमा भारतीय जनता पार्टीको विधायक दलको नेताका रूपमा चयन गरिएको थियो। उनले ९ मे २०२६ मा पश्चिम बंगालका ९औँ [[पश्चिम बंगालका मुख्यमन्त्री|मुख्यमन्त्री]]का रूपमा शपथ लिने कार्यक्रम तय गरिएको थियो, जससँगै उनी उक्त पद सम्हाल्ने [[भारतीय जनता पार्टी]]का पहिलो मुख्यमन्त्री बन्नेछन्।<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2026 |title=BJP elects legislative party leader in West Bengal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/bjp-west-bengal-legislative-party-meeting-2026-0000000/ |work=The Indian Express }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2026 |title=West Bengal to get first BJP Chief Minister on May 9 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/west-bengal/west-bengal-bjp-chief-minister-swearing-in/article000000.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> == पश्चिम बंगालका मुख्यमन्त्री (२०२६–हालसम्म) == उनी ९ मे २०२६ मा [[कोलकाता]]स्थित [[ब्रिगेड परेड मैदान]]मा मुख्यमन्त्री पदको शपथ लिने कार्यक्रम तय गरिएको छ।<ref>{{Cite news |date=8 May 2026 |title=West Bengal government formation LIVE: Suvendu Adhikari elected new CM of Bengal, to take oath on May 9 |url=https://www.thehindu.com/elections/west-bengal-assembly/west-bengal-government-formation-live-updates-new-cm-to-be-elected-suvendu-adhikari-aide-death-sparks-unrest/article70954007.ece |work=The Hindu}}</ref> == सन्दर्भ == == बाह्य कडिहरू == {{Commons category}} {{Portal bar|जीवनी|राजनीति|भारत}} {{DEFAULTSORT:अधिकारी, शुभेन्दु}} 8yykl1u3uiisossmwaygqgzybe7mpv3 0 150685 1364985 1364984 2026-07-06T12:01:07Z KB Thakulla 31378 /* तथ्यांक */ 1364985 wikitext text/x-wiki '''२०२६ महिला टि२० विश्वकप''' [[आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप]]को दसौं संस्करण हो। यो प्रतियोगिताको आयोजक [[इङ्ल्यान्ड]] र [[वेल्स]] रहेका छ। {{Infobox cricket tournament | name = २०२६ महिला टि२० विश्वकप | image = | imagesize = | caption = | fromdate =१२ जुन | todate = ५ जुलाई २०२६ | administrator = [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] | cricket format = [[महिला टि२० इन्टरनेशनल]] | host = {{flag|इङ्ल्यान्ड}} <br> {{flag|वेल्स}} | champions = {{flag|अस्ट्रेलिया}} | count = ७ | runner up = {{flag|इङ्ल्यान्ड}} | participants = १२ | matches = ३३ | player of the series = {{flagicon|AUS}} बेथ मुनी | most runs = {{flagicon|ENG}} डेनि वायट हज (३०२) | most wickets ={{flagicon|IND}} श्री चरणी (१४) | website = {{url|https://womens.t20worldcup.com}} | previous_year = २०२४ | previous_tournament = २०२४ आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप | next_year = २०२८ | next_tournament = २०२६ आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप }} ==टिम छनोट == {| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left col3left" |+ प्रतियोगितामा छनोट भएका टिमहरू ! scope=col | छनोट तरिका ! scope=col | टिम संख्या ! scope=col | टिमहरू ! scope=col | [[:en:ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|WT20I रेङ्किङ]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/womens/t20i|title=ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]|access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref> |- | आयोजक || '''1''' || {{crw|ENG}} || 2 |- | rowspan="5" | [[:en:2024 Women's T20 World Cup|२०२४ टि२० विश्वकप]]<br/><small>(प्रतियोगिताका शिर्ष ५ टिमहरू, आयोजक बाहेक)</small> || rowspan="5" | '''5''' || {{crw|AUS}} || 1 |- | {{crw|IND}} || 3 |- | {{nobr|{{crw|NZ}}}} || 4 |- | {{crw|SA}} || 5 |- | {{crw|WIN}} || 7 |- | rowspan="2" | [[:en:ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|महिला टि२०आई रेङ्किङ]] || rowspan="2" | '''2''' || {{crw|PAK}} || 8 |- | {{crw|SL}} || 6 |- | rowspan="4" | [[:en:2026 Women's T20 World Cup Qualifier|२०२६ टि२० महिला विश्वकप क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan="4" | '''4''' || {{crw|BAN}} || 10 |- | {{crw|IRE}} || 9 |- | {{crw|NED}} || 14 |- | {{crw|SCO}} || 11 |- class=sortbottom ! जम्मा || 12 || || |} ==खेल स्थान== {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="4" | इङ्ग्ल्याण्डमा खेल स्थानहरू |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="4" | {{location map+ |UK|float=center |width=350 |caption= |alt=A map of England with pin-points on 2026 Women's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{Location map~ |UK |lat=52.46 |long=-1.90 |position=right |label=[[:en:Edgbaston Cricket Ground|एजबस्टन]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.48 |long=-2.58 |position=left |label=[[:en:Bristol County Ground|ब्रिस्टोल]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=53.82 |long=-1.58 |position=right |label=[[:en:Headingley Cricket Ground| हेडिङ्ले]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=53.48 |long=-2.25 |position=left |label=[[:en:Old Trafford Cricket Ground|ओल्ड ट्राफोल्ड]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.53 |long=-0.17 |position=top |label=[[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.48 |long=-0.11 |position=bottom |label=[[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=50.92 |long=-1.32 |position=left |label=[[:en:Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|रोज बाउल]]}} }} |- ! [[:en:Birmingham|बिरमिङ्गम]] ! [[:en:Bristol|ब्रिस्टोल]] ! [[:en:Leeds|लिड्स]] ! [[लण्डन]] |- | [[:en:Edgbaston Cricket Ground|एजबस्टन क्रिकेट ग्राउण्ड]] | [[:en:Bristol County Ground|कन्ट्री ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Headingley Cricket Ground|हिडिङ्ले क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]] |- | क्षमता: '''25,000''' | क्षमता: '''17,500''' | क्षमता: '''18,350''' | क्षमता: '''31,100''' |- | म्याचहरू: '''4''' | म्याचहरू: '''6''' | म्याचहरू: '''5''' | म्याचहरू: '''4 फाइनल''' |- | [[File:Edgbaston---close-of-play.jpg|150px|alt=Edgbaston Cricket Ground in ]] | [[File:Bristol County Ground.jpg|150px|alt=Bristol County Ground in ]] | [[File:Headingley Cricket Stadium.jpg|150px|alt=Headingley Cricket Ground in ]] | [[File:Lords-Cricket-Ground-Pavilion-06-08-2017.jpg|150px|alt=Lord's in 2017]] |- ! [[लण्डन]] ! [[:en:Manchester|म्यान्चेस्टर]] ! [[:en:Southampton|साउथह्याम्पटन]] |- | [[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]] | [[:en:Old Trafford Cricket Ground|ओल्ड ट्राफोर्ड क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|रोज बाउल]] |- | क्षमता: '''27,500''' | क्षमता: '''26,000''' | क्षमता: '''25,000''' |- | म्याचहरू: '''3 (सेमिफाइनलहरू)''' | म्याचहरू: '''5''' | म्याचहरू: '''6''' |- | [[File:OCS Stand (Surrey v Yorkshire in foreground).JPG|150px|alt=The Oval in ]] | [[File:Old Trafford Cricket Ground August 2014 (cropped).jpg|150px|alt=Old Trafford Cricket Ground in 2014]] | [[File:Pavilion stands.JPG|150px|alt=Rose Bowl in ]] |} ==समूह चरण== ===समूह A=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !width=150| क्र. सं. !width=150| टिम !width=20 | खेल !width=20 | जित !width=20 | हार !width=20 | टाइ !width=20 | न.बि. !width=20 | अङ्क !width=20 | नेट रन रेट !width=20 | क्वालिफिकेशन |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| १ || {{crw|AUS}} || ५ || ५ || ० || ० || ० || '''१०''' || +३.८८२ ||rowspan = "2"|प्लेअफ चरण प्रवेश |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| २ || {{crw|SA}} || ५ || ४ || १ || ० || ० || '''८''' || +०.६३३ |- |align=left| ३ || {{crw|IND}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || +१.७१८ ||rowspan = "4"| |- |align=left| ४ || {{crw|PAK}} || ५ || २ || ३ || ० || ० || '''४''' || -०.७१० |- |align=left| ५ || {{crw|BAN}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -१.८७२ |- |align=left| ६ || {{crw|NED}} || ५ || ० || ५ || ० || ० || '''०''' || -३.२७६ |} ===समूह B=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !width=150| क्र. सं. !width=150| टिम !width=20 | खेल !width=20 | जित !width=20 | हार !width=20 | टाइ !width=20 | न.बि. !width=20 | अङ्क !width=20 | नेट रन रेट !width=20 | क्वालिफिकेशन |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| १ || {{crw|ENG}} || ५ || ५ || ० || ० || ० || '''१०''' || +२.१३४ ||rowspan = "2"|प्लेअफ चरण प्रवेश |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| २ || {{crw|WIN}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || -०.१४७ |- |align=left| ३ || {{crw|SL}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || -०.७२५ ||rowspan = "4"| |- |align=left| ४ || {{crw|NZ}} || ५ || २ || ३ || ० || ० || '''४''' || -०.११८ |- |align=left| ५ || {{crw|SCO}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -०.२३२ |- |align=left| ६ || {{crw|IRE}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -०.८७५ |} ==नकआउट चरण== {{4TeamBracket |team-width=170px |score-width=150px |RD1= '''[[:en:2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup knockout stage#Semi-finals|सेमिफाइनल]]''' |RD1-text1= |RD1-seed1= '''A1''' |RD1-team1= '''{{crw|AUS}}''' |RD1-score1= '''127/2 (13 ओभर)''' |RD1-seed2= B2 |RD1-team2= {{crw|WIN}} |RD1-score2= {{nobr|125/7 (20 ओभर)}} |RD1-text2= |RD1-seed3= '''B1''' |RD1-team3= '''{{crw|ENG}}''' |RD1-score3= '''169/5 (20 ओभर)''' |RD1-seed4= A2 |RD1-team4= {{nobr|{{crw|SA}}}} |RD1-score4= 129/8 (20 ओभर) |RD2= '''[[:en:2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup final|फाइनल]]''' |RD2-text2= |RD2-seed1= '''SF1W''' |RD2-team1= '''{{crw|AUS}}''' |RD2-score1= '''153/3 (17.1 ओभर) |RD2-seed2= SF2W |RD2-team2= {{nobr|{{crw|ENG}}}} |RD2-score2= {{nobr|150/4 (20 ओभर)}} }} ===सेमिफाइनल === {{Single-innings cricket match | date = ३० जुन २०२६{{anchor|Match21}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|WIN}} | team2 = {{crw|AUS}} | score1 = 125/7 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 127/2 (13 ओभर) | result = अष्ट्रेलिया ८ विकेटले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490707.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:The Oval|ओभल]], [[लण्डन]] }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match | date = २ जुलाई २०२६ {{anchor|Match22}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}} | team2 = {{crw|SA}} | score1 = 169/5 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 129/8 (20 ओभर) | result = इङ्गल्यान्ड ४० रनले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490708.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]], [[लण्डन]] }} ===फाइनल=== {{Single-innings cricket match | date = ५ जुलाई २०२६ {{anchor|Match23}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}} | team2 = {{crw|AUS}} | score1 = 150/4 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 153/3 (17.1 ओभर) | result = अष्ट्रेलिया ७ विकेटले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490709.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]], [[लण्डन]] }} ==तथ्यांक== {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक रन<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-17195|title=Most runs carrer |publisher=Espncricinfo}} </ref> ! scope=col | रन ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- !302 | [[:en:Danni Wyatt-Hodge|डेनी वायट हज]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- !238 | [[:en:Beth Mooney|बेथ मुनी]] || {{crw|AUS}} |- !227 | [[:en:Nat Sciver-Brunt|न्याट सिभर-ब्रुन्ट]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- !225 | [[:en:Tazmin Brits|ताजमिन ब्रिट्स]] || {{crw|SA}} |- !208 | [[:en:Darcey Carter|डार्सी कार्टर]] || {{crw|SCO}} |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक विकेट<ref name="mww">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament-rec|id=icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-17195|rec=most wickets|access-date=27 June 2026|dynamic=y}}</ref> ! scope=col | विकेट ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- !14 | [[:en:Shree Charani|श्रि चरणी]] || {{crw|IND}} |- !rowspan=2|11 | [[:en:Sophie Molineux|सोफी मोलिन्यु]] || {{crw|AUS}} |- | [[:en:Fatima Sana|फतिमा सना]] || {{crw|PAK}} |- !rowspan=3|10 | [[:en:Sophie Ecclestone|सोफी एकल्टन]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- | [[:en:Hayley Matthews|हेली म्याथुज]] || {{crw|WIN}} |- | [[:en:Charlie Dean|चार्ली डिन]] || {{crw|ENG}} |} ==सन्दर्भ == {{reflist}} [[en:2026 Women's T20 World Cup]] l3ubhqn79ulwz57mkvjfl49btf7svy9 1364987 1364985 2026-07-06T12:03:37Z KB Thakulla 31378 /* तथ्यांक */ 1364987 wikitext text/x-wiki '''२०२६ महिला टि२० विश्वकप''' [[आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप]]को दसौं संस्करण हो। यो प्रतियोगिताको आयोजक [[इङ्ल्यान्ड]] र [[वेल्स]] रहेका छ। {{Infobox cricket tournament | name = २०२६ महिला टि२० विश्वकप | image = | imagesize = | caption = | fromdate =१२ जुन | todate = ५ जुलाई २०२६ | administrator = [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] | cricket format = [[महिला टि२० इन्टरनेशनल]] | host = {{flag|इङ्ल्यान्ड}} <br> {{flag|वेल्स}} | champions = {{flag|अस्ट्रेलिया}} | count = ७ | runner up = {{flag|इङ्ल्यान्ड}} | participants = १२ | matches = ३३ | player of the series = {{flagicon|AUS}} बेथ मुनी | most runs = {{flagicon|ENG}} डेनि वायट हज (३०२) | most wickets ={{flagicon|IND}} श्री चरणी (१४) | website = {{url|https://womens.t20worldcup.com}} | previous_year = २०२४ | previous_tournament = २०२४ आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप | next_year = २०२८ | next_tournament = २०२६ आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप }} ==टिम छनोट == {| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left col3left" |+ प्रतियोगितामा छनोट भएका टिमहरू ! scope=col | छनोट तरिका ! scope=col | टिम संख्या ! scope=col | टिमहरू ! scope=col | [[:en:ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|WT20I रेङ्किङ]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/womens/t20i|title=ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]|access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref> |- | आयोजक || '''1''' || {{crw|ENG}} || 2 |- | rowspan="5" | [[:en:2024 Women's T20 World Cup|२०२४ टि२० विश्वकप]]<br/><small>(प्रतियोगिताका शिर्ष ५ टिमहरू, आयोजक बाहेक)</small> || rowspan="5" | '''5''' || {{crw|AUS}} || 1 |- | {{crw|IND}} || 3 |- | {{nobr|{{crw|NZ}}}} || 4 |- | {{crw|SA}} || 5 |- | {{crw|WIN}} || 7 |- | rowspan="2" | [[:en:ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|महिला टि२०आई रेङ्किङ]] || rowspan="2" | '''2''' || {{crw|PAK}} || 8 |- | {{crw|SL}} || 6 |- | rowspan="4" | [[:en:2026 Women's T20 World Cup Qualifier|२०२६ टि२० महिला विश्वकप क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan="4" | '''4''' || {{crw|BAN}} || 10 |- | {{crw|IRE}} || 9 |- | {{crw|NED}} || 14 |- | {{crw|SCO}} || 11 |- class=sortbottom ! जम्मा || 12 || || |} ==खेल स्थान== {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="4" | इङ्ग्ल्याण्डमा खेल स्थानहरू |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="4" | {{location map+ |UK|float=center |width=350 |caption= |alt=A map of England with pin-points on 2026 Women's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{Location map~ |UK |lat=52.46 |long=-1.90 |position=right |label=[[:en:Edgbaston Cricket Ground|एजबस्टन]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.48 |long=-2.58 |position=left |label=[[:en:Bristol County Ground|ब्रिस्टोल]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=53.82 |long=-1.58 |position=right |label=[[:en:Headingley Cricket Ground| हेडिङ्ले]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=53.48 |long=-2.25 |position=left |label=[[:en:Old Trafford Cricket Ground|ओल्ड ट्राफोल्ड]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.53 |long=-0.17 |position=top |label=[[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.48 |long=-0.11 |position=bottom |label=[[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=50.92 |long=-1.32 |position=left |label=[[:en:Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|रोज बाउल]]}} }} |- ! [[:en:Birmingham|बिरमिङ्गम]] ! [[:en:Bristol|ब्रिस्टोल]] ! [[:en:Leeds|लिड्स]] ! [[लण्डन]] |- | [[:en:Edgbaston Cricket Ground|एजबस्टन क्रिकेट ग्राउण्ड]] | [[:en:Bristol County Ground|कन्ट्री ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Headingley Cricket Ground|हिडिङ्ले क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]] |- | क्षमता: '''25,000''' | क्षमता: '''17,500''' | क्षमता: '''18,350''' | क्षमता: '''31,100''' |- | म्याचहरू: '''4''' | म्याचहरू: '''6''' | म्याचहरू: '''5''' | म्याचहरू: '''4 फाइनल''' |- | [[File:Edgbaston---close-of-play.jpg|150px|alt=Edgbaston Cricket Ground in ]] | [[File:Bristol County Ground.jpg|150px|alt=Bristol County Ground in ]] | [[File:Headingley Cricket Stadium.jpg|150px|alt=Headingley Cricket Ground in ]] | [[File:Lords-Cricket-Ground-Pavilion-06-08-2017.jpg|150px|alt=Lord's in 2017]] |- ! [[लण्डन]] ! [[:en:Manchester|म्यान्चेस्टर]] ! [[:en:Southampton|साउथह्याम्पटन]] |- | [[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]] | [[:en:Old Trafford Cricket Ground|ओल्ड ट्राफोर्ड क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|रोज बाउल]] |- | क्षमता: '''27,500''' | क्षमता: '''26,000''' | क्षमता: '''25,000''' |- | म्याचहरू: '''3 (सेमिफाइनलहरू)''' | म्याचहरू: '''5''' | म्याचहरू: '''6''' |- | [[File:OCS Stand (Surrey v Yorkshire in foreground).JPG|150px|alt=The Oval in ]] | [[File:Old Trafford Cricket Ground August 2014 (cropped).jpg|150px|alt=Old Trafford Cricket Ground in 2014]] | [[File:Pavilion stands.JPG|150px|alt=Rose Bowl in ]] |} ==समूह चरण== ===समूह A=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !width=150| क्र. सं. !width=150| टिम !width=20 | खेल !width=20 | जित !width=20 | हार !width=20 | टाइ !width=20 | न.बि. !width=20 | अङ्क !width=20 | नेट रन रेट !width=20 | क्वालिफिकेशन |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| १ || {{crw|AUS}} || ५ || ५ || ० || ० || ० || '''१०''' || +३.८८२ ||rowspan = "2"|प्लेअफ चरण प्रवेश |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| २ || {{crw|SA}} || ५ || ४ || १ || ० || ० || '''८''' || +०.६३३ |- |align=left| ३ || {{crw|IND}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || +१.७१८ ||rowspan = "4"| |- |align=left| ४ || {{crw|PAK}} || ५ || २ || ३ || ० || ० || '''४''' || -०.७१० |- |align=left| ५ || {{crw|BAN}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -१.८७२ |- |align=left| ६ || {{crw|NED}} || ५ || ० || ५ || ० || ० || '''०''' || -३.२७६ |} ===समूह B=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !width=150| क्र. सं. !width=150| टिम !width=20 | खेल !width=20 | जित !width=20 | हार !width=20 | टाइ !width=20 | न.बि. !width=20 | अङ्क !width=20 | नेट रन रेट !width=20 | क्वालिफिकेशन |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| १ || {{crw|ENG}} || ५ || ५ || ० || ० || ० || '''१०''' || +२.१३४ ||rowspan = "2"|प्लेअफ चरण प्रवेश |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| २ || {{crw|WIN}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || -०.१४७ |- |align=left| ३ || {{crw|SL}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || -०.७२५ ||rowspan = "4"| |- |align=left| ४ || {{crw|NZ}} || ५ || २ || ३ || ० || ० || '''४''' || -०.११८ |- |align=left| ५ || {{crw|SCO}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -०.२३२ |- |align=left| ६ || {{crw|IRE}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -०.८७५ |} ==नकआउट चरण== {{4TeamBracket |team-width=170px |score-width=150px |RD1= '''[[:en:2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup knockout stage#Semi-finals|सेमिफाइनल]]''' |RD1-text1= |RD1-seed1= '''A1''' |RD1-team1= '''{{crw|AUS}}''' |RD1-score1= '''127/2 (13 ओभर)''' |RD1-seed2= B2 |RD1-team2= {{crw|WIN}} |RD1-score2= {{nobr|125/7 (20 ओभर)}} |RD1-text2= |RD1-seed3= '''B1''' |RD1-team3= '''{{crw|ENG}}''' |RD1-score3= '''169/5 (20 ओभर)''' |RD1-seed4= A2 |RD1-team4= {{nobr|{{crw|SA}}}} |RD1-score4= 129/8 (20 ओभर) |RD2= '''[[:en:2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup final|फाइनल]]''' |RD2-text2= |RD2-seed1= '''SF1W''' |RD2-team1= '''{{crw|AUS}}''' |RD2-score1= '''153/3 (17.1 ओभर) |RD2-seed2= SF2W |RD2-team2= {{nobr|{{crw|ENG}}}} |RD2-score2= {{nobr|150/4 (20 ओभर)}} }} ===सेमिफाइनल === {{Single-innings cricket match | date = ३० जुन २०२६{{anchor|Match21}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|WIN}} | team2 = {{crw|AUS}} | score1 = 125/7 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 127/2 (13 ओभर) | result = अष्ट्रेलिया ८ विकेटले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490707.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:The Oval|ओभल]], [[लण्डन]] }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match | date = २ जुलाई २०२६ {{anchor|Match22}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}} | team2 = {{crw|SA}} | score1 = 169/5 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 129/8 (20 ओभर) | result = इङ्गल्यान्ड ४० रनले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490708.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]], [[लण्डन]] }} ===फाइनल=== {{Single-innings cricket match | date = ५ जुलाई २०२६ {{anchor|Match23}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}} | team2 = {{crw|AUS}} | score1 = 150/4 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 153/3 (17.1 ओभर) | result = अष्ट्रेलिया ७ विकेटले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490709.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]], [[लण्डन]] }} ==तथ्यांक== {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक रन<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-17195|title=Most runs carrer |publisher=Espncricinfo|access-date=5 June 2026}} </ref> ! scope=col | रन ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- !302 | [[:en:Danni Wyatt-Hodge|डेनी वायट हज]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- !238 | [[:en:Beth Mooney|बेथ मुनी]] || {{crw|AUS}} |- !227 | [[:en:Nat Sciver-Brunt|न्याट सिभर-ब्रुन्ट]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- !225 | [[:en:Tazmin Brits|ताजमिन ब्रिट्स]] || {{crw|SA}} |- !208 | [[:en:Darcey Carter|डार्सी कार्टर]] || {{crw|SCO}} |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक विकेट<ref name="mww">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament-rec|id=icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-17195|rec=most wickets|access-date=27 June 2026|dynamic=y}}</ref> ! scope=col | विकेट ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- !14 | [[:en:Shree Charani|श्रि चरणी]] || {{crw|IND}} |- !rowspan=2|11 | [[:en:Sophie Molineux|सोफी मोलिन्यु]] || {{crw|AUS}} |- | [[:en:Fatima Sana|फतिमा सना]] || {{crw|PAK}} |- !rowspan=3|10 | [[:en:Sophie Ecclestone|सोफी एकल्टन]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- | [[:en:Hayley Matthews|हेली म्याथुज]] || {{crw|WIN}} |- | [[:en:Charlie Dean|चार्ली डिन]] || {{crw|ENG}} |} ==सन्दर्भ == {{reflist}} [[en:2026 Women's T20 World Cup]] rbzkq5beze1od4vyuyrv7xn4w54nmt0 1364988 1364987 2026-07-06T12:03:53Z KB Thakulla 31378 /* तथ्यांक */ 1364988 wikitext text/x-wiki '''२०२६ महिला टि२० विश्वकप''' [[आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप]]को दसौं संस्करण हो। यो प्रतियोगिताको आयोजक [[इङ्ल्यान्ड]] र [[वेल्स]] रहेका छ। {{Infobox cricket tournament | name = २०२६ महिला टि२० विश्वकप | image = | imagesize = | caption = | fromdate =१२ जुन | todate = ५ जुलाई २०२६ | administrator = [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] | cricket format = [[महिला टि२० इन्टरनेशनल]] | host = {{flag|इङ्ल्यान्ड}} <br> {{flag|वेल्स}} | champions = {{flag|अस्ट्रेलिया}} | count = ७ | runner up = {{flag|इङ्ल्यान्ड}} | participants = १२ | matches = ३३ | player of the series = {{flagicon|AUS}} बेथ मुनी | most runs = {{flagicon|ENG}} डेनि वायट हज (३०२) | most wickets ={{flagicon|IND}} श्री चरणी (१४) | website = {{url|https://womens.t20worldcup.com}} | previous_year = २०२४ | previous_tournament = २०२४ आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप | next_year = २०२८ | next_tournament = २०२६ आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप }} ==टिम छनोट == {| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left col3left" |+ प्रतियोगितामा छनोट भएका टिमहरू ! scope=col | छनोट तरिका ! scope=col | टिम संख्या ! scope=col | टिमहरू ! scope=col | [[:en:ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|WT20I रेङ्किङ]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/womens/t20i|title=ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]|access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref> |- | आयोजक || '''1''' || {{crw|ENG}} || 2 |- | rowspan="5" | [[:en:2024 Women's T20 World Cup|२०२४ टि२० विश्वकप]]<br/><small>(प्रतियोगिताका शिर्ष ५ टिमहरू, आयोजक बाहेक)</small> || rowspan="5" | '''5''' || {{crw|AUS}} || 1 |- | {{crw|IND}} || 3 |- | {{nobr|{{crw|NZ}}}} || 4 |- | {{crw|SA}} || 5 |- | {{crw|WIN}} || 7 |- | rowspan="2" | [[:en:ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|महिला टि२०आई रेङ्किङ]] || rowspan="2" | '''2''' || {{crw|PAK}} || 8 |- | {{crw|SL}} || 6 |- | rowspan="4" | [[:en:2026 Women's T20 World Cup Qualifier|२०२६ टि२० महिला विश्वकप क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan="4" | '''4''' || {{crw|BAN}} || 10 |- | {{crw|IRE}} || 9 |- | {{crw|NED}} || 14 |- | {{crw|SCO}} || 11 |- class=sortbottom ! जम्मा || 12 || || |} ==खेल स्थान== {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="4" | इङ्ग्ल्याण्डमा खेल स्थानहरू |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="4" | {{location map+ |UK|float=center |width=350 |caption= |alt=A map of England with pin-points on 2026 Women's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{Location map~ |UK |lat=52.46 |long=-1.90 |position=right |label=[[:en:Edgbaston Cricket Ground|एजबस्टन]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.48 |long=-2.58 |position=left |label=[[:en:Bristol County Ground|ब्रिस्टोल]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=53.82 |long=-1.58 |position=right |label=[[:en:Headingley Cricket Ground| हेडिङ्ले]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=53.48 |long=-2.25 |position=left |label=[[:en:Old Trafford Cricket Ground|ओल्ड ट्राफोल्ड]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.53 |long=-0.17 |position=top |label=[[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.48 |long=-0.11 |position=bottom |label=[[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=50.92 |long=-1.32 |position=left |label=[[:en:Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|रोज बाउल]]}} }} |- ! [[:en:Birmingham|बिरमिङ्गम]] ! [[:en:Bristol|ब्रिस्टोल]] ! [[:en:Leeds|लिड्स]] ! [[लण्डन]] |- | [[:en:Edgbaston Cricket Ground|एजबस्टन क्रिकेट ग्राउण्ड]] | [[:en:Bristol County Ground|कन्ट्री ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Headingley Cricket Ground|हिडिङ्ले क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]] |- | क्षमता: '''25,000''' | क्षमता: '''17,500''' | क्षमता: '''18,350''' | क्षमता: '''31,100''' |- | म्याचहरू: '''4''' | म्याचहरू: '''6''' | म्याचहरू: '''5''' | म्याचहरू: '''4 फाइनल''' |- | [[File:Edgbaston---close-of-play.jpg|150px|alt=Edgbaston Cricket Ground in ]] | [[File:Bristol County Ground.jpg|150px|alt=Bristol County Ground in ]] | [[File:Headingley Cricket Stadium.jpg|150px|alt=Headingley Cricket Ground in ]] | [[File:Lords-Cricket-Ground-Pavilion-06-08-2017.jpg|150px|alt=Lord's in 2017]] |- ! [[लण्डन]] ! [[:en:Manchester|म्यान्चेस्टर]] ! [[:en:Southampton|साउथह्याम्पटन]] |- | [[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]] | [[:en:Old Trafford Cricket Ground|ओल्ड ट्राफोर्ड क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|रोज बाउल]] |- | क्षमता: '''27,500''' | क्षमता: '''26,000''' | क्षमता: '''25,000''' |- | म्याचहरू: '''3 (सेमिफाइनलहरू)''' | म्याचहरू: '''5''' | म्याचहरू: '''6''' |- | [[File:OCS Stand (Surrey v Yorkshire in foreground).JPG|150px|alt=The Oval in ]] | [[File:Old Trafford Cricket Ground August 2014 (cropped).jpg|150px|alt=Old Trafford Cricket Ground in 2014]] | [[File:Pavilion stands.JPG|150px|alt=Rose Bowl in ]] |} ==समूह चरण== ===समूह A=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !width=150| क्र. सं. !width=150| टिम !width=20 | खेल !width=20 | जित !width=20 | हार !width=20 | टाइ !width=20 | न.बि. !width=20 | अङ्क !width=20 | नेट रन रेट !width=20 | क्वालिफिकेशन |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| १ || {{crw|AUS}} || ५ || ५ || ० || ० || ० || '''१०''' || +३.८८२ ||rowspan = "2"|प्लेअफ चरण प्रवेश |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| २ || {{crw|SA}} || ५ || ४ || १ || ० || ० || '''८''' || +०.६३३ |- |align=left| ३ || {{crw|IND}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || +१.७१८ ||rowspan = "4"| |- |align=left| ४ || {{crw|PAK}} || ५ || २ || ३ || ० || ० || '''४''' || -०.७१० |- |align=left| ५ || {{crw|BAN}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -१.८७२ |- |align=left| ६ || {{crw|NED}} || ५ || ० || ५ || ० || ० || '''०''' || -३.२७६ |} ===समूह B=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !width=150| क्र. सं. !width=150| टिम !width=20 | खेल !width=20 | जित !width=20 | हार !width=20 | टाइ !width=20 | न.बि. !width=20 | अङ्क !width=20 | नेट रन रेट !width=20 | क्वालिफिकेशन |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| १ || {{crw|ENG}} || ५ || ५ || ० || ० || ० || '''१०''' || +२.१३४ ||rowspan = "2"|प्लेअफ चरण प्रवेश |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| २ || {{crw|WIN}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || -०.१४७ |- |align=left| ३ || {{crw|SL}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || -०.७२५ ||rowspan = "4"| |- |align=left| ४ || {{crw|NZ}} || ५ || २ || ३ || ० || ० || '''४''' || -०.११८ |- |align=left| ५ || {{crw|SCO}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -०.२३२ |- |align=left| ६ || {{crw|IRE}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -०.८७५ |} ==नकआउट चरण== {{4TeamBracket |team-width=170px |score-width=150px |RD1= '''[[:en:2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup knockout stage#Semi-finals|सेमिफाइनल]]''' |RD1-text1= |RD1-seed1= '''A1''' |RD1-team1= '''{{crw|AUS}}''' |RD1-score1= '''127/2 (13 ओभर)''' |RD1-seed2= B2 |RD1-team2= {{crw|WIN}} |RD1-score2= {{nobr|125/7 (20 ओभर)}} |RD1-text2= |RD1-seed3= '''B1''' |RD1-team3= '''{{crw|ENG}}''' |RD1-score3= '''169/5 (20 ओभर)''' |RD1-seed4= A2 |RD1-team4= {{nobr|{{crw|SA}}}} |RD1-score4= 129/8 (20 ओभर) |RD2= '''[[:en:2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup final|फाइनल]]''' |RD2-text2= |RD2-seed1= '''SF1W''' |RD2-team1= '''{{crw|AUS}}''' |RD2-score1= '''153/3 (17.1 ओभर) |RD2-seed2= SF2W |RD2-team2= {{nobr|{{crw|ENG}}}} |RD2-score2= {{nobr|150/4 (20 ओभर)}} }} ===सेमिफाइनल === {{Single-innings cricket match | date = ३० जुन २०२६{{anchor|Match21}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|WIN}} | team2 = {{crw|AUS}} | score1 = 125/7 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 127/2 (13 ओभर) | result = अष्ट्रेलिया ८ विकेटले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490707.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:The Oval|ओभल]], [[लण्डन]] }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match | date = २ जुलाई २०२६ {{anchor|Match22}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}} | team2 = {{crw|SA}} | score1 = 169/5 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 129/8 (20 ओभर) | result = इङ्गल्यान्ड ४० रनले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490708.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]], [[लण्डन]] }} ===फाइनल=== {{Single-innings cricket match | date = ५ जुलाई २०२६ {{anchor|Match23}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}} | team2 = {{crw|AUS}} | score1 = 150/4 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 153/3 (17.1 ओभर) | result = अष्ट्रेलिया ७ विकेटले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490709.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]], [[लण्डन]] }} ==तथ्यांक== {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक रन<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-17195|title=Most runs carrer |publisher=Espncricinfo|access-date=5 July 2026}} </ref> ! scope=col | रन ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- !302 | [[:en:Danni Wyatt-Hodge|डेनी वायट हज]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- !238 | [[:en:Beth Mooney|बेथ मुनी]] || {{crw|AUS}} |- !227 | [[:en:Nat Sciver-Brunt|न्याट सिभर-ब्रुन्ट]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- !225 | [[:en:Tazmin Brits|ताजमिन ब्रिट्स]] || {{crw|SA}} |- !208 | [[:en:Darcey Carter|डार्सी कार्टर]] || {{crw|SCO}} |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक विकेट<ref name="mww">{{ESPNcricinfo 2|tournament-rec|id=icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-17195|rec=most wickets|access-date=27 June 2026|dynamic=y}}</ref> ! scope=col | विकेट ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- !14 | [[:en:Shree Charani|श्रि चरणी]] || {{crw|IND}} |- !rowspan=2|11 | [[:en:Sophie Molineux|सोफी मोलिन्यु]] || {{crw|AUS}} |- | [[:en:Fatima Sana|फतिमा सना]] || {{crw|PAK}} |- !rowspan=3|10 | [[:en:Sophie Ecclestone|सोफी एकल्टन]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- | [[:en:Hayley Matthews|हेली म्याथुज]] || {{crw|WIN}} |- | [[:en:Charlie Dean|चार्ली डिन]] || {{crw|ENG}} |} ==सन्दर्भ == {{reflist}} [[en:2026 Women's T20 World Cup]] 5zfsxsgts0xlcqjyg62lq1flpk2fmx2 1364990 1364988 2026-07-06T12:08:20Z KB Thakulla 31378 /* तथ्यांक */ 1364990 wikitext text/x-wiki '''२०२६ महिला टि२० विश्वकप''' [[आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप]]को दसौं संस्करण हो। यो प्रतियोगिताको आयोजक [[इङ्ल्यान्ड]] र [[वेल्स]] रहेका छ। {{Infobox cricket tournament | name = २०२६ महिला टि२० विश्वकप | image = | imagesize = | caption = | fromdate =१२ जुन | todate = ५ जुलाई २०२६ | administrator = [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] | cricket format = [[महिला टि२० इन्टरनेशनल]] | host = {{flag|इङ्ल्यान्ड}} <br> {{flag|वेल्स}} | champions = {{flag|अस्ट्रेलिया}} | count = ७ | runner up = {{flag|इङ्ल्यान्ड}} | participants = १२ | matches = ३३ | player of the series = {{flagicon|AUS}} बेथ मुनी | most runs = {{flagicon|ENG}} डेनि वायट हज (३०२) | most wickets ={{flagicon|IND}} श्री चरणी (१४) | website = {{url|https://womens.t20worldcup.com}} | previous_year = २०२४ | previous_tournament = २०२४ आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप | next_year = २०२८ | next_tournament = २०२६ आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप }} ==टिम छनोट == {| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left col3left" |+ प्रतियोगितामा छनोट भएका टिमहरू ! scope=col | छनोट तरिका ! scope=col | टिम संख्या ! scope=col | टिमहरू ! scope=col | [[:en:ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|WT20I रेङ्किङ]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/womens/t20i|title=ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|publisher=[[International Cricket Council]]|access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref> |- | आयोजक || '''1''' || {{crw|ENG}} || 2 |- | rowspan="5" | [[:en:2024 Women's T20 World Cup|२०२४ टि२० विश्वकप]]<br/><small>(प्रतियोगिताका शिर्ष ५ टिमहरू, आयोजक बाहेक)</small> || rowspan="5" | '''5''' || {{crw|AUS}} || 1 |- | {{crw|IND}} || 3 |- | {{nobr|{{crw|NZ}}}} || 4 |- | {{crw|SA}} || 5 |- | {{crw|WIN}} || 7 |- | rowspan="2" | [[:en:ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|महिला टि२०आई रेङ्किङ]] || rowspan="2" | '''2''' || {{crw|PAK}} || 8 |- | {{crw|SL}} || 6 |- | rowspan="4" | [[:en:2026 Women's T20 World Cup Qualifier|२०२६ टि२० महिला विश्वकप क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan="4" | '''4''' || {{crw|BAN}} || 10 |- | {{crw|IRE}} || 9 |- | {{crw|NED}} || 14 |- | {{crw|SCO}} || 11 |- class=sortbottom ! जम्मा || 12 || || |} ==खेल स्थान== {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="4" | इङ्ग्ल्याण्डमा खेल स्थानहरू |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="4" | {{location map+ |UK|float=center |width=350 |caption= |alt=A map of England with pin-points on 2026 Women's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{Location map~ |UK |lat=52.46 |long=-1.90 |position=right |label=[[:en:Edgbaston Cricket Ground|एजबस्टन]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.48 |long=-2.58 |position=left |label=[[:en:Bristol County Ground|ब्रिस्टोल]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=53.82 |long=-1.58 |position=right |label=[[:en:Headingley Cricket Ground| हेडिङ्ले]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=53.48 |long=-2.25 |position=left |label=[[:en:Old Trafford Cricket Ground|ओल्ड ट्राफोल्ड]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.53 |long=-0.17 |position=top |label=[[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.48 |long=-0.11 |position=bottom |label=[[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=50.92 |long=-1.32 |position=left |label=[[:en:Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|रोज बाउल]]}} }} |- ! [[:en:Birmingham|बिरमिङ्गम]] ! [[:en:Bristol|ब्रिस्टोल]] ! [[:en:Leeds|लिड्स]] ! [[लण्डन]] |- | [[:en:Edgbaston Cricket Ground|एजबस्टन क्रिकेट ग्राउण्ड]] | [[:en:Bristol County Ground|कन्ट्री ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Headingley Cricket Ground|हिडिङ्ले क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]] |- | क्षमता: '''25,000''' | क्षमता: '''17,500''' | क्षमता: '''18,350''' | क्षमता: '''31,100''' |- | म्याचहरू: '''4''' | म्याचहरू: '''6''' | म्याचहरू: '''5''' | म्याचहरू: '''4 फाइनल''' |- | [[File:Edgbaston---close-of-play.jpg|150px|alt=Edgbaston Cricket Ground in ]] | [[File:Bristol County Ground.jpg|150px|alt=Bristol County Ground in ]] | [[File:Headingley Cricket Stadium.jpg|150px|alt=Headingley Cricket Ground in ]] | [[File:Lords-Cricket-Ground-Pavilion-06-08-2017.jpg|150px|alt=Lord's in 2017]] |- ! [[लण्डन]] ! [[:en:Manchester|म्यान्चेस्टर]] ! [[:en:Southampton|साउथह्याम्पटन]] |- | [[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]] | [[:en:Old Trafford Cricket Ground|ओल्ड ट्राफोर्ड क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|रोज बाउल]] |- | क्षमता: '''27,500''' | क्षमता: '''26,000''' | क्षमता: '''25,000''' |- | म्याचहरू: '''3 (सेमिफाइनलहरू)''' | म्याचहरू: '''5''' | म्याचहरू: '''6''' |- | [[File:OCS Stand (Surrey v Yorkshire in foreground).JPG|150px|alt=The Oval in ]] | [[File:Old Trafford Cricket Ground August 2014 (cropped).jpg|150px|alt=Old Trafford Cricket Ground in 2014]] | [[File:Pavilion stands.JPG|150px|alt=Rose Bowl in ]] |} ==समूह चरण== ===समूह A=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !width=150| क्र. सं. !width=150| टिम !width=20 | खेल !width=20 | जित !width=20 | हार !width=20 | टाइ !width=20 | न.बि. !width=20 | अङ्क !width=20 | नेट रन रेट !width=20 | क्वालिफिकेशन |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| १ || {{crw|AUS}} || ५ || ५ || ० || ० || ० || '''१०''' || +३.८८२ ||rowspan = "2"|प्लेअफ चरण प्रवेश |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| २ || {{crw|SA}} || ५ || ४ || १ || ० || ० || '''८''' || +०.६३३ |- |align=left| ३ || {{crw|IND}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || +१.७१८ ||rowspan = "4"| |- |align=left| ४ || {{crw|PAK}} || ५ || २ || ३ || ० || ० || '''४''' || -०.७१० |- |align=left| ५ || {{crw|BAN}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -१.८७२ |- |align=left| ६ || {{crw|NED}} || ५ || ० || ५ || ० || ० || '''०''' || -३.२७६ |} ===समूह B=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !width=150| क्र. सं. !width=150| टिम !width=20 | खेल !width=20 | जित !width=20 | हार !width=20 | टाइ !width=20 | न.बि. !width=20 | अङ्क !width=20 | नेट रन रेट !width=20 | क्वालिफिकेशन |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| १ || {{crw|ENG}} || ५ || ५ || ० || ० || ० || '''१०''' || +२.१३४ ||rowspan = "2"|प्लेअफ चरण प्रवेश |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| २ || {{crw|WIN}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || -०.१४७ |- |align=left| ३ || {{crw|SL}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || -०.७२५ ||rowspan = "4"| |- |align=left| ४ || {{crw|NZ}} || ५ || २ || ३ || ० || ० || '''४''' || -०.११८ |- |align=left| ५ || {{crw|SCO}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -०.२३२ |- |align=left| ६ || {{crw|IRE}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -०.८७५ |} ==नकआउट चरण== {{4TeamBracket |team-width=170px |score-width=150px |RD1= '''[[:en:2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup knockout stage#Semi-finals|सेमिफाइनल]]''' |RD1-text1= |RD1-seed1= '''A1''' |RD1-team1= '''{{crw|AUS}}''' |RD1-score1= '''127/2 (13 ओभर)''' |RD1-seed2= B2 |RD1-team2= {{crw|WIN}} |RD1-score2= {{nobr|125/7 (20 ओभर)}} |RD1-text2= |RD1-seed3= '''B1''' |RD1-team3= '''{{crw|ENG}}''' |RD1-score3= '''169/5 (20 ओभर)''' |RD1-seed4= A2 |RD1-team4= {{nobr|{{crw|SA}}}} |RD1-score4= 129/8 (20 ओभर) |RD2= '''[[:en:2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup final|फाइनल]]''' |RD2-text2= |RD2-seed1= '''SF1W''' |RD2-team1= '''{{crw|AUS}}''' |RD2-score1= '''153/3 (17.1 ओभर) |RD2-seed2= SF2W |RD2-team2= {{nobr|{{crw|ENG}}}} |RD2-score2= {{nobr|150/4 (20 ओभर)}} }} ===सेमिफाइनल === {{Single-innings cricket match | date = ३० जुन २०२६{{anchor|Match21}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|WIN}} | team2 = {{crw|AUS}} | score1 = 125/7 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 127/2 (13 ओभर) | result = अष्ट्रेलिया ८ विकेटले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490707.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:The Oval|ओभल]], [[लण्डन]] }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match | date = २ जुलाई २०२६ {{anchor|Match22}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}} | team2 = {{crw|SA}} | score1 = 169/5 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 129/8 (20 ओभर) | result = इङ्गल्यान्ड ४० रनले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490708.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]], [[लण्डन]] }} ===फाइनल=== {{Single-innings cricket match | date = ५ जुलाई २०२६ {{anchor|Match23}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}} | team2 = {{crw|AUS}} | score1 = 150/4 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 153/3 (17.1 ओभर) | result = अष्ट्रेलिया ७ विकेटले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490709.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]], [[लण्डन]] }} ==तथ्यांक== {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक रन<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-17195|title=Most runs carrer |publisher=Espncricinfo|access-date=5 July 2026}} </ref> ! scope=col | रन ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- !302 | [[:en:Danni Wyatt-Hodge|डेनी वायट हज]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- !238 | [[:en:Beth Mooney|बेथ मुनी]] || {{crw|AUS}} |- !227 | [[:en:Nat Sciver-Brunt|न्याट सिभर-ब्रुन्ट]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- !225 | [[:en:Tazmin Brits|ताजमिन ब्रिट्स]] || {{crw|SA}} |- !208 | [[:en:Darcey Carter|डार्सी कार्टर]] || {{crw|SCO}} |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक विकेट<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-17195|title=most carrer wickets|publisher=epsncricinfo|access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref> ! scope=col | विकेट ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- !14 | [[:en:Shree Charani|श्रि चरणी]] || {{crw|IND}} |- !rowspan=2|11 | [[:en:Sophie Molineux|सोफी मोलिन्यु]] || {{crw|AUS}} |- | [[:en:Fatima Sana|फतिमा सना]] || {{crw|PAK}} |- !rowspan=3|10 | [[:en:Sophie Ecclestone|सोफी एकल्टन]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- | [[:en:Hayley Matthews|हेली म्याथुज]] || {{crw|WIN}} |- | [[:en:Charlie Dean|चार्ली डिन]] || {{crw|ENG}} |} ==सन्दर्भ == {{reflist}} [[en:2026 Women's T20 World Cup]] hfihx0rcxhx8auojit46k41ydinkncd 1364992 1364990 2026-07-06T12:10:10Z KB Thakulla 31378 /* टिम छनोट */ 1364992 wikitext text/x-wiki '''२०२६ महिला टि२० विश्वकप''' [[आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप]]को दसौं संस्करण हो। यो प्रतियोगिताको आयोजक [[इङ्ल्यान्ड]] र [[वेल्स]] रहेका छ। {{Infobox cricket tournament | name = २०२६ महिला टि२० विश्वकप | image = | imagesize = | caption = | fromdate =१२ जुन | todate = ५ जुलाई २०२६ | administrator = [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] | cricket format = [[महिला टि२० इन्टरनेशनल]] | host = {{flag|इङ्ल्यान्ड}} <br> {{flag|वेल्स}} | champions = {{flag|अस्ट्रेलिया}} | count = ७ | runner up = {{flag|इङ्ल्यान्ड}} | participants = १२ | matches = ३३ | player of the series = {{flagicon|AUS}} बेथ मुनी | most runs = {{flagicon|ENG}} डेनि वायट हज (३०२) | most wickets ={{flagicon|IND}} श्री चरणी (१४) | website = {{url|https://womens.t20worldcup.com}} | previous_year = २०२४ | previous_tournament = २०२४ आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप | next_year = २०२८ | next_tournament = २०२६ आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप }} ==टिम छनोट == {| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left col3left" |+ प्रतियोगितामा छनोट भएका टिमहरू ! scope=col | छनोट तरिका ! scope=col | टिम संख्या ! scope=col | टिमहरू ! scope=col | [[:en:ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|WT20I रेङ्किङ]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/womens/t20i|title=ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|publisher=International Cricket Council|access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref> |- | आयोजक || '''1''' || {{crw|ENG}} || 2 |- | rowspan="5" | [[:en:2024 Women's T20 World Cup|२०२४ टि२० विश्वकप]]<br/><small>(प्रतियोगिताका शिर्ष ५ टिमहरू, आयोजक बाहेक)</small> || rowspan="5" | '''5''' || {{crw|AUS}} || 1 |- | {{crw|IND}} || 3 |- | {{nobr|{{crw|NZ}}}} || 4 |- | {{crw|SA}} || 5 |- | {{crw|WIN}} || 7 |- | rowspan="2" | [[:en:ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|महिला टि२०आई रेङ्किङ]] || rowspan="2" | '''2''' || {{crw|PAK}} || 8 |- | {{crw|SL}} || 6 |- | rowspan="4" | [[:en:2026 Women's T20 World Cup Qualifier|२०२६ टि२० महिला विश्वकप क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan="4" | '''4''' || {{crw|BAN}} || 10 |- | {{crw|IRE}} || 9 |- | {{crw|NED}} || 14 |- | {{crw|SCO}} || 11 |- class=sortbottom ! जम्मा || 12 || || |} ==खेल स्थान== {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="4" | इङ्ग्ल्याण्डमा खेल स्थानहरू |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="4" | {{location map+ |UK|float=center |width=350 |caption= |alt=A map of England with pin-points on 2026 Women's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{Location map~ |UK |lat=52.46 |long=-1.90 |position=right |label=[[:en:Edgbaston Cricket Ground|एजबस्टन]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.48 |long=-2.58 |position=left |label=[[:en:Bristol County Ground|ब्रिस्टोल]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=53.82 |long=-1.58 |position=right |label=[[:en:Headingley Cricket Ground| हेडिङ्ले]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=53.48 |long=-2.25 |position=left |label=[[:en:Old Trafford Cricket Ground|ओल्ड ट्राफोल्ड]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.53 |long=-0.17 |position=top |label=[[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.48 |long=-0.11 |position=bottom |label=[[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=50.92 |long=-1.32 |position=left |label=[[:en:Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|रोज बाउल]]}} }} |- ! [[:en:Birmingham|बिरमिङ्गम]] ! [[:en:Bristol|ब्रिस्टोल]] ! [[:en:Leeds|लिड्स]] ! [[लण्डन]] |- | [[:en:Edgbaston Cricket Ground|एजबस्टन क्रिकेट ग्राउण्ड]] | [[:en:Bristol County Ground|कन्ट्री ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Headingley Cricket Ground|हिडिङ्ले क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]] |- | क्षमता: '''25,000''' | क्षमता: '''17,500''' | क्षमता: '''18,350''' | क्षमता: '''31,100''' |- | म्याचहरू: '''4''' | म्याचहरू: '''6''' | म्याचहरू: '''5''' | म्याचहरू: '''4 फाइनल''' |- | [[File:Edgbaston---close-of-play.jpg|150px|alt=Edgbaston Cricket Ground in ]] | [[File:Bristol County Ground.jpg|150px|alt=Bristol County Ground in ]] | [[File:Headingley Cricket Stadium.jpg|150px|alt=Headingley Cricket Ground in ]] | [[File:Lords-Cricket-Ground-Pavilion-06-08-2017.jpg|150px|alt=Lord's in 2017]] |- ! [[लण्डन]] ! [[:en:Manchester|म्यान्चेस्टर]] ! [[:en:Southampton|साउथह्याम्पटन]] |- | [[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]] | [[:en:Old Trafford Cricket Ground|ओल्ड ट्राफोर्ड क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|रोज बाउल]] |- | क्षमता: '''27,500''' | क्षमता: '''26,000''' | क्षमता: '''25,000''' |- | म्याचहरू: '''3 (सेमिफाइनलहरू)''' | म्याचहरू: '''5''' | म्याचहरू: '''6''' |- | [[File:OCS Stand (Surrey v Yorkshire in foreground).JPG|150px|alt=The Oval in ]] | [[File:Old Trafford Cricket Ground August 2014 (cropped).jpg|150px|alt=Old Trafford Cricket Ground in 2014]] | [[File:Pavilion stands.JPG|150px|alt=Rose Bowl in ]] |} ==समूह चरण== ===समूह A=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !width=150| क्र. सं. !width=150| टिम !width=20 | खेल !width=20 | जित !width=20 | हार !width=20 | टाइ !width=20 | न.बि. !width=20 | अङ्क !width=20 | नेट रन रेट !width=20 | क्वालिफिकेशन |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| १ || {{crw|AUS}} || ५ || ५ || ० || ० || ० || '''१०''' || +३.८८२ ||rowspan = "2"|प्लेअफ चरण प्रवेश |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| २ || {{crw|SA}} || ५ || ४ || १ || ० || ० || '''८''' || +०.६३३ |- |align=left| ३ || {{crw|IND}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || +१.७१८ ||rowspan = "4"| |- |align=left| ४ || {{crw|PAK}} || ५ || २ || ३ || ० || ० || '''४''' || -०.७१० |- |align=left| ५ || {{crw|BAN}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -१.८७२ |- |align=left| ६ || {{crw|NED}} || ५ || ० || ५ || ० || ० || '''०''' || -३.२७६ |} ===समूह B=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !width=150| क्र. सं. !width=150| टिम !width=20 | खेल !width=20 | जित !width=20 | हार !width=20 | टाइ !width=20 | न.बि. !width=20 | अङ्क !width=20 | नेट रन रेट !width=20 | क्वालिफिकेशन |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| १ || {{crw|ENG}} || ५ || ५ || ० || ० || ० || '''१०''' || +२.१३४ ||rowspan = "2"|प्लेअफ चरण प्रवेश |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| २ || {{crw|WIN}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || -०.१४७ |- |align=left| ३ || {{crw|SL}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || -०.७२५ ||rowspan = "4"| |- |align=left| ४ || {{crw|NZ}} || ५ || २ || ३ || ० || ० || '''४''' || -०.११८ |- |align=left| ५ || {{crw|SCO}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -०.२३२ |- |align=left| ६ || {{crw|IRE}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -०.८७५ |} ==नकआउट चरण== {{4TeamBracket |team-width=170px |score-width=150px |RD1= '''[[:en:2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup knockout stage#Semi-finals|सेमिफाइनल]]''' |RD1-text1= |RD1-seed1= '''A1''' |RD1-team1= '''{{crw|AUS}}''' |RD1-score1= '''127/2 (13 ओभर)''' |RD1-seed2= B2 |RD1-team2= {{crw|WIN}} |RD1-score2= {{nobr|125/7 (20 ओभर)}} |RD1-text2= |RD1-seed3= '''B1''' |RD1-team3= '''{{crw|ENG}}''' |RD1-score3= '''169/5 (20 ओभर)''' |RD1-seed4= A2 |RD1-team4= {{nobr|{{crw|SA}}}} |RD1-score4= 129/8 (20 ओभर) |RD2= '''[[:en:2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup final|फाइनल]]''' |RD2-text2= |RD2-seed1= '''SF1W''' |RD2-team1= '''{{crw|AUS}}''' |RD2-score1= '''153/3 (17.1 ओभर) |RD2-seed2= SF2W |RD2-team2= {{nobr|{{crw|ENG}}}} |RD2-score2= {{nobr|150/4 (20 ओभर)}} }} ===सेमिफाइनल === {{Single-innings cricket match | date = ३० जुन २०२६{{anchor|Match21}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|WIN}} | team2 = {{crw|AUS}} | score1 = 125/7 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 127/2 (13 ओभर) | result = अष्ट्रेलिया ८ विकेटले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490707.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:The Oval|ओभल]], [[लण्डन]] }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match | date = २ जुलाई २०२६ {{anchor|Match22}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}} | team2 = {{crw|SA}} | score1 = 169/5 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 129/8 (20 ओभर) | result = इङ्गल्यान्ड ४० रनले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490708.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]], [[लण्डन]] }} ===फाइनल=== {{Single-innings cricket match | date = ५ जुलाई २०२६ {{anchor|Match23}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}} | team2 = {{crw|AUS}} | score1 = 150/4 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 153/3 (17.1 ओभर) | result = अष्ट्रेलिया ७ विकेटले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490709.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]], [[लण्डन]] }} ==तथ्यांक== {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक रन<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-17195|title=Most runs carrer |publisher=Espncricinfo|access-date=5 July 2026}} </ref> ! scope=col | रन ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- !302 | [[:en:Danni Wyatt-Hodge|डेनी वायट हज]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- !238 | [[:en:Beth Mooney|बेथ मुनी]] || {{crw|AUS}} |- !227 | [[:en:Nat Sciver-Brunt|न्याट सिभर-ब्रुन्ट]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- !225 | [[:en:Tazmin Brits|ताजमिन ब्रिट्स]] || {{crw|SA}} |- !208 | [[:en:Darcey Carter|डार्सी कार्टर]] || {{crw|SCO}} |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक विकेट<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-17195|title=most carrer wickets|publisher=epsncricinfo|access-date=27 June 2026}}</ref> ! scope=col | विकेट ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- !14 | [[:en:Shree Charani|श्रि चरणी]] || {{crw|IND}} |- !rowspan=2|11 | [[:en:Sophie Molineux|सोफी मोलिन्यु]] || {{crw|AUS}} |- | [[:en:Fatima Sana|फतिमा सना]] || {{crw|PAK}} |- !rowspan=3|10 | [[:en:Sophie Ecclestone|सोफी एकल्टन]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- | [[:en:Hayley Matthews|हेली म्याथुज]] || {{crw|WIN}} |- | [[:en:Charlie Dean|चार्ली डिन]] || {{crw|ENG}} |} ==सन्दर्भ == {{reflist}} [[en:2026 Women's T20 World Cup]] 81mut2fd36o18wqowbt5vxlo6x7i8iu 1364994 1364992 2026-07-06T12:11:07Z KB Thakulla 31378 /* तथ्यांक */ 1364994 wikitext text/x-wiki '''२०२६ महिला टि२० विश्वकप''' [[आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप]]को दसौं संस्करण हो। यो प्रतियोगिताको आयोजक [[इङ्ल्यान्ड]] र [[वेल्स]] रहेका छ। {{Infobox cricket tournament | name = २०२६ महिला टि२० विश्वकप | image = | imagesize = | caption = | fromdate =१२ जुन | todate = ५ जुलाई २०२६ | administrator = [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] | cricket format = [[महिला टि२० इन्टरनेशनल]] | host = {{flag|इङ्ल्यान्ड}} <br> {{flag|वेल्स}} | champions = {{flag|अस्ट्रेलिया}} | count = ७ | runner up = {{flag|इङ्ल्यान्ड}} | participants = १२ | matches = ३३ | player of the series = {{flagicon|AUS}} बेथ मुनी | most runs = {{flagicon|ENG}} डेनि वायट हज (३०२) | most wickets ={{flagicon|IND}} श्री चरणी (१४) | website = {{url|https://womens.t20worldcup.com}} | previous_year = २०२४ | previous_tournament = २०२४ आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप | next_year = २०२८ | next_tournament = २०२६ आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप }} ==टिम छनोट == {| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left col3left" |+ प्रतियोगितामा छनोट भएका टिमहरू ! scope=col | छनोट तरिका ! scope=col | टिम संख्या ! scope=col | टिमहरू ! scope=col | [[:en:ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|WT20I रेङ्किङ]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/womens/t20i|title=ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|publisher=International Cricket Council|access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref> |- | आयोजक || '''1''' || {{crw|ENG}} || 2 |- | rowspan="5" | [[:en:2024 Women's T20 World Cup|२०२४ टि२० विश्वकप]]<br/><small>(प्रतियोगिताका शिर्ष ५ टिमहरू, आयोजक बाहेक)</small> || rowspan="5" | '''5''' || {{crw|AUS}} || 1 |- | {{crw|IND}} || 3 |- | {{nobr|{{crw|NZ}}}} || 4 |- | {{crw|SA}} || 5 |- | {{crw|WIN}} || 7 |- | rowspan="2" | [[:en:ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|महिला टि२०आई रेङ्किङ]] || rowspan="2" | '''2''' || {{crw|PAK}} || 8 |- | {{crw|SL}} || 6 |- | rowspan="4" | [[:en:2026 Women's T20 World Cup Qualifier|२०२६ टि२० महिला विश्वकप क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan="4" | '''4''' || {{crw|BAN}} || 10 |- | {{crw|IRE}} || 9 |- | {{crw|NED}} || 14 |- | {{crw|SCO}} || 11 |- class=sortbottom ! जम्मा || 12 || || |} ==खेल स्थान== {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="4" | इङ्ग्ल्याण्डमा खेल स्थानहरू |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="4" | {{location map+ |UK|float=center |width=350 |caption= |alt=A map of England with pin-points on 2026 Women's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{Location map~ |UK |lat=52.46 |long=-1.90 |position=right |label=[[:en:Edgbaston Cricket Ground|एजबस्टन]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.48 |long=-2.58 |position=left |label=[[:en:Bristol County Ground|ब्रिस्टोल]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=53.82 |long=-1.58 |position=right |label=[[:en:Headingley Cricket Ground| हेडिङ्ले]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=53.48 |long=-2.25 |position=left |label=[[:en:Old Trafford Cricket Ground|ओल्ड ट्राफोल्ड]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.53 |long=-0.17 |position=top |label=[[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.48 |long=-0.11 |position=bottom |label=[[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=50.92 |long=-1.32 |position=left |label=[[:en:Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|रोज बाउल]]}} }} |- ! [[:en:Birmingham|बिरमिङ्गम]] ! [[:en:Bristol|ब्रिस्टोल]] ! [[:en:Leeds|लिड्स]] ! [[लण्डन]] |- | [[:en:Edgbaston Cricket Ground|एजबस्टन क्रिकेट ग्राउण्ड]] | [[:en:Bristol County Ground|कन्ट्री ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Headingley Cricket Ground|हिडिङ्ले क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]] |- | क्षमता: '''25,000''' | क्षमता: '''17,500''' | क्षमता: '''18,350''' | क्षमता: '''31,100''' |- | म्याचहरू: '''4''' | म्याचहरू: '''6''' | म्याचहरू: '''5''' | म्याचहरू: '''4 फाइनल''' |- | [[File:Edgbaston---close-of-play.jpg|150px|alt=Edgbaston Cricket Ground in ]] | [[File:Bristol County Ground.jpg|150px|alt=Bristol County Ground in ]] | [[File:Headingley Cricket Stadium.jpg|150px|alt=Headingley Cricket Ground in ]] | [[File:Lords-Cricket-Ground-Pavilion-06-08-2017.jpg|150px|alt=Lord's in 2017]] |- ! [[लण्डन]] ! [[:en:Manchester|म्यान्चेस्टर]] ! [[:en:Southampton|साउथह्याम्पटन]] |- | [[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]] | [[:en:Old Trafford Cricket Ground|ओल्ड ट्राफोर्ड क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|रोज बाउल]] |- | क्षमता: '''27,500''' | क्षमता: '''26,000''' | क्षमता: '''25,000''' |- | म्याचहरू: '''3 (सेमिफाइनलहरू)''' | म्याचहरू: '''5''' | म्याचहरू: '''6''' |- | [[File:OCS Stand (Surrey v Yorkshire in foreground).JPG|150px|alt=The Oval in ]] | [[File:Old Trafford Cricket Ground August 2014 (cropped).jpg|150px|alt=Old Trafford Cricket Ground in 2014]] | [[File:Pavilion stands.JPG|150px|alt=Rose Bowl in ]] |} ==समूह चरण== ===समूह A=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !width=150| क्र. सं. !width=150| टिम !width=20 | खेल !width=20 | जित !width=20 | हार !width=20 | टाइ !width=20 | न.बि. !width=20 | अङ्क !width=20 | नेट रन रेट !width=20 | क्वालिफिकेशन |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| १ || {{crw|AUS}} || ५ || ५ || ० || ० || ० || '''१०''' || +३.८८२ ||rowspan = "2"|प्लेअफ चरण प्रवेश |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| २ || {{crw|SA}} || ५ || ४ || १ || ० || ० || '''८''' || +०.६३३ |- |align=left| ३ || {{crw|IND}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || +१.७१८ ||rowspan = "4"| |- |align=left| ४ || {{crw|PAK}} || ५ || २ || ३ || ० || ० || '''४''' || -०.७१० |- |align=left| ५ || {{crw|BAN}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -१.८७२ |- |align=left| ६ || {{crw|NED}} || ५ || ० || ५ || ० || ० || '''०''' || -३.२७६ |} ===समूह B=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !width=150| क्र. सं. !width=150| टिम !width=20 | खेल !width=20 | जित !width=20 | हार !width=20 | टाइ !width=20 | न.बि. !width=20 | अङ्क !width=20 | नेट रन रेट !width=20 | क्वालिफिकेशन |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| १ || {{crw|ENG}} || ५ || ५ || ० || ० || ० || '''१०''' || +२.१३४ ||rowspan = "2"|प्लेअफ चरण प्रवेश |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| २ || {{crw|WIN}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || -०.१४७ |- |align=left| ३ || {{crw|SL}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || -०.७२५ ||rowspan = "4"| |- |align=left| ४ || {{crw|NZ}} || ५ || २ || ३ || ० || ० || '''४''' || -०.११८ |- |align=left| ५ || {{crw|SCO}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -०.२३२ |- |align=left| ६ || {{crw|IRE}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -०.८७५ |} ==नकआउट चरण== {{4TeamBracket |team-width=170px |score-width=150px |RD1= '''[[:en:2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup knockout stage#Semi-finals|सेमिफाइनल]]''' |RD1-text1= |RD1-seed1= '''A1''' |RD1-team1= '''{{crw|AUS}}''' |RD1-score1= '''127/2 (13 ओभर)''' |RD1-seed2= B2 |RD1-team2= {{crw|WIN}} |RD1-score2= {{nobr|125/7 (20 ओभर)}} |RD1-text2= |RD1-seed3= '''B1''' |RD1-team3= '''{{crw|ENG}}''' |RD1-score3= '''169/5 (20 ओभर)''' |RD1-seed4= A2 |RD1-team4= {{nobr|{{crw|SA}}}} |RD1-score4= 129/8 (20 ओभर) |RD2= '''[[:en:2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup final|फाइनल]]''' |RD2-text2= |RD2-seed1= '''SF1W''' |RD2-team1= '''{{crw|AUS}}''' |RD2-score1= '''153/3 (17.1 ओभर) |RD2-seed2= SF2W |RD2-team2= {{nobr|{{crw|ENG}}}} |RD2-score2= {{nobr|150/4 (20 ओभर)}} }} ===सेमिफाइनल === {{Single-innings cricket match | date = ३० जुन २०२६{{anchor|Match21}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|WIN}} | team2 = {{crw|AUS}} | score1 = 125/7 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 127/2 (13 ओभर) | result = अष्ट्रेलिया ८ विकेटले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490707.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:The Oval|ओभल]], [[लण्डन]] }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match | date = २ जुलाई २०२६ {{anchor|Match22}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}} | team2 = {{crw|SA}} | score1 = 169/5 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 129/8 (20 ओभर) | result = इङ्गल्यान्ड ४० रनले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490708.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]], [[लण्डन]] }} ===फाइनल=== {{Single-innings cricket match | date = ५ जुलाई २०२६ {{anchor|Match23}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}} | team2 = {{crw|AUS}} | score1 = 150/4 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 153/3 (17.1 ओभर) | result = अष्ट्रेलिया ७ विकेटले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490709.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]], [[लण्डन]] }} ==तथ्यांक== {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक रन<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-17195|title=Most runs carrer |publisher=Espncricinfo|access-date=5 July 2026}} </ref> ! scope=col | रन ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- !302 | [[:en:Danni Wyatt-Hodge|डेनी वायट हज]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- !238 | [[:en:Beth Mooney|बेथ मुनी]] || {{crw|AUS}} |- !227 | [[:en:Nat Sciver-Brunt|न्याट सिभर-ब्रुन्ट]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- !225 | [[:en:Tazmin Brits|ताजमिन ब्रिट्स]] || {{crw|SA}} |- !208 | [[:en:Darcey Carter|डार्सी कार्टर]] || {{crw|SCO}} |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक विकेट<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-17195|title=most carrer wickets|publisher=epsncricinfo|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref> ! scope=col | विकेट ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- !14 | [[:en:Shree Charani|श्रि चरणी]] || {{crw|IND}} |- !rowspan=2|11 | [[:en:Sophie Molineux|सोफी मोलिन्यु]] || {{crw|AUS}} |- | [[:en:Fatima Sana|फतिमा सना]] || {{crw|PAK}} |- !rowspan=3|10 | [[:en:Sophie Ecclestone|सोफी एकल्टन]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- | [[:en:Hayley Matthews|हेली म्याथुज]] || {{crw|WIN}} |- | [[:en:Charlie Dean|चार्ली डिन]] || {{crw|ENG}} |} ==सन्दर्भ == {{reflist}} [[en:2026 Women's T20 World Cup]] 2bw5u55jdllg46t2whc0nka02g4prf8 1364995 1364994 2026-07-06T12:12:10Z KB Thakulla 31378 /* तथ्यांक */ 1364995 wikitext text/x-wiki '''२०२६ महिला टि२० विश्वकप''' [[आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप]]को दसौं संस्करण हो। यो प्रतियोगिताको आयोजक [[इङ्ल्यान्ड]] र [[वेल्स]] रहेका छ। {{Infobox cricket tournament | name = २०२६ महिला टि२० विश्वकप | image = | imagesize = | caption = | fromdate =१२ जुन | todate = ५ जुलाई २०२६ | administrator = [[अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय क्रिकेट परिषद्]] | cricket format = [[महिला टि२० इन्टरनेशनल]] | host = {{flag|इङ्ल्यान्ड}} <br> {{flag|वेल्स}} | champions = {{flag|अस्ट्रेलिया}} | count = ७ | runner up = {{flag|इङ्ल्यान्ड}} | participants = १२ | matches = ३३ | player of the series = {{flagicon|AUS}} बेथ मुनी | most runs = {{flagicon|ENG}} डेनि वायट हज (३०२) | most wickets ={{flagicon|IND}} श्री चरणी (१४) | website = {{url|https://womens.t20worldcup.com}} | previous_year = २०२४ | previous_tournament = २०२४ आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप | next_year = २०२८ | next_tournament = २०२६ आइसिसी महिला टि२० विश्वकप }} ==टिम छनोट == {| class="wikitable sortable defaultcenter col1left col3left" |+ प्रतियोगितामा छनोट भएका टिमहरू ! scope=col | छनोट तरिका ! scope=col | टिम संख्या ! scope=col | टिमहरू ! scope=col | [[:en:ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|WT20I रेङ्किङ]] <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/rankings/team-rankings/womens/t20i|title=ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|publisher=International Cricket Council|access-date=11 June 2026}}</ref> |- | आयोजक || '''1''' || {{crw|ENG}} || 2 |- | rowspan="5" | [[:en:2024 Women's T20 World Cup|२०२४ टि२० विश्वकप]]<br/><small>(प्रतियोगिताका शिर्ष ५ टिमहरू, आयोजक बाहेक)</small> || rowspan="5" | '''5''' || {{crw|AUS}} || 1 |- | {{crw|IND}} || 3 |- | {{nobr|{{crw|NZ}}}} || 4 |- | {{crw|SA}} || 5 |- | {{crw|WIN}} || 7 |- | rowspan="2" | [[:en:ICC Women's T20I Team Rankings|महिला टि२०आई रेङ्किङ]] || rowspan="2" | '''2''' || {{crw|PAK}} || 8 |- | {{crw|SL}} || 6 |- | rowspan="4" | [[:en:2026 Women's T20 World Cup Qualifier|२०२६ टि२० महिला विश्वकप क्वालिफाएर]] || rowspan="4" | '''4''' || {{crw|BAN}} || 10 |- | {{crw|IRE}} || 9 |- | {{crw|NED}} || 14 |- | {{crw|SCO}} || 11 |- class=sortbottom ! जम्मा || 12 || || |} ==खेल स्थान== {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;text-align:center;font-size:90%;" ! colspan="4" | इङ्ग्ल्याण्डमा खेल स्थानहरू |- | style="background:#ececec;color:#2C2C2C;vertical-align:middle;" colspan="4" | {{location map+ |UK|float=center |width=350 |caption= |alt=A map of England with pin-points on 2026 Women's T20 World Cup venues |places= {{Location map~ |UK |lat=52.46 |long=-1.90 |position=right |label=[[:en:Edgbaston Cricket Ground|एजबस्टन]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.48 |long=-2.58 |position=left |label=[[:en:Bristol County Ground|ब्रिस्टोल]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=53.82 |long=-1.58 |position=right |label=[[:en:Headingley Cricket Ground| हेडिङ्ले]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=53.48 |long=-2.25 |position=left |label=[[:en:Old Trafford Cricket Ground|ओल्ड ट्राफोल्ड]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.53 |long=-0.17 |position=top |label=[[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=51.48 |long=-0.11 |position=bottom |label=[[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]]}} {{Location map~ |UK |lat=50.92 |long=-1.32 |position=left |label=[[:en:Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|रोज बाउल]]}} }} |- ! [[:en:Birmingham|बिरमिङ्गम]] ! [[:en:Bristol|ब्रिस्टोल]] ! [[:en:Leeds|लिड्स]] ! [[लण्डन]] |- | [[:en:Edgbaston Cricket Ground|एजबस्टन क्रिकेट ग्राउण्ड]] | [[:en:Bristol County Ground|कन्ट्री ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Headingley Cricket Ground|हिडिङ्ले क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]] |- | क्षमता: '''25,000''' | क्षमता: '''17,500''' | क्षमता: '''18,350''' | क्षमता: '''31,100''' |- | म्याचहरू: '''4''' | म्याचहरू: '''6''' | म्याचहरू: '''5''' | म्याचहरू: '''4 फाइनल''' |- | [[File:Edgbaston---close-of-play.jpg|150px|alt=Edgbaston Cricket Ground in ]] | [[File:Bristol County Ground.jpg|150px|alt=Bristol County Ground in ]] | [[File:Headingley Cricket Stadium.jpg|150px|alt=Headingley Cricket Ground in ]] | [[File:Lords-Cricket-Ground-Pavilion-06-08-2017.jpg|150px|alt=Lord's in 2017]] |- ! [[लण्डन]] ! [[:en:Manchester|म्यान्चेस्टर]] ! [[:en:Southampton|साउथह्याम्पटन]] |- | [[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]] | [[:en:Old Trafford Cricket Ground|ओल्ड ट्राफोर्ड क्रिकेट ग्राउन्ड]] | [[:en:Rose Bowl (cricket ground)|रोज बाउल]] |- | क्षमता: '''27,500''' | क्षमता: '''26,000''' | क्षमता: '''25,000''' |- | म्याचहरू: '''3 (सेमिफाइनलहरू)''' | म्याचहरू: '''5''' | म्याचहरू: '''6''' |- | [[File:OCS Stand (Surrey v Yorkshire in foreground).JPG|150px|alt=The Oval in ]] | [[File:Old Trafford Cricket Ground August 2014 (cropped).jpg|150px|alt=Old Trafford Cricket Ground in 2014]] | [[File:Pavilion stands.JPG|150px|alt=Rose Bowl in ]] |} ==समूह चरण== ===समूह A=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !width=150| क्र. सं. !width=150| टिम !width=20 | खेल !width=20 | जित !width=20 | हार !width=20 | टाइ !width=20 | न.बि. !width=20 | अङ्क !width=20 | नेट रन रेट !width=20 | क्वालिफिकेशन |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| १ || {{crw|AUS}} || ५ || ५ || ० || ० || ० || '''१०''' || +३.८८२ ||rowspan = "2"|प्लेअफ चरण प्रवेश |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| २ || {{crw|SA}} || ५ || ४ || १ || ० || ० || '''८''' || +०.६३३ |- |align=left| ३ || {{crw|IND}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || +१.७१८ ||rowspan = "4"| |- |align=left| ४ || {{crw|PAK}} || ५ || २ || ३ || ० || ० || '''४''' || -०.७१० |- |align=left| ५ || {{crw|BAN}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -१.८७२ |- |align=left| ६ || {{crw|NED}} || ५ || ० || ५ || ० || ० || '''०''' || -३.२७६ |} ===समूह B=== {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !width=150| क्र. सं. !width=150| टिम !width=20 | खेल !width=20 | जित !width=20 | हार !width=20 | टाइ !width=20 | न.बि. !width=20 | अङ्क !width=20 | नेट रन रेट !width=20 | क्वालिफिकेशन |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| १ || {{crw|ENG}} || ५ || ५ || ० || ० || ० || '''१०''' || +२.१३४ ||rowspan = "2"|प्लेअफ चरण प्रवेश |- style="background:#ccffcc;" |align=left| २ || {{crw|WIN}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || -०.१४७ |- |align=left| ३ || {{crw|SL}} || ५ || ३ || २ || ० || ० || '''६''' || -०.७२५ ||rowspan = "4"| |- |align=left| ४ || {{crw|NZ}} || ५ || २ || ३ || ० || ० || '''४''' || -०.११८ |- |align=left| ५ || {{crw|SCO}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -०.२३२ |- |align=left| ६ || {{crw|IRE}} || ५ || १ || ४ || ० || ० || '''२''' || -०.८७५ |} ==नकआउट चरण== {{4TeamBracket |team-width=170px |score-width=150px |RD1= '''[[:en:2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup knockout stage#Semi-finals|सेमिफाइनल]]''' |RD1-text1= |RD1-seed1= '''A1''' |RD1-team1= '''{{crw|AUS}}''' |RD1-score1= '''127/2 (13 ओभर)''' |RD1-seed2= B2 |RD1-team2= {{crw|WIN}} |RD1-score2= {{nobr|125/7 (20 ओभर)}} |RD1-text2= |RD1-seed3= '''B1''' |RD1-team3= '''{{crw|ENG}}''' |RD1-score3= '''169/5 (20 ओभर)''' |RD1-seed4= A2 |RD1-team4= {{nobr|{{crw|SA}}}} |RD1-score4= 129/8 (20 ओभर) |RD2= '''[[:en:2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup final|फाइनल]]''' |RD2-text2= |RD2-seed1= '''SF1W''' |RD2-team1= '''{{crw|AUS}}''' |RD2-score1= '''153/3 (17.1 ओभर) |RD2-seed2= SF2W |RD2-team2= {{nobr|{{crw|ENG}}}} |RD2-score2= {{nobr|150/4 (20 ओभर)}} }} ===सेमिफाइनल === {{Single-innings cricket match | date = ३० जुन २०२६{{anchor|Match21}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|WIN}} | team2 = {{crw|AUS}} | score1 = 125/7 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 127/2 (13 ओभर) | result = अष्ट्रेलिया ८ विकेटले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490707.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:The Oval|ओभल]], [[लण्डन]] }} ---- {{Single-innings cricket match | date = २ जुलाई २०२६ {{anchor|Match22}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}} | team2 = {{crw|SA}} | score1 = 169/5 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 129/8 (20 ओभर) | result = इङ्गल्यान्ड ४० रनले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490708.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:The Oval|द ओभल]], [[लण्डन]] }} ===फाइनल=== {{Single-innings cricket match | date = ५ जुलाई २०२६ {{anchor|Match23}} | team1 = {{crw-rt|ENG}} | team2 = {{crw|AUS}} | score1 = 150/4 (20 ओभर) | score2 = 153/3 (17.1 ओभर) | result = अष्ट्रेलिया ७ विकेटले विजयी । | report = [https://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/engine/match/1490709.html Scorecard] | venue = [[:en:Lord's|लर्ड्स]], [[लण्डन]] }} ==तथ्यांक== {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक रन<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/batting-most-runs-career/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-17195|title=Most carrer runs|publisher=Espncricinfo|access-date=5 July 2026}} </ref> ! scope=col | रन ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- !302 | [[:en:Danni Wyatt-Hodge|डेनी वायट हज]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- !238 | [[:en:Beth Mooney|बेथ मुनी]] || {{crw|AUS}} |- !227 | [[:en:Nat Sciver-Brunt|न्याट सिभर-ब्रुन्ट]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- !225 | [[:en:Tazmin Brits|ताजमिन ब्रिट्स]] || {{crw|SA}} |- !208 | [[:en:Darcey Carter|डार्सी कार्टर]] || {{crw|SCO}} |- |} {| class="wikitable" |+ अधिक विकेट<ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.espncricinfo.com/records/tournament/bowling-most-wickets-career/icc-women-s-t20-world-cup-2026-17195|title=Most carrer wickets|publisher=epsncricinfo|access-date=5 July 2026}}</ref> ! scope=col | विकेट ! scope=col | खेलाडी ! scope=col | टिम |- !14 | [[:en:Shree Charani|श्रि चरणी]] || {{crw|IND}} |- !rowspan=2|11 | [[:en:Sophie Molineux|सोफी मोलिन्यु]] || {{crw|AUS}} |- | [[:en:Fatima Sana|फतिमा सना]] || {{crw|PAK}} |- !rowspan=3|10 | [[:en:Sophie Ecclestone|सोफी एकल्टन]] || {{crw|ENG}} |- | [[:en:Hayley Matthews|हेली म्याथुज]] || {{crw|WIN}} |- | [[:en:Charlie Dean|चार्ली डिन]] || {{crw|ENG}} |} ==सन्दर्भ == {{reflist}} [[en:2026 Women's T20 World Cup]] 8d2t2b6z5j0mum3te1t6g70ma95veor 4 150704 1365037 2026-07-06T13:43:46Z Nabin K. Sapkota 13090 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{translate}} [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|250px|right|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन लोगो]] {{महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू}} <center><span style=background:green;><font color="yellow">'''साथै यस बाहेकका पनि महिला सम्बन्धित शीर्षकमा लेख बनाउन सकिनेछ।</font>'''</span></center> {| class=... 1365037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{translate}} [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|250px|right|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन लोगो]] {{महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू}} <center><span style=background:green;><font color="yellow">'''साथै यस बाहेकका पनि महिला सम्बन्धित शीर्षकमा लेख बनाउन सकिनेछ।</font>'''</span></center> {| class="wikitable" |+ लेखहरूको सूची |- ! सं.न !! अङ्ग्रेजी !! नेपाली !! मैथिली !! डोटेली !! नेपाल भाषा !! विकिडाटा |- | १ || [[:en:Breast Cancer|Breast Cancer]] || [[स्तन क्यान्सर]] || [[:mai:स्तन क्यान्सर|स्तन क्यान्सर]] || [[:dty:स्तन क्यान्सर|स्तन क्यान्सर]] || [[:new:स्तन क्यान्सर|स्तन क्यान्सर]] || [[:d:Q128581|Q128581]] |- | २ || [[:en:Cervical cancer|Cervical cancer]]|| [[पाठेघरको क्यान्सर]] || [[:mai:पाठेघरक क्यान्सर| पाठेघरक क्यान्सर]] || [[:dty:पाठेघरको क्यान्सर|पाठेघर क्यान्सर]] || [[:new:पाठेघर क्यान्सर|पाठेघर क्यान्सर]] || [[:d:Q160105|Q160105]] |- | ३ || [[:en:Ovarian Cancer|Ovarian Cancer]] || [[अण्डाशयको क्यान्सर]] || [[:mai:अण्डाशयक क्यान्सर|अण्डाशयक क्यान्सर]] || [[:dty:अण्डाशयको क्यान्सर|अण्डाशयको क्यान्सर]] || [[:new:अण्डाशय क्यान्सर|अण्डाशय क्यान्सर]] || [[:d:Q172341|Q172341]] |- | ४ || [[:en:Urinary Tract Infections|Urinary Tract Infections]] || [[मूत्रमार्गको सङ्क्रमण]] || [[:mai:मूत्रमार्गक सङ्क्रमण|मूत्रमार्गक सङ्क्रमण]] || [[:dty:मूत्रमार्गको सङ्क्रमण|मूत्रमार्गको सङ्क्रमण]] || [[:new:मूत्रमार्ग सङ्क्रमण|मूत्रमार्ग सङ्क्रमण]] || [[:d:Q221668 |Q221668]] |- | ५ || [[:en:Autoimmune Diseases|Autoimmune Diseases]] || [[स्वप्रतिरक्षित रोग]] || [[:mai:स्वप्रतिरक्षित रोग|स्वप्रतिरक्षित रोग]] || [[:dty:स्वप्रतिरक्षित रोग|स्वप्रतिरक्षित रोग]] || [[:new:स्वप्रतिरक्षित रोग|स्वप्रतिरक्षित रोग]] || [[:d:Q8084905|Q8084905]] |- | ६ || [[:en:Menopause|Menopause]] || [[रजोनिवृत्ति]] || [[:mai:रजोनिवृत्ति|रजोनिवृत्ति]] || [[:dty:रजोनिवृत्ति|रजोनिवृत्ति]] || [[:new:रजोनिवृत्ति|रजोनिवृत्ति]] || [[:d:Q177708|Q177708]] |- | ७ || [[:en:Sexual and reproductive health|Sexual and reproductive health]] || [[यौन तथा प्रजनन स्वास्थ्य]] || [[:mai:यौन आ प्रजनन स्वास्थ्य|यौन आ प्रजनन स्वास्थ्य]] || [[:dty:यौन र प्रजनन स्वास्थ्य|यौन र प्रजनन स्वास्थ्य]] || [[:new:यौन र प्रजनन स्वास्थ्य|यौन र प्रजनन स्वास्थ्य]] || [[:d: Q3501817 | Q3501817]] |- | ८ || [[:en:Maternal health|Maternal health]] || [[मातृ स्वास्थ्य]] || [[:mai:मातृ स्वास्थ्य|मातृ स्वास्थ्य]] || [[:dty:मातृ स्वास्थ्य|मातृ स्वास्थ्य]] || [[:new:मातृ स्वास्थ्य|मातृ स्वास्थ्य]] || [[:d: Q6786626 | Q6786626]] |- | ९ || [[:en:Non-communicable diseases|Non-communicable diseases]] || [[नसर्ने रोग]] || [[:mai:नसर्ने रोग|नसर्ने रोग]] || [[:dty:नसर्ने रोग|नसर्ने रोग]] || [[:new:नसर्ने रोग|नसर्ने रोग]] || [[:d: Q3137154 | Q3137154]] |- |१० || [[:en:Pregnancy|Pregnancy]] || [[गर्भावस्था]] || [[:mai:गर्भावस्था|गर्भावस्था]] || [[:dty:गर्भावस्था|गर्भावस्था]] || [[:new:गर्भावस्था|गर्भावस्था]] || [[:d: Q11995 | Q11995]] |- |११ || [[:en:Birthing center|Birthing center]] || [[प्रसूति गृह]] || [[:mai:प्रसूति गृह|प्रसूति गृह]] || [[:dty:प्रसूति गृह|प्रसूति गृह]] || [[:new:प्रसूति गृह|प्रसूति गृह]] || [[:d: Q1752787 | Q1752787]] |- |१३ || [[:en:Breastfeeding|Breastfeeding]] || [[स्तनपान]] || [[:mai:स्तनपान|स्तनपान]] || [[:dty::स्तनपान|स्तनपान]] || [[:new::स्तनपान|स्तनपान]] || [[:d: Q174876 | Q174876]] |- |१४ || [[:en:Mammary gland|Mammary gland]] || [[स्तन ग्रन्थी]] || [[:mai:स्तन ग्रन्थी|स्तन ग्रन्थी]] || [[:dty:स्तन ग्रन्थी|स्तन ग्रन्थी]] || [[:new:स्तन ग्रन्थी|स्तन ग्रन्थी]] || [[:d: Q189961 | Q189961]] |- |१५ || [[:en:Menstrual cycle|Menstrual cycle]] || [[महिनावारी चक्र]] || [[:mai:महिनावारी चक्र|महिनावारी चक्र]] || [[:dty:महिनावारी चक्र|महिनावारी चक्र]] || [[:new:महिनावारी चक्र|महिनावारी चक्र]] || [[:d: Q83864 | Q83864]] |- |१६ || [[:en:Female sexual arousal disorder|Female sexual arousal disorder]] || [[महिला कामोत्तेजना विकार]] || [[:mai:महिला कामोत्तेजना विकार|महिला कामोत्तेजना विकार]] || [[:dty:महिला कामोत्तेजना विकार|महिला कामोत्तेजना विकार]] || [[:new:महिला कामोत्तेजना विकार|महिला कामोत्तेजना विकार]] || [[:d: Q3241252 | Q3241252]] |- |१७ || [[:en:Back labor|Back labor]] || [[प्रसव पीडा]] || [[:mai:प्रसव पीडा|प्रसव पीडा]] || [[:dty:प्रसव पीडा|प्रसव पीडा]] || [[:new:प्रसव पीडा|प्रसव पीडा]] || [[:d: Q18209814 | Q18209814]] |- |१८ || [[:en:Feminine psychology|Feminine psychology]] || [[स्त्री मनोविज्ञान]] || [[:mai:स्त्री मनोविज्ञान|स्त्री मनोविज्ञान]] || [[:dty:स्त्री मनोविज्ञान|स्त्री मनोविज्ञान]] || [[:new:स्त्री मनोविज्ञान|स्त्री मनोविज्ञान]] || [[:d: Q2788678 | Q2788678]] |- |१९ ||[[:en:Childbirth|Childbirth]] || [[प्रसूति]] || [[:mai:प्रसूति|प्रसूति]] || [[:dty:प्रसूति|प्रसूति]] || [[:new:प्रसूति|प्रसूति]] || [[:d: Q34581 | Q34581]] |- |२० ||[[:en:Caesarean section|Caesarean section]] || [[शल्य प्रसव]] || [[:mai:शल्य प्रसव|शल्य प्रसव]] || [[:dty:शल्य प्रसव|शल्य प्रसव]] || [[:new:शल्य प्रसव|शल्य प्रसव]] || [[:d: Q228036 | Q228036]] |- |२१ ||[[:en:Clitoris|Clitoris]] || [[भगाङ्कुर]] || [[:mai:भगाङ्कुर|भगाङ्कुर]] || [[:dty:भगाङ्कुर|भगाङ्कुर]] || [[:new:भगाङ्कुर|भगाङ्कुर]] || [[:d: Q873072 | Q873072]] |- |२२ || [[:en:Menstruation|Menstruation]] || [[महिनावारी]] || [[:mai:महिनावारी|महिनावारी]] || [[:dty:महिनावारी|महिनावारी]] || [[:new:महिनावारी|महिनावारी]] || [[:d: Q12171 | Q12171]] |- |२३ || [[:en:Midwife|Midwife]] || [[सुडेनी]] || [[:mai:सुडेनी|सुडेनी]] || [[:dty:सुडेनी|सुडेनी]] || [[:new:सुडेनी|सुडेनी]] || [[:d: Q185196 | Q185196]] |- |२४ || [[:en:Abortion|Abortion]] || [[गर्भपतन]] || [[:mai:गर्भपतन|गर्भपतन]] || [[:dty:गर्भपतन|गर्भपतन]] || [[:new:गर्भपतन|गर्भपतन]] || [[:d: Q8452 | Q8452]] |- |२५ || [[:en:Teenage pregnancy|Teenage pregnancy]] || [[किशोरावस्थाको गर्भधारण]] || [[:mai:किशोरावस्थाक गर्भधारण|किशोरावस्थाक गर्भधारण]] || [[:dty:किशोरावस्थाको गर्भधारण|किशोरावस्थाको गर्भधारण]] || [[:new:किशोरावस्थाको गर्भधारण|किशोरावस्थाको गर्भधारण]] || [[:d: Q535691 | Q535691]] |- |२६ || [[:en:Reproductive system disease|Reproductive system disease]] || [[प्रजनन प्रणाली सम्बन्धि रोग]] || [[:mai:प्रजनन प्रणाली सम्बन्धि रोग|प्रजनन प्रणाली सम्बन्धि रोग]] || [[:dty:प्रजनन प्रणाली सम्बन्धि रोग|प्रजनन प्रणाली सम्बन्धि रोग]] || [[:new:प्रजनन प्रणाली सम्बन्धि रोग|प्रजनन प्रणाली सम्बन्धि रोग]] || [[:d: Q7314317 | Q7314317]] |- |२७ || [[:en:Dysmenorrhea|Dysmenorrhea]] || [[डिस्मेनोरिया]] || [[:mai:डिस्मेनोरिया|डिस्मेनोरिया]] || [[:dty:डिस्मेनोरिया|डिस्मेनोरिया]] || [[:new:डिस्मेनोरिया|डिस्मेनोरिया]] || [[:d: Q816422 | Q816422]] |- |२८ || [[:en:Family planning|Family planning]] || [[परिवार नियोजन]] || [[:mai:परिवार नियोजन|परिवार नियोजन]] || [[:dty:परिवार नियोजन|परिवार नियोजन]] || [[:new:परिवार नियोजन|परिवार नियोजन]] || [[:d: Q1280670| Q1280670]] |- |२९ || [[:en:Urethral sponge|Urethral sponge]] || [[यूरेथ्रल स्पन्ज]] || [[:mai:यूरेथ्रल स्पन्ज|यूरेथ्रल स्पन्ज]] || [[:dty:यूरेथ्रल स्पन्ज|यूरेथ्रल स्पन्ज]] || [[:new:यूरेथ्रल स्पन्ज|यूरेथ्रल स्पन्ज]] || [[:d: Q1775558| Q1775558]] |- |३० || [[:en:Perineal sponge|Perineal sponge]] || [[पेरिनल स्पन्ज]] || [[:mai:पेरिनल स्पन्ज|पेरिनल स्पन्ज]] || [[:dty:पेरिनल स्पन्ज|पेरिनल स्पन्ज]] || [[:new:पेरिनल स्पन्ज|पेरिनल स्पन्ज]] || [[:d: Q7168580| Q7168580]] |- |३१ || [[:en:Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia|Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia]] || [[सर्भाइकल इन्ट्रा-इपिथेलियल नियोप्लासिया|सर्भाइकल इन्ट्रा-इपिथेलियल नियोप्लासिया]] || [[:mai:सर्भाइकल इन्ट्रा-इपिथेलियल नियोप्लासिया|सर्भाइकल इन्ट्रा-इपिथेलियल नियोप्लासिया]] || [[:dty:सर्भाइकल इन्ट्रा-इपिथेलियल नियोप्लासिया|सर्भाइकल इन्ट्रा-इपिथेलियल नियोप्लासिया]] || [[:new:सर्भाइकल इन्ट्रा-इपिथेलियल नियोप्लासिया|सर्भाइकल इन्ट्रा-इपिथेलियल नियोप्लासिया]] || [[:d: Q196788| Q196788]] |- |३२ || [[:en:Cervical weakness|Cervical weakness]] || [[गर्भाशयको मुखको कमजोरी]] || [[:mai:गर्भाशयको मुखको कमजोरी|गर्भाशयको मुखको कमजोरी]] || [[:dty:गर्भाशयको मुखको कमजोरी|गर्भाशयको मुखको कमजोरी]] || [[:new:गर्भाशयको मुखको कमजोरी|गर्भाशयको मुखको कमजोरी]] || [[:d: Q2563414| Q2563414]] |- |३३ || [[:en:Hematometra|Hematometra]] || [[हेमाटोमेट्रा]] || [[:mai:हेमाटोमेट्रा|हेमाटोमेट्रा]] || [[:dty:हेमाटोमेट्रा|हेमाटोमेट्रा]] || [[:new:हेमाटोमेट्रा|हेमाटोमेट्रा]] || [[:d: Q7476276| Q7476276]] |- |३४ || [[:en:Hypomenorrhea|Hypomenorrhea]] || [[हाइपोमेनोरिया]] || [[:mai:हाइपोमेनोरिया|हाइपोमेनोरिया]] || [[:dty:हाइपोमेनोरिया|हाइपोमेनोरिया]] || [[:new:हाइपोमेनोरिया|हाइपोमेनोरिया]] || [[:d: Q7476276| Q7476276]] |- |३५ || [[:en:Oligomenorrhea|Oligomenorrhea]] || [[ओलिगोमेनोरिया]] || [[:mai:ओलिगोमेनोरिया|ओलिगोमेनोरिया]] || [[:dty:ओलिगोमेनोरिया|ओलिगोमेनोरिया]] || [[:new:ओलिगोमेनोरिया|ओलिगोमेनोरिया]] || [[:d: Q1970295| Q1970295]] |- |३६ || [[:en:Fallopian tube cancer|Fallopian tube cancer]] || [[फेलोपियन नलीको क्यान्सर]] || [[:mai:फेलोपियन नलीको क्यान्सर|फेलोपियन नलीको क्यान्सर]] || [[:dty:फेलोपियन नलीको क्यान्सर|फेलोपियन नलीको क्यान्सर]] || [[:new:फेलोपियन नलीको क्यान्सर|फेलोपियन नलीको क्यान्सर]] || [[:d: Q18554948| Q18554948]] |} [[श्रेणी:विकिपिडिया]] [[श्रेणी:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५]] [[श्रेणी:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६]] qw5i161nz1fc0se2z557mt3rvlmjh23 4 150705 1365038 2026-07-06T13:44:11Z Nabin K. Sapkota 13090 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{Infobox recurring event | name = विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ | native_name = | logo = [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|300px]] | logo_caption = विकी विमिनको लोगो | image = | imagesize = | caption = | date = | begins = जुलाई ०५, २०२६ | ends = जुलाई ३१, २०२६ | prev = | frequency = | location = | years_active = | firs... 1365038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox recurring event | name = विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ | native_name = | logo = [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|300px]] | logo_caption = विकी विमिनको लोगो | image = | imagesize = | caption = | date = | begins = जुलाई ०५, २०२६ | ends = जुलाई ३१, २०२६ | prev = | frequency = | location = | years_active = | first = [[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०१६| विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०१६]] | last = [[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५]] | participants = विश्वभरका विभिन्न भाषीहरू | attendance = | genre = एडिटाथन | budget = | patron = [[प्रयोगकर्ता:सरोज कुमार ढकाल|सरोज कुमार ढकाल]] | co-ordinator = [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nabin K. Sapkota|नविन सापकोटा]] | organised = [[विकिपिडियन|नेपाली विकिपिडियन]] | website = | footnotes = '''नारा''': ''"महिला स्वास्थ्य तथा स्वच्छता सम्बन्धी जागरूकता"'' }} '''विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६''' विकिपिडिया र विकिपिडियाका भातृ परियोजनामा समर्पित सम्पूर्ण नेपालीभाषी योगदानकर्ताहरूले स्वतन्त्रतापूर्वक सहभागिता जनाउन सक्ने विकिमिडिया समुदाय नेपालद्वारा आयोजित नारी सम्मानमा समर्पित प्रतियोगिता हो। यस अघि नारी दिवसको अवसर पारेर विकिमिडिया समुदाय नेपालले यस कार्यक्रमको आयोजना गरेको थियो। ==संयोजन समूह== # [[User:Nabin K. Sapkota|नविन सापकोटा]]- '''कार्यक्रम संयोजक''' # [[User:Nirmal Dulal|निर्मल दुलाल]]- '''तालिम संयोजक''' # डा. सबिना खड्का - '''महिला स्वास्थ विज्ञ''' # [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Sonika Aryal|सोनीका अर्याल]] - '''मिडिया संयोजक''' == नारा == '''"महिला स्वास्थ्य तथा स्वच्छता सम्बन्धी जागरूकता"''' == उद्देश्य == * नेपाली विकिपिडियामा महिला स्वास्थ्य सम्बन्धी लेखहरू वृद्धि गर्नु, * नेपाली विकिपिडियामा महिला सहभागिता बढाउनु, * नेपाली विकिपिडियामा महिला सम्बन्धी लेखहरू वृद्धि गर्नु, * नेपाली विकिपिडियाको स्तर अभिवृद्धि गर्नु, * नेपाली विकिपिडियाको नेपालीभाषी माझ रहेको पहुँचलाई बढाउनु, * विज्ञान प्रविधिको यस युगमा विकिपिडियालाई नयाँ ज्ञान र पठनपाठनको स्रोत बनाउनको लागि सामाजिक सोचको विकास गराउनु, * ज्ञान अभिबृद्धिको कार्यलाई हर्षोल्लास या मनोरञ्जनात्मक तरिकाले सम्पन्न गराउनु। == कसरी सहभागी हुने == ;सहभागी हुन निम्न कुराहरूमा तयार रहनुहोस् : ''सर्वप्रथम नेपाली विकिपिडियामा गएर आफ्नो [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=विशेष:CreateAccount&returnto=मुख्य+पृष्ठ खाता खोल्नुहोस] वा पहिला नै खाता खोलिसकेको भए [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=विशेष:UserLogin&returnto=मुख्य+पृष्ठ प्रवेश गरेर] '''[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६/सहभागीहरू|यहाँ]]''' गएर आफ्नो नाम दर्ता गर्नुहोस् : दर्ता गर्न सम्पादनमा क्लिक गरेर अन्तिम हरफमा <nowiki> # ~~~~ </nowiki>राख्नुहोस । विकिपिडिया कसरी {{plainlink|https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87 सम्पादन}} गर्ने भन्ने जानकारी लिइराख्नुहोस् । ==कुन लेखहरू बनाउने वा सुधार गर्ने?== [[File:Wiki Women-Edit-a-thon 2015.gif|90px|right]] * '''[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६/निर्माण तथा सम्पादन गर्ने पृष्ठहरूको सूची|निर्माण तथा सम्पादन गर्ने पृष्ठहरूको सूची]]''' <center><span style=background:green;><font color="yellow">'''साथै यस बाहेकका पनि महिला सम्बन्धित शीर्षकमा लेख बनाउन सकिनेछ।</font>'''</span></center> ==विकी विमिन एडिटाथनमा के गरिन्छ?== * धेरैजना मानिसहरू एक ठाउँमा जम्मा भएर विकिपिडियामा लेखहरू लेखिन्छन् र तिनलाई सम्पादन गरिन्छ। * लेख कसरी लेख्ने वा कसरी प्रस्तुतीकरण गर्ने भन्ने बारेमा सीप सिकाइन्छ। * लेखहरूको स्तरीकरण गरिन्छ। * तोकिएको स्थानमा उपस्थित हुन नसक्ने व्यक्तिहरूले आफू बसेकै ठाउँबाट अनलाइन योगदान गर्न सक्नेछन्। ==योगदानको खाका== * जुलाई ०५ , २०२६- जुलाई ३१ , २०२६ सम्म सबै महिला तथा पुरुष योगदानकर्ताले आ-आफ्नो ठाउँबाट विकिपिडियाका विभिन्न लेखहरूमा योगदान गर्ने। (नयाँ लेख लेख्ने तथा पुराना लेखहरूमा सामग्री थप गर्ने वा परिमार्जन गरि सुधार गर्ने।) * प्रतियोगिता अवधि भर जुलाई ०५ , २०२६- जुलाई ३१ , २०२६)मा सबैभन्दा धेरै लेखहरू निर्माण तथा सम्पादन गर्ने योगदानकर्ताहरूलाई पुरस्कृत गरिनेछ। * लेख निर्माण गर्दा लेखमा इन्फोबक्स, स्रोत सामग्री र बाह्य कडी राख्नुका साथै लेखमा कम्तीमा ८० शब्द हुनु अनिवार्य छ। अझ बढी जानकारीको लागि [[विकिपिडिया:नयाँ पृष्ठ कसरी आरम्भ गर्ने|नयाँ पृष्ठ कसरी आरम्भ गर्ने]] हेर्नुहोला। * कुनै लेख सम्पादन गर्दा प्रतिसम्पादनमा ८० शब्द राख्नु पर्नेछ । * यस प्रतियोगिता अन्तर्गत बनाइएका वा सुधार गरिएका लेखहरू यस प्रतियोगिताको तदर्थ समितिका सदस्यले जाँच गरी तथ्याङ्कमा जोड्नेछन्। * विकिपिडियाका सम्पूर्ण नियमहरूको पालना भएको हुनुपर्ने छ। ==पुरस्कार== * यस कार्यक्रममा भाग लिइ योगदान दिने उत्कृष्ट तीन योगदानकर्ताहरू प्रथम, द्वितीय र तृतीयलाई क्रमशः आकर्षक पुरस्कारको व्यवस्था गरिएको छ। * यस कार्यक्रममा सहभागी सबै योगदानकर्ताहरूलाई कदर-पत्र प्रदान गरिनेछ । ==विजेताहरू== [[Image:BKV m 1 jms.svg|22px]]</br> [[Image:BKV m 2 jms.svg|22px]]</br> [[Image:BKV m 3 jms.svg|22px]]</br> * कृपया विजेताले पुरस्कारको लागि र सम्पूर्ण सहभागीले सहभागिताको प्रमापत्रको लागि कार्यक्रम संयोजक सँग शीघ्र सम्पर्क गर्नुहोला । ==जानकारीका लागि== {| align=center style="font-family:Optima, Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; background:transparent" | <center>[[File:Instagram logo 2016.svg|60px|link=https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[चित्र:Twitter X.png|60px|link=https://x.com/wikiwomenedit]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[File:Facebook logo (square).png|60px|link=https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891]]</center> |- |<center>'''[https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women इन्स्टाग्राम]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://x.com/wikiwomenedit एक्स]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891 फेसबुक]''' </center><br /> |- |} ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== [[श्रेणी:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६]] gyfq6obfpohq5qtqutbr9fgikah3z8h 1365145 1365038 2026-07-07T03:40:58Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 +फाउन्टेन उपकरण 1365145 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox recurring event | name = विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ | native_name = | logo = [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|300px]] | logo_caption = विकी विमिनको लोगो | image = | imagesize = | caption = | date = | begins = जुलाई ०५, २०२६ | ends = जुलाई ३१, २०२६ | prev = | frequency = | location = | years_active = | first = [[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०१६| विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०१६]] | last = [[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२५]] | participants = विश्वभरका विभिन्न भाषीहरू | attendance = | genre = एडिटाथन | budget = | patron = [[प्रयोगकर्ता:सरोज कुमार ढकाल|सरोज कुमार ढकाल]] | co-ordinator = [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Nabin K. Sapkota|नविन सापकोटा]] | organised = [[विकिपिडियन|नेपाली विकिपिडियन]] | website = | footnotes = '''नारा''': ''"महिला स्वास्थ्य तथा स्वच्छता सम्बन्धी जागरूकता"'' }} '''विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६''' विकिपिडिया र विकिपिडियाका भातृ परियोजनामा समर्पित सम्पूर्ण नेपालीभाषी योगदानकर्ताहरूले स्वतन्त्रतापूर्वक सहभागिता जनाउन सक्ने विकिमिडिया समुदाय नेपालद्वारा आयोजित नारी सम्मानमा समर्पित प्रतियोगिता हो। यस अघि नारी दिवसको अवसर पारेर विकिमिडिया समुदाय नेपालले यस कार्यक्रमको आयोजना गरेको थियो। ==संयोजन समूह== # [[User:Nabin K. Sapkota|नविन सापकोटा]]- '''कार्यक्रम संयोजक''' # [[User:Nirmal Dulal|निर्मल दुलाल]]- '''तालिम संयोजक''' # डा. सबिना खड्का - '''महिला स्वास्थ विज्ञ''' # [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Sonika Aryal|सोनीका अर्याल]] - '''मिडिया संयोजक''' == नारा == '''"महिला स्वास्थ्य तथा स्वच्छता सम्बन्धी जागरूकता"''' == उद्देश्य == * नेपाली विकिपिडियामा महिला स्वास्थ्य सम्बन्धी लेखहरू वृद्धि गर्नु, * नेपाली विकिपिडियामा महिला सहभागिता बढाउनु, * नेपाली विकिपिडियामा महिला सम्बन्धी लेखहरू वृद्धि गर्नु, * नेपाली विकिपिडियाको स्तर अभिवृद्धि गर्नु, * नेपाली विकिपिडियाको नेपालीभाषी माझ रहेको पहुँचलाई बढाउनु, * विज्ञान प्रविधिको यस युगमा विकिपिडियालाई नयाँ ज्ञान र पठनपाठनको स्रोत बनाउनको लागि सामाजिक सोचको विकास गराउनु, * ज्ञान अभिबृद्धिको कार्यलाई हर्षोल्लास या मनोरञ्जनात्मक तरिकाले सम्पन्न गराउनु। == कसरी सहभागी हुने == ;सहभागी हुन निम्न कुराहरूमा तयार रहनुहोस् : ''सर्वप्रथम नेपाली विकिपिडियामा गएर आफ्नो [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=विशेष:CreateAccount&returnto=मुख्य+पृष्ठ खाता खोल्नुहोस] वा पहिला नै खाता खोलिसकेको भए [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=विशेष:UserLogin&returnto=मुख्य+पृष्ठ प्रवेश गरेर] '''[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६/सहभागीहरू|यहाँ]]''' गएर आफ्नो नाम दर्ता गर्नुहोस् : दर्ता गर्न सम्पादनमा क्लिक गरेर अन्तिम हरफमा <nowiki> # ~~~~ </nowiki>राख्नुहोस । विकिपिडिया कसरी {{plainlink|https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%81_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87 सम्पादन}} गर्ने भन्ने जानकारी लिइराख्नुहोस् । ==कुन लेखहरू बनाउने वा सुधार गर्ने?== [[File:Wiki Women-Edit-a-thon 2015.gif|90px|right]] * '''[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६/निर्माण तथा सम्पादन गर्ने पृष्ठहरूको सूची|निर्माण तथा सम्पादन गर्ने पृष्ठहरूको सूची]]''' <center><span style=background:green;><font color="yellow">'''साथै यस बाहेकका पनि महिला सम्बन्धित शीर्षकमा लेख बनाउन सकिनेछ।</font>'''</span></center> लेख बनाइसकेपछि वा सुधार गरेपछि यसलाई [https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/wikiwomen-editathon-2026/add फाउन्टेन उपकरण]मा जोड्नुपर्नेछ र लेख स्वीकृत भएमा प्रति लेख १ अङ्क प्राप्त हुनेछ। ==विकी विमिन एडिटाथनमा के गरिन्छ?== * धेरैजना मानिसहरू एक ठाउँमा जम्मा भएर विकिपिडियामा लेखहरू लेखिन्छन् र तिनलाई सम्पादन गरिन्छ। * लेख कसरी लेख्ने वा कसरी प्रस्तुतीकरण गर्ने भन्ने बारेमा सीप सिकाइन्छ। * लेखहरूको स्तरीकरण गरिन्छ। * तोकिएको स्थानमा उपस्थित हुन नसक्ने व्यक्तिहरूले आफू बसेकै ठाउँबाट अनलाइन योगदान गर्न सक्नेछन्। ==योगदानको खाका== * जुलाई ०५ , २०२६- जुलाई ३१ , २०२६ सम्म सबै महिला तथा पुरुष योगदानकर्ताले आ-आफ्नो ठाउँबाट विकिपिडियाका विभिन्न लेखहरूमा योगदान गर्ने। (नयाँ लेख लेख्ने तथा पुराना लेखहरूमा सामग्री थप गर्ने वा परिमार्जन गरि सुधार गर्ने।) * प्रतियोगिता अवधि भर जुलाई ०५ , २०२६- जुलाई ३१ , २०२६)मा सबैभन्दा धेरै लेखहरू निर्माण तथा सम्पादन गर्ने योगदानकर्ताहरूलाई पुरस्कृत गरिनेछ। * लेख निर्माण गर्दा लेखमा इन्फोबक्स, स्रोत सामग्री र बाह्य कडी राख्नुका साथै लेखमा कम्तीमा १५० शब्द र ३,००० बाइट हुनु अनिवार्य छ। अझ बढी जानकारीको लागि [[विकिपिडिया:नयाँ पृष्ठ कसरी आरम्भ गर्ने|नयाँ पृष्ठ कसरी आरम्भ गर्ने]] हेर्नुहोला। * कुनै लेख सम्पादन गर्दा प्रतिसम्पादनमा १५० शब्द राख्नु पर्नेछ । * यस प्रतियोगिता अन्तर्गत बनाइएका वा सुधार गरिएका लेखहरू यस प्रतियोगिताको तदर्थ समितिका सदस्यले जाँच गरी तथ्याङ्कमा जोड्नेछन्। * विकिपिडियाका सम्पूर्ण नियमहरूको पालना भएको हुनुपर्ने छ। ==पुरस्कार== * यस कार्यक्रममा भाग लिइ योगदान दिने उत्कृष्ट तीन योगदानकर्ताहरू प्रथम, द्वितीय र तृतीयलाई क्रमशः आकर्षक पुरस्कारको व्यवस्था गरिएको छ। * यस कार्यक्रममा सहभागी सबै योगदानकर्ताहरूलाई कदर-पत्र प्रदान गरिनेछ । ==विजेताहरू== [[Image:BKV m 1 jms.svg|22px]]</br> [[Image:BKV m 2 jms.svg|22px]]</br> [[Image:BKV m 3 jms.svg|22px]]</br> * कृपया विजेताले पुरस्कारको लागि र सम्पूर्ण सहभागीले सहभागिताको प्रमापत्रको लागि कार्यक्रम संयोजक सँग शीघ्र सम्पर्क गर्नुहोला । ==जानकारीका लागि== {| align=center style="font-family:Optima, Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; background:transparent" | <center>[[File:Instagram logo 2016.svg|60px|link=https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[चित्र:Twitter X.png|60px|link=https://x.com/wikiwomenedit]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[File:Facebook logo (square).png|60px|link=https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891]]</center> |- |<center>'''[https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women इन्स्टाग्राम]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://x.com/wikiwomenedit एक्स]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891 फेसबुक]''' </center><br /> |- |} ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== [[श्रेणी:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६]] 4cp3j1836gtwqdz1ho9ish3p5ubjm0a 4 150706 1365039 2026-07-06T13:51:53Z Nabin K. Sapkota 13090 नयाँ पृष्ठ: [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|150px|right|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन लोगो]] *<big> नेपाली विकिपिडियामा गएर आफ्नो [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:UserLogin&type=signup&returnto=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0&campaign=loginCTA खाता खोल्नुह... 1365039 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|150px|right|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन लोगो]] *<big> नेपाली विकिपिडियामा गएर आफ्नो [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:UserLogin&type=signup&returnto=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0&campaign=loginCTA खाता खोल्नुहोस] । </big> *<big> खाता तयार भैसकेको भए प्रवेश गरेर तल आफ्नो नाम दर्ता गर्नुहोस् ।</big> *<big> दर्ता गर्न [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AB/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82&action=edit&section=2 सम्पादन]मा क्लिक गरेर अन्तिम हरफमा <nowiki> # ~~~~ </nowiki>राख्नुहोस् ।</big> ==जानकारीका लागी== {| align=center style="font-family:Optima, Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; background:transparent" | <center>[[File:Instagram logo 2016.svg|60px|link=https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[File:Twitter X.png|60px|link=https://x.com/WikimediaNepal]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[File:Facebook logo (square).png|60px|link=https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891]]</center> |- |<center>'''[https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women इन्स्टाग्राम]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://x.com/WikimediaNepal एक्स]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891 फेसबुक]''' </center><br /> |- |} ==विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ सहभागीहरू== 1gshfjzlz87cuaqxorpdw0cddpgi4xg 1365040 1365039 2026-07-06T13:52:24Z Nabin K. Sapkota 13090 1365040 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|150px|right|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन लोगो]] *<big> नेपाली विकिपिडियामा गएर आफ्नो [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:UserLogin&type=signup&returnto=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0&campaign=loginCTA खाता खोल्नुहोस] । </big> *<big> खाता तयार भैसकेको भए प्रवेश गरेर तल आफ्नो नाम दर्ता गर्नुहोस् ।</big> *<big> दर्ता गर्न [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AC/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82&action=edit&section=2 सम्पादन]मा क्लिक गरेर अन्तिम हरफमा <nowiki> # ~~~~ </nowiki>राख्नुहोस् ।</big> ==जानकारीका लागी== {| align=center style="font-family:Optima, Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; background:transparent" | <center>[[File:Instagram logo 2016.svg|60px|link=https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[File:Twitter X.png|60px|link=https://x.com/WikimediaNepal]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[File:Facebook logo (square).png|60px|link=https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891]]</center> |- |<center>'''[https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women इन्स्टाग्राम]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://x.com/WikimediaNepal एक्स]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891 फेसबुक]''' </center><br /> |- |} ==विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ सहभागीहरू== 7w47two43nz7a1978h1o9f4wj0ouqh4 1365041 1365040 2026-07-06T13:52:52Z Nabin K. Sapkota 13090 [[विकिपिडिया:हटक्याट|हटक्याट]]द्वारा [[श्रेणी:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६]] जोडियो 1365041 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|150px|right|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन लोगो]] *<big> नेपाली विकिपिडियामा गएर आफ्नो [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:UserLogin&type=signup&returnto=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0&campaign=loginCTA खाता खोल्नुहोस] । </big> *<big> खाता तयार भैसकेको भए प्रवेश गरेर तल आफ्नो नाम दर्ता गर्नुहोस् ।</big> *<big> दर्ता गर्न [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AC/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82&action=edit&section=2 सम्पादन]मा क्लिक गरेर अन्तिम हरफमा <nowiki> # ~~~~ </nowiki>राख्नुहोस् ।</big> ==जानकारीका लागी== {| align=center style="font-family:Optima, Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; background:transparent" | <center>[[File:Instagram logo 2016.svg|60px|link=https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[File:Twitter X.png|60px|link=https://x.com/WikimediaNepal]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[File:Facebook logo (square).png|60px|link=https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891]]</center> |- |<center>'''[https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women इन्स्टाग्राम]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://x.com/WikimediaNepal एक्स]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891 फेसबुक]''' </center><br /> |- |} ==विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ सहभागीहरू== [[श्रेणी:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६]] sguqvy7nnblxfa3qjaujpuhpbf53t4q 1365044 1365041 2026-07-06T14:12:28Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 /* विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ सहभागीहरू */ 1365044 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|150px|right|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन लोगो]] *<big> नेपाली विकिपिडियामा गएर आफ्नो [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:UserLogin&type=signup&returnto=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0&campaign=loginCTA खाता खोल्नुहोस] । </big> *<big> खाता तयार भैसकेको भए प्रवेश गरेर तल आफ्नो नाम दर्ता गर्नुहोस् ।</big> *<big> दर्ता गर्न [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AC/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82&action=edit&section=2 सम्पादन]मा क्लिक गरेर अन्तिम हरफमा <nowiki> # ~~~~ </nowiki>राख्नुहोस् ।</big> ==जानकारीका लागी== {| align=center style="font-family:Optima, Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; background:transparent" | <center>[[File:Instagram logo 2016.svg|60px|link=https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[File:Twitter X.png|60px|link=https://x.com/WikimediaNepal]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[File:Facebook logo (square).png|60px|link=https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891]]</center> |- |<center>'''[https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women इन्स्टाग्राम]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://x.com/WikimediaNepal एक्स]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891 फेसबुक]''' </center><br /> |- |} ==विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ सहभागीहरू== # [[User:पर्वत सुवेदी|पर्वत सुवेदी]] ([[User talk:पर्वत सुवेदी|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १९:५७, ६ जुलाई २०२६ (नेपाली समय) [[श्रेणी:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६]] amquf4kozrrij7uj9vzx2a1gu4ffo8k 1365045 1365044 2026-07-06T14:37:41Z हिमाल सुवेदी 30817 /* विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ सहभागीहरू */ 1365045 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|150px|right|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन लोगो]] *<big> नेपाली विकिपिडियामा गएर आफ्नो [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:UserLogin&type=signup&returnto=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0&campaign=loginCTA खाता खोल्नुहोस] । </big> *<big> खाता तयार भैसकेको भए प्रवेश गरेर तल आफ्नो नाम दर्ता गर्नुहोस् ।</big> *<big> दर्ता गर्न [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AC/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82&action=edit&section=2 सम्पादन]मा क्लिक गरेर अन्तिम हरफमा <nowiki> # ~~~~ </nowiki>राख्नुहोस् ।</big> ==जानकारीका लागी== {| align=center style="font-family:Optima, Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; background:transparent" | <center>[[File:Instagram logo 2016.svg|60px|link=https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[File:Twitter X.png|60px|link=https://x.com/WikimediaNepal]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[File:Facebook logo (square).png|60px|link=https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891]]</center> |- |<center>'''[https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women इन्स्टाग्राम]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://x.com/WikimediaNepal एक्स]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891 फेसबुक]''' </center><br /> |- |} ==विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ सहभागीहरू== # [[User:पर्वत सुवेदी|पर्वत सुवेदी]] ([[User talk:पर्वत सुवेदी|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १९:५७, ६ जुलाई २०२६ (नेपाली समय) [[श्रेणी:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६]] #[[प्रयोगकर्ता:हिमाल सुवेदी|हिमाल सुवेदी]] [[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:हिमाल सुवेदी|कुरा गर्ने]] २०:२२, ६ जुलाई २०२६ (नेपाली समय) 1s7ceh3ndwnpkbf873yahporgpmphro 1365185 1365045 2026-07-07T07:38:38Z Saroj 31493 /* विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ सहभागीहरू */ + 1365185 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|150px|right|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन लोगो]] *<big> नेपाली विकिपिडियामा गएर आफ्नो [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:UserLogin&type=signup&returnto=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0&campaign=loginCTA खाता खोल्नुहोस] । </big> *<big> खाता तयार भैसकेको भए प्रवेश गरेर तल आफ्नो नाम दर्ता गर्नुहोस् ।</big> *<big> दर्ता गर्न [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AC/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82&action=edit&section=2 सम्पादन]मा क्लिक गरेर अन्तिम हरफमा <nowiki> # ~~~~ </nowiki>राख्नुहोस् ।</big> ==जानकारीका लागी== {| align=center style="font-family:Optima, Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; background:transparent" | <center>[[File:Instagram logo 2016.svg|60px|link=https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[File:Twitter X.png|60px|link=https://x.com/WikimediaNepal]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[File:Facebook logo (square).png|60px|link=https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891]]</center> |- |<center>'''[https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women इन्स्टाग्राम]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://x.com/WikimediaNepal एक्स]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891 फेसबुक]''' </center><br /> |- |} ==विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ सहभागीहरू== # [[User:पर्वत सुवेदी|पर्वत सुवेदी]] ([[User talk:पर्वत सुवेदी|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १९:५७, ६ जुलाई २०२६ (नेपाली समय) #[[प्रयोगकर्ता:हिमाल सुवेदी|हिमाल सुवेदी]] [[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:हिमाल सुवेदी|कुरा गर्ने]] २०:२२, ६ जुलाई २०२६ (नेपाली समय) # [[User:Saroj|Saroj]] ([[User talk:Saroj|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १३:२३, ७ जुलाई २०२६ (नेपाली समय) [[श्रेणी:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६]] 7xl4c92f4beb0p7r9kvvkvmgk4cakie 1365187 1365185 2026-07-07T07:39:07Z Saroj 31493 // Edit via Wikiplus 1365187 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|150px|right|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन लोगो]] *<big> नेपाली विकिपिडियामा गएर आफ्नो [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7:UserLogin&type=signup&returnto=%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF+%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A0&campaign=loginCTA खाता खोल्नुहोस] । </big> *<big> खाता तयार भैसकेको भए प्रवेश गरेर तल आफ्नो नाम दर्ता गर्नुहोस् ।</big> *<big> दर्ता गर्न [https://ne.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE:%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%A6%E0%A5%A8%E0%A5%AC/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%82&action=edit&section=2 सम्पादन]मा क्लिक गरेर अन्तिम हरफमा <nowiki> # ~~~~ </nowiki>राख्नुहोस् ।</big> [[श्रेणी:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६]] ==जानकारीका लागी== {| align=center style="font-family:Optima, Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; background:transparent" | <center>[[File:Instagram logo 2016.svg|60px|link=https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[File:Twitter X.png|60px|link=https://x.com/WikimediaNepal]]</center> |width=25%|<center>[[File:Facebook logo (square).png|60px|link=https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891]]</center> |- |<center>'''[https://www.instagram.com/wiki_women इन्स्टाग्राम]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://x.com/WikimediaNepal एक्स]'''</center><br /> |<center>'''[https://www.facebook.com/Wiki-Women-Edit-a-thon-470071126517891 फेसबुक]''' </center><br /> |- |} ==विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ सहभागीहरू== # [[User:पर्वत सुवेदी|पर्वत सुवेदी]] ([[User talk:पर्वत सुवेदी|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १९:५७, ६ जुलाई २०२६ (नेपाली समय) #[[प्रयोगकर्ता:हिमाल सुवेदी|हिमाल सुवेदी]] [[प्रयोगकर्ता वार्ता:हिमाल सुवेदी|कुरा गर्ने]] २०:२२, ६ जुलाई २०२६ (नेपाली समय) # [[User:Saroj|Saroj]] ([[User talk:Saroj|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) १३:२३, ७ जुलाई २०२६ (नेपाली समय) rlkh3j6k1g22s9i6lfb85zuo5vwuvx8 0 150707 1365046 2026-07-06T14:48:25Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 [[पाठेघर]]मा अनुप्रेषण गर्दै 1365046 wikitext text/x-wiki #अनुप्रेषण [[पाठेघर]] 2qmw4yyquc1sumu8g5q0b0935xyuqe6 0 150708 1365047 2026-07-06T15:02:36Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 /* */ 1365047 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|गर्भावस्थाको प्राकृतिक र समय अगावै हुने अन्त्य}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = स्वतःस्फूर्त गर्भपतन | synonyms = गर्भस्राव | image = Anembryonic gestation.jpg | caption = एउटा [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]] जसमा [[गर्भावस्थाको थैली]] भित्र [[योल्क थैली]] देखिन्छ तर त्यहाँ कुनै [[भ्रूण]] देखिँदैन। | field = [[प्रसूति तथा स्त्री रोग विज्ञान]], [[नवजात शिशु विज्ञान]], [[बालबालिका स्वास्थ्य विज्ञान]] | symptoms = दुखाइबिना वा दुखाइसँगै [[योनिबाट रक्तस्राव]] हुनु<ref name="John20122">{{cite book |title=The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438 |url-status=live |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |edition=4 |pages=438–439 |date=2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181311/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438 |archive-date=September 10, 2017 |isbn=978-1-4511-4801-5 }}</ref> | complications = [[सङ्क्रमण]], [[रक्तस्राव]],<ref name=Mer2018>{{cite web|title=Spontaneous Abortion – Gynecology and Obstetrics|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-of-pregnancy/spontaneous-abortion|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-date=December 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204041458/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-of-pregnancy/spontaneous-abortion}}</ref> [[उदासिनता]], [[चिन्ता]], [[दोषी भावना]]<ref name="Pregnancy loss"/> | onset = गर्भधारणको २० हप्ताभन्दा पहिले<ref name=NIH2013Def/> | duration = | types = | causes = [[क्रोमोजोम असामान्यता]],<ref name="John20122" /><ref name=Vai2015/> गर्भाशयको असामान्यता<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chan YY, Jayaprakasan K, Tan A, Thornton JG, Coomarasamy A, Raine-Fenning NJ |title=Reproductive outcomes in women with congenital uterine anomalies: a systematic review |journal=Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=371–382 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21830244 |s2cid=40113681 |doi=10.1002/uog.10056 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | risks = बढी उमेरको आमाबाबु हुनु, पहिले पनि गर्भपतन भएको हुनु, [[सुर्तीजन्य धुवाँ]]को सम्पर्कमा आउनु, [[मोटोपन]], [[मधुमेह]], [[प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली सम्बन्धी रोग]], [[लागूऔषध वा मदिराको प्रयोग]]<ref name="NIH2013Epi2">{{cite web |date=2013-07-15 |title=How many people are affected by or at risk for pregnancy loss or miscarriage? |url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/risk.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093633/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/risk.aspx |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |website=www.nichd.nih.gov |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Ol2014" /><ref name="CarpSelmi2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carp HJ, Selmi C, Shoenfeld Y | title = The autoimmune bases of infertility and pregnancy loss | journal = Journal of Autoimmunity | volume = 38 | issue = 2–3 | pages = J266-74 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22284905 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.11.016 | type = Review }}</ref> | diagnosis = [[शारीरिक परीक्षण]], [[ह्युमन कोरियोनिक गोनाडोट्रोपिन]], [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]]<ref name=NIH2015Diag/> | differential = [[अस्थानिक गर्भावस्था]] , [[इम्प्लान्टेसन रक्तस्राव]]।<ref name="John20122" /> | prevention = [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]] <ref name=NIH2013Pre/> | treatment = [[प्रतीक्षात्मक व्यवस्थापन]], [[भ्याकुम एस्पिरेसन]], भावनात्मक सहयोग<ref name="Ol2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Oliver A, Overton C |title=Diagnosis and management of miscarriage |journal=The Practitioner |volume=258 |issue=1771 |pages=25–8, 3 |date=May 2014 |pmid=25055407}}</ref> <ref name=NIH2013Tx/> | frequency = १० देखि ५०% गर्भावस्थामा<ref name="John20122" /><ref name="NIH2013Epi2" /> }} '''गर्भस्राव''', जसलाई चिकित्सा क्षेत्रमा '''स्वतःस्फूर्त गर्भपतन''' पनि भनिन्छ, [[गर्भावस्था]]को यस्तो अन्त्य हो जसको परिणामस्वरूप [[भ्रूण]] आफैँ जीवित रहन सक्ने क्षमता राख्नु अगावै [[पाठेघर]]बाट बाहिर निस्कन्छ वा नष्ट हुन्छ।<ref name="John20122" /><ref name="NIH2013Def">{{cite web |title=What is pregnancy loss/miscarriage? |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo |url-status=live |website=www.nichd.nih.gov/ |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121055/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> गर्भधारणको ६ हप्ताभन्दा पहिले हुने गर्भस्रावलाई [[मानव प्रजनन र भ्रूण विज्ञानको युरोपेली समाज]] द्वारा '''जैविक रसायन क्षय'''को रूपमा परिभाषित गरिएको छ।<ref name="clarej">{{cite journal |last1=Larsen |first1=Elisabeth Clare |last2=Christiansen |first2=Ole Bjarne |last3=Kolte |first3=Astrid Marie |last4=Macklon |first4=Nick |title=New insights into mechanisms behind miscarriage |journal=BMC Medicine |date=26 June 2013 |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=154 |pmid=23803387 |pmc=3699442 |issn=1741-7015 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-11-154 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Messerlian |first1=Carmen|author1-link=Carmen Messerlian |last2=Williams |first2=Paige L. |last3=Mínguez-Alarcón |first3=Lidia |last4=Carignan |first4=Courtney C. |last5=Ford |first5=Jennifer B. |last6=Butt |first6=Craig M. |last7=Meeker |first7=John D. |last8=Stapleton |first8=Heather M. |last9=Souter |first9=Irene |last10=Hauser |first10=Russ |title=Organophosphate flame-retardant metabolite concentrations and pregnancy loss among women conceiving with assisted reproductive technology |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=110 |issue=6 |pages=1137–1144.e1 |date=1 November 2018 |issn=0015-0282 |pmid=30396558 |pmc=7261497 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.06.045 |doi-access=free}}</ref> एक पटक [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]] वा [[हिस्टोलोजी|हिस्टोलोजिकल]] ([[तन्तु विज्ञान|तन्तु परीक्षण]]) प्रमाणले गर्भावस्था अस्तित्वमा रहेको देखाएपछि, यसका लागि प्रयोग गरिने शब्द '''क्लिनिकल गर्भस्राव''' हो, जुन "प्रारम्भिक" (१२ हप्ता अघि) वा "ढिलो" (१२ देखि २१ हप्ताको बीचमा) हुन सक्छ।<ref name="clarej" /> गर्भधारणको २० हप्तापछिको स्वतःस्फूर्त भ्रूणको अन्त्यलाई '''[[भ्रूण मृत्यु|मृतशिशु जन्म]]''' भनिन्छ।<ref name="NIH2014Def">{{cite web |title=Stillbirth: Overview |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth |url-status=live |website=NICHD |date=23 September 2014 |access-date=4 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005085055/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=October 5, 2016 }}</ref> गर्भधारणको २० हप्ताभन्दा पहिले हुने गर्भावस्थाको क्षय र खराब परिणामहरूका सबै रूपहरूलाई बुझाउन कहिलेकाहीँ सामान्य रूपमा 'गर्भपतन' शब्द प्रयोग गरिन्छ। [[योनीबाट रक्तस्राव]] हुनु गर्भपतनको सबैभन्दा सामान्य लक्षण हो, जुन दुखाइबिना वा दुखाइसँगै हुन सक्छ।<ref name="John20122" /> [[तन्तु]] र रगतको चक्का जस्तो देखिने पदार्थ [[गर्भाशय]]बाट निस्केर [[योनि]] हुँदै बाहिर आउन सक्छ।<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-07-15 |title=What are the symptoms of pregnancy loss/miscarriage? |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113638/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=14 March 2015 |website=www.nichd.nih.gov/ }}</ref> गर्भस्रावका जोखिमपूर्ण कारकहरूमा बढी उमेरमा आमाबाबु बन्नु, पहिले पनि गर्भस्राव भएको हुनु, [[सुर्तीजन्य धुवाँ]]को सम्पर्कमा आउनु, [[मोटोपन]], [[मधुमेह]], [[थाइराइडको समस्या]], र [[लागूऔषध वा मदिराको प्रयोग]] आदी हुन्।<ref name="NIH2013Epi2" /><ref name="Ol2014" /> लगभग ८०% गर्भस्राव [[गर्भावस्था]]को पहिलो १२ हप्ता वा पहिलो त्रैमासिक भित्र हुन्छन्।<ref name="John20122" /> करिब आधा जति मामिलाहरूमा यसको मुख्य कारण [[क्रोमोजोम असामान्यता]]सँग जोडिएको हुन्छ।<ref name="Vai2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vaiman D | title = Genetic regulation of recurrent spontaneous abortion in humans | journal = Biomedical Journal | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–24 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25179715 | doi = 10.4103/2319-4170.133777 | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="John20122" /> गर्भस्रावको पहिचान वा निदानका लागि [[पाठेघरको मुख]] खुला छ कि बन्द छ भनी जाँच गर्ने, रगतमा [[ह्युमन कोरियोनिक गोनाडोट्रोपिन]]को मात्रा परीक्षण गर्ने र [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]] गर्ने प्रक्रियाहरू सामेल हुन सक्छन्।<ref name="NIH2015Diag">{{cite web|title=How do health care providers diagnose pregnancy loss or miscarriage?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/diagnosed|website=www.nichd.nih.gov/|access-date=14 March 2015|date=2013-07-15}}</ref> यस्तै खालका लक्षणहरू देखापर्न सक्ने अन्य अवस्थाहरूमा [[अस्थानिक गर्भावस्था]] र [[इम्प्लान्टेसन रक्तस्राव]] पर्दछन्।<ref name="John20122" /> राम्रो [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]]बाट कहिलेकाहीँ गर्भपतनको रोकथाम सम्भव हुन सक्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> लागूऔषध वा लागूपदार्थ (जसमा [[मदिरा]] पनि सामेल छ), [[सङ्क्रामक रोग]], र [[विकिरण]]बाट बच्न सकेमा गर्भस्रावको जोखिम कम हुन सक्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Pre">{{cite web|title=Is there a cure for pregnancy loss/miscarriage?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/cure|website=www.nichd.nih.gov/|access-date=14 March 2015|date=2013-10-21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402181042/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/cure.aspx|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> सुरुवाती ७ देखि १४ दिनसम्म सामान्यतया कुनै विशिष्ट उपचारको आवश्यकता पर्दैन।<ref name="Ol2014" /><ref name="NIH2013Tx" /> अधिकांश गर्भस्रावहरू थप कुनै हस्तक्षेप वा उपचारबिना नै पूर्ण रूपमा सम्पन्न हुन्छन्।<ref name="Ol2014" /> कहिलेकाहीँ बाँकी रहेका तन्तुहरू बाहिर निकाल्नका लागि [[मिसोप्रोस्टोल]] औषधि वा [[भ्याकुम एस्पिरेसन]] जस्ता चिकित्सा प्रक्रियाको प्रयोग गरिन्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Tx" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tunçalp O, Gülmezoglu AM, Souza JP | title = Surgical procedures for evacuating incomplete miscarriage | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 9 | article-number = CD001993 | date = September 2010 | volume = 2010 | pmid = 20824830 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001993.pub2 | pmc = 7064046 }}</ref> गर्भस्रावपछि [[उदासिनता]], [[चिन्ता]] वा [[दोषी भावना]] जस्ता मानसिक असरहरू देखापर्न सक्छन्।<ref name="Pregnancy loss">{{cite journal |vauthors=Robinson GE |date=January 2014 |title=Pregnancy loss |journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=169–178 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.012 |pmid=24047642 |s2cid=32998899}}</ref><ref name="radford">{{cite journal |vauthors=Radford EJ, Hughes M |date=June 2015 |title=Women's experiences of early miscarriage: implications for nursing care |journal=Journal of Clinical Nursing |volume=24 |issue=11–12 |pages=1457–1465 |doi=10.1111/jocn.12781 |pmid=25662397}}</ref> भावनात्मक वा मानसिक सहयोगले यो क्षयको पीडाबाट बाहिर निस्कन मद्दत पुर्‍याउँछ।<ref name="NIH2013Tx">{{cite web|title=What are the treatments for pregnancy loss/miscarriage?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|website=www.nichd.nih.gov|access-date=14 March 2015|date=2013-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121052/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> ==लक्षणहरू== [[योनिबाट हल्का रगत देखा पर्नु]], [[पेट दुखाइ]], अल्झिएर दुख्नु, [[एमनियोटिक तरल पदार्थ]], [[रगतको चक्का]], र [[तन्तु]]हरू [[योनि]]बाट बाहिर निस्कनु गर्भस्रावका लक्षणहरू हुन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/diagnosed|title=How do health care providers diagnose pregnancy loss or miscarriage?|website=www.nichd.nih.gov|date=September 2017 |access-date=2017-11-07}}</ref>{{sfn|Hoffman|page=176}}<ref name=":4">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li L, Dou L, Leung PC, Wang CC | title = Chinese herbal medicines for threatened miscarriage | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 5 | article-number = CD008510 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22592730 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd008510.pub2 | pmc = 11366073 }}</ref> [[रक्तस्राव]] हुनु गर्भस्रावको एउटा लक्षण हुन सक्छ, तर धेरै महिलाहरूमा गर्भावस्थाको सुरुवाती चरणमा रक्तस्राव भए तापनि गर्भस्राव हुँदैन।<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://medlineplus.gov/miscarriage.html|title=Miscarriage {{!}} Miscarriage Symptoms&nbsp;{{!}} MedlinePlus|access-date=2017-09-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728020027/https://medlineplus.gov/miscarriage.html|archive-date=July 28, 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> गर्भावस्थाको पहिलो आधा अवधिको बीचमा हुने रक्तस्रावलाई गर्भस्राव हुन सक्ने जोखिमपूर्ण अवस्था भन्न सकिन्छ।<ref name=Relationship>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee HJ, Norwitz E, Lee B | title = Relationship between threatened miscarriage and gestational diabetes mellitus | journal = BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | article-number = 318 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30081861 | pmc = 6080503 | doi = 10.1186/s12884-018-1955-2 | doi-access = free }}</ref> गर्भावस्थामा रक्तस्राव भएर उपचार खोज्नेहरूमध्ये करिब आधा जतिको गर्भस्राव हुने गर्दछ।<ref name="bmj1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Everett C | title = Incidence and outcome of bleeding before the 20th week of pregnancy: prospective study from general practice | journal = BMJ | volume = 315 | issue = 7099 | pages = 32–4 | date = July 1997 | pmid = 9233324 | pmc = 2127042 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.315.7099.32 }}</ref> ==रोकथाम== गर्भस्रावको रोकथाम कहिलेकाहीँ यसका जोखिमपूर्ण कारकहरूलाई कम गरेर गर्न सकिन्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> यसमा राम्रो [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]], लागूऔषध र मदिराको सेवनबाट बच्ने, सङ्क्रामक रोगहरूबाट जोगिने र एक्स-रेबाट टाढा रहने जस्ता कुराहरू सामेल हुन सक्छन्।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> गर्भस्रावको कारण पत्ता लगाउनाले भविष्यमा हुन सक्ने गर्भावस्थाको क्षयलाई रोक्न मद्दत पुग्न सक्छ। यद्यपि, धेरैजसो अवस्थामा गर्भस्राव रोक्नका लागि व्यक्ति आफैँले गर्न सक्ने कुराहरू एकदमै कम हुन्छन्।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> गर्भावस्थाभन्दा अघि वा गर्भावस्थाको समयमा भिटामिनको पूरक लिँदा गर्भस्रावको जोखिममा कुनै असर परेको पाइएको छैन।<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Balogun OO, da Silva Lopes K, Eta E, Takemoto Y, Rumbold A, Takegata M, Mori R | title = Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | issue = 5 | article-number = CD004073 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27150280 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004073.pub4 | pmc = 7104220 }}</ref> १) हालको गर्भावस्थाको सुरुवाती चरणमा योनिबाट रक्तस्राव भएका र २) पहिले पनि गर्भपतन भएको इतिहास भएका महिलाहरूमा प्रोजेस्टेरोन हर्मोनले गर्भपतन रोक्न मद्दत गर्ने देखाएको छ।<ref>{{cite journal|url = https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta24330/#/full-report|doi = 10.3310/hta24330|title = Progesterone to prevent miscarriage in women with early pregnancy bleeding: The PRISM RCT|year = 2020|last1 = Coomarasamy|first1 = Arri|last2 = Harb|first2 = Hoda M.|last3 = Devall|first3 = Adam J.|last4 = Cheed|first4 = Versha|last5 = Roberts|first5 = Tracy E.|last6 = Goranitis|first6 = Ilias|last7 = Ogwulu|first7 = Chidubem B.|last8 = Williams|first8 = Helen M.|last9 = Gallos|first9 = Ioannis D.|last10 = Eapen|first10 = Abey|last11 = Daniels|first11 = Jane P.|last12 = Ahmed|first12 = Amna|last13 = Bender-Atik|first13 = Ruth|last14 = Bhatia|first14 = Kalsang|last15 = Bottomley|first15 = Cecilia|last16 = Brewin|first16 = Jane|last17 = Choudhary|first17 = Meenakshi|last18 = Crosfill|first18 = Fiona|last19 = Deb|first19 = Shilpa|last20 = Duncan|first20 = W Colin|last21 = Ewer|first21 = Andrew|last22 = Hinshaw|first22 = Kim|last23 = Holland|first23 = Thomas|last24 = Izzat|first24 = Feras|last25 = Johns|first25 = Jemma|last26 = Lumsden|first26 = Mary-Ann|last27 = Manda|first27 = Padma|last28 = Norman|first28 = Jane E.|last29 = Nunes|first29 = Natalie|last30 = Overton|first30 = Caroline E.|journal = Health Technology Assessment|volume = 24|issue = 33|pages = 1–70|pmid = 32609084|pmc = 7355406|archive-date = January 26, 2025|access-date = July 2, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250126022303/https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/HTA24330#/full-report}}</ref> ===परिवर्तन गर्न नसकिने जोखिमका कारकहरू=== भविष्यका गरावस्थाहरूमा गर्भपतन हुन नदिनका लागि निम्न कुराहरूको मूल्याङ्कन गरी रोकथाम क्षमता बढाउन सकिन्छ: {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * प्रतिरक्षा अवस्था <ref name="CarpSelmi2012" /> * रासायनिक र व्यावसायिक संसर्ग {{sfn|Hoffman|page=272|}} * शारीरिक वा शारीरिक बनावटका त्रुटिहरू {{sfn|Hoffman|page=181|}} * गर्भावस्थामा [[पहिलेदेखि नै रहेको रोग]] वा पछि विकसित रोग{{sfn|Hoffman|page=174|}}<ref name="LisRowhani-Rahbar2015"/> ** पोलिसिस्टिक ओभरी सिन्ड्रोम <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boomsma CM, Fauser BC, Macklon NS | title = Pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome | journal = Seminars in Reproductive Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 72–84 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18181085 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-992927 | s2cid = 260316768 }}</ref> * पहिले किमोथेरापी र विकिरणको सम्पर्कमा आएको इतिहास * औषधिहरू{{sfn|Hoffman|page=172|}}<ref name="Ross LE 436–443"/><ref name="auto3"/><ref name="auto4"/><ref name="auto5"/><ref name="auto6">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yonkers KA, Blackwell KA, Glover J, Forray A | title = Antidepressant use in pregnant and postpartum women | journal = Annual Review of Clinical Psychology | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 369–92 | date = 2014-01-01 | pmid = 24313569 | pmc = 4138492 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153626 }}</ref> * शल्यक्रियाको इतिहास {{sfn|Hoffman|pages=172–173|}} * अन्त:स्रावी विकारहरू ({{sfn|Hoffman|page=173|}}<ref name="auto2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mills JL, Simpson JL, Driscoll SG, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Van Allen M, Aarons JH, Metzger B, Bieber FR, Knopp RH, Holmes LB | title = Incidence of spontaneous abortion among normal women and insulin-dependent diabetic women whose pregnancies were identified within 21 days of conception | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 319 | issue = 25 | pages = 1617–23 | date = December 1988 | pmid = 3200277 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM198812223192501 }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=September 2017}} * आनुवंशिक असामान्यताहरू {{sfn|Hoffman|page=181–182|}}<ref name="auto5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakhai-Pour HR, Broy P, Bérard A | title = Use of antidepressants during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion | journal = CMAJ | volume = 182 | issue = 10 | pages = 1031–7 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20513781 | pmc = 2900326 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.091208 }}</ref> {{div col end}} ===परिवर्तन गर्न सकिने जोखिमका कारकहरू=== स्वस्थ तौल कायम राख्नाले र राम्रो प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह गर्नाले गर्भपतनको जोखिम कम गर्न सकिन्छ।<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> निम्न कुराहरूबाट बचेर केही जोखिम कारकहरूलाई न्यूनीकरण गर्न सकिन्छ: * धुम्रपान<ref name="x"/><ref name="paternal smoking">{{cite journal | vauthors = Venners SA, Wang X, Chen C, Wang L, Chen D, Guang W, Huang A, Ryan L, O'Connor J, Lasley B, Overstreet J, Wilcox A, Xu X | title = Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss: a prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 159 | issue = 10 | pages = 993–1001 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15128612 | doi = 10.1093/aje/kwh128 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> * कोकिनको प्रयोग<ref name="x">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ness RB, Grisso JA, Hirschinger N, Markovic N, Shaw LM, Day NL, Kline J | title = Cocaine and tobacco use and the risk of spontaneous abortion | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 340 | issue = 5 | pages = 333–9 | date = February 1999 | pmid = 9929522 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199902043400501 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * मदिरा<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes">{{cite web |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/miscarriage/causes/ |title=Miscarriage – Causes |author=<!--No author name given.--> |website=NHS |date=March 9, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705060654/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/miscarriage/causes/ |archive-date=July 5, 2023}}</ref> * कुपोषण वा खराब पोषण * गर्भपतन गराउन सक्ने तत्त्वहरूसँगको व्यावसायिक संसर्ग{{sfn|Hoffman|page=272}} * गर्भपतनसँग जोडिएका औषधिहरूको सेवन{{sfn|Hoffman|page=72}}<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> * नशालु वा लागुपदार्थको प्रयोग<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{Wikiquote}} [[श्रेणी:गर्भस्राव| ]] ji8jirw2j3bxam9gva77sh3jf0cnh1r 1365048 1365047 2026-07-06T15:05:53Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 1365048 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|गर्भावस्थाको प्राकृतिक र समय अगावै हुने अन्त्य}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = स्वतःस्फूर्त गर्भपतन | synonyms = गर्भस्राव | image = Anembryonic gestation.jpg | caption = एउटा [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]] जसमा [[गर्भावस्थाको थैली]] भित्र [[योल्क थैली]] देखिन्छ तर त्यहाँ कुनै [[भ्रूण]] देखिँदैन। | field = [[प्रसूति तथा स्त्री रोग विज्ञान]], [[नवजात शिशु विज्ञान]], [[बालबालिका स्वास्थ्य विज्ञान]] | symptoms = दुखाइबिना वा दुखाइसँगै [[योनिबाट रक्तस्राव]] हुनु<ref name="John20122">{{cite book |title=The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438 |url-status=live |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |edition=4 |pages=438–439 |date=2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181311/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438 |archive-date=September 10, 2017 |isbn=978-1-4511-4801-5 }}</ref> | complications = [[सङ्क्रमण]], [[रक्तस्राव]],<ref name=Mer2018>{{cite web|title=Spontaneous Abortion – Gynecology and Obstetrics|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-of-pregnancy/spontaneous-abortion|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-date=December 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204041458/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-of-pregnancy/spontaneous-abortion}}</ref> [[उदासिनता]], [[चिन्ता]], [[दोषी भावना]]<ref name="Pregnancy loss"/> | onset = गर्भधारणको २० हप्ताभन्दा पहिले<ref name=NIH2013Def/> | duration = | types = | causes = [[क्रोमोजोम असामान्यता]],<ref name="John20122" /><ref name=Vai2015/> गर्भाशयको असामान्यता<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chan YY, Jayaprakasan K, Tan A, Thornton JG, Coomarasamy A, Raine-Fenning NJ |title=Reproductive outcomes in women with congenital uterine anomalies: a systematic review |journal=Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=371–382 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21830244 |s2cid=40113681 |doi=10.1002/uog.10056 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | risks = बढी उमेरको आमाबाबु हुनु, पहिले पनि गर्भपतन भएको हुनु, [[सुर्तीजन्य धुवाँ]]को सम्पर्कमा आउनु, [[मोटोपन]], [[मधुमेह]], [[प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली सम्बन्धी रोग]], [[लागूऔषध वा मदिराको प्रयोग]]<ref name="NIH2013Epi2">{{cite web |date=2013-07-15 |title=How many people are affected by or at risk for pregnancy loss or miscarriage? |url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/risk.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093633/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/risk.aspx |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |website=www.nichd.nih.gov |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Ol2014" /><ref name="CarpSelmi2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carp HJ, Selmi C, Shoenfeld Y | title = The autoimmune bases of infertility and pregnancy loss | journal = Journal of Autoimmunity | volume = 38 | issue = 2–3 | pages = J266-74 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22284905 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.11.016 | type = Review }}</ref> | diagnosis = [[शारीरिक परीक्षण]], [[ह्युमन कोरियोनिक गोनाडोट्रोपिन]], [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]]<ref name=NIH2015Diag/> | differential = [[अस्थानिक गर्भावस्था]] , [[इम्प्लान्टेसन रक्तस्राव]]।<ref name="John20122" /> | prevention = [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]] <ref name=NIH2013Pre/> | treatment = [[प्रतीक्षात्मक व्यवस्थापन]], [[भ्याकुम एस्पिरेसन]], भावनात्मक सहयोग<ref name="Ol2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Oliver A, Overton C |title=Diagnosis and management of miscarriage |journal=The Practitioner |volume=258 |issue=1771 |pages=25–8, 3 |date=May 2014 |pmid=25055407}}</ref> <ref name=NIH2013Tx/> | frequency = १० देखि ५०% गर्भावस्थामा<ref name="John20122" /><ref name="NIH2013Epi2" /> }} '''गर्भस्राव''', जसलाई चिकित्सा क्षेत्रमा '''स्वतःस्फूर्त गर्भपतन''' पनि भनिन्छ, [[गर्भावस्था]]को यस्तो अन्त्य हो जसको परिणामस्वरूप [[भ्रूण]] आफैँ जीवित रहन सक्ने क्षमता राख्नु अगावै [[पाठेघर]]बाट बाहिर निस्कन्छ वा नष्ट हुन्छ।<ref name="John20122" /><ref name="NIH2013Def">{{cite web |title=What is pregnancy loss/miscarriage? |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo |url-status=live |website=www.nichd.nih.gov/ |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121055/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> गर्भधारणको ६ हप्ताभन्दा पहिले हुने गर्भस्रावलाई [[मानव प्रजनन र भ्रूण विज्ञानको युरोपेली समाज]] द्वारा '''जैविक रसायन क्षय'''को रूपमा परिभाषित गरिएको छ।<ref name="clarej">{{cite journal |last1=Larsen |first1=Elisabeth Clare |last2=Christiansen |first2=Ole Bjarne |last3=Kolte |first3=Astrid Marie |last4=Macklon |first4=Nick |title=New insights into mechanisms behind miscarriage |journal=BMC Medicine |date=26 June 2013 |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=154 |pmid=23803387 |pmc=3699442 |issn=1741-7015 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-11-154 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Messerlian |first1=Carmen|author1-link=Carmen Messerlian |last2=Williams |first2=Paige L. |last3=Mínguez-Alarcón |first3=Lidia |last4=Carignan |first4=Courtney C. |last5=Ford |first5=Jennifer B. |last6=Butt |first6=Craig M. |last7=Meeker |first7=John D. |last8=Stapleton |first8=Heather M. |last9=Souter |first9=Irene |last10=Hauser |first10=Russ |title=Organophosphate flame-retardant metabolite concentrations and pregnancy loss among women conceiving with assisted reproductive technology |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=110 |issue=6 |pages=1137–1144.e1 |date=1 November 2018 |issn=0015-0282 |pmid=30396558 |pmc=7261497 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.06.045 |doi-access=free}}</ref> एक पटक [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]] वा [[हिस्टोलोजी|हिस्टोलोजिकल]] ([[तन्तु विज्ञान|तन्तु परीक्षण]]) प्रमाणले गर्भावस्था अस्तित्वमा रहेको देखाएपछि, यसका लागि प्रयोग गरिने शब्द '''क्लिनिकल गर्भस्राव''' हो, जुन "प्रारम्भिक" (१२ हप्ता अघि) वा "ढिलो" (१२ देखि २१ हप्ताको बीचमा) हुन सक्छ।<ref name="clarej" /> गर्भधारणको २० हप्तापछिको स्वतःस्फूर्त भ्रूणको अन्त्यलाई '''[[भ्रूण मृत्यु|मृतशिशु जन्म]]''' भनिन्छ।<ref name="NIH2014Def">{{cite web |title=Stillbirth: Overview |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth |url-status=live |website=NICHD |date=23 September 2014 |access-date=4 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005085055/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=October 5, 2016 }}</ref> गर्भधारणको २० हप्ताभन्दा पहिले हुने गर्भावस्थाको क्षय र खराब परिणामहरूका सबै रूपहरूलाई बुझाउन कहिलेकाहीँ सामान्य रूपमा 'गर्भपतन' शब्द प्रयोग गरिन्छ। [[योनीबाट रक्तस्राव]] हुनु गर्भपतनको सबैभन्दा सामान्य लक्षण हो, जुन दुखाइबिना वा दुखाइसँगै हुन सक्छ।<ref name="John20122" /> [[तन्तु]] र रगतको चक्का जस्तो देखिने पदार्थ [[गर्भाशय]]बाट निस्केर [[योनि]] हुँदै बाहिर आउन सक्छ।<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-07-15 |title=What are the symptoms of pregnancy loss/miscarriage? |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113638/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=14 March 2015 |website=www.nichd.nih.gov/ }}</ref> गर्भस्रावका जोखिमपूर्ण कारकहरूमा बढी उमेरमा आमाबाबु बन्नु, पहिले पनि गर्भस्राव भएको हुनु, [[सुर्तीजन्य धुवाँ]]को सम्पर्कमा आउनु, [[मोटोपन]], [[मधुमेह]], [[थाइराइडको समस्या]], र [[लागूऔषध वा मदिराको प्रयोग]] आदी हुन्।<ref name="NIH2013Epi2" /><ref name="Ol2014" /> लगभग ८०% गर्भस्राव [[गर्भावस्था]]को पहिलो १२ हप्ता वा पहिलो त्रैमासिक भित्र हुन्छन्।<ref name="John20122" /> करिब आधा जति मामिलाहरूमा यसको मुख्य कारण [[क्रोमोजोम असामान्यता]]सँग जोडिएको हुन्छ।<ref name="Vai2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vaiman D | title = Genetic regulation of recurrent spontaneous abortion in humans | journal = Biomedical Journal | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–24 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25179715 | doi = 10.4103/2319-4170.133777 | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="John20122" /> गर्भस्रावको पहिचान वा निदानका लागि [[पाठेघरको मुख]] खुला छ कि बन्द छ भनी जाँच गर्ने, रगतमा [[ह्युमन कोरियोनिक गोनाडोट्रोपिन]]को मात्रा परीक्षण गर्ने र [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]] गर्ने प्रक्रियाहरू सामेल हुन सक्छन्।<ref name="NIH2015Diag">{{cite web|title=How do health care providers diagnose pregnancy loss or miscarriage?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/diagnosed|website=www.nichd.nih.gov/|access-date=14 March 2015|date=2013-07-15}}</ref> यस्तै खालका लक्षणहरू देखापर्न सक्ने अन्य अवस्थाहरूमा [[अस्थानिक गर्भावस्था]] र [[इम्प्लान्टेसन रक्तस्राव]] पर्दछन्।<ref name="John20122" /> राम्रो [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]]बाट कहिलेकाहीँ गर्भपतनको रोकथाम सम्भव हुन सक्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> लागूऔषध वा लागूपदार्थ (जसमा [[मदिरा]] पनि सामेल छ), [[सङ्क्रामक रोग]], र [[विकिरण]]बाट बच्न सकेमा गर्भस्रावको जोखिम कम हुन सक्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Pre">{{cite web|title=Is there a cure for pregnancy loss/miscarriage?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/cure|website=www.nichd.nih.gov/|access-date=14 March 2015|date=2013-10-21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402181042/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/cure.aspx|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> सुरुवाती ७ देखि १४ दिनसम्म सामान्यतया कुनै विशिष्ट उपचारको आवश्यकता पर्दैन।<ref name="Ol2014" /><ref name="NIH2013Tx" /> अधिकांश गर्भस्रावहरू थप कुनै हस्तक्षेप वा उपचारबिना नै पूर्ण रूपमा सम्पन्न हुन्छन्।<ref name="Ol2014" /> कहिलेकाहीँ बाँकी रहेका तन्तुहरू बाहिर निकाल्नका लागि [[मिसोप्रोस्टोल]] औषधि वा [[भ्याकुम एस्पिरेसन]] जस्ता चिकित्सा प्रक्रियाको प्रयोग गरिन्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Tx" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tunçalp O, Gülmezoglu AM, Souza JP | title = Surgical procedures for evacuating incomplete miscarriage | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 9 | article-number = CD001993 | date = September 2010 | volume = 2010 | pmid = 20824830 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001993.pub2 | pmc = 7064046 }}</ref> गर्भस्रावपछि [[उदासिनता]], [[चिन्ता]] वा [[दोषी भावना]] जस्ता मानसिक असरहरू देखापर्न सक्छन्।<ref name="Pregnancy loss">{{cite journal |vauthors=Robinson GE |date=January 2014 |title=Pregnancy loss |journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=169–178 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.012 |pmid=24047642 |s2cid=32998899}}</ref><ref name="radford">{{cite journal |vauthors=Radford EJ, Hughes M |date=June 2015 |title=Women's experiences of early miscarriage: implications for nursing care |journal=Journal of Clinical Nursing |volume=24 |issue=11–12 |pages=1457–1465 |doi=10.1111/jocn.12781 |pmid=25662397}}</ref> भावनात्मक वा मानसिक सहयोगले यो क्षयको पीडाबाट बाहिर निस्कन मद्दत पुर्‍याउँछ।<ref name="NIH2013Tx">{{cite web|title=What are the treatments for pregnancy loss/miscarriage?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|website=www.nichd.nih.gov|access-date=14 March 2015|date=2013-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121052/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> ==लक्षणहरू== [[योनिबाट हल्का रगत देखा पर्नु]], [[पेट दुखाइ]], अल्झिएर दुख्नु, [[एमनियोटिक तरल पदार्थ]], [[रगतको चक्का]], र [[तन्तु]]हरू [[योनि]]बाट बाहिर निस्कनु गर्भस्रावका लक्षणहरू हुन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/diagnosed|title=How do health care providers diagnose pregnancy loss or miscarriage?|website=www.nichd.nih.gov|date=September 2017 |access-date=2017-11-07}}</ref>{{sfn|Hoffman|page=176}}<ref name=":4">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li L, Dou L, Leung PC, Wang CC | title = Chinese herbal medicines for threatened miscarriage | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 5 | article-number = CD008510 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22592730 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd008510.pub2 | pmc = 11366073 }}</ref> [[रक्तस्राव]] हुनु गर्भस्रावको एउटा लक्षण हुन सक्छ, तर धेरै महिलाहरूमा गर्भावस्थाको सुरुवाती चरणमा रक्तस्राव भए तापनि गर्भस्राव हुँदैन।<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://medlineplus.gov/miscarriage.html|title=Miscarriage {{!}} Miscarriage Symptoms&nbsp;{{!}} MedlinePlus|access-date=2017-09-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728020027/https://medlineplus.gov/miscarriage.html|archive-date=July 28, 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> गर्भावस्थाको पहिलो आधा अवधिको बीचमा हुने रक्तस्रावलाई गर्भस्राव हुन सक्ने जोखिमपूर्ण अवस्था भन्न सकिन्छ।<ref name=Relationship>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee HJ, Norwitz E, Lee B | title = Relationship between threatened miscarriage and gestational diabetes mellitus | journal = BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | article-number = 318 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30081861 | pmc = 6080503 | doi = 10.1186/s12884-018-1955-2 | doi-access = free }}</ref> गर्भावस्थामा रक्तस्राव भएर उपचार खोज्नेहरूमध्ये करिब आधा जतिको गर्भस्राव हुने गर्दछ।<ref name="bmj1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Everett C | title = Incidence and outcome of bleeding before the 20th week of pregnancy: prospective study from general practice | journal = BMJ | volume = 315 | issue = 7099 | pages = 32–4 | date = July 1997 | pmid = 9233324 | pmc = 2127042 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.315.7099.32 }}</ref> ==रोकथाम== गर्भस्रावको रोकथाम कहिलेकाहीँ यसका जोखिमपूर्ण कारकहरूलाई कम गरेर गर्न सकिन्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> यसमा राम्रो [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]], लागूऔषध र मदिराको सेवनबाट बच्ने, सङ्क्रामक रोगहरूबाट जोगिने र एक्स-रेबाट टाढा रहने जस्ता कुराहरू सामेल हुन सक्छन्।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> गर्भस्रावको कारण पत्ता लगाउनाले भविष्यमा हुन सक्ने गर्भावस्थाको क्षयलाई रोक्न मद्दत पुग्न सक्छ। यद्यपि, धेरैजसो अवस्थामा गर्भस्राव रोक्नका लागि व्यक्ति आफैँले गर्न सक्ने कुराहरू एकदमै कम हुन्छन्।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> गर्भावस्थाभन्दा अघि वा गर्भावस्थाको समयमा भिटामिनको पूरक लिँदा गर्भस्रावको जोखिममा कुनै असर परेको पाइएको छैन।<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Balogun OO, da Silva Lopes K, Eta E, Takemoto Y, Rumbold A, Takegata M, Mori R | title = Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | issue = 5 | article-number = CD004073 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27150280 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004073.pub4 | pmc = 7104220 }}</ref> १) हालको गर्भावस्थाको सुरुवाती चरणमा योनिबाट रक्तस्राव भएका र २) पहिले पनि गर्भपतन भएको इतिहास भएका महिलाहरूमा प्रोजेस्टेरोन हर्मोनले गर्भपतन रोक्न मद्दत गर्ने देखाएको छ।<ref>{{cite journal|url = https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta24330/#/full-report|doi = 10.3310/hta24330|title = Progesterone to prevent miscarriage in women with early pregnancy bleeding: The PRISM RCT|year = 2020|last1 = Coomarasamy|first1 = Arri|last2 = Harb|first2 = Hoda M.|last3 = Devall|first3 = Adam J.|last4 = Cheed|first4 = Versha|last5 = Roberts|first5 = Tracy E.|last6 = Goranitis|first6 = Ilias|last7 = Ogwulu|first7 = Chidubem B.|last8 = Williams|first8 = Helen M.|last9 = Gallos|first9 = Ioannis D.|last10 = Eapen|first10 = Abey|last11 = Daniels|first11 = Jane P.|last12 = Ahmed|first12 = Amna|last13 = Bender-Atik|first13 = Ruth|last14 = Bhatia|first14 = Kalsang|last15 = Bottomley|first15 = Cecilia|last16 = Brewin|first16 = Jane|last17 = Choudhary|first17 = Meenakshi|last18 = Crosfill|first18 = Fiona|last19 = Deb|first19 = Shilpa|last20 = Duncan|first20 = W Colin|last21 = Ewer|first21 = Andrew|last22 = Hinshaw|first22 = Kim|last23 = Holland|first23 = Thomas|last24 = Izzat|first24 = Feras|last25 = Johns|first25 = Jemma|last26 = Lumsden|first26 = Mary-Ann|last27 = Manda|first27 = Padma|last28 = Norman|first28 = Jane E.|last29 = Nunes|first29 = Natalie|last30 = Overton|first30 = Caroline E.|journal = Health Technology Assessment|volume = 24|issue = 33|pages = 1–70|pmid = 32609084|pmc = 7355406|archive-date = January 26, 2025|access-date = July 2, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250126022303/https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/HTA24330#/full-report}}</ref> ===परिवर्तन गर्न नसकिने जोखिमका कारकहरू=== भविष्यका गरावस्थाहरूमा गर्भपतन हुन नदिनका लागि निम्न कुराहरूको मूल्याङ्कन गरी रोकथाम क्षमता बढाउन सकिन्छ: {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * प्रतिरक्षा अवस्था <ref name="CarpSelmi2012" /> * रासायनिक र व्यावसायिक संसर्ग {{sfn|Hoffman|page=272|}} * शारीरिक वा शारीरिक बनावटका त्रुटिहरू {{sfn|Hoffman|page=181|}} * गर्भावस्थामा [[पहिलेदेखि नै रहेको रोग]] वा पछि विकसित रोग{{sfn|Hoffman|page=174|}}<ref name="LisRowhani-Rahbar2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lis R, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Manhart LE | title = Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 61 | issue = 3 | pages = 418–26 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 25900174 | doi = 10.1093/cid/civ312 | doi-access = free | hdl = 1773/26479 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> ** पोलिसिस्टिक ओभरी सिन्ड्रोम <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boomsma CM, Fauser BC, Macklon NS | title = Pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome | journal = Seminars in Reproductive Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 72–84 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18181085 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-992927 | s2cid = 260316768 }}</ref> * पहिले किमोथेरापी र विकिरणको सम्पर्कमा आएको इतिहास * औषधिहरू{{sfn|Hoffman|page=172|}}<ref name="Ross LE 436–443">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ross LE, Grigoriadis S, Mamisashvili L, Vonderporten EH, Roerecke M, Rehm J, Dennis CL, Koren G, Steiner M, Mousmanis P, Cheung A | title = Selected pregnancy and delivery outcomes after exposure to antidepressant medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = JAMA Psychiatry | volume = 70 | issue = 4 | pages = 436–43 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23446732 | doi = 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.684 | doi-access = | s2cid = 2065578 }}</ref><ref name="auto5"/><ref name="auto6">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yonkers KA, Blackwell KA, Glover J, Forray A | title = Antidepressant use in pregnant and postpartum women | journal = Annual Review of Clinical Psychology | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 369–92 | date = 2014-01-01 | pmid = 24313569 | pmc = 4138492 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153626 }}</ref> * शल्यक्रियाको इतिहास {{sfn|Hoffman|pages=172–173|}} * अन्त:स्रावी विकारहरू ({{sfn|Hoffman|page=173|}}<ref name="auto2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mills JL, Simpson JL, Driscoll SG, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Van Allen M, Aarons JH, Metzger B, Bieber FR, Knopp RH, Holmes LB | title = Incidence of spontaneous abortion among normal women and insulin-dependent diabetic women whose pregnancies were identified within 21 days of conception | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 319 | issue = 25 | pages = 1617–23 | date = December 1988 | pmid = 3200277 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM198812223192501 }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=September 2017}} * आनुवंशिक असामान्यताहरू {{sfn|Hoffman|page=181–182|}}<ref name="auto5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakhai-Pour HR, Broy P, Bérard A | title = Use of antidepressants during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion | journal = CMAJ | volume = 182 | issue = 10 | pages = 1031–7 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20513781 | pmc = 2900326 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.091208 }}</ref> {{div col end}} ===परिवर्तन गर्न सकिने जोखिमका कारकहरू=== स्वस्थ तौल कायम राख्नाले र राम्रो प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह गर्नाले गर्भपतनको जोखिम कम गर्न सकिन्छ।<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> निम्न कुराहरूबाट बचेर केही जोखिम कारकहरूलाई न्यूनीकरण गर्न सकिन्छ: * धुम्रपान<ref name="x"/><ref name="paternal smoking">{{cite journal | vauthors = Venners SA, Wang X, Chen C, Wang L, Chen D, Guang W, Huang A, Ryan L, O'Connor J, Lasley B, Overstreet J, Wilcox A, Xu X | title = Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss: a prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 159 | issue = 10 | pages = 993–1001 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15128612 | doi = 10.1093/aje/kwh128 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> * कोकिनको प्रयोग<ref name="x">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ness RB, Grisso JA, Hirschinger N, Markovic N, Shaw LM, Day NL, Kline J | title = Cocaine and tobacco use and the risk of spontaneous abortion | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 340 | issue = 5 | pages = 333–9 | date = February 1999 | pmid = 9929522 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199902043400501 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * मदिरा<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes">{{cite web |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/miscarriage/causes/ |title=Miscarriage – Causes |author=<!--No author name given.--> |website=NHS |date=March 9, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705060654/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/miscarriage/causes/ |archive-date=July 5, 2023}}</ref> * कुपोषण वा खराब पोषण * गर्भपतन गराउन सक्ने तत्त्वहरूसँगको व्यावसायिक संसर्ग{{sfn|Hoffman|page=272}} * गर्भपतनसँग जोडिएका औषधिहरूको सेवन{{sfn|Hoffman|page=72}}<ref name="auto3"/><ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> * नशालु वा लागुपदार्थको प्रयोग<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{Wikiquote}} [[श्रेणी:गर्भस्राव| ]] i2hzlhrt1zsv1pjf04d492vhff8p53m 1365091 1365048 2026-07-06T15:36:53Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 1365091 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|गर्भावस्थाको प्राकृतिक र समय अगावै हुने अन्त्य}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = स्वतःस्फूर्त गर्भपतन | synonyms = गर्भस्राव | image = Anembryonic gestation.jpg | caption = एउटा [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]] जसमा [[गर्भावस्थाको थैली]] भित्र [[योल्क थैली]] देखिन्छ तर त्यहाँ कुनै [[भ्रूण]] देखिँदैन। | field = [[प्रसूति तथा स्त्री रोग विज्ञान]], [[नवजात शिशु विज्ञान]], [[बालबालिका स्वास्थ्य विज्ञान]] | symptoms = दुखाइबिना वा दुखाइसँगै [[योनिबाट रक्तस्राव]] हुनु<ref name="John20122">{{cite book |title=The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438 |url-status=live |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |edition=4 |pages=438–439 |date=2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181311/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438 |archive-date=September 10, 2017 |isbn=978-1-4511-4801-5 }}</ref> | complications = [[सङ्क्रमण]], [[रक्तस्राव]],<ref name=Mer2018>{{cite web|title=Spontaneous Abortion – Gynecology and Obstetrics|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-of-pregnancy/spontaneous-abortion|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-date=December 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204041458/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-of-pregnancy/spontaneous-abortion}}</ref> [[उदासिनता]], [[चिन्ता]], [[दोषी भावना]]<ref name="Pregnancy loss"/> | onset = गर्भधारणको २० हप्ताभन्दा पहिले<ref name=NIH2013Def/> | duration = | types = | causes = [[क्रोमोजोम असामान्यता]],<ref name="John20122" /><ref name=Vai2015/> गर्भाशयको असामान्यता<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chan YY, Jayaprakasan K, Tan A, Thornton JG, Coomarasamy A, Raine-Fenning NJ |title=Reproductive outcomes in women with congenital uterine anomalies: a systematic review |journal=Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=371–382 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21830244 |s2cid=40113681 |doi=10.1002/uog.10056 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | risks = बढी उमेरको आमाबाबु हुनु, पहिले पनि गर्भपतन भएको हुनु, [[सुर्तीजन्य धुवाँ]]को सम्पर्कमा आउनु, [[मोटोपन]], [[मधुमेह]], [[प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली सम्बन्धी रोग]], [[लागूऔषध वा मदिराको प्रयोग]]<ref name="NIH2013Epi2">{{cite web |date=2013-07-15 |title=How many people are affected by or at risk for pregnancy loss or miscarriage? |url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/risk.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093633/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/risk.aspx |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |website=www.nichd.nih.gov |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Ol2014" /><ref name="CarpSelmi2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carp HJ, Selmi C, Shoenfeld Y | title = The autoimmune bases of infertility and pregnancy loss | journal = Journal of Autoimmunity | volume = 38 | issue = 2–3 | pages = J266-74 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22284905 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.11.016 | type = Review }}</ref> | diagnosis = [[शारीरिक परीक्षण]], [[ह्युमन कोरियोनिक गोनाडोट्रोपिन]], [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]]<ref name=NIH2015Diag/> | differential = [[अस्थानिक गर्भावस्था]] , [[इम्प्लान्टेसन रक्तस्राव]]।<ref name="John20122" /> | prevention = [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]] <ref name=NIH2013Pre/> | treatment = [[प्रतीक्षात्मक व्यवस्थापन]], [[भ्याकुम एस्पिरेसन]], भावनात्मक सहयोग<ref name="Ol2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Oliver A, Overton C |title=Diagnosis and management of miscarriage |journal=The Practitioner |volume=258 |issue=1771 |pages=25–8, 3 |date=May 2014 |pmid=25055407}}</ref> <ref name=NIH2013Tx/> | frequency = १० देखि ५०% गर्भावस्थामा<ref name="John20122" /><ref name="NIH2013Epi2" /> }} '''गर्भस्राव''', जसलाई चिकित्सा क्षेत्रमा '''स्वतःस्फूर्त गर्भपतन''' पनि भनिन्छ, [[गर्भावस्था]]को यस्तो अन्त्य हो जसको परिणामस्वरूप [[भ्रूण]] आफैँ जीवित रहन सक्ने क्षमता राख्नु अगावै [[पाठेघर]]बाट बाहिर निस्कन्छ वा नष्ट हुन्छ।<ref name="John20122" /><ref name="NIH2013Def">{{cite web |title=What is pregnancy loss/miscarriage? |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo |url-status=live |website=www.nichd.nih.gov/ |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121055/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> गर्भधारणको ६ हप्ताभन्दा पहिले हुने गर्भस्रावलाई [[मानव प्रजनन र भ्रूण विज्ञानको युरोपेली समाज]] द्वारा '''जैविक रसायन क्षय'''को रूपमा परिभाषित गरिएको छ।<ref name="clarej">{{cite journal |last1=Larsen |first1=Elisabeth Clare |last2=Christiansen |first2=Ole Bjarne |last3=Kolte |first3=Astrid Marie |last4=Macklon |first4=Nick |title=New insights into mechanisms behind miscarriage |journal=BMC Medicine |date=26 June 2013 |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=154 |pmid=23803387 |pmc=3699442 |issn=1741-7015 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-11-154 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Messerlian |first1=Carmen|author1-link=Carmen Messerlian |last2=Williams |first2=Paige L. |last3=Mínguez-Alarcón |first3=Lidia |last4=Carignan |first4=Courtney C. |last5=Ford |first5=Jennifer B. |last6=Butt |first6=Craig M. |last7=Meeker |first7=John D. |last8=Stapleton |first8=Heather M. |last9=Souter |first9=Irene |last10=Hauser |first10=Russ |title=Organophosphate flame-retardant metabolite concentrations and pregnancy loss among women conceiving with assisted reproductive technology |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=110 |issue=6 |pages=1137–1144.e1 |date=1 November 2018 |issn=0015-0282 |pmid=30396558 |pmc=7261497 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.06.045 |doi-access=free}}</ref> एक पटक [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]] वा [[हिस्टोलोजी|हिस्टोलोजिकल]] ([[तन्तु विज्ञान|तन्तु परीक्षण]]) प्रमाणले गर्भावस्था अस्तित्वमा रहेको देखाएपछि, यसका लागि प्रयोग गरिने शब्द '''क्लिनिकल गर्भस्राव''' हो, जुन "प्रारम्भिक" (१२ हप्ता अघि) वा "ढिलो" (१२ देखि २१ हप्ताको बीचमा) हुन सक्छ।<ref name="clarej" /> गर्भधारणको २० हप्तापछिको स्वतःस्फूर्त भ्रूणको अन्त्यलाई '''[[भ्रूण मृत्यु|मृतशिशु जन्म]]''' भनिन्छ।<ref name="NIH2014Def">{{cite web |title=Stillbirth: Overview |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth |url-status=live |website=NICHD |date=23 September 2014 |access-date=4 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005085055/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=October 5, 2016 }}</ref> गर्भधारणको २० हप्ताभन्दा पहिले हुने गर्भावस्थाको क्षय र खराब परिणामहरूका सबै रूपहरूलाई बुझाउन कहिलेकाहीँ सामान्य रूपमा 'गर्भपतन' शब्द प्रयोग गरिन्छ। [[योनीबाट रक्तस्राव]] हुनु गर्भपतनको सबैभन्दा सामान्य लक्षण हो, जुन दुखाइबिना वा दुखाइसँगै हुन सक्छ।<ref name="John20122" /> [[तन्तु]] र रगतको चक्का जस्तो देखिने पदार्थ [[गर्भाशय]]बाट निस्केर [[योनि]] हुँदै बाहिर आउन सक्छ।<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-07-15 |title=What are the symptoms of pregnancy loss/miscarriage? |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113638/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=14 March 2015 |website=www.nichd.nih.gov/ }}</ref> गर्भस्रावका जोखिमपूर्ण कारकहरूमा बढी उमेरमा आमाबाबु बन्नु, पहिले पनि गर्भस्राव भएको हुनु, [[सुर्तीजन्य धुवाँ]]को सम्पर्कमा आउनु, [[मोटोपन]], [[मधुमेह]], [[थाइराइडको समस्या]], र [[लागूऔषध वा मदिराको प्रयोग]] आदी हुन्।<ref name="NIH2013Epi2" /><ref name="Ol2014" /> लगभग ८०% गर्भस्राव [[गर्भावस्था]]को पहिलो १२ हप्ता वा पहिलो त्रैमासिक भित्र हुन्छन्।<ref name="John20122" /> करिब आधा जति मामिलाहरूमा यसको मुख्य कारण [[क्रोमोजोम असामान्यता]]सँग जोडिएको हुन्छ।<ref name="Vai2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vaiman D | title = Genetic regulation of recurrent spontaneous abortion in humans | journal = Biomedical Journal | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–24 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25179715 | doi = 10.4103/2319-4170.133777 | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="John20122" /> गर्भस्रावको पहिचान वा निदानका लागि [[पाठेघरको मुख]] खुला छ कि बन्द छ भनी जाँच गर्ने, रगतमा [[ह्युमन कोरियोनिक गोनाडोट्रोपिन]]को मात्रा परीक्षण गर्ने र [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]] गर्ने प्रक्रियाहरू सामेल हुन सक्छन्।<ref name="NIH2015Diag">{{cite web|title=How do health care providers diagnose pregnancy loss or miscarriage?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/diagnosed|website=www.nichd.nih.gov/|access-date=14 March 2015|date=2013-07-15}}</ref> यस्तै खालका लक्षणहरू देखापर्न सक्ने अन्य अवस्थाहरूमा [[अस्थानिक गर्भावस्था]] र [[इम्प्लान्टेसन रक्तस्राव]] पर्दछन्।<ref name="John20122" /> राम्रो [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]]बाट कहिलेकाहीँ गर्भपतनको रोकथाम सम्भव हुन सक्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> लागूऔषध वा लागूपदार्थ (जसमा [[मदिरा]] पनि सामेल छ), [[सङ्क्रामक रोग]], र [[विकिरण]]बाट बच्न सकेमा गर्भस्रावको जोखिम कम हुन सक्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Pre">{{cite web|title=Is there a cure for pregnancy loss/miscarriage?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/cure|website=www.nichd.nih.gov/|access-date=14 March 2015|date=2013-10-21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402181042/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/cure.aspx|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> सुरुवाती ७ देखि १४ दिनसम्म सामान्यतया कुनै विशिष्ट उपचारको आवश्यकता पर्दैन।<ref name="Ol2014" /><ref name="NIH2013Tx" /> अधिकांश गर्भस्रावहरू थप कुनै हस्तक्षेप वा उपचारबिना नै पूर्ण रूपमा सम्पन्न हुन्छन्।<ref name="Ol2014" /> कहिलेकाहीँ बाँकी रहेका तन्तुहरू बाहिर निकाल्नका लागि [[मिसोप्रोस्टोल]] औषधि वा [[भ्याकुम एस्पिरेसन]] जस्ता चिकित्सा प्रक्रियाको प्रयोग गरिन्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Tx" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tunçalp O, Gülmezoglu AM, Souza JP | title = Surgical procedures for evacuating incomplete miscarriage | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 9 | article-number = CD001993 | date = September 2010 | volume = 2010 | pmid = 20824830 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001993.pub2 | pmc = 7064046 }}</ref> गर्भस्रावपछि [[उदासिनता]], [[चिन्ता]] वा [[दोषी भावना]] जस्ता मानसिक असरहरू देखापर्न सक्छन्।<ref name="Pregnancy loss">{{cite journal |vauthors=Robinson GE |date=January 2014 |title=Pregnancy loss |journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=169–178 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.012 |pmid=24047642 |s2cid=32998899}}</ref><ref name="radford">{{cite journal |vauthors=Radford EJ, Hughes M |date=June 2015 |title=Women's experiences of early miscarriage: implications for nursing care |journal=Journal of Clinical Nursing |volume=24 |issue=11–12 |pages=1457–1465 |doi=10.1111/jocn.12781 |pmid=25662397}}</ref> भावनात्मक वा मानसिक सहयोगले यो क्षयको पीडाबाट बाहिर निस्कन मद्दत पुर्‍याउँछ।<ref name="NIH2013Tx">{{cite web|title=What are the treatments for pregnancy loss/miscarriage?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|website=www.nichd.nih.gov|access-date=14 March 2015|date=2013-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121052/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> ==लक्षणहरू== [[योनिबाट हल्का रगत देखा पर्नु]], [[पेट दुखाइ]], अल्झिएर दुख्नु, [[एमनियोटिक तरल पदार्थ]], [[रगतको चक्का]], र [[तन्तु]]हरू [[योनि]]बाट बाहिर निस्कनु गर्भस्रावका लक्षणहरू हुन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/diagnosed|title=How do health care providers diagnose pregnancy loss or miscarriage?|website=www.nichd.nih.gov|date=September 2017 |access-date=2017-11-07}}</ref>{{sfn|Hoffman|page=176}}<ref name=":4">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li L, Dou L, Leung PC, Wang CC | title = Chinese herbal medicines for threatened miscarriage | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 5 | article-number = CD008510 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22592730 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd008510.pub2 | pmc = 11366073 }}</ref> [[रक्तस्राव]] हुनु गर्भस्रावको एउटा लक्षण हुन सक्छ, तर धेरै महिलाहरूमा गर्भावस्थाको सुरुवाती चरणमा रक्तस्राव भए तापनि गर्भस्राव हुँदैन।<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://medlineplus.gov/miscarriage.html|title=Miscarriage {{!}} Miscarriage Symptoms&nbsp;{{!}} MedlinePlus|access-date=2017-09-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728020027/https://medlineplus.gov/miscarriage.html|archive-date=July 28, 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> गर्भावस्थाको पहिलो आधा अवधिको बीचमा हुने रक्तस्रावलाई गर्भस्राव हुन सक्ने जोखिमपूर्ण अवस्था भन्न सकिन्छ।<ref name=Relationship>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee HJ, Norwitz E, Lee B | title = Relationship between threatened miscarriage and gestational diabetes mellitus | journal = BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | article-number = 318 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30081861 | pmc = 6080503 | doi = 10.1186/s12884-018-1955-2 | doi-access = free }}</ref> गर्भावस्थामा रक्तस्राव भएर उपचार खोज्नेहरूमध्ये करिब आधा जतिको गर्भस्राव हुने गर्दछ।<ref name="bmj1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Everett C | title = Incidence and outcome of bleeding before the 20th week of pregnancy: prospective study from general practice | journal = BMJ | volume = 315 | issue = 7099 | pages = 32–4 | date = July 1997 | pmid = 9233324 | pmc = 2127042 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.315.7099.32 }}</ref> ==रोकथाम== गर्भस्रावको रोकथाम कहिलेकाहीँ यसका जोखिमपूर्ण कारकहरूलाई कम गरेर गर्न सकिन्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> यसमा राम्रो [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]], लागूऔषध र मदिराको सेवनबाट बच्ने, सङ्क्रामक रोगहरूबाट जोगिने र एक्स-रेबाट टाढा रहने जस्ता कुराहरू सामेल हुन सक्छन्।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> गर्भस्रावको कारण पत्ता लगाउनाले भविष्यमा हुन सक्ने गर्भावस्थाको क्षयलाई रोक्न मद्दत पुग्न सक्छ। यद्यपि, धेरैजसो अवस्थामा गर्भस्राव रोक्नका लागि व्यक्ति आफैँले गर्न सक्ने कुराहरू एकदमै कम हुन्छन्।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> गर्भावस्थाभन्दा अघि वा गर्भावस्थाको समयमा भिटामिनको पूरक लिँदा गर्भस्रावको जोखिममा कुनै असर परेको पाइएको छैन।<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Balogun OO, da Silva Lopes K, Eta E, Takemoto Y, Rumbold A, Takegata M, Mori R | title = Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | issue = 5 | article-number = CD004073 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27150280 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004073.pub4 | pmc = 7104220 }}</ref> १) हालको गर्भावस्थाको सुरुवाती चरणमा योनिबाट रक्तस्राव भएका र २) पहिले पनि गर्भपतन भएको इतिहास भएका महिलाहरूमा प्रोजेस्टेरोन हर्मोनले गर्भपतन रोक्न मद्दत गर्ने देखाएको छ।<ref>{{cite journal|url = https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta24330/#/full-report|doi = 10.3310/hta24330|title = Progesterone to prevent miscarriage in women with early pregnancy bleeding: The PRISM RCT|year = 2020|last1 = Coomarasamy|first1 = Arri|last2 = Harb|first2 = Hoda M.|last3 = Devall|first3 = Adam J.|last4 = Cheed|first4 = Versha|last5 = Roberts|first5 = Tracy E.|last6 = Goranitis|first6 = Ilias|last7 = Ogwulu|first7 = Chidubem B.|last8 = Williams|first8 = Helen M.|last9 = Gallos|first9 = Ioannis D.|last10 = Eapen|first10 = Abey|last11 = Daniels|first11 = Jane P.|last12 = Ahmed|first12 = Amna|last13 = Bender-Atik|first13 = Ruth|last14 = Bhatia|first14 = Kalsang|last15 = Bottomley|first15 = Cecilia|last16 = Brewin|first16 = Jane|last17 = Choudhary|first17 = Meenakshi|last18 = Crosfill|first18 = Fiona|last19 = Deb|first19 = Shilpa|last20 = Duncan|first20 = W Colin|last21 = Ewer|first21 = Andrew|last22 = Hinshaw|first22 = Kim|last23 = Holland|first23 = Thomas|last24 = Izzat|first24 = Feras|last25 = Johns|first25 = Jemma|last26 = Lumsden|first26 = Mary-Ann|last27 = Manda|first27 = Padma|last28 = Norman|first28 = Jane E.|last29 = Nunes|first29 = Natalie|last30 = Overton|first30 = Caroline E.|journal = Health Technology Assessment|volume = 24|issue = 33|pages = 1–70|pmid = 32609084|pmc = 7355406|archive-date = January 26, 2025|access-date = July 2, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250126022303/https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/HTA24330#/full-report}}</ref> ===परिवर्तन गर्न नसकिने जोखिमका कारकहरू=== भविष्यका गरावस्थाहरूमा गर्भपतन हुन नदिनका लागि निम्न कुराहरूको मूल्याङ्कन गरी रोकथाम क्षमता बढाउन सकिन्छ: {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * प्रतिरक्षा अवस्था <ref name="CarpSelmi2012" /> * रासायनिक र व्यावसायिक संसर्ग {{sfn|Hoffman|page=272|}} * शारीरिक वा शारीरिक बनावटका त्रुटिहरू {{sfn|Hoffman|page=181|}} * गर्भावस्थामा [[पहिलेदेखि नै रहेको रोग]] वा पछि विकसित रोग{{sfn|Hoffman|page=174|}}<ref name="LisRowhani-Rahbar2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lis R, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Manhart LE | title = Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 61 | issue = 3 | pages = 418–26 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 25900174 | doi = 10.1093/cid/civ312 | doi-access = free | hdl = 1773/26479 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> ** पोलिसिस्टिक ओभरी सिन्ड्रोम <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boomsma CM, Fauser BC, Macklon NS | title = Pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome | journal = Seminars in Reproductive Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 72–84 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18181085 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-992927 | s2cid = 260316768 }}</ref> * पहिले किमोथेरापी र विकिरणको सम्पर्कमा आएको इतिहास * औषधिहरू{{sfn|Hoffman|page=172|}}<ref name="Ross LE 436–443">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ross LE, Grigoriadis S, Mamisashvili L, Vonderporten EH, Roerecke M, Rehm J, Dennis CL, Koren G, Steiner M, Mousmanis P, Cheung A | title = Selected pregnancy and delivery outcomes after exposure to antidepressant medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = JAMA Psychiatry | volume = 70 | issue = 4 | pages = 436–43 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23446732 | doi = 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.684 | doi-access = | s2cid = 2065578 }}</ref><ref name="auto5"/><ref name="auto6">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yonkers KA, Blackwell KA, Glover J, Forray A | title = Antidepressant use in pregnant and postpartum women | journal = Annual Review of Clinical Psychology | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 369–92 | date = 2014-01-01 | pmid = 24313569 | pmc = 4138492 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153626 }}</ref> * शल्यक्रियाको इतिहास {{sfn|Hoffman|pages=172–173|}} * अन्त:स्रावी विकारहरू ({{sfn|Hoffman|page=173|}}<ref name="auto2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mills JL, Simpson JL, Driscoll SG, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Van Allen M, Aarons JH, Metzger B, Bieber FR, Knopp RH, Holmes LB | title = Incidence of spontaneous abortion among normal women and insulin-dependent diabetic women whose pregnancies were identified within 21 days of conception | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 319 | issue = 25 | pages = 1617–23 | date = December 1988 | pmid = 3200277 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM198812223192501 }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=September 2017}} * आनुवंशिक असामान्यताहरू {{sfn|Hoffman|page=181–182|}}<ref name="auto5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakhai-Pour HR, Broy P, Bérard A | title = Use of antidepressants during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion | journal = CMAJ | volume = 182 | issue = 10 | pages = 1031–7 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20513781 | pmc = 2900326 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.091208 }}</ref> {{div col end}} ===परिवर्तन गर्न सकिने जोखिमका कारकहरू=== स्वस्थ तौल कायम राख्नाले र राम्रो प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह गर्नाले गर्भपतनको जोखिम कम गर्न सकिन्छ।<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> निम्न कुराहरूबाट बचेर केही जोखिम कारकहरूलाई न्यूनीकरण गर्न सकिन्छ: * धुम्रपान<ref name="x"/><ref name="paternal smoking">{{cite journal | vauthors = Venners SA, Wang X, Chen C, Wang L, Chen D, Guang W, Huang A, Ryan L, O'Connor J, Lasley B, Overstreet J, Wilcox A, Xu X | title = Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss: a prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 159 | issue = 10 | pages = 993–1001 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15128612 | doi = 10.1093/aje/kwh128 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> * कोकिनको प्रयोग<ref name="x">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ness RB, Grisso JA, Hirschinger N, Markovic N, Shaw LM, Day NL, Kline J | title = Cocaine and tobacco use and the risk of spontaneous abortion | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 340 | issue = 5 | pages = 333–9 | date = February 1999 | pmid = 9929522 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199902043400501 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * मदिरा<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes">{{cite web |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/miscarriage/causes/ |title=Miscarriage – Causes |author=<!--No author name given.--> |website=NHS |date=March 9, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705060654/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/miscarriage/causes/ |archive-date=July 5, 2023}}</ref> * कुपोषण वा खराब पोषण * गर्भपतन गराउन सक्ने तत्त्वहरूसँगको व्यावसायिक संसर्ग{{sfn|Hoffman|page=272}} * गर्भपतनसँग जोडिएका औषधिहरूको सेवन{{sfn|Hoffman|page=72}}<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> * नशालु वा लागुपदार्थको प्रयोग<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{Wikiquote}} [[श्रेणी:गर्भस्राव| ]] dn47v4wa9m63yng2rdr7sla0240afho 1365092 1365091 2026-07-06T15:39:47Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 /* */ 1365092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|गर्भावस्थाको प्राकृतिक र समय अगावै हुने अन्त्य}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = स्वतःस्फूर्त गर्भपतन | synonyms = गर्भस्राव | image = Anembryonic gestation.jpg | caption = एउटा [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]] जसमा [[गर्भावस्थाको थैली]] भित्र [[योल्क थैली]] देखिन्छ तर त्यहाँ कुनै [[भ्रूण]] देखिँदैन। | field = [[प्रसूति तथा स्त्री रोग विज्ञान]], [[नवजात शिशु विज्ञान]], [[बालबालिका स्वास्थ्य विज्ञान]] | symptoms = दुखाइबिना वा दुखाइसँगै [[योनिबाट रक्तस्राव]] हुनु<ref name="John20122">{{cite book |title=The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438 |url-status=live |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |edition=4 |pages=438–439 |date=2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181311/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438 |archive-date=September 10, 2017 |isbn=978-1-4511-4801-5 }}</ref> | complications = [[सङ्क्रमण]], [[रक्तस्राव]],<ref name=Mer2018>{{cite web|title=Spontaneous Abortion – Gynecology and Obstetrics|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-of-pregnancy/spontaneous-abortion|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-date=December 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204041458/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-of-pregnancy/spontaneous-abortion}}</ref> [[उदासिनता]], [[चिन्ता]], [[दोषी भावना]]<ref name="Pregnancy loss"/> | onset = गर्भधारणको २० हप्ताभन्दा पहिले<ref name=NIH2013Def/> | duration = | types = | causes = [[क्रोमोजोम असामान्यता]],<ref name="John20122" /><ref name=Vai2015/> गर्भाशयको असामान्यता<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chan YY, Jayaprakasan K, Tan A, Thornton JG, Coomarasamy A, Raine-Fenning NJ |title=Reproductive outcomes in women with congenital uterine anomalies: a systematic review |journal=Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=371–382 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21830244 |s2cid=40113681 |doi=10.1002/uog.10056 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | risks = बढी उमेरको आमाबाबु हुनु, पहिले पनि गर्भपतन भएको हुनु, [[सुर्तीजन्य धुवाँ]]को सम्पर्कमा आउनु, [[मोटोपन]], [[मधुमेह]], [[प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली सम्बन्धी रोग]], [[लागूऔषध वा मदिराको प्रयोग]]<ref name="NIH2013Epi2">{{cite web |date=2013-07-15 |title=How many people are affected by or at risk for pregnancy loss or miscarriage? |url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/risk.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093633/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/risk.aspx |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |website=www.nichd.nih.gov |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Ol2014" /><ref name="CarpSelmi2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carp HJ, Selmi C, Shoenfeld Y | title = The autoimmune bases of infertility and pregnancy loss | journal = Journal of Autoimmunity | volume = 38 | issue = 2–3 | pages = J266-74 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22284905 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.11.016 | type = Review }}</ref> | diagnosis = [[शारीरिक परीक्षण]], [[ह्युमन कोरियोनिक गोनाडोट्रोपिन]], [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]]<ref name=NIH2015Diag/> | differential = [[अस्थानिक गर्भावस्था]] , [[इम्प्लान्टेसन रक्तस्राव]]।<ref name="John20122" /> | prevention = [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]] <ref name=NIH2013Pre/> | treatment = [[प्रतीक्षात्मक व्यवस्थापन]], [[भ्याकुम एस्पिरेसन]], भावनात्मक सहयोग<ref name="Ol2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Oliver A, Overton C |title=Diagnosis and management of miscarriage |journal=The Practitioner |volume=258 |issue=1771 |pages=25–8, 3 |date=May 2014 |pmid=25055407}}</ref> <ref name=NIH2013Tx/> | frequency = १० देखि ५०% गर्भावस्थामा<ref name="John20122" /><ref name="NIH2013Epi2" /> }} '''गर्भस्राव''', जसलाई चिकित्सा क्षेत्रमा '''स्वतःस्फूर्त गर्भपतन''' पनि भनिन्छ, [[गर्भावस्था]]को यस्तो अन्त्य हो जसको परिणामस्वरूप [[भ्रूण]] आफैँ जीवित रहन सक्ने क्षमता राख्नु अगावै [[पाठेघर]]बाट बाहिर निस्कन्छ वा नष्ट हुन्छ।<ref name="John20122" /><ref name="NIH2013Def">{{cite web |title=What is pregnancy loss/miscarriage? |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo |url-status=live |website=www.nichd.nih.gov/ |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121055/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> गर्भधारणको ६ हप्ताभन्दा पहिले हुने गर्भस्रावलाई [[मानव प्रजनन र भ्रूण विज्ञानको युरोपेली समाज]] द्वारा '''जैविक रसायन क्षय'''को रूपमा परिभाषित गरिएको छ।<ref name="clarej">{{cite journal |last1=Larsen |first1=Elisabeth Clare |last2=Christiansen |first2=Ole Bjarne |last3=Kolte |first3=Astrid Marie |last4=Macklon |first4=Nick |title=New insights into mechanisms behind miscarriage |journal=BMC Medicine |date=26 June 2013 |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=154 |pmid=23803387 |pmc=3699442 |issn=1741-7015 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-11-154 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Messerlian |first1=Carmen|author1-link=Carmen Messerlian |last2=Williams |first2=Paige L. |last3=Mínguez-Alarcón |first3=Lidia |last4=Carignan |first4=Courtney C. |last5=Ford |first5=Jennifer B. |last6=Butt |first6=Craig M. |last7=Meeker |first7=John D. |last8=Stapleton |first8=Heather M. |last9=Souter |first9=Irene |last10=Hauser |first10=Russ |title=Organophosphate flame-retardant metabolite concentrations and pregnancy loss among women conceiving with assisted reproductive technology |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=110 |issue=6 |pages=1137–1144.e1 |date=1 November 2018 |issn=0015-0282 |pmid=30396558 |pmc=7261497 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.06.045 |doi-access=free}}</ref> एक पटक [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]] वा [[हिस्टोलोजी|हिस्टोलोजिकल]] ([[तन्तु विज्ञान|तन्तु परीक्षण]]) प्रमाणले गर्भावस्था अस्तित्वमा रहेको देखाएपछि, यसका लागि प्रयोग गरिने शब्द '''क्लिनिकल गर्भस्राव''' हो, जुन "प्रारम्भिक" (१२ हप्ता अघि) वा "ढिलो" (१२ देखि २१ हप्ताको बीचमा) हुन सक्छ।<ref name="clarej" /> गर्भधारणको २० हप्तापछिको स्वतःस्फूर्त भ्रूणको अन्त्यलाई '''[[भ्रूण मृत्यु|मृतशिशु जन्म]]''' भनिन्छ।<ref name="NIH2014Def">{{cite web |title=Stillbirth: Overview |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth |url-status=live |website=NICHD |date=23 September 2014 |access-date=4 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005085055/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=October 5, 2016 }}</ref> गर्भधारणको २० हप्ताभन्दा पहिले हुने गर्भावस्थाको क्षय र खराब परिणामहरूका सबै रूपहरूलाई बुझाउन कहिलेकाहीँ सामान्य रूपमा 'गर्भपतन' शब्द प्रयोग गरिन्छ। [[योनीबाट रक्तस्राव]] हुनु गर्भपतनको सबैभन्दा सामान्य लक्षण हो, जुन दुखाइबिना वा दुखाइसँगै हुन सक्छ।<ref name="John20122" /> [[तन्तु]] र रगतको चक्का जस्तो देखिने पदार्थ [[गर्भाशय]]बाट निस्केर [[योनि]] हुँदै बाहिर आउन सक्छ।<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-07-15 |title=What are the symptoms of pregnancy loss/miscarriage? |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113638/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=14 March 2015 |website=www.nichd.nih.gov/ }}</ref> गर्भस्रावका जोखिमपूर्ण कारकहरूमा बढी उमेरमा आमाबाबु बन्नु, पहिले पनि गर्भस्राव भएको हुनु, [[सुर्तीजन्य धुवाँ]]को सम्पर्कमा आउनु, [[मोटोपन]], [[मधुमेह]], [[थाइराइडको समस्या]], र [[लागूऔषध वा मदिराको प्रयोग]] आदी हुन्।<ref name="NIH2013Epi2" /><ref name="Ol2014" /> लगभग ८०% गर्भस्राव [[गर्भावस्था]]को पहिलो १२ हप्ता वा पहिलो त्रैमासिक भित्र हुन्छन्।<ref name="John20122" /> करिब आधा जति मामिलाहरूमा यसको मुख्य कारण [[क्रोमोजोम असामान्यता]]सँग जोडिएको हुन्छ।<ref name="Vai2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vaiman D | title = Genetic regulation of recurrent spontaneous abortion in humans | journal = Biomedical Journal | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–24 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25179715 | doi = 10.4103/2319-4170.133777 | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="John20122" /> गर्भस्रावको पहिचान वा निदानका लागि [[पाठेघरको मुख]] खुला छ कि बन्द छ भनी जाँच गर्ने, रगतमा [[ह्युमन कोरियोनिक गोनाडोट्रोपिन]]को मात्रा परीक्षण गर्ने र [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]] गर्ने प्रक्रियाहरू सामेल हुन सक्छन्।<ref name="NIH2015Diag">{{cite web|title=How do health care providers diagnose pregnancy loss or miscarriage?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/diagnosed|website=www.nichd.nih.gov/|access-date=14 March 2015|date=2013-07-15}}</ref> यस्तै खालका लक्षणहरू देखापर्न सक्ने अन्य अवस्थाहरूमा [[अस्थानिक गर्भावस्था]] र [[इम्प्लान्टेसन रक्तस्राव]] पर्दछन्।<ref name="John20122" /> राम्रो [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]]बाट कहिलेकाहीँ गर्भपतनको रोकथाम सम्भव हुन सक्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> लागूऔषध वा लागूपदार्थ (जसमा [[मदिरा]] पनि सामेल छ), [[सङ्क्रामक रोग]], र [[विकिरण]]बाट बच्न सकेमा गर्भस्रावको जोखिम कम हुन सक्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Pre">{{cite web|title=Is there a cure for pregnancy loss/miscarriage?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/cure|website=www.nichd.nih.gov/|access-date=14 March 2015|date=2013-10-21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402181042/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/cure.aspx|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> सुरुवाती ७ देखि १४ दिनसम्म सामान्यतया कुनै विशिष्ट उपचारको आवश्यकता पर्दैन।<ref name="Ol2014" /><ref name="NIH2013Tx" /> अधिकांश गर्भस्रावहरू थप कुनै हस्तक्षेप वा उपचारबिना नै पूर्ण रूपमा सम्पन्न हुन्छन्।<ref name="Ol2014" /> कहिलेकाहीँ बाँकी रहेका तन्तुहरू बाहिर निकाल्नका लागि [[मिसोप्रोस्टोल]] औषधि वा [[भ्याकुम एस्पिरेसन]] जस्ता चिकित्सा प्रक्रियाको प्रयोग गरिन्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Tx" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tunçalp O, Gülmezoglu AM, Souza JP | title = Surgical procedures for evacuating incomplete miscarriage | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 9 | article-number = CD001993 | date = September 2010 | volume = 2010 | pmid = 20824830 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001993.pub2 | pmc = 7064046 }}</ref> गर्भस्रावपछि [[उदासिनता]], [[चिन्ता]] वा [[दोषी भावना]] जस्ता मानसिक असरहरू देखापर्न सक्छन्।<ref name="Pregnancy loss">{{cite journal |vauthors=Robinson GE |date=January 2014 |title=Pregnancy loss |journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=169–178 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.012 |pmid=24047642 |s2cid=32998899}}</ref><ref name="radford">{{cite journal |vauthors=Radford EJ, Hughes M |date=June 2015 |title=Women's experiences of early miscarriage: implications for nursing care |journal=Journal of Clinical Nursing |volume=24 |issue=11–12 |pages=1457–1465 |doi=10.1111/jocn.12781 |pmid=25662397}}</ref> भावनात्मक वा मानसिक सहयोगले यो क्षयको पीडाबाट बाहिर निस्कन मद्दत पुर्‍याउँछ।<ref name="NIH2013Tx">{{cite web|title=What are the treatments for pregnancy loss/miscarriage?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|website=www.nichd.nih.gov|access-date=14 March 2015|date=2013-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121052/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> गर्भस्राव [[गर्भावस्थाका जटिलताहरू|गर्भावस्थाको सुरुवाती चरणको सबैभन्दा सामान्य जटिलता]] हो।<ref name="NICE-20122">{{cite journal |last=National Coordinating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (UK) |date=December 2012 |title=Ectopic Pregnancy and Miscarriage: Diagnosis and Initial Management in Early Pregnancy of Ectopic Pregnancy and Miscarriage |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK132775/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020003707/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0055257/ |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=4 July 2013 |website=NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 154 |publisher=Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists |pmid=23638497 }}</ref> आफू गर्भवती भएको कुरा थाहा पाउने महिलाहरूमा गर्भपतनको दर करिब १०% देखि २०% हुन्छ, जबकि कुल [[गर्भाधान]]का मामिलाहरूमा यो दर लगभग ३०% देखि ५०% को आसपास हुन्छ।<ref name="John20122" /><ref name="NIH2013Epi2" /> ३५ वर्षभन्दा कम उमेरका महिलाहरूमा यो जोखिम करिब १०% हुन्छ भने ४० वर्षभन्दा बढी उमेरका महिलाहरूमा यो जोखिम बढेर लगभग ४५% पुग्छ।<ref name="John20122" /> उमेर ३० वर्ष पुगेपछि यो जोखिम बढ्न सुरु गर्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Epi2" /> करिब ५% महिलाहरूमा लगातार दुई पटकसम्म गर्भस्राव हुने गर्दछ।<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Garrido-Gimenez C, Alijotas-Reig J |date=March 2015 |title=Recurrent miscarriage: causes, evaluation and management |journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal |volume=91 |issue=1073 |pages=151–62 |doi=10.1136/postgradmedj-2014-132672 |pmid=25681385 |s2cid=207022511}}</ref> बारम्बार हुने गर्भस्रावलाई [[बाँझोपन]]को एउटा रूपको रूपमा पनि लिन सकिन्छ।<ref name="gloss">{{cite web |date=10 January 2017 |title=Glossary {{!}} womenshealth.gov |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/ |access-date=11 September 2017 |website=womenshealth.gov}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> ==लक्षणहरू== [[योनिबाट हल्का रगत देखा पर्नु]], [[पेट दुखाइ]], अल्झिएर दुख्नु, [[एमनियोटिक तरल पदार्थ]], [[रगतको चक्का]], र [[तन्तु]]हरू [[योनि]]बाट बाहिर निस्कनु गर्भस्रावका लक्षणहरू हुन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/diagnosed|title=How do health care providers diagnose pregnancy loss or miscarriage?|website=www.nichd.nih.gov|date=September 2017 |access-date=2017-11-07}}</ref>{{sfn|Hoffman|page=176}}<ref name=":4">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li L, Dou L, Leung PC, Wang CC | title = Chinese herbal medicines for threatened miscarriage | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 5 | article-number = CD008510 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22592730 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd008510.pub2 | pmc = 11366073 }}</ref> [[रक्तस्राव]] हुनु गर्भस्रावको एउटा लक्षण हुन सक्छ, तर धेरै महिलाहरूमा गर्भावस्थाको सुरुवाती चरणमा रक्तस्राव भए तापनि गर्भस्राव हुँदैन।<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://medlineplus.gov/miscarriage.html|title=Miscarriage {{!}} Miscarriage Symptoms&nbsp;{{!}} MedlinePlus|access-date=2017-09-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728020027/https://medlineplus.gov/miscarriage.html|archive-date=July 28, 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> गर्भावस्थाको पहिलो आधा अवधिको बीचमा हुने रक्तस्रावलाई गर्भस्राव हुन सक्ने जोखिमपूर्ण अवस्था भन्न सकिन्छ।<ref name=Relationship>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee HJ, Norwitz E, Lee B | title = Relationship between threatened miscarriage and gestational diabetes mellitus | journal = BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | article-number = 318 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30081861 | pmc = 6080503 | doi = 10.1186/s12884-018-1955-2 | doi-access = free }}</ref> गर्भावस्थामा रक्तस्राव भएर उपचार खोज्नेहरूमध्ये करिब आधा जतिको गर्भस्राव हुने गर्दछ।<ref name="bmj1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Everett C | title = Incidence and outcome of bleeding before the 20th week of pregnancy: prospective study from general practice | journal = BMJ | volume = 315 | issue = 7099 | pages = 32–4 | date = July 1997 | pmid = 9233324 | pmc = 2127042 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.315.7099.32 }}</ref> ==रोकथाम== गर्भस्रावको रोकथाम कहिलेकाहीँ यसका जोखिमपूर्ण कारकहरूलाई कम गरेर गर्न सकिन्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> यसमा राम्रो [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]], लागूऔषध र मदिराको सेवनबाट बच्ने, सङ्क्रामक रोगहरूबाट जोगिने र एक्स-रेबाट टाढा रहने जस्ता कुराहरू सामेल हुन सक्छन्।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> गर्भस्रावको कारण पत्ता लगाउनाले भविष्यमा हुन सक्ने गर्भावस्थाको क्षयलाई रोक्न मद्दत पुग्न सक्छ। यद्यपि, धेरैजसो अवस्थामा गर्भस्राव रोक्नका लागि व्यक्ति आफैँले गर्न सक्ने कुराहरू एकदमै कम हुन्छन्।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> गर्भावस्थाभन्दा अघि वा गर्भावस्थाको समयमा भिटामिनको पूरक लिँदा गर्भस्रावको जोखिममा कुनै असर परेको पाइएको छैन।<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Balogun OO, da Silva Lopes K, Eta E, Takemoto Y, Rumbold A, Takegata M, Mori R | title = Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | issue = 5 | article-number = CD004073 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27150280 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004073.pub4 | pmc = 7104220 }}</ref> १) हालको गर्भावस्थाको सुरुवाती चरणमा योनिबाट रक्तस्राव भएका र २) पहिले पनि गर्भपतन भएको इतिहास भएका महिलाहरूमा प्रोजेस्टेरोन हर्मोनले गर्भपतन रोक्न मद्दत गर्ने देखाएको छ।<ref>{{cite journal|url = https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta24330/#/full-report|doi = 10.3310/hta24330|title = Progesterone to prevent miscarriage in women with early pregnancy bleeding: The PRISM RCT|year = 2020|last1 = Coomarasamy|first1 = Arri|last2 = Harb|first2 = Hoda M.|last3 = Devall|first3 = Adam J.|last4 = Cheed|first4 = Versha|last5 = Roberts|first5 = Tracy E.|last6 = Goranitis|first6 = Ilias|last7 = Ogwulu|first7 = Chidubem B.|last8 = Williams|first8 = Helen M.|last9 = Gallos|first9 = Ioannis D.|last10 = Eapen|first10 = Abey|last11 = Daniels|first11 = Jane P.|last12 = Ahmed|first12 = Amna|last13 = Bender-Atik|first13 = Ruth|last14 = Bhatia|first14 = Kalsang|last15 = Bottomley|first15 = Cecilia|last16 = Brewin|first16 = Jane|last17 = Choudhary|first17 = Meenakshi|last18 = Crosfill|first18 = Fiona|last19 = Deb|first19 = Shilpa|last20 = Duncan|first20 = W Colin|last21 = Ewer|first21 = Andrew|last22 = Hinshaw|first22 = Kim|last23 = Holland|first23 = Thomas|last24 = Izzat|first24 = Feras|last25 = Johns|first25 = Jemma|last26 = Lumsden|first26 = Mary-Ann|last27 = Manda|first27 = Padma|last28 = Norman|first28 = Jane E.|last29 = Nunes|first29 = Natalie|last30 = Overton|first30 = Caroline E.|journal = Health Technology Assessment|volume = 24|issue = 33|pages = 1–70|pmid = 32609084|pmc = 7355406|archive-date = January 26, 2025|access-date = July 2, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250126022303/https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/HTA24330#/full-report}}</ref> ===परिवर्तन गर्न नसकिने जोखिमका कारकहरू=== भविष्यका गरावस्थाहरूमा गर्भपतन हुन नदिनका लागि निम्न कुराहरूको मूल्याङ्कन गरी रोकथाम क्षमता बढाउन सकिन्छ: {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * प्रतिरक्षा अवस्था <ref name="CarpSelmi2012" /> * रासायनिक र व्यावसायिक संसर्ग {{sfn|Hoffman|page=272|}} * शारीरिक वा शारीरिक बनावटका त्रुटिहरू {{sfn|Hoffman|page=181|}} * गर्भावस्थामा [[पहिलेदेखि नै रहेको रोग]] वा पछि विकसित रोग{{sfn|Hoffman|page=174|}}<ref name="LisRowhani-Rahbar2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lis R, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Manhart LE | title = Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 61 | issue = 3 | pages = 418–26 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 25900174 | doi = 10.1093/cid/civ312 | doi-access = free | hdl = 1773/26479 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> ** पोलिसिस्टिक ओभरी सिन्ड्रोम <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boomsma CM, Fauser BC, Macklon NS | title = Pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome | journal = Seminars in Reproductive Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 72–84 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18181085 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-992927 | s2cid = 260316768 }}</ref> * पहिले किमोथेरापी र विकिरणको सम्पर्कमा आएको इतिहास * औषधिहरू{{sfn|Hoffman|page=172|}}<ref name="Ross LE 436–443">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ross LE, Grigoriadis S, Mamisashvili L, Vonderporten EH, Roerecke M, Rehm J, Dennis CL, Koren G, Steiner M, Mousmanis P, Cheung A | title = Selected pregnancy and delivery outcomes after exposure to antidepressant medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = JAMA Psychiatry | volume = 70 | issue = 4 | pages = 436–43 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23446732 | doi = 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.684 | doi-access = | s2cid = 2065578 }}</ref><ref name="auto5"/><ref name="auto6">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yonkers KA, Blackwell KA, Glover J, Forray A | title = Antidepressant use in pregnant and postpartum women | journal = Annual Review of Clinical Psychology | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 369–92 | date = 2014-01-01 | pmid = 24313569 | pmc = 4138492 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153626 }}</ref> * शल्यक्रियाको इतिहास {{sfn|Hoffman|pages=172–173|}} * अन्त:स्रावी विकारहरू ({{sfn|Hoffman|page=173|}}<ref name="auto2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mills JL, Simpson JL, Driscoll SG, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Van Allen M, Aarons JH, Metzger B, Bieber FR, Knopp RH, Holmes LB | title = Incidence of spontaneous abortion among normal women and insulin-dependent diabetic women whose pregnancies were identified within 21 days of conception | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 319 | issue = 25 | pages = 1617–23 | date = December 1988 | pmid = 3200277 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM198812223192501 }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=September 2017}} * आनुवंशिक असामान्यताहरू {{sfn|Hoffman|page=181–182|}}<ref name="auto5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakhai-Pour HR, Broy P, Bérard A | title = Use of antidepressants during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion | journal = CMAJ | volume = 182 | issue = 10 | pages = 1031–7 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20513781 | pmc = 2900326 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.091208 }}</ref> {{div col end}} ===परिवर्तन गर्न सकिने जोखिमका कारकहरू=== स्वस्थ तौल कायम राख्नाले र राम्रो प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह गर्नाले गर्भपतनको जोखिम कम गर्न सकिन्छ।<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> निम्न कुराहरूबाट बचेर केही जोखिम कारकहरूलाई न्यूनीकरण गर्न सकिन्छ: * धुम्रपान<ref name="x"/><ref name="paternal smoking">{{cite journal | vauthors = Venners SA, Wang X, Chen C, Wang L, Chen D, Guang W, Huang A, Ryan L, O'Connor J, Lasley B, Overstreet J, Wilcox A, Xu X | title = Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss: a prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 159 | issue = 10 | pages = 993–1001 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15128612 | doi = 10.1093/aje/kwh128 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> * कोकिनको प्रयोग<ref name="x">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ness RB, Grisso JA, Hirschinger N, Markovic N, Shaw LM, Day NL, Kline J | title = Cocaine and tobacco use and the risk of spontaneous abortion | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 340 | issue = 5 | pages = 333–9 | date = February 1999 | pmid = 9929522 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199902043400501 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * मदिरा<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes">{{cite web |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/miscarriage/causes/ |title=Miscarriage – Causes |author=<!--No author name given.--> |website=NHS |date=March 9, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705060654/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/miscarriage/causes/ |archive-date=July 5, 2023}}</ref> * कुपोषण वा खराब पोषण * गर्भपतन गराउन सक्ने तत्त्वहरूसँगको व्यावसायिक संसर्ग{{sfn|Hoffman|page=272}} * गर्भपतनसँग जोडिएका औषधिहरूको सेवन{{sfn|Hoffman|page=72}}<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> * नशालु वा लागुपदार्थको प्रयोग<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{Wikiquote}} [[श्रेणी:गर्भस्राव| ]] oakutiwr8kj3t88o67lewww776mq17z 1365137 1365092 2026-07-07T02:30:56Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|गर्भावस्थाको प्राकृतिक र समय अगावै हुने अन्त्य}} {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = स्वतःस्फूर्त गर्भपतन | synonyms = गर्भस्राव | image = Anembryonic gestation.jpg | caption = एउटा [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]] जसमा [[गर्भावस्थाको थैली]] भित्र [[योल्क थैली]] देखिन्छ तर त्यहाँ कुनै [[भ्रूण]] देखिँदैन। | field = [[प्रसूति तथा स्त्री रोग विज्ञान]], [[नवजात शिशु विज्ञान]], [[बालबालिका स्वास्थ्य विज्ञान]] | symptoms = दुखाइबिना वा दुखाइसँगै [[योनिबाट रक्तस्राव]] हुनु<ref name="John20122">{{cite book |title=The Johns Hopkins Manual of Gynecology and Obstetrics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438 |url-status=live |publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins |edition=4 |pages=438–439 |date=2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910181311/https://books.google.com/books?id=4Sg5sXyiBvkC&pg=PA438 |archive-date=September 10, 2017 |isbn=978-1-4511-4801-5 }}</ref> | complications = [[सङ्क्रमण]], [[रक्तस्राव]],<ref name=Mer2018>{{cite web|title=Spontaneous Abortion – Gynecology and Obstetrics|url=https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-of-pregnancy/spontaneous-abortion|website=Merck Manuals Professional Edition|access-date=5 May 2018|archive-date=December 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204041458/https://www.merckmanuals.com/en-ca/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/abnormalities-of-pregnancy/spontaneous-abortion}}</ref> [[उदासिनता]], [[चिन्ता]], [[दोषी भावना]]<ref name="Pregnancy loss"/> | onset = गर्भधारणको २० हप्ताभन्दा पहिले<ref name=NIH2013Def/> | duration = | types = | causes = [[क्रोमोजोम असामान्यता]],<ref name="John20122" /><ref name=Vai2015/> गर्भाशयको असामान्यता<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Chan YY, Jayaprakasan K, Tan A, Thornton JG, Coomarasamy A, Raine-Fenning NJ |title=Reproductive outcomes in women with congenital uterine anomalies: a systematic review |journal=Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=371–382 |date=October 2011 |pmid=21830244 |s2cid=40113681 |doi=10.1002/uog.10056 |doi-access=free}}</ref> | risks = बढी उमेरको आमाबाबु हुनु, पहिले पनि गर्भपतन भएको हुनु, [[सुर्तीजन्य धुवाँ]]को सम्पर्कमा आउनु, [[मोटोपन]], [[मधुमेह]], [[प्रतिरक्षा प्रणाली सम्बन्धी रोग]], [[लागूऔषध वा मदिराको प्रयोग]]<ref name="NIH2013Epi2">{{cite web |date=2013-07-15 |title=How many people are affected by or at risk for pregnancy loss or miscarriage? |url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/risk.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402093633/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/risk.aspx |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |website=www.nichd.nih.gov |access-date=14 March 2015}}</ref> <ref name="Ol2014" /><ref name="CarpSelmi2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Carp HJ, Selmi C, Shoenfeld Y | title = The autoimmune bases of infertility and pregnancy loss | journal = Journal of Autoimmunity | volume = 38 | issue = 2–3 | pages = J266-74 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22284905 | doi = 10.1016/j.jaut.2011.11.016 | type = Review }}</ref> | diagnosis = [[शारीरिक परीक्षण]], [[ह्युमन कोरियोनिक गोनाडोट्रोपिन]], [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]]<ref name=NIH2015Diag/> | differential = [[अस्थानिक गर्भावस्था]] , [[इम्प्लान्टेसन रक्तस्राव]]।<ref name="John20122" /> | prevention = [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]] <ref name=NIH2013Pre/> | treatment = [[प्रतीक्षात्मक व्यवस्थापन]], [[भ्याकुम एस्पिरेसन]], भावनात्मक सहयोग<ref name="Ol2014">{{cite journal |vauthors=Oliver A, Overton C |title=Diagnosis and management of miscarriage |journal=The Practitioner |volume=258 |issue=1771 |pages=25–8, 3 |date=May 2014 |pmid=25055407}}</ref> <ref name=NIH2013Tx/> | frequency = १० देखि ५०% गर्भावस्थामा<ref name="John20122" /><ref name="NIH2013Epi2" /> }} '''गर्भस्राव''', जसलाई चिकित्सा क्षेत्रमा '''स्वतःस्फूर्त गर्भपतन''' पनि भनिन्छ, [[गर्भावस्था]]को यस्तो अन्त्य हो जसको परिणामस्वरूप [[भ्रूण]] आफैँ जीवित रहन सक्ने क्षमता राख्नु अगावै [[पाठेघर]]बाट बाहिर निस्कन्छ वा नष्ट हुन्छ।<ref name="John20122" /><ref name="NIH2013Def">{{cite web |title=What is pregnancy loss/miscarriage? |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo |url-status=live |website=www.nichd.nih.gov/ |date=15 July 2013 |access-date=14 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121055/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2 April 2015 }}</ref> गर्भधारणको ६ हप्ताभन्दा पहिले हुने गर्भस्रावलाई [[मानव प्रजनन र भ्रूण विज्ञानको युरोपेली समाज]] द्वारा '''जैविक रसायन क्षय'''को रूपमा परिभाषित गरिएको छ।<ref name="clarej">{{cite journal |last1=Larsen |first1=Elisabeth Clare |last2=Christiansen |first2=Ole Bjarne |last3=Kolte |first3=Astrid Marie |last4=Macklon |first4=Nick |title=New insights into mechanisms behind miscarriage |journal=BMC Medicine |date=26 June 2013 |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=154 |pmid=23803387 |pmc=3699442 |issn=1741-7015 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-11-154 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Messerlian |first1=Carmen|author1-link=Carmen Messerlian |last2=Williams |first2=Paige L. |last3=Mínguez-Alarcón |first3=Lidia |last4=Carignan |first4=Courtney C. |last5=Ford |first5=Jennifer B. |last6=Butt |first6=Craig M. |last7=Meeker |first7=John D. |last8=Stapleton |first8=Heather M. |last9=Souter |first9=Irene |last10=Hauser |first10=Russ |title=Organophosphate flame-retardant metabolite concentrations and pregnancy loss among women conceiving with assisted reproductive technology |journal=Fertility and Sterility |volume=110 |issue=6 |pages=1137–1144.e1 |date=1 November 2018 |issn=0015-0282 |pmid=30396558 |pmc=7261497 |doi=10.1016/j.fertnstert.2018.06.045 |doi-access=free}}</ref> एक पटक [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]] वा [[हिस्टोलोजी|हिस्टोलोजिकल]] ([[तन्तु विज्ञान|तन्तु परीक्षण]]) प्रमाणले गर्भावस्था अस्तित्वमा रहेको देखाएपछि, यसका लागि प्रयोग गरिने शब्द '''क्लिनिकल गर्भस्राव''' हो, जुन "प्रारम्भिक" (१२ हप्ता अघि) वा "ढिलो" (१२ देखि २१ हप्ताको बीचमा) हुन सक्छ।<ref name="clarej" /> गर्भधारणको २० हप्तापछिको स्वतःस्फूर्त भ्रूणको अन्त्यलाई '''[[भ्रूण मृत्यु|मृतशिशु जन्म]]''' भनिन्छ।<ref name="NIH2014Def">{{cite web |title=Stillbirth: Overview |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth |url-status=live |website=NICHD |date=23 September 2014 |access-date=4 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005085055/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/stillbirth/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=October 5, 2016 }}</ref> गर्भधारणको २० हप्ताभन्दा पहिले हुने गर्भावस्थाको क्षय र खराब परिणामहरूका सबै रूपहरूलाई बुझाउन कहिलेकाहीँ सामान्य रूपमा 'गर्भपतन' शब्द प्रयोग गरिन्छ। [[योनीबाट रक्तस्राव]] हुनु गर्भपतनको सबैभन्दा सामान्य लक्षण हो, जुन दुखाइबिना वा दुखाइसँगै हुन सक्छ।<ref name="John20122" /> [[तन्तु]] र रगतको चक्का जस्तो देखिने पदार्थ [[गर्भाशय]]बाट निस्केर [[योनि]] हुँदै बाहिर आउन सक्छ।<ref>{{cite web |date=2013-07-15 |title=What are the symptoms of pregnancy loss/miscarriage? |url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402113638/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/symptoms.aspx |archive-date=April 2, 2015 |access-date=14 March 2015 |website=www.nichd.nih.gov/ }}</ref> गर्भस्रावका जोखिमपूर्ण कारकहरूमा बढी उमेरमा आमाबाबु बन्नु, पहिले पनि गर्भस्राव भएको हुनु, [[सुर्तीजन्य धुवाँ]]को सम्पर्कमा आउनु, [[मोटोपन]], [[मधुमेह]], [[थाइराइडको समस्या]], र [[लागूऔषध वा मदिराको प्रयोग]] आदी हुन्।<ref name="NIH2013Epi2" /><ref name="Ol2014" /> लगभग ८०% गर्भस्राव [[गर्भावस्था]]को पहिलो १२ हप्ता वा पहिलो त्रैमासिक भित्र हुन्छन्।<ref name="John20122" /> करिब आधा जति मामिलाहरूमा यसको मुख्य कारण [[क्रोमोजोम असामान्यता]]सँग जोडिएको हुन्छ।<ref name="Vai2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Vaiman D | title = Genetic regulation of recurrent spontaneous abortion in humans | journal = Biomedical Journal | volume = 38 | issue = 1 | pages = 11–24 | year = 2015 | pmid = 25179715 | doi = 10.4103/2319-4170.133777 | doi-access = free}}</ref><ref name="John20122" /> गर्भस्रावको पहिचान वा निदानका लागि [[पाठेघरको मुख]] खुला छ कि बन्द छ भनी जाँच गर्ने, रगतमा [[ह्युमन कोरियोनिक गोनाडोट्रोपिन]]को मात्रा परीक्षण गर्ने र [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]] गर्ने प्रक्रियाहरू सामेल हुन सक्छन्।<ref name="NIH2015Diag">{{cite web|title=How do health care providers diagnose pregnancy loss or miscarriage?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/diagnosed|website=www.nichd.nih.gov/|access-date=14 March 2015|date=2013-07-15}}</ref> यस्तै खालका लक्षणहरू देखापर्न सक्ने अन्य अवस्थाहरूमा [[अस्थानिक गर्भावस्था]] र [[इम्प्लान्टेसन रक्तस्राव]] पर्दछन्।<ref name="John20122" /> राम्रो [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]]बाट कहिलेकाहीँ गर्भपतनको रोकथाम सम्भव हुन सक्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> लागूऔषध वा लागूपदार्थ (जसमा [[मदिरा]] पनि सामेल छ), [[सङ्क्रामक रोग]], र [[विकिरण]]बाट बच्न सकेमा गर्भस्रावको जोखिम कम हुन सक्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Pre">{{cite web|title=Is there a cure for pregnancy loss/miscarriage?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/cure|website=www.nichd.nih.gov/|access-date=14 March 2015|date=2013-10-21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402181042/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/cure.aspx|archive-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref> सुरुवाती ७ देखि १४ दिनसम्म सामान्यतया कुनै विशिष्ट उपचारको आवश्यकता पर्दैन।<ref name="Ol2014" /><ref name="NIH2013Tx" /> अधिकांश गर्भस्रावहरू थप कुनै हस्तक्षेप वा उपचारबिना नै पूर्ण रूपमा सम्पन्न हुन्छन्।<ref name="Ol2014" /> कहिलेकाहीँ बाँकी रहेका तन्तुहरू बाहिर निकाल्नका लागि [[मिसोप्रोस्टोल]] औषधि वा [[भ्याकुम एस्पिरेसन]] जस्ता चिकित्सा प्रक्रियाको प्रयोग गरिन्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Tx" /><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tunçalp O, Gülmezoglu AM, Souza JP | title = Surgical procedures for evacuating incomplete miscarriage | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 9 | article-number = CD001993 | date = September 2010 | volume = 2010 | pmid = 20824830 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD001993.pub2 | pmc = 7064046 }}</ref> गर्भस्रावपछि [[उदासिनता]], [[चिन्ता]] वा [[दोषी भावना]] जस्ता मानसिक असरहरू देखापर्न सक्छन्।<ref name="Pregnancy loss">{{cite journal |vauthors=Robinson GE |date=January 2014 |title=Pregnancy loss |journal=Best Practice & Research. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=169–178 |doi=10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2013.08.012 |pmid=24047642 |s2cid=32998899}}</ref><ref name="radford">{{cite journal |vauthors=Radford EJ, Hughes M |date=June 2015 |title=Women's experiences of early miscarriage: implications for nursing care |journal=Journal of Clinical Nursing |volume=24 |issue=11–12 |pages=1457–1465 |doi=10.1111/jocn.12781 |pmid=25662397}}</ref> भावनात्मक वा मानसिक सहयोगले यो क्षयको पीडाबाट बाहिर निस्कन मद्दत पुर्‍याउँछ।<ref name="NIH2013Tx">{{cite web|title=What are the treatments for pregnancy loss/miscarriage?|url=http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|website=www.nichd.nih.gov|access-date=14 March 2015|date=2013-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121052/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx|archive-date=April 2, 2015}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402121052/http://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx |date=2015-04-02 }}</ref> गर्भस्राव [[गर्भावस्थाका जटिलताहरू|गर्भावस्थाको सुरुवाती चरणको सबैभन्दा सामान्य जटिलता]] हो।<ref name="NICE-20122">{{cite journal |last=National Coordinating Centre for Women's and Children's Health (UK) |date=December 2012 |title=Ectopic Pregnancy and Miscarriage: Diagnosis and Initial Management in Early Pregnancy of Ectopic Pregnancy and Miscarriage |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK132775/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131020003707/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0055257/ |archive-date=October 20, 2013 |access-date=4 July 2013 |website=NICE Clinical Guidelines, No. 154 |publisher=Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists |pmid=23638497 }}</ref> आफू गर्भवती भएको कुरा थाहा पाउने महिलाहरूमा गर्भपतनको दर करिब १०% देखि २०% हुन्छ, जबकि कुल [[गर्भाधान]]का मामिलाहरूमा यो दर लगभग ३०% देखि ५०% को आसपास हुन्छ।<ref name="John20122" /><ref name="NIH2013Epi2" /> ३५ वर्षभन्दा कम उमेरका महिलाहरूमा यो जोखिम करिब १०% हुन्छ भने ४० वर्षभन्दा बढी उमेरका महिलाहरूमा यो जोखिम बढेर लगभग ४५% पुग्छ।<ref name="John20122" /> उमेर ३० वर्ष पुगेपछि यो जोखिम बढ्न सुरु गर्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Epi2" /> करिब ५% महिलाहरूमा लगातार दुई पटकसम्म गर्भस्राव हुने गर्दछ।<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors=Garrido-Gimenez C, Alijotas-Reig J |date=March 2015 |title=Recurrent miscarriage: causes, evaluation and management |journal=Postgraduate Medical Journal |volume=91 |issue=1073 |pages=151–62 |doi=10.1136/postgradmedj-2014-132672 |pmid=25681385 |s2cid=207022511}}</ref> बारम्बार हुने गर्भस्रावलाई [[बाँझोपन]]को एउटा रूपको रूपमा पनि लिन सकिन्छ।<ref name="gloss">{{cite web |date=10 January 2017 |title=Glossary {{!}} womenshealth.gov |url=https://www.womenshealth.gov/glossary/ |access-date=11 September 2017 |website=womenshealth.gov}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> ==लक्षणहरू== [[योनिबाट हल्का रगत देखा पर्नु]], [[पेट दुखाइ]], अल्झिएर दुख्नु, [[एमनियोटिक तरल पदार्थ]], [[रगतको चक्का]], र [[तन्तु]]हरू [[योनि]]बाट बाहिर निस्कनु गर्भस्रावका लक्षणहरू हुन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/pregnancyloss/conditioninfo/diagnosed|title=How do health care providers diagnose pregnancy loss or miscarriage?|website=www.nichd.nih.gov|date=September 2017 |access-date=2017-11-07}}</ref>{{sfn|Hoffman|page=176}}<ref name=":4">{{cite journal | vauthors = Li L, Dou L, Leung PC, Wang CC | title = Chinese herbal medicines for threatened miscarriage | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | issue = 5 | article-number = CD008510 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22592730 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.cd008510.pub2 | pmc = 11366073 }}</ref> [[रक्तस्राव]] हुनु गर्भस्रावको एउटा लक्षण हुन सक्छ, तर धेरै महिलाहरूमा गर्भावस्थाको सुरुवाती चरणमा रक्तस्राव भए तापनि गर्भस्राव हुँदैन।<ref name="auto">{{cite news|url=https://medlineplus.gov/miscarriage.html|title=Miscarriage {{!}} Miscarriage Symptoms&nbsp;{{!}} MedlinePlus|access-date=2017-09-09|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170728020027/https://medlineplus.gov/miscarriage.html|archive-date=July 28, 2017}}{{PD-notice}}</ref> गर्भावस्थाको पहिलो आधा अवधिको बीचमा हुने रक्तस्रावलाई गर्भस्राव हुन सक्ने जोखिमपूर्ण अवस्था भन्न सकिन्छ।<ref name=Relationship>{{cite journal | vauthors = Lee HJ, Norwitz E, Lee B | title = Relationship between threatened miscarriage and gestational diabetes mellitus | journal = BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth | volume = 18 | issue = 1 | article-number = 318 | date = August 2018 | pmid = 30081861 | pmc = 6080503 | doi = 10.1186/s12884-018-1955-2 | doi-access = free }}</ref> गर्भावस्थामा रक्तस्राव भएर उपचार खोज्नेहरूमध्ये करिब आधा जतिको गर्भस्राव हुने गर्दछ।<ref name="bmj1997">{{cite journal | vauthors = Everett C | title = Incidence and outcome of bleeding before the 20th week of pregnancy: prospective study from general practice | journal = BMJ | volume = 315 | issue = 7099 | pages = 32–4 | date = July 1997 | pmid = 9233324 | pmc = 2127042 | doi = 10.1136/bmj.315.7099.32 }}</ref> ==रोकथाम== गर्भस्रावको रोकथाम कहिलेकाहीँ यसका जोखिमपूर्ण कारकहरूलाई कम गरेर गर्न सकिन्छ।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> यसमा राम्रो [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]], लागूऔषध र मदिराको सेवनबाट बच्ने, सङ्क्रामक रोगहरूबाट जोगिने र एक्स-रेबाट टाढा रहने जस्ता कुराहरू सामेल हुन सक्छन्।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> गर्भस्रावको कारण पत्ता लगाउनाले भविष्यमा हुन सक्ने गर्भावस्थाको क्षयलाई रोक्न मद्दत पुग्न सक्छ। यद्यपि, धेरैजसो अवस्थामा गर्भस्राव रोक्नका लागि व्यक्ति आफैँले गर्न सक्ने कुराहरू एकदमै कम हुन्छन्।<ref name="NIH2013Pre" /> गर्भावस्थाभन्दा अघि वा गर्भावस्थाको समयमा भिटामिनको पूरक लिँदा गर्भस्रावको जोखिममा कुनै असर परेको पाइएको छैन।<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Balogun OO, da Silva Lopes K, Eta E, Takemoto Y, Rumbold A, Takegata M, Mori R | title = Vitamin supplementation for preventing miscarriage | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2016 | issue = 5 | article-number = CD004073 | date = May 2016 | pmid = 27150280 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD004073.pub4 | pmc = 7104220 }}</ref> १) हालको गर्भावस्थाको सुरुवाती चरणमा योनिबाट रक्तस्राव भएका र २) पहिले पनि गर्भपतन भएको इतिहास भएका महिलाहरूमा प्रोजेस्टेरोन हर्मोनले गर्भपतन रोक्न मद्दत गर्ने देखाएको छ।<ref>{{cite journal|url = https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/hta24330/#/full-report|doi = 10.3310/hta24330|title = Progesterone to prevent miscarriage in women with early pregnancy bleeding: The PRISM RCT|year = 2020|last1 = Coomarasamy|first1 = Arri|last2 = Harb|first2 = Hoda M.|last3 = Devall|first3 = Adam J.|last4 = Cheed|first4 = Versha|last5 = Roberts|first5 = Tracy E.|last6 = Goranitis|first6 = Ilias|last7 = Ogwulu|first7 = Chidubem B.|last8 = Williams|first8 = Helen M.|last9 = Gallos|first9 = Ioannis D.|last10 = Eapen|first10 = Abey|last11 = Daniels|first11 = Jane P.|last12 = Ahmed|first12 = Amna|last13 = Bender-Atik|first13 = Ruth|last14 = Bhatia|first14 = Kalsang|last15 = Bottomley|first15 = Cecilia|last16 = Brewin|first16 = Jane|last17 = Choudhary|first17 = Meenakshi|last18 = Crosfill|first18 = Fiona|last19 = Deb|first19 = Shilpa|last20 = Duncan|first20 = W Colin|last21 = Ewer|first21 = Andrew|last22 = Hinshaw|first22 = Kim|last23 = Holland|first23 = Thomas|last24 = Izzat|first24 = Feras|last25 = Johns|first25 = Jemma|last26 = Lumsden|first26 = Mary-Ann|last27 = Manda|first27 = Padma|last28 = Norman|first28 = Jane E.|last29 = Nunes|first29 = Natalie|last30 = Overton|first30 = Caroline E.|journal = Health Technology Assessment|volume = 24|issue = 33|pages = 1–70|pmid = 32609084|pmc = 7355406|archive-date = January 26, 2025|access-date = July 2, 2020|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20250126022303/https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/HTA24330#/full-report}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126022303/https://www.journalslibrary.nihr.ac.uk/hta/HTA24330#/full-report |date=January 26, 2025 }}</ref> ===परिवर्तन गर्न नसकिने जोखिमका कारकहरू=== भविष्यका गरावस्थाहरूमा गर्भपतन हुन नदिनका लागि निम्न कुराहरूको मूल्याङ्कन गरी रोकथाम क्षमता बढाउन सकिन्छ: {{div col|colwidth=30em}} * प्रतिरक्षा अवस्था <ref name="CarpSelmi2012" /> * रासायनिक र व्यावसायिक संसर्ग {{sfn|Hoffman|page=272|}} * शारीरिक वा शारीरिक बनावटका त्रुटिहरू {{sfn|Hoffman|page=181|}} * गर्भावस्थामा [[पहिलेदेखि नै रहेको रोग]] वा पछि विकसित रोग{{sfn|Hoffman|page=174|}}<ref name="LisRowhani-Rahbar2015">{{cite journal | vauthors = Lis R, Rowhani-Rahbar A, Manhart LE | title = Mycoplasma genitalium infection and female reproductive tract disease: a meta-analysis | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 61 | issue = 3 | pages = 418–26 | date = August 2015 | pmid = 25900174 | doi = 10.1093/cid/civ312 | doi-access = free | hdl = 1773/26479 | hdl-access = free }}</ref> ** पोलिसिस्टिक ओभरी सिन्ड्रोम <ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Boomsma CM, Fauser BC, Macklon NS | title = Pregnancy complications in women with polycystic ovary syndrome | journal = Seminars in Reproductive Medicine | volume = 26 | issue = 1 | pages = 72–84 | date = January 2008 | pmid = 18181085 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-992927 | s2cid = 260316768 }}</ref> * पहिले किमोथेरापी र विकिरणको सम्पर्कमा आएको इतिहास * औषधिहरू{{sfn|Hoffman|page=172|}}<ref name="Ross LE 436–443">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ross LE, Grigoriadis S, Mamisashvili L, Vonderporten EH, Roerecke M, Rehm J, Dennis CL, Koren G, Steiner M, Mousmanis P, Cheung A | title = Selected pregnancy and delivery outcomes after exposure to antidepressant medication: a systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = JAMA Psychiatry | volume = 70 | issue = 4 | pages = 436–43 | date = April 2013 | pmid = 23446732 | doi = 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.684 | doi-access = | s2cid = 2065578 }}</ref><ref name="auto5"/><ref name="auto6">{{cite journal | vauthors = Yonkers KA, Blackwell KA, Glover J, Forray A | title = Antidepressant use in pregnant and postpartum women | journal = Annual Review of Clinical Psychology | volume = 10 | issue = 1 | pages = 369–92 | date = 2014-01-01 | pmid = 24313569 | pmc = 4138492 | doi = 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153626 }}</ref> * शल्यक्रियाको इतिहास {{sfn|Hoffman|pages=172–173|}} * अन्त:स्रावी विकारहरू ({{sfn|Hoffman|page=173|}}<ref name="auto2">{{cite journal | vauthors = Mills JL, Simpson JL, Driscoll SG, Jovanovic-Peterson L, Van Allen M, Aarons JH, Metzger B, Bieber FR, Knopp RH, Holmes LB | title = Incidence of spontaneous abortion among normal women and insulin-dependent diabetic women whose pregnancies were identified within 21 days of conception | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 319 | issue = 25 | pages = 1617–23 | date = December 1988 | pmid = 3200277 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM198812223192501 }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=September 2017}} * आनुवंशिक असामान्यताहरू {{sfn|Hoffman|page=181–182|}}<ref name="auto5">{{cite journal | vauthors = Nakhai-Pour HR, Broy P, Bérard A | title = Use of antidepressants during pregnancy and the risk of spontaneous abortion | journal = CMAJ | volume = 182 | issue = 10 | pages = 1031–7 | date = July 2010 | pmid = 20513781 | pmc = 2900326 | doi = 10.1503/cmaj.091208 }}</ref> {{div col end}} ===परिवर्तन गर्न सकिने जोखिमका कारकहरू=== स्वस्थ तौल कायम राख्नाले र राम्रो प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह गर्नाले गर्भपतनको जोखिम कम गर्न सकिन्छ।<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> निम्न कुराहरूबाट बचेर केही जोखिम कारकहरूलाई न्यूनीकरण गर्न सकिन्छ: * धुम्रपान<ref name="x"/><ref name="paternal smoking">{{cite journal | vauthors = Venners SA, Wang X, Chen C, Wang L, Chen D, Guang W, Huang A, Ryan L, O'Connor J, Lasley B, Overstreet J, Wilcox A, Xu X | title = Paternal smoking and pregnancy loss: a prospective study using a biomarker of pregnancy | journal = American Journal of Epidemiology | volume = 159 | issue = 10 | pages = 993–1001 | date = May 2004 | pmid = 15128612 | doi = 10.1093/aje/kwh128 | doi-access = free }}</ref><ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> * कोकिनको प्रयोग<ref name="x">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ness RB, Grisso JA, Hirschinger N, Markovic N, Shaw LM, Day NL, Kline J | title = Cocaine and tobacco use and the risk of spontaneous abortion | journal = The New England Journal of Medicine | volume = 340 | issue = 5 | pages = 333–9 | date = February 1999 | pmid = 9929522 | doi = 10.1056/NEJM199902043400501 | doi-access = free }}</ref> * मदिरा<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes">{{cite web |url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/miscarriage/causes/ |title=Miscarriage – Causes |author=<!--No author name given.--> |website=NHS |date=March 9, 2022 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230705060654/https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/miscarriage/causes/ |archive-date=July 5, 2023}}</ref> * कुपोषण वा खराब पोषण * गर्भपतन गराउन सक्ने तत्त्वहरूसँगको व्यावसायिक संसर्ग{{sfn|Hoffman|page=272}} * गर्भपतनसँग जोडिएका औषधिहरूको सेवन{{sfn|Hoffman|page=72}}<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> * नशालु वा लागुपदार्थको प्रयोग<ref name="NHS-Miscarriage-Causes"/> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} == बाह्य कडीहरू == {{Wikiquote}} [[श्रेणी:गर्भस्राव| ]] kzfjjdliac69jxo7loe0xe23mngcr68 0 150709 1365049 2026-07-06T15:18:24Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 [[मातृ मृत्युदर]]मा अनुप्रेषण गर्दै 1365049 wikitext text/x-wiki #अनुप्रेषण [[मातृ मृत्युदर]] ioh41reo7cop25hjrprronx1ifgthkg 10 150710 1365050 2025-09-30T17:09:14Z en>Doc James 0 Readded as now usable on EN WP https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition&diff=prev&oldid=1305027324 1365050 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#unlinkedwikibase:id=Q134613844}}<includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/smoking#world, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |language = en |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |caption = This is my caption |title = Outdoor air pollution |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World |location = commons }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World |location = commons }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-ImageStack-popup.js]] * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] * [[Module:owidslider]] </noinclude> 8crim9s2mnxtd1qr6wvnlex8zfxjr7v 1365051 1365050 2025-09-30T17:14:48Z en>Doc James 0 1365051 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/smoking#world, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |language = en |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |caption = This is my caption |title = Outdoor air pollution |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World |location = commons }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World |location = commons }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-ImageStack-popup.js]] * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] * [[Module:owidslider]] </noinclude> p12t7tn4mauw3rxzzejlexlc305tm5r 1365052 1365051 2025-09-30T17:18:40Z en>Doc James 0 /* Example 3 */ 1365052 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/smoking#world, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |language = en |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = This is my caption |title = Outdoor air pollution |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World |location = commons }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World |location = commons }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-ImageStack-popup.js]] * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] * [[Module:owidslider]] </noinclude> b8kz6d6cot150r3avbagzrxmwec0aun 1365053 1365052 2025-09-30T17:20:15Z en>Doc James 0 /* See also */ 1365053 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/smoking#world, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |language = en |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = This is my caption |title = Outdoor air pollution |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World |location = commons }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World |location = commons }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] * [[Module:owidslider]] </noinclude> aio90cmlg3x6tcvi6vayluguqqbhdf6 1365054 1365053 2025-09-30T17:21:06Z en>Doc James 0 /* Example Loading from Commons */ 1365054 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/smoking#world, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |language = en |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = This is my caption |title = Outdoor air pollution |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] * [[Module:owidslider]] </noinclude> b642whkalug2p7q03l04kh2f0yfl8pq 1365055 1365054 2025-09-30T17:21:46Z en>Doc James 0 /* See also */ 1365055 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/smoking#world, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |language = en |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = This is my caption |title = Outdoor air pollution |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] </noinclude> 260li6dno1dpjmznr6zcwj4ewiyvg56 1365056 1365055 2025-09-30T17:23:40Z en>Doc James 0 /* See also */ 1365056 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/smoking#world, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |language = en |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = This is my caption |title = Outdoor air pollution |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Template:Owidslidersrcs}} </noinclude> 0xo7yapl13xya0f369rrfz5un0eb06l 1365057 1365056 2025-09-30T20:45:42Z en>Doc James 0 /* See also */ 1365057 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/smoking#world, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |language = en |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = This is my caption |title = Outdoor air pollution |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} </noinclude> ru016nfb8wn0qeprtphl5chch5s7rtv 1365058 1365057 2025-09-30T20:46:55Z en>Doc James 0 /* top */ 1365058 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:OWID/smoking#world, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:OWID/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |language = en |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = This is my caption |title = Outdoor air pollution |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} </noinclude> 3dux4t83kmm6f78ion6dbsy4sqfgb46 1365059 1365058 2025-09-30T20:47:35Z en>Doc James 0 /* top */ 1365059 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |language = en |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = This is my caption |title = Outdoor air pollution |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} </noinclude> 427rxt34a1gz8r87ugb9mnzptq64s6r 1365060 1365059 2025-09-30T20:49:28Z en>Doc James 0 1365060 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |language = en |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = This is my caption |title = Outdoor air pollution |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} </noinclude> 9sl5e5xlwwc6a1z9q2nqafqqkh4454h 1365061 1365060 2025-09-30T20:51:57Z en>Doc James 0 /* See also */ 1365061 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |language = en |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = This is my caption |title = Outdoor air pollution |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] </noinclude> ixp7wf5zg0ot8hfvm4hvhib5br3hjej 1365062 1365061 2025-09-30T20:52:16Z en>Doc James 0 /* See also */ 1365062 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |language = en |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = This is my caption |title = Outdoor air pollution |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] </noinclude> 6shrwhrp49qovfewpg6ltryanqkdtaw 1365063 1365062 2025-10-02T16:46:58Z en>Bawolff 0 /* See also */ link to stats 1365063 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |language = en |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = This is my caption |title = Outdoor air pollution |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] </noinclude> jqu63dtml0p72f2q9421llkaq94su5j 1365064 1365063 2025-10-02T19:36:46Z en>Doc James 0 /* Example 3 */ 1365064 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |language = en |list = Template:OWID/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/outdoor air pollution#gallery |location = commons |caption = This is my caption |title = Outdoor air pollution |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] </noinclude> 0u9c52vozkrwou7lcap1x41xfcfmato 1365065 1365064 2025-10-02T19:37:54Z en>Doc James 0 /* Example 3 */ 1365065 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] </noinclude> mazmukwnzwhmvm7y69fnvxff40lpdwj 1365066 1365065 2025-10-02T19:38:55Z en>Doc James 0 1365066 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] </noinclude> 17g66hbu5lkdspgtt9xv9h7k64q27us 1365067 1365066 2025-10-02T19:39:34Z en>Doc James 0 /* Example 3 */ 1365067 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. Used to generate an image with a play button. When you click it, it shows a popup with images in a slider viewer, suitable for looking at series of data. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] </noinclude> jtcc56qh1i5iwsmwj2yqehcqu7uspjz 1365068 1365067 2025-10-02T20:20:10Z en>Doc James 0 1365068 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. The underlying code is being developed and maintained by [[Wiki Project Med Foundation]]. It is used to generate an image with a play button. When you click the button, a popup with images in a slide viewer appears. It is suitable for looking at series of data such as heatmaps. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] </noinclude> aozbi580ordiltajzogkuq3gwktmh9b 1365069 1365068 2025-10-02T20:20:49Z en>Doc James 0 1365069 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. The underlying code is being developed and maintained by [[Wiki Project Med Foundation]], a Wikimedia thematic organization. It is used to generate an image with a play button. When you click the button, a popup with images in a slide viewer appears. It is suitable for looking at series of data such as heatmaps. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, will use the image list with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. Keep in mind that all images should have the same size (and especially same aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 3== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} ==Example Loading from Commons== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] </noinclude> 8y34uf04pyvp4ek4a7qwlz8e53kit7x 1365070 1365069 2025-10-02T20:23:13Z en>Doc James 0 1365070 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. The underlying code is being developed and maintained by [[Wiki Project Med Foundation]], a Wikimedia thematic organization. It is used to generate an image with a play button. When you click the button, a popup with images in a slide viewer appears. It is suitable for looking at series of data such as heatmaps. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. These can be hosted locally or be pulled from Commons. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. All images should have the same size (aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 1== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} ==Example 2== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] </noinclude> sqgnkirb1uyt2wo7f8w7sq8a521hol8 1365071 1365070 2025-10-03T08:43:22Z en>Timeshifter 0 /* See also */ link 1365071 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. The underlying code is being developed and maintained by [[Wiki Project Med Foundation]], a Wikimedia thematic organization. It is used to generate an image with a play button. When you click the button, a popup with images in a slide viewer appears. It is suitable for looking at series of data such as heatmaps. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. These can be hosted locally or be pulled from Commons. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. All images should have the same size (aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 1== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} ==Example 2== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat-supply-per-person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] *[[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Owidslider]] - links and transclusions. </noinclude> 256433ufv1rsu1w7bo9l1ideuqogbd8 1365072 1365071 2025-10-03T12:41:10Z en>Doc James 0 /* Example 2 */ 1365072 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. The underlying code is being developed and maintained by [[Wiki Project Med Foundation]], a Wikimedia thematic organization. It is used to generate an image with a play button. When you click the button, a popup with images in a slide viewer appears. It is suitable for looking at series of data such as heatmaps. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. These can be hosted locally or be pulled from Commons. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. All images should have the same size (aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 1== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} ==Example 2== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat supply per person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat supply per person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] *[[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Owidslider]] - links and transclusions. </noinclude> r4y7qjy736ov8ap4agcexeejqyb4bu6 1365073 1365072 2026-01-11T17:49:37Z en>Timeshifter 0 /* top */ [[Category:Interactive data graphics by Our World in Data]] 1365073 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. The underlying code is being developed and maintained by [[Wiki Project Med Foundation]], a Wikimedia thematic organization. It is used to generate an image with a play button. When you click the button, a popup with images in a slide viewer appears. It is suitable for looking at series of data such as heatmaps. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. These can be hosted locally or be pulled from Commons. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. All images should have the same size (aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. [[Category:Interactive data graphics by Our World in Data]] ==Example 1== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} ==Example 2== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat supply per person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat supply per person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] *[[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Owidslider]] - links and transclusions. </noinclude> kknfzn713kzz7uojt1zz4cwafaf84o7 1365074 1365073 2026-01-11T17:53:07Z en>Timeshifter 0 self-revert. Undid revision [[Special:Diff/1332400038|1332400038]] by [[Special:Contributions/Timeshifter|Timeshifter]] ([[User talk:Timeshifter|talk]]) 1365074 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. The underlying code is being developed and maintained by [[Wiki Project Med Foundation]], a Wikimedia thematic organization. It is used to generate an image with a play button. When you click the button, a popup with images in a slide viewer appears. It is suitable for looking at series of data such as heatmaps. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. These can be hosted locally or be pulled from Commons. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. All images should have the same size (aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 1== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} ==Example 2== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat supply per person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat supply per person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] *[[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Owidslider]] - links and transclusions. </noinclude> r4y7qjy736ov8ap4agcexeejqyb4bu6 1365075 1365074 2026-02-03T22:07:32Z en>Timeshifter 0 link 1365075 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{see|Commons:Category:Interactive data graphics by Our World in Data}} This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. The underlying code is being developed and maintained by [[Wiki Project Med Foundation]], a Wikimedia thematic organization. It is used to generate an image with a play button. When you click the button, a popup with images in a slide viewer appears. It is suitable for looking at series of data such as heatmaps. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. These can be hosted locally or be pulled from Commons. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. All images should have the same size (aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 1== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} ==Example 2== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat supply per person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat supply per person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] *[[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Owidslider]] - links and transclusions. </noinclude> d2crcdbtj57qmwgx7nmtiihlk81qi07 1365076 1365075 2026-04-07T18:00:55Z en>MusikBot II 0 Protected "[[Template:Owidslider]]": [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High-risk template or module]]: 258 transclusions ([[User:MusikBot II/TemplateProtector|more info]]) ([Edit=Require autoconfirmed or confirmed access] (indefinite)) 1365075 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{see|Commons:Category:Interactive data graphics by Our World in Data}} This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. The underlying code is being developed and maintained by [[Wiki Project Med Foundation]], a Wikimedia thematic organization. It is used to generate an image with a play button. When you click the button, a popup with images in a slide viewer appears. It is suitable for looking at series of data such as heatmaps. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. These can be hosted locally or be pulled from Commons. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. All images should have the same size (aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 1== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} ==Example 2== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat supply per person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat supply per person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] *[[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Owidslider]] - links and transclusions. </noinclude> d2crcdbtj57qmwgx7nmtiihlk81qi07 1365077 1365076 2026-04-14T05:09:02Z en>Cedar101 0 /* Example 1 */ syntaxhighlight 1365077 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{see|Commons:Category:Interactive data graphics by Our World in Data}} This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. The underlying code is being developed and maintained by [[Wiki Project Med Foundation]], a Wikimedia thematic organization. It is used to generate an image with a play button. When you click the button, a popup with images in a slide viewer appears. It is suitable for looking at series of data such as heatmaps. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. These can be hosted locally or be pulled from Commons. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. All images should have the same size (aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 1== <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} </syntaxhighlight> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} ==Example 2== <pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat supply per person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </pre> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat supply per person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] *[[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Owidslider]] - links and transclusions. </noinclude> 1rfnium4tdymazyongergdank090q2m 1365078 1365077 2026-04-14T05:09:41Z en>Cedar101 0 /* Example 2 */ syntaxhighlight 1365078 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{see|Commons:Category:Interactive data graphics by Our World in Data}} This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. The underlying code is being developed and maintained by [[Wiki Project Med Foundation]], a Wikimedia thematic organization. It is used to generate an image with a play button. When you click the button, a popup with images in a slide viewer appears. It is suitable for looking at series of data such as heatmaps. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. These can be hosted locally or be pulled from Commons. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. All images should have the same size (aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 1== <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} </syntaxhighlight> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} ==Example 2== <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat supply per person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </syntaxhighlight> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat supply per person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] *[[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Owidslider]] - links and transclusions. </noinclude> ciq8bwa88l85cm3fdlhlsewp9g8exc6 1365079 1365078 2026-07-06T15:21:19Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 [[:en:Template:Owidslider]] बाट २९ संशोधन(हरू): आयात गर्दै 1365078 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:owidslider|image}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{see|Commons:Category:Interactive data graphics by Our World in Data}} This template requires the [[mediawiki:Gadget-owidslider.js|owidslider gadget]]. The underlying code is being developed and maintained by [[Wiki Project Med Foundation]], a Wikimedia thematic organization. It is used to generate an image with a play button. When you click the button, a popup with images in a slide viewer appears. It is suitable for looking at series of data such as heatmaps. The <code>list</code> parameter references a page with a fragment. These can be hosted locally or be pulled from Commons. E.g. Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution, with the id "world" from the page [[Commons:Template:owidslider/outdoor air pollution]] as the list of images. All images should have the same size (aspect ratio). List should use {{tl|owidslidersrcs}} template. ==Example 1== <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} </syntaxhighlight> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:owidslider/indoor air pollution#gallery |location = Commons |caption = |title = |language = en |file = [[File:Death-rate-by-source-from-indoor-air-pollution,World,2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|Death rate by source from indoor air pollution]] |startingView = World }} ==Example 2== <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext" line> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat supply per person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} </syntaxhighlight> {{owidslider |start = 2022 |list = Template:OWID/meat supply per person#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |file = [[File:Meat-supply-per-person,World,1961.svg|link=|thumb|none|upright=1.3|An example with drop down menu for different regions, clickable countries, and highlighting with mouse over]] |startingView = World }} ==Template data== <templatedata> { "params": { "start": { "description": "Which image to start on", "example": "1990", "type": "number", "default": "1", "autovalue": "1", "suggested": true }, "startingView": { "description": "Which view (drop down menu item) to start on", "example": "World", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "width": { "description": "Override image width from list page", "type": "number" }, "height": { "description": "Override height from list page", "type": "number" }, "list": { "label": "Image list page", "description": "A page name and fragment to load the image list from. For example, if you put MyPage#myGallery, then it is assumed there is a <gallery id=\"myGallery\">...</gallery> on the page MyPage which is used as the list of images", "example": "MyPage#myGallery", "type": "string", "required": true }, "location": { "label": "Location of image list page", "description": "Where to get the template from (Commons or Local)", "example": "Commons", "type": "string", "required": false }, "noregisterimages": { "description": "Disable translcuding the list page. This will cause this page not to be listed on the what links here for the images used.", "type": "boolean" }, "caption": { "description": "Caption to show in the pop-up below the image. Can include any wikitext.", "type": "content", "suggested": true }, "title": { "label": "Popup title", "description": "Title of popup. Can only be plain text. Wikitext not supported.", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "file": { "description": "The wikitext to include the image shown on the page", "example": "[[File:Example.png|thumb|100px|caption text]]", "type": "content", "required": true, "suggested": true } }, "description": "Show an image with a play button that pops up a dialog with a year slider", "format": "block" } </templatedata> ==See also== * [[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.js]] *[[MediaWiki:Gadget-owidslider.css]] * [[Module:owidslider]] *{{tl|Owidslidersrcs}} *[[Commons:Commons:List of interactive graphs|List of uploaded graphs on Commons]] *[https://grafana.wikimedia.org/d/IlK0cZbSk/gadget-stats?orgId=1&from=now-7d&to=now&timezone=utc&var-gadget=OWIDSlider&var-metric=mediawiki_gadget_OWIDSlider_wiki_total&refresh=1m OWIDSlider statistics] *[[Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:Owidslider]] - links and transclusions. </noinclude> ciq8bwa88l85cm3fdlhlsewp9g8exc6 828 150711 1365080 2025-09-30T17:10:47Z en>Doc James 0 Readded as now usable https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Gadgets-definition&diff=prev&oldid=1305027324 1365080 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME = "AllCountries" function p.image( frame ) math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getContentLanguage():formatDate( "U" ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) local args = frame:getParent().args local popupConfig = {} local caption = '' popupConfig.loop = args.loop == "yes" if tonumber( args.start ) then popupConfig.start = tonumber( args.start ) else popupConfig.start = 1 end if args.startingView then popupConfig.startingView = tostring( args.startingView ) end if args.language then popupConfig.language = tostring( args.language ) end if args.location then popupConfig.location = tostring( args.location ) end if tonumber( args.width ) then popupConfig.width = tonumber( args.width ) end if tonumber( args.height ) then popupConfig.height = tonumber( args.height ) end popupConfig.list = args.list popupConfig.file = args.file if args['noregisterimages'] == "false" then -- Only register dependency if location is not Commons local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or "" if location ~= "commons" and location ~= "" then -- Register this as a dependency so that this page shows up as using all the images on the list page frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. args.list } end end -- If we don't want to transclude for performance, maybe we could at least link -- however links need to actually be output on the page to register them. if args.caption then popupConfig.caption = "OWIDSlider-caption-" .. math.random() caption = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'id', popupConfig.caption ) :attr( 'style', 'display: none' ) :wikitext( args.caption ) :done() ) end if args.title then popupConfig.title = args.title end return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' ) :attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( { popupConfig } ) ) :wikitext( args.file ) ) .. caption .. '[[Category:Pages using gadget owidslider]]' end local function srcGallery( frame, galleryName, gallerySrc, galleryArgs ) local id = mw.uri.anchorEncode( "gallery-" .. galleryName ) galleryArgs.id = id local optionsArray = {} local galleryContents = '' for row in mw.text.gsplit( gallerySrc, "\n", true ) do local galleryRow = '' local year = false local country = false for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, "!", true ) do equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true ) if #equalSplit <= 1 then galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' else if equalSplit[1] == 'year' then year = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == "country" then country = equalSplit[2] else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end end end if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 ) end galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. "\n" if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = country else optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = year end end if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then galleryArgs['data-owidslider-country'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) else galleryArgs['data-owidslider-year'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) end galleryArgs['data-owidslider-name'] = galleryName return "\n==" .. (galleryName ~= "" and galleryName or "Gallery") .. "==\n" .. frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) end function p.srcs( frame ) local args = frame:getParent().args local galleryArgs = {} local galleryAttr = { "mode", "widths", "heights", "perrow", "caption", "showfilename", "showthumbnail", "title", "class", "lang", "dir" } for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do galleryArgs[j] = args[j] end local subItems = {} local output = '' for argName, argValue in pairs( args ) do if string.sub( argName, 0, 7 ) == "gallery" then local galleryName = string.sub( argName, 9 ) subItems[galleryName] = mw.uri.anchorEncode( "gallery-" .. galleryName ) local srcGalleryOutput = srcGallery( frame, galleryName, argValue, galleryArgs ) output = output .. srcGalleryOutput end end return mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'owidsrclist' ) :attr( 'id', args.id ) :attr( 'data-owid-subids', mw.text.jsonEncode( subItems ) ) :wikitext( output ) end function p.gallery( frame ) -- Seems like math.random is always seeded with 0 :( math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getContentLanguage():formatDate( "U" ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) local args = frame:getParent().args local reuseImageCaption = args.reuse_image_caption ~= nil local title = args["popup-title"] local captionId = nil local captionText = '' local galleryContents = '' local optionsArray = {} local galleryArgs = {} local galleryAttr = { "mode", "widths", "heights", "perrow", "caption", "showfilename", "showthumbnail", "id", "title", "class", "lang", "dir" } for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do galleryArgs[j] = args[j] end if args['popup-caption'] then captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() captionText = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'style', 'display:none' ) :attr( 'id', captionId ) :wikitext( args['popup-caption'] ) ) end for row in mw.text.gsplit( args.gallery, "\n", true ) do local galleryRow = '' local popupOptions = { title = title, caption = captionId } for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, "!", true ) do equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true ) if #equalSplit <= 1 then -- be sure this really is a caption. if galleryRow ~= '' and reuseImageCaption and #part > 8 and string.find( part, " ", 1, true ) then local captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() local wrappedPart = tostring( mw.html.create( 'span' ) :attr( 'id', captionId ) :wikitext( part ) ) popupOptions.caption = captionId galleryRow = galleryRow .. wrappedPart .. '|' else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end else if equalSplit[1] == 'popup-width' then popupOptions.width = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-height' then popupOptions.height = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-loop' then popupOptions.loop = equalSplit[2] ~= '' elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-start' then popupOptions.start = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-startingView' then popupOptions.startingView = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-caption' then local captionIdForImg = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() captionText = captionText .. tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'id', captionIdForImg ) :css( 'display', 'none' ) :wikitext( table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) ) ) popupOptions.caption = captionIdForImg elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-title' then popupOptions.title = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-list' then popupOptions.list = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) if args['noregisterimages'] == nil then -- Only register dependency if location is not Commons local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or "" if location ~= "commons" and location ~= "" then -- Register this as a dependency so that this page shows up as using all the images on the list page frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) } end end else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end end end if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 ) end galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. "\n" optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = popupOptions end return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' ) :attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) ) :wikitext( frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) ) ) .. captionText .. '[[Category:Pages using gadget owidslider]]' end return p dg8xa7kbjk8ih97el0lnwo7y8wgqwv8 1365081 1365080 2025-12-21T12:37:34Z en>Ebrahim 0 `mw.getLanguage( "en" ):formatDate( "U" )` won't generate something that `tonumber` would be able to parse in wikis using different set of numeral characters (say Persian use ۱۲۳ instead of 123) thus better to get formatDate number from English locale, also applied in https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Extension:Scribunto/Lua_reference_manual&diff=prev&oldid=8096569 1365081 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME = "AllCountries" function p.image( frame ) math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getLanguage( "en" ):formatDate( "U" ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) local args = frame:getParent().args local popupConfig = {} local caption = '' popupConfig.loop = args.loop == "yes" if tonumber( args.start ) then popupConfig.start = tonumber( args.start ) else popupConfig.start = 1 end if args.startingView then popupConfig.startingView = tostring( args.startingView ) end if args.language then popupConfig.language = tostring( args.language ) end if args.location then popupConfig.location = tostring( args.location ) end if tonumber( args.width ) then popupConfig.width = tonumber( args.width ) end if tonumber( args.height ) then popupConfig.height = tonumber( args.height ) end popupConfig.list = args.list popupConfig.file = args.file if args['noregisterimages'] == "false" then -- Only register dependency if location is not Commons local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or "" if location ~= "commons" and location ~= "" then -- Register this as a dependency so that this page shows up as using all the images on the list page frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. args.list } end end -- If we don't want to transclude for performance, maybe we could at least link -- however links need to actually be output on the page to register them. if args.caption then popupConfig.caption = "OWIDSlider-caption-" .. math.random() caption = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'id', popupConfig.caption ) :attr( 'style', 'display: none' ) :wikitext( args.caption ) :done() ) end if args.title then popupConfig.title = args.title end return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' ) :attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( { popupConfig } ) ) :wikitext( args.file ) ) .. caption .. '[[Category:Pages using gadget owidslider]]' end local function srcGallery( frame, galleryName, gallerySrc, galleryArgs ) local id = mw.uri.anchorEncode( "gallery-" .. galleryName ) galleryArgs.id = id local optionsArray = {} local galleryContents = '' for row in mw.text.gsplit( gallerySrc, "\n", true ) do local galleryRow = '' local year = false local country = false for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, "!", true ) do equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true ) if #equalSplit <= 1 then galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' else if equalSplit[1] == 'year' then year = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == "country" then country = equalSplit[2] else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end end end if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 ) end galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. "\n" if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = country else optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = year end end if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then galleryArgs['data-owidslider-country'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) else galleryArgs['data-owidslider-year'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) end galleryArgs['data-owidslider-name'] = galleryName return "\n==" .. (galleryName ~= "" and galleryName or "Gallery") .. "==\n" .. frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) end function p.srcs( frame ) local args = frame:getParent().args local galleryArgs = {} local galleryAttr = { "mode", "widths", "heights", "perrow", "caption", "showfilename", "showthumbnail", "title", "class", "lang", "dir" } for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do galleryArgs[j] = args[j] end local subItems = {} local output = '' for argName, argValue in pairs( args ) do if string.sub( argName, 0, 7 ) == "gallery" then local galleryName = string.sub( argName, 9 ) subItems[galleryName] = mw.uri.anchorEncode( "gallery-" .. galleryName ) local srcGalleryOutput = srcGallery( frame, galleryName, argValue, galleryArgs ) output = output .. srcGalleryOutput end end return mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'owidsrclist' ) :attr( 'id', args.id ) :attr( 'data-owid-subids', mw.text.jsonEncode( subItems ) ) :wikitext( output ) end function p.gallery( frame ) -- Seems like math.random is always seeded with 0 :( math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getContentLanguage():formatDate( "U" ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) local args = frame:getParent().args local reuseImageCaption = args.reuse_image_caption ~= nil local title = args["popup-title"] local captionId = nil local captionText = '' local galleryContents = '' local optionsArray = {} local galleryArgs = {} local galleryAttr = { "mode", "widths", "heights", "perrow", "caption", "showfilename", "showthumbnail", "id", "title", "class", "lang", "dir" } for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do galleryArgs[j] = args[j] end if args['popup-caption'] then captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() captionText = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'style', 'display:none' ) :attr( 'id', captionId ) :wikitext( args['popup-caption'] ) ) end for row in mw.text.gsplit( args.gallery, "\n", true ) do local galleryRow = '' local popupOptions = { title = title, caption = captionId } for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, "!", true ) do equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true ) if #equalSplit <= 1 then -- be sure this really is a caption. if galleryRow ~= '' and reuseImageCaption and #part > 8 and string.find( part, " ", 1, true ) then local captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() local wrappedPart = tostring( mw.html.create( 'span' ) :attr( 'id', captionId ) :wikitext( part ) ) popupOptions.caption = captionId galleryRow = galleryRow .. wrappedPart .. '|' else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end else if equalSplit[1] == 'popup-width' then popupOptions.width = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-height' then popupOptions.height = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-loop' then popupOptions.loop = equalSplit[2] ~= '' elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-start' then popupOptions.start = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-startingView' then popupOptions.startingView = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-caption' then local captionIdForImg = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() captionText = captionText .. tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'id', captionIdForImg ) :css( 'display', 'none' ) :wikitext( table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) ) ) popupOptions.caption = captionIdForImg elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-title' then popupOptions.title = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-list' then popupOptions.list = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) if args['noregisterimages'] == nil then -- Only register dependency if location is not Commons local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or "" if location ~= "commons" and location ~= "" then -- Register this as a dependency so that this page shows up as using all the images on the list page frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) } end end else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end end end if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 ) end galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. "\n" optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = popupOptions end return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' ) :attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) ) :wikitext( frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) ) ) .. captionText .. '[[Category:Pages using gadget owidslider]]' end return p 7q8k70cjjmoh5em0ll9ytruy6vlp4nv 1365082 1365081 2026-04-07T18:00:59Z en>MusikBot II 0 Protected "[[Module:Owidslider]]": [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High-risk template or module]]: 260 transclusions ([[User:MusikBot II/TemplateProtector|more info]]) ([Edit=Require autoconfirmed or confirmed access] (indefinite)) 1365081 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME = "AllCountries" function p.image( frame ) math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getLanguage( "en" ):formatDate( "U" ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) local args = frame:getParent().args local popupConfig = {} local caption = '' popupConfig.loop = args.loop == "yes" if tonumber( args.start ) then popupConfig.start = tonumber( args.start ) else popupConfig.start = 1 end if args.startingView then popupConfig.startingView = tostring( args.startingView ) end if args.language then popupConfig.language = tostring( args.language ) end if args.location then popupConfig.location = tostring( args.location ) end if tonumber( args.width ) then popupConfig.width = tonumber( args.width ) end if tonumber( args.height ) then popupConfig.height = tonumber( args.height ) end popupConfig.list = args.list popupConfig.file = args.file if args['noregisterimages'] == "false" then -- Only register dependency if location is not Commons local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or "" if location ~= "commons" and location ~= "" then -- Register this as a dependency so that this page shows up as using all the images on the list page frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. args.list } end end -- If we don't want to transclude for performance, maybe we could at least link -- however links need to actually be output on the page to register them. if args.caption then popupConfig.caption = "OWIDSlider-caption-" .. math.random() caption = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'id', popupConfig.caption ) :attr( 'style', 'display: none' ) :wikitext( args.caption ) :done() ) end if args.title then popupConfig.title = args.title end return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' ) :attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( { popupConfig } ) ) :wikitext( args.file ) ) .. caption .. '[[Category:Pages using gadget owidslider]]' end local function srcGallery( frame, galleryName, gallerySrc, galleryArgs ) local id = mw.uri.anchorEncode( "gallery-" .. galleryName ) galleryArgs.id = id local optionsArray = {} local galleryContents = '' for row in mw.text.gsplit( gallerySrc, "\n", true ) do local galleryRow = '' local year = false local country = false for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, "!", true ) do equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true ) if #equalSplit <= 1 then galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' else if equalSplit[1] == 'year' then year = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == "country" then country = equalSplit[2] else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end end end if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 ) end galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. "\n" if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = country else optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = year end end if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then galleryArgs['data-owidslider-country'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) else galleryArgs['data-owidslider-year'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) end galleryArgs['data-owidslider-name'] = galleryName return "\n==" .. (galleryName ~= "" and galleryName or "Gallery") .. "==\n" .. frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) end function p.srcs( frame ) local args = frame:getParent().args local galleryArgs = {} local galleryAttr = { "mode", "widths", "heights", "perrow", "caption", "showfilename", "showthumbnail", "title", "class", "lang", "dir" } for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do galleryArgs[j] = args[j] end local subItems = {} local output = '' for argName, argValue in pairs( args ) do if string.sub( argName, 0, 7 ) == "gallery" then local galleryName = string.sub( argName, 9 ) subItems[galleryName] = mw.uri.anchorEncode( "gallery-" .. galleryName ) local srcGalleryOutput = srcGallery( frame, galleryName, argValue, galleryArgs ) output = output .. srcGalleryOutput end end return mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'owidsrclist' ) :attr( 'id', args.id ) :attr( 'data-owid-subids', mw.text.jsonEncode( subItems ) ) :wikitext( output ) end function p.gallery( frame ) -- Seems like math.random is always seeded with 0 :( math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getContentLanguage():formatDate( "U" ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) local args = frame:getParent().args local reuseImageCaption = args.reuse_image_caption ~= nil local title = args["popup-title"] local captionId = nil local captionText = '' local galleryContents = '' local optionsArray = {} local galleryArgs = {} local galleryAttr = { "mode", "widths", "heights", "perrow", "caption", "showfilename", "showthumbnail", "id", "title", "class", "lang", "dir" } for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do galleryArgs[j] = args[j] end if args['popup-caption'] then captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() captionText = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'style', 'display:none' ) :attr( 'id', captionId ) :wikitext( args['popup-caption'] ) ) end for row in mw.text.gsplit( args.gallery, "\n", true ) do local galleryRow = '' local popupOptions = { title = title, caption = captionId } for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, "!", true ) do equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true ) if #equalSplit <= 1 then -- be sure this really is a caption. if galleryRow ~= '' and reuseImageCaption and #part > 8 and string.find( part, " ", 1, true ) then local captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() local wrappedPart = tostring( mw.html.create( 'span' ) :attr( 'id', captionId ) :wikitext( part ) ) popupOptions.caption = captionId galleryRow = galleryRow .. wrappedPart .. '|' else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end else if equalSplit[1] == 'popup-width' then popupOptions.width = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-height' then popupOptions.height = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-loop' then popupOptions.loop = equalSplit[2] ~= '' elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-start' then popupOptions.start = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-startingView' then popupOptions.startingView = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-caption' then local captionIdForImg = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() captionText = captionText .. tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'id', captionIdForImg ) :css( 'display', 'none' ) :wikitext( table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) ) ) popupOptions.caption = captionIdForImg elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-title' then popupOptions.title = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-list' then popupOptions.list = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) if args['noregisterimages'] == nil then -- Only register dependency if location is not Commons local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or "" if location ~= "commons" and location ~= "" then -- Register this as a dependency so that this page shows up as using all the images on the list page frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) } end end else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end end end if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 ) end galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. "\n" optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = popupOptions end return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' ) :attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) ) :wikitext( frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) ) ) .. captionText .. '[[Category:Pages using gadget owidslider]]' end return p 7q8k70cjjmoh5em0ll9ytruy6vlp4nv 1365083 1365082 2026-05-20T15:03:30Z en>Doc James 0 updated 1365083 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME = "AllCountries" local REGIONS_GALLERY_NAME = "RegionsCharts" local hasWikidataLabel, wd = pcall(require, 'Module:Wikidata label') if not hasWikidataLabel then wd = nil end local function translateGalleryName( galleryName, translations ) if wd ~= nil and translations[galleryName] ~= nil and type( wd._getLabel ) == 'function' then local ok, translatedName = pcall( wd._getLabel, translations[galleryName], nil, 'no', 'ucfirst' ) if ok and translatedName ~= nil and translatedName ~= '' then return translatedName end end return galleryName end local function copyTable( source ) local result = {} for key, value in pairs( source ) do result[key] = value end return result end function p.image( frame ) math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getContentLanguage():formatDate( "U" ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) local args = frame:getParent().args local popupConfig = {} local caption = '' popupConfig.loop = args.loop == "yes" if tonumber( args.start ) then popupConfig.start = tonumber( args.start ) else popupConfig.start = 1 end if args.startingView then popupConfig.startingView = tostring( args.startingView ) end if args.language then popupConfig.language = tostring( args.language ) end if args.location then popupConfig.location = tostring( args.location ) end if tonumber( args.width ) then popupConfig.width = tonumber( args.width ) end if tonumber( args.height ) then popupConfig.height = tonumber( args.height ) end popupConfig.list = args.list popupConfig.file = args.file if args['noregisterimages'] == "false" then -- Only register dependency if location is not Commons local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or "" if location ~= "commons" and location ~= "" then -- Register this as a dependency so that this page shows up as using all the images on the list page frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. args.list } end end -- If we don't want to transclude for performance, maybe we could at least link -- however links need to actually be output on the page to register them. if args.caption then popupConfig.caption = "OWIDSlider-caption-" .. math.random() caption = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'id', popupConfig.caption ) :attr( 'style', 'display: none' ) :wikitext( args.caption ) :done() ) end if args.title then popupConfig.title = args.title end return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' ) :attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( { popupConfig } ) ) :wikitext( args.file ) ) .. caption .. '[[Category:Pages using gadget owidslider]]' end local function srcGallery( frame, galleryName, gallerySrc, baseGalleryArgs ) local galleryArgs = copyTable( baseGalleryArgs ) local id = mw.uri.anchorEncode( "gallery-" .. galleryName ) galleryArgs.id = id local optionsArray = {} local galleryContents = '' for row in mw.text.gsplit( gallerySrc, "\n", true ) do local galleryRow = '' local year = false local country = false local region = false for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, "!", true ) do local equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true ) if #equalSplit <= 1 then galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' else if equalSplit[1] == 'year' then year = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == "country" then country = equalSplit[2] elseif equalSplit[1] == "region" then region = equalSplit[2] else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end end end if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 ) end galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. "\n" if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = country elseif galleryName == REGIONS_GALLERY_NAME then optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = region else optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = year end end if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then galleryArgs['data-owidslider-country'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) elseif galleryName == REGIONS_GALLERY_NAME then galleryArgs['data-owidslider-regionscharts'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) else galleryArgs['data-owidslider-year'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) end galleryArgs['data-owidslider-name'] = galleryName return "\n==" .. (galleryName ~= "" and galleryName or "Gallery") .. "==\n" .. frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) end function p.srcs( frame ) local args = frame:getParent().args local galleryArgs = {} local galleryAttr = { "mode", "widths", "heights", "perrow", "caption", "showfilename", "showthumbnail", "title", "class", "lang", "dir" } for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do galleryArgs[j] = args[j] end local subItems = {} local output = '' local translations = { Africa = "Q15", Antarctica = "Q51", Asia = "Q48", Europe = "Q46", ["North America"] = "Q49", Oceania = "Q55643", ["South America"] = "Q18", World = "Q16502" -- Bit iffy, maybe should be Q2 instead. } -- Make World gallery show up first. local galleries = {} for argName in pairs( args ) do if string.sub( argName, 0, 7 ) == "gallery" then table.insert( galleries, argName ) end end table.sort( galleries, function ( x, y ) if x == 'gallery-World' then return true end if y == 'gallery-World' then return false end if x == 'gallery-' .. REGIONS_GALLERY_NAME then return false end if y == 'gallery-' .. REGIONS_GALLERY_NAME then return true end if x == 'gallery-' .. COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then return false end if y == 'gallery-' .. COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then return true end return x < y end ) for _, argName in ipairs( galleries ) do local argValue = args[argName] if string.sub( argName, 0, 7 ) == "gallery" then local rawGalleryName = string.sub( argName, 9 ) local galleryName = translateGalleryName( rawGalleryName, translations ) subItems[galleryName] = mw.uri.anchorEncode( "gallery-" .. galleryName ) local srcGalleryOutput = srcGallery( frame, galleryName, argValue, galleryArgs ) output = output .. srcGalleryOutput end end return mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'owidsrclist' ) :attr( 'id', args.id ) :attr( 'data-owid-subids', mw.text.jsonEncode( subItems ) ) :wikitext( output ) end function p.gallery( frame ) -- Seems like math.random is always seeded with 0 :( math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getContentLanguage():formatDate( "U" ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) local args = frame:getParent().args local reuseImageCaption = args.reuse_image_caption ~= nil local title = args["popup-title"] local captionId = nil local captionText = '' local galleryContents = '' local optionsArray = {} local galleryArgs = {} local galleryAttr = { "mode", "widths", "heights", "perrow", "caption", "showfilename", "showthumbnail", "id", "title", "class", "lang", "dir" } for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do galleryArgs[j] = args[j] end if args['popup-caption'] then captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() captionText = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'style', 'display:none' ) :attr( 'id', captionId ) :wikitext( args['popup-caption'] ) ) end for row in mw.text.gsplit( args.gallery, "\n", true ) do local galleryRow = '' local popupOptions = { title = title, caption = captionId } for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, "!", true ) do local equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true ) if #equalSplit <= 1 then -- be sure this really is a caption. if galleryRow ~= '' and reuseImageCaption and #part > 8 and string.find( part, " ", 1, true ) then local captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() local wrappedPart = tostring( mw.html.create( 'span' ) :attr( 'id', captionId ) :wikitext( part ) ) popupOptions.caption = captionId galleryRow = galleryRow .. wrappedPart .. '|' else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end else if equalSplit[1] == 'popup-width' then popupOptions.width = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-height' then popupOptions.height = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-loop' then popupOptions.loop = equalSplit[2] ~= '' elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-start' then popupOptions.start = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-startingView' then popupOptions.startingView = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-caption' then local captionIdForImg = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() captionText = captionText .. tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'id', captionIdForImg ) :css( 'display', 'none' ) :wikitext( table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) ) ) popupOptions.caption = captionIdForImg elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-title' then popupOptions.title = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-list' then popupOptions.list = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) if args['noregisterimages'] == nil then -- Only register dependency if location is not Commons local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or "" if location ~= "commons" and location ~= "" then -- Register this as a dependency so that this page shows up as using all the images on the list page frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) } end end else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end end end if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 ) end galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. "\n" optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = popupOptions end return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' ) :attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) ) :wikitext( frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) ) ) .. captionText .. '[[Category:Pages using gadget owidslider]]' end return p 0zvequ57mhudbttu4mlra3h8p610iq2 1365084 1365083 2026-07-06T15:21:37Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 [[:en:Module:Owidslider]] बाट ४ संशोधन(हरू): आयात गर्दै 1365083 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME = "AllCountries" local REGIONS_GALLERY_NAME = "RegionsCharts" local hasWikidataLabel, wd = pcall(require, 'Module:Wikidata label') if not hasWikidataLabel then wd = nil end local function translateGalleryName( galleryName, translations ) if wd ~= nil and translations[galleryName] ~= nil and type( wd._getLabel ) == 'function' then local ok, translatedName = pcall( wd._getLabel, translations[galleryName], nil, 'no', 'ucfirst' ) if ok and translatedName ~= nil and translatedName ~= '' then return translatedName end end return galleryName end local function copyTable( source ) local result = {} for key, value in pairs( source ) do result[key] = value end return result end function p.image( frame ) math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getContentLanguage():formatDate( "U" ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) local args = frame:getParent().args local popupConfig = {} local caption = '' popupConfig.loop = args.loop == "yes" if tonumber( args.start ) then popupConfig.start = tonumber( args.start ) else popupConfig.start = 1 end if args.startingView then popupConfig.startingView = tostring( args.startingView ) end if args.language then popupConfig.language = tostring( args.language ) end if args.location then popupConfig.location = tostring( args.location ) end if tonumber( args.width ) then popupConfig.width = tonumber( args.width ) end if tonumber( args.height ) then popupConfig.height = tonumber( args.height ) end popupConfig.list = args.list popupConfig.file = args.file if args['noregisterimages'] == "false" then -- Only register dependency if location is not Commons local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or "" if location ~= "commons" and location ~= "" then -- Register this as a dependency so that this page shows up as using all the images on the list page frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. args.list } end end -- If we don't want to transclude for performance, maybe we could at least link -- however links need to actually be output on the page to register them. if args.caption then popupConfig.caption = "OWIDSlider-caption-" .. math.random() caption = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'id', popupConfig.caption ) :attr( 'style', 'display: none' ) :wikitext( args.caption ) :done() ) end if args.title then popupConfig.title = args.title end return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' ) :attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( { popupConfig } ) ) :wikitext( args.file ) ) .. caption .. '[[Category:Pages using gadget owidslider]]' end local function srcGallery( frame, galleryName, gallerySrc, baseGalleryArgs ) local galleryArgs = copyTable( baseGalleryArgs ) local id = mw.uri.anchorEncode( "gallery-" .. galleryName ) galleryArgs.id = id local optionsArray = {} local galleryContents = '' for row in mw.text.gsplit( gallerySrc, "\n", true ) do local galleryRow = '' local year = false local country = false local region = false for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, "!", true ) do local equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true ) if #equalSplit <= 1 then galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' else if equalSplit[1] == 'year' then year = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == "country" then country = equalSplit[2] elseif equalSplit[1] == "region" then region = equalSplit[2] else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end end end if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 ) end galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. "\n" if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = country elseif galleryName == REGIONS_GALLERY_NAME then optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = region else optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = year end end if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then galleryArgs['data-owidslider-country'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) elseif galleryName == REGIONS_GALLERY_NAME then galleryArgs['data-owidslider-regionscharts'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) else galleryArgs['data-owidslider-year'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) end galleryArgs['data-owidslider-name'] = galleryName return "\n==" .. (galleryName ~= "" and galleryName or "Gallery") .. "==\n" .. frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) end function p.srcs( frame ) local args = frame:getParent().args local galleryArgs = {} local galleryAttr = { "mode", "widths", "heights", "perrow", "caption", "showfilename", "showthumbnail", "title", "class", "lang", "dir" } for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do galleryArgs[j] = args[j] end local subItems = {} local output = '' local translations = { Africa = "Q15", Antarctica = "Q51", Asia = "Q48", Europe = "Q46", ["North America"] = "Q49", Oceania = "Q55643", ["South America"] = "Q18", World = "Q16502" -- Bit iffy, maybe should be Q2 instead. } -- Make World gallery show up first. local galleries = {} for argName in pairs( args ) do if string.sub( argName, 0, 7 ) == "gallery" then table.insert( galleries, argName ) end end table.sort( galleries, function ( x, y ) if x == 'gallery-World' then return true end if y == 'gallery-World' then return false end if x == 'gallery-' .. REGIONS_GALLERY_NAME then return false end if y == 'gallery-' .. REGIONS_GALLERY_NAME then return true end if x == 'gallery-' .. COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then return false end if y == 'gallery-' .. COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then return true end return x < y end ) for _, argName in ipairs( galleries ) do local argValue = args[argName] if string.sub( argName, 0, 7 ) == "gallery" then local rawGalleryName = string.sub( argName, 9 ) local galleryName = translateGalleryName( rawGalleryName, translations ) subItems[galleryName] = mw.uri.anchorEncode( "gallery-" .. galleryName ) local srcGalleryOutput = srcGallery( frame, galleryName, argValue, galleryArgs ) output = output .. srcGalleryOutput end end return mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'owidsrclist' ) :attr( 'id', args.id ) :attr( 'data-owid-subids', mw.text.jsonEncode( subItems ) ) :wikitext( output ) end function p.gallery( frame ) -- Seems like math.random is always seeded with 0 :( math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getContentLanguage():formatDate( "U" ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) local args = frame:getParent().args local reuseImageCaption = args.reuse_image_caption ~= nil local title = args["popup-title"] local captionId = nil local captionText = '' local galleryContents = '' local optionsArray = {} local galleryArgs = {} local galleryAttr = { "mode", "widths", "heights", "perrow", "caption", "showfilename", "showthumbnail", "id", "title", "class", "lang", "dir" } for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do galleryArgs[j] = args[j] end if args['popup-caption'] then captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() captionText = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'style', 'display:none' ) :attr( 'id', captionId ) :wikitext( args['popup-caption'] ) ) end for row in mw.text.gsplit( args.gallery, "\n", true ) do local galleryRow = '' local popupOptions = { title = title, caption = captionId } for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, "!", true ) do local equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true ) if #equalSplit <= 1 then -- be sure this really is a caption. if galleryRow ~= '' and reuseImageCaption and #part > 8 and string.find( part, " ", 1, true ) then local captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() local wrappedPart = tostring( mw.html.create( 'span' ) :attr( 'id', captionId ) :wikitext( part ) ) popupOptions.caption = captionId galleryRow = galleryRow .. wrappedPart .. '|' else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end else if equalSplit[1] == 'popup-width' then popupOptions.width = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-height' then popupOptions.height = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-loop' then popupOptions.loop = equalSplit[2] ~= '' elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-start' then popupOptions.start = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-startingView' then popupOptions.startingView = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-caption' then local captionIdForImg = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() captionText = captionText .. tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'id', captionIdForImg ) :css( 'display', 'none' ) :wikitext( table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) ) ) popupOptions.caption = captionIdForImg elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-title' then popupOptions.title = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-list' then popupOptions.list = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) if args['noregisterimages'] == nil then -- Only register dependency if location is not Commons local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or "" if location ~= "commons" and location ~= "" then -- Register this as a dependency so that this page shows up as using all the images on the list page frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) } end end else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end end end if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 ) end galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. "\n" optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = popupOptions end return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' ) :attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) ) :wikitext( frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) ) ) .. captionText .. '[[Category:Pages using gadget owidslider]]' end return p 0zvequ57mhudbttu4mlra3h8p610iq2 1365085 1365084 2026-07-06T15:26:30Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 1365085 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME = "AllCountries" function p.image( frame ) math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getLanguage( "en" ):formatDate( "U" ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) local args = frame:getParent().args local popupConfig = {} local caption = '' popupConfig.loop = args.loop == "yes" if tonumber( args.start ) then popupConfig.start = tonumber( args.start ) else popupConfig.start = 1 end if args.startingView then popupConfig.startingView = tostring( args.startingView ) end if args.language then popupConfig.language = tostring( args.language ) end if args.location then popupConfig.location = tostring( args.location ) end if tonumber( args.width ) then popupConfig.width = tonumber( args.width ) end if tonumber( args.height ) then popupConfig.height = tonumber( args.height ) end popupConfig.list = args.list popupConfig.file = args.file if args['noregisterimages'] == "false" then -- শুধুমাত্র ডিপেন্ডেন্সি নিবন্ধন করুন যদি অবস্থান কমন্স না হয় local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or "" if location ~= "commons" and location ~= "" then -- নির্ভরতা হিসাবে নিবন্ধন করুন যাতে এই পাতাটি তালিকা পাতার সব চিত্র ব্যবহার করে দেখায় frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. args.list } end end -- যদি আমরা কর্মক্ষমতার জন্য ট্রান্সক্লুড না চাই, তবে সম্ভবত আমরা অন্তত লিঙ্ক দিতে পারি -- তবে লিঙ্কগুলি নিবন্ধনের জন্য পাতায় প্রকৃতপক্ষে আউটপুট হতে হবে। if args.caption then popupConfig.caption = "OWIDSlider-caption-" .. math.random() caption = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'id', popupConfig.caption ) :attr( 'style', 'display: none' ) :wikitext( args.caption ) :done() ) end if args.title then popupConfig.title = args.title end return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' ) :attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( { popupConfig } ) ) :wikitext( args.file ) ) .. caption .. '[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:গ্যাজেট ওয়িডস্লাইডার ব্যবহার করা পাতা]]' end local function srcGallery( frame, galleryName, gallerySrc, galleryArgs ) local id = mw.uri.anchorEncode( "gallery-" .. galleryName ) galleryArgs.id = id local optionsArray = {} local galleryContents = '' for row in mw.text.gsplit( gallerySrc, "\n", true ) do local galleryRow = '' local year = false local country = false for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, "!", true ) do equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true ) if #equalSplit <= 1 then galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' else if equalSplit[1] == 'year' then year = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == "country" then country = equalSplit[2] else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end end end if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 ) end galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. "\n" if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = country else optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = year end end if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then galleryArgs['data-owidslider-country'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) else galleryArgs['data-owidslider-year'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) end galleryArgs['data-owidslider-name'] = galleryName return "\n==" .. (galleryName ~= "" and galleryName or "গ্যালারি") .. "==\n" .. frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) end function p.srcs( frame ) local args = frame:getParent().args local galleryArgs = {} local galleryAttr = { "mode", "widths", "heights", "perrow", "caption", "showfilename", "showthumbnail", "title", "class", "lang", "dir" } for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do galleryArgs[j] = args[j] end local subItems = {} local output = '' for argName, argValue in pairs( args ) do if string.sub( argName, 0, 7 ) == "gallery" then local galleryName = string.sub( argName, 9 ) subItems[galleryName] = mw.uri.anchorEncode( "gallery-" .. galleryName ) local srcGalleryOutput = srcGallery( frame, galleryName, argValue, galleryArgs ) output = output .. srcGalleryOutput end end return mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'owidsrclist' ) :attr( 'id', args.id ) :attr( 'data-owid-subids', mw.text.jsonEncode( subItems ) ) :wikitext( output ) end function p.gallery( frame ) -- মনে হচ্ছে math.random সবসময় ০ দিয়ে seed হয় :( math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getContentLanguage():formatDate( "U" ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) local args = frame:getParent().args local reuseImageCaption = args.reuse_image_caption ~= nil local title = args["popup-title"] local captionId = nil local captionText = '' local galleryContents = '' local optionsArray = {} local galleryArgs = {} local galleryAttr = { "mode", "widths", "heights", "perrow", "caption", "showfilename", "showthumbnail", "id", "title", "class", "lang", "dir" } for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do galleryArgs[j] = args[j] end if args['popup-caption'] then captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() captionText = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'style', 'display:none' ) :attr( 'id', captionId ) :wikitext( args['popup-caption'] ) ) end for row in mw.text.gsplit( args.gallery, "\n", true ) do local galleryRow = '' local popupOptions = { title = title, caption = captionId } for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, "!", true ) do equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true ) if #equalSplit <= 1 then -- নিশ্চিত করুন যে এটি সত্যিই একটি ক্যাপশন। if galleryRow ~= '' and reuseImageCaption and #part > 8 and string.find( part, " ", 1, true ) then local captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() local wrappedPart = tostring( mw.html.create( 'span' ) :attr( 'id', captionId ) :wikitext( part ) ) popupOptions.caption = captionId galleryRow = galleryRow .. wrappedPart .. '|' else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end else if equalSplit[1] == 'popup-width' then popupOptions.width = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-height' then popupOptions.height = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-loop' then popupOptions.loop = equalSplit[2] ~= '' elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-start' then popupOptions.start = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-startingView' then popupOptions.startingView = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-caption' then local captionIdForImg = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() captionText = captionText .. tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'id', captionIdForImg ) :css( 'display', 'none' ) :wikitext( table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) ) ) popupOptions.caption = captionIdForImg elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-title' then popupOptions.title = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-list' then popupOptions.list = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) if args['noregisterimages'] == nil then -- শুধুমাত্র ডিপেন্ডেন্সি নিবন্ধন করুন যদি অবস্থান কমন্স না হয় local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or "" if location ~= "commons" and location ~= "" then -- নির্ভরতা হিসাবে নিবন্ধন করুন যাতে এই পাতাটি তালিকা পাতার সব চিত্র ব্যবহার করে দেখায় frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) } end end else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end end end if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 ) end galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. "\n" optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = popupOptions end return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' ) :attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) ) :wikitext( frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) ) ) .. captionText .. '[[:বিষয়শ্রেণী:গ্যাজেট ওয়িডস্লাইডার ব্যবহার করা পাতা]]' end return p jgb0p86wkrljeub1lnylpfk2m074u20 1365086 1365085 2026-07-06T15:28:12Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 1365086 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME = "AllCountries" function p.image( frame ) math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getLanguage( "en" ):formatDate( "U" ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) local args = frame:getParent().args local popupConfig = {} local caption = '' popupConfig.loop = args.loop == "yes" if tonumber( args.start ) then popupConfig.start = tonumber( args.start ) else popupConfig.start = 1 end if args.startingView then popupConfig.startingView = tostring( args.startingView ) end if args.language then popupConfig.language = tostring( args.language ) end if args.location then popupConfig.location = tostring( args.location ) end if tonumber( args.width ) then popupConfig.width = tonumber( args.width ) end if tonumber( args.height ) then popupConfig.height = tonumber( args.height ) end popupConfig.list = args.list popupConfig.file = args.file if args['noregisterimages'] == "false" then -- শুধুমাত্র ডিপেন্ডেন্সি নিবন্ধন করুন যদি অবস্থান কমন্স না হয় local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or "" if location ~= "commons" and location ~= "" then -- নির্ভরতা হিসাবে নিবন্ধন করুন যাতে এই পাতাটি তালিকা পাতার সব চিত্র ব্যবহার করে দেখায় frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. args.list } end end -- যদি আমরা কর্মক্ষমতার জন্য ট্রান্সক্লুড না চাই, তবে সম্ভবত আমরা অন্তত লিঙ্ক দিতে পারি -- তবে লিঙ্কগুলি নিবন্ধনের জন্য পাতায় প্রকৃতপক্ষে আউটপুট হতে হবে। if args.caption then popupConfig.caption = "OWIDSlider-caption-" .. math.random() caption = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'id', popupConfig.caption ) :attr( 'style', 'display: none' ) :wikitext( args.caption ) :done() ) end if args.title then popupConfig.title = args.title end return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' ) :attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( { popupConfig } ) ) :wikitext( args.file ) ) .. caption .. '[[বিষয়শ্রেণী:গ্যাজেট ওয়িডস্লাইডার ব্যবহার করা পাতা]]' end local function srcGallery( frame, galleryName, gallerySrc, galleryArgs ) local id = mw.uri.anchorEncode( "gallery-" .. galleryName ) galleryArgs.id = id local optionsArray = {} local galleryContents = '' for row in mw.text.gsplit( gallerySrc, "\n", true ) do local galleryRow = '' local year = false local country = false for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, "!", true ) do equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true ) if #equalSplit <= 1 then galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' else if equalSplit[1] == 'year' then year = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == "country" then country = equalSplit[2] else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end end end if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 ) end galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. "\n" if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = country else optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = year end end if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then galleryArgs['data-owidslider-country'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) else galleryArgs['data-owidslider-year'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) end galleryArgs['data-owidslider-name'] = galleryName return "\n==" .. (galleryName ~= "" and galleryName or "গ্যালারি") .. "==\n" .. frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) end function p.srcs( frame ) local args = frame:getParent().args local galleryArgs = {} local galleryAttr = { "mode", "widths", "heights", "perrow", "caption", "showfilename", "showthumbnail", "title", "class", "lang", "dir" } for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do galleryArgs[j] = args[j] end local subItems = {} local output = '' for argName, argValue in pairs( args ) do if string.sub( argName, 0, 7 ) == "gallery" then local galleryName = string.sub( argName, 9 ) subItems[galleryName] = mw.uri.anchorEncode( "gallery-" .. galleryName ) local srcGalleryOutput = srcGallery( frame, galleryName, argValue, galleryArgs ) output = output .. srcGalleryOutput end end return mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'owidsrclist' ) :attr( 'id', args.id ) :attr( 'data-owid-subids', mw.text.jsonEncode( subItems ) ) :wikitext( output ) end function p.gallery( frame ) -- মনে হচ্ছে math.random সবসময় ০ দিয়ে seed হয় :( math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getContentLanguage():formatDate( "U" ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) local args = frame:getParent().args local reuseImageCaption = args.reuse_image_caption ~= nil local title = args["popup-title"] local captionId = nil local captionText = '' local galleryContents = '' local optionsArray = {} local galleryArgs = {} local galleryAttr = { "mode", "widths", "heights", "perrow", "caption", "showfilename", "showthumbnail", "id", "title", "class", "lang", "dir" } for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do galleryArgs[j] = args[j] end if args['popup-caption'] then captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() captionText = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'style', 'display:none' ) :attr( 'id', captionId ) :wikitext( args['popup-caption'] ) ) end for row in mw.text.gsplit( args.gallery, "\n", true ) do local galleryRow = '' local popupOptions = { title = title, caption = captionId } for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, "!", true ) do equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true ) if #equalSplit <= 1 then -- নিশ্চিত করুন যে এটি সত্যিই একটি ক্যাপশন। if galleryRow ~= '' and reuseImageCaption and #part > 8 and string.find( part, " ", 1, true ) then local captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() local wrappedPart = tostring( mw.html.create( 'span' ) :attr( 'id', captionId ) :wikitext( part ) ) popupOptions.caption = captionId galleryRow = galleryRow .. wrappedPart .. '|' else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end else if equalSplit[1] == 'popup-width' then popupOptions.width = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-height' then popupOptions.height = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-loop' then popupOptions.loop = equalSplit[2] ~= '' elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-start' then popupOptions.start = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-startingView' then popupOptions.startingView = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-caption' then local captionIdForImg = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() captionText = captionText .. tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'id', captionIdForImg ) :css( 'display', 'none' ) :wikitext( table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) ) ) popupOptions.caption = captionIdForImg elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-title' then popupOptions.title = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-list' then popupOptions.list = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) if args['noregisterimages'] == nil then -- শুধুমাত্র ডিপেন্ডেন্সি নিবন্ধন করুন যদি অবস্থান কমন্স না হয় local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or "" if location ~= "commons" and location ~= "" then -- নির্ভরতা হিসাবে নিবন্ধন করুন যাতে এই পাতাটি তালিকা পাতার সব চিত্র ব্যবহার করে দেখায় frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) } end end else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end end end if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 ) end galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. "\n" optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = popupOptions end return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' ) :attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) ) :wikitext( frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) ) ) .. captionText .. '[[:श्रेणी:वाइडस्लाइडर उपकरण प्रयोग गर्ने पृष्ठ]]' end return p jkwxh7ze361l85k8bo4cv9da3qkgay3 1365087 1365086 2026-07-06T15:29:01Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 1365087 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} local COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME = "AllCountries" function p.image( frame ) math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getLanguage( "en" ):formatDate( "U" ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) local args = frame:getParent().args local popupConfig = {} local caption = '' popupConfig.loop = args.loop == "yes" if tonumber( args.start ) then popupConfig.start = tonumber( args.start ) else popupConfig.start = 1 end if args.startingView then popupConfig.startingView = tostring( args.startingView ) end if args.language then popupConfig.language = tostring( args.language ) end if args.location then popupConfig.location = tostring( args.location ) end if tonumber( args.width ) then popupConfig.width = tonumber( args.width ) end if tonumber( args.height ) then popupConfig.height = tonumber( args.height ) end popupConfig.list = args.list popupConfig.file = args.file if args['noregisterimages'] == "false" then -- শুধুমাত্র ডিপেন্ডেন্সি নিবন্ধন করুন যদি অবস্থান কমন্স না হয় local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or "" if location ~= "commons" and location ~= "" then -- নির্ভরতা হিসাবে নিবন্ধন করুন যাতে এই পাতাটি তালিকা পাতার সব চিত্র ব্যবহার করে দেখায় frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. args.list } end end -- যদি আমরা কর্মক্ষমতার জন্য ট্রান্সক্লুড না চাই, তবে সম্ভবত আমরা অন্তত লিঙ্ক দিতে পারি -- তবে লিঙ্কগুলি নিবন্ধনের জন্য পাতায় প্রকৃতপক্ষে আউটপুট হতে হবে। if args.caption then popupConfig.caption = "OWIDSlider-caption-" .. math.random() caption = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'id', popupConfig.caption ) :attr( 'style', 'display: none' ) :wikitext( args.caption ) :done() ) end if args.title then popupConfig.title = args.title end return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' ) :attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( { popupConfig } ) ) :wikitext( args.file ) ) .. caption .. '[[श्रेणी:वाइडस्लाइडर उपकरण प्रयोग गर्ने पृष्ठ]]' end local function srcGallery( frame, galleryName, gallerySrc, galleryArgs ) local id = mw.uri.anchorEncode( "gallery-" .. galleryName ) galleryArgs.id = id local optionsArray = {} local galleryContents = '' for row in mw.text.gsplit( gallerySrc, "\n", true ) do local galleryRow = '' local year = false local country = false for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, "!", true ) do equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true ) if #equalSplit <= 1 then galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' else if equalSplit[1] == 'year' then year = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == "country" then country = equalSplit[2] else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end end end if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 ) end galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. "\n" if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = country else optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = year end end if galleryName == COUNTRIES_GALLERY_NAME then galleryArgs['data-owidslider-country'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) else galleryArgs['data-owidslider-year'] = mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) end galleryArgs['data-owidslider-name'] = galleryName return "\n==" .. (galleryName ~= "" and galleryName or "গ্যালারি") .. "==\n" .. frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) end function p.srcs( frame ) local args = frame:getParent().args local galleryArgs = {} local galleryAttr = { "mode", "widths", "heights", "perrow", "caption", "showfilename", "showthumbnail", "title", "class", "lang", "dir" } for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do galleryArgs[j] = args[j] end local subItems = {} local output = '' for argName, argValue in pairs( args ) do if string.sub( argName, 0, 7 ) == "gallery" then local galleryName = string.sub( argName, 9 ) subItems[galleryName] = mw.uri.anchorEncode( "gallery-" .. galleryName ) local srcGalleryOutput = srcGallery( frame, galleryName, argValue, galleryArgs ) output = output .. srcGalleryOutput end end return mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'owidsrclist' ) :attr( 'id', args.id ) :attr( 'data-owid-subids', mw.text.jsonEncode( subItems ) ) :wikitext( output ) end function p.gallery( frame ) -- মনে হচ্ছে math.random সবসময় ০ দিয়ে seed হয় :( math.randomseed(tonumber(mw.getContentLanguage():formatDate( "U" ))*10000 + os.clock()*10000) local args = frame:getParent().args local reuseImageCaption = args.reuse_image_caption ~= nil local title = args["popup-title"] local captionId = nil local captionText = '' local galleryContents = '' local optionsArray = {} local galleryArgs = {} local galleryAttr = { "mode", "widths", "heights", "perrow", "caption", "showfilename", "showthumbnail", "id", "title", "class", "lang", "dir" } for i, j in ipairs( galleryAttr ) do galleryArgs[j] = args[j] end if args['popup-caption'] then captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() captionText = tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'style', 'display:none' ) :attr( 'id', captionId ) :wikitext( args['popup-caption'] ) ) end for row in mw.text.gsplit( args.gallery, "\n", true ) do local galleryRow = '' local popupOptions = { title = title, caption = captionId } for part in mw.text.gsplit( row, "!", true ) do equalSplit = mw.text.split( part, '=', true ) if #equalSplit <= 1 then -- নিশ্চিত করুন যে এটি সত্যিই একটি ক্যাপশন। if galleryRow ~= '' and reuseImageCaption and #part > 8 and string.find( part, " ", 1, true ) then local captionId = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() local wrappedPart = tostring( mw.html.create( 'span' ) :attr( 'id', captionId ) :wikitext( part ) ) popupOptions.caption = captionId galleryRow = galleryRow .. wrappedPart .. '|' else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end else if equalSplit[1] == 'popup-width' then popupOptions.width = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-height' then popupOptions.height = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-loop' then popupOptions.loop = equalSplit[2] ~= '' elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-start' then popupOptions.start = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-startingView' then popupOptions.startingView = tonumber(equalSplit[2]) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-caption' then local captionIdForImg = 'OWIDSlider-caption-' .. math.random() captionText = captionText .. tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'id', captionIdForImg ) :css( 'display', 'none' ) :wikitext( table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) ) ) popupOptions.caption = captionIdForImg elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-title' then popupOptions.title = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) elseif equalSplit[1] == 'popup-list' then popupOptions.list = table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) if args['noregisterimages'] == nil then -- শুধুমাত্র ডিপেন্ডেন্সি নিবন্ধন করুন যদি অবস্থান কমন্স না হয় local location = args.location and string.lower(args.location) or "" if location ~= "commons" and location ~= "" then -- নির্ভরতা হিসাবে নিবন্ধন করুন যাতে এই পাতাটি তালিকা পাতার সব চিত্র ব্যবহার করে দেখায় frame:expandTemplate{ title = ':' .. table.concat( equalSplit, '=', 2 ) } end end else galleryRow = galleryRow .. part .. '|' end end end if string.sub( galleryRow, -1 ) == '|' then galleryRow = string.sub( galleryRow, 1, -2 ) end galleryContents = galleryContents .. galleryRow .. "\n" optionsArray[#optionsArray+1] = popupOptions end return tostring( mw.html.create( 'div' ) :attr( 'class', 'OWIDSlider' ) :attr( 'data-owidslider-config', mw.text.jsonEncode( optionsArray ) ) :wikitext( frame:extensionTag( 'gallery', galleryContents, galleryArgs ) ) ) .. captionText .. '[[:श्रेणी:वाइडस्लाइडर उपकरण प्रयोग गर्ने पृष्ठ]]' end return p e7uwrgjyuqa16gmkgufr8dg78ct0zt7 0 150712 1365088 2026-07-06T15:33:18Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{छोटो विवरण|गर्भावस्थाको समयमा गरिने स्वास्थ्य जाँचहरू}} {{Infobox medical intervention | name = प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह | image = Hoact21.jpg | caption = एक चिकित्सकले प्रसवपूर्व स्वास्थ्य परीक्षण गर्दै। | alt = | prono... 1365088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|गर्भावस्थाको समयमा गरिने स्वास्थ्य जाँचहरू}} {{Infobox medical intervention | name = प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह | image = Hoact21.jpg | caption = एक चिकित्सकले प्रसवपूर्व स्वास्थ्य परीक्षण गर्दै। | alt = | pronounce = | synonyms = | ICD10 = | ICD9 = | ICD9unlinked = | MeshID = | LOINC = | other_codes = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicine = }} '''प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह''', जसलाई '''प्रसवपूर्व हेरचाह''' पनि भनिन्छ, गर्भवती महिलाहरूका लागि गरिने एक प्रकारको [[प्रतिरोधात्मक स्वास्थ्य सेवा]] हो। यो गर्भवती व्यक्तिको स्वास्थ्य जाँच र स्वस्थ जीवनशैलीका लागि दिइने सल्लाह-सुझावहरूको रूपमा प्रदान गरिन्छ। प्रसवपूर्व हेरचाह अन्तर्गत गर्भवती महिला वा किशोरीलाई गर्भावस्थामा आउने शारीरिक र जैविक परिवर्तनहरूका साथै प्रसवपूर्वको पोषण बारे शिक्षित गराउने कार्य पनि पर्दछ। यी सबै कुराहरूले गर्भावस्थाभरि हुन सक्ने सम्भावित स्वास्थ्य समस्याहरूलाई रोक्न र आमा तथा भ्रूण दुवैको राम्रो स्वास्थ्यलाई बढावा दिन मद्दत गर्दछन्।<ref>{{Cite web|title=WHO recommendations on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241549912|access-date=2021-12-04|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last1=David|first1=Rodreck|last2=Evans|first2=Ruth|last3=Fraser|first3=Hamish SF|date=2021-01-01|title=Modelling Prenatal Care Pathways at a Central Hospital in Zimbabwe|journal=Health Services Insights|language=en|volume=14|article-number=11786329211062742|doi=10.1177/11786329211062742|pmid=34880627 |pmc=8647229 |issn=1178-6329}}</ref> [[जन्मपूर्व निदान|जन्मपूर्व स्क्रिनिङ र निदान]] सहितको नियमित प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाहको उपलब्धताले [[मातृ मृत्यु]], [[गर्भस्राव]], [[जन्म दोष]], [[कम जन्म तौल]], [[नवजात शिशुको सङ्क्रमण]], र अन्य रोकथाम गर्न सकिने स्वास्थ्य समस्याहरूको दर कम गर्न महत्त्वपूर्ण भूमिका खेलेको छ। ==स्वास्थ्य जाँच == उच्च आय भएका देशहरूमा परम्परागत प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह अन्तर्गत सामान्यतया निम्न अनुसारका स्वास्थ्य जाँचहरू हुने गर्दछन्: * पहिलो दुई [[गर्भावस्था#शारीरिक प्रक्रिया|त्रैमासिक]] (१ हप्तादेखि २८ हप्तासम्म) मा महिनाको एक पटक * गर्भावस्थाको २८औं हप्तादेखि ३६औं हप्तासम्म महिनाको दुई पटक (हरेक १५ दिनमा) * ३६औँ हप्तापछि शिशुको जन्म नहुञ्जेलसम्म (३८औं हप्तादेखि ४२औं हप्तासम्म) हप्ताको एक पटक * आमाबाबुको आवश्यकता र पारिवारिक स्थितिको मूल्याङ्कन [[विश्व स्वास्थ्य सङ्गठन]] ले गर्भवती महिलाहरूलाई समस्याहरू पत्ता लगाउन, उपचार गर्न र खोपहरू उपलब्ध गराउनका लागि कम्तीमा आठ पटक जन्मपूर्व स्वास्थ्य जाँच गराउन सिफारिस गर्दछ। आमा र बच्चा दुवैको स्वास्थ्यमा सुधार ल्याउन जन्मपूर्वको हेरचाह महत्त्वपूर्ण भए तापनि धेरै महिलाहरूले सिफारिस गरिएका आठ पटकका स्वास्थ्य जाँच भ्रमणहरू प्राप्त गर्न सक्दैनन्।<ref>{{cite web|title=WHO recommendation on antenatal care contact schedules|url=https://extranet.who.int/rhl/topics/improving-health-system-performance/who-recommendation-antenatal-care-contact-schedules|access-date=July 30, 2020|website=WHO|publisher=World Health Organization}}{{dead link|date=December 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> गर्भवती महिलाहरूले कति पटक जन्मपूर्व स्वास्थ्य जाँच गराउनुपर्छ र प्रत्येक भ्रमणमा कस्तो प्रकारको हेरचाह र जानकारी दिइन्छ भन्ने कुराको पछाडि पर्याप्त वैज्ञानिक प्रमाणहरू छैनन्।<ref name="ReferenceB">{{cite journal |last1=Dowswell |first1=T |last2=Carroli |first2=G |last3=Duley |first3=L |last4=Gates |first4=S |last5=Gülmezoglu |first5=AM |last6=Khan-Neelofur |first6=D |last7=Piaggio |first7=G |date=16 July 2015 |title=Alternative versus standard packages of antenatal care for low-risk pregnancy. |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2015 |issue=7 |article-number=CD000934 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000934.pub3 |pmc=7061257 |pmid=26184394}}</ref> कम जोखिम भएका गर्भवती महिलाहरूको हकमा कम पटक मात्रै जन्मपूर्व जाँच गराए पुग्ने सुझाव दिइएको छ।<ref name="ReferenceB" /> यद्यपि, जब यसको परीक्षण गरियो, कम पटक स्वास्थ्य जाँच गराएका महिलाहरूबाट जन्मिएका शिशुहरू नवजात गहन हेरचाह एकाइ ([[एनआइसियु]]) मा भर्ना हुने र त्यहाँ लामो समय बस्नुपर्ने सम्भावना बढी देखियो (यद्यपि यो एउटा संयोग मात्र पनि हुन सक्छ)।<ref name="ReferenceB" /> <div style="display:inline-table; vertical-align:top;"> {{owidslider |start = 2021 |list = Template:OWID/share of mothers receiving at least one antenatal visit during pregnancy#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |language = |file = [[File:share of mothers receiving at least one antenatal visit during pregnancy, World, 2021 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|गर्भावस्थामा कम्तीमा एक पटक जन्मपूर्व स्वास्थ्य जाँच गराउने आमाहरूको हिस्सा]] |startingView = World }} </div> <div style="display:inline-table; vertical-align:top;"> {{owidslider |start = 2023 |list = Template:OWID/Share of mothers receiving at least four antenatal visits during pregnancy#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |language = |file = [[File:Share of mothers receiving at least four antenatal visits during pregnancy, World, 2023 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|गर्भावस्थामा कम्तीमा चार पटक जन्मपूर्व स्वास्थ्य जाँच गराउने आमाहरूको हिस्सा]] |startingView = World }}</div> ==खानपान== प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह शिशुलाई गर्भमा राख्ने आमाका लागि मात्र नभई शुक्रकीट दाताका लागि पनि उत्तिकै लागू हुन्छ। शुक्रकीटले भ्रूणको राम्रोसँग विकास हुने क्षमतालाई असर गर्छ, र यसका लागि सही पोषण एक प्रमुख कारक हो।<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Fallah |first1=Ali |last2=Mohammad-Hasani |first2=Azadeh |last3=Colagar |first3=Abasalt Hosseinzadeh |date=2018 |title=Zinc is an Essential Element for Male Fertility: A Review of Zn Roles in Men's Health, Germination, Sperm Quality, and Fertilization |journal=Journal of Reproduction & Infertility |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=69–81 |issn=2228-5482 |pmc=6010824 |pmid=30009140}}</ref> उदाहरणका लागि, जस्ता ([[जिङ्क]]) को कमीले शुक्रकीटको बनावट बिग्रन सक्छ र शुक्रकीटको गतिशीलता कम हुन सक्छ, जसका कारण बाँझोपन हुन सक्छ वा डिम्बको सही निषेचन नहुन सक्छ। यसले गर्दा गर्भपतन हुने वा भ्रूणमा जन्मजात विकृति देखिने सम्भावना रहन्छ।<ref name=":4" /> भ्रूणमा हुने यस्ता विकृतिहरू र पोषणको कमीका लक्षणहरूलाई रोक्नका लागि महिलाहरूलाई नियमित रूपमा जन्मपूर्व खाइने भिटामिन लिन प्रोत्साहन गरिन्छ।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Freedman |first1=Robert |last2=Hunter |first2=Sharon K. |last3=Hoffman |first3=M. Camille |date=July 2018 |title=Prenatal Primary Prevention of Mental Illness by Micronutrient Supplements in Pregnancy |journal=American Journal of Psychiatry |volume=175 |issue=7 |pages=607–619 |doi=10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.17070836 |issn=0002-953X |pmc=6984656 |pmid=29558816}}</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:प्रसूतिविद्या]] [[श्रेणी:गर्भावस्थामा हुने स्वास्थ्य समस्याहरू]] 686fnotvgwq8fmqgua1kmd2sf1fhw06 0 150713 1365089 2026-07-06T15:33:33Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]]मा अनुप्रेषण गर्दै 1365089 wikitext text/x-wiki #अनुप्रेषण [[प्रसूतिकालीन हेरचाह]] 78rqs1w4ihg0d1bxdwfvwp7lmoivk00 14 150714 1365090 2026-07-06T15:34:37Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{लुकाइएका श्रेणी}} 1365090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{लुकाइएका श्रेणी}} l7chkebm7e8pgr0sfhugxmu53rkx88n 0 150715 1365093 2026-07-06T16:18:07Z हिमाल सुवेदी 30817 /* */ 1365093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Wickiana4.jpg|thumb|सन् १५७७ मा जादु टुना लगाएको आरोपमा प्रयोग गरिएको यातना]] {{महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू}} सन् १४०० देखि १७७५ सम्मको प्रारम्भिक आधुनिक कालमा [[युरोप]] र [[ब्रिटिस अमेरिका]]मा करिब १,००,००० मानिसहरूलाई जादु टुनाको (माया) अभियोगमा मुद्दा चलाइएको थियो।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Levack |first1=Brian |title=The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=5–6}}</ref> तीमध्ये ४०,००० देखि ६०,००० जनालाई मृत्युदण्ड दिइएकोमा लगभग सबै युरोपमा दिइएको थियो।<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Why did Germany burn so many witches? The brutal force of economic competition |language=en |work=Quartz |url=https://qz.com/1183992/why-europe-was-overrun-by-witch-hunts-in-early-modern-history/ |access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref>जादु टुनाको शिकार पवित्र रोमन साम्राज्यका केही भागहरूमा विशेषरूपमा गम्भीर थियो। सन् १५६० देखि १६३० सम्म,<ref>Thurston 2001. p. 01.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Levack |first=Brian P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8yqDKcSgSUC |title=The Witch-hunt in Early Modern Europe |date=2006 |publisher=Pearson Longman |isbn=978-0-582-41901-8 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 7}}</ref> [[प्रतिसुधारवाद]] र युरोपेली धार्मिक युद्धहरूको समयमा जादु टुनाका मुद्दाहरू आफ्नो उच्च बिन्दुमा पुगेका थिए। तल्लो वर्गका मानिसमाथि अन्य मानिसहरूलाई जादु टुना गरेको आरोप प्रायः छिमेकीहरूद्वारा लगाइन्थ्यो<ref>{{cite book |last1=Levack |first1=Brian |title=The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=7–8}}</ref> र महिला तथा पुरुष दुवैले औपचारिक रूपमा यस्तो आरोप लगाउँने गर्दथे।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Willis |first1=Deborah |title=Malevolent Nurture: Witch-Hunting and Maternal Power in Early Modern England |date=2018 |publisher=Cornell University Press |pages=35–36}}</ref> जादु टुना हटाउने मानिस वा उपचारकर्तालाई कहिलेकाहीँ यस्तो अभियोगमा मुद्दा चलाइन्थ्यो।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |title=The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=24–25}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite book |title=Popular Magic: Cunning-folk in English History |last=Davies |first=Owen |year=2007 |publisher=A&C Black |page=164}}</ref> दोषी ठहराइएकाहरू लगभग ८० प्रतिशत महिलाहरूमा अधिकांशको उमेर ४० वर्षभन्दा माथिको थियो।<ref>"Menopausal and post-menopausal women were disproportionally represented amongst the victims of the witch craze--and their over-representation is the more striking when we recall how rare women over fifty must have been in the population as a whole." Lyndal Roper ''Witch Craze'' (2004)p. 160</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Case Study: The European Witch-Hunts, c. 1450–1750 and Witch-Hunts Today |last=Jones |first=Adam |work=Gendercide Watch |access-date=19 October 2018 |url= http://www.faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Phil%20281b/Philosophy%20of%20Magic/Arcana/Witchcraft%20and%20Grimoires/case_witchhunts.html }}</ref> केही क्षेत्रहरूमा, दोषी ठहराइएका वा बोक्सीको अभियोग लगाइएकाहरूलाई आगोमा जलाएर मृत्युदण्ड दिइने गरिन्थ्यो जुन धार्मिक पाखण्ड्याइँ परम्परागत सजाय थियो। rvnftfos9b356gk7mhtgn8yf38r5cub 1365094 1365093 2026-07-06T16:18:32Z हिमाल सुवेदी 30817 [[विकिपिडिया:हटक्याट|हटक्याट]]द्वारा [[श्रेणी:महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू]] जोडियो 1365094 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Wickiana4.jpg|thumb|सन् १५७७ मा जादु टुना लगाएको आरोपमा प्रयोग गरिएको यातना]] {{महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू}} सन् १४०० देखि १७७५ सम्मको प्रारम्भिक आधुनिक कालमा [[युरोप]] र [[ब्रिटिस अमेरिका]]मा करिब १,००,००० मानिसहरूलाई जादु टुनाको (माया) अभियोगमा मुद्दा चलाइएको थियो।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Levack |first1=Brian |title=The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=5–6}}</ref> तीमध्ये ४०,००० देखि ६०,००० जनालाई मृत्युदण्ड दिइएकोमा लगभग सबै युरोपमा दिइएको थियो।<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Why did Germany burn so many witches? The brutal force of economic competition |language=en |work=Quartz |url=https://qz.com/1183992/why-europe-was-overrun-by-witch-hunts-in-early-modern-history/ |access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref>जादु टुनाको शिकार पवित्र रोमन साम्राज्यका केही भागहरूमा विशेषरूपमा गम्भीर थियो। सन् १५६० देखि १६३० सम्म,<ref>Thurston 2001. p. 01.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Levack |first=Brian P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8yqDKcSgSUC |title=The Witch-hunt in Early Modern Europe |date=2006 |publisher=Pearson Longman |isbn=978-0-582-41901-8 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 7}}</ref> [[प्रतिसुधारवाद]] र युरोपेली धार्मिक युद्धहरूको समयमा जादु टुनाका मुद्दाहरू आफ्नो उच्च बिन्दुमा पुगेका थिए। तल्लो वर्गका मानिसमाथि अन्य मानिसहरूलाई जादु टुना गरेको आरोप प्रायः छिमेकीहरूद्वारा लगाइन्थ्यो<ref>{{cite book |last1=Levack |first1=Brian |title=The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=7–8}}</ref> र महिला तथा पुरुष दुवैले औपचारिक रूपमा यस्तो आरोप लगाउँने गर्दथे।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Willis |first1=Deborah |title=Malevolent Nurture: Witch-Hunting and Maternal Power in Early Modern England |date=2018 |publisher=Cornell University Press |pages=35–36}}</ref> जादु टुना हटाउने मानिस वा उपचारकर्तालाई कहिलेकाहीँ यस्तो अभियोगमा मुद्दा चलाइन्थ्यो।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |title=The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=24–25}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite book |title=Popular Magic: Cunning-folk in English History |last=Davies |first=Owen |year=2007 |publisher=A&C Black |page=164}}</ref> दोषी ठहराइएकाहरू लगभग ८० प्रतिशत महिलाहरूमा अधिकांशको उमेर ४० वर्षभन्दा माथिको थियो।<ref>"Menopausal and post-menopausal women were disproportionally represented amongst the victims of the witch craze--and their over-representation is the more striking when we recall how rare women over fifty must have been in the population as a whole." Lyndal Roper ''Witch Craze'' (2004)p. 160</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Case Study: The European Witch-Hunts, c. 1450–1750 and Witch-Hunts Today |last=Jones |first=Adam |work=Gendercide Watch |access-date=19 October 2018 |url= http://www.faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Phil%20281b/Philosophy%20of%20Magic/Arcana/Witchcraft%20and%20Grimoires/case_witchhunts.html }}</ref> केही क्षेत्रहरूमा, दोषी ठहराइएका वा बोक्सीको अभियोग लगाइएकाहरूलाई आगोमा जलाएर मृत्युदण्ड दिइने गरिन्थ्यो जुन धार्मिक पाखण्ड्याइँ परम्परागत सजाय थियो। [[श्रेणी:महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू]] 6mu3p963kqj7haectncbbomi7g4g5hb 1365095 1365094 2026-07-06T16:19:04Z हिमाल सुवेदी 30817 /* */ 1365095 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Wickiana4.jpg|thumb|सन् १५७७ मा जादु टुना लगाएको आरोपमा प्रयोग गरिएको यातना]] {{महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू}} सन् १४०० देखि १७७५ सम्मको प्रारम्भिक आधुनिक कालमा [[युरोप]] र [[ब्रिटिस अमेरिका]]मा करिब १,००,००० मानिसहरूलाई जादु टुनाको (माया) अभियोगमा मुद्दा चलाइएको थियो।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Levack |first1=Brian |title=The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=5–6}}</ref> तीमध्ये ४०,००० देखि ६०,००० जनालाई मृत्युदण्ड दिइएकोमा लगभग सबै युरोपमा दिइएको थियो।<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Why did Germany burn so many witches? The brutal force of economic competition |language=en |work=Quartz |url=https://qz.com/1183992/why-europe-was-overrun-by-witch-hunts-in-early-modern-history/ |access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref>जादु टुनाको शिकार पवित्र रोमन साम्राज्यका केही भागहरूमा विशेषरूपमा गम्भीर थियो। सन् १५६० देखि १६३० सम्म,<ref>Thurston 2001. p. 01.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Levack |first=Brian P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8yqDKcSgSUC |title=The Witch-hunt in Early Modern Europe |date=2006 |publisher=Pearson Longman |isbn=978-0-582-41901-8 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 7}}</ref> [[प्रतिसुधारवाद]] र युरोपेली धार्मिक युद्धहरूको समयमा जादु टुनाका मुद्दाहरू आफ्नो उच्च बिन्दुमा पुगेका थिए। तल्लो वर्गका मानिसमाथि अन्य मानिसहरूलाई जादु टुना गरेको आरोप प्रायः छिमेकीहरूद्वारा लगाइन्थ्यो<ref>{{cite book |last1=Levack |first1=Brian |title=The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=7–8}}</ref> र महिला तथा पुरुष दुवैले औपचारिक रूपमा यस्तो आरोप लगाउँने गर्दथे।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Willis |first1=Deborah |title=Malevolent Nurture: Witch-Hunting and Maternal Power in Early Modern England |date=2018 |publisher=Cornell University Press |pages=35–36}}</ref> जादु टुना हटाउने मानिस वा उपचारकर्तालाई कहिलेकाहीँ यस्तो अभियोगमा मुद्दा चलाइन्थ्यो।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |title=The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=24–25}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite book |title=Popular Magic: Cunning-folk in English History |last=Davies |first=Owen |year=2007 |publisher=A&C Black |page=164}}</ref> दोषी ठहराइएकाहरू लगभग ८० प्रतिशत महिलाहरूमा अधिकांशको उमेर ४० वर्षभन्दा माथिको थियो।<ref>"Menopausal and post-menopausal women were disproportionally represented amongst the victims of the witch craze--and their over-representation is the more striking when we recall how rare women over fifty must have been in the population as a whole." Lyndal Roper ''Witch Craze'' (2004)p. 160</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Case Study: The European Witch-Hunts, c. 1450–1750 and Witch-Hunts Today |last=Jones |first=Adam |work=Gendercide Watch |access-date=19 October 2018 |url= http://www.faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Phil%20281b/Philosophy%20of%20Magic/Arcana/Witchcraft%20and%20Grimoires/case_witchhunts.html }}</ref> केही क्षेत्रहरूमा, दोषी ठहराइएका वा बोक्सीको अभियोग लगाइएकाहरूलाई आगोमा जलाएर मृत्युदण्ड दिइने गरिन्थ्यो जुन धार्मिक पाखण्ड्याइँ परम्परागत सजाय थियो। == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू]] rld5ipk2hepme5sfln24i5fw0m4lrgk 1365103 1365095 2026-07-06T16:30:13Z हिमाल सुवेदी 30817 /* */ 1365103 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Wickiana4.jpg|thumb|सन् १५७७ मा जादु टुना लगाएको आरोपमा प्रयोग गरिएको यातना]] {{महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू}} सन् १४०० देखि १७७५ सम्मको प्रारम्भिक आधुनिक कालमा [[युरोप]] र [[ब्रिटिस अमेरिका]]मा करिब १,००,००० मानिसहरूलाई जादु टुनाको (माया, छल गर्नु वा बोक्सी लगाउनु) अभियोगमा मुद्दा चलाइएको थियो।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Levack |first1=Brian |title=The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=5–6}}</ref> तीमध्ये ४०,००० देखि ६०,००० जनालाई मृत्युदण्ड दिइएकोमा लगभग सबै युरोपमा दिइएको थियो।<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Why did Germany burn so many witches? The brutal force of economic competition |language=en |work=Quartz |url=https://qz.com/1183992/why-europe-was-overrun-by-witch-hunts-in-early-modern-history/ |access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref>जादु टुनाको शिकार पवित्र रोमन साम्राज्यका केही भागहरूमा विशेषरूपमा गम्भीर थियो। सन् १५६० देखि १६३० सम्म,<ref>Thurston 2001. p. 01.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Levack |first=Brian P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8yqDKcSgSUC |title=The Witch-hunt in Early Modern Europe |date=2006 |publisher=Pearson Longman |isbn=978-0-582-41901-8 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 7}}</ref> [[प्रतिसुधारवाद]] र युरोपेली धार्मिक युद्धहरूको समयमा जादु टुनाका मुद्दाहरू आफ्नो उच्च बिन्दुमा पुगेका थिए। तल्लो वर्गका मानिसमाथि अन्य मानिसहरूलाई जादु टुना गरेको आरोप प्रायः छिमेकीहरूद्वारा लगाइन्थ्यो<ref>{{cite book |last1=Levack |first1=Brian |title=The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=7–8}}</ref> र महिला तथा पुरुष दुवैले औपचारिक रूपमा यस्तो आरोप लगाउँने गर्दथे।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Willis |first1=Deborah |title=Malevolent Nurture: Witch-Hunting and Maternal Power in Early Modern England |date=2018 |publisher=Cornell University Press |pages=35–36}}</ref> जादु टुना हटाउने मानिस वा उपचारकर्तालाई कहिलेकाहीँ यस्तो अभियोगमा मुद्दा चलाइन्थ्यो।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |title=The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=24–25}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite book |title=Popular Magic: Cunning-folk in English History |last=Davies |first=Owen |year=2007 |publisher=A&C Black |page=164}}</ref> दोषी ठहराइएकाहरू लगभग ८० प्रतिशत महिलाहरूमा अधिकांशको उमेर ४० वर्षभन्दा माथिको थियो।<ref>"Menopausal and post-menopausal women were disproportionally represented amongst the victims of the witch craze--and their over-representation is the more striking when we recall how rare women over fifty must have been in the population as a whole." Lyndal Roper ''Witch Craze'' (2004)p. 160</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Case Study: The European Witch-Hunts, c. 1450–1750 and Witch-Hunts Today |last=Jones |first=Adam |work=Gendercide Watch |access-date=19 October 2018 |url= http://www.faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Phil%20281b/Philosophy%20of%20Magic/Arcana/Witchcraft%20and%20Grimoires/case_witchhunts.html }}</ref> केही क्षेत्रहरूमा, दोषी ठहराइएका वा बोक्सीको अभियोग लगाइएकाहरूलाई आगोमा जलाएर मृत्युदण्ड दिइने गरिन्थ्यो जुन धार्मिक पाखण्ड्याइँ परम्परागत सजाय थियो। == कार्यविधि र सजायहरू == === प्रमाण === जादु टुनाका मुद्दाहरूमा केही विशेष मापदण्डहरू लागू हुन्थे जसले तत्कालीन तथ्यसँग सम्बन्धित वर्षौँअघि भएका निश्चित प्रकारका प्रमाणहरूलाई अनुमति दिन्थ्यो।<ref name="MacFarlane2002">MacFarlane, Alan. ''Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England''. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2002.</ref> अभियुक्तको उपस्थिति बिना नै जादु टुना हुन सक्ने भएकोले, बचाउ पक्षमा अलिबाय (घटनास्थलमा नभएको प्रमाण वा अन्यत्र उपस्थिति) पेश गर्ने कुनै सम्भावना थिएन।<ref name="MacFarlane2002" /> कथित बोक्सीको अदृश्य शक्तिलाई प्रत्यक्ष देख्न असम्भव मानिने भएकोले, साक्षीहरूलाई उद्देश्य र प्रभावहरूको बारेमा बयान दिन बोलाइन्थ्यो। कथित बोक्सी वा टुना लगाउने मानिसलाई चिन्ने एकमात्र पहिचान [[शैतानको चिन्ह]] थियो।<ref name="Foster2018">{{cite web |last1=Foster-Feigenbaum |first1=Elizabeth |title=The Middle Ages as a Conducive Period to the Witch Craze |url=https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1088&context=fypapers |website=Trinity College Digital Repository |publisher=Trinity Publications |access-date=9 April 2024}}</ref> शैतानले टुना लगाउनेलाई दिएको दाग वा चोट शरीरको जुनसुकै भागमा पनि हुन सक्थ्यो।<ref name="Foster2018" /> तथापि, यो चिन्ह पत्ता लगाउन शरीरको पूर्ण जाँच गर्नुपर्थ्यो।<ref name="Foster2018" /> यस पहिचानयोग्य विशेषताको अभावले लचिलोपनलाई जन्म दियो।<ref name="Foster2018" /> यस लचिलोपनले जादु टुनाको घटनालाई विस्तार गर्न सक्षम बनाएपछि टुना लगाउनेहरू कसैभित्र पनि र जहाँ पनि हुन सक्ने खतरा रहन्छ भन्ने डरलाई थप बलियो बनाएको विश्वास गरिन्थ्यो।<ref name="Foster2018" /> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू]] r0nc66y05y64yrq9ud0zenmutve7vf5 1365109 1365103 2026-07-06T16:40:31Z हिमाल सुवेदी 30817 /* प्रमाण */ 1365109 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Wickiana4.jpg|thumb|सन् १५७७ मा जादु टुना लगाएको आरोपमा प्रयोग गरिएको यातना]] {{महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू}} सन् १४०० देखि १७७५ सम्मको प्रारम्भिक आधुनिक कालमा [[युरोप]] र [[ब्रिटिस अमेरिका]]मा करिब १,००,००० मानिसहरूलाई जादु टुनाको (माया, छल गर्नु वा बोक्सी लगाउनु) अभियोगमा मुद्दा चलाइएको थियो।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Levack |first1=Brian |title=The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=5–6}}</ref> तीमध्ये ४०,००० देखि ६०,००० जनालाई मृत्युदण्ड दिइएकोमा लगभग सबै युरोपमा दिइएको थियो।<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Why did Germany burn so many witches? The brutal force of economic competition |language=en |work=Quartz |url=https://qz.com/1183992/why-europe-was-overrun-by-witch-hunts-in-early-modern-history/ |access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref>जादु टुनाको शिकार पवित्र रोमन साम्राज्यका केही भागहरूमा विशेषरूपमा गम्भीर थियो। सन् १५६० देखि १६३० सम्म,<ref>Thurston 2001. p. 01.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Levack |first=Brian P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8yqDKcSgSUC |title=The Witch-hunt in Early Modern Europe |date=2006 |publisher=Pearson Longman |isbn=978-0-582-41901-8 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 7}}</ref> [[प्रतिसुधारवाद]] र युरोपेली धार्मिक युद्धहरूको समयमा जादु टुनाका मुद्दाहरू आफ्नो उच्च बिन्दुमा पुगेका थिए। तल्लो वर्गका मानिसमाथि अन्य मानिसहरूलाई जादु टुना गरेको आरोप प्रायः छिमेकीहरूद्वारा लगाइन्थ्यो<ref>{{cite book |last1=Levack |first1=Brian |title=The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=7–8}}</ref> र महिला तथा पुरुष दुवैले औपचारिक रूपमा यस्तो आरोप लगाउँने गर्दथे।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Willis |first1=Deborah |title=Malevolent Nurture: Witch-Hunting and Maternal Power in Early Modern England |date=2018 |publisher=Cornell University Press |pages=35–36}}</ref> जादु टुना हटाउने मानिस वा उपचारकर्तालाई कहिलेकाहीँ यस्तो अभियोगमा मुद्दा चलाइन्थ्यो।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |title=The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=24–25}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite book |title=Popular Magic: Cunning-folk in English History |last=Davies |first=Owen |year=2007 |publisher=A&C Black |page=164}}</ref> दोषी ठहराइएकाहरू लगभग ८० प्रतिशत महिलाहरूमा अधिकांशको उमेर ४० वर्षभन्दा माथिको थियो।<ref>"Menopausal and post-menopausal women were disproportionally represented amongst the victims of the witch craze--and their over-representation is the more striking when we recall how rare women over fifty must have been in the population as a whole." Lyndal Roper ''Witch Craze'' (2004)p. 160</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Case Study: The European Witch-Hunts, c. 1450–1750 and Witch-Hunts Today |last=Jones |first=Adam |work=Gendercide Watch |access-date=19 October 2018 |url= http://www.faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Phil%20281b/Philosophy%20of%20Magic/Arcana/Witchcraft%20and%20Grimoires/case_witchhunts.html }}</ref> केही क्षेत्रहरूमा, दोषी ठहराइएका वा बोक्सीको अभियोग लगाइएकाहरूलाई आगोमा जलाएर मृत्युदण्ड दिइने गरिन्थ्यो जुन धार्मिक पाखण्ड्याइँ परम्परागत सजाय थियो। == कार्यविधि र सजायहरू == === प्रमाण === जादु टुनाका मुद्दाहरूमा केही विशेष मापदण्डहरू लागू हुन्थे जसले तत्कालीन तथ्यसँग सम्बन्धित वर्षौँअघि भएका निश्चित प्रकारका प्रमाणहरूलाई अनुमति दिन्थ्यो।<ref name="MacFarlane2002">MacFarlane, Alan. ''Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England''. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2002.</ref> अभियुक्तको उपस्थिति बिना नै जादु टुना हुन सक्ने भएकोले, बचाउ पक्षमा अलिबाय (घटनास्थलमा नभएको प्रमाण वा अन्यत्र उपस्थिति) पेश गर्ने कुनै सम्भावना थिएन।<ref name="MacFarlane2002" /> कथित बोक्सीको अदृश्य शक्तिलाई प्रत्यक्ष देख्न असम्भव मानिने भएकोले, साक्षीहरूलाई उद्देश्य र प्रभावहरूको बारेमा बयान दिन बोलाइन्थ्यो। कथित बोक्सी वा टुना लगाउने मानिसलाई चिन्ने एकमात्र पहिचान [[शैतानको चिन्ह]] थियो।<ref name="Foster2018">{{cite web |last1=Foster-Feigenbaum |first1=Elizabeth |title=The Middle Ages as a Conducive Period to the Witch Craze |url=https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1088&context=fypapers |website=Trinity College Digital Repository |publisher=Trinity Publications |access-date=9 April 2024}}</ref> शैतानले टुना लगाउनेलाई दिएको दाग वा चोट शरीरको जुनसुकै भागमा पनि हुन सक्थ्यो।<ref name="Foster2018" /> तथापि, यो चिन्ह पत्ता लगाउन शरीरको पूर्ण जाँच गर्नुपर्थ्यो।<ref name="Foster2018" /> यस पहिचानयोग्य विशेषताको अभावले लचिलोपनलाई जन्म दियो।<ref name="Foster2018" /> यस लचिलोपनले जादु टुनाको घटनालाई विस्तार गर्न सक्षम बनाएपछि टुना लगाउनेहरू कसैभित्र पनि र जहाँ पनि हुन सक्ने खतरा रहन्छ भन्ने डरलाई थप बलियो बनाएको विश्वास गरिन्थ्यो।<ref name="Foster2018" /> === सजायहरू === बोक्सीको दोषी ठहरिएकाहरूलाई विभिन्न प्रकारका सजायहरू दिइन्थ्यो जसमा कैद, कोर्रा लगाउने, जरिवाना तिराउने वा निर्वासन समावेश थिए।{{sfn|Scarre|Callow|2001|p=34}} मृत्युदण्डबाहेकका अन्य सजायहरू विशेषगरी पहिलो अपराधको लागि [[इङ्ल्यान्ड]]मा सबैभन्दा सामान्य थिए। सन् १५४२ भन्दा पहिले, इङ्ल्यान्डमा अधिकांश मुद्दाहरू चर्च अदालतहरूले हेर्ने गर्दथे भने अधिकांश सजायहरू कठोर दण्डभन्दा पश्चाताप र प्रायश्चित्तमा केन्द्रित थिए।<ref name="Farmer2020">{{Cite book |first=Alan |last=Farmer |title=Access to History : The Witchcraze of the 16th and 17th Centuries |edition=2nd |date=2020 |publisher=Hodder Education |isbn=978-1-5104-5911-3 |oclc=1148949640}}</ref> प्रायः दोषी व्यक्तिहरूलाई सेतो कपडा लगाएर र एउटा छडी बोकाएर पेरिस चर्चमा उपस्थित हुन आदेश दिइन्थ्यो र सुधारिएको जीवन बिताउनु पर्ने प्रावधानका समथ शपथ खुवाउने गरिन्थ्यो।<ref name="Farmer2020" /> पुरानो नियमको निर्गमन २२:१८ मा भनिएको छ: "तिमीले बोक्सीलाई बाँच्न अनुमति दिनु हुँदैन"।{{sfn|Scarre|Callow|2001|p=12}} जादु टुना लगाएको अभियोगमा धेरैले [[मृत्युदण्ड]]को सामना गर्नुपरेको थियो जसमा जलाएर मार्ने, फाँसी दिने वा शिरच्छेद गर्ने जस्ता कठोर सजायहरू समावेश थिए।{{sfn|Scarre|Callow|2001|pp=1, 21}} त्यसैगरी, न्यु इङ्ल्यान्डमा, बोक्सीको दोषी ठहरिएका मानिसहरूलाई फाँसी दिइन्थ्यो।<ref>Ronald H. Fritze and William B. Robison (eds.). ''Historical Dictionary of Stuart England'', Greenwood, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-313-28391-8}}. (p.552).</ref> यसैबीच, [[मध्ययुग]]मा, पाखण्ड एउटा घृणित अपराध बनेको थियो जसले गम्भीर सजायको माग गर्दथ्यो। त्यसैले बोक्सीको आरोप लागेकाहरूलाई पाखण्डीको रूपमा चिन्हित गरिन्थ्यो।<ref name="Foster2018">{{cite web |last1=Foster-Feigenbaum |first1=Elizabeth |title=The Middle Ages as a Conducive Period to the Witch Craze |url=https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1088&context=fypapers |website=Trinity College Digital Repository |publisher=Trinity Publications |access-date=9 April 2024}}</ref> बोक्सीको आरोप लागेको खण्डमा अभियुक्तलाई निर्दोष भए पनि क्रूर यातनाको माध्यमबाट स्वीकारोक्ति गर्न बाध्य पारिन्थ्यो र मृत्युदण्ड दिइन्थ्यो।<ref name="Foster2018" /> निश्चित अवस्थाहरूमा, पादरी वर्ग उनीहरूले मृत्युदण्ड दिइरहेका आत्माहरूको बारेमा साँच्चिकै चिन्तित हुन्थ्यो।<ref name="Foster2018" /> तसर्थ, उनीहरूले अभियुक्तलाई बचाउनका लागि जिउँदै दाउरामा जलाउने निर्णय गरेका थिए।<ref name="Foster2018" /> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू]] 7neo5ubc3zy13nwdwll44642i2ghlfl 1365172 1365109 2026-07-07T06:44:01Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365172 wikitext text/x-wiki [[चित्र:Wickiana4.jpg|thumb|सन् १५७७ मा जादु टुना लगाएको आरोपमा प्रयोग गरिएको यातना]] {{महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू}} सन् १४०० देखि १७७५ सम्मको प्रारम्भिक आधुनिक कालमा [[युरोप]] र [[ब्रिटिस अमेरिका]]मा करिब १,००,००० मानिसहरूलाई जादु टुनाको (माया, छल गर्नु वा बोक्सी लगाउनु) अभियोगमा मुद्दा चलाइएको थियो।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Levack |first1=Brian |title=The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=5–6}}</ref> तीमध्ये ४०,००० देखि ६०,००० जनालाई मृत्युदण्ड दिइएकोमा लगभग सबै युरोपमा दिइएको थियो।<ref name=":2">{{Cite news |title=Why did Germany burn so many witches? The brutal force of economic competition |language=en |work=Quartz |url=https://qz.com/1183992/why-europe-was-overrun-by-witch-hunts-in-early-modern-history/ |access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref>जादु टुनाको शिकार पवित्र रोमन साम्राज्यका केही भागहरूमा विशेषरूपमा गम्भीर थियो। सन् १५६० देखि १६३० सम्म,<ref>Thurston 2001. p. 01.</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last=Levack |first=Brian P. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=C8yqDKcSgSUC |title=The Witch-hunt in Early Modern Europe |date=2006 |publisher=Pearson Longman |isbn=978-0-582-41901-8 |language=en |chapter=Chapter 7}}</ref> [[प्रतिसुधारवाद]] र युरोपेली धार्मिक युद्धहरूको समयमा जादु टुनाका मुद्दाहरू आफ्नो उच्च बिन्दुमा पुगेका थिए। तल्लो वर्गका मानिसमाथि अन्य मानिसहरूलाई जादु टुना गरेको आरोप प्रायः छिमेकीहरूद्वारा लगाइन्थ्यो<ref>{{cite book |last1=Levack |first1=Brian |title=The Oxford Handbook of Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe and Colonial America |date=2013 |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=7–8}}</ref> र महिला तथा पुरुष दुवैले औपचारिक रूपमा यस्तो आरोप लगाउँने गर्दथे।<ref>{{cite book |last1=Willis |first1=Deborah |title=Malevolent Nurture: Witch-Hunting and Maternal Power in Early Modern England |date=2018 |publisher=Cornell University Press |pages=35–36}}</ref> जादु टुना हटाउने मानिस वा उपचारकर्तालाई कहिलेकाहीँ यस्तो अभियोगमा मुद्दा चलाइन्थ्यो।<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hutton |first=Ronald |title=The Witch: A History of Fear, from Ancient Times to the Present |date=2017 |publisher=Yale University Press |pages=24–25}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{cite book |title=Popular Magic: Cunning-folk in English History |last=Davies |first=Owen |year=2007 |publisher=A&C Black |page=164}}</ref> दोषी ठहराइएकाहरू लगभग ८० प्रतिशत महिलाहरूमा अधिकांशको उमेर ४० वर्षभन्दा माथिको थियो।<ref>"Menopausal and post-menopausal women were disproportionally represented amongst the victims of the witch craze--and their over-representation is the more striking when we recall how rare women over fifty must have been in the population as a whole." Lyndal Roper ''Witch Craze'' (2004)p. 160</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Case Study: The European Witch-Hunts, c. 1450–1750 and Witch-Hunts Today |last=Jones |first=Adam |work=Gendercide Watch |access-date=19 October 2018 |url=http://www.faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Phil%20281b/Philosophy%20of%20Magic/Arcana/Witchcraft%20and%20Grimoires/case_witchhunts.html }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311123054/http://www.faculty.umb.edu/gary_zabel/Courses/Phil%20281b/Philosophy%20of%20Magic/Arcana/Witchcraft%20and%20Grimoires/case_witchhunts.html |date=11 March 2016 }}</ref> केही क्षेत्रहरूमा, दोषी ठहराइएका वा बोक्सीको अभियोग लगाइएकाहरूलाई आगोमा जलाएर मृत्युदण्ड दिइने गरिन्थ्यो जुन धार्मिक पाखण्ड्याइँ परम्परागत सजाय थियो। == कार्यविधि र सजायहरू == === प्रमाण === जादु टुनाका मुद्दाहरूमा केही विशेष मापदण्डहरू लागू हुन्थे जसले तत्कालीन तथ्यसँग सम्बन्धित वर्षौँअघि भएका निश्चित प्रकारका प्रमाणहरूलाई अनुमति दिन्थ्यो।<ref name="MacFarlane2002">MacFarlane, Alan. ''Witchcraft in Tudor and Stuart England''. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis, 2002.</ref> अभियुक्तको उपस्थिति बिना नै जादु टुना हुन सक्ने भएकोले, बचाउ पक्षमा अलिबाय (घटनास्थलमा नभएको प्रमाण वा अन्यत्र उपस्थिति) पेश गर्ने कुनै सम्भावना थिएन।<ref name="MacFarlane2002" /> कथित बोक्सीको अदृश्य शक्तिलाई प्रत्यक्ष देख्न असम्भव मानिने भएकोले, साक्षीहरूलाई उद्देश्य र प्रभावहरूको बारेमा बयान दिन बोलाइन्थ्यो। कथित बोक्सी वा टुना लगाउने मानिसलाई चिन्ने एकमात्र पहिचान [[शैतानको चिन्ह]] थियो।<ref name="Foster2018">{{cite web |last1=Foster-Feigenbaum |first1=Elizabeth |title=The Middle Ages as a Conducive Period to the Witch Craze |url=https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1088&context=fypapers |website=Trinity College Digital Repository |publisher=Trinity Publications |access-date=9 April 2024 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231222201622/https://digitalrepository.trincoll.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1088&context=fypapers |date=22 December 2023 }}</ref> शैतानले टुना लगाउनेलाई दिएको दाग वा चोट शरीरको जुनसुकै भागमा पनि हुन सक्थ्यो।<ref name="Foster2018" /> तथापि, यो चिन्ह पत्ता लगाउन शरीरको पूर्ण जाँच गर्नुपर्थ्यो।<ref name="Foster2018" /> यस पहिचानयोग्य विशेषताको अभावले लचिलोपनलाई जन्म दियो।<ref name="Foster2018" /> यस लचिलोपनले जादु टुनाको घटनालाई विस्तार गर्न सक्षम बनाएपछि टुना लगाउनेहरू कसैभित्र पनि र जहाँ पनि हुन सक्ने खतरा रहन्छ भन्ने डरलाई थप बलियो बनाएको विश्वास गरिन्थ्यो।<ref name="Foster2018" /> === सजायहरू === बोक्सीको दोषी ठहरिएकाहरूलाई विभिन्न प्रकारका सजायहरू दिइन्थ्यो जसमा कैद, कोर्रा लगाउने, जरिवाना तिराउने वा निर्वासन समावेश थिए।{{sfn|Scarre|Callow|2001|p=34}} मृत्युदण्डबाहेकका अन्य सजायहरू विशेषगरी पहिलो अपराधको लागि [[इङ्ल्यान्ड]]मा सबैभन्दा सामान्य थिए। सन् १५४२ भन्दा पहिले, इङ्ल्यान्डमा अधिकांश मुद्दाहरू चर्च अदालतहरूले हेर्ने गर्दथे भने अधिकांश सजायहरू कठोर दण्डभन्दा पश्चाताप र प्रायश्चित्तमा केन्द्रित थिए।<ref name="Farmer2020">{{Cite book |first=Alan |last=Farmer |title=Access to History : The Witchcraze of the 16th and 17th Centuries |edition=2nd |date=2020 |publisher=Hodder Education |isbn=978-1-5104-5911-3 |oclc=1148949640}}</ref> प्रायः दोषी व्यक्तिहरूलाई सेतो कपडा लगाएर र एउटा छडी बोकाएर पेरिस चर्चमा उपस्थित हुन आदेश दिइन्थ्यो र सुधारिएको जीवन बिताउनु पर्ने प्रावधानका समथ शपथ खुवाउने गरिन्थ्यो।<ref name="Farmer2020" /> पुरानो नियमको निर्गमन २२:१८ मा भनिएको छ: "तिमीले बोक्सीलाई बाँच्न अनुमति दिनु हुँदैन"।{{sfn|Scarre|Callow|2001|p=12}} जादु टुना लगाएको अभियोगमा धेरैले [[मृत्युदण्ड]]को सामना गर्नुपरेको थियो जसमा जलाएर मार्ने, फाँसी दिने वा शिरच्छेद गर्ने जस्ता कठोर सजायहरू समावेश थिए।{{sfn|Scarre|Callow|2001|pp=1, 21}} त्यसैगरी, न्यु इङ्ल्यान्डमा, बोक्सीको दोषी ठहरिएका मानिसहरूलाई फाँसी दिइन्थ्यो।<ref>Ronald H. Fritze and William B. Robison (eds.). ''Historical Dictionary of Stuart England'', Greenwood, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-313-28391-8}}. (p.552).</ref> यसैबीच, [[मध्ययुग]]मा, पाखण्ड एउटा घृणित अपराध बनेको थियो जसले गम्भीर सजायको माग गर्दथ्यो। त्यसैले बोक्सीको आरोप लागेकाहरूलाई पाखण्डीको रूपमा चिन्हित गरिन्थ्यो।<ref name="Foster2018"/> बोक्सीको आरोप लागेको खण्डमा अभियुक्तलाई निर्दोष भए पनि क्रूर यातनाको माध्यमबाट स्वीकारोक्ति गर्न बाध्य पारिन्थ्यो र मृत्युदण्ड दिइन्थ्यो।<ref name="Foster2018" /> निश्चित अवस्थाहरूमा, पादरी वर्ग उनीहरूले मृत्युदण्ड दिइरहेका आत्माहरूको बारेमा साँच्चिकै चिन्तित हुन्थ्यो।<ref name="Foster2018" /> तसर्थ, उनीहरूले अभियुक्तलाई बचाउनका लागि जिउँदै दाउरामा जलाउने निर्णय गरेका थिए।<ref name="Foster2018" /> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू]] 821l0utx30tm3xtpb3ydxgtmz8zuv6x 0 150716 1365096 2026-07-06T16:20:06Z Rajeeb bastola 39875 "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361487628|Manikarnika Ghat]]"पृष्ठलाई अनुवाद गरि सृजना गरियो 1365096 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Manikarnika Ghat|coordinates={{coord|25|18|39.134|N|83|0|50.708|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}|locale=[[Varanasi]], [[Kashi region]]|state=[[Uttar Pradesh]]|country=[[India]]|image=Manikarnika Ghat, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2011) 5.jpg}}'''मणिकर्णिका घाट''' ([[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]] मणिकर्णिका घाटा) भारतको [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] राज्यको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सहरमा [[गङ्गा नदी]] किनारमा अवस्थित पवित्र नदी किनारहरू (घाटहरू) मध्ये सबैभन्दा पवित्र<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> दाहसंस्कार स्थलहरू मध्ये एक हो। हिन्दू धर्ममा, मृत्युलाई आफ्नो [[कर्म]] परिणामद्वारा चिह्नित अर्को जीवनको प्रवेशद्वार मानिन्छ। यो विश्वास गरिन्छ कि मानिसको आत्माले [[मोक्ष]] प्राप्त गर्दछ, र यसैले यहाँ दाहसंस्कार गर्दा पुनर्जन्मको चक्र तोड्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-18 |title=In queue even after death, wait for 'moksha' gets longer at Kashi ghats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/in-queue-even-after-death-wait-for-moksha-gets-longer-at-kashi-ghats/story-xGonJMx3cNFuJes3nQF7fN.html |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> घाटको नाम हिन्दू देवी [[सतिदेवी|सती]] कानको टपबाट राखिएको हो, जुन त्यहाँ खस्यो भन्ने हिन्दूहरूको विश्वास गर्दछन।<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> वाराणसीमा हिन्दू वंशावली दर्ता त्यहाँ राखिएको छ। == स्थान == मणिकर्णिका घाट भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] अवस्थित छ र दशश्वमेध घाट र सिन्धिया घाट घेरिएको छ। == वास्तविक उत्पत्ति == [[चित्र:Benares_(Varanasi,_India)_-_1922.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् 1922 मा मणिकर्णिका घाट। मन्दिरहरू एल देखि आर बाबा मसन नाथ, तल्लो तह तारकेश्वर र रत्नेश्वर, माथिल्लो तह त्रिपुर सुन्दरी र गणेश हुन्।]] मणिकर्णिका घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा पुरानो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। यो कुरा ५ औँ शताब्दीको गुप्त शिलालेखमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_Varanasi_Heritage_Dossier/Manikarnika_Ghat |website=en.wikiversity.org}}</ref> यो हिन्दू धर्ममा पूजनीय छ। राजा दक्ष प्रजापति (ब्रह्माका एक छोरा) ले शिवलाई यज्ञमा अपमानित गर्ने प्रयास गरेपछि माता सती (आदि शक्ति) ले आफ्नो जीवन बलिदान गरिन र आफ्नो शरीर जलाइन, शिवले उनको जलिरहेको शरीरलाई [[हिमालय]] लगे। शिवको अनन्त दुःख देखेर [[विष्णु]] शरीरलाई ५१ भागमा काट्न दिव्य चक्र पठाए, जुन त्यसपछि पृथ्वीमा खस्यो। यसलाई "एक्यवन शक्त पीठ" भनिन्छ। शिवले सतीको शरीर जहाँ खसेको थियो त्यहाँ शक्तपीठको स्थापना गरे। माता सतीको कानको आभूषण मणिकर्णिका घाटमा खस्यो == शक्तपीठको रूपमा मणिकर्णिका मन्दिर == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{मुख्य लेख|Daksha Yaga|Shakta pithas}} [[चित्र:Dakshayani.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|शिवले [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शव बोकेका छन्।]] मणिकर्णिका पवित्र स्थल हिन्दू धर्मको शक्तिवाद सम्प्रदायका लागि पूजाको महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान हो। यो [[काशी विश्वनाथ|काशी विश्वनाथ मन्दिर]] नजिक छ। ''दक्ष याग र सतीको आत्मदाहको पौराणिक कथा'' शाक्त पीठको उत्पत्ति पछाडिको पौराणिक कथा हो। यस स्थानको व्युत्पत्ति यस पौराणिक कथाको कारण हो। यहाँ सती देवीको कानको रिङ्ग खसेको मानिन्छ। संस्कृतमा मणिकर्णको अर्थ कानको रिङ्ग हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal |url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/ |access-date=20 July 2013 |website=kottiyoordevaswom.com |publisher=Kottiyoor Devaswam}}</ref> [[शक्ति (देवी)|शक्ति पीठ]] ती पवित्र स्थल हरू हुन् जसलाई [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शवको शरीरका अङ्गहरू खस्दा शक्तिको उपस्थितिले स्थापित गरेको मानिन्छ, जब [[शिव]] यसलाई बोकेका थिए र घुमिरहेका थिए। संस्कृतमा ५१ अक्षर वा अक्षरसँग जोडिएका ५१ वटा [[शक्तिपीठ|शाक्त पीठ]] छन्। प्रत्येक मन्दिरमा शक्तिका लागि पवित्र स्थलहरू छन्। मणिकर्णिकाको शक्तिलाई विशालाक्षी र मणिकर्णी भनेर सम्बोधन गरिन्छ। == मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड == [[चित्र:Submerged_and_tilted_Matri-rin_Temple,_Varanasi_01.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर, [[बनारस|वाराणसी]], भारत]] घाटमा रहेको कुवालाई मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड भनिन्छ र यो [[विष्णु]] निर्माण गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=http://www.varanasicity.com/manikarnika-ghat.html |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=}}</ref> == प्रस्ताव == मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धारको प्रस्ताव अर्बाना, च्याम्पेन (युआइयुसि) युएसए, र भानुबेन नानावती कलेज अफ आर्किटेक्चर फर वुमन (बिएनसिए) पुणे, भारतको इलिनोइस विश्वविद्यालयको ल्याण्डस्केप आर्किटेक्चर विभागहरूद्वारा प्रस्ताव गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghats of Varanasi on the Ganga in India The Cultural Landscape Reclaimed, Department of Landscape Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA, 2014 |url=https://landarch.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/Ghats%20of%20Varanasi%20report%20.pdf}}</ref> भारतको वाराणसीको पूर्वी पूर्वाधार कोषद्वारा मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धार र पुनर्विकासको प्रस्ताव प्रगतिमा छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=PLANNER INDIA |date=29 May 2017 |title=REDEVELOPMENT OF MANIKARNIKA GHAT: PROPOSAL WALKTHROUGH - BY PLANNER INDIA PVT LTD, VARANASI |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8hz3YQbv0k |via=YouTube}}</ref> == पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर * [[वाराणसीमा घाटहरू]] * [[डुम जाति|डोम]], एउटा प्राचीन समुदाय जसले दाहसंस्कारको प्रबन्ध गर्दछ == कलामा मणिकर्णिका घाट == <gallery> चित्र:Weeks_Edwin_Lord_The_Last_Voyage.jpg| Edwin Lord Weeks (1849 – 1903), The Last Voyage, 1884 चित्र:Edward_Lear_-_Benares_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Edward Lear (1812–1888) Cityscape, 1873 चित्र:Image_from_page_446_of_"The_history_of_the_world;_a_survey_of_a_man's_record"_(1902)_(14767857492).jpg|The history of the world; a survey of a man's record" (1902) Illustration चित्र:Eve_Of_The_Eclipse_Of_The_Moon_25th_November_1825_by_James_Prinsep.jpg|Eve Of The Eclipse Of The Moon 25 November 1825, Litograph by James Prinsep चित्र:Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg|Picturesque India. A handbook for European travellers, J. Pedder (1850-1929), 1890 </gallery> == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] sguhozy7g5cvaa6r7jb0oqgb8b7uzt0 1365098 1365096 2026-07-06T16:24:54Z ~2026-38504-17 79691 1365098 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox Hindu temple |name=Manikarnika Ghat |coordinates={{coord|25|18|39.134|N|83|0|50.708|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |locale=[[वाराणसी]], काशी क्षेत्र |state= [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] |country=[[भारत]] |image=Manikarnika Ghat, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2011) 5.jpg }} '''मणिकर्णिका घाट''' ([[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]] मणिकर्णिका घाटा) भारतको [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] राज्यको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सहरमा [[गङ्गा नदी]] किनारमा अवस्थित पवित्र नदी किनारहरू (घाटहरू) मध्ये सबैभन्दा पवित्र<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> दाहसंस्कार स्थलहरू मध्ये एक हो। हिन्दू धर्ममा, मृत्युलाई आफ्नो [[कर्म]] परिणामद्वारा चिह्नित अर्को जीवनको प्रवेशद्वार मानिन्छ। यो विश्वास गरिन्छ कि मानिसको आत्माले [[मोक्ष]] प्राप्त गर्दछ, र यसैले यहाँ दाहसंस्कार गर्दा पुनर्जन्मको चक्र तोड्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-18 |title=In queue even after death, wait for 'moksha' gets longer at Kashi ghats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/in-queue-even-after-death-wait-for-moksha-gets-longer-at-kashi-ghats/story-xGonJMx3cNFuJes3nQF7fN.html |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> घाटको नाम हिन्दू देवी [[सतिदेवी|सती]] कानको टपबाट राखिएको हो, जुन त्यहाँ खस्यो भन्ने हिन्दूहरूको विश्वास गर्दछन।<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> वाराणसीमा हिन्दू वंशावली दर्ता त्यहाँ राखिएको छ। == स्थान == मणिकर्णिका घाट भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] अवस्थित छ र दशश्वमेध घाट र सिन्धिया घाट घेरिएको छ। == वास्तविक उत्पत्ति == [[चित्र:Benares_(Varanasi,_India)_-_1922.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् 1922 मा मणिकर्णिका घाट। मन्दिरहरू एल देखि आर बाबा मसन नाथ, तल्लो तह तारकेश्वर र रत्नेश्वर, माथिल्लो तह त्रिपुर सुन्दरी र गणेश हुन्।]] मणिकर्णिका घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा पुरानो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। यो कुरा ५ औँ शताब्दीको गुप्त शिलालेखमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_Varanasi_Heritage_Dossier/Manikarnika_Ghat |website=en.wikiversity.org}}</ref> यो हिन्दू धर्ममा पूजनीय छ। राजा दक्ष प्रजापति (ब्रह्माका एक छोरा) ले शिवलाई यज्ञमा अपमानित गर्ने प्रयास गरेपछि माता सती (आदि शक्ति) ले आफ्नो जीवन बलिदान गरिन र आफ्नो शरीर जलाइन, शिवले उनको जलिरहेको शरीरलाई [[हिमालय]] लगे। शिवको अनन्त दुःख देखेर [[विष्णु]] शरीरलाई ५१ भागमा काट्न दिव्य चक्र पठाए, जुन त्यसपछि पृथ्वीमा खस्यो। यसलाई "एक्यवन शक्त पीठ" भनिन्छ। शिवले सतीको शरीर जहाँ खसेको थियो त्यहाँ शक्तपीठको स्थापना गरे। माता सतीको कानको आभूषण मणिकर्णिका घाटमा खस्यो == शक्तपीठको रूपमा मणिकर्णिका मन्दिर == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{मुख्य लेख|Daksha Yaga|Shakta pithas}} [[चित्र:Dakshayani.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|शिवले [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शव बोकेका छन्।]] मणिकर्णिका पवित्र स्थल हिन्दू धर्मको शक्तिवाद सम्प्रदायका लागि पूजाको महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान हो। यो [[काशी विश्वनाथ|काशी विश्वनाथ मन्दिर]] नजिक छ। ''दक्ष याग र सतीको आत्मदाहको पौराणिक कथा'' शाक्त पीठको उत्पत्ति पछाडिको पौराणिक कथा हो। यस स्थानको व्युत्पत्ति यस पौराणिक कथाको कारण हो। यहाँ सती देवीको कानको रिङ्ग खसेको मानिन्छ। संस्कृतमा मणिकर्णको अर्थ कानको रिङ्ग हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal |url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/ |access-date=20 July 2013 |website=kottiyoordevaswom.com |publisher=Kottiyoor Devaswam}}</ref> [[शक्ति (देवी)|शक्ति पीठ]] ती पवित्र स्थल हरू हुन् जसलाई [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शवको शरीरका अङ्गहरू खस्दा शक्तिको उपस्थितिले स्थापित गरेको मानिन्छ, जब [[शिव]] यसलाई बोकेका थिए र घुमिरहेका थिए। संस्कृतमा ५१ अक्षर वा अक्षरसँग जोडिएका ५१ वटा [[शक्तिपीठ|शाक्त पीठ]] छन्। प्रत्येक मन्दिरमा शक्तिका लागि पवित्र स्थलहरू छन्। मणिकर्णिकाको शक्तिलाई विशालाक्षी र मणिकर्णी भनेर सम्बोधन गरिन्छ। == मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड == [[चित्र:Submerged_and_tilted_Matri-rin_Temple,_Varanasi_01.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर, [[बनारस|वाराणसी]], भारत]] घाटमा रहेको कुवालाई मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड भनिन्छ र यो [[विष्णु]] निर्माण गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=http://www.varanasicity.com/manikarnika-ghat.html |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=}}</ref> == प्रस्ताव == मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धारको प्रस्ताव अर्बाना, च्याम्पेन (युआइयुसि) युएसए, र भानुबेन नानावती कलेज अफ आर्किटेक्चर फर वुमन (बिएनसिए) पुणे, भारतको इलिनोइस विश्वविद्यालयको ल्याण्डस्केप आर्किटेक्चर विभागहरूद्वारा प्रस्ताव गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghats of Varanasi on the Ganga in India The Cultural Landscape Reclaimed, Department of Landscape Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA, 2014 |url=https://landarch.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/Ghats%20of%20Varanasi%20report%20.pdf}}</ref> भारतको वाराणसीको पूर्वी पूर्वाधार कोषद्वारा मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धार र पुनर्विकासको प्रस्ताव प्रगतिमा छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=PLANNER INDIA |date=29 May 2017 |title=REDEVELOPMENT OF MANIKARNIKA GHAT: PROPOSAL WALKTHROUGH - BY PLANNER INDIA PVT LTD, VARANASI |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8hz3YQbv0k |via=YouTube}}</ref> == पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर * [[वाराणसीमा घाटहरू]] * [[डुम जाति|डोम]], एउटा प्राचीन समुदाय जसले दाहसंस्कारको प्रबन्ध गर्दछ == कलामा मणिकर्णिका घाट == <gallery> चित्र:Weeks_Edwin_Lord_The_Last_Voyage.jpg| Edwin Lord Weeks (1849 – 1903), The Last Voyage, 1884 चित्र:Edward_Lear_-_Benares_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Edward Lear (1812–1888) Cityscape, 1873 चित्र:Image_from_page_446_of_"The_history_of_the_world;_a_survey_of_a_man's_record"_(1902)_(14767857492).jpg|The history of the world; a survey of a man's record" (1902) Illustration चित्र:Eve_Of_The_Eclipse_Of_The_Moon_25th_November_1825_by_James_Prinsep.jpg|Eve Of The Eclipse Of The Moon 25 November 1825, Litograph by James Prinsep चित्र:Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg|Picturesque India. A handbook for European travellers, J. Pedder (1850-1929), 1890 </gallery> == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] no328kkdml95pzk7rajl1sw6y60cfbp 1365099 1365098 2026-07-06T16:25:39Z ~2026-38504-17 79691 1365099 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox Hindu temple |name= मणिकर्णिका घाट |coordinates={{coord|25|18|39.134|N|83|0|50.708|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |locale=[[वाराणसी]], काशी क्षेत्र |state= [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] |country=[[भारत]] |image=Manikarnika Ghat, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2011) 5.jpg }} '''मणिकर्णिका घाट''' ([[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]] मणिकर्णिका घाटा) भारतको [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] राज्यको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सहरमा [[गङ्गा नदी]] किनारमा अवस्थित पवित्र नदी किनारहरू (घाटहरू) मध्ये सबैभन्दा पवित्र<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> दाहसंस्कार स्थलहरू मध्ये एक हो। हिन्दू धर्ममा, मृत्युलाई आफ्नो [[कर्म]] परिणामद्वारा चिह्नित अर्को जीवनको प्रवेशद्वार मानिन्छ। यो विश्वास गरिन्छ कि मानिसको आत्माले [[मोक्ष]] प्राप्त गर्दछ, र यसैले यहाँ दाहसंस्कार गर्दा पुनर्जन्मको चक्र तोड्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-18 |title=In queue even after death, wait for 'moksha' gets longer at Kashi ghats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/in-queue-even-after-death-wait-for-moksha-gets-longer-at-kashi-ghats/story-xGonJMx3cNFuJes3nQF7fN.html |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> घाटको नाम हिन्दू देवी [[सतिदेवी|सती]] कानको टपबाट राखिएको हो, जुन त्यहाँ खस्यो भन्ने हिन्दूहरूको विश्वास गर्दछन।<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> वाराणसीमा हिन्दू वंशावली दर्ता त्यहाँ राखिएको छ। == स्थान == मणिकर्णिका घाट भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] अवस्थित छ र दशश्वमेध घाट र सिन्धिया घाट घेरिएको छ। == वास्तविक उत्पत्ति == [[चित्र:Benares_(Varanasi,_India)_-_1922.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् 1922 मा मणिकर्णिका घाट। मन्दिरहरू एल देखि आर बाबा मसन नाथ, तल्लो तह तारकेश्वर र रत्नेश्वर, माथिल्लो तह त्रिपुर सुन्दरी र गणेश हुन्।]] मणिकर्णिका घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा पुरानो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। यो कुरा ५ औँ शताब्दीको गुप्त शिलालेखमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_Varanasi_Heritage_Dossier/Manikarnika_Ghat |website=en.wikiversity.org}}</ref> यो हिन्दू धर्ममा पूजनीय छ। राजा दक्ष प्रजापति (ब्रह्माका एक छोरा) ले शिवलाई यज्ञमा अपमानित गर्ने प्रयास गरेपछि माता सती (आदि शक्ति) ले आफ्नो जीवन बलिदान गरिन र आफ्नो शरीर जलाइन, शिवले उनको जलिरहेको शरीरलाई [[हिमालय]] लगे। शिवको अनन्त दुःख देखेर [[विष्णु]] शरीरलाई ५१ भागमा काट्न दिव्य चक्र पठाए, जुन त्यसपछि पृथ्वीमा खस्यो। यसलाई "एक्यवन शक्त पीठ" भनिन्छ। शिवले सतीको शरीर जहाँ खसेको थियो त्यहाँ शक्तपीठको स्थापना गरे। माता सतीको कानको आभूषण मणिकर्णिका घाटमा खस्यो == शक्तपीठको रूपमा मणिकर्णिका मन्दिर == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{मुख्य लेख|Daksha Yaga|Shakta pithas}} [[चित्र:Dakshayani.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|शिवले [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शव बोकेका छन्।]] मणिकर्णिका पवित्र स्थल हिन्दू धर्मको शक्तिवाद सम्प्रदायका लागि पूजाको महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान हो। यो [[काशी विश्वनाथ|काशी विश्वनाथ मन्दिर]] नजिक छ। ''दक्ष याग र सतीको आत्मदाहको पौराणिक कथा'' शाक्त पीठको उत्पत्ति पछाडिको पौराणिक कथा हो। यस स्थानको व्युत्पत्ति यस पौराणिक कथाको कारण हो। यहाँ सती देवीको कानको रिङ्ग खसेको मानिन्छ। संस्कृतमा मणिकर्णको अर्थ कानको रिङ्ग हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal |url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/ |access-date=20 July 2013 |website=kottiyoordevaswom.com |publisher=Kottiyoor Devaswam}}</ref> [[शक्ति (देवी)|शक्ति पीठ]] ती पवित्र स्थल हरू हुन् जसलाई [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शवको शरीरका अङ्गहरू खस्दा शक्तिको उपस्थितिले स्थापित गरेको मानिन्छ, जब [[शिव]] यसलाई बोकेका थिए र घुमिरहेका थिए। संस्कृतमा ५१ अक्षर वा अक्षरसँग जोडिएका ५१ वटा [[शक्तिपीठ|शाक्त पीठ]] छन्। प्रत्येक मन्दिरमा शक्तिका लागि पवित्र स्थलहरू छन्। मणिकर्णिकाको शक्तिलाई विशालाक्षी र मणिकर्णी भनेर सम्बोधन गरिन्छ। == मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड == [[चित्र:Submerged_and_tilted_Matri-rin_Temple,_Varanasi_01.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर, [[बनारस|वाराणसी]], भारत]] घाटमा रहेको कुवालाई मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड भनिन्छ र यो [[विष्णु]] निर्माण गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=http://www.varanasicity.com/manikarnika-ghat.html |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=}}</ref> == प्रस्ताव == मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धारको प्रस्ताव अर्बाना, च्याम्पेन (युआइयुसि) युएसए, र भानुबेन नानावती कलेज अफ आर्किटेक्चर फर वुमन (बिएनसिए) पुणे, भारतको इलिनोइस विश्वविद्यालयको ल्याण्डस्केप आर्किटेक्चर विभागहरूद्वारा प्रस्ताव गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghats of Varanasi on the Ganga in India The Cultural Landscape Reclaimed, Department of Landscape Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA, 2014 |url=https://landarch.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/Ghats%20of%20Varanasi%20report%20.pdf}}</ref> भारतको वाराणसीको पूर्वी पूर्वाधार कोषद्वारा मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धार र पुनर्विकासको प्रस्ताव प्रगतिमा छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=PLANNER INDIA |date=29 May 2017 |title=REDEVELOPMENT OF MANIKARNIKA GHAT: PROPOSAL WALKTHROUGH - BY PLANNER INDIA PVT LTD, VARANASI |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8hz3YQbv0k |via=YouTube}}</ref> == पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर * [[वाराणसीमा घाटहरू]] * [[डुम जाति|डोम]], एउटा प्राचीन समुदाय जसले दाहसंस्कारको प्रबन्ध गर्दछ == कलामा मणिकर्णिका घाट == <gallery> चित्र:Weeks_Edwin_Lord_The_Last_Voyage.jpg| Edwin Lord Weeks (1849 – 1903), The Last Voyage, 1884 चित्र:Edward_Lear_-_Benares_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Edward Lear (1812–1888) Cityscape, 1873 चित्र:Image_from_page_446_of_"The_history_of_the_world;_a_survey_of_a_man's_record"_(1902)_(14767857492).jpg|The history of the world; a survey of a man's record" (1902) Illustration चित्र:Eve_Of_The_Eclipse_Of_The_Moon_25th_November_1825_by_James_Prinsep.jpg|Eve Of The Eclipse Of The Moon 25 November 1825, Litograph by James Prinsep चित्र:Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg|Picturesque India. A handbook for European travellers, J. Pedder (1850-1929), 1890 </gallery> == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] iaijzq9obzwz6irkjk40henk2kcyq87 1365101 1365099 2026-07-06T16:28:12Z ~2026-38504-17 79691 1365101 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox Hindu temple |name= मणिकर्णिका घाट |coordinates={{coord|25|18|39.134|N|83|0|50.708|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |locale=[[वाराणसी]], काशी क्षेत्र |state= [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] |country=[[भारत]] |image=Manikarnika Ghat, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2011) 5.jpg }} '''मणिकर्णिका घाट''' ([[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]] मणिकर्णिका घाटा) भारतको [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] राज्यको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सहरमा [[गङ्गा नदी]] किनारमा अवस्थित पवित्र नदी किनारहरू (घाटहरू) मध्ये सबैभन्दा पवित्र<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> दाहसंस्कार स्थलहरू मध्ये एक हो। हिन्दू धर्ममा, मृत्युलाई आफ्नो [[कर्म]] परिणामद्वारा चिह्नित अर्को जीवनको प्रवेशद्वार मानिन्छ। यो विश्वास गरिन्छ कि मानिसको आत्माले [[मोक्ष]] प्राप्त गर्दछ, र यसैले यहाँ दाहसंस्कार गर्दा पुनर्जन्मको चक्र तोड्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-18 |title=In queue even after death, wait for 'moksha' gets longer at Kashi ghats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/in-queue-even-after-death-wait-for-moksha-gets-longer-at-kashi-ghats/story-xGonJMx3cNFuJes3nQF7fN.html |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> घाटको नाम हिन्दू देवी [[सतिदेवी|सती]] कानको टपबाट राखिएको हो, जुन त्यहाँ खस्यो भन्ने हिन्दूहरूको विश्वास गर्दछन।<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> वाराणसीमा हिन्दू वंशावली दर्ता त्यहाँ राखिएको छ। == स्थान == मणिकर्णिका घाट भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] अवस्थित छ र दशश्वमेध घाट र सिन्धिया घाट घेरिएको छ। == वास्तविक उत्पत्ति == [[चित्र:Benares_(Varanasi,_India)_-_1922.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् १९२२ मा मणिकर्णिका घाट। मन्दिरहरू एल देखि आर बाबा मसन नाथ, तल्लो तह तारकेश्वर र रत्नेश्वर, माथिल्लो तह त्रिपुर सुन्दरी र गणेश हुन्।]] मणिकर्णिका घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा पुरानो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। यो कुरा ५ औँ शताब्दीको गुप्त शिलालेखमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_Varanasi_Heritage_Dossier/Manikarnika_Ghat |website=en.wikiversity.org}}</ref> यो हिन्दू धर्ममा पूजनीय छ। राजा दक्ष प्रजापति (ब्रह्माका एक छोरा) ले शिवलाई यज्ञमा अपमानित गर्ने प्रयास गरेपछि माता सती (आदि शक्ति) ले आफ्नो जीवन बलिदान गरिन र आफ्नो शरीर जलाइन, शिवले उनको जलिरहेको शरीरलाई [[हिमालय]] लगे। शिवको अनन्त दुःख देखेर [[विष्णु]] शरीरलाई ५१ भागमा काट्न दिव्य चक्र पठाए, जुन त्यसपछि पृथ्वीमा खस्यो। यसलाई "एक्यवन शक्त पीठ" भनिन्छ। शिवले सतीको शरीर जहाँ खसेको थियो त्यहाँ शक्तपीठको स्थापना गरे। माता सतीको कानको आभूषण मणिकर्णिका घाटमा खस्यो == शक्तपीठको रूपमा मणिकर्णिका मन्दिर == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{मुख्य लेख|Daksha Yaga|Shakta pithas}} [[चित्र:Dakshayani.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|शिवले [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शव बोकेका छन्।]] मणिकर्णिका पवित्र स्थल हिन्दू धर्मको शक्तिवाद सम्प्रदायका लागि पूजाको महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान हो। यो [[काशी विश्वनाथ|काशी विश्वनाथ मन्दिर]] नजिक छ। ''दक्ष याग र सतीको आत्मदाहको पौराणिक कथा'' शाक्त पीठको उत्पत्ति पछाडिको पौराणिक कथा हो। यस स्थानको व्युत्पत्ति यस पौराणिक कथाको कारण हो। यहाँ सती देवीको कानको रिङ्ग खसेको मानिन्छ। संस्कृतमा मणिकर्णको अर्थ कानको रिङ्ग हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal |url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/ |access-date=20 July 2013 |website=kottiyoordevaswom.com |publisher=Kottiyoor Devaswam}}</ref> [[शक्ति (देवी)|शक्ति पीठ]] ती पवित्र स्थल हरू हुन् जसलाई [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शवको शरीरका अङ्गहरू खस्दा शक्तिको उपस्थितिले स्थापित गरेको मानिन्छ, जब [[शिव]] यसलाई बोकेका थिए र घुमिरहेका थिए। संस्कृतमा ५१ अक्षर वा अक्षरसँग जोडिएका ५१ वटा [[शक्तिपीठ|शाक्त पीठ]] छन्। प्रत्येक मन्दिरमा शक्तिका लागि पवित्र स्थलहरू छन्। मणिकर्णिकाको शक्तिलाई विशालाक्षी र मणिकर्णी भनेर सम्बोधन गरिन्छ। == मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड == [[चित्र:Submerged_and_tilted_Matri-rin_Temple,_Varanasi_01.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर, [[बनारस|वाराणसी]], भारत]] घाटमा रहेको कुवालाई मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड भनिन्छ र यो [[विष्णु]] निर्माण गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=http://www.varanasicity.com/manikarnika-ghat.html |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=}}</ref> == प्रस्ताव == मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धारको प्रस्ताव अर्बाना, च्याम्पेन (युआइयुसि) युएसए, र भानुबेन नानावती कलेज अफ आर्किटेक्चर फर वुमन (बिएनसिए) पुणे, भारतको इलिनोइस विश्वविद्यालयको ल्याण्डस्केप आर्किटेक्चर विभागहरूद्वारा प्रस्ताव गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghats of Varanasi on the Ganga in India The Cultural Landscape Reclaimed, Department of Landscape Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA, 2014 |url=https://landarch.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/Ghats%20of%20Varanasi%20report%20.pdf}}</ref> भारतको वाराणसीको पूर्वी पूर्वाधार कोषद्वारा मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धार र पुनर्विकासको प्रस्ताव प्रगतिमा छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=PLANNER INDIA |date=29 May 2017 |title=REDEVELOPMENT OF MANIKARNIKA GHAT: PROPOSAL WALKTHROUGH - BY PLANNER INDIA PVT LTD, VARANASI |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8hz3YQbv0k |via=YouTube}}</ref> == पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर * [[वाराणसीमा घाटहरू]] * [[डुम जाति|डोम]], एउटा प्राचीन समुदाय जसले दाहसंस्कारको प्रबन्ध गर्दछ == कलामा मणिकर्णिका घाट == <gallery> चित्र:Weeks_Edwin_Lord_The_Last_Voyage.jpg| Edwin Lord Weeks (1849 – 1903), The Last Voyage, 1884 चित्र:Edward_Lear_-_Benares_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Edward Lear (1812–1888) Cityscape, 1873 चित्र:Image_from_page_446_of_"The_history_of_the_world;_a_survey_of_a_man's_record"_(1902)_(14767857492).jpg|The history of the world; a survey of a man's record" (1902) Illustration चित्र:Eve_Of_The_Eclipse_Of_The_Moon_25th_November_1825_by_James_Prinsep.jpg|Eve Of The Eclipse Of The Moon 25 November 1825, Litograph by James Prinsep चित्र:Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg|Picturesque India. A handbook for European travellers, J. Pedder (1850-1929), 1890 </gallery> == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] ssve0yo64kh3tuoaozak0618i88osjj 1365102 1365101 2026-07-06T16:29:24Z ~2026-38504-17 79691 1365102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Hindu shrine and open crematorium}} {{Infobox Hindu temple | name = Manikarnika Ghat | coordinates = {{coord|25|18|39.134|N|83|0|50.708|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |locale=[[Varanasi]], [[Kashi region]] |state =[[Uttar Pradesh]] | country = [[India]] |image=Manikarnika Ghat, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2011) 5.jpg}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} {{Use Indian English|date=April 2017}} '''मणिकर्णिका घाट''' ([[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]] मणिकर्णिका घाटा) भारतको [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] राज्यको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सहरमा [[गङ्गा नदी]] किनारमा अवस्थित पवित्र नदी किनारहरू (घाटहरू) मध्ये सबैभन्दा पवित्र<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> दाहसंस्कार स्थलहरू मध्ये एक हो। हिन्दू धर्ममा, मृत्युलाई आफ्नो [[कर्म]] परिणामद्वारा चिह्नित अर्को जीवनको प्रवेशद्वार मानिन्छ। यो विश्वास गरिन्छ कि मानिसको आत्माले [[मोक्ष]] प्राप्त गर्दछ, र यसैले यहाँ दाहसंस्कार गर्दा पुनर्जन्मको चक्र तोड्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-18 |title=In queue even after death, wait for 'moksha' gets longer at Kashi ghats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/in-queue-even-after-death-wait-for-moksha-gets-longer-at-kashi-ghats/story-xGonJMx3cNFuJes3nQF7fN.html |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> घाटको नाम हिन्दू देवी [[सतिदेवी|सती]] कानको टपबाट राखिएको हो, जुन त्यहाँ खस्यो भन्ने हिन्दूहरूको विश्वास गर्दछन।<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> वाराणसीमा हिन्दू वंशावली दर्ता त्यहाँ राखिएको छ। == स्थान == मणिकर्णिका घाट भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] अवस्थित छ र दशश्वमेध घाट र सिन्धिया घाट घेरिएको छ। == वास्तविक उत्पत्ति == [[चित्र:Benares_(Varanasi,_India)_-_1922.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् १९२२ मा मणिकर्णिका घाट। मन्दिरहरू एल देखि आर बाबा मसन नाथ, तल्लो तह तारकेश्वर र रत्नेश्वर, माथिल्लो तह त्रिपुर सुन्दरी र गणेश हुन्।]] मणिकर्णिका घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा पुरानो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। यो कुरा ५ औँ शताब्दीको गुप्त शिलालेखमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_Varanasi_Heritage_Dossier/Manikarnika_Ghat |website=en.wikiversity.org}}</ref> यो हिन्दू धर्ममा पूजनीय छ। राजा दक्ष प्रजापति (ब्रह्माका एक छोरा) ले शिवलाई यज्ञमा अपमानित गर्ने प्रयास गरेपछि माता सती (आदि शक्ति) ले आफ्नो जीवन बलिदान गरिन र आफ्नो शरीर जलाइन, शिवले उनको जलिरहेको शरीरलाई [[हिमालय]] लगे। शिवको अनन्त दुःख देखेर [[विष्णु]] शरीरलाई ५१ भागमा काट्न दिव्य चक्र पठाए, जुन त्यसपछि पृथ्वीमा खस्यो। यसलाई "एक्यवन शक्त पीठ" भनिन्छ। शिवले सतीको शरीर जहाँ खसेको थियो त्यहाँ शक्तपीठको स्थापना गरे। माता सतीको कानको आभूषण मणिकर्णिका घाटमा खस्यो == शक्तपीठको रूपमा मणिकर्णिका मन्दिर == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{मुख्य लेख|Daksha Yaga|Shakta pithas}} [[चित्र:Dakshayani.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|शिवले [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शव बोकेका छन्।]] मणिकर्णिका पवित्र स्थल हिन्दू धर्मको शक्तिवाद सम्प्रदायका लागि पूजाको महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान हो। यो [[काशी विश्वनाथ|काशी विश्वनाथ मन्दिर]] नजिक छ। ''दक्ष याग र सतीको आत्मदाहको पौराणिक कथा'' शाक्त पीठको उत्पत्ति पछाडिको पौराणिक कथा हो। यस स्थानको व्युत्पत्ति यस पौराणिक कथाको कारण हो। यहाँ सती देवीको कानको रिङ्ग खसेको मानिन्छ। संस्कृतमा मणिकर्णको अर्थ कानको रिङ्ग हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal |url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/ |access-date=20 July 2013 |website=kottiyoordevaswom.com |publisher=Kottiyoor Devaswam}}</ref> [[शक्ति (देवी)|शक्ति पीठ]] ती पवित्र स्थल हरू हुन् जसलाई [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शवको शरीरका अङ्गहरू खस्दा शक्तिको उपस्थितिले स्थापित गरेको मानिन्छ, जब [[शिव]] यसलाई बोकेका थिए र घुमिरहेका थिए। संस्कृतमा ५१ अक्षर वा अक्षरसँग जोडिएका ५१ वटा [[शक्तिपीठ|शाक्त पीठ]] छन्। प्रत्येक मन्दिरमा शक्तिका लागि पवित्र स्थलहरू छन्। मणिकर्णिकाको शक्तिलाई विशालाक्षी र मणिकर्णी भनेर सम्बोधन गरिन्छ। == मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड == [[चित्र:Submerged_and_tilted_Matri-rin_Temple,_Varanasi_01.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर, [[बनारस|वाराणसी]], भारत]] घाटमा रहेको कुवालाई मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड भनिन्छ र यो [[विष्णु]] निर्माण गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=http://www.varanasicity.com/manikarnika-ghat.html |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=}}</ref> == प्रस्ताव == मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धारको प्रस्ताव अर्बाना, च्याम्पेन (युआइयुसि) युएसए, र भानुबेन नानावती कलेज अफ आर्किटेक्चर फर वुमन (बिएनसिए) पुणे, भारतको इलिनोइस विश्वविद्यालयको ल्याण्डस्केप आर्किटेक्चर विभागहरूद्वारा प्रस्ताव गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghats of Varanasi on the Ganga in India The Cultural Landscape Reclaimed, Department of Landscape Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA, 2014 |url=https://landarch.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/Ghats%20of%20Varanasi%20report%20.pdf}}</ref> भारतको वाराणसीको पूर्वी पूर्वाधार कोषद्वारा मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धार र पुनर्विकासको प्रस्ताव प्रगतिमा छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=PLANNER INDIA |date=29 May 2017 |title=REDEVELOPMENT OF MANIKARNIKA GHAT: PROPOSAL WALKTHROUGH - BY PLANNER INDIA PVT LTD, VARANASI |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8hz3YQbv0k |via=YouTube}}</ref> == पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर * [[वाराणसीमा घाटहरू]] * [[डुम जाति|डोम]], एउटा प्राचीन समुदाय जसले दाहसंस्कारको प्रबन्ध गर्दछ == कलामा मणिकर्णिका घाट == <gallery> चित्र:Weeks_Edwin_Lord_The_Last_Voyage.jpg| Edwin Lord Weeks (1849 – 1903), The Last Voyage, 1884 चित्र:Edward_Lear_-_Benares_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Edward Lear (1812–1888) Cityscape, 1873 चित्र:Image_from_page_446_of_"The_history_of_the_world;_a_survey_of_a_man's_record"_(1902)_(14767857492).jpg|The history of the world; a survey of a man's record" (1902) Illustration चित्र:Eve_Of_The_Eclipse_Of_The_Moon_25th_November_1825_by_James_Prinsep.jpg|Eve Of The Eclipse Of The Moon 25 November 1825, Litograph by James Prinsep चित्र:Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg|Picturesque India. A handbook for European travellers, J. Pedder (1850-1929), 1890 </gallery> == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] f3n80xc8z5nt0u6nts3i0ggmypup0yv 1365104 1365102 2026-07-06T16:30:19Z ~2026-38504-17 79691 1365104 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox Hindu temple |name= मणिकर्णिका घाट |coordinates={{coord|25|18|39.134|N|83|0|50.708|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |locale=[[वाराणसी]], काशी क्षेत्र |state= [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] |country=[[भारत]] |image=Manikarnika Ghat, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2011) 5.jpg }} '''मणिकर्णिका घाट''' ([[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]] मणिकर्णिका घाटा) भारतको [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] राज्यको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सहरमा [[गङ्गा नदी]] किनारमा अवस्थित पवित्र नदी किनारहरू (घाटहरू) मध्ये सबैभन्दा पवित्र<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> दाहसंस्कार स्थलहरू मध्ये एक हो। हिन्दू धर्ममा, मृत्युलाई आफ्नो [[कर्म]] परिणामद्वारा चिह्नित अर्को जीवनको प्रवेशद्वार मानिन्छ। यो विश्वास गरिन्छ कि मानिसको आत्माले [[मोक्ष]] प्राप्त गर्दछ, र यसैले यहाँ दाहसंस्कार गर्दा पुनर्जन्मको चक्र तोड्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-18 |title=In queue even after death, wait for 'moksha' gets longer at Kashi ghats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/in-queue-even-after-death-wait-for-moksha-gets-longer-at-kashi-ghats/story-xGonJMx3cNFuJes3nQF7fN.html |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> घाटको नाम हिन्दू देवी [[सतिदेवी|सती]] कानको टपबाट राखिएको हो, जुन त्यहाँ खस्यो भन्ने हिन्दूहरूको विश्वास गर्दछन।<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> वाराणसीमा हिन्दू वंशावली दर्ता त्यहाँ राखिएको छ। == स्थान == मणिकर्णिका घाट भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] अवस्थित छ र दशश्वमेध घाट र सिन्धिया घाट घेरिएको छ। == वास्तविक उत्पत्ति == [[चित्र:Benares_(Varanasi,_India)_-_1922.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् १९२२ मा मणिकर्णिका घाट। मन्दिरहरू एल देखि आर बाबा मसन नाथ, तल्लो तह तारकेश्वर र रत्नेश्वर, माथिल्लो तह त्रिपुर सुन्दरी र गणेश हुन्।]] मणिकर्णिका घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा पुरानो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। यो कुरा ५ औँ शताब्दीको गुप्त शिलालेखमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_Varanasi_Heritage_Dossier/Manikarnika_Ghat |website=en.wikiversity.org}}</ref> यो हिन्दू धर्ममा पूजनीय छ। राजा दक्ष प्रजापति (ब्रह्माका एक छोरा) ले शिवलाई यज्ञमा अपमानित गर्ने प्रयास गरेपछि माता सती (आदि शक्ति) ले आफ्नो जीवन बलिदान गरिन र आफ्नो शरीर जलाइन, शिवले उनको जलिरहेको शरीरलाई [[हिमालय]] लगे। शिवको अनन्त दुःख देखेर [[विष्णु]] शरीरलाई ५१ भागमा काट्न दिव्य चक्र पठाए, जुन त्यसपछि पृथ्वीमा खस्यो। यसलाई "एक्यवन शक्त पीठ" भनिन्छ। शिवले सतीको शरीर जहाँ खसेको थियो त्यहाँ शक्तपीठको स्थापना गरे। माता सतीको कानको आभूषण मणिकर्णिका घाटमा खस्यो == शक्तपीठको रूपमा मणिकर्णिका मन्दिर == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{मुख्य लेख|Daksha Yaga|Shakta pithas}} [[चित्र:Dakshayani.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|शिवले [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शव बोकेका छन्।]] मणिकर्णिका पवित्र स्थल हिन्दू धर्मको शक्तिवाद सम्प्रदायका लागि पूजाको महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान हो। यो [[काशी विश्वनाथ|काशी विश्वनाथ मन्दिर]] नजिक छ। ''दक्ष याग र सतीको आत्मदाहको पौराणिक कथा'' शाक्त पीठको उत्पत्ति पछाडिको पौराणिक कथा हो। यस स्थानको व्युत्पत्ति यस पौराणिक कथाको कारण हो। यहाँ सती देवीको कानको रिङ्ग खसेको मानिन्छ। संस्कृतमा मणिकर्णको अर्थ कानको रिङ्ग हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal |url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/ |access-date=20 July 2013 |website=kottiyoordevaswom.com |publisher=Kottiyoor Devaswam}}</ref> [[शक्ति (देवी)|शक्ति पीठ]] ती पवित्र स्थल हरू हुन् जसलाई [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शवको शरीरका अङ्गहरू खस्दा शक्तिको उपस्थितिले स्थापित गरेको मानिन्छ, जब [[शिव]] यसलाई बोकेका थिए र घुमिरहेका थिए। संस्कृतमा ५१ अक्षर वा अक्षरसँग जोडिएका ५१ वटा [[शक्तिपीठ|शाक्त पीठ]] छन्। प्रत्येक मन्दिरमा शक्तिका लागि पवित्र स्थलहरू छन्। मणिकर्णिकाको शक्तिलाई विशालाक्षी र मणिकर्णी भनेर सम्बोधन गरिन्छ। == मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड == [[चित्र:Submerged_and_tilted_Matri-rin_Temple,_Varanasi_01.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर, [[बनारस|वाराणसी]], भारत]] घाटमा रहेको कुवालाई मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड भनिन्छ र यो [[विष्णु]] निर्माण गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=http://www.varanasicity.com/manikarnika-ghat.html |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=}}</ref> == प्रस्ताव == मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धारको प्रस्ताव अर्बाना, च्याम्पेन (युआइयुसि) युएसए, र भानुबेन नानावती कलेज अफ आर्किटेक्चर फर वुमन (बिएनसिए) पुणे, भारतको इलिनोइस विश्वविद्यालयको ल्याण्डस्केप आर्किटेक्चर विभागहरूद्वारा प्रस्ताव गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghats of Varanasi on the Ganga in India The Cultural Landscape Reclaimed, Department of Landscape Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA, 2014 |url=https://landarch.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/Ghats%20of%20Varanasi%20report%20.pdf}}</ref> भारतको वाराणसीको पूर्वी पूर्वाधार कोषद्वारा मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धार र पुनर्विकासको प्रस्ताव प्रगतिमा छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=PLANNER INDIA |date=29 May 2017 |title=REDEVELOPMENT OF MANIKARNIKA GHAT: PROPOSAL WALKTHROUGH - BY PLANNER INDIA PVT LTD, VARANASI |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8hz3YQbv0k |via=YouTube}}</ref> == पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर * [[वाराणसीमा घाटहरू]] * [[डुम जाति|डोम]], एउटा प्राचीन समुदाय जसले दाहसंस्कारको प्रबन्ध गर्दछ == कलामा मणिकर्णिका घाट == <gallery> चित्र:Weeks_Edwin_Lord_The_Last_Voyage.jpg| Edwin Lord Weeks (1849 – 1903), The Last Voyage, 1884 चित्र:Edward_Lear_-_Benares_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Edward Lear (1812–1888) Cityscape, 1873 चित्र:Image_from_page_446_of_"The_history_of_the_world;_a_survey_of_a_man's_record"_(1902)_(14767857492).jpg|The history of the world; a survey of a man's record" (1902) Illustration चित्र:Eve_Of_The_Eclipse_Of_The_Moon_25th_November_1825_by_James_Prinsep.jpg|Eve Of The Eclipse Of The Moon 25 November 1825, Litograph by James Prinsep चित्र:Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg|Picturesque India. A handbook for European travellers, J. Pedder (1850-1929), 1890 </gallery> == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 9o7zzoq4cqz76ujbn3llcsj88xck9vy 1365105 1365104 2026-07-06T16:33:35Z ~2026-38504-17 79691 /* कलामा मणिकर्णिका घाट */ 1365105 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox Hindu temple |name= मणिकर्णिका घाट |coordinates={{coord|25|18|39.134|N|83|0|50.708|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |locale=[[वाराणसी]], काशी क्षेत्र |state= [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] |country=[[भारत]] |image=Manikarnika Ghat, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2011) 5.jpg }} '''मणिकर्णिका घाट''' ([[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]] मणिकर्णिका घाटा) भारतको [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] राज्यको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सहरमा [[गङ्गा नदी]] किनारमा अवस्थित पवित्र नदी किनारहरू (घाटहरू) मध्ये सबैभन्दा पवित्र<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> दाहसंस्कार स्थलहरू मध्ये एक हो। हिन्दू धर्ममा, मृत्युलाई आफ्नो [[कर्म]] परिणामद्वारा चिह्नित अर्को जीवनको प्रवेशद्वार मानिन्छ। यो विश्वास गरिन्छ कि मानिसको आत्माले [[मोक्ष]] प्राप्त गर्दछ, र यसैले यहाँ दाहसंस्कार गर्दा पुनर्जन्मको चक्र तोड्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-18 |title=In queue even after death, wait for 'moksha' gets longer at Kashi ghats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/in-queue-even-after-death-wait-for-moksha-gets-longer-at-kashi-ghats/story-xGonJMx3cNFuJes3nQF7fN.html |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> घाटको नाम हिन्दू देवी [[सतिदेवी|सती]] कानको टपबाट राखिएको हो, जुन त्यहाँ खस्यो भन्ने हिन्दूहरूको विश्वास गर्दछन।<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> वाराणसीमा हिन्दू वंशावली दर्ता त्यहाँ राखिएको छ। == स्थान == मणिकर्णिका घाट भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] अवस्थित छ र दशश्वमेध घाट र सिन्धिया घाट घेरिएको छ। == वास्तविक उत्पत्ति == [[चित्र:Benares_(Varanasi,_India)_-_1922.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् १९२२ मा मणिकर्णिका घाट। मन्दिरहरू एल देखि आर बाबा मसन नाथ, तल्लो तह तारकेश्वर र रत्नेश्वर, माथिल्लो तह त्रिपुर सुन्दरी र गणेश हुन्।]] मणिकर्णिका घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा पुरानो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। यो कुरा ५ औँ शताब्दीको गुप्त शिलालेखमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_Varanasi_Heritage_Dossier/Manikarnika_Ghat |website=en.wikiversity.org}}</ref> यो हिन्दू धर्ममा पूजनीय छ। राजा दक्ष प्रजापति (ब्रह्माका एक छोरा) ले शिवलाई यज्ञमा अपमानित गर्ने प्रयास गरेपछि माता सती (आदि शक्ति) ले आफ्नो जीवन बलिदान गरिन र आफ्नो शरीर जलाइन, शिवले उनको जलिरहेको शरीरलाई [[हिमालय]] लगे। शिवको अनन्त दुःख देखेर [[विष्णु]] शरीरलाई ५१ भागमा काट्न दिव्य चक्र पठाए, जुन त्यसपछि पृथ्वीमा खस्यो। यसलाई "एक्यवन शक्त पीठ" भनिन्छ। शिवले सतीको शरीर जहाँ खसेको थियो त्यहाँ शक्तपीठको स्थापना गरे। माता सतीको कानको आभूषण मणिकर्णिका घाटमा खस्यो == शक्तपीठको रूपमा मणिकर्णिका मन्दिर == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{मुख्य लेख|Daksha Yaga|Shakta pithas}} [[चित्र:Dakshayani.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|शिवले [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शव बोकेका छन्।]] मणिकर्णिका पवित्र स्थल हिन्दू धर्मको शक्तिवाद सम्प्रदायका लागि पूजाको महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान हो। यो [[काशी विश्वनाथ|काशी विश्वनाथ मन्दिर]] नजिक छ। ''दक्ष याग र सतीको आत्मदाहको पौराणिक कथा'' शाक्त पीठको उत्पत्ति पछाडिको पौराणिक कथा हो। यस स्थानको व्युत्पत्ति यस पौराणिक कथाको कारण हो। यहाँ सती देवीको कानको रिङ्ग खसेको मानिन्छ। संस्कृतमा मणिकर्णको अर्थ कानको रिङ्ग हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal |url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/ |access-date=20 July 2013 |website=kottiyoordevaswom.com |publisher=Kottiyoor Devaswam}}</ref> [[शक्ति (देवी)|शक्ति पीठ]] ती पवित्र स्थल हरू हुन् जसलाई [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शवको शरीरका अङ्गहरू खस्दा शक्तिको उपस्थितिले स्थापित गरेको मानिन्छ, जब [[शिव]] यसलाई बोकेका थिए र घुमिरहेका थिए। संस्कृतमा ५१ अक्षर वा अक्षरसँग जोडिएका ५१ वटा [[शक्तिपीठ|शाक्त पीठ]] छन्। प्रत्येक मन्दिरमा शक्तिका लागि पवित्र स्थलहरू छन्। मणिकर्णिकाको शक्तिलाई विशालाक्षी र मणिकर्णी भनेर सम्बोधन गरिन्छ। == मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड == [[चित्र:Submerged_and_tilted_Matri-rin_Temple,_Varanasi_01.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर, [[बनारस|वाराणसी]], भारत]] घाटमा रहेको कुवालाई मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड भनिन्छ र यो [[विष्णु]] निर्माण गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=http://www.varanasicity.com/manikarnika-ghat.html |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=}}</ref> == प्रस्ताव == मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धारको प्रस्ताव अर्बाना, च्याम्पेन (युआइयुसि) युएसए, र भानुबेन नानावती कलेज अफ आर्किटेक्चर फर वुमन (बिएनसिए) पुणे, भारतको इलिनोइस विश्वविद्यालयको ल्याण्डस्केप आर्किटेक्चर विभागहरूद्वारा प्रस्ताव गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghats of Varanasi on the Ganga in India The Cultural Landscape Reclaimed, Department of Landscape Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA, 2014 |url=https://landarch.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/Ghats%20of%20Varanasi%20report%20.pdf}}</ref> भारतको वाराणसीको पूर्वी पूर्वाधार कोषद्वारा मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धार र पुनर्विकासको प्रस्ताव प्रगतिमा छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=PLANNER INDIA |date=29 May 2017 |title=REDEVELOPMENT OF MANIKARNIKA GHAT: PROPOSAL WALKTHROUGH - BY PLANNER INDIA PVT LTD, VARANASI |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8hz3YQbv0k |via=YouTube}}</ref> == पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर * [[वाराणसीमा घाटहरू]] * [[डुम जाति|डोम]], एउटा प्राचीन समुदाय जसले दाहसंस्कारको प्रबन्ध गर्दछ == कलामा मणिकर्णिका घाट == <gallery> चित्र:Weeks_Edwin_Lord_The_Last_Voyage.jpg|एडविन लर्ड वीक्स (१८४९ - १९०३), द लास्ट भोएज, १८८४ चित्र:Edward_Lear_-_Benares_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Edward Lear (1812–1888) Cityscape, 1873 चित्र:Image_from_page_446_of_"The_history_of_the_world;_a_survey_of_a_man's_record"_(1902)_(14767857492).jpg|The history of the world; a survey of a man's record" (1902) Illustration चित्र:Eve_Of_The_Eclipse_Of_The_Moon_25th_November_1825_by_James_Prinsep.jpg|Eve Of The Eclipse Of The Moon 25 November 1825, Litograph by James Prinsep चित्र:Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg|Picturesque India. A handbook for European travellers, J. Pedder (1850-1929), 1890 </gallery> == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 9rahdgeet0tgdr0lzr4j95akdocpw72 1365106 1365105 2026-07-06T16:35:07Z ~2026-38504-17 79691 /* कलामा मणिकर्णिका घाट */ 1365106 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox Hindu temple |name= मणिकर्णिका घाट |coordinates={{coord|25|18|39.134|N|83|0|50.708|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |locale=[[वाराणसी]], काशी क्षेत्र |state= [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] |country=[[भारत]] |image=Manikarnika Ghat, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2011) 5.jpg }} '''मणिकर्णिका घाट''' ([[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]] मणिकर्णिका घाटा) भारतको [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] राज्यको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सहरमा [[गङ्गा नदी]] किनारमा अवस्थित पवित्र नदी किनारहरू (घाटहरू) मध्ये सबैभन्दा पवित्र<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> दाहसंस्कार स्थलहरू मध्ये एक हो। हिन्दू धर्ममा, मृत्युलाई आफ्नो [[कर्म]] परिणामद्वारा चिह्नित अर्को जीवनको प्रवेशद्वार मानिन्छ। यो विश्वास गरिन्छ कि मानिसको आत्माले [[मोक्ष]] प्राप्त गर्दछ, र यसैले यहाँ दाहसंस्कार गर्दा पुनर्जन्मको चक्र तोड्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-18 |title=In queue even after death, wait for 'moksha' gets longer at Kashi ghats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/in-queue-even-after-death-wait-for-moksha-gets-longer-at-kashi-ghats/story-xGonJMx3cNFuJes3nQF7fN.html |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> घाटको नाम हिन्दू देवी [[सतिदेवी|सती]] कानको टपबाट राखिएको हो, जुन त्यहाँ खस्यो भन्ने हिन्दूहरूको विश्वास गर्दछन।<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> वाराणसीमा हिन्दू वंशावली दर्ता त्यहाँ राखिएको छ। == स्थान == मणिकर्णिका घाट भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] अवस्थित छ र दशश्वमेध घाट र सिन्धिया घाट घेरिएको छ। == वास्तविक उत्पत्ति == [[चित्र:Benares_(Varanasi,_India)_-_1922.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् १९२२ मा मणिकर्णिका घाट। मन्दिरहरू एल देखि आर बाबा मसन नाथ, तल्लो तह तारकेश्वर र रत्नेश्वर, माथिल्लो तह त्रिपुर सुन्दरी र गणेश हुन्।]] मणिकर्णिका घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा पुरानो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। यो कुरा ५ औँ शताब्दीको गुप्त शिलालेखमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_Varanasi_Heritage_Dossier/Manikarnika_Ghat |website=en.wikiversity.org}}</ref> यो हिन्दू धर्ममा पूजनीय छ। राजा दक्ष प्रजापति (ब्रह्माका एक छोरा) ले शिवलाई यज्ञमा अपमानित गर्ने प्रयास गरेपछि माता सती (आदि शक्ति) ले आफ्नो जीवन बलिदान गरिन र आफ्नो शरीर जलाइन, शिवले उनको जलिरहेको शरीरलाई [[हिमालय]] लगे। शिवको अनन्त दुःख देखेर [[विष्णु]] शरीरलाई ५१ भागमा काट्न दिव्य चक्र पठाए, जुन त्यसपछि पृथ्वीमा खस्यो। यसलाई "एक्यवन शक्त पीठ" भनिन्छ। शिवले सतीको शरीर जहाँ खसेको थियो त्यहाँ शक्तपीठको स्थापना गरे। माता सतीको कानको आभूषण मणिकर्णिका घाटमा खस्यो == शक्तपीठको रूपमा मणिकर्णिका मन्दिर == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{मुख्य लेख|Daksha Yaga|Shakta pithas}} [[चित्र:Dakshayani.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|शिवले [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शव बोकेका छन्।]] मणिकर्णिका पवित्र स्थल हिन्दू धर्मको शक्तिवाद सम्प्रदायका लागि पूजाको महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान हो। यो [[काशी विश्वनाथ|काशी विश्वनाथ मन्दिर]] नजिक छ। ''दक्ष याग र सतीको आत्मदाहको पौराणिक कथा'' शाक्त पीठको उत्पत्ति पछाडिको पौराणिक कथा हो। यस स्थानको व्युत्पत्ति यस पौराणिक कथाको कारण हो। यहाँ सती देवीको कानको रिङ्ग खसेको मानिन्छ। संस्कृतमा मणिकर्णको अर्थ कानको रिङ्ग हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal |url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/ |access-date=20 July 2013 |website=kottiyoordevaswom.com |publisher=Kottiyoor Devaswam}}</ref> [[शक्ति (देवी)|शक्ति पीठ]] ती पवित्र स्थल हरू हुन् जसलाई [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शवको शरीरका अङ्गहरू खस्दा शक्तिको उपस्थितिले स्थापित गरेको मानिन्छ, जब [[शिव]] यसलाई बोकेका थिए र घुमिरहेका थिए। संस्कृतमा ५१ अक्षर वा अक्षरसँग जोडिएका ५१ वटा [[शक्तिपीठ|शाक्त पीठ]] छन्। प्रत्येक मन्दिरमा शक्तिका लागि पवित्र स्थलहरू छन्। मणिकर्णिकाको शक्तिलाई विशालाक्षी र मणिकर्णी भनेर सम्बोधन गरिन्छ। == मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड == [[चित्र:Submerged_and_tilted_Matri-rin_Temple,_Varanasi_01.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर, [[बनारस|वाराणसी]], भारत]] घाटमा रहेको कुवालाई मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड भनिन्छ र यो [[विष्णु]] निर्माण गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=http://www.varanasicity.com/manikarnika-ghat.html |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=}}</ref> == प्रस्ताव == मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धारको प्रस्ताव अर्बाना, च्याम्पेन (युआइयुसि) युएसए, र भानुबेन नानावती कलेज अफ आर्किटेक्चर फर वुमन (बिएनसिए) पुणे, भारतको इलिनोइस विश्वविद्यालयको ल्याण्डस्केप आर्किटेक्चर विभागहरूद्वारा प्रस्ताव गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghats of Varanasi on the Ganga in India The Cultural Landscape Reclaimed, Department of Landscape Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA, 2014 |url=https://landarch.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/Ghats%20of%20Varanasi%20report%20.pdf}}</ref> भारतको वाराणसीको पूर्वी पूर्वाधार कोषद्वारा मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धार र पुनर्विकासको प्रस्ताव प्रगतिमा छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=PLANNER INDIA |date=29 May 2017 |title=REDEVELOPMENT OF MANIKARNIKA GHAT: PROPOSAL WALKTHROUGH - BY PLANNER INDIA PVT LTD, VARANASI |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8hz3YQbv0k |via=YouTube}}</ref> == पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर * [[वाराणसीमा घाटहरू]] * [[डुम जाति|डोम]], एउटा प्राचीन समुदाय जसले दाहसंस्कारको प्रबन्ध गर्दछ == कलामा मणिकर्णिका घाट == <gallery> चित्र:Weeks_Edwin_Lord_The_Last_Voyage.jpg|एडविन लर्ड वीक्स (१८४९ - १९०३), द लास्ट भोएज, १८८४ चित्र:Edward_Lear_-_Benares_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg| एडवर्ड लियर (१८१२-१८८८) सिटीस्केप, १८७३ चित्र:Image_from_page_446_of_"The_history_of_the_world;_a_survey_of_a_man's_record"_(1902)_(14767857492).jpg|The history of the world; a survey of a man's record" (1902) Illustration चित्र:Eve_Of_The_Eclipse_Of_The_Moon_25th_November_1825_by_James_Prinsep.jpg|Eve Of The Eclipse Of The Moon 25 November 1825, Litograph by James Prinsep चित्र:Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg|Picturesque India. A handbook for European travellers, J. Pedder (1850-1929), 1890 </gallery> == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 6c2cg7n5w23ft9bzh1mud2qdbojqgkc 1365107 1365106 2026-07-06T16:35:42Z ~2026-38504-17 79691 /* कलामा मणिकर्णिका घाट */ 1365107 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox Hindu temple |name= मणिकर्णिका घाट |coordinates={{coord|25|18|39.134|N|83|0|50.708|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |locale=[[वाराणसी]], काशी क्षेत्र |state= [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] |country=[[भारत]] |image=Manikarnika Ghat, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2011) 5.jpg }} '''मणिकर्णिका घाट''' ([[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]] मणिकर्णिका घाटा) भारतको [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] राज्यको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सहरमा [[गङ्गा नदी]] किनारमा अवस्थित पवित्र नदी किनारहरू (घाटहरू) मध्ये सबैभन्दा पवित्र<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> दाहसंस्कार स्थलहरू मध्ये एक हो। हिन्दू धर्ममा, मृत्युलाई आफ्नो [[कर्म]] परिणामद्वारा चिह्नित अर्को जीवनको प्रवेशद्वार मानिन्छ। यो विश्वास गरिन्छ कि मानिसको आत्माले [[मोक्ष]] प्राप्त गर्दछ, र यसैले यहाँ दाहसंस्कार गर्दा पुनर्जन्मको चक्र तोड्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-18 |title=In queue even after death, wait for 'moksha' gets longer at Kashi ghats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/in-queue-even-after-death-wait-for-moksha-gets-longer-at-kashi-ghats/story-xGonJMx3cNFuJes3nQF7fN.html |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> घाटको नाम हिन्दू देवी [[सतिदेवी|सती]] कानको टपबाट राखिएको हो, जुन त्यहाँ खस्यो भन्ने हिन्दूहरूको विश्वास गर्दछन।<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> वाराणसीमा हिन्दू वंशावली दर्ता त्यहाँ राखिएको छ। == स्थान == मणिकर्णिका घाट भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] अवस्थित छ र दशश्वमेध घाट र सिन्धिया घाट घेरिएको छ। == वास्तविक उत्पत्ति == [[चित्र:Benares_(Varanasi,_India)_-_1922.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् १९२२ मा मणिकर्णिका घाट। मन्दिरहरू एल देखि आर बाबा मसन नाथ, तल्लो तह तारकेश्वर र रत्नेश्वर, माथिल्लो तह त्रिपुर सुन्दरी र गणेश हुन्।]] मणिकर्णिका घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा पुरानो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। यो कुरा ५ औँ शताब्दीको गुप्त शिलालेखमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_Varanasi_Heritage_Dossier/Manikarnika_Ghat |website=en.wikiversity.org}}</ref> यो हिन्दू धर्ममा पूजनीय छ। राजा दक्ष प्रजापति (ब्रह्माका एक छोरा) ले शिवलाई यज्ञमा अपमानित गर्ने प्रयास गरेपछि माता सती (आदि शक्ति) ले आफ्नो जीवन बलिदान गरिन र आफ्नो शरीर जलाइन, शिवले उनको जलिरहेको शरीरलाई [[हिमालय]] लगे। शिवको अनन्त दुःख देखेर [[विष्णु]] शरीरलाई ५१ भागमा काट्न दिव्य चक्र पठाए, जुन त्यसपछि पृथ्वीमा खस्यो। यसलाई "एक्यवन शक्त पीठ" भनिन्छ। शिवले सतीको शरीर जहाँ खसेको थियो त्यहाँ शक्तपीठको स्थापना गरे। माता सतीको कानको आभूषण मणिकर्णिका घाटमा खस्यो == शक्तपीठको रूपमा मणिकर्णिका मन्दिर == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{मुख्य लेख|Daksha Yaga|Shakta pithas}} [[चित्र:Dakshayani.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|शिवले [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शव बोकेका छन्।]] मणिकर्णिका पवित्र स्थल हिन्दू धर्मको शक्तिवाद सम्प्रदायका लागि पूजाको महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान हो। यो [[काशी विश्वनाथ|काशी विश्वनाथ मन्दिर]] नजिक छ। ''दक्ष याग र सतीको आत्मदाहको पौराणिक कथा'' शाक्त पीठको उत्पत्ति पछाडिको पौराणिक कथा हो। यस स्थानको व्युत्पत्ति यस पौराणिक कथाको कारण हो। यहाँ सती देवीको कानको रिङ्ग खसेको मानिन्छ। संस्कृतमा मणिकर्णको अर्थ कानको रिङ्ग हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal |url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/ |access-date=20 July 2013 |website=kottiyoordevaswom.com |publisher=Kottiyoor Devaswam}}</ref> [[शक्ति (देवी)|शक्ति पीठ]] ती पवित्र स्थल हरू हुन् जसलाई [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शवको शरीरका अङ्गहरू खस्दा शक्तिको उपस्थितिले स्थापित गरेको मानिन्छ, जब [[शिव]] यसलाई बोकेका थिए र घुमिरहेका थिए। संस्कृतमा ५१ अक्षर वा अक्षरसँग जोडिएका ५१ वटा [[शक्तिपीठ|शाक्त पीठ]] छन्। प्रत्येक मन्दिरमा शक्तिका लागि पवित्र स्थलहरू छन्। मणिकर्णिकाको शक्तिलाई विशालाक्षी र मणिकर्णी भनेर सम्बोधन गरिन्छ। == मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड == [[चित्र:Submerged_and_tilted_Matri-rin_Temple,_Varanasi_01.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर, [[बनारस|वाराणसी]], भारत]] घाटमा रहेको कुवालाई मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड भनिन्छ र यो [[विष्णु]] निर्माण गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=http://www.varanasicity.com/manikarnika-ghat.html |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=}}</ref> == प्रस्ताव == मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धारको प्रस्ताव अर्बाना, च्याम्पेन (युआइयुसि) युएसए, र भानुबेन नानावती कलेज अफ आर्किटेक्चर फर वुमन (बिएनसिए) पुणे, भारतको इलिनोइस विश्वविद्यालयको ल्याण्डस्केप आर्किटेक्चर विभागहरूद्वारा प्रस्ताव गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghats of Varanasi on the Ganga in India The Cultural Landscape Reclaimed, Department of Landscape Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA, 2014 |url=https://landarch.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/Ghats%20of%20Varanasi%20report%20.pdf}}</ref> भारतको वाराणसीको पूर्वी पूर्वाधार कोषद्वारा मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धार र पुनर्विकासको प्रस्ताव प्रगतिमा छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=PLANNER INDIA |date=29 May 2017 |title=REDEVELOPMENT OF MANIKARNIKA GHAT: PROPOSAL WALKTHROUGH - BY PLANNER INDIA PVT LTD, VARANASI |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8hz3YQbv0k |via=YouTube}}</ref> == पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर * [[वाराणसीमा घाटहरू]] * [[डुम जाति|डोम]], एउटा प्राचीन समुदाय जसले दाहसंस्कारको प्रबन्ध गर्दछ == कलामा मणिकर्णिका घाट == <gallery> चित्र:Weeks_Edwin_Lord_The_Last_Voyage.jpg|एडविन लर्ड वीक्स (१८४९ - १९०३), द लास्ट भोएज, १८८४ चित्र:Edward_Lear_-_Benares_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|एडवर्ड लियर (१८१२-१८८८) सिटीस्केप, १८७३ चित्र:Image_from_page_446_of_"The_history_of_the_world;_a_survey_of_a_man's_record"_(1902)_(14767857492).jpg|The history of the world; a survey of a man's record" (1902) Illustration चित्र:Eve_Of_The_Eclipse_Of_The_Moon_25th_November_1825_by_James_Prinsep.jpg|Eve Of The Eclipse Of The Moon 25 November 1825, Litograph by James Prinsep चित्र:Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg|Picturesque India. A handbook for European travellers, J. Pedder (1850-1929), 1890 </gallery> == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] ftznltv2r8zd872hplyheuwuwofhrkh 1365108 1365107 2026-07-06T16:38:02Z ~2026-38504-17 79691 /* कलामा मणिकर्णिका घाट */ 1365108 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox Hindu temple |name= मणिकर्णिका घाट |coordinates={{coord|25|18|39.134|N|83|0|50.708|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |locale=[[वाराणसी]], काशी क्षेत्र |state= [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] |country=[[भारत]] |image=Manikarnika Ghat, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India (2011) 5.jpg }} '''मणिकर्णिका घाट''' ([[हिन्दी भाषा|हिन्दी]] मणिकर्णिका घाटा) भारतको [[उत्तर प्रदेश]] राज्यको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सहरमा [[गङ्गा नदी]] किनारमा अवस्थित पवित्र नदी किनारहरू (घाटहरू) मध्ये सबैभन्दा पवित्र<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> दाहसंस्कार स्थलहरू मध्ये एक हो। हिन्दू धर्ममा, मृत्युलाई आफ्नो [[कर्म]] परिणामद्वारा चिह्नित अर्को जीवनको प्रवेशद्वार मानिन्छ। यो विश्वास गरिन्छ कि मानिसको आत्माले [[मोक्ष]] प्राप्त गर्दछ, र यसैले यहाँ दाहसंस्कार गर्दा पुनर्जन्मको चक्र तोड्छ।<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-06-18 |title=In queue even after death, wait for 'moksha' gets longer at Kashi ghats |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/lucknow/in-queue-even-after-death-wait-for-moksha-gets-longer-at-kashi-ghats/story-xGonJMx3cNFuJes3nQF7fN.html |access-date=2020-06-11 |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> घाटको नाम हिन्दू देवी [[सतिदेवी|सती]] कानको टपबाट राखिएको हो, जुन त्यहाँ खस्यो भन्ने हिन्दूहरूको विश्वास गर्दछन।<ref>{{cite web |author=Varanasi Guru |date=15 September 2020 |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=https://www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat/ |website=www.varanasiguru.com/manikarnika-ghat}}</ref> वाराणसीमा हिन्दू वंशावली दर्ता त्यहाँ राखिएको छ। == स्थान == मणिकर्णिका घाट भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] अवस्थित छ र दशश्वमेध घाट र सिन्धिया घाट घेरिएको छ। == वास्तविक उत्पत्ति == [[चित्र:Benares_(Varanasi,_India)_-_1922.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् १९२२ मा मणिकर्णिका घाट। मन्दिरहरू एल देखि आर बाबा मसन नाथ, तल्लो तह तारकेश्वर र रत्नेश्वर, माथिल्लो तह त्रिपुर सुन्दरी र गणेश हुन्।]] मणिकर्णिका घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा पुरानो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। यो कुरा ५ औँ शताब्दीको गुप्त शिलालेखमा उल्लेख गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Manikarnika Ghat - Wikiversity |url=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_Varanasi_Heritage_Dossier/Manikarnika_Ghat |website=en.wikiversity.org}}</ref> यो हिन्दू धर्ममा पूजनीय छ। राजा दक्ष प्रजापति (ब्रह्माका एक छोरा) ले शिवलाई यज्ञमा अपमानित गर्ने प्रयास गरेपछि माता सती (आदि शक्ति) ले आफ्नो जीवन बलिदान गरिन र आफ्नो शरीर जलाइन, शिवले उनको जलिरहेको शरीरलाई [[हिमालय]] लगे। शिवको अनन्त दुःख देखेर [[विष्णु]] शरीरलाई ५१ भागमा काट्न दिव्य चक्र पठाए, जुन त्यसपछि पृथ्वीमा खस्यो। यसलाई "एक्यवन शक्त पीठ" भनिन्छ। शिवले सतीको शरीर जहाँ खसेको थियो त्यहाँ शक्तपीठको स्थापना गरे। माता सतीको कानको आभूषण मणिकर्णिका घाटमा खस्यो == शक्तपीठको रूपमा मणिकर्णिका मन्दिर == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{मुख्य लेख|Daksha Yaga|Shakta pithas}} [[चित्र:Dakshayani.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|शिवले [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शव बोकेका छन्।]] मणिकर्णिका पवित्र स्थल हिन्दू धर्मको शक्तिवाद सम्प्रदायका लागि पूजाको महत्त्वपूर्ण स्थान हो। यो [[काशी विश्वनाथ|काशी विश्वनाथ मन्दिर]] नजिक छ। ''दक्ष याग र सतीको आत्मदाहको पौराणिक कथा'' शाक्त पीठको उत्पत्ति पछाडिको पौराणिक कथा हो। यस स्थानको व्युत्पत्ति यस पौराणिक कथाको कारण हो। यहाँ सती देवीको कानको रिङ्ग खसेको मानिन्छ। संस्कृतमा मणिकर्णको अर्थ कानको रिङ्ग हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kottiyoor Devaswam Temple Administration Portal |url=http://kottiyoordevaswom.com/ |access-date=20 July 2013 |website=kottiyoordevaswom.com |publisher=Kottiyoor Devaswam}}</ref> [[शक्ति (देवी)|शक्ति पीठ]] ती पवित्र स्थल हरू हुन् जसलाई [[सतिदेवी|सती]] देवीको शवको शरीरका अङ्गहरू खस्दा शक्तिको उपस्थितिले स्थापित गरेको मानिन्छ, जब [[शिव]] यसलाई बोकेका थिए र घुमिरहेका थिए। संस्कृतमा ५१ अक्षर वा अक्षरसँग जोडिएका ५१ वटा [[शक्तिपीठ|शाक्त पीठ]] छन्। प्रत्येक मन्दिरमा शक्तिका लागि पवित्र स्थलहरू छन्। मणिकर्णिकाको शक्तिलाई विशालाक्षी र मणिकर्णी भनेर सम्बोधन गरिन्छ। == मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड == [[चित्र:Submerged_and_tilted_Matri-rin_Temple,_Varanasi_01.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर, [[बनारस|वाराणसी]], भारत]] घाटमा रहेको कुवालाई मणिकर्णिका कुण्ड भनिन्छ र यो [[विष्णु]] निर्माण गरिएको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=Manikarnika Ghat |url=http://www.varanasicity.com/manikarnika-ghat.html |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=}}</ref> == प्रस्ताव == मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धारको प्रस्ताव अर्बाना, च्याम्पेन (युआइयुसि) युएसए, र भानुबेन नानावती कलेज अफ आर्किटेक्चर फर वुमन (बिएनसिए) पुणे, भारतको इलिनोइस विश्वविद्यालयको ल्याण्डस्केप आर्किटेक्चर विभागहरूद्वारा प्रस्ताव गरिएको छ।<ref>{{cite web |title=Ghats of Varanasi on the Ganga in India The Cultural Landscape Reclaimed, Department of Landscape Architecture University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, USA, 2014 |url=https://landarch.illinois.edu/sites/default/files/Ghats%20of%20Varanasi%20report%20.pdf}}</ref> भारतको वाराणसीको पूर्वी पूर्वाधार कोषद्वारा मणिकर्णिका घाटको जीर्णोद्धार र पुनर्विकासको प्रस्ताव प्रगतिमा छ।<ref>{{Cite web |last=PLANNER INDIA |date=29 May 2017 |title=REDEVELOPMENT OF MANIKARNIKA GHAT: PROPOSAL WALKTHROUGH - BY PLANNER INDIA PVT LTD, VARANASI |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8hz3YQbv0k |via=YouTube}}</ref> == पनि हेर्नुहोस् == * रत्नेश्वर महादेव मन्दिर * [[वाराणसीमा घाटहरू]] * [[डुम जाति|डोम]], एउटा प्राचीन समुदाय जसले दाहसंस्कारको प्रबन्ध गर्दछ == कलामा मणिकर्णिका घाट == <gallery> चित्र:Weeks_Edwin_Lord_The_Last_Voyage.jpg|एडविन लर्ड वीक्स (१८४९ - १९०३), द लास्ट भोएज, १८८४ चित्र:Edward_Lear_-_Benares_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|एडवर्ड लियर (१८१२-१८८८) सिटीस्केप, १८७३ चित्र:Image_from_page_446_of_"The_history_of_the_world;_a_survey_of_a_man's_record"_(1902)_(14767857492).jpg|The history of the world; a survey of a man's record" (1902) Illustration चित्र:Eve_Of_The_Eclipse_Of_The_Moon_25th_November_1825_by_James_Prinsep.jpg|Eve Of The Eclipse Of The Moon 25 November 1825, Litograph by James Prinsep चित्र:Bathing_Ghat_Banaras_India_1890.jpg|चित्रमय भारत। युरोपेली यात्रीहरूको लागि एक पुस्तिका, जे. पेडर (१८५०-१९२९), १८९० </gallery> == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] blzd67mq50qwuary975dut7s8nf5pnp 0 150717 1365097 2026-07-06T16:24:30Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 [[प्रसूति]]मा अनुप्रेषण गर्दै 1365097 wikitext text/x-wiki #अनुप्रेषण [[प्रसूति]] plohbpguje4m64fsuc98glw3k8aqr38 0 150718 1365100 2026-07-06T16:27:52Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = हेमाटोमेट्रा | image = Hematometra - postpartum.jpg | caption = [[शिशुको जन्म]]पछि हेमाटोमेट्राको [[ट्रान्सभेजाइनल अल्ट्रासोनोग्राफी]], जसमा पाठेघरको गहिराइभित्र [[हाइपोइकोइक]] (अप... 1365100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = हेमाटोमेट्रा | image = Hematometra - postpartum.jpg | caption = [[शिशुको जन्म]]पछि हेमाटोमेट्राको [[ट्रान्सभेजाइनल अल्ट्रासोनोग्राफी]], जसमा पाठेघरको गहिराइभित्र [[हाइपोइकोइक]] (अपेक्षाकृत गाढा/कालो) क्षेत्र देखिन्छ। यस चित्रमा [[पाठेघरको मुख]] देब्रेतिर र फन्डस दाहिनेतिर अवस्थित छ। | pronounce = | field = [[स्त्रीरोग विज्ञान]] | synonyms = हेमोमेट्रा | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} '''हेमाटोमेट्रा''' [[पाठेघर]]मा रगत जम्मा हुने वा रोकिने प्रक्रियासँग सम्बन्धित एउटा चिकित्सा अवस्था (रोग) हो।<ref name=Smith2024>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=Roger P. |title=Netter's Obstetrics and Gynecology |date=2024 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-443-10739-9 |pages=308-309 |edition=4th |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=COK2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA308 |language=en |chapter=137. Hematometra}}</ref> यो समस्या मुख्यतया [[छिद्रहीन योनिच्छद]] वा [[अन्तर-योनि सेप्टम]]का कारणले हुने गर्दछ। == लक्षण तथा चिह्नहरू == हेमाटोमेट्रा सामान्यतया [[श्रोणि]] वा तल्लो पेटको मध्यभागमा आवधिक रूपमा हुने र मडारिने दुखाइको रूपमा देखा पर्दछ।<ref name=bradley>{{cite book|title=Hysteroscopy: Office Evaluation and Management of the Uterine Cavity|first=Linda D.|last=Bradley|first2=Tommasco|last2=Falcone |year=2008|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|isbn=9780323074667}}</ref> बिरामीहरूमा पटक-पटक पिसाब लाग्ने र पिसाब रोकिने वा राम्रोसँग नखुलने जस्ता समस्याहरू पनि देखिन सक्छन्।<ref name=havens>{{cite book|title=Manual of Outpatient Gynecology|chapter=The Enlarged Uterus|first=Jeanne A.|last=Conry|edition=4th|year=2002|publisher=[[Lippincott Williams & Wilkins]]|isbn=9780781732789}}</ref> महिनावारी सुक्न बाँकी रहेका महिलाहरूमा हेमाटोमेट्रा हुँदा असामान्य रूपमा योनिबाट रगत बग्ने, [[महिनावारीको पेट दुखाइ]] वा [[अनार्तव]] (महिनावारी रोकिने) जस्ता समस्याहरू देखा पर्छन् भने महिनावारी सुकिसकेका महिलाहरूमा कुनै पनि लक्षण नदेखिन सक्छ।<ref name=netter>{{cite book|page=287|title=Netter's Obstetrics and Gynecology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-n2ee5HlykMC&pg=PA287|year=2008|first=Roger|last=Smith|isbn=9781416056829|publisher=[[Elsevier]]}}</ref> पाठेघरमा रगत जम्मा हुने भएकाले बिरामीहरूमा [[अल्परक्तचाप]] (न्यून रक्तचाप) वा भ्यासोभेगल प्रतिक्रिया विकसित हुन सक्छ।<ref name=ogburn>{{cite book|title=Procedures in the Office Setting, An Issue of Obstetric and Gynecology Clinics|last=Ogburn|first=Tony|last2=Taylor|first2=Betsy|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|year=2013|isbn=9780323261135}}</ref> शारीरिक परीक्षण गर्दा सामान्यतया पाठेघर कडा र ठूलो भएको महसुस हुन्छ।<ref name=ogburn/> == रोगको कारण तथा विकास == प्रजनन प्रणालीको तल्लो भाग—पाठेघर, [[पाठेघरको मुख]] वा [[योनि]]—मा अवरोध वा जन्मजात बन्द हुने अवस्था सृजना हुँदा हेमाटोमेट्रा विकसित हुन्छ। सामान्य अवस्थामा यसै मार्गबाट महिनावारीको रगत बाहिर जाने गर्दछ, तर अवरोधका कारण रगत बाहिर निस्कन नपाई पाठेघरभित्रै भरिएर त्यो फुल्न थाल्छ।<ref name=havens/> यो समस्या मुख्यतया [[जन्मजात विकार|जन्मजात असामान्यताहरू]]का कारणले हुन्छ, जसमा [[छिद्रहीन योनिच्छद]] , [[अन्तर-योनि सेफ्टम]] वा योनि पूर्ण रूपमा विकास नहुने अवस्था पर्दछन्। [[पाठेघरको मुख खुम्चिने समस्या]], पाठेघरभित्र जालो पर्ने समस्या, [[पाठेघरको क्यान्सर]] र पाठेघरको मुखको क्यान्सर सहित यसका अन्य कारणहरू पछि विकसित हुने प्रकृतिका हुन्छन्।<ref name=netter/> यसका साथै, पाठेघर वा पाठेघरको मुखको शल्यक्रियाको जटिलताका रूपमा पनि हेमाटोमेट्रा हुन सक्छ। यस्तो शल्यक्रियापछि पाठेघरको भित्री तहमा दाग वा खत बस्दा इन्डोमेट्रियल ग्रन्थि र तन्तुहरूका केही भागहरू थुनिन पुग्छन्, जसले गर्दा पाठेघरको गहिराइमा रगत जम्मा हुन थाल्छ।<ref name=bradley/> यो समस्या [[गर्भपतन]]<ref name=ogburn/> र [[प्रसूति]] पछि पनि देखिन सक्छ। त्यस्तै, [[महिला यौनाङ्ग कर्तन]]का कारणले पनि यो अवस्था सिर्जना हुन सक्छ। == निदान == बिरामीको महिनावारी रोकिने इतिहास, आवधिक रूपमा हुने पेटको दुखाइ र शारीरिक परीक्षणका क्रममा श्रोणि क्षेत्रमा ठूलो डल्लो वा गाँठो महसुस गरेकै आधारमा पनि हेमाटोमेट्राको पहिचान गर्न सकिन्छ। यद्यपि, यसको निश्चित निदान [[अल्ट्रासाउन्ड]] मार्फत गर्न सकिन्छ, जसले पाठेघरमा रगत जम्मा भएको र पाठेघरको गहिराइ बढेको स्पष्ट रूपमा देखाउँछ।<ref name=ogburn/><ref name=lentz>{{cite book|title=Comprehensive Gynecology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X5KT_w6Nye8C&pg=PA406|pages=406&ndash;407|edition=6th|first=Gretchen M.|last=Lentz|first2=Rogerio A. |last2=Lobo|first3=David M.|last3=Gershenson|first4= Vern L. |last4=Katz|year=2012|publisher=[[Elsevier]]|isbn=9780323091312}}</ref> हेमाटोमेट्रा हुनुको मुख्य कारण कुनै [[जन्मजात विकार]] हुन सक्ने शङ्का लागेमा त्यसको पहिचानका लागि पाइलोग्राम वा [[लाप्रास्कोपी]]को सहयोग लिन सकिन्छ।<ref name=havens/> == व्यवस्थापन == हेमाटोमेट्राको उपचार सामान्यतया पाठेघरमा जम्मा भएको रगत बाहिर निकाल्नका लागि शल्यक्रिया मार्फत [[पाठेघरको मुख फैलाउने प्रक्रिया]] गरेर गरिन्छ।<ref name=netter/> अन्य उपचारहरू हेमाटोमेट्रा गराउने मुख्य कारणलाई लक्षित गरेर गरिन्छन्; उदाहरणका लागि, अघिल्लो शल्यक्रियापछि पाठेघरभित्र बनेका जालो वा टाँसिएका तन्तुहरूलाई हटाउनका लागि [[हिस्टेरोस्कोपी]]को आवश्यकता पर्न सक्छ।<ref name=bradley/> यदि हेमाटोमेट्रा हुनुको कारण अस्पष्ट छ भने, पाठेघरको भित्री तहको तन्तुको टुक्रा निकाली जैविक परीक्षण गरेर ट्युमर वा क्यान्सरको उपस्थिति जाँच गर्न सकिन्छ।<ref name=lentz/> सङ्क्रमण हुन सक्ने सम्भावनालाई रोक्नका लागि रोकथामका रूपमा एन्टिबायोटिक्स औषधिहरू दिन सकिन्छ।<ref name=netter/> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:प्रसूति]] mw6yg6wzvpeey305sy42rehywzft653 0 150719 1365110 2026-07-06T16:43:21Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{छोटो विवरण|कम तौल भएका शिशुहरूको जन्मसम्बन्धी जटिलता}} [[File:Nina_wcześniak.jpg|thumb|[[समय अगावै जन्म]] हुनु कम तौल हुनुको एउटा कारण हुन सक्छ।]] '''कम जन्म तौल''' भन्नाले [[विश्व स्वास्थ्य सङ्गठन]]का अन... 1365110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|कम तौल भएका शिशुहरूको जन्मसम्बन्धी जटिलता}} [[File:Nina_wcześniak.jpg|thumb|[[समय अगावै जन्म]] हुनु कम तौल हुनुको एउटा कारण हुन सक्छ।]] '''कम जन्म तौल''' भन्नाले [[विश्व स्वास्थ्य सङ्गठन]]का अनुसार [[गर्भको अवधि]] जतिसुकै भए पनि [[शिशु]]को [[जन्मँदाको तौल]] {{convert|2499|g|lboz|abbr=on}} वा सोभन्दा कम हुनु हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics: KA21.2 Low birth weight of newborn |url=https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/en#2041060050 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=icd.who.int}}</ref> शिशु समय अगावै जन्मिनु, वातावरणीय कारणहरू वा गर्भावस्थामा आमाको स्वास्थ्य अवस्था जस्ता कारकहरू कम जन्म तौल हुनुका पछाडि विभिन्न कारणहरू हुन्।<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=SHAH |first=PRAKESH S. |date=July 2010 |title=Parity and low birth weight and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analyses |url=https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3109/00016349.2010.486827 |journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica |language=en |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=862–875 |doi=10.3109/00016349.2010.486827 |pmid=20583931 |issn=0001-6349 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414040611/https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3109/00016349.2010.486827 |archive-date=2021-04-14|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Giurgescu |first1=Carmen |last2=McFarlin |first2=Barbara L. |last3=Lomax |first3=Jeneen |last4=Craddock |first4=Cindy |last5=Albrecht |first5=Amy |date=July 2011 |title=Racial Discrimination and the Black-White Gap in Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Review |journal=Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health |language=en |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=362–370 |doi=10.1111/j.1542-2011.2011.00034.x |issn=1526-9523 |pmc=5388001 |pmid=21733107}}</ref> यस्ता शिशुहरूमा थप स्वास्थ्य जोखिमहरू हुने भएकाले विशेष व्यवस्थापनको आवश्यकता पर्दछ, जसका लागि धेरैजसो अवस्थामा [[नवजात शिशु सघन उपचार कक्ष]]मा राख्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। कम जन्म तौल भएका शिशुहरूको व्यवस्थापनमा शरीरको तापक्रम नियन्त्रण, तरल पदार्थको सन्तुलन, पोषण र कतिपय अवस्थामा रक्तसम्बन्धी उपचार समावेश हुन्छन्। उनीहरूमा दीर्घकालीन स्वास्थ्य समस्याहरूको जोखिम समेत बढी हुने हुनाले समय-समयमा फलो-अप गरिरहनु पर्दछ।<ref name=":8">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stevens-Simon C, Orleans M |date=Sep 1999 | title = Low-birthweight prevention programs: the enigma of failure | journal = Birth | volume = 26 | issue = 3| pages = 184–91 | doi=10.1046/j.1523-536x.1999.00184.x|pmid=10655819 }}</ref> कम जन्म तौलका कारण जन्मिएको केही हप्ताभित्रै शिशुको मृत्यु हुने सम्भावना उच्च रहनुका साथै [[स्नायु विकाससम्बन्धी विकार]]हरू देखिने जोखिम पनि रहन्छ। विशेष गरी [[दक्षिण एसिया]] र उप-सहारा अफ्रिका जस्ता बढी प्रभावित क्षेत्रहरूमा कम जन्म तौलको दरलाई कम गर्नु एक विश्वव्यापी पहलका रूपमा रहेको छ।<ref name=":1" /> == वर्गीकरण == जन्मँदाको तौल भन्नाले शिशु जन्मिएको समयमा वा जन्मिए लगत्तैको तौललाई बुझाउँछ। आदर्श रूपमा यो जन्मिएको पहिलो केही घण्टाभित्र नापिएको पहिलो तौल हो।<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Cutland |first1=Clare L. |last2=Lackritz |first2=Eve M. |last3=Mallett-Moore |first3=Tamala |last4=Bardají |first4=Azucena |last5=Chandrasekaran |first5=Ravichandran |last6=Lahariya |first6=Chandrakant |last7=Nisar |first7=Muhammed Imran |last8=Tapia |first8=Milagritos D. |last9=Pathirana |first9=Jayani |last10=Kochhar |first10=Sonali |last11=Muñoz |first11=Flor M. |last12=Brighton Collaboration Low Birth Weight Working Group |date=2017-12-04 |title=Low birth weight: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunization safety data |journal=Vaccine |volume=35 |issue=48 Pt A |pages=6492–6500 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.049 |issn=1873-2518 |pmc=5710991 |pmid=29150054}}</ref> जन्मँदाको तौललाई निम्न अनुसार वर्गीकरण गर्न सकिन्छ:<ref name="titleeMedicine - Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant: Article by KN Siva Subramanian, MD">{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2784.htm |title=eMedicine - Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant: Article by KN Siva Subramanian, MD |access-date=2007-11-28 }}</ref> * उच्च जन्म तौल: {{convert|4200|g|lboz|abbr=on}} भन्दा बढी * सामान्य जन्म तौल: {{convert|2500|–|4200|g|lboz|abbr=on}} * कम जन्म तौल: {{convert|2500|g|lboz|abbr=on}} भन्दा कम ** धेरै कम जन्म तौल: {{convert|1500|g|lboz|abbr=on}} भन्दा कम ** अत्यधिक कम जन्म तौल: {{convert|1000|g|lboz|abbr=on}} भन्दा कम == कारणहरू == कम जन्म तौल कि त [[समय अगावै जन्म]] (अर्थात् जन्मँदा [[गर्भको अवधि]] कम हुनु, जसलाई सामान्यतया ३७ हप्ताभन्दा कमको गर्भ अवधिका रूपमा परिभाषित गरिन्छ) वा शिशु [[गर्भ अवधिको तुलनामा सानो]] हुनु (अर्थात् [[शिशुको जन्मपूर्वको विकास दर]] सुस्त हुनु) वा यी दुवैको संयुक्त मिश्रणका कारणले हुने गर्दछ।<ref name=":4" /> सामान्यतया, कम जन्म तौल हुनुमा योगदान पुर्‍याउने आमाका जोखिमपूर्ण कारकहरूमा सानो उमेर, बहुगर्भ (एकभन्दा बढी बच्चा पेटमा हुनु), पहिले पनि कम तौल भएका शिशुहरू जन्मिएको इतिहास, कुपोषण, मुटुको रोग वा [[उच्च रक्तचाप]], उपचार नगरिएको [[सिलियक रोग]], [[नशालु पदार्थको लत]], [[अत्यधिक मदिरा सेवन]], र अपर्याप्त [[प्रसवपूर्व हेरचाह]] पर्दछन्। यो समस्या [[प्रसव पीडा सुरु हुनु अगावै पानीको थैली फुट्ने समस्या]]का कारणले पनि हुन सक्छ।<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rizzo|first1=Nicola|last2=Simonazzi|first2=Giuliana|last3=Curti|first3=Alessandra|date=2015-09-24|title=Obstetrical risk factors of ELBW|journal=Italian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=41|issue=Suppl 1|pages=A35|doi=10.1186/1824-7288-41-S1-A35|issn=1824-7288|pmc=4595176 |doi-access=free }}</ref> वातावरणीय जोखिमका कारकहरूमा धुम्रपान, सिसाको संसर्ग, र अन्य प्रकारका वायु प्रदूषणहरू समावेश छन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umm.edu/pregnancy/000142.htm |title=Labor and delivery - Low Birth Weight |publisher=Umm.edu |date=2008-10-22 |access-date=2011-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820234857/http://www.umm.edu/pregnancy/000142.htm |archive-date=2011-08-20}}</ref><ref name="TersigniCastellani2014">{{cite journal|last1=Tersigni|first1=C.|last2=Castellani|first2=R.|last3=de Waure|first3=C.|last4=Fattorossi|first4=A.|last5=De Spirito|first5=M.|last6=Gasbarrini|first6=A.|last7=Scambia|first7=G.|last8=Di Simone|first8=N.|title=Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=20|issue=4|year=2014|pages=582–593|issn=1355-4786|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmu007|pmid=24619876|doi-access=free|hdl=10807/56796|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=SacconeBerghella2015>{{cite journal|vauthors=Saccone G, Berghella V, Sarno L, Maruotti GM, Cetin I, Greco L, Khashan AS, McCarthy F, Martinelli D, Fortunato F, Martinelli P|title=Celiac disease and obstetric complications: a systematic review and metaanalysis |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |volume=214 |issue=2 |pages= 225–34|date= Oct 9, 2015 |pmid=26432464|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.080|hdl=11369/330101 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == महामारी विज्ञानमा == {{owidslider |start = 2020 |list = Template:OWID/Share of low birthweight babies born#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |language = ne |file = [[File:Share of low birthweight babies born, World, 2020 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|कम जन्म तौल भएका शिशुहरूको जन्मको हिस्सा]] |startingView = World }} [[विश्व स्वास्थ्य सङ्गठन]]का अनुसार सन् २०१४ सम्ममा विश्वभर कम जन्म तौलको दर १५% रहेको अनुमान गरिएको थियो, जुन क्षेत्रअनुसार फरक-फरक छ: उप-सहारा अफ्रिकामा १३%, दक्षिण एसियामा २८%, पूर्वी एसिया र प्रशान्त क्षेत्रमा ६%, तथा ल्याटिन अमेरिका र क्यारिबियन क्षेत्रमा ९%।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Global nutrition targets 2025: low birth weight policy brief|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/WHO-NMH-NHD-14.5|access-date=2020-11-04|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ]]द्वारा परिभाषित अति कम विकसित देशहरूमा कम जन्म तौलको कुल दर १३% रहेको छ।<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNSD — Methodology: Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49)|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/|access-date=2020-11-04|website=unstats.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> विश्व स्वास्थ्य सङ्गठनले प्रसवपूर्व हेरचाहमा सुधार र महिला शिक्षा जस्ता जनस्वास्थ्यका प्रयासहरू मार्फत विश्वभर कम जन्म तौलको दरलाई ३०% ले घटाउने लक्ष्य राखेको छ।<ref name=":1" /> गर्भवती महिलाको सामाजिक सहयोग संयन्त्रलाई बढावा दिने कार्यक्रमहरूले कम जन्म तौलको दरलाई उल्लेख्य रूपमा घटाएको नदेखिए तापनि, यस्ता कार्यक्रमहरूले शल्यक्रिया मार्फत हुने जन्मदर र प्रसवपूर्व अस्पताल भर्ना हुनुपर्ने अवस्थालाई कम गरेको पाइएको छ।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=East |first1=Christine E |last2=Biro |first2=Mary A |last3=Fredericks |first3=Suzanne |last4=Lau |first4=Rosalind |date=2019 |title=Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2019 |language=en |issue=4 |article-number=CD000198 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000198.pub3 |pmid=30933309 |pmc=6443020 |issn=1465-1858 }}</ref> संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकामा, [[रोग नियन्त्रण र रोकथाम केन्द्र]]को प्रतिवेदन अनुसार सन् २०१८ मा ३,१३,७५२ शिशुहरू कम तौलका जन्मिएका थिए, जुन कुल जन्मको ८.२८% हो।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-04|title=FastStats - Birthweight and Gestation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/birthweight.htm|access-date=2020-11-04|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> यो संख्या सन् २०११ मा [[स्वास्थ्य सेवा अनुसन्धान तथा गुणस्तर एजेन्सी]]ले अनुमान गरेको ६.१% को दरभन्दा बढी हो।<ref name=":2">Kowlessar N.M., Jiang H.J., and Steiner C. Hospital Stays for Newborns, 2011. HCUP Statistical Brief #163. October 2013. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. [https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb163.jsp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818022705/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb163.jsp|date=2022-08-18}}</ref> सिडिसी ले सन् २०१८ मा धेरै कम जन्म तौलको दर १.३८% रहेको उल्लेख गरेको थियो, जुन सन् २०११ को एएचआरक्यूको अनुमानसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो छ।<ref name=":2" /> lhne6tb9n7y0why3dppjyzki86sutgl 1365111 1365110 2026-07-06T16:44:25Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 1365111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|कम तौल भएका शिशुहरूको जन्मसम्बन्धी जटिलता}} [[File:Nina_wcześniak.jpg|thumb|[[समय अगावै जन्म]] हुनु कम तौल हुनुको एउटा कारण हुन सक्छ।]] '''कम जन्म तौल''' भन्नाले [[विश्व स्वास्थ्य सङ्गठन]]का अनुसार [[गर्भको अवधि]] जतिसुकै भए पनि [[शिशु]]को [[जन्मँदाको तौल]] {{convert|2499|g|lboz|abbr=on}} वा सोभन्दा कम हुनु हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics: KA21.2 Low birth weight of newborn |url=https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/en#2041060050 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=icd.who.int}}</ref> शिशु समय अगावै जन्मिनु, वातावरणीय कारणहरू वा गर्भावस्थामा आमाको स्वास्थ्य अवस्था जस्ता कारकहरू कम जन्म तौल हुनुका पछाडि विभिन्न कारणहरू हुन्।<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=SHAH |first=PRAKESH S. |date=July 2010 |title=Parity and low birth weight and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analyses |url=https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3109/00016349.2010.486827 |journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica |language=en |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=862–875 |doi=10.3109/00016349.2010.486827 |pmid=20583931 |issn=0001-6349 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414040611/https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3109/00016349.2010.486827 |archive-date=2021-04-14|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Giurgescu |first1=Carmen |last2=McFarlin |first2=Barbara L. |last3=Lomax |first3=Jeneen |last4=Craddock |first4=Cindy |last5=Albrecht |first5=Amy |date=July 2011 |title=Racial Discrimination and the Black-White Gap in Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Review |journal=Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health |language=en |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=362–370 |doi=10.1111/j.1542-2011.2011.00034.x |issn=1526-9523 |pmc=5388001 |pmid=21733107}}</ref> यस्ता शिशुहरूमा थप स्वास्थ्य जोखिमहरू हुने भएकाले विशेष व्यवस्थापनको आवश्यकता पर्दछ, जसका लागि धेरैजसो अवस्थामा [[नवजात शिशु सघन उपचार कक्ष]]मा राख्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। कम जन्म तौल भएका शिशुहरूको व्यवस्थापनमा शरीरको तापक्रम नियन्त्रण, तरल पदार्थको सन्तुलन, पोषण र कतिपय अवस्थामा रक्तसम्बन्धी उपचार समावेश हुन्छन्। उनीहरूमा दीर्घकालीन स्वास्थ्य समस्याहरूको जोखिम समेत बढी हुने हुनाले समय-समयमा फलो-अप गरिरहनु पर्दछ।<ref name=":8">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stevens-Simon C, Orleans M |date=Sep 1999 | title = Low-birthweight prevention programs: the enigma of failure | journal = Birth | volume = 26 | issue = 3| pages = 184–91 | doi=10.1046/j.1523-536x.1999.00184.x|pmid=10655819 }}</ref> कम जन्म तौलका कारण जन्मिएको केही हप्ताभित्रै शिशुको मृत्यु हुने सम्भावना उच्च रहनुका साथै [[स्नायु विकाससम्बन्धी विकार]]हरू देखिने जोखिम पनि रहन्छ। विशेष गरी [[दक्षिण एसिया]] र उप-सहारा अफ्रिका जस्ता बढी प्रभावित क्षेत्रहरूमा कम जन्म तौलको दरलाई कम गर्नु एक विश्वव्यापी पहलका रूपमा रहेको छ।<ref name=":1" /> == वर्गीकरण == जन्मँदाको तौल भन्नाले शिशु जन्मिएको समयमा वा जन्मिए लगत्तैको तौललाई बुझाउँछ। आदर्श रूपमा यो जन्मिएको पहिलो केही घण्टाभित्र नापिएको पहिलो तौल हो।<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Cutland |first1=Clare L. |last2=Lackritz |first2=Eve M. |last3=Mallett-Moore |first3=Tamala |last4=Bardají |first4=Azucena |last5=Chandrasekaran |first5=Ravichandran |last6=Lahariya |first6=Chandrakant |last7=Nisar |first7=Muhammed Imran |last8=Tapia |first8=Milagritos D. |last9=Pathirana |first9=Jayani |last10=Kochhar |first10=Sonali |last11=Muñoz |first11=Flor M. |last12=Brighton Collaboration Low Birth Weight Working Group |date=2017-12-04 |title=Low birth weight: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunization safety data |journal=Vaccine |volume=35 |issue=48 Pt A |pages=6492–6500 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.049 |issn=1873-2518 |pmc=5710991 |pmid=29150054}}</ref> जन्मँदाको तौललाई निम्न अनुसार वर्गीकरण गर्न सकिन्छ:<ref name="titleeMedicine - Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant: Article by KN Siva Subramanian, MD">{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2784.htm |title=eMedicine - Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant: Article by KN Siva Subramanian, MD |access-date=2007-11-28 }}</ref> * उच्च जन्म तौल: {{convert|4200|g|lboz|abbr=on}} भन्दा बढी * सामान्य जन्म तौल: {{convert|2500|–|4200|g|lboz|abbr=on}} * कम जन्म तौल: {{convert|2500|g|lboz|abbr=on}} भन्दा कम ** धेरै कम जन्म तौल: {{convert|1500|g|lboz|abbr=on}} भन्दा कम ** अत्यधिक कम जन्म तौल: {{convert|1000|g|lboz|abbr=on}} भन्दा कम == कारणहरू == कम जन्म तौल कि त [[समय अगावै जन्म]] (अर्थात् जन्मँदा [[गर्भको अवधि]] कम हुनु, जसलाई सामान्यतया ३७ हप्ताभन्दा कमको गर्भ अवधिका रूपमा परिभाषित गरिन्छ) वा शिशु [[गर्भ अवधिको तुलनामा सानो]] हुनु (अर्थात् [[शिशुको जन्मपूर्वको विकास दर]] सुस्त हुनु) वा यी दुवैको संयुक्त मिश्रणका कारणले हुने गर्दछ।<ref name=":4" /> सामान्यतया, कम जन्म तौल हुनुमा योगदान पुर्‍याउने आमाका जोखिमपूर्ण कारकहरूमा सानो उमेर, बहुगर्भ (एकभन्दा बढी बच्चा पेटमा हुनु), पहिले पनि कम तौल भएका शिशुहरू जन्मिएको इतिहास, कुपोषण, मुटुको रोग वा [[उच्च रक्तचाप]], उपचार नगरिएको [[सिलियक रोग]], [[नशालु पदार्थको लत]], [[अत्यधिक मदिरा सेवन]], र अपर्याप्त [[प्रसवपूर्व हेरचाह]] पर्दछन्। यो समस्या [[प्रसव पीडा सुरु हुनु अगावै पानीको थैली फुट्ने समस्या]]का कारणले पनि हुन सक्छ।<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rizzo|first1=Nicola|last2=Simonazzi|first2=Giuliana|last3=Curti|first3=Alessandra|date=2015-09-24|title=Obstetrical risk factors of ELBW|journal=Italian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=41|issue=Suppl 1|pages=A35|doi=10.1186/1824-7288-41-S1-A35|issn=1824-7288|pmc=4595176 |doi-access=free }}</ref> वातावरणीय जोखिमका कारकहरूमा धुम्रपान, सिसाको संसर्ग, र अन्य प्रकारका वायु प्रदूषणहरू समावेश छन्।<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.umm.edu/pregnancy/000142.htm |title=Labor and delivery - Low Birth Weight |publisher=Umm.edu |date=2008-10-22 |access-date=2011-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820234857/http://www.umm.edu/pregnancy/000142.htm |archive-date=2011-08-20}}</ref><ref name="TersigniCastellani2014">{{cite journal|last1=Tersigni|first1=C.|last2=Castellani|first2=R.|last3=de Waure|first3=C.|last4=Fattorossi|first4=A.|last5=De Spirito|first5=M.|last6=Gasbarrini|first6=A.|last7=Scambia|first7=G.|last8=Di Simone|first8=N.|title=Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=20|issue=4|year=2014|pages=582–593|issn=1355-4786|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmu007|pmid=24619876|doi-access=free|hdl=10807/56796|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=SacconeBerghella2015>{{cite journal|vauthors=Saccone G, Berghella V, Sarno L, Maruotti GM, Cetin I, Greco L, Khashan AS, McCarthy F, Martinelli D, Fortunato F, Martinelli P|title=Celiac disease and obstetric complications: a systematic review and metaanalysis |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |volume=214 |issue=2 |pages= 225–34|date= Oct 9, 2015 |pmid=26432464|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.080|hdl=11369/330101 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == महामारी विज्ञानमा == {{owidslider |start = 2020 |list = Template:OWID/Share of low birthweight babies born#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |language = ne |file = [[File:Share of low birthweight babies born, World, 2020 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|कम जन्म तौल भएका शिशुहरूको जन्मको हिस्सा]] |startingView = World }} [[विश्व स्वास्थ्य सङ्गठन]]का अनुसार सन् २०१४ सम्ममा विश्वभर कम जन्म तौलको दर १५% रहेको अनुमान गरिएको थियो, जुन क्षेत्रअनुसार फरक-फरक छ: उप-सहारा अफ्रिकामा १३%, दक्षिण एसियामा २८%, पूर्वी एसिया र प्रशान्त क्षेत्रमा ६%, तथा ल्याटिन अमेरिका र क्यारिबियन क्षेत्रमा ९%।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Global nutrition targets 2025: low birth weight policy brief|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/WHO-NMH-NHD-14.5|access-date=2020-11-04|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ]]द्वारा परिभाषित अति कम विकसित देशहरूमा कम जन्म तौलको कुल दर १३% रहेको छ।<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNSD — Methodology: Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49)|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/|access-date=2020-11-04|website=unstats.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> विश्व स्वास्थ्य सङ्गठनले प्रसवपूर्व हेरचाहमा सुधार र महिला शिक्षा जस्ता जनस्वास्थ्यका प्रयासहरू मार्फत विश्वभर कम जन्म तौलको दरलाई ३०% ले घटाउने लक्ष्य राखेको छ।<ref name=":1" /> गर्भवती महिलाको सामाजिक सहयोग संयन्त्रलाई बढावा दिने कार्यक्रमहरूले कम जन्म तौलको दरलाई उल्लेख्य रूपमा घटाएको नदेखिए तापनि, यस्ता कार्यक्रमहरूले शल्यक्रिया मार्फत हुने जन्मदर र प्रसवपूर्व अस्पताल भर्ना हुनुपर्ने अवस्थालाई कम गरेको पाइएको छ।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=East |first1=Christine E |last2=Biro |first2=Mary A |last3=Fredericks |first3=Suzanne |last4=Lau |first4=Rosalind |date=2019 |title=Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2019 |language=en |issue=4 |article-number=CD000198 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000198.pub3 |pmid=30933309 |pmc=6443020 |issn=1465-1858 }}</ref> संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकामा, [[रोग नियन्त्रण र रोकथाम केन्द्र]]को प्रतिवेदन अनुसार सन् २०१८ मा ३,१३,७५२ शिशुहरू कम तौलका जन्मिएका थिए, जुन कुल जन्मको ८.२८% हो।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-04|title=FastStats - Birthweight and Gestation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/birthweight.htm|access-date=2020-11-04|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> यो संख्या सन् २०११ मा [[स्वास्थ्य सेवा अनुसन्धान तथा गुणस्तर एजेन्सी]]ले अनुमान गरेको ६.१% को दरभन्दा बढी हो।<ref name=":2">Kowlessar N.M., Jiang H.J., and Steiner C. Hospital Stays for Newborns, 2011. HCUP Statistical Brief #163. October 2013. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. [https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb163.jsp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818022705/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb163.jsp|date=2022-08-18}}</ref> सिडिसी ले सन् २०१८ मा धेरै कम जन्म तौलको दर १.३८% रहेको उल्लेख गरेको थियो, जुन सन् २०११ को एएचआरक्यूको अनुमानसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो छ।<ref name=":2" /> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:महिलाको स्वास्थ्य]] 1uaxsdr8ljf49552bxgis1q1q2502vv 1365125 1365111 2026-07-07T01:18:46Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|कम तौल भएका शिशुहरूको जन्मसम्बन्धी जटिलता}} [[File:Nina_wcześniak.jpg|thumb|[[समय अगावै जन्म]] हुनु कम तौल हुनुको एउटा कारण हुन सक्छ।]] '''कम जन्म तौल''' भन्नाले [[विश्व स्वास्थ्य सङ्गठन]]का अनुसार [[गर्भको अवधि]] जतिसुकै भए पनि [[शिशु]]को [[जन्मँदाको तौल]] {{convert|2499|g|lboz|abbr=on}} वा सोभन्दा कम हुनु हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICD-11 for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics: KA21.2 Low birth weight of newborn |url=https://icd.who.int/browse/2024-01/mms/en#2041060050 |access-date=2024-05-05 |website=icd.who.int}}</ref> शिशु समय अगावै जन्मिनु, वातावरणीय कारणहरू वा गर्भावस्थामा आमाको स्वास्थ्य अवस्था जस्ता कारकहरू कम जन्म तौल हुनुका पछाडि विभिन्न कारणहरू हुन्।<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=SHAH |first=PRAKESH S. |date=July 2010 |title=Parity and low birth weight and preterm birth: a systematic review and meta-analyses |url=https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3109/00016349.2010.486827 |journal=Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica |language=en |volume=89 |issue=7 |pages=862–875 |doi=10.3109/00016349.2010.486827 |pmid=20583931 |issn=0001-6349 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414040611/https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3109/00016349.2010.486827 |archive-date=2021-04-14|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last1=Giurgescu |first1=Carmen |last2=McFarlin |first2=Barbara L. |last3=Lomax |first3=Jeneen |last4=Craddock |first4=Cindy |last5=Albrecht |first5=Amy |date=July 2011 |title=Racial Discrimination and the Black-White Gap in Adverse Birth Outcomes: A Review |journal=Journal of Midwifery & Women's Health |language=en |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=362–370 |doi=10.1111/j.1542-2011.2011.00034.x |issn=1526-9523 |pmc=5388001 |pmid=21733107}}</ref> यस्ता शिशुहरूमा थप स्वास्थ्य जोखिमहरू हुने भएकाले विशेष व्यवस्थापनको आवश्यकता पर्दछ, जसका लागि धेरैजसो अवस्थामा [[नवजात शिशु सघन उपचार कक्ष]]मा राख्नुपर्ने हुन्छ। कम जन्म तौल भएका शिशुहरूको व्यवस्थापनमा शरीरको तापक्रम नियन्त्रण, तरल पदार्थको सन्तुलन, पोषण र कतिपय अवस्थामा रक्तसम्बन्धी उपचार समावेश हुन्छन्। उनीहरूमा दीर्घकालीन स्वास्थ्य समस्याहरूको जोखिम समेत बढी हुने हुनाले समय-समयमा फलो-अप गरिरहनु पर्दछ।<ref name=":8">{{cite journal |vauthors=Stevens-Simon C, Orleans M |date=Sep 1999 | title = Low-birthweight prevention programs: the enigma of failure | journal = Birth | volume = 26 | issue = 3| pages = 184–91 | doi=10.1046/j.1523-536x.1999.00184.x|pmid=10655819 }}</ref> कम जन्म तौलका कारण जन्मिएको केही हप्ताभित्रै शिशुको मृत्यु हुने सम्भावना उच्च रहनुका साथै [[स्नायु विकाससम्बन्धी विकार]]हरू देखिने जोखिम पनि रहन्छ। विशेष गरी [[दक्षिण एसिया]] र उप-सहारा अफ्रिका जस्ता बढी प्रभावित क्षेत्रहरूमा कम जन्म तौलको दरलाई कम गर्नु एक विश्वव्यापी पहलका रूपमा रहेको छ।<ref name=":1" /> == वर्गीकरण == जन्मँदाको तौल भन्नाले शिशु जन्मिएको समयमा वा जन्मिए लगत्तैको तौललाई बुझाउँछ। आदर्श रूपमा यो जन्मिएको पहिलो केही घण्टाभित्र नापिएको पहिलो तौल हो।<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Cutland |first1=Clare L. |last2=Lackritz |first2=Eve M. |last3=Mallett-Moore |first3=Tamala |last4=Bardají |first4=Azucena |last5=Chandrasekaran |first5=Ravichandran |last6=Lahariya |first6=Chandrakant |last7=Nisar |first7=Muhammed Imran |last8=Tapia |first8=Milagritos D. |last9=Pathirana |first9=Jayani |last10=Kochhar |first10=Sonali |last11=Muñoz |first11=Flor M. |last12=Brighton Collaboration Low Birth Weight Working Group |date=2017-12-04 |title=Low birth weight: Case definition & guidelines for data collection, analysis, and presentation of maternal immunization safety data |journal=Vaccine |volume=35 |issue=48 Pt A |pages=6492–6500 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.01.049 |issn=1873-2518 |pmc=5710991 |pmid=29150054}}</ref> जन्मँदाको तौललाई निम्न अनुसार वर्गीकरण गर्न सकिन्छ:<ref name="titleeMedicine - Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant: Article by KN Siva Subramanian, MD">{{cite web |url=http://www.emedicine.com/ped/topic2784.htm |title=eMedicine - Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant: Article by KN Siva Subramanian, MD |access-date=2007-11-28 }}</ref> * उच्च जन्म तौल: {{convert|4200|g|lboz|abbr=on}} भन्दा बढी * सामान्य जन्म तौल: {{convert|2500|–|4200|g|lboz|abbr=on}} * कम जन्म तौल: {{convert|2500|g|lboz|abbr=on}} भन्दा कम ** धेरै कम जन्म तौल: {{convert|1500|g|lboz|abbr=on}} भन्दा कम ** अत्यधिक कम जन्म तौल: {{convert|1000|g|lboz|abbr=on}} भन्दा कम == कारणहरू == कम जन्म तौल कि त [[समय अगावै जन्म]] (अर्थात् जन्मँदा [[गर्भको अवधि]] कम हुनु, जसलाई सामान्यतया ३७ हप्ताभन्दा कमको गर्भ अवधिका रूपमा परिभाषित गरिन्छ) वा शिशु [[गर्भ अवधिको तुलनामा सानो]] हुनु (अर्थात् [[शिशुको जन्मपूर्वको विकास दर]] सुस्त हुनु) वा यी दुवैको संयुक्त मिश्रणका कारणले हुने गर्दछ।<ref name=":4" /> सामान्यतया, कम जन्म तौल हुनुमा योगदान पुर्‍याउने आमाका जोखिमपूर्ण कारकहरूमा सानो उमेर, बहुगर्भ (एकभन्दा बढी बच्चा पेटमा हुनु), पहिले पनि कम तौल भएका शिशुहरू जन्मिएको इतिहास, कुपोषण, मुटुको रोग वा [[उच्च रक्तचाप]], उपचार नगरिएको [[सिलियक रोग]], [[नशालु पदार्थको लत]], [[अत्यधिक मदिरा सेवन]], र अपर्याप्त [[प्रसवपूर्व हेरचाह]] पर्दछन्। यो समस्या [[प्रसव पीडा सुरु हुनु अगावै पानीको थैली फुट्ने समस्या]]का कारणले पनि हुन सक्छ।<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Rizzo|first1=Nicola|last2=Simonazzi|first2=Giuliana|last3=Curti|first3=Alessandra|date=2015-09-24|title=Obstetrical risk factors of ELBW|journal=Italian Journal of Pediatrics|volume=41|issue=Suppl 1|pages=A35|doi=10.1186/1824-7288-41-S1-A35|issn=1824-7288|pmc=4595176 |doi-access=free }}</ref> वातावरणीय जोखिमका कारकहरूमा धुम्रपान, सिसाको संसर्ग, र अन्य प्रकारका वायु प्रदूषणहरू समावेश छन्।<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.umm.edu/pregnancy/000142.htm |title=Labor and delivery - Low Birth Weight |publisher=Umm.edu |date=2008-10-22 |access-date=2011-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820234857/http://www.umm.edu/pregnancy/000142.htm |archive-date=2011-08-20 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127065403/http://www.umm.edu/pregnancy/000142.htm |date=2010-11-27 }}</ref><ref name="TersigniCastellani2014">{{cite journal|last1=Tersigni|first1=C.|last2=Castellani|first2=R.|last3=de Waure|first3=C.|last4=Fattorossi|first4=A.|last5=De Spirito|first5=M.|last6=Gasbarrini|first6=A.|last7=Scambia|first7=G.|last8=Di Simone|first8=N.|title=Celiac disease and reproductive disorders: meta-analysis of epidemiologic associations and potential pathogenic mechanisms|journal=Human Reproduction Update|volume=20|issue=4|year=2014|pages=582–593|issn=1355-4786|doi=10.1093/humupd/dmu007|pmid=24619876|doi-access=free|hdl=10807/56796|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=SacconeBerghella2015>{{cite journal|vauthors=Saccone G, Berghella V, Sarno L, Maruotti GM, Cetin I, Greco L, Khashan AS, McCarthy F, Martinelli D, Fortunato F, Martinelli P|title=Celiac disease and obstetric complications: a systematic review and metaanalysis |journal=Am J Obstet Gynecol |volume=214 |issue=2 |pages= 225–34|date= Oct 9, 2015 |pmid=26432464|doi=10.1016/j.ajog.2015.09.080|hdl=11369/330101 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> == महामारी विज्ञानमा == {{owidslider |start = 2020 |list = Template:OWID/Share of low birthweight babies born#gallery |location = commons |caption = |title = |language = ne |file = [[File:Share of low birthweight babies born, World, 2020 (cropped).svg|link=|thumb|upright=1.6|right|कम जन्म तौल भएका शिशुहरूको जन्मको हिस्सा]] |startingView = World }} [[विश्व स्वास्थ्य सङ्गठन]]का अनुसार सन् २०१४ सम्ममा विश्वभर कम जन्म तौलको दर १५% रहेको अनुमान गरिएको थियो, जुन क्षेत्रअनुसार फरक-फरक छ: उप-सहारा अफ्रिकामा १३%, दक्षिण एसियामा २८%, पूर्वी एसिया र प्रशान्त क्षेत्रमा ६%, तथा ल्याटिन अमेरिका र क्यारिबियन क्षेत्रमा ९%।<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Global nutrition targets 2025: low birth weight policy brief|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/WHO-NMH-NHD-14.5|access-date=2020-11-04|website=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> [[संयुक्त राष्ट्र सङ्घ]]द्वारा परिभाषित अति कम विकसित देशहरूमा कम जन्म तौलको कुल दर १३% रहेको छ।<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNSD — Methodology: Standard country or area codes for statistical use (M49)|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/|access-date=2020-11-04|website=unstats.un.org}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> विश्व स्वास्थ्य सङ्गठनले प्रसवपूर्व हेरचाहमा सुधार र महिला शिक्षा जस्ता जनस्वास्थ्यका प्रयासहरू मार्फत विश्वभर कम जन्म तौलको दरलाई ३०% ले घटाउने लक्ष्य राखेको छ।<ref name=":1" /> गर्भवती महिलाको सामाजिक सहयोग संयन्त्रलाई बढावा दिने कार्यक्रमहरूले कम जन्म तौलको दरलाई उल्लेख्य रूपमा घटाएको नदेखिए तापनि, यस्ता कार्यक्रमहरूले शल्यक्रिया मार्फत हुने जन्मदर र प्रसवपूर्व अस्पताल भर्ना हुनुपर्ने अवस्थालाई कम गरेको पाइएको छ।<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=East |first1=Christine E |last2=Biro |first2=Mary A |last3=Fredericks |first3=Suzanne |last4=Lau |first4=Rosalind |date=2019 |title=Support during pregnancy for women at increased risk of low birthweight babies |journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |volume=2019 |language=en |issue=4 |article-number=CD000198 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000198.pub3 |pmid=30933309 |pmc=6443020 |issn=1465-1858 }}</ref> संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकामा, [[रोग नियन्त्रण र रोकथाम केन्द्र]]को प्रतिवेदन अनुसार सन् २०१८ मा ३,१३,७५२ शिशुहरू कम तौलका जन्मिएका थिए, जुन कुल जन्मको ८.२८% हो।<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-04|title=FastStats - Birthweight and Gestation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/birthweight.htm|access-date=2020-11-04|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> यो संख्या सन् २०११ मा [[स्वास्थ्य सेवा अनुसन्धान तथा गुणस्तर एजेन्सी]]ले अनुमान गरेको ६.१% को दरभन्दा बढी हो।<ref name=":2">Kowlessar N.M., Jiang H.J., and Steiner C. Hospital Stays for Newborns, 2011. HCUP Statistical Brief #163. October 2013. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. [https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb163.jsp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818022705/https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs/sb163.jsp|date=2022-08-18}}</ref> सिडिसी ले सन् २०१८ मा धेरै कम जन्म तौलको दर १.३८% रहेको उल्लेख गरेको थियो, जुन सन् २०११ को एएचआरक्यूको अनुमानसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो छ।<ref name=":2" /> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:महिलाको स्वास्थ्य]] hw5fr19mjfh1yabt8mupkfixhvj8g1b 0 150720 1365122 2026-07-07T01:08:30Z Rajeeb bastola 39875 "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1324055665|Tulsi Ghat]]"पृष्ठलाई अनुवाद गरि सृजना गरियो 1365122 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Tulsi Ghat|image=Tulsi Ghat.jpg|coordinates={{coord|25|17|23.4|N|83|0|23.435|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}|country=[[India]]}}'''तुलसी घाट''' भारतको वाराणसीमा रहेको घाटहरू मध्ये एउटा हो। [[रामचरितमानस]] र [[हनुमान चालीसा|हनुमान चालिसा]] लेख्दा त्यहाँ बस्ने कवि [[तुलसीदास]] को नाममा यसको नाम राखिएको हो। यसअघि, तुलसी घाटलाई लोलार्क घाट भनेर चिनिन्थ्यो। उद्योगपति बलदेव दास बिरला ले सन् १९४१ मा तुलसी घाटलाई ''पक्का'' (सिमेन्ट गरिएको) बनाएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulsi Ghat Ganga Ghats of Varanasi |url=http://www.varanasicity.com/tulsi-ghat.html |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> तुलसी घाट डुङ्गाबाट पुग्न सकिन्छ, र वाराणसीमा [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] नदीको किनारमा निजी डुङ्गा भ्रमण भाडामा लिन सम्भव छ जसले सबै महत्त्वपूर्ण घाटहरू भ्रमण गर्न र सूर्योदय हेर्न अनुमति दिन्छ। == तुलसीघाटमा सांस्कृतिक कार्यक्रम == [[चित्र:Krishna_Standing_on_Kadamba_tree_at_Nag_Nathaiya_festival..jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|नाग नथैया पर्वमा कदम्बाको रूखमा उभिएका कृष्ण।]] तुलसी घाट धेरै अनुष्ठानहरूसँग सम्बन्धित छ, जस्तै लोलाड़ कुण्डमा लोलाड़्क षष्ठी (छोराहरूको जन्म र कल्याणका लागि पालन गरिन्छ) र कुष्ठरोग र छालाका रोगहरूबाट छुटकारा पाउन पवित्र स्नान । लोलाड़्क षष्ठीको पर्व भाद्रपदको उज्यालो आधा भागको छैटौँ दिनमा पर्छ। कार्तिक (अक्टोबर-नोभेम्बर) को हिन्दू चन्द्र महिनामा ''[[कृष्ण]] [[लीला]]'', कृष्णको लीला (नाग नथैया) को बारेमा नाटक यहाँ मञ्चित गरिन्छ। == चोरी == डिसेम्बर २०११ मा तुलसीदासले लेखेका रामचरितमानसको प्रतिलिपि तुलसी घाटमा रहेको [[हनुमान]] मन्दिरबाट चोरी भएको थियो। [[अवधी भाषा|अवधी]] भाषाको पाण्डुलिपि सन् १६२३ मा फेला परेपछि सन् १७०१ देखि मन्दिरमा रहेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Piyush |date=24 December 2011 |title=Tulsidas's rare manuscript stolen from Varanasi temple |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/tulsidas-ramcharitmanas-manuscript-stolen-from-varanasi-temple-149780-2011-12-23 |access-date=24 February 2012 |website=indiatoday.intoday.in}}</ref> == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Varanasi}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 21pjbcxu5wy2rpqdjuhs411g7x5g2yt 1365123 1365122 2026-07-07T01:10:24Z ~2026-38454-50 79695 1365123 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox Hindu temple |name=तुलसी घाट |image=Tulsi Ghat.jpg |coordinates={{coord|25|17|23.4|N|83|0|23.435|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |country=[[India]] }} '''तुलसी घाट''' भारतको वाराणसीमा रहेको घाटहरू मध्ये एउटा हो। [[रामचरितमानस]] र [[हनुमान चालीसा|हनुमान चालिसा]] लेख्दा त्यहाँ बस्ने कवि [[तुलसीदास]] को नाममा यसको नाम राखिएको हो। यसअघि, तुलसी घाटलाई लोलार्क घाट भनेर चिनिन्थ्यो। उद्योगपति बलदेव दास बिरला ले सन् १९४१ मा तुलसी घाटलाई ''पक्का'' (सिमेन्ट गरिएको) बनाएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulsi Ghat Ganga Ghats of Varanasi |url=http://www.varanasicity.com/tulsi-ghat.html |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> तुलसी घाट डुङ्गाबाट पुग्न सकिन्छ, र वाराणसीमा [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] नदीको किनारमा निजी डुङ्गा भ्रमण भाडामा लिन सम्भव छ जसले सबै महत्त्वपूर्ण घाटहरू भ्रमण गर्न र सूर्योदय हेर्न अनुमति दिन्छ। == तुलसीघाटमा सांस्कृतिक कार्यक्रम == [[चित्र:Krishna_Standing_on_Kadamba_tree_at_Nag_Nathaiya_festival..jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|नाग नथैया पर्वमा कदम्बाको रूखमा उभिएका कृष्ण।]] तुलसी घाट धेरै अनुष्ठानहरूसँग सम्बन्धित छ, जस्तै लोलाड़ कुण्डमा लोलाड़्क षष्ठी (छोराहरूको जन्म र कल्याणका लागि पालन गरिन्छ) र कुष्ठरोग र छालाका रोगहरूबाट छुटकारा पाउन पवित्र स्नान । लोलाड़्क षष्ठीको पर्व भाद्रपदको उज्यालो आधा भागको छैटौँ दिनमा पर्छ। कार्तिक (अक्टोबर-नोभेम्बर) को हिन्दू चन्द्र महिनामा ''[[कृष्ण]] [[लीला]]'', कृष्णको लीला (नाग नथैया) को बारेमा नाटक यहाँ मञ्चित गरिन्छ। == चोरी == डिसेम्बर २०११ मा तुलसीदासले लेखेका रामचरितमानसको प्रतिलिपि तुलसी घाटमा रहेको [[हनुमान]] मन्दिरबाट चोरी भएको थियो। [[अवधी भाषा|अवधी]] भाषाको पाण्डुलिपि सन् १६२३ मा फेला परेपछि सन् १७०१ देखि मन्दिरमा रहेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Piyush |date=24 December 2011 |title=Tulsidas's rare manuscript stolen from Varanasi temple |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/tulsidas-ramcharitmanas-manuscript-stolen-from-varanasi-temple-149780-2011-12-23 |access-date=24 February 2012 |website=indiatoday.intoday.in}}</ref> == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Varanasi}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] 94wnutlu45jihhhmpdbh3gjyk1zefnb 1365124 1365123 2026-07-07T01:12:46Z ~2026-38454-50 79695 1365124 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {{Infobox Hindu temple |name=तुलसी घाट |image=Tulsi Ghat.jpg |coordinates={{coord|25|17|23.4|N|83|0|23.435|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |country=[[India]] }} '''तुलसी घाट''' भारतको वाराणसीमा रहेको घाटहरू मध्ये एउटा हो। [[रामचरितमानस]] र [[हनुमान चालीसा]] लेख्दा त्यहाँ बस्ने कवि [[तुलसीदास]] को नाममा यसको नाम राखिएको हो। यसअघि, तुलसी घाटलाई लोलार्क घाट भनेर चिनिन्थ्यो। उद्योगपति बलदेव दास बिरला ले सन् १९४१ मा तुलसी घाटलाई ''पक्का'' (सिमेन्ट गरिएको) बनाएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tulsi Ghat Ganga Ghats of Varanasi |url=http://www.varanasicity.com/tulsi-ghat.html |access-date=7 January 2017}}</ref> तुलसी घाट डुङ्गाबाट पुग्न सकिन्छ, र वाराणसीमा [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] नदीको किनारमा निजी डुङ्गा भ्रमण भाडामा लिन सम्भव छ जसले सबै महत्त्वपूर्ण घाटहरू भ्रमण गर्न र सूर्योदय हेर्न अनुमति दिन्छ। == तुलसीघाटमा सांस्कृतिक कार्यक्रम == [[चित्र:Krishna_Standing_on_Kadamba_tree_at_Nag_Nathaiya_festival..jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|नाग नथैया पर्वमा कदम्बाको रूखमा उभिएका कृष्ण।]] तुलसी घाट धेरै अनुष्ठानहरूसँग सम्बन्धित छ, जस्तै लोलाड़ कुण्डमा लोलाड़्क षष्ठी (छोराहरूको जन्म र कल्याणका लागि पालन गरिन्छ) र कुष्ठरोग र छालाका रोगहरूबाट छुटकारा पाउन पवित्र स्नान । लोलाड़्क षष्ठीको पर्व भाद्रपदको उज्यालो आधा भागको छैटौँ दिनमा पर्छ। कार्तिक (अक्टोबर-नोभेम्बर) को हिन्दू चन्द्र महिनामा ''[[कृष्ण]] [[लीला]]'', कृष्णको लीला (नाग नथैया) को बारेमा नाटक यहाँ मञ्चित गरिन्छ। == चोरी == डिसेम्बर २०११ मा तुलसीदासले लेखेका रामचरितमानसको प्रतिलिपि तुलसी घाटमा रहेको [[हनुमान]] मन्दिरबाट चोरी भएको थियो। [[अवधी भाषा|अवधी]] भाषाको पाण्डुलिपि सन् १६२३ मा फेला परेपछि सन् १७०१ देखि मन्दिरमा रहेको थियो।<ref>{{Cite web |last=Srivastava |first=Piyush |date=24 December 2011 |title=Tulsidas's rare manuscript stolen from Varanasi temple |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/north/story/tulsidas-ramcharitmanas-manuscript-stolen-from-varanasi-temple-149780-2011-12-23 |access-date=24 February 2012 |website=indiatoday.intoday.in}}</ref> == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Varanasi}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] smpofzws3svayde43lu3s2d5qudve3c 0 150721 1365128 2026-07-07T01:36:55Z Rajeeb bastola 39875 "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1307751711|Assi Ghat]]"पृष्ठलाई अनुवाद गरि सृजना गरियो 1365128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Assi Ghat|image=Assi Ghat Varanasi morning Aarti.jpg|caption=Morning [[aarti]] at Assi Ghat|coordinates={{coord|25|17|19.132|N|83|0|24.342|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}|state=[[Uttar Pradesh]]|country=[[India]]}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122);background-color: #FFC569" |अस्सी घाट |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Assi_Ghat_Varanasi_morning_Aarti.jpg|फ्रेमहीन]]<div class="infobox-caption">अस्सी घाटमा बिहान [[Aarti|आरती]]</div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122);background-color: #FFC569" |धर्म |- class="note" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[List of religions and spiritual traditions|सम्बद्धता]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Hinduism|हिन्दू धर्म]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:var(--color-base-fixed,#202122);background-color: #FFC569" |स्थान |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |राज्य | class="infobox-data" |[[Uttar Pradesh|उत्तर प्रदेश]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |देश | class="infobox-data" |[[India|भारत]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<mapframe zoom="13" frameless="1" align="center" longitude="83.006761666667" latitude="25.288647777778" height="200" width="270">{"type":"Feature","geometry":{"coordinates":[83.00676166666666,25.28864777777778],"type":"Point"},"properties":{"marker-color":"#919090","title":"Assi Ghat","marker-symbol":"landmark"}}</mapframe><div class="infobox-caption">अस्सी घाटको अन्तरक्रियात्मक नक्सा</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |समन्वयहरू | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Assi_Ghat&params=25_17_19.132_N_83_0_24.342_E_type:landmark_region:IN <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°17′ 19.132 ′′N</span> <span class="longitude">83°0′ 24.342 ′′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x2E;&#x2E;&#x2E;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.28864778 ° N 83.00676167 ° E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">25.28864778; 83.00676167</span></span></span>]</span></span><indicator name="coordinates"><span id="coordinates">[[Geographic coordinate system|Coordinates]]: <templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Assi_Ghat&params=25_17_19.132_N_83_0_24.342_E_type:landmark_region:IN <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">25°17′19.132″N</span> <span class="longitude">83°0′24.342″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">25.28864778°N 83.00676167°E</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">25.28864778; 83.00676167</span></span></span>]</span>[[Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas]]</span></indicator> |} [[चित्र:City_older_than_the_history.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|देव दीपावलीको समयमा अस्सी घाट।]] [[चित्र:Sri_Lakshminarayan_Temple_at_Assi_Ghat,_Varanasi,_Uttar_Pradesh,_India_(2012).jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|अस्सी घाट]] '''अस्सी घाट''' भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सबैभन्दा दक्षिणी घाट हो।.<ref name="Ede2015">{{cite book|author=Piers Moore Ede|title=Kaleidoscope City: A Year in Varanasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XplEBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT6|date=26 February 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4088-3542-5|pages=6–}}</ref> वाराणसीका अधिकांश आगन्तुकहरू लागि, यो लामो समयसम्म विदेशी विद्यार्थी, शोधकर्ताहरू र पर्यटकहरू बस्ने ठाउँको रूपमा परिचित छ।.<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/In-the-new-world/748064/|title=In the new world|date=11 February 2011|work=Indian Express}}</ref> घाटले बिहान सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक कार्यक्रम सुबाह-ए-बनारसको आयोजना गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/subahebanaras-a-hit-as-assi-ghat-gets-a-makeover/article7021059.ece|title=Subah-e-Banaras a hit as Assi ghat gets a makeover|date=2015-03-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2024-06-01}}</ref> == पर्यटन == [[चित्र:Assi_Ghat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg|बायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् 2022 मा अस्सी घाटको ड्रोन सट]] अस्सी घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा दक्षिणी घाट हो। यो वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा ठुलो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assi Ghat {{!}} Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/attractions/assi-ghat/a/poi-sig/1321882/356519 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> अस्सी र [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] नदी अस्सी घाटमा मिल्छन्।<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEoyDwAAQBAJ&dq=assi+ghat&pg=PA206|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India|date=2017-10-17|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4654-7253-3|pages=206|language=en}}</ref> वाराणसीमा धेरै आगन्तुकहरूका लागि, यो लामो समयसम्म विदेशी विद्यार्थी, शोधकर्ताहरू र पर्यटकहरू बस्ने ठाउँका रूपमा परिचित छ। अस्सी घाट प्रायः मनोरञ्जन र चाडपर्वहरूमा भ्रमण गर्ने घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। सामान्य दिनहरूमा घाटमा आउने अधिकांश मानिसहरू नजिकैको [[काशी हिन्दु विश्वविद्यालय|बनारस हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय]] विद्यार्थीहरू हुन्। घाटमा लगभग २२,५०० मानिस बस्छन्।<ref>{{cite web |author=John McKim Malville and Rana P. B. Singh |title=Time and the Ganga River at Asi Ghat, Pilgrimage and Ritual Landscape |url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124131559/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2011 |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> प्रतिष्ठित देव दीपावली पर्वको समयमा, ६,००,००० भन्दा बढी पर्यटकहरू घाटमा आउँछन्। [[चित्र:An_evening_at_Assi_Ghat.JPG|अङ्गुठाकार|अस्सी घाटमा साँझमा समूह च्याटमा वृद्धहरू]] हिन्दूहरू विश्वास गर्छन् कि [[तुलसीदास]] अस्सी घाटमा आफ्नो स्वर्गीय निवासमा छोडेका थिए। सन् २०१० को वाराणसी बम विस्फोटपछि सहरले पर्यटकहरूलाई हुन सक्ने समस्याहरू छिटो समाधान गर्न अस्सी घाट छिमेकमा अतिरिक्त पुलिस नियुक्त गऱ्यो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Dec 2010 |title=New measures to perk up vigil in city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/New-measures-to-perk-up-vigil-in-city/articleshow/7084370.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-11/varanasi/28271739_1_ghats-spos-temples |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> === ''सुबाह-ए-बनारस'' === सुबह-ए-बनारस, उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार राज्यमन्त्रीद्वारा सन् २०१४ मा सुरु भएको बिहानको सत्र। आध्यात्मिक विकासका लागि ''''सुबाह-ए-बनारस'''' आकाशीय क्षणहरूको महिमा र प्रचार गर्न समिति गठन गरिएको छ। जीवनको सबै क्षेत्रका मानिसहरूले सर्वशक्तिमान र प्रकृतिको भव्यताको अस्तित्वमा महसुस गर्ने प्रारम्भिक घण्टाको प्रयासलाई निरन्तरता दिन हात मिलाएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subah-e-Banaras |url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/ |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=SubaheBanaras}}</ref> यो दैनिक सत्र हो जुन २ घण्टासम्म रहन्छ र लागत मुक्त छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://optimatravels.com/varanasi-uttar-pradesh/subah-e-banaras-varanasi-uttar-pradesh-india.aspx|title=Subah-e-Banaras|work=Optima Travels|access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref> ==== गतिविधिहरू ==== # बिहान [[वेद|वैदिक]] मनमोहक र प्रकृतिको स्वागत <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedic Recitations at Assi Ghat, Varanasi (Subah-e-Banaras): the Paper of Natalia Korneeva (video) |url=https://iocs.hse.ru/en/news/268281343.html |access-date=2022-01-19 |website=iocs.hse.ru |language=en}}</ref> # वैदिक यज्ञ। # जीवनका पाँच तत्त्वलाई श्रद्धाञ्जलि, पञ्च तत्त्व। # सङ्गीत-विशेषज्ञ कलाकारहरूद्वारा मार्निङ [[राग]], शास्त्रीय/अर्ध शास्त्रीय। # [[योग]] कक्षा-शारीरिक र आध्यात्मिक रूपमा पूर्ण रूपमा आकार दिन। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Schedule of Subah-e-Baranas |url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/index.php?id=DailySchedule |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=SuabaheBaranas}}</ref> == लोकप्रिय संस्कृतिमा == * काशीनाथ सिंह हिन्दी उपन्यास ''काशी का अस्सी'' घाट नजिकैको मोहल्ला आधारित छ। यस उपन्यासलाई सन्नी देओल अभिनीत र चन्द्र प्रकाश द्विवेदीद्वारा निर्देशित सन् २०१८ को [[बलिउड]] चलचित्र ''<nowiki><i id="mwhg"></i></nowiki>''मोहल्ला'' अस्सी'' रूपान्तरित गरिएको थियो, जुन अस्सी घाटको वरिपरि मोहल्ला (स्थानीयता) मा सेट गरिएको छ।.<ref name="nd">{{Cite web |title=Sunny Deol to play a pandit in Mohalla Assi |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212163510/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |archive-date=12 February 2011 |access-date=2011-02-11 |publisher=[[NDTV]] Movies}}</ref> * सन् २०१३ को चलचित्र राञ्जना, जुन [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] आधारित कथा पनि हो, यसमा "अस्सी घाट" का दृश्यहरू पनि छन्। * नीरज घायवानद्वारा निर्देशित सन् २०१५ को ड्रामा फिल्म मसान अस्सी घाटको वाटिका क्याफेका दृश्यहरू छन्। == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == * {{Wikiversity-inline|The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat Area|Assi Ghat}} {{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी|Assi Ghat}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[श्रेणी:सङ्क्षिप्त विवरण भएका लेखहरू]] lyvqhsj96qamvzh6z63o7738qapt670 1365129 1365128 2026-07-07T01:51:08Z Rajeeb bastola 39875 1365129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Hindu temple|name=Assi Ghat|image=Assi Ghat Varanasi morning Aarti.jpg|caption=Morning [[aarti]] at Assi Ghat|coordinates={{coord|25|17|19.132|N|83|0|24.342|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}}|state=[[Uttar Pradesh]]|country=[[India]]}} [[चित्र:City_older_than_the_history.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|देव दीपावलीको समयमा अस्सी घाट।]] [[चित्र:Sri_Lakshminarayan_Temple_at_Assi_Ghat,_Varanasi,_Uttar_Pradesh,_India_(2012).jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|अस्सी घाट]] '''अस्सी घाट''' भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सबैभन्दा दक्षिणी घाट हो।.<ref name="Ede2015">{{cite book|author=Piers Moore Ede|title=Kaleidoscope City: A Year in Varanasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XplEBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT6|date=26 February 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4088-3542-5|pages=6–}}</ref> वाराणसीका अधिकांश आगन्तुकहरू लागि, यो लामो समयसम्म विदेशी विद्यार्थी, शोधकर्ताहरू र पर्यटकहरू बस्ने ठाउँको रूपमा परिचित छ।.<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/In-the-new-world/748064/|title=In the new world|date=11 February 2011|work=Indian Express}}</ref> घाटले बिहान सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक कार्यक्रम सुबाह-ए-बनारसको आयोजना गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/subahebanaras-a-hit-as-assi-ghat-gets-a-makeover/article7021059.ece|title=Subah-e-Banaras a hit as Assi ghat gets a makeover|date=2015-03-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2024-06-01}}</ref> == पर्यटन == [[चित्र:Assi_Ghat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg|बायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् 2022 मा अस्सी घाटको ड्रोन सट]] अस्सी घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा दक्षिणी घाट हो। यो वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा ठुलो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assi Ghat {{!}} Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/attractions/assi-ghat/a/poi-sig/1321882/356519 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> अस्सी र [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] नदी अस्सी घाटमा मिल्छन्।<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEoyDwAAQBAJ&dq=assi+ghat&pg=PA206|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India|date=2017-10-17|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4654-7253-3|pages=206|language=en}}</ref> वाराणसीमा धेरै आगन्तुकहरूका लागि, यो लामो समयसम्म विदेशी विद्यार्थी, शोधकर्ताहरू र पर्यटकहरू बस्ने ठाउँका रूपमा परिचित छ। अस्सी घाट प्रायः मनोरञ्जन र चाडपर्वहरूमा भ्रमण गर्ने घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। सामान्य दिनहरूमा घाटमा आउने अधिकांश मानिसहरू नजिकैको [[काशी हिन्दु विश्वविद्यालय|बनारस हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय]] विद्यार्थीहरू हुन्। घाटमा लगभग २२,५०० मानिस बस्छन्।<ref>{{cite web |author=John McKim Malville and Rana P. B. Singh |title=Time and the Ganga River at Asi Ghat, Pilgrimage and Ritual Landscape |url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124131559/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2011 |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> प्रतिष्ठित देव दीपावली पर्वको समयमा, ६,००,००० भन्दा बढी पर्यटकहरू घाटमा आउँछन्। [[चित्र:An_evening_at_Assi_Ghat.JPG|अङ्गुठाकार|अस्सी घाटमा साँझमा समूह च्याटमा वृद्धहरू]] हिन्दूहरू विश्वास गर्छन् कि [[तुलसीदास]] अस्सी घाटमा आफ्नो स्वर्गीय निवासमा छोडेका थिए। सन् २०१० को वाराणसी बम विस्फोटपछि सहरले पर्यटकहरूलाई हुन सक्ने समस्याहरू छिटो समाधान गर्न अस्सी घाट छिमेकमा अतिरिक्त पुलिस नियुक्त गऱ्यो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Dec 2010 |title=New measures to perk up vigil in city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/New-measures-to-perk-up-vigil-in-city/articleshow/7084370.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-11/varanasi/28271739_1_ghats-spos-temples |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> === ''सुबाह-ए-बनारस'' === सुबह-ए-बनारस, उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार राज्यमन्त्रीद्वारा सन् २०१४ मा सुरु भएको बिहानको सत्र। आध्यात्मिक विकासका लागि ''''सुबाह-ए-बनारस'''' आकाशीय क्षणहरूको महिमा र प्रचार गर्न समिति गठन गरिएको छ। जीवनको सबै क्षेत्रका मानिसहरूले सर्वशक्तिमान र प्रकृतिको भव्यताको अस्तित्वमा महसुस गर्ने प्रारम्भिक घण्टाको प्रयासलाई निरन्तरता दिन हात मिलाएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subah-e-Banaras |url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/ |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=SubaheBanaras}}</ref> यो दैनिक सत्र हो जुन २ घण्टासम्म रहन्छ र लागत मुक्त छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://optimatravels.com/varanasi-uttar-pradesh/subah-e-banaras-varanasi-uttar-pradesh-india.aspx|title=Subah-e-Banaras|work=Optima Travels|access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref> ==== गतिविधिहरू ==== # बिहान [[वेद|वैदिक]] मनमोहक र प्रकृतिको स्वागत <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedic Recitations at Assi Ghat, Varanasi (Subah-e-Banaras): the Paper of Natalia Korneeva (video) |url=https://iocs.hse.ru/en/news/268281343.html |access-date=2022-01-19 |website=iocs.hse.ru |language=en}}</ref> # वैदिक यज्ञ। # जीवनका पाँच तत्त्वलाई श्रद्धाञ्जलि, पञ्च तत्त्व। # सङ्गीत-विशेषज्ञ कलाकारहरूद्वारा मार्निङ [[राग]], शास्त्रीय/अर्ध शास्त्रीय। # [[योग]] कक्षा-शारीरिक र आध्यात्मिक रूपमा पूर्ण रूपमा आकार दिन। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Schedule of Subah-e-Baranas |url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/index.php?id=DailySchedule |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=SuabaheBaranas}}</ref> == लोकप्रिय संस्कृतिमा == * काशीनाथ सिंह हिन्दी उपन्यास ''काशी का अस्सी'' घाट नजिकैको मोहल्ला आधारित छ। यस उपन्यासलाई सन्नी देओल अभिनीत र चन्द्र प्रकाश द्विवेदीद्वारा निर्देशित सन् २०१८ को [[बलिउड]] चलचित्र ''<nowiki><i id="mwhg"></i></nowiki>''मोहल्ला'' अस्सी'' रूपान्तरित गरिएको थियो, जुन अस्सी घाटको वरिपरि मोहल्ला (स्थानीयता) मा सेट गरिएको छ।.<ref name="nd">{{Cite web |title=Sunny Deol to play a pandit in Mohalla Assi |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212163510/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |archive-date=12 February 2011 |access-date=2011-02-11 |publisher=[[NDTV]] Movies}}</ref> * सन् २०१३ को चलचित्र राञ्जना, जुन [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] आधारित कथा पनि हो, यसमा "अस्सी घाट" का दृश्यहरू पनि छन्। * नीरज घायवानद्वारा निर्देशित सन् २०१५ को ड्रामा फिल्म मसान अस्सी घाटको वाटिका क्याफेका दृश्यहरू छन्। == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == * {{Wikiversity-inline|The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat Area|Assi Ghat}} {{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी|Assi Ghat}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[श्रेणी:सङ्क्षिप्त विवरण भएका लेखहरू]] cudk9ognp619c21mf7ckca05a37yjq8 1365130 1365129 2026-07-07T01:56:07Z Rajeeb bastola 39875 1365130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Hindu temple |name=Assi Ghat |image=Assi Ghat Varanasi morning Aarti.jpg |caption=Morning [[aarti]] at Assi Ghat |coordinates={{coord|25|17|19.132|N|83|0|24.342|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |state=[[Uttar Pradesh]] |country=[[India]] }} [[चित्र:City_older_than_the_history.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|देव दीपावलीको समयमा अस्सी घाट।]] [[चित्र:Sri_Lakshminarayan_Temple_at_Assi_Ghat,_Varanasi,_Uttar_Pradesh,_India_(2012).jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|अस्सी घाट]] '''अस्सी घाट''' भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सबैभन्दा दक्षिणी घाट हो।.<ref name="Ede2015">{{cite book|author=Piers Moore Ede|title=Kaleidoscope City: A Year in Varanasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XplEBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT6|date=26 February 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4088-3542-5|pages=6–}}</ref> वाराणसीका अधिकांश आगन्तुकहरू लागि, यो लामो समयसम्म विदेशी विद्यार्थी, शोधकर्ताहरू र पर्यटकहरू बस्ने ठाउँको रूपमा परिचित छ।.<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/In-the-new-world/748064/|title=In the new world|date=11 February 2011|work=Indian Express}}</ref> घाटले बिहान सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक कार्यक्रम सुबाह-ए-बनारसको आयोजना गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/subahebanaras-a-hit-as-assi-ghat-gets-a-makeover/article7021059.ece|title=Subah-e-Banaras a hit as Assi ghat gets a makeover|date=2015-03-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2024-06-01}}</ref> == पर्यटन == [[चित्र:Assi_Ghat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg|बायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् 2022 मा अस्सी घाटको ड्रोन सट]] अस्सी घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा दक्षिणी घाट हो। यो वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा ठुलो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assi Ghat {{!}} Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/attractions/assi-ghat/a/poi-sig/1321882/356519 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> अस्सी र [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] नदी अस्सी घाटमा मिल्छन्।<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEoyDwAAQBAJ&dq=assi+ghat&pg=PA206|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India|date=2017-10-17|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4654-7253-3|pages=206|language=en}}</ref> वाराणसीमा धेरै आगन्तुकहरूका लागि, यो लामो समयसम्म विदेशी विद्यार्थी, शोधकर्ताहरू र पर्यटकहरू बस्ने ठाउँका रूपमा परिचित छ। अस्सी घाट प्रायः मनोरञ्जन र चाडपर्वहरूमा भ्रमण गर्ने घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। सामान्य दिनहरूमा घाटमा आउने अधिकांश मानिसहरू नजिकैको [[काशी हिन्दु विश्वविद्यालय|बनारस हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय]] विद्यार्थीहरू हुन्। घाटमा लगभग २२,५०० मानिस बस्छन्।<ref>{{cite web |author=John McKim Malville and Rana P. B. Singh |title=Time and the Ganga River at Asi Ghat, Pilgrimage and Ritual Landscape |url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124131559/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2011 |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> प्रतिष्ठित देव दीपावली पर्वको समयमा, ६,००,००० भन्दा बढी पर्यटकहरू घाटमा आउँछन्। [[चित्र:An_evening_at_Assi_Ghat.JPG|अङ्गुठाकार|अस्सी घाटमा साँझमा समूह च्याटमा वृद्धहरू]] हिन्दूहरू विश्वास गर्छन् कि [[तुलसीदास]] अस्सी घाटमा आफ्नो स्वर्गीय निवासमा छोडेका थिए। सन् २०१० को वाराणसी बम विस्फोटपछि सहरले पर्यटकहरूलाई हुन सक्ने समस्याहरू छिटो समाधान गर्न अस्सी घाट छिमेकमा अतिरिक्त पुलिस नियुक्त गऱ्यो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Dec 2010 |title=New measures to perk up vigil in city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/New-measures-to-perk-up-vigil-in-city/articleshow/7084370.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-11/varanasi/28271739_1_ghats-spos-temples |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> === ''सुबाह-ए-बनारस'' === सुबह-ए-बनारस, उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार राज्यमन्त्रीद्वारा सन् २०१४ मा सुरु भएको बिहानको सत्र। आध्यात्मिक विकासका लागि ''''सुबाह-ए-बनारस'''' आकाशीय क्षणहरूको महिमा र प्रचार गर्न समिति गठन गरिएको छ। जीवनको सबै क्षेत्रका मानिसहरूले सर्वशक्तिमान र प्रकृतिको भव्यताको अस्तित्वमा महसुस गर्ने प्रारम्भिक घण्टाको प्रयासलाई निरन्तरता दिन हात मिलाएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subah-e-Banaras |url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/ |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=SubaheBanaras}}</ref> यो दैनिक सत्र हो जुन २ घण्टासम्म रहन्छ र लागत मुक्त छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://optimatravels.com/varanasi-uttar-pradesh/subah-e-banaras-varanasi-uttar-pradesh-india.aspx|title=Subah-e-Banaras|work=Optima Travels|access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref> ==== गतिविधिहरू ==== # बिहान [[वेद|वैदिक]] मनमोहक र प्रकृतिको स्वागत <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedic Recitations at Assi Ghat, Varanasi (Subah-e-Banaras): the Paper of Natalia Korneeva (video) |url=https://iocs.hse.ru/en/news/268281343.html |access-date=2022-01-19 |website=iocs.hse.ru |language=en}}</ref> # वैदिक यज्ञ। # जीवनका पाँच तत्त्वलाई श्रद्धाञ्जलि, पञ्च तत्त्व। # सङ्गीत-विशेषज्ञ कलाकारहरूद्वारा मार्निङ [[राग]], शास्त्रीय/अर्ध शास्त्रीय। # [[योग]] कक्षा-शारीरिक र आध्यात्मिक रूपमा पूर्ण रूपमा आकार दिन। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Schedule of Subah-e-Baranas |url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/index.php?id=DailySchedule |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=SuabaheBaranas}}</ref> == लोकप्रिय संस्कृतिमा == * काशीनाथ सिंह हिन्दी उपन्यास ''काशी का अस्सी'' घाट नजिकैको मोहल्ला आधारित छ। यस उपन्यासलाई सन्नी देओल अभिनीत र चन्द्र प्रकाश द्विवेदीद्वारा निर्देशित सन् २०१८ को [[बलिउड]] चलचित्र ''<nowiki><i id="mwhg"></i></nowiki>''मोहल्ला'' अस्सी'' रूपान्तरित गरिएको थियो, जुन अस्सी घाटको वरिपरि मोहल्ला (स्थानीयता) मा सेट गरिएको छ।.<ref name="nd">{{Cite web |title=Sunny Deol to play a pandit in Mohalla Assi |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212163510/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |archive-date=12 February 2011 |access-date=2011-02-11 |publisher=[[NDTV]] Movies}}</ref> * सन् २०१३ को चलचित्र राञ्जना, जुन [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] आधारित कथा पनि हो, यसमा "अस्सी घाट" का दृश्यहरू पनि छन्। * नीरज घायवानद्वारा निर्देशित सन् २०१५ को ड्रामा फिल्म मसान अस्सी घाटको वाटिका क्याफेका दृश्यहरू छन्। == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == * {{Wikiversity-inline|The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat Area|Assi Ghat}} {{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी|Assi Ghat}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[श्रेणी:सङ्क्षिप्त विवरण भएका लेखहरू]] 8612q7vg9iqbnuf8qdbhq84xmftxlz9 1365131 1365130 2026-07-07T01:57:53Z Rajeeb bastola 39875 1365131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Hindu temple |name=अस्सी घाट |image=Assi Ghat Varanasi morning Aarti.jpg |caption=अस्सी घाटमा बिहानको [[आरती]] |coordinates={{coord|25|17|19.132|N|83|0|24.342|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |state=[[उत्तर प्रदेश]] |country=[[भारत]] }} [[चित्र:City_older_than_the_history.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|देव दीपावलीको समयमा अस्सी घाट।]] [[चित्र:Sri_Lakshminarayan_Temple_at_Assi_Ghat,_Varanasi,_Uttar_Pradesh,_India_(2012).jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|अस्सी घाट]] '''अस्सी घाट''' भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सबैभन्दा दक्षिणी घाट हो।.<ref name="Ede2015">{{cite book|author=Piers Moore Ede|title=Kaleidoscope City: A Year in Varanasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XplEBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT6|date=26 February 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4088-3542-5|pages=6–}}</ref> वाराणसीका अधिकांश आगन्तुकहरू लागि, यो लामो समयसम्म विदेशी विद्यार्थी, शोधकर्ताहरू र पर्यटकहरू बस्ने ठाउँको रूपमा परिचित छ।.<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/In-the-new-world/748064/|title=In the new world|date=11 February 2011|work=Indian Express}}</ref> घाटले बिहान सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक कार्यक्रम सुबाह-ए-बनारसको आयोजना गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/subahebanaras-a-hit-as-assi-ghat-gets-a-makeover/article7021059.ece|title=Subah-e-Banaras a hit as Assi ghat gets a makeover|date=2015-03-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2024-06-01}}</ref> == पर्यटन == [[चित्र:Assi_Ghat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg|बायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् 2022 मा अस्सी घाटको ड्रोन सट]] अस्सी घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा दक्षिणी घाट हो। यो वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा ठुलो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assi Ghat {{!}} Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/attractions/assi-ghat/a/poi-sig/1321882/356519 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> अस्सी र [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] नदी अस्सी घाटमा मिल्छन्।<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEoyDwAAQBAJ&dq=assi+ghat&pg=PA206|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India|date=2017-10-17|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4654-7253-3|pages=206|language=en}}</ref> वाराणसीमा धेरै आगन्तुकहरूका लागि, यो लामो समयसम्म विदेशी विद्यार्थी, शोधकर्ताहरू र पर्यटकहरू बस्ने ठाउँका रूपमा परिचित छ। अस्सी घाट प्रायः मनोरञ्जन र चाडपर्वहरूमा भ्रमण गर्ने घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। सामान्य दिनहरूमा घाटमा आउने अधिकांश मानिसहरू नजिकैको [[काशी हिन्दु विश्वविद्यालय|बनारस हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय]] विद्यार्थीहरू हुन्। घाटमा लगभग २२,५०० मानिस बस्छन्।<ref>{{cite web |author=John McKim Malville and Rana P. B. Singh |title=Time and the Ganga River at Asi Ghat, Pilgrimage and Ritual Landscape |url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124131559/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2011 |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> प्रतिष्ठित देव दीपावली पर्वको समयमा, ६,००,००० भन्दा बढी पर्यटकहरू घाटमा आउँछन्। [[चित्र:An_evening_at_Assi_Ghat.JPG|अङ्गुठाकार|अस्सी घाटमा साँझमा समूह च्याटमा वृद्धहरू]] हिन्दूहरू विश्वास गर्छन् कि [[तुलसीदास]] अस्सी घाटमा आफ्नो स्वर्गीय निवासमा छोडेका थिए। सन् २०१० को वाराणसी बम विस्फोटपछि सहरले पर्यटकहरूलाई हुन सक्ने समस्याहरू छिटो समाधान गर्न अस्सी घाट छिमेकमा अतिरिक्त पुलिस नियुक्त गऱ्यो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Dec 2010 |title=New measures to perk up vigil in city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/New-measures-to-perk-up-vigil-in-city/articleshow/7084370.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-11/varanasi/28271739_1_ghats-spos-temples |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> === ''सुबाह-ए-बनारस'' === सुबह-ए-बनारस, उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार राज्यमन्त्रीद्वारा सन् २०१४ मा सुरु भएको बिहानको सत्र। आध्यात्मिक विकासका लागि ''''सुबाह-ए-बनारस'''' आकाशीय क्षणहरूको महिमा र प्रचार गर्न समिति गठन गरिएको छ। जीवनको सबै क्षेत्रका मानिसहरूले सर्वशक्तिमान र प्रकृतिको भव्यताको अस्तित्वमा महसुस गर्ने प्रारम्भिक घण्टाको प्रयासलाई निरन्तरता दिन हात मिलाएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subah-e-Banaras |url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/ |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=SubaheBanaras}}</ref> यो दैनिक सत्र हो जुन २ घण्टासम्म रहन्छ र लागत मुक्त छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://optimatravels.com/varanasi-uttar-pradesh/subah-e-banaras-varanasi-uttar-pradesh-india.aspx|title=Subah-e-Banaras|work=Optima Travels|access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref> ==== गतिविधिहरू ==== # बिहान [[वेद|वैदिक]] मनमोहक र प्रकृतिको स्वागत <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedic Recitations at Assi Ghat, Varanasi (Subah-e-Banaras): the Paper of Natalia Korneeva (video) |url=https://iocs.hse.ru/en/news/268281343.html |access-date=2022-01-19 |website=iocs.hse.ru |language=en}}</ref> # वैदिक यज्ञ। # जीवनका पाँच तत्त्वलाई श्रद्धाञ्जलि, पञ्च तत्त्व। # सङ्गीत-विशेषज्ञ कलाकारहरूद्वारा मार्निङ [[राग]], शास्त्रीय/अर्ध शास्त्रीय। # [[योग]] कक्षा-शारीरिक र आध्यात्मिक रूपमा पूर्ण रूपमा आकार दिन। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Schedule of Subah-e-Baranas |url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/index.php?id=DailySchedule |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=SuabaheBaranas}}</ref> == लोकप्रिय संस्कृतिमा == * काशीनाथ सिंह हिन्दी उपन्यास ''काशी का अस्सी'' घाट नजिकैको मोहल्ला आधारित छ। यस उपन्यासलाई सन्नी देओल अभिनीत र चन्द्र प्रकाश द्विवेदीद्वारा निर्देशित सन् २०१८ को [[बलिउड]] चलचित्र ''<nowiki><i id="mwhg"></i></nowiki>''मोहल्ला'' अस्सी'' रूपान्तरित गरिएको थियो, जुन अस्सी घाटको वरिपरि मोहल्ला (स्थानीयता) मा सेट गरिएको छ।.<ref name="nd">{{Cite web |title=Sunny Deol to play a pandit in Mohalla Assi |url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212163510/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |archive-date=12 February 2011 |access-date=2011-02-11 |publisher=[[NDTV]] Movies}}</ref> * सन् २०१३ को चलचित्र राञ्जना, जुन [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] आधारित कथा पनि हो, यसमा "अस्सी घाट" का दृश्यहरू पनि छन्। * नीरज घायवानद्वारा निर्देशित सन् २०१५ को ड्रामा फिल्म मसान अस्सी घाटको वाटिका क्याफेका दृश्यहरू छन्। == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == * {{Wikiversity-inline|The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat Area|Assi Ghat}} {{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी|Assi Ghat}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[श्रेणी:सङ्क्षिप्त विवरण भएका लेखहरू]] ptonszzpl4lugeuf577pkap70cgq7mc 1365132 1365131 2026-07-07T02:01:56Z Rajeeb bastola 39875 /* लोकप्रिय संस्कृतिमा */ 1365132 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Hindu temple |name=अस्सी घाट |image=Assi Ghat Varanasi morning Aarti.jpg |caption=अस्सी घाटमा बिहानको [[आरती]] |coordinates={{coord|25|17|19.132|N|83|0|24.342|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |state=[[उत्तर प्रदेश]] |country=[[भारत]] }} [[चित्र:City_older_than_the_history.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|देव दीपावलीको समयमा अस्सी घाट।]] [[चित्र:Sri_Lakshminarayan_Temple_at_Assi_Ghat,_Varanasi,_Uttar_Pradesh,_India_(2012).jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|अस्सी घाट]] '''अस्सी घाट''' भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सबैभन्दा दक्षिणी घाट हो।.<ref name="Ede2015">{{cite book|author=Piers Moore Ede|title=Kaleidoscope City: A Year in Varanasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XplEBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT6|date=26 February 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4088-3542-5|pages=6–}}</ref> वाराणसीका अधिकांश आगन्तुकहरू लागि, यो लामो समयसम्म विदेशी विद्यार्थी, शोधकर्ताहरू र पर्यटकहरू बस्ने ठाउँको रूपमा परिचित छ।.<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/In-the-new-world/748064/|title=In the new world|date=11 February 2011|work=Indian Express}}</ref> घाटले बिहान सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक कार्यक्रम सुबाह-ए-बनारसको आयोजना गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/subahebanaras-a-hit-as-assi-ghat-gets-a-makeover/article7021059.ece|title=Subah-e-Banaras a hit as Assi ghat gets a makeover|date=2015-03-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2024-06-01}}</ref> == पर्यटन == [[चित्र:Assi_Ghat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg|बायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् 2022 मा अस्सी घाटको ड्रोन सट]] अस्सी घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा दक्षिणी घाट हो। यो वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा ठुलो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assi Ghat {{!}} Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/attractions/assi-ghat/a/poi-sig/1321882/356519 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> अस्सी र [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] नदी अस्सी घाटमा मिल्छन्।<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEoyDwAAQBAJ&dq=assi+ghat&pg=PA206|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India|date=2017-10-17|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4654-7253-3|pages=206|language=en}}</ref> वाराणसीमा धेरै आगन्तुकहरूका लागि, यो लामो समयसम्म विदेशी विद्यार्थी, शोधकर्ताहरू र पर्यटकहरू बस्ने ठाउँका रूपमा परिचित छ। अस्सी घाट प्रायः मनोरञ्जन र चाडपर्वहरूमा भ्रमण गर्ने घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। सामान्य दिनहरूमा घाटमा आउने अधिकांश मानिसहरू नजिकैको [[काशी हिन्दु विश्वविद्यालय|बनारस हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय]] विद्यार्थीहरू हुन्। घाटमा लगभग २२,५०० मानिस बस्छन्।<ref>{{cite web |author=John McKim Malville and Rana P. B. Singh |title=Time and the Ganga River at Asi Ghat, Pilgrimage and Ritual Landscape |url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124131559/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2011 |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> प्रतिष्ठित देव दीपावली पर्वको समयमा, ६,००,००० भन्दा बढी पर्यटकहरू घाटमा आउँछन्। [[चित्र:An_evening_at_Assi_Ghat.JPG|अङ्गुठाकार|अस्सी घाटमा साँझमा समूह च्याटमा वृद्धहरू]] हिन्दूहरू विश्वास गर्छन् कि [[तुलसीदास]] अस्सी घाटमा आफ्नो स्वर्गीय निवासमा छोडेका थिए। सन् २०१० को वाराणसी बम विस्फोटपछि सहरले पर्यटकहरूलाई हुन सक्ने समस्याहरू छिटो समाधान गर्न अस्सी घाट छिमेकमा अतिरिक्त पुलिस नियुक्त गऱ्यो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Dec 2010 |title=New measures to perk up vigil in city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/New-measures-to-perk-up-vigil-in-city/articleshow/7084370.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-11/varanasi/28271739_1_ghats-spos-temples |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> === ''सुबाह-ए-बनारस'' === सुबह-ए-बनारस, उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार राज्यमन्त्रीद्वारा सन् २०१४ मा सुरु भएको बिहानको सत्र। आध्यात्मिक विकासका लागि ''''सुबाह-ए-बनारस'''' आकाशीय क्षणहरूको महिमा र प्रचार गर्न समिति गठन गरिएको छ। जीवनको सबै क्षेत्रका मानिसहरूले सर्वशक्तिमान र प्रकृतिको भव्यताको अस्तित्वमा महसुस गर्ने प्रारम्भिक घण्टाको प्रयासलाई निरन्तरता दिन हात मिलाएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subah-e-Banaras |url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/ |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=SubaheBanaras}}</ref> यो दैनिक सत्र हो जुन २ घण्टासम्म रहन्छ र लागत मुक्त छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://optimatravels.com/varanasi-uttar-pradesh/subah-e-banaras-varanasi-uttar-pradesh-india.aspx|title=Subah-e-Banaras|work=Optima Travels|access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref> ==== गतिविधिहरू ==== # बिहान [[वेद|वैदिक]] मनमोहक र प्रकृतिको स्वागत <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedic Recitations at Assi Ghat, Varanasi (Subah-e-Banaras): the Paper of Natalia Korneeva (video) |url=https://iocs.hse.ru/en/news/268281343.html |access-date=2022-01-19 |website=iocs.hse.ru |language=en}}</ref> # वैदिक यज्ञ। # जीवनका पाँच तत्त्वलाई श्रद्धाञ्जलि, पञ्च तत्त्व। # सङ्गीत-विशेषज्ञ कलाकारहरूद्वारा मार्निङ [[राग]], शास्त्रीय/अर्ध शास्त्रीय। # [[योग]] कक्षा-शारीरिक र आध्यात्मिक रूपमा पूर्ण रूपमा आकार दिन। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Schedule of Subah-e-Baranas |url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/index.php?id=DailySchedule |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=SuabaheBaranas}}</ref> == लोकप्रिय संस्कृतिमा == * काशीनाथ सिंह हिन्दी उपन्यास ''काशी का अस्सी'' घाट नजिकैको मोहल्ला आधारित छ। यस उपन्यासलाई सन्नी देओल अभिनीत र चन्द्र प्रकाश द्विवेदीद्वारा निर्देशित सन् २०१८ को [[बलिउड]] चलचित्र ''<nowiki><i id="mwhg"></i></nowiki>''मोहल्ला'' अस्सी'' रूपान्तरित गरिएको थियो, जुन अस्सी घाटको वरिपरि मोहल्ला (स्थानीयता) मा सेट गरिएको छ।<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/In-the-new-world/748064/|title=In the new world|date=11 February 2011|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="nd">{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |title=Sunny Deol to play a pandit in Mohalla Assi |publisher=[[NDTV]] Movies |access-date=2011-02-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212163510/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |archive-date=12 February 2011 }}</ref> * सन् २०१३ को चलचित्र राञ्जना, जुन [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] आधारित कथा पनि हो, यसमा "अस्सी घाट" का दृश्यहरू पनि छन्। * नीरज घायवानद्वारा निर्देशित सन् २०१५ को ड्रामा फिल्म मसान अस्सी घाटको वाटिका क्याफेका दृश्यहरू छन्। == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == * {{Wikiversity-inline|The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat Area|Assi Ghat}} {{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी|Assi Ghat}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[श्रेणी:सङ्क्षिप्त विवरण भएका लेखहरू]] lyi7owkxjl0t6n838in36h76kr17yxx 1365133 1365132 2026-07-07T02:07:23Z Rajeeb bastola 39875 /* लोकप्रिय संस्कृतिमा */ 1365133 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Hindu temple |name=अस्सी घाट |image=Assi Ghat Varanasi morning Aarti.jpg |caption=अस्सी घाटमा बिहानको [[आरती]] |coordinates={{coord|25|17|19.132|N|83|0|24.342|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |state=[[उत्तर प्रदेश]] |country=[[भारत]] }} [[चित्र:City_older_than_the_history.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|देव दीपावलीको समयमा अस्सी घाट।]] [[चित्र:Sri_Lakshminarayan_Temple_at_Assi_Ghat,_Varanasi,_Uttar_Pradesh,_India_(2012).jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|अस्सी घाट]] '''अस्सी घाट''' भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सबैभन्दा दक्षिणी घाट हो।.<ref name="Ede2015">{{cite book|author=Piers Moore Ede|title=Kaleidoscope City: A Year in Varanasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XplEBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT6|date=26 February 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4088-3542-5|pages=6–}}</ref> वाराणसीका अधिकांश आगन्तुकहरू लागि, यो लामो समयसम्म विदेशी विद्यार्थी, शोधकर्ताहरू र पर्यटकहरू बस्ने ठाउँको रूपमा परिचित छ।.<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/In-the-new-world/748064/|title=In the new world|date=11 February 2011|work=Indian Express}}</ref> घाटले बिहान सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक कार्यक्रम सुबाह-ए-बनारसको आयोजना गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/subahebanaras-a-hit-as-assi-ghat-gets-a-makeover/article7021059.ece|title=Subah-e-Banaras a hit as Assi ghat gets a makeover|date=2015-03-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2024-06-01}}</ref> == पर्यटन == [[चित्र:Assi_Ghat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg|बायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् 2022 मा अस्सी घाटको ड्रोन सट]] अस्सी घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा दक्षिणी घाट हो। यो वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा ठुलो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assi Ghat {{!}} Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/attractions/assi-ghat/a/poi-sig/1321882/356519 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> अस्सी र [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] नदी अस्सी घाटमा मिल्छन्।<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEoyDwAAQBAJ&dq=assi+ghat&pg=PA206|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India|date=2017-10-17|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4654-7253-3|pages=206|language=en}}</ref> वाराणसीमा धेरै आगन्तुकहरूका लागि, यो लामो समयसम्म विदेशी विद्यार्थी, शोधकर्ताहरू र पर्यटकहरू बस्ने ठाउँका रूपमा परिचित छ। अस्सी घाट प्रायः मनोरञ्जन र चाडपर्वहरूमा भ्रमण गर्ने घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। सामान्य दिनहरूमा घाटमा आउने अधिकांश मानिसहरू नजिकैको [[काशी हिन्दु विश्वविद्यालय|बनारस हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय]] विद्यार्थीहरू हुन्। घाटमा लगभग २२,५०० मानिस बस्छन्।<ref>{{cite web |author=John McKim Malville and Rana P. B. Singh |title=Time and the Ganga River at Asi Ghat, Pilgrimage and Ritual Landscape |url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124131559/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2011 |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> प्रतिष्ठित देव दीपावली पर्वको समयमा, ६,००,००० भन्दा बढी पर्यटकहरू घाटमा आउँछन्। [[चित्र:An_evening_at_Assi_Ghat.JPG|अङ्गुठाकार|अस्सी घाटमा साँझमा समूह च्याटमा वृद्धहरू]] हिन्दूहरू विश्वास गर्छन् कि [[तुलसीदास]] अस्सी घाटमा आफ्नो स्वर्गीय निवासमा छोडेका थिए। सन् २०१० को वाराणसी बम विस्फोटपछि सहरले पर्यटकहरूलाई हुन सक्ने समस्याहरू छिटो समाधान गर्न अस्सी घाट छिमेकमा अतिरिक्त पुलिस नियुक्त गऱ्यो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Dec 2010 |title=New measures to perk up vigil in city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/New-measures-to-perk-up-vigil-in-city/articleshow/7084370.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-11/varanasi/28271739_1_ghats-spos-temples |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> === ''सुबाह-ए-बनारस'' === सुबह-ए-बनारस, उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार राज्यमन्त्रीद्वारा सन् २०१४ मा सुरु भएको बिहानको सत्र। आध्यात्मिक विकासका लागि ''''सुबाह-ए-बनारस'''' आकाशीय क्षणहरूको महिमा र प्रचार गर्न समिति गठन गरिएको छ। जीवनको सबै क्षेत्रका मानिसहरूले सर्वशक्तिमान र प्रकृतिको भव्यताको अस्तित्वमा महसुस गर्ने प्रारम्भिक घण्टाको प्रयासलाई निरन्तरता दिन हात मिलाएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subah-e-Banaras |url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/ |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=SubaheBanaras}}</ref> यो दैनिक सत्र हो जुन २ घण्टासम्म रहन्छ र लागत मुक्त छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://optimatravels.com/varanasi-uttar-pradesh/subah-e-banaras-varanasi-uttar-pradesh-india.aspx|title=Subah-e-Banaras|work=Optima Travels|access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref> ==== गतिविधिहरू ==== # बिहान [[वेद|वैदिक]] मनमोहक र प्रकृतिको स्वागत <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedic Recitations at Assi Ghat, Varanasi (Subah-e-Banaras): the Paper of Natalia Korneeva (video) |url=https://iocs.hse.ru/en/news/268281343.html |access-date=2022-01-19 |website=iocs.hse.ru |language=en}}</ref> # वैदिक यज्ञ। # जीवनका पाँच तत्त्वलाई श्रद्धाञ्जलि, पञ्च तत्त्व। # सङ्गीत-विशेषज्ञ कलाकारहरूद्वारा मार्निङ [[राग]], शास्त्रीय/अर्ध शास्त्रीय। # [[योग]] कक्षा-शारीरिक र आध्यात्मिक रूपमा पूर्ण रूपमा आकार दिन। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Schedule of Subah-e-Baranas |url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/index.php?id=DailySchedule |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=SuabaheBaranas}}</ref> == लोकप्रिय संस्कृतिमा == * काशीनाथ सिंहको हिन्दी उपन्यास '''काशी का अस्सी''' घाट नजिकैको मोहल्लामा सेट गरिएको छ। यस उपन्यासलाई सन्नी देओल अभिनीत र चन्द्र प्रकाश द्विवेदीद्वारा निर्देशित सन् २०१८ को [[बलिउड]] चलचित्र ''<nowiki><i id="mwhg"></i></nowiki>''मोहल्ला'' अस्सी'' रूपान्तरित गरिएको थियो, जुन अस्सी घाटको वरिपरि मोहल्ला (स्थानीयता) मा सेट गरिएको छ।<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/In-the-new-world/748064/|title=In the new world|date=11 February 2011|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="nd">{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |title=Sunny Deol to play a pandit in Mohalla Assi |publisher=[[NDTV]] Movies |access-date=2011-02-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212163510/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |archive-date=12 February 2011 }}</ref> * सन् २०१३ को चलचित्र राञ्जना, जुन [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] आधारित कथा पनि हो, यसमा "अस्सी घाट" का दृश्यहरू पनि छन्। * नीरज घायवानद्वारा निर्देशित सन् २०१५ को ड्रामा फिल्म मसान अस्सी घाटको वाटिका क्याफेका दृश्यहरू छन्। == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == * {{Wikiversity-inline|The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat Area|Assi Ghat}} {{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी|Assi Ghat}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[श्रेणी:सङ्क्षिप्त विवरण भएका लेखहरू]] lus082uv8zqq9bfyjxkpk297admm7o0 1365134 1365133 2026-07-07T02:07:54Z Rajeeb bastola 39875 /* लोकप्रिय संस्कृतिमा */ 1365134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Hindu temple |name=अस्सी घाट |image=Assi Ghat Varanasi morning Aarti.jpg |caption=अस्सी घाटमा बिहानको [[आरती]] |coordinates={{coord|25|17|19.132|N|83|0|24.342|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |state=[[उत्तर प्रदेश]] |country=[[भारत]] }} [[चित्र:City_older_than_the_history.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|देव दीपावलीको समयमा अस्सी घाट।]] [[चित्र:Sri_Lakshminarayan_Temple_at_Assi_Ghat,_Varanasi,_Uttar_Pradesh,_India_(2012).jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|अस्सी घाट]] '''अस्सी घाट''' भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सबैभन्दा दक्षिणी घाट हो।.<ref name="Ede2015">{{cite book|author=Piers Moore Ede|title=Kaleidoscope City: A Year in Varanasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XplEBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT6|date=26 February 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4088-3542-5|pages=6–}}</ref> वाराणसीका अधिकांश आगन्तुकहरू लागि, यो लामो समयसम्म विदेशी विद्यार्थी, शोधकर्ताहरू र पर्यटकहरू बस्ने ठाउँको रूपमा परिचित छ।.<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/In-the-new-world/748064/|title=In the new world|date=11 February 2011|work=Indian Express}}</ref> घाटले बिहान सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक कार्यक्रम सुबाह-ए-बनारसको आयोजना गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/subahebanaras-a-hit-as-assi-ghat-gets-a-makeover/article7021059.ece|title=Subah-e-Banaras a hit as Assi ghat gets a makeover|date=2015-03-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2024-06-01}}</ref> == पर्यटन == [[चित्र:Assi_Ghat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg|बायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् 2022 मा अस्सी घाटको ड्रोन सट]] अस्सी घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा दक्षिणी घाट हो। यो वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा ठुलो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assi Ghat {{!}} Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/attractions/assi-ghat/a/poi-sig/1321882/356519 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> अस्सी र [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] नदी अस्सी घाटमा मिल्छन्।<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEoyDwAAQBAJ&dq=assi+ghat&pg=PA206|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India|date=2017-10-17|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4654-7253-3|pages=206|language=en}}</ref> वाराणसीमा धेरै आगन्तुकहरूका लागि, यो लामो समयसम्म विदेशी विद्यार्थी, शोधकर्ताहरू र पर्यटकहरू बस्ने ठाउँका रूपमा परिचित छ। अस्सी घाट प्रायः मनोरञ्जन र चाडपर्वहरूमा भ्रमण गर्ने घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। सामान्य दिनहरूमा घाटमा आउने अधिकांश मानिसहरू नजिकैको [[काशी हिन्दु विश्वविद्यालय|बनारस हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय]] विद्यार्थीहरू हुन्। घाटमा लगभग २२,५०० मानिस बस्छन्।<ref>{{cite web |author=John McKim Malville and Rana P. B. Singh |title=Time and the Ganga River at Asi Ghat, Pilgrimage and Ritual Landscape |url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124131559/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2011 |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> प्रतिष्ठित देव दीपावली पर्वको समयमा, ६,००,००० भन्दा बढी पर्यटकहरू घाटमा आउँछन्। [[चित्र:An_evening_at_Assi_Ghat.JPG|अङ्गुठाकार|अस्सी घाटमा साँझमा समूह च्याटमा वृद्धहरू]] हिन्दूहरू विश्वास गर्छन् कि [[तुलसीदास]] अस्सी घाटमा आफ्नो स्वर्गीय निवासमा छोडेका थिए। सन् २०१० को वाराणसी बम विस्फोटपछि सहरले पर्यटकहरूलाई हुन सक्ने समस्याहरू छिटो समाधान गर्न अस्सी घाट छिमेकमा अतिरिक्त पुलिस नियुक्त गऱ्यो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Dec 2010 |title=New measures to perk up vigil in city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/New-measures-to-perk-up-vigil-in-city/articleshow/7084370.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-11/varanasi/28271739_1_ghats-spos-temples |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> === ''सुबाह-ए-बनारस'' === सुबह-ए-बनारस, उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार राज्यमन्त्रीद्वारा सन् २०१४ मा सुरु भएको बिहानको सत्र। आध्यात्मिक विकासका लागि ''''सुबाह-ए-बनारस'''' आकाशीय क्षणहरूको महिमा र प्रचार गर्न समिति गठन गरिएको छ। जीवनको सबै क्षेत्रका मानिसहरूले सर्वशक्तिमान र प्रकृतिको भव्यताको अस्तित्वमा महसुस गर्ने प्रारम्भिक घण्टाको प्रयासलाई निरन्तरता दिन हात मिलाएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subah-e-Banaras |url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/ |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=SubaheBanaras}}</ref> यो दैनिक सत्र हो जुन २ घण्टासम्म रहन्छ र लागत मुक्त छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://optimatravels.com/varanasi-uttar-pradesh/subah-e-banaras-varanasi-uttar-pradesh-india.aspx|title=Subah-e-Banaras|work=Optima Travels|access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref> ==== गतिविधिहरू ==== # बिहान [[वेद|वैदिक]] मनमोहक र प्रकृतिको स्वागत <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedic Recitations at Assi Ghat, Varanasi (Subah-e-Banaras): the Paper of Natalia Korneeva (video) |url=https://iocs.hse.ru/en/news/268281343.html |access-date=2022-01-19 |website=iocs.hse.ru |language=en}}</ref> # वैदिक यज्ञ। # जीवनका पाँच तत्त्वलाई श्रद्धाञ्जलि, पञ्च तत्त्व। # सङ्गीत-विशेषज्ञ कलाकारहरूद्वारा मार्निङ [[राग]], शास्त्रीय/अर्ध शास्त्रीय। # [[योग]] कक्षा-शारीरिक र आध्यात्मिक रूपमा पूर्ण रूपमा आकार दिन। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Schedule of Subah-e-Baranas |url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/index.php?id=DailySchedule |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=SuabaheBaranas}}</ref> == लोकप्रिय संस्कृतिमा == * काशीनाथ सिंहको हिन्दी उपन्यास ''काशी का अस्सी'' घाट नजिकैको मोहल्लामा सेट गरिएको छ। यस उपन्यासलाई सन्नी देओल अभिनीत र चन्द्र प्रकाश द्विवेदीद्वारा निर्देशित सन् २०१८ को [[बलिउड]] चलचित्र ''<nowiki><i id="mwhg"></i></nowiki>''मोहल्ला'' अस्सी'' रूपान्तरित गरिएको थियो, जुन अस्सी घाटको वरिपरि मोहल्ला (स्थानीयता) मा सेट गरिएको छ।<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/In-the-new-world/748064/|title=In the new world|date=11 February 2011|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="nd">{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |title=Sunny Deol to play a pandit in Mohalla Assi |publisher=[[NDTV]] Movies |access-date=2011-02-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212163510/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |archive-date=12 February 2011 }}</ref> * सन् २०१३ को चलचित्र राञ्जना, जुन [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] आधारित कथा पनि हो, यसमा "अस्सी घाट" का दृश्यहरू पनि छन्। * नीरज घायवानद्वारा निर्देशित सन् २०१५ को ड्रामा फिल्म मसान अस्सी घाटको वाटिका क्याफेका दृश्यहरू छन्। == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == * {{Wikiversity-inline|The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat Area|Assi Ghat}} {{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी|Assi Ghat}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[श्रेणी:सङ्क्षिप्त विवरण भएका लेखहरू]] mip2dqjwbkqhjct00fzc2nr95r4jttf 1365135 1365134 2026-07-07T02:09:06Z Rajeeb bastola 39875 /* लोकप्रिय संस्कृतिमा */ 1365135 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Hindu temple |name=अस्सी घाट |image=Assi Ghat Varanasi morning Aarti.jpg |caption=अस्सी घाटमा बिहानको [[आरती]] |coordinates={{coord|25|17|19.132|N|83|0|24.342|E|type:landmark_region:IN|display=inline,title}} |state=[[उत्तर प्रदेश]] |country=[[भारत]] }} [[चित्र:City_older_than_the_history.jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|देव दीपावलीको समयमा अस्सी घाट।]] [[चित्र:Sri_Lakshminarayan_Temple_at_Assi_Ghat,_Varanasi,_Uttar_Pradesh,_India_(2012).jpg|अङ्गुठाकार|अस्सी घाट]] '''अस्सी घाट''' भारतको [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] सबैभन्दा दक्षिणी घाट हो।.<ref name="Ede2015">{{cite book|author=Piers Moore Ede|title=Kaleidoscope City: A Year in Varanasi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XplEBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT6|date=26 February 2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-4088-3542-5|pages=6–}}</ref> वाराणसीका अधिकांश आगन्तुकहरू लागि, यो लामो समयसम्म विदेशी विद्यार्थी, शोधकर्ताहरू र पर्यटकहरू बस्ने ठाउँको रूपमा परिचित छ।.<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/In-the-new-world/748064/|title=In the new world|date=11 February 2011|work=Indian Express}}</ref> घाटले बिहान सांस्कृतिक र आध्यात्मिक कार्यक्रम सुबाह-ए-बनारसको आयोजना गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/other-states/subahebanaras-a-hit-as-assi-ghat-gets-a-makeover/article7021059.ece|title=Subah-e-Banaras a hit as Assi ghat gets a makeover|date=2015-03-22|work=The Hindu|access-date=2024-06-01}}</ref> == पर्यटन == [[चित्र:Assi_Ghat-Varanasi_India-Andres_Larin.jpg|बायाँ|अङ्गुठाकार|सन् 2022 मा अस्सी घाटको ड्रोन सट]] अस्सी घाट वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा दक्षिणी घाट हो। यो वाराणसीको सबैभन्दा ठुलो घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Assi Ghat {{!}} Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh {{!}} Attractions |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/uttar-pradesh/varanasi/attractions/assi-ghat/a/poi-sig/1321882/356519 |access-date=2024-06-02 |website=Lonely Planet}}</ref> अस्सी र [[गङ्गा नदी|गङ्गा]] नदी अस्सी घाटमा मिल्छन्।<ref>{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MEoyDwAAQBAJ&dq=assi+ghat&pg=PA206|title=DK Eyewitness Travel Guide India|date=2017-10-17|publisher=Penguin|isbn=978-1-4654-7253-3|pages=206|language=en}}</ref> वाराणसीमा धेरै आगन्तुकहरूका लागि, यो लामो समयसम्म विदेशी विद्यार्थी, शोधकर्ताहरू र पर्यटकहरू बस्ने ठाउँका रूपमा परिचित छ। अस्सी घाट प्रायः मनोरञ्जन र चाडपर्वहरूमा भ्रमण गर्ने घाटहरू मध्ये एक हो। सामान्य दिनहरूमा घाटमा आउने अधिकांश मानिसहरू नजिकैको [[काशी हिन्दु विश्वविद्यालय|बनारस हिन्दू विश्वविद्यालय]] विद्यार्थीहरू हुन्। घाटमा लगभग २२,५०० मानिस बस्छन्।<ref>{{cite web |author=John McKim Malville and Rana P. B. Singh |title=Time and the Ganga River at Asi Ghat, Pilgrimage and Ritual Landscape |url=http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110124131559/http://www.sasnet.lu.se/EASASpapers/46JohnMalville.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2011 |access-date=20 December 2010}}</ref> प्रतिष्ठित देव दीपावली पर्वको समयमा, ६,००,००० भन्दा बढी पर्यटकहरू घाटमा आउँछन्। [[चित्र:An_evening_at_Assi_Ghat.JPG|अङ्गुठाकार|अस्सी घाटमा साँझमा समूह च्याटमा वृद्धहरू]] हिन्दूहरू विश्वास गर्छन् कि [[तुलसीदास]] अस्सी घाटमा आफ्नो स्वर्गीय निवासमा छोडेका थिए। सन् २०१० को वाराणसी बम विस्फोटपछि सहरले पर्यटकहरूलाई हुन सक्ने समस्याहरू छिटो समाधान गर्न अस्सी घाट छिमेकमा अतिरिक्त पुलिस नियुक्त गऱ्यो।<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 Dec 2010 |title=New measures to perk up vigil in city |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/New-measures-to-perk-up-vigil-in-city/articleshow/7084370.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104065123/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-12-11/varanasi/28271739_1_ghats-spos-temples |archive-date=4 November 2012 |access-date=20 December 2010 |website=[[The Times of India]] |publisher=[[The Times Group]]}}</ref> === ''सुबाह-ए-बनारस'' === सुबह-ए-बनारस, उत्तर प्रदेश सरकार राज्यमन्त्रीद्वारा सन् २०१४ मा सुरु भएको बिहानको सत्र। आध्यात्मिक विकासका लागि ''''सुबाह-ए-बनारस'''' आकाशीय क्षणहरूको महिमा र प्रचार गर्न समिति गठन गरिएको छ। जीवनको सबै क्षेत्रका मानिसहरूले सर्वशक्तिमान र प्रकृतिको भव्यताको अस्तित्वमा महसुस गर्ने प्रारम्भिक घण्टाको प्रयासलाई निरन्तरता दिन हात मिलाएका थिए।<ref>{{Cite web |title=Subah-e-Banaras |url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/ |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=SubaheBanaras}}</ref> यो दैनिक सत्र हो जुन २ घण्टासम्म रहन्छ र लागत मुक्त छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://optimatravels.com/varanasi-uttar-pradesh/subah-e-banaras-varanasi-uttar-pradesh-india.aspx|title=Subah-e-Banaras|work=Optima Travels|access-date=30 August 2020}}</ref> ==== गतिविधिहरू ==== # बिहान [[वेद|वैदिक]] मनमोहक र प्रकृतिको स्वागत <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vedic Recitations at Assi Ghat, Varanasi (Subah-e-Banaras): the Paper of Natalia Korneeva (video) |url=https://iocs.hse.ru/en/news/268281343.html |access-date=2022-01-19 |website=iocs.hse.ru |language=en}}</ref> # वैदिक यज्ञ। # जीवनका पाँच तत्त्वलाई श्रद्धाञ्जलि, पञ्च तत्त्व। # सङ्गीत-विशेषज्ञ कलाकारहरूद्वारा मार्निङ [[राग]], शास्त्रीय/अर्ध शास्त्रीय। # [[योग]] कक्षा-शारीरिक र आध्यात्मिक रूपमा पूर्ण रूपमा आकार दिन। <ref>{{Cite web |title=Daily Schedule of Subah-e-Baranas |url=http://www.subahebanaras.net/index.php?id=DailySchedule |access-date=30 August 2020 |website=SuabaheBaranas}}</ref> == लोकप्रिय संस्कृतिमा == * काशीनाथ सिंहको हिन्दी उपन्यास ''काशी का अस्सी'' घाट नजिकैको मोहल्लामा सेट गरिएको छ। यो उपन्यास २०१८ मा सनी देओल अभिनीत र चन्द्र प्रकाश द्विवेदी द्वारा निर्देशित [[बलिउड]] फिल्म मोहल्ला अस्सीमा रूपान्तरण गरिएको थियो, जुन अस्सी घाट वरपरको मोहल्ला (इलाका) मा सेट गरिएको छ।<ref name="ex">{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/In-the-new-world/748064/|title=In the new world|date=11 February 2011|work=Indian Express}}</ref><ref name="nd">{{cite web|url=http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |title=Sunny Deol to play a pandit in Mohalla Assi |publisher=[[NDTV]] Movies |access-date=2011-02-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110212163510/http://movies.ndtv.com/movie_story.aspx?section=Movies&Id=ENTEN20110169087&keyword=bollywood&subcatg=MOVIESINDIA&nid=84318 |archive-date=12 February 2011 }}</ref> * सन् २०१३ को चलचित्र राञ्जना, जुन [[बनारस|वाराणसी]] आधारित कथा पनि हो, यसमा "अस्सी घाट" का दृश्यहरू पनि छन्। * नीरज घायवानद्वारा निर्देशित सन् २०१५ को ड्रामा फिल्म मसान अस्सी घाटको वाटिका क्याफेका दृश्यहरू छन्। == सन्दर्भहरू == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == बाह्य लिङ्कहरू == * {{Wikiversity-inline|The Varanasi Heritage Dossier/Asi Ghat Area|Assi Ghat}} {{Varanasi}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{कमन्सश्रेणी|Assi Ghat}} [[श्रेणी:Coordinates on Wikidata]] [[श्रेणी:सङ्क्षिप्त विवरण भएका लेखहरू]] 6uckpncwzqv4ythxxj38rnu81xei1pt 10 150722 1365136 2026-07-07T02:12:38Z Rajeeb bastola 39875 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{Navbox |name = वाराणसी |title =[[Varanasi]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |titlestyle = background:#FFC569; <!--lighter orange to ease eye-strain--> |imageleft = <!--Section 1 Start--> |group1 =[[Varanasi#History|History]] |list1 = :Intentionally left blank for sometime <!--Section 2 Start--> |group2 = [[Administrative division|Administrative<br>division]] |list2 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = Administrative d... 1365136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = वाराणसी |title =[[Varanasi]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |titlestyle = background:#FFC569; <!--lighter orange to ease eye-strain--> |imageleft = <!--Section 1 Start--> |group1 =[[Varanasi#History|History]] |list1 = :Intentionally left blank for sometime <!--Section 2 Start--> |group2 = [[Administrative division|Administrative<br>division]] |list2 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = [[Administrative division|Divisions]] |list1 = [[Varanasi division]] |group2 = [[Districts of India|District]]s |list2 = [[Varanasi district]] |group3 = [[Tehsil]]s |list3 = [[Pindra]], [[Varanasi Tehsil|Varanasi]] |group4 = [[Census town]]s |list4 = [[Amara Khaira Chak]], [[Benipur]], [[Bhagawanpur, Varanasi|Bhagawanpur]], [[Birbhanpur]], [[Dindaspur]], [[Gangapur, Varanasi|Gangapur]], [[Harpal Pur]], [[Kakarmatta]], [[Kandwa]], [[Kotwa]], [[Lohta]], [[Maruadih]], [[Phulwaria]], [[Ramnagar, Varanasi|Ramnagar]], [[Salarpur, Varanasi|Salarpur]], [[Shivdaspur]], [[Sir Gobardhan]], [[Susuwahi]], [[Suzabad]], [[Umarha]], [[Varanasi]], [[Varanasi cantonment|Varanasi cantt.]] |group5 = Villages |list5 ={{Villages in Varanasi district}} }} <!--Section 3 Start--> |group3 = Languages &<br>dialects spoken |list3 = :[[Bengali language|Bengali]] :[[Bhojpuri language|Bhojpuri]] :English :[[Hindi]] :[[Hindustani language|Hindustani]] :[[Urdu]] <!--Section 4 Start--> |group4 = Political<br>representation |list4 = {{Navbox|child |group1 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|MP]] |list1 = :'''[[Narendra Modi]]''' ([[Prime Minister of India|Incumbent Prime Minister of India]]) |group2 = [[Member of the Legislative Assembly (India)|MLA]] |list2 = :[[Avadhesh Singh]] :[[Anil Rajbhar]] :[[Kailash Nath Sonkar]] :[[Neelkanth Tiwari]] :[[Neel Ratan Singh Patel]] :[[Ravindra Jaiswal]] :[[Saurabh Srivastava (politician)|Saurabh Srivastava]] :[[Surendra Narayan Singh]] }} <!--Section 5 Start--> |group5 =[[Constituency]] |list5 = {{Navbox |child |group1 = [[Lok Sabha]] |list1 = :[[Varanasi (Lok Sabha constituency)|Varanasi]] |group2 = [[Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly|Vidhan Sabha]] |list2 = :[[Ajagara (Assembly constituency)|Ajagara]] :[[Pindra (Assembly constituency)|Pindra]] :[[Rohaniya (Assembly constituency)|Rohaniya]] :[[Sevapuri (Assembly constituency)|Sevapuri]] :[[Shivpur (Assembly constituency)|Shivpur]] :[[Varanasi Cantonment (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi Cantt.]] :[[Varanasi North (Assembly constituency) |Varanasi North]] :[[Varanasi South (Assembly constituency)|Varanasi South]] }} <!--Section 6 Start--> |group6 =Transportation |list6 = {{Navbox |child |group1 = Air |list1 = :[[Lal Bahadur Shastri Airport]] |group2 = Rail |list2 = :{{stnlnk|Babatpur}} :{{stnlnk|Bhulanpur}} :{{stnlnk|Kashi}} :{{stnlnk|Manduadih}} :{{stnlnk|Varanasi Junction}} :{{stnlnk|Varanasi City}} :[[Varanasi Metro]] |group3 =[[National highways of India|Road]] |list3 = :[[Grand Trunk Road]] :[[National Highway 28 (India)|National Highway 28]] :[[National Highway 35 (India)|National Highway 35]] :[[Malviya Bridge]] |group4 =[[Inland Waterways Authority of India|Water]] |list4 = :[[Varanasi Multi-Modal Terminal]] }} <!--Section 7 Start--> |group7 = [[Education in India|Education]] |list7 = {{Navbox |child |group1 =Universities |list1 = :[[Banaras Hindu University]] :[[IIT (BHU) Varanasi]] :[[Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies]] :[[Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith]] :[[Sampurnanand Sanskrit Vishwavidyalaya]] |group3 = [[Colleges]] |list3 = :[[Arya Mahila Mahavidyalaya]] :[[DAV Post Graduate College]] :[[Harish Chandra Postgraduate College]] :[[Sri Agrasen Kanya P.G. College]] :[[Subhash Chandra Mahavidyalaya]] :[[Sunbeam College for Women]] :[[Vasant Kanya Mahavidyalaya]] :[[Vasanta College for Women]] |group4 = [[Central Board of Secondary Education|CBSE schools]] |list4 = :[[Central Hindu Boys School]] :[[Central Hindu Girls School]] :[[Delhi Public School, Varanasi|Delhi Public School]] :[[Kendriya Vidyalaya BHU|KV-BHU]] |group5 = [[Board of High School and Intermediate Education Uttar Pradesh|UP board schools]] |list5 = :[[C.M. Anglo Bengali College]] |group6 = [[Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations|ICSE schools]] |list6 = :St Joseph's Convent School :St. John's School, Varanasi :[[W. H. Smith Memorial School]] }} <!--Section 8 Start--> |group8 =[[Place of worship|Places of<br>worship]] |list8 = {{Navbox |child |group1 =[[Temple#Buddhist temples|Buddhist temples]] |list1 = :[[Sarnath]] }} {{Navbox |child |group1 =Churches |list1 = :[[St. Mary's Cathedral, Varanasi|St. Mary's Cathedral]] }} {{Navbox |child |group1 =[[List of Hindu temples in Varanasi|Hindu<br/>temples]] |list1 = {{Navbox |child |group1 =[[Aghori]] |list1 = :[[Baba Keenaram Sthal]] |group2 =[[Bharat Mata]] |list2 = :[[Bharat Mata Mandir]] |group3 =[[Durga]] or her [[avatar]] |list3 = :[[Durga Mandir, Varanasi|Durga Mandir]] :[[Sankata Devi Mandir]] |group4 =[[Hanuman]] |list4 = :[[Sankat Mochan Hanuman Temple]] |group5 =[[Parvati]] or her [[avatar]] |list5 = :[[Annapurna Devi Mandir]] :[[Lalita Gauri Mandir]] :[[Vishalakshi Temple]] |group6 =[[Shiva]] or his [[avatar]] |list6 = :[[Kaal Bhairav Mandir, Varanasi|Kaal Bhairav Mandir]] :[[Kashi Vishwanath Temple]] :[[Mrityunjay Mahadev Mandir]] :[[Nepali Mandir]] :[[Shri Vishwanath Mandir]] :[[Shri Tilbhandeshwar Mahadev Mandir]] |group7 =Others |list7 = :[[Tulsi Manas Mandir]] }}}} {{Navbox |child |group2 =[[Mosque]]s |list2 = :[[Gyanvapi Mosque]] :[[Alamgir Mosque]] }} {{Navbox |child |group2 =[[Ravidassia religion|Ravidasi]]s |list2 = :[[Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan]] }} <!--Section 9 Start--> |group9 =[[Ghat]]s |list9 = :[[Assi Ghat]] :[[Dashashwamedh Ghat]] :[[Ganga Mahal Ghat (I)]] :[[Lalita Ghat]] :[[Manikarnika Ghat]] :[[Munshi Ghat]] :[[Sant Ravidas Ghat]] :[[Scindia Ghat]] :[[Tulsi Ghat]] <!--Section 10 Start--> |group10 =[[Point of interest]] |list10 = :[[Pillars of Ashoka#List of pillars|Ashoka Stambh]] :[[Bharat Kala Bhavan]] :[[Bharat Mata Mandir]] :[[Ganges]] :[[Ghat]]s :[[Jantar Mantar, Varanasi|Jantar Mantar]] :[[Ramnagar Fort]] <!--Section 11 Start--> |group11 =[[Hospital]]s |list11 = :[[Sir Sunderlal Hospital]] <!--Section 12 Start--> <!--Data end--> }}<noinclude> {{Documentation|content= {{Align|right|{{Check completeness of transclusions}}}} {{collapsible option}} }} [[Category:India city and town templates|Varanasi]] [[Category:Uttar Pradesh templates|Varanasi]] [[Category:City and town topics templates|India]] </noinclude> 9i8dqsmsrwhzr0qnqnmgm7ksak09a37 0 150723 1365138 2026-07-07T03:24:54Z हिमाल सुवेदी 30817 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{छोटो विवरण|एउटा यस्तो खालको अभ्यास जसमा एक पुरुषले आफूले विवाह गर्न चाहेकी महिलालाई अपहरण गर्छ}} {{महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू}} चित्र:Evariste-Vital Luminais - Pirates normands au IXe siècle.jpg|alt=|thumb|313x313px|नवौँ शताब्द... 1365138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|एउटा यस्तो खालको अभ्यास जसमा एक पुरुषले आफूले विवाह गर्न चाहेकी महिलालाई अपहरण गर्छ}} {{महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू}} [[चित्र:Evariste-Vital Luminais - Pirates normands au IXe siècle.jpg|alt=|thumb|313x313px|नवौँ शताब्दीमा [[भाइकिङ]]हरूले महिलालाई अपहरण गरिरहेको चित्रण। भाइकिङ पुरुषहरू प्रायः विदेशी महिलाहरूलाई उनीहरूले लूटपाट गरेका भूमिबाट [[विवाह]] वा [[उपपत्नीत्व]]को लागि अपहरण गर्थे। १९औँ शताब्दीमा फ्रान्सेली चित्रकार [[एभारिस्त-भिताल लुमिने]]द्वारा चित्रित।]] [[File:Schnorr von Carolsfeld Bibel in Bildern 1860 083.png|thumb|right|[[बेन्जामिनका गोत्र|बेन्जामिनीहरू]]ले सिलोहबाट पत्नीहरू खोसेको यो सन् १८६० को काठको कुँदिएको चित्र। [[गिबियाको युद्ध]]मा ठूलो क्षति पछि विवाहको लागि पर्याप्त महिला उपलब्ध थिएनन्।]] '''वधू अपहरण''' जसलाई '''अपहरणद्वारा विवाह''' वा '''कब्जाद्वारा विवाह''' पनि भनिन्छ, एक अभ्यास हो जसमा एक पुरुष वा केटाले आफूले विवाह गर्न चाहेकी महिला वा केटीलाई [[अपहरण]] गर्ने गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/out-of-eden-walk/articles/2017-06-captured-hearts/|title=Captured Hearts|website=www.nationalgeographic.org|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> वधू अपहरण दक्षिणपूर्व एसियाका [[ह्मोङ जाति|ह्मोङ]], मेक्सिकोका [[त्जेल्तल जाति|त्जेल्तल]] र युरोपका [[रोमानी जाति|रोमानी]] जस्ता विविध जातिहरू सहित<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/bridenapping-ndash-a-growing-hidden-crime-2367811.html|title='Bridenapping': a growing hidden crime|date=9 October 2011|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>) विश्वभर र प्रागैतिहासिक कालदेखि इतिहासभरि अभ्यास गरिएको एक प्रमुख अपहरण विधि हो। वधू अपहरण अझै पनि विश्वका विभिन्न भागहरूमा यथावत् रहेकोमा यो [[काकेसस]], [[मध्य एसिया]], [[अमेजन वर्षावन]] र [[अफ्रिका]]का केही भागहरूमा सबैभन्दा सामान्य छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-37256574|title=Police swoop on fake 'bride kidnapping'|date=2 September 2016|access-date=25 July 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/sep/28/kidnapped-and-forced-to-marry-their-rapist-ending-courtship-in-uganda|title=Kidnapped and forced to marry their rapist ending courtship in Uganda|date=28 September 2023|access-date=25 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/kidnapped-raped-married-the-extraordinary-rebellion-of-ethiopia-s-abducted-wives-1922263.html|title=Kidnapped, raped married. The extraordinary rebellion of Ethiopia's abducted wives|date=17 March 2010|access-date=25 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> अधिकांश राष्ट्रहरूमा वधू अपहरणलाई [[यौन अपराध]] मानिन्छ किनभने यसमा विवाहको [[विवाहका प्रकारहरू|वैध रूप]]को सट्टा बलात्कारको अन्तर्निहित तत्व हुन्छ। यसका केही प्रकारहरूलाई [[जबरजस्ती विवाह]] र [[सम्झौतामूलक विवाह]] बीचको निरन्तरतामा पनि हेर्न सकिन्छ। यो शब्द कहिलेकाहीँ [[भागेर विवाह]]सँग भ्रमित हुन्छ, जसमा एक जोडीसँगै भाग्छन् र पछि आफ्ना अभिभावकको सहमति खोज्छन्। सामान्यतया आफ्नो वा आफ्ना आमाबाबुको सम्मान बचाउनको प्रयासमा महिलाले केही अवस्थामा अपहरणमा सहयोग गर्छन् वा सहमति जनाउँछन्। धेरै न्यायक्षेत्रहरूमा, यसलाई तथाकथित [[आफ्नो बलात्कारीसँग विवाह गर्ने कानून]]द्वारा प्रोत्साहित गरिन्थ्यो। जुन देशहरूमा यो अभ्यास कानून विपरीत भए पनि, यदि न्यायिक कार्यान्वयन कमजोर छ भने, [[प्रथागत कानून]] ("परम्परागत अभ्यासहरू") प्रचलित हुन सक्छ। वधू अपहरण प्रायः (तर सधैँ होइन) [[बाल विवाह]]को एक रूप हो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan-women-bride-kidnapping-idUSKBN1AH5GI|title=One in five girls and women kidnapped for marriage in Kyrgyzstan:...|date=1 August 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=25 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> यो [[वधू मूल्य]]को अभ्याससँग जोडिएको हुनसक्छ, जुन वर र उसको परिवारद्वारा वधूका आमाबाबुलाई तिर्ने धन हो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/30/world/asia/abduction-often-violent-a-kyrgyz-wedding-rite.html|title=Abduction, Often Violent, a Kyrgyz Wedding Rite|last=Smith|first=Craig S.|date=30 April 2005|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} </ref> वधू अपहरणलाई ''[[राक्तियो]]'' (बलात्कार) बाट छुट्याइन्छ किनभने पूर्वले एक पुरुषद्वारा (र उसका साथी र नातेदारहरू) एक महिला वा केटीको अपहरणलाई जनाउँछ र यो अझै पनि व्यापक अभ्यास हो जबकि पछिल्लोले युद्धको समयमा पुरुषहरूको समूहद्वारा महिलाहरूको ठूलो मात्रामा अपहरणलाई जनाउँछ। ''राक्तियो'' ऐतिहासिक अभ्यास मानिन्थ्यो तर २१औँ शताब्दीले [[युद्धकालीन बलात्कार]]को पुनरुत्थान देखेको छ जसका केही तत्वहरू वधू अपहरणसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो छन्; उदाहरणका लागि, नाइजेरियामा [[बोको हराम]], युगान्डामा [[प्रभुको प्रतिरोधी सेना]] र मध्य पूर्वमा [[इस्लामी राज्य]]द्वारा अपहरण गरिएका महिला र केटीहरूलाई उनीहरूका अपहरणकर्ताहरूले पत्नीको रूपमा लिएका थिए। प्रतीकात्मक वधू अपहरणलाई सङ्केत गर्ने अनुष्ठानहरू अझै पनि केही संस्कृतिहरूमा अवस्थित छन् (जस्तै [[सर्कासियनहरू]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gilad|first=Moshe|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/a-slightly-rarefied-circassian-day-trip-1.5201112|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172459/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/a-slightly-rarefied-circassian-day-trip-1.5201112|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2018|title=A Slightly Rarefied Circassian Day Trip|date=2012-07-05|work=Haaretz|language=en|quote=“We have an ancient and strong tradition, and we preserve it carefully. Kidnapping the bride before marriage is part of this tradition, and today it is a symbolic ceremony that allows women to marry whom they wish even if the family is against the match.”—Zuhair Thawcho, director of the Circassian Heritage Center in Kfar Kama, Israel}}</ref>) विवाह वरपरका परम्पराहरूको एक भागको रूपमा केही स्रोतहरूका अनुसार, [[हनिमुन]] कब्जाद्वारा विवाहको अवशेष हो।<ref>''See, e.g., ''William Shepard Walsh, ''Curiosities of Popular Customs and of Rites, Ceremonies, Observances, and Miscellaneous Antiquities'', (J.B. Lippincott Co., 1897), p. 654; John Lubbock, ''The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Condition of Savages'', (Appleton, 1882), p. 122. Curtis Pesmen & Setiawan Djody, ''Your First Year of Marriage'' (Simon and Schuster, 1995) p. 37. ''Compare with'' Edward Westermarck, ''The History of Human Marriage'' (Allerton Book Co., 1922), p. 277 (refuting the link between honeymoon and marriage by capture).</ref> qu2c38q03gpcbca6ki0wtitxhczsm0j 1365139 1365138 2026-07-07T03:25:19Z हिमाल सुवेदी 30817 [[विकिपिडिया:हटक्याट|हटक्याट]]द्वारा [[श्रेणी:महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू]] जोडियो 1365139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|एउटा यस्तो खालको अभ्यास जसमा एक पुरुषले आफूले विवाह गर्न चाहेकी महिलालाई अपहरण गर्छ}} {{महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू}} [[चित्र:Evariste-Vital Luminais - Pirates normands au IXe siècle.jpg|alt=|thumb|313x313px|नवौँ शताब्दीमा [[भाइकिङ]]हरूले महिलालाई अपहरण गरिरहेको चित्रण। भाइकिङ पुरुषहरू प्रायः विदेशी महिलाहरूलाई उनीहरूले लूटपाट गरेका भूमिबाट [[विवाह]] वा [[उपपत्नीत्व]]को लागि अपहरण गर्थे। १९औँ शताब्दीमा फ्रान्सेली चित्रकार [[एभारिस्त-भिताल लुमिने]]द्वारा चित्रित।]] [[File:Schnorr von Carolsfeld Bibel in Bildern 1860 083.png|thumb|right|[[बेन्जामिनका गोत्र|बेन्जामिनीहरू]]ले सिलोहबाट पत्नीहरू खोसेको यो सन् १८६० को काठको कुँदिएको चित्र। [[गिबियाको युद्ध]]मा ठूलो क्षति पछि विवाहको लागि पर्याप्त महिला उपलब्ध थिएनन्।]] '''वधू अपहरण''' जसलाई '''अपहरणद्वारा विवाह''' वा '''कब्जाद्वारा विवाह''' पनि भनिन्छ, एक अभ्यास हो जसमा एक पुरुष वा केटाले आफूले विवाह गर्न चाहेकी महिला वा केटीलाई [[अपहरण]] गर्ने गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/out-of-eden-walk/articles/2017-06-captured-hearts/|title=Captured Hearts|website=www.nationalgeographic.org|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> वधू अपहरण दक्षिणपूर्व एसियाका [[ह्मोङ जाति|ह्मोङ]], मेक्सिकोका [[त्जेल्तल जाति|त्जेल्तल]] र युरोपका [[रोमानी जाति|रोमानी]] जस्ता विविध जातिहरू सहित<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/bridenapping-ndash-a-growing-hidden-crime-2367811.html|title='Bridenapping': a growing hidden crime|date=9 October 2011|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>) विश्वभर र प्रागैतिहासिक कालदेखि इतिहासभरि अभ्यास गरिएको एक प्रमुख अपहरण विधि हो। वधू अपहरण अझै पनि विश्वका विभिन्न भागहरूमा यथावत् रहेकोमा यो [[काकेसस]], [[मध्य एसिया]], [[अमेजन वर्षावन]] र [[अफ्रिका]]का केही भागहरूमा सबैभन्दा सामान्य छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-37256574|title=Police swoop on fake 'bride kidnapping'|date=2 September 2016|access-date=25 July 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/sep/28/kidnapped-and-forced-to-marry-their-rapist-ending-courtship-in-uganda|title=Kidnapped and forced to marry their rapist ending courtship in Uganda|date=28 September 2023|access-date=25 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/kidnapped-raped-married-the-extraordinary-rebellion-of-ethiopia-s-abducted-wives-1922263.html|title=Kidnapped, raped married. The extraordinary rebellion of Ethiopia's abducted wives|date=17 March 2010|access-date=25 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> अधिकांश राष्ट्रहरूमा वधू अपहरणलाई [[यौन अपराध]] मानिन्छ किनभने यसमा विवाहको [[विवाहका प्रकारहरू|वैध रूप]]को सट्टा बलात्कारको अन्तर्निहित तत्व हुन्छ। यसका केही प्रकारहरूलाई [[जबरजस्ती विवाह]] र [[सम्झौतामूलक विवाह]] बीचको निरन्तरतामा पनि हेर्न सकिन्छ। यो शब्द कहिलेकाहीँ [[भागेर विवाह]]सँग भ्रमित हुन्छ, जसमा एक जोडीसँगै भाग्छन् र पछि आफ्ना अभिभावकको सहमति खोज्छन्। सामान्यतया आफ्नो वा आफ्ना आमाबाबुको सम्मान बचाउनको प्रयासमा महिलाले केही अवस्थामा अपहरणमा सहयोग गर्छन् वा सहमति जनाउँछन्। धेरै न्यायक्षेत्रहरूमा, यसलाई तथाकथित [[आफ्नो बलात्कारीसँग विवाह गर्ने कानून]]द्वारा प्रोत्साहित गरिन्थ्यो। जुन देशहरूमा यो अभ्यास कानून विपरीत भए पनि, यदि न्यायिक कार्यान्वयन कमजोर छ भने, [[प्रथागत कानून]] ("परम्परागत अभ्यासहरू") प्रचलित हुन सक्छ। वधू अपहरण प्रायः (तर सधैँ होइन) [[बाल विवाह]]को एक रूप हो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan-women-bride-kidnapping-idUSKBN1AH5GI|title=One in five girls and women kidnapped for marriage in Kyrgyzstan:...|date=1 August 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=25 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> यो [[वधू मूल्य]]को अभ्याससँग जोडिएको हुनसक्छ, जुन वर र उसको परिवारद्वारा वधूका आमाबाबुलाई तिर्ने धन हो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/30/world/asia/abduction-often-violent-a-kyrgyz-wedding-rite.html|title=Abduction, Often Violent, a Kyrgyz Wedding Rite|last=Smith|first=Craig S.|date=30 April 2005|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} </ref> वधू अपहरणलाई ''[[राक्तियो]]'' (बलात्कार) बाट छुट्याइन्छ किनभने पूर्वले एक पुरुषद्वारा (र उसका साथी र नातेदारहरू) एक महिला वा केटीको अपहरणलाई जनाउँछ र यो अझै पनि व्यापक अभ्यास हो जबकि पछिल्लोले युद्धको समयमा पुरुषहरूको समूहद्वारा महिलाहरूको ठूलो मात्रामा अपहरणलाई जनाउँछ। ''राक्तियो'' ऐतिहासिक अभ्यास मानिन्थ्यो तर २१औँ शताब्दीले [[युद्धकालीन बलात्कार]]को पुनरुत्थान देखेको छ जसका केही तत्वहरू वधू अपहरणसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो छन्; उदाहरणका लागि, नाइजेरियामा [[बोको हराम]], युगान्डामा [[प्रभुको प्रतिरोधी सेना]] र मध्य पूर्वमा [[इस्लामी राज्य]]द्वारा अपहरण गरिएका महिला र केटीहरूलाई उनीहरूका अपहरणकर्ताहरूले पत्नीको रूपमा लिएका थिए। प्रतीकात्मक वधू अपहरणलाई सङ्केत गर्ने अनुष्ठानहरू अझै पनि केही संस्कृतिहरूमा अवस्थित छन् (जस्तै [[सर्कासियनहरू]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gilad|first=Moshe|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/a-slightly-rarefied-circassian-day-trip-1.5201112|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172459/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/a-slightly-rarefied-circassian-day-trip-1.5201112|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2018|title=A Slightly Rarefied Circassian Day Trip|date=2012-07-05|work=Haaretz|language=en|quote=“We have an ancient and strong tradition, and we preserve it carefully. Kidnapping the bride before marriage is part of this tradition, and today it is a symbolic ceremony that allows women to marry whom they wish even if the family is against the match.”—Zuhair Thawcho, director of the Circassian Heritage Center in Kfar Kama, Israel}}</ref>) विवाह वरपरका परम्पराहरूको एक भागको रूपमा केही स्रोतहरूका अनुसार, [[हनिमुन]] कब्जाद्वारा विवाहको अवशेष हो।<ref>''See, e.g., ''William Shepard Walsh, ''Curiosities of Popular Customs and of Rites, Ceremonies, Observances, and Miscellaneous Antiquities'', (J.B. Lippincott Co., 1897), p. 654; John Lubbock, ''The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Condition of Savages'', (Appleton, 1882), p. 122. Curtis Pesmen & Setiawan Djody, ''Your First Year of Marriage'' (Simon and Schuster, 1995) p. 37. ''Compare with'' Edward Westermarck, ''The History of Human Marriage'' (Allerton Book Co., 1922), p. 277 (refuting the link between honeymoon and marriage by capture).</ref> [[श्रेणी:महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू]] d6h93hsyw5hmgktu7zx0iant79b4gbs 1365140 1365139 2026-07-07T03:25:47Z हिमाल सुवेदी 30817 /* */ 1365140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|एउटा यस्तो खालको अभ्यास जसमा एक पुरुषले आफूले विवाह गर्न चाहेकी महिलालाई अपहरण गर्छ}} {{महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू}} [[चित्र:Evariste-Vital Luminais - Pirates normands au IXe siècle.jpg|alt=|thumb|313x313px|नवौँ शताब्दीमा [[भाइकिङ]]हरूले महिलालाई अपहरण गरिरहेको चित्रण। भाइकिङ पुरुषहरू प्रायः विदेशी महिलाहरूलाई उनीहरूले लूटपाट गरेका भूमिबाट [[विवाह]] वा [[उपपत्नीत्व]]को लागि अपहरण गर्थे। १९औँ शताब्दीमा फ्रान्सेली चित्रकार [[एभारिस्त-भिताल लुमिने]]द्वारा चित्रित।]] [[File:Schnorr von Carolsfeld Bibel in Bildern 1860 083.png|thumb|right|[[बेन्जामिनका गोत्र|बेन्जामिनीहरू]]ले सिलोहबाट पत्नीहरू खोसेको यो सन् १८६० को काठको कुँदिएको चित्र। [[गिबियाको युद्ध]]मा ठूलो क्षति पछि विवाहको लागि पर्याप्त महिला उपलब्ध थिएनन्।]] '''वधू अपहरण''' जसलाई '''अपहरणद्वारा विवाह''' वा '''कब्जाद्वारा विवाह''' पनि भनिन्छ, एक अभ्यास हो जसमा एक पुरुष वा केटाले आफूले विवाह गर्न चाहेकी महिला वा केटीलाई [[अपहरण]] गर्ने गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/out-of-eden-walk/articles/2017-06-captured-hearts/|title=Captured Hearts|website=www.nationalgeographic.org|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> वधू अपहरण दक्षिणपूर्व एसियाका [[ह्मोङ जाति|ह्मोङ]], मेक्सिकोका [[त्जेल्तल जाति|त्जेल्तल]] र युरोपका [[रोमानी जाति|रोमानी]] जस्ता विविध जातिहरू सहित<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/bridenapping-ndash-a-growing-hidden-crime-2367811.html|title='Bridenapping': a growing hidden crime|date=9 October 2011|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>) विश्वभर र प्रागैतिहासिक कालदेखि इतिहासभरि अभ्यास गरिएको एक प्रमुख अपहरण विधि हो। वधू अपहरण अझै पनि विश्वका विभिन्न भागहरूमा यथावत् रहेकोमा यो [[काकेसस]], [[मध्य एसिया]], [[अमेजन वर्षावन]] र [[अफ्रिका]]का केही भागहरूमा सबैभन्दा सामान्य छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-37256574|title=Police swoop on fake 'bride kidnapping'|date=2 September 2016|access-date=25 July 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/sep/28/kidnapped-and-forced-to-marry-their-rapist-ending-courtship-in-uganda|title=Kidnapped and forced to marry their rapist ending courtship in Uganda|date=28 September 2023|access-date=25 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/kidnapped-raped-married-the-extraordinary-rebellion-of-ethiopia-s-abducted-wives-1922263.html|title=Kidnapped, raped married. The extraordinary rebellion of Ethiopia's abducted wives|date=17 March 2010|access-date=25 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> अधिकांश राष्ट्रहरूमा वधू अपहरणलाई [[यौन अपराध]] मानिन्छ किनभने यसमा विवाहको [[विवाहका प्रकारहरू|वैध रूप]]को सट्टा बलात्कारको अन्तर्निहित तत्व हुन्छ। यसका केही प्रकारहरूलाई [[जबरजस्ती विवाह]] र [[सम्झौतामूलक विवाह]] बीचको निरन्तरतामा पनि हेर्न सकिन्छ। यो शब्द कहिलेकाहीँ [[भागेर विवाह]]सँग भ्रमित हुन्छ, जसमा एक जोडीसँगै भाग्छन् र पछि आफ्ना अभिभावकको सहमति खोज्छन्। सामान्यतया आफ्नो वा आफ्ना आमाबाबुको सम्मान बचाउनको प्रयासमा महिलाले केही अवस्थामा अपहरणमा सहयोग गर्छन् वा सहमति जनाउँछन्। धेरै न्यायक्षेत्रहरूमा, यसलाई तथाकथित [[आफ्नो बलात्कारीसँग विवाह गर्ने कानून]]द्वारा प्रोत्साहित गरिन्थ्यो। जुन देशहरूमा यो अभ्यास कानून विपरीत भए पनि, यदि न्यायिक कार्यान्वयन कमजोर छ भने, [[प्रथागत कानून]] ("परम्परागत अभ्यासहरू") प्रचलित हुन सक्छ। वधू अपहरण प्रायः (तर सधैँ होइन) [[बाल विवाह]]को एक रूप हो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan-women-bride-kidnapping-idUSKBN1AH5GI|title=One in five girls and women kidnapped for marriage in Kyrgyzstan:...|date=1 August 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=25 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> यो [[वधू मूल्य]]को अभ्याससँग जोडिएको हुनसक्छ, जुन वर र उसको परिवारद्वारा वधूका आमाबाबुलाई तिर्ने धन हो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/30/world/asia/abduction-often-violent-a-kyrgyz-wedding-rite.html|title=Abduction, Often Violent, a Kyrgyz Wedding Rite|last=Smith|first=Craig S.|date=30 April 2005|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} </ref> वधू अपहरणलाई ''[[राक्तियो]]'' (बलात्कार) बाट छुट्याइन्छ किनभने पूर्वले एक पुरुषद्वारा (र उसका साथी र नातेदारहरू) एक महिला वा केटीको अपहरणलाई जनाउँछ र यो अझै पनि व्यापक अभ्यास हो जबकि पछिल्लोले युद्धको समयमा पुरुषहरूको समूहद्वारा महिलाहरूको ठूलो मात्रामा अपहरणलाई जनाउँछ। ''राक्तियो'' ऐतिहासिक अभ्यास मानिन्थ्यो तर २१औँ शताब्दीले [[युद्धकालीन बलात्कार]]को पुनरुत्थान देखेको छ जसका केही तत्वहरू वधू अपहरणसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो छन्; उदाहरणका लागि, नाइजेरियामा [[बोको हराम]], युगान्डामा [[प्रभुको प्रतिरोधी सेना]] र मध्य पूर्वमा [[इस्लामी राज्य]]द्वारा अपहरण गरिएका महिला र केटीहरूलाई उनीहरूका अपहरणकर्ताहरूले पत्नीको रूपमा लिएका थिए। प्रतीकात्मक वधू अपहरणलाई सङ्केत गर्ने अनुष्ठानहरू अझै पनि केही संस्कृतिहरूमा अवस्थित छन् (जस्तै [[सर्कासियनहरू]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gilad|first=Moshe|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/a-slightly-rarefied-circassian-day-trip-1.5201112|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172459/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/a-slightly-rarefied-circassian-day-trip-1.5201112|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2018|title=A Slightly Rarefied Circassian Day Trip|date=2012-07-05|work=Haaretz|language=en|quote=“We have an ancient and strong tradition, and we preserve it carefully. Kidnapping the bride before marriage is part of this tradition, and today it is a symbolic ceremony that allows women to marry whom they wish even if the family is against the match.”—Zuhair Thawcho, director of the Circassian Heritage Center in Kfar Kama, Israel}}</ref>) विवाह वरपरका परम्पराहरूको एक भागको रूपमा केही स्रोतहरूका अनुसार, [[हनिमुन]] कब्जाद्वारा विवाहको अवशेष हो।<ref>''See, e.g., ''William Shepard Walsh, ''Curiosities of Popular Customs and of Rites, Ceremonies, Observances, and Miscellaneous Antiquities'', (J.B. Lippincott Co., 1897), p. 654; John Lubbock, ''The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Condition of Savages'', (Appleton, 1882), p. 122. Curtis Pesmen & Setiawan Djody, ''Your First Year of Marriage'' (Simon and Schuster, 1995) p. 37. ''Compare with'' Edward Westermarck, ''The History of Human Marriage'' (Allerton Book Co., 1922), p. 277 (refuting the link between honeymoon and marriage by capture).</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू]] 0dc3d8fuvcw1vcbtx4kcf11yisdhuh9 1365144 1365140 2026-07-07T03:40:30Z हिमाल सुवेदी 30817 /* */ 1365144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|एउटा यस्तो खालको अभ्यास जसमा एक पुरुषले आफूले विवाह गर्न चाहेकी महिलालाई अपहरण गर्छ}} {{महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू}} [[चित्र:Evariste-Vital Luminais - Pirates normands au IXe siècle.jpg|alt=|thumb|313x313px|नवौँ शताब्दीमा [[भाइकिङ]]हरूले महिलालाई अपहरण गरिरहेको चित्रण। भाइकिङ पुरुषहरू प्रायः विदेशी महिलाहरूलाई उनीहरूले लूटपाट गरेका भूमिबाट [[विवाह]] वा [[उपपत्नीत्व]]को लागि अपहरण गर्थे। १९औँ शताब्दीमा फ्रान्सेली चित्रकार [[एभारिस्त-भिताल लुमिने]]द्वारा चित्रित।]] [[File:Schnorr von Carolsfeld Bibel in Bildern 1860 083.png|thumb|right|[[बेन्जामिनका गोत्र|बेन्जामिनीहरू]]ले सिलोहबाट पत्नीहरू खोसेको यो सन् १८६० को काठको कुँदिएको चित्र। [[गिबियाको युद्ध]]मा ठूलो क्षति पछि विवाहको लागि पर्याप्त महिला उपलब्ध थिएनन्।]] '''वधू अपहरण''' जसलाई '''अपहरणद्वारा विवाह''' वा '''कब्जाद्वारा विवाह''' पनि भनिन्छ, एक अभ्यास हो जसमा एक पुरुष वा केटाले आफूले विवाह गर्न चाहेकी महिला वा केटीलाई [[अपहरण]] गर्ने गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/out-of-eden-walk/articles/2017-06-captured-hearts/|title=Captured Hearts|website=www.nationalgeographic.org|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> वधू अपहरण दक्षिणपूर्व एसियाका [[ह्मोङ जाति|ह्मोङ]], मेक्सिकोका [[त्जेल्तल जाति|त्जेल्तल]] र युरोपका [[रोमानी जाति|रोमानी]] जस्ता विविध जातिहरू सहित<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/bridenapping-ndash-a-growing-hidden-crime-2367811.html|title='Bridenapping': a growing hidden crime|date=9 October 2011|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>) विश्वभर र प्रागैतिहासिक कालदेखि इतिहासभरि अभ्यास गरिएको एक प्रमुख अपहरण विधि हो। वधू अपहरण अझै पनि विश्वका विभिन्न भागहरूमा यथावत् रहेकोमा यो [[काकेसस]], [[मध्य एसिया]], [[अमेजन वर्षावन]] र [[अफ्रिका]]का केही भागहरूमा सबैभन्दा सामान्य छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-37256574|title=Police swoop on fake 'bride kidnapping'|date=2 September 2016|access-date=25 July 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/sep/28/kidnapped-and-forced-to-marry-their-rapist-ending-courtship-in-uganda|title=Kidnapped and forced to marry their rapist ending courtship in Uganda|date=28 September 2023|access-date=25 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/kidnapped-raped-married-the-extraordinary-rebellion-of-ethiopia-s-abducted-wives-1922263.html|title=Kidnapped, raped married. The extraordinary rebellion of Ethiopia's abducted wives|date=17 March 2010|access-date=25 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> अधिकांश राष्ट्रहरूमा वधू अपहरणलाई [[यौन अपराध]] मानिन्छ किनभने यसमा विवाहको [[विवाहका प्रकारहरू|वैध रूप]]को सट्टा बलात्कारको अन्तर्निहित तत्व हुन्छ। यसका केही प्रकारहरूलाई [[जबरजस्ती विवाह]] र [[सम्झौतामूलक विवाह]] बीचको निरन्तरतामा पनि हेर्न सकिन्छ। यो शब्द कहिलेकाहीँ [[भागेर विवाह]]सँग भ्रमित हुन्छ, जसमा एक जोडीसँगै भाग्छन् र पछि आफ्ना अभिभावकको सहमति खोज्छन्। सामान्यतया आफ्नो वा आफ्ना आमाबाबुको सम्मान बचाउनको प्रयासमा महिलाले केही अवस्थामा अपहरणमा सहयोग गर्छन् वा सहमति जनाउँछन्। धेरै न्यायक्षेत्रहरूमा, यसलाई तथाकथित [[आफ्नो बलात्कारीसँग विवाह गर्ने कानून]]द्वारा प्रोत्साहित गरिन्थ्यो। जुन देशहरूमा यो अभ्यास कानून विपरीत भए पनि, यदि न्यायिक कार्यान्वयन कमजोर छ भने, [[प्रथागत कानून]] ("परम्परागत अभ्यासहरू") प्रचलित हुन सक्छ। वधू अपहरण प्रायः (तर सधैँ होइन) [[बाल विवाह]]को एक रूप हो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan-women-bride-kidnapping-idUSKBN1AH5GI|title=One in five girls and women kidnapped for marriage in Kyrgyzstan:...|date=1 August 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=25 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> यो [[वधू मूल्य]]को अभ्याससँग जोडिएको हुनसक्छ, जुन वर र उसको परिवारद्वारा वधूका आमाबाबुलाई तिर्ने धन हो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/30/world/asia/abduction-often-violent-a-kyrgyz-wedding-rite.html|title=Abduction, Often Violent, a Kyrgyz Wedding Rite|last=Smith|first=Craig S.|date=30 April 2005|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} </ref> वधू अपहरणलाई ''[[राक्तियो]]'' (बलात्कार) बाट छुट्याइन्छ किनभने पूर्वले एक पुरुषद्वारा (र उसका साथी र नातेदारहरू) एक महिला वा केटीको अपहरणलाई जनाउँछ र यो अझै पनि व्यापक अभ्यास हो जबकि पछिल्लोले युद्धको समयमा पुरुषहरूको समूहद्वारा महिलाहरूको ठूलो मात्रामा अपहरणलाई जनाउँछ। ''राक्तियो'' ऐतिहासिक अभ्यास मानिन्थ्यो तर २१औँ शताब्दीले [[युद्धकालीन बलात्कार]]को पुनरुत्थान देखेको छ जसका केही तत्वहरू वधू अपहरणसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो छन्; उदाहरणका लागि, नाइजेरियामा [[बोको हराम]], युगान्डामा [[प्रभुको प्रतिरोधी सेना]] र मध्य पूर्वमा [[इस्लामी राज्य]]द्वारा अपहरण गरिएका महिला र केटीहरूलाई उनीहरूका अपहरणकर्ताहरूले पत्नीको रूपमा लिएका थिए। प्रतीकात्मक वधू अपहरणलाई सङ्केत गर्ने अनुष्ठानहरू अझै पनि केही संस्कृतिहरूमा अवस्थित छन् (जस्तै [[सर्कासियनहरू]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gilad|first=Moshe|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/a-slightly-rarefied-circassian-day-trip-1.5201112|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172459/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/a-slightly-rarefied-circassian-day-trip-1.5201112|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2018|title=A Slightly Rarefied Circassian Day Trip|date=2012-07-05|work=Haaretz|language=en|quote=“We have an ancient and strong tradition, and we preserve it carefully. Kidnapping the bride before marriage is part of this tradition, and today it is a symbolic ceremony that allows women to marry whom they wish even if the family is against the match.”—Zuhair Thawcho, director of the Circassian Heritage Center in Kfar Kama, Israel}}</ref>) विवाह वरपरका परम्पराहरूको एक भागको रूपमा केही स्रोतहरूका अनुसार, [[हनिमुन]] कब्जाद्वारा विवाहको अवशेष हो।<ref>''See, e.g., ''William Shepard Walsh, ''Curiosities of Popular Customs and of Rites, Ceremonies, Observances, and Miscellaneous Antiquities'', (J.B. Lippincott Co., 1897), p. 654; John Lubbock, ''The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Condition of Savages'', (Appleton, 1882), p. 122. Curtis Pesmen & Setiawan Djody, ''Your First Year of Marriage'' (Simon and Schuster, 1995) p. 37. ''Compare with'' Edward Westermarck, ''The History of Human Marriage'' (Allerton Book Co., 1922), p. 277 (refuting the link between honeymoon and marriage by capture).</ref> == नेपालमा वधू अपहरण == नेपालमा विवाहको लागि महिला अपहरण गर्ने प्रथा विभिन्न जातीय समुदायहरूमा पाइन्छ जसमा विशेषगरी हिमाली र मध्यपहाडी क्षेत्रका केही आदिवासी समुदायहरू पर्दछन्। यो प्रथा मुख्यतया [[दलित]] समुदाय, [[तिब्बती-बर्मेली भाषा परिवार]]का केही जातिहरू (जस्तै [[मगर]], [[गुरुङ]], [[ल्होमी]]), र मुस्ताङ, रुकुम, हुम्ला, मनाङ लगायतका जिल्लाहरूमा देखिन्छ।<ref name="National2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/nepal-s-child-brides-kidnapped-and-married-at-13-1.610972|title=Nepal's child brides: kidnapped and married at 13|date=2017-07-20|work=The National|access-date=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref name="TRF2011">{{Cite news|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20111212095300-pgodl|title=Kidnapping Women for Marriage Persists in Nepali Indigenous Group|date=2011-12-12|work=Thomson Reuters Foundation|access-date=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref name="Newsreel2025">{{Cite web|url=https://newsreel.asia/videos/home-is-not-a-place-nepal-bride-kidnapping|title=Home Is Not a Place: A Young Woman Traces Her Community's History of Bride Kidnapping|date=2025-06-28|website=Newsreel Asia|access-date=2026-07-07}}</ref> नेपालका विभिन्न समुदायमा वधू अपहरणलाई फरक-फरक नामले चिनिन्छ। ''तानी विवाह'' वा ''छोट्टी बस्ने'' प्रथा रुकुम पूर्वका केही समुदायमा प्रचलित प्रथा हो जसमा पुरुषहरूले मन परेकी केटीलाई जबरजस्ती तानेर वा अपहरण गरेर विवाह गर्ने गर्छन्।<ref name="KathmanduPost2024">{{Cite news|url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-5/2024/01/10/teenage-girls-in-rukum-east-live-in-terror-of-outdated-traditions|title=Teenage girls in Rukum East live in terror of outdated traditions|date=2024-01-10|work=The Kathmandu Post|access-date=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref name="CIJ2024">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cijnepal.org/unveiling-horror-traditions-shackles-on-eastern-rukums-daughters|title=Unveiling Horror: Tradition's Shackles on Eastern Rukum's Daughters|date=2024-01-10|website=CIJ Nepal|access-date=2026-07-07}}</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू]] lxubjyxmdgcj00b0vymll8b66f5swom 1365146 1365144 2026-07-07T03:41:30Z हिमाल सुवेदी 30817 /* नेपालमा वधू अपहरण */ 1365146 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|एउटा यस्तो खालको अभ्यास जसमा एक पुरुषले आफूले विवाह गर्न चाहेकी महिलालाई अपहरण गर्छ}} {{महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू}} [[चित्र:Evariste-Vital Luminais - Pirates normands au IXe siècle.jpg|alt=|thumb|313x313px|नवौँ शताब्दीमा [[भाइकिङ]]हरूले महिलालाई अपहरण गरिरहेको चित्रण। भाइकिङ पुरुषहरू प्रायः विदेशी महिलाहरूलाई उनीहरूले लूटपाट गरेका भूमिबाट [[विवाह]] वा [[उपपत्नीत्व]]को लागि अपहरण गर्थे। १९औँ शताब्दीमा फ्रान्सेली चित्रकार [[एभारिस्त-भिताल लुमिने]]द्वारा चित्रित।]] [[File:Schnorr von Carolsfeld Bibel in Bildern 1860 083.png|thumb|right|[[बेन्जामिनका गोत्र|बेन्जामिनीहरू]]ले सिलोहबाट पत्नीहरू खोसेको यो सन् १८६० को काठको कुँदिएको चित्र। [[गिबियाको युद्ध]]मा ठूलो क्षति पछि विवाहको लागि पर्याप्त महिला उपलब्ध थिएनन्।]] '''वधू अपहरण''' जसलाई '''अपहरणद्वारा विवाह''' वा '''कब्जाद्वारा विवाह''' पनि भनिन्छ, एक अभ्यास हो जसमा एक पुरुष वा केटाले आफूले विवाह गर्न चाहेकी महिला वा केटीलाई [[अपहरण]] गर्ने गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/out-of-eden-walk/articles/2017-06-captured-hearts/|title=Captured Hearts|website=www.nationalgeographic.org|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> वधू अपहरण दक्षिणपूर्व एसियाका [[ह्मोङ जाति|ह्मोङ]], मेक्सिकोका [[त्जेल्तल जाति|त्जेल्तल]] र युरोपका [[रोमानी जाति|रोमानी]] जस्ता विविध जातिहरू सहित<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/bridenapping-ndash-a-growing-hidden-crime-2367811.html|title='Bridenapping': a growing hidden crime|date=9 October 2011|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>) विश्वभर र प्रागैतिहासिक कालदेखि इतिहासभरि अभ्यास गरिएको एक प्रमुख अपहरण विधि हो। वधू अपहरण अझै पनि विश्वका विभिन्न भागहरूमा यथावत् रहेकोमा यो [[काकेसस]], [[मध्य एसिया]], [[अमेजन वर्षावन]] र [[अफ्रिका]]का केही भागहरूमा सबैभन्दा सामान्य छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-37256574|title=Police swoop on fake 'bride kidnapping'|date=2 September 2016|access-date=25 July 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/sep/28/kidnapped-and-forced-to-marry-their-rapist-ending-courtship-in-uganda|title=Kidnapped and forced to marry their rapist ending courtship in Uganda|date=28 September 2023|access-date=25 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/kidnapped-raped-married-the-extraordinary-rebellion-of-ethiopia-s-abducted-wives-1922263.html|title=Kidnapped, raped married. The extraordinary rebellion of Ethiopia's abducted wives|date=17 March 2010|access-date=25 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> अधिकांश राष्ट्रहरूमा वधू अपहरणलाई [[यौन अपराध]] मानिन्छ किनभने यसमा विवाहको [[विवाहका प्रकारहरू|वैध रूप]]को सट्टा बलात्कारको अन्तर्निहित तत्व हुन्छ। यसका केही प्रकारहरूलाई [[जबरजस्ती विवाह]] र [[सम्झौतामूलक विवाह]] बीचको निरन्तरतामा पनि हेर्न सकिन्छ। यो शब्द कहिलेकाहीँ [[भागेर विवाह]]सँग भ्रमित हुन्छ, जसमा एक जोडीसँगै भाग्छन् र पछि आफ्ना अभिभावकको सहमति खोज्छन्। सामान्यतया आफ्नो वा आफ्ना आमाबाबुको सम्मान बचाउनको प्रयासमा महिलाले केही अवस्थामा अपहरणमा सहयोग गर्छन् वा सहमति जनाउँछन्। धेरै न्यायक्षेत्रहरूमा, यसलाई तथाकथित [[आफ्नो बलात्कारीसँग विवाह गर्ने कानून]]द्वारा प्रोत्साहित गरिन्थ्यो। जुन देशहरूमा यो अभ्यास कानून विपरीत भए पनि, यदि न्यायिक कार्यान्वयन कमजोर छ भने, [[प्रथागत कानून]] ("परम्परागत अभ्यासहरू") प्रचलित हुन सक्छ। वधू अपहरण प्रायः (तर सधैँ होइन) [[बाल विवाह]]को एक रूप हो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan-women-bride-kidnapping-idUSKBN1AH5GI|title=One in five girls and women kidnapped for marriage in Kyrgyzstan:...|date=1 August 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=25 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> यो [[वधू मूल्य]]को अभ्याससँग जोडिएको हुनसक्छ, जुन वर र उसको परिवारद्वारा वधूका आमाबाबुलाई तिर्ने धन हो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/30/world/asia/abduction-often-violent-a-kyrgyz-wedding-rite.html|title=Abduction, Often Violent, a Kyrgyz Wedding Rite|last=Smith|first=Craig S.|date=30 April 2005|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} </ref> वधू अपहरणलाई ''[[राक्तियो]]'' (बलात्कार) बाट छुट्याइन्छ किनभने पूर्वले एक पुरुषद्वारा (र उसका साथी र नातेदारहरू) एक महिला वा केटीको अपहरणलाई जनाउँछ र यो अझै पनि व्यापक अभ्यास हो जबकि पछिल्लोले युद्धको समयमा पुरुषहरूको समूहद्वारा महिलाहरूको ठूलो मात्रामा अपहरणलाई जनाउँछ। ''राक्तियो'' ऐतिहासिक अभ्यास मानिन्थ्यो तर २१औँ शताब्दीले [[युद्धकालीन बलात्कार]]को पुनरुत्थान देखेको छ जसका केही तत्वहरू वधू अपहरणसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो छन्; उदाहरणका लागि, नाइजेरियामा [[बोको हराम]], युगान्डामा [[प्रभुको प्रतिरोधी सेना]] र मध्य पूर्वमा [[इस्लामी राज्य]]द्वारा अपहरण गरिएका महिला र केटीहरूलाई उनीहरूका अपहरणकर्ताहरूले पत्नीको रूपमा लिएका थिए। प्रतीकात्मक वधू अपहरणलाई सङ्केत गर्ने अनुष्ठानहरू अझै पनि केही संस्कृतिहरूमा अवस्थित छन् (जस्तै [[सर्कासियनहरू]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gilad|first=Moshe|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/a-slightly-rarefied-circassian-day-trip-1.5201112|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172459/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/a-slightly-rarefied-circassian-day-trip-1.5201112|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2018|title=A Slightly Rarefied Circassian Day Trip|date=2012-07-05|work=Haaretz|language=en|quote=“We have an ancient and strong tradition, and we preserve it carefully. Kidnapping the bride before marriage is part of this tradition, and today it is a symbolic ceremony that allows women to marry whom they wish even if the family is against the match.”—Zuhair Thawcho, director of the Circassian Heritage Center in Kfar Kama, Israel}}</ref>) विवाह वरपरका परम्पराहरूको एक भागको रूपमा केही स्रोतहरूका अनुसार, [[हनिमुन]] कब्जाद्वारा विवाहको अवशेष हो।<ref>''See, e.g., ''William Shepard Walsh, ''Curiosities of Popular Customs and of Rites, Ceremonies, Observances, and Miscellaneous Antiquities'', (J.B. Lippincott Co., 1897), p. 654; John Lubbock, ''The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Condition of Savages'', (Appleton, 1882), p. 122. Curtis Pesmen & Setiawan Djody, ''Your First Year of Marriage'' (Simon and Schuster, 1995) p. 37. ''Compare with'' Edward Westermarck, ''The History of Human Marriage'' (Allerton Book Co., 1922), p. 277 (refuting the link between honeymoon and marriage by capture).</ref> == नेपालमा वधू अपहरण == नेपालमा विवाहको लागि महिला अपहरण गर्ने प्रथा विभिन्न जातीय समुदायहरूमा पाइन्छ जसमा विशेषगरी हिमाली र मध्यपहाडी क्षेत्रका केही आदिवासी समुदायहरू पर्दछन्। यो प्रथा मुख्यतया [[दलित]] समुदाय, [[तिब्बती-बर्मेली भाषा परिवार]]का केही जातिहरू (जस्तै [[मगर]], [[गुरुङ]], [[ल्होमी जाति|ल्होमी]]), र मुस्ताङ, रुकुम, हुम्ला, मनाङ लगायतका जिल्लाहरूमा देखिन्छ।<ref name="National2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/nepal-s-child-brides-kidnapped-and-married-at-13-1.610972|title=Nepal's child brides: kidnapped and married at 13|date=2017-07-20|work=The National|access-date=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref name="TRF2011">{{Cite news|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20111212095300-pgodl|title=Kidnapping Women for Marriage Persists in Nepali Indigenous Group|date=2011-12-12|work=Thomson Reuters Foundation|access-date=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref name="Newsreel2025">{{Cite web|url=https://newsreel.asia/videos/home-is-not-a-place-nepal-bride-kidnapping|title=Home Is Not a Place: A Young Woman Traces Her Community's History of Bride Kidnapping|date=2025-06-28|website=Newsreel Asia|access-date=2026-07-07}}</ref> नेपालका विभिन्न समुदायमा वधू अपहरणलाई फरक-फरक नामले चिनिन्छ। ''तानी विवाह'' वा ''छोट्टी बस्ने'' प्रथा रुकुम पूर्वका केही समुदायमा प्रचलित प्रथा हो जसमा पुरुषहरूले मन परेकी केटीलाई जबरजस्ती तानेर वा अपहरण गरेर विवाह गर्ने गर्छन्।<ref name="KathmanduPost2024">{{Cite news|url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-5/2024/01/10/teenage-girls-in-rukum-east-live-in-terror-of-outdated-traditions|title=Teenage girls in Rukum East live in terror of outdated traditions|date=2024-01-10|work=The Kathmandu Post|access-date=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref name="CIJ2024">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cijnepal.org/unveiling-horror-traditions-shackles-on-eastern-rukums-daughters|title=Unveiling Horror: Tradition's Shackles on Eastern Rukum's Daughters|date=2024-01-10|website=CIJ Nepal|access-date=2026-07-07}}</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू]] bi6blr69sg822v5hggffwcn4n9gjn21 1365202 1365146 2026-07-07T08:56:15Z InternetArchiveBot 53012 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1365202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{छोटो विवरण|एउटा यस्तो खालको अभ्यास जसमा एक पुरुषले आफूले विवाह गर्न चाहेकी महिलालाई अपहरण गर्छ}} {{महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू}} [[चित्र:Evariste-Vital Luminais - Pirates normands au IXe siècle.jpg|alt=|thumb|313x313px|नवौँ शताब्दीमा [[भाइकिङ]]हरूले महिलालाई अपहरण गरिरहेको चित्रण। भाइकिङ पुरुषहरू प्रायः विदेशी महिलाहरूलाई उनीहरूले लूटपाट गरेका भूमिबाट [[विवाह]] वा [[उपपत्नीत्व]]को लागि अपहरण गर्थे। १९औँ शताब्दीमा फ्रान्सेली चित्रकार [[एभारिस्त-भिताल लुमिने]]द्वारा चित्रित।]] [[File:Schnorr von Carolsfeld Bibel in Bildern 1860 083.png|thumb|right|[[बेन्जामिनका गोत्र|बेन्जामिनीहरू]]ले सिलोहबाट पत्नीहरू खोसेको यो सन् १८६० को काठको कुँदिएको चित्र। [[गिबियाको युद्ध]]मा ठूलो क्षति पछि विवाहको लागि पर्याप्त महिला उपलब्ध थिएनन्।]] '''वधू अपहरण''' जसलाई '''अपहरणद्वारा विवाह''' वा '''कब्जाद्वारा विवाह''' पनि भनिन्छ, एक अभ्यास हो जसमा एक पुरुष वा केटाले आफूले विवाह गर्न चाहेकी महिला वा केटीलाई [[अपहरण]] गर्ने गर्दछ।<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.org/projects/out-of-eden-walk/articles/2017-06-captured-hearts/|title=Captured Hearts|website=www.nationalgeographic.org|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref> वधू अपहरण दक्षिणपूर्व एसियाका [[ह्मोङ जाति|ह्मोङ]], मेक्सिकोका [[त्जेल्तल जाति|त्जेल्तल]] र युरोपका [[रोमानी जाति|रोमानी]] जस्ता विविध जातिहरू सहित<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/bridenapping-ndash-a-growing-hidden-crime-2367811.html|title='Bridenapping': a growing hidden crime|date=9 October 2011|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=25 July 2019}}</ref>) विश्वभर र प्रागैतिहासिक कालदेखि इतिहासभरि अभ्यास गरिएको एक प्रमुख अपहरण विधि हो। वधू अपहरण अझै पनि विश्वका विभिन्न भागहरूमा यथावत् रहेकोमा यो [[काकेसस]], [[मध्य एसिया]], [[अमेजन वर्षावन]] र [[अफ्रिका]]का केही भागहरूमा सबैभन्दा सामान्य छ।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-news-from-elsewhere-37256574|title=Police swoop on fake 'bride kidnapping'|date=2 September 2016|access-date=25 July 2019|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/sep/28/kidnapped-and-forced-to-marry-their-rapist-ending-courtship-in-uganda|title=Kidnapped and forced to marry their rapist ending courtship in Uganda|date=28 September 2023|access-date=25 January 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/kidnapped-raped-married-the-extraordinary-rebellion-of-ethiopia-s-abducted-wives-1922263.html|title=Kidnapped, raped married. The extraordinary rebellion of Ethiopia's abducted wives|date=17 March 2010|access-date=25 January 2024|language=en}}</ref> अधिकांश राष्ट्रहरूमा वधू अपहरणलाई [[यौन अपराध]] मानिन्छ किनभने यसमा विवाहको [[विवाहका प्रकारहरू|वैध रूप]]को सट्टा बलात्कारको अन्तर्निहित तत्व हुन्छ। यसका केही प्रकारहरूलाई [[जबरजस्ती विवाह]] र [[सम्झौतामूलक विवाह]] बीचको निरन्तरतामा पनि हेर्न सकिन्छ। यो शब्द कहिलेकाहीँ [[भागेर विवाह]]सँग भ्रमित हुन्छ, जसमा एक जोडीसँगै भाग्छन् र पछि आफ्ना अभिभावकको सहमति खोज्छन्। सामान्यतया आफ्नो वा आफ्ना आमाबाबुको सम्मान बचाउनको प्रयासमा महिलाले केही अवस्थामा अपहरणमा सहयोग गर्छन् वा सहमति जनाउँछन्। धेरै न्यायक्षेत्रहरूमा, यसलाई तथाकथित [[आफ्नो बलात्कारीसँग विवाह गर्ने कानून]]द्वारा प्रोत्साहित गरिन्थ्यो। जुन देशहरूमा यो अभ्यास कानून विपरीत भए पनि, यदि न्यायिक कार्यान्वयन कमजोर छ भने, [[प्रथागत कानून]] ("परम्परागत अभ्यासहरू") प्रचलित हुन सक्छ। वधू अपहरण प्रायः (तर सधैँ होइन) [[बाल विवाह]]को एक रूप हो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kyrgyzstan-women-bride-kidnapping-idUSKBN1AH5GI|title=One in five girls and women kidnapped for marriage in Kyrgyzstan:...|date=1 August 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=25 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> यो [[वधू मूल्य]]को अभ्याससँग जोडिएको हुनसक्छ, जुन वर र उसको परिवारद्वारा वधूका आमाबाबुलाई तिर्ने धन हो।<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/30/world/asia/abduction-often-violent-a-kyrgyz-wedding-rite.html|title=Abduction, Often Violent, a Kyrgyz Wedding Rite|last=Smith|first=Craig S.|date=30 April 2005|work=The New York Times|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}} </ref> वधू अपहरणलाई ''[[राक्तियो]]'' (बलात्कार) बाट छुट्याइन्छ किनभने पूर्वले एक पुरुषद्वारा (र उसका साथी र नातेदारहरू) एक महिला वा केटीको अपहरणलाई जनाउँछ र यो अझै पनि व्यापक अभ्यास हो जबकि पछिल्लोले युद्धको समयमा पुरुषहरूको समूहद्वारा महिलाहरूको ठूलो मात्रामा अपहरणलाई जनाउँछ। ''राक्तियो'' ऐतिहासिक अभ्यास मानिन्थ्यो तर २१औँ शताब्दीले [[युद्धकालीन बलात्कार]]को पुनरुत्थान देखेको छ जसका केही तत्वहरू वधू अपहरणसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो छन्; उदाहरणका लागि, नाइजेरियामा [[बोको हराम]], युगान्डामा [[प्रभुको प्रतिरोधी सेना]] र मध्य पूर्वमा [[इस्लामी राज्य]]द्वारा अपहरण गरिएका महिला र केटीहरूलाई उनीहरूका अपहरणकर्ताहरूले पत्नीको रूपमा लिएका थिए। प्रतीकात्मक वधू अपहरणलाई सङ्केत गर्ने अनुष्ठानहरू अझै पनि केही संस्कृतिहरूमा अवस्थित छन् (जस्तै [[सर्कासियनहरू]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Gilad|first=Moshe|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/a-slightly-rarefied-circassian-day-trip-1.5201112|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172459/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/a-slightly-rarefied-circassian-day-trip-1.5201112|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 March 2018|title=A Slightly Rarefied Circassian Day Trip|date=2012-07-05|work=Haaretz|language=en|quote=“We have an ancient and strong tradition, and we preserve it carefully. Kidnapping the bride before marriage is part of this tradition, and today it is a symbolic ceremony that allows women to marry whom they wish even if the family is against the match.”—Zuhair Thawcho, director of the Circassian Heritage Center in Kfar Kama, Israel}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729101242/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/travel/a-slightly-rarefied-circassian-day-trip-1.5201112 |date=2019-07-29 }}</ref>) विवाह वरपरका परम्पराहरूको एक भागको रूपमा केही स्रोतहरूका अनुसार, [[हनिमुन]] कब्जाद्वारा विवाहको अवशेष हो।<ref>''See, e.g., ''William Shepard Walsh, ''Curiosities of Popular Customs and of Rites, Ceremonies, Observances, and Miscellaneous Antiquities'', (J.B. Lippincott Co., 1897), p. 654; John Lubbock, ''The Origin of Civilisation and the Primitive Condition of Man: Mental and Social Condition of Savages'', (Appleton, 1882), p. 122. Curtis Pesmen & Setiawan Djody, ''Your First Year of Marriage'' (Simon and Schuster, 1995) p. 37. ''Compare with'' Edward Westermarck, ''The History of Human Marriage'' (Allerton Book Co., 1922), p. 277 (refuting the link between honeymoon and marriage by capture).</ref> == नेपालमा वधू अपहरण == नेपालमा विवाहको लागि महिला अपहरण गर्ने प्रथा विभिन्न जातीय समुदायहरूमा पाइन्छ जसमा विशेषगरी हिमाली र मध्यपहाडी क्षेत्रका केही आदिवासी समुदायहरू पर्दछन्। यो प्रथा मुख्यतया [[दलित]] समुदाय, [[तिब्बती-बर्मेली भाषा परिवार]]का केही जातिहरू (जस्तै [[मगर]], [[गुरुङ]], [[ल्होमी जाति|ल्होमी]]), र मुस्ताङ, रुकुम, हुम्ला, मनाङ लगायतका जिल्लाहरूमा देखिन्छ।<ref name="National2017">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/nepal-s-child-brides-kidnapped-and-married-at-13-1.610972|title=Nepal's child brides: kidnapped and married at 13|date=2017-07-20|work=The National|access-date=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref name="TRF2011">{{Cite news|url=https://news.trust.org/item/20111212095300-pgodl|title=Kidnapping Women for Marriage Persists in Nepali Indigenous Group|date=2011-12-12|work=Thomson Reuters Foundation|access-date=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref name="Newsreel2025">{{Cite web|url=https://newsreel.asia/videos/home-is-not-a-place-nepal-bride-kidnapping|title=Home Is Not a Place: A Young Woman Traces Her Community's History of Bride Kidnapping|date=2025-06-28|website=Newsreel Asia|access-date=2026-07-07}}</ref> नेपालका विभिन्न समुदायमा वधू अपहरणलाई फरक-फरक नामले चिनिन्छ। ''तानी विवाह'' वा ''छोट्टी बस्ने'' प्रथा रुकुम पूर्वका केही समुदायमा प्रचलित प्रथा हो जसमा पुरुषहरूले मन परेकी केटीलाई जबरजस्ती तानेर वा अपहरण गरेर विवाह गर्ने गर्छन्।<ref name="KathmanduPost2024">{{Cite news|url=https://kathmandupost.com/province-no-5/2024/01/10/teenage-girls-in-rukum-east-live-in-terror-of-outdated-traditions|title=Teenage girls in Rukum East live in terror of outdated traditions|date=2024-01-10|work=The Kathmandu Post|access-date=2026-07-07}}</ref><ref name="CIJ2024">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cijnepal.org/unveiling-horror-traditions-shackles-on-eastern-rukums-daughters|title=Unveiling Horror: Tradition's Shackles on Eastern Rukum's Daughters|date=2024-01-10|website=CIJ Nepal|access-date=2026-07-07}}</ref> == सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू == {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:महिला विरुद्धका हिंसाहरू]] dhz4r3db9yihfx5xlvgqo8kil0y9jhe 10 150724 1365141 2026-07-07T03:30:01Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{tmbox | type=notice | image=[[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|70px]] | imageright= | text=यो लेख '''[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६]]''' अन्तर्गत निर्माण गरिएको हो। }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|वार्तालाप|श्रेणी:विकी विमि... 1365141 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tmbox | type=notice | image=[[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|70px]] | imageright= | text=यो लेख '''[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६]]''' अन्तर्गत निर्माण गरिएको हो। }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|वार्तालाप|[[श्रेणी:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ मा बनाइएका वा सुधारिएका लेखहरू]]}}</includeonly> <noinclude> {{documentation |content= {{no documentation}} }} [[श्रेणी:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन]]</noinclude> lr0cylpjylt79ispuy4besvshspooc1 1365142 1365141 2026-07-07T03:30:19Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 /* */ 1365142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{tmbox | type=notice | image=[[File:Wiki Women-Nepal 2015.png|70px]] | imageright= | text=यो लेख '''[[विकिपिडिया:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६|विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६]]''' अन्तर्गत निर्माण वा सुधार गरिएको हो। }}<includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|वार्तालाप|[[श्रेणी:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६ मा बनाइएका वा सुधारिएका लेखहरू]]}}</includeonly> <noinclude> {{documentation |content= {{no documentation}} }} [[श्रेणी:विकी विमिन एडिटाथन]]</noinclude> cl3w4ikidbfeig0mgu1m9xx7lsvk3vg 3 150725 1365143 2026-07-07T03:30:58Z नेपाली विकिपिडिया स्वागत 28168 [[ढाँचा:नमस्ते|स्वागतम्]] 1365143 wikitext text/x-wiki ==विकिपिडियामा स्वागत छ!== <div style="width: 99%; color: #111; {{box-shadow|0|1px|3px|rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.35)}} {{border-radius|2px}}"> <div style="overflow:hidden; height:auto; background: #fff; width: 100%; padding-bottom:18px;"> <div style="font-size: 36px; margin-top: 24px;margin-left: 16px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height: 1.2em;">नमस्ते, Padam Bahadur Shresthaज्यू</div> <div style="font-size: 24px; padding-top: 0px; margin-left: 16px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.2em; color: #666; "> [[नेपाली विकिपिडिया]]मा हार्दिक [[विकिपिडिया:स्वागत|स्वागत]] छ! </div></div> <div style="vertical-align:middle; color: black; background-color:#fff"> <div style="display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; background-color:#EAECF0; padding: 10px; padding-left: 25px; "> <div style="font-size: 18px; padding-top: 0px; margin-left: 0px; text-align: center; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.5em; color: #111; "> हालसम्म नेपाली विकिपिडियामा [[विशेष:Statistics|२९,८७८]] लेखहरू छन्। यसलाई बढाउन तपाईंको योगदानको आवश्यकता रहेको छ। आउनुहोस् तपाईं हामी सबै मिलेर नेपाली विकिपिडियालाई विश्वका अन्य प्रमुख [[:meta:List_of_Wikipedias/ne|भाषाका विकिपिडिया जत्ति कै धनी]] बनाऔँ। विकिपिडियाले कुनै पनि व्यक्तिलाई सम्पादन गर्ने अधिकार दिन्छ। मलाई आशा छ कि तपाईंले यहाँ मन पराउनुहुन्छ र योगदान गर्ने निर्णय गर्नुहुन्छ।</div> <div style="flex: 1 1 300px;"><br/> <div style="font-size: 17px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;">[[चित्र:Symbol support2 vote.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] सुरुवात</div> <div style="font-size: 15px;"> * पहिले [[विकिपिडिया:विकिपिडियाको बारेमा|विकिपिडियाको परिचय पृष्ठ]] पढ्नुहोस्। * तपाईंले कसरी [[मद्दत:सहायता विषयसूचि|विकिपिडियामा योगदान गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ]] जान्नुहोस्। * आफ्नो परिचय दिनको लागि तपाईंको [[प्रयोगकर्ता:Padam Bahadur Shrestha|प्रयोगकर्ता पृष्ठ]] बनाउनुहोला ताकि हामी तपाईंलाई अझ राम्रोसँग चिन्न सक्छौँ। (परिचय दिइरहनु आवश्यक नै भने छैन) </div> </div> <div style="flex: 1 1 300px;"><br/> <div style="font-size: 17px; font-family: 'Linux Libertine',Georgia,Times,serif; line-height:1.2em; font-weight:normal;">[[चित्र:Artículo bueno-blue.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] सुझावहरू</div> <div style="font-size: 15px;"> * कृपया [[विकिपिडिया:स्वशिक्षा/वार्तालाप पृष्ठ|वार्तालाप पृष्ठ]]मा चारवटा वक्र (<code><nowiki>~~~~</nowiki></code>) प्रयोग गरि हस्ताक्षर गर्नुहोला। यसो गर्नाले वार्तालाप पृष्ठमा स्वत: तपाईंको नाम, वार्ता पृष्ठसूत्र र मिति थपिने छ। * यदि तपाईंलाई विकिपिडियामा केही समस्या परेको छ भने आफ्नो वार्तालाप पृष्ठमा <code>'''<nowiki>{{मद्दत}}</nowiki>'''</code> राख्नु होला। हाम्रा प्रयोगकर्ताहरूले तपाईंको समस्याको समाधान बताउने छन्। * नयाँ पृष्ठहरू [[विकिपिडिया:स्वशिक्षा/सम्पादन|सम्पादन गर्दा]] वा [[विकिपिडिया:कसरी लेख बनाउने?|सिर्जना गर्दा]], [[विकिपिडिया:स्वशिक्षा/सन्दर्भ|सन्दर्भ]]हरू थप्दा वा मेटाउँदा गल्ती गर्न डराउनु पर्दैन किनकि गल्ती जो कोहीबाट हुन् सक्छ। </div> </div> </div> <div style="padding: 10px; padding-left: 25px; "> <div style="text-align: center;"> {{clickable button 2|विकिपिडिया:कसरी लेख बनाउने?|कसरी लेख बनाउने?|class=mw-ui-constructive center}} </div> <div style="text-align: center;"> {{clickable button 2|विकिपिडिया:चिया घर|यदि तपाईंसँग प्रश्नहरू छन् भने यहाँ सोध्नुहोस्|class=mw-ui-constructive center}} </div> </div> </div> </div> '''स्वागतम्''', हामी नेपाली विकिपिडियामा तपाईंको सम्पादनको लागि पर्खिरहेका छौँ! -- [[User:नेपाली विकिपिडिया स्वागत|नेपाली विकिपिडिया स्वागत]] ([[User talk:नेपाली विकिपिडिया स्वागत|कुरा गर्नुहोस्]]) ०९:१५, ७ जुलाई २०२६ (नेपाली समय) c2ku7jqh98l7hqtd8dp6k6mlha41x83 1 150726 1365147 2026-07-07T03:54:05Z ~2026-38597-59 79697 नयाँ पृष्ठ: अमरकान्त चौधरि सरको नम्बर कति हो 1365147 wikitext text/x-wiki अमरकान्त चौधरि सरको नम्बर कति हो 5j27jlbji6qkksb7vr5h53q5o3ks889 1 150727 1365149 2026-07-07T04:13:29Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/wikiwomen-editathon-2026 1365149 wikitext text/x-wiki {{विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६}} f8469qlh5cd67dh1x80viazoucrxwve 1 150728 1365150 2026-07-07T04:13:49Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/wikiwomen-editathon-2026 1365150 wikitext text/x-wiki {{विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६}} f8469qlh5cd67dh1x80viazoucrxwve 1 150729 1365151 2026-07-07T04:13:57Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/wikiwomen-editathon-2026 1365151 wikitext text/x-wiki {{विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६}} f8469qlh5cd67dh1x80viazoucrxwve 1 150730 1365152 2026-07-07T04:14:06Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/wikiwomen-editathon-2026 1365152 wikitext text/x-wiki {{विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६}} f8469qlh5cd67dh1x80viazoucrxwve 14 150731 1365153 2026-07-07T04:23:15Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६}} 1365153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६}} f8469qlh5cd67dh1x80viazoucrxwve 0 150733 1365174 2026-07-07T07:19:48Z Saroj 31493 नयाँ लेख 1365174 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ASC Leiden - Coutinho Collection - C 27 - Life in Sara, Guinea-Bissau - Women cooking - 1974 (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|खाना पकाउँदै गर्दा पाइपबाट धूम्रपान गरिरहेकी महिला। [[गिनी-बिसाउ]], १९७४]] [[सुर्ती|सुर्तीजन्य]] धूम्रपानले शरीरमा गम्भीर [[सुर्तीका स्वास्थ्य प्रभावहरू|नकारात्मक प्रभाव]] पार्छ। विभिन्न प्रकारका रोग तथा चिकित्सकीय अवस्थाहरूले महिला र पुरुषलाई फरक-फरक रूपमा असर गर्छन्, र यही कुरा सुर्तीका प्रभावहरूमा पनि लागू हुन्छ। सुर्तीको प्रयोग व्यापक रूपमा फैलिन थालेदेखि धेरै संस्कृतिहरूले धूम्रपानलाई पुरुषसँग सम्बन्धित दुर्व्यसनका रूपमा हेरेका छन्। त्यसैले सुर्तीका प्रभावका सन्दर्भमा महिला र पुरुषबीचका विशिष्ट भिन्नताबारे गरिएको अधिकांश अनुसन्धान हालका वर्षहरूमा मात्र गहन रूपमा अध्ययन गरिएको छ। == सामान्य स्वास्थ्य प्रभावहरू == {{Main|सुर्तीका स्वास्थ्य प्रभावहरू}} रोग नियन्त्रण तथा रोकथाम केन्द्रका अनुसार, चुरोट सेवन संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकामा रोकथाम गर्न सकिने मृत्युको प्रमुख कारण हो र यसले समाजमा स्वास्थ्यसम्बन्धी उल्लेखनीय आर्थिक लागत उत्पन्न गर्छ।<ref>"Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Economic Costs – United States, 1995—1999", MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51, no. 14 (April 12, 2002): 300-3</ref> सन् १९९५ देखि १९९९ सम्मको अवधिमा धूम्रपानका कारण प्रत्येक वर्ष करिब ४४०,००० समयअघि हुने मृत्यु भएका थिए र करिब १५७ अर्ब अमेरिकी डलर बराबरको "स्वास्थ्यसम्बन्धी आर्थिक क्षति" भएको थियो। धूम्रपानले विभिन्न प्रतिकूल स्वास्थ्य प्रभावहरूको जोखिम बढाउने र तिनसँग सम्बन्धित हुने कुरा प्रमाणित भएको छ। उदाहरणका लागि, "चुरोट सेवनले सबै प्रकारका क्यान्सरमध्ये करिब एकतिहाइ, साथै फोक्सोको क्यान्सरका ९० प्रतिशत घटनामा योगदान पुर्‍याउँछ। [धूम्रपानले] दीर्घकालीन ब्रोन्काइटिस र एम्फिसेमा जस्ता फोक्सोका रोगहरू पनि निम्त्याउँछ, [र] स्ट्रोक, हृदयाघात, रक्तनलीसम्बन्धी रोग तथा एन्युरिज्म लगायतका मुटुसम्बन्धी रोगहरूको जोखिम बढाउन सक्छ।"<ref>Institute on Drug Abuse, "Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products", June 2009, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090626040733/http://www.nida.nih.gov/pdf/infofacts/Tobacco09.pdf]</ref> सन् २००४ मा प्रकाशित "The Health Consequences of Smoking" शीर्षकको सर्जन जनरलको प्रतिवेदनअनुसार, धूम्रपानका अन्य प्रभावहरूमा मोतिबिन्दुको जोखिम बढ्नु, प्रतिअक्सिकारक पदार्थहरू, विशेषगरी भिटामिन सी, को स्तर घट्नु, सूजन बढ्नु तथा पेरियोडोन्टाइटिस हुनु समावेश छन्।<ref>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004</ref> ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== *[[अण्डाशयको क्यान्सर]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://quitsmoking.about.com/od/cancer/a/ovariancancer.htm|title= Smoking and the Risk of Ovarian Cancer: New Evidence Suggests a Link Between Smoking and Ovarian Cancer|author= Terry Martin|date= 2006-04-04|work= Smoking Cessation|publisher= [[About.com]]|access-date= 2012-05-16|archive-date= 2012-01-05|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120105064209/http://quitsmoking.about.com/od/cancer/a/ovariancancer.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:धूम्रपान]] [[श्रेणी:समाजमा महिलाहरू]] loetalsf1e76pmae0lytd64gos72yu8 1365178 1365174 2026-07-07T07:27:05Z Saroj 31493 Sarojद्वारा [[महिला र धूम्रपान]] पृष्ठलाई [[महिला र धुम्रपान]]मा सारियो: एकरूपता कायम गर्न 1365174 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ASC Leiden - Coutinho Collection - C 27 - Life in Sara, Guinea-Bissau - Women cooking - 1974 (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|खाना पकाउँदै गर्दा पाइपबाट धूम्रपान गरिरहेकी महिला। [[गिनी-बिसाउ]], १९७४]] [[सुर्ती|सुर्तीजन्य]] धूम्रपानले शरीरमा गम्भीर [[सुर्तीका स्वास्थ्य प्रभावहरू|नकारात्मक प्रभाव]] पार्छ। विभिन्न प्रकारका रोग तथा चिकित्सकीय अवस्थाहरूले महिला र पुरुषलाई फरक-फरक रूपमा असर गर्छन्, र यही कुरा सुर्तीका प्रभावहरूमा पनि लागू हुन्छ। सुर्तीको प्रयोग व्यापक रूपमा फैलिन थालेदेखि धेरै संस्कृतिहरूले धूम्रपानलाई पुरुषसँग सम्बन्धित दुर्व्यसनका रूपमा हेरेका छन्। त्यसैले सुर्तीका प्रभावका सन्दर्भमा महिला र पुरुषबीचका विशिष्ट भिन्नताबारे गरिएको अधिकांश अनुसन्धान हालका वर्षहरूमा मात्र गहन रूपमा अध्ययन गरिएको छ। == सामान्य स्वास्थ्य प्रभावहरू == {{Main|सुर्तीका स्वास्थ्य प्रभावहरू}} रोग नियन्त्रण तथा रोकथाम केन्द्रका अनुसार, चुरोट सेवन संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकामा रोकथाम गर्न सकिने मृत्युको प्रमुख कारण हो र यसले समाजमा स्वास्थ्यसम्बन्धी उल्लेखनीय आर्थिक लागत उत्पन्न गर्छ।<ref>"Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Economic Costs – United States, 1995—1999", MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51, no. 14 (April 12, 2002): 300-3</ref> सन् १९९५ देखि १९९९ सम्मको अवधिमा धूम्रपानका कारण प्रत्येक वर्ष करिब ४४०,००० समयअघि हुने मृत्यु भएका थिए र करिब १५७ अर्ब अमेरिकी डलर बराबरको "स्वास्थ्यसम्बन्धी आर्थिक क्षति" भएको थियो। धूम्रपानले विभिन्न प्रतिकूल स्वास्थ्य प्रभावहरूको जोखिम बढाउने र तिनसँग सम्बन्धित हुने कुरा प्रमाणित भएको छ। उदाहरणका लागि, "चुरोट सेवनले सबै प्रकारका क्यान्सरमध्ये करिब एकतिहाइ, साथै फोक्सोको क्यान्सरका ९० प्रतिशत घटनामा योगदान पुर्‍याउँछ। [धूम्रपानले] दीर्घकालीन ब्रोन्काइटिस र एम्फिसेमा जस्ता फोक्सोका रोगहरू पनि निम्त्याउँछ, [र] स्ट्रोक, हृदयाघात, रक्तनलीसम्बन्धी रोग तथा एन्युरिज्म लगायतका मुटुसम्बन्धी रोगहरूको जोखिम बढाउन सक्छ।"<ref>Institute on Drug Abuse, "Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products", June 2009, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090626040733/http://www.nida.nih.gov/pdf/infofacts/Tobacco09.pdf]</ref> सन् २००४ मा प्रकाशित "The Health Consequences of Smoking" शीर्षकको सर्जन जनरलको प्रतिवेदनअनुसार, धूम्रपानका अन्य प्रभावहरूमा मोतिबिन्दुको जोखिम बढ्नु, प्रतिअक्सिकारक पदार्थहरू, विशेषगरी भिटामिन सी, को स्तर घट्नु, सूजन बढ्नु तथा पेरियोडोन्टाइटिस हुनु समावेश छन्।<ref>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004</ref> ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== *[[अण्डाशयको क्यान्सर]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://quitsmoking.about.com/od/cancer/a/ovariancancer.htm|title= Smoking and the Risk of Ovarian Cancer: New Evidence Suggests a Link Between Smoking and Ovarian Cancer|author= Terry Martin|date= 2006-04-04|work= Smoking Cessation|publisher= [[About.com]]|access-date= 2012-05-16|archive-date= 2012-01-05|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120105064209/http://quitsmoking.about.com/od/cancer/a/ovariancancer.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:धूम्रपान]] [[श्रेणी:समाजमा महिलाहरू]] loetalsf1e76pmae0lytd64gos72yu8 1365182 1365178 2026-07-07T07:28:07Z Saroj 31493 हिज्जे/वर्तनी सुधार 1365182 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ASC Leiden - Coutinho Collection - C 27 - Life in Sara, Guinea-Bissau - Women cooking - 1974 (cropped).jpg|thumb|300px|खाना पकाउँदै गर्दा पाइपबाट धुम्रपान गरिरहेकी महिला। [[गिनी-बिसाउ]], १९७४]] [[सुर्ती|सुर्तीजन्य]] धुम्रपानले शरीरमा गम्भीर [[सुर्तीका स्वास्थ्य प्रभावहरू|नकारात्मक प्रभाव]] पार्छ। विभिन्न प्रकारका रोग तथा चिकित्सकीय अवस्थाहरूले महिला र पुरुषलाई फरक-फरक रूपमा असर गर्छन्, र यही कुरा सुर्तीका प्रभावहरूमा पनि लागू हुन्छ। सुर्तीको प्रयोग व्यापक रूपमा फैलिन थालेदेखि धेरै संस्कृतिहरूले धुम्रपानलाई पुरुषसँग सम्बन्धित दुर्व्यसनका रूपमा हेरेका छन्। त्यसैले सुर्तीका प्रभावका सन्दर्भमा महिला र पुरुषबीचका विशिष्ट भिन्नताबारे गरिएको अधिकांश अनुसन्धान हालका वर्षहरूमा मात्र गहन रूपमा अध्ययन गरिएको छ। == सामान्य स्वास्थ्य प्रभावहरू == {{Main|सुर्तीका स्वास्थ्य प्रभावहरू}} रोग नियन्त्रण तथा रोकथाम केन्द्रका अनुसार, चुरोट सेवन संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकामा रोकथाम गर्न सकिने मृत्युको प्रमुख कारण हो र यसले समाजमा स्वास्थ्यसम्बन्धी उल्लेखनीय आर्थिक लागत उत्पन्न गर्छ।<ref>"Annual Smoking-Attributable Mortality, Years of Potential Life Lost, and Economic Costs – United States, 1995—1999", MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51, no. 14 (April 12, 2002): 300-3</ref> सन् १९९५ देखि १९९९ सम्मको अवधिमा धुम्रपानका कारण प्रत्येक वर्ष करिब ४४०,००० समयअघि हुने मृत्यु भएका थिए र करिब १५७ अर्ब अमेरिकी डलर बराबरको "स्वास्थ्यसम्बन्धी आर्थिक क्षति" भएको थियो। धुम्रपानले विभिन्न प्रतिकूल स्वास्थ्य प्रभावहरूको जोखिम बढाउने र तिनसँग सम्बन्धित हुने कुरा प्रमाणित भएको छ। उदाहरणका लागि, "चुरोट सेवनले सबै प्रकारका क्यान्सरमध्ये करिब एकतिहाइ, साथै फोक्सोको क्यान्सरका ९० प्रतिशत घटनामा योगदान पुर्‍याउँछ। [धुम्रपानले] दीर्घकालीन ब्रोन्काइटिस र एम्फिसेमा जस्ता फोक्सोका रोगहरू पनि निम्त्याउँछ, [र] स्ट्रोक, हृदयाघात, रक्तनलीसम्बन्धी रोग तथा एन्युरिज्म लगायतका मुटुसम्बन्धी रोगहरूको जोखिम बढाउन सक्छ।"<ref>Institute on Drug Abuse, "Cigarettes and Other Tobacco Products", June 2009, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090626040733/http://www.nida.nih.gov/pdf/infofacts/Tobacco09.pdf]</ref> सन् २००४ मा प्रकाशित "The Health Consequences of Smoking" शीर्षकको सर्जन जनरलको प्रतिवेदनअनुसार, धुम्रपानका अन्य प्रभावहरूमा मोतिबिन्दुको जोखिम बढ्नु, प्रतिअक्सिकारक पदार्थहरू, विशेषगरी भिटामिन सी, को स्तर घट्नु, सूजन बढ्नु तथा पेरियोडोन्टाइटिस हुनु समावेश छन्।<ref>U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Office on Smoking and Health, 2004</ref> ==यो पनि हेर्नुहोस्== *[[अण्डाशयको क्यान्सर]]<ref>{{cite web|url= http://quitsmoking.about.com/od/cancer/a/ovariancancer.htm|title= Smoking and the Risk of Ovarian Cancer: New Evidence Suggests a Link Between Smoking and Ovarian Cancer|author= Terry Martin|date= 2006-04-04|work= Smoking Cessation|publisher= [[About.com]]|access-date= 2012-05-16|archive-date= 2012-01-05|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120105064209/http://quitsmoking.about.com/od/cancer/a/ovariancancer.htm|url-status= dead}}</ref> ==सन्दर्भ सामग्रीहरू== {{सन्दर्भसूची}} [[श्रेणी:धुम्रपान]] [[श्रेणी:समाजमा महिलाहरू]] iknuk6brg7lhe5yvt763ues2vxyta7u 1 150734 1365175 2026-07-07T07:22:02Z Saroj 31493 https://fountain.toolforge.org/editathons/wikiwomen-editathon-2026 1365175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६}} f8469qlh5cd67dh1x80viazoucrxwve 1365176 1365175 2026-07-07T07:23:03Z Saroj 31493 translated page 1365176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{translated page|en|Women and smoking|version=1356115123}} {{विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६}} os3bxkvfhcc7r2bfbo0ztwiinlgpqdg 1365180 1365176 2026-07-07T07:27:05Z Saroj 31493 Sarojद्वारा [[वार्तालाप:महिला र धूम्रपान]] पृष्ठलाई [[वार्तालाप:महिला र धुम्रपान]]मा सारियो: एकरूपता कायम गर्न 1365176 wikitext text/x-wiki {{translated page|en|Women and smoking|version=1356115123}} {{विकी विमिन एडिटाथन २०२६}} os3bxkvfhcc7r2bfbo0ztwiinlgpqdg 0 150735 1365179 2026-07-07T07:27:05Z Saroj 31493 Sarojद्वारा [[महिला र धूम्रपान]] पृष्ठलाई [[महिला र धुम्रपान]]मा सारियो: एकरूपता कायम गर्न 1365179 wikitext text/x-wiki #अनुप्रेषण [[महिला र धुम्रपान]] fg4epjem1ippkdqjmimhaobavvgtcp6 1 150736 1365181 2026-07-07T07:27:05Z Saroj 31493 Sarojद्वारा [[वार्तालाप:महिला र धूम्रपान]] पृष्ठलाई [[वार्तालाप:महिला र धुम्रपान]]मा सारियो: एकरूपता कायम गर्न 1365181 wikitext text/x-wiki #अनुप्रेषण [[वार्तालाप:महिला र धुम्रपान]] shsqxmdctuopv1yuh1nx38up6uw8hzn 14 150737 1365184 2026-07-07T07:34:03Z Saroj 31493 नयाँ पृष्ठ: {{Commons category}} {{Cat main|धुम्रपान}} [[श्रेणी:बानीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:मानव गतिविधिहरू]] 1365184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category}} {{Cat main|धुम्रपान}} [[श्रेणी:बानीहरू]] [[श्रेणी:मानव गतिविधिहरू]] 961juxo94znha4o150nrnguhdxab10b 14 150738 1365190 2026-07-07T07:46:43Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 नयाँ पृष्ठ: नयाँ श्रेणी 1365190 wikitext text/x-wiki नयाँ श्रेणी ajgisxhx5bmzcsav9peslm3ip5kkjz4 14 150739 1365191 2026-07-07T07:46:47Z पर्वत सुवेदी 31224 नयाँ पृष्ठ: नयाँ श्रेणी 1365191 wikitext text/x-wiki नयाँ श्रेणी ajgisxhx5bmzcsav9peslm3ip5kkjz4