Wikipedia newwiki https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter माध्यम विशेष खँलाबँला छ्येलेमि छ्येलेमि खँलाबँला विकिपिडिया विकिपिडिया खँलाबँला किपा किपा खँलाबँला मिडियाविकि मिडियाविकि खँलाबँला Template Template talk ग्वाहालि ग्वाहालि खँलाबँला पुचः पुचः खँलाबँला दबू दबू खँलाबँला TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 27093 1121952 1071902 2026-07-16T17:27:50Z ~2026-40118-82 31562 /* */ 1121952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/ज्याकसनs' ग्याप, अलाबामा}} [[Image:2021-03-18 Jackson's Gap, AL - Jackson's Gap Volunteer Fire Department.jpg|thumb]] [[Image:2021-03-18 Jackson's Gap, AL - Post Office.jpg|thumb]] [[Image:2021-03-18 Jackson's Gap, AL - Town Hall and Police Department.jpg|thumb]] {{अमेरिकायागु नगर इलाकायागु तथ्यांक | native_name = ज्याकसनs' ग्याप | type = टाउन | latd = ३२.८८१६७० |longsxparjii = ८५.८१८५८२ | state_name = अलाबामा | leader_title = | leader_name = | population_as_of = 2001 | population_total = ७६१| population_density = | area_magnitude= sq. km | area_total = | area_telephone = | postal_code = | vehicle_code_range = | sex_ratio = | unlocode = | website = | footnotes = | }} '''ज्याकसनs' ग्याप''' [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकायागु]] [[अलाबामा]] राज्ययागु छगु [[टाउन]] खः। ==जनसंख्या== सन् २०००यागु तथ्यांक कथलं थ्व थाय्‌यागु जनसंख्या ७६१ दु धाःसा थ्व थासे ३५२ खा छें दु<ref name="census">{{cite web | accessdate = मे २१ | accessyear = २००७ | url = http://www.census.gov/tiger/tms/gazetteer/places2k.txt | title = अमेरिकी जनगणना २००१}}</ref>। ==भूगोल== थ्व शहरयागु अक्षांश ३२.८८१६७० उत्तर व देशान्तर ८५.८१८५८२ पश्चिम खः ({{coor d|32.881670|N|85.818582|W|}})। थ्व थासे २१८३२९३३ वर्ग मिटर (८.४२९७४३ वर्ग माइल) जमिन दु धाःसा ० वर्ग मिटर (०.०००००० वर्ग माइल) ल दु<ref name="census">{{cite web | accessdate = मे २१ | accessyear = २००७ | url = http://www.census.gov/tiger/tms/gazetteer/places2k.txt | title = अमेरिकी जनगणना २००१}}</ref>। ==लिधंसा== <references/> {{अलाबामायागु थाय्}} [[पुचः:अलाबामाया थाय्]] tnsg8uuuoc9gigd8k21ouwmnlls1ofv 1121953 1121952 2026-07-16T17:28:03Z A09 22830 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-40118-82|~2026-40118-82]] ([[User talk:~2026-40118-82|talk]]) to last version by EukeshBot: reverting vandalism 1071902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/ज्याकसनs' ग्याप, अलाबामा}} [[Image:2021-03-18 Jackson's Gap, AL - Jackson's Gap Volunteer Fire Department.jpg|thumb]] [[Image:2021-03-18 Jackson's Gap, AL - Post Office.jpg|thumb]] [[Image:2021-03-18 Jackson's Gap, AL - Town Hall and Police Department.jpg|thumb]] {{अमेरिकायागु नगर इलाकायागु तथ्यांक | native_name = ज्याकसनs' ग्याप | type = टाउन | latd = ३२.८८१६७० |longd = ८५.८१८५८२ | state_name = अलाबामा | leader_title = | leader_name = | population_as_of = 2001 | population_total = ७६१| population_density = | area_magnitude= sq. km | area_total = | area_telephone = | postal_code = | vehicle_code_range = | sex_ratio = | unlocode = | website = | footnotes = | }} '''ज्याकसनs' ग्याप''' [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकायागु]] [[अलाबामा]] राज्ययागु छगु [[टाउन]] खः। ==जनसंख्या== सन् २०००यागु तथ्यांक कथलं थ्व थाय्‌यागु जनसंख्या ७६१ दु धाःसा थ्व थासे ३५२ खा छें दु<ref name="census">{{cite web | accessdate = मे २१ | accessyear = २००७ | url = http://www.census.gov/tiger/tms/gazetteer/places2k.txt | title = अमेरिकी जनगणना २००१}}</ref>। ==भूगोल== थ्व शहरयागु अक्षांश ३२.८८१६७० उत्तर व देशान्तर ८५.८१८५८२ पश्चिम खः ({{coor d|32.881670|N|85.818582|W|}})। थ्व थासे २१८३२९३३ वर्ग मिटर (८.४२९७४३ वर्ग माइल) जमिन दु धाःसा ० वर्ग मिटर (०.०००००० वर्ग माइल) ल दु<ref name="census">{{cite web | accessdate = मे २१ | accessyear = २००७ | url = http://www.census.gov/tiger/tms/gazetteer/places2k.txt | title = अमेरिकी जनगणना २००१}}</ref>। ==लिधंसा== <references/> {{अलाबामायागु थाय्}} [[पुचः:अलाबामाया थाय्]] mkubull55nelw5pfu9nvqeg8ulkqyu9 0 195169 1121943 1062220 2026-07-16T17:20:30Z ~2026-40118-82 31562 /* */ 1121943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/क्वँय्‌नाप स्वापू दूगु एनातोमिक खँग्वः}} {{Anatomical terminology series}} '''क्वँय्‌नाप स्वापू दूगु एनातोमिक खँग्वः''' आपालं एनातोमिक शब्दावलीइ थुइगु जुइ। थन्यागु आपालं खँग्वः ग्रिक व लातिन भासां बुयावःगु दु। ==थीथी कथंया क्वँय्‌xcodearrm== [[File:601 Bone Classification.jpg|thumb|right|400px|थीथी कथंया क्वँय्]] ===ताःहाकः क्वँय्=== {{main|ताःहाकः क्वँय्}} हाकः ब्याः स्वया अप्व दूगु चाकःलागु क्वँय्। थ्व परिभासा क्वँय्‌या आकारया आधारय् बियातःगु ख। अथे जूगुलिं हाकः लहिना स्वयेबिलय् चिहाकःगु क्वँय् नं ताःहाकः क्वँय् धका कायेछिं। ताःहाकः क्वँय् ल्हातय् दूगु [[ह्युमरस]], [[अल्ना]], [[रेदियस]] व तुतिइ दूगु [[फिमर]], [[तिबिया]] व [[फिबुला]] ख। नापं पतिंया [[मेटाकार्पल]], [[फ्यालिञ्जेस]] व तुतिपतिंया [[मेटाटार्सल]] व [[फ्यालिञ्जेस]] नं ताःहाकः क्वँय् ख। ताःहाकःगु क्वँय् नं [[ला]] संकुचन जुइबिलय् [[थिँभः]]या ज्या याइ। <ref name="Open Anatomy">{{cite web | url=http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/ | title=Anatomy & Physiology | publisher=Openstax college at Connexions | accessdate=November 16, 2013}}</ref> ===चिहाकः क्वँय्=== {{main|चिहाकः क्वँय्}} आकारय् क्युब थें न्यागु क्वँय्‌यात चिहाकः क्वँय् धाइ। थन्यागु क्वँय्‌या हाकः, ब्या व फि ज्वलं नःगु जुइ। मनुया म्हय् दूगु चिहाकःगु क्वँय् ल्हाया कार्पस व तुतिया तार्सस ख। चिहाकःगु क्वँय् नं म्हयात स्थिरता बी व सनेत ग्वहालि याइ।<ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===पाचिगु क्वँय्=== {{main|पाचिगु क्वँय्}} पाचिगु क्वँय् धाःगु पाचिंगु व चिब्यागु क्वँय् ख। थन्यागु क्वँय् बेक्वःगु नं जुइफु। एनातोमिक कथं [[मनुया क्वतः]]या क्वँय्‌त, [[स्क्यापुला]], [[स्टर्नम]] व बपिक्वँय् पाचिगु क्वँय् ख। पाचिगु क्वँय्‌तेसं लाधियात स्वायेगु पा व म्ह दुनेया कुचातेत रक्षा यायेगु ज्या याइ। <ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===अनाकार क्वँय्=== {{main|अनाकार क्वँय्}} आकारया आधारय् थुये वा म्हसीके मछिंगु क्वँय्‌यात अनाकार क्वँय् धाइ। थन्यागु क्वँय्‌तेगु आकार जटिल जुइ व साधारन रुपय् परिभासित याये थाकुइ। दसुया निंतिं [[दुगःक्वँय्]] कायेछिं गुकिलिं मनुया दुगःयात रक्षा याइ। मनुया ख्वाया यक्व क्वँय् (विशेष रुपं स्य दूगु क्वँय्) अनाकार क्वँय् ख। <ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===सिसामोइद क्वँय्=== {{main|सिसामोइद क्वँय्}} सिसामोइद क्वँय् धाःचु चिग्वःगु, चाकःलागु क्वँय् ख। थ्व क्वँय् आकार [[हाम्वः]]या आकारया जूगुलिं थुकियात (sesame+oid) सिसामोइद धका नां ब्युगु ख। थन्यागु क्वँय् यक्व चाप दूगु [[कुं]] नाप स्वागु तेन्दनय् बुयावइ। सेसामोइद क्वँय् नं तेन्दनय् लाइगु दबाबयात म्हो याना तेन्दनया रक्षा याइ। थन्यागु क्वँय् मनुया ज्या कथं ल्हा, तुति व पुलिइ बुयावइ। दक्वं मनुइ दइगु सेसामोइद क्वँय् पतेला ख।<ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ==पिथंगु कुचा== ===चाकःलागु=== [[File:602 Bone Markings.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Different types of bone markings and features.]] <!-- Leave the image at 400px in size, otherwise it will need to be split into three images showed at full to make the text readable--> कन्दाइल (condyle) धाःगु क्वँय्‌या च्वकाय् पिहांवःगु छगू चाकःलागु सिथ ख। थन्यागु सिथया कुचां मेगु क्वँय् नाप आर्तिकुलेसन यायेत ग्वहालि याइ। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle"}} इपिकोन्दाइल धाःगु कोन्दाइल नापंया छता कुचा ख, दसु ह्युमरसया मिदियल इपिकोन्दाइल। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Epicondyle"}} थन्यागु खँग्वःत आपालं ग्रीक भासं वःगु व मेगु भासय् पाहां खँग्वःया कथं छ्यलातःगु जुइ। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle, Epicondyle, Epi-"}} {{efn|Specifically, {{lang-la|condylus}}, from "knuckle" ({{lang-el|kondylos}}), with "epi" referring to "Upon" {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle, Epicondyle, Epi-"}} }} चिग्वःगु पिहांवःगु कुचायात एमिनेन्स (''eminence'') धाइ, दसु: मिदियल एमिनेन्स। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="eminence"}} A ''process'' refers to a relatively large projection or prominent bump, {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="process"}} as does a ''promontory'' such as the [[sacral promontory]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="promontory"}} Both ''tubercle'' and ''tuberosity'' refer to a projection or bump with a roughened surface, with a 'tubercle' generally smaller than a 'tuberosity'. These terms are derived from [[Tuber]], originally from the Latin "swelling" ({{lang-la|Tuber}}) {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Tuberous, Tubercle"}} A ''ramus'' refers to an extension of bone, such as the [[ramus of the mandible]] in the [[Human jaw|jaw]] or [[Superior pubic ramus]]. Ramus is derived from "branch" ({{lang-la|Ramus}}) {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="ramus"}} and may also be used to refer to nerves, such as the [[ramus communicans]]. A ''facet'' refers to a small, flattened articular surface. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} ===च्वामु=== A ''line'' refers to a long, thin projection, often with a rough surface. ''Ridge'' and ''crest'' refer to a long, narrow line. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Crest"}} Unlike many words used to describe anatomical terms, the word ''ridge'' is derived from [[Old English]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Ridge"}} {{efn|Specifically, 'spine, crest' ([[Old English]]:hrycg) from [[Germanic language|Germanic]] related to the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] "rug" and [[जर्मन भाषा|German]] "Rücken" 'back'. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Ridge"}} }} A ''spine'', as well as referring to the [[spinal cord]], may be used to describe a relatively long, thin projection or bump. ===Special=== These terms are used to describe bony protuberances in specific parts of the body. The ''[[:wikt:Malleolus|Malleolus]]'' ({{lang-la|"small hammer"}}) is the bony prominence on each side of the [[ankle]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Malleolus"}} These are known as the medial and lateral malleolus. Each leg is supported by two bones, the [[tibia]] on the inner side (medial) of the leg and the [[fibula]] on the outer side (lateral) of the leg. The ''medial malleolus'' is the prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia. The ''lateral malleolus'' is the prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula. The ''[[:wikt:trochanter|trochanter]]s'' are parts of the femur, to which muscles attach. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Trochanter"}} It may refer to the [[Greater trochanter|greater]], [[Lesser trochanter|lesser]], or [[third trochanter]] ==Cavities== ===Openings=== The following terms are used to describe cavities that connect to other areas: A ''[[:wikt:foramen|foramen]]'' ({{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|m|ən}};<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/foramen Entry "foramen"] in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]''.</ref> pl. '''foramina''', {{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|æ|m|ə|n|ə}}) is any opening, particularly referring to those in [[bone]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Foramen"}} Foramina inside the [[Anatomy|body]] of [[human body|humans]] and other [[Animal#Structure|animals]] typically allow [[muscle]]s, [[nerve]]s, [[artery|arteries]], [[vein]]s, or other structures to connect one part of the body with another. A ''canal'' is a long, tunnel-like foramen, usually a passage for notable nerves or blood vessels. ===Blind-ended=== The following terms are used to describe cavities that do not connect to other areas: A ''[[:wikt:fossa|fossa]]'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ə}};<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fossa Entry "fossa"] in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]''.</ref> plural ''fossas'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ə|z}}, or ''fossae'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|i:}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ai}}); from the Latin "''fossa''", ditch or trench) is a depression or hollow, usually in a bone, such as the [[hypophyseal fossa]], the depression in the [[sphenoid bone]].<ref>Venieratos D, Anagnostopoulou S, Garidou A., A new morphometric method for the sella turcica and the hypophyseal fossa and its clinical relevance.;Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2005 Nov;64(4):240-7. PMID 16425149</ref> A a ''[[:wikt:meatus|meatus]]'' {{IPAc-en|m|iː|ˈ|eɪ|t|ə|s}}<ref>''[[OED]]'' 2nd edition, 1989, as {{IPA|/miːˈeɪtəs/}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meatus Entry "meatus" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary].</ref> is a short canal that opens to another part of the body. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="meatus"}} {{efn|(The plural forms of "meatus" are: ''meatus'', as a Latin form (of the [[Latin declension#d4|fourth declension noun class]], which the word belongs to); or ''meatuses'', as a normally derived English plural; or often, and incorrectly, ''meati'', by false analogy with the very common Latin ''-us/-i'' forms (such as ''alumnus/alumni''), i.e., the [[Latin declension#d1|second declension noun class]].)}} A ''[[:wikt:fovea|fovea]]'' ({{lang-la|pit}}) is a small pit, usually on the head of a bone. The most well-known example of a ''fovea'' is the [[fovea centralis]], a depression in the [[retina]] of the [[Human eye|eye]]. ===Walls=== The following terms are used to describe the walls of a cavity: A ''[[:wikt:labyrinth|labyrinth]]'' refers to the [[bony labyrinth]] and [[membranous labyrinth]], components of the inner ear, due to their fine and complex structure. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="labyrinth"}} A ''[[:wikt:sinus|sinus]]'' refers to a bony cavity, usually within a the [[Human skull|skull]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="sinus"}} ==मेगु क्वँय् नापया स्वापू== ===आर्तिकुलेसन=== {{main|जोर्नी}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" | ''आर्तिकुलर प्रोसेस (articular process)''|| नापंया क्वँय् थिगु प्रोजेक्सन। |- | ''आर्तिकुलेसन (articulation)''|| [[जोर्नी]]इ निता वा अप्व क्वँय् स्वाइगु थाय्। |- | ''सुचर (suture)''|| क्रेनियल क्वँय्‌ दथुया आर्तिकुलेसन। |} ==ताःहाकः क्वँय्‌या गुण== [[File:603 Anatomy of Long Bone.jpg|thumb|right|Gross overview of the features of long bones in a fully grown adult.]] ===सकल गुण=== Bones are commonly described with the terms ''head'', ''neck'', ''shaft'', ''body'' and ''base'' The ''head'' of a bone usually refers to the proximal end of the bone. The shaft refers to the elongated sections of [[long bone]], and the ''neck'' the segment between the head and shaft (or body). The end of the long bone opposite to the head is known as the ''base''. ===दुनेया लागा=== [[File:623 Epiphyseal Plate-Line.jpg|thumb|right|The epiphyseal plate is the area in which bone growth occurs after birth through [[endochondral ossification]].]] {|class="wikitable" |- ! क्वँय्‌या कुचा||थुइकिगु खँपु |- | ''दायाफाइसिस (diaphysis)'' | क्वँय्‌या ताःहाकःगु, धस्वःगु मू म्ह; प्राइमरी अस्सिफिकेसन (primary ossification)या थाय्। अंग्रेजीइ ''shaft'' धका नं धाइ। |- | ''इपिफाइसिस (epiphysis)'' | ताःहाकः क्वँय्‌या सिथया थाय्; सेकेन्दरी अस्सिफिकेसन (secondary ossification) जुइगु थाय्। |- | ''इपिफाइजियल प्लेत (epiphyseal plate)'' | ग्रोथ प्लेत (''growth plate'') वा फाइसिस (''physis'') धका नं नांजाः। In a long bone it is a thin disc of [[hyaline]] cartilage that is positioned [[Transverse plane|transversely]] between the epiphysis and [[metaphysis]]. In the long bones of humans, the epiphyseal plate disappears by twenty years of age. |- |- | ''मेताफाइसिस (metaphysis)'' | इपिफाइसिस (epiphysis) व दायाफाइसिस (diaphysis) दथुया भाग। |- |} ===Internal and external=== [[File:619 Red and Yellow Bone Marrow.jpg|thumb|left|Inside of the [[caput femoris|head of femur]], showing surface of the bone, red and yellow bone marrow.]] The cortex of a bone is used to refer to its outer layers, and medulla used to refer to the inner surface of the bone. [[Red marrow]], in which blood is formed is present in [[spongy bone]] as well as in the [[medullary cavity]], while the fatty [[yellow marrow]] is present primarily in the medullary cavity. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} {{clear}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== ''This Wikipedia entry incorporates text from the freely licenced Connexions [http://cnx.org] edition of Anatomy & Physiology [http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/] text-book by OpenStax College'' {{reflist}} ;Books * {{cite book | first = prep. by J. A. Simpson | title = The Oxford English dictionary. | year = 1989 | publisher=Clarendon Press | location=Oxford | isbn=9780198611868 | ref={{harvid|OED|1989}} }} [[Category:Skeletal system]] qshqohouotbjqlq80ns3cr3homj9oqc 1121944 1121943 2026-07-16T17:20:39Z A09 22830 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-40118-82|~2026-40118-82]] ([[User talk:~2026-40118-82|talk]]) to last version by EukeshBot: reverting vandalism 1062220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/क्वँय्‌नाप स्वापू दूगु एनातोमिक खँग्वः}} {{Anatomical terminology series}} '''क्वँय्‌नाप स्वापू दूगु एनातोमिक खँग्वः''' आपालं एनातोमिक शब्दावलीइ थुइगु जुइ। थन्यागु आपालं खँग्वः ग्रिक व लातिन भासां बुयावःगु दु। ==थीथी कथंया क्वँय्‌== [[File:601 Bone Classification.jpg|thumb|right|400px|थीथी कथंया क्वँय्]] ===ताःहाकः क्वँय्=== {{main|ताःहाकः क्वँय्}} हाकः ब्याः स्वया अप्व दूगु चाकःलागु क्वँय्। थ्व परिभासा क्वँय्‌या आकारया आधारय् बियातःगु ख। अथे जूगुलिं हाकः लहिना स्वयेबिलय् चिहाकःगु क्वँय् नं ताःहाकः क्वँय् धका कायेछिं। ताःहाकः क्वँय् ल्हातय् दूगु [[ह्युमरस]], [[अल्ना]], [[रेदियस]] व तुतिइ दूगु [[फिमर]], [[तिबिया]] व [[फिबुला]] ख। नापं पतिंया [[मेटाकार्पल]], [[फ्यालिञ्जेस]] व तुतिपतिंया [[मेटाटार्सल]] व [[फ्यालिञ्जेस]] नं ताःहाकः क्वँय् ख। ताःहाकःगु क्वँय् नं [[ला]] संकुचन जुइबिलय् [[थिँभः]]या ज्या याइ। <ref name="Open Anatomy">{{cite web | url=http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/ | title=Anatomy & Physiology | publisher=Openstax college at Connexions | accessdate=November 16, 2013}}</ref> ===चिहाकः क्वँय्=== {{main|चिहाकः क्वँय्}} आकारय् क्युब थें न्यागु क्वँय्‌यात चिहाकः क्वँय् धाइ। थन्यागु क्वँय्‌या हाकः, ब्या व फि ज्वलं नःगु जुइ। मनुया म्हय् दूगु चिहाकःगु क्वँय् ल्हाया कार्पस व तुतिया तार्सस ख। चिहाकःगु क्वँय् नं म्हयात स्थिरता बी व सनेत ग्वहालि याइ।<ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===पाचिगु क्वँय्=== {{main|पाचिगु क्वँय्}} पाचिगु क्वँय् धाःगु पाचिंगु व चिब्यागु क्वँय् ख। थन्यागु क्वँय् बेक्वःगु नं जुइफु। एनातोमिक कथं [[मनुया क्वतः]]या क्वँय्‌त, [[स्क्यापुला]], [[स्टर्नम]] व बपिक्वँय् पाचिगु क्वँय् ख। पाचिगु क्वँय्‌तेसं लाधियात स्वायेगु पा व म्ह दुनेया कुचातेत रक्षा यायेगु ज्या याइ। <ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===अनाकार क्वँय्=== {{main|अनाकार क्वँय्}} आकारया आधारय् थुये वा म्हसीके मछिंगु क्वँय्‌यात अनाकार क्वँय् धाइ। थन्यागु क्वँय्‌तेगु आकार जटिल जुइ व साधारन रुपय् परिभासित याये थाकुइ। दसुया निंतिं [[दुगःक्वँय्]] कायेछिं गुकिलिं मनुया दुगःयात रक्षा याइ। मनुया ख्वाया यक्व क्वँय् (विशेष रुपं स्य दूगु क्वँय्) अनाकार क्वँय् ख। <ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===सिसामोइद क्वँय्=== {{main|सिसामोइद क्वँय्}} सिसामोइद क्वँय् धाःचु चिग्वःगु, चाकःलागु क्वँय् ख। थ्व क्वँय् आकार [[हाम्वः]]या आकारया जूगुलिं थुकियात (sesame+oid) सिसामोइद धका नां ब्युगु ख। थन्यागु क्वँय् यक्व चाप दूगु [[कुं]] नाप स्वागु तेन्दनय् बुयावइ। सेसामोइद क्वँय् नं तेन्दनय् लाइगु दबाबयात म्हो याना तेन्दनया रक्षा याइ। थन्यागु क्वँय् मनुया ज्या कथं ल्हा, तुति व पुलिइ बुयावइ। दक्वं मनुइ दइगु सेसामोइद क्वँय् पतेला ख।<ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ==पिथंगु कुचा== ===चाकःलागु=== [[File:602 Bone Markings.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Different types of bone markings and features.]] <!-- Leave the image at 400px in size, otherwise it will need to be split into three images showed at full to make the text readable--> कन्दाइल (condyle) धाःगु क्वँय्‌या च्वकाय् पिहांवःगु छगू चाकःलागु सिथ ख। थन्यागु सिथया कुचां मेगु क्वँय् नाप आर्तिकुलेसन यायेत ग्वहालि याइ। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle"}} इपिकोन्दाइल धाःगु कोन्दाइल नापंया छता कुचा ख, दसु ह्युमरसया मिदियल इपिकोन्दाइल। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Epicondyle"}} थन्यागु खँग्वःत आपालं ग्रीक भासं वःगु व मेगु भासय् पाहां खँग्वःया कथं छ्यलातःगु जुइ। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle, Epicondyle, Epi-"}} {{efn|Specifically, {{lang-la|condylus}}, from "knuckle" ({{lang-el|kondylos}}), with "epi" referring to "Upon" {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle, Epicondyle, Epi-"}} }} चिग्वःगु पिहांवःगु कुचायात एमिनेन्स (''eminence'') धाइ, दसु: मिदियल एमिनेन्स। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="eminence"}} A ''process'' refers to a relatively large projection or prominent bump, {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="process"}} as does a ''promontory'' such as the [[sacral promontory]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="promontory"}} Both ''tubercle'' and ''tuberosity'' refer to a projection or bump with a roughened surface, with a 'tubercle' generally smaller than a 'tuberosity'. These terms are derived from [[Tuber]], originally from the Latin "swelling" ({{lang-la|Tuber}}) {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Tuberous, Tubercle"}} A ''ramus'' refers to an extension of bone, such as the [[ramus of the mandible]] in the [[Human jaw|jaw]] or [[Superior pubic ramus]]. Ramus is derived from "branch" ({{lang-la|Ramus}}) {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="ramus"}} and may also be used to refer to nerves, such as the [[ramus communicans]]. A ''facet'' refers to a small, flattened articular surface. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} ===च्वामु=== A ''line'' refers to a long, thin projection, often with a rough surface. ''Ridge'' and ''crest'' refer to a long, narrow line. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Crest"}} Unlike many words used to describe anatomical terms, the word ''ridge'' is derived from [[Old English]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Ridge"}} {{efn|Specifically, 'spine, crest' ([[Old English]]:hrycg) from [[Germanic language|Germanic]] related to the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] "rug" and [[जर्मन भाषा|German]] "Rücken" 'back'. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Ridge"}} }} A ''spine'', as well as referring to the [[spinal cord]], may be used to describe a relatively long, thin projection or bump. ===Special=== These terms are used to describe bony protuberances in specific parts of the body. The ''[[:wikt:Malleolus|Malleolus]]'' ({{lang-la|"small hammer"}}) is the bony prominence on each side of the [[ankle]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Malleolus"}} These are known as the medial and lateral malleolus. Each leg is supported by two bones, the [[tibia]] on the inner side (medial) of the leg and the [[fibula]] on the outer side (lateral) of the leg. The ''medial malleolus'' is the prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia. The ''lateral malleolus'' is the prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula. The ''[[:wikt:trochanter|trochanter]]s'' are parts of the femur, to which muscles attach. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Trochanter"}} It may refer to the [[Greater trochanter|greater]], [[Lesser trochanter|lesser]], or [[third trochanter]] ==Cavities== ===Openings=== The following terms are used to describe cavities that connect to other areas: A ''[[:wikt:foramen|foramen]]'' ({{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|m|ən}};<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/foramen Entry "foramen"] in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]''.</ref> pl. '''foramina''', {{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|æ|m|ə|n|ə}}) is any opening, particularly referring to those in [[bone]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Foramen"}} Foramina inside the [[Anatomy|body]] of [[human body|humans]] and other [[Animal#Structure|animals]] typically allow [[muscle]]s, [[nerve]]s, [[artery|arteries]], [[vein]]s, or other structures to connect one part of the body with another. A ''canal'' is a long, tunnel-like foramen, usually a passage for notable nerves or blood vessels. ===Blind-ended=== The following terms are used to describe cavities that do not connect to other areas: A ''[[:wikt:fossa|fossa]]'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ə}};<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fossa Entry "fossa"] in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]''.</ref> plural ''fossas'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ə|z}}, or ''fossae'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|i:}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ai}}); from the Latin "''fossa''", ditch or trench) is a depression or hollow, usually in a bone, such as the [[hypophyseal fossa]], the depression in the [[sphenoid bone]].<ref>Venieratos D, Anagnostopoulou S, Garidou A., A new morphometric method for the sella turcica and the hypophyseal fossa and its clinical relevance.;Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2005 Nov;64(4):240-7. PMID 16425149</ref> A a ''[[:wikt:meatus|meatus]]'' {{IPAc-en|m|iː|ˈ|eɪ|t|ə|s}}<ref>''[[OED]]'' 2nd edition, 1989, as {{IPA|/miːˈeɪtəs/}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meatus Entry "meatus" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary].</ref> is a short canal that opens to another part of the body. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="meatus"}} {{efn|(The plural forms of "meatus" are: ''meatus'', as a Latin form (of the [[Latin declension#d4|fourth declension noun class]], which the word belongs to); or ''meatuses'', as a normally derived English plural; or often, and incorrectly, ''meati'', by false analogy with the very common Latin ''-us/-i'' forms (such as ''alumnus/alumni''), i.e., the [[Latin declension#d1|second declension noun class]].)}} A ''[[:wikt:fovea|fovea]]'' ({{lang-la|pit}}) is a small pit, usually on the head of a bone. The most well-known example of a ''fovea'' is the [[fovea centralis]], a depression in the [[retina]] of the [[Human eye|eye]]. ===Walls=== The following terms are used to describe the walls of a cavity: A ''[[:wikt:labyrinth|labyrinth]]'' refers to the [[bony labyrinth]] and [[membranous labyrinth]], components of the inner ear, due to their fine and complex structure. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="labyrinth"}} A ''[[:wikt:sinus|sinus]]'' refers to a bony cavity, usually within a the [[Human skull|skull]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="sinus"}} ==मेगु क्वँय् नापया स्वापू== ===आर्तिकुलेसन=== {{main|जोर्नी}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" | ''आर्तिकुलर प्रोसेस (articular process)''|| नापंया क्वँय् थिगु प्रोजेक्सन। |- | ''आर्तिकुलेसन (articulation)''|| [[जोर्नी]]इ निता वा अप्व क्वँय् स्वाइगु थाय्। |- | ''सुचर (suture)''|| क्रेनियल क्वँय्‌ दथुया आर्तिकुलेसन। |} ==ताःहाकः क्वँय्‌या गुण== [[File:603 Anatomy of Long Bone.jpg|thumb|right|Gross overview of the features of long bones in a fully grown adult.]] ===सकल गुण=== Bones are commonly described with the terms ''head'', ''neck'', ''shaft'', ''body'' and ''base'' The ''head'' of a bone usually refers to the proximal end of the bone. The shaft refers to the elongated sections of [[long bone]], and the ''neck'' the segment between the head and shaft (or body). The end of the long bone opposite to the head is known as the ''base''. ===दुनेया लागा=== [[File:623 Epiphyseal Plate-Line.jpg|thumb|right|The epiphyseal plate is the area in which bone growth occurs after birth through [[endochondral ossification]].]] {|class="wikitable" |- ! क्वँय्‌या कुचा||थुइकिगु खँपु |- | ''दायाफाइसिस (diaphysis)'' | क्वँय्‌या ताःहाकःगु, धस्वःगु मू म्ह; प्राइमरी अस्सिफिकेसन (primary ossification)या थाय्। अंग्रेजीइ ''shaft'' धका नं धाइ। |- | ''इपिफाइसिस (epiphysis)'' | ताःहाकः क्वँय्‌या सिथया थाय्; सेकेन्दरी अस्सिफिकेसन (secondary ossification) जुइगु थाय्। |- | ''इपिफाइजियल प्लेत (epiphyseal plate)'' | ग्रोथ प्लेत (''growth plate'') वा फाइसिस (''physis'') धका नं नांजाः। In a long bone it is a thin disc of [[hyaline]] cartilage that is positioned [[Transverse plane|transversely]] between the epiphysis and [[metaphysis]]. In the long bones of humans, the epiphyseal plate disappears by twenty years of age. |- |- | ''मेताफाइसिस (metaphysis)'' | इपिफाइसिस (epiphysis) व दायाफाइसिस (diaphysis) दथुया भाग। |- |} ===Internal and external=== [[File:619 Red and Yellow Bone Marrow.jpg|thumb|left|Inside of the [[caput femoris|head of femur]], showing surface of the bone, red and yellow bone marrow.]] The cortex of a bone is used to refer to its outer layers, and medulla used to refer to the inner surface of the bone. [[Red marrow]], in which blood is formed is present in [[spongy bone]] as well as in the [[medullary cavity]], while the fatty [[yellow marrow]] is present primarily in the medullary cavity. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} {{clear}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== ''This Wikipedia entry incorporates text from the freely licenced Connexions [http://cnx.org] edition of Anatomy & Physiology [http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/] text-book by OpenStax College'' {{reflist}} ;Books * {{cite book | first = prep. by J. A. Simpson | title = The Oxford English dictionary. | year = 1989 | publisher=Clarendon Press | location=Oxford | isbn=9780198611868 | ref={{harvid|OED|1989}} }} [[Category:Skeletal system]] iyq5t4lqex5dv26wtwmys1xht2ykl4a 10 195171 1121945 818270 2026-07-16T17:21:34Z ~2026-40118-82 31562 /* */ 1121945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{sidebar | name = Anatomical terminology series | style = width:21em; border: 1px solid blue; background: misty-rose | pretitle = This article is one of a series on | title = [[Anatomical terminology]] | topimage = [[{{{1|File:View of Viscera Page 82.jpg}}}|155px]] |heading1 = [[Anatomical terms of motion]] |heading2 = [[Anatomical terms of location]] |heading3 = [[Anatomical terms of muscle]] |heading4 = [[Anatomical terms of bone]] |heading5 = [[Glossary of anatomy|itt]] }}<noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Anatomical lists/documentation}}</noinclude> 0qypmvosqdooxznjjr8xdr39ghud1z7 1121946 1121945 2026-07-16T17:21:49Z A09 22830 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-40118-82|~2026-40118-82]] ([[User talk:~2026-40118-82|talk]]) to last version by Eukesh: reverting vandalism 818270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{sidebar | name = Anatomical terminology series | style = width:21em; border: 1px solid blue; background: misty-rose | pretitle = This article is one of a series on | title = [[Anatomical terminology]] | topimage = [[{{{1|File:View of Viscera Page 82.jpg}}}|155px]] |heading1 = [[Anatomical terms of motion]] |heading2 = [[Anatomical terms of location]] |heading3 = [[Anatomical terms of muscle]] |heading4 = [[Anatomical terms of bone]] |heading5 = [[Glossary of anatomy|Glossary]] }}<noinclude>{{documentation|Template:Anatomical lists/documentation}}</noinclude> s08uzlio8u4soc9l650kaqypojesga0 2 206696 1121948 881840 2026-07-16T17:25:32Z ~2026-40118-82 31562 /* */ 1121948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{देवनागरी|क्वँय्‌नाप स्वापू दूगु एनातोमिक खँग्वः}} ''थ्व पौ देवनागरीं बोट छ्यला थःमंतुं नेपाललिपिइ हिलातःगु ख। थ्व पौयात च्वसु पतिइ यंकेन्ह्यः छकः ब्वनाः पाय्छि जू/मजूगू स्वयादिसँ।apparently #thhal'' {{Anatomical terminology series}} '''𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐹 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐊𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑀𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅''' 𑐁𑐥𑐵𑐮𑑄 𑐊𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑀𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐱𑐧𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐰𑐮𑐷𑐂 𑐠𑐸𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐸𑐂। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐁𑐥𑐵𑐮𑑄 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐰 𑐮𑐵𑐟𑐶𑐣 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐵𑑄 𑐧𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। ==𑐠𑐷𑐠𑐷 𑐎𑐠𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌== [[File:601 Bone Classification.jpg|thumb|right|400px|𑐠𑐷𑐠𑐷 𑐎𑐠𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂]] ===𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐏। 𑐀𑐠𑐾 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐮𑐴𑐶𑐣𑐵 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐾𑐧𑐶𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐕𑐶𑑄। 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐟𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 [[𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐩𑐬𑐳]], [[𑐀𑐮𑑂𑐣𑐵]], [[𑐬𑐾𑐡𑐶𑐫𑐳]] 𑐰 𑐟𑐸𑐟𑐶𑐂 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 [[𑐦𑐶𑐩𑐬]], [[𑐟𑐶𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵]] 𑐰 [[𑐦𑐶𑐧𑐸𑐮𑐵]] 𑐏। 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄 𑐥𑐟𑐶𑑄𑐫𑐵 [[𑐩𑐾𑐚𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐥𑐮]], [[𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐘𑑂𑐖𑐾𑐳]] 𑐰 𑐟𑐸𑐟𑐶𑐥𑐟𑐶𑑄𑐫𑐵 [[𑐩𑐾𑐚𑐵𑐚𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐳𑐮]] 𑐰 [[𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐘𑑂𑐖𑐾𑐳]] 𑐣𑑄 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 [[𑐮𑐵]] 𑐳𑑄𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐣 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐧𑐶𑐮𑐫𑑂 [[𑐠𑐶𑑃𑐨𑑅]]𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। <ref name="Open Anatomy">{{cite web | url=http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/ | title=Anatomy & Physiology | publisher=Openstax college at Connexions | accessdate=November 16, 2013}}</ref> ===𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐧 𑐠𑐾𑑄 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅, 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐰 𑐦𑐶 𑐖𑑂𑐰𑐮𑑄 𑐣𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐸𑐂। 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐥𑐳 𑐰 𑐟𑐸𑐟𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐟𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐳𑐳 𑐏। 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐬𑐟𑐵 𑐧𑐷 𑐰 𑐳𑐣𑐾𑐟 𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐴𑐵𑐮𑐶 𑐫𑐵𑐂।<ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐰 𑐔𑐶𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐣𑑄 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐦𑐸। 𑐊𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑀𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐎𑐠𑑄 [[𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑐟𑑅]]𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐟, [[𑐳𑑂𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐥𑐸𑐮𑐵]], [[𑐳𑑂𑐚𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐩]] 𑐰 𑐧𑐥𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। 𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐟𑐾𑐳𑑄 𑐮𑐵𑐢𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐵 𑐰 𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐡𑐸𑐣𑐾𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵𑐟𑐾𑐟 𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। <ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===𑐀𑐣𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐀𑐣𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑐸𑐫𑐾 𑐰𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐳𑐷𑐎𑐾 𑐩𑐕𑐶𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐀𑐣𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐖𑐚𑐶𑐮 𑐖𑐸𑐂 𑐰 𑐳𑐵𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐣 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐶𑐟 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾 𑐠𑐵𑐎𑐸𑐂। 𑐡𑐳𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑑄𑐟𑐶𑑄 [[𑐡𑐸𑐐𑑅𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂]] 𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐕𑐶𑑄 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐸𑐐𑑅𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐏𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 (𑐰𑐶𑐱𑐾𑐲 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑑄 𑐳𑑂𑐫 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂) 𑐀𑐣𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। <ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===𑐳𑐶𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐳𑐶𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐳𑐶𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐔𑐸 𑐔𑐶𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸, 𑐔𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬 [[𑐴𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐰𑑅]]𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 (sesame+oid) 𑐳𑐶𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐣𑐵𑑄 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐐𑐸 𑐏। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐔𑐵𑐥 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 [[𑐎𑐸𑑄]] 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐟𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐰𑐂। 𑐳𑐾𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 𑐟𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑐵𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐧𑐵𑐧𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑑀 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵 𑐟𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐮𑑂𑐴𑐵, 𑐟𑐸𑐟𑐶 𑐰 𑐥𑐸𑐮𑐶𑐂 𑐧𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐰𑐂। 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑄 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐂 𑐡𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐾𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐟𑐾𑐮𑐵 𑐏।<ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ==𑐥𑐶𑐠𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵== ===𑐔𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐸=== [[File:602 Bone Markings.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Different types of bone markings and features.]] <!-- Leave the image at 400px in size, otherwise it will need to be split into three images showed at full to make the text readable--> 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐂𑐮 (condyle) 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐎𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐶𑐴𑐵𑑄𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐔𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐶𑐠 𑐏। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐶𑐠𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵𑑄 𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐣 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐟 𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐴𑐵𑐮𑐶 𑐫𑐵𑐂। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle"}} 𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐎𑑀𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐂𑐮 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑀𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐂𑐮 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐕𑐟𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵 𑐏, 𑐡𑐳𑐸 𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐩𑐬𑐳𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐶𑐡𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐎𑑀𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐂𑐮। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Epicondyle"}} 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐟 𑐁𑐥𑐵𑐮𑑄 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐷𑐎 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑑄 𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐰 𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐵𑐴𑐵𑑄 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐮𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐸𑐂। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle, Epicondyle, Epi-"}} {{efn|Specifically, {{lang-la|condylus}}, from "knuckle" ({{lang-el|kondylos}}), with "epi" referring to "Upon" {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle, Epicondyle, Epi-"}} }} 𑐔𑐶𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐶𑐴𑐵𑑄𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐊𑐩𑐶𑐣𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐳 (''eminence'') 𑐢𑐵𑐂, 𑐡𑐳𑐸: 𑐩𑐶𑐡𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐊𑐩𑐶𑐣𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐳। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="eminence"}} A ''process'' refers to a relatively large projection or prominent bump, {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="process"}} as does a ''promontory'' such as the [[sacral promontory]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="promontory"}} Both ''tubercle'' and ''tuberosity'' refer to a projection or bump with a roughened surface, with a 'tubercle' generally smaller than a 'tuberosity'. These terms are derived from [[Tuber]], originally from the Latin "swelling" ({{lang-la|Tuber}}) {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Tuberous, Tubercle"}} A ''ramus'' refers to an extension of bone, such as the [[ramus of the mandible]] in the [[Human jaw|jaw]] or [[Superior pubic ramus]]. Ramus is derived from "branch" ({{lang-la|Ramus}}) {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="ramus"}} and may also be used to refer to nerves, such as the [[ramus communicans]]. A ''facet'' refers to a small, flattened articular surface. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} ===𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐩𑐸=== A ''line'' refers to a long, thin projection, often with a rough surface. ''Ridge'' and ''crest'' refer to a long, narrow line. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Crest"}} Unlike many words used to describe anatomical terms, the word ''ridge'' is derived from [[Old English]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Ridge"}} {{efn|Specifically, 'spine, crest' ([[Old English]]:hrycg) from [[Germanic language|Germanic]] related to the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] "rug" and [[𑐖𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐣 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵|German]] "Rücken" 'back'. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Ridge"}} }} A ''spine'', as well as referring to the [[spinal cord]], may be used to describe a relatively long, thin projection or bump. ===Special=== These terms are used to describe bony protuberances in specific parts of the body. The ''[[:wikt:Malleolus|Malleolus]]'' ({{lang-la|"small hammer"}}) is the bony prominence on each side of the [[ankle]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Malleolus"}} These are known as the medial and lateral malleolus. Each leg is supported by two bones, the [[tibia]] on the inner side (medial) of the leg and the [[fibula]] on the outer side (lateral) of the leg. The ''medial malleolus'' is the prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia. The ''lateral malleolus'' is the prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula. The ''[[:wikt:trochanter|trochanter]]s'' are parts of the femur, to which muscles attach. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Trochanter"}} It may refer to the [[Greater trochanter|greater]], [[Lesser trochanter|lesser]], or [[third trochanter]] ==Cavities== ===Openings=== The following terms are used to describe cavities that connect to other areas: A ''[[:wikt:foramen|foramen]]'' ({{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|m|ən}};<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/foramen Entry "foramen"] in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]''.</ref> pl. '''foramina''', {{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|æ|m|ə|n|ə}}) is any opening, particularly referring to those in [[bone]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Foramen"}} Foramina inside the [[Anatomy|body]] of [[human body|humans]] and other [[Animal#Structure|animals]] typically allow [[muscle]]s, [[nerve]]s, [[artery|arteries]], [[vein]]s, or other structures to connect one part of the body with another. A ''canal'' is a long, tunnel-like foramen, usually a passage for notable nerves or blood vessels. ===Blind-ended=== The following terms are used to describe cavities that do not connect to other areas: A ''[[:wikt:fossa|fossa]]'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ə}};<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fossa Entry "fossa"] in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]''.</ref> plural ''fossas'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ə|z}}, or ''fossae'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|i:}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ai}}); from the Latin "''fossa''", ditch or trench) is a depression or hollow, usually in a bone, such as the [[hypophyseal fossa]], the depression in the [[sphenoid bone]].<ref>Venieratos D, Anagnostopoulou S, Garidou A., A new morphometric method for the sella turcica and the hypophyseal fossa and its clinical relevance.;Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2005 Nov;64(4):240-7. PMID 16425149</ref> A a ''[[:wikt:meatus|meatus]]'' {{IPAc-en|m|iː|ˈ|eɪ|t|ə|s}}<ref>''[[OED]]'' 2nd edition, 1989, as {{IPA|/miːˈeɪtəs/}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meatus Entry "meatus" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary].</ref> is a short canal that opens to another part of the body. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="meatus"}} {{efn|(The plural forms of "meatus" are: ''meatus'', as a Latin form (of the [[Latin declension#d4|fourth declension noun class]], which the word belongs to); or ''meatuses'', as a normally derived English plural; or often, and incorrectly, ''meati'', by false analogy with the very common Latin ''-us/-i'' forms (such as ''alumnus/alumni''), i.e., the [[Latin declension#d1|second declension noun class]].)}} A ''[[:wikt:fovea|fovea]]'' ({{lang-la|pit}}) is a small pit, usually on the head of a bone. The most well-known example of a ''fovea'' is the [[fovea centralis]], a depression in the [[retina]] of the [[Human eye|eye]]. ===Walls=== The following terms are used to describe the walls of a cavity: A ''[[:wikt:labyrinth|labyrinth]]'' refers to the [[bony labyrinth]] and [[membranous labyrinth]], components of the inner ear, due to their fine and complex structure. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="labyrinth"}} A ''[[:wikt:sinus|sinus]]'' refers to a bony cavity, usually within a the [[Human skull|skull]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="sinus"}} ==𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐹== ===𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐣=== {{main|𑐖𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐷}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" | ''𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐬 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐳𑐾𑐳 (articular process)''|| 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐖𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐣। |- | ''𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐣 (articulation)''|| [[𑐖𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐷]]𑐂 𑐣𑐶𑐟𑐵 𑐰𑐵 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂। |- | ''𑐳𑐸𑐔𑐬 (suture)''|| 𑐎𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌ 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐣। |} ==𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐐𑐸𑐞== [[File:603 Anatomy of Long Bone.jpg|thumb|right|Gross overview of the features of long bones in a fully grown adult.]] ===𑐳𑐎𑐮 𑐐𑐸𑐞=== Bones are commonly described with the terms ''head'', ''neck'', ''shaft'', ''body'' and ''base'' The ''head'' of a bone usually refers to the proximal end of the bone. The shaft refers to the elongated sections of [[long bone]], and the ''neck'' the segment between the head and shaft (or body). The end of the long bone opposite to the head is known as the ''base''. ===𑐡𑐸𑐣𑐾𑐫𑐵 𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐵=== [[File:623 Epiphyseal Plate-Line.jpg|thumb|right|The epiphyseal plate is the area in which bone growth occurs after birth through [[endochondral ossification]].]] {|class="wikitable" |- ! 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵||𑐠𑐸𑐂𑐎𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑃𑐥𑐸 |- | ''𑐡𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (diaphysis)'' | 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸, 𑐢𑐳𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐹 𑐩𑑂𑐴; 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐂𑐩𑐬𑐷 𑐀𑐳𑑂𑐳𑐶𑐦𑐶𑐎𑐾𑐳𑐣 (primary ossification)𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂। 𑐀𑑄𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐖𑐷𑐂 ''shaft'' 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐣𑑄 𑐢𑐵𑐂। |- | ''𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (epiphysis)'' | 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐶𑐠𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂; 𑐳𑐾𑐎𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐬𑐷 𑐀𑐳𑑂𑐳𑐶𑐦𑐶𑐎𑐾𑐳𑐣 (secondary ossification) 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂। |- | ''𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐟 (epiphyseal plate)'' | 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐠 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐟 (''growth plate'') 𑐰𑐵 𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (''physis'') 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐣𑑄 𑐣𑐵𑑄𑐖𑐵𑑅। In a long bone it is a thin disc of [[hyaline]] cartilage that is positioned [[Transverse plane|transversely]] between the epiphysis and [[metaphysis]]. In the long bones of humans, the epiphyseal plate disappears by twenty years of age. |- |- | ''𑐩𑐾𑐟𑐵𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (metaphysis)'' | 𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (epiphysis) 𑐰 𑐡𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (diaphysis) 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐨𑐵𑐐। |- |} ===Internal and external=== [[File:619 Red and Yellow Bone Marrow.jpg|thumb|left|Inside of the [[caput femoris|head of femur]], showing surface of the bone, red and yellow bone marrow.]] The cortex of a bone is used to refer to its outer layers, and medulla used to refer to the inner surface of the bone. [[Red marrow]], in which blood is formed is present in [[spongy bone]] as well as in the [[medullary cavity]], while the fatty [[yellow marrow]] is present primarily in the medullary cavity. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} {{clear}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== ''This Wikipedia entry incorporates text from the freely licenced Connexions [http://cnx.org] edition of Anatomy & Physiology [http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/] text-book by OpenStax College'' {{reflist}} ;Books * {{cite book | first = prep. by J. A. Simpson | title = The Oxford English dictionary. | year = 1989 | publisher=Clarendon Press | location=Oxford | isbn=9780198611868 | ref={{harvid|OED|1989}} }} [[Category:Skeletal system]] 0yyvcbf3v935u8jelwiwreo4qaxibu6 1121949 1121948 2026-07-16T17:26:17Z ~2026-40118-82 31562 /* */ 1121949 wikitext text/x-wiki ,hastened ak to be cowed {{देवनागरी|क्वँय्‌नाप स्वापू दूगु एनातोमिक खँग्वः}} ''थ्व पौ देवनागरीं बोट छ्यला थःमंतुं नेपाललिपिइ हिलातःगु ख। थ्व पौयात च्वसु पतिइ यंकेन्ह्यः छकः ब्वनाः पाय्छि जू/मजूगू स्वयादिसँ।apparently #thhal'' {{Anatomical terminology series}} '''𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐹 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐊𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑀𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅''' 𑐁𑐥𑐵𑐮𑑄 𑐊𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑀𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐱𑐧𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐰𑐮𑐷𑐂 𑐠𑐸𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐸𑐂। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐁𑐥𑐵𑐮𑑄 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐰 𑐮𑐵𑐟𑐶𑐣 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐵𑑄 𑐧𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। ==𑐠𑐷𑐠𑐷 𑐎𑐠𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌== [[File:601 Bone Classification.jpg|thumb|right|400px|𑐠𑐷𑐠𑐷 𑐎𑐠𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂]] ===𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐏। 𑐀𑐠𑐾 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐮𑐴𑐶𑐣𑐵 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐾𑐧𑐶𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐕𑐶𑑄। 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐟𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 [[𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐩𑐬𑐳]], [[𑐀𑐮𑑂𑐣𑐵]], [[𑐬𑐾𑐡𑐶𑐫𑐳]] 𑐰 𑐟𑐸𑐟𑐶𑐂 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 [[𑐦𑐶𑐩𑐬]], [[𑐟𑐶𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵]] 𑐰 [[𑐦𑐶𑐧𑐸𑐮𑐵]] 𑐏। 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄 𑐥𑐟𑐶𑑄𑐫𑐵 [[𑐩𑐾𑐚𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐥𑐮]], [[𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐘𑑂𑐖𑐾𑐳]] 𑐰 𑐟𑐸𑐟𑐶𑐥𑐟𑐶𑑄𑐫𑐵 [[𑐩𑐾𑐚𑐵𑐚𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐳𑐮]] 𑐰 [[𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐘𑑂𑐖𑐾𑐳]] 𑐣𑑄 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 [[𑐮𑐵]] 𑐳𑑄𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐣 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐧𑐶𑐮𑐫𑑂 [[𑐠𑐶𑑃𑐨𑑅]]𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। <ref name="Open Anatomy">{{cite web | url=http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/ | title=Anatomy & Physiology | publisher=Openstax college at Connexions | accessdate=November 16, 2013}}</ref> ===𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐧 𑐠𑐾𑑄 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅, 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐰 𑐦𑐶 𑐖𑑂𑐰𑐮𑑄 𑐣𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐸𑐂। 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐥𑐳 𑐰 𑐟𑐸𑐟𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐟𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐳𑐳 𑐏। 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐬𑐟𑐵 𑐧𑐷 𑐰 𑐳𑐣𑐾𑐟 𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐴𑐵𑐮𑐶 𑐫𑐵𑐂।<ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐰 𑐔𑐶𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐣𑑄 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐦𑐸। 𑐊𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑀𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐎𑐠𑑄 [[𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑐟𑑅]]𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐟, [[𑐳𑑂𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐥𑐸𑐮𑐵]], [[𑐳𑑂𑐚𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐩]] 𑐰 𑐧𑐥𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। 𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐟𑐾𑐳𑑄 𑐮𑐵𑐢𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐵 𑐰 𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐡𑐸𑐣𑐾𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵𑐟𑐾𑐟 𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। <ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===𑐀𑐣𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐀𑐣𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑐸𑐫𑐾 𑐰𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐳𑐷𑐎𑐾 𑐩𑐕𑐶𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐀𑐣𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐖𑐚𑐶𑐮 𑐖𑐸𑐂 𑐰 𑐳𑐵𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐣 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐶𑐟 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾 𑐠𑐵𑐎𑐸𑐂। 𑐡𑐳𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑑄𑐟𑐶𑑄 [[𑐡𑐸𑐐𑑅𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂]] 𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐕𑐶𑑄 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐸𑐐𑑅𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐏𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 (𑐰𑐶𑐱𑐾𑐲 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑑄 𑐳𑑂𑐫 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂) 𑐀𑐣𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। <ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===𑐳𑐶𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐳𑐶𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐳𑐶𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐔𑐸 𑐔𑐶𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸, 𑐔𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬 [[𑐴𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐰𑑅]]𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 (sesame+oid) 𑐳𑐶𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐣𑐵𑑄 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐐𑐸 𑐏। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐔𑐵𑐥 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 [[𑐎𑐸𑑄]] 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐟𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐰𑐂। 𑐳𑐾𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 𑐟𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑐵𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐧𑐵𑐧𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑑀 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵 𑐟𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐮𑑂𑐴𑐵, 𑐟𑐸𑐟𑐶 𑐰 𑐥𑐸𑐮𑐶𑐂 𑐧𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐰𑐂। 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑄 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐂 𑐡𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐾𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐟𑐾𑐮𑐵 𑐏।<ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ==𑐥𑐶𑐠𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵== ===𑐔𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐸=== [[File:602 Bone Markings.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Different types of bone markings and features.]] <!-- Leave the image at 400px in size, otherwise it will need to be split into three images showed at full to make the text readable--> 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐂𑐮 (condyle) 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐎𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐶𑐴𑐵𑑄𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐔𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐶𑐠 𑐏। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐶𑐠𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵𑑄 𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐣 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐟 𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐴𑐵𑐮𑐶 𑐫𑐵𑐂। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle"}} 𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐎𑑀𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐂𑐮 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑀𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐂𑐮 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐕𑐟𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵 𑐏, 𑐡𑐳𑐸 𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐩𑐬𑐳𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐶𑐡𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐎𑑀𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐂𑐮। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Epicondyle"}} 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐟 𑐁𑐥𑐵𑐮𑑄 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐷𑐎 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑑄 𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐰 𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐵𑐴𑐵𑑄 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐮𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐸𑐂। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle, Epicondyle, Epi-"}} {{efn|Specifically, {{lang-la|condylus}}, from "knuckle" ({{lang-el|kondylos}}), with "epi" referring to "Upon" {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle, Epicondyle, Epi-"}} }} 𑐔𑐶𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐶𑐴𑐵𑑄𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐊𑐩𑐶𑐣𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐳 (''eminence'') 𑐢𑐵𑐂, 𑐡𑐳𑐸: 𑐩𑐶𑐡𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐊𑐩𑐶𑐣𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐳। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="eminence"}} A ''process'' refers to a relatively large projection or prominent bump, {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="process"}} as does a ''promontory'' such as the [[sacral promontory]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="promontory"}} Both ''tubercle'' and ''tuberosity'' refer to a projection or bump with a roughened surface, with a 'tubercle' generally smaller than a 'tuberosity'. These terms are derived from [[Tuber]], originally from the Latin "swelling" ({{lang-la|Tuber}}) {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Tuberous, Tubercle"}} A ''ramus'' refers to an extension of bone, such as the [[ramus of the mandible]] in the [[Human jaw|jaw]] or [[Superior pubic ramus]]. Ramus is derived from "branch" ({{lang-la|Ramus}}) {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="ramus"}} and may also be used to refer to nerves, such as the [[ramus communicans]]. A ''facet'' refers to a small, flattened articular surface. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} ===𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐩𑐸=== A ''line'' refers to a long, thin projection, often with a rough surface. ''Ridge'' and ''crest'' refer to a long, narrow line. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Crest"}} Unlike many words used to describe anatomical terms, the word ''ridge'' is derived from [[Old English]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Ridge"}} {{efn|Specifically, 'spine, crest' ([[Old English]]:hrycg) from [[Germanic language|Germanic]] related to the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] "rug" and [[𑐖𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐣 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵|German]] "Rücken" 'back'. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Ridge"}} }} A ''spine'', as well as referring to the [[spinal cord]], may be used to describe a relatively long, thin projection or bump. ===Special=== These terms are used to describe bony protuberances in specific parts of the body. The ''[[:wikt:Malleolus|Malleolus]]'' ({{lang-la|"small hammer"}}) is the bony prominence on each side of the [[ankle]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Malleolus"}} These are known as the medial and lateral malleolus. Each leg is supported by two bones, the [[tibia]] on the inner side (medial) of the leg and the [[fibula]] on the outer side (lateral) of the leg. The ''medial malleolus'' is the prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia. The ''lateral malleolus'' is the prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula. The ''[[:wikt:trochanter|trochanter]]s'' are parts of the femur, to which muscles attach. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Trochanter"}} It may refer to the [[Greater trochanter|greater]], [[Lesser trochanter|lesser]], or [[third trochanter]] ==Cavities== ===Openings=== The following terms are used to describe cavities that connect to other areas: A ''[[:wikt:foramen|foramen]]'' ({{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|m|ən}};<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/foramen Entry "foramen"] in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]''.</ref> pl. '''foramina''', {{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|æ|m|ə|n|ə}}) is any opening, particularly referring to those in [[bone]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Foramen"}} Foramina inside the [[Anatomy|body]] of [[human body|humans]] and other [[Animal#Structure|animals]] typically allow [[muscle]]s, [[nerve]]s, [[artery|arteries]], [[vein]]s, or other structures to connect one part of the body with another. A ''canal'' is a long, tunnel-like foramen, usually a passage for notable nerves or blood vessels. ===Blind-ended=== The following terms are used to describe cavities that do not connect to other areas: A ''[[:wikt:fossa|fossa]]'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ə}};<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fossa Entry "fossa"] in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]''.</ref> plural ''fossas'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ə|z}}, or ''fossae'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|i:}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ai}}); from the Latin "''fossa''", ditch or trench) is a depression or hollow, usually in a bone, such as the [[hypophyseal fossa]], the depression in the [[sphenoid bone]].<ref>Venieratos D, Anagnostopoulou S, Garidou A., A new morphometric method for the sella turcica and the hypophyseal fossa and its clinical relevance.;Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2005 Nov;64(4):240-7. PMID 16425149</ref> A a ''[[:wikt:meatus|meatus]]'' {{IPAc-en|m|iː|ˈ|eɪ|t|ə|s}}<ref>''[[OED]]'' 2nd edition, 1989, as {{IPA|/miːˈeɪtəs/}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meatus Entry "meatus" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary].</ref> is a short canal that opens to another part of the body. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="meatus"}} {{efn|(The plural forms of "meatus" are: ''meatus'', as a Latin form (of the [[Latin declension#d4|fourth declension noun class]], which the word belongs to); or ''meatuses'', as a normally derived English plural; or often, and incorrectly, ''meati'', by false analogy with the very common Latin ''-us/-i'' forms (such as ''alumnus/alumni''), i.e., the [[Latin declension#d1|second declension noun class]].)}} A ''[[:wikt:fovea|fovea]]'' ({{lang-la|pit}}) is a small pit, usually on the head of a bone. The most well-known example of a ''fovea'' is the [[fovea centralis]], a depression in the [[retina]] of the [[Human eye|eye]]. ===Walls=== The following terms are used to describe the walls of a cavity: A ''[[:wikt:labyrinth|labyrinth]]'' refers to the [[bony labyrinth]] and [[membranous labyrinth]], components of the inner ear, due to their fine and complex structure. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="labyrinth"}} A ''[[:wikt:sinus|sinus]]'' refers to a bony cavity, usually within a the [[Human skull|skull]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="sinus"}} ==𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐹== ===𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐣=== {{main|𑐖𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐷}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" | ''𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐬 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐳𑐾𑐳 (articular process)''|| 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐖𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐣। |- | ''𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐣 (articulation)''|| [[𑐖𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐷]]𑐂 𑐣𑐶𑐟𑐵 𑐰𑐵 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂। |- | ''𑐳𑐸𑐔𑐬 (suture)''|| 𑐎𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌ 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐣। |} ==𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐐𑐸𑐞== [[File:603 Anatomy of Long Bone.jpg|thumb|right|Gross overview of the features of long bones in a fully grown adult.]] ===𑐳𑐎𑐮 𑐐𑐸𑐞=== Bones are commonly described with the terms ''head'', ''neck'', ''shaft'', ''body'' and ''base'' The ''head'' of a bone usually refers to the proximal end of the bone. The shaft refers to the elongated sections of [[long bone]], and the ''neck'' the segment between the head and shaft (or body). The end of the long bone opposite to the head is known as the ''base''. ===𑐡𑐸𑐣𑐾𑐫𑐵 𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐵=== [[File:623 Epiphyseal Plate-Line.jpg|thumb|right|The epiphyseal plate is the area in which bone growth occurs after birth through [[endochondral ossification]].]] {|class="wikitable" |- ! 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵||𑐠𑐸𑐂𑐎𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑃𑐥𑐸 |- | ''𑐡𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (diaphysis)'' | 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸, 𑐢𑐳𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐹 𑐩𑑂𑐴; 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐂𑐩𑐬𑐷 𑐀𑐳𑑂𑐳𑐶𑐦𑐶𑐎𑐾𑐳𑐣 (primary ossification)𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂। 𑐀𑑄𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐖𑐷𑐂 ''shaft'' 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐣𑑄 𑐢𑐵𑐂। |- | ''𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (epiphysis)'' | 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐶𑐠𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂; 𑐳𑐾𑐎𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐬𑐷 𑐀𑐳𑑂𑐳𑐶𑐦𑐶𑐎𑐾𑐳𑐣 (secondary ossification) 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂। |- | ''𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐟 (epiphyseal plate)'' | 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐠 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐟 (''growth plate'') 𑐰𑐵 𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (''physis'') 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐣𑑄 𑐣𑐵𑑄𑐖𑐵𑑅। In a long bone it is a thin disc of [[hyaline]] cartilage that is positioned [[Transverse plane|transversely]] between the epiphysis and [[metaphysis]]. In the long bones of humans, the epiphyseal plate disappears by twenty years of age. |- |- | ''𑐩𑐾𑐟𑐵𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (metaphysis)'' | 𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (epiphysis) 𑐰 𑐡𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (diaphysis) 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐨𑐵𑐐। |- |} ===Internal and external=== [[File:619 Red and Yellow Bone Marrow.jpg|thumb|left|Inside of the [[caput femoris|head of femur]], showing surface of the bone, red and yellow bone marrow.]] The cortex of a bone is used to refer to its outer layers, and medulla used to refer to the inner surface of the bone. [[Red marrow]], in which blood is formed is present in [[spongy bone]] as well as in the [[medullary cavity]], while the fatty [[yellow marrow]] is present primarily in the medullary cavity. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} {{clear}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== ''This Wikipedia entry incorporates text from the freely licenced Connexions [http://cnx.org] edition of Anatomy & Physiology [http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/] text-book by OpenStax College'' {{reflist}} ;Books * {{cite book | first = prep. by J. A. Simpson | title = The Oxford English dictionary. | year = 1989 | publisher=Clarendon Press | location=Oxford | isbn=9780198611868 | ref={{harvid|OED|1989}} }} [[Category:Skeletal system]] qy3778mg361q9rph7og3tetvxabhvwt 1121950 1121949 2026-07-16T17:27:01Z ~2026-40118-82 31562 /* */ 1121950 wikitext text/x-wiki ,hastened ak to be cowed {{eukesh|क्वँय्‌नाप स्वापू दूगु एनातोमिक खँग्वः}} ''थ्व पौ देवनागरीं बोट छ्यला थःमंतुं नेपाललिपिइ हिलातःगु ख। थ्व पौयात च्वसु पतिइ यंकेन्ह्यः छकः ब्वनाः पाय्छि जू/मजूगू स्वयादिसँ।apparently #thhal'' {{Anatomical terminology series}} '''𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐹 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐊𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑀𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅''' 𑐁𑐥𑐵𑐮𑑄 𑐊𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑀𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐱𑐧𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐰𑐮𑐷𑐂 𑐠𑐸𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐸𑐂। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐁𑐥𑐵𑐮𑑄 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐰 𑐮𑐵𑐟𑐶𑐣 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐵𑑄 𑐧𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। ==𑐠𑐷𑐠𑐷 𑐎𑐠𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌== [[File:601 Bone Classification.jpg|thumb|right|400px|𑐠𑐷𑐠𑐷 𑐎𑐠𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂]] ===𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐏। 𑐀𑐠𑐾 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐮𑐴𑐶𑐣𑐵 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐾𑐧𑐶𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐕𑐶𑑄। 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐟𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 [[𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐩𑐬𑐳]], [[𑐀𑐮𑑂𑐣𑐵]], [[𑐬𑐾𑐡𑐶𑐫𑐳]] 𑐰 𑐟𑐸𑐟𑐶𑐂 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 [[𑐦𑐶𑐩𑐬]], [[𑐟𑐶𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵]] 𑐰 [[𑐦𑐶𑐧𑐸𑐮𑐵]] 𑐏। 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄 𑐥𑐟𑐶𑑄𑐫𑐵 [[𑐩𑐾𑐚𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐥𑐮]], [[𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐘𑑂𑐖𑐾𑐳]] 𑐰 𑐟𑐸𑐟𑐶𑐥𑐟𑐶𑑄𑐫𑐵 [[𑐩𑐾𑐚𑐵𑐚𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐳𑐮]] 𑐰 [[𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐘𑑂𑐖𑐾𑐳]] 𑐣𑑄 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 [[𑐮𑐵]] 𑐳𑑄𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐣 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐧𑐶𑐮𑐫𑑂 [[𑐠𑐶𑑃𑐨𑑅]]𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। <ref name="Open Anatomy">{{cite web | url=http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/ | title=Anatomy & Physiology | publisher=Openstax college at Connexions | accessdate=November 16, 2013}}</ref> ===𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐧 𑐠𑐾𑑄 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅, 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐰 𑐦𑐶 𑐖𑑂𑐰𑐮𑑄 𑐣𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐸𑐂। 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐥𑐳 𑐰 𑐟𑐸𑐟𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐟𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐳𑐳 𑐏। 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐬𑐟𑐵 𑐧𑐷 𑐰 𑐳𑐣𑐾𑐟 𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐴𑐵𑐮𑐶 𑐫𑐵𑐂।<ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐰 𑐔𑐶𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐣𑑄 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐦𑐸। 𑐊𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑀𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐎𑐠𑑄 [[𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑐟𑑅]]𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐟, [[𑐳𑑂𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐥𑐸𑐮𑐵]], [[𑐳𑑂𑐚𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐩]] 𑐰 𑐧𑐥𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। 𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐟𑐾𑐳𑑄 𑐮𑐵𑐢𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐵 𑐰 𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐡𑐸𑐣𑐾𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵𑐟𑐾𑐟 𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। <ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===𑐀𑐣𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐀𑐣𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑐸𑐫𑐾 𑐰𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐳𑐷𑐎𑐾 𑐩𑐕𑐶𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐀𑐣𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐖𑐚𑐶𑐮 𑐖𑐸𑐂 𑐰 𑐳𑐵𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐣 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐶𑐟 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾 𑐠𑐵𑐎𑐸𑐂। 𑐡𑐳𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑑄𑐟𑐶𑑄 [[𑐡𑐸𑐐𑑅𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂]] 𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐕𑐶𑑄 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐸𑐐𑑅𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐏𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 (𑐰𑐶𑐱𑐾𑐲 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑑄 𑐳𑑂𑐫 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂) 𑐀𑐣𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। <ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===𑐳𑐶𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐳𑐶𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐳𑐶𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐔𑐸 𑐔𑐶𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸, 𑐔𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬 [[𑐴𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐰𑑅]]𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 (sesame+oid) 𑐳𑐶𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐣𑐵𑑄 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐐𑐸 𑐏। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐔𑐵𑐥 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 [[𑐎𑐸𑑄]] 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐟𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐰𑐂। 𑐳𑐾𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 𑐟𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑐵𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐧𑐵𑐧𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑑀 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵 𑐟𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐮𑑂𑐴𑐵, 𑐟𑐸𑐟𑐶 𑐰 𑐥𑐸𑐮𑐶𑐂 𑐧𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐰𑐂। 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑄 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐂 𑐡𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐾𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐟𑐾𑐮𑐵 𑐏।<ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ==𑐥𑐶𑐠𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵== ===𑐔𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐸=== [[File:602 Bone Markings.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Different types of bone markings and features.]] <!-- Leave the image at 400px in size, otherwise it will need to be split into three images showed at full to make the text readable--> 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐂𑐮 (condyle) 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐎𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐶𑐴𑐵𑑄𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐔𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐶𑐠 𑐏। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐶𑐠𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵𑑄 𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐣 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐟 𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐴𑐵𑐮𑐶 𑐫𑐵𑐂। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle"}} 𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐎𑑀𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐂𑐮 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑀𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐂𑐮 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐕𑐟𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵 𑐏, 𑐡𑐳𑐸 𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐩𑐬𑐳𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐶𑐡𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐎𑑀𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐂𑐮। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Epicondyle"}} 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐟 𑐁𑐥𑐵𑐮𑑄 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐷𑐎 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑑄 𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐰 𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐵𑐴𑐵𑑄 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐮𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐸𑐂। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle, Epicondyle, Epi-"}} {{efn|Specifically, {{lang-la|condylus}}, from "knuckle" ({{lang-el|kondylos}}), with "epi" referring to "Upon" {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle, Epicondyle, Epi-"}} }} 𑐔𑐶𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐶𑐴𑐵𑑄𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐊𑐩𑐶𑐣𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐳 (''eminence'') 𑐢𑐵𑐂, 𑐡𑐳𑐸: 𑐩𑐶𑐡𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐊𑐩𑐶𑐣𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐳। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="eminence"}} A ''process'' refers to a relatively large projection or prominent bump, {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="process"}} as does a ''promontory'' such as the [[sacral promontory]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="promontory"}} Both ''tubercle'' and ''tuberosity'' refer to a projection or bump with a roughened surface, with a 'tubercle' generally smaller than a 'tuberosity'. These terms are derived from [[Tuber]], originally from the Latin "swelling" ({{lang-la|Tuber}}) {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Tuberous, Tubercle"}} A ''ramus'' refers to an extension of bone, such as the [[ramus of the mandible]] in the [[Human jaw|jaw]] or [[Superior pubic ramus]]. Ramus is derived from "branch" ({{lang-la|Ramus}}) {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="ramus"}} and may also be used to refer to nerves, such as the [[ramus communicans]]. A ''facet'' refers to a small, flattened articular surface. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} ===𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐩𑐸=== A ''line'' refers to a long, thin projection, often with a rough surface. ''Ridge'' and ''crest'' refer to a long, narrow line. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Crest"}} Unlike many words used to describe anatomical terms, the word ''ridge'' is derived from [[Old English]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Ridge"}} {{efn|Specifically, 'spine, crest' ([[Old English]]:hrycg) from [[Germanic language|Germanic]] related to the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] "rug" and [[𑐖𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐣 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵|German]] "Rücken" 'back'. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Ridge"}} }} A ''spine'', as well as referring to the [[spinal cord]], may be used to describe a relatively long, thin projection or bump. ===Special=== These terms are used to describe bony protuberances in specific parts of the body. The ''[[:wikt:Malleolus|Malleolus]]'' ({{lang-la|"small hammer"}}) is the bony prominence on each side of the [[ankle]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Malleolus"}} These are known as the medial and lateral malleolus. Each leg is supported by two bones, the [[tibia]] on the inner side (medial) of the leg and the [[fibula]] on the outer side (lateral) of the leg. The ''medial malleolus'' is the prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia. The ''lateral malleolus'' is the prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula. The ''[[:wikt:trochanter|trochanter]]s'' are parts of the femur, to which muscles attach. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Trochanter"}} It may refer to the [[Greater trochanter|greater]], [[Lesser trochanter|lesser]], or [[third trochanter]] ==Cavities== ===Openings=== The following terms are used to describe cavities that connect to other areas: A ''[[:wikt:foramen|foramen]]'' ({{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|m|ən}};<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/foramen Entry "foramen"] in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]''.</ref> pl. '''foramina''', {{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|æ|m|ə|n|ə}}) is any opening, particularly referring to those in [[bone]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Foramen"}} Foramina inside the [[Anatomy|body]] of [[human body|humans]] and other [[Animal#Structure|animals]] typically allow [[muscle]]s, [[nerve]]s, [[artery|arteries]], [[vein]]s, or other structures to connect one part of the body with another. A ''canal'' is a long, tunnel-like foramen, usually a passage for notable nerves or blood vessels. ===Blind-ended=== The following terms are used to describe cavities that do not connect to other areas: A ''[[:wikt:fossa|fossa]]'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ə}};<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fossa Entry "fossa"] in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]''.</ref> plural ''fossas'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ə|z}}, or ''fossae'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|i:}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ai}}); from the Latin "''fossa''", ditch or trench) is a depression or hollow, usually in a bone, such as the [[hypophyseal fossa]], the depression in the [[sphenoid bone]].<ref>Venieratos D, Anagnostopoulou S, Garidou A., A new morphometric method for the sella turcica and the hypophyseal fossa and its clinical relevance.;Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2005 Nov;64(4):240-7. PMID 16425149</ref> A a ''[[:wikt:meatus|meatus]]'' {{IPAc-en|m|iː|ˈ|eɪ|t|ə|s}}<ref>''[[OED]]'' 2nd edition, 1989, as {{IPA|/miːˈeɪtəs/}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meatus Entry "meatus" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary].</ref> is a short canal that opens to another part of the body. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="meatus"}} {{efn|(The plural forms of "meatus" are: ''meatus'', as a Latin form (of the [[Latin declension#d4|fourth declension noun class]], which the word belongs to); or ''meatuses'', as a normally derived English plural; or often, and incorrectly, ''meati'', by false analogy with the very common Latin ''-us/-i'' forms (such as ''alumnus/alumni''), i.e., the [[Latin declension#d1|second declension noun class]].)}} A ''[[:wikt:fovea|fovea]]'' ({{lang-la|pit}}) is a small pit, usually on the head of a bone. The most well-known example of a ''fovea'' is the [[fovea centralis]], a depression in the [[retina]] of the [[Human eye|eye]]. ===Walls=== The following terms are used to describe the walls of a cavity: A ''[[:wikt:labyrinth|labyrinth]]'' refers to the [[bony labyrinth]] and [[membranous labyrinth]], components of the inner ear, due to their fine and complex structure. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="labyrinth"}} A ''[[:wikt:sinus|sinus]]'' refers to a bony cavity, usually within a the [[Human skull|skull]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="sinus"}} ==𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐹== ===𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐣=== {{main|𑐖𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐷}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" | ''𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐬 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐳𑐾𑐳 (articular process)''|| 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐖𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐣। |- | ''𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐣 (articulation)''|| [[𑐖𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐷]]𑐂 𑐣𑐶𑐟𑐵 𑐰𑐵 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂। |- | ''𑐳𑐸𑐔𑐬 (suture)''|| 𑐎𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌ 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐣। |} ==𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐐𑐸𑐞== [[File:603 Anatomy of Long Bone.jpg|thumb|right|Gross overview of the features of long bones in a fully grown adult.]] ===𑐳𑐎𑐮 𑐐𑐸𑐞=== Bones are commonly described with the terms ''head'', ''neck'', ''shaft'', ''body'' and ''base'' The ''head'' of a bone usually refers to the proximal end of the bone. The shaft refers to the elongated sections of [[long bone]], and the ''neck'' the segment between the head and shaft (or body). The end of the long bone opposite to the head is known as the ''base''. ===𑐡𑐸𑐣𑐾𑐫𑐵 𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐵=== [[File:623 Epiphyseal Plate-Line.jpg|thumb|right|The epiphyseal plate is the area in which bone growth occurs after birth through [[endochondral ossification]].]] {|class="wikitable" |- ! 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵||𑐠𑐸𑐂𑐎𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑃𑐥𑐸 |- | ''𑐡𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (diaphysis)'' | 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸, 𑐢𑐳𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐹 𑐩𑑂𑐴; 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐂𑐩𑐬𑐷 𑐀𑐳𑑂𑐳𑐶𑐦𑐶𑐎𑐾𑐳𑐣 (primary ossification)𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂। 𑐀𑑄𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐖𑐷𑐂 ''shaft'' 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐣𑑄 𑐢𑐵𑐂। |- | ''𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (epiphysis)'' | 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐶𑐠𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂; 𑐳𑐾𑐎𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐬𑐷 𑐀𑐳𑑂𑐳𑐶𑐦𑐶𑐎𑐾𑐳𑐣 (secondary ossification) 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂। |- | ''𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐟 (epiphyseal plate)'' | 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐠 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐟 (''growth plate'') 𑐰𑐵 𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (''physis'') 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐣𑑄 𑐣𑐵𑑄𑐖𑐵𑑅। In a long bone it is a thin disc of [[hyaline]] cartilage that is positioned [[Transverse plane|transversely]] between the epiphysis and [[metaphysis]]. In the long bones of humans, the epiphyseal plate disappears by twenty years of age. |- |- | ''𑐩𑐾𑐟𑐵𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (metaphysis)'' | 𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (epiphysis) 𑐰 𑐡𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (diaphysis) 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐨𑐵𑐐। |- |} ===Internal and external=== [[File:619 Red and Yellow Bone Marrow.jpg|thumb|left|Inside of the [[caput femoris|head of femur]], showing surface of the bone, red and yellow bone marrow.]] The cortex of a bone is used to refer to its outer layers, and medulla used to refer to the inner surface of the bone. [[Red marrow]], in which blood is formed is present in [[spongy bone]] as well as in the [[medullary cavity]], while the fatty [[yellow marrow]] is present primarily in the medullary cavity. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} {{clear}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== ''This Wikipedia entry incorporates text from the freely licenced Connexions [http://cnx.org] edition of Anatomy & Physiology [http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/] text-book by OpenStax College'' {{reflist}} ;Books * {{cite book | first = prep. by J. A. Simpson | title = The Oxford English dictionary. | year = 1989 | publisher=Clarendon Press | location=Oxford | isbn=9780198611868 | ref={{harvid|OED|1989}} }} [[Category:Skeletal system]] j7m0nx173fmtpuzcrpj482vx4aodj1i 1121951 1121950 2026-07-16T17:27:31Z A09 22830 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contribs/~2026-40118-82|~2026-40118-82]] ([[User talk:~2026-40118-82|talk]]) to last version by EukeshBot: reverting vandalism 881840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{देवनागरी|क्वँय्‌नाप स्वापू दूगु एनातोमिक खँग्वः}} ''थ्व पौ देवनागरीं बोट छ्यला थःमंतुं नेपाललिपिइ हिलातःगु ख। थ्व पौयात च्वसु पतिइ यंकेन्ह्यः छकः ब्वनाः पाय्छि जू/मजूगू स्वयादिसँ।'' {{Anatomical terminology series}} '''𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐹 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐊𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑀𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅''' 𑐁𑐥𑐵𑐮𑑄 𑐊𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑀𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐱𑐧𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐰𑐮𑐷𑐂 𑐠𑐸𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐸𑐂। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐁𑐥𑐵𑐮𑑄 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐶𑐎 𑐰 𑐮𑐵𑐟𑐶𑐣 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐵𑑄 𑐧𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐸। ==𑐠𑐷𑐠𑐷 𑐎𑐠𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌== [[File:601 Bone Classification.jpg|thumb|right|400px|𑐠𑐷𑐠𑐷 𑐎𑐠𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂]] ===𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵𑑅 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐵 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐏। 𑐀𑐠𑐾 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐮𑐴𑐶𑐣𑐵 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐫𑐾𑐧𑐶𑐮𑐫𑑂 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐕𑐶𑑄। 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐟𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 [[𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐩𑐬𑐳]], [[𑐀𑐮𑑂𑐣𑐵]], [[𑐬𑐾𑐡𑐶𑐫𑐳]] 𑐰 𑐟𑐸𑐟𑐶𑐂 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 [[𑐦𑐶𑐩𑐬]], [[𑐟𑐶𑐧𑐶𑐫𑐵]] 𑐰 [[𑐦𑐶𑐧𑐸𑐮𑐵]] 𑐏। 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄 𑐥𑐟𑐶𑑄𑐫𑐵 [[𑐩𑐾𑐚𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐥𑐮]], [[𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐘𑑂𑐖𑐾𑐳]] 𑐰 𑐟𑐸𑐟𑐶𑐥𑐟𑐶𑑄𑐫𑐵 [[𑐩𑐾𑐚𑐵𑐚𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐳𑐮]] 𑐰 [[𑐦𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐮𑐶𑐘𑑂𑐖𑐾𑐳]] 𑐣𑑄 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 [[𑐮𑐵]] 𑐳𑑄𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐣 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐧𑐶𑐮𑐫𑑂 [[𑐠𑐶𑑃𑐨𑑅]]𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। <ref name="Open Anatomy">{{cite web | url=http://cnx.org/content/col11496/latest/ | title=Anatomy & Physiology | publisher=Openstax college at Connexions | accessdate=November 16, 2013}}</ref> ===𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐧 𑐠𑐾𑑄 𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅, 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐰 𑐦𑐶 𑐖𑑂𑐰𑐮𑑄 𑐣𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐸𑐂। 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐫𑑂 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑑂𑐴𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐥𑐳 𑐰 𑐟𑐸𑐟𑐶𑐫𑐵 𑐟𑐵𑐬𑑂𑐳𑐳 𑐏। 𑐔𑐶𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐳𑑂𑐠𑐶𑐬𑐟𑐵 𑐧𑐷 𑐰 𑐳𑐣𑐾𑐟 𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐴𑐵𑐮𑐶 𑐫𑐵𑐂।<ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐰 𑐔𑐶𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐣𑑄 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐦𑐸। 𑐊𑐣𑐵𑐟𑑀𑐩𑐶𑐎 𑐎𑐠𑑄 [[𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑐟𑑅]]𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐟, [[𑐳𑑂𑐎𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐥𑐸𑐮𑐵]], [[𑐳𑑂𑐚𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐩]] 𑐰 𑐧𑐥𑐶𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। 𑐥𑐵𑐔𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐟𑐾𑐳𑑄 𑐮𑐵𑐢𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐵 𑐰 𑐩𑑂𑐴 𑐡𑐸𑐣𑐾𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵𑐟𑐾𑐟 𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। <ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===𑐀𑐣𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐀𑐣𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑐸𑐫𑐾 𑐰𑐵 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑐳𑐷𑐎𑐾 𑐩𑐕𑐶𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐀𑐣𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐟𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐖𑐚𑐶𑐮 𑐖𑐸𑐂 𑐰 𑐳𑐵𑐢𑐵𑐬𑐣 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐬𑐶𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐶𑐟 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾 𑐠𑐵𑐎𑐸𑐂। 𑐡𑐳𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐣𑐶𑑄𑐟𑐶𑑄 [[𑐡𑐸𑐐𑑅𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂]] 𑐎𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐕𑐶𑑄 𑐐𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐡𑐸𑐐𑑅𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐏𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐫𑐵 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 (𑐰𑐶𑐱𑐾𑐲 𑐬𑐸𑐥𑑄 𑐳𑑂𑐫 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂) 𑐀𑐣𑐵𑐎𑐵𑐬 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। <ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ===𑐳𑐶𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂=== {{main|𑐳𑐶𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂}} 𑐳𑐶𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐔𑐸 𑐔𑐶𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸, 𑐔𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐏। 𑐠𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬 [[𑐴𑐵𑐩𑑂𑐰𑑅]]𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐎𑐵𑐬𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑐹𑐐𑐸𑐮𑐶𑑄 𑐠𑐸𑐎𑐶𑐫𑐵𑐟 (sesame+oid) 𑐳𑐶𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐣𑐵𑑄 𑐧𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐐𑐸 𑐏। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐫𑐎𑑂𑐰 𑐔𑐵𑐥 𑐡𑐹𑐐𑐸 [[𑐎𑐸𑑄]] 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐟𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐧𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐰𑐂। 𑐳𑐾𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑑄 𑐟𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐣𑐫𑑂 𑐮𑐵𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐡𑐧𑐵𑐧𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐩𑑂𑐴𑑀 𑐫𑐵𑐣𑐵 𑐟𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐣𑐫𑐵 𑐬𑐎𑑂𑐲𑐵 𑐫𑐵𑐂। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐮𑑂𑐴𑐵, 𑐟𑐸𑐟𑐶 𑐰 𑐥𑐸𑐮𑐶𑐂 𑐧𑐸𑐫𑐵𑐰𑐂। 𑐡𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑄 𑐩𑐣𑐸𑐂 𑐡𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐾𑐳𑐵𑐩𑑀𑐂𑐡 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐟𑐾𑐮𑐵 𑐏।<ref name="Open Anatomy"/> ==𑐥𑐶𑐠𑑄𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵== ===𑐔𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐸=== [[File:602 Bone Markings.jpg|thumb|right|400px|Different types of bone markings and features.]] <!-- Leave the image at 400px in size, otherwise it will need to be split into three images showed at full to make the text readable--> 𑐎𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐂𑐮 (condyle) 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐎𑐵𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐶𑐴𑐵𑑄𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐕𑐐𑐹 𑐔𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐶𑐠 𑐏। 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐳𑐶𑐠𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵𑑄 𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑐵𑐥 𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐣 𑐫𑐵𑐫𑐾𑐟 𑐐𑑂𑐰𑐴𑐵𑐮𑐶 𑐫𑐵𑐂। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle"}} 𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐎𑑀𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐂𑐮 𑐢𑐵𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑀𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐂𑐮 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐕𑐟𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵 𑐏, 𑐡𑐳𑐸 𑐴𑑂𑐫𑐸𑐩𑐬𑐳𑐫𑐵 𑐩𑐶𑐡𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐎𑑀𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐵𑐂𑐮। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Epicondyle"}} 𑐠𑐣𑑂𑐫𑐵𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐟 𑐁𑐥𑐵𑐮𑑄 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐷𑐎 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑑄 𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐰 𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐨𑐵𑐳𑐫𑑂 𑐥𑐵𑐴𑐵𑑄 𑐏𑑃𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐠𑑄 𑐕𑑂𑐫𑐮𑐵𑐟𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐖𑐸𑐂। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle, Epicondyle, Epi-"}} {{efn|Specifically, {{lang-la|condylus}}, from "knuckle" ({{lang-el|kondylos}}), with "epi" referring to "Upon" {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Condyle, Epicondyle, Epi-"}} }} 𑐔𑐶𑐐𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑐶𑐴𑐵𑑄𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐟 𑐊𑐩𑐶𑐣𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐳 (''eminence'') 𑐢𑐵𑐂, 𑐡𑐳𑐸: 𑐩𑐶𑐡𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐊𑐩𑐶𑐣𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐳। {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="eminence"}} A ''process'' refers to a relatively large projection or prominent bump, {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="process"}} as does a ''promontory'' such as the [[sacral promontory]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="promontory"}} Both ''tubercle'' and ''tuberosity'' refer to a projection or bump with a roughened surface, with a 'tubercle' generally smaller than a 'tuberosity'. These terms are derived from [[Tuber]], originally from the Latin "swelling" ({{lang-la|Tuber}}) {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Tuberous, Tubercle"}} A ''ramus'' refers to an extension of bone, such as the [[ramus of the mandible]] in the [[Human jaw|jaw]] or [[Superior pubic ramus]]. Ramus is derived from "branch" ({{lang-la|Ramus}}) {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="ramus"}} and may also be used to refer to nerves, such as the [[ramus communicans]]. A ''facet'' refers to a small, flattened articular surface. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} ===𑐔𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐩𑐸=== A ''line'' refers to a long, thin projection, often with a rough surface. ''Ridge'' and ''crest'' refer to a long, narrow line. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Crest"}} Unlike many words used to describe anatomical terms, the word ''ridge'' is derived from [[Old English]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Ridge"}} {{efn|Specifically, 'spine, crest' ([[Old English]]:hrycg) from [[Germanic language|Germanic]] related to the [[Dutch language|Dutch]] "rug" and [[𑐖𑐬𑑂𑐩𑐣 𑐨𑐵𑐲𑐵|German]] "Rücken" 'back'. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Ridge"}} }} A ''spine'', as well as referring to the [[spinal cord]], may be used to describe a relatively long, thin projection or bump. ===Special=== These terms are used to describe bony protuberances in specific parts of the body. The ''[[:wikt:Malleolus|Malleolus]]'' ({{lang-la|"small hammer"}}) is the bony prominence on each side of the [[ankle]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Malleolus"}} These are known as the medial and lateral malleolus. Each leg is supported by two bones, the [[tibia]] on the inner side (medial) of the leg and the [[fibula]] on the outer side (lateral) of the leg. The ''medial malleolus'' is the prominence on the inner side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the tibia. The ''lateral malleolus'' is the prominence on the outer side of the ankle, formed by the lower end of the fibula. The ''[[:wikt:trochanter|trochanter]]s'' are parts of the femur, to which muscles attach. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Trochanter"}} It may refer to the [[Greater trochanter|greater]], [[Lesser trochanter|lesser]], or [[third trochanter]] ==Cavities== ===Openings=== The following terms are used to describe cavities that connect to other areas: A ''[[:wikt:foramen|foramen]]'' ({{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|eɪ|m|ən}};<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/foramen Entry "foramen"] in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]''.</ref> pl. '''foramina''', {{IPAc-en|f|ə|ˈ|r|æ|m|ə|n|ə}}) is any opening, particularly referring to those in [[bone]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="Foramen"}} Foramina inside the [[Anatomy|body]] of [[human body|humans]] and other [[Animal#Structure|animals]] typically allow [[muscle]]s, [[nerve]]s, [[artery|arteries]], [[vein]]s, or other structures to connect one part of the body with another. A ''canal'' is a long, tunnel-like foramen, usually a passage for notable nerves or blood vessels. ===Blind-ended=== The following terms are used to describe cavities that do not connect to other areas: A ''[[:wikt:fossa|fossa]]'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ə}};<ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fossa Entry "fossa"] in ''[http://www.merriam-webster.com/ Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary]''.</ref> plural ''fossas'' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ə|z}}, or ''fossae'' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|i:}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|ɒ|s|ai}}); from the Latin "''fossa''", ditch or trench) is a depression or hollow, usually in a bone, such as the [[hypophyseal fossa]], the depression in the [[sphenoid bone]].<ref>Venieratos D, Anagnostopoulou S, Garidou A., A new morphometric method for the sella turcica and the hypophyseal fossa and its clinical relevance.;Folia Morphol (Warsz). 2005 Nov;64(4):240-7. PMID 16425149</ref> A a ''[[:wikt:meatus|meatus]]'' {{IPAc-en|m|iː|ˈ|eɪ|t|ə|s}}<ref>''[[OED]]'' 2nd edition, 1989, as {{IPA|/miːˈeɪtəs/}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/meatus Entry "meatus" in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary].</ref> is a short canal that opens to another part of the body. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="meatus"}} {{efn|(The plural forms of "meatus" are: ''meatus'', as a Latin form (of the [[Latin declension#d4|fourth declension noun class]], which the word belongs to); or ''meatuses'', as a normally derived English plural; or often, and incorrectly, ''meati'', by false analogy with the very common Latin ''-us/-i'' forms (such as ''alumnus/alumni''), i.e., the [[Latin declension#d1|second declension noun class]].)}} A ''[[:wikt:fovea|fovea]]'' ({{lang-la|pit}}) is a small pit, usually on the head of a bone. The most well-known example of a ''fovea'' is the [[fovea centralis]], a depression in the [[retina]] of the [[Human eye|eye]]. ===Walls=== The following terms are used to describe the walls of a cavity: A ''[[:wikt:labyrinth|labyrinth]]'' refers to the [[bony labyrinth]] and [[membranous labyrinth]], components of the inner ear, due to their fine and complex structure. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="labyrinth"}} A ''[[:wikt:sinus|sinus]]'' refers to a bony cavity, usually within a the [[Human skull|skull]]. {{sfn|OED|1989|loc="sinus"}} ==𑐩𑐾𑐐𑐸 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐥𑐹== ===𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐣=== {{main|𑐖𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐷}} {| class="wikitable" border="1" | ''𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐬 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐳𑐾𑐳 (articular process)''|| 𑐣𑐵𑐥𑑄𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐠𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐖𑐾𑐎𑑂𑐳𑐣। |- | ''𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐣 (articulation)''|| [[𑐖𑑀𑐬𑑂𑐣𑐷]]𑐂 𑐣𑐶𑐟𑐵 𑐰𑐵 𑐀𑐥𑑂𑐰 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂 𑐳𑑂𑐰𑐵𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂। |- | ''𑐳𑐸𑐔𑐬 (suture)''|| 𑐎𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐣𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌ 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐁𑐬𑑂𑐟𑐶𑐎𑐸𑐮𑐾𑐳𑐣। |} ==𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐐𑐸𑐞== [[File:603 Anatomy of Long Bone.jpg|thumb|right|Gross overview of the features of long bones in a fully grown adult.]] ===𑐳𑐎𑐮 𑐐𑐸𑐞=== Bones are commonly described with the terms ''head'', ''neck'', ''shaft'', ''body'' and ''base'' The ''head'' of a bone usually refers to the proximal end of the bone. The shaft refers to the elongated sections of [[long bone]], and the ''neck'' the segment between the head and shaft (or body). The end of the long bone opposite to the head is known as the ''base''. ===𑐡𑐸𑐣𑐾𑐫𑐵 𑐮𑐵𑐐𑐵=== [[File:623 Epiphyseal Plate-Line.jpg|thumb|right|The epiphyseal plate is the area in which bone growth occurs after birth through [[endochondral ossification]].]] {|class="wikitable" |- ! 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐎𑐸𑐔𑐵||𑐠𑐸𑐂𑐎𑐶𑐐𑐸 𑐏𑑃𑐥𑐸 |- | ''𑐡𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (diaphysis)'' | 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅𑐐𑐸, 𑐢𑐳𑑂𑐰𑑅𑐐𑐸 𑐩𑐹 𑐩𑑂𑐴; 𑐥𑑂𑐬𑐵𑐂𑐩𑐬𑐷 𑐀𑐳𑑂𑐳𑐶𑐦𑐶𑐎𑐾𑐳𑐣 (primary ossification)𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂। 𑐀𑑄𑐐𑑂𑐬𑐾𑐖𑐷𑐂 ''shaft'' 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐣𑑄 𑐢𑐵𑐂। |- | ''𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (epiphysis)'' | 𑐟𑐵𑑅𑐴𑐵𑐎𑑅 𑐎𑑂𑐰𑑃𑐫𑑂‌𑐫𑐵 𑐳𑐶𑐠𑐫𑐵 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂; 𑐳𑐾𑐎𑐾𑐣𑑂𑐡𑐬𑐷 𑐀𑐳𑑂𑐳𑐶𑐦𑐶𑐎𑐾𑐳𑐣 (secondary ossification) 𑐖𑐸𑐂𑐐𑐸 𑐠𑐵𑐫𑑂। |- | ''𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐖𑐶𑐫𑐮 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐟 (epiphyseal plate)'' | 𑐐𑑂𑐬𑑀𑐠 𑐥𑑂𑐮𑐾𑐟 (''growth plate'') 𑐰𑐵 𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (''physis'') 𑐢𑐎𑐵 𑐣𑑄 𑐣𑐵𑑄𑐖𑐵𑑅। In a long bone it is a thin disc of [[hyaline]] cartilage that is positioned [[Transverse plane|transversely]] between the epiphysis and [[metaphysis]]. In the long bones of humans, the epiphyseal plate disappears by twenty years of age. |- |- | ''𑐩𑐾𑐟𑐵𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (metaphysis)'' | 𑐂𑐥𑐶𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (epiphysis) 𑐰 𑐡𑐵𑐫𑐵𑐦𑐵𑐂𑐳𑐶𑐳 (diaphysis) 𑐡𑐠𑐸𑐫𑐵 𑐨𑐵𑐐। |- |} ===Internal and external=== [[File:619 Red and Yellow Bone Marrow.jpg|thumb|left|Inside of the [[caput femoris|head of femur]], showing surface of the bone, red and yellow bone marrow.]] The cortex of a bone is used to refer to its outer layers, and medulla used to refer to the inner surface of the bone. [[Red marrow]], in which blood is formed is present in [[spongy bone]] as well as in the [[medullary cavity]], while the fatty [[yellow marrow]] is present primarily in the medullary cavity. {{citation needed|date=March 2014}} {{clear}} ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== ''This Wikipedia entry incorporates text from the freely licenced Connexions [http://cnx.org] edition of Anatomy & Physiology [http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/] text-book by OpenStax College'' {{reflist}} ;Books * {{cite book | first = prep. by J. A. Simpson | title = The Oxford English dictionary. | year = 1989 | publisher=Clarendon Press | location=Oxford | isbn=9780198611868 | ref={{harvid|OED|1989}} }} [[Category:Skeletal system]] 9mkpnecs810nu5u6jx3ngi9rcd31szw