Wikipedia newwiki https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8C MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter माध्यम विशेष खँलाबँला छ्येलेमि छ्येलेमि खँलाबँला विकिपिडिया विकिपिडिया खँलाबँला किपा किपा खँलाबँला मिडियाविकि मिडियाविकि खँलाबँला Template Template talk ग्वाहालि ग्वाहालि खँलाबँला पुचः पुचः खँलाबँला दबू दबू खँलाबँला TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 321 1127246 1122807 2026-11-02T03:34:02Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1127246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/सुमेर}} [[Image:Sumer satellite map.jpg|300px|right]] [[Image:Blau Monuments (front).jpg|thumb|upright=1.45|The [[Blau Monuments]]]] [[किपा:Meso2mil.JPG|300px|right]] '''सुमेर''' वा '''सुमेर लहना''' [[ल्वहं युग]] निसें पूर्व [[कँय् युग]] तक अस्तित्त्वय् दूगु छगू प्राचीन [[लहना]] ख। थ्व लहना वर्तमान [[इराक]]या दखिनी लागा [[मेसोपोतामिया]]य् ला। थ्व थाय्‌या नां [[अक्कादियन भाषा|अकादियन भास]]य् सुमेरु ({{lang|akk-Latn|Šumeru}}) व [[सुमेरियन भाषा|सुमेरियन भास]]य् कि-एन-गिर_१५({{cuneiform|&#x121A0;&#x12097;&#x120A0;}}) ख। थ्व थाय्‌या नांया अर्थ "सभ्य जुजुतयेगु थाय्‌" वा "थःगु थाय्" ख। <ref name="note">{{lang|sux-Latn|ĝir₁₅}}'' means "native, local", in some contexts is "noble"([https://web.archive.org/web/20170728175900/http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/epsd/e2182.html ĝir NATIVE (7x: Old Babylonian)] from The Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary). Literally, "land of the native (local, noble) lords". Stiebing (1994) has "Land of the Lords of Brightness" (William Stiebing, Ancient Near Eastern History and Culture). Postgate (1994) takes ''en'' as substituting ''eme'' "language", translating "land of the Sumerian tongue" ({{cite book|title=Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History|url=https://archive.org/details/earlymesopotamia00post| author=John Nicholas Postgate| publisher=Routledge (UK)|year=1994}}. Postgate believes it likely that eme, 'tongue', became en, 'lord', through consonantal assimilation.)</ref> <ref name="SumerFAQ">{{cite web|url=http://www.sumerian.org/sumerfaq.htm#s37 |title=Sumerian Questions and Answers |publisher=Sumerian.org |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref> थ्व थासय लूगु ऐतिहासिक दसू कथं थ्व क्षेत्रया इतिहास करिब २९०० ईपू तक थ्यं। अथेजुसां आधुनिक इतिहासकारतेगु मत अनुसार सुमेर करिब ४५०० ईपू निसें ४००० ईपूया दथुइ पलिस्था जूगु ख। थ्व थासय् लूगु नगर, खुसि, ज्या आदिया नांया दसूकथं थ्व लहनाया पलिस्थामि सम्भवतः [[सुमेरियन भाय्]] ल्हाइपिं गैह्र-सेमितिक जातिया मनूत ख। <ref>{{cite book| last=Bertman| first=Stephen| title=Handbook to life in ancient Mesopotamia| year=2003| publisher=Facts on File| isbn=978-0-8160-4346-0| url=http://books.google.com/?id=3bX3HYm5YMAC&pg=PA143&dq=Sumer+first+settled+language#v=onepage&q=Sumer%20first%20settled%20language&f=false|page=143}}</ref> थ्व प्राचीन प्रागैतिहासिक मनुतेत वर्तमान इलय् प्रोतो-युफ्रेतियन्स (proto-Euphrateans) वा उबाइदियन्स (Ubaidians) धाइगु या। <ref name="britannica">{{cite web| url= http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/573176/Sumer |title=Sumer (ancient region, Iraq) |publisher= Britannica.com | work=Britannica Online Encyclopedia |accessdate=2012-03-29}}</ref> थ्व जाति उत्तर मेसोपोतामियाया प्राचीन [[समारा तजिलजि|समारा तजिलजिं]] विकशित जूगु धइगु धारणा दु। <ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://books.google.com/?id=dWuQ70MtnIQC&pg=PA51&dq=samarra+culture#v=snippet&q=%22As%20the%20Samarra%20culture%20spread%20south%2C%20it%20evolved%20into%20the%20Ubaid%20culture%22&f=false | title = Cities, Change, and Conflict: A Political Economy of Urban Life | isbn = 978-0-495-81222-7 | author1 = Kleniewski | first1 = Nancy | last2 = Thomas | first2 = Alexander R | date = 2010-03-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://books.google.com/?id=tupSM5y9yEkC&pg=PA139&dq=samarra+culture#v=onepage&q=%22cultural%20descendants%20of%20the%20originating%20Samarran%20culture%22&f=false | title = The Near East: Archaeology in the "Cradle of Civilization" | isbn = 978-0-415-04742-5 | author1 = Maisels | first1 = Charles Keith | year = 1993}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://books.google.com/?id=i7_hcCxJd9AC&pg=PA147&dq=ubaid+samarra#v=snippet&q=%22Ubaid%200%20is%20thus%20clearly%20derived%20from%20the%20earliest%20culture%20to%20move%20into%20lower%20mesopotamia%2C%20the%20Samarra%22&f=false | title = Early Civilizations of the Old World: The Formative Histories of Egypt, the Levant, Mesopotamia, India and China | isbn = 978-0-415-10976-5 | author1 = Maisels | first1 = Charles Keith | year = 2001}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://books.google.com/?id=zmvNogJO2ZgC&pg=PA505&dq=samarra+culture#v=onepage&q=%22similar%20to%20those%20of%20the%20ubaid%20period%22&f=false | title = A dictionary of archaeology | isbn = 978-0-631-23583-5 | author1 = Shaw | first1 = Ian | last2 = Jameson | first2 = Robert | year = 2002}}</ref> उबाइदियनत सुमेरया दकलय् न्हापाया सभ्य तिबः ख, इमिसं [[झ्वास्या]] बंयात बुंज्या यायेछिंगु बुं दयेकिगु, बनय्‌ज्या पलिस्था यायेगु, [[कापः]], [[छ्येंगु]], [[धातु]], [[शिल्प]], [[चा]]या थलः आदिया उद्योग विकास यागु आदि ज्या विस्तार यात।<ref name="britannica" /> == नां == खँग्वः "सुमेर" <ref>{{Cite web|title=emeĝir [SUMERIAN]|url=http://psd.museum.upenn.edu/epsd/epsd/e1283.html|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Museum of Anthropology and Archaeology}}</ref> दक्षिणी [[मेसोपोतामिया|मेसोपोटामियाया]] प्राचीन गैर- सेमिटिक -भाषी बासिन्दा "सुमेरियन"या अक्कादियन नामं वःगु ख। <ref name="ANE29" /> <ref>{{Cite book|title=A Concise Dictionary of Akkadian|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-qIuVCsRb98C&pg=PA384}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=An Akkadian Handbook: Paradigms, Helps, Glossary, Logograms, and Sign List|publisher=Eisenbrauns|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=27m3y6MNRzYC&pg=PA68}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Ancient Iraq|year=1992|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_W9-CTH-602|publisher=Penguin Books}}</ref> थःगु शिलालेखय् सुमेरियनतेसं थःगु थाय् यात "केन्गिर", "कुलीन प्रभुतेगु देय्", व इमिगु भाय् यात "एमेगिर" ( Sumerian {{Lang|sux|𒅴𒄀}} {{Transl|sux|eme-gi₁₅}} ) धकाः म्हसीकातःगु खनेदु। <ref name="ANE29">"The area in question (the extreme south of Mesopotamia) may now be called Sumer, and its inhabitants Sumerians, although these names are only English approximations of the Akkadian designations; the Sumerians themselves called their land Kengir, their language Emegir, and themselves Sag-giga, "black-headed ones." in {{Cite book|title=The Ancient Near East|year=1971|url=https://archive.org/details/ancientneareasth0000hall|publisher=New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA32}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=Sumerian Grammar|publisher=Brill|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HOx5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1}}</ref> अक्काडियन, पूर्वी सेमिटिक-भाषी मनुतेसं लिपा सुमेरियन नगर-राज्य त्याकल। इमिसं थ्व थाय्यात सुमेरया ऐतिहासिक नां बिल, तर {{Lang|akk|šumerû}} खँग्वःया विकासक्रम अनिश्चित दु। <ref name="Nimrod">{{Cite journal|title=Nimrod before and after the Bible}}</ref> हिब्रू {{Lang|he|שִׁנְעָר}} {{Transl|he|[[Shinar|Šinʿar]]}}, [[इजिप्सियन भाय्|इजिप्सियन]] {{Lang|egy|Sngr}}, व हित्ती {{Lang|hit|Šanhar(a)}}, सकलें दक्षिणी मेसोपोटामियायात म्हसीकि व थ्व सकल खँग्वः ''सुमेरया'' पश्चिमी रुप जुइफु। <ref name="Nimrod" /> == इतिहास == {{mainarticle|सुमेरयागु इतिहास}} सुमेरया ऐतिहासिक काल थ्व कथं दु- * [[उबैद कालखण्ड]] 5300-3900 BC * [[उरुक ४ कालखण्ड]] 3900-3200 BC * [[उरुक ३ कालखण्ड]] 3200-2900 BC * [[Early Dynastic I]] period 2900-2800 BC * [[Early Dynastic II]] period 2800-2600 BC * [[Early Dynastic III]]a period 2600-2500 BC * [[Early Dynastic III]]b period 2500-2334 BC * [[लगाश राजवंश कालखण्ड]] 2550-2380 BC * [[अकाद राजवंश कालखण्ड]] 2450-2250 BC * [[Gutian period]] 2250-2150 BC * [[उर ३ कालखण्ड]] 2150-2000 BC == नगर देय्‌तः== {{wp/new/प्राचीन मेसोपोटामिया}} सुमेर लहनाया दुने थीथी नगर देय् पलिस्था जूगु व विकशित जूगु खनेदु। थ्व लहनाया मू नगर थ्व कथं दु: * [[Mari, Syria|Mari]] -- {{coor dm|34|27|N|40|55|E|}} * [[Agade]] -- {{coor dm|33|06|N|44|06|E}} * [[किश, सुमेर|किश]] (Tell Uheimir & Ingharra) -- {{coor dm|32|33|N|44|39|E|type=city}} * [[बोर्सिप्पा]] (Birs Nimrud) -- {{coor dms|32|23|30|N|44|20|30|E|type=city}} * [[निप्पुर]] (नुफ्फर) -- {{coor dm|32|10|N|45|11|E|type=city}} * [[इसिन]] (Ishan al-Bahriyat) -- {{coor dm|31|56|N|45|17|E|type=city}} * [[अदब]] (Tell Bismaya) -- {{coor dm|31|57|N|45|58|E|type=city}} * [[शुरुपाक]] (Fara) -- {{coor dm|31|46|N|45|30|E|type=city}} * [[गिर्सु]] (Tello) -- {{coor dm|31|37|N|46|09|E|type=city}} * [[लगश]] (Al-Hiba) -- {{coor dm|31|26|N|46|32|E|type=city}} * [[Bad-Tibira]] (अल मेदिना) -- {{coor dm|31|46|N|46|00|E|type=city}} * [[उरुक]] (Warka) -- {{coor dm|31|18|N|45|40|E|type=city}} * [[Larsa]] (Tell as-Senkereh) -- {{coor dm|31|14|N|45|51|E|type=city}} * [[उर]] (al Muqayyar) -- {{coor dms|30|57|45|N|46|06|11|E|region:IQ_scale:30000}} * [[इरिदु]] (Abu Shahrain) -- {{coor dms|30|48|57.02|N|45|59|45.85|E|type=city}} minor cities: * [[सिप्पार]] (Abu Habba) -- {{coor dm|33|03|N|44|18|E|type=city}} * [[कुथा]] (Tell Ibrahim) -- {{coor dm|32|44|N|44|40|E|type=city}} * [[दिल्बात]] (Tell ed-Duleim) -- {{coor dm|32|09|N|44|30|E|type=city}} * [[Marad]] ((Wanna es-) Sadun) -- {{coor dm|32|04|N|44|47|E|type=city}} * [[Kisurra]] (Abu Hatab) -- {{coor dm|31|50|N|45|26|E|type=city}} * [[Zabala (Sumer)|Zabala]] (Tell Ibzeikh) -- {{coor dm|31|44|N|45|52|E|type=city}} * [[उम्मा]] (Tell Jokha) -- {{coor dm|31|38|N|45|52|E|type=city}} * [[किसिगा]] (Tell el-Lahm) -- {{coor dm|30|50|N|46|20|E|type=city}} * [[अवम]] * [[Hamazi]] * [[इश्नुन्ना]] * [[अक्शक]] * [[जिम्बिर]] ==लिधंसा== {{लिधंसा|}} [[पुचः:इतिहास]] j9g6gdsc2ah42wm8dq2okzy3pv0elaq 0 1081 1127244 1121822 2026-11-01T22:00:09Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1127244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/थोमस जेफरसन}} [[Image:ChristopherWrenBuilding.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Wren Building]]]] [[Image:Monticello 2010-10-29.jpg|thumb|alt=Monticello plantation house|[[Monticello]]]] [[Image:United States Declaration of Independence.jpg|thumb|The [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]]] {{Infobox officeholder | name = थमस जेफरसन | image = Official Presidential portrait of Thomas Jefferson (by Rembrandt Peale, 1800).jpg | caption = Portrait, 1800 | alt = Painting of Jefferson in his late 50s with a full head of hair | order = 3rd | office = संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाया राष्ट्रपति | vicepresident = {{plainlist| * [[Aaron Burr]] (1801–1805) * [[George Clinton (vice president)|George Clinton]] (1805–1809) }} | term_start = March 4, 1801 | term_end = March 4, 1809 | predecessor = [[जन एदम्स]] | successor = [[जेम्स म्यादिसन]] | order1 = 2nd | office1 = Vice President of the United States | president1 = John Adams | term_start1 = March 4, 1797 | term_end1 = March 4, 1801 | predecessor1 = John Adams | successor1 = Aaron Burr | order2 = 1st | office2 = United States Secretary of State | president2 = [[George Washington]] | term_start2 = March 22, 1790 | term_end2 = December 31, 1793 | predecessor2 = [[John Jay]] (acting) | successor2 = [[Edmund Randolph]] | order3 = 2nd | minister_from3 = United States | country3 = France | appointer3 = [[Confederation Congress]] | term_start3 = May 17, 1785 | term_end3 = September 26, 1789 | predecessor3 = [[Benjamin Franklin]] | successor3 = [[William Short (American ambassador)|William Short]] | office4 = मित्रता व वाणिज्य सन्धि वार्ताया निंतिं पूर्णाधिकार मन्त्री | appointer4 = Confederation Congress | term_start4 = May 7, 1784 | term_end4 = May 11, 1786 | predecessor4 = ''Office established'' | successor4 = ''Office abolished'' | office5 = Delegate from [[Virginia]] {{awrap|to the [[Congress of the Confederation]]}} | term_start5 = June 6, 1782 | term_end5 = May 7, 1784 | predecessor5 = James Madison | successor5 = [[Richard Henry Lee]] | order6 = 2nd | office6 = Governor of Virginia | term_start6 = June 1, 1779 | term_end6 = June 3, 1781 | predecessor6 = [[Patrick Henry]] | successor6 = [[William Fleming (governor)|William Fleming]] | office7 = अल्बेमार्ले काउन्टीया भर्जिनिया हाउस अफ डेलिगेट्सया दुजः<ref name="VA House of Delegates">{{cite web |title=Burgesses and Delegates |url=https://history.house.virginia.gov/members?district=Albemarle&page=1&per_page=100 |website=Virginia House of Delegates |access-date=May 9, 2023}}</ref> | term_start7 = October 7, 1776 | term_end7 = May 30, 1779 | predecessor7 = [[Charles Lilburn Lewis|Charles Lewis]] | successor7 = George Gilmer, Jr. | term8 = December 10–22, 1781 | predecessor8 = Isaac Davis | successor8 = James Marks | office9 = [[List of delegates to the Continental Congress|Delegate]] from Virginia {{awrap|to the [[Second Continental Congress]]}} | term_start9 = June 20, 1775 | term_end9 = September 26, 1776 | predecessor9 = George Washington | successor9 = [[John Harvie]] | office10 = अल्बेमार्ल काउन्टीया भर्जिनिया हाउस अफ बर्गेसेसया दुजः | term_start10 = May 11, 1769<ref name="Encyclopedia VA">{{cite web |last1=McDonnell |first1=Michael |title=Jefferson, Thomas as Governor of Virginia |url=https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/jefferson-thomas-as-governor-of-virginia/ |website=Encyclopedia Virginia |access-date=October 13, 2022}}</ref> | term_end10 = June 1, 1775<ref name="VA Mag">{{cite journal |last1=Virginia Historical Society |title=House of Burgesses, 1766 to 1775 |journal=Virginia Magazine of History and Biography |date=April 1897 |volume=4 |issue=4 |pages=380–86 |jstor=4241983 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4241983 |access-date=October 13, 2022}}</ref> | predecessor10 = [[Edward Carter (of Blenheim)|Edward Carter]]<ref name="VA Mag" /> | successor10 = ''Office abolished'' | birth_date = {{birth date|1743|4|13}} | birth_place = [[Shadwell, Virginia|Shadwell Plantation]], Goochland </br>(now in [[Albemarle County]]) Virginia Colony | death_date = {{death date and age|1826|7|4|1743|4|13}} | death_place = [[Monticello]], near [[Charlottesville, Virginia]], U.S. | resting_place = [[Monticello]], Virginia | party = [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Martha Wayles]]|January 1, 1772|September 6, 1782|reason=died}} | children = {{plainlist| * 6 with Martha Wayles, including: {{ublist|list_style=list-style: "{{*}}" inside; | [[Martha Jefferson Randolph]] | [[Mary Jefferson Eppes]]}} * Up to 6 with [[Sally Hemings]],{{efn|A number of historians and geneticists argue that while DNA testing of Hemings' descendants reveals a genetic connection with a male ancestor in the Jefferson family, it does not conclusively prove that it was Jefferson himself who sired these children, see [[Jefferson-Hemings controversy]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy Report of the Scholars Commission |date=2000–2001 |page=70 |url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/56d77a9ad51cd4a272d514c0/t/63d84b8a2683c7769f1972a1/1675119505362/Scholars-Commission-Report-1.pdf |quote=The DNA tests could not discriminate among the more than two dozen adult male Jeffersons in Virginia at the time Eston Hemings was conceived, and there is reasonable evidence to suggest that at least seven of those men (including Thomas Jefferson) may well have been at Monticello when Sally became pregnant with Eston.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Jefferson-Hemings Controversy {{!}} C-SPAN.org |url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?301339-1/jefferson-hemings-controversy |website=c-span.org}}</ref>}} including: {{ublist|list_style=list-style: "{{*}}" inside; | [[Madison Hemings]] | [[Eston Hemings]]}} }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|lawyer}} | allegiance = United States | branch = [[Virginia militia]] | serviceyears = 1775–1776 | unit = [[Virginia in the American Revolution|Albemarle County Militia]] | rank = Colonel | battles = [[American Revolutionary War]] | signature = Thomas Jefferson Signature.svg | signature_alt = Thomas Jefferson signature | module = {{Infobox philosopher|embed=yes | region = {{plainlist| * [[Western philosophy]] * [[American philosophy]] }} | era = [[Age of Enlightenment]] | school_tradition = {{flatlist| * [[Classical liberalism]] * [[Deism]] }} | notable_works = {{plainlist| * [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] (1776) * ''[[Notes on Virginia]]'' (1785) * [[Jefferson's Manual]] (1801) * ''[[Jefferson Bible]]'' (1820) }} | notable_ideas = {{collapsible list|title={{nobold|''See list''}}|{{ubl|item_style={{longitem}} | [[All men are created equal]] | [[Empire of Liberty]] | [[Entangling alliances]] | [[Jeffersonian democracy]] | [[Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness]] | [[Natural aristocracy]] | [[Separation of church and state in the United States|Separation of church and state]] | [[Strict constructionism]] | [[Ward republic]] | [[Thomas Jefferson and education|Views on education]] | [[Thomas Jefferson and Native Americans|Views on Native Americans]] | [[Thomas Jefferson and slavery|Views on slavery]] | [[Religious views of Thomas Jefferson|Views on religion]] }}}} | institutions = [[American Philosophical Society]] | main_interests = {{flatlist| * [[Political philosophy|Politics]] * [[Moral philosophy|ethics]] * [[Philosophy of religion|religion]] * [[philology]] }} }} | alma_mater = [[College of William & Mary]] | parents = {{plainlist| * [[Peter Jefferson]] * [[Jane Randolph Jefferson|Jane Randolph]] }} }} '''थोमस जेफरसन''' वा '''तमस् जेफर्सन''' अमेरिकाया पलिस्थामि फाउन्दिङ्ग फादर (Founding Father)य् छम्ह व अमेरिकी स्वतन्त्रताया घोषणा (Declaration of Independence)या मू च्वमि ख। वय्‌कलं लिपा संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाया ३म्हम राष्ट्रपतिया रुपय् सन् १८०१ निसें सन् १८०९तक पदभार कयादिल। वय्‌कः राष्ट्रपति जन एदम्स्‌या कार्यकालय् सन् १७९७ निसें सन् १८०१ तक उप-राष्ट्रपतिया रुपय् नं ज्या यानादिल। लोकतन्त्र, गणतन्त्र व नागरिक स्वतन्त्रताया प्रस्तावक जेफर्सनजुं अमेरिकी उपनिवेशतेत बेलायती शासनं मुक्त यासें न्हूगु देय्‌ दयेकीगु झ्वलय् थी-थी दस्तावेज व निर्णय यानादिल। वय्‌कः छम्ह बुंथुवा व बुंज्यामि नं ख। == च्वखँ == * ''ब्रिटिश अमेरिकाया अधिकारया सारांश दृष्टिकोण'' (''[[:en:A_Summary_View_of_the_Rights_of_British_America|A Summary View of the Rights of British America]]'')(१७७४) * ''ल्वाभः ज्वनेमाःगुया हुनि व आवश्यकताया घोषणा ([[:en:Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms|Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms]])'' (१७७५) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161012033301/http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_transcript.html स्वतन्त्रताया घोषणा (Declaration of Independence)(१७७६)] * ''सन् १७८७ स पेरिसं फ्रान्सया दक्षिणी भाग व उत्तरी इटलीया यात्राय् संकलित ज्ञापनपत्र([[:en:Memorandums_taken_on_a_journey_from_Paris_into_the_southern_parts_of_France_and_Northern_Italy,_in_the_year_1787|Memorandums taken on a journey from Paris into the southern parts of France and Northern Italy, in the year 1787]])'' * ''भर्जिनिया राज्यया नोट्स'' (''[[:en:Notes_on_the_State_of_Virginia|Notes on the State of Virginia]]'')(१७८१) * ''संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाया मुद्रा, तौल व नापय् एकरुपता स्थापित यायेगु योजना (Plan for Establishing Uniformity in the Coinage, Weights, and Measures of the United States)'' कांग्रेसय् लःल्हाःगु छगू प्रतिवेदन (१७९०) * " [https://archive.org/stream/anessaytowardsf00jeffgoog#page/n6/mode/2up अंग्रेजी भाषाया एंग्लो-स्याक्सन व आधुनिक भाषिकाय् निर्देशनयात सहज यायेगुपाखे छगू च्वसु] "([https://archive.org/stream/anessaytowardsf00jeffgoog#page/n6/mode/2up An Essay Towards Facilitating Instruction in the Anglo-Saxon and Modern Dialects of the English Language]) (१७९६) * ''संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिकाया सेनेटया छ्यलाबुलाया निंतिं संसदीय अभ्यासया म्यानुअल'' (''[[:en:Jefferson's_Manual|Manual of Parliamentary Practice for the Use of the Senate of the United States]]'')(१८०१) * ''[[wikisource:Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson|आत्मकथा]]'' (''[[wikisource:Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson|Autobiography]]'')(१८२१) <ref name="google/books=5lG7ISgjvr0C">{{Cite book|title=Autobiography of Thomas Jefferson, 1743–1790: Together with a Summary of the Chief Events in Jefferson's Life|date=1914|publisher=[[G.P. Putnam's Sons]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5lG7ISgjvr0C|language=en}}</ref> * ''जेफरसन बाइबल, बाय् नाजारेथया जिससया जीवन व नैतिकता (Life and Morals of Jesus of Nazareth)'' ==स्वयादिसँ== * [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका]] ==लिधंसा== {{लिधंसा|}} [[Category:जीवनी]] blp4djjsaxuy2cjv5lp0c8n8h1ghdyg 0 1199 1127243 1122100 2026-11-01T19:11:04Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1127243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/अल्फ्रेड हिच्कक्}} [[Image:Site of 517 High Road Leytonstone London E11 3EE (Birthplace of Alfred Hitchcock).jpg|thumb|left|Petrol station at the site of 517 High Road, [[Leytonstone]]]] [[Image:Number 13.jpg|thumb|alt=An early 1920s image of Hitchcock while directing his film titled Number 13|Hitchcock (right) during the making of ''[[Number 13 (1922 film)|Number 13]]]] [[Image:Hitchcock sculpture, London, 2007.jpg|thumb|left|Hitchcock sculpture at the site of [[Gainsborough Pictures]]]] {{Infobox actor | name = अल्फ्रेद हिच्कक | image = Alfred Hitchcock NYWTS.jpg | imagesize = 205px | birthdate = {{Birth date|1899|8|13}} | location = [[Leytonstone]], [[London]] | deathdate = {{Death date and age|1980|4|29|1899|8|13}} | deathplace = [[Bel-Air, Los Angeles, California|Bel Air]], [[Los Angeles, California|Los Angeles]] | resting_place = [[Pacific Ocean]] | birthname = Alfred Joseph Hitchcock | othername = Hitch <br /> The Master of Suspense | yearsactive = 1921–1976 | spouse = [[Alma Reville]] (1926-1980) | influences = | influenced = [[Steven Spielberg]], [[Brian De Palma]], [[Peter Jackson]] | academyawards = '''[[Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award]]''' <br /> 1968 Lifetime Achievement | baftaawards = '''[[BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award|Academy Fellowship]]''' <br /> 1971 | goldenglobeawards = '''Best TV Show'''<br />1958 ''[[Alfred Hitchcock Presents]]'' <br /> '''[[Cecil B. DeMille Award]]'''<br />1972 Lifetime Achievement | awards = '''[[New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Director|NYFCC Award for Best Director]]'''<br />1938 ''[[The Lady Vanishes (1938 film)|The Lady Vanishes]]'' <br /> '''[[National Board of Review Award for Best Director|NBR Award for Best Director]]'''<br />1969 ''[[Topaz (1969 film)|Topaz]]'' <br /> '''[[AFI Life Achievement Award]]'''<br />1979 Lifetime Achievement }} <!--Please read the discussion on the talk page before removing the title of Sir. As a British citizen, he was entitled to the title.--> '''सर अल्फ्रेद जोसेफ हिच्कक''', अर्दर अफ ब्रितिश एम्पायर (१३ अगस्त १८९९&nbsp;– २९ अप्रिल १९८०)<ref name="bio_dates>{{cite web| title ="Senses of Cinema-Great Directors - Alfred Hitchcock – Master of Paradox|author =Ken Mogg|url =http://www.sensesofcinema.com/2005/great-directors/hitchcock/|accessdate=2008-03-04}}</ref> छम्ह आइकोनिक व प्रभावशाली बेलायती निर्देशक व निर्माता ख। वय्कलं सस्पेन्स व साइकोलोजिकल थ्रिलर विधाया यक्व पद्धति पलिस्था यानादिल। == लिधंसा == === नोत === {{reflist|2}} === ब्वनादिसँ === * Auiler, Dan: ''Hitchcock's notebooks: an authorized and illustrated look inside the creative mind of Alfred Hitchcock''. New York, Avon Books, 1999. Much useful background to the films. * Barr, Charles: ''English Hitchcock''. Cameron & Hollis, 1999. On the early films of the director. * Conrad, Peter: ''The Hitchcock Murders''. Faber and Faber, 2000. A highly personal and idiosyncratic discussion of Hitchcock's oeuvre. * DeRosa, Steven: ''Writing with Hitchcock''. Faber and Faber, 2001. An examination of the collaboration between Hitchcock and screenwriter John Michael Hayes, his most frequent writing collaborator in Hollywood. Their films include ''Rear Window'' and ''The Man Who Knew Too Much''. * Deutelbaum, Marshall; Poague, Leland (ed.): ''A Hitchcock Reader''. Iowa State University Press, 1986. A wide-ranging collection of scholarly essays on Hitchcock. * Durgnat, Raymond: ''The strange case of Alfred Hitchcock'' Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1974 [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1233570 OCLC 1233570] * Durgnat, Raymond; James, Nick; Gross, Larry: ''Hitchcock'' British Film Institute, 1999 [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42209162 OCLC 42209162] * Durgnat, Raymond: ''A long hard look at Psycho'' London: British Film Institute Pub., 2002 [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/48883020 OCLC 48883020] * Giblin, Gary: "Alfred Hitchcock's London". Midnight Marquee Press, 2006, (Paperback: ISBN 1-887664-67-X) * Gottlieb, Sidney: ''Hitchcock on Hitchcock''. Faber and Faber, 1995. Articles, lectures, etc. by Hitchcock himself. Basic reading on the director and his films. * Gottlieb, Sidney: ''Alfred Hitchcock: Interviews''. University Press of Mississippi, 2003. A collection of Hitchcock interviews. * Haeffner, Nicholas: ''Alfred Hitchcock''. Longman, 2005. An undergraduate-level text. * Krohn, Bill: ''Hitchcock at Work''. Phaidon, 2000. Translated from the award-winning French edition. The nitty-gritty of Hitchcock's filmmaking from scripting to post-production. * Leff, Leonard J.: ''Hitchcock and Selznick''. Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987. An in-depth examination of the rich collaboration between Hitchcock and David O Selznick. * Leitch, Thomas: ''The Encyclopedia of Alfred Hitchcock'' (ISBN 0-8160-4387-6). Checkmark Books, 2002. A single-volume encyclopedia of all things Hitchcock. * Martin, Jr. Grams: ''The Alfred Hitchcock Presents Companion''. OTR Pub, 2001, (Paperback: ISBN 0-9703310-1-0) * McGilligan, Patrick: ''Alfred Hitchcock: A Life in Darkness and Light''. Regan Books, 2003. A comprehensive biography of the director. * Modleski, Tania: ''The Women Who Knew Too Much: Hitchcock And Feminist Theory''. Routledge, 2005 (2nd edition). A collection of critical essays on Hitchcock and his films; argues that Hitchcock's portrayal of women was ambivalent, rather than simply misogynist or sympathetic (as widely thought). * Mogg, Ken. ''The Alfred Hitchcock Story''. Titan, 1999. This original UK edition has significantly more text than the abridged US edition. New material on all the films. * Rebello, Stephen: ''Alfred Hitchcock and the Making of [[Psycho (1960 film)|Psycho]]''. St. Martin's, 1990. Intimately researched and detailed history of the making of ''Psycho,''. * Rohmer, Eric; Chabrol, Claude. ''Hitchcock, the first forty-four films'' (ISBN 0-8044-2743-7). F. Ungar, 1979. First book-long study of Hitchock art and probably still the best one. * Rothman, William. ''The Murderous Gaze''. Harvard Press, 1980. Auteur study that looks at several Hitchcock films intimately. * Spoto, Donald: ''The Art of Alfred Hitchcock''. Anchor Books, 1992. The first detailed critical survey of Hitchcock's work by an American. * Spoto, Donald: ''The Dark Side of Genius''. Ballantine Books, 1983. A biography of Hitchcock, featuring a controversial exploration of Hitchcock's psychology. * Taylor, Alan: ''Jacobean Visions: Webster, Hitchcock and the Google Culture'', Peter Lang, 2007. * [[François Truffaut|Truffaut, François]]: ''Hitchcock''. Simon and Schuster, 1985. A series of interviews of Hitchcock by the influential French director. * Vest, James: ''Hitchcock and France: The Forging of an Auteur''. Praeger Publishers, 2003. A study of Hitchcock's interest in French culture and the manner by which French critics, such as Truffaut, came to regard him in such high esteem. * Wood, Robin: ''Hitchcock's Films Revisited''. Columbia University Press, 2002 (2nd edition). A much-cited collection of critical essays, now supplemented and annotated in this second edition with additional insights and changes that time and personal experience have brought to the author (including his own coming-out as a gay man). * {{cite book|last=Youngkin|first=Stephen D.|title=[http://www.peterlorrebook.com/ The Lost One: A Life of Peter Lorre]|year=2005|publisher=University Press of Kentucky|id=ISBN 0-8131-2360-7}} -- Contains interviews with Alfred Hitchcock and a discussion of the making of ''The Man Who Knew Too Much'' (1934) and ''Secret Agent'' (1936), which co-starred classic film actor Peter Lorre. == External links == {{wikiquote}} {{commons}} === Hitchcock sites === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240224121350/https://the.hitchcock.zone/welcome/ Alfred Hitchcock Wiki] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180809230754/http://www.hitchcockonline.org/ HitchcockOnline] - Contains a lengthy online essay and related links. * [https://www.writingwithhitchcock.com Writing With Hitchcock] - includes original interviews, essays, script excerpts, and extensive material on Hitchcock's unproduced works. * {{worldcat id|id=lccn-n79-27022}} * {{findagrave|486}} === Film and TV sites === * {{imdb name|0000033|Alfred Hitchcock}} * {{tcmdb name|87065|Alfred Hitchcock}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051121082950/http://www.screenonline.org.uk/tours/hitch/tour1.html ''Hitchcock's Style''] -- online exhibit from [[screenonline]], a website of the [[British Film Institute]] * {{tvtome person|id=38751|name=Alfred Hitchcock}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081030084225/http://www.eyegate.com/Hitchcock/ Hitchcock EyeGate Collection] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090113210517/http://kinovorschau.org/index.php?type=Director&search=Alfred+Hitchcock&submit=Suchen&task=search&option=com_trailers&lang=en Alfred Hitchcock Movie Trailers] === Profiles and interviews === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240224121546/https://www.sensesofcinema.com/2005/great-directors/hitchcock/ Senses of Cinema's "Great Directors" Alfred Hitchcock profile] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130920213226/http://zakka.dk/euroscreenwriters/interviews/alfred_hitchcock.htm EuroScreenwriters features interviews with Hitchcock, both text and video] * [http://www.filmreference.com/Directors-Ha-Ji/Hitchcock-Alfred.html Film Reference - Brief Profile on Hitchcock by Robin Wood] === Essays === * [http://www.cinemademerde.com/Essay-Lodger_Hitchcocks_First_Film.shtml Essay: The Lodger: The First 'Hitchcock' Film] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080916095118/http://www.labyrinth.net.au/~muffin/ The Alfred Hitchcock Scholars/"MacGuffin" website] - the online extension of the Alfred Hitchcock journal ''The MacGuffin''. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171219204723/http://www.borgus.com/think/hitch.htm Basic Hitchcock Film Techniques]. === Hitchcock's Holocaust film === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080314010347/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-6076323184217355958 Hitchcock's Holocaust Film] * [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/camp/ ''Memory of the Camps'' at PBS Frontline] <!--spacing, please do not remove--> {{Alfred Hitchcock's films}} {{Persondata |NAME=Hitchcock, Alfred Joseph |ALTERNATIVE NAMES= |SHORT DESCRIPTION=[[बेलायत|British]] [[film director]] and [[film producer]] |DATE OF BIRTH={{birth date|1899|8|13|df=y}} |PLACE OF BIRTH=[[London]], [[बेलायत|UK]] |DATE OF DEATH={{death date|1980|4|29|df=y}} |PLACE OF DEATH=[[Los Angeles]], [[संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका|U.S.A.]] }} {{lifetime|1899|1980|Hitchcock, Alfred}} {{Commonscat|Alfred Hitchcock|अल्फ्रेड हिच्कक्}} [[पुचः:English film directors]] [[पुचः:English film producers]] [[पुचः:English television directors]] [[पुचः:English-language film directors]] [[पुचः:People from Leytonstone]] [[पुचः:English people of Irish descent]] [[पुचः:Old Ignatians]] [[पुचः:Knights Commander of the Order of the British Empire]] [[पुचः:Deaths from renal failure]] [[पुचः:Horror film directors]] [[पुचः:जीवनी]] qjme2cbu7mngk0aqipph1hx79b1sgqp 0 2531 1127245 1076949 2026-11-01T22:07:47Z InternetArchiveBot 22726 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1127245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{नेपाललिपिपरिक्षण|छ्येलेमि:Eukesh/Auto/NepalScript/दर्‍मातोलोजी}} [[Image:Obagijf1938.JPG|thumb|A Cosmetic dermatology unit in [[SM City North Edsa]]]] [[Image:Dermatology treatment.jpg|thumb|Facial cleansing pores in Meditec at ITESM CCM (2012)]] [[Image:Diseases of the skin associated with disorders of the female sexual organs (IA 101733973.nlm.nih.gov).pdf|thumb]] '''दर्‍मातोलोजी''' ([[युनानी भाषा]]: ''δερμα,'' "छ्यंगु") [[चिकित्सा]]या छगू ख्यः ख। थ्व ख्यले छ्यंगु व उकियागु अङ्ग (सं, चःति ग्रन्थि आदि ) तेगु सीकेज्या जुइ। ==ख्यःया स्कोप== '''दर्‍मातोलोजी'''इ दर्‍मातोलोजिस्त धागु चिकित्सकतेसं छ्यंगु व उकिया अङ्गया ल्वे, त्युमर आदिया दायाग्नोसिस व चिकित्सा याइ। थ्व ख्यले वासः चिकित्सा व शल्यचिकित्साया विशिष्टिकरण दु। [[दर्‍मातोलोजिक शल्यचिकित्सक]]तेसं छ्यंगुया क्यान्सर शल्य (दसु: [[मोःया शल्य]]), [[लेजर शल्य]], [[फोतोदाइनामिक थेरापी]] (PDT) व [[बोतुलिन तक्सिन]] (बोतक्स) छ्यला याइगु कस्मेतिक पद्धति, [[सफ्त तिस्यु]] फिलर, [[स्केलोथेरापी]] व [[लाइपोसक्सन]] याइ। दर्‍मातोप्याथोलोजिस्ततेसं तन्तुयागु माइक्रोस्कोपिक हिस्तोलोजिकल अध्ययन याइ। [[पेदियात्रिक]] दर्‍मतोलोजिस्ततेसं मचातेगु दर्‍मातोलोजिकल ल्वेतेगु दायाग्नोसिस व उपचारय् विशिष्टिकरण याइ। [[इम्युनोदर्‍मातोलोजी|इम्युनोदर्‍मातोलोजिस्त]]तेसं [[इम्युन व्यवस्था]]या ल्वे व असामान्य अवस्था (दसु [[पेम्फिगस]] थें न्यागु बुल्लस अवस्था आदि)या दायाग्नोसिस व उपचारय् विशिष्टिकरण याइ। थ्व नापं यक्व [[कन्जेनाइतल सिन्द्रम]]यात नं थ्व ख्यले लंके ज्यु। ==उपविशिष्टिकरण== छ्यंगु म्ययागु दक्ले तधंगु [[अंग]] ख। नापं थ्व म्हया दक्ले खनिगु अङ्ग ख। अथे जुगुलिं छ्यंगुलि खनिगु लक्षणं छ्यंगुया ल्वे नापं छ्यंगुलि दुने दुगु अङ्गया ल्वेयात क्यनि। अतः, छम्ह दर्‍मातोलोजिस्तयाके [[शल्य]], [[रिउम्याटोलोजी]], इम्युनोलोजी, [[स्नायुशास्त्र]], इन्फेक्सियस ल्वे व [[ग्रन्थिशास्त्र]]या नं ज्ञान दै। थ्व ख्यले आःवया जेनेतिक्सया ज्ञान नं आपालं हे मागु खने दु। ===भेनेरियोलोजी व फ्लेबोलोजी=== [[भेनेरियोलोजी]] धागु [[चिकित्सा]]या [[सेक्सुवल्ली त्रान्स्मितेद ल्वे]]या दायाग्नोसिस व उपचारनाप स्वापू दुगु ख्यः ख धाःसा [[फ्लेबोलोजी]] धागु सतही [[भेन]]या ल्वेया दायाग्नोसिस व उपचारया सीकेज्या ख्यः ख। थ्व निगु ख्यः दर्‍मातोलोजीया विशिष्टिकरण ख। ===कस्मेतिक दर्‍मातोलोजी=== कस्मेतिक दर्‍मातोलोजी थ्व् ख्यःया छगू विशिष्टिकरण ख। थ्व ख्यःले दर्‍मातोलोजिस्ततेसं थी थी कथंया इनोभेसनयागु खने दु। १९००या इले दर्‍मातोलोजिस्ततेसं दर्‍माब्रेसन याना स्यःकैया दाग लंकिगु व दा माइक्रोत्रान्सफर याना क्युतेनियस दिफेक्तेयात ल्हाइगु ज्या यागु खने दु। आयागु इले वया दर्‍मातोलोजिस्ततेसं लेजरया सुरक्षित व प्रभावकारी छ्यला, न्हुगु दर्‍मल फिलिङ्ग एजेन्त ([[कोलाजेन]] व [[हायालुरोनिक अम्ल]]), [[बोतुलिनम तक्सिन]] ("बोतक्स"), नन-एब्रेतिभ लेजर रिजुभिनेसन पद्धति, इन्तेन्स पल्स्द लाइत सिस्तम, फोतोदाइनामिक थेरापी, व [[केमिकल पील]] आदिइ न्हुगु अन्वेषण यानाच्वंगु दु। ===दर्‍मातोलोजिक शल्य=== दर्‍मातोलोजिक शल्य वा दर्‍मातोशल्य सकल दर्‍मातोलोजिस्ततेसं याइगु छगू प्रक्रिया ख। शल्य दर्‍मातोलोजीया छगू अभिन्न अङ्ग ख। थुकियात दर्‍मातोलोजीया रेसिदेन्सी त्रेनिङय् स्यनि। अतः, सकल दर्‍मातोलोजिस्ततेत क्युतेनियस शल्य वइ। दर्‍मातोलोजिस्त शल्यचिकित्सकयात स्यनिगु पद्धतिइ लेजर, परम्परागत स्क्यापेल शल्य, इलेक्त्रोशल्य, क्रायोशल्य, फोतोदाइनामिक थेरापी, लाइपोसक्सन, ब्लेफेरोप्लास्ती (कस्मेतिक आइलिद शल्य), मिनिमल्ली-इन्भेसिभ फेसलिफ्त शल्य (दसु., एस-लिफ्त), व तपिकल व इन्जेक्तेबल एजेन्त (दसु दर्‍मल फिलरय् दा त्रान्स्फर, हायालुरोनिक अम्ल) आदि ला। ==दायाग्नोसिस== दर्‍मातोलोजिस्तं थगु दायाग्नोसिस मेमेगु चिकित्सकतेसं थें हे हिस्त्री, जांच व इन्भेस्तिगेसनया पद्धतिं याइ। ===मेदिकल हिस्त्री=== दर्‍मातोलोजिस्तं दक्ले न्हापां छगू मेदिकल हिस्त्री काइ। थुकिलि दर्‍मातोलोजिस्तं ल्वेमिं कया हगु लक्षणया विस्तृत जानकारी काइ। छुं नं लक्षण गथे व गब्ले न्ह्यथंगु, न्ह्यथने धुंका जुगु मेमेगु विकास, लक्षण म्हो यायेत जुगु कुतः आदिया बारेय् जानकारी कायेगु ज्या जुइ। लक्षण कथं जानकारी पाइगु जुसां चिकित्सकं आपालं न्यनिगु न्ह्यसले मू समस्या, च्वासुइगु वा स्याइगु, नसा-त्वंसा नापया स्वापू, निभाया असर, छ्यतातगु वासः, वसःनाप स्वापू आदि जुइ। छ्यँगु स्वया दुनेया अङ्गया ल्वेया शङ्का वंसा दुनेया अङ्गया बारेय् विस्तृत जानकारी कायेगु ज्या जुइ। ===म्हया जांच=== [[म्ह जांच]] आपालं बांलागु जः वा निभा दुगु थासय् यायेमागु जुइ। थुकिलि आपालं सकल म्हया छ्यंगु स्वेमालिगु जुइ। चिकित्सकं वूद लाइत वा [[दर्‍मातोस्कोप]] छ्यला निरिक्षण यायेफु। ===माइक्रोबायोलोजी=== [[माइक्रोबायोलोजिकल कल्चर]] वा [[ग्राम स्तेन]] छ्यला थी-थी कथंया [[प्याथोजेन]]या बारेय् सीकिगु व ल्वे लंकिगु ज्या यायेछिं। ===Biopsy=== If the diagnosis is uncertain or a cutaneous [[malignancy]] is suspected, the dermatologic surgeon may perform a small punch [[biopsy]] (using a [[local anesthetic]]) for examination under the microscope by the dermatologist who is a trained [[dermatopathology|dermatopathologist]]. ==Therapy== The skin is obviously accessible to topical local therapy. [[Antibiotic]] creams can help eliminate infections, while [[inflammation|inflammatory]] skin diseases (such as [[eczema]] and [[psoriasis]]) often respond to [[steroid]] creams or topical anthralin. Dermatologists are innovators of new immune enhancing treatments, like topical imiquimod for superficial cancers and injection immunotherapy for warts as discussed below. ===Topical medications=== Topical medications treat many dermatological diseases, but dermatologists also use oral [[medication]]s. [[Antibiotic]]s and [[Immunosuppressant|immune suppressant]]s or [[immunostimulator|immune enhancing agents]] (injection immunotherapy or topical imiquimod) for dermatological diseases or tumors. [[Isotretinoin]] ("Accutane") is used for severe [[cyst]]ic [[acne vulgaris]] and often produces a lifetime remission of this disfiguring disease. Isotretinoin prescribing in the U.S. is now controlled by a cumbersome FDA governmental website called [[iPLEDGE]]. Various new modalities of treatment are in the foray; with the advent of [[laser technology]] things are quite promising. ===Photomedicine=== [[Photomedicine]] involves the use of [[ultraviolet light]], often in combination with oral or topical agents, to treat skin disease (e.g., [[psoriasis]] or [[mycosis fungoides]]). ===Surgical therapies=== Surgical intervention by a [[Dermatologic Surgeon|dermatologic surgeon]] may be necessary, for example, to treat [[varicose vein]]s or [[skin cancer]]. Varicose veins can be treated with sclerotherapy (injecting an agent that obliterates the vein) or the long-pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Skin cancers can be managed with excision (including [[Mohs cancer surgery]]), cryosurgery, x-ray, or with the recent topical immune enhancing agent [[imiquimod]]. (See above section on "[[Dermatology#Dermatologic Surgery|Dermatologic Surgery]]" for more details.) ===Psychodermatology and hypnodermatology=== {{main|Psychodermatology|Hypnodermatology}} [[Psychodermatology]] and [[hypnodermatology]] involve using hypnosis in combination with other pseudo-psychological therapies to treat skin disorders. ==मालेज्या== From the basic science of [[cutaneous]] [[genetics]] and [[immunology]], to the practical application of new knowledge and technology in the diagnosis and management of skin disease (like [[psoriasis]]) and surgical treatment of skin cancer, dermatologists have been among the leaders in the field. The annual meeting of the [http://www.aad.org/ American Academy of Dermatology] is one of the keys for rapid dissemination of new knowledge to the practicing dermatologist and dermatologic surgeon. == दर्‍मातोलोजिकल ल्वे == *[[दर्‍मतोलोजिकल ल्वेतेगु धलः]] == लिधँसा == {{reflist}} == ब्वनादिसँ == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071102074550/http://www.dermatologytimes.com/dermatologytimes/ Dermatology Times] - a newsmagazine == स्वयादिसँ == * [[दर्‍मातोप्याथोलोजी]] * [[र्‍यास]] * [[इम्युनोदर्‍मातोलोजी]] * [[छ्यंगु]] * [[सं]] == पिनेया स्वापूत == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060508091457/http://www.aad.org/default.htm American Academy of Dermatology] * [http://www.dermatology.ca Canadian Dermatology Association ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071217113218/http://www.ascdas.org/ American Society for Cosmetic Dermatology and Aesthetic Surgery] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071225101719/http://www.dmoz.org/Health/Conditions_and_Diseases/Skin_Disorders/ DMOZ - Skin Conditions, Diseases, Disorders] * [http://www.dermweb.com DERMWEB - Dermatology Links and Resources by the University of British Columbia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071230100547/http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/cd_lists.cfm Skin diseases and disorders - dermatology atlas] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130318070041/http://www.asds-net.org/ American Society for Dermatologic Surgery] * [http://www.mohssurgery.org/ American Society for Mohs Surgery] * [http://www.aslms.org/ American Society for Laser Medicine and Surgery] * [http://www.dermcoll.asn.au Australasian College of Dermatologists] {{चिकित्सा}} [[Category:विज्ञान]] [[Category:Dermatology|*]] [[Category:Subjects taught in medical school]] 7oazmd2d8silnx2p9ia4g99drajsdj0