Wikipedia nsowiki https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letlakala_la_pele MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Special Bolediša Mošomi Boledišana le Mošomi Wikipedia Dipolelo tša Wikipedia Seswantšho Poledišano ya Seswantšho MediaWiki Poledišano ya MediaWiki Template Poledišano ya Template Thušo Poledišano ya Thušo Setensele Poledišano ya Setensele TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 392 49825 49804 2022-08-26T03:51:38Z 115.178.227.49 wikitext text/x-wiki Letlakala le le laetša '''[[Ngwaga|mengwaga]]'''. <!--Each year is annotated with a significant event as a reference point.--> {{TOC right}} == [[Ngwagakete 3]] == === [[Ngwagakolo 21]] === :2100 - 2099 - 2098 - 2097 - 2096 - 2095 - 2094 - 2093 - 2092 - 2091 :2090 - 2089 - 2088 - 2087 - 2086 - 2085 - 2084 - 2083 - 2082 - 2081 :2080 - 2079 - 2078 - 2077 - 2076 - 2075 - 2074 - 2073 - 2072 - 2071 :2070 - [[2069]] - [[2068]] - [[2067]] - [[2066]] - [[2065]] - [[2064]] - [[2063]] - [[2062]] - [[2061]] :[[2060]] - [[2059]] - [[2058]] - [[2057]] - [[2056]] - [[2055]] - [[2054]] - [[2053]] - [[2052]] - [[2051]] :[[2050]] - [[2049]] - [[2048]] - [[2047]] - [[2046]] - [[2045]] - [[2044]] - [[2043]] - [[2042]] - [[2041]] :[[2040]] - [[2039]] - [[2038]] - [[2037]] - [[2036]] - [[2035]] - [[2034]] - [[2033]] - [[2032]] - [[2031]] :[[2030]] - [[2029]] - [[2028]] - [[2027]] - [[2026]] - [[2025]] - [[2024]] - [[2023]] - '''[[2022]]''' - [[2021]] :[[2020]] - [[2019]] - [[2018]] - [[2017]] - [[2016]] - [[2015]] - [[2014]] - [[2013]] - [[2012]] - [[2011]] :[[2010]] - [[2009]] - [[2008]] - [[2007]] - [[2006]] - [[2005]] - [[2004]] - [[2003]] - [[2002]] - [[2001]] == [[Ngwagakete 2]] == === [[Ngwagakolo 20]] === :[[2000]] - [[1999]] - [[1998]] - [[1997]] - [[1996]] - [[1995]] - [[1994]] - [[1993]] - [[1992]] - [[1991]] :[[1990]] - [[1989]] - [[1988]] - [[1987]] - [[1986]] - [[1985]] - [[1984]] - [[1983]] - [[1982]] - [[1981]] :[[1980]] - [[1979]] - [[1978]] - [[1977]] - [[1976]] - [[1975]] - [[1974]] - [[1973]] - [[1972]] - [[1971]] :[[1970]] - [[1969]] - [[1968]] - [[1967]] - [[1966]] - [[1965]] - [[1964]] - [[1963]] - [[1962]] - [[1961]] :[[1960]] - [[1959]] - [[1958]] - [[1957]] - [[1956]] - [[1955]] - [[1954]] - [[1953]] - [[1952]] - [[1951]] :[[1950]] - [[1949]] - [[1948]] - [[1947]] - [[1946]] - [[1945]] - [[1944]] - [[1943]] - [[1942]] - [[1941]] :[[1940]] - [[1939]] - [[1938]] - [[1937]] - [[1936]] - [[1935]] - [[1934]] - [[1933]] - [[1932]] - [[1931]] :[[1930]] - [[1929]] - [[1928]] - [[1927]] - [[1926]] - [[1925]] - [[1924]] - [[1923]] - [[1922]] - [[1921]] :[[1920]] - [[1919]] - [[1918]] - [[1917]] - [[1916]] - [[1915]] - [[1914]] - [[1913]] - [[1912]] - [[1911]] :[[1910]] - [[1909]] - [[1908]] - [[1907]] - [[1906]] - [[1905]] - [[1904]] - [[1903]] - [[1902]] - [[1901]] === [[Ngwagakolo 19]] === :[[1900]] - [[1899]] - [[1898]] - [[1897]] - [[1896]] - [[1895]] - [[1894]] - [[1893]] - [[1892]] - [[1891]] :[[1890]] - [[1889]] - [[1888]] - [[1887]] - [[1886]] - [[1885]] - [[1884]] - [[1883]] - [[1882]] - [[1881]] :[[1880]] - [[1879]] - [[1878]] - [[1877]] - [[1876]] - [[1875]] - [[1874]] - [[1873]] - [[1872]] - [[1871]] :[[1870]] - [[1869]] - [[1868]] - [[1867]] - [[1866]] - [[1865]] - [[1864]] - [[1863]] - [[1862]] - [[1861]] :[[1860]] - [[1859]] - [[1858]] - [[1857]] - [[1856]] - [[1855]] - [[1854]] - [[1853]] - [[1852]] - [[1851]] :[[1850]] - [[1849]] - [[1848]] - [[1847]] - [[1846]] - [[1845]] - [[1844]] - [[1843]] - [[1842]] - [[1841]] :[[1840]] - [[1839]] - [[1838]] - [[1837]] - [[1836]] - [[1835]] - [[1834]] - [[1833]] - [[1832]] - [[1831]] :[[1830]] - [[1829]] - [[1828]] - [[1827]] - [[1826]] - [[1825]] - [[1824]] - [[1823]] - [[1822]] - [[1821]] :[[1820]] - [[1819]] - [[1818]] - [[1817]] - [[1816]] - [[1815]] - [[1814]] - [[1813]] - [[1812]] - [[1811]] :[[1810]] - [[1809]] - [[1808]] - [[1807]] - [[1806]] - [[1805]] - [[1804]] - [[1803]] - [[1802]] - [[1801]] === [[Ngwagakolo 18]] === :[[1800]] - [[1799]] - [[1798]] - [[1797]] - [[1796]] - [[1795]] - [[1794]] - [[1793]] - [[1792]] - [[1791]] :[[1790]] - [[1789]] - [[1788]] - [[1787]] - [[1786]] - [[1785]] - [[1784]] - [[1783]] - [[1782]] - [[1781]] :[[1780]] - [[1779]] - [[1778]] - [[1777]] - [[1776]] - [[1775]] - [[1774]] - [[1773]] - [[1772]] - [[1771]] :[[1770]] - [[1769]] - [[1768]] - [[1767]] - [[1766]] - [[1765]] - [[1764]] - [[1763]] - [[1762]] - [[1761]] :[[1760]] - [[1759]] - [[1758]] - [[1757]] - [[1756]] - [[1755]] - [[1754]] - [[1753]] - [[1752]] - [[1751]] :[[1750]] - [[1749]] - [[1748]] - [[1747]] - [[1746]] - [[1745]] - [[1744]] - [[1743]] - [[1742]] - [[1741]] :[[1740]] - [[1739]] - [[1738]] - [[1737]] - [[1736]] - [[1735]] - [[1734]] - [[1733]] - [[1732]] - [[1731]] :[[1730]] - [[1729]] - [[1728]] - [[1727]] - [[1726]] - [[1725]] - [[1724]] - [[1723]] - [[1722]] - [[1721]] :[[1720]] - [[1719]] - [[1718]] - [[1717]] - [[1716]] - [[1715]] - [[1714]] - [[1713]] - [[1712]] - [[1711]] :[[1710]] - [[1709]] - [[1708]] - [[1707]] - [[1706]] - [[1705]] - [[1704]] - [[1703]] - [[1702]] - [[1701]] === [[Ngwagakolo 17]] === :[[1700]] - [[1699]] - [[1698]] - [[1697]] - [[1696]] - [[1695]] - [[1694]] - [[1693]] - [[1692]] - [[1691]] :[[1690]] - [[1689]] - [[1688]] - [[1687]] - [[1686]] - [[1685]] - [[1684]] - [[1683]] - [[1682]] - [[1681]] :[[1680]] - [[1679]] - [[1678]] - [[1677]] - [[1676]] - [[1675]] - [[1674]] - [[1673]] - [[1672]] - [[1671]] :[[1670]] - [[1669]] - [[1668]] - [[1667]] - [[1666]] - [[1665]] - [[1664]] - [[1663]] - [[1662]] - [[1661]] :[[1660]] - [[1659]] - [[1658]] - [[1657]] - [[1656]] - [[1655]] - [[1654]] - [[1653]] - [[1652]] - [[1651]] :[[1650]] - [[1649]] - [[1648]] - [[1647]] - [[1646]] - [[1645]] - [[1644]] - [[1643]] - [[1642]] - [[1641]] :[[1640]] - [[1639]] - [[1638]] - [[1637]] - [[1636]] - [[1635]] - [[1634]] - [[1633]] - [[1632]] - [[1631]] :[[1630]] - [[1629]] - [[1628]] - [[1627]] - [[1626]] - [[1625]] - [[1624]] - [[1623]] - [[1622]] - [[1621]] :[[1620]] - [[1619]] - [[1618]] - [[1617]] - [[1616]] - [[1615]] - [[1614]] - [[1613]] - [[1612]] - [[1611]] :[[1610]] - [[1609]] - [[1608]] - [[1607]] - [[1606]] - [[1605]] - [[1604]] - [[1603]] - [[1602]] - [[1601]] === [[Ngwagakolo 16]] === :[[1600]] - [[1599]] - [[1598]] - [[1597]] - [[1596]] - [[1595]] - [[1594]] - [[1593]] - [[1592]] - [[1591]] :[[1590]] - [[1589]] - [[1588]] - [[AD 1587|1587]] - [[1586]] - [[1585]] - [[1584]] - [[1583]] - [[1582]] - [[1581]] :[[1580]] - [[1579]] - [[1578]] - [[1577]] - [[1576]] - [[1575]] - [[1574]] - [[1573]] - [[1572]] - [[1571]] :[[1570]] - [[1569]] - [[1568]] - [[1567]] - [[1566]] - [[1565]] - [[1564]] - [[1563]] - [[1562]] - [[1561]] :[[1560]] - [[1559]] - [[1558]] - [[1557]] - [[1556]] - [[1555]] - [[1554]] - [[1553]] - [[1552]] - [[1551]] :[[1550]] - [[1549]] - [[1548]] - [[1547]] - [[1546]] - [[1545]] - [[1544]] - [[1543]] - [[1542]] - [[1541]] :[[1540]] - [[1539]] - [[1538]] - [[1537]] - [[1536]] - [[1535]] - [[1534]] - [[1533]] - [[1532]] - [[1531]] :[[1530]] - [[1529]] - [[1528]] - [[1527]] - [[1526]] - [[1525]] - [[1524]] - [[1523]] - [[1522]] - [[1521]] :[[1520]] - [[1519]] - [[1518]] - [[1517]] - [[1516]] - [[1515]] - [[1514]] - [[1513]] - [[1512]] - [[1511]] :[[1510]] - [[1509]] - [[1508]] - [[1507]] - [[1506]] - [[1505]] - [[1504]] - [[1503]] - [[1502]] - [[1501]] === [[Ngwagakolo 15]] === :[[1500]] - [[1499]] - [[1498]] - [[1497]] - [[1496]] - [[1495]] - [[1494]] - [[1493]] - [[1492]] - [[AD 1491|1491]] :[[1490]] - [[1489]] - [[1488]] - [[1487]] - [[1486]] - [[1485]] - [[AD 1484|1484]] - [[1483]] - [[1482]] - [[1481]] :[[1480]] - [[1479]] - [[1478]] - [[1477]] - [[1476]] - [[1475]] - [[1474]] - [[1473]] - [[1472]] - [[1471]] :[[1470]] - [[1469]] - [[1468]] - [[1467]] - [[1466]] - [[1465]] - [[1464]] - [[1463]] - [[1462]] - [[1461]] :[[1460]] - [[1459]] - [[1458]] - [[1457]] - [[1456]] - [[1455]] - [[1454]] - [[1453]] - [[1452]] - [[1451]] :[[1450]] - [[1449]] - [[1448]] - [[1447]] - [[1446]] - [[1445]] - [[1444]] - [[1443]] - [[AD 1442|1442]] - [[1441]] :[[1440]] - [[1439]] - [[1438]] - [[1437]] - [[1436]] - [[1435]] - [[1434]] - [[AD 1433|1433]] - [[1432]] - [[1431]] :[[1430]] - [[1429]] - [[1428]] - [[AD 1427|1427]] - [[1426]] - [[1425]] - [[1424]] - [[1423]] - [[1422]] - [[1421]] :[[1420]] - [[1419]] - [[AD 1418|1418]] - [[1417]] - [[1416]] - [[1415]] - [[1414]] - [[1413]] - [[1412]] - [[1411]] :[[1410]] - [[1409]] - [[1408]] - [[1407]] - [[1406]] - [[1405]] - [[1404]] - [[1403]] - [[1402]] - [[AD 1401|1401]] === [[Ngwagakolo 14]] === :[[1400]] - [[1399]] - [[1398]] - [[1397]] - [[1396]] - [[1395]] - [[1394]] - [[1393]] - [[AD 1392|1392]] - [[1391]] :[[1390]] - [[1389]] - [[1388]] - [[1387]] - [[1386]] - [[1385]] - [[1384]] - [[1383]] - [[AD 1382|1382]] - [[1381]] :[[1380]] - [[1379]] - [[1378]] - [[1377]] - [[1376]] - [[1375]] - [[1374]] - [[1373]] - [[AD 1372|1372]] - [[1371]] :[[1370]] - [[1369]] - [[1368]] - [[1367]] - [[1366]] - [[1365]] - [[1364]] - [[1363]] - [[AD 1362|1362]] - [[1361]] :[[1360]] - [[1359]] - [[1358]] - [[1357]] - [[1356]] - [[AD 1355|1355]] - [[1354]] - [[1353]] - [[1352]] - [[1351]] :[[1350]] - [[1349]] - [[1348]] - [[1347]] - [[1346]] - [[AD 1345|1345]] - [[1344]] - [[1343]] - [[1342]] - [[1341]] :[[1340]] - [[1339]] - [[1338]] - [[1337]] - [[1336]] - [[1335]] - [[AD 1334|1334]] - [[1333]] - [[1332]] - [[1331]] :[[1330]] - [[1329]] - [[1328]] - [[1327]] - [[AD 1326|1326]] - [[1325]] - [[1324]] - [[1323]] - [[1322]] - [[1321]] :[[1320]] - [[1319]] - [[1318]] - [[1317]] - [[1316]] - [[1315]] - [[1314]] - [[AD 1313|1313]] - [[1312]] - [[1311]] :[[1310]] - [[1309]] - [[1308]] - [[1307]] - [[1306]] - [[1305]] - [[1304]] - [[AD 1303|1303]] - [[1302]] - [[1301]] === [[Ngwagakolo 13]] === :[[1300]] - [[1299]] - [[1298]] - [[AD 1297|1297]] - [[1296]] - [[1295]] - [[1294]] - [[1293]] - [[1292]] - [[1291]] :[[1290]] - [[1289]] - [[1288]] - [[1287]] - [[1286]] - [[1285]] - [[AD 1284|1284]] - [[1283]] - [[1282]] - [[1281]] :[[1280]] - [[1279]] - [[1278]] - [[1277]] - [[1276]] - [[1275]] - [[1274]] - [[AD 1273|1273]] - [[1272]] - [[1271]] :[[1270]] - [[1269]] - [[1268]] - [[1267]] - [[1266]] - [[1265]] - [[1264]] - [[1263]] - [[1262]] - [[1261]] :[[1260]] - [[1259]] - [[1258]] - [[1257]] - [[1256]] - [[1255]] - [[1254]] - [[1253]] - [[AD 1252|1252]] - [[1251]] :[[1250]] - [[1249]] - [[1248]] - [[1247]] - [[1246]] - [[1245]] - [[1244]] - [[1243]] - [[AD 1242|1242]] - [[1241]] :[[AD 1240|1240]] - [[1239]] - [[1238]] - [[1237]] - [[1236]] - [[1235]] - [[1234]] - [[1233]] - [[1232]] - [[1231]] :[[1230]] - [[1229]] - [[1228]] - [[1227]] - [[1226]] - [[1225]] - [[1224]] - [[1223]] - [[1222]] - [[1221]] :[[1220]] - [[1219]] - [[1218]] - [[1217]] - [[1216]] - [[1215]] - [[1214]] - [[1213]] - [[1212]] - [[1211]] :[[1210]] - [[1209]] - [[1208]] - [[1207]] - [[1206]] - [[1205]] - [[1204]] - [[1203]] - [[1202]] - [[1201]] === [[Ngwagakolo 12]] === :[[1200]] - [[1199]] - [[1198]] - [[1197]] - [[1196]] - [[1195]] - [[1194]] - [[1193]] - [[1192]] - [[1191]] :[[1190]] - [[1189]] - [[1188]] - [[1187]] - [[1186]] - [[1185]] - [[1184]] - [[1183]] - [[1182]] - [[1181]] :[[1180]] - [[1179]] - [[1178]] - [[1177]] - [[1176]] - [[1175]] - [[1174]] - [[1173]] - [[1172]] - [[1171]] :[[1170]] - [[1169]] - [[1168]] - [[1167]] - [[1166]] - [[1165]] - [[1164]] - [[1163]] - [[1162]] - [[1161]] :[[1160]] - [[AD 1159|1159]] - [[AD 1158|1158]] - [[AD 1157|1157]] - [[AD 1156|1156]] - [[AD 1155|1155]] - [[AD 1154|1154]] - [[AD 1153|1153]] - [[AD 1152|1152]] - [[AD 1151|1151]] :[[1150]] - [[1149]] - [[1148]] - [[1147]] - [[1146]] - [[1145]] - [[1144]] - [[1143]] - [[1142]] - [[AD 1141|1141]] :[[1140]] - [[1139]] - [[AD 1138|1138]] - [[1137]] - [[1136]] - [[1135]] - [[1134]] - [[1133]] - [[1132]] - [[1131]] :[[1130]] - [[1129]] - [[1128]] - [[AD 1127|1127]] - [[1126]] - [[1125]] - [[1124]] - [[1123]] - [[1122]] - [[1121]] :[[1120]] - [[AD 1119|1119]] - [[1118]] - [[1117]] - [[1116]] - [[1115]] - [[1114]] - [[1113]] - [[1112]] - [[1111]] :[[1110]] - [[1109]] - [[AD 1108|1108]] - [[1107]] - [[1106]] - [[1105]] - [[1104]] - [[1103]] - [[1102]] - [[1101]] === [[Ngwagakolo 11]] === :[[1100]] - [[1099]] - [[1098]] - [[1097]] - [[1096]] - [[1095]] - [[1094]] - [[1093]] - [[AD 1092|1092]] - [[1091]] :[[1090]] - [[1089]] - [[1088]] - [[AD 1087|1087]] - [[1086]] - [[1085]] - [[1084]] - [[1083]] - [[1082]] - [[1081]] :[[AD 1080|1080]] - [[1079]] - [[1078]] - [[1077]] - [[1076]] - [[1075]] - [[AD 1074|1074]] - [[1073]] - [[1072]] - [[1071]] :[[1070]] - [[1069]] - [[1068]] - [[1067]] - [[1066]] - [[1065]] - [[AD 1064|1064]] - [[1063]] - [[1062]] - [[1061]] :[[1060]] - [[1059]] - [[1058]] - [[1057]] - [[1056]] - [[1055]] - [[1054]] - [[AD 1053|1053]] - [[1052]] - [[1051]] :[[1050]] - [[AD 1049|1049]] - [[1048]] - [[1047]] - [[1046]] - [[1045]] - [[1044]] - [[1043]] - [[1042]] - [[1041]] :[[1040]] - [[1039]] - [[1038]] - [[1037]] - [[1036]] - [[1035]] - [[1034]] - [[1033]] - [[AD 1032|1032]] - [[1031]] :[[1030]] - [[1029]] - [[1028]] - [[1027]] - [[1026]] - [[1025]] - [[1024]] - [[AD 1023|1023]] - [[1022]] - [[1021]] :[[1020]] - [[1019]] - [[1018]] - [[1017]] - [[1016]] - [[1015]] - [[1014]] - [[1013]] - [[AD 1012|1012]] - [[1011]] :[[1010]] - [[1009]] - [[1008]] - [[1007]] - [[1006]] - [[1005]] - [[1004]] - [[AD 1003|1003]] - [[1002]] - [[1001]] == [[Ngwagakete 1]] == === [[Ngwagakolo 10]] === :[[1000]] - [[999]] - [[998]] - [[997]] - [[996]] - [[995]] - [[994]] - [[993]] - [[992]] - [[AD 991|991]] :[[990]] - [[989]] - [[988]] - [[987]] - [[986]] - [[985]] - [[AD 984|984]] - [[983]] - [[982]] - [[981]] :[[980]] - [[979]] - [[978]] - [[977]] - [[976]] - [[975]] - [[974]] - [[973]] - [[972]] - [[971]] :[[970]] - [[969]] - [[968]] - [[967]] - [[966]] - [[965]] - [[964]] - [[963]] - [[962]] - [[961]] :[[960]] - [[959]] - [[958]] - [[957]] - [[956]] - [[955]] - [[954]] - [[953]] - [[952]] - [[951]] :[[950]] - [[949]] - [[948]] - [[947]] - [[946]] - [[945]] - [[944]] - [[943]] - [[942]] - [[941]] :[[940]] - [[939]] - [[938]] - [[937]] - [[936]] - [[935]] - [[934]] - [[933]] - [[932]] - [[931]] :[[930]] - [[AD 929|929]] - [[928]] - [[927]] - [[926]] - [[925]] - [[924]] - [[923]] - [[922]] - [[921]] :[[920]] - [[919]] - [[918]] - [[917]] - [[916]] - [[915]] - [[914]] - [[913]] - [[912]] - [[911]] :[[910]] - [[909]] - [[AD 908|908]] - [[907]] - [[906]] - [[905]] - [[904]] - [[903]] - [[902]] - [[901]] === [[Ngwagakolo 9]] === :[[900]] - [[899]] - [[898]] - [[897]] - [[896]] - [[895]] - [[894]] - [[893]] - [[AD 892|892]] - [[891]] :[[890]] - [[889]] - [[888]] - [[887]] - [[886]] - [[885]] - [[884]] - [[883]] - [[882]] - [[881]] :[[880]] - [[879]] - [[878]] - [[877]] - [[876]] - [[875]] - [[874]] - [[873]] - [[872]] - [[871]] :[[870]] - [[869]] - [[868]] - [[867]] - [[866]] - [[865]] - [[864]] - [[863]] - [[862]] - [[861]] :[[860]] - [[859]] - [[858]] - [[857]] - [[856]] - [[855]] - [[854]] - [[853]] - [[852]] - [[851]] :[[850]] - [[849]] - [[848]] - [[847]] - [[846]] - [[845]] - [[844]] - [[843]] - [[842]] - [[841]] :[[840]] - [[839]] - [[838]] - [[837]] - [[836]] - [[835]] - [[834]] - [[833]] - [[832]] - [[831]] :[[830]] - [[829]] - [[828]] - [[827]] - [[826]] - [[825]] - [[824]] - [[823]] - [[822]] - [[821]] :[[820]] - [[819]] - [[818]] - [[817]] - [[816]] - [[815]] - [[814]] - [[813]] - [[812]] - [[811]] :[[810]] - [[809]] - [[808]] - [[807]] - [[806]] - [[805]] - [[804]] - [[803]] - [[802]] - [[801]] === [[Ngwagakolo 8]] === :[[800]] - [[799]] - [[798]] - [[797]] - [[796]] - [[795]] - [[794]] - [[793]] - [[792]] - [[791]] :[[790]] - [[789]] - [[788]] - [[787]] - [[786]] - [[785]] - [[784]] - [[783]] - [[782]] - [[781]] :[[780]] - [[779]] - [[778]] - [[777]] - [[776]] - [[775]] - [[774]] - [[773]] - [[772]] - [[771]] :[[770]] - [[769]] - [[768]] - [[767]] - [[766]] - [[765]] - [[764]] - [[763]] - [[762]] - [[761]] :[[760]] - [[759]] - [[758]] - [[757]] - [[756]] - [[755]] - [[754]] - [[753]] - [[752]] - [[751]] :[[750]] - [[749]] - [[748]] - [[747]] - [[746]] - [[745]] - [[744]] - [[743]] - [[742]] - [[741]] :[[740]] - [[739]] - [[738]] - [[737]] - [[736]] - [[735]] - [[734]] - [[733]] - [[732]] - [[731]] :[[730]] - [[729]] - [[728]] - [[727]] - [[726]] - 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[[329]] - [[328]] - [[327]] - [[326]] - [[325]] - [[324]] - [[323]] - [[322]] - [[321]] :[[320]] - [[319]] - [[318]] - [[317]] - [[316]] - [[315]] - [[314]] - [[313]] - [[312]] - [[311]] :[[310]] - [[309]] - [[308]] - [[307]] - [[306]] - [[305]] - [[304]] - [[303]] - [[302]] - [[301]] === [[Ngwagakolo 3]] === :[[300]] - [[299]] - [[298]] - [[297]] - [[296]] - [[295]] - [[294]] - [[293]] - [[292]] - [[291]] :[[290]] - [[289]] - [[288]] - [[287]] - [[286]] - [[285]] - [[284]] - [[283]] - [[282]] - [[281]] :[[280]] - [[279]] - [[278]] - [[277]] - [[276]] - [[275]] - [[274]] - [[273]] - [[272]] - [[271]] :[[270]] - [[269]] - [[268]] - [[267]] - [[266]] - [[265]] - [[264]] - [[263]] - [[262]] - [[261]] :[[260]] - [[259]] - [[258]] - [[257]] - [[256]] - [[255]] - [[254]] - [[253]] - [[252]] - [[251]] :[[250]] - [[249]] - [[248]] - [[247]] - [[246]] - [[245]] - [[244]] - [[243]] - [[242]] - [[241]] :[[240]] - [[239]] - [[238]] - [[237]] - [[236]] - [[235]] - [[234]] - [[233]] - [[232]] - [[231]] :[[230]] - [[229]] - [[228]] - [[227]] - [[226]] - [[225]] - [[224]] - [[223]] - [[222]] - [[221]] :[[220]] - [[219]] - [[218]] - [[217]] - [[216]] - [[215]] - [[214]] - [[213]] - [[212]] - [[211]] :[[210]] - [[209]] - [[208]] - [[207]] - [[206]] - [[205]] - [[204]] - [[203]] - [[202]] - [[201]] === [[Ngwagakolo 2]] === :[[200]] - [[199]] - [[198]] - [[197]] - [[196]] - [[195]] - [[194]] - [[193]] - [[192]] - [[191]] :[[190]] - [[189]] - [[188]] - [[187]] - [[186]] - [[185]] - [[184]] - [[183]] - [[182]] - [[181]] :[[180]] - [[179]] - [[178]] - [[177]] - [[176]] - [[175]] - [[174]] - [[173]] - [[172]] - [[171]] :[[170]] - [[169]] - [[168]] - [[167]] - [[166]] - [[165]] - [[164]] - [[163]] - [[162]] - [[161]] :[[160]] - [[159]] - [[158]] - [[157]] - [[156]] - [[155]] - [[154]] - [[153]] - [[152]] - [[151]] :[[150]] - [[149]] - [[148]] - [[147]] - [[146]] - [[145]] - [[144]] - [[143]] - [[142]] - [[141]] :[[140]] - [[139]] - [[138]] - [[137]] - [[136]] - [[135]] - [[134]] - [[133]] - [[132]] - [[131]] :[[130]] - [[129]] - [[128]] - [[127]] - [[126]] - [[125]] - [[124]] - [[123]] - [[122]] - [[121]] :[[120]] - [[119]] - [[118]] - [[117]] - [[116]] - [[115]] - [[114]] - [[113]] - [[112]] - [[111]] :[[110]] - [[109]] - [[108]] - [[107]] - [[106]] - [[105]] - [[104]] - [[103]] - [[102]] - [[101]] === [[Ngwagakolo 1]] === :[[100]] - [[99]] - [[98]] - [[97]] - [[96]] - [[95]] - [[94]] - [[93]] - [[92]] - [[91]] :[[90]] - [[89]] - [[88]] - [[87]] - [[86]] - [[85]] - [[84]] - [[83]] - [[82]] - [[81]] :[[80]] - [[79]] - [[78]] - [[77]] - [[76]] - [[75]] - [[74]] - [[73]] - [[72]] - [[71]] :[[70]] - [[69]] - [[68]] - [[67]] - [[66]] - [[65]] - [[64]] - [[63]] - [[62]] - [[61]] :[[60]] - [[59]] - [[58]] - [[57]] - [[56]] - [[55]] - [[54]] - [[53]] - [[52]] - [[51]] :[[50]] - [[49]] - [[48]] - [[47]] - [[46]] - [[45]] - [[44]] - [[43]] - [[42]] - [[41]] :[[40]] - [[39]] - [[38]] - [[37]] - [[36]] - [[35]] - [[34]] - [[33]] - [[32]] - [[31]] :[[30]] - [[29]] - [[28]] - [[27]] - [[26]] - [[25]] - [[24]] - [[23]] - [[22]] - [[21]] :[[20]] - [[19]] - [[18]] - [[17]] - [[16]] - [[15]] - [[14]] - [[13]] - [[12]] - [[11]] :[[10]] - [[9]] - [[8]] - [[7]] - [[6]] - [[5]] - [[4]] - [[3]] - [[2]] - [[1]] 7pouhnyo7gnovpv2t4s1oopt5j6s3we 49826 49825 2022-08-26T03:58:20Z 115.178.227.49 wikitext text/x-wiki Letlakala le le laetša '''[[Ngwaga|mengwaga]]'''. <!--Each year is annotated with a significant event as a reference point.--> {{TOC right}} == [[Ngwagakete 3]] == === [[Ngwagakolo 21]] === :2100 - 2099 - 2098 - 2097 - 2096 - 2095 - 2094 - 2093 - 2092 - 2091 :2090 - 2089 - 2088 - 2087 - 2086 - 2085 - 2084 - 2083 - 2082 - 2081 :2080 - 2079 - 2078 - 2077 - 2076 - 2075 - 2074 - 2073 - 2072 - 2071 :2070 - [[2069]] - [[2068]] - [[2067]] - [[2066]] - [[2065]] - [[2064]] - [[2063]] - [[2062]] - [[2061]] :[[2060]] - [[2059]] - [[2058]] - [[2057]] - [[2056]] - [[2055]] - [[2054]] - [[2053]] - [[2052]] - [[2051]] :[[2050]] - [[2049]] - [[2048]] - [[2047]] - [[2046]] - [[2045]] - [[2044]] - [[2043]] - [[2042]] - [[2041]] :[[2040]] - [[2039]] - [[2038]] - [[2037]] - [[2036]] - [[2035]] - [[2034]] - [[2033]] - [[2032]] - [[2031]] :[[2030]] - [[2029]] - [[2028]] - [[2027]] - [[2026]] - [[2025]] - [[2024]] - [[2023]] - '''[[2022]]''' - [[2021]] :[[2020]] - [[2019]] - [[2018]] - [[2017]] - [[2016]] - [[2015]] - [[2014]] - [[2013]] - [[2012]] - [[2011]] :[[2010]] - [[2009]] - [[2008]] - [[2007]] - [[2006]] - [[2005]] - [[2004]] - [[2003]] - [[2002]] - [[2001]] == [[Ngwagakete 2]] == === [[Ngwagakolo 20]] === :[[2000]] - [[1999]] - [[1998]] - [[1997]] - [[1996]] - [[1995]] - [[1994]] - [[1993]] - [[1992]] - [[1991]] :[[1990]] - [[1989]] - [[1988]] - [[1987]] - [[1986]] - [[1985]] - [[1984]] - [[1983]] - [[1982]] - [[1981]] :[[1980]] - [[1979]] - [[1978]] - [[1977]] - [[1976]] - [[1975]] - [[1974]] - [[1973]] - [[1972]] - [[1971]] :[[1970]] - [[1969]] - [[1968]] - [[1967]] - [[1966]] - [[1965]] - [[1964]] - [[1963]] - [[1962]] - [[1961]] :[[1960]] - [[1959]] - [[1958]] - [[1957]] - [[1956]] - [[1955]] - [[1954]] - [[1953]] - [[1952]] - [[1951]] :[[1950]] - [[1949]] - [[1948]] - [[1947]] - [[1946]] - [[1945]] - [[1944]] - [[1943]] - [[1942]] - [[1941]] :[[1940]] - [[1939]] - [[1938]] - [[1937]] - [[1936]] - [[1935]] - [[1934]] - [[1933]] - [[1932]] - [[1931]] :[[1930]] - [[1929]] - [[1928]] - [[1927]] - [[1926]] - [[1925]] - [[1924]] - [[1923]] - [[1922]] - [[1921]] :[[1920]] - [[1919]] - [[1918]] - [[1917]] - [[1916]] - [[1915]] - [[1914]] - [[1913]] - [[1912]] - [[1911]] :[[1910]] - [[1909]] - [[1908]] - [[1907]] - [[1906]] - [[1905]] - [[1904]] - [[1903]] - [[1902]] - [[1901]] === [[Ngwagakolo 19]] === :[[1900]] - [[1899]] - [[1898]] - [[1897]] - [[1896]] - [[1895]] - [[1894]] - [[1893]] - [[1892]] - [[1891]] :[[1890]] - [[1889]] - [[1888]] - [[1887]] - [[1886]] - [[1885]] - [[1884]] - [[1883]] - [[1882]] - [[1881]] :[[1880]] - [[1879]] - [[1878]] - [[1877]] - [[1876]] - [[1875]] - [[1874]] - [[1873]] - [[1872]] - [[1871]] :[[1870]] - [[1869]] - [[1868]] - [[1867]] - [[1866]] - [[1865]] - [[1864]] - [[1863]] - [[1862]] - [[1861]] :[[1860]] - [[1859]] - [[1858]] - [[1857]] - [[1856]] - [[1855]] - [[1854]] - [[1853]] - [[1852]] - [[1851]] :[[1850]] - [[1849]] - [[1848]] - [[1847]] - [[1846]] - [[1845]] - [[1844]] - [[1843]] - [[1842]] - [[1841]] :[[1840]] - [[1839]] - [[1838]] - [[1837]] - [[1836]] - [[1835]] - [[1834]] - [[1833]] - [[1832]] - [[1831]] :[[1830]] - [[1829]] - [[1828]] - [[1827]] - [[1826]] - [[1825]] - [[1824]] - [[1823]] - [[1822]] - [[1821]] :[[1820]] - [[1819]] - [[1818]] - [[1817]] - [[1816]] - [[1815]] - [[1814]] - [[1813]] - [[1812]] - [[1811]] :[[1810]] - [[1809]] - [[1808]] - [[1807]] - [[1806]] - [[1805]] - [[1804]] - [[1803]] - [[1802]] - [[1801]] === [[Ngwagakolo 18]] === :[[1800]] - [[1799]] - [[1798]] - [[1797]] - [[1796]] - [[1795]] - [[1794]] - [[1793]] - [[1792]] - [[1791]] :[[1790]] - [[1789]] - [[1788]] - [[1787]] - [[1786]] - [[1785]] - [[1784]] - [[1783]] - [[1782]] - [[1781]] :[[1780]] - [[1779]] - [[1778]] - [[1777]] - [[1776]] - [[1775]] - [[1774]] - [[1773]] - [[1772]] - [[1771]] :[[1770]] - [[1769]] - [[1768]] - [[1767]] - [[1766]] - [[1765]] - [[1764]] - [[1763]] - [[1762]] - [[1761]] :[[1760]] - [[1759]] - [[1758]] - [[1757]] - [[1756]] - [[1755]] - [[1754]] - [[1753]] - [[1752]] - [[1751]] :[[1750]] - [[1749]] - [[1748]] - [[1747]] - [[1746]] - [[1745]] - [[1744]] - [[1743]] - [[1742]] - [[1741]] :[[1740]] - [[1739]] - [[1738]] - [[1737]] - [[1736]] - [[1735]] - [[1734]] - [[1733]] - [[1732]] - [[1731]] :[[1730]] - [[1729]] - [[1728]] - [[1727]] - [[1726]] - [[1725]] - [[1724]] - [[1723]] - [[1722]] - [[1721]] :[[1720]] - [[1719]] - [[1718]] - [[1717]] - [[1716]] - [[1715]] - [[1714]] - [[1713]] - [[1712]] - [[1711]] :[[1710]] - [[1709]] - [[1708]] - [[1707]] - [[1706]] - [[1705]] - [[1704]] - [[1703]] - [[1702]] - [[1701]] === [[Ngwagakolo 17]] === :[[1700]] - [[1699]] - [[1698]] - [[1697]] - [[1696]] - [[1695]] - [[1694]] - [[1693]] - [[1692]] - [[1691]] :[[1690]] - [[1689]] - [[1688]] - [[1687]] - [[1686]] - [[1685]] - [[1684]] - [[1683]] - [[1682]] - [[1681]] :[[1680]] - [[1679]] - [[1678]] - [[1677]] - [[1676]] - [[1675]] - [[1674]] - [[1673]] - [[1672]] - [[1671]] :[[1670]] - [[1669]] - [[1668]] - [[1667]] - [[1666]] - [[1665]] - [[1664]] - [[1663]] - [[1662]] - [[1661]] :[[1660]] - [[1659]] - [[1658]] - [[1657]] - [[1656]] - [[1655]] - [[1654]] - [[1653]] - [[1652]] - [[1651]] :[[1650]] - [[1649]] - [[1648]] - [[1647]] - [[1646]] - [[1645]] - [[1644]] - [[1643]] - [[1642]] - [[1641]] :[[1640]] - [[1639]] - [[1638]] - [[1637]] - [[1636]] - [[1635]] - [[1634]] - [[1633]] - [[1632]] - [[1631]] :[[1630]] - [[1629]] - [[1628]] - [[1627]] - [[1626]] - [[1625]] - [[1624]] - [[1623]] - [[1622]] - [[1621]] :[[1620]] - [[1619]] - [[1618]] - [[1617]] - [[1616]] - [[1615]] - [[1614]] - [[1613]] - [[1612]] - [[1611]] :[[1610]] - [[1609]] - [[1608]] - [[1607]] - [[1606]] - [[1605]] - [[1604]] - [[1603]] - [[1602]] - [[1601]] === [[Ngwagakolo 16]] === :[[1600]] - [[1599]] - [[1598]] - [[1597]] - [[1596]] - [[1595]] - [[1594]] - [[1593]] - [[1592]] - [[1591]] :[[1590]] - [[1589]] - [[1588]] - [[AD 1587|1587]] - [[1586]] - [[1585]] - [[1584]] - [[1583]] - [[1582]] - [[1581]] :[[1580]] - [[1579]] - [[1578]] - [[1577]] - [[1576]] - [[1575]] - [[1574]] - [[1573]] - [[1572]] - [[1571]] :[[1570]] - [[1569]] - [[1568]] - [[1567]] - [[1566]] - [[1565]] - [[1564]] - [[1563]] - [[1562]] - [[1561]] :[[1560]] - [[1559]] - [[1558]] - [[1557]] - [[1556]] - [[1555]] - [[1554]] - [[1553]] - [[1552]] - [[1551]] :[[1550]] - [[1549]] - [[1548]] - [[1547]] - [[1546]] - [[1545]] - [[1544]] - [[1543]] - [[1542]] - [[1541]] :[[1540]] - [[1539]] - [[1538]] - [[1537]] - [[1536]] - [[1535]] - [[1534]] - [[1533]] - [[1532]] - [[1531]] :[[1530]] - [[1529]] - [[1528]] - [[1527]] - [[1526]] - [[1525]] - [[1524]] - [[1523]] - [[1522]] - [[1521]] :[[1520]] - [[1519]] - [[1518]] - [[1517]] - [[1516]] - [[1515]] - [[1514]] - [[1513]] - [[1512]] - [[1511]] :[[1510]] - [[1509]] - [[1508]] - [[1507]] - [[1506]] - [[1505]] - [[1504]] - [[1503]] - [[1502]] - [[1501]] === [[Ngwagakolo 15]] === :[[1500]] - [[1499]] - [[1498]] - [[1497]] - [[1496]] - [[1495]] - [[1494]] - [[1493]] - [[1492]] - [[AD 1491|1491]] :[[1490]] - [[1489]] - [[1488]] - [[1487]] - [[1486]] - [[1485]] - [[AD 1484|1484]] - [[1483]] - [[1482]] - [[1481]] :[[1480]] - [[1479]] - [[1478]] - [[1477]] - [[1476]] - [[1475]] - [[1474]] - [[1473]] - [[1472]] - [[1471]] :[[1470]] - [[1469]] - [[1468]] - [[1467]] - [[1466]] - [[1465]] - [[1464]] - [[1463]] - [[1462]] - [[1461]] :[[1460]] - [[1459]] - [[1458]] - [[1457]] - [[1456]] - [[1455]] - [[1454]] - [[1453]] - [[1452]] - [[1451]] :[[1450]] - [[1449]] - [[1448]] - [[1447]] - [[1446]] - [[1445]] - [[1444]] - [[1443]] - [[AD 1442|1442]] - [[1441]] :[[1440]] - [[1439]] - [[1438]] - [[1437]] - [[1436]] - [[1435]] - [[1434]] - [[AD 1433|1433]] - [[1432]] - [[1431]] :[[1430]] - [[1429]] - [[1428]] - [[AD 1427|1427]] - [[1426]] - [[1425]] - [[1424]] - [[1423]] - [[1422]] - [[1421]] :[[1420]] - [[1419]] - [[AD 1418|1418]] - [[1417]] - [[1416]] - [[1415]] - [[1414]] - [[1413]] - [[1412]] - [[1411]] :[[1410]] - [[1409]] - [[1408]] - [[1407]] - [[1406]] - [[1405]] - [[1404]] - [[1403]] - [[1402]] - [[AD 1401|1401]] === [[Ngwagakolo 14]] === :[[1400]] - [[1399]] - [[1398]] - [[1397]] - [[1396]] - [[1395]] - [[1394]] - [[1393]] - [[AD 1392|1392]] - [[1391]] :[[1390]] - [[1389]] - [[1388]] - [[1387]] - [[1386]] - [[1385]] - [[1384]] - [[1383]] - [[AD 1382|1382]] - [[1381]] :[[1380]] - [[1379]] - [[1378]] - [[1377]] - [[1376]] - [[1375]] - [[1374]] - [[1373]] - [[AD 1372|1372]] - [[1371]] :[[1370]] - [[1369]] - [[1368]] - [[1367]] - [[1366]] - [[1365]] - [[1364]] - [[1363]] - [[AD 1362|1362]] - [[1361]] :[[1360]] - [[1359]] - [[1358]] - [[1357]] - [[1356]] - [[AD 1355|1355]] - [[1354]] - [[1353]] - [[1352]] - [[1351]] :[[1350]] - [[1349]] - [[1348]] - [[1347]] - [[1346]] - [[AD 1345|1345]] - [[1344]] - [[1343]] - [[1342]] - [[1341]] :[[1340]] - [[1339]] - [[1338]] - [[1337]] - [[1336]] - [[1335]] - [[AD 1334|1334]] - [[1333]] - [[1332]] - [[1331]] :[[1330]] - [[1329]] - [[1328]] - [[1327]] - [[AD 1326|1326]] - [[1325]] - [[1324]] - [[1323]] - [[1322]] - [[1321]] :[[1320]] - [[1319]] - [[1318]] - [[1317]] - [[1316]] - [[1315]] - [[1314]] - [[AD 1313|1313]] - [[1312]] - [[1311]] :[[1310]] - [[1309]] - [[1308]] - [[1307]] - [[1306]] - [[1305]] - [[1304]] - [[AD 1303|1303]] - [[1302]] - [[1301]] === [[Ngwagakolo 13]] === :[[1300]] - [[1299]] - [[1298]] - [[AD 1297|1297]] - [[1296]] - [[1295]] - [[1294]] - [[1293]] - [[1292]] - [[1291]] :[[1290]] - [[1289]] - [[1288]] - [[1287]] - [[1286]] - [[1285]] - [[AD 1284|1284]] - [[1283]] - [[1282]] - [[1281]] :[[1280]] - [[1279]] - [[1278]] - [[1277]] - [[1276]] - [[1275]] - [[1274]] - [[AD 1273|1273]] - [[1272]] - [[1271]] :[[1270]] - [[1269]] - [[1268]] - [[1267]] - [[1266]] - [[1265]] - [[1264]] - [[1263]] - [[1262]] - [[1261]] :[[1260]] - [[1259]] - [[1258]] - [[1257]] - [[1256]] - [[1255]] - [[1254]] - [[1253]] - [[AD 1252|1252]] - [[1251]] :[[1250]] - [[1249]] - [[1248]] - [[1247]] - [[1246]] - [[1245]] - [[1244]] - [[1243]] - [[AD 1242|1242]] - [[1241]] :[[AD 1240|1240]] - [[1239]] - [[1238]] - [[1237]] - [[1236]] - [[1235]] - [[1234]] - [[1233]] - [[1232]] - [[1231]] :[[1230]] - [[1229]] - [[1228]] - [[1227]] - [[1226]] - [[1225]] - [[1224]] - [[1223]] - [[1222]] - [[1221]] :[[1220]] - [[1219]] - [[1218]] - [[1217]] - [[1216]] - [[1215]] - [[1214]] - [[1213]] - [[1212]] - [[1211]] :[[1210]] - [[1209]] - [[1208]] - [[1207]] - [[1206]] - [[1205]] - [[1204]] - [[1203]] - [[1202]] - [[1201]] === [[Ngwagakolo 12]] === :[[1200]] - [[1199]] - [[1198]] - [[1197]] - [[1196]] - [[1195]] - [[1194]] - [[1193]] - [[1192]] - [[1191]] :[[1190]] - [[1189]] - [[1188]] - [[1187]] - [[1186]] - [[1185]] - [[1184]] - [[1183]] - [[1182]] - [[1181]] :[[1180]] - [[1179]] - [[1178]] - [[1177]] - [[1176]] - [[1175]] - [[1174]] - [[1173]] - [[1172]] - [[1171]] :[[1170]] - [[1169]] - [[1168]] - [[1167]] - [[1166]] - [[1165]] - [[1164]] - [[1163]] - [[1162]] - [[1161]] :[[1160]] - [[AD 1159|1159]] - [[AD 1158|1158]] - [[AD 1157|1157]] - [[AD 1156|1156]] - [[AD 1155|1155]] - [[AD 1154|1154]] - [[AD 1153|1153]] - [[AD 1152|1152]] - [[AD 1151|1151]] :[[1150]] - [[1149]] - [[1148]] - [[1147]] - [[1146]] - [[1145]] - [[1144]] - [[1143]] - [[1142]] - [[AD 1141|1141]] :[[1140]] - [[1139]] - [[AD 1138|1138]] - [[1137]] - [[1136]] - [[1135]] - [[1134]] - [[1133]] - [[1132]] - [[1131]] :[[1130]] - [[1129]] - [[1128]] - [[AD 1127|1127]] - [[1126]] - [[1125]] - [[1124]] - [[1123]] - [[1122]] - [[1121]] :[[1120]] - [[AD 1119|1119]] - [[1118]] - [[1117]] - [[1116]] - [[1115]] - [[1114]] - [[1113]] - [[1112]] - [[1111]] :[[1110]] - [[1109]] - [[AD 1108|1108]] - [[1107]] - [[1106]] - [[1105]] - [[1104]] - [[1103]] - [[1102]] - [[1101]] === [[Ngwagakolo 11]] === :[[1100]] - [[1099]] - [[1098]] - [[1097]] - [[1096]] - [[1095]] - [[1094]] - [[1093]] - [[AD 1092|1092]] - [[1091]] :[[1090]] - [[1089]] - [[1088]] - [[AD 1087|1087]] - [[1086]] - [[1085]] - [[1084]] - [[1083]] - [[1082]] - [[1081]] :[[AD 1080|1080]] - [[1079]] - [[1078]] - [[1077]] - [[1076]] - [[1075]] - [[AD 1074|1074]] - [[1073]] - [[1072]] - [[1071]] :[[1070]] - [[1069]] - [[1068]] - [[1067]] - [[1066]] - [[1065]] - [[AD 1064|1064]] - [[1063]] - [[1062]] - [[1061]] :[[1060]] - [[1059]] - [[1058]] - [[1057]] - [[1056]] - [[1055]] - [[1054]] - [[AD 1053|1053]] - [[1052]] - [[1051]] :[[1050]] - [[AD 1049|1049]] - [[1048]] - [[1047]] - [[1046]] - [[1045]] - [[1044]] - [[1043]] - [[1042]] - [[1041]] :[[1040]] - [[1039]] - [[1038]] - [[1037]] - [[1036]] - [[1035]] - [[1034]] - [[1033]] - [[AD 1032|1032]] - [[1031]] :[[1030]] - [[1029]] - [[1028]] - [[1027]] - [[1026]] - [[1025]] - [[1024]] - [[AD 1023|1023]] - [[1022]] - [[1021]] :[[1020]] - [[1019]] - [[1018]] - [[1017]] - [[1016]] - [[1015]] - [[1014]] - [[1013]] - [[AD 1012|1012]] - [[1011]] :[[1010]] - [[1009]] - [[1008]] - [[1007]] - [[1006]] - [[1005]] - [[1004]] - [[AD 1003|1003]] - [[1002]] - [[1001]] == [[Ngwagakete 1]] == === [[Ngwagakolo 10]] === :[[1000]] - [[999]] - [[998]] - [[997]] - [[996]] - [[995]] - [[994]] - [[993]] - [[992]] - [[991]] :[[990]] - [[989]] - [[988]] - [[987]] - [[986]] - [[985]] - [[AD 984|984]] - [[983]] - [[982]] - [[981]] :[[980]] - [[979]] - [[978]] - [[977]] - [[976]] - [[975]] - [[974]] - [[973]] - [[972]] - [[971]] :[[970]] - [[969]] - [[968]] - [[967]] - [[966]] - [[965]] - [[964]] - [[963]] - [[962]] - [[961]] :[[960]] - [[959]] - [[958]] - [[957]] - [[956]] - [[955]] - [[954]] - [[953]] - [[952]] - [[951]] :[[950]] - [[949]] - [[948]] - [[947]] - [[946]] - [[945]] - [[944]] - [[943]] - [[942]] - [[941]] :[[940]] - [[939]] - [[938]] - [[937]] - [[936]] - [[935]] - [[934]] - [[933]] - [[932]] - [[931]] :[[930]] - [[AD 929|929]] - [[928]] - [[927]] - [[926]] - [[925]] - [[924]] - [[923]] - [[922]] - [[921]] :[[920]] - [[919]] - [[918]] - [[917]] - [[916]] - [[915]] - [[914]] - [[913]] - [[912]] - [[911]] :[[910]] - [[909]] - [[AD 908|908]] - [[907]] - [[906]] - [[905]] - [[904]] - [[903]] - [[902]] - [[901]] === [[Ngwagakolo 9]] === :[[900]] - [[899]] - [[898]] - [[897]] - [[896]] - [[895]] - [[894]] - [[893]] - [[AD 892|892]] - [[891]] :[[890]] - [[889]] - [[888]] - [[887]] - [[886]] - [[885]] - [[884]] - [[883]] - [[882]] - [[881]] :[[880]] - [[879]] - [[878]] - [[877]] - [[876]] - [[875]] - [[874]] - [[873]] - [[872]] - [[871]] :[[870]] - [[869]] - [[868]] - [[867]] - [[866]] - [[865]] - [[864]] - [[863]] - [[862]] - [[861]] :[[860]] - [[859]] - [[858]] - [[857]] - [[856]] - [[855]] - [[854]] - [[853]] - [[852]] - [[851]] :[[850]] - [[849]] - [[848]] - [[847]] - [[846]] - [[845]] - [[844]] - [[843]] - [[842]] - [[841]] :[[840]] - [[839]] - [[838]] - [[837]] - [[836]] - [[835]] - [[834]] - [[833]] - [[832]] - [[831]] :[[830]] - [[829]] - [[828]] - [[827]] - [[826]] - [[825]] - [[824]] - [[823]] - [[822]] - [[821]] :[[820]] - [[819]] - [[818]] - [[817]] - [[816]] - [[815]] - [[814]] - [[813]] - [[812]] - [[811]] :[[810]] - [[809]] - [[808]] - [[807]] - [[806]] - [[805]] - [[804]] - [[803]] - [[802]] - [[801]] === [[Ngwagakolo 8]] === :[[800]] - [[799]] - [[798]] - [[797]] - [[796]] - [[795]] - [[794]] - [[793]] - [[792]] - [[791]] :[[790]] - [[789]] - [[788]] - [[787]] - [[786]] - [[785]] - [[784]] - [[783]] - [[782]] - [[781]] :[[780]] - [[779]] - [[778]] - [[777]] - [[776]] - [[775]] - [[774]] - [[773]] - [[772]] - [[771]] :[[770]] - [[769]] - [[768]] - [[767]] - [[766]] - [[765]] - [[764]] - [[763]] - [[762]] - [[761]] :[[760]] - [[759]] - [[758]] - [[757]] - [[756]] - [[755]] - [[754]] - [[753]] - [[752]] - [[751]] :[[750]] - [[AD 749|749]] - [[748]] - [[747]] - [[746]] - [[745]] - [[744]] - [[743]] - [[742]] - [[741]] :[[740]] - [[739]] - [[738]] - [[737]] - [[736]] - [[735]] - [[734]] - [[733]] - [[732]] - [[731]] :[[730]] - [[729]] - [[728]] - [[727]] - [[726]] - [[725]] - [[724]] - [[723]] - [[722]] - [[721]] :[[720]] - [[719]] - [[718]] - [[717]] - [[716]] - [[715]] - [[714]] - [[713]] - [[712]] - [[711]] :[[710]] - [[709]] - [[708]] - [[707]] - [[706]] - [[705]] - [[704]] - [[703]] - [[702]] - [[701]] === [[Ngwagakolo 7]] === :[[700]] - [[699]] - [[698]] - [[697]] - [[696]] - [[695]] - [[694]] - [[693]] - [[692]] - [[691]] :[[690]] - [[689]] - [[688]] - [[687]] - [[686]] - [[685]] - [[684]] - [[683]] - [[682]] - [[681]] :[[680]] - [[679]] - [[678]] - [[677]] - [[676]] - [[675]] - [[674]] - [[673]] - [[672]] - [[671]] :[[670]] - [[669]] - [[668]] - [[667]] - [[666]] - [[665]] - [[664]] - [[663]] - [[662]] - [[661]] :[[660]] - [[659]] - [[658]] - [[657]] - [[656]] - [[655]] - [[654]] - [[653]] - [[652]] - [[651]] :[[650]] - [[649]] - [[648]] - [[647]] - [[646]] - [[645]] - [[644]] - [[643]] - [[642]] - [[641]] :[[640]] - [[639]] - [[638]] - [[637]] - [[636]] - [[635]] - [[634]] - [[633]] - [[632]] - [[631]] :[[630]] - [[629]] - [[628]] - [[627]] - [[626]] - [[625]] - [[624]] - [[623]] - [[622]] - [[621]] :[[620]] - [[619]] - [[618]] - [[617]] - [[616]] - [[615]] - [[614]] - [[613]] - [[612]] - [[611]] :[[610]] - [[609]] - [[608]] - [[607]] - [[606]] - [[605]] - [[604]] - [[603]] - [[602]] - [[601]] === [[Ngwagakolo 6]] === :[[600]] - [[599]] - [[598]] - [[597]] - [[596]] - [[595]] - [[594]] - [[593]] - [[592]] - [[591]] :[[590]] - [[589]] - [[588]] - [[587]] - [[586]] - [[585]] - [[584]] - [[583]] - [[582]] - [[581]] :[[580]] - [[579]] - [[578]] - [[577]] - [[576]] - [[575]] - [[574]] - [[573]] - [[572]] - [[571]] :[[570]] - [[569]] - [[568]] - [[567]] - [[566]] - [[565]] - [[564]] - [[563]] - [[562]] - [[561]] :[[560]] - [[559]] - [[558]] - [[557]] - [[556]] - [[555]] - [[554]] - [[553]] - [[552]] - [[551]] :[[550]] - [[549]] - [[548]] - [[547]] - [[546]] - [[545]] - [[544]] - [[543]] - [[542]] - [[541]] :[[540]] - [[539]] - [[538]] - [[537]] - [[536]] - [[535]] - [[534]] - [[533]] - [[532]] - [[531]] :[[530]] - [[529]] - [[528]] - [[527]] - [[526]] - [[525]] - [[524]] - [[523]] - [[522]] - [[521]] :[[520]] - [[519]] - [[518]] - [[517]] - [[516]] - [[515]] - [[514]] - [[513]] - [[512]] - [[511]] :[[510]] - [[509]] - [[508]] - [[507]] - [[506]] - [[505]] - [[504]] - [[503]] - [[502]] - [[501]] === [[Ngwagakolo 5]] === :[[500]] - [[499]] - [[498]] - [[497]] - [[496]] - [[495]] - [[494]] - [[493]] - [[492]] - [[491]] :[[490]] - [[489]] - [[488]] - [[487]] - [[486]] - [[485]] - [[484]] - [[483]] - [[482]] - [[481]] :[[480]] - [[479]] - [[478]] - [[477]] - [[476]] - [[475]] - [[474]] - [[473]] - [[472]] - [[471]] :[[470]] - [[469]] - [[468]] - [[467]] - [[466]] - [[465]] - [[464]] - [[463]] - [[462]] - [[461]] :[[460]] - [[459]] - [[458]] - [[457]] - [[456]] - [[455]] - [[454]] - [[453]] - [[452]] - [[451]] :[[450]] - [[449]] - [[448]] - [[447]] - [[446]] - [[445]] - [[444]] - [[443]] - [[442]] - [[441]] :[[440]] - [[439]] - [[438]] - [[437]] - [[436]] - [[435]] - [[434]] - [[433]] - [[432]] - [[431]] :[[430]] - [[429]] - [[428]] - [[427]] - [[426]] - [[425]] - [[424]] - [[423]] - [[422]] - [[421]] :[[420]] - [[419]] - [[418]] - [[417]] - [[416]] - [[415]] - [[414]] - [[413]] - [[412]] - [[411]] :[[410]] - [[409]] - [[408]] - [[407]] - [[406]] - [[405]] - [[404]] - [[403]] - [[402]] - [[401]] === [[Ngwagakolo 4]] === :[[400]] - [[399]] - [[398]] - [[397]] - [[396]] - [[395]] - [[394]] - [[393]] - [[392]] - [[391]] :[[390]] - [[389]] - [[388]] - [[387]] - [[386]] - [[385]] - [[384]] - [[383]] - [[382]] - [[381]] :[[380]] - [[379]] - [[378]] - [[377]] - [[376]] - [[375]] - [[374]] - [[373]] - [[372]] - [[371]] :[[370]] - [[369]] - [[368]] - [[367]] - [[366]] - [[365]] - [[364]] - [[363]] - [[362]] - [[361]] :[[360]] - [[359]] - [[358]] - [[357]] - [[356]] - [[355]] - [[354]] - [[353]] - [[352]] - [[351]] :[[350]] - [[349]] - [[348]] - [[347]] - [[346]] - [[345]] - [[344]] - [[343]] - [[342]] - [[341]] :[[340]] - [[339]] - [[338]] - [[337]] - [[336]] - [[335]] - [[334]] - [[333]] - [[332]] - [[331]] :[[330]] - [[329]] - [[328]] - [[327]] - [[326]] - [[325]] - [[324]] - [[323]] - [[322]] - [[321]] :[[320]] - [[319]] - [[318]] - [[317]] - [[316]] - [[315]] - [[314]] - [[313]] - [[312]] - [[311]] :[[310]] - [[309]] - [[308]] - [[307]] - [[306]] - [[305]] - [[304]] - [[303]] - [[302]] - [[301]] === [[Ngwagakolo 3]] === :[[300]] - [[299]] - [[298]] - [[297]] - [[296]] - [[295]] - [[294]] - [[293]] - [[292]] - [[291]] :[[290]] - [[289]] - [[288]] - [[287]] - [[286]] - [[285]] - [[284]] - [[283]] - [[282]] - [[281]] :[[280]] - [[279]] - [[278]] - [[277]] - [[276]] - [[275]] - [[274]] - [[273]] - [[272]] - [[271]] :[[270]] - [[269]] - [[268]] - [[267]] - [[266]] - [[265]] - [[264]] - [[263]] - [[262]] - [[261]] :[[260]] - [[259]] - [[258]] - [[257]] - [[256]] - [[255]] - [[254]] - [[253]] - [[252]] - [[251]] :[[250]] - [[249]] - [[248]] - [[247]] - [[246]] - [[245]] - [[244]] - [[243]] - [[242]] - [[241]] :[[240]] - [[239]] - [[238]] - [[237]] - [[236]] - [[235]] - [[234]] - [[233]] - [[232]] - [[231]] :[[230]] - [[229]] - [[228]] - [[227]] - [[226]] - [[225]] - [[224]] - [[223]] - [[222]] - [[221]] :[[220]] - [[219]] - [[218]] - [[217]] - [[216]] - [[215]] - [[214]] - [[213]] - [[212]] - [[211]] :[[210]] - [[209]] - [[208]] - [[207]] - [[206]] - [[205]] - [[204]] - [[203]] - [[202]] - [[201]] === [[Ngwagakolo 2]] === :[[200]] - [[199]] - [[198]] - [[197]] - [[196]] - [[195]] - [[194]] - [[193]] - [[192]] - [[191]] :[[190]] - [[189]] - [[188]] - [[187]] - [[186]] - [[185]] - [[184]] - [[183]] - [[182]] - [[181]] :[[180]] - [[179]] - [[178]] - [[177]] - [[176]] - [[175]] - [[174]] - [[173]] - [[172]] - [[171]] :[[170]] - [[169]] - [[168]] - [[167]] - [[166]] - [[165]] - [[164]] - [[163]] - [[162]] - [[161]] :[[160]] - [[159]] - [[158]] - [[157]] - [[156]] - [[155]] - [[154]] - [[153]] - [[152]] - [[151]] :[[150]] - [[149]] - [[148]] - [[147]] - [[146]] - [[145]] - [[144]] - [[143]] - [[142]] - [[141]] :[[140]] - [[139]] - [[138]] - [[137]] - [[136]] - [[135]] - [[134]] - [[133]] - [[132]] - [[131]] :[[130]] - [[129]] - [[128]] - [[127]] - [[126]] - [[125]] - [[124]] - [[123]] - [[122]] - [[121]] :[[120]] - [[119]] - [[118]] - [[117]] - [[116]] - [[115]] - [[114]] - [[113]] - [[112]] - [[111]] :[[110]] - [[109]] - [[108]] - [[107]] - [[106]] - [[105]] - [[104]] - [[103]] - [[102]] - [[101]] === [[Ngwagakolo 1]] === :[[100]] - [[99]] - [[98]] - [[97]] - [[96]] - [[95]] - [[94]] - [[93]] - [[92]] - [[91]] :[[90]] - [[89]] - [[88]] - [[87]] - [[86]] - [[85]] - [[84]] - [[83]] - [[82]] - [[81]] :[[80]] - [[79]] - [[78]] - [[77]] - [[76]] - [[75]] - [[74]] - [[73]] - [[72]] - [[71]] :[[70]] - [[69]] - [[68]] - [[67]] - [[66]] - [[65]] - [[64]] - [[63]] - [[62]] - [[61]] :[[60]] - [[59]] - [[58]] - [[57]] - [[56]] - [[55]] - [[54]] - [[53]] - [[52]] - [[51]] :[[50]] - [[49]] - [[48]] - [[47]] - [[46]] - [[45]] - [[44]] - [[43]] - [[42]] - [[41]] :[[40]] - [[39]] - [[38]] - [[37]] - [[36]] - [[35]] - [[34]] - [[33]] - [[32]] - [[31]] :[[30]] - [[29]] - [[28]] - [[27]] - [[26]] - [[25]] - [[24]] - [[23]] - [[22]] - [[21]] :[[20]] - [[19]] - [[18]] - [[17]] - [[16]] - [[15]] - [[14]] - [[13]] - [[12]] - [[11]] :[[10]] - [[9]] - [[8]] - [[7]] - [[6]] - [[5]] - [[4]] - [[3]] - [[2]] - [[1]] 4nv5zjb1y4z1cuovhjh8ejb6siedqa6 49827 49826 2022-08-26T04:05:07Z 115.178.227.49 /* Ngwagakete 1 */ wikitext text/x-wiki Letlakala le le laetša '''[[Ngwaga|mengwaga]]'''. <!--Each year is annotated with a significant event as a reference point.--> {{TOC right}} == [[Ngwagakete 3]] == === [[Ngwagakolo 21]] === :2100 - 2099 - 2098 - 2097 - 2096 - 2095 - 2094 - 2093 - 2092 - 2091 :2090 - 2089 - 2088 - 2087 - 2086 - 2085 - 2084 - 2083 - 2082 - 2081 :2080 - 2079 - 2078 - 2077 - 2076 - 2075 - 2074 - 2073 - 2072 - 2071 :2070 - [[2069]] - [[2068]] - [[2067]] - [[2066]] - [[2065]] - [[2064]] - [[2063]] - [[2062]] - [[2061]] :[[2060]] - [[2059]] - [[2058]] - [[2057]] - [[2056]] - [[2055]] - [[2054]] - [[2053]] - [[2052]] - [[2051]] :[[2050]] - [[2049]] - [[2048]] - [[2047]] - [[2046]] - [[2045]] - [[2044]] - [[2043]] - [[2042]] - [[2041]] :[[2040]] - [[2039]] - [[2038]] - [[2037]] - [[2036]] - [[2035]] - [[2034]] - [[2033]] - [[2032]] - [[2031]] :[[2030]] - [[2029]] - [[2028]] - [[2027]] - [[2026]] - [[2025]] - [[2024]] - [[2023]] - '''[[2022]]''' - [[2021]] :[[2020]] - [[2019]] - [[2018]] - [[2017]] - [[2016]] - [[2015]] - [[2014]] - [[2013]] - [[2012]] - [[2011]] :[[2010]] - [[2009]] - [[2008]] - [[2007]] - [[2006]] - [[2005]] - [[2004]] - [[2003]] - [[2002]] - [[2001]] == [[Ngwagakete 2]] == === [[Ngwagakolo 20]] === :[[2000]] - [[1999]] - [[1998]] - [[1997]] - [[1996]] - [[1995]] - [[1994]] - [[1993]] - [[1992]] - [[1991]] :[[1990]] - [[1989]] - [[1988]] - [[1987]] - [[1986]] - [[1985]] - [[1984]] - [[1983]] - [[1982]] - [[1981]] :[[1980]] - [[1979]] - [[1978]] - [[1977]] - [[1976]] - [[1975]] - [[1974]] - [[1973]] - [[1972]] - [[1971]] :[[1970]] - [[1969]] - [[1968]] - [[1967]] - [[1966]] - [[1965]] - [[1964]] - [[1963]] - [[1962]] - [[1961]] :[[1960]] - [[1959]] - [[1958]] - [[1957]] - [[1956]] - [[1955]] - [[1954]] - [[1953]] - [[1952]] - [[1951]] :[[1950]] - [[1949]] - [[1948]] - [[1947]] - [[1946]] - [[1945]] - [[1944]] - [[1943]] - [[1942]] - [[1941]] :[[1940]] - [[1939]] - [[1938]] - [[1937]] - [[1936]] - [[1935]] - [[1934]] - [[1933]] - [[1932]] - [[1931]] :[[1930]] - [[1929]] - [[1928]] - [[1927]] - [[1926]] - [[1925]] - [[1924]] - [[1923]] - [[1922]] - [[1921]] :[[1920]] - [[1919]] - [[1918]] - [[1917]] - [[1916]] - [[1915]] - [[1914]] - [[1913]] - [[1912]] - [[1911]] :[[1910]] - [[1909]] - [[1908]] - 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[[1817]] - [[1816]] - [[1815]] - [[1814]] - [[1813]] - [[1812]] - [[1811]] :[[1810]] - [[1809]] - [[1808]] - [[1807]] - [[1806]] - [[1805]] - [[1804]] - [[1803]] - [[1802]] - [[1801]] === [[Ngwagakolo 18]] === :[[1800]] - [[1799]] - [[1798]] - [[1797]] - [[1796]] - [[1795]] - [[1794]] - [[1793]] - [[1792]] - [[1791]] :[[1790]] - [[1789]] - [[1788]] - [[1787]] - [[1786]] - [[1785]] - [[1784]] - [[1783]] - [[1782]] - [[1781]] :[[1780]] - [[1779]] - [[1778]] - [[1777]] - [[1776]] - [[1775]] - [[1774]] - [[1773]] - [[1772]] - [[1771]] :[[1770]] - [[1769]] - [[1768]] - [[1767]] - [[1766]] - [[1765]] - [[1764]] - [[1763]] - [[1762]] - [[1761]] :[[1760]] - [[1759]] - [[1758]] - [[1757]] - [[1756]] - [[1755]] - [[1754]] - [[1753]] - [[1752]] - [[1751]] :[[1750]] - [[1749]] - [[1748]] - [[1747]] - [[1746]] - [[1745]] - [[1744]] - [[1743]] - [[1742]] - [[1741]] :[[1740]] - [[1739]] - [[1738]] - [[1737]] - [[1736]] - [[1735]] - [[1734]] - [[1733]] - [[1732]] - [[1731]] :[[1730]] - [[1729]] - [[1728]] - 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[[56]] - [[55]] - [[54]] - [[53]] - [[52]] - [[51]] :[[50]] - [[49]] - [[48]] - [[47]] - [[46]] - [[45]] - [[44]] - [[43]] - [[42]] - [[41]] :[[40]] - [[39]] - [[38]] - [[37]] - [[36]] - [[35]] - [[34]] - [[33]] - [[32]] - [[31]] :[[30]] - [[29]] - [[28]] - [[27]] - [[26]] - [[25]] - [[24]] - [[23]] - [[22]] - [[21]] :[[20]] - [[19]] - [[18]] - [[17]] - [[16]] - [[15]] - [[14]] - [[13]] - [[12]] - [[11]] :[[10]] - [[9]] - [[8]] - [[7]] - [[6]] - [[5]] - [[4]] - [[3]] - [[2]] - [[1]] 9bgx1pkfws8cv09krwvvth42517zlgx 0 12312 49824 49189 2022-08-25T22:13:16Z InternetArchiveBot 5150 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Radipolotiki wa Afrika Borwa}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2022}} {{Use South African English|date=August 2012}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi | image = Geraldine Fraser-Moleketi - 7th Broadband Commission for Digital Development Meeting, Mexico City, Mexico.jpg | caption = | office = [[Ministry (government department)|Minister of Public Service and Administration]]| | term_start = 1999 | term_end = 2008 | predecessor = [[Zola Skweyiya]] | successor = [[Richard Baloyi]] | constituency = | majority = | office2 = [[Leloko la Palamente]] | term_start2 = 1994 | term_end2 = 2008 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | constituency2 = | majority2 = | office3 = Tona ya Boiketlo le Tlhabollo ya Baagi | term_start3 = 1996 | term_end3 = 1999 | predecessor3 = Patrick McKenzie | successor3 = Maemo a reeletšwe gape | constituency3 = | majority3 = | office4 = Motlatšatona wa Boiketlo le Tlhabollo ya Baagi | term_start4 = 1995 | term_end4 = 1996 | predecessor4 = | successor4 = | constituency4 = | majority4 = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1960|8|24}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[African National Congress]], [[South African Communist Party]] | relations = | spouse = | children = | residence = | occupation = | religion = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Geraldine Joslyn Fraser-Moleketi''' (o belegwe ka la 24 Phato 1960) ke Radipolotiki wa Afrika Borwa yo e bego e le Tona ya Tirelo ya Setšhaba le Taolo go tloga ka la 17 Mosegamanye 1999 go fihla ka la 25 Lewedi 2008. E bile gape leloko la Komitiphethiši ya Bosetšhaba ya [[African National Congress]] go fihla ka 2007. Ngwanešo ke Arthur Fraser yo ka Mosegamanye 2022 a ilego a bea ditatofatšo tša bosenyi kgahlanong le Mopresidente [[Cyril Ramaphosa]].<ref>https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/arthur-fraser-lays-criminal-charges-against-president-ramaphosa/ Arthur Fraser lays criminal charges against President Ramaphosa Retrieved 13 June 2022</ref> ==Ngwaga wa matswalo le wa mahlalagading== O belegwe ka [[Cape Town]] ka la 24 Phato 1960, e le yo mogolo go bana ba tshela ba Cynthia, mošomi wa feketori, le Arthur Fraser, morutiši yo a šomago dikolong tše di kgethegilego ka Peninsula ya Kapa. Fraser o feditše mengwaga ya gagwe ya go hlangwa le rakgadi wa gagwe wa mma yo a dulago setšhabeng se sennyane sa Klipfontein kgauswi le kampa ya go phatlalala ya bakhukhu ya Cape Town, Crossroads, Cape Town. Pono ya gagwe ka bophelo e ile ya bopša ke ditumelo tša rakgadi wa gagwe yo e bego e le mošomi yo mafolofolo wa mokgatlo wa bašomi. Dipolitiki di ile tša kgoma gape bophelo bja lapa la gagwe. Fraser o be a e-na le nywaga e seswai ge kgaetšedi ya mmagwe, yoo monna wa gagwe a bego a le mafolofolo Mokgatlong wa Botee bjo e sego bja Yuropa, a tloga nageng yeo go yo tšea bophelo bja bothopša. Ka nako yeo a fihlago go Standard 8 Fraser o be a hlagoletše temogo e tseneletšego ya dipolitiki. Mo nakong ye o tsene sekolo se se phagamego sa Livingstone. ==Thuto== Fraser-Moleketi o ile a dira marematlou go tšwa Sekolong se Segolo sa Livingstone kua Claremont, [[Cape Town]] seo se bego se na le histori ya go fa barutwana ba sona pono ye nngwe ka ga histori ya Afrika Borwa le merero ya dipolotiki tša leago. Mengwaga ya kgethologanyo ka dipeseng tša Motse Kapa, moo seripagare sa pese se bego se boloketšwe bašweu, le yona e be e loutše pono ya gagwe ya dipolotiki gomme Fraser o gopola dintwa le bana ba sekolo ba bašweu ka dipeseng tša masepala tšeo di bego di sepela go ya le go boa sekolong. Fraser o ile a tutuetšwa gape ke ditiragalo ka gare le go dikologa [[Cape Town]], go swana le go thuthupišwa ga mekhukhu ka bulldozer ka Crossroads mathomong a bo-1970, boipelaetšo bja sekolo bja 1976 le go ngala mošomo ga Fatti’s le Monis le boycott ya bareki. Kgateletšego ya semorafe magareng ga Ditšhaba tša Mebala le tša Maafrika tšeo di dulago mafelong a bodulo ao a bego a tšwelela le tšona di be di oketšega. Fraser o ile a gata mogato pele ka maiteko a go rarolla dikgateletšego tše. O na le Masters ya Taolo go tšwa go [[Yunibesithi ya Pretoria]]..<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20110130014018/http://www.whoswhosa.co.za/geraldine-fraser-moleketi-917 Geraldine Joslyn Fraser-Moleketi Retrieved 25 June 2011</ref> ==Mošomo wa dipolitiki== Ka 1980 ge a le ngwageng wa gagwe wa bobedi [[University of the Western Cape]], o ile a tloga Afrika Borwa go ya bothopša ka [[Zimbabwe]]. Fraser-Moleketi o ile a kgethwa go Komiti ya Bogare ya [[South African Communist Party]] ka 1988. O ile a boela Afrika Borwa ka Phupu 1990 ge Mokgatlo wa Bokomanisi o be o sa thibelwa gomme a thuša go hloma diofisi tša bona tša setšhaba. Ka morago ga go rola modiro ga Mopresidente [[Thabo Mbeki]] ka Lewedi 2008, Fraser-Moleketi e be e le yo mongwe wa matona a lesome ao a ilego a romela mangwalo a go rola modiro ka la 23 Lewedi, le ge e le gore ka morago go ile gwa tsebišwa gore a ka ba a ikemišeditše go dula a le mošomong wa gagwe.<ref>[http://www.int.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=6&art_id=nw20080923184406171C229697 "Confusion rattles markets"], Sapa (''IOL''), 23 September 2008.</ref> Se, le ge go le bjalo, ka morago se ile sa ganetša ke mmoleledi wa gagwe gomme a tšeelwa legato ke [[Richard Baloyi]] ka la 25 Lewedi. Kemal Dervis wa Lenaneo la Tlhabollo la Ditšhabakopano (UNDP) o tsebišitše ka go thwalwa ga Fraser-Moleketi bjalo ka Molaodi wa Taolo ya Temokrasi ka go Biro ya Pholisi ya Tlhabollo (BDP) ya UNDP. Fraser-Moleketi o tšere karolo ya gagwe ye mpsha ka la 2 Pherekgong 2009. ==Molekane wa monna== O nyetše [[Jabu Moleketi]] yo a kopanego le yena kampeng ya tlwaetšo ya sešole kua [[Lusaka]]. ==Ditšhupetšo== {{Reflist}} * "Who is Who in South African Politics," by [[Shelagh Gastrow]], 1995, Rovan Press, Johannesburg, {{Nelson Mandela cabinet 2}} {{Thabo Mbeki cabinet 2}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fraser-Moleketi, Geraldine}} 62tps3evkeeo6ypf15snk4zoo9maf3m 2 12530 49818 2022-08-25T20:17:36Z Ptpare 220 Tlhodile letlakala ka '{{Short description|Antelope of southwest and south Africa}} {{About|the antelope|the "Springboks"|South Africa national rugby union team|other uses}} {{Featured article}} {{Use British English|date=August 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} {{Speciesbox | name = Springbok | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Pleistocene|Recent}} | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Antidorcas marsupialis'' |author=IUCN SSC Antelope Special...' wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Antelope of southwest and south Africa}} {{About|the antelope|the "Springboks"|South Africa national rugby union team|other uses}} {{Featured article}} {{Use British English|date=August 2022}} {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}} {{Speciesbox | name = Springbok | fossil_range = {{fossil range|Pleistocene|Recent}} | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref =<ref>{{cite iucn |title=''Antidorcas marsupialis'' |author=IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group |year=2016 |page=e.T1676A115056763}}</ref> | image = Antidorcas marsupialis, male (Etosha, 2012).jpg | image_caption = Male at [[Etosha National Park]] | image_upright = 1.2 | genus = Antidorcas | species = marsupialis | authority = ([[Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann|Zimmermann]], 1780) | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = * ''A. m. angolensis'' {{small|(Blaine, 1922)}} * ''A. m. hofmeyri'' {{small|([[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1926)}} * ''A. m. marsupialis'' {{small|(Zimmermann, 1780)}} | display_parents = 2 | synonyms_ref = <ref name=Cain2004/> | synonyms = {{collapsible list|title=List |''Antidorcas euchore'' {{small|(Sundevall, 1847)}} |''Antilope dorsata'' {{small|([[François Marie Daudin|Daudin]], 1802)}} |''A. marsupialis'' {{small|(Zimmermann, 1780)}} |''A. saccata'' {{small|([[Pieter Boddaert|Boddaert]], 1785)}} |''A. saliens'' {{small|(Daudin, 1802)}} |''A. saltatrix'' {{small|(Link, 1795)}} |''Capra pygargus'' {{small|([[Carl Peter Thunberg|Thunberg]], 1795)}} |''Cemas marsupialis'' {{small|([[Lorenz Oken|Oken]], 1816)}} |''Cerophorus euchore'' {{small|([[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|de Blainville]], 1816)}} |''Gazella sautante'' {{small|(Burton, 1782)}} }} | range_map = Mapa distribución gaceta (antidorcas marsupialis).png | range_map_caption = Distribution map of springbok }} The '''springbok''' (''Antidorcas marsupialis'') is a medium-sized [[antelope]] found mainly in south and southwest Africa. The sole member of the [[genus (biology)|genus]] ''Antidorcas'', this [[bovid]] was first [[Species description|described]] by the German zoologist [[Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann]] in 1780. Three [[subspecies]] are identified. A slender, long-legged antelope, the springbok reaches {{cvt|71|to|86|cm|in}} at the shoulder and weighs between {{cvt|27|and|42|kg}}. Both sexes have a pair of black, {{cvt|35|to|50|cm|in|adj=on}} long [[horn (anatomy)|horn]]s that curve backwards. The springbok is characterised by a white face, a dark stripe running from the eyes to the mouth, a light-brown [[coat (animal)|coat]] marked by a reddish-brown stripe that runs from the upper fore leg to the buttocks across the flanks like the [[Thomson's gazelle]], and a white [[rump (animal)|rump]] flap. Active mainly at dawn and dusk, springbok form [[harem (zoology)|harem]]s (mixed-sex herds). In earlier times, springbok of the [[Kalahari desert]] and [[Karoo]] migrated in large numbers across the countryside, a practice known as ''trekbokking''. A feature, peculiar but not unique, to the springbok is [[pronking]], in which the springbok performs multiple leaps into the air, up to {{cvt|2|m|ft}} above the ground, in a stiff-legged posture, with the back bowed and the white flap lifted. Primarily a [[Browsing (herbivory)|browser]], the springbok feeds on shrubs and [[succulent plant|succulent]]s; this antelope can live without drinking water for years, meeting its requirements through eating succulent vegetation. Breeding takes place year-round, and peaks in the rainy season, when forage is most abundant. A single calf is born after a five- to six-month-long pregnancy; weaning occurs at nearly six months of age, and the calf leaves its mother a few months later. Springbok inhabit the dry areas of south and southwestern Africa. The [[IUCN|International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources]] classifies the springbok as a [[least concern]] species. No major threats to the long-term survival of the species are known; the springbok, in fact, is one of the few antelope species considered to have an expanding population. They are popular game animals, and are valued for their meat and skin. The springbok is the national animal of [[South Africa]]. == Etymology == The common name "springbok", first recorded in 1775, comes from the [[Afrikaans Language|Afrikaans]] words ''spring'' ("jump") and ''bok'' ("[[antelope]]" or "[[goat]]").<ref name=Cain2004/> The [[Binomial nomenclature|scientific name]] of the springbok is ''Antidorcas marsupialis''. ''Anti'' is [[Greek language|Greek]] for "opposite", and ''dorcas'' for "[[gazelle]]" – identifying the animal as not a gazelle. The [[specific name (zoology)|specific epithet]] ''marsupialis'' comes from the [[Latin language|Latin]] ''marsupium'' ("pocket"), and refers to a pocket-like skin flap which extends along the midline of the back from the tail,<ref name=Bigalke1972/> which distinguishes the springbok from true gazelles.<ref name=rafferty>{{cite book|last1=Rafferty|first1=J.P.|title=Grazers|url=https://archive.org/details/grazers0000raff|url-access=registration|date=2011|publisher=Britannica Educational Pub.|location=New York|isbn=978-1-61530-465-3|pages=[https://archive.org/details/grazers0000raff/page/103 103]–104|edition=1st}}</ref> == Taxonomy and evolution == The springbok, in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Bovidae]],<ref name =MSW3>{{MSW3 Artiodactyla | id = 14200530 | page = 678}}</ref> was first [[Species description|described]] by the German zoologist [[Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann]] in 1780, who assigned the genus ''Antilope'' ([[blackbuck]]) to the springbok.<ref>{{cite book|last1=von Zimmermann|first1=E.A.W.|author-link=Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann|title=Geographische Geschichte des Menschen, und der Allgemein Verbreiteten Vierfüssigen Thiere: Nebst Einer Hieher Gehörigen Zoologischen Weltcharte|url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb__pQ-AAAAcAAJ|date=1780|publisher=In der Weygandschen Buchhandlung|location=Leipzig|page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb__pQ-AAAAcAAJ/page/n492 427]|language=de}} {{open access}}</ref> In 1845, Swedish zoologist [[Carl Jakob Sundevall]] placed the springbok as the sole living member of the [[genus (biology)|genus]] ''[[Antidorcas#Modern taxonomy|Antidorcas]]''.<ref name="Sundevall">{{cite journal|last1=Sundevall|first1=C.J.|author-link=Carl Jakob Sundevall|title=Melhodisk öfversigt af Idislande djuren, Linnés Pecora|journal=Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakademiens Handlingar|year=1844|page=271|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/182326#page/795/mode/1up|series=3|volume=32|language=sv}} {{open access}}</ref> ===Subspecies=== Three [[subspecies]] of ''Antidorcas marsupialis'' are recognised:<ref name=Cain2004/><ref name=groves>{{cite book|last1=Groves|first1=C.|last2=Grubb|first2=P.|author1-link=Colin Groves|author2-link=Peter Grubb (zoologist)|title=Ungulate Taxonomy|date=2011|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=978-1-4214-0093-8|pages=154–155}}</ref> * ''A. m. angolensis'' <small>(Blaine, 1922)</small> – Occurs in [[Benguela]] and [[Moçâmedes]] (southwestern [[Angola]]). * ''A. m. hofmeyri'' <small>([[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1926)</small> – Occurs in [[Berseba]] and [[Great Namaqualand]] (southwestern Africa). Its range lies north of the [[Orange River]], stretching from [[Upington]] and [[Sandfontein]] through Botswana to Namibia. * ''A. m. marsupialis'' <small>(Zimmermann, 1780)</small> – Its range lies south of the Orange River, extending from the northeastern [[Cape of Good Hope]] to the Free State and [[Kimberley, Northern Cape|Kimberley]]. ===Evolution=== Fossil springbok are known from the [[Pliocene]]; the antelope appears to have evolved about three million years ago from a gazelle-like ancestor. Three fossil species of ''Antidorcas'' have been identified, in addition to the extant form, and appear to have been widespread across Africa. Two of these, ''[[Antidorcas bondi|A. bondi]]'' and ''[[Antidorcas australis|A. australis]]'', became extinct around 7,000 years ago (early [[Holocene]]). The third species, ''[[Antidorcas recki|A. recki]]'', probably gave rise to the extant form ''A. marsupialis'' during the [[Pleistocene]], about 100,000 years ago.<ref name=Cain2004/><ref name=Vrba1973>{{cite journal | last = Vrba | first = E.S. | author-link = Elisabeth Vrba | year = 1973 | title = Two species of ''Antidorcas'' (Sundevall) at Swartkrans (Mammalia: Bovidae) | journal = Annals of the Transvaal Museum | volume = 28 | issue = 15 | url=http://hdl.handle.net/10499/AJ6704 | pages = 287–351| hdl = 10499/AJ6704 }} {{open access}}</ref> Fossils have been reported from Pliocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene sites in northern, southern, and eastern Africa. Fossils dating back to 80 and 100 thousand years ago have been excavated at [[Herolds Bay|Herolds Bay Cave]] ([[Western Cape Province]], South Africa) and [[Florisbad archaeological and paleontological site|Florisbad]] ([[Free State (province)|Free State]]), respectively.<ref name=Cain2004/> == Description == [[File:Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis hofmeyri) juvenile head composite.jpg|thumb|Horn development in males<br>juvenile (left); sub-adult (right)]] The springbok is a slender antelope with long legs and neck. Both sexes reach {{convert|71|–|86|cm|in|abbr=on}} at the shoulder with a head-and-body length typically between {{convert|120|and|150|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Cain2004/> The weights for both sexes range between {{convert|27|and|42|kg|lb}}. The tail, {{convert|14|to|28|cm|abbr=on}} long, ends in a short, black tuft.<ref name=Cain2004/><ref name=nowak>{{cite book|last1=Nowak|first1=R.M.|title=Walker's Mammals of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0002nowa|url-access=registration|date=1999|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore|isbn=978-0-8018-5789-8|pages=[https://archive.org/details/walkersmammalsof0002nowa/page/1202 1202–1203]|edition=6th}}</ref> Major differences in the size and weight of the subspecies are seen. A study tabulated average body measurements for the three subspecies. ''A. m. angolensis'' males stand {{convert|84|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall at the shoulder, while females are {{convert|81|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall. The males weigh around {{convert|31|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, while the females weigh {{convert|32|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. ''A. m. hofmeyri'' is the largest subspecies; males are nearly {{convert|86|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall, and the notably shorter females are {{convert|71|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall. The males, weighing {{convert|42|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, are heavier than females, that weigh {{convert|35|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. However, ''A. m. marsupialis'' is the smallest subspecies; males are {{convert|75|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall and females {{convert|72|cm|in|abbr=on}} tall. Average weight of males is {{convert|31|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, while for females it is {{convert|27|kg|lb|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Cain2004/> Another study showed a strong correlation between the availability of winter dietary protein and the body mass.<ref name=robinson>{{cite journal|last1=Robinson|first1=T.J.|title=Influence of a nutritional parameter on the size differences of the three springbok subspecies|journal=[[African Zoology|South African Journal of Zoology]]|year=1979|volume=14|issue=1|pages=13–15|doi=10.1080/02541858.1979.11447642}}</ref> Dark stripes extend across the white face, from the corner of the eyes to the mouth. A dark patch marks the forehead. In juveniles, the stripes and the patch are light brown. The ears, narrow and pointed, measure {{convert|15|–|19|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Typically light brown, the springbok has a dark reddish-brown band running horizontally from the upper foreleg to the edge of the buttocks, separating the dark back from the white underbelly. The tail (except the terminal black tuft), buttocks, the insides of the legs and the [[Rump (animal)|rump]] are all white. Two other varieties – pure black and pure white [[morph (zoology)|form]]s – are [[Artificial selection|artificially selected]] in some South African ranches.<ref name=kingdon/> Though born with a deep black sheen, adult black springbok are two shades of chocolate-brown and develop a white marking on the face as they mature. White springbok, as the name suggests, are predominantly white with a light tan stripe on the flanks.<ref name=Cain2004/><ref name=kingdon/> {{Gallery |title=The three springbok varieties |width=160 |height=170 |lines=1 |align=right |File:Normal_Springbok.svg|Typical springbok |File:Black_Springbok.svg|Pure black springbok |File:White_Springbok.svg|Pure white springbok }} The three subspecies also differ in their colour. ''A. m. angolensis'' has a brown to tawny coat, with thick, dark brown stripes on the face extending two-thirds down to the [[Muzzle (animal)|snout]]. While the lateral stripe is nearly black, the stripe on the rump is dark brown. The medium brown forehead patch extends to eye level and is separated from the bright white face by a dark brown border. A brown spot is seen on the nose. ''A. m. hofmeyri'' is a light fawn, with thin, dark brown face stripes. The stripes on the flanks are dark brown to black, and the posterior stripes are moderately brown. The forehead patch, dark brown or fawn, extends beyond the level of the eyes and mixes with the white of the face without any clear barriers. The nose may have a pale smudge. ''A. m. marsupialis'' is a rich chestnut brown, with thin, light face stripes. The stripe near the rump is well-marked, and that on the flanks is deep brown. The forehead is brown, fawn, or white, the patch not extending beyond the eyes and having no sharp boundaries. The nose is white or marked with brown.<ref name=groves/> The skin along the middle of the [[dorsa]]l side is folded in, and covered with {{convert|15|to|20|cm|0|abbr=on}} white hair erected by [[arrector pili muscle]]s (located between [[hair follicle]]s). This white hair is almost fully concealed by the surrounding brown hairs until the fold opens up, and this is a major feature distinguishing this antelope from gazelles.<ref name=Cain2004/> Springbok differ from gazelles in several other ways; for instance, springbok have two [[premolar]]s on both sides of either jaw, rather than the three observed in gazelles. This gives a total of 28 teeth in the springbok, rather than 32 of gazelles.<ref name="Cain2004">{{cite journal|last1=Cain III|first1=J.W.|last2=Krausman|first2=P.R.|last3=Germaine|first3=H.L.|title=''Antidorcas marsupialis''|journal=[[Mammalian Species]]|year=2004|volume=753|pages=1–7|doi=10.1644/753|s2cid=198127817|doi-access=free}} {{open access}}</ref> Other points of difference include a longer, broader, and rigid bridge to the nose and more muscular cheeks in springbok, and differences in the structure of the horns.<ref name=kingdon/> Both sexes have black horns, about {{convert|35|–|50|cm|abbr=on}} long, that are straight at the base and then curve backward. In ''A. m. marsupialis'', females have thinner horns than males; the horns of females are only 60 to 70% as long as those of males. Horns have a girth of {{convert|71|–|83|mm|in|abbr=on}} at the base; this thins to {{convert|56|–|65|mm|in|abbr=on}} towards the tip. In the other two subspecies, horns of both sexes are nearly similar. The [[Spoor (animal)|spoor]], narrow and sharp, is {{convert|5.5|cm|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=Cain2004/> == Ecology and behaviour == [[File:Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis hofmeyri) in the road.jpg|thumb|A herd on the road<br>[[Etosha National Park]], [[Namibia]]]] Springbok are mainly active around dawn and dusk. Activity is influenced by weather; springbok can feed at night in hot weather, and at midday in colder months. They rest in the shade of trees or bushes, and often bed down in the open when weather is cooler.<ref name=Skinner1996>{{cite book | last1= Skinner |first1=J.D. |last2=Louw |first2=G.N. | year = 1996 | title = The Springbok ''Antidorcas marsupialis'' (Zimmerman 1780) (Transvaal Museum Monographs) | volume = 10 | isbn=978-0-907990-16-1 | pages = 1–50 |hdl=10499/AJ10123 | url = http://hdl.handle.net/10499/AJ10123}}{{open access}}</ref> The social structure of the springbok is similar to that of [[Thomson's gazelle]]. Mixed-sex herds or [[harem (zoology)|harem]]s have a roughly 3:1 sex ratio; bachelor individuals are also observed.<ref name=Bigalke1970>{{cite journal | last = Bigalke | first = R.C. | year = 1970 | title = Observations of springbok populations | journal = [[African Zoology|Zoologica Africana]] | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 59–70 | doi=10.1080/00445096.1970.11447381| hdl = 10499/AJ19336 | doi-access = free }} {{open access}}</ref> In the mating season, males generally form herds and wander in search of mates. Females live with their offspring in herds, that very rarely include [[Dominance (ethology)|dominant]] males. [[territory (animal)|Territorial]] males round up female herds that enter their territories and keep out the bachelors; mothers and juveniles may gather in nursery herds separate from harem and bachelor herds. After weaning, female juveniles stay with their mothers until the birth of their next calves, while males join bachelor groups.<ref name=kingdon>{{cite book|last1=Kingdon|first1=J.|author-link=Jonathan Kingdon|title=The Kingdon Field Guide to African Mammals|date=2015|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|location=London|isbn=978-1-4729-1236-7|pages=571–572|edition=2nd}}</ref> A study of vigilance behaviour of herds revealed that individuals on the borders of herds tend to be more cautious, and vigilance decreases with group size. Group size and distance from roads and bushes were found to have major influence on vigilance, more among the grazing springbok than among their browsing counterparts. Adults were found to be more vigilant than juveniles, and males more vigilant than females. Springbok passing through bushes tend to be more vulnerable to predator attacks as they can not be easily alerted, and predators usually conceal themselves in bushes.<ref name=burger>{{cite journal|last1=Burger|first1=J.|last2=Safina|first2=C.|last3=Gochfeld|first3=M.|title=Factors affecting vigilance in springbok: importance of vegetative cover, location in herd, and herd size|journal=[[Acta Ethologica]]|year=2000|volume=2|issue=2|pages=97–104|doi=10.1007/s102119900013|s2cid=11400003}}</ref> Another study calculated that the time spent in vigilance by springbok on the edges of herds is roughly double that spent by those in the centre and the open. Springbok were found to be more cautious in the late morning than at dawn or in the afternoon, and more at night than in the daytime. Rates and methods of vigilance were found to vary with the aim of lowering risk from predators.<ref name=ritter2>{{cite journal|last1=Bednekoff|first1=P.A.|last2=Ritter|first2=R.|title=Vigilance in Nxai Pan springbok, ''Antidorcas marsupialis''|journal=[[Behaviour (journal)|Behaviour]]|year=1994|volume=129|issue=1|pages=1–11|doi=10.1163/156853994X00325}}</ref> [[File:Locking horns - Springbuck.jpg|left|thumbnail|Springbok locking horns in a fight]] During the [[rut (mammalian reproduction)|rut]], males establish territories, ranging from {{convert|10|to|70|ha}},<ref name=Cain2004/> which they [[territorial marking|mark]] by urinating and depositing large piles of dung.<ref name=Bigalke1972/> Males in neighbouring territories frequently fight for access to females, which they do by twisting and levering at each other with their horns, interspersed with stabbing attacks. Females roam the territories of different males. Outside of the rut, mixed-sex herds can range from as few as three to as many as 180 individuals, while all-male bachelor herds are of typically no more than 50 individuals. Harem and nursery herds are much smaller, typically including no more than 10 individuals.<ref name=Cain2004/> [[File:Springbok pronk.jpg|thumb|A [[pronking]] springbok]] In earlier times, when large populations of springbok roamed the [[Kalahari desert]] and [[Karoo]], millions of migrating springbok formed herds hundreds of kilometres long that could take several days to pass a town.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Hunters | year=1974 | last=Haresnape |first=G.|isbn=978-0-360-00232-6|publisher=[[Purnell and Sons]]}}</ref> These mass treks, known as ''trekbokking'' in Afrikaans, took place during long periods of drought. Herds could efficiently retrace their paths to their territories after long migrations.<ref name=kingdon/> ''Trekbokking'' is still observed occasionally in [[Botswana]], though on a much smaller scale than earlier.<ref name=estes/><ref name=child>{{cite journal|last1=Child|first1=G.|last2=Le Riche|first2=J.D.|title=Recent springbok treks (mass movements) in southwestern Botswana|journal=Mammalia|year=1969|volume=33|issue=3|pages=499–504|doi=10.1515/mamm.1969.33.3.499|s2cid=83613809}}</ref> Springbok often go into bouts of repeated high leaps of up to {{convert|2|m|abbr=on}} into the air – a practice known as [[pronking]] (derived from the Afrikaans ''pronk'', "to show off") or stotting.<ref name=Cain2004/> In pronking, the springbok performs multiple leaps into the air in a stiff-legged posture, with the back bowed and the white flap lifted. When the male shows off his strength to attract a mate, or to ward off predators, he starts off in a stiff-legged trot, leaping into the air with an arched back every few paces and lifting the flap along his back. Lifting the flap causes the long white hairs under the tail to stand up in a conspicuous fan shape, which in turn emits a strong scent of sweat.<ref name=Bigalke1972>{{cite journal | last= Bigalke |first= R.C. | year = 1972 | title = Observations on the behaviour and feeding habits of the springbok ''Antidorcas marsupialis'' | journal = [[African Zoology|Zoologica Africana]] | volume = 7 | issue = 1 | url=http://hdl.handle.net/10499/AJ19390 | pages = 333–359 | doi=10.1080/00445096.1972.11447448|hdl= 10499/AJ19390 }} {{open access}}</ref> Although the exact cause of this behaviour is unknown, springbok exhibit this activity when they are nervous or otherwise excited. The most accepted theory for pronking is that it is a method to raise alarm against a potential predator or confuse it, or to get a better view of a concealed predator; it may also be used for [[Display (zoology)|display]]. Springbok are very [[Fastest animals|fast]] antelopes, clocked at {{convert|88|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}. They generally tend to be ignored by carnivores unless they are breeding.<ref name=richard>{{cite book|last1=Richard|first1=W.|last2=Milton|first2=S.J.|last3=Dean|first3=J.|title=The Karoo: Ecological Patterns and Processes|url=https://archive.org/details/karooecologicalp00dean|url-access=limited|date=1999|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge, UK|isbn=978-0-521-12687-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/karooecologicalp00dean/page/n184 159]}}</ref> [[Caracal]]s, [[cheetah]]s, [[leopard]]s, [[spotted hyena]]s, [[lion]]s and [[African wild dog|wild dog]]s are major predators of the springbok. [[Southern African wildcat]]s, [[black-backed jackal]]s, [[Verreaux's Eagle]]s, [[martial eagle]]s, and [[tawny eagle]]s target juveniles.<ref name=Cain2004/> Springbok are generally quiet animals, though they may make occasional low-pitched bellows as a greeting and high-pitched snorts when alarmed.<ref name=Bigalke1972/> === Parasites === A 2012 study on the effects of rainfall patterns and parasite infections on the body of the springbok in [[Etosha National Park]] observed that males and juveniles were in better health toward the end of the rainy season. Health of females was more affected by parasites than by rainfall; parasite count in females peaked prior to and immediately after parturition.<ref name="Turner2012">{{cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=W.C.|last2=Versfeld|first2=W.D.|last3=Kilian|first3=J.W.|last4=Getz|first4=W.M.|title=Synergistic effects of seasonal rainfall, parasites, and demography on fluctuations in springbok body condition|journal=Journal of Animal Ecology|date=2012|volume=81|issue=1|pages=58–69|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01892.x|pmid=21831195|pmc=3217112}} {{open access}}</ref> Studies show that springbok host [[helminth]]s (''[[Haemonchus]]'', ''[[Longistrongylus]]'' and ''[[Trichostrongylus]]''), [[ixodid]] [[tick]]s (''[[Rhipicephalus]]'' species), lice (''[[Damalinia]]'' and ''[[Linognathus]]'' species).<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Horak|first1=I.G.|last2=Meltzer|first2=D.G.A.|last3=Vos|first3=V.D.|title=Helminth and arthropod parasites of springbok, ''Antidorcas marsupialis'', in the Transvaal and western Cape Province|journal=Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research|date=1982|volume=49|issue=1|pages=7–10|pmid=7122069|url=http://phthiraptera.info/Publications/8148.pdf|access-date=18 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505154347/http://phthiraptera.info/Publications/8148.pdf|archive-date=5 May 2016|url-status=dead}} {{open access}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Horak|first1=I.G.|last2=Anthonissen|first2=M.|last3=Krecek|first3=R.C.|last4=Boomker|first4=J.|title=Arthropod parasites of springbok, gemsbok, kudus, giraffes and Burchell's and Hartmann's zebras in the Etosha and Hardap Nature Reserves, Namibia|journal=Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research|date=1992|volume=59|issue=4|pages=253–257|pmid=1297955|url=http://www.the-eis.com/data/literature/Arthropod%20parasites%20_1992.pdf}} {{open access}}</ref> ''[[Eimeria]]'' species mainly affect juveniles.<ref name=Turner2012/> === Diet === [[File:SPRINGBOK.jpg|thumb|Springbok feed on [[succulent plant|succulent grass]]es.]] Springbok are primarily [[Browsing (herbivory)|browser]]s and may switch to grazing occasionally; they feed on shrubs and young [[succulent plant|succulent]]s (such as ''[[Lampranthus]]'' species) before they [[Lignified|lignify]].<ref name=east/> They prefer grasses such as ''[[Themeda triandra]]''. Springbok can meet their water needs from the food they eat, and are able to survive without drinking water through dry season. In extreme cases, they do not drink any water over the course of their lives. Springbok may accomplish this by selecting flowers, seeds, and leaves of shrubs before dawn, when the food items are most succulent.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=K.A. |last1=Nagy |first2=M.H. |last2=Knight |year=1994 |title=Energy, water, and food use by springbok antelope (''Antidorcas marsupialis'') in the Kalahari Desert |journal=[[Journal of Mammalogy]] |volume=75 |issue=4 |pages=860–872 |jstor=1382468 |doi=10.2307/1382468 |s2cid=83882358 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/0f5d86d492c3b3f074a1573a7e65d251eed789f4 }}</ref> In places such as Etosha National Park, springbok seek out water bodies where they are available.<ref name=east/> Springbok gather in the wet season and disperse during the dry season, unlike other African mammals.<ref name =east/> === Reproduction === [[File:Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis hofmeyri) suckling.jpg|thumb|A mother suckling her offspring]] Springbok mate year-round, though females are more likely to enter [[oestrus]] during the rainy season, when food is more plentiful.<ref name=Skinner1996/> Females are able to conceive at as early as six to seven months, whereas males do not attain [[sexual maturity]] until two years;<ref name=rafferty/> rut lasts 5 to 21 days.<ref name=kingdon/> When a female approaches a rutting male, the male holds his head and tail at level with the ground, lowers his horns, and makes a loud grunting noise to attract her. The male then urinates and sniffs the female's [[perineum]]. If the female is receptive, she urinates, as well, and the male makes a [[flehmen]] gesture, and taps his leg till the female leaves or permits him to mate.<ref name=Bigalke1972/><ref name=David1978>{{cite journal | last = David | first = J.H.M. | year = 1978 | title = Observations on territorial behaviour of springbok, ''Antidorcas marsupialis'', in the Bontebok National Park, Swellendam | journal = [[African Zoology|Zoologica Africana]] | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | pages = 123–141 | doi=10.1080/00445096.1978.11447611| hdl = 10499/AJ24053 | doi-access = free }} {{open access}}</ref> [[Copulation (zoology)|Copulation]] consists of a single pelvic thrust.<ref>Skinner, G. N. "[https://journals.co.za/content/ATM_Monographs/10/1/AJA090799001_50?crawler=true The Springbok: Antidorcas marsupialis (Zimmermann, 1790). Ecology and physiology. Behaviour.]" Transvaal Museum Monographs 10.1 (1996).</ref> [[Gestation]] lasts five to six months, after which a single calf (or rarely twins) is born.<ref name=Skinner1996/> Most births take place in the spring (October to November), prior to the onset of the rainy season.<ref name=kingdon/> The infant weighs {{convert|3.8|to|5|kg|abbr=on}}. The female keeps her calf hidden in cover while she is away. Mother and calf rejoin the herd about three to four weeks after parturition; the young are weaned at five or six months. When the mother gives birth again, the previous offspring, now 6 to 12 months old, deserts her to join herds of adult springbok. Thus, a female can calve twice a year, and even thrice if one calf dies.<ref name=Bigalke1972/><ref name=Bigalke1970/> Springbok live for up to 10 years in the wild.<ref name=Cain2004/> == Distribution and habitat == [[File:Etosha Pan Springbok (3406787513).jpg|thumbnail|250px|Springboks on the [[Etosha pan]]]] Springbok inhabit the dry areas of south and southwestern Africa. Their range extends from northwestern South Africa through the Kalahari desert into [[Namibia]] and Botswana. The [[South African Republic|Transvaal]] marks the eastern limit of the range, from where it extends westward to the [[Atlantic]] and northward to southern Angola and Botswana. In Botswana, they mostly occur in the Kalahari desert in the southwestern and central parts of the country. They are widespread across Namibia and the vast grasslands of the Free State and the shrublands of Karoo in South Africa; however, they are confined to the Namib Desert in Angola.<ref name=estes>{{cite book|last1=Estes|first1=R.D.|author-link=Richard Despard Estes|title=The Safari Companion: A Guide to Watching African Mammals|url=https://archive.org/details/safaricompaniong00este_0|url-access=registration|date=1999|publisher=Chelsea Green Pub. Co.|location=White River Junction, US|isbn=978-0-907990-16-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/safaricompaniong00este_0/page/65 65]–67|edition=Revised}}</ref> The historic range of the springbok stretched across the dry grasslands, bushlands, and shrublands of south-western and southern Africa; springbok migrated sporadically in southern parts of the range. These migrations are rarely seen nowadays, but seasonal congregations can still be observed in preferred areas of short vegetation, such as the Kalahari desert.<ref name=east/> == Threats and conservation == The springbok has been classified as [[least concern]] on the [[IUCN Red List]]. No major threats to the long-term survival of the species are known.<ref name=iucn/> The springbok is one of the few antelope species with a positive population trend.<ref name=east>{{cite book|last1=East|first1=R.|last2=IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group|title=African Antelope Database 1998|date=1999|publisher=The IUCN Species Survival Commission|location=Gland, Switzerland|isbn=978-2-8317-0477-7|pages=263–264}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Doyle| first=A. |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/environmentNews/idUSTRE52300U20090304?feedType=RSS&feedName=environmentNews |title=Quarter of antelopes under threat: report |work=[[Reuters]] |date=3 March 2009 |access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> Springbok occur in several protected areas across their range: [[Makgadikgadi and Nxai National Park]] (Botswana); [[Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park]] between Botswana and South Africa; Etosha National Park and [[Namib-Naukluft Park]] (Namibia); [[Mokala National Park|Mokala]] and [[Karoo National Park|Karoo]] National Parks and a number of provincial reserves in South Africa.<ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn|author=IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group|year=2008|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/1676/0|title=''Antidorcas marsupialis''|access-date=7 January 2015}}</ref> In 1999, Rod East of the IUCN SSC Antelope Specialist Group estimated the springbok population in South Africa at more than 670,000, noting that it might be an underestimate. However, estimates for Namibia, Angola, Botswana, Transvaal, Karoo, and the Free State (which gave a total population estimate of nearly 2,000,000 – 2,500,000 animals in southern Africa), were in complete disagreement with East's estimate. Springbok are under active management in several private lands. Small populations have been introduced into private lands and provincial areas of [[KwaZulu-Natal]].<ref name =iucn/><ref name =east/> == Relationship with humans == [[File:5 shilling George VI 1949.png|thumb|left|250px| [[Silver coin]]: 5 shilling, 1949 – Springbok in the center, date above, value below]] [[File:SouthAfrica-Stamp-1923-Springbok.jpg|thumb|right|Postage stamp, South Africa, 1923]] Springbok are hunted as game throughout Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa because of their attractive coats; they are common hunting targets due to their large numbers and the ease with which they can be supported on farmlands. The export of springbok skins, mainly from Namibia and South Africa, is a booming industry; these skins serve as [[taxidermy]] models.<ref name=iucn/> The meat is a prized fare, and is readily available in South African supermarkets.<ref name=Todorov/> As of 2011, the springbok, the [[gemsbok]], and the [[greater kudu]] collectively account for around two-thirds of the game meat production from Namibian farmlands; nearly {{convert|90|t|LT+ST}} of the springbok meat is exported as [[mechanically deboned meat]] to overseas markets.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Magwedere|first1=K.|last2=Shilangale|first2=R.|last3=Mbulu|first3=R.S.|last4=Hemberger|first4=Y.|last5=Hoffman|first5=L.C.|last6=Dziva|first6=F.|title=Microbiological quality and potential public health risks of export meat from springbok (''Antidorcas marsupialis'') in Namibia|journal=Meat Science|date=2013|volume=93|issue=1|pages=73–78|doi=10.1016/j.meatsci.2012.08.007|pmid=22944735|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230790321}} {{open access}}</ref> The [[latissimus dorsi muscle]] of the springbok comprises 1.1–1.3% [[Ash (analytical chemistry)|ash]], 1.3–3.5% [[fat]], 72–75% moisture and 18–22% [[protein]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hoffman|first1=L.C.|last2=Kroucamp|first2=M.|last3=Manley|first3=M.|title=Meat quality characteristics of springbok (''Antidorcas marsupialis''). 2: Chemical composition of springbok meat as influenced by age, gender and production region|journal=Meat Science|date=2007|volume=76|issue=4|pages=762–767|doi=10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.02.018|pmid=22061255|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233728685}} {{open access}}</ref> [[Stearic acid]] is the main [[fatty acid]], accounting for 24–27% of the fatty acids. The [[cholesterol]] content varies from {{convert|54.5|to|59.0|mg|gr}} per {{convert|100|g|oz}} of meat.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Hoffman|first1=L.C.|last2=Kroucamp|first2=M.|last3=Manley|first3=M.|title=Meat quality characteristics of springbok (''Antidorcas marsupialis''). 3: Fatty acid composition as influenced by age, gender and production region|journal=Meat Science|date=2007|volume=76|issue=4|pages=768–773|doi=10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.02.019|pmid=22061256|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51775744}} {{open access}}</ref> The [[pH]] of the meat increases if the springbok is under stress or cropping is done improperly; consequently, the quality deteriorates and the colour darkens.<ref name="Hoffman2007">{{cite journal|last1=Hoffman|first1=LC.|last2=Kroucamp|first2=M.|last3=Manley|first3=M.|title=Meat quality characteristics of springbok (''Antidorcas marsupialis''). 1: Physical meat attributes as influenced by age, gender and production region|journal=Meat Science|date=2007|volume=76|issue=4|pages=755–761|doi=10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.02.017|pmid=22061254|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51775742}} {{open access}}</ref> The meat might be adversely affected if the animal is killed by shooting.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=von La Chevallerie|first1=M.|last2=van Zyl|first2=J.H.M.|title=Some effects of shooting on losses of meat and meat quality in springbok and impala|journal=South African Journal of Animal Science|date=1971|volume=1|issue=1|pages=113–116|url=http://www.sasas.co.za/sites/sasas.co.za/files/vonLaChevallerie%28C%291of1971_0.PDF|access-date=19 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806005116/http://www.sasas.co.za/sites/sasas.co.za/files/vonLaChevallerie%28C%291of1971_0.PDF|archive-date=6 August 2016|url-status=dead}} {{open access}}</ref> The meat may be consumed raw or used in prepared dishes. [[Biltong]] can be prepared by preserving the raw meat with vinegar, spices, and table salt, without [[fermentation]], followed by drying. Springbok meat may also be used in preparing [[salami]]; a study found that the flavour of this salami is better than mutton salami, and feels oilier than salami of beef, horse meat, or mutton.<ref name=Todorov>{{cite journal|last1=Todorov|first1=S.D.|last2=Koep|first2=K.S.C.|last3=Van Reenen|first3=C.A.|last4=Hoffman|first4=L.C.|last5=Slinde|first5=E.|last6=Dicks|first6=L.M.T.|title=Production of salami from beef, horse, mutton, Blesbok (''Damaliscus dorcas phillipsi'') and Springbok (''Antidorcas marsupialis'') with bacteriocinogenic strains of ''Lactobacillus plantarum'' and ''Lactobacillus curvatus''|journal=Meat Science|date=2007|volume=77|issue=3|pages=405–412|doi=10.1016/j.meatsci.2007.04.007|pmid=22061794|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/51781746}} {{open access}}</ref> The springbok has been a [[national symbol of South Africa]] since the [[History of South Africa#Apartheid era (1948–1994)|white minority rule in the 20th century]]. It was adopted as a nickname or [[mascot]] by several South African sports teams, most famously by the [[Springbok Rugby Team|national rugby union team]]. The springbok is the national animal of South Africa. Even after the decline of apartheid, [[Nelson Mandela]] intervened to keep the name of the animal for the reconciliation of rugby fans, the majority of whom were whites.<ref name=ritter>{{cite book|last1=Ritter|first1=C.R.|title=South Africa|url=https://archive.org/details/southafrica0000ritt|url-access=registration|date=2012|publisher=ABDO Publishing Company|location=Minnesota|isbn=978-1-61783-118-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/southafrica0000ritt/page/32 32]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Evans|first1=M.J.|title=Broadcasting the End of Apartheid: Live Television and the Birth of the New South Africa|date=2014|publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-85773-583-6|page=206}}</ref> The springbok is featured on the reverse of the South African [[Krugerrand]] coin.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weston |first1=R. |title=Gold: A World Survey |date=1983 |publisher=Routledge |location=Abingdon |isbn=978-0-203-09758-8 |page=68 |url={{Google books|id=0fRD2QGwcJgC|page=68|plainurl=yes}}}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=New release silver and limited mintage gold coins from APMEX |url=https://coinweek.com/dealers-companies/apmex/new-release-silver-and-limited-mintage-gold-coins-from-apmex/ |website=[[CoinWeek]] |date=13 December 2019 |access-date=25 May 2020}}</ref> The cap badge of [[The Royal Canadian Dragoons]] has featured a springbok since 1913, a reference to the unit's involvement in the [[Second Boer War]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Boer War |url=http://www.dragoons.ca/boerwar.html |website=Dragoons.ca |publisher=[[The Royal Canadian Dragoons]] |access-date=25 May 2020 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005002117/http://www.dragoons.ca/boerwar.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|30em}} == External links == {{Portal|Africa|Mammals|Animals}} * {{Commons category-inline|Antidorcas marsupialis}} * {{Wikisource-inline|list= ** {{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Springbok|short=x|noicon=x}} ** {{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Springbuck|short=x|noicon=x}} ** {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Springbok|short=x|noicon=x}} ** {{Cite AmCyc|wstitle=Springbok|short=x|noicon=x}} }} * {{Wikispecies-inline|Antidorcas marsupialis}} * {{Wiktionary-inline|springbok}} * {{ITIS|taxon=''Antidorcas marsupialis''|id=625085|access-date=9 April 2016}} {{Artiodactyla|R.5}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q213084}} [[Category:Antilopini]] [[Category:Antelopes of Sub-Saharan Africa]] [[Category:Extant Pleistocene first appearances]] [[Category:Mammals described in 1780]] [[Category:Mammals of Southern Africa]] [[Category:National symbols of South Africa]] [[Category:Taxa named by Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann]] cq1m4k2m827un790qknqvdz5kveqbej 10 12531 49819 2022-08-25T20:19:48Z Ptpare 220 Tlhodile letlakala ka '{{Navbox with collapsible groups |name = Artiodactyla |state = {{{state|<includeonly>collapsed</includeonly><noinclude>autocollapse</noinclude>}}} |title = Extant [[Even-toed ungulate|Artiodactyla]] species |bodyclass = hlist |above = * Kingdom: [[Animal|Animalia]] * Phylum: [[Chordate|Chordata]] * Class: [[Mammal|Mammalia]] * Infraclass: [[Eutheria]] * Superorder: [[Laurasiatheria]] |selected = {{{1|}}} |group1 = Suborder [[Ruminant|Ruminantia]] |abbr1 = R. |lis...' wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox with collapsible groups |name = Artiodactyla |state = {{{state|<includeonly>collapsed</includeonly><noinclude>autocollapse</noinclude>}}} |title = Extant [[Even-toed ungulate|Artiodactyla]] species |bodyclass = hlist |above = * Kingdom: [[Animal|Animalia]] * Phylum: [[Chordate|Chordata]] * Class: [[Mammal|Mammalia]] * Infraclass: [[Eutheria]] * Superorder: [[Laurasiatheria]] |selected = {{{1|}}} |group1 = Suborder [[Ruminant|Ruminantia]] |abbr1 = R. |list1 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = [[Antilocapridae]] | list1 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8em | group1 = ''[[Pronghorn|Antilocapra]]'' | list1 = * [[Pronghorn|Pronghorn (''A. americana'')]] }} | group2 = [[Giraffidae]] | list2 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8em | group1 = ''[[Okapi|Okapia]]'' | list1 = * [[Okapi|Okapi (''O. johnstoni'')]] | group2 = ''[[Giraffe|Giraffa]]'' | list2 = * [[Northern giraffe|Northern giraffe (''G. camelopardalis'')]] * [[Southern giraffe|Southern giraffe (''G. giraffa'')]] * [[Reticulated giraffe|Reticulated giraffe (''G. reticulata'')]] * [[Masai giraffe|Masai giraffe (''G. tippelskirchi'')]] }} | group3 = [[Moschidae]] | list3 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8em | group1 = ''[[Musk deer|Moschus]]'' | list1 = * [[Anhui musk deer|Anhui musk deer (''M. anhuiensis'')]] * [[Dwarf musk deer|Dwarf musk deer (''M. berezovskii'')]] * [[Alpine musk deer|Alpine musk deer (''M. chrysogaster'')]] * [[Kashmir musk deer|Kashmir musk deer (''M. cupreus'')]] * [[Black musk deer|Black musk deer (''M. fuscus'')]] * [[White-bellied musk deer|Himalayan musk deer (''M. leucogaster'')]] * [[Siberian musk deer|Siberian musk deer (''M. moschiferus'')]] }} | group4 = [[Chevrotain|Tragulidae]] | list4 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8em | group1 = ''[[Water chevrotain|Hyemoschus]]'' | list1 = * [[Water chevrotain|Water chevrotain (''H. aquaticus'')]] | group2 = ''[[Moschiola]]'' | list2 = * [[Indian spotted chevrotain|Indian spotted chevrotain (''M. indica'')]] * [[Yellow-striped chevrotain|Yellow-striped chevrotain (''M. kathygre'')]] * [[Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain|Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (''M. meminna'')]] | group3 = ''[[Tragulus]]'' | list3 = * [[Java mouse-deer|Java mouse-deer (''T. javanicus'')]] * [[Lesser mouse-deer|Lesser mouse-deer (''T. kanchil'')]] * [[Greater mouse-deer|Greater mouse-deer (''T. napu'')]] * [[Philippine mouse-deer|Philippine mouse-deer (''T. nigricans'')]] * [[Vietnam mouse-deer|Vietnam mouse-deer (''T. versicolor'')]] * [[Williamson's mouse-deer|Williamson's mouse-deer (''T. williamsoni'')]] }} | group5 = [[Deer|Cervidae]] | list5 = Large family listed below | group6 = [[Bovidae]] | list6 = Large family listed below }} |group2 = {{Nobold|Family [[Deer|Cervidae]]}} |abbr2 = R.1 |list2 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = [[Cervinae]] | list1 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8.5em | group1 = ''[[Muntjac|Muntiacus]]'' | list1 = * [[Indian muntjac|Indian muntjac (''M. muntjak'')]] * [[Reeves's muntjac|Reeves's muntjac (''M. reevesi'')]] * [[Hairy-fronted muntjac|Hairy-fronted muntjac (''M. crinifrons'')]] * [[Fea's muntjac|Fea's muntjac (''M. feae'')]] * [[Bornean yellow muntjac|Bornean yellow muntjac (''M. atherodes'')]] * [[Roosevelt's muntjac|Roosevelt's muntjac (''M. rooseveltorum'')]] * [[Gongshan muntjac|Gongshan muntjac (''M. gongshanensis'')]] * [[Giant muntjac|Giant muntjac (''M. vuquangensis'')]] * [[Truong Son muntjac|Truong Son muntjac (''M. truongsonensis'')]] * [[Leaf muntjac|Leaf muntjac (''M. putaoensis'')]] * [[Sumatran muntjac|Sumatran muntjac (''M. montanus'')]] * [[Pu Hoat muntjac|Pu Hoat muntjac (''M. puhoatensis'')]] | group2 = ''[[Tufted deer|Elaphodus]]'' | list2 = * [[Tufted deer|Tufted deer (''E. cephalophus'')]] | group3 = ''[[Dama (genus)|Dama]]'' | list3 = * [[European fallow deer|European fallow deer (''D. dama'')]] * [[Persian fallow deer|Persian fallow deer (''D. mesopotamica'')]] | group4 = ''[[Axis (genus)|Axis]]'' | list4 = * [[Chital|Chital (''A. axis'')]] * [[Calamian deer|Calamian deer (''A. calamianensis'')]] * [[Bawean deer|Bawean deer (''A. kuhlii'')]] * [[Indian hog deer|Hog deer (''A. porcinus'')]] | group5 = ''[[Rucervus]]'' | list5 = * [[Barasingha|Barasingha (''R. duvaucelii'')]] * [[Eld's deer|Eld's deer (''R. eldii'')]] | group6 = ''[[Elaphurus]]'' | list6 = * [[Père David's deer|Père David's deer (''E. davidianus'')]] | group7 = ''[[Rusa (genus)|Rusa]]'' | list7 = * [[Visayan spotted deer|Visayan spotted deer (''R. alfredi'')]] * [[Philippine deer|Philippine sambar (''R. mariannus'')]] * [[Javan rusa|Rusa deer (''R. timorensis'')]] * [[Sambar deer|Sambar (''R. unicolor'')]] | group8 = ''[[Cervus]]'' | list8 = * [[Thorold's deer|Thorold's deer (''C. albirostris'')]] * [[Red deer|Red deer (''C. elaphus'')]] * [[Elk|Elk (''C. canadensis'')]] * [[Central Asian red deer|Central Asian red deer (''C. hanglu'')]] * [[Sika deer|Sika deer (''C. nippon'')]] }} | group3 = [[Capreolinae]] | list3 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8.5em | group1 = ''[[Moose|Alces]]'' | list1 = * [[Moose|Moose (''A. alces'')]] | group2 = ''[[Water deer|Hydropotes]]'' | list2 = * [[Water deer|Water deer (''H. inermis'')]] | group3 = ''[[Capreolus]]'' | list3 = * [[Roe deer|European roe deer (''C. capreolus'')]] * [[Siberian roe deer|Siberian roe deer (''C. pygargus'')]] | group4 = ''[[Reindeer|Rangifer]]'' | list4 = * [[Reindeer|Reindeer (''R. tarandus'')]] | group5 = ''[[Hippocamelus]]'' | list5 = * [[Taruca|Taruca (''H. antisensis'')]] * [[South Andean deer|South Andean deer (''H. bisulcus'')]] | group6 = ''[[Brocket deer|Mazama]]'' | list6 = * [[Red brocket|Red brocket (''M. americana'')]] * [[Small red brocket|Small red brocket (''M. bororo'')]] * [[Merida brocket|Merida brocket (''M. bricenii'')]] * [[Dwarf brocket|Dwarf brocket (''M. chunyi'')]] * [[Gray brocket|Gray brocket (''M. gouazoubira'')]] * [[Pygmy brocket|Pygmy brocket (''M. nana'')]] * [[Amazonian brown brocket|Amazonian brown brocket (''M. nemorivaga'')]] * [[Little red brocket|Little red brocket (''M. rufina'')]] * [[Central American red brocket|Central American red brocket (''M. temama'')]] | group7 = ''[[Pampas deer|Ozotoceros]]'' | list7 = * [[Pampas deer|Pampas deer (''O. bezoarticus'')]] | group8 = ''[[Marsh deer|Blastocerus]]'' | list8 = * [[Marsh deer|Marsh deer (''B. dichotomus'')]] | group9 = ''[[Pudu]]'' | list9 = * [[Northern pudu|Northern pudu (''P. mephistophiles'')]] * [[Southern pudu|Southern pudu (''P. pudu'')]] | group10 = ''[[Odocoileus]]'' | list10 = * [[Mule deer|Mule deer (''O. hemionus'')]] * [[Yucatan brown brocket|Yucatan brown brocket (''O. pandora'')]] * [[White-tailed deer|White-tailed deer (''O. virginianus'')]] }} }} |group3 = {{Nobold|Family [[Bovidae]]}} |abbr3 = R.2 |list3 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = [[Grazing antelope|Hippotraginae]] | list1 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8.5em | group1 = ''[[Hippotragus]]'' | list1 = * [[Roan antelope|Roan antelope (''H. equinus'')]] * [[Sable antelope|Sable antelope (''H. niger'')]] | group2 = ''[[Oryx]]'' | list2 = * [[East African oryx|East African oryx (''O. beisa'')]] * [[Scimitar oryx|Scimitar oryx (''O. dammah'')]] * [[Gemsbok|Gemsbok (''O. gazella'')]] * [[Arabian oryx|Arabian oryx (''O. leucoryx'')]] | group3 = ''[[Addax]]'' | list3 = * [[Addax|Addax (''A. nasomaculatus'')]] }} | group2 = [[Reduncinae]] | list2 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8.5em | group1 = ''[[Kobus (antelope)|Kobus]]'' | list1 = * [[Waterbuck|Waterbuck (''K. ellipsiprymnus'')]] * [[Kob|Kob (''K. kob'')]] * [[Lechwe|Lechwe (''K. leche'')]] * [[Nile lechwe|Nile lechwe (''K. megaceros'')]] * [[Puku|Puku (''K. vardonii'')]] | group2 = ''[[Reedbuck|Redunca]]'' | list2 = * [[Southern reedbuck|Southern reedbuck (''R. arundinum'')]] * [[Mountain reedbuck|Mountain reedbuck (''R. fulvorufula'')]] * [[Bohor reedbuck|Bohor reedbuck (''R. redunca'')]] }} | group3 = [[Impala|Aepycerotinae]] | list3 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8.5em | group1 = ''[[Impala|Aepyceros]]'' | list1 = * [[Impala|Impala (''A. melampus'')]] }} | group4 = [[Grey rhebok|Peleinae]] | list4 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8.5em | group1 = ''[[Grey rhebok|Pelea]]'' | list1 = * [[Grey rhebok|Grey rhebok (''P. capreolus'')]] }} | group5 = [[Alcelaphinae]] | list5 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8.5em | group1 = ''[[Hirola|Beatragus]]'' | list1 = * [[Hirola|Hirola (''B. hunteri'')]] | group2 = ''[[Damaliscus]]'' | list2 = * [[Damaliscus lunatus|Common tsessebe (''D. lunatus'')]] * [[Bontebok|Bontebok (''D. pygargus'')]] | group3 = ''[[Hartebeest|Alcelaphus]]'' | list3 = * [[Hartebeest|Hartebeest (''A. buselaphus'')]] | group4 = ''[[Wildebeest|Connochaetes]]'' | list4 = * [[Black wildebeest|Black wildebeest (''C. gnou'')]] * [[Blue wildebeest|Blue wildebeest (''C. taurinus'')]] }} | group6 = [[Tibetan antelope|Pantholopinae]] | list6 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8.5em | group1 = ''[[Tibetan antelope|Pantholops]]'' | list1 = * [[Tibetan antelope|Tibetan antelope (''P. hodgsonii'')]] }} | group7 = [[Caprinae]] | list7 = Large subfamily listed below | group8 = [[Bovinae]] | list8 = Large subfamily listed below | group9 = [[Antilopinae]] | list9 = Large subfamily listed below }} |group4 = {{Nobold|Family [[Bovidae]] (subfamily [[Caprinae]])}} |abbr4 = R.3 |list4 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 7.5em | group1 = ''[[Barbary sheep|Ammotragus]]'' | list1 = * [[Barbary sheep|Barbary sheep (''A. lervia'')]] | group2 = ''[[Arabian tahr|Arabitragus]]'' | list2 = * [[Arabian tahr|Arabian tahr (''A. jayakari'')]] | group3 = ''[[Takin|Budorcas]]'' | list3 = * [[Takin|Takin (''B. taxicolor'')]] | group4 = ''[[Capra (genus)|Capra]]'' | list4 = * [[Wild goat|Wild goat (''C. aegagrus'')]] * [[West Caucasian tur|West Caucasian tur (''C. caucasia'')]] * [[East Caucasian tur|East Caucasian tur (''C. cylindricornis'')]] * [[Markhor|Markhor (''C. falconeri'')]] * [[Domestic goat|Domestic goat (''C. hircus'')]] * [[Alpine ibex|Alpine ibex (''C. ibex'')]] * [[Nubian ibex|Nubian ibex (''C. nubiana'')]] * [[Iberian ibex|Iberian ibex (''C. pyrenaica'')]] * [[Siberian ibex|Siberian ibex (''C. sibirica'')]] * [[Walia ibex|Walia ibex (''C. walie'')]] | group5 = ''[[Serow|Capricornis]]'' | list5 = * [[Japanese serow|Japanese serow (''C. crispus'')]] * [[Taiwan serow|Taiwan serow (''C. swinhoei'')]] * [[Mainland serow|Mainland serow (''C. sumatraensis'')]] * [[Red serow|Red serow (''C. rubidus'')]] | group6 = ''[[Tahr|Hemitragus]]'' | list6 = * [[Himalayan tahr|Himalayan tahr (''H. jemlahicus'')]] | group7 = ''[[Goral|Naemorhedus]]'' | list7 = * [[Red goral|Red goral (''N. baileyi'')]] * [[Long-tailed goral|Long-tailed goral (''N. caudatus'')]] * [[Himalayan goral|Himalayan goral (''N. goral'')]] * [[Chinese goral|Chinese goral (''N. griseus'')]] | group8 = ''[[Mountain goat|Oreamnos]]'' | list8 = * [[Mountain goat|Mountain goat (''O. americanus'')]] | group9 = ''[[Muskox|Ovibos]]'' | list9 = * [[Muskox|Muskox (''O. moschatus'')]] | group10 = ''[[Nilgiri tahr|Nilgiritragus]]'' | list10 = * [[Nilgiri tahr|Nilgiri tahr (''N. hylocrius'')]] | group11 = ''[[Ovis]]'' | list11 = * [[Argali|Argali (''O. ammon'')]] * [[Sheep|Domestic sheep (''O. aries'')]] * [[Bighorn sheep|Bighorn sheep (''O. canadensis'')]] * [[Dall sheep|Dall sheep (''O. dalli'')]] * [[Mouflon|Mouflon (''O. gmelini'')]] * [[Snow sheep|Snow sheep (''O. nivicola'')]] * [[Urial|Urial (''O. vignei'')]] | group12 = ''[[Pseudois]]'' | list12 = * [[Bharal|Bharal (''P. nayaur'')]] | group13 = ''[[Rupicapra]]'' | list13 = * [[Pyrenean chamois|Pyrenean chamois (''R. pyrenaica'')]] * [[Chamois|Chamois (''R. rupicapra'')]] }} |group5 = {{Nobold|Family [[Bovidae]] (subfamily [[Bovinae]])}} |abbr5 = R.4 |list5 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = [[Boselaphini]] | list1 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 9em | group1 = ''[[Four-horned antelope|Tetracerus]]'' | list1 = * [[Four-horned antelope|Four-horned antelope (''T. quadricornis'')]] | group2 = ''[[Nilgai|Boselaphus]]'' | list2 = * [[Nilgai|Nilgai (''B. tragocamelus'')]] }} | group2 = [[Bovini]] | list2 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 9em | group1 = ''[[Bubalus]]'' | list1 = * [[Water buffalo|Domestic water buffalo (''B. bubalis'')]] * [[Wild water buffalo|Wild water buffalo (''B. arnee'')]] * [[Lowland anoa|Lowland anoa (''B. depressicornis'')]] * [[Tamaraw|Tamaraw (''B. mindorensis'')]] * [[Mountain anoa|Mountain anoa (''B. quarlesi'')]] | group2 = ''[[Bos]]'' | list2 = * [[American bison|American bison (''B. bison'')]] * [[European bison|European bison (''B. bonasus'')]] * [[Bali cattle|Bali cattle (''B. domesticus'')]] * [[Gayal|Gayal (''B. frontalis'')]] * [[Gaur|Gaur (''B. gaurus'')]] * [[Yak|Domestic yak (''B. grunniens'')]] * [[Zebu|Zebu (''B. indicus'')]] * [[Banteng|Banteng (''B. javanicus'')]] * [[Wild yak|Wild yak (''B. mutus'')]] * [[Cattle|Cattle (''B. taurus'')]] | group3 = ''[[Saola|Pseudoryx]]'' | list3 = * [[Saola|Saola (''P. nghetinhensis'')]] | group4 = ''[[African buffalo|Syncerus]]'' | list4 = * [[African buffalo|African buffalo (''S. caffer'')]] }} | group3 = [[Tragelaphini]] | list3 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 9em | group1 = ''[[Tragelaphus]]''<br /><small><span style="color:#696969">{{Nobold|(including [[kudu]]s)}}</span></small> | list1 = * [[Sitatunga|Sitatunga (''T. spekeii'')]] * [[Nyala|Nyala (''T. angasii'')]] * [[Harnessed bushbuck|Harnessed bushbuck (''T. scriptus'')]] * [[Cape bushbuck|Cape bushbuck (''T. sylvaticus'')]] * [[Mountain nyala|Mountain nyala (''T. buxtoni'')]] * [[Lesser kudu|Lesser kudu (''T. imberbis'')]] * [[Greater kudu|Greater kudu (''T. strepsiceros'')]] * [[Bongo (antelope)|Bongo (''T. eurycerus'')]] | group2 = ''[[Taurotragus]]'' | list2 = * [[Common eland|Common eland (''T. oryx'')]] * [[Giant eland|Giant eland (''T. derbianus'')]] }} }} |group6 = {{Nobold|Family [[Bovidae]] (subfamily [[Antilopinae]])}} |abbr6 = R.5 |list6 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = [[Antilopini]] | list1 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8em | group1 = ''[[Dibatag|Ammodorcas]]'' | list1 = * [[Dibatag|Dibatag (''A. clarkei'')]] | group2 = ''[[Springbok|Antidorcas]]'' | list2 = * [[Springbok|Springbok (''A. marsupialis'')]] | group3 = ''[[Blackbuck|Antilope]]'' | list3 = * [[Blackbuck|Blackbuck (''A. cervicapra'')]] | group4 = ''[[Eudorcas|Eudorcas]]'' | list4 = * [[Mongalla gazelle|Mongalla gazelle (''E. albonotata'')]] * [[Red-fronted gazelle|Red-fronted gazelle (''E. rufifrons'')]] * [[Thomson's gazelle|Thomson's gazelle (''E. thomsonii'')]] * [[Heuglin's gazelle|Heuglin's gazelle (''E. tilonura'')]] | group5 = ''[[Gazelle|Gazella]]'' | list5 = * [[Mountain gazelle|Mountain gazelle (''G. gazella'')]] * [[Erlanger's gazelle|Erlanger's gazelle (''G. erlangeri'')]] * [[Speke's gazelle|Speke's gazelle (''G. spekei'')]] * [[Dorcas gazelle|Dorcas gazelle (''G. dorcas'')]] * [[Chinkara|Chinkara (''G. bennettii'')]] * [[Cuvier's gazelle|Cuvier's gazelle (''G. cuvieri'')]] * [[Rhim gazelle|Rhim gazelle (''G. leptoceros'')]] * [[Goitered gazelle|Goitered gazelle (''G. subgutturosa'')]] | group6 = ''[[Gerenuk|Litocranius]]'' | list6 = * [[Gerenuk|Gerenuk (''L. walleri'')]] | group7 = ''[[Nanger|Nanger]]'' | list7 = * [[Dama gazelle|Dama gazelle (''N. dama'')]] * [[Grant's gazelle|Grant's gazelle (''N. granti'')]] * [[Bright's gazelle|Bright's gazelle (''N. notatus'')]] * [[Peter's gazelle|Peter's gazelle (''N. petersii'')]] * [[Soemmerring's gazelle|Soemmerring's gazelle (''N. soemmerringii'')]] | group8 = ''[[Procapra]]'' | list8 = * [[Mongolian gazelle|Mongolian gazelle (''P. gutturosa'')]] * [[Goa (antelope)|Goa (''P. picticaudata'')]] * [[Przewalski's gazelle|Przewalski's gazelle (''P. przewalskii'')]] }} | group2 = Saigini | list2 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8em | group1 = ''[[Tibetan antelope|Pantholops]]'' | list1 = * [[Tibetan antelope|Tibetan antelope (''P. hodgsonii'')]] | group2 = ''[[Saiga antelope|Saiga]]'' | list2 = * [[Saiga antelope|Saiga antelope (''S. tatarica'')]] }} | group3 = [[Neotragini]] | list3 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8em | group1 = ''[[Beira (antelope)|Dorcatragus]]'' | list1 = * [[Beira (antelope)|Beira (''D. megalotis'')]] | group2 = ''[[Dik-dik|Madoqua]]'' | list2 = * [[Günther's dik-dik|Günther's dik-dik (''M. guentheri'')]] * [[Kirk's dik-dik|Kirk's dik-dik (''M. kirkii'')]] * [[Silver dik-dik|Silver dik-dik (''M. piacentinii'')]] * [[Salt's dik-dik|Salt's dik-dik (''M. saltiana'')]] | group3 = ''[[Neotragus]]'' | list3 = * [[Bates's pygmy antelope|Bates' pygmy antelope (''N. batesi'')]] * [[Suni|Suni (''N. moschatus'')]] * [[Royal antelope|Royal antelope (''N. pygmaeus'')]] | group4 = ''[[Klipspringer|Oreotragus]]'' | list4 = * [[Klipspringer|Klipspringer (''O. oreotragus'')]] | group5 = ''[[Oribi|Ourebia]]'' | list5 = * [[Oribi|Oribi (''O. ourebi'')]] | group6 = ''[[Raphicerus]]'' | list6 = * [[Steenbok|Steenbok (''R. campestris'')]] * [[Cape grysbok|Cape grysbok (''R. melanotis'')]] * [[Sharpe's grysbok|Sharpe's grysbok (''R. sharpei'')]] }} | group4 = [[Duiker|Cephalophini]] | list4 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8em | group1 = ''[[Duiker|Cephalophus]]'' | list1 = * [[Abbott's duiker|Abbott's duiker (''C. spadix'')]] * [[Aders's duiker|Aders's duiker (''C. adersi'')]] * [[Bay duiker|Bay duiker (''C. dorsalis'')]] * [[Black duiker|Black duiker (''C. niger'')]] * [[Black-fronted duiker|Black-fronted duiker (''C. nigrifrons'')]] * [[Brooke's duiker|Brooke's duiker (''C. brookei'')]] * [[Harvey's duiker|Harvey's duiker (''C. harveyi'')]] * [[Jentink's duiker|Jentink's duiker (''C. jentinki'')]] * [[Ogilby's duiker|Ogilby's duiker (''C. ogilbyi'')]] * [[Peters's duiker|Peters' duiker (''C. callipygus'')]] * [[Red-flanked duiker|Red-flanked duiker (''C. rufilatus'')]] * [[Red forest duiker|Red forest duiker (''C. natalensis'')]] * [[Ruwenzori duiker|Ruwenzori duiker (''C. rubidis'')]] * [[Weyns's duiker|Weyns's duiker (''C. weynsi'')]] * [[White-bellied duiker|White-bellied duiker (''C. leucogaster'')]] * [[White-legged duiker|White-legged duiker (''C. crusalbum'')]] * [[Yellow-backed duiker|Yellow-backed duiker (''C. silvicultor'')]] * [[Zebra duiker|Zebra duiker (''C. zebra'')]] | group2 = ''[[Duiker|Philantomba]]'' | list2 = * [[Blue duiker|Blue duiker (''P. monticola'')]] * [[Maxwell's duiker|Maxwell's duiker (''P. maxwellii'')]] * [[Walter's duiker|Walter's duiker (''P. walteri'')]] | group3 = ''[[Common duiker|Sylvicapra]]'' | list3 = * [[Common duiker|Common duiker (''S. grimmia'')]] }} }} |group7 = Suborder [[Suina]] |abbr7 = S. |list7 = {{Navbox|child | group1 = [[Suidae]] | list1 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 9.5em | group1 = ''[[Babirusa|Babyrousa]]'' | list1 = * [[Buru babirusa|Buru babirusa (''B. babyrussa'')]] * [[North Sulawesi babirusa|North Sulawesi babirusa (''B. celebensis'')]] * [[Togian babirusa|Togian babirusa (''B. togeanensis'')]] | group2 = ''[[Giant forest hog|Hylochoerus]]'' | list2 = * [[Giant forest hog|Giant forest hog (''H. meinertzhageni'')]] | group3 = ''[[Phacochoerus]]'' | list3 = * [[Desert warthog|Desert warthog (''P. aethiopicus'')]] * [[Common warthog|Common warthog (''P. africanus'')]] | group4 = ''[[Pygmy hog|Porcula]]'' | list4 = * [[Pygmy hog|Pygmy hog (''P. salvania'')]] | group5 = ''[[Potamochoerus]]'' | list5 = * [[Bushpig|Bushpig (''P. larvatus'')]] * [[Red river hog|Red river hog (''P. porcus'')]] | group6 = ''[[Sus (genus)|Sus]]'' | list6 = * [[Palawan bearded pig|Palawan bearded pig (''S. ahoenobarbus'')]] * [[Bornean bearded pig|Bornean bearded pig (''S. barbatus'')]] * [[Visayan warty pig|Visayan warty pig (''S. cebifrons'')]] * [[Celebes warty pig|Celebes warty pig (''S. celebensis'')]] * [[Pig|Domestic pig (''S. domesticus'')]] * [[Flores warty pig|Flores warty pig (''S. heureni'')]] * [[Oliver's warty pig|Oliver's warty pig (''S. oliveri'')]] * [[Philippine warty pig|Philippine warty pig (''S. philippensis'')]] * [[Wild boar|Wild boar (''S. scrofa'')]] * [[Timor warty pig|Timor warty pig (''S. timoriensis'')]] * [[Javan warty pig|Javan warty pig (''S. verrucosus'')]] }} | group2 = [[Peccary|Tayassuidae]] | list2 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 9.5em | group1 = ''[[White-lipped peccary|Tayassu]]'' | list1 = * [[White-lipped peccary|White-lipped peccary (''T. pecari'')]] | group2 = ''[[Chacoan peccary|Catagonus]]'' | list2 = * [[Chacoan peccary|Chacoan peccary (''C. wagneri'')]] | group3 = ''[[Collared peccary|Dicotyles]]'' | list3 = * [[Collared peccary|Collared peccary (''D. tajacu'')]] }} }} |group8 = Suborder [[Tylopoda]] |abbr8 = T. |list8 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 6.5em | group1 = [[Camelidae]] | list1 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 6.5em | group1 = ''[[Lama (genus)|Lama]]'' | list1 = * [[Llama|Llama (''L. glama'')]] * [[Guanaco|Guanaco (''L. guanicoe'')]] * [[Alpaca|Alpaca (''L. pacos'')]] * [[Vicuña|Vicuña (''L. vicugna'')]] | group2 = ''[[Camel|Camelus]]'' | list2 = * [[Bactrian camel|Domestic Bactrian camel (''C. bactrianus'')]] * [[Dromedary|Dromedary/Arabian camel (''C. dromedarius'')]] * [[Wild Bactrian camel|Wild Bactrian camel (''C. ferus'')]] }} }} |group9 = [[Whippomorpha]] {{nobold|<small>(unranked clade)</small>}} |abbr9 = C. |list9 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8.5em | group1 = [[Hippopotamidae]] | list1 = {{Navbox|subgroup | groupwidth = 8.5em | group1 = ''[[Hippopotamus (genus)|Hippopotamus]]'' | list1 = * [[Hippopotamus|Hippopotamus (''H. amphibius'')]] | group2 = ''[[Pygmy hippopotamus|Choeropsis]]'' | list2 = * [[Pygmy hippopotamus|Pygmy hippopotamus (''C. liberiensis'')]] }} | group2 = [[Cetacea]] | list2 = * see [[Template:Cetacea|Cetacea]] }} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation |content={{Wikipedia:WikiProject Mammals/Article templates/doc |collapsible=y}} }} </noinclude> sf143f5s7lx1l0uymw3szkej5bde7e4 10 12532 49820 2022-08-25T20:20:56Z Ptpare 220 Tlhodile letlakala ka '{{#invoke:Navbox with collapsible groups|navbox}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>' wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Navbox with collapsible groups|navbox}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> j6qvvjumurmy6l2o9ffi0l26l7qqwy6 828 12533 49821 2022-08-25T20:21:53Z Ptpare 220 Tlhodile letlakala ka '-- This module implements {{Navbox with collapsible groups}} local q = {} local Navbox = require('Module:Navbox') -- helper functions local function concatstrings(s) local r = table.concat(s, '') if r:match('^%s*$') then r = nil end return r end local function concatstyles(s) local r = table.concat(s, ';') while r:match(';%s*;') do r = mw.ustring.gsub(r, ';%s*;', ';') end if r:match('^%s*;%s*$') then r = nil end return r end function q._navbox(pargs) --...' Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements {{Navbox with collapsible groups}} local q = {} local Navbox = require('Module:Navbox') -- helper functions local function concatstrings(s) local r = table.concat(s, '') if r:match('^%s*$') then r = nil end return r end local function concatstyles(s) local r = table.concat(s, ';') while r:match(';%s*;') do r = mw.ustring.gsub(r, ';%s*;', ';') end if r:match('^%s*;%s*$') then r = nil end return r end function q._navbox(pargs) -- table for args passed to navbox local targs = {} -- process args local passthrough = { ['name']=true,['navbar']=true,['state']=true,['border']=true, ['bodyclass']=true,['groupclass']=true,['listclass']=true, ['style']=true,['bodystyle']=true,['basestyle']=true, ['title']=true,['titleclass']=true,['titlestyle']=true, ['above']=true,['aboveclass']=true,['abovestyle']=true, ['below']=true,['belowclass']=true,['belowstyle']=true, ['image']=true,['imageclass']=true,['imagestyle']=true, ['imageleft']=true,['imageleftstyle']=true } for k,v in pairs(pargs) do if k and type(k) == 'string' then if passthrough[k] then targs[k] = v elseif (k:match('^list[0-9][0-9]*$') or k:match('^content[0-9][0-9]*$') ) then local n = mw.ustring.gsub(k, '^[a-z]*([0-9]*)$', '%1') if (targs['list' .. n] == nil and pargs['group' .. n] == nil and pargs['sect' .. n] == nil and pargs['section' .. n] == nil) then targs['list' .. n] = concatstrings( {pargs['list' .. n] or '', pargs['content' .. n] or ''}) end elseif (k:match('^group[0-9][0-9]*$') or k:match('^sect[0-9][0-9]*$') or k:match('^section[0-9][0-9]*$') ) then local n = mw.ustring.gsub(k, '^[a-z]*([0-9]*)$', '%1') if targs['list' .. n] == nil then local titlestyle = concatstyles( {pargs['groupstyle'] or '',pargs['secttitlestyle'] or '', pargs['group' .. n .. 'style'] or '', pargs['section' .. n ..'titlestyle'] or ''}) local liststyle = concatstyles( {pargs['liststyle'] or '', pargs['contentstyle'] or '', pargs['list' .. n .. 'style'] or '', pargs['content' .. n .. 'style'] or ''}) local title = concatstrings( {pargs['group' .. n] or '', pargs['sect' .. n] or '', pargs['section' .. n] or ''}) local list = concatstrings( {pargs['list' .. n] or '', pargs['content' .. n] or ''}) local state = (pargs['abbr' .. n] and pargs['abbr' .. n] == pargs['selected']) and 'uncollapsed' or pargs['state' .. n] or 'collapsed' targs['list' .. n] = Navbox._navbox( {'child', navbar = 'plain', state = state, basestyle = pargs['basestyle'], title = title, titlestyle = titlestyle, list1 = list, liststyle = liststyle, listclass = pargs['list' .. n .. 'class'], image = pargs['image' .. n], imageleft = pargs['imageleft' .. n], listpadding = pargs['listpadding']}) end end end end -- ordering of style and bodystyle targs['style'] = concatstyles({targs['style'] or '', targs['bodystyle'] or ''}) targs['bodystyle'] = nil -- child or subgroup if targs['border'] == nil then targs['border'] = pargs[1] end return Navbox._navbox(targs) end function q.navbox(frame) local pargs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, {wrappers = {'Template:Navbox with collapsible groups'}}) -- Read the arguments in the order they'll be output in, to make references number in the right order. local _ _ = pargs.title _ = pargs.above for i = 1, 20 do _ = pargs["group" .. tostring(i)] _ = pargs["list" .. tostring(i)] end _ = pargs.below return q._navbox(pargs) end return q 4puv4ujrzakwzfosg5awaov15wcgryv 10 12534 49822 2022-08-25T20:25:02Z Ptpare 220 Tlhodile letlakala ka '{{sister-inline |short={{{short|}}} |project=commonscat |list={{{list|}}} |extratext={{{extratext|}}} |links={{#invoke:Commons link|getCategory|{{{1|}}}|linktext={{{2|}}}|<!-- -->lcfirst={{if empty|{{{lcfirst|}}}|{{{lcf|}}}}}|nowrap={{{nowrap|}}}|italic={{{italic|}}}|<!-- -->tracking={{#if:{{{notrack|}}}||1}}|qid={{{qid|}}}}}<!-- -->}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude>' wikitext text/x-wiki {{sister-inline |short={{{short|}}} |project=commonscat |list={{{list|}}} |extratext={{{extratext|}}} |links={{#invoke:Commons link|getCategory|{{{1|}}}|linktext={{{2|}}}|<!-- -->lcfirst={{if empty|{{{lcfirst|}}}|{{{lcf|}}}}}|nowrap={{{nowrap|}}}|italic={{{italic|}}}|<!-- -->tracking={{#if:{{{notrack|}}}||1}}|qid={{{qid|}}}}}<!-- -->}}<noinclude>{{documentation}}</noinclude> aj8fujfu74idnvkrum80pf7f64y2xg7 828 12535 49823 2022-08-25T20:26:09Z Ptpare 220 Tlhodile letlakala ka 'require('Module:No globals') -- Module to find commons galleries and categories based on wikidata entries local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local yesNo = require('Module:Yesno') local generateWarning = require('Module:If preview')._warning local p = {} -- Check if string is a valid QID -- Argument: QID to check -- Returns: valid (bool) local function _validQID(qid) return qid and mw.ustring.find(qid,"^[Qq]%d+$") end -- Check if string is a valid...' Scribunto text/plain require('Module:No globals') -- Module to find commons galleries and categories based on wikidata entries local getArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local yesNo = require('Module:Yesno') local generateWarning = require('Module:If preview')._warning local p = {} -- Check if string is a valid QID -- Argument: QID to check -- Returns: valid (bool) local function _validQID(qid) return qid and mw.ustring.find(qid,"^[Qq]%d+$") end -- Check if string is a valid wikidata property string -- Argument: property string to check -- Returns: valid (bool) local function _validProp(prop) return prop and mw.ustring.find(prop,"^[Pp]%d+$") end local function _lcfirst(s) return mw.ustring.lower(mw.ustring.sub(s,1,1))..mw.ustring.sub(s,2) end -- Format displayed linktext -- Arguments: -- s = string to display -- formatting = formatting table: -- formatting.linktext = if defined, override s -- formatting.lcfirst = lower case the first letter in display -- formatting.bold = whether to bold the display -- formatting.italic = whether to italicize the display -- formatting.nowrap = set nowrapping -- Returns: -- formatted string local function _formatResult(s, formatting) local resultVal = formatting.linktext or s if formatting.lcfirst then resultVal = _lcfirst(resultVal) end local style = "" if formatting.italic then style = "font-style:italic; " end if formatting.bold then style = style.."font-weight:bold; " end if formatting.nowrap then style = style.."white-space:nowrap; " end if style ~= "" then resultVal = '<span style="'..mw.text.trim(style)..'">'..resultVal..'</span>' end return resultVal end -- Get title, namespace, and QID for current page -- Arguments: -- qid = testing only: get title of alternative page with QID=qid -- nsQid = whether to return the ns of the qid page or current -- Returns: -- title, namespace (string), qid of current page (or test page) local function _getTitleQID(qid,nsQid) local titleObject = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() -- look up qid for current page (if not testing) local nsText = mw.ustring.gsub(titleObject.nsText,"_"," ") if not _validQID(qid) then qid = mw.wikibase.getEntityIdForCurrentPage() return titleObject.text, nsText, qid end -- testing-only path: given a qid, determine title -- always use namespace from current page (to suppress tracking cat) qid = qid:upper() local title = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid) or "" -- strip any namespace from sitelink local firstColon = mw.ustring.find(title,':',1,true) local qidNsText = "" if firstColon then qidNsText = mw.ustring.sub(title,1,firstColon-1) title = mw.ustring.sub(title,firstColon+1) end if nsQid then return title, qidNsText, qid end return title, nsText, qid end -- Lookup Commons gallery in Wikidata -- Arguments: -- qid = QID of current article -- fetch = whether to lookup Commons sitelink (bool) -- commonsSitelink = default value for Commons sitelink -- Returns: -- categoryLink = name of Commons category, nil if nothing is found -- consistent = multiple wikidata fields are examined: are they consistent? -- commonsSitelink = commons sitelink for current article local function _lookupGallery(qid,fetch,commonsSitelink) if not _validQID(qid) then return nil, true, nil end qid = qid:upper() local galleryLink = nil local consistent = true -- look up commons sitelink for article, use if not category if fetch then commonsSitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid,"commonswiki") or commonsSitelink end if commonsSitelink and mw.ustring.sub(commonsSitelink,1,9) ~= "Category:" then galleryLink = commonsSitelink end -- P935 is the "commons gallery" property for this article local P935 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P935")[1] if P935 and P935.mainsnak.datavalue then local gallery = P935.mainsnak.datavalue.value if galleryLink and galleryLink ~= gallery then consistent = false else galleryLink = gallery end end return galleryLink, consistent, commonsSitelink end -- Find fallback category by looking up Commons sitelink of different page -- Arguments: -- qid = QID for current article -- property = property that refers to other article whose sitelink to return -- Returns: either category-stripped name of article, or nil local function _lookupFallback(qid,property) if not _validQID(qid) or not _validProp(property) then return nil end qid = qid:upper() property = property:upper() -- If property exists on current article, get value (other article qid) local value = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, property)[1] if value and value.mainsnak.datavalue and value.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id then -- Look up Commons sitelink of other article local sitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(value.mainsnak.datavalue.value.id,"commonswiki") -- Check to see if it starts with "Category:". If so, strip it and return if sitelink and mw.ustring.sub(sitelink,1,9) == "Category:" then return mw.ustring.sub(sitelink,10) end end return nil end -- Find Commons category by looking in wikidata -- Arguments: -- qid = QID of current article -- fetch = whether to lookup Commons sitelink (bool) -- commonsSitelink = default value for Commons sitelink -- Returns: -- categoryLink = name of Commons category, nil if nothing is found -- consistent = multiple wikidata fields are examined: are they consistent? -- commonsSitelink = commons sitelink for current article local function _lookupCategory(qid, fetch, commonsSitelink) if not _validQID(qid) then return nil, true, nil end qid = qid:upper() local categoryLink = nil local consistent = true -- look up commons sitelink for article, use if starts with "Category:" if fetch then commonsSitelink = mw.wikibase.getSitelink(qid,"commonswiki") or commonsSitelink end if commonsSitelink and mw.ustring.sub(commonsSitelink,1,9) == "Category:" then categoryLink = mw.ustring.sub(commonsSitelink,10) end -- P910 is the "topic's main category". Look for commons sitelink there local fallback = _lookupFallback(qid,"P910") if fallback then if categoryLink and categoryLink ~= fallback then consistent = false qid = nil else categoryLink = fallback end end -- P1754 is the "list's main category". Look for commons sitelink there fallback = _lookupFallback(qid,"P1754") if fallback then if categoryLink and categoryLink ~= fallback then consistent = false qid = nil else categoryLink = fallback end end -- P373 is the "commons category" property for this article. This is -- a low-quality field, so should only be used as a last resort. if categoryLink == nil and _validQID(qid) then local P373 = mw.wikibase.getBestStatements(qid, "P373")[1] if P373 and P373.mainsnak.datavalue then categoryLink = P373.mainsnak.datavalue.value consistent = true -- P373 is never used if anything else is available end end return categoryLink, consistent, commonsSitelink end -- Does the article have a Commons gallery, and is it consistent? -- Arguments: -- qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only) -- Returns: -- filename at Commons, bool: is wikidata consistent for this article? function p._hasGalleryConsistent(qid) local wp_title, wp_ns wp_title, wp_ns, qid = _getTitleQID(qid) return _lookupGallery(qid,true) end -- Does the article have a corresponding Commons gallery? -- Arguments: -- qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only) -- Returns: -- filename at Commons if so, false if not function p._hasGallery(qid) local galleryLink, consistent = p._hasGalleryConsistent(qid) return consistent and galleryLink end -- Does the article have a Commons category? Is wikidata consistent for that? -- Arguments: -- qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only) -- prefix = whether to add "Category:" to return string (default true) -- Returns: -- filename at Commons, bool: consistent function p._hasCategoryConsistent(qid,prefix) if prefix == nil then prefix = true end local wp_title, wp_ns wp_title, wp_ns, qid = _getTitleQID(qid) local categoryLink, consistent = _lookupCategory(qid,true) if categoryLink and prefix then categoryLink = "Category:"..categoryLink end return categoryLink, consistent end -- Does the article have a corresponding Commons category? -- Arguments: -- qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only) -- prefix = whether to add "Category:" to return string (default true) -- Returns: -- filename at Commons if so, blank if not function p._hasCategory(qid,prefix) local categoryLink, consistent = p._hasCategoryConsistent(qid,prefix) return consistent and categoryLink end -- Create Commons link corresponding to current article -- Arguments: -- namespace = namespace in Commons ("" for galleries) -- default = use as Commons link, don't access wikidata -- search = string to search for -- fallback = string to search for if wikidata fails -- formatting = formatting parameters -- qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only) -- Returns: -- formatted wikilink to Commons in specified namespace function p._getCommons(namespace,default,search,fallback,formatting,qid) local nsColon if not namespace or namespace == "" then nsColon = "" else nsColon = namespace..":" end if default then return "[[Commons:"..nsColon..default.."|".._formatResult(default,formatting).."]]" end if search then return "[[Commons:Special:Search/"..nsColon..search.."|".._formatResult(search,formatting).."]]" end local wp_title, wp_ns wp_title, wp_ns, qid = _getTitleQID(qid) local commonsLink = nil local consistent = true if nsColon == "" then commonsLink, consistent = _lookupGallery(qid,true) elseif namespace:lower() == "category" then commonsLink, consistent = _lookupCategory(qid,true) end -- use wikidata if consistent if commonsLink and consistent then return "[[Commons:"..nsColon..commonsLink.."|".._formatResult(commonsLink,formatting).."]]" end -- if not consistent, fall back to search and add to tracking cat -- construct default result (which searches for title) local searchResult = "[[Commons:Special:Search/"..nsColon..(fallback or wp_title) .."|".._formatResult(fallback or wp_title,formatting).."]]" if not consistent and wp_ns == "" then local friendlyNS if nsColon == "" then friendlyNS = "gallery" else friendlyNS = namespace:lower() end searchResult = searchResult.."[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons "..friendlyNS.."]]" end return searchResult end -- Returns "best" Commons link: first look for gallery, then try category -- Arguments: -- default = use as Commons link, don't access wikidata -- search = string to search for -- fallback = string to search for if wikidata lookup fails -- formatting = formatting parameters -- qid = QID to lookup in wikidata (for testing only) -- Returns: -- formatted wikilink to Commons "best" landing page function p._getGalleryOrCategory(default, search, fallback, formatting, qid) if default then return "[[Commons:"..default.."|".._formatResult(default,formatting).."]]" end if search then return "[[Commons:Special:Search/"..search.."|".._formatResult(search,formatting).."]]" end local wp_title, wp_ns wp_title, wp_ns, qid = _getTitleQID(qid) local trackingCats = "" local galleryLink, consistent, commonsSitelink = _lookupGallery(qid,true) -- use wikidata if either sitelink or P935 exist, and they both agree if galleryLink and consistent then return "[[Commons:"..galleryLink.."|".._formatResult(galleryLink,formatting).."]]" end if not consistent and wp_ns == "" then trackingCats = "[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons gallery]]" end -- if gallery is not good, fall back looking for category local categoryLink categoryLink, consistent = _lookupCategory(qid,false,commonsSitelink) if categoryLink and consistent then return "[[Commons:Category:"..categoryLink.."|".._formatResult(categoryLink,formatting).."]]"..trackingCats end if not consistent and wp_ns == "" then trackingCats = trackingCats.."[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons category]]" end -- return search result looking for title as last attempt return "[[Commons:Special:Search/" .. (fallback or wp_title) .. "|" .. _formatResult(fallback or wp_title,formatting) .. "]]" .. trackingCats end -- Return link(s) Commons gallery, or category, or both from wikidata -- Arguments: -- defaultGallery = default gallery link to use, instead of wikidata -- defaultCategory = default category link to use, instead of wikidata -- categoryText = if both gallery and category, text to use in category link ("category" by default) -- oneSearch = only emit one search result -- formatting = formatting parameters -- qid = qid of page to lookup in wikidata (testing only) function p._getGalleryAndCategory(defaultGallery, defaultCategory, categoryText, oneSearch, formatting, qid ) local wp_title, wp_ns wp_title, wp_ns, qid = _getTitleQID(qid) categoryText = categoryText or "category" local trackingCats = "" local galleryLink, galleryConsistent local commonsSitelink = nil if defaultGallery then galleryLink = defaultGallery galleryConsistent = true else galleryLink, galleryConsistent, commonsSitelink = _lookupGallery(qid,true) end local galleryGood = galleryLink and galleryConsistent if not galleryConsistent and wp_ns == "" then trackingCats = "[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons gallery]]" end local categoryLink, categoryConsistent if defaultCategory then categoryLink = defaultCategory categoryConsistent = true else categoryLink, categoryConsistent = _lookupCategory(qid,defaultGallery,commonsSitelink) end local categoryGood = categoryLink and categoryConsistent if not categoryConsistent and wp_ns == "" then trackingCats = trackingCats.."[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons category]]" end local firstLink -- construct default result (which searches for title) local searchResult = "[[Commons:Special:Search/"..wp_title.."|".._formatResult(wp_title,formatting).."]]" if not oneSearch then searchResult = searchResult.." ([[Commons:Special:Search/Category:"..wp_title.."|"..categoryText.."]])" end local linkText = nil if galleryGood then firstLink = galleryLink linkText = galleryLink elseif categoryGood then firstLink = "Category:"..categoryLink linkText = categoryLink else return searchResult..trackingCats end local resultVal = "[[Commons:"..firstLink.."|".._formatResult(linkText,formatting).."]]" if galleryGood and categoryGood then resultVal = resultVal.." ([[Commons:Category:"..categoryLink.."|"..categoryText.."]])" end return resultVal..trackingCats end -- Compare two titles with their namespaces stripped local function titleMatch(s1,s2) s1 = s1 or "" s2 = s2 or "" s1 = mw.ustring.gsub(s1,"^[^:]+:","") s2 = mw.ustring.gsub(s2,"^[^:]+:","") return s1 == s2 end local galleryTrackingCats = { commons_link_on_wikidata = '[[Category:Commons link is on Wikidata]]', commons_link_defined_as_pagename = '[[Category:Commons link is defined as the pagename]]', commons_link_locally_defined = '[[Category:Commons link is locally defined]]', commons_link_from_wikidata = '[[Category:Commons link from Wikidata]]', commons_link_is_pagename = '[[Category:Commons link is the pagename]]', inconsistent = '[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons gallery]]' } local categoryTrackingCats = { commons_link_on_wikidata = '[[Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata]]', commons_link_defined_as_pagename = '[[Category:Commons category link is defined as the pagename]]', commons_link_locally_defined = '[[Category:Commons category link is locally defined]]', commons_link_from_wikidata = '[[Category:Commons category link from Wikidata]]', commons_link_is_pagename = '[[Category:Commons category link is the pagename]]', inconsistent = '[[Category:Inconsistent wikidata for Commons category]]' } local function selectTrackingCat(trackingCats,wikidata,consistent,default,title) if not consistent then return trackingCats.inconsistent end if default then -- construct warning message if default == wikidata then return trackingCats.commons_link_on_wikidata end local warning = "" if wikidata then warning = generateWarning({ "Commons link does not match Wikidata – [[Template:Commons_category#Resolving_discrepancies|please check]]" }) end if titleMatch(default,title) then return trackingCats.commons_link_defined_as_pagename .. warning end return trackingCats.commons_link_locally_defined .. warning end if wikidata then return trackingCats.commons_link_from_wikidata end return trackingCats.commons_link_is_pagename end -- Figure out tracking categories and editor warnings -- Arguments: -- default = Commons link argument passed to template -- fetchGallery = whether to fetch a gallery from Wikidata -- fetchCategory = whether to fetch a category from Wikidata -- qid = force a qid for testing -- Returns: -- tracking category and possible user warning -- -- Note: the logic for the tracking is quite different than the logic -- for generating Commons links (above). Thus, it is separated into another -- function for code clarity and maintainability. This should not seriously -- affect performance: server time is dominated by fetching wikidata entities, -- and those entities should be cached and shared between the Commons generating -- code and this tracking code. function p._tracking(default, fetchGallery, fetchCategory, qid) local title, wp_ns, wp_qid = _getTitleQID(qid,true) if wp_ns ~= "" then title = wp_ns..":"..title end -- only track if test or namespace=article or namespace=category if not (qid or wp_ns == "" or wp_ns == "Category") then return "" end -- determine title and namespace of wikidata and wp article local wikidata = nil local consistent = nil -- Tracking code works for all 4 cases of states of fetchGallery/Category -- fetchGallery takes precedence if fetchGallery then wikidata, consistent = p._hasGalleryConsistent(qid) if default or not fetchCategory or (consistent and wikidata) then return selectTrackingCat(galleryTrackingCats,wikidata,consistent, default,title) end end if fetchCategory then local cat_wikidata, cat_consistent = p._hasCategoryConsistent(qid,true) if not fetchGallery or (cat_consistent and cat_wikidata) then return selectTrackingCat(categoryTrackingCats,cat_wikidata, cat_consistent,default,title) end return selectTrackingCat(galleryTrackingCats,wikidata,consistent, default,title) end return "" -- nothing fetched, nothing tracked end local function _createFormatting(args) local formatting = {} formatting.linktext = args.linktext formatting.lcfirst = yesNo(args.lcfirst) formatting.bold = yesNo(args.bold) formatting.italic = yesNo(args.italic) formatting.nowrap = yesNo(args.nowrap) return formatting end -- Testing-only entry point for _getTitleQID function p.getTitleQID(frame) local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false}) local text, ns, qid = _getTitleQID(args[1],args[2]) return text..","..ns..","..(qid or "nil") end -- Testing-only entry point for _lookupFallback function p.lookupFallback(frame) local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false}) local fallback = _lookupFallback(args[1],args[2]) return fallback or "nil" end -- Find the Commons gallery page associated with article function p.getGallery(frame) local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false}) return p._getCommons("",args[1],args.search,args.fallback,_createFormatting(args),args.qid) end -- Find the Commons category page associated with article function p.getCategory(frame) local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false}) local retval = p._getCommons("Category", args[1], args.search, args.fallback, _createFormatting(args), args.qid ) if args.tracking then local default = nil if args[1] then default = "Category:"..args[1] end retval = retval..p._tracking(default, false, true, args.qid) end return retval end function p.getGalleryOrCategory(frame) local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false}) local retval = p._getGalleryOrCategory( args[1], args.search, args.fallback, _createFormatting(args), args.qid ) if args.tracking then retval = retval..p._tracking(args[1],true,true,args.qid) end return retval end function p.hasGallery(frame) local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false}) return p._hasGallery(args.qid) or "" end function p.hasCategory(frame) local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false}) return p._hasCategory(args.qid) or "" end function p.hasGalleryOrCategory(frame) local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false}) return p._hasGallery(args.qid) or p._hasCategory(args.qid) or "" end function p.getGalleryAndCategory(frame) local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false}) return p._getGalleryAndCategory(args[1], args[2], args.categoryText, args.oneSearch, _createFormatting(args), args.qid) end function p.tracking(frame) local args = getArgs(frame,{frameOnly=true,parentOnly=false,parentFirst=false}) return p._tracking(args[1], args.fetchGallery, args.fetchCategory, args.qid) end return p tiwwt5d4q8wb5gx6nh70z4fiqb3bkp6