Wikipedia newwiki https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter माध्यम विशेष खँलाबँला छ्येलेमि छ्येलेमि खँलाबँला विकिपिडिया विकिपिडिया खँलाबँला किपा किपा खँलाबँला मिडियाविकि मिडियाविकि खँलाबँला Template Template talk ग्वाहालि ग्वाहालि खँलाबँला पुचः पुचः खँलाबँला दबू दबू खँलाबँला TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2250 1121941 1121621 2026-07-16T01:05:42Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1121941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/माउस}} [[Image:3-Tasten-Maus Microsoft.jpg|thumb|alt=तारयुक्तः सङ्गणकमूषकः|तारयुक्तः सङ्गणकमूषकः यस्य बटनद्वयं (वामदक्षिणयोः), स्क्रॉलचक्रं (यत् दबाने बटनरूपेण कार्यं करोति) तथा च मूषकस्य कार्यं कर्तुं सङ्गणके प्लग् कर्तुं USB-A केबलं (सामान्यतया)]] [[Image:A computer mouse, black and white, retouched, keyboard visible in background.jpg|thumb|alt=wireless computer mouse|एकः [[ताररहितः]]]] [[Image:Мышь 2.jpg|thumb|alt=गृहमूषकः (Mus musculus)|सङ्गणकमूषकस्य नामकरणं कृन्तकस्य सादृश्यस्य कारणेन [[मूषकः|भवति]]]] ==पिनेयागु स्वापूतः== {{Commonscat|Computer mice}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724023157/http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/xerox/star8010.shtml The Earliest Computer Mice] * The Xerox [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724023037/http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/xerox/alto.shtml Alto ball mouse] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20080724023157/http://www.oldmouse.com/mouse/xerox/star8010.shtml Star optical mouse] * [http://library.stanford.edu/mac/mouse0.html Primary Material on the Apple Mouse] * {{PDF|[http://instruct1.cit.cornell.edu/courses/sts355/micezen.pdf ''Of Mice and Zen: Product Design and Invisible Innovation'', by Alex Soojung-Kim Pang]}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080112045313/http://www.mstarmetro.net/~rlowens/OpticalMouse/ Optical Mouse technology review: Tech specs on current optical mice] * [http://www.dvhardware.net/review70_logitech-mx1000.html A review of a modern laser-based mouse: the MX1000] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080928081412/http://www.sri.com/about/timeline/mouse.html SRI mouse] * [http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/ MouseSite] including [http://sloan.stanford.edu/MouseSite/1968Demo.html 1968 demonstration] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081221104352/http://writeka.com/emage/mouse_events.html Mouse Interrupts in DOS] * [http://www.computer-engineering.org/ps2mouse/ The PS/2 mouse interface] – Detailed description of the data protocol, including the Microsoft Intellimouse wheel-and-five-buttons extensions * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090302000300/http://freedos-32.sourceforge.net/showdoc.php?page=sermouse Serial-port mouse protocols] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925125103/http://users.tkk.fi/~then/mytexts/mouse.html PC mouse information] – some information on mouse interfaces and communication protocols * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061025220855/http://www.hardwarebook.net/connector/userinput/atarimousejoy.html HwB: Atari Mouse/Joy Connector] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081001210944/http://repair4mouse.org/ Repair4Mouse] - A survey of do-it-yourself guides for repairing and modding computer mice. * [http://computer.howstuffworks.com/mouse.htm howstuffworks.com article on how computer mice work] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20061112034723/http://englishrussia.com/?p=270#more-270 English Russia » The Manipulator For Graphical Information], Russian mice * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928055033/http://www.rollosonic.com/Pages/RolloSONIC_Intro.html RolloSONIC] A program focused on making sound from mouse movement {{Gamepad styles}} [[Category:प्रविधि]] m8089qtxcypcjy935t87s550v9kgd46 0 17894 1121942 1121622 2026-07-16T01:10:24Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1121942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/मि}} [[Image:Forestfire2.jpg|250px|thumbnail||गुंइ मिं नःगु]] '''मि''' छगू [[अक्सिदेसन]] प्रक्रिया ख। थ्व प्रक्रियाय् विभिन्न इन्तेन्सितीया उर्जा [[जः]] (जःया वेभलेन्थ भिजिबल स्पेक्त्रम स्वया पिने नं लाय् फु) व [[ताप]]या रुपय् पिहां वइ नापं [[कुं]] नं पिहांवे फइ। मि च्याकिगु सीकेज्या मनु लहनाया दक्ले तःधंगु सीकेज्याय् छ्गूया रुपय् नालेगु या। मि जंगली पशुतयेत ख्यायेत, नसा बुइकेत, जः दयेकेयात व चिकुइबिले ताप दयेकेयात आदिया निंतिं छ्येलिगु या। == रसायनशास्त्र == साधारण कथं मि निगु प्रकारया जुइ ज्वालामय व रसायनिक। थ्व निगु मिया थःगु हे कथंया गुण दु। ===ज्वालामय मि=== [[Image:Flaming cocktails.jpg|thumbnail|"फ्लेमिङ्ग" ककटेलय् म्हो मात्राय् मिनइगु अल्कोहलनाप मज्वनिगु कोदिज दइ। अल्कोहल त्वनेस्वया न्ह्यः थुकिइ मि च्याकिगु याइ।]] फ्लेमिङ्ग मि छगू इन्धनयात तीव्र रुपं अक्सिदेसन याना कम्बस्चनं पिहां वइगु ज्वाला, ताप व जः ख। फ्लेम वा ज्वाला थमंतुं धाःसा ग्यासय् तीव्र रुपय् एक्जोथर्मिक रियाक्सन जुयाच्वंगु थासय् उत्त्पत्ति जुइ। एक्जोथर्मिक रियाक्सन थन्याःगु रियाक्सन ख गुकिलि रियाक्सनं ताप व उर्जा पिकाइ व रियाक्सनया लिच्वःया कथं अप्व स्थिर रसायनया उत्त्पत्ति जुइ। मिं न्याच्वंगु इन्धनय् केमिकल रियाक्सन जुयाच्वनिबिले जः फोतोनया रुपय् उत्त्पत्ति जुइ व इन्धनया अक्सिदेसनं थ्व जः उर्जायात पिथनि। रसायनिक व भौतिक हिलेज्याया आधारय् ज्वालां मिखां खनिगु वा मखनिगु स्पेक्ट्रमय् जः पिथनि दसु- मिंनःगु अल्कोहल वा मिनःगु हाइद्रोजन आपालं मिखां मखनिगु तर यक्व ताप उर्जा दूगु मि पिकाइ। The visible "clear" flame has no mass. What we see as a flame is actually energy (photons) being released in the form of light by the oxidation of the fuel. The color of the flame is dependent upon the energy level of the photons emitted. Lower energy levels produce colors toward the red end of the light spectrum while higher energy levels produce colors toward the blue end of the spectrum. The hottest flames are white in appearance. The [[colored fire|color of a fire]] may also be affected by [[chemical elements]] in the flame, such as [[barium]] giving a [[green]] [[flame test|flame color]]. The flame color depends also on the unoxidized carbon particles. In some cases there is a partial fuel oxidation due to oxygen lack in the central part of the flame, where combustion reactions take place. In such cases the unoxidized hot carbon particles emit radiation in the light spectrum, resulting in a yellow/red flame, such that of common house fireplace. ===Chemical Reaction=== [[Image:Fire triangle.svg|thumbnail|The fire triangle]] Fires start when a [[flammable]] and/or a [[combustible]] material with an adequate supply of [[oxygen]] or another [[oxidizer]] is subjected to enough [[heat]]. This is commonly called the fire triangle. No fire can exist without all three elements being in place. ===Burns=== Fire causes injury in forms of first-, second-, and third-degree burns. A first-degree burn damages the [[epidermis]] only, while a second-degree burn goes through the epidermis and [[dermis]]. A third-degree burn destroys both the epidermis and dermis, and kills all nerve receptors underneath the skin. The common fire-causing sources of heat include: * [[spark]]s * another fire (such as an [[explosion]]) * a fire in the [[oven]] or [[fireplace]] * a lit [[match]], [[lighter]] or [[cigarette]] * sources of intense [[thermal radiation]] (such as [[sunlight]] or an [[incandescent light bulb]]) * [[Joule heating]], [[friction]] or [[exhaust gas]] from mechanical or electrical [[machinery]] Once ignited, fires can sustain their own heat by the further release of [[heat energy]] in the process of [[combustion]] and may propagate, provided there is a continuous supply of [[oxygen]] and [[fuel]]. Fire can be extinguished by removing any one of the elements of the fire triangle. The traditional extinguishant of water acts by cooling the combusting material to stop the reaction, whereas a Carbon Dioxide extinguisher acts by starving the fire of oxygen. The unburnable solid remains of a combustible material left after a fire are called ash, soot or cinder. ===Flame=== [[Image:Standard capmping fire 18 08 05.JPG|thumbnail|The incomplete burn of a camp fire produces the common red-orange glow]] {{Main|Flame}} A flame is an [[exothermic]], self-sustaining, oxidizing chemical reaction producing [[energy]] and glowing hot matter, of which a very small portion is [[Plasma (physics)|plasma]]. It consists of reacting gases and solids emitting visible and [[infrared]] light, the [[frequency spectrum]] of which depends on the chemical composition of the burning elements and intermediate reaction products. In many cases, such as the burning of [[organic matter]], for example wood, or the incomplete [[combustion]] of gas, [[incandescent]] solid particles called [[soot]] produce the familiar red-orange glow of 'fire'. This light has a continuous spectrum. Complete combustion of gas has a dim blue color due to the emission of single-wavelength radiation from various electron transitions in the excited molecules formed in the flame. For reasons currently unknown by scientists, the flame produced by exposure of zinc to air is a bright green, and produces plumes of [[zinc oxide]]. Usually oxygen is involved, but [[hydrogen]] burning in [[chlorine]] also produces a flame, producing [[hydrogen chloride]] (HCl). Other possible combinations producing flames, amongst many more, are [[fluorine]] and [[hydrogen]], and [[hydrazine]] and [[nitrogen tetroxide]]. The glow of a flame is complex. [[Black body|Black-body radiation]] is emitted from soot, gas, and fuel particles, though the soot particles are too small to behave like perfect blackbodies. There is also [[photon]] emission by de-excited [[atom]]s and [[molecule]]s in the gases. Much of the radiation is emitted in the visible and [[infrared]] bands. The color depends on temperature for the black-body radiation, and on chemical makeup for the [[emission spectra]]. The dominant color in a flame changes with temperature. The photo of the forest fire is an excellent example of this variation. Near the ground, where most burning is occurring, the fire is white, the hottest color possible for organic material in general, or yellow. Above the yellow region, the color changes to orange, which is cooler, then red, which is cooler still. Above the red region, combustion no longer occurs, and the uncombusted carbon particles are visible as black smoke. The [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA) of the [[United States]] has recently found that [[gravity]] plays a role. Modifying the gravity causes different flame types.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100319113411/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast12may_1.htm Spiral flames in microgravity], [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]], 2000.</ref> The common distribution of a flame under normal gravity conditions depends on [[convection]], as soot tends to rise to the top of a general flame, as in a candle in normal gravity conditions, making it yellow. In [[Weightlessness|microgravity or zero gravity]], such as an environment in [[outer space]], convection no longer occurs, and the flame becomes spherical, with a tendency to become more blue and more efficient (although it will go out if not moved steadily, as the CO₂ from combustion does not disperse in microgravity, and tends to smother the flame). There are several possible explanations for this difference, of which the most likely is that the temperature is evenly distributed enough that soot is not formed and complete combustion occurs.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070912095009/http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/cfm/usml-1_results.htm CFM-1 experiment results], National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.</ref> Experiments by NASA reveal that [[diffusion flame]]s in microgravity allow more soot to be completely oxidized after they are produced than diffusion flames on Earth, because of a series of mechanisms that behave differently in microgravity when compared to normal gravity conditions.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312020123/http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/lsp/lsp1_results.htm LSP-1 experiment results], National Aeronautics and Space Administration, April 2005.</ref> These discoveries have potential applications in [[applied science]] and [[industry]], especially concerning [[fuel efficiency]]. In combustion engines, various steps are taken to eliminate a flame. The method depends mainly on whether the fuel is oil, wood, or a high-energy fuel such as [[jet fuel]]. ===Typical temperatures of fires and flames=== *[[Oxyhydrogen]] flame: 2000 °C or above) (3645 °F) <ref> [http://scitation.aip.org/getabs/servlet/GetabsServlet?prog=normal&id=PFLDAS000009000008001577000001&idtype=cvips&gifs=yes "Flame Temperature Measurement"] </ref> *[[Bunsen burner]] flame: 1300 to 1600 °C (2372 to 2912 °F) <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140417022946/http://www.derose.net/steve/resources/engtables/flametemp.html "Flame Temperatures"]</ref> *[[Blowtorch]] flame: 1,300 °C (2372 °F) <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140321030441/http://www.cooperhandtools.com/europe/sales_literature/documents/WellerPyropen_GB.pdf "Pyropen Cordless Soldering Irons"]</ref> *[[Candle]] flame: 1000 °C (1832 °F) * [[Smoldering]] [[cigarette]]: **Temperature without drawing: side of the lit portion; 400 °C (750 °F); middle of the lit portion: 585 °C (1110 °F) **Temperature during drawing: middle of the lit portion: 700 °C (1290 °F) **Always hotter in the middle. ====Temperatures of flames by appearance==== The temperature of flames with carbon particles emitting light can be assessed by their color:<ref>"A Book of Steam for Engineers", The Stirling Company, 1905</ref> * Red ** Just visible: 977 °F (525 °C) ** Dull: 1290 °F (700 °C) ** Cherry, dull: 1470 °F (800 °C) ** Cherry, full: 1650 °F (900 °C) ** Cherry, clear: 1830 °F (1000 °C) * Orange ** Deep: 2010 °F (1100 °C) ** Clear: 2190 °F (1200 °C) * White ** Whitish: 2370 °F (1300 °C) ** Bright: 2550 °F (1400 °C) ** Dazzling: 2730 °F (1500 °C) == Controlling fire == [[Image:Blacksmiths fire.jpg|thumbnail|A [[blacksmith]]'s fire, used primarily for [[forging]] [[iron]].]] The ability to control fire is one of [[human]]kind's great achievements. [[Making fire|Fire making]] to generate heat and light made it possible for people to migrate to colder climates and enabled people to [[cooking|cook]] food — a key step in the fight against [[disease]]. [[Archaeology]] indicates that ancestors or relatives of modern humans might have controlled fire as early as 790,000 years ago. The [[Cradle of Humankind]] site has [[evidence]] for controlled fire from 1 to 1.8 million years ago.<ref> [http://whc.unesco.org/pg.cfm?cid=31&id_site=915 "UNESCO - Fossil Hominid Sites of Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, Kromdraai, and Environs" ] </ref> By the [[Neolithic Revolution]], during the introduction of grain based [[agriculture]], people all over the world used fire as a tool in [[landscape]] management. These fires were typically [[controlled burn]]s or "cool fires", as opposed to uncontrolled "hot fires" that damage the soil. Hot fires destroy plants and animals, and endanger communities. This is especially a problem in the forests of today where traditional burning is prevented in order to encourage the growth of timber crops. Cool fires are generally conducted in the spring and fall. They clear undergrowth, burning up [[biomass]] that could trigger a hot fire should it get too dense. They provide a greater variety of environments, which encourages game and plant diversity. For humans, they make dense, impassable forests traversable. The first technical application of the fire may have been the extracting and treating of metals. There are numerous modern applications of fire. In its broadest sense, fire is used by nearly every human being on earth in a controlled setting every day. Users of [[internal combustion]] vehicles employ fire every time they drive. Thermal [[power station]]s provide [[electricity]] for a large percentage of humanity. The use of fire in [[Conventional warfare|warfare]] has a long [[military history|history]]. Hunter-gatherer groups around the world have been noted as using grass and forest fires to injure their enemies and destroy their ability to find food, so it can be assumed that fire has been used in warfare for as long as humans have had the knowledge to control it. [[Homer]] detailed the use of fire by Greek [[commando]]s who hid in a [[Trojan Horse|wooden horse]] to burn [[Troy]] during the [[Trojan war]]. Later the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] fleet used [[Greek fire]] to attack ships and men. American and British warplanes destroyed the German city of [[Dresden]] on [[February 14]], [[1945]] by creating a [[firestorm]], in which a ring of fire surrounding the city was drawn inward by an updraft caused by a central cluster of fires. In the [[Vietnam War]], the Americans dropped [[napalm]] from the air. More recently many villages were burned during the [[Rwandan Genocide]]. [[Aerial bombing of cities]], including [[firebombing]] using [[incendiary bomb]]s, was also used frequently during [[World War II]]. [[Molotov cocktail]]s are cheap to construct and are commonly used as well. ==Fire and fuel== [[Image:ChineseCoalPower.jpg|thumbnail|A [[Fossil fuel power plant|coal-fired power station]] in the [[People's Republic of China]].]] Setting [[fuel]] aflame releases usable energy. [[Wood]] was a [[prehistory|prehistoric]] fuel, and is still viable today. The use of [[fossil fuel]]s, such as [[petroleum]], [[natural gas]] and [[coal]], in [[fossil fuel power plant|power plant]]s supplies the vast majority of the world's electricity today; the [[International Energy Agency]] states that nearly 80% of the world's power comes from these sources.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150113125900/http://www.iea.org/statlist/index.htm "Share of Total Primary Energy Supply", 2002; International Energy Agency]</ref> The fire in a [[power station]] is used to heat water, creating steam that drives [[turbine]]s. The turbines then spin an '''electric''' generator to produce power. The burning of wood is often the first association to the word "fire". It is common in a [[developing countries|developing country]] for wood to be the primary energy source as well. For instance, in [[Africa]], 65% of the energy used comes from the burning of [[biomass]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080112202816/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/archives/africa/chapter3.html "Energy in Africa - Chapter 3"], [[United States Department of Energy]] information administration</ref> What is less obvious is that wood burning power stations are less environmentally destructive than the fired oil power station in two major respects: first, wood is a renewable resource, especially if trees are grown in a modern, sustainable way; second, the [[carbon dioxide]] emissions are negligible because no more carbon dioxide can be produced by burning than was removed by photosynthesis during production of the wood. Thus, over a 100-year timescale, the effect is carbon-neutral.<ref>[http://www.straightdope.com/columns/021122.html The Straight Dope: What exactly is fire?]. Adams, C. (2002). Retrieved [[December 19]], [[2004]].</ref>. [[E.ON|E.ON UK]] is soon to build a 44 megawatt wood fired power station in the [[United Kingdom]] for these reasons.<ref>[http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/story/0,3605,1592854,00.html "How Can Burning Wood Help Reduce Global Warming"], [[The Guardian]] </ref> {{clear}} ==Fire protection and prevention== {{main|Fire protection}} [[Image:Sand Dorsey fire.jpg|thumbnail|A structure fire]] [[Fire fighting]] services are provided in most developed areas to extinguish or contain uncontrolled fires. Trained [[firefighter]]s use [[Fire apparatus|fire trucks]], water supply resources such as [[water main]]s and [[fire hydrant]]s, and an array of other equipment to combat the spread of fires. Model building [[Code]]s require [[passive fire protection]] and [[active fire protection]] systems to minimize damage resulting from a fire. To maximize fire safety of buildings, building products, materials and [[furnishing]]s in the [[United States]] are tested for fire resistance, [[Combustion|combustibility]] and [[flammability]]. The same applies to [[upholstery]], [[carpeting]] and [[plastics]] used in [[vehicle]]s and [[Containerization|vessel]]s. Buildings, especially [[school]]s and [[tall building]]s, often conduct fire drills to inform and prepare citizens on how to react to a building fire. Purposely starting destructive fires constitutes [[arson]] and is a criminal offense in most jurisdictions. Some jurisdictions operate systems of classifying fires using code letters. Whilst these may agree on some classifications, they also vary. Below is a table showing the standard operated in Europe and Australasia against the system used in the United States. [[Image:Dangclass2 1.png|thumbnail|Flammable gas warning]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Type of Fire ! European/Australasian Classification ! United States Classification |- | Fires that involve flammable [[solid]]s such as [[wood]], [[cloth]], [[rubber]], [[paper]], and some types of [[plastic]]s. | Class A | Class A |- | Fires that involve flammable [[liquid]]s or liquifiable solids such as [[gasoline|petrol/gasoline]], [[petroleum|oil]], [[paint]], some [[wax]]es & plastics, but '''not''' cooking fats or oils | Class B | rowspan=2|Class B |- | Fires that involve flammable [[gas]]es, such as [[natural gas]], [[hydrogen]], [[propane]], [[butane]] | Class C |- | Fires that involve [[combustion|combustible]] [[metal]]s, such as [[sodium]], [[magnesium]], and [[potassium]] | Class D | Class D |- | Fires that involve any of the materials found in Class A and B fires, but with the introduction of an electrical appliances, wiring, or other electrically energized objects in the vicinity of the fire, with a resultant electrical shock risk if a [[electrical conduction|conductive]] agent is used to control the fire | Class E | Class C |- | Fires involving cooking fats and oils. The high temperature of the oils when on fire far exceeds that of other flammable liquids making normal extinguishing agents ineffective. | Class F | Class K |} ==स्वयादिसँ== *[[भौतिक शास्त्र]] ==लिधंसा== {{लिधंसा}} ==पिनेया स्वापूत== {{commons|Fire}} * [http://www.howstuffworks.com/Fire.htm How Fire Works] [[हाउस्तफवर्क्स]]य् * [http://www.straightdope.com/columns/021122.html What exactly is fire?] ([[द स्त्रेत दोप]]य्) * [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/fire/onfire.html On Fire], छगू [[एदोब फ्ल्याश]]-आधारित विज्ञान त्युतरियल [[NOVA (TV series)]]नं * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3670017.stm Early human fire mastery revealed] [[BBC]] article on archaeological discoveries * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040215015525/http://microgravity.grc.nasa.gov/combustion/cfm/cfm_index.htm Flames in microgravity] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100319113411/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2000/ast12may_1.htm Spiral flames in microgravity] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20141218181408/http://moebuildingcontrol.co.uk/ moebuildingcontrol.co.uk - UK Guidance on fire safety codes and fire engineering] * [http://www.smokeybear.com/ Smokey Bear- गुंइ मि नइगु पनादिसँ] * [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPWucNgN8TQ Fun Uses with Fire] with a [[रुबेनया त्युब]] {{Commonscat|Fire}} [[पुचः:मि|*]] [[ar:نار (طبيعة)]] [[bg:Огън]] [[ca:Foc]] [[cs:Oheň]] [[cy:Tân]] [[da:Ild]] [[de:Feuer]] [[el:Φωτιά]] [[eo:Fajro]] [[es:Fuego]] [[et:Põlemine]] [[eu:Su]] [[fa:آتش]] [[fi:Tuli]] [[fr:Feu]] [[gd:Teine]] [[he:אש]] [[hr:Vatra]] [[id:Api]] [[io:Fairo]] [[is:Eldur]] [[it:Fuoco (fisica)]] [[ja:火]] [[jv:Geni]] [[ko:불]] [[la:Ignis]] [[lb:Feier]] [[mn:Гал]] [[ms:Api]] [[nl:Vuur]] [[no:Ild]] [[pdc:Feier]] [[pl:Ogień]] [[pt:Fogo]] [[ru:Огонь]] [[sco:Fire]] [[simple:Fire]] [[sl:Ogenj]] [[sq:Zjarri]] [[sr:Ватра]] [[sv:Eld]] [[ta:நெருப்பு]] [[th:ไฟ]] [[tl:Apoy]] [[tr:Ateş]] [[vi:Lửa]] [[yi:פייער]] [[zh:火]] gffkukw4n208gnn4r63j93ioswdb8sz 2 296394 1121940 1035878 2026-07-15T13:24:14Z Suwarn Vajracharya 11135 𑐨𑐔𑐵 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐵𑐡𑐣 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐸𑐮𑑋 1121940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{देवनागरी|E (𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵)}} ''थ्व पौ देवनागरीं बोट छ्यला थःमंतुं नेपाललिपिइ हिलातःगु ख। थ्व पौयात च्वसु पतिइ यंकेन्ह्यः छकः ब्वनाः पाय्छि जू/मजूगू स्वयादिसँ। 𑐖𑐶𑑃 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐥𑐵𑐡𑐣 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐸𑐮 - 𑐳𑐸𑐰𑐣𑑂'' {{𑐡𑐾𑐰𑐣𑐵𑐐𑐬𑐷|E (𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵)}} '''e''' 𑐕𑐐𑐹 [[𑐐𑐞𑐶𑐟|𑐐𑐞𑐶𑐟𑐷𑐫]] 𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐬𑐵𑑄𑐎 (Mathematical constant) 𑐏𑑅। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 '''𑐫𑐸𑐮𑐬𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅''' (Euler's number) 𑐰𑐵 '''𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐶𑐫𑐬𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐬𑐵𑑄𑐎''' (Napier's constant) 𑐢𑐎𑐵𑑅 𑐣𑑄 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐳𑐷𑐎𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐫𑐵। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 [[𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐎𑐺𑐟𑐶𑐎 𑐮𑐐𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐡𑐩]] (Natural logarithm) 𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬 (Base) 𑐏𑑅।<ref name="Maor">Maor, Eli (1994). ''e: The Story of a Number''. Princeton University Press.</ref> 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐀𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐩𑐾𑐫 𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅 (Irrational number) 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐣𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐹𑐰𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐀𑐣𑐸𑐥𑐵𑐟𑐫𑐵 (Ratio) 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐾 𑐦𑐂 𑐩𑐏𑐸। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐱𑐩𑐮𑐰 𑐩𑐵𑐣 [[𑐀𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐏]] 𑐟𑐎 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅 𑐰𑐣𑐷 𑐟𑐬 𑐐𑐧𑐮𑐾𑑃 𑐡𑑀𑐴𑑀𑐬𑐾 𑐖𑐸𑐂 𑐩𑐏𑐸। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐵𑐣 𑐎𑐬𑐶𑐧 𑑒.𑑗𑑑𑑘𑑒𑑘 (2.71828) 𑐡𑐸।<ref>Weisstein, Eric W. "e". MathWorld.</ref> == 𑐂𑐟𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐳 == [[𑐳𑑂𑐎𑐚𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐞𑑂𑐜|𑐳𑑂𑐎𑐚𑑂𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐞𑑂𑐜]]𑐫𑐵 𑐐𑐞𑐶𑐟𑐖𑑂𑐘 [[𑐖𑑀𑐣 𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐶𑐫𑐬|𑐖𑑀𑐣 𑐣𑐾𑐥𑐶𑐫𑐬𑑃]] (John Napier) 𑐳𑐣𑑂 𑑑𑑖𑑑𑑘 𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐮𑐐𑐵𑐬𑐶𑐡𑐩 (Logarithm) 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐧𑐣𑑂𑐢𑐷 𑐳𑐦𑐹 𑐥𑐶𑐠𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐂𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐬𑐵𑑄𑐎𑐫𑐵 𑐧𑐵𑐬𑐾𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐥𑐵𑑃𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐷 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐟𑑂𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐲 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑑃 𑐔𑐬𑑂𑐔𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐷𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑅।<ref>O'Connor, J.J.; Robertson, E.F. "The number e". University of St Andrews.</ref> 𑐀𑐫𑐣𑑃, 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐰𑐵𑐳𑑂𑐟𑐰𑐶𑐎 𑐎𑐠𑑃 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐳𑐷𑐎𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐰 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐴𑐟𑑂𑐰 𑐠𑐸𑐂𑐎𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐳𑐵 [[𑐖𑐾𑐎𑐧 𑐧𑐬𑑂𑐣𑑀𑐮𑐷|𑐖𑐾𑐎𑐧𑑂 𑐧𑐬𑑂𑐣𑑀𑐮𑐷𑑃]] (Jacob Bernoulli) 𑐳𑐣𑑂 𑑑𑑖𑑘𑑓 𑐫𑑂 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵𑐡𑐷𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑅। 𑐰𑐫𑑂𑐎𑐮𑑃 𑐔𑐎𑑂𑐬𑐰𑐺𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐶 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐖 (Compound interest) 𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐩𑐳𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐴𑐮 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐗𑑂𑐰𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐬𑐵𑑄𑐎 𑐮𑐸𑐂𑐎𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐮। 𑐳𑐣𑑂 𑑑𑑗𑑓𑑑 𑐫𑑂 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐶𑐳𑑂 𑐐𑐞𑐶𑐟𑐖𑑂𑐘 [[𑐮𑐶𑐫𑑀𑐣𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐜 𑐫𑐸𑐮𑐬|𑐮𑐶𑐫𑑀𑐣𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐜 𑐫𑐸𑐮𑐬𑑃]] (Leonhard Euler) 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐬𑐵𑑄𑐎𑐫𑐵𑐟 "e" 𑐢𑐎𑐵𑑅 𑐣𑐵𑑃 𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐡𑐶𑐮। 𑐰𑐫𑑂𑐎𑑅𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐴𑐾 𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐩𑐵𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 "𑐫𑐸𑐮𑐬𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅" 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐢𑐵𑐂।<ref name="Maor" /> == 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵 == 𑐐𑐞𑐶𑐟𑐫𑑂 '''e''' 𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐠𑐷𑐠𑐷 𑐎𑐠𑑃 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐶𑐟 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾 𑐕𑐶𑑃। 𑐡𑐎𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰 𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐮𑐷𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵𑐟 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐠𑑃 𑐡𑐸 : 𑑑. '''𑐳𑐷𑐩𑐵 (Limit) 𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂:''' 𑐐𑐧𑐮𑐾 <math>n</math> 𑐀𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐏 (Infinity) 𑐥𑐵𑐏𑐾 𑐰𑐣𑐷, 𑐀𑐧𑐮𑐫𑑂 <math>(1 + 1/n)^n</math> 𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐵𑐣 '''e''' 𑐖𑐸𑐂। :<math>e = \lim_{n \to \infty} \left(1 + \frac{1}{n}\right)^n</math> 𑑒. '''𑐀𑐮𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐏 𑐗𑑂𑐰𑑅 (Infinite Series) 𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂:''' '''e''' 𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐎𑑂𑐚𑑀𑐬𑐶𑐫𑐮 (Factorial) 𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐫𑑀𑐐𑐦𑐮𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑃 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐣𑐾 𑐕𑐶𑑃 : :<math>e = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \frac{1}{n!} = \frac{1}{0!} + \frac{1}{1!} + \frac{1}{2!} + \frac{1}{3!} + \cdots</math> :<math>e = 1 + 1 + \frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{24} + \cdots \approx 2.71828</math> == 𑐐𑐸𑐞 == '''e''' 𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐐𑐞𑐶𑐟𑐫𑑂 𑐟𑑅𑐢𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐴𑐟𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐸। 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐕𑐸𑑃 𑐩𑐹 𑐐𑐸𑐞𑐟 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐠𑑃 𑐡𑐸 : * '''𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐳 (Calculus):''' 𑐦𑐒𑑂𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐣 <math>e^x</math> 𑐐𑐞𑐶𑐟𑐫𑐵 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐖𑐎 𑐀𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐦𑐒𑑂𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐣 𑐏𑑅 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐜𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐨𑐾𑐚𑐶𑐨 (Derivative) 𑐰 𑐂𑐣𑑂𑐚𑐶𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐮 (Integral) 𑐄𑐐𑐸 𑐴𑐾 𑐦𑐒𑑂𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐣 𑐖𑐸𑐂। * '''𑐫𑐸𑐮𑐬𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐹𑐟𑑂𑐬 (Euler's Identity):''' 𑐐𑐞𑐶𑐟𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐎𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐵𑑃𑐮𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐹𑐟𑑂𑐬 𑐢𑐎𑐵𑑅 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐳𑐷𑐎𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐫𑐸𑐮𑐬𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐹𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐫𑑂 '''e''' 𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐠 𑐠𑐾 𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐮𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸 : :<math>e^{i\pi} + 1 = 0</math> 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐳𑐹𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐐𑐞𑐶𑐟𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐹 𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐬𑐵𑑄𑐎𑐟 (<math>e</math>, <math>i</math>, <math>\pi</math>, 1, 𑐰 0) 𑐡𑐸𑐠𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅।<ref>Sandifer, C. Edward (2007). ''How Euler Did It''. Mathematical Association of America.</ref> == 𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐾𑐮𑐵== '''e''' 𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐮𑐵 𑐐𑐞𑐶𑐟𑐫𑑂 𑐖𑐎 𑐩𑐏𑐸𑐳𑐾 𑐰𑐶𑐖𑑂𑐘𑐵𑐣, 𑐀𑐬𑑂𑐠𑐱𑐵𑐳𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐬, 𑐰 𑐂𑐣𑑂𑐖𑐶𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐬𑐶𑐒𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 𑐖𑐸𑐂। * '''𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐖 𑐐𑐞𑐣𑐵:''' 𑐣𑐶𑐬𑐣𑑂𑐟𑐬 𑐔𑐎𑑂𑐬𑐰𑐺𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐶 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐖 (Continuously compounded interest) 𑐮𑐶𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐣𑐶𑐟𑐶𑑃 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐀𑐟𑐶 𑐁𑐰𑐱𑑂𑐫𑐎 𑐖𑐸𑐂। * '''𑐖𑐣𑐳𑑄𑐏𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐰𑐺𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐶:''' 𑐕𑐸𑑃 𑐣𑑃 𑐔𑐷𑐖𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐰𑐺𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐶 𑐰𑐵 𑐴𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐳 (Growth or Decay) 𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐀𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐫𑐣 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐟 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐫𑑀𑐐 𑐖𑐸𑐂। 𑐡𑐳𑐸 : 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐎𑑂𑐚𑐾𑐬𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐰𑐺𑐡𑑂𑐢𑐶 𑐰𑐵 𑐬𑐾𑐜𑐶𑐫𑑀𑐢𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐷 𑐥𑐡𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐠𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐫। * '''𑐳𑐩𑑂𑐨𑐵𑐰𑑂𑐫𑐟𑐵 (Probability):''' 𑐟𑐠𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑄𑐎𑐱𑐵𑐳𑑂𑐟𑑂𑐬𑐫𑑂 (Statistics) 𑐳𑐵𑐩𑐵𑐣𑑂𑐫 𑐰𑐶𑐟𑐬𑐞 (Normal distribution) 𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐀𑐢𑑂𑐫𑐫𑐣 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐟 '''e''' 𑐩𑐵𑑅। == 𑐮𑐶𑐢𑑃𑐳𑐵 == {{Reflist}} [[𑐥𑐸𑐔𑑅:𑐐𑐞𑐶𑐟]] mgdxi0t847zo6c3i8ir7s87tgxblisv