Chicago

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    <title>Chicago</title>
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      <text bytes="6210" sha1="ghityq3ppkvh3xd34kx0a4jbwfnqflt" xml:space="preserve">{{otheruses2|Chicago}}
{{Infobox City |official_name = Chicago, Illinois
|nickname = &quot;[[List of nicknames for Chicago|Ing Maiangin a Lakanbalen]],&quot; &quot;[[List of nicknames for Chicago|The Second City]],&quot; &quot;[[List of nicknames for Chicago|Chi Town]],&quot; &quot;[[Chicago (poem)|City of the Big Shoulders]],&quot; &quot;[[Area code 312|The 312]],&quot; &quot;The City that Works&quot;.
|motto = &quot;Urbs In Horto&quot; ([[Latin]]: &quot;City in a Garden&quot;), &quot;I Will&quot;
|website = [http://egov.cityofchicago.org/ egov.cityofchicago.org]
|image_skyline = 2004-07-14 2600x1500 chicago lake skyline.jpg
|image_flag = Flag of Chicago, Illinois.svg
|image_seal =
|image_map = US-IL-Chicago.png
|map_caption = Location in [[Chicagoland]] and Illinois
|subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Bangsa]]
|subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[List of counties in Illinois|County]]
|subdivision_name = [[United States]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Illinois]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Cook County, Illinois|Cook]] &amp; [[DuPage County, Illinois|DuPage]]
|leader_title = [[Mayor]]
|leader_name = Richard M. Daley
|leader_party = D
|area_magnitude = 1 E8
|TotalArea_sq_mi  = 234.0
|area_total = 606.2
|LandArea_sq_mi = 227.2
|area_land = 588.3 
|WaterArea_sq_mi = 6.9
|area_water = 17.9
|area_water_percent=3.0 
|area_urban = 5498.1
|UrbanArea_sq_mi = 2122.8
|area_metro = 28163
|MetroArea_sq_mi = 10874
|population_as_of = 2005
|population_total = 2873790
|population_urban = 8711,000
|population_metro = 9443356 
|population_density_mi2 = 12604
|population_density = 4867
|timezone = [[Central Standard Time|CST]]
|utc_offset = -6
|timezone_DST = [[Central Daylight Time|CDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = -5
|elevation = 179 
|elevation_ft = 586
|latd = 41
|latm = 54
|lats = 
|latNS = N
|longd = 87
|longm = 39
|longs = 
|longEW = W
|established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporated]]
|established_date = [[Marsu 4]] [[1837]]
|footnotes = 
}}

Ing '''[[Chicago]]''' ({{IPAEng|ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ}}) iya ing pekamaragul diling lakanbalen karas keng populasyun keng state ning [[Illinois]] ampong ing [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]], at metung yang mangibabong kalibutarang panyalapi, industria at kalinangan ning labuad. Ing lakanbalen makaba yang meging &quot;kaduang lakanbalen&quot;  (kadua keng populasyun keng New York), ampong kasalungsunganing [[List of United States cities by population|pangatlung peka-marakal a populasyun]] a lakanbalen keng [[United States]], a atin mga 3 yutang katau. 


[[File:Chicago-fire1.jpg|thumb|Ing Talaalit a ginulis ning [[1871 Great Chicago Fire|Maragul  a Silab ning Chicago inyang 1871]]]]

[[File:Water Tower - Chicago Nov 2004.jpg|thumb|right|Ing [[Chicago Water Tower]], metung kareng ditak a mitagan a pakatalakad kaibat ning [[1871 Great Chicago Fire|Maragul  a Silab ning Chicago inyang 1871]].]]

[[File:Chicago buildings 01.jpg|thumb|right|Ing [[Sears Tower]], a mika 108 Palapag, stands as Chicago's tallest building since its completion in 1974 and is the tallest building in the [[Western Hemisphere]].]] 

[[File:Chicago Downtown Aerial View.jpg|thumb|right|Mayayakit keng makatas angin ing downtown Chicago makalawe keng pangulu neng panaun ning dimla.]]


[[File:Chicago-lighthouse.jpg|thumb|right|[[Chicago Harbor Lighthouse]]]]


[[File:BuildingsLiningChicagoRiver.jpg|thumb|right|Deng pakatalakad tukituki keng Ilug ning Chicago.]]

== Suglung Palwal ==
* [http://www.corile-design.co.uk/PChicago.htm Paintings of Chicago] {{Wayback|url=http://www.corile-design.co.uk/PChicago.htm |date=20070603201815 }}By Mario Corile
* [http://www.cityofchicago.org/ Official City Website]
{{Spoken Wikipedia|Chicago.ogg|2005-07-22}}
{{sisterlinks|Chicago}}
{{portal|Chicago}}
* [http://www.chicago.com/ Chicago.com Guide to Chicago for Locals and Visitors] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chicago.com/ |date=20070605052347 }}
* {{wikivoyage|Chicago}}
* [http://www.chicagotraveler.com/ Convention &amp; Visitors Bureau]
* [http://www.chicagolandchamber.org/ Chicagoland Chamber of Commerce]
* [http://www.southsuburb.com Links to the South Suburbs]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.areachicago.com AREA Chicago Art/Education/Activism Online/Print Publication http://triggur.org/contagion/?src=JAL200] {{Wayback|url=http://www.areachicago.com/ |date=20171009021716 }}
* [http://www.builtchicago.com Built Chicago] Information on architecture, planning, real estate
* [http://www.historicbridges.org/b_c_il_cook.htm Learn About Chicago's Historic Movable Bridges http://triggur.org/contagion/?src=JAL200] {{Wayback|url=http://www.historicbridges.org/b_c_il_cook.htm |date=20060927002047 }}
* [http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org Encyclopedia of Chicago http://triggur.org/contagion/?src=JAL200]
* [http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=41840000&amp;x=-87680000&amp;z=11&amp;l=0&amp;m=a WikiSatellite view of Chicago at WikiMapia http://triggur.org/contagion/?src=JAL200]
* [http://www.hot-maps.de/north_america/usa/illinois/chicago/homeen.html Interactive map of downtown Chicago]
* [http://www.vlib.us/chicagoaddenda.html WWW-VL: Chicago Urban History] Dr. Lynn H. Nelson, KU History Emeritus
* [http://usmapserver.com/Illinois/Chicago Map of Chicago] {{Wayback|url=http://usmapserver.com/Illinois/Chicago |date=20070515070507 }} and [http://usmapserver.com/Illinois/Chicago/?cps=448000,4637200,12500 Downtown Chicago Map] {{Wayback|url=http://usmapserver.com/Illinois/Chicago/?cps=448000,4637200,12500 |date=20070726182310 }}
* [http://s2.forumspring.com/chicagohoods/ Chicago Neighborhoods Community]
* [http://www.chicago-life.com/ Chicago Business Directory] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chicago-life.com/ |date=20070403181420 }}
{{Geolinks-cityscale|41.8675|-87.6243}}

{{Chicago}}
{{Chicagoland}}
{{Chicago neighborhoods}}
{{Cook County, Illinois}}
{{Illinois}}
{{USLargestCities}}

[[Category:1833 establishments]]
[[Category:Chicago, Illinois| ]]
[[Category:Chicago metropolitan area]]
[[Category:Cities in Illinois]]
[[Category:Cook County, Illinois]]
[[Category:DuPage County, Illinois]]
[[Category:Port cities in the United States]]
[[Category:County seats in Illinois]]
[[Category:Cities on the Great Lakes]]
[[Category:Orthodox Jewish communities]]
[[Category:Communities on U.S. Route 66]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Pamangaluku ning yatu</title>
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      <text bytes="40439" sha1="fjxq0z6j7aoyzucp5y4292nglqjbeyw" xml:space="preserve">{{Multiple image|align=right|direction=vertical|width=320|image1=Global Temperature Anomaly.svg|alt1=refer to caption|caption1=Pangyatung ''mean'' a pamagbayu king temperatura manibat 1880–2020, kumpara king 1880–1900 ''mean''. Ing matuling a gulis ya pin ing banwahan a The black line is the annual ''mean'' at ing malutu ya pin ing taglus-taglus a ''mean'' balang limang banwa (''5-year running mean''). Papakit da reng aluntyan a bar deng tantsa ning e pangasiguradu (''uncertainty estimates''). Pikwanan: [http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/ NASA GISS].
|image2=Change in Average Temperature.svg
|alt2=Map of temperature changes across the world
|caption2=Mayayakit king mapa ing apulung banwang ''average'' (2011–2020) a global ''mean'' a temperatura kaugne king 1951–1980 ''mean''. Pekamaragul ing pamagtas temperatura king Arctic ampo king Antarctic Peninsula. Pikwanan: [[NASA Earth Observatory]]
|image3=Global Warming Observed CO2 Emissions from fossil fuel burning vs IPCC scenarios.svg|alt4=refer to caption|caption3=Fossil a panangab (''fossil fuel'') a miugne king lulwal a {{CO2}} kumpara kareng limang &quot;[[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|SRES]]&quot; (pamaglarawan ning pamaglwal). Makaugne la reng pamagbaba kareng ''recession'' a pangyatu.  Pikwanan king larawan: [[Skeptical Science]].}}

Ing '''Pamangaluku ning yatu''' (''Global warming'' king Ingles) ya pin ing pamagtas ning karaniwan temperatura ning angin ampong dayatmalat king Yatu manibat anyang tawling dake ning ka19 a dilanwa o siglu (''late 19th century'') ampo ing palage dang pamitaglus na niti king paintungulan. Manibat anyang mumuna nang dake ning ka20ng dilanwa, ing mitatas 0.8 °C, ing ''mean'' a temperatura king babo o balat ning yatu, at milyari ing metung a katlu ning pamagtas manibat kanitang 1980.&lt;ref name = &quot;AmericasClimateChoices-2011-FullReport&quot;&gt;
{{Cite book
| publisher = The National Academies Press
| isbn = 978-0-309-14585-5
| title = America's Climate Choices
| location = Washington, D.C.
| year = 2011
| url = http://www.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=12781&amp;page=1
| page = 15
| quote = The average temperature of the Earth’s surface increased by about {{val|1.4|u=°F}} ({{val|0.8|u=°C}}) over the past 100 years, with about {{val|1.0|u=°F}} ({{val|0.6|u=°C}}) of this warming occurring over just the past three decades
}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Alang duda o kapikakunwan a malino ing pamangaluku o pangapali ning [[sistema ning klima]], at maygit lang 90% a siguradu deng siyentipikung ing manimunang magdala kaniti ya pin ing daragul a konsentrasyun da reng [[greenhouse gas]] a ibat kareng aktibidad ning tau, alimbawa ing pamanyilab kareng [[fossil a panangab]] (''fossil fuels'') ampo ing pamanyira kareng kakewan o kagubatan.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Malino at alang duda ing pamangaluku o pangapali ning sistema ning klima, at iti makalto king pamagumasid king pamagtas ning ''average'' a temperatura ning angin ampong oseanu o dayatmalat, ing maleparan a pangalaso ning nyebe ampong yelu, ampo ing pamagtas ning lebel ning dayatmalat.&quot; (&quot;Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice and rising global average sea level.&quot;) IPCC, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html Synthesis Report] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html |date=20181102182622 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains1.html Section 1.1: Observations of climate change] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains1.html |date=20180804231804 }}, in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC-Def-Of-Certainty&gt;&quot;Three different approaches are used to describe uncertainties each with a distinct form of language. * * * Where uncertainty in specific outcomes is assessed using expert judgment and statistical analysis of a body of evidence (e.g. observations or model results), then the following likelihood ranges are used to express the assessed probability of occurrence: virtually certain &gt;99%; extremely likely &gt;95%; very likely &gt;90%; likely &gt;66%;......&quot; IPCC, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html Synthesis Report] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html |date=20181102182622 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mainssyr-introduction.html Treatment of Uncertainty] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mainssyr-introduction.html |date=20130309213209 }}, in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;IPCC, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html Synthesis Report] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/main.html |date=20181102182622 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains2-4.html Section 2.4: Attribution of climate change] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mains2-4.html |date=20181103000828 }}, in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite book
 | publisher=The National Academies Press
 | isbn = 0-309-14588-0
 | last = America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change; National Research Council
 | title = Advancing the Science of Climate Change
 | location = Washington, D.C.
 | year = 2010
 | url = http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12782
 | quote = (p1) ... there is a strong, credible body of evidence, based on multiple lines of research, documenting that climate is changing and that these changes are in large part caused by human activities. While much remains to be learned, the core phenomenon, scientific questions, and hypotheses have been examined thoroughly and have stood firm in the face of serious scientific debate and careful evaluation of alternative explanations. * * * (p21-22) Some scientific conclusions or theories have been so thoroughly examined and tested, and supported by so many independent observations and results, that their likelihood of subsequently being found to be wrong is vanishingly small. Such conclusions and theories are then regarded as settled facts. This is the case for the conclusions that the Earth system is warming and that much of this warming is very likely due to human activities.
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kikilalanan da la reng pamanigaral a reti deng pambangsang akademya ning syensya da reng anggang manimunang bangsang industrialisadu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://nationalacademies.org/onpi/06072005.pdf
 |title=Joint Science Academies' Statement
 |format=PDF
 |date=
 |accessdate=9 August 2010
 |archivedate=9 September 2013
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909022954/http://www.nationalacademies.org/onpi/06072005.pdf
 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Cref2|A}}

Misampulung (''summarized'') la reng pamagtantsa king [[ulma ning klima]] (''climate model'') king 2007 [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|Fourth Assessment Report]] (AR4) ning [[Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC). Agpang kaniti, lalu pang mitas ing temperatura king babo ning yatung {{convert|1.1|to|2.9|C-change|F-change|1}} para king pekamababang [[Special Report on Emissions Scenarios|emissions scenario]] ampong {{convert|2.4|to|6.4|C-change|F-change|1}} para king karelang pekamatas.&lt;ref&gt;Meehl ''et al.'', [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10.html Chap. 10: Global Climate Projections] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10.html |date=20160415020743 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10s10-es-1-mean-temperature.html Sec. 10.ES: Mean Temperature] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10s10-es-1-mean-temperature.html |date=20111116102329 }}, in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Ibat pamiyaliwa da reng tantsang deti king pamangamit kareng pamiyaliwa king pamangamit kareng ulma o modelung miayaliwa panga-sensitibu king sukad da reng greenhouse gas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal
|last=Schneider Von Deimling |first=Thomas
|coauthors=Held, Ganopolski, Rahmstorf
|title=Climate sensitivity estimated from ensemble simulations of glacial climate
|journal=Climate Dynamics|year=2006
|id = {{citeseerx|10.1.1.172.3264}}
|accessdate=20 July 2011
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Meehl ''et al.'', [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10.html Chap. 10: Global Climate Projections] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10.html |date=20160415020743 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch10s10-5.html Section 10.5: Quantifying the Range of Climate Change], in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

Agpang king AR4, maging aliwa-liwa ing pamagtas temperatura o pamangaluku ampo reng aliwang pamagbayu king  [[pangrehiyon a epektu ning pamangaluku ning yatu|kareng balang labwad]] king mabilug a yatu.&lt;ref&gt;Solomon ''et al.'', [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ts.html Technical Summary],
[http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/tssts-5-3.html Section TS.5.3: Regional-Scale Projections], in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Kayabe la kareng [[epektu ning pamangaluku ning yatu|epektu]] king pamagtas ning temperatura deng pamagtas ning pamipatag o lebel ning dayatmalat, ampo ing pamagbayu ning sukad ampong pamirake ning uran at aliwang uri ning presipitasyu, at mapalyaring ing pamaglapad da reng [[subtropical]] a [[desyertu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal
 |last1       = Lu
 |first1      = Jian
 |last2       = Vechhi
 |first2      = Gabriel A.
 |last3       = Reichler
 |first3      = Thomas
 |title       = Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming
 |journal     = Geophysical Research Letters
 |volume      = 34
 |issue       = 6
 |page        = L06805
 |year        = 2007
 |url         = http://www.atmos.berkeley.edu/~jchiang/Class/Spr07/Geog257/Week10/Lu_Hadley06.pdf
 |format      = PDF
 |doi         = 10.1029/2006GL028443
 |bibcode     = 2007GeoRL..3406805L
 |accessdate  = 8 January 2013
 |archivedate = 17 December 2008
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20081217020052/http://www.atmos.berkeley.edu/~jchiang/Class/Spr07/Geog257/Week10/Lu_Hadley06.pdf
 |deadurl     = yes
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notes ==
{{Cnote2 Begin|list-style=upper-alpha|colwidth=30em}}

{{Cnote2|A|The 2001 joint statement was signed by the national academies of science of Australia, Belgium, [[Brazil]], Canada, the [[Caribbean]], the People's Republic of China, France, Germany, India, [[Indonesia]], Ireland, [[Italy]], Malaysia, New Zealand, Sweden, and the UK.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/1335872.stm |title=Science academies back Kyoto |first=Alex |last=Kirby |publisher=BBC News |date=17 May 2001 |accessdate=27 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2005 statement added Japan, Russia, and the U.S. The 2007 statement added [[Mexico]] and South Africa. The [[Network of African Science Academies]], and the [[Polish Academy of Sciences]] have issued separate statements. Professional scientific societies include [[American Astronomical Society]], [[American Chemical Society]], [[American Geophysical Union]], [[American Institute of Physics]], [[American Meteorological Society]], [[American Physical Society]], [[American Quaternary Association]], [[Australian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society]], [[Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences]], [[Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society]], [[European Academy of Sciences and Arts]], [[European Geosciences Union]], [[European Science Foundation]], [[Geological Society of America]], [[Geological Society of Australia]], [[Geological Society of London]]-Stratigraphy Commission, [[InterAcademy Council]], [[International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics]], [[International Union for Quaternary Research]], [http://www.nagt.org/index.html National Association of Geoscience Teachers], [[United States National Research Council|National Research Council (US)]], [[Royal Meteorological Society]], and [[World Meteorological Organization]].}}

{{Cnote2|B|Earth has already experienced almost 1/2 of the {{convert|2.0|C-change|F-change|1}} described in the Cancun Agreement. In the last 100 years, Earth's average surface temperature increased by about {{convert|0.8|C-change|F-change|1}} with about two thirds of the increase occurring over just the last three decades.&lt;ref name=&quot;AmericasClimateChoices-2011-FullReport&quot;/&gt;}}

{{Cnote2|C|Note that the greenhouse effect produces an average worldwide temperature ''increase'' of about {{convert|33|C-change|0}} compared to black body predictions without the greenhouse effect, not an average ''surface temperature'' of {{convert|33|°C|0}}. The average worldwide surface temperature is about {{convert|14|°C|0}}.}}&lt;ref name=&quot;IPCC_WG1_AR4_Ch1&quot;/&gt;

{{Cnote2|D|2=In the IPCC Fourth Assessment Report, published in 2007, this attribution is given a probability of greater than 90%, based on expert judgement.&lt;ref&gt;IPCC, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spm.html Synthesis Report Summary for Policymakers] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spm.html |date=20130309142919 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mainssyr-introduction.html Introduction] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/mainssyr-introduction.html |date=20130309213209 }}, in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 SYR|2007}}.&lt;/ref&gt; According to the US National Research Council Report&amp;nbsp;– ''Understanding and Responding to Climate Change'' – published in 2008, &quot;[most] scientists agree that the warming in recent decades has been caused primarily by human activities that have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.&quot;&lt;ref name=nrc2008/&gt;}}

{{Cnote2 End}}

== Citations ==
&lt;!-- ** NOTE TO EDITORS: don't add &lt;ref&gt;s to reflist; there's no point for them. --&gt;
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

&lt;ref name=Hegerl-2001&gt;[Notes-Hegerl-2001] Hegerl ''et al.'', [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch9.html Chapter 9: Understanding and Attributing Climate Change] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch9.html |date=20111128182203 }}, [http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch9s9-4-1-5.html Section 9.4.1.5: The Influence of Other Anthropogenic and Natural Forcings] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch9s9-4-1-5.html |date=20140923040020 }}, in {{Harvnb|IPCC AR4 WG1|2007|pp=690–691}}. &quot;Recent estimates indicate a relatively small combined effect of natural forcings on the global mean temperature evolution of the second half of the 20th century, with a small net cooling from the combined effects of solar and volcanic forcings.&quot; [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter9.pdf p. 690] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-chapter9.pdf |date=20180508152907 }}.{{fix|text=Does very cite of this material require the quotation? Is material being repeated?}}&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

== Dalerayan ==
&lt;!-- NOTE TO EDITORS:
 * please add new entries in alphabetical order of author's last name.
 * These are the 'general references' to the source; do not incorporate quotes, etc. here.
 * 'citation' works better than 'cite xxx'.
 --&gt;
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{citation
|year=2009
|title=World Energy Outlook 2009
|publisher=International Energy Agency (IEA)
|location=Paris, France
|author=IEA
|isbn=978-92-64-06130-9
|url=http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/weowebsite/2009/WEO2009.pdf
}}
* {{Citation
| year = 2007
| author = IPCC AR4 SYR
| author-link = Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
| title = Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report
| series = Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|Fourth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
| editors = Core Writing Team; Pachauri, R.K; and Reisinger, A.
| publisher = IPCC
| url = http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/contents.html
| isbn = 92-9169-122-4
}}
* {{Citation
| year = 2007
| author = IPCC AR4 WG1
| title = Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis
| series = Contribution of Working Group I to the [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|Fourth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
| editor = Solomon, S.; Qin, D.; Manning, M.; Chen, Z.; Marquis, M.; Averyt, K.B.; Tignor, M.; and Miller, H.L.
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| url = http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/contents.html
| isbn = 978-0-521-88009-1
}} (pb: {{ISBNT|978-0-521-70596-7}})

* {{Citation
| year = 2007
| author = IPCC AR4 WG2
| title = Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
| series = Contribution of Working Group II to the [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|Fourth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
| editor = Parry, M.L.; Canziani, O.F.; Palutikof, J.P.; van der Linden, P.J.; and Hanson, C.E.
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| url = http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/contents.html
| isbn = 978-0-521-88010-7
| accessdate = 8 January 2013
| archivedate = 10 November 2018
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20181110071159/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg2/en/contents.html
}} (pb: {{ISBNT|978-0-521-70597-4}})

* {{Citation
| year = 2007
| author = IPCC AR4 WG3
| title = Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change
| series = Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Fourth Assessment Report|Fourth Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
| editor = Metz, B.; Davidson, O.R.; Bosch, P.R.; Dave, R.; and Meyer, L.A.
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| url = http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/contents.html
| isbn = 978-0-521-88011-4
| accessdate = 8 January 2013
| archivedate = 12 October 2014
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20141012170817/http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/contents.html
}} (pb: {{ISBNT|978-0-521-70598-1}})

* {{Citation
| year   = 1996
| author = IPCC SAR SYR
| title  = Climate Change 1995: A report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
| series = [[IPCC Second Assessment Report|Second Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
| publisher = IPCC
| url = 
}} [http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc-2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-en.pdf pdf] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/climate-changes-1995/ipcc-2nd-assessment/2nd-assessment-en.pdf |date=20180913173945 }}. &lt;small&gt;The &quot;Full Report&quot;, consisting of &quot;The IPCC Second Assessment Synthesis of Scientific-Technical Information Relevant to Interpreting Article 2 of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change&quot; and the Summaries for Policymakers of the three Working Groups.&lt;/small&gt;
*{{Citation
| year   = 1996
| author = IPCC SAR WG3
| title  = Climate Change 1995: Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change
| series = Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Second Assessment Report|Second Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
| editor = Bruce, J.P.; Lee, H.; and Haites, E.F.
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| url  = 
| isbn = 0-521-56051-9
}} (pb: {{ISBNT|0-521-56854-4}}) [http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_III/ipcc_sar_wg_III_full_report.pdf pdf] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/sar/wg_III/ipcc_sar_wg_III_full_report.pdf |date=20171011184935 }}.
* {{Citation
| year = 2001
| author = IPCC TAR WG1
| title = Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
| series = Contribution of Working Group I to the [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|Third Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
| editor = Houghton, J.T.; Ding, Y.; Griggs, D.J.; Noguer, M.; van der Linden, P.J.; Dai, X.; Maskell, K.; and Johnson, C.A.
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| url = http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Ftar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/index.htm
| isbn = 0-521-80767-0
| accessdate = 8 January 2013
| archivedate = 30 March 2016
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160330214626/http://grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg1%2Findex.htm
}} (pb: {{ISBNT|0-521-01495-6}})
* {{Citation
| year = 2001
| author = IPCC TAR WG2
| title = Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability
| series = Contribution of Working Group II to the [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|Third Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
| editor = McCarthy, J. J.; Canziani, O. F.; Leary, N. A.; Dokken, D. J.; and White, K. S.
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| url = http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Ftar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg2/index.htm
| isbn = 0-521-80768-9
| accessdate = 8 January 2013
| archivedate = 14 May 2016
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160514070847/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg2%2Findex.htm
}} (pb: {{ISBNT|0-521-01500-6}})
* {{Citation
| year = 2001
| author = IPCC TAR WG3
| title = Climate Change 2001: Mitigation
| series = Contribution of Working Group III to the [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|Third Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
| editor = Metz, B.; Davidson, O.; Swart, R.; and Pan, J.
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| url = http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc%5Ftar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg3/index.htm
| isbn = 0-521-80769-7
| accessdate = 8 January 2013
| archivedate = 27 February 2017
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20170227094845/http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=%2Fclimate%2Fipcc_tar%2Fwg3%2Findex.htm
}} (pb: {{ISBNT|0-521-01502-2}})
* {{Citation
| year = 2001
| author = IPCC TAR SYR
| title = Climate Change 2001: Synthesis Report
| series = Contribution of Working Groups I, II, and III to the [[IPCC Third Assessment Report|Third Assessment Report]] of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
| editor = Watson, R. T.; and the Core Writing Team
| publisher = Cambridge University Press
| url = http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/vol4/english/index.htm
| isbn = 0-521-80770-0
| accessdate = 8 January 2013
| archivedate = 3 November 2018
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20181103153646/http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/tar/vol4/english/index.htm
}} (pb: {{ISBNT|0-521-01507-3}})
*{{Citation
| publisher = The National Academies Press
| isbn = 0-309-14588-0
| title = America's Climate Choices: Panel on Advancing the Science of Climate Change;
| author = National Research Council
| location = Washington, D.C.
| year = 2010
| url = http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12782
}}
*{{Include-USGov
 | agency=US Global Change Research Program ([[USGCRP]])
 | source={{citation
 | author=USGCRP
 | year=2009
 | title=Global Climate Change Impacts in the United States
 | editor=Karl, T.R.; Melillo. J.; Peterson, T.; Hassol, S.J.
 | publisher=Cambridge University Press
 | isbn=978-0-521-14407-0
 | url=http://www.globalchange.gov/publications/reports/scientific-assessments/us-impacts
 | accessdate=8 January 2013
 | archivedate=6 April 2010
 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406060050/http://www.globalchange.gov/publications/reports/scientific-assessments/us-impacts
 }}. Public-domain status of this report can be found on p.4 of [http://library.globalchange.gov/downloads/download.php?id=102 PDF]
}}
*{{citation
| year=2008
| title=Understanding and responding to climate change: Highlights of National Academies Reports, 2008 edition, produced by the US National Research Council (US NRC)
| publisher=National Academy of Sciences
| location=Washington, D.C., USA
| author=US NRC
| url=http://americasclimatechoices.org/climate_change_2008_final.pdf
| accessdate=8 January 2013
| archivedate=13 December 2011
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213210836/http://americasclimatechoices.org/climate_change_2008_final.pdf
}}
*{{citation
 | author=US NRC
 | year=2012
 | title=Climate Change: Evidence, Impacts, and Choices
 | url=http://www.scribd.com/doc/98458016/Climate-Change-Lines-of-Evidence
 | publisher=US National Research Council (US NRC)
 }}. Also available as [http://nas-sites.org/americasclimatechoices/files/2012/06/19014_cvtx_R1.pdf PDF] {{Wayback|url=http://nas-sites.org/americasclimatechoices/files/2012/06/19014_cvtx_R1.pdf |date=20130220184517 }}
{{refend}}

== Karagdagang babasan ==
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* {{Cite news|last=Keppler|first=Frank|coauthors=''et al.''|title=Global Warming&amp;nbsp;– The Blame Is not with the Plants|url=http://www.mpg.de/english/illustrationsDocumentation/documentation/pressReleases/2006/pressRelease200601131/index.html|publisher=Max Planck Society|date=18 January 2006}}
* {{Cite journal | title = The effect of increasing solar activity on the Sun's total and open magnetic flux during multiple cycles: Implications for solar forcing of climate|last=Lean|first=Judith L.|coauthors=Wang, Y.M.; Sheeley, N.R.|date = 2002–12|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=29|issue=24| bibcode = 2002GeoRL..29x..77L|doi=10.1029/2002GL015880| page =2224|format=abstract}}
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* {{Cite book|last=McKibben|first=Bill | title = ''[http://www.orbooks.com/our-books/gwr/ The Global Warming Reader]''|publisher=[[OR Books]]|year = 2011|isbn = 978-1-935928-36-2}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Muscheler, Raimund|coauthors=''et al.''|date=28 July 2005|title=Climate: How unusual is today's solar activity?|journal=Nature|volume=436|issue=7012|pages=1084–1087|url=http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/ccr/raimund/publications/Muscheler_et_al_Nature2005.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1038/nature04045|pmid=16049429|last1=Muscheler|first1=R|last2=Joos|first2=F|last3=Müller|first3=SA|last4=Snowball|first4=I|bibcode=2005Natur.436E...3M|accessdate=8 January 2013|archivedate=8 January 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060108180530/http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/ccr/raimund/publications/Muscheler_et_al_Nature2005.pdf|deadurl=yes}}
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* {{Cite journal|last=Svensmark|first=Henrik|coauthors=''et al.''|date = 8 February 2007 | title = Experimental evidence for the role of ions in particle nucleation under atmospheric conditions|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A|volume=463|issue=2078| pages =385–396|publisher=FirstCite Early Online Publishing|doi=10.1098/rspa.2006.1773|bibcode=2007RSPSA.463..385S}}''(online version requires registration)''
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* {{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Y.-M.|coauthors=Lean, J.L.; Sheeley, N.R.|date=20 May 2005|title=Modeling the sun's magnetic field and irradiance since 1713|journal=Astrophysical Journal|volume=625|issue=1|pages=522–538|url=http://climatesci.colorado.edu/publications/pdf/Wang_2005.pdf|format=PDF|doi=10.1086/429689|bibcode=2005ApJ...625..522W}}
{{Refend}}

== Suglung palwal ==
{{Sister project links|wikt=Global warming|b=Climate Change|q=Global warming|s=Global warming|commons=Global warming|n=Category:Climate change|v=Global warming}}
;Research
* [http://www.giss.nasa.gov/ NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies]&amp;nbsp; – Global change research
* [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/sotc/global/2011/2 NOAA State of the Climate Report]&amp;nbsp; – U.S. and global monthly state of the climate reports
* [http://dels.nas.edu/Climate/Climate-Change/Reports-Academies-Findings Climate Change at the National Academies] {{Wayback|url=http://dels.nas.edu/Climate/Climate-Change/Reports-Academies-Findings |date=20150502112810 }}&amp;nbsp;– repository for reports
* [http://www.nature.com/climate/index.html Nature Reports Climate Change]&amp;nbsp;– free-access web resource
* [http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climatechange/ Met Office: Climate change]&amp;nbsp;– UK National Weather Service
* [http://www.istl.org/01-fall/internet.html Global Science and Technology Sources on the Internet]&amp;nbsp;– commented list
* [http://edgcm.columbia.edu/ Educational Global Climate Modelling] {{Wayback|url=http://edgcm.columbia.edu/ |date=20150323033013 }} (EdGCM)&amp;nbsp;– research-quality climate change simulator
*[http://discover.itsc.uah.edu/ DISCOVER] {{Wayback|url=http://discover.itsc.uah.edu/ |date=20130404221841 }}&amp;nbsp;– satellite-based ocean and climate data since 1979 from NASA
*[http://www.globalwarmingart.com/ Global Warming Art]&amp;nbsp;– collection of figures and images
*[http://cdkn.org/ [[Climate &amp; Development Knowledge Network]], run by an alliance of organisations that include [[PwC]] and [[ODI]]]

;Educational
* [http://green.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/gw-overview.html What Is Global Warming?]&amp;nbsp;– by National Geographic
* [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/indicators/ Global Climate Change Indicators]&amp;nbsp;– from NOAA
* [http://www.climate.gov/#understandingClimate NOAA Climate Services] {{Wayback|url=http://www.climate.gov/#understandingClimate |date=20110703210729 }}&amp;nbsp;– from NOAA
* [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html Global Warming Frequently Asked Questions]&amp;nbsp;– from NOAA
* [http://www.ucar.edu/news/features/climatechange/faqs.jsp Understanding Climate Change&amp;nbsp;– Frequently Asked Questions] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ucar.edu/news/features/climatechange/faqs.jsp |date=20090305100721 }}&amp;nbsp;– from UCAR
* [http://cgs.illinois.edu/content/global-warming-resources Global Warming: Center for Global Studies at the University of Illinois] {{Wayback|url=http://cgs.illinois.edu/content/global-warming-resources |date=20120508171551 }}
* [http://climate.jpl.nasa.gov/ Global Climate Change: NASA's Eyes on the Earth] {{Wayback|url=http://climate.jpl.nasa.gov/ |date=20121214123043 }}&amp;nbsp;– from NASA's JPL and Caltech
* [http://ourworld.unu.edu/en/series/climate/ OurWorld 2.0]&amp;nbsp;– from the United Nations University
* [http://www.c2es.org/ Center for Climate and Energy Solutions]&amp;nbsp;– business and politics
* [http://demonstrations.wolfram.com/BestEffortGlobalWarmingTrajectories/ Best Effort Global Warming Trajectories&amp;nbsp;– Wolfram Demonstrations Project]&amp;nbsp;– by Harvey Lam
* [http://www.ipy.org/links-a-resources/item/135-koshland-science-museum--global-warming-facts-and-our-future Koshland Science Museum&amp;nbsp;– Global Warming Facts and Our Future]&amp;nbsp;– graphical introduction from National Academy of Sciences
* [http://site.videoproject.com/coralreefs/ Climate Change: Coral Reefs on the Edge] {{Wayback|url=http://site.videoproject.com/coralreefs/ |date=20100614033126 }}&amp;nbsp;– A video presentation by Prof. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg, University of Auckland
* [http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/indicators.html Climate Change Indicators in the United States] Report by United States Environmental Protection Agency, 80 pp.
* [http://chemistry.beloit.edu/Warming/index.html Global Warming]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/extremeice/thin_01_q_300.html Video on the effects of global warming on St. Lawrence Island in the Bering Sea]
*[http://climatechange.worldbank.org/content/4-degree-warmer-world-we-must-and-can-avoid-it-infographic The World Bank - Climate Change - A 4 Degree Warmer World - We must and can avoid it (Infographic)]

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