Wikipedia niawiki https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Olayama MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Spesial Huhuo Sangoguna Huhuo zangoguna Wikipedia Huhuo Wikipedia Berkas Huhuo berkas MediaWiki Huhuo MediaWiki Templat Huhuo templat Fanolo Huhuo wanolo Kategori Huhuo kategori Portal Huhuo portal TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Huhuo Acara 0 248 29968 25608 2026-10-30T00:26:32Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 29968 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Bicycle 2.jpg|jmpl|Kureta si dombua gaolo-gaolo nihundra-hundragö wamofanö ya'ia]] '''Kureta''' (moroi ba [[li Melayu]] ''kereta'' nihalö moroi ba [[li Portugis]] ''{{li|pt|carreta}}'') no töi fefu fakake si so gaolo-gaolo sebua ni'oguna'ö niha tobali fanolo ba wofanö.<ref>Faigi ngawua wehede ''kereta'' ba Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia</ref> So gureta si sambua ma dombua gaolo-gaolo, so zi tölu ma öfa gaolo-gaolo, ba so göi zoya sibai gaolo-gaolo simane moto ''{{li|id|truk}}'' ba ''{{li|id|kereta api}}''. Baero da'ö so nifofanö faoma ahe (nihundra-hundragö), so nidöni kudo, so nifofanö moto ([[mesin]]) sangoguna'ö fanikha, ba so göi nifofanö moto ([[mesin]]) sangoguna'ö [[batere]]/[[listrik]]. Kureta si ha sambua ma dombua gaolo-gaolo to'ölö latötöi manö ia '''kureta''', he ba [[li Niha]] ba he ba [[li Indonesia]]. Lafofanö ia faoma ahe, nihundra-hundragö, heŵa'ae so göi nifofanö faoma [[motor]], eluahania so khönia sambua [[mesin]], simane kureta moto, sasese laŵaö "hondra" ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]].<ref>Sindruhunia fasala da'a. Honda no töi perusahaan samazökhi kureta moto, si föföna sibai la'ila niha ba Danö Niha. Arara lafotöi manö hondra fefu kureta moto, heŵa'ae nifazökhi Yamaha, Suzukima zui Kawasaki ia</ref> ba ''{{li|id|sepeda motor}}'' ba [[li Indonesia]]. Baero kureta si dombua gaolo-gaolo, so göi gureta si tölu ma öfa gaolo-gaolo nifotöi beca, na nidöni niha ia, ba nifotöi fadati (kureta kudo) na nidöni kudo ia. Awena so göi nidöni faoma mesin sangoguna'ö fanikha simane moto niha ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|mobil pribadi}}''), moto zanörö ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|bis}}''), ba moto gama-gama (ba [[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|mobil truk}}''). Afuriatania so gureta soya gaolo-gaolo ba mo'oto-oto ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|gerbong}}''), anau ba oroma hulö malitataru na tafaigi moroi ba zaröu (te tola tatötöi ia "kureta malitataru"?), nifotöi ''{{li|id|kereta api}}'' ba [[li Indonesia]], heŵa'ae lö faudu döi da'ö, me lö lafofanö ia sa'ae faoma alitö (fanunu akho), bahiza faoma [[batere]]/[[listrik]].<ref>Lö sa'ae iada'a kureta nifofanö faoma alitö (fanunu akho) nifotöi ''{{li|id|kereta api}}''. Meföna to'ölö latunu nakho, ena'ö tola mofanö [[mesin]] gureta, andrö latötöi ia ''{{li|id|kereta api}}'' ba [[li Indonesia]] ma ''{{li|en|steam train}}'' ba [[li Inggris]])</ref> Tou ba da'e mufatunö sanandrösa ba gureta si dombua gaolo-gaolo nifotöi manö kureta. == Waö-waö == Si föföna sibai manöndra hewisa wamazökhi kureta no samösa niha [[Jerman]] sotöi '''Baron Karl Drais von Sauerbronn''' si toröi ba Karlsruhe, [[Jerman]] me 29 April 1785. So tölu gaolo-gaolo gureta andre khönia ba i'oguna'ö ia tobali lalania ba we'amöi ba wohalöŵö.<ref>Aunur Rofig, [https://www.malangtimes.com/baca/32264/20181017/134600/sejarah-penemuan-sepeda-dan-perkembangannya-di-indonesia ''Sejarah Penemuan Sepeda dan Perkembangannya di Indonesia''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026094113/https://www.malangtimes.com/baca/32264/20181017/134600/sejarah-penemuan-sepeda-dan-perkembangannya-di-indonesia |date=2020-10-26 }}, malangtimes.com, 17 Oktober 2018, {{id}}</ref> == Kureta ba Indonesia == Tohare gureta danö nifotöi Indonesia iada'a ba ginötö me hino so ndra niha Belanda. La'ohe gureta moroi ba mbanuara sitobali lala ba wofanö ero ma'ökhö. Meluo da'ö ha ya'ira sohalöŵö zanörö kureta. Furinia tohare göi gureta nihaogö ba danö Inggris (1914), ya'ia gureta simane si so ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] nifotöi ''kureta nona'' ma ''kureta sebua'', heŵa'ae so göi zanötöi ya'ia ''kureta sebe''.<ref>Surya Sugiyono, [https://www.tribunnews.com/regional/2013/12/22/sepeda-onthel-buatan-inggris-tahun-1914-dipamerkan-di-gresik ''Sepeda Onthel Buatan Inggris Tahun 1914 Dipamerkan di Gresik''], tribunnews.com, 22 Desember 2013 {{id}}</ref> == Ngawalö Gureta == Oya la'oguna'ö gureta niha. So ni'oguna'ö ba wanörö-nörö, ba we'amöi ba naha halöŵö, ba ba so göi ni'oguna'ö ba wahulösa ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|lomba balap sepeda}}'') . Ba da'e tou so ngawalö gureta si no tehöngö ba niha ba ginötö wasuwöta ba Indonesia:<ref>Nefan Kristiono, [https://www.minews.id/kisah/ini-daftar-8-sepeda-yang-pernah-terkenal-di-masa-penjajahan ''Ini Daftar 8 Sepeda yang Pernah Terkenal di Masa Penjajahan''], minenews.id, 26 Juni 2020 {{id}}</ref> # '''Hercules''' nihaogö ba mbanua Aston ba [[Inggris]]. Lafasindro fabirinia me 9 September 1910. Somböi ya'ia '''Edmund''' faoma '''Harry Crane'''. Ha dua wulu a lima rozi gureta niwöwöira. # '''Gazelle''' nihaogö niha ba ''Belanda''. Willem Kolling awö Rudolf Arentzen zame'e töi "gazelle" andre. Labörögö wamazökhi gureta ba fabiri me 1902. Me 1925 no oya sibai muzawili kureta andre ba so ba gotaluania ni'ohe ba danö nitötöida Indonesia iada'a # '''Raleigh''' nihaogö niha ba danö [[Inggris]]. Ofeta gureta da'a ba danö Nusantara me 1939. # '''Phillips''' nihaogö niha ba danö [[Inggris]]. Töi fabirinia "Phillips Cycles Ltd" ba so ba mbanua Smethwick, Birmingham, [[Inggris]], si no muduhö me 1980. # '''Fongers''' si tohare ba Nusantara me 1909. # '''Humber Cross''' nihaogö niha ba danö [[Inggris]]. # '''Simplex''' nihaogö niha ba danö [[Belanda]]. # '''Batavus''' nihaogö niha ba danö [[Belanda]]. == Gama-gama gureta == So mato ha'uga gama-gama soguna ba gureta. Sara, dombua gaolo-gaolo ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|roda}}''), nitötöi göi lika ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|lingkar/veleg}}''). Ba lika andre lafasa khönia bine ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|ban}}''), so bine tanö baero ba so bine tanö bakha. Aefa da'ö so falano ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|pelana}}''), so re tanga ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|rem tangan}}'') awö re ahe ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|rem kaki/torpedo}}'') ni'oguna'ö ba wombatogö wa'ategaolo gureta. Awena so rate ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|rantai}}''), tudu ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|tudung}}'') si so yaŵa gaolo-gaolo ba wanaha tefe-tefe na moteu. So göi zamake loce ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|lonceng}}'') ba so göi naha bara ([[li Indonesia]]: ''{{li|id|boncengan}}''). == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Transport]] lhlb42x2mgqsygm7nohm0nzlyz4dbnz 0 2714 29966 25808 2026-10-29T23:40:54Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 29966 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Czestochowska.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Black Madonna]] '''Black Madonna''' ([[li Indonesia]]: '''Madonna Hitam'''), eluahania '''Inada Maria Saitö''', no töi nibe'e khö sambua gambara [[Yesu]] awö ninania [[Maria]] heza oroma aitö gulira.<ref name="douricy">{{cite web|url=https://udayton.edu/imri/mary/b/black-madonnas-origin-history-controversy.php|title=Black Madonnas: Origin, History, Controversy|work=udayton.edu}} The Jungian scholar, San Begg published a study of Black Virgins and their possible pagan origins.</ref> Oya sibai tesöndra gambara simane andre he bakha ba [[Gereja Katolik]] ba he göi bakha ba [[Gereja Ortodoks]] ba danö [[Eropa]] ba ba zi sagörö ulidanö (faigi tou gangolifani ba gahe zura andre). To'ölö ta'ila gambara [[Yesu]] awö [[Maria]] so'uli a'uzö-uzö. Börö da'ö hana wa oroma aitö gulira ba gambara Black Madonna andre? So zanguma'ö, aitö ia börö me eu ni'oguna'ö ba wogambaraini andrö eu saitö. So göi zanguma'ö wa aitö ia börö me simanö la'a-la'ania molo'ö sogambaraini ya'ia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Moss|first1=Leonard W.|last2=Cappannari|first2=Stephen C.|date=1953|title=The Black Madonna: An Example of Culture Borrowing|journal=The Scientific Monthly|volume=76|issue=6|pages=319–324|issn=0096-3771|jstor=20482|bibcode=1953SciMo..76..319M}}</ref><ref name=Begg>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-XwkDwAAQBAJ&q=candle+smoke&pg=PT10|title=The Cult of the Black Virgin|last=Begg|first=Ean|date=2017|publisher=Chiron Publications|isbn=978-1630514419|language=en}}</ref> Bahiza so göi zanguma'ö wa aitö guli [[Yesu]] awö [[Maria]] andrö, börö zimbo [[lili]] nitunu niha ero ma'ökhö föna gambara andrö. Itaria no mufasa gambara andrö ngaotu fakhe wa'ara. Itaria na'i so zi töra 1000 fakhe ndröfinia. Ba börö me to'ölö möi niha wanunu [[lili]] föna gambara andrö na mangandrö ira, andrö wa itugu ara itugu aitö gambara andrö. == Ikon == Gambara simane andre lafotöi ia ''ikon'', ya'ia da'ö sambua zekola wamazökhi gambara molo'ö lala wogambaraini si to'ölö so ba gölana Kekaisaran Romawi Timur (asese göi latötöi ia Kekaisaran Byzantine) si so i'otarai ndröfi 330 irugi 1453. Tenga gambara si to'ölö '''ikon''' andre, bahiza no gambara ni'amoni'ö, me ha ira niha ni'amoni'ö tola lagambaraini khönia, ba aefa da'ö lagambaraini ia fao fangandrö ([[li Indonesia]] ''meditasi''), fuasö ba famoni. Asese tesöndra ''ikon'' ba danö [[Timur Tengah]], [[Kaukasus]] ba ba [[Afrika]], mendruamanö ba danö [[Mesir]] ba ba danö [[Etiopia]]. == Famo'eluaha == Töi Black Madonna tehalö moroi ba li Inggris, ba [[li Indonesia]] laŵa'ö ia Madonna Hitam, eluahania Inada Maria Saitö Uli. Simane si no tesura yaŵa, aitö guli [[Yesu]] ba [[Maria]] ba gambara andrö börö zimbo [[lili]] si lö aetu latunu niha me lalau mangandrö fönania. Eluahania, lahe saitö andrö no [[wikt:sasi|sasi]] wangandrö niha sato, sangotura'ö ngenu-ngenu dödöra föna gambara [[Yesu]] ba [[Maria]] andrö. Eluahania göi da'a, ero tafaigi gambara saitö andre, no tafaigi mbawa ngahö-ngahönö niha samati si no möi mangandrö ba da'ö. == Angolita Madonna Saitö == === Afrika === * [[Aljazair]], Algiers: "Notre-Dame d'Afrique"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interfaithmary.net/pages/Algiers.htm|title=Algiers|work=interfaithmary.net|access-date=2014-08-06|archive-date=2017-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811010817/http://interfaithmary.net/pages/Algiers.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Pantai Gading]], Yamoussoukro: Inada Maria ba ononia bakha ba Basilika Bunda Perdamaian. * [[Senegal]], Popenguine: "Notre-Dame de la Délivrance"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interfaithmary.net/pages/Senegal.htm|title=Senegal|work=interfaithmary.net|access-date=2014-08-06|archive-date=2017-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811010945/http://interfaithmary.net/pages/Senegal.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Afrika Selatan]], Soweto: "The Black Madonna"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interfaithmary.net/pages/Soweto.htm|title=Soweto|work=interfaithmary.net|access-date=2014-08-06|archive-date=2017-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811004548/http://interfaithmary.net/pages/Soweto.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Nuestra Señora De Guia.jpg|thumb|upright|Bunda Penuntun, Manila]] === Asia === ==== Jepang ==== [[File:Black Madonna at Catholic Tsuruoka Church 1.jpg|thumb|Black Madonna di [[Gereja Katolik]] Tsuruoka, Jepang]] *Tsuruoka city, Yamagata prefektur: Madonna si so ba [[Gereja Katolik]] Tsuruoka Tenshudô nibe'e Perancis ba ginötö Meiji<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://experiencetsuruoka.com/Tsuruoka-Catholic-Church-Tenshudo/ |title=Experiencetsuruoka.com |access-date=2017-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170903164406/http://experiencetsuruoka.com/Tsuruoka-Catholic-Church-Tenshudo/ |archive-date=2017-09-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ====Filipina==== * Antipolo, Rizal: ''Nuestra Señora de la Paz y Buen Viaje de Antipolo'' (Maria Bunda Perdamaian dan Perjalanan dari Antipolo)<ref>[http://home.catholicweb.com/mfod/index.cfm/NewsItem?ID=143894&From=Home Baybay, Felicito S., "Patron Ng Kapayapaan At Mga Manlalakbay"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055416/http://home.catholicweb.com/mfod/index.cfm/NewsItem?ID=143894&From=Home |date=2014-08-08 }}</ref> * Ermita, City of Manila: ''Nuestra Señora de Guía'' (Maria Bunda Penuntun) * Santa Ana, City of Manila: ''Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados'' (Maria Bunda Para Terbuang) * Parañaque: ''Nuestra Señora del Buen Suceso'' (Maria Bunda Keberuntungan) * Lapu-Lapu City: ''Nuestra Señora de Regla'' (Maria Bunda Pengaturan)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://quirksoflife.com/tag/our-lady-of-the-rule-national-shrine/|title=Our Lady Of The Rule National Shrine – Quirks of Life|author=KD|work=quirksoflife.com|access-date=2023-11-25|archive-date=2022-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182512/http://quirksoflife.com/tag/our-lady-of-the-rule-national-shrine/|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * Naga, Camarines Sur: ''Nuestra Señora de Peñafrancia'' (Maria Bunda Peñafrancia) * Piat, Cagayan: ''Nuestra Señora de la Visitación de Piat'' (Maria Bunda Piat<ref>[http://lifestyle.inquirer.net/4331/special-mass-for-our-lady-of-piat-held-july-9-at-sto-domingo-church Darang, Josephine. "Special Mass for Our Lady of Piat held July 9 at Sto. Domingo Church", ''Philippine Daily Enquirer'', June 26, 2011]</ref> * Joroan, Tiwi, Albay: ''Nuestra Señora de la Salvación'' (Maria Bunda Keselamatan) ====India==== * Dhori Mata * Korvi Mata, Dediapada, Gujarat ====Turki==== * Trabzon: Biara Sümela<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ktb.gov.tr/EN-113781/sumela-monastry.html|title=Sümela Monastry (sic)|author=Republic of Turkey Ministry of Culture and Tourism|access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref> ===Europa=== ====Austria==== * Lavanttal, Carinthia, Austria: "Schwarze Madonna von Loreto" (Basilika Maria Loreto) ====Belgia==== * Brugge, "Maria Bunda dari Regla"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/questions/yq2/yq388.html|title=Your Question|work=udayton.edu|access-date=2014-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219033104/http://campus.udayton.edu/mary/questions/yq2/yq388.html|archive-date=2015-02-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Brussel: "De Zwerte Lieve Vrouwo", [[Gereja]] Santa Katarina * Halle (Flemish Brabant): Sint-Martinusbasiliek * Liège: La Vierge Noire d'Outremeuse * Lier: Onze lieve vrouw ter Gratien * Scherpenheuvel-Zichem: Basilika Bunda dari Scherpenheuvel * Tournai: Maria Bunda dari Flanders di Katedral Tournai * Verviers: "Black Virgin of the Recollects", [[Gereja]] Notre-Dame des Récollets * Walcourt: Notre-Dames de Walcourt [[File:Marija Bistrica.jpg|thumb|upright|Marija Bistrica]] ====Kroatia==== * Marija Bistrica: Our Lady of Bistrica, Queen of Croatia ====Republik Ceko==== * Brno: Assumption of Virgin Mary Minor Basilica, St Thomas's Abbey, Brno<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brno.cz/en/tourist-leisure/history/brno-tales/the-black-madonna/|title=Brno – The Black Madonna|work=brno.cz|access-date=2013-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928060233/http://www.brno.cz/en/tourist-leisure/history/brno-tales/the-black-madonna|archive-date=2013-09-28|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Prague: Madonna moroi ba Breznice; The Black Madonna in The Church of Our Lady Under the Chain (Kostel Panny Marie pod řetězem)<ref>[http://www.prague.cz/church-lady-below-chain/ "Church of Our Lady Below the Chain in Prague", Prague.cz] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129131409/http://www.prague.cz/church-lady-below-chain/ |date=November 29, 2014 }}</ref> ====Perancis==== [[Berkas:Saint-Jouan-des-Guérets (35) Église 12.jpg|thumb|upright|Madonna of Saint-Jouan-des-Guérets (35)]] [[Berkas:Vierge noire de l'abbaye de Graville au Havre 1.JPG|thumb|Vierge noire de Graville (Le Havre)]] [[Berkas:ViergeNoire.jpg|thumb|upright|The statue of the Black Virgin at Rocamadour]] [[Berkas:Vierge noire de Toulouse 2.jpg|thumb|Black Madonna of Toulouse]] * Aix-en-Provence, (Bouches-du-Rhône): Notre-Dame des Graces, Aix Cathedral|Cathédrale Saint-Sauveur d'Aix<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080514141516/http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/AixenProvence.html Channell, J., "Notre-Dame des Graces", Aix-en-Provence]</ref> * Arconsat: (Notre-Dame des Champs) * Aurillac, (Cantal): Church of Notre-Dame aux Neiges, Aurillac|Notre-Dame des Neiges<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/Aurillac.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515012027/http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/Aurillac.html|title=Black Virgin of Aurillac|archive-date=15 May 2008|work=amigo.net}}</ref> * Beaune: Our Lady of Beaune * Besançon: Our Lady de Gray * Besse-et-Saint-Anastaise, (Puy-de-Dôme): Saint-André Church, Notre-Dame de Vassivière * Bourg-en-Bresse, (Ain): 13th century * Chartres, (Eure-et-Loir): crypt of the Chartres Cathedral|Cathedral of Chartres, Notre-Dame-de-Sous-Terre<ref>{{cite web |title=A Controversial Restoration That Wipes Away the Past (Published 2017) |website=The New York Times |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191213230738/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/01/arts/design/chartres-cathedral-restoration-controversial.html?action=click |archive-date=2019-12-13 |url-status=live |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/01/arts/design/chartres-cathedral-restoration-controversial.html?action=click&contentCollection=arts&region=rank&module=package&version=highlights&contentPlacement=1&pgtype=sectionfront&_r=0}}</ref> * Clermont-Ferrand, (Puy-de-Dôme)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/ClermontFerrand.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219001746/http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/ClermontFerrand.html |archive-date=2007-12-19 |title=Notre Dame de Clermont |date=2007-12-19 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> * Cusset: the Black Virgin of Cusset * Dijon, (Côte-d'Or): Church of Notre-Dame of Dijon * Douvres-la-Délivrande, [http://www.normandythenandnow.com/a-goddess-and-the-black-madonna-of-douvres-la-delivrande/ Basilique Notre-Dame de la Délivrande], "Notre-Dame de la Délivrande"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interfaithmary.net/pages/Douvres.htm|title=Douvres|work=interfaithmary.net|access-date=2014-08-06|archive-date=2017-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811011450/http://interfaithmary.net/pages/Douvres.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Dunkerque, (Nord) : Chapelle des Dunes * Guingamp, (Côtes-d'Armor): Basilica of Notre Dame de Bon Secours. * La Chapelle-Geneste, (Haute-Loire: Notre Dame de La Chapelle Geneste<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/LCGeneste.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514141523/http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/LCGeneste.html|title=Notre Dame de La Chapelle Geneste|archive-date=14 May 2008|work=amigo.net}}</ref> * Laon, (Aisne): Laon Cathedral|Notre-Dame Cathedral, statue of 1848 * Le Havre,(Seine-Maritime): statue near the Graville Abbey (Abbaye de Graville) * Le Puy-en-Velay: In 1254 when passing through on his return from the Holy Land Saint Louis IX of France gave the cathedral an ebony image of the Blessed Virgin clothed in gold brocade (Notre-Dame du Puy). It was destroyed during the Revolution, but replaced at the Restoration with a copy that continues to be venerated.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=6615900 |title=Notre Dame du Puy, Cathedrale...: Photo by Photographer Dennis Aubrey |publisher=photo.net |date=2007-11-09 |access-date=2009-07-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207011908/http://photo.net/photodb/photo?photo_id=6615900 |archive-date=2009-02-07 }}</ref> * Liesse-Notre-Dame, (Aisne): Notre-Dame de Liesse, statue destroyed in 1793, copy of 1857 * Marseille, (Bouches-du-Rhône): Notre-Dame-de-Confession,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/Marseilles.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515012032/http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/Marseilles.html|title=Black Virgin of Marseilles|archive-date=15 May 2008|work=amigo.net}}</ref> Abbey of St. Victor; Notre-Dame d'Huveaune, Saint-Giniez Church * Mauriac, Cantal: Notre Dame des Miracles<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/Mauriac.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514141704/http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/Mauriac.html|title=Black Virgin of Mauriac|archive-date=14 May 2008|work=amigo.net}}</ref> * Mende, Lozère: Mende Cathedral (Basilique-cathédrale Notre-Dame-et-Saint-Privat de Mende) * Menton, (Alpes-Maritimes): St. Michel Church * Meymac, (Corrèze): Meymac Abbey<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.interfaithmary.net/pages/Meymac.htm|title=Meymac|work=interfaithmary.net|access-date=2014-08-06|archive-date=2017-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811010907/http://interfaithmary.net/pages/Meymac.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Molompize: Notre-Dame de Vauclair * Mont-Saint-Michel: Notre-Dame du Mont-Tombe * Myans (Savoie): Sanctuaire Notre-Dame de Myans * Paris, (Neuilly-sur-Seine): Notre-Dame de Bonne Délivrance, in the motherhouse of the Sisters of St. Thomas of Villanova<ref>[http://www.mariancalendar.org/notre-dame-de-bonne-delivrance-our-lady-of-good-deliverance-neuilly-sur-seine-hauts-de-seine-ile-de-france-france/ Mariancalendar.org]</ref> * Quimper, (Finistère): Eglise de Guéodet, nommée encore Notre-Dame-de-la-Cité * Riom, (Puy-de-Dôme): Notre-Dame du Marthuret<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/Riom.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514141711/http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/Riom.html|title=Black Virgin of Riom|archive-date=14 May 2008|work=amigo.net}}</ref> * Rocamadour (Lot): Our Lady of Rocamadour<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visit-dordogne-valley.co.uk/rocamadour/spirituality/sanctuaries|title=The Sanctuaries|work=visit-dordogne-valley.co.uk|access-date=2014-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140705011300/http://www.visit-dordogne-valley.co.uk/rocamadour/spirituality/sanctuaries|archive-date=2014-07-05|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Sainte Marie (Réunion): Black Virgin of the Rains River * Saintes-Maries-de-la-Mer (Camarque) Avignon: Annual Roma pilgrimage and festival<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2011/mar/26/saintes-maires-gypsy-festival-camargue|title=Partying with the Gypsies in the Camargue|author=Garth Cartwright|newspaper=the Guardian|date=2011-03-26}}</ref> celebrating Saint Sarah, the patron saint of the Romani people<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.avignon-et-provence.com/saintes-maries-de-la-mer/gypsy-pilgrimage/#.VBi_TPldWSo|title=Gypsy's Pilgrimage – Les Saintes Maries de la Mer – Camargue – France|work=avignon-et-provence.com|access-date=2023-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525175749/http://www.avignon-et-provence.com/saintes-maries-de-la-mer/gypsy-pilgrimage/#.VBi_TPldWSo|archive-date=2016-05-25|dead-url=yes}}</ref> * Soissons (Aisne): statue of the 12th century * Tarascon, (Bouches-du-Rhône): Notre-Dame du Château<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/Tarascon.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514153345/http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/Tarascon.html|title=Notre Dame du Château|archive-date=14 May 2008|work=amigo.net}}</ref> * Thuret (Puy-de-Dôme)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/Thuret.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071219001741/http://shell.amigo.net/~ma3/Thuret.html |archive-date=2007-12-19 |title=Vierge des Croisades |date=2007-12-19 |access-date=2009-07-25}}</ref> * Toulouse: The basilica Notre-Dame de la Daurade in Toulouse, France had housed the shrine of a Black Madonna. The original icon was stolen in the fifteenth century, and its first replacement was burned by Revolutionaries in 1799 on the Place du Capitole. The icon presented today is an 1807 copy of the fifteenth century Madonna. Blackened by the hosts of candles, the second Madonna was known from the sixteenth century as Our Lady La Noire<ref>''Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe'', Norman Davies</ref> * Tournemire, Château d'Anjony, Our Lady of Anjony * Vaison-la-Romaine (Vaucluse): statue on a hill * Vichy (Allier): Saint-Blaise Church ====Jerman==== [[Berkas:Gnadenbild, Gnadenkapelle Altötting.jpeg|thumb|upright|Pura Maria Bunda dari Altötting, Altötting: Gnadenkapelle]] * Altötting (Bavaria): Gnadenkapelle (Chapel of the Miraculous Image) * Beilstein (Rhineland-Palatinate): Karmeliterkirche St. Joseph * Bielefeld (North Rhine-Westphalia) * Düsseldorf-Benrath (North Rhine-Westphalia): Pfarrkirche St. Cäcilia * Hirschberg an der Bergstraße (Baden-Württemberg): Wallfahrtskirche St. Johannes Baptist * Schloss Hohenstein, Upper Franconia (Bavaria) * Köln (Nord Rhein Westfalen): St. Maria in der Kupfergasse * Ludwigshafen-Oggersheim (Rhineland-Palatinate): Schloss- und Wallfahrtskirche Mariä Himmelfahrt (Ludwigshafen) * Mainau (Baden-Württemberg): Schlosskirche St. Marien * Munich (Bavaria): Theatine Church; St. Boniface's Abbey * Rastatt (Baden-Württemberg): Einsiedelner Kapelle * Regensburg (Bavaria): Regensburg Cathedral * Remagen (Rhineland-Palatinate): Kapelle Schwarze Madonna * Spabrücken (Rhineland-Palatinate) * Stetten ob Lontal, Niederstotzingen (Baden-Württemberg) * Windhausen in Boppard-Herschwiesen (Rhineland-Palatinate) * Wipperfürth (North Rhine-Westphalia): St. Johannes, Kreuzberg * Wuppertal-Beyenburg (North Rhine-Westphalia) ====Yunani==== * Hidden church of the Black Madonna, Vamos, Crete ====Hungaria==== [[Berkas:Boldogságos Szűz Mária, máriapócsi kegykép másolata, Egri főszékesegyház, 2016 Hungary.jpg|thumb|upright|Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, Cathedral Basilica of Eger, Hungary.]] * Cathedral Basilica of Eger: Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception ====Irlandia==== * Dublin (Leinster): Our Lady of Dublin in Whitefriar Street Carmelite Church ====Italia==== [[Berkas:Patti Tindari Schwarze Madonna.jpg|thumb|Tindari Madonna Bruna: restoration work in the 1990s found a medieval statue with later additions. ''Nigra sum sed formosa'', meaning "I am black but beautiful" (from the Song of Songs, 1:5), is inscribed round a newer base.]] [[Berkas:Fotothek-df ge 0000379-Venedig.jpg|thumb|upright|Street performer in Black Madonna costume in Venice]] * Biella (Piedmont): Black Virgin of Oropa, sanctuary of Oropa * Canneto Valley near Settefrati (Lazio): Madonna di Canneto * Casale Monferrato (Piedmont): Our Lady of Crea. In the hillside Sanctuary at Crea (Santuario di Crea), a cedar-wood figure, said to be one of three Black Virgins brought to Italy from the Holy Land c. 345 by St. Eusebius. * Castelmonte, Prepotto (Friuli Venezia Giulia) * Gubbio, Italy: The Niger-Regin square, discovered carved in the cave of Sibilla Eugubina on Mount Ingino, is considered to be a word square form the "Black Queen". Seemingly of Neo-Templar origin, it is dated between 1600–1800 CE, was discovered in 2003, and destroyed by vandalism in 2012.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071101024934/http://www.arcefisia.it/ArtHera43.htm Maria Farneti and Bruno Bartoletti, "Gubbio: The Italian Rennes-le-Chateau", 'Hera', issue 43, September 2005]</ref><ref>[https://www.cronacaeugubina.it/2016/07/31/gubbio-e-il-mistero-del-niger-regin-intervista-allantropologo-teodoro-brescia/ Gubbio e il mysterious del "NIGER REGIN"]</ref><ref>[https://arcefisia.webnode.it/news/il-monte-tempio-e-la-piramide-di-gubbio-articolo-degli-autori-uscito-su-fenix-nel-novembre-2013/ "IL MONTE TEMPIO E LA PIRAMIDE DI GUBBIO" by Mario Farneti & Bruno Bartoletti]</ref> * Loreto (Marche): Basilica della Santa Casa * Naples (Campania): Santuario-Basilica SS Carmine Maggiore * Pescasseroli (Abruzzo): Madonna di Monte Tranquillo * Positano (Campania): Located in the church of Santa Maria Assunta, the story of how it got there—sailors shouting "Posa, posa!" ("Put it down, put it down!")—gave the town its name. * San Severo (Apulia): "La Madonna del Soccorso" (The Madonna of Succor), St. Severinus Abbot and Saint Severus Bishop Faeto. Statue in gold garments, object of a major three-day festival that attracts over 350,000 people to this small town. * Seminara (Calabria): Maria Santissima dei poveri * Tindari (Sicily): Our Lady of Tindari * Torre Annunziata (Campania): Madonna della Neve * Venice (Veneto): Madonna della Salute, Santa Maria della Salute * Viggiano (Basilicata): Santuario Madonna del Sacro Monte<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.santuaritaliani.it/santurio/madonna-del-sacro-monte-di-viggiano-basilica-pontificia-santuario-regionale/|title=Madonna del Sacro Monte di Viggiano|author=Collegamento Nazionale Santuari|date=10 October 2016 |access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref> ====Kosovo==== * Vitina (town)|Vitina-{{ill|Letnica, Kosovo|lt=Letnica|fr|Letnica}}: Church of the Black Madonna, where Mother Teresa is believed to have heard her calling.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://religionnews.com/2016/08/17/pilgrims-crowd-church-where-mother-teresa-once-prayed/|title=Pilgrims crowd church where Mother Teresa once prayed|author=Yonat Shimron|publisher=Religion News Service|date=17 August 2016|access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref> ====Lituania==== [[Berkas:Siluvos baznycia2. 2007-04-21.jpg|thumb|Our Lady of the Pine Woods Lithuania]] * Aušros vartai: Our Lady of the Gate of Dawn * Our Lady of Šiluva: Our Lady of the Pine Woods ====Luksemburg==== * Esch-sur-Sûre * Luxembourg: Luxembourg-Grund * Luxembourg: St. John's Church<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.luxembourg-city.com/en/place/cultes/st-john-s-church|title=St. John's Church|publisher=Luxembourg City Tourist Office|access-date=21 November 2020}}</ref> ====Makedonia==== * Kališta, Monastery: Madonna icon in the Nativity of Our Most Holy Mother of God church * Ohrid, Church: Madonna with the child ====Malta==== * Ħamrun: Our Lady of Atoċja, a medieval painting brought to Malta by a merchant in the year 1630, depicting a statue found in Basilica of Nuestra Señora de Atocha|Atocha, a parish in Madrid, Spain, and widely known as ''Il-Madonna tas-Samra''. (This can mean 'tanned Madonna', 'brown Madonna', or 'Madonna of Samaria'.) ====Polandia==== [[Berkas:Czestochowa MB Czestochowska.jpg|thumb|upright|Icon of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa, covered in a decorative silver shield, at the Jasna Góra Monastery in Poland.]] * Częstochowa: Black Madonna of Częstochowa ** In the United States, the National Shrine of Our Lady of Czestochowa, in Doylestown, Pennsylvania houses a reproduction of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa. A second Black Madonna shrine to Our Lady of Częstochowa is located near Eureka, Missouri. ** In Israel there are two reproductions of the Black Madonna of Częstochowa: One in St. Peter's Church in Tel Aviv, and another in the Abbey of the Dormition in Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://literia.pl/ksiazka-czarna-madonna-978-83-7976-710-6|title=Książka - Czarna Madonna|access-date=2020-09-03|archive-date=2022-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182330/https://literia.pl/ksiazka-czarna-madonna-978-83-7976-710-6|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-tel-aviv-icon-black-madonna-st-peters-church-old-jaffa-unknown-artist-end-cent-image56128953|title=Tel Aviv - the Icon of Black Madonna from St. Peters Church in Old Jaffa Stock Image - Image of jaffa, architecture: 56128953|access-date=2023-11-25|archive-date=2022-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182626/https://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photo-tel-aviv-icon-black-madonna-st-peters-church-old-jaffa-unknown-artist-end-cent-image56128953|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.123rf.com/photo_41648797_tel-aviv-israel-march-2-2015-the-icon-of-black-madonna-from-st-peters-church-in-old-jaffa-by-unknown.html|title=TEL AVIV, ISRAEL - MARCH 2, 2015: The Icon of black Madonna from st. Peters church in old Jaffa by unknown artist from end of 19. Cent.|access-date=September 3, 2020|archive-date=January 18, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182539/https://www.123rf.com/photo_41648797_tel-aviv-israel-march-2-2015-the-icon-of-black-madonna-from-st-peters-church-in-old-jaffa-by-unknown.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stock.adobe.com/pl/images/tel-aviv-icon-of-black-madonna-from-st-peters-church/86100805|title=Zdjęcie Stock: Tel Aviv - Icon of black Madonna from st. Peters church|access-date=2023-11-25|archive-date=2022-01-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220116120601/https://stock.adobe.com/pl/images/tel-aviv-icon-of-black-madonna-from-st-peters-church/86100805|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pixers.uk/posters/jerusalem-mosaic-of-madonna-in-dormition-abbey-81580365|title=Jerusalem - mosaic of Madonna in Dormition abbey Poster • Pixers® • We live to change}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pixers.uk/stickers/jerusalem-mosaic-of-madonna-in-dormition-abbey-81580365|title = Jerusalem - mosaic of Madonna in Dormition abbey Sticker • Pixers® • We live to change}}</ref> * Głogówek: Our Lady of Loretto ====Portugal==== * Nazaré (Oeste Subregion): Sanctuary of Our Lady of Nazaré; see: the legend of Nazaré ====Romania==== * Ghighiu: Maica Domnului Siriaca – Manastirea Ghighiu * Cacica: Madona Neagra – Biserica Cacica * Bucuresti: Madona Neagra – Biserica Dichiu ====Rusia==== * Kostroma (Kostroma Oblast): Theotokos of St. Theodore also known as Our Lady of St. Theodore (Федоровская Богоматерь), in Theophany Monastery * Our Lady of Wladimir, from the 12th century * Black Virgin of Taganrog, Taganrog Old Cemetery ==== Serbia ==== * Apatin (Vojvodina): Blessed Virgin Mary Catholic Church ====Slovenia==== * Koprivna, Črna na Koroškem: St. Anne's Church, Koprivna – the altar of Black Madonna ====Spanyol==== [[Berkas:Virgendecandelariacamarin01.jpg|thumb|upright|Image of the Virgin of Candelaria, in the Basilica of Candelaria (Tenerife).]] * Andújar (Province of Jaén): Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza (Our Lady of Cabeza), named after the mountain, Cerro de la Cabeza ma zui Cerro de Cabezo. * Chipiona (Province of Cádiz): la Virgen de Regla or Nuestra Señora de Regla (Our Lady of Regla or the Virgin of Regla), considered by some as the custodian of the Rule of Saint Augustine * Coria (Province of Cáceres): Virgen de Argeme (Our Lady of Argeme) * El Puerto de Santa María (Province of Cádiz): Virgen de los Milagros (The Virgin of the Miracles) * Guadalupe (Province of Cáceres): Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe (Our Lady of Guadalupe, Extremadura) * Jerez de la Frontera (Province of Cádiz): Nuestra Señora de la Merced (Our Lady Of Mercy) * Madrid (Community of Madrid): Nuestra Señora de Atocha (Our Lady of Atocha) * Lluc, Majorca (Balearic Islands): Mare de Déu de Lluc (Our Lady of Lluc), Lluc Monastery * Monistrol de Montserrat (Catalonia): Mare de Déu de Montserrat (Virgin of Montserrat) or "La Moreneta" in the Benedictine abbey of Santa Maria de Montserrat * Ponferrada (Province of León): Virgen de la Encina (Our Lady of the Holm Oak) * Salamanca (Province of Salamanca): Virgen de la Peña de Francia (The Virgin of France's Rock, named after the local mountain called Peña de Francia) * Santiago de Compostela (Galicia): A replica of "La Moreneta" * Tenerife (Canary Islands): Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria (Virgin of Candelaria), or "La Morenita" * Toledo (Province of Toledo): Virgen Morena (Dark Virgin), statue of La Esclavitud de Nuestra Señora del Sagrario in the Cathedral of Toledo (Catedral Primada de Santa María) (The Enslavement of Our Lady of the Tabernacle) * Torreciudad (Huesca): Our Lady of Torreciudad ====Swedia==== * Lund Cathedral Attached to a marble pillar in the crypt: Black madonna with child * Skee Kyrka, Skee, Bohuslän former Norwegian province. Black madonna with beheaded child [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Unique_and_possibly_the_only_statue_of_black_madonna_in_Swedish_church.jpg] ====Swiss==== * Einsiedeln (Canton of Schwyz): Our Lady of the Hermits ** In the United States, a reproduction of Our Lady of the Hermits was gifted to the St. Meinrad Archabbey located in St. Meinrad, Indiana * Sonogno, Valle Verzasca (Canton of Ticino): Santa Maria Loretana * Uetikon upon Lake (Canton of Zürich): Catholic Church Saint Francis of Assisi * Metzerlen-Mariastein (Canton of Solothurn): Mariastein Abbey * Ascona (Canton of Ticino): Black Chapel * Lugano (Canton of Ticino): Chiesa di Santa Maria di Loreto [[Berkas:BlackTheotokosHalki.png|thumb|upright|One of three of Turkey's surviving icons of the Theotokos on the island of Heybeliada at the Theological School of Halki]] ====Ukraina==== * Tsarytsya Karpat (Hoshiv Monastery): The Queen of the Carpathian Land ====Britania Raya==== * St. Mary Willesden (Our Lady of Willesden): The original Shrine of Our Lady of Willesden. * Our Lady of Częstochowa (Church of Our Lady of Czestochowa, Nottingham) ===Amerika Utara=== ====Kosta Rika==== * Cartago, Cartago Province: Basílica de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles (Cartago)|Basílica de Nuestra Señora de los Ángeles (Our Lady of the Angels Basilica) ====Kuba==== * Regla, Havana Province: Nuestra Señora de Regla (Spanish for ''Our Lady of Regla'') ====Mexiko==== * Tepeyac, Mexico City: Our Lady of Guadalupe ====Trinidad dan Tobago==== * Siparia: La Divina Pastora<ref>[http://www.newsday.co.tt/features/0,54103.html Dhalai, Richard, "La Divina Pastora", ''Trinidad and Tobago Newsday'', March 19, 2007]</ref> * Gran Couva: Our Lady of Montserrat<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://nationaltrust.tt/location/our-lady-of-montserrat/ |title=Nationaltrust.tt |access-date=2023-11-25 |archive-date=2022-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118195808/https://nationaltrust.tt/location/our-lady-of-montserrat/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref> ====Amerika Serikat==== * Pacific, Missouri: Black Madonna Shrine and Grottos * Doylestown, Pennsylvania: National Shrine of Our Lady of Czestochowa * Jersey City, New Jersey: Our Lady of Czestochowa * New York City, New York (state): Cathedral of St. John the Divine * Detroit, Michigan: Shrine of the Black Madonna Church * Chicago, Illinois: Monastery of the Holy Cross ==== Kanada ==== * Windsor, Ontario -Black Madonna chapel located at Italian banquet hall Ciociaro club. ===Amerika Selatan=== ====Brasil==== [[Berkas:NS Aparecida.png|thumb|right|upright|Nossa Senhora Aparecida]] * Aparecida, São Paulo: Our Lady of Aparecida or Our Lady Appeared (Nossa Senhora Aparecida or Nossa Senhora da Conceição Aparecida) in the Basilica of the National Shrine of Our Lady of Aparecida ====Chili==== * Andacollo, Elqui Province: La Virgen Morena (Spanish for ''The Brunette Virgin'') {{Umbu}} {{Reflist}} [[Kategori:Niha Keriso]] [[Kategori:Agama]] 115pz59ozdqbu7v4fo3wwhklqvt19n6 0 3694 29965 29940 2026-10-29T13:33:19Z Slaia 39 29965 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Berkas:Euclid.jpg|jmpl|272px|[[Euklides]], matematikawan Yunani, abad si-3 SM, simane si no ihaogö wamatunö ma igambaraini ba wamatunö Raffaello Sanzio moroi ba da'a izaraini ya'ia da'ö moroi ba ''Sekolah Athena''.<ref>Tidak ada perupaan atau penjelasan tentang wujud fisik Euklides yang dibuat selama masa hidupnya yang masih bertahan sebagai kekunoan. Oleh karena itu, penggambaran Euklides di dalam karya seni bergantung pada daya khayal seorang seniman (''lihat [[Euklides]]'').</ref>]] '''Matematika''' moroi ba [[bahasa Yunani]]: ''μαθημα'' - ''mathēma, "pengetahuan, pemikiran,'' pembelajaran") ma fatua lö lafo'eluaha ia simane da'ö lamane wanguma'ö '''ilmu hisab''' ya'ia da'ö sambua wamahaö ; hawa'ebua, hewisa wenaeta, hewisa wangerai nahia si lö ösi, ba tanöbö'önia. Ya'ira si no manöndra famahaö ba Matematika andre ma töira laŵa'ö ia '''''para matematikawan''''' no lafatohu ba wangoguna'ö ngawalö wenaeta ma lala,<ref>[[Lynn Steen]] (29 April 1988). ''[[:en:The Science of Patterns|The Science of Patterns]]'' [[:en:Science (journal)|''Science'']], 240: 611–616. dan diikhtisarkan di [http://www.ascd.org/portal/site/ascd/template.chapter/menuitem.1889bf0176da7573127855b3e3108a0c/?chapterMgmtId=f97433df69abb010VgnVCM1000003d01a8c0RCRD Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929010703/http://www.ascd.org/portal/site/ascd/template.chapter/menuitem.1889bf0176da7573127855b3e3108a0c/?chapterMgmtId=f97433df69abb010VgnVCM1000003d01a8c0RCRD |date=2007-09-29 }}, ascd.org</ref><ref>[[:en:Keith Devlin|Keith Devlin]], ''Mathematics: The Science of Patterns: The Search for Order in Life, Mind and the Universe'' (Scientific American Paperback Library) 1996, ISBN 978-0-7167-5047-5</ref> aefa da'ö la'oguna'ö ba wo ''rumus'' kö ''konjektur'' sibohou, ba lafangamöi hezo zatulö molo'ö ''metode deduksi'' si no mondrege wa'abua ma ''ketat'' nifadege moroi ba ''aksioma'' faoma eluaha-eluaha sifahatö.<ref>Jourdain.</ref> Alua wabu'asa lamane hadia fefu zifakhai ba matematika simane numero ma ''bilangan'' ba niti ma ''titik'' (geometri) no so ba gulidanö andre, ma zui nisöndra ma nihaogö niha. Famahaö sangoguna'ö fangera-ngera sifakhai ba ngawalö zi so wetaro simane, owulo-wulo, ebolo-bolo, öfa sagi, btn, simanö göi zifakhai ba ha wa'ebua, ba ngawalö zifakhai khönia. Matematika andre, asese sibai la goligö ba zi tölu fenaeta : '''''aijabar, analisis, ba geometri.''''' Hewa'ae simanö, tebai sibai tobali gohe-gohe saro ba wogoligö ngawalö wamahaö ba matematika andre, me fefu wenaeta wamahaö ba matematika andre, arakhagö no oi faruka. Si no to'ölö simane '''aijabar''' no mangahatö ia sifakhai ba ngawalö numero ba si tebai la fatunö föna niha, nibabaya tanga ma ba li Indonesia lamane ''melibatkan bilangan dan pengabstrakannya.'' Ba wo'angeragö fa'atarö ngawalö zifakhai ba nifatohu ba si no tetatugöi ndregenia, ba na tafaigi hewisa '''geometri''' ya'ia da'ö sambua goli-goli moroi ba matematika sifakhai ba '''''sains''''' nifodane-dane moroi ba '''''postulat''''' si tola mame'e furugö ba zi sambua ni'erai ma ba wame'e sambua wamaedo si tola labali'ö dane-dane ba wame'e zinöndra. Samösa matematikawan [[Benjamin Peirce]] manötöi matematika sitobali "famahaö same'e furugö-furugö soguna".<ref> Peirce, p.97 Hewa'ae matematika moguna sibai ba wa'auri niha, fa'atedou ba wamahaö ''sains'' ba ''teknologi'', ofeta ba wangehaogö ulidanö andre, matematika auri ia ba fandrafe si'onarai ba wangera-ngera, tenga ba wa'auri soroma hörö. [[Albert Einstein]] manguma'ö no fagöna sibai wa ofeta mane ma'ökhö huku si no ifatumbu'ö matematika, na ahatö ba wa'auri niha si'ero ma'ökhö, hewa'ae matematika tenga ni'ila hörö ba ibabaya tanga."</ref> Molo'ö [[Max Tegmark]], fangoguna'ö "Matematika lö tobali gohe-gohe ba ni'ila hörö" iŵa'ö wa nifa'ema matematika andre ba niha lö möi moroi ba nifatörö niha. Sitobali fa'afaehu moroi ba wamahaö tanöbö'ö, fa'efania ba ni'ila hörö ena'ö böi irege imane niha gulidanö, wa fe'aso gulidanö andre no moroi ba wenaeta matematika, möi fa'afasala wanema'ö ya'ia na irugi simanö da'ö. Molo'ö fangoguna'ö fangera-ngera ma lamane mangoguna'ö uto, ''logika'' ba ''abstraksi matematika'', matematika tefazaewe moroi ba ''pencacahan'', fangerai ma ''perhitungan'', fanu'a ma ''pengukuran'', ba famareso molo'ö fenaeta ma ''pengkajian sistematis'' sifakhai ba ''bangun geometri'' faoma fa'atewu'a ngawalö mbotoŵa sifakhai ba wamahaö fisika. Matematika salio, tefaehagö ba ngawalö halöŵö niha i'otarai me no so waö-waö matematika andre. Fabu'asa ba matematika andre si'oföna sibai ba ''Matematika Yunani'', si'oföna sibai ba ''karya Euklides''. Matematika sidugu tedou, simane ba Tiongkok ba ndröfi si 300 SM ma ''fatua lö masehi'', ba India ba ndröfi si 100 M, ba ba danö Arab ba ndröfi si 800 M, ofeta ginötö '''''Renaisans''''', me inötö tesöndra wamahaö sibohou ba matematika no tola fakhai ba ngawalö wangalui fa'atua-tua tanöbö'ö, ba hiza tenga ha meluo da'ö, ofeta ma'ökhö, matematika andre no oya ma me'e fanolo ba wamahaö tanöbö'ö.<ref>Eves</ref> Iada'a, matematika no la'oguna'ö niha ba zi sagörö ulidanö sitobali fakake ba wanolo famahaö sifakhai ba wamahaö ulidanö ma '''''ilmu alam''''', ''teknik, kedokteran/medis,'' faoma '''''ilmu sosial''''' simane; ''ekonomi'', faoma ''psikologi''. Na '''''Matematika terapan''''', no fenaeta moroi ba matematika si fakhai ba wamahaö tanöbö'ö , da'a zo lulugö fangalui ngawalö wamahaö sibohou ba matematika andre, simane '''[[statistika]]''' faoma '''''teori permainan'''''. Ya'ira niha sangodödögö halöŵö ba matematika andre oi mangalui hewisa nifotöi '''matematika murni''', ma sambua wamahaö ba matematika ba wodou'ö ngawalö zifakhai ba matematika andrö. Lö la tehegö so wanofu ba högöra si tebai mufosinöndra, la'odödögö ba wangalui ngawalö hadia lala ba wamosinöndra fanofu andrö. Da'ö zi tobali fondrou wanga'asogö ba fangoguna'ö nifotöi ''matematika murni''.<ref>Peterson</ref> == Böröta Wehede ''(Etimologi)'' == Ngawua wehede "matematika" tefa'aso moroi ba wehede ma ''bahasa Yunani Kuno'' ya'ia da'ö μάθημα (''máthēma''), si tola la fo'eluaha ''pengkajian'', ''pembelajaran'', ''ilmu'' ma famahaö si so ba mbate'e si lö ebua sibai ma bate'e side-ide, ba eluaha molo'ö ''teknis'' tobali "pengkajian matematika", da'a tenga ha alua ba ginötö iada'a no moroi ba ginötö ''zaman kuno.'' Fehede na molo'ö ''kata sifat'' ya'ia da'ö μαθηματικός (''mathēmatikós''), ''berkaitan dengan pengkajian'', ma ''tekun belajar'', na lafo'eluaha sibai wa no tola lamane ''matematis''. Na molo'ö famahaö si tefaudu ba matematika, ya'ia da'ö ''mathēmatikḗ tékhnē'', ba wehede ''bahasa Latin'' ya'ia da'ö ''ars mathematica'', nifo'eluaha ya'ia da'ö ''seni matematika''. Na molo'ö fehede si töra moroi ba zi sambua ma ''bentuk jamak'' asese la'oguna'ö ba ''bahasa Inggris'', simanö göi ba wehede ''bahasa Prancis'' latötöi; '''''les mathématiques''''' da'a lö asese la'oguna'ö ba wanguma'ö zi ha sambua ma ''bentuk tunggal'', ya'ia da'ö lamane ; ''la mathématique'', sanandrösa ba ''bentuk jamak bahasa Latin'' ngawua sitola lö abua dambai geluahania la'oguna'ö wehede ''mathematica Cicero'', na ba wehede ''bentuk jamak bahasa Yunani'' lamane; τα μαθηματικά (''ta mathēmatiká''), da'a wehede ni'oguna'ö [[Aristoteles]], ma na lafo'eluaha ia ba wehede salio manö ya'ia da'ö ; ''fefu zifakhai ba wangerai'' ma ba wehede Indonesia tola laŵa'ö ia; ''"segala hal yang matematis"''.<ref name=oxforddict>''[[:en:The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology|The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology]]'', ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]''</ref> Hiza, ba ''bahasa Inggris'', fehede sifakhai ba mbotoŵa ma ''kata benda'' ya'ia da'ö; ''mathematics'' manga'i ''bentuk tunggal'' na la'oguna'ö ba wehede halöŵöa ma ''kata kerja.'' Ba ngawalö wamatunö ma wahuhuosa sifakhai ba matematika, asese la'adogo-dogo'ö wanötöi lamane; ''math'' da'a ba ''[[Amerika Utara]]'' na ba nahia tanöbö'ö misa lamane; ''maths''. == Waö-waö ''(Sejarah)'' == [[Berkas:Quipu MKL Bd. 13 1890 (128905524).jpg|jmpl|kiri|Sebuah [[quipu]], ni'oguna'ö ba [[Kekaisaran Inca|Inca]] ba wanura ngawalö numero ma ''bilangan.'']] [[Evolusi]] matematika tola la faigi salere ''abstraksi matematika'' sidugu monönö. ''Abstraksi'' ba mböröta, da'a alua oya ba gurifö,<ref>S. Dehaene, G. Dehaene-Lambertz and L. Cohen, Abstract representations of numbers in the animal and human brain, ''Trends in Neuroscience'', Vol. 21 (8), Aug 1998, 355-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0166-2236(98)01263-6.</ref> ya'ia da'ö sofakhai ba ''bilangan'': famatunö ma fangerai dombua ''apel'' faoma dombua ndrima (ha duma-duma, da'a), fa'oya nia no fagölö, ma ba wehede matematika lamane; ''pernyataan bahwa dua apel dan dua jeruk (sebagai contoh) memiliki jumlah yang sama.'' [[Berkas:Kapitolinischer Pythagoras adjusted.jpg|jmpl|kiri|lurus|Matematikawan Yunani [[Pythagoras]] ({{nowrap|c. 570 BC –}} {{nowrap|c. 495 BC}}), da'a no la'ila sambua ni söndra Pythagoras irege laŵa'ö ia ya'ia da'ö [[Teorema Pythagoras]]]] Baero da'ö meno sa'ae mozawili wamahaö matematika andre ba no oi la'ila lala ''pencacahan'' zifakhai ba ''fisika'', niha ''prasejarah'' no göi la'ila lala ba wo ''cacah'' ha wa'ebua ngawalö mbotoŵa si lö oroma ma ''abstrak'', simane [[Inötö]] — [[Ngaluo]], ''[[Musim]]'', [[Döfi]]. ''[[Aritmetika|Aritmetika dasar]]'' ([[Famonönö]], [[Fangeheta]], [[Fokalikö]], faoma [[Fombagi]]) alua hulö sito'ölö. Lala amatohula, moguna so wanura ma lala hewisa ba wanura numero, hulö sinali ma dawai nifelu ni tötöi faoma '''''quipu''''' ni oguna'ö soi '''bangsa Inca''' ba wangirö'ö hadia zifakhai ba numero. [[Numero]] oya ngawalö, numero sitesura siföföna sibai ya'ia da'ö si so ba '''''naskah warisan [[Mesir Kuno]]''''' ba ''Kerajaan Pertengahan Mesir'', [[Papirus Rhind|Lembaran Matematika Rhind]]. [[Berkas:maya.svg|jmpl|Lala wama'oli numero khö ndra niha Maya]] Fangoguna'ö fondrege sara matematika andre ya'ia da'ö ba halöŵö '''''famawa''''', '''''fanu'a tanö''''', ba '''''wogambaraini''''', ba wangahaogö nukha, ba simanö göi ba '''''wangerai inötö''''' ba hiza lö irai tefazawili ba niha sato irugi döfi si 3000 SM ofeta miföna ba ginötö niha [[Babilonia]] faoma ''Mesir Kuno'' tebörögö mangoguna'ö [[Aritmetika]], [[Aljabar]], faoma [[Geometri]] ba wangerai [[Pajak]] ba sifakhai ba wangerai kefe tanöbö'ö simane ba wangahaogö ngawalö nahia, ma fatukasa faoma ba [[Astronomi]].<ref>Kline 1990, Chapter 1.</ref> Famahaö matematika si tefa'anö molo'ö fenaetanua tebörögö moroi ba zaman Yunani Kuno ba gotalua ndröfi si 600 faoma döfi si 300 SM. [[Berkas:Persian Khwarazmi.jpg|jmpl|lurus|Matematikawan Persia [[Muḥammad bin Mūsā al-Khawārizmī|Al-Khwarizmi]] ({{nowrap|780 M – 850 M}}), sanöndra ma samörötaigö goli-goli matematika ya'ia da'ö [[aljabar]].]] Ba ginötö ''keemasan Islam'', ya'ia da'ö ba abad si-9 faoma abad si-10, matematika no oya ni'ehaogö samodane-dane moroi ba matematika Yunani: da'a oya moroi ba matematikawan Persia simane [[Muḥammad bin Mūsā al-Khawārizmī|Al-Khwarizmi]], [[Omar Khayyam]] dan [[Sharaf al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī]]. Matematika i'otarai ba ginötö andrö, ba no so khönia wa'atedou, mozawili ba zi sagörö ulidanö, no so wa'ahatöra matematika faoma [[Sains]], si mohare faoma fatambai. Fanöndra ma ''penemuan-penemuan matematika'' tefalua ba zi sagötö waö-waö ba tefatohu ofeta mane ma'ökhö. Molo'ö '''Mikhail B. Sevryuk,''' ba mbaŵa Januari 2006 ni fatumbu'ö ma ''terbitan'' [[:en:Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society|Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society]], "Oya sibai zinura ''makalah''' faoma buku ni fakhai ba ''basis data'' ma ''Mathematical Reviews'' i'otarai döfi si 1940 ma böröta te'oguna'ö MR ''(tahun pertama beroperasinya MR)'' iada'a no töra moroi ba zi 1,9 juta, ba töra moroi ba zi 75 ribu artikel ma sinura ba ''basis data'' andrö ero döfi. Sabölö oya ''karya'' ba ''samudera'' da'a tefa'anö faoma ''teorema'' matematika sibohou faoma ''Pembuktian Matematika''."<ref>Sevryuk</ref> .<ref name=oxforddict/> == Ilham, matematika murni, terapan, faoma estetika == [[Berkas:GodfreyKneller-IsaacNewton-1689.jpg|kiri|jmpl|Sir [[Isaac Newton]] (1643-1727), samösa ''penemu'' kalkulus infinitesimal.]] Matematika tefatumbu'ö ba ginötö so ngawalö zalua si tebai te'asiwai sifakhai ba ha wa'oya ma ''kuantitas, struktur, ruang,'' faoma ''perubahan.'' Ba mböröta da'a tesöndra ba ginötö alua halöŵö wamawa ma ''perdagangan'', fosu'a tanö ma ''pengukuran tanah'', ba aefa da'ö ba [[Astronomi]]; iada'a, arakhagö fefu wamahaö ma ''ilmu pengetahuan'' ena'ö te fangamöi ba wangosisi'ö ndra matematikawan, ba wangalui lala wamosinöndra na so zi tebai lafosinöndra. Hulö simane, samösa ''fisikawan'' sotöi [[Richard Feynman]] manöndra [[:en:Path integral formulation|rumus integral lintasan]] ''mekanika kuantum'' mangoguna'ö fangi'ila ba matematika faoma ''wawasan fisika'', faoma ''teori dawai'' iada'a, ''teori ilmiah'' si hino wa'atedou mangodödögö hewisa wa tola tefurugö ngawalö wangi'ila andrö, ''Interaksi dasar'', ba tetohugö ba wanöndra fangil'ila sibohou ba matematika.<ref>{{cite book|title = The Feynman Integral and Feynman's Operational Calculus|author = Johnson, Gerald W.; Lapidus, Michel L.|publisher = [[Oxford University Press]]|year = 2002}}</ref> Ba so göi matematika ifaogö ia ba wo'angeragö ya'ia, ba labali'ö sitobali lala ba wame'e söndra ba ngawalö daha-taha. Ba hiza asese sibai matematika andre tefangamöi ma moguna ba lala wamahaö tanöbö'ö. Si no tehöngö wa matematika fondrege sara ma "paling murni" asese tobali famahaö ''terapan praktis'' ya'ia simane ni fa'ema [[Eugene Wigner]] ya'ia da'ö " [[:en:The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences|Fa'amoguna si no sökhi sibai moroi ba matematika andre, ofeta ba zi lö ikhamö aka niha sito'ölö ba wamahaö Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam moguna monönö wamatunö.]]".<ref>[[Eugene Wigner]], 1960, "[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Mathematics in the Natural Sciences,] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110228152633/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~matc/MathDrama/reading/Wigner.html |date=2011-02-28 }}" ''Famahuhuosi ma ''Komunikasi'' ba Matematika Murni faoma Terapan'' '''13'''(1): 1–14.</ref> Ba nahia samalua ''pengkajian,'' fangi'ila andre no la faolo ira ba wamahaö matematika. Sambua wa'afabö'ö moroi ba [[Matematika murni]] faoma [[Matematika terapan]]: ato ndra matematikawan la'odödögö wamareso fangi'ila ba gotalua zi dombua wenaeta andrö, ba asese da'a tobali sambua famahaö ba ''program studi'' ba wanöndra ''gelar sarjana'' . Matematika terapan no oya la'osambuai'ö faoma ''tradisi-tradisi'' baero matematika ba tobali sambua lala wamahaö simane [[Statistika]], [[Riset operasi]], ba [[Ilmu komputer]]. Dozi ya'ira si terou tödö ba matematika asese sibai la söndra zifakhai ba ''estetika'' ba wamahaö matematika. Ato matematikawan zanguma'ö wa fa'asökhi ma ''keanggunan'' matematika, ''estetika'' si teforoma'ö, faoma fa'asökhi ma ''keindahan'' moroi ba matematika da'ö samösa. Ba matematika andre, fangaröu ba dödö ma fangide-ngide'ö teharagoi. Tesöndra wa'asökhi ba wangide-ngide'ö [[:en:proof (mathematics)|sitobali lohe-lohe]] nibe'e, sitobali dane-dane ma ''bukti Euclid'' wa tesöndra zi tebai mu'erai ha wa'oya ''bilangan prima'', ba hiza bakha ba wangerai numero ma ''metode numerik'' si sökhi fangerai fa'abölö-bölö ya'ia da'ö ba ''transformasi Fourier cepat.'' [[G. H. Hardy]] bakha ba ''[[A Mathematician's Apology]]'' manguma'ö wa fa'afaduhu dödö ba wa'asökhi andre, khönia samösa, no tobönö ba wanuheni ''pengkajian matematika murni''.<ref>{{cite book|title = A Mathematician's Apology|author = Hardy, G. H.|publisher = Cambridge University Press|year = 1940}}</ref> Ya'ira sangodödögö famahaö matematika andre ma asese lakaoni ira ya'ia da'ö ''matematikawan'' asese erege dödö ba wangalui dane-dane ma ''bukti teorema'' nifaudugö si sökhi, fangalui [[Paul Erdős]] asese tefuta ba wangalui wa'a moroi ba zoera ni'amoni'ö ma "[[Alkitab]]" wa no isura [[Lowalangi]] ngawalö hadia ia zi so ba gulidanö andre.<ref>{{cite book|title = Proof and Other Dilemmas: Mathematics and Philosophy|author = Gold, Bonnie; Simons, Rogers A.|publisher = MAA|year = 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title = Proofs from the Book|author = Aigner, Martin; Ziegler, Gunter M.|publisher = Springer|year = 2001}}</ref> Fa'amohöngö matematika andre ma ''matematika rekreasi'' ya'ia da'ö wa no oi oya wa'omuso dödö na inötö te fosinöndra ngawalö wanofu ba matematika. == Notasi, bahasa, dan kekakuan == [[Berkas:Leonhard Euler 2.jpg|ka|jmpl|Leonhard Euler. Amada da'a samösa matematikawan soya manöndra ngawalö fa'atua-tua ba zi sandrohu inötö]] No oya ''notasi matematika'' ni'oguna'ö ba ginötö iada'a lö sa'ae tesöndra ofeta ''abad'' si-16.<ref>[http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathsym.html Penggunaan Aneka Lambang Matematika Terdini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160220073955/http://jeff560.tripod.com/mathsym.html |date=2016-02-20 }} (memuat banyak referensi yang lebih jauh)</ref> Ba ''abad'' si-18, [[Leonhard Euler|Euler]] mo noro dödö ba wa'oya ''notasi'' ni'oguna'ö iada'a. ''Notasi modern'' no möi ''matematika'' aoha ba khö ndra sangodödögö ma ''para profesional'', ba hiza ba zawena so wa'omasi ba wamahaö matematika asese so wa'ata'u ba wanohugö ngawalö wamahaö matematika. Alua wo hösö ngawalö wangi'ila ba wame'e fa'akayo ngawalö hadia ia zifakhai ba matematika. Simane ''Notasi musik'', ''notasi matematika modern'' so khö lala wehede ma ''tata kalimat' si ''kaku'' ba ifa'ema ngawalö ''informasi'' no lala sabua sibai na lasura faoma famahaö tanöbö'ö. '''''Bahasa matematika''''' tola göi möi börö walö omasi ba zawena fao ba wamahaö matematika andrö. Ngawalö wehede simane; ''atau'' faoma ''hanya'' so khönia geluaha tenga simane fahuhuosa niha ba zi'ero ma'ökhö. Baero da'ö, fehede simane; ''himpunan terbuka'' ba ''lapangan matematika'' mo'eluaha ba matematika. ''Jargon matematika'' fao ngawalö wogaoni ma ''istilah-istilah teknis'' simane ''homeomorfisma'' faoma ''integral''. Ba hiza so mbörö ba ''notasi khusus'' faoma ''jargon teknis'' da'a: matematika mangoguna'ö ''presisi'' töra moroi ba wahuhuosa ero ma'ökhö. ya'ira ira matematikawan manötöi ''presisi bahasa'' faoma ''logika'' da'a ya'ia da'ö faoma fehede; "ketat" ma "kaku" (''rigor''). Ba hiza, na no so wehede si no labe'e khönia geluaha, ba bawangoguna'ö ya'ia la fo'eluaha simane si no la be'e eluaha khönia, tebai la fawu'a geluahania. Andrö wa laŵa'ö khönia "ketat" da'a sambua gamaehuta ba ''bahasa matematika.'' [[Berkas:Infinity symbol.svg|jmpl|ka|Famaedo ma '''Lambang''' [[ananta|ketakhinggaan]] '''∞''' ba zi ha'uga wamaehagö hadia ia ma ba li Indonesia lamane; ''di dalam beberapa gaya sajian.'']] Fangoguna'ö ''bahasa ketat'' modane-dane si no amaedola sifania ba wo oroma ''pembuktian matematika''. Ya'ira matematikawan so wa'omasi ena'ö fefu ''teorema'' si no lahaogö tefaogö ba ''aksioma-aksioma'' sitobali khamötö ''penalaran sistematik'' ma fangera-ngera si tefa'oli. Da'a ena'ö möi ba wanaha ''"teorema"'' sifasala fanga'i, nifodane-dane ba wanahö si lö alua ma ''praduga kegagalan'', hiza no oya duma-dumania zalua simane da'a.<ref>Lihatlah ''bukti palsu'' untuk contoh sederhana dari hal-hal yang bisa salah di dalam bukti formal. [[:en:Four color theorem|sejarah Teorema Empat Warna]] berisi contoh-contoh bukti-bukti salah yang tanpa sengaja diterima oleh para matematikawan lainnya pada saat itu.</ref> Fenaeta wa lö tebulö ma ''kekakuan'' mutötöna ba matematika andre ena'ö so wa'atebulö ba zisagötö inötö: [[bangsa Yunani]] manötöna ''dalil'' si no tefa'oli, hiza meluo da'ö lala ni'oguna'ö ya'ia da'ö [[Isaac Newton]] no ambö möi nibulö'ö. Salua sifao ba wamo'eluaha ni'oguna'ö Newton möi fo fareso ma fo ''analisis'' sindruhu-ndruhu dödö ba sitobali dane-dane ''formal'' ba abad si-19. Iada'a, ya'ira matematikawan lö'aetu wabu'asara sifakhai ba [[:en:Computer-assisted proof|bukti berbantuan-komputer]]. Börö me fangerai sebua abua ma'ifu wamareso, dane-dane da'ö tola manö ambö möi nibulö'ö.<ref>Ivars Peterson, ''Wisatawan Matematika'', Freeman, 1988, ISBN 0-7167-1953-3. p. 4 "Sedikit keluhan akan ketidakmampuan program komputer memeriksa secara wajar," (merujuk kepada bukti Haken-Apple terhadap Teorema Empat Warna).</ref> ''Aksioma'' molo'ö fangera-ngera ''tradisional'' ya'ia da'ö; "fa'atulö sitobali dane-dane" ma ba wehede Indonesia lamane; ''"kebenaran yang menjadi bukti dengan sendirinya"'', ba hiza fangera-ngera da'a nomöi börö wabu'asa. Ba wenaeta ''formal'', sambua ''aksioma'' ha sara bu ma ''seutas dawai'' ma laŵa'ö '' lambang logika simbolik'', si so eluaha ba ''rumus'' si no so nifetaro ba ''sistem aksioma''. Da'a khamötö ''program Hilbert'' ba wametaro fefu matematika ba zisambua ''basis aksioma'' sabölö, ba hiza molo'ö ''Teorema ketaklengkapan Gödel'' ero-ero ''sistem aksioma (yang cukup kuat)'' mangokhögö ''rumus-rumus'' si [[:en:Independence (mathematical logic)|tidak dapat ditentukan]]; ba börö da'ö sambua ''sistem aksioma'' ma ''aksiomatisasi'' safuria ba matematika lö möi ni'angeragö ma ''mustahil''. Heŵa'ae no simanö, matematika asese la angeraigö ''(di dalam konteks formal)'' lö baero moroi ba ''teori himpunan'' ba zi ha'uga ''aksiomatisasi'', ma nalafo'eluaha ya'ia da'ö wa ero-ero sambua wangombakha ma dane-dane matematika tola famaedonia ba ''rumus-rumus teori himpunan''.<ref>Patrick Suppes, ''Axiomatic Set Theory'', Dover, 1972, ISBN 0-486-61630-4. p. 1, "Ba gotalua wa'oya nga'oli matematika ''modern'', ''teori himpunan'' no tefedadao ba nahia si sökhi ma naha si ''unik'': so ma'ifu wo'ositengö ma ''pengecualian'', ''entitas-entitas'' ni fareso ma ni'angeragö ba ngawalö wanofu ba matematika tola lafaigi ia sitobali sambua ''himpunan khusus'' ma ba ''kelas-kelas objek tertentu.''' "</ref> == Matematika sambua famahaö ''(ilmu pengetahuan)'' == [[Berkas:Carl Friedrich Gauss.jpg|ka|jmpl|[[Carl Friedrich Gauss]], no ibali'ö ia samösa razo ma ''"pangerannya para matematikawan"'', ba hiza imane wa matematika sitobali "Ratunya Ilmu Pengetahuan".]] [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] no iŵa'ö wa matematika sitobali "Ratunya Ilmu Pengetahuan".<ref>Waltershausen</ref> Ba wehede sindruhunia ya'ia da'ö, ba li Latin ''Regina Scientiarum'', ba li [[Jerman]] ''Königin der Wissenschaften'', sifagölö eluaha ba ''ilmu pengetahuan'' so'eluaha tanölafa ma ''(lapangan)'' ba wamahaö. Atulö sibai, ba geluaha ba li [[Inggris]], lö fanendre dödö wa matematika ba da'a no sambua famahaö. Ni odödögö ba wamo'eluaha ya'ia ba ''ilmu pengetahuan alam'' alua ba ginötö aefa da'ö. Na so atö zamaigi ''ilmu pengetahuan'' ha ba [[Fisika]], hiza matematika, tenga sambua famahaö. Imane [[Albert Einstein]] wa ''"ha wa'aröu huku sifakhai matematika no ahatö ba ni'ila hörö ni babaya danga, ba hiza tebai ni etu'ö wa da'a zatulö sibai, ba hiza no tefaudu atö ba no da'ö zahatö ba ni'ila hörö.''"<ref name=certain>Einstein, p. 28. Kutipan ini adalah jawaban Einstein terhadap pertanyaan: "betapa mungkin bahwa matematika, di samping yang lain tentunya, menjadi ciptaan pemikiran manusia yang terbebas dari pengalaman, begitu luar biasa bersesuaian dengan objek-objek kenyataan?" Dia juga memperhatikan ''Keefektifan tak ternalar Matematika di dalam Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam''.</ref> Ato zi no alaŵa fangi'ila ma laŵa'ö ia ''filosofo'' no farisayo sibai wa matematika tebai la tenaŵa moroi ba wo tandraigö ya'ia, andrö börö da'ö tenga famahaö ma fangi'ila ni fo'eluaha [[Karl Popper]].<ref>{{cite book|title = Out of Their Minds: The Lives and Discoveries of 15 Great Computer Scientists|author = Shasha, Dennis Elliot; Lazere, Cathy A.|publisher = Springer|year = 1998|page = 228}}</ref> Ba hiza, bakha ba zi no tefa'elegö ba zi no la söndra me döfi si 1930 sifakhai ba ''logika matematika'' no teforoma'ö wa matematika tebai la ''reduksi'' tobali ''logika'', ba hiza Karl Popper mamurugö imane, wa "no oya ''teori matematika'', simane [[fisika]] faoma [[biologi]], ya'ia da'ö ''hipotetis-deduktif'': andrö börö da'ö, matematika ahatö ba wamahaö ''ilmu pengetahuan alam'' si no la'ila niha wa ''hipotesis-hipotesis''nia ya'ia da'ö ''konjektur (dugaan)'', ba hiza töra moroi ba zawena la söndra niha sibohou."<ref>Popper 1995, p. 56</ref> Ya'ira niha si ''bijak bestari'' tanöbö'ö, tötöi manö simane [[Imre Lakatos]], no lafatötö sambua wenaeta galimosa ma ''pemalsuan'' ba matematika da'ö samösa. Sambua wamaigi moroi ba wamahaö simane ''fisika teoretis'' ya'ia da'ö matematika sifao ''aksioma-aksioma'' ni faedogö sahatö ba ni'ila hörö. Saluania, samösa ''fisikawan teoretis'', sotöi [[J. M. Ziman]], mame'e söndra wa famahaö sifagölötö ma ''pengetahuan umum'' nofao khönia bakha wamahaö matematika.<ref>Ziman</ref> Ba zi ha'uga zi no alua, matematika no oya faoma mame'e fanuheni ba wamahaö tanöbö'ö ma famahaö fisika, simane fangalui hadia zalua ba zi no la börötaigö wamareso salua andrö, simanö göi ba ''Intuisi'' ma fanandraigö ba ''perumusan-konjektur'', ba matematika, he göi ba wamahaö tanöbö'ö. == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Matematika| ]] [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] cvqvsdbxqm66smeupjsp3r0o3qsq9hm 0 3856 29969 21306 2026-10-30T00:56:05Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 29969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = '''Tundröli''', ''Lenyai'' | status = | status_system = | fossil_range = | image = Soil Centipede Mother With Offspring (22684796317).jpg | image_caption = Tundröli faoma ono-ono dundröli | regnum = [[Animalia]] | subregnum = | phylum = [[Arthropoda]] | subphylum = [[Myriapoda]] | divisio = | classis = [[Lipan|Chilopoda]] | subclassis = | superordo = | ordo = [[Geophilomorpha]] | subordo = [[Adesmata]] | superfamilia = [[Geophiloidea]] | familia = [[Geophilidae]] | subfamilia = | supertribus = | tribus = | subtribus = | genus = '''''Geophilus''''' | species = | genus_authority = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1814 | genus_authority = |subdivision_ranks = Spesies |subdivision_ref = |subdivision = Lihat teks | range_map = | range_map_caption = | range_map_alt = | synonyms = | synonyms_ref = | type_species = | type_species_authority = }} '''Tundröli''', urifö sanana sasese tesöndra ba gotalua wafa, sohaga ba zibongi faoma na göna khönia wanikha tanö. Tundröli andre, ba [[Tanö Niha|Danö Niha]] so zanötöi faoma fehede; tundröni. Hiza, tundröli no lafaogö ia ba ngafu gurifö sanana ya'ia da'ö ba li Indonesia ''kelabang'' faoma ''lenyai''. Heŵa'ae fehede ''lenyai'' lö mufurugö tobali eluaha sinumalö khö dundröli. Ba KBBI, ''lenyai''<ref>Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (KBBI) Kamus versi online/daring (dalam jaringan), "eluaha wehede Lenyai", [https://kbbi.web.id/lenyai] </ref> no so, hiza eluahania awena molo'ö tuho si no tefaehagö, ya'ia da'ö; ''tebai'' ma ''ombuyu'', ma ba li Indonesia; ''lemah'', ''lembek''. ''Lenyai'' molo'ö fangi'ila ba wehede ''ilmiah'' latötöi ia faoma ngafu ''orphnaeus brevilabiatus''<ref>Lenyai, Kelabang yang memancarkan cairan bercaya,"Fehede ''latin'' dundröli", [https://www.re-tawon.com/2021/07/lenyai-kelabang-yang-memancarkan-cairan.html?m=1] </ref> da'a ahatö ia ba ngafu [[Malikhokhoi]] ma ''kelabang''. Molo'ö si no la faehagö, wa haga soroma moroi ba mboto dundröli, ya'ia da'ö so khönia nidanö simöi baero ba dögi-tögi ngandrotonia si no la'ila ba mbanua sangoguna'ö li [[Inggris]] ya'ia da'ö urifö nikaonira faoma fanötöi ''"Fire Centipede"'' ma na lafo'eluaha ia ya'ia da'ö ''kelabang api''. Ba Danö Niha, tundröli andre, oya tesöndra ba nomo sangoguna'ö bagolö sitobali zalo nomo, ba la'iagö ba gotalua wafa. Fa'ebua dundröli andre, no ide-ide sibai, irege tola möi ba dögi dalinga niha na ambö lafaigi-faigi. Idanö simöi baero ba mboto dundröli, moguna ba wame'e daha-taha ba ngawalö nudu sanaisi, irege urifö tanöbö'ö la'ago hua nidanö andrö, ba lö a'ozu la'a dundröli. Tola tefurugö wangi'ilada wa tundröli andre, sambua ngawalö moroi ba ngafu malikhokhoi. == Töi-töi ''spesies''<ref name="ITIS">{{ITIS |title=''Geophilus'' Leach, 1814 |id=1092218 |access-date=2 November 2021}}</ref><ref name="ChiloBase">{{cite web |title=''Geophilus'' Leach, 1814 |url=https://chilobase.biologia.unipd.it/searches/result_genres/325 |website=ChiloBase 2.0 |access-date=1 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405155224/https://chilobase.biologia.unipd.it/searches/result_genres/325 |archive-date=5 April 2023 |dead-url=yes}}</ref> == *''[[Geophilus admarinus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1952</small> *''[[Geophilus aenariensis]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1942</small> *''[[Geophilus aetnensis]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1928</small> *''[[Geophilus alaskanus]]'' <small>Cook, 1904</small> *''[[Geophilus algarum ]]'' <small>Brölemann, 1909</small> *''[[Geophilus alzonis]]'' <small>Attems, 1952</small> *''[[Geophilus ampyx]]'' <small>Crabill, 1954</small> *''[[Geophilus angustatus]]'' <small>Eschscholtz, 1823</small> *''[[Geophilus anonyx]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1941</small> *''[[Geophilus arenarius]]'' <small>Meinert, 1870</small> *''[[Geophilus atopodon]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1903</small> *''[[Geophilus aztecus]]'' <small>Humbert and Saussure, 1869</small> *''[[Geophilus becki]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1951</small> *''[[Geophilus bipartitus]]'' <small>Takakuwa, 1937</small> *''[[Geophilus bluncki]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1928</small> *''[[Geophilus bobolianus]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1928</small> *''[[Geophilus bosniensis]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1895</small> *''[[Geophilus brevicornis]]'' <small>Wood, 1862</small> *''[[Geophilus brunneus]]'' <small>McNeill, 1887</small> *''[[Geophilus carpophagus]]'' <small>Leach, 1814</small> *''[[Geophilus caucasicus]]'' <small>Sseliwanoff, 1884</small> *''[[Geophilus cayugae]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1904</small> *''[[Geophilus chalandei]]'' <small>Brölemann, 1909</small> *''[[Geophilus challangeri]]'' <small>Pocock, 1891</small> *''[[Geophilus claremontus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1909</small> *''[[Geophilus compactus]]'' <small>Attems, 1934</small> *''[[Geophilus crenulatus]]'' <small>Silvestri, 1936</small> *''[[Geophilus delotus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1941</small> *''[[Geophilus dentatus]]'' <small>Takakuwa, 1936</small> *''[[Geophilus duponti]]'' <small>Silvestri, 1897</small> *''[[Geophilus easoni]]'' <small>Arthur et al. 2001</small> *''[[Geophilus elazigus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1952</small> *''[[Geophilus electricus]]'' <small>Linne,1758</small> *''[[Geophilus embius]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1912</small> *''[[Geophilus erzurumensis]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1952</small> *''[[Geophilus eudontus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1952</small> *''[[Geophilus flavus]]'' <small>De Geer, 1778</small> *''[[Geophilus fossularum]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1943</small> *''[[Geophilus fossuliferus]]'' <small>Karsch, 1884</small> *''[[Geophilus foveatus]]'' <small>McNeill, 1887</small> *''[[Geophilus frigidanus]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1928</small> *''[[Geophilus fruitanus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1928</small> *''[[Geophilus fucorum]]'' <small>Brölemann, 1900</small> *''[[Geophilus gavoyi]]'' <small>Chalande, 1910</small> *''[[Geophilus geronimo]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1912</small> *''[[Geophilus gigas]]'' <small>Attems, 1951</small> *''[[Geophilus glaber]]'' <small>Bollman, 1887</small> *''[[Geophilus glyptus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1902</small> *''[[Geophilus gracilis]]'' <small>Meinert, 1870</small> *''[[Geophilus guanophilus]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1939</small> *''[[Geophilus hadesi]]'' <small>Stoev et al. 2015</small> *''[[Geophilus honozus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1952</small> *''[[Geophilus ibericus]]'' <small>Attems, 1952</small> *''[[Geophilus impressus]]'' <small>C.L. Koch, 1847</small> *''[[Geophilus indianae]]'' <small>McNeill, 1887</small> *''[[Geophilus infossulatus]]'' <small>Attems, 1901</small> *''[[Geophilus intermissus]]'' <small>Silvestri, 1935</small> *''[[Geophilus joyeuxi]]'' <small>Léger and Duboscq, 1903</small> *''[[Geophilus judaicus]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1934</small> *''[[Geophilus kobelti]]'' <small>Attems, 1903</small> *''[[Geophilus koreanus]]'' <small>Takakuwa, 1936</small> *''[[Geophilus labrofissus]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1938</small> *''[[Geophilus lanius]]'' <small>Brölemann, 1896</small> *''[[Geophilus leionyx]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1938</small> *''[[Geophilus lemuricus]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1939</small> *''[[Geophilus longicapillatus]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1937</small> *''[[Geophilus madeirae]]'' <small>Latzel, 1895</small> *''[[Geophilus marginatus]]'' <small>Lucas, 1849</small> *''[[Geophilus minimus]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1928</small> *''[[Geophilus monoporus]]'' <small>Takakuwa, 1934</small> *''[[Geophilus mordax]]'' <small>Meinert, 1886</small> *''[[Geophilus multiporus]]'' <small>Miyosi, 1955</small> *''[[Geophilus mustiquensis]]'' <small>Pocock, 1893</small> *''[[Geophilus nanus]]'' <small>Attems, 1952</small> *''[[Geophilus nasintus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1909</small> *''[[Geophilus naxius]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1901</small> *''[[Geophilus nealotus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1902</small> *''[[Geophilus nesiotes]]'' <small>Attems, 1903</small> *''[[Geophilus nicolanus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1940</small> *''[[Geophilus occidentalis]]'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> *''[[Geophilus okolonae]]'' <small>Bollman, 1888</small> *''[[Geophilus oligopus]]'' <small>Attems, 1895</small> *''[[Geophilus orae]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1943</small> *''[[Geophilus oregonus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1941</small> *''[[Geophilus orientalis]]'' <small>Seliwanoff, 1881</small> *''[[Geophilus orientis]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1952</small> *''[[Geophilus osquidatum]]'' <small>Brölemann, 1909</small> *''[[Geophilus oweni]]'' <small>Brölemann, 1887</small> *''[[Geophilus parki]]'' <small>Auerbach, 1954</small> *''[[Geophilus pauciporus]]'' <small>Machado, 1952</small> *''[[Geophilus pellekanus]]'' <small>Attems, 1903</small> *''[[Geophilus persephones]]'' <small>Foddai & Minelli, 1999</small> *''[[Geophilus phanus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1943</small> *''[[Geophilus piae]]'' <small>Minelli, 1983</small> *''[[Geophilus piedus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1930</small> *''[[Geophilus pinivagus]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1928</small> *''[[Geophilus polyporus]]'' <small>Takakuwa, 1942</small> *''[[Geophilus procerus]]'' <small>C. L. Koch, 1878</small> *''[[Geophilus promontorii]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1928</small> *''[[Geophilus proximus]]'' <small>C.L.Koch, 1847</small> *''[[Geophilus punicus]]'' <small>Silvestri, 1896</small> *''[[Geophilus pusillifrater]]'' <small>Verhoeff, 1898</small> *''[[Geophilus pusillus]]'' <small>Meinert, 1870</small> *''[[Geophilus pygmaeus]]'' <small>Latzel, 1880</small> *''[[Geophilus pyrenaicus]]'' <small>Chalande, 1909</small> *''[[Geophilus readae]]'' <small>Jones, 2001</small> *''[[Geophilus regnans]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1904</small> *''[[Geophilus rex]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1912</small> *''[[Geophilus rhomboideus]]'' <small>Takakuwa, 1937</small> *''[[Geophilus ribauti]]'' <small>Brölemann, 1908</small> *''[[Geophilus richardi]]'' <small>Brölemann, 1904</small> *''[[Geophilus ridleyi]]'' <small>Pocock, 1890</small> *''[[Geophilus rouncei]]'' <small>Jones, 2001</small> *''[[Geophilus secundus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1912</small> *''[[Geophilus serbicus]]'' <small>Stojanović, Mitić, Antić, 2019</small> *''[[Geophilus setiger]]'' <small>Bollman, 1887</small> *''[[Geophilus seurati]]'' <small>Brölemann, 1924</small> *''[[Geophilus shoshoneus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1925</small> *''[[Geophilus sibiricus]]'' <small>Stuxberg, 1876</small> *''[[Geophilus silesiacus]]'' <small>Haase, 1881</small> *''[[Geophilus simoporus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1952</small> *''[[Geophilus smithi]]'' <small>Bollman, 1889</small> *''[[Geophilus sounkyoensis]]'' <small>Takakuwa, 1937</small> *''[[Geophilus strictus]]'' <small>Latzel, 1880</small> *''[[Geophilus strigosus]]'' <small>McNeill, 1887</small> *''[[Geophilus studeri]]'' <small>Rothenbühler, 1899</small> *''[[Geophilus tampophor]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1953</small> *''[[Geophilus tenellus]]'' <small>L. Koch, 1882</small> *''[[Geophilus tenuiculus]]'' <small>C. L. Koch, 1878</small> *''[[Geophilus terranovae]] <small>Palmén, 1954</small> *''[[Geophilus transitus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1941</small> *''[[Geophilus trichopus]]'' <small>Muralewicz, 1926</small> *''[[Geophilus truncorum]]'' <small>Bergsøe and Meinert, 1866</small> *''[[Geophilus ungviculatus]]'' <small>Daday, 1889</small> *''[[Geophilus varians]]'' <small>McNeill, 1887</small> *''[[Geophilus venezuelae]]'' <small>Silvestri, 1897</small> *''[[Geophilus vinciguerrae]]'' <small>Silvestri, 1895</small> *''[[Geophilus virginiensis]]'' <small>Bollman, 1889</small> *''[[Diamondback soil centipede|Geophilus vittatus]]'' <small>Raffinesque, 1820</small> *''[[Geophilus winnetui]]'' <small>Attems, 1947</small> *''[[Geophilus yavapainus]]'' <small>Chamberlin, 1941</small> == Umbu == <references /> [[Kategori:Aurifö]] [[Kategori:Biologi]] [[Kategori:Zoologi]] iaenn2m0vro6ssej6xndfu0a55i4sto 0 4724 29967 25721 2026-10-30T00:05:35Z InternetArchiveBot 504 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 29967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox university | name = Institut Pertanian Bogor<br/>IPB University | native_name = {{sund|ᮄᮔ᮪ᮞ᮪ᮒᮤᮒᮥᮒ᮪ ᮕᮨᮁᮒᮔᮤᮃᮔ᮪ ᮘᮧᮌᮧᮁ}} | image = Logo IPB.png | motto = Mengilhami Pembaharuan dengan Integritas | mottoeng = ''Inspiring Innovation with Integrity'' | established = {{start date and age|1963|9|1}} | parent = [[Kementerian Pendidikan Tinggi, Sains, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia]] | city = [[Dramaga, Bogor|Dramaga]], [[Kota Bogor|Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]] | type = [[Perguruan Tinggi Negeri Badan Hukum]] | rector = [[Arif Satria (akademisi)|Prof. Dr. Arif Satria, S.P., M.Si.]] | website = [http://www.ipb.ac.id www.ipb.ac.id] | logo = | logo_size = 275px | country = Indonesia | affiliations = [[:en:Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning|ASAIHL]]<ref>[http://www.seameo.org/asaihl/ Association of Southeast Asian Institutions of Higher Learning Official Website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704033005/http://www.seameo.org/asaihl/ |date=July 4, 2015 }}</ref> | campus = Urban dan rural, total 665 hektare | colors = Biru Tua {{Color box|#00008B}} }} '''Institut Pertanian Bogor''' (nama [[bahasa Inggris]]: '''IPB University'',''''' töinia ba mböröta ya'ia da'ö '''Bogor Agricultural University''';<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://edukasi.kompas.com/read/2019/01/30/15495571/nama-baru-janji-baru-ipb-berganti-nama-menjadi-ipb-university|title=Nama Baru Janji Baru, IPB Berganti Nama Menjadi IPB University|work=[[Kompas.com]]|language=id|access-date=2019-03-09|editor-last=Harususilo|editor-first=Yohanes Enggar|first=Yohanes Enggar|last=Harususilo}}</ref><ref name="detik ipb rebranding">{{Cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4407048/ipb-kini-rebranding-jadi-ipb-university-apa-alasannya|title=IPB Kini Rebranding Jadi 'IPB University', Apa Alasannya?|last=Prasetia|first=Andhika|work=[[Detik.com|detikcom]]|access-date=2019-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221022110436/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-4407048/ipb-kini-rebranding-jadi-ipb-university-apa-alasannya|archive-date=2022-10-22|dead-url=yes}}</ref> sambua [[Perguruan Tinggi Negeri]] si so ba [[Kota Bogor|Bogor]], [[Jawa Barat]]. IPB andre me awena mufasindro ia, ya'ia da'ö [[fakultas pertanian]] moroi ba [[Universitas Indonesia]]. Ba hiza, ba ngaluo si 1 September 1963, IPB ifasafi ia moroi ba Universitas Indonesia ba musindro ia tobali sambua institut pertanian. Ba ngaluo si 7 November 2017 silalö, Institut Pertanian Bogor (IPB) no tola isöndra sambua wetaro sisökhi ya'ia da'ö akreditasi dengan peringkat A (no fondrege zi sökhi) da'a tefaluo molo'ö angetula rafe ''pleno'' [[Badan Akreditasi Nasional Perguruan Tinggi]] (BAN-PT). Molo'ö ba wamareso moroi ba Business Innovation Center–[[Kementerian Riset dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia|Kementerian Riset, Teknologi dan Pendidikan Tinggi]] RI, IPB notobali perguruan tinggi si so ba Indonesia si no oya wamalua ngawalö [[inovasi]] bakha ba Inovasi Indonesia sabölö Prospektif (ya'ia da'ö 39,71 persen) ba zi fulu fakhe (2008-2018). Da'a sambua khamöta si no isöndra IPB ba wanga'asogö ngawalö ''inovasi-inovasi'' sisökhi ba gangolifa nasional hegöi ba internasional. Ba ndröfi si 2020, IPB andre sambua Kampus numero 1 Kampus terbaik se-Indonesia molo'ö [[Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia|Kemdikbud]]. {{umbu}} {{Börö zura}} [[Kategori:Nias]] [[Kategori:Bohou tesura]] f7kznymhhpgyjdegtvdrnsmobj9i7ln