ဝီကီးပီးဒီးယား rkiwiki https://rki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%93%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AC MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter မီဒီယာ အထူး ဆွီးနွီးချက် အသုံးပြုလူ အသုံးပြုလူ ဆွီးနွီးချက် ဝီကီးပီးဒီးယား ဝီကီးပီးဒီးယား ဆွီးနွီးချက် ဖိုင် ဖိုင် ဆွီးနွီးချက် မီဒီယာဝီကီ မီဒီယာဝီကီ ဆွီးနွီးချက် တမ်းပလိတ် တမ်းပလိတ် ဆွီးနွီးချက် အကူအညီ အကူအညီ ဆွီးနွီးချက် ကဏ္ဍ ကဏ္ဍ ဆွီးနွီးချက် TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 10 155 22215 12794 2026-10-31T15:24:33Z YaThaWinTha 42 22215 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly><!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{SUBPAGENAME}}}} |{{{override|doc}}} | <!--(this template has been transcluded on a /doc or /{{{override}}} page)--> </includeonly><!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{doc-notice|show}}} |show | {{Mbox | type = notice | style = margin-bottom:1.0em; | image = [[ဖိုင်:Edit-copy green.svg|40px|alt=|link=]] | text = '''ဒေစာမျက်နှာမှာ {{{1|[[:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}]]}}} တမ်းပလိတ်အတွက် [[:en:Wikipedia:Template documentation|အသုံးပြုပုံ လက်စွဲ (documentation)]] ဧ့ [[:en:Wikipedia:Subpages|စာမျက်နှာခွဲ (subpage)]] တခုဖြစ်ရေ'''။<br />ဒေစာမျက်နှာမာ မူရင်း {{#if:{{{text2|}}} |{{{text2}}} |{{#if:{{{text1|}}} |{{{text1}}} |{{#ifeq:{{SUBJECTSPACE}} |{{ns:User}} |{{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} template page |{{#if:{{SUBJECTSPACE}} |{{lc:{{SUBJECTSPACE}}}} page|article}}}}}}}} မာ တစိတ်တပိုင်းအဖြစ် မပါဝင်ရေ အသုံးပြုပုံပြုနည်းနန့် သက်ဆိုင်ရေ သတင်းအချက်တိ၊ [[:en:Wikipedia:ကဏ္ဍတိ|ကဏ္ဍတိ]] နန့် အခြားအချက်အလက်တိ ပါဝင်ရေ။ }} }}<!-- -->{{DEFAULTSORT:{{{defaultsort|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{inhibit|}}} |<!--(don't categorize)--> | <includeonly><!-- -->{{#ifexist:{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}} | [[ကဏ္ဍ:{{#switch:{{SUBJECTSPACE}} |တမ်းပလိတ်=တမ်းပလိတ် |မော်ဂျူး=မော်ဂျူး |User=အသုံးပြုသူ |#default=ဝီကီပီးဒီးယား}} အသုံးပြုပုံလက်စွဲတိ]] | [[ကဏ္ဍ:မိဘစာတမ်းမဲ့ စာမျက်နှာခွဲတိ]] }}<!-- --></includeonly> }}<!-- (completing initial #ifeq: at start of template:) --><includeonly> | <!--(this template has not been transcluded on a /doc or /{{{override}}} page)--> }}<!-- --></includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}} </noinclude> 15d44frz6smtm10cxvam1f968eux8xt 0 1269 22190 22110 2026-10-31T14:08:32Z Ninjastrikers 23 /* သီခြား လုံးချင်းစာအုပ်တိမှာ ဆိုကေ- */ removed external links to copyrighted materials 22190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox အတ္ထုပ္ပတ္တိ | အမည် =အသျှင်စက္ကိန္ဒ | ဓာတ်ပုံ =[[File:အသျှင်စက္ကိန္ဒ.png|thumb|အသျှင်စက္ကိန္ဒ]] | Bio=ကိုယ်ရီးအကျဉ်းချုပ် | နာမည်ရင်း = ညိုဇံမောင် | မွီးသက္ကရာဇ် =၁၂၉၈ |မွီးဖွားရာနီရာ=[[ရခိုင်ပြည်]] | မိဘနာမည်=ဦးအောင်ထွန်းရှီ-ဒေါ်ချင်းမေ | နိုင်ငံသား =[[မြန်မာနိုင်ငံ]] | လူမျိုး =[[ရခိုင်]] | ကိုးကွယ်ရေဘာသာ =[[ဗုဒ္ဓဘာသာ]] | ပညာအရည်အချင်း =[[အစိုးရဓမ္မာစရိယ]] | အလုပ်အကိုင် =ကျောင်းထိုင်ဆရာတော် | အိမ်ထောင်ဖက် = | သားသမီး = | ထင်ပေါ်ကျော်ကြားမှု =[[စာရီးဆရာ]] |ထင်ယှားရေလက်ရာတိ=[[ရခိုင်ယဉ်ကျေးမှုများ]] | ရယှိခရေဆုတိ=[[အမျိုးသားစာပေဆု]] | လက်မှတ်= | ကွန်ယက် = }} အသျှင်စက္ကိန္ဒရေ [[ရခိုင်လူမျိုး]]ရဟန်းတော်တပါး ဖြစ် တေ။ ၁၂၉၈ တွင် ခမည်းတော် ဦးအောင်ထွန်းရှီ၊ မယ်တော် ဒေါ်ချင်းမေရို့မှ မွီးဖွားသန့်စင်ပီးခရေ။ ငယ်မည်မှာ ညိုဇံမောင်ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ သာသနာ့ဘောင်သို့ ငယ်စဉ်ကတည်းက ဝင်ရောက်ကာ အစိုးရဓမ္မာစရိယတန်း အောင်မြင်ခရေ။ သာသနာပြုယင်း ၁၉၅၅ခုနှစ်မှစပြီးကေ အမျိုးဘာသာ၊ သာသနာအတွက် အကျိုးပြုစာပီယဉ်ကျေးမှုတိကို ရှာဖွီလေ့လာသုတေသနပြုလုပ်လာခစော်မှာ အသက်ထက်ဆုံး ဖြစ်တေ။ စာပီသက်တမ်း ၃၈နှစ်၊ သက်တော်အားဖြင့် ၅၆နှစ် ဟိရာဖြစ်တေ။ နတ်မြစ်စန်းအောင်၊ နတ်မြစ်ညိုဇံမောင်ကျော်ရှီ၊ နတ်မြစ်မာဃအမည်ခံပနာ ၁၉၅၅ခုနှစ်မှ အစပြုပြီးကေ စာပေလေ့လာလိုက်စားခရေ။ တခြားကလောင်အမည် ခွဲတိလည်း အများကြီးဟိပါသိမ့်ရေ။ စာပီသက်တမ်း ၃၈နှစ်အတွင်း အမျိုးသားအဖွဲ့အစည်းတိ၊ အစိုးရဌာနတိ၊ ပုဂ္ဂလိကတိကို စာပီထုတ်ဝေမှုတိ ကူညီလာခရေ။ ရခိုင်ပုံဝတ္ထုတိ၊ ရခိုင်တေးသံတိကို ထုတ်ဝေခပြီးဖြစ်တေ။ အမျိုးသားစာပီဆုလည်း ရဟိပြီးဖြစ်ရေ။ စာပီဝန်ထမ်းတိ၊ တက္ကသိုလ်ဆရာ တိလည်း ဖြစ်ခရေ။ ပြည်နယ်သမိုင်းမှတ်တမ်း၊ ရခိုင်ဝေါဟာရ အဘိဓာန်အထိ တက်လှမ်းပါဝင်ခရေ။ အဖွဲ့အစည်းတိမာလည်း နာယကအဖြစ် ပါဝင်လုပ်ကိုင်ပီးခဖူးရေ။ ရခိုင်အလင်းသတင်းစာတွင် ၁၉၅၇ ခုနှစ်ကပင် ရခိုင်ယဉ်ကျေးမှု ငစည်(ငစွေ) အကသဘင်ဆောင်းပါးကို စတင်ဖော်ပြခဖူးရေ။ ယင်းခါကပင်စကာ ၁၉၅၉-၆၀ နှစ်လည် ရခိုင်တန်းဆောင်မဂ္ဂဇင်း၊ ပြည်သူ့ဂျာနယ်(၁၉၅၈)၊ ရခိုင်ဇာနည်ဂျာနယ်(၁၉၆၁)၊ ရခိုင်ပြည်နယ်စာစောင်၊ ရခိုင်မဂ္ဂဇင်းရို့မှာ စဉ်ဆက်မပြတ်ရီးသားလာခရေ။ ==ရီးသားခဖူးရေ မဂ္ဂဇင်း၊ ဂျာနယ်၊ စာစောင်တိ ဆိုကေ-== ၁။ ရခိုင်ညွန့်ဖူး ဆောင်းပါးပေါင်းချုပ် (၁၉၆၈) ၂။ ရခိုင်မဂ္ဂဇင်း (၁၉၇၃ ခုနှစ်မှစ၍) ၃။ ရခိုင်ပြည်နယ်စာစောင် (၁၉၇၇ ခုနှစ်မှ စ၍) ၄။ ရက္ခပူရ ဗုဒ္ဓ ̈သာသနာ့ရောင်ခြည် (၁၉၇၇) ၅။ ရက္ခပူရ ဗုဒ္ဓ ̈သာသနာ့ရောင်ခြည် (၁၉၇၈) ၆။ ဒွါရာဝတီမဂ္ဂဇင်း (၁၉၇၉) ၇။ မေဃဝတီမဂ္ဂဇင်း (၁၉၇၉) ၈။ စစ်တွေဒေသကောလိပ်မဂ္ဂဇင်း (၁၉၈၀-၈၁) ၉။ စစ်တွေဒေသကောလိပ်မဂ္ဂဇင်း (၁၉၈၁-၈၂) ၁၀။ စစ်တွေဒီဂရီကောလိပ်မဂ္ဂဇင်း (၁၉၈၅-၈၆) ၁၁။ ဦးရာဇ်မြေမဂ္ဂဇင်း (၁၉၈၄) ၁၂။ စစ်တွေရှေ့နေမဂ္ဂဇင်း (၁၉၈၅) ၁၃။ ရခိုင်သဟာယစာစောင် (၁၉၈၆) ၁၄။ ရမ္မာဝတီမဂ္ဂဇင်း (၁၉၈၇) ၁၅။ မြဝတီမဂ္ဂဇင်း (၁၉၆၈ခု၊ အောက်တိုဘာလ) ၁၆။ ငွေတာရီမဂ္ဂဇင်း (၁၉၆၈ခု၊ အောက်တိုဘာလ) ==သီခြား လုံးချင်းစာအုပ်တိမှာ ဆိုကေ-== # ''ရခိုင်သဘာဝ တေးကဗျာများ'' (၁၉၆၁) # ''ရခိုင်လက်ရွေးစင်ပုံပြင်များ'' (၁၉၆၆) # ''ရခိုင်ပုံပြင်ဆန်းများ'' (၁၉၆၇) # ''ရခိုင်ယဉ်ကျေးမှုများ (၁)'' (၁၉၆၉) # ''ငစင်ရိုင်းချောင်းကျွန်းသမိုင်းနှင့် ထေရာမော်ကွန်း'' (၁၉၇၅) # ''ရခိုင်ပြည်ခွင်ပုံပြင်များ'' (၁၉၉၀) # ''ပြည်တွင်မကိုဋ် ဓာတ်ဦးရာဇ်သမိုင်း'' (၁၉၉၃) # ''ရခိုင်ယဉ်ကျေးမှုများ (၂)'' (၁၉၉၃) # ''ရခိုင်ယဉ်ကျေးမှုများ (၃)'' (၁၉၉၄) # ''လက်ဝဲသလုံးတော်ဓာတ်သမိုင်းနှင့် စစ်တွေမြို့အကြောင်း'' (၁၉၉၄)<ref>အသျှင်စက္ကိန္ဒ စာအုပ်များ ထပ်မံဖြည့်သွင်းခြင်း</ref> # ''ရခိုင်ဘာသာစကားလမ်းညွှန်'' (၁၉၉၄ ‌ောက်တိုဘာ) # ''ရခိုင်ယဉ်ကျေးမှုများ (၄)'' (၁၉၉၅) # ''ရခိုင်ယဉ်ကျေးမှုများ (၆)'' (၁၉၉၆ နိုဘမ်ဘာ) # ''ရခိုင်ယဉ်ကျေးမှုများ (၇)'' (၁၉၉၆ ဒီဇမ်ဘာ) # ''ရခိုင်ယဉ်ကျေးမှုများ (၈)'' ထိုအသျှင်ဧ့ ဆောင်းပါးတိကို စုစည်းပြီးကေ ရခိုင်ယဉ်ကျေးမှုများ(ဆောင်းပါးပေါင်းချုပ်) နာမည်နန့် ၁၉၆၉ ခုနှစ်က တိုင်းလင်းစာပေတိုက်မှ ဆရာတော်ရေ ၁၉၆၃ ခုနှစ်ကပင် ရခိုင်ပြည်နယ်သို့ရောက်လာပြီးကေ လေ့လာမှုပြု ဟိနီလီရေ။ ဂုခါ မောင်တောမြို့ မြို့ဦးကျောင်း၌ သီတင်းသုံးကျောင်းထိုင်ရင်း ရခိုင်ယဉ်ကျေးမှုစာပီတိကို ဆက်လက်ရှာဖွီလိလာ သုတေသနပြုလျက်ဟိရေ။ ၁၉၈၀ခုနှစ်မှစပြီးကေ ဝါးကျောင်းယာယီဆောက်လုပ် နီလာခလီရေ။ မြို့ဦးကျောင်းဆိုပနာ နာမည်ပီးထားပါရေ။ အမှတ်(၃) ရပ်ကွက် (ဝိမလ ရပ်ကွက်)တွင် ပါဝင်လီရေ။ ဆရာတော်ဧ့ အနှစ်နှစ်အလလ စုစည်းရှာဖွီ လိလာပြီးသမျှတိဆိုကေ ယဉ်ကျေးမှု မြတ်နိုးသူတိုင်းအဖို့ အဆင်သင့် နှစ်ချင်ဖွယ် ခံစားကတ်ရုံသာဖြစ်ရေ။<ref>အသျှင်စက္ကိန္ဒ(ရခိုင်ပြည်နယ်) -ရခိုင်ယဉ်ကျေးမှုများ (၂) -p7-10</ref> ==ကိုးကား== [[Category:ရခိုင်ရဟန်းစာရွီးဆရာတိ‎]] [[Category:အမျိုးသား စာရီးဆရာတိ‎]] <references />၂. အသျှင်စက္ကိန္ဒ - ရခိုင်ယဉ်ကျေးမှုများ (၄) စာမျက်နှာ ၈၂ (၁၉၉၅) rjjxaggpocymnz2qtwzz7a2uaxymnga 0 3173 22228 15541 2026-10-31T18:18:25Z Andre Engels 738 Redirected page to [[အသုံးပြုလူ:Arakkhazinmyo]] 22228 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[အသုံးပြုလူ:Arakkhazinmyo]] lz9l3ywt2zmc8rv2e76se8aiaelg853 0 6405 22191 2026-10-31T14:10:48Z Retkhaberi 224 Created page with " '''ဗို့အား''' (အိန်းဂလိချ်: ''Voltage'') သို့မဟုတ် '''လျှပ်စစ်အလားအလာခြားနားချက်''' (electric potential difference) ဆိုစွာ [[လျှပ်စစ်စက်ကွင်း]] သို့မဟုတ် [[လျှပ်စစ်ပတ်လမ်း]]တခုအတွင်းဟိ နီရာနှစ်ခုကြား လျှပ်စစ်..." 22191 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ဗို့အား''' (အိန်းဂလိချ်: ''Voltage'') သို့မဟုတ် '''လျှပ်စစ်အလားအလာခြားနားချက်''' (electric potential difference) ဆိုစွာ [[လျှပ်စစ်စက်ကွင်း]] သို့မဟုတ် [[လျှပ်စစ်ပတ်လမ်း]]တခုအတွင်းဟိ နီရာနှစ်ခုကြား လျှပ်စစ်အလားအလာတန်ဖိုး ကွာခြားမှုကို ဖော်ပြရေ [[ရုပ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ ပမာဏ]]တခုဖြစ်တေ။ ဗို့အားသည် လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏတယူနစ်အတွက် လျှပ်စစ်အလားအလာစွမ်းအင်ခြားနားမှုနန့် ဆက်စပ်နီရေ။<ref name="OpenStaxPotential">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/7-2-electric-potential-and-potential-difference OpenStax, University Physics Volume 2, 7.2 Electric Potential and Potential Difference.]</ref> ဗို့အား၏ [[အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ ယူနစ်စနစ်]] (SI) ယူနစ်မာ '''ဗို့''' (volt) ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ သင်္ကေတမာ '''V''' ဖြစ်တေ။ ဗို့အားကို [[လျှပ်စစ်ပညာ]]၊ [[ရူပဗေဒ]]၊ [[အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်ပညာ]]၊ [[အိန်ဂျန်နီယာပညာ]]နန့် [[လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား]]ပီးဝီရီးစနစ်တိမာ ကျေပြန့်စွာ အသုံးပြုကတ်ရေ။ နိစိုင်အသုံးအနှုန်းမာ ဗို့အားနန့် လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အားကို ရောထွီးအသုံးပြုတတ်ကေလည်း သိပ္ပံပညာအရ မတူညီရေ ပမာဏနှစ်ခုဖြစ်တေ။ ဗို့အားကို ဗို့နန့် တိုင်းတာပြီး လျှပ်စစ်ပါဝါကို [[ဝပ်]] (watt) နန့် တိုင်းတာရေ။ == အဓိပ္ပာယ်ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် == ဗို့အားဆိုစွာမာ လျှပ်စစ်အလားအလာဟိရေ နီရာနှစ်ခုကြား အလားအလာခြားနားချက်ဖြစ်တေ။ နီရာ A နန့် B ရို့ကြား ဗို့အားကို - :<math>\Delta V=V_B-V_A</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏ <math>q</math> တခုကို A မှ B သို့ ရွိ့ပြောင်းရာမာ လျှပ်စစ်အလားအလာစွမ်းအင် <math>\Delta U</math> ပြောင်းလဲပါက - :<math>\Delta V=\frac{\Delta U}{q}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ - * <math>\Delta V</math> က လျှပ်စစ်အလားအလာခြားနားချက်ဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>\Delta U</math> က လျှပ်စစ်အလားအလာစွမ်းအင်ပြောင်းလဲမှုဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>q</math> က လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏဖြစ်တေ။ ဥပမာ လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏ ၂ ကူးလုံး၏ အလားအလာစွမ်းအင်သည် နီရာနှစ်ခုကြား ၁၂ ဂျူးလ် ပြောင်းလဲပါက - :<math>\Delta V=\frac{12}{2}=6\ \mathrm{V}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ == သမိုင်းကြောင်း == ဗို့အားသဖောတရားသည် လျှပ်စစ်ဖြစ်စိုင်တိကို စမ်းသပ်လိလာမှုနန့်တတူ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးလာခရေ။ ၁၈ ရာစုမာ လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏနန့် လျှပ်စစ်စက်ကွင်းဆိုင်ရာ သုတေသနလုပ်ငန်းတိ တိုးတက်လှာခရေ။ အီတလီရူပဗေဒပညာသျှင် [[အလက်ဆန်ဒရို ဗို့လ်တာ]] (Alessandro Volta) သည် ၁၈၀၀ ပြည့်နှစ်မာ ဗို့လ်တာစံတိုင် (voltaic pile) ဟု လူသိများရေ အစောပိုင်းလျှပ်စစ်ဘက်ထရီကို တီထွင်ဖော်ပြခရေ။ ယင်းတီထွင်မှုရေ လျှပ်စစ်စမ်းသပ်မှုတိအတွက် တိုင်းရေ လျှပ်စစ်အရင်းအမြစ်တခုကို ပံ့ပိုးနိုင်ခရေ။ ၁၉ ရာစုမာ [[အုမ်း]] (Georg Simon Ohm)၊ [[မိုက်ကယ် ဖာရာဒေး]] (Michael Faraday) နန့် [[ဂျိမ်းစ် ကလပ် မက်စ်ဝဲလ်]] (James Clerk Maxwell) ရို့၏ လိလာချက်တိကြောင့် လျှပ်စစ်ပတ်လမ်းနန့် လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်သဖောတရားတိ ပိုပြီးကေတိုးတက်လှာခရေ။ ဗို့အား၏ ယူနစ်ကို အလက်ဆန်ဒရို ဗို့လ်တာ၏ အဖို့ကို ဂုဏ်ပြုပနာ '''ဗို့''' (volt) ဟု အမည်ပီးထားရေ။ == ဗို့အား၏ SI ယူနစ် == ဗို့အား၏ SI ဆင်းသက်ယူနစ်မာ ဗို့ (volt) ဖြစ်တေ။ တဗို့သည် လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏ တကူးလုံးအတွက် အလားအလာစွမ်းအင် တဂျူးလ်ခြားနားမှုနန့် ညီမျှရေ။ :<math>1\ \mathrm{V}=1\ \mathrm{J/C}</math> ဂျူးလ်သည် စွမ်းအင်ယူနစ်ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ ကူးလုံးသည် လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏယူနစ်ဖြစ်တေ။ SI အခြီခံယူနစ်တိနန့် ဗို့ကို - :<math>1\ \mathrm{V}=1\ \mathrm{kg\,m^2\,s^{-3}\,A^{-1}}</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ ဗို့အား၏ အတိုင်းအတာမာ - :<math>[V]=ML^2T^{-3}I^{-1}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ <math>I</math> က လျှပ်စီးကြောင်း၏ အခြီခံအတိုင်းအစွာကို တက်စားပြုရေ။ အသုံးများရေ ဗို့အားယူနစ်တိမာ - {| class="wikitable" ! ယူနစ် ! သင်္ကေတ ! ဗို့နန့် ညီမျှမှု |- | မိုက်ခရိုဗို့ | μV | 10⁻⁶ V |- | မီလီဗို့ | mV | 0.001 V |- | ဗို့ | V | 1 V |- | ကီလိုဗို့ | kV | 1000 V |- | မီဂါဗို့ | MV | 1,000,000 V |} == ဗို့အားနန့် လျှပ်စီးကြောင်း == '''ဗို့အား''' (voltage) နန့် '''လျှပ်စီးကြောင်း''' (electric current) သည် မတူညီရေ ရုပ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ ပမာဏတိဖြစ်တေ။ ဗို့အားသည် နီရာနှစ်ခုကြား လျှပ်စစ်အလားအလာခြားနားချက်ကို ဖော်ပြရေ။ လျှပ်စီးကြောင်းသည် သတ်မှတ်မျက်နှာပြင်တခုကို ဖြတ်သန်းရေ လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏ၏ အချိန်အလိုက် စီးဆင်းမှုနှုန်းဖြစ်တေ။ :<math>I=\frac{dQ}{dt}</math> လျှပ်စီးကြောင်း၏ SI ယူနစ်မာ အမ်ပီယာ (ampere) ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ သင်္ကေတမာ A ဖြစ်တေ။ {| class="wikitable" ! နှိုင်းနိူင်းချက် ! ဗို့အား ! လျှပ်စီးကြောင်း |- | အိန်းဂလိချ် | Voltage | Electric current |- | SI ယူနစ် | Volt (V) | Ampere (A) |- | အဓိကအဓိပ္ပာယ် | လျှပ်စစ်အလားအလာခြားနားချက် | လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏစီးဆင်းမှုနှုန်း |- | တိုင်းတာကိရိယာ | Voltmeter | Ammeter |} လျှပ်စစ်ပတ်လမ်းတခုမာ ဗို့အားဟိခြင်းတခုတည်းကြောင့် လျှပ်စီးကြောင်း အမြဲတမ်းစီးဆင်းနီရေဟု မဆိုနှိုင်ပါ။ ဥပမာ ဘက်ထရီတလုံး၏ တာမီနယ်နှစ်ခုကြား ဗို့အားဟိကေလည်း ပတ်လမ်းမပိတ်ထားပါက ပြင်ပပတ်လမ်းအတွင်း တိုင်းရေ လျှပ်စီးကြောင်းမစီးဆင်းနှိုင်ပါ။ == အုမ်း၏နိယာမ == [[အုမ်း၏နိယာမ]] (Ohm's law) သည် လျှပ်စစ်ဗို့အား၊ လျှပ်စီးကြောင်းနန့် လျှပ်စစ်ခုခံမှုရို့၏ ဆက်နွယ်မှုကို ဖော်ပြရေ။ အုမ်း၏နိယာမကို လိုက်နာရေ ပစ္စည်းတခုအတွက် - :<math>V=IR</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ - * <math>V</math> က ဗို့အားဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>I</math> က လျှပ်စီးကြောင်းဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>R</math> က လျှပ်စစ်ခုခံမှုဖြစ်တေ။ ဥပမာ ခုခံမှု ၆ အုမ်းဟိရေ ပစ္စည်းတခုအတွင်း လျှပ်စီးကြောင်း ၂ အမ်ပီယာ စီးဆင်းကေ - :<math>V=2\times6</math> :<math>V=12\ \mathrm{V}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ အုမ်း၏နိယာမသည် ခုခံပစ္စည်းအမျိုးအစားအားနုန်းအတွက် အခြီအနီတိုင်း၌ တိုင်းရေ ဆက်နွယ်မှုမဟုတ်။ ဒိုင်အုတ်ပိုင် အုမ်း၏နိယာမကို မလိုက်နာရေ ပစ္စည်းတိလည်း ဟိရေ။<ref name="OpenStaxOhm">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/9-4-ohms-law OpenStax, University Physics Volume 2, 9.4 Ohm's Law.]</ref> == တိုက်ရိုက်ဗို့အား == '''တိုက်ရိုက်ဗို့အား''' (DC voltage) ဆိုစွာမာ အချိန်အလိုက် ဝင်ရိုးစွန်းအရာ မပြောင်းလဲရေ ဗို့အားကို ရည်ညွှန်းရေ။ ဘက်ထရီနန့် တချို့လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အားပီးစနစ်တိမာ DC ဗို့အားကို အသုံးပြုရေ။ တိုင်းရေ DC ဗို့အားကို - :<math>V(t)=V_0</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ ယေဒါလေ့ DC ဗို့အားသည် အချိန်အလိုက် ပမာဏဇိကေသျှေ ပြောင်းလဲနိုင်ရေဖြစ်ပြီးကေ DC ဟု ဆိုတိုင်း အမြဲတမ်း တန်ဖိုးတိုင်းနီခြင်း မဟုတ်။ == အလှည့်ကျဗို့အား == '''အလှည့်ကျဗို့အား''' (AC voltage) ဆိုစွာမာ အချိန်အလိုက် ပမာဏနန့် ဝင်ရိုးစွန်းအရာ ပြောင်းလဲနီရေ ဗို့အားအမျိုးအစားဖြစ်တေ။ အိမ်သုံးနန့် စက်မှုသုံး လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အားပီးဝီရီးစနစ်တိမာ AC ဗို့အားကို အသုံးများရေ။ ဆိုင်နူဆိုက်ပုံစံ AC ဗို့အားကို - :<math>v(t)=V_{\mathrm{max}}\sin(2\pi ft+\phi)</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ - * <math>V_{\mathrm{max}}</math> က အမြင့်ဆုံးဗို့အားပမာဏဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>f</math> က ကြိမ်နှုန်းဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>t</math> က အချိန်ဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>\phi</math> က အစအဆင့်ဒေါင့်ဖြစ်တေ။ ဆိုင်နူဆိုက်ပုံစံ AC ဗို့အား၏ RMS တန်ဖိုးမာ - :<math>V_{\mathrm{rms}}=\frac{V_{\mathrm{max}}}{\sqrt{2}}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဥပမာ RMS ဗို့အား ၂၃၀ V ဟိရေ ဆိုင်နူဆိုက် AC လှိုင်း၏ အမြင့်ဆုံးဗို့အားပမာဏမာ - :<math>V_{\mathrm{max}}\approx325.3\ \mathrm{V}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ == ဗို့အားနန့် လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား == ဗို့အား (voltage) နန့် [[လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား]] (electric power) စွာ မတူညီရေ ပမာဏတိဖြစ်တေ။ ဗို့အားသည် လျှပ်စစ်အလားအလာခြားနားချက်ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အားစွာ စွမ်းအင်လွှဲပြောင်းမှုနှုန်းဖြစ်တေ။ DC ပတ်လမ်းတခုမာ ဗို့အားနန့် လျှပ်စီးကြောင်း တိုင်းပါက - :<math>P=VI</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဥပမာ ဗို့အား ၁၂ V နန့် လျှပ်စီးကြောင်း ၃ A ဟိရေ ပစ္စည်းတခု၏ ပါဝါမာ - :<math>P=12\times3=36\ \mathrm{W}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ယင်းအတွက်နန့် ဗို့အားတူညီရေ ပစ္စည်းနှစ်ခုသည် လျှပ်စီးကြောင်းမတူညီပါက ပါဝါအသုံးပြုမှု မတူညီနိုင်ရေ။ == ဗို့အားနန့် လျှပ်စစ်စက်ကွင်း == ဗို့အားသည် [[လျှပ်စစ်စက်ကွင်း]] (electric field) နန့် ဆက်စပ်နီရေ။ တိုင်းလျှပ်စစ်စက်ကွင်းတခုအတွင်း A နန့် B အမှတ်နှစ်ခုကြား အလားအလာခြားနားချက်ကို - :<math>V_B-V_A=-\int_A^B\vec{E}\cdot d\vec{l}</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ <math>\vec{E}</math> က လျှပ်စစ်စက်ကွင်းဗက်တာဖြစ်တေ။ လျှပ်စစ်စက်ကွင်းတသမတ်တည်းဟိပြီး အကွာအဝီး <math>d</math> က စက်ကွင်းဦးတည်ချက်အတိုင်း ဖြစ်ကေ - :<math>\Delta V=-Ed</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ လျှပ်စစ်စက်ကွင်း၏ ယူနစ်ကို ဗို့/မီတာ (V/m) နန့်လည်း ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ == ဗို့အားနန့် ဘက်ထရီ == [[ဘက်ထရီ]]တလုံးမာ အပေါင်းတာမီနယ်နန့် အနုတ်တာမီနယ်ရို့ကြား အလားအလာခြားနားချက်ဟိရေ။ ဘက်ထရီအတွင်းဟိ ဓာတုဖြစ်စိုင်တိသည် လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏတိကို ရွိ့ပြောင်းစီဖို့ လိုအပ်ရေ စွမ်းအင်ကို ပံ့ပိုးပီးနှိုင်ရေ။ ဥပမာ ပုံမှန်ဂျီပုန်းဘက်ထရီတလုံးမာ ၁.၅ V ဟု နာမည်ခံဗို့အား သတ်မှတ်ထားနိုင်ရေ။ ယေဒါလေ့ ဘက်ထရီတလုံး၏ လက်တွိတာမီနယ်ဗို့အားစွာ အားသွင်းအခြီအနီ၊ ဝန်သုံးစွဲမှု၊ အတွင်းခုခံမှုနန့် အပူချိန်ရို့အပေါ် မူတည်ပနာ ပြောင်းလဲနိုင်ရေ။ ဗို့အားတူညီရေ ဘက်ထရီနှစ်လုံးစွာ လှောင်နိုင်ရေ စွမ်းအင်ပမာဏ မတူညီနှိုင်ပါ။ == အစိုင်လိုက်ပတ်လမ်းနန့် အပြိုင်ပတ်လမ်း == လျှပ်စစ်ပတ်လမ်းမာ ချိတ်ဆက်ပုံအလိုက် ဗို့အားခွဲဝီမှု ကွဲပြားနိုင်ရေ။ === အစိုင်လိုက်ပတ်လမ်း === '''အစိုင်လိုက်ပတ်လမ်း''' (series circuit) မာ ပစ္စည်းတိကို လမ်းကြောင်းတခုတည်းအတိုင်း ချိတ်ဆက်ထားရေ။ သက်ဆိုင်ရာ ပတ်လမ်းအပိုင်းတိအပေါ် ဗို့အားကျဆင်းမှုတိ၏ ပေါင်းလဒ်စွာ ပီးထားရေ ဗို့အားနန့် ညီမျှရေ။ :<math>V_{\mathrm{total}}=V_1+V_2+\cdots</math> အစိုင်လိုက်ချိတ်ဆက်ထားရေ ခုခံပစ္စည်းတိမာ လျှပ်စီးကြောင်းတူညီစွာ စီးဆင်းရေ။ === အပြိုင်ပတ်လမ်း === '''အပြိုင်ပတ်လမ်း''' (parallel circuit) မာ ပစ္စည်းတိကို တူညီရေ အမှတ်နှစ်ခုကြား ချိတ်ဆက်ထားရေ။ ယင်းအတွက်နန့် အပြိုင်ချိတ်ဆက်ထားရေ အပိုင်းတခုချင်းစီ၏ ဗို့အားခြားနားချက်သည် တူညီရေ။ :<math>V_{\mathrm{total}}=V_1=V_2</math> ဒေသဘောတရားကို လျှပ်စစ်ပတ်လမ်းဒီဇိုင်းနန့် လျှပ်စစ်ပစ္စည်းတိ၏ ချိတ်ဆက်မှုကို လိလာရာမာ အသုံးပြုရေ။<ref name="OpenStaxCircuits">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/10-2-resistors-in-series-and-parallel OpenStax, University Physics Volume 2, 10.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel.]</ref> == ဗို့အားတိုင်းတာခြင်း == ဗို့အားကို '''ဗို့မီတာ''' (voltmeter) နန့် တိုင်းတာနိုင်ရေ။ ဗို့မီစွာရေ နီရာနှစ်ခုကြား အလားအလာခြားနားချက်ကို တိုင်းတာရေ ကိရိယာဖြစ်တေ။ လျှပ်စစ်ပစ္စည်းတခု၏ ဗို့အားကို တိုင်းတာရာမာ ဗို့မီစွာကို ယင်းပစ္စည်း၏ တာမီနယ်နှစ်ခုကြား အပြိုင်ချိတ်ဆက်ရေ။ ကောင်းမွန်ရေ ဗို့မီတာမာ ပတ်လမ်းအပေါ် သက်ရောက်မှုနည်းစီဖို့ အဝင်ခုခံမှုမြင့်မားရေ။ ဗို့အားကို [[ဒီဂျီတေ မာလ်တီမီတာ]] (digital multimeter) နန့်လည်း တိုင်းတာနိုင်ရေ။ AC လှိုင်းပုံစံနန့် အချိန်အလိုက် ဗို့အားပြောင်းလဲမှုကို လိလာဖို့ [[အော့စီလိုစကုပ်]] (oscilloscope) ကို အသုံးပြုနိုင်ရေ။<ref name="OpenStaxMeter">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/10-4-electrical-measuring-instruments OpenStax, University Physics Volume 2, 10.4 Electrical Measuring Instruments.]</ref> == ဗို့အားနန့် လျှပ်စစ်ဖီးအန္တရာယ် == လျှပ်စစ်ဗို့အားသည် လျှပ်စစ်ဖီးအန္တရာယ်ကို အကဲဖြတ်ရာမာ အရေးပါရေ အချက်တခုဖြစ်တေ။ ယေဒါလေ့ ဗို့အားတန်ဖိုးတခုတည်းနန့် အန္တရာယ်အဆင့်ကို အပြည့်အဝ မသတ်မှတ်နှိုင်ပါ။ လူ့ခန္ဓာကိုယ်အတွင်း ဖြတ်သန်းနိုင်ရေ လျှပ်စီးကြောင်းပမာဏ၊ ထိတွိကြာချိန်၊ လျှပ်စီးကြောင်းလမ်းကြောင်း၊ အရီပြားအခြီအနီနန့် လျှပ်စစ်အရင်းအမြစ်၏ ဂုဏ်ဖင်ဆီတိစွာလေ့ အရေးပါရေ။ ဗို့အားမြင့်ရေ လျှပ်စစ်စနစ်တိစွာ ပြင်းထန်ရေ ထိခိုက်ဒဏ်ရာနန့် အသက်အန္တရာယ်ကို ဖြစ်ပေါ်စီနိုင်ရေ။ ယင်းအတွက်နန့် လျှပ်စစ်ပတ်လမ်းတိကို တိုင်းတာခြင်း၊ ပြုပျင်ခြင်းနန့် စမ်းသပ်ခြင်းရို့ကို သက်ဆိုင်ရာ လုံချုံရီးစည်းမျဉ်းတိနန့်အညီဆောင်ရွက်ဖို့ လိုအပ်ရေ။ == လက်တွိအသုံးချမှု == ဗို့အား သဖောတရားကို သိပ္ပံနန့် နည်းပညာကဏ္ဍအမျိုးမျိုးမာ အသုံးပြုကတ်ရေ။ * '''အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်ပညာ''' – ဆားကစ်ဘုတ်နန့် အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်အစိတ်အပိုင်းတိ၏ လုပ်ဆောင်မှုကို ထိန်းချုပ်ခြင်း။ * '''လျှပ်စစ်အိန်ဂျန်နီယာပညာ''' – လျှပ်စစ်ပတ်လမ်းနန့် စွမ်းအင်ပီးဝီရီးစနစ်တိကို ဒီဇိုင်းရီးဆွဲခြင်း။ * '''သယ်ယူပို့ဆောင်ရီး''' – လျှပ်စစ်မော်တော်ဂါရီနန့် ဘက်ထရီစနစ်တိကို အသုံးပြုခြင်း။ * '''ဆက်သွီရီး''' – အချက်ပြဆားကစ်နန့် ဆက်သွီရီးကိရိယာတိကို လိုင်ပတ်စီခြင်း။ * '''စက်မှုလုပ်ငန်း''' – စက်ပစ္စည်းနန့် ထိန်းချုပ်ရီးစနစ်တိ၏ ဗို့အားကို စောင့်ကြည့်ခြင်း။ * '''သိပ္ပံသုတေသန''' – လျှပ်စစ်စက်ကွင်းနန့် လျှပ်စစ်အလားအလာဆိုင်ရာ စမ်းသပ်မှုတိ ပြုလုပ်ခြင်း။ * '''ပညာရီး''' – ဗို့အား၊ လျှပ်စီးကြောင်းနန့် ခုခံမှုရို့၏ ဆက်နွယ်မှုကို သင်ကြားခြင်း။ == အရေးပါမှု == ဗို့အားသည် လျှပ်စစ်ပတ်လမ်းအတွင်း စွမ်းအင်လွှဲပြောင်းမှုနန့် လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏရို့၏ ဆက်နွယ်မှုကို နားလည်ဖို့ အခြီခံကျရေ ရုပ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ ပမာဏတခုဖြစ်တေ။ ဗို့အားကို မှန်ကန်စွာ အတွက်ကျခြင်းစွာ လျှပ်စစ်ပစ္စည်းတိ၏ လုပ်ဆောင်မှုကို ယှင်းလင်းခြင်း၊ ပတ်လမ်းတိကို တွက်ချက်ခြင်းနန့် လျှပ်စစ်ဖီးအန္တရာယ်ကို စီမံခန့်ခွဲခြင်းရို့အတွက် အရေးပါရေ။ ယင်းချင့်အပြင် ဗို့အားသဖောတရားသည် [[အုမ်း၏နိယာမ]]၊ [[လျှပ်စစ်စွမ်းအင်]]၊ [[လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား]]နန့် [[လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်ပညာ]]ရို့ကို လိလာရာမာ အခြီခံကျရေ။ == ဆက်စပ်ကြည့်ရှုဖို့ == * [[လျှပ်စီးကြောင်း]] * [[လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား]] * [[လျှပ်စစ်စွမ်းအင်]] * [[လျှပ်စစ်အလားအလာ]] * [[လျှပ်စစ်စက်ကွင်း]] * [[လျှပ်စစ်ခုခံမှု]] * [[အုမ်း၏နိယာမ]] * [[ဗို့]] * [[အမ်ပီယာ]] * [[ကူးလုံး]] * [[ဂျူးလ်]] * [[ဝပ်]] * [[လျှပ်စစ်ပတ်လမ်း]] * [[ဘက်ထရီ]] * [[ဗို့မီတာ]] * [[မာလ်တီမီတာ]] * [[တိုက်ရိုက်လျှပ်စီး]] * [[အလှည့်ကျလျှပ်စီး]] * [[အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ ယူနစ်စနစ်]] == ကိုးကားချက်တိ == <references /> == ပြင်ပလင့်ခ်တိ == * [https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/7-2-electric-potential-and-potential-difference OpenStax – Electric Potential and Potential Difference] * [https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/9-4-ohms-law OpenStax – Ohm's Law] * [https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/10-2-resistors-in-series-and-parallel OpenStax – Resistors in Series and Parallel] * [https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/10-4-electrical-measuring-instruments OpenStax – Electrical Measuring Instruments] * [https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/ BIPM – The International System of Units] [[ကဏ္ဍ:လျှပ်စစ်ပညာ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:လျှပ်စစ်အိန်ဂျန်နီယာပညာ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်ပညာ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:ရုပ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ ပမာဏတိ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:တိုင်းတာမှု]] r98x1ctlh1640pcmnpxux8tsoxjju4f 0 6406 22192 2026-10-31T14:22:48Z Retkhaberi 224 Created page with " '''လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်း''' (အိန်းဂလိချ်: ''Electric current'') ဆိုစွာ သတ်မှတ်ထားရေ မျက်နှာပြင်တခုကို ဖြတ်သန်း၍ [[လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏ]] (electric charge) စီးဆင်းရေ နှုန်းကို ဖော်ပြရေ [[ရုပ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ ပမာဏ]..." 22192 wikitext text/x-wiki '''လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်း''' (အိန်းဂလိချ်: ''Electric current'') ဆိုစွာ သတ်မှတ်ထားရေ မျက်နှာပြင်တခုကို ဖြတ်သန်း၍ [[လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏ]] (electric charge) စီးဆင်းရေ နှုန်းကို ဖော်ပြရေ [[ရုပ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ ပမာဏ]]တခုဖြစ်တေ။ လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းကို [[ရူပဗေဒ]]၊ [[လျှပ်စစ်ပညာ]]၊ [[အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်ပညာ]]နန့် [[လျှပ်စစ်အိန်ဂျန်နီယာပညာ]]ရို့မာ အခြီခံသဖောတရားတခုအဖြစ် လိလာကတ်ရေ။<ref name="OpenStaxCurrent">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/9-1-electrical-current OpenStax, University Physics Volume 2, 9.1 Electrical Current.]</ref> လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းကို ယေဘုယျအနိန်နန့် <math>I</math> သင်္ကေတနန့် ဖော်ပြပြီးကေ [[အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ ယူနစ်စနစ်]] (SI) ၏ အခြီခံယူနစ်ဖြစ်ရေ '''အမ်ပီယာ''' (ampere) နန့် တိုင်းတာရေ။ အမ်ပီယာ၏ သင်္ကေတမာ '''A''' ဖြစ်တေ။ လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းသည် [[ဗို့အား]]၊ [[လျှပ်စစ်ခုခံမှု]]နန့် [[လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား]]ရို့နန့် ဆက်စပ်နီပြီး လျှပ်စစ်ပတ်လမ်းတိ၏ လုပ်ဆောင်ပုံကို နားလည်ရာမာ အရေးပါရေ။ == အဓိပ္ပာယ်ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းဆိုစွာမာ သတ်မှတ်ထားရေ အချိန်အပိုင်းအရာတခုအတွင်း ဖြတ်ပိုင်းတခုကို ဖြတ်သန်းရေ အသားတင်လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏ၏ နှုန်းဖြစ်တေ။ ပျမ်းမျှလျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းကို - :<math>I_{\mathrm{avg}}=\frac{\Delta Q}{\Delta t}</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ - * <math>I_{\mathrm{avg}}</math> က ပျမ်းမျှလျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>\Delta Q</math> က သတ်မှတ်မျက်နှာပြင်ကို ဖြတ်သန်းရေ အသားတင်ဓာတ်ပမာဏဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>\Delta t</math> က ကြာချိန်ဖြစ်တေ။ ချိန်းချင်းလျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းကို - :<math>I=\frac{dQ}{dt}</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ ဥပမာ ဖြတ်ပိုင်းတခုကို ၄ စက္ကန့်အတွင်း လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏ ၂၀ ကူးလုံး ဖြတ်သန်းပါက ပျမ်းမျှစီးကြောင်းမာ - :<math>I_{\mathrm{avg}}=\frac{20}{4}=5\ \mathrm{A}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ == သမိုင်းကြောင်း == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းသဖောတရားသည် ၁၇ ရာစုနန့် ၁၈ ရာစုရို့မာ လျှပ်စစ်ဖြစ်စိုင်တိကို စမ်းသပ်လိလာမှုနန့်တတူ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးလာခရေ။ [[ဘင်ဂျမင် ဖဖို့ကလင်]] (Benjamin Franklin) စွာ လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏ၏ အပေါင်းနန့် အနုတ်သတ်မှတ်ချက်တိ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးလာရာမာ အရေးပါခရေ။ ၁၈၀၀ ပြည့်နှစ်မာ [[အလက်ဆန်ဒရို ဗို့လ်တာ]] (Alessandro Volta) စွာ ဗို့လ်တာစံတိုင် (voltaic pile) ဟု ခေါ်ရေ အစောပိုင်းလျှပ်စစ်ဘက်ထရီကို တီထွင်ဖော်ပြခရေ။ ၁၈၂၀ ပြည့်နှစ်မာ [[ဟန်းစ် ခရစ်ရှန် အော်စတက်]] (Hans Christian Ørsted) စွာ လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းနန့် သံလိုက်စက်ကွင်းရို့ကြား ဆက်နွယ်မှုကို စမ်းသပ်တွေ့ဟိခရေ။ [[အန်ဒရေ မာရီ အမ်ပီယာ]] (André-Marie Ampère) စွာ လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းတိကြား သံလိုက်ဆိုင်ရာ အပြန်အလှန်သက်ရောက်မှုကို လိလာခပြီး လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်ပညာ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးရာမာ အရေးပါခရေ။ နောက်ပိုင်းမာ [[ဂျော့ခ် ဆိုင်မွန် အုမ်း]] (Georg Simon Ohm) ၏ လျှပ်စစ်ခုခံမှုဆိုင်ရာ နိယာမနန့် [[မိုက်ကယ် ဖာရာဒေး]] (Michael Faraday) ၏ လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်မြှောက်ပင့်ပီးမှုဆိုင်ရာ လိလာချက်တိကြောင့် လျှပ်စစ်ပညာ ပိုပြီးကေတိုးတက်လှာခရေ။ == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်း၏ SI ယူနစ် == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်း၏ SI အခြီခံယူနစ်မာ အမ်ပီယာ (ampere) ဖြစ်တေ။ အမ်ပီယာတယူနစ်သည် တစက္ကန့်အတွင်း လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏ တကူးလုံး ဖြတ်သန်းရေ နှုန်းနန့် ညီမျှရေ။ :<math>1\ \mathrm{A}=1\ \mathrm{C/s}</math> ဒေနီရာမာ ကူးလုံး (coulomb, C) စွာ လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏ၏ SI ဆင်းသက်ယူနစ်ဖြစ်တေ။ ၂၀၁၉ ခုနှစ် မေလ ၂၀ ရက်ကစပြီးကေ အမ်ပီယာ၏ SI သတ်မှတ်ချက်အသစ်ကို အခြီခံလျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏကိန်းသီ (elementary charge) ၏ ဓါတ်ရိုက်ကျသတ်မှတ်ထားရေ တန်ဖိုးအပေါ် အခြီခံထားရေ။ :<math>e=1.602176634\times10^{-19}\ \mathrm{C}</math> ဒေတန်ဖိုးကို ဓါတ်ရိုက်ကျသတ်မှတ်ထားတွက်ကြောင့် အမ်ပီယာကို သဘာဝကိန်းသီတိနန့် ဆက်စပ်၍ ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။<ref name="BIPMAmpere">[https://www.bipm.org/en/si-base-units/ampere BIPM, SI Base Unit: Ampere.]</ref> == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းယူနစ်တိ == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းကို အမ်ပီယာအပြင် အရာအရွယ်အစားယူနစ်တိနန့်လည်း ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ {| class="wikitable" ! ယူနစ် ! သင်္ကေတ ! အမ်ပီယာနန့် ညီမျှမှု |- | နာနိုအမ်ပီယာ | nA | 10⁻⁹ A |- | မိုက်ခရိုအမ်ပီယာ | μA | 10⁻⁶ A |- | မီလီအမ်ပီယာ | mA | 0.001 A |- | အမ်ပီယာ | A | 1 A |- | ကီလိုအမ်ပီယာ | kA | 1000 A |} အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်ဆားကစ်တိမာ မီလီအမ်ပီယာနန့် မိုက်ခရိုအမ်ပီယာရို့ကို အသုံးများပြီး စက်မှုလျှပ်စစ်စနစ်တချို့မာ အမ်ပီယာနန့် ကီလိုအမ်ပီယာရို့ကို အသုံးပြုနိုင်ရေ။ == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်း၏ ဦးတည်ချက် == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်း၏ သဖောတူသတ်မှတ်ထားရေ ဦးတည်ချက် (conventional current direction) စွာ အပေါင်းလျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏတိ စီးဆင်းရေ ဦးတည်ချက်ဖြစ်တေ။ ရိုးယှင်းရေ DC ပတ်လမ်းတခု၏ ပြင်ပဝါယာကြိုးတိမာ သဖောတူစီးကြောင်းဦးတည်ချက်သည် ဘက်ထရီ၏ အပေါင်းတာမီနယ်မှ အနုတ်တာမီနယ်သို့ ဖြစ်တေ။ ယေဒါလေ့ သတ္တုဝါယာကြိုးတိအတွင်း လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏကို သယ်ဆောင်ရေ အဓိကအမှုန်တိသည် [[အီလက်ထရွန်]]တိဖြစ်တေ။ အီလက်ထရွန်တိသည် အနုတ်ဓာတ်ဆောင်ထားတွက်ကြောင့် ၎င်းရို့၏ပျမ်းမျှရွိမှုဦးတည်ချက်သည် သဖောတူလျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းဦးတည်ချက်နန့် ဆန့်ကျင်ဘက်ဖြစ်တေ။ လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းကို အီလက်ထရွန်တိတမျိုးတည်းကသာ သယ်ဆောင်ရေ မဟုတ်။ အရည်လျှပ်ကူးပစ္စည်းတိမာ အပေါင်းနန့် အနုတ်အိုင်ယွန်တိသည် လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏကို သယ်ဆောင်နိုင်ရေ။<ref name="OpenStaxCurrent"/> == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းအမျိုးအစားတိ == === တိုက်ရိုက်လျှပ်စီးကြောင်း === '''တိုက်ရိုက်လျှပ်စီးကြောင်း''' (Direct current – DC) ဆိုစွာမာ သဖောတူလျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်း၏ ဦးတည်ချက် မပြောင်းလဲရေ စီးကြောင်းအမျိုးအစားဖြစ်တေ။ ဘက်ထရီ၊ ဆိုလှာဆဲလ်နန့် တချို့အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်ပစ္စည်းတိမာ DC ကို အသုံးပြုရေ။ တိုင်းရေ DC စီးကြောင်းကို - :<math>I(t)=I_0</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ ယေဒါလေ့ DC ဟု ဆိုတိုင်း စီးကြောင်းပမာဏ အမြဲတမ်းတိုင်းနီရေဟု မဆိုလိုပါ။ ဦးတည်ချက်မပြောင်းဘဲ ပမာဏပြောင်းလဲနီရေ DC စီးကြောင်းလည်း ဟိနိုင်ရေ။ === အလှည့်ကျလျှပ်စီးကြောင်း === '''အလှည့်ကျလျှပ်စီးကြောင်း''' (Alternating current – AC) ဆိုစွာမာ လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်း၏ ဦးတည်ချက်သည် အချိန်အလိုက် အလှည့်ကျပြောင်းလဲနီရေ စီးကြောင်းအမျိုးအစားဖြစ်တေ။ အိမ်သုံးနန့် စက်မှုသုံး လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အားဖြန့်ဖြူးရီးစနစ်တိမာ AC ကို ကျေပြန့်စွာ အသုံးပြုရေ။ ဆိုင်နူဆိုက်ပုံစံ AC စီးကြောင်းကို - :<math>i(t)=I_{\mathrm{max}}\sin(2\pi ft+\phi)</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ - * <math>I_{\mathrm{max}}</math> က အမြင့်ဆုံးစီးကြောင်းပမာဏဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>f</math> က ကြိမ်နှုန်းဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>t</math> က အချိန်ဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>\phi</math> က အစအဆင့်ဒေါင့်ဖြစ်တေ။ ဆိုင်နူဆိုက်ပုံစံ AC စီးကြောင်း၏ RMS တန်ဖိုးမာ - :<math>I_{\mathrm{rms}}=\frac{I_{\mathrm{max}}}{\sqrt{2}}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။<ref name="OpenStaxAC">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/15-1-ac-sources OpenStax, University Physics Volume 2, 15.1 AC Sources.]</ref> == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းနန့် ဗို့အား == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်း (electric current) နန့် [[ဗို့အား]] (voltage) စွာ မတူညီရေ ရုပ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ ပမာဏနှစ်ခုဖြစ်တေ။ လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းသည် လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏစီးဆင်းမှုနှုန်းဖြစ်ပြီးကေ ဗို့အားသည် နီရာနှစ်ခုကြား လျှပ်စစ်အလားအလာခြားနားချက်ဖြစ်တေ။ {| class="wikitable" ! နှိုင်းနိူင်းချက် ! လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်း ! ဗို့အား |- | အိန်းဂလိချ် | Electric current | Voltage |- | SI ယူနစ် | Ampere (A) | Volt (V) |- | အဓိပ္ပာယ် | လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏစီးဆင်းမှုနှုန်း | လျှပ်စစ်အလားအလာခြားနားချက် |- | တိုင်းတာကိရိယာ | Ammeter | Voltmeter |} လျှပ်စစ်ပတ်လမ်းတခုမာ ဗို့အားဟိခြင်းတခုတည်းကြောင့် စီးကြောင်းအမြဲတမ်း စီးဆင်းနီရေဟု မဆိုနှိုင်ပါ။ ပတ်လမ်းဖွင့်ထားပါက ပြင်ပလမ်းကြောင်းအတွင်း တိုင်းရေ စီးကြောင်းမစီးဆင်းနှိုင်ပါ။ == အုမ်း၏နိယာမ == [[အုမ်း၏နိယာမ]] (Ohm's law) စွာ အုမ်း၏နိယာမကို လိုက်နာရေ လျှပ်စစ်ပစ္စည်းတိမာ ဗို့အား၊ စီးကြောင်းနန့် ခုခံမှုရို့၏ဆက်နွယ်မှုကို ဖော်ပြရေ။ :<math>V=IR</math> ယင်းအတွက်နန့် - :<math>I=\frac{V}{R}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ - * <math>V</math> က ဗို့အားဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>I</math> က လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>R</math> က လျှပ်စစ်ခုခံမှုဖြစ်တေ။ ဥပမာ ဗို့အား ၁၂ V နန့် ခုခံမှု ၆ Ω ဟိရေ ပတ်လမ်းအစိတ်အပိုင်းတခုမာ - :<math>I=\frac{12}{6}=2\ \mathrm{A}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ အုမ်း၏နိယာမစွာ ဒိုင်အုတ်ပိုင် အုမ်း၏နိယာမကို မလိုက်နာရေ ပစ္စည်းတိအတွက် ယေဘုယျအနိန်နန့် မမှန်နှိုင်ပါ။<ref name="OpenStaxOhm">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/9-4-ohms-law OpenStax, University Physics Volume 2, 9.4 Ohm's Law.]</ref> == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းနန့် ပါဝါ == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းသည် [[လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား]] (electric power) နန့်လည်း ဆက်စပ်နီရေ။ လျှပ်စစ်ပတ်လမ်းတခု၏ ချိန်းချင်းပါဝါကို - :<math>p(t)=v(t)i(t)</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ တိုင်းရေ DC ပတ်လမ်းအတွက် - :<math>P=VI</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဥပမာ ဗို့အား ၁၂ V နန့် စီးကြောင်း ၃ A ဟိရေ ပစ္စည်းတခု၏ ပါဝါမာ - :<math>P=12\times3=36\ \mathrm{W}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ အုမ်း၏နိယာမကို လိုက်နာရေ ခုခံပစ္စည်းတခုမာ - :<math>P=I^2R</math> လို့လေ့ တွက်ချက်နိုင်ရေ။ == စီးကြောင်းသိပ်သည်းဆ == '''စီးကြောင်းသိပ်သည်းဆ''' (current density) စွာ သတ်မှတ်ထားရေ မျက်နှာပြင်တယူနစ်ကို ဖြတ်သန်းရေ လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းကို ဖော်ပြရေ ပမာဏဖြစ်တေ။ စီးကြောင်းစွာ မျက်နှာပြင်အပေါ် ဒေါင့်မှန်ကျပြီး တသမတ်တည်းဖြန့်ဝီထားပါက - :<math>J=\frac{I}{A}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ - * <math>J</math> က စီးကြောင်းသိပ်သည်းဆ၏ ပမာဏဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>I</math> က စီးကြောင်းဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>A</math> က ဖြတ်ပိုင်းအကျယ်အဝန်းဖြစ်တေ။ SI ယူနစ်မာ အမ်ပီယာ/စတုရန်းမီတာ (<math>\mathrm{A/m^2}</math>) ဖြစ်တေ။ ယေဘုယျအနိန်နန့် စီးကြောင်းသိပ်သည်းဆသည် ဗက်တာပမာဏဖြစ်ပြီးကေ - :<math>I=\int_S\vec{J}\cdot d\vec{A}</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ == အီလက်ထရွန်ရွိမှုနန့် စီးကြောင်း == သတ္တုဝါယာကြိုးတိအတွင်း စီးကြောင်းသည် လွတ်လပ်ရေ အီလက်ထရွန်တိ၏ ပျမ်းမျှရွိမှုနန့် ဆက်စပ်နီရေ။ လျှပ်စစ်စက်ကွင်း သက်ရောက်ရေအခါ အီလက်ထရွန်တိသည် ပုံမှန်အပူရွိမှုအပြင် ပျမ်းမျှဦးတည်ချက်တခုအတိုင်း တဆတ်ဆတ်ချင်း ရွိနိုင်ရေ။ ဒေပျမ်းမျှရွိနှုန်းကို '''ဒရစ်ဖ်အလျင်''' (drift velocity) ဟု ခေါ်ရေ။ တသမတ်တည်းဟိရေ ဝါယာကြိုးတပင်အတွက် စီးကြောင်း၏ ပမာဏကို - :<math>I=n|q|Av_d</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ - * <math>n</math> က တယူနစ်ထုထည်အတွင်း လွတ်လပ်ရေ ဓာတ်သယ်ဆောင်အမှုန်အရွီအတွက်ဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>|q|</math> က အမှုန်တခု၏ ဓာတ်ပမာဏအကြွင်းမဲ့တန်ဖိုးဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>A</math> က ဝါယာကြိုး၏ ဖြတ်ပိုင်းအကျယ်အဝန်းဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>v_d</math> က ဒရစ်ဖ်အလျင်၏ ပမာဏဖြစ်တေ။ အီလက်ထရွန်တခုချင်းစီ၏ ဒရစ်ဖ်အလျင်သည် ပိစိကနာသျှေနိုင်ကေလည်း လျှပ်စစ်စက်ကွင်းဆိုင်ရာ သက်ရောက်မှုရေ ပတ်လမ်းတလျှောက် အယင့်ယင် ပြန့်ပွားနိုင်ရေ။ == အစိုင်လိုက်နန့် အပြိုင်ပတ်လမ်း == === အစိုင်လိုက်ပတ်လမ်း === '''အစိုင်လိုက်ပတ်လမ်း''' (series circuit) မာ ပစ္စည်းတိကို လမ်းကြောင်းတခုတည်းအတိုင်း ချိတ်ဆက်ထားရေ။ ယင်းအတွက်နန့် တိုင်းရေ အခြီအနီမာ ပစ္စည်းတခုချင်းစီကို ဖြတ်သန်းရေ စီးကြောင်းစွာ တူညီရေ။ :<math>I_{\mathrm{total}}=I_1=I_2</math> === အပြိုင်ပတ်လမ်း === '''အပြိုင်ပတ်လမ်း''' (parallel circuit) မာ စီးကြောင်းသည် လမ်းကြောင်း အများကြီးသို့ ခွဲထွက်နှိုင်ရေ။ ပတ်ခွဆုံမှတ်တခု၌ ဝင်လာရေ စီးကြောင်းစုစုပေါင်းသည် ထွက်လားရေ စီးကြောင်းစုစုပေါင်းနန့် ညီမျှရေ။ :<math>I_{\mathrm{total}}=I_1+I_2+\cdots</math> ဒေဆက်နွယ်မှုရေ [[ကာ့ချော့ဖ်၏ စီးကြောင်းနိယာမ]] (Kirchhoff's current law) နန့် ဆက်စပ်နီရေ။ == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းတိုင်းတာခြင်း == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းကို '''အမ်မီတာ''' (ammeter) နန့် တိုင်းတာနိုင်ရေ။ အမ်မီတာကို တိုင်းတာလိုရေ ပစ္စည်းနန့် အစိုင်လိုက် (series) ချိတ်ဆက်ရေ။ အမ်မီတာတခု၏ အတွင်းခုခံမှုရေ တိုင်းတာနီရေ ပတ်လမ်းအပေါ် သက်ရောက်မှုနည်းစီဖို့ အလွန်နည်းပါးသင့်ရေ။ [[ဒီဂျီတေ မာလ်တီမီတာ]] (digital multimeter) ကိုလေ့ သင့်လျော်ရေ တိုင်းတာမုဒ်နန့် ချိတ်ဆက်နည်းနန့် အသုံးပြုနိုင်ရေ။ စီးကြောင်းကို တိုက်ရိုက်ဖြတ်သန်းစီဖို့ မလိုအပ်ဘဲ သံလိုက်စက်ကွင်းကို အာရုံခံ၍ တိုင်းတာနိုင်ရေ [[ကလမ့်မီတာ]] (clamp meter) တိလည်း ဟိရေ။ အမ်မီတာကို ဗို့မီတာပိုင် ဗို့အားအရင်းအမြစ်၏ တာမီနယ်နှစ်ခုကြား တိုက်ရိုက်အပြိုင်ချိတ်ဆက်ခြင်းစွာ အန္တရာယ်ဖြစ်စီနှိုင်ရေ။<ref name="OpenStaxMeters">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/10-4-electrical-measuring-instruments OpenStax, University Physics Volume 2, 10.4 Electrical Measuring Instruments.]</ref> == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းနန့် ဖီးအန္တရာယ် == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းသည် လူ့ခန္ဓာကိုယ်အတွင်း ဖြတ်သန်းပါက လျှပ်စစ်ထိခိုက်မှုကို ဖြစ်ပေါ်စီနိုင်ရေ။ ထိခိုက်မှုအဆင့်သည် စီးကြောင်းပမာဏ၊ ဖြတ်သန်းရာ လမ်းကြောင်း၊ ထိတွိ့ကြာချိန်၊ လျှပ်စီးကြောင်းအမျိုးအစားနန့် ခန္ဓာကိုယ်၏ အခြီအနီရို့အပေါ် မူတည်ရေ။ လျှပ်စစ်စနစ်တိမာ [[ဖျူးစ်]] (fuse)၊ [[ဆားကစ်ဘရိတ်ကာ]] (circuit breaker) နန့် သင့်လျော်ရေ လျှပ်စစ်အန္တရာယ်ကာကွယ်ရီးကိရိယာတိကို အသုံးပြုကတ်ရေ။ လျှပ်စစ်တိုင်းတာမှု သို့မဟုတ် ပြုပျင်မှုတိကို သက်ဆိုင်ရာ လုံချုံရီးစည်းမျဉ်းတိနန့်အညီ လိကျင့်ထားရေ ပညာသျှင်တိက ဆောင်ရွက်ဖို့ လိုအပ်ရေ။ == လက်တွိအသုံးချမှု == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းကို ခေတ်သစ်သိပ္ပံနန့် နည်းပညာကဏ္ဍအမျိုးမျိုးမာ အသုံးပြုကတ်ရေ။ * '''အိမ်သုံးလျှပ်စစ်ပညာ''' – မီးလုံး၊ ပန်ကာနန့် အရာလျှပ်စစ်ပစ္စည်းတိကို လည်ပတ်စီခြင်း။ * '''အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်ပညာ''' – ကွန်ပျူတာနန့် ဆက်သွီရီးဆားကစ်တိကို အသုံးပြုခြင်း။ * '''စက်မှုလုပ်ငန်း''' – လျှပ်စစ်မော်တာနန့် ထိန်းချုပ်ရီးစနစ်တိကို မောင်းနှင်ခြင်း။ * '''သယ်ယူပို့ဆောင်ရီး''' – လျှပ်စစ်ဂါရီနန့် လျှပ်စစ်မော်တော်ဂါရီတိကို မောင်းနှင်ခြင်း။ * '''ဓာတုဗေဒ''' – လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ခွဲခြင်း (electrolysis) မာ အသုံးပြုခြင်း။ * '''ဆီးပညာ''' – သင့်လျော်ရေ ဆီးဘက်ဆိုင်ရာ အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်ကိရိယာတိကို အသုံးပြုခြင်း။ * '''လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အားပီးဝီရီး''' – ဓာတ်အားထုတ်လုပ်ခြင်း၊ ပို့လွှတ်ခြင်းနန့် ဖြန့်ဖြူးခြင်းရို့မာ အသုံးပြုခြင်း။ == အရေးပါမှု == လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းသည် လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏ၏ ရွိမှုကို နားလည်ဖို့ အခြီခံကျရေ ရုပ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ ပမာဏတခုဖြစ်တေ။ လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်း၊ ဗို့အားနန့် လျှပ်စစ်ခုခံမှုရို့၏ဆက်နွယ်မှုကို နားလည်ခြင်းစွာ လျှပ်စစ်ပတ်လမ်းတိကို ဒီဇိုင်းရီးဈီးခရင်း၊ စစ်ဆီးခြင်းနန့် လျှပ်စစ်ပစ္စည်းတိ၏ လုပ်ဆောင်မှုကို ယှင်းလင်းရာမာ အရေးပါရေ။ ယင်းချင့်အပြင် လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းသဖောတရားသည် [[လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်ပညာ]]၊ [[လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား]]နန့် [[စွမ်းအင်]]ဆိုင်ရာ အဆင့်မြင့်သဖောတရားတိကို လိလာဖို့ အခြီခံဖြစ်တေ။ == ဆက်စပ်ကြည့်ရှုဖို့ == * [[ဗို့အား]] * [[လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်အား]] * [[လျှပ်စစ်စွမ်းအင်]] * [[လျှပ်စစ်ဓာတ်ပမာဏ]] * [[အမ်ပီယာ]] * [[ကူးလုံး]] * [[လျှပ်စစ်ခုခံမှု]] * [[အုမ်း၏နိယာမ]] * [[လျှပ်စစ်ပတ်လမ်း]] * [[လျှပ်စစ်စီးကြောင်းသိပ်သည်းဆ]] * [[တိုက်ရိုက်လျှပ်စီးကြောင်း]] * [[အလှည့်ကျလျှပ်စီးကြောင်း]] * [[အီလက်ထရွန်]] * [[အမ်မီတာ]] * [[လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်ပညာ]] * [[အခြီခံယူနစ်]] * [[အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ ယူနစ်စနစ်]] == ကိုးကားချက်တိ == <references /> == ပြင်ပလင့်ခ်တိ == * [https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/9-1-electrical-current OpenStax – Electrical Current] * [https://www.bipm.org/en/si-base-units/ampere BIPM – SI Base Unit: Ampere] * [https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/9-4-ohms-law OpenStax – Ohm's Law] * [https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/15-1-ac-sources OpenStax – AC Sources] * [https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-2/pages/10-4-electrical-measuring-instruments OpenStax – Electrical Measuring Instruments] [[ကဏ္ဍ:လျှပ်စစ်ပညာ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်ပညာ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:လျှပ်စစ်အိန်ဂျန်နီယာပညာ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:ရုပ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ ပမာဏတိ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:တိုင်းတာမှု]] ee9cdn63wvpj1eyo8kq8j3y8ld8j8rx 0 6407 22193 2026-10-31T14:37:44Z Retkhaberi 224 Created page with " '''အလင်းရောင်''' (အိန်းဂလိချ်: ''Light'') ဆိုစွာ လူ့မျက်စိနန့် မြင်နှိုင်ရေ [[လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်ရောင်ခြည်]] (electromagnetic radiation) ဖြစ်တေ။ ပိုပြီး ကျယ်ပြန့်ရေ ရူပဗေဒအသုံးအနှုန်းမာ အလင်းဟုဆိုရာ၌ မြင..." 22193 wikitext text/x-wiki '''အလင်းရောင်''' (အိန်းဂလိချ်: ''Light'') ဆိုစွာ လူ့မျက်စိနန့် မြင်နှိုင်ရေ [[လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်ရောင်ခြည်]] (electromagnetic radiation) ဖြစ်တေ။ ပိုပြီး ကျယ်ပြန့်ရေ ရူပဗေဒအသုံးအနှုန်းမာ အလင်းဟုဆိုရာ၌ မြင်နှိုင်ရေ အလင်းအပြင် [[အနီအောက်ရောင်ခြည်]]နန့် [[ခရမ်းလွန်ရောင်ခြည်]]ပိုင် မမြင်နှိုင်ရေ လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်ရောင်ခြည်တိကိုလေ့ ထည့်သွင်းရည်ညွှန်းနိုင်ရေ။<ref name="NASA">[https://science.nasa.gov/ems/09_visiblelight/ NASA Science – Visible Light.]</ref> အလင်းရောင်စွာ [[ရူပဗေဒ]]၊ [[အလင်းဗေဒ]]၊ [[နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ]]၊ [[ဇီဝဗေဒ]]နန့် [[အိန်ဂျန်နီယာပညာ]]ရို့မာ အရေးပါရေ။ အလင်းရောင်ကြောင့် လူသားတိစွာ ပတ်ဝန်းကျင်ဟိ အရာဝထုတိ၏ ပုံသဏ္ဌာန်၊ အရောင်နန့် တည်နီရာရို့ကို မြင်နှိုင်ကတ်တေ။ == အဓိပ္ပာယ်ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် == အလင်းရောင်စွာ လျှပ်စစ်စက်ကွင်းနန့် သံလိုက်စက်ကွင်းရို့၏ ပြောင်းလဲမှုနန့် ပြန့်ပွားရေ လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်လှိုင်းဖြစ်တေ။ အလင်းရောင်စွာ လဟာပြင်အတွင်း ပြန့်ပွားနိုင်ပြီး အသံလှိုင်းပိုင် ပစ္စည်းကြားခံတခု မလိုအပ်ပါ။ လူ့မျက်စိနန့် မြင်နှိုင်ရေ အလင်း၏ လှိုင်းအလျားသည် ယေဘုယျအနိန်နန့် ၃၈၀ မှ ၇၀၀ နာနိုမီတာလှောက်ဖြစ်တေ။ ယေဒါလေ့ မြင်နှိုင်ရေ အလင်း၏ နယ်နိမိတ်သည် အတိအကျဖြတ်တောက်ထားခြင်းမဟုတ်ဘဲ လူတဦး၏ မျက်စိအာရုံခံနိုင်မှုနန့် အရာအခြီအနီတိအလိုက် ဇိကေသျှေ ကွဲပြားနိုင်ရေ။<ref name="NASA"/> အလင်းရောင်ကို လှိုင်းသဖောအပြင် [[ဖိုတွန်]] (photon) ဟု ခေါ်ရေ ကွမ်တမ်အမှုန်တိ၏ သဘောနန့်လည်း ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ == သမိုင်းကြောင်း == အလင်းရောင်၏ သဘာဝကို လူသားတိစွာ ရှီးခေတ်ကစပြီးကေ စူးစမ်းလိလာခကတ်တေ။ ရှီးဂရိပညာသျှင်တိစွာ အမြင်အာရုံနန့် အလင်းရောင်၏ ဆက်နွယ်မှုကို ယှင်းပြဖို့ သီအိုရီအမျိုးမျိုး တင်ပြခကတ်တေ။ ၁၁ ရာစုမာ [[အိဗ်နု အလ်ဟိုင်သမ်]] (Ibn al-Haytham) စွာ အလင်းရောင်နန့် အမြင်အာရုံဆိုင်ရာ လိလာမှုတိကို စနစ်တကျ ပြုလုပ်ခပြီး အလင်းဗေဒဖွံ့ဖြိုးမှုအတွက် အရေးပါရေ အထောက်အကူပြုမှုတိ ပေးခရေ။ ၁၇ ရာစုမာ [[အိုင်ဇက် နယူတန်]] (Isaac Newton) စွာ အဖြူရောင်အလင်းကို ပရစ်ဇမ်နန့် ဖြတ်သန်းစီပြီး အရောင်အမျိုးမျိုး ပါဝင်ကြောင်း ပြသခရေ။ [[ခရစ္စတီယန် ဟိုင်ဂန်စ်]] (Christiaan Huygens) စွာ အလင်း၏ လှိုင်းသဖောတရားကို တင်ပြခရေ။ ၁၉ ရာစုမာ [[ဂျိမ်းစ် ကလပ် မက်စ်ဝဲလ်]] (James Clerk Maxwell) စွာ အလင်းသည် လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်လှိုင်းဖြစ်ကြောင်း သီအိုရီအရ ယှင်းလင်းနိုင်ခရေ။ ၂၀ ရာစုမာ [[မက်စ် ပလန့်ခ်]] (Max Planck) နန့် [[အဲလ်ဘတ် အိုင်းစတိုင်း]] (Albert Einstein) ရို့၏ လုပ်ငန်းတိကြောင့် အလင်း၏ ကွမ်တမ်သဖောတရား ပိုပြီးကေဖွံ့ဖြိုးလာခရေ။ == အလင်းရောင်၏ အမြန်နှုန်း == အလင်းရောင်စွာ လဟာပြင်အတွင်း အတိအကျသတ်မှတ်ထားရေ အမြန်နှုန်းနန့် ပြန့်ပွားရေ။ :<math>c=299\,792\,458\ \mathrm{m/s}</math> ဒေနီရာမာ <math>c</math> က လဟာပြင်အတွင်း အလင်း၏အမြန်နှုန်းဖြစ်တေ။ အလင်း၏အမြန်နှုန်းသည် [[အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ ယူနစ်စနစ်]]မာ [[မီတာ]]၏ သတ်မှတ်ချက်နန့် တိုက်ရိုက်ဆက်စပ်နီရေ။<ref name="BIPM">[https://www.bipm.org/en/si-base-units/metre BIPM – SI Base Unit: Metre.]</ref> ရေ၊ ဖန်နန့် အရာကြားခံပစ္စည်းတိအတွင်း အလင်းပြန့်ပွားရေ အမြန်နှုန်းသည် ပုံမှန်ဆိုလို့ဟိကေ လဟာပြင်အတွင်း အမြန်နှုန်းထက် နည်းပါးရေ။ ကြားခံပစ္စည်းတခုအတွင်း အလင်း၏ အဆင့်အလျင် (phase velocity) နန့် အလင်းယိုင်ညွှန်းကိန်းရို့၏ ဆက်နွယ်မှုကို - :<math>v=\frac{c}{n}</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ <math>n</math> က အလင်းယိုင်ညွှန်းကိန်းဖြစ်တေ။ == လှိုင်းအလျားနန့် ကြိမ်နှုန်း == အလင်းရောင်စွာ လှိုင်းသဖောဟိရေအတွက်နန့် [[လှိုင်းအလျား]] (wavelength) နန့် [[ကြိမ်နှုန်း]] (frequency) ရို့နန့် ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ လဟာပြင်အတွင်း - :<math>c=f\lambda</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ - * <math>c</math> က အလင်း၏အမြန်နှုန်းဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>f</math> က ကြိမ်နှုန်းဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>\lambda</math> က လှိုင်းအလျားဖြစ်တေ။ လှိုင်းအလျားတိုလာကေ ကြိမ်နှုန်းမြင့်လာပြီးကေ လှိုင်းအလျားရှည်လာကေ ကြိမ်နှုန်းနိမ့်လာရေ။ လှိုင်းအလျားကို မီတာ၊ နာနိုမီတာရို့နန့် ဖော်ပြပြီးကေ ကြိမ်နှုန်းကို [[ဟတ်ဇ်]] (hertz, Hz) နန့် ဖော်ပြရေ။ :<math>1\ \mathrm{nm}=10^{-9}\ \mathrm{m}</math> == မြင်နှိုင်ရေ အလင်းရောင်နန့် အရောင်တိ == မြင်နှိုင်ရေ အလင်းရောင်မာ ခရမ်း၊ အပြာ၊ အစိမ်း၊ အဝါ၊ လိမ္မော်နန့် အရဲစရေ အရောင်အမျိုးမျိုး ပါဝင်ရေ။ အရောင်တိစွာ အလင်း၏ လှိုင်းအလျားဆိုင်ရာ ဖွဲ့စည်းမှုနန့် လူ့မျက်စိ၏ အာရုံခံမှုရို့အပေါ် မူတည်ရေ။ {| class="wikitable" ! အရောင် ! ခန့်မှန်းလှိုင်းအလျား |- | ခရမ်း | 380–450 nm |- | အပြာ | 450–495 nm |- | အစိမ်း | 495–570 nm |- | အဝါ | 570–590 nm |- | လိမ္မော် | 590–620 nm |- | အရဲ | 620–700 nm |} ဒေဇယားစွာ နံဘေးစပ်ဆုံးခွဲခြားချက်ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ အရောင်အမျိုးအစားတိကြား တိကျရေ လှိုင်းအလျားနယ်နိမိတ် မဟိပါ။ အဖြူရောင်အလင်းသည် မြင်နှိုင်ရေ အလင်းလှိုင်းအလျားအမျိုးမျိုး ပေါင်းစပ်မှုကြောင့် ဖြစ်ပေါ်နိုင်ရေ။ ယေဒါလေ့ အဖြူရောင်လို့ မြင်ရဖို့ မြင်နှိုင်ရေ လှိုင်းအလျားအားနုန်း ပါဝင်ဖို့ မလိုအပ်ပါ။ == အလင်းရောင်ထုတ်လွှတ်ရေ အရင်းအမြစ်တိ == အလင်းရောင်ထုတ်လွှတ်ရေ အရင်းအမြစ်တိကို သဘာဝအရင်းအမြစ်နန့် လူလုပ်အရင်းအမြစ်ဆိုပနာ ခွဲခြားနိုင်ရေ။ သဘာဝအရင်းအမြစ်တိမာ [[နေ]]၊ [[ကြယ်]]၊ မီးနန့် အလင်းထုတ်သတ္တဝါတချို့ ပါဝင်ရေ။ လူလုပ်အရင်းအမြစ်တိမာ လျှပ်စစ်မီးလုံး၊ [[အယ်လ်အီးဒီ]] (LED)၊ [[လေဆာ]] (laser) နန့် အရာအလင်းထုတ်ကိရိယာတိ ပါဝင်ရေ။ အရာဝထုအားနုန်းသည် မိမိကိုယ်တိုင် မြင်နှိုင်ရေ အလင်းကို ထုတ်လွှတ်နီခြင်း မဟုတ်။ အရာဝထုအများစုကို အရာအရင်းအမြစ်မှ လာရေ အလင်းရောင်ပြန်ဟပ်မှုကြောင့် မြင်နှိုင်ရေ။ == အလင်းရောင်ပြန်ဟပ်ခြင်း == '''အလင်းရောင်ပြန်ဟပ်ခြင်း''' (reflection) ဆိုစွာမာ အလင်းရောင်စွာ မျက်နှာပြင်တခုကို ထိတွိပြီးကေ မူလကြားခံဘက်ကို ပြန်ပနာပြန့်ပွားရေ ဖြစ်စိုင်ဖြစ်တေ။ [[ရောင်ပြန်ဟပ်ခြင်းနိယာမ]]အရ ဝင်ရောက်ဒေါင့်နန့် ပြန်ဟပ်ဒေါင့်ရို့စွာ တူညီရေ။ :<math>\theta_i=\theta_r</math> ဒေဒေါင့်နှစ်ခုကို မျက်နှာပြင်၏ ဒေါင့်မှန်မျဉ်း (normal) မှ တိုင်းတာရေ။ ချောမွိ့ရေ မှန်မျက်နှာပြင်မာ ပုံမှန်ပြန်ဟပ်မှု ဖြစ်ပေါ်နိုင်ပြီး ကြမ်းတမ်းရေ မျက်နှာပြင်မာ အလင်းရောင်စွာ ဦးတည်ချက်အမျိုးမျိုးသို့ ပြန့်ကျဲပြန်ဟပ်နိုင်ရေ။ == အလင်းယိုင်ခြင်း == '''အလင်းယိုင်ခြင်း''' (refraction) ဆိုစွာ အလင်းရောင်က အလင်းယိုင်ညွှန်းကိန်း မတူညီရေ ကြားခံပစ္စည်းနှစ်ခုကြား ဖြတ်သန်းရာမာ ပြန့်ပွားမှုဦးတည်ချက် ပြောင်းလဲနိုင်ရေ ဖြစ်စိုင်ဖြစ်တေ။ အလင်းယိုင်ခြင်းကို [[စနဲလ်၏နိယာမ]] (Snell's law) နန့် ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ :<math>n_1\sin\theta_1=n_2\sin\theta_2</math> ဒေနီရာမာ <math>n_1</math> နန့် <math>n_2</math> ရို့စွာ ကြားခံပစ္စည်းနှစ်ခု၏ အလင်းယိုင်ညွှန်းကိန်းတိဖြစ်တေ။ ဥပမာ ရီထဲမာ ထေ့ထားရေ တုတ်တချောင်းစွာ ရီမျက်နှာပြင်အနီးမာ ချိုးကွိနီပိုင် မြင်ရခြင်းစွာ အလင်းယိုင်ခြင်းနန့် ဆက်စပ်တေ။ အလင်းယိုင်ခြင်းကို မျက်မှန်၊ ကင်မရာမှန်ဘီလူးနန့် အရာအလင်းဗေဒကိရိယာတိမာ အသုံးပြုရေ။<ref name="Refraction">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-3-refraction OpenStax – Refraction.]</ref> == အလင်းပြန့်ကြင်းခြင်းနန့် စွက်ဖက်ခြင်း == '''အလင်းပြန့်ကြင်းခြင်း''' (diffraction) ဆိုစွာမာ အလင်းလှိုင်းသည် အတားအဆီးတခု၏ အစွန်း သို့မဟုတ် ကျိုင်းမြောင်းရေ ဒွါရတခုကို ဖြတ်သန်းရာမာ ပြန့်ကားခြင်းဖြစ်တေ။ '''အလင်းစွက်ဖက်ခြင်း''' (interference) ဆိုစွာမာ အလင်းလှိုင်းတိ ပေါင်းစပ်ရာမာ တခုနန့်တခု အားဖြည့်ခြင်း သို့မဟုတ် အားလျော့စီခြင်းရို့ ဖြစ်ပေါ်ရေ ဖြစ်စိုင်ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေဖြစ်စိုင်တိစွာ အလင်း၏ လှိုင်းသဖောကို ပြသရေ အထောက်အထားတိဖြစ်တေ။ အလင်းစွက်ဖက်မှုကို သုံး၍ မှုန်စိချေရေ အကွာအဝီးတိကို တိုင်းတာနိုင်ရေ။ == အလင်း၏ လှိုင်း-အမှုန်နှစ်မျိုးသဖော == ခေတ်သစ်ရူပဗေဒမာ အလင်းရောင်စွာ လှိုင်းသဖောနန့် အမှုန်သဖော နှစ်မျိုးစလုံးကို ပြသရေ။ အလင်း၏ ကွမ်တမ်အမှုန်ကို '''ဖိုတွန်''' (photon) ဟု ခေါ်ရေ။ ဖိုတွန်တခု၏ စွမ်းအင်ကို - :<math>E=hf</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ - * <math>E</math> က ဖိုတွန်၏ စွမ်းအင်ဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>h</math> က [[ပလန့်ခ်ကိန်းသီ]] (Planck constant) ဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>f</math> က အလင်း၏ ကြိမ်နှုန်းဖြစ်တေ။ လဟာပြင်အတွင်း - :<math>E=\frac{hc}{\lambda}</math> လို့လေ့ ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ ဖိုတွန်၏ စွမ်းအင်သည် ကြိမ်နှုန်းမြင့်လာမှုနန့်တတူ မြင့်လာရေ။ [[ဓာတ်ပုံလျှပ်စစ်အကျိုးသက်ရောက်မှု]] (photoelectric effect) စွာ အလင်း၏ ကွမ်တမ်သဖောကို ထင်ယှားစွာ ပြသရေ ဖြစ်စိုင်တခုဖြစ်တေ။<ref name="Photon">[https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect OpenStax – Photoelectric Effect.]</ref> == အလင်းရောင်တိုင်းတာခြင်း == အလင်းရောင်ဆိုင်ရာ ပမာဏတိကို တိုင်းတာရာမာ မတူညီရေ ယူနစ်တိကို အသုံးပြုရေ။ [[ကန်ဒဲလာ]] (candela, cd) စွာ သတ်မှတ်ဦးတည်ချက်တခုအတွင်းဟိ အလင်းပြင်းအား (luminous intensity) ၏ SI အခြီခံယူနစ်ဖြစ်တေ။ [[လူးမင်]] (lumen, lm) စွာ အလင်းစီးဆင်းပမာဏ (luminous flux) ၏ SI ဆင်းသက်ယူနစ်ဖြစ်တေ။ [[လတ်စ်]] (lux, lx) စွာ မျက်နှာပြင်တယူနစ်ပေါ် ကျရောက်ရေ အလင်းစီးဆင်းပမာဏ (illuminance) ကို ဖော်ပြရေ SI ဆင်းသက်ယူနစ်ဖြစ်တေ။ :<math>1\ \mathrm{lx}=1\ \mathrm{lm/m^2}</math> [[ဝပ်]] (watt, W) ကိုလေ့ အလင်းအပါအဝင် လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်ရောင်ခြည်၏ စွမ်းအင်လွှဲပြောင်းမှုနှုန်းကို ဖော်ပြရာမာ အသုံးပြုရေ။ {| class="wikitable" ! ပမာဏ ! ယူနစ် ! သင်္ကေတ |- | အလင်းပြင်းအား | ကန်ဒဲလာ | cd |- | အလင်းစီးဆင်းပမာဏ | လူးမင် | lm |- | မျက်နှာပြင်အလင်းကျရောက်မှု | လတ်စ် | lx |- | ရောင်ခြည်ပါဝါ | ဝပ် | W |} ဒေပမာဏတိစွာ အဓိပ္ပာယ်မတူညီရေအတွက်နန့် အလင်းရောင်တခုလုံးအတွက် ယူနစ်တမျိုးတည်းလို့ မသတ်မှတ်သင့်ပါ။<ref name="NIST">[https://www.nist.gov/publications/radiometry-and-photometry-review-vision-optics NIST – Radiometry and Photometry: Review for Vision Optics.]</ref> == အလင်းရောင်နန့် လူ့အမြင်အာရုံ == လူ့မျက်စိ၏ [[မြင်လွှာ]] (retina) မာ အလင်းကို အာရုံခံနိုင်ရေ ဆဲလ်တိဟိရေ။ [[ရော့ဒ်ဆဲလ်]] (rod cells) တိစွာ အလင်းအားနည်းရေ အခြီအနီမာ မြင်နှိုင်မှုအတွက် အရေးပါရေ။ [[ကွန်ဆဲလ်]] (cone cells) တိစွာ အရောင်ခွဲခြားမြင်နှိုင်မှုနန့် အသေးစိတ်မြင်နှိုင်မှုမာ အရေးပါရေ။ အရာဝထုတခု၏ အရောင်သည် ၎င်းမှ ပြန်ဟပ် သို့မဟုတ် ထုတ်လွှတ်ရေ အလင်း၏ လှိုင်းအလျားဖွဲ့စည်းမှုနန့် မျက်စိ၏ အာရုံခံတုံ့ပြန်မှုရို့အပေါ် မူတည်ရေ။ == လက်တွိအသုံးချမှု == အလင်းရောင်ကို လူ့ဘဝနန့် သိပ္ပံနည်းပညာကဏ္ဍအမျိုးမျိုးမာ အသုံးပြုကတ်တေ။ * '''အလင်းပီးစနစ်''' – နီအိမ်၊ ကျောင်းနန့် လမ်းမတိမာ အလင်းရောင်ပီးခြင်း။ * '''ဓာတ်ပုံပညာ''' – ကင်မရာနန့် မှန်ဖလူးတိနန့် ပုံရိပ်ဖမ်းယူခြင်း။ * '''ဆက်သွယ်ရီး''' – [[ဖိုင်ဘာအော့ပတ]] (fiber optics) နန့် အချက်အလက်ပို့လွှတ်ခြင်း။ * '''ဆီးပညာ''' – အလင်းဗေဒပုံရိပ်ဖော်ကိရိယာနန့် လေဆာနည်းပညာကို အသုံးပြုခြင်း။ * '''နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ''' – ကြယ်နန့် ဂလက်ပါးသို့တိမှ ရောက်လှာရေ အလင်းကို လိလာခြင်း။ * '''စိုက်ပျိုးရီး''' – အပင်တိ၏ [[အလင်းနန့် အစာချက်လုပ်ခြင်း]] (photosynthesis) ကို လိလာခြင်း။ * '''တိုင်းတာရီး''' – လေဆာနန့် အလင်းစွက်ဖက်မှုနည်းလမ်းတိနန့် အကွာအဝီးတိုင်းတာခြင်း။ == အရီးပါမှု == အလင်းရောင်စွာ လူ့အမြင်အာရုံ၊ သဘာဝပတ်ဝန်းကျင်နန့် ခေတ်သစ်နည်းပညာရို့အတွက် အရေးပါရေ လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်ရောင်ခြည်တမျိုးဖြစ်တေ။ အလင်း၏ ပြန့်ပွားမှု၊ ရောင်ပြန်ဟပ်မှု၊ အလင်းယိုင်မှုနန့် လှိုင်း-အမှုန်နှစ်မျိုးသဖောရို့ကို လိလာခြင်းသည် အလင်းဗေဒနန့် ခေတ်သစ်ရူပဗေဒကို နားလည်ဖို့ အခြီခံကျရေ။ အလင်းရောင်ဆိုင်ရာ အသိပညာရေ ဆက်သွယ်ရီး၊ ဆီးပညာ၊ စက်မှုနည်းပညာနန့် သိပ္ပံသုတေသနလုပ်ငန်းတိမာ ကျယ်ပြန့်စွာ အသုံးဝင်ရေ။ == ဆက်စပ်ကြည့်ရှုဖို့ == * [[အလင်းဗေဒ]] * [[လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်ရောင်ခြည်]] * [[လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်လှိုင်း]] * [[အလင်း၏အပြင်းနှုန်း]] * [[လှိုင်းအလျား]] * [[ကြိမ်နှုန်း]] * [[ဖိုတွန်]] * [[လေဆာ]] * [[ရောင်ပြန်ဟပ်ခြင်း]] * [[အလင်းယိုင်ခြင်း]] * [[အလင်းစွက်ဖက်ခြင်း]] * [[အလင်းပြန့်ကြင်းခြင်း]] * [[အနီအောက်ရောင်ခြည်]] * [[ခရမ်းလွန်ရောင်ခြည်]] * [[ကန်ဒဲလာ]] * [[လူးမင်]] * [[လတ်စ်]] * [[အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ ယူနစ်စနစ်]] == ကိုးကားချက်တိ == <references /> == ပြင်ပလင့်ခ်တိ == * [https://science.nasa.gov/ems/09_visiblelight/ NASA – Visible Light] * [https://www.bipm.org/en/si-base-units/metre BIPM – SI Base Unit: Metre] * [https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/1-3-refraction OpenStax – Refraction] * [https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-3/pages/6-2-photoelectric-effect OpenStax – Photoelectric Effect] * [https://www.nist.gov/publications/radiometry-and-photometry-review-vision-optics NIST – Radiometry and Photometry] [[ကဏ္ဍ:အလင်းဗေဒ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:ရူပဗေဒ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်ရောင်ခြည်]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:အလင်းရောင်]] li6wwrsga62tfyfnfloqvbpksu7y56m 0 6408 22194 2026-10-31T14:47:06Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "[[File:Maquina vapor Watt ETSIIM.jpg|300px|thumb|သိပ္ပပညာသျှင် ဂျိမ်းစ်ဝပ် (James Watt) တီထွင်ခရေ [[ရီနွီးငွီ့စက်]]။ လက်ဟိမာ စပိန်နိုင်ငံ မဒရစ်မြို့မာ သိမ်းဆည်းထားရေ။<ref>Watt steam engine image: located in the lobby of into the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of a the U..." 22194 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Maquina vapor Watt ETSIIM.jpg|300px|thumb|သိပ္ပပညာသျှင် ဂျိမ်းစ်ဝပ် (James Watt) တီထွင်ခရေ [[ရီနွီးငွီ့စက်]]။ လက်ဟိမာ စပိန်နိုင်ငံ မဒရစ်မြို့မာ သိမ်းဆည်းထားရေ။<ref>Watt steam engine image: located in the lobby of into the Superior Technical School of Industrial Engineers of a the UPM (Madrid)</ref>]] '''စက်မှုတော်လှန်ရီး''' ('''Industrial Revolution''') သည် အရင်းသျှင်စီးပွားရီးစနစ် စက်မှုလုပ်ငန်း အသွင်ပြောင်းလှာစီရေ စောစောပိုင်းကာလကို ညွှန်းဆိုခြင်း ဖြစ်တေ။ ကုန်ပစ္စည်း ထုတ်လုပ်မှုမာ စက်ယန္တရားတိနန့် လူအားနီရာတွင် အစားထိုးလာရေ ခေတ်ကာလလည်းဖြစ်ရေ။ စက်ယန္တရားတိ တီထွင်အသုံးပြုခြင်းစွာ ဒေခေတ်ကာလ၏ သင်္ကေတဖြစ်တေအတွက် သမိုင်းပညာသျှင်တိက ဒေခေတ်ကာလအား “'''စက်ယန္တရားခေတ်'''”ဟု ခေါ်ဝေါ်သမုတ်လေ့ဟိရေ။ စက်မှုတော်လှန်ရီးသည် ၁၇၅၉ ခုနှစ်ခန့်မာ စတင်ခရေဟု တချို့က ယူဆခကေလေ့ ၁၈၃၀ ပြည့်လွန်နှစ်ရောက်မှရာ ရုပ်လုံးပီပြင်လာရေ။ ပညာသျှင်တိစုက စက်မှုတော်လှန်ရီးသည် ဗြိတိန်နိုင်ငံ (ယူကေ) အလယ်ပိုင်းဒေသမာ အစပျိုးခရေလို့ လက်ခံထားကတ်တေ။ ၁၈ ရာစုနှစ်လယ်ပိုင်းမာ ဗြိတိသျှလူမျိုး [[ဂျိမ်းစ်ဝပ်]] [[ရီနွီးငွီ့စက်]]ကို တီထွင်ခပြီးနောက် လူအနီနန့် ကုန်ထုတ်လုပ်ခြင်းကသည် စက်အနီနန့် ထုတ်လုပ်ခြင်းသို့ တစတစ ကူးပြောင်းလှာခရေ။ ဒီ့နောက်မာ အနောက်ဥရောပ နိုင်ငံတိနန့် အမြောက်အမင်ရိကတိုက်သို့ ပျံ့နှံ့လားကုန်ဧ့ ကမ္ဘာတဝှမ်းသို့ သက်ရောက်မှု ဖြစ်စီခရေ။ ရီနွီးငွီ့စက်၊ [[ကျောက်မီးသွီး]]၊ [[သံ]]နန့် [[သံခဲ]]ရို့စွာ နည်းပညာတိုးတက်မှုနန့် စက်မှုတော်လှန်ရီး အဟိန်အဟုန်ရလာစီရေ အကြောင်းအရင်းကြီး ၄ ရပ်ဟု ယူဆကတ်တေ။ ဂျိမ်းစ်ဝပ် ရီနွီးငွီ့စက်အား မတီထွင်မှီကာလမာ ကုန်ပစ္စည်းထုတ်လုပ်ရာ၌ လူအားနန့် တိရစ္ဆာန်အင်အားကိုရာ အသုံးပြုခကတ်တေ။ ရီနွီးငွီ့စက် ပေါ်ပေါက်လာယပြီးနောက် စက်ရုံတိအား မြစ်၊ ချောင်းတိ အနီးမာ တည်ဆောက်ဖို့ မပိုင်တော့ပိုင် လူအား အမြောက်အမြားကိုလဲ မလိုအပ်တော့လီ၊၊ ကုန်ထုတ်စွမ်းအားလည်း အဟိန်အဟုန်နန့် တိုးမြင့်လာစီရေ။ စက်မှုတော်လှန်ရီးသည် လူ့ဘောင်အဖွဲ့အစည်းအပေါ် စီးပွားရီး၊ ယိုင်ကျေးမှု၊ လူနီမှုစရေ အပိုင်းကဏ္ဍအသီးသီးက ကြီးမားနက်ရှိုင်းရေ သက်ရောက်မှု ဖြစ်စီခရေ။ == နောက်ခံသမိုင်း == စက်မှုတော်လှန်ရီး မတိုင်မှီကာလမာ အနောက်နိုင်ငံသား တိစုသည် ကျေးလက်ဒေသတိမာ နီထိုင်ကတ်ပြီး စိုက်ပျိုးရီး၊ မွေးမြူရီးလုပ်ငန်းနန့် အသက်မွီးကတ်တေ။ ၎င်းရို့စွာ လူအား၊ တိရစ္ဆာန်အင်အားနန့် ရိုးစင်းရေ ကိရိယာတိကို အသုံးပြုကာ စိုက်ပျိုးကတ်တေ။ စိုက်ပျိုးရာမာ အလယ်ခေတ်က လယ်သုံးကွက် အလှည့်ကျ စိုက်ပျိုးနည်းကို အသုံးပြုဆဲဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေနည်းလမ်းနန့် စိုက်ပျိုးရာမာ လယ်သမားတိသည် လယ်မြီတိကို အကွက်သုံးကွက်ခွဲကာ နှစ်စိုင် အကွက် နှစ်ကွက်မာသာ စိုက်ပျိုးကတ်တွက်တာနန့် ထွက်နှုန်းမကကောင်းများလီ၊၊ ယင့်ခေတ်ကာလမာ မြို့ပြမာ နီထိုင်ရေ လူဦးရွီမာ ၁ သောင်း အောက်မာသာ ဟိရေ။ မြို့ပြနေ လူတန်းစားဖို့ စီးပွားရီးသမားတိနန့် အချုပ်သမား၊ လက်သမ ပိုင်ယှောင် တပိုင်တနိုင် လုပ်ငန်းတိ လုပ်ကိုင်ရေ လက်လုပ်လက်စားတိ ဖြစ်ကတ်တေ။ ကုန်ပစ္စည်း ထုတ်လုပ်ရာမာလဲ ရီအား၊ လေအား၊ တိရစ္ဆာန်အားနန့် လူအင်အားကိုရာ အဓိက အသုံးပြုကတ်တွက်တာနန့် ကုန်ထုတ်မှု ပမာဏ မကကောင်းများလီ၊၊ ယင်းအတွက်နန့် လူဦးရွီတိုးပွားလာရေ အလျောက် တစတစ တိုးမြှင့်လာရေ လိုအပ်ချက်ကို ဖြည့်ဆည်းနိုင်စွမ်း မဟိရာပါ။ မြို့ပြနန့် ကျေးလက်အကြား သယ်ယူပို့ဆောင်ရာမာလည်း မြင်းဂါရီ၊ နွားဂါရီတိရာ အဓိကဖြစ်တေ။ လမ်းပန်းဆက်သွီရီးလည်း မကောင်းမွန်လှလီ၊၊ မိုးခါသားမာ ကူးသန်းလားလာရီး ခဲယဉ်းရေ။ == ဖြစ်ပွားရရေ အကြောင်းအရင်း == === စိုက်ပျိုးမွေးမြူရီး အပြောင်းအလဲနန့် လူဦးရွီတိုးပွားမှု === ၁၈ ရာစုနှစ် အိန်ဂလန်နိုင်ငံမာ လူဦးရွီ မပြတ်တိုးပွားလာရေအပြင် စိုက်ပျိုးမွေးမြူရီး လုပ်ငန်း၌ ခြံဝင်းခတ် လှုပ်ယှားမှုကြောင့် လူအင်အားပိုလျှံလာပြီးကေ မူလက ခြံနန့် လယ်ယာမာ လုပ်ကိုင်ကတ်ရေ လယ်သမား၊ ခြံသမားတိ မိမိရို့၏ လယ်ယာနန့်ခြံကို စွန့်ခွာ၍ အလုပ်အသစ်ကို မဖြစ်မနီ ယှာဖွီလုပ်ကိုင်ကတ်ရရေ။ ဒေစွာမာလဲ စက်မှုစီးပွားရီးစနစ် ပေါ်ပေါက်ထွန်းကားလာရီးအတွက် တွန်းအား တရပ် ဖြစ်လာရေ။ ယင်းချင့်အပြင် လူအများ၏ သုံးစွဲမှုမာလေ့သော့ တနိတခြား တိုးပွားလာအတွက်နန့် စက်မှုလုပ်ငန်းအပိုင်းမာ စီးပွားဖြစ် အမြောက်အမြား ထုတ်လုပ်မှု ပိုပြီးကေအားကောင်းလာစီရေ။ == ကိုးကား == {{reflist}} [[Category:စက်မှုတော်လှန်ရီး]] [[Category:နည်းပညာ သမိုင်း]] jf3qsk8he9o1zwpu09e72z5ewz6wx2g 0 6409 22195 2026-10-31T14:50:04Z Retkhaberi 224 Created page with " '''ဒေါင့်''' (အိန်းဂလိချ်: ''Angle'') ဆိုစွာ [[ဂျီဩမေတြီ]]မာ တူညီရေ အစမှတ်တခုမှ စတင်ရေ ရောင်ခြည်တန်း (ray) နှစ်ခုကြားဟိ လှည့်ပတ်မှုအတိုင်းအတာကို ဖော်ပြရေ သင်္ချာဆိုင်ရာ ပမာဏတခုဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေ..." 22195 wikitext text/x-wiki '''ဒေါင့်''' (အိန်းဂလိချ်: ''Angle'') ဆိုစွာ [[ဂျီဩမေတြီ]]မာ တူညီရေ အစမှတ်တခုမှ စတင်ရေ ရောင်ခြည်တန်း (ray) နှစ်ခုကြားဟိ လှည့်ပတ်မှုအတိုင်းအတာကို ဖော်ပြရေ သင်္ချာဆိုင်ရာ ပမာဏတခုဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေါင့်စွာ [[သင်္ချာ]]၊ [[ရူပဗေဒ]]၊ [[အိန်ဂျန်နီယာပညာ]]၊ [[နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ]]နန့် [[တိုင်းတာရီး]]ရို့မာ အရေးပါရေ။<ref name="OpenStaxAngles">[https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/7-1-angles OpenStax – Algebra and Trigonometry 2e, 7.1 Angles.]</ref> ဒေါင့်၏ [[အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ ယူနစ်စနစ်]] (SI) ဆင်းသက်ယူနစ်မာ '''ရေဒီယန်''' (radian) ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ သင်္ကေတမာ '''rad''' ဖြစ်တေ။ လက်တွိဂျီဩမေတြီမာ '''ဒီဂရီ''' (degree, °) ကိုလေ့ ကျေပြန့်စွာ အသုံးပြုကတ်ရေ။<ref name="BIPMAngle">[https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/ BIPM – The International System of Units, Section 5.4.8, Plane Angles.]</ref> == အဓိပ္ပာယ်ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် == ဒေါင့်တခုကို တူညီရေ အစမှတ်ဟိရေ ရောင်ခြည်တန်းနှစ်ခုနန့် ဖွဲ့စည်းနိုင်ရေ။ ရောင်ခြည်တန်းနှစ်ခု၏ ဘုံအစမှတ်ကို '''ဒေါင့်ထိပ်''' (vertex) ဟု ခေါ်ပြီးကေ ရောင်ခြည်တန်းနှစ်ခုကို '''ဒေါင့်ဘက်တန်းတိ''' (sides of an angle) ဟု ခေါ်ရေ။ ဥပမာ A၊ B နန့် C အမှတ်သုံးခုနန့် ဖွဲ့စည်းထားရေ ဒေါင့်တခုကို - :<math>\angle ABC</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ B စွာ ဒေါင့်ထိပ်ဖြစ်တေ။ BA နန့် BC ရောင်ခြည်တန်းနှစ်ခုက ဒေါင့်၏ ဘက်တန်းတိဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေါင့်၏ အတိုင်းအတာကို ဂရိအက္ခရာ <math>\theta</math> (theta)၊ <math>\alpha</math> (alpha) သို့မဟုတ် <math>\beta</math> (beta) ရို့နန့်လည်း ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ ဒေါင့်စွာ ဘက်တန်းတိ၏ အလျားအပေါ် မမူတည်ဘဲ ယင်းရို့ကြား လှည့်ပတ်မှုအတိုင်းအတာအပေါ် မူတည်ရေ။ == သမိုင်းကြောင်း == ဒေါင့်တိုင်းတာခြင်းစွာ ရှီးခေတ်လူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်းတိ၏ နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ၊ မြီတိုင်းပညာနန့် ဆောက်လုပ်ရီးရို့နန့် ဆက်စပ်၍ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးလာခရေ။ ရှီးခေတ်ဘေဘီလုံယိုင်ကျေးမှုမာ ၆၀ ကို အခြီခံရေ ကိန်းစနစ်ကို အသုံးပြုခပြီး ယင်းစနစ်သည် နောက်ပိုင်း ဒီဂရီ၊ ဒေါင့်မိနစ်နန့် ဒေါင့်စက္ကန့်ရို့၏ သမိုင်းကြောင်းနန့် ဆက်စပ်နီရေ။ ရှေးဂရိသင်္ချာပညာသျှင် [[ယူကလစ်]] (Euclid) စွာ ''Elements'' ကျမ်းမာ ဒေါင့်၊ မျဉ်းဖြောင့်နန့် ဂျီဩမေတြီပုံသဏ္ဌာန်တိ၏ ဆက်နွှယ်မှုကို စနစ်တကျ လိလာဖော်ပြခရေ။ နောက်ပိုင်းမာ [[တြိဂိုဏမေတြီ]]နန့် [[ကဲကုလပ်]]ပညာ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးလာမှုကြောင့် ဒေါင့်ကို ဒီဂရီအပြင် ရေဒီယန်နန့်လည်း တွက်ချက်အသုံးပြုလာကတ်ရေ။ == ဒေါင့်အမျိုးအစားတိ == ဒေါင့်တိကို ၎င်းရို့၏ အတိုင်းအတာအလိုက် အမျိုးအစားခွဲခြားနိုင်ရေ။<ref name="OpenStaxTypes">[https://openstax.org/books/contemporary-mathematics/pages/10-2-angles OpenStax – Contemporary Mathematics, 10.2 Angles.]</ref> === သုညဒေါင့် === '''သုညဒေါင့်''' (zero angle) စွာ အတိုင်းအတာ ၀ ဒီဂရီဟိရေ ဒေါင့်ဖြစ်တေ။ :<math>\theta=0^\circ</math> လှည့်ပတ်မှုမဟိသိမ်းရေ အခြီအနီကို သုညဒေါင့်နန့် ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ === ဒေါင့်ကျဉ်း === '''ဒေါင့်ကျဉ်း''' (acute angle) စွာ ၀ ဒီဂရီထက်ကြီးပြီး ၉၀ ဒီဂရီထက်ငယ်ရေ ဒေါင့်ဖြစ်တေ။ :<math>0^\circ<\theta<90^\circ</math> ဥပမာ ၃၀ ဒီဂရီ၊ ၄၅ ဒီဂရီနန့် ၆၀ ဒီဂရီရို့စွာ ဒေါင့်ကျဉ်းတိဖြစ်တေ။ === ဒေါင့်မှန် === '''ဒေါင့်မှန်''' (right angle) စွာ ၉၀ ဒီဂရီအတိဟိရေ ဒေါင့်ဖြစ်တေ။ :<math>\theta=90^\circ</math> ဒေါင့်မှန်နန့် ဆုံနီရေ မျဉ်းနှစ်ကြောင်းကို ဒေါင့်မှန်ကျရေ မျဉ်းတိဟု ခေါ်ရေ။ စတုရန်းနန့် ဒေါင့်မှန်စတုဂံရို့မာ ဒေါင့်မှန်ပခက်ချေခုစီ ပါဝင်ရေ။ === ဒေါင့်ကျယ် === '''ဒေါင့်ကျယ်''' (obtuse angle) စွာ ၉၀ ဒီဂရီထက်ကြီးပြီး ၁၈၀ ဒီဂရီထက်ငယ်ရေ ဒေါင့်ဖြစ်တေ။ :<math>90^\circ<\theta<180^\circ</math> ဥပမာ ၁၂၀ ဒီဂရီနန့် ၁၅၀ ဒီဂရီရို့စွာ ဒေါင့်ကျယ်တိဖြစ်တေ။ === ဒေါင့်ဖြောင့် === '''ဒေါင့်ဖြောင့်''' (straight angle) စွာ ၁၈၀ ဒီဂရီဟိရေ ဒေါင့်ဖြစ်တေ။ :<math>\theta=180^\circ</math> ဒေါင့်ဖြောင့်၏ ဘက်တန်းနှစ်ခုသည် ဆန့်ကျင်ဘက်ဦးတည်နီရေ ရောင်ခြည်တန်းနှစ်ခုဖြစ်တေ။ === ပြန်လှည့်ဒေါင့် === '''ပြန်လှည့်ဒေါင့်''' (reflex angle) စွာ ၁၈၀ ဒီဂရီထက်ကြီးပြီး ၃၆၀ ဒီဂရီထက်ငယ်ရေ ဒေါင့်ဖြစ်တေ။ :<math>180^\circ<\theta<360^\circ</math> ဥပမာ ၂၇၀ ဒီဂရီသည် ပြန်လှည့်ဒေါင့်ဖြစ်တေ။ === အပြည့်ဒေါင့် === '''အပြည့်ဒေါင့်''' (full angle) စွာ ၃၆၀ ဒီဂရီဟိရေ ဒေါင့်ဖြစ်တေ။ :<math>\theta=360^\circ</math> ရောင်ခြည်တန်းတခုစွာ မူလဦးတည်ချက်မှ တပတ်ပြည့် လှည့်ပတ်လို့ မူလဦးတည်ချက်သို့ ပြန်ရောက်လှာခြင်းဖြစ်တေ။ == ဒေါင့်တိုင်းတာယူနစ်တိ == ဒေါင့်ကို တိုင်းတာရာမာ ဒီဂရီ၊ ရေဒီယန်နန့် အရာဒေါင့်ယူနစ်တိကို အသုံးပြုနိုင်ရေ။ === ဒီဂရီ === '''ဒီဂရီ''' (degree) စွာ စက်ဝိုင်းတပတ်လုံးကို ၃၆၀ ပိုင်းခွဲထားရေ ဒေါင့်ယူနစ်ဖြစ်တေ။ စက်ဝိုင်းတပတ်ပြည့်ရေ - :<math>360^\circ</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒီဂရီတခုကို ဒေါင့်မိနစ် ၆၀ အဖြစ် ခွဲနိုင်ရေ။ :<math>1^\circ=60^\prime</math> ဒေါင့်မိနစ်တခုကို ဒေါင့်စက္ကန့် ၆၀ အဖြစ် ခွဲနိုင်ရေ။ :<math>1^\prime=60^{\prime\prime}</math> ယင်းအတွက်နန့် - :<math>1^\circ=3600^{\prime\prime}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေါင့်မိနစ်နန့် ဒေါင့်စက္ကန့်ရို့စွာ အချိန်တိုင်းတာရေ မိနစ်နန့် စက္ကန့်ရို့မှ ကွဲပြားရေ ဒေါင့်ယူနစ်တိဖြစ်တေ။ === ရေဒီယန် === '''ရေဒီယန်''' (radian) စွာ ဒေါင့်၏ SI ဆင်းသက်ယူနစ်ဖြစ်တေ။ စက်ဝိုင်းတခု၏ ဗဟိုမာ အချင်းဝက်အလျားနန့် ညီမျှရေ စက်ဝိုင်းပြတ်အလျားကို ဖုံးလွှမ်းရေ ဗဟိုဒေါင့်စွာ တရေဒီယန်ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေါင့်ကို ရေဒီယန်နန့် ဖော်ပြရာမာ - :<math>\theta=\frac{s}{r}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ - * <math>\theta</math> က ရေဒီယန်နန့် ဖော်ပြရေ ဒေါင့်ဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>s</math> က စက်ဝိုင်းပြတ်အလျားဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>r</math> က စက်ဝိုင်း၏ အချင်းဝက်ဖြစ်တေ။ အချင်းဝက်နန့် စက်ဝိုင်းပြတ်အလျား တူညီပါက - :<math>\theta=1\ \mathrm{rad}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ စက်ဝိုင်းတပတ်ပြည့်ရေ - :<math>2\pi\ \mathrm{rad}=360^\circ</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ရေဒီယန်သည် SI စနစ်မာ အတိုင်းအတာမဟိရေ ဆင်းသက်ယူနစ်ဖြစ်ကေလည်း ဒေါင့်ကို ဖော်ပြရာမာ အရာအတိုင်းအတာမဟိရေ အချိုးတိမှ ခွဲခြားဖို့ rad သင်္ကေတကို အသုံးပြုရေ။<ref name="BIPMAngle"/> == ဒီဂရီနန့် ရေဒီယန်ပြောင်းလဲခြင်း == ဒီဂရီမှ ရေဒီယန်သို့ ပြောင်းလဲရာမာ - :<math>\theta_{\mathrm{rad}}=\theta_{\mathrm{deg}}\frac{\pi}{180}</math> ဟု တွက်ချက်နိုင်ရေ။ ရေဒီယန်မှ ဒီဂရီသို့ ပြောင်းလဲရာမာ - :<math>\theta_{\mathrm{deg}}=\theta_{\mathrm{rad}}\frac{180}{\pi}</math> ဟု တွက်ချက်နိုင်ရေ။ {| class="wikitable" ! ဒီဂရီ ! ရေဒီယန် |- | 0° | 0 |- | 30° | π/6 |- | 45° | π/4 |- | 60° | π/3 |- | 90° | π/2 |- | 180° | π |- | 270° | 3π/2 |- | 360° | 2π |} ဥပမာ ၆၀ ဒီဂရီကို ရေဒီယန်သို့ ပြောင်းလဲပါက - :<math>60^\circ\times\frac{\pi}{180^\circ}=\frac{\pi}{3}\ \mathrm{rad}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ == ဒေါင့်နှစ်ခုကြား ဆက်နွယ်မှုတိ == === ပေါင်းလဒ် ၉၀ ဒီဂရီဖြစ်ရေ ဒေါင့်တိ === '''Complementary angles''' ဆိုစွာမာ ဒေါင့်နှစ်ခု၏ အတိုင်းအတာပေါင်းလဒ်သည် ၉၀ ဒီဂရီဖြစ်ရေ ဒေါင့်တိဖြစ်တေ။ :<math>\alpha+\beta=90^\circ</math> ဥပမာ ၃၀ ဒီဂရီနန့် ၆၀ ဒီဂရီရို့စွာ ပေါင်းလဒ် ၉၀ ဒီဂရီဖြစ်ရေ ဒေါင့်နှစ်ခုဖြစ်တေ။ === ပေါင်းလဒ် ၁၈၀ ဒီဂရီဖြစ်ရေ ဒေါင့်တိ === '''Supplementary angles''' ဆိုစွာမာ ဒေါင့်နှစ်ခု၏ အတိုင်းအတာပေါင်းလဒ်သည် ၁၈၀ ဒီဂရီဖြစ်ရေ ဒေါင့်တိဖြစ်တေ။ :<math>\alpha+\beta=180^\circ</math> ဥပမာ ၁၁၀ ဒီဂရီနန့် ၇၀ ဒီဂရီရို့စွာ ပေါင်းလဒ် ၁၈၀ ဒီဂရီဖြစ်တေ။ === ရှိဆိုင်ဒေါင့်တိ === မျဉ်းဖြောင့်နှစ်ကြောင်း ဖြတ်ဆုံရာမာ ရှိဆိုင်ဖြစ်ပေါ်ရေ ဒေါင့်တိကို '''Vertically opposite angles''' ဟု ခေါ်ရေ။ ယင်းဒေါင့်တိ၏ အတိုင်းအတာရေ တူညီရေ။ :<math>\alpha=\beta</math> === ကပ်ပြီးကေဒေါင့်တိ === '''Adjacent angles''' ဆိုစွာမာ ဘုံဒေါင့်ထိပ်နန့် ဘုံဘက်တန်းတခုဟိပြီး အတွင်းပိုင်းတိ မထပ်ရေ ဒေါင့်နှစ်ခုဖြစ်တေ။ ကပ်ပြီးကေဒေါင့်နှစ်ခုသည် ပိုကြီးရေ ဒေါင့်တခုကို ဖွဲ့စည်းပါက ယင်းဒေါင့်၏ အတိုင်းအတာရေ ဒေါင့်နှစ်ခု၏ ပေါင်းလဒ်နန့် ညီမျှရေ။ == တြိဂံမာ ဒေါင့်တိ == [[ယူကလစ်ဂျီဩမေတြီ]]အရ [[တြိဂံ]]တခု၏ အတွင်းဒေါင့်သုံးခု ပေါင်းလဒ်မာ ၁၈၀ ဒီဂရီဖြစ်တေ။ :<math>A+B+C=180^\circ</math> ဥပမာ တြိဂံတခုမာ ဒေါင့်နှစ်ခု၏ အတိုင်းအတာရေ ၅၀ ဒီဂရီနန့် ၆၀ ဒီဂရီဖြစ်ကေ ကျန်ဒေါင့်မာ - :<math>C=180^\circ-50^\circ-60^\circ</math> :<math>C=70^\circ</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေါင့်သုံးခုစလုံး ၆၀ ဒီဂရီဟိရေ တြိဂံကို ဒေါင့်ညီတြိဂံဟု ခေါ်ရေ။ ဒေ ၁၈၀ ဒီဂရီနိယာမသည် ယူကလစ်ပြင်ညီဂျီဩမေတြီအတွက် ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ ကောက်နီရေ မျက်နှာပြင်ပေါ်ဟိ တြိဂံတိအတွက် အမြဲတမ်း မမှန်နှိုင်ပါ။ == ဗဟုဂံမာ ဒေါင့်တိ == ယူကလစ်ပြင်ညီပေါ်ဟိ အနား <math>n</math> ဖက်ပါရေ ရိုးယှင်းဗဟုဂံတခု၏ အတွင်းဒေါင့်ပေါင်းလဒ်ကို - :<math>S=(n-2)180^\circ</math> ဟု တွက်ချက်နိုင်ရေ။ ဥပမာ အနားလီးဖက်ပါရေ စတုဂံ၏ အတွင်းဒေါင့်ပေါင်းလဒ်မာ - :<math>S=(4-2)180^\circ=360^\circ</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ အနားငါးဖက်ပါရေ ပဉ္စဂံ၏ အတွင်းဒေါင့်ပေါင်းလဒ်မာ ၅၄၀ ဒီဂရီဖြစ်တေ။ အနားတိနန့် အတွင်းဒေါင့်တိအားနုန်း တူညီရေ ပုံမှန်ဗဟုဂံတခု၏ အပြင်ဒေါင့်တခုမာ - :<math>E=\frac{360^\circ}{n}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ == စက်ဝိုင်းနန့် ဒေါင့် == [[စက်ဝိုင်း]]တခုမာ ဒေါင့်နန့် စက်ဝိုင်းပြတ်အလျားရို့စွာ ဆက်စပ်နီရေ။ ဗဟိုဒေါင့်ကို ရေဒီယန်နန့် ဖော်ပြပါက စက်ဝိုင်းပြတ်အလျားကို - :<math>s=r\theta</math> ဟု တွက်ချက်နိုင်ရေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ <math>r</math> က စက်ဝိုင်း၏ အချင်းဝက်ဖြစ်တေ။ စက်ဝိုင်းကဏ္ဍတခု၏ အကျယ်အဝန်းကို - :<math>A=\frac{1}{2}r^2\theta</math> ဟု တွက်ချက်နိုင်ရေ။ ဒေပုံသီနည်းနှစ်ခုမာ <math>\theta</math> ကို ရေဒီယန်နန့် ဖော်ပြရေ။<ref name="OpenStaxAngles"/> ဥပမာ အချင်းဝက် ၃ မီတာဟိရေ စက်ဝိုင်းမာ ဗဟိုဒေါင့် ၆၀ ဒီဂရီဖြစ်ကေ - :<math>\theta=\frac{\pi}{3}\ \mathrm{rad}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ယင်းအတွက်နန့် စက်ဝိုင်းပြတ်အလျားမာ - :<math>s=3\times\frac{\pi}{3}=\pi\ \mathrm{m}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ == ဒေါင့်နန့် တြိဂိုဏမေတြီ == [[တြိဂိုဏမေတြီ]] (trigonometry) စွာ ဒေါင့်နန့် တြိဂံအနားအလျားရို့၏ ဆက်နွယ်မှုကို လိလာရေ သင်္ချာပညာရပ်ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေါင့်မှန်တြိဂံတခုမာ ဒေါင့်ကျဉ်း <math>\theta</math> အတွက် - :<math>\sin\theta=\frac{\text{ရှိဆိုင်အနား}}{\text{အရှည်ဆုံးအနား}}</math> :<math>\cos\theta=\frac{\text{ကပ်ပြီးကေအနား}}{\text{အရှည်ဆုံးအနား}}</math> :<math>\tan\theta=\frac{\text{ရှိဆိုင်အနား}}{\text{ကပ်ပြီးကေအနား}}</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ တြိဂိုဏမေတြီဆိုင်ရာ ဆက်နွယ်မှုတိကို မြီတိုင်းပညာ၊ နက္ခတ္တဗေဒနန့် အိန်ဂျန်နီယာတွက်ချက်မှုတိမာ အသုံးပြုရေ။ == ဒေါင့်တိုင်းတာခြင်း == ဒေါင့်ကို တိုင်းတာဖို့ '''ဒေါင့်တိုင်းကိရိယာ''' (protractor) ကို အသုံးပြုနိုင်ရေ။ အခြီခံ ဒေါင့်တိုင်းကိရိယာအများစုမာ ဒီဂရီအရာတိ ပါဝင်ရေ။ တိုင်းတာရာမာ ဒေါင့်ထိပ်ကို ကိရိယာ၏ ဗဟိုအမှတ်နန့် တိုက်ဆိုင်စီပြီး ဘက်တန်းတခုကို သုညဒီဂရီမျဉ်းနန့် ချိန်ညှိရေ။ ယပြီးနောက် ကျန်ဘက်တန်းဖြတ်သန်းရေ ဒီဂရီအရာကို ဖတ်ရှုနိုင်ရေ။ ပိုပြီးကေတိကျရေ ဒေါင့်တိုင်းတာမှုအတွက် [[သီအိုဒိုလိုက်]] (theodolite)၊ [[အင်ကလိုင်းနိုမီတာ]] (inclinometer) နန့် ဒစ်ဂျစ်ရေဒေါင့်တိုင်းကိရိယာတိကို အသုံးပြုနိုင်ရေ။ ဒေါင့်တိုင်းတာချက်ရေ တိကျမှုရေ ကိရိယာ၊ စံချိန်ညှိမှုနန့် တိုင်းတာနည်းအပေါ် မူတည်ရေ။ == လှည့်ပတ်မှုဦးတည်ချက် == ဒေါင့်ကို လှည့်ပတ်မှုဦးတည်ချက်ပါဝင်အောင်လည်း ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ သင်္ချာမာ ပုံမှန်အသုံးပြုရေ ကိုဩဒိနိတ်စနစ်အရ နာရီလက်တံပြောင်းပြန်လှည့်ပတ်မှုကို အပေါင်းဒေါင့်ဟု သတ်မှတ်ရေ။ နာရီလက်တံအတိုင်း လှည့်ပတ်မှုကို အနုတ်ဒေါင့်ဟု သတ်မှတ်ရေ။ ဥပမာ - :<math>+90^\circ</math> သည် နာရီလက်တံပြောင်းပြန် တစ်ပွာအာဒီလှည့်ပတ်မှုကို ဆိုလိုပြီး - :<math>-90^\circ</math> သည် နာရီလက်တံအတိုင်း တစ်ပွာအာဒီလှည့်ပတ်မှုကို ဆိုလိုရေ။ ဒေသတ်မှတ်ချက်ကို တြိဂိုဏမေတြီ၊ ရွိမှုနန့် လှည့်ပတ်မှုဆိုင်ရာ တွက်ချက်ခြင်းတိမာ အသုံးပြုရေ။ == လက်တွိအသုံးချမှု == ဒေါင့်ကို သင်္ချာနန့် နည်းပညာနယ်ပယ်အမျိုးမျိုးမာ အသုံးပြုကတ်ရေ။ * '''ဆောက်လုပ်ရီး''' – နံရံ၊ အမိုးနန့် အဆောက်အအုံအစိတ်အပိုင်းတိ၏ ဒေါင့်ကို သတ်မှတ်ခြင်း။ * '''မြီတိုင်းပညာ''' – မြီကွက်နယ်နိမိတ်နန့် တည်နီရာဆိုင်ရာ ဒေါင့်တိကို တိုင်းတာခြင်း။ * '''နက္ခတ္တဗေဒ''' – ဂေါင်းခင်အရာဝထုတိ၏ ဒေါင့်ဆိုင်ရာ တည်နီရာကို ဖော်ပြခြင်း။ * '''အိန်ဂျန်နီယာပညာ''' – စက်ပစ္စည်းနန့် လှည့်ပတ်အစိတ်အပိုင်းတိ၏ ရွိမှုကို တွက်ချက်ခြင်း။ * '''လမ်းညွှန်ပညာ''' – ဦးတည်ချက်နန့် လမ်းကြောင်းပြောင်းလဲမှုကို ဖော်ပြခြင်း။ * '''ရူပဗေဒ''' – အားဗက်တာတိ၊ လှိုင်းတိနန့် လှည့်ပတ်ရွိမှုကို လိ့လာခြင်း။ * '''ကွန်ပျူတာဂရပ်ဖစ်''' – ပုံသဏ္ဌာန်တိကို လှည့်ခြင်းနန့် သုံးဖက်မြင်ပုံရိပ်တိ ဖန်တီးခြင်း။ == အရေးပါမှု == ဒေါင့်စွာ ဂျီဩမေတြီပုံသဏ္ဌာန်တိ၏ ဆက်နွယ်မှုနန့် လှည့်ပတ်မှုကို ဖော်ပြနိူင်စီရေ အခြီခံသင်္ချာပမာဏတခုဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေါင့်ကို မှန်ကန်စွာ အတွက်ကျခြင်းစွာ တြိဂံ၊ စတုဂံ၊ စက်ဝိုင်းနန့် ဗဟုဂံတိ၏ ဂုဏ်ဖင်ဆီကို လိ့လာရာမာ အရေးပါရေ။ ယင်းချင့်အပြင် ဒေါင့်ဆိုင်ရာ သင်္ချာအသိပညာရေ တြိဂိုဏမေတြီ၊ ကဲကုလပ်၊ ရူပဗေဒနန့် အိန်ဂျန်နီယာပညာတိကို ဆက်ပနာလိ့လာဖို့ အခြီခံကျရေ။ == ဆက်စပ်ကြည့်ရှုဖို့ == * [[ဂျီဩမေတြီ]] * [[တြိဂိုဏမေတြီ]] * [[မျဉ်းဖြောင့်]] * [[ရောင်ခြည်တန်း]] * [[ဒေါင့်မှန်]] * [[တြိဂံ]] * [[စတုဂံ]] * [[ဗဟုဂံ]] * [[စက်ဝိုင်း]] * [[ဒီဂရီ]] * [[ရေဒီယန်]] * [[စတာရေဒီယန်]] * [[အလျား]] * [[အကျယ်အဝန်း]] * [[တိုင်းတာမှု]] * [[ယူနစ်]] * [[ဆင်းသက်ယူနစ်]] * [[အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ ယူနစ်စနစ်]] == ကိုးကားချက်တိ == <references /> == ပြင်ပလင့်ခ်တိ == * [https://openstax.org/books/algebra-and-trigonometry-2e/pages/7-1-angles OpenStax – Angles] * [https://openstax.org/books/contemporary-mathematics/pages/10-2-angles OpenStax – Types and Measurement of Angles] * [https://www.bipm.org/en/publications/si-brochure/ BIPM – The International System of Units] * [https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-330/sp-330-section-5 NIST – SI Plane Angles] * [https://www.nist.gov/pml/special-publication-811/nist-guide-si-appendix-b-conversion-factors/nist-guide-si-appendix-b9 NIST – Angle Conversion Factors] [[ကဏ္ဍ:ဂျီဩမေတြီ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:တြိဂိုဏမေတြီ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:သင်္ချာ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:တိုင်းတာမှု]] 6ohu5xbnsb10hxqxrno6hlo09gippzo 10 6410 22196 2026-10-31T14:50:22Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "<includeonly>{{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|i={{{italics|{{{italic|{{{i}}}}}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage and interwikis in Wikidata, not here! --> </noinclude>" 22196 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Wikt-lang|wiktlang|{{{1|}}}|{{{2|}}}|{{{3|}}}|i={{{italics|{{{italic|{{{i}}}}}}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Documentation}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage and interwikis in Wikidata, not here! --> </noinclude> rgjohtsyzijx95ntpv60mdex76wi6xf 828 6411 22197 2026-10-31T14:51:02Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "require('strict') local m_data = mw.loadData("Module:Language/data") local langData = m_data.languages or m_data local p = {} local function ifNotEmpty(value) if value == "" then return nil else return value end end local function makeLinkedName(languageCode) local data = langData[languageCode] local article = data["article"] local name = data["Wikipedia_name"] or data["name"] return "[[" .. article .. "|" .. name .. "]]:&nbsp;" end local function makeEntr..." 22197 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local m_data = mw.loadData("Module:Language/data") local langData = m_data.languages or m_data local p = {} local function ifNotEmpty(value) if value == "" then return nil else return value end end local function makeLinkedName(languageCode) local data = langData[languageCode] local article = data["article"] local name = data["Wikipedia_name"] or data["name"] return "[[" .. article .. "|" .. name .. "]]:&nbsp;" end local function makeEntryName(word, languageCode) local data = langData[languageCode] local ugsub = mw.ustring.gsub word = tostring(word) if word == nil then error("The function makeEntryName requires a string argument") elseif word == "" then return "" else -- Remove bold and italics, so that words that contain bolding or emphasis can be linked without piping. word = word:gsub("\'\'\'", "") word = word:gsub("\'\'", "") if data == nil then return word else local replacements = data and data["replacements"] if replacements == nil then return word else -- Decompose so that the diacritics of characters such -- as á can be removed in one go. -- No need to compose at the end, because the MediaWiki software -- will handle that. if replacements.decompose then word = mw.ustring.toNFD(word) for i, from in ipairs(replacements.from) do word = ugsub( word, from, replacements.to and replacements.to[i] or "") end else for regex, replacement in pairs(replacements) do word = ugsub(word, regex, replacement) end end return word end end end end p.makeEntryName = makeEntryName local function fixScriptCode(firstLetter, threeLetters) return string.upper(firstLetter) .. string.lower(threeLetters) end local function getCodes(codes, text) local languageCode, scriptCode, invalidCode local errorText if codes == nil or codes == "" then errorText = 'no language or script code provided' elseif codes:find("^%a%a%a?$") or codes:find("^%a%a%a?%-%a%a%a%a$") then -- A three- or two-letter lowercase sequence at beginning of first parameter languageCode = codes:find("^%a%a%a?") and ( codes:match("^(%l%l%l?)") or codes:match("^(%a%a%a?)") :gsub("(%a%a%a?)", string.lower, 1) ) -- One uppercase and three lowercase letters at the end of the first parameter scriptCode = codes:find("%a%a%a%a$") and ( codes:match("(%u%l%l%l)$") or gsub( codes:match("(%a%a%a%a)$"), "(%a)(%a%a%a)", fixScriptCode, 1 ) ) elseif codes:find("^%a%a%a?%-%a%a%a?$") or codes:find("^%a%a%a%-%a%a%a%-%a%a%a$") then languageCode = codes -- Private-use subtag: x followed by one or more sequences of 1-8 lowercase -- letters separated by hyphens. This only allows for one sequence, as it is -- needed for proto-languages such as ine-x-proto (Proto-Indo-European). elseif codes:find("^%a%a%a?%-x%-%a%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?$") then languageCode, scriptCode = codes:match("^(%a%a%a%-x%-%a%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?)%-?(.*)$") if not languageCode then errorText = '<code>'..codes..'</code> is not a valid language or script code.' elseif scriptCode ~= "" and not scriptCode:find("%a%a%a%a") then errorText = '<code>'..scriptCode..'</code> is not a valid script code.' else scriptCode = scriptCode:gsub( "(%a)(%a%a%a)", fixScriptCode, 1 ) end elseif codes:find("^%a%a%a?") then languageCode, invalidCode = codes:match("^(%a%a%a?)%-?(.*)") languageCode = string.lower(languageCode) errorText = '<code>'..invalidCode..'</code> is not a valid script code.' elseif codes:find("%-?%a%a%a%a$") then invalidCode, scriptCode = codes:match("(.*)%-?(%a%a%a%a)$") scriptCode = gsub( scriptCode, "(%a)(%a%a%a)", fixScriptCode ) errorText = '<code>'..invalidCode..'</code> is not a valid language code.' else errorText = '<code>'..codes..'</code> is not a valid language or script code.' end if not scriptCode or scriptCode == "" then scriptCode = require("Module:Unicode data").is_Latin(text) and "Latn" or "unknown" end if errorText then errorText = ' <span style="font-size: smaller">[' .. errorText .. ']</span>' else errorText = "" end languageCode = m_data.redirects[languageCode] or languageCode return languageCode, scriptCode, errorText end local function tag(text, languageCode, script, italics) local data = langData[languageCode] -- Use Wikipedia code if it has been given: for instance, -- Proto-Indo-European has the Wiktionary code "ine-pro" but the Wikipedia -- code "ine-x-proto". languageCode = data and data.Wikipedia_code or languageCode local italicize = script == "Latn" and italics if not text then text = "[text?]" end local textDirectionMarkers = { "", "", "" } if data and data["direction"] == "rtl" then textDirectionMarkers = { ' dir="rtl"', '&rlm;', '&lrm;' } end local out = { textDirectionMarkers[2] } if italicize then table.insert(out, "<i lang=\"" .. languageCode .. "\"" .. textDirectionMarkers[1] .. ">" .. text .. "</i>") else table.insert(out, "<span lang=\"" .. languageCode .. "\"" .. textDirectionMarkers[1] .. ">" .. text .. "</span>") end table.insert(out, textDirectionMarkers[3]) return table.concat(out) end function p.lang(frame) local parent = frame:getParent() local args = parent.args[1] and parent.args or frame.args local codes = args[1] and mw.text.trim(args[1]) local text = args[2] or error("Provide text in the second parameter") local languageCode, scriptCode, errorText = getCodes(codes, text) local italics = args.italics or args.i or args.italic italics = not (italics == "n" or italics == "-" or italics == "no") return tag(text, languageCode, scriptCode, italics) .. errorText end local function linkToWiktionary(entry, linkText, languageCode) local data = langData[languageCode] local name if languageCode then if data and data.name then name = data.name else -- On other languages' wikis, use mw.getContentLanguage():getCode(), -- or replace 'en' with that wiki's language code. name = mw.language.fetchLanguageName(languageCode, 'en') if name == "" then error("Name for the language code " .. ("%q"):format(languageCode or nil) .. " could not be retrieved with mw.language.fetchLanguageName, " .. "so it should be added to [[Module:Language/data]]") end end if entry:sub(1, 1) == "*" then if name ~= "" then entry = "Reconstruction:" .. name .. "/" .. entry:sub(2) else error("Language name is empty") end elseif data and data.type == "reconstructed" then mw.log("Reconstructed language without asterisk:", languageCode, name, entry) local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- Track reconstructed entries with no asterisk by transcluding -- a nonexistent template. This technique is used in Wiktionary: -- see [[wikt:Module:debug]]. -- [[Special:WhatLinksHere/tracking/wikt-lang/reconstructed with no asterisk]] pcall(frame.expandTemplate, frame, { title = 'tracking/wikt-lang/reconstructed with no asterisk' }) if name ~= "" then entry = "Reconstruction:" .. name .. "/" .. entry else error("Language name is empty") end elseif data and data.type == "appendix" then if name ~= "" then entry = "Appendix:" .. name .. "/" .. entry else error("Language name is empty") end end if entry and linkText then return "[[wikt:" .. entry .. "#" .. name .. "|" .. linkText .. "]]" else error("linkToWiktionary needs a Wiktionary entry or link text, or both") end else return "[[wikt:" .. entry .. "|" .. linkText .. "]]" end end function p.wiktlang(frame) local parent = frame:getParent() local args = parent.args[1] and parent.args or frame.args local codes = args[1] and mw.text.trim(args[1]) local word1 = ifNotEmpty(args[2]) local word2 = ifNotEmpty(args[3]) if not args[2] then error("Parameter 2 is required") end local languageCode, scriptCode, errorText = getCodes(codes, word2 or word1) local italics = args.italics or args.i italics = not (italics == "n" or italics == "-") local entry, linkText if word2 and word1 then entry = makeEntryName(word1, languageCode) linkText = word2 elseif word1 then entry = makeEntryName(word1, languageCode) linkText = word1 end local out if languageCode and entry and linkText then out = tag(linkToWiktionary(entry, linkText, languageCode), languageCode, scriptCode, italics) elseif entry and linkText then out = linkToWiktionary(entry, linkText) else out = '<span style="font-size: smaller;">[text?]</span>' end if out and errorText then return out .. errorText else return errorText or error("The function wiktlang generated nothing") end end function p.wikt(frame) local parent = frame:getParent() local args = parent.args[1] and parent.args or frame.args local codes = args[1] and mw.text.trim(args[1]) local word1 = ifNotEmpty(args[2]) local word2 = ifNotEmpty(args[3]) if not word1 then error("Provide a word in parameter 2.") end local languageCode, scriptCode, errorText = getCodes(codes, word1) local entry, linkText if word2 and word1 then entry = makeEntryName(word1, languageCode) linkText = word2 elseif word1 then entry = makeEntryName(word1, languageCode) linkText = word1 end local out if languageCode and entry and linkText then out = linkToWiktionary(entry, linkText, languageCode) elseif entry and linkText then out = linkToWiktionary(entry, linkText) else out = '<span style="font-size: smaller;">[text?]</span>' end if out and errorText then return out and out .. errorText else return errorText or error("The function wikt generated nothing") end end return p a2ense26z317x40eu6r7n4ru88y55hw 22204 22197 2026-10-31T15:00:03Z YaThaWinTha 42 22204 Scribunto text/plain require('strict') local m_data = mw.loadData("Module:Wikt-lang/data") local langData = m_data.languages or m_data local p = {} local function ifNotEmpty(value) if value == "" then return nil else return value end end local function makeEntryName(word, languageCode) local data = langData[languageCode] local ugsub = mw.ustring.gsub word = tostring(word) if word == nil then error("The function makeEntryName requires a string argument") elseif word == "" then return "" else -- Remove bold and italics, so that words that contain bolding or emphasis can be linked without piping. word = word:gsub("\'\'\'", "") word = word:gsub("\'\'", "") if data == nil then return word else local replacements = data and data["replacements"] if replacements == nil then return word else -- Decompose so that the diacritics of characters such -- as á can be removed in one go. -- No need to compose at the end, because the MediaWiki software -- will handle that. if replacements.decompose then word = mw.ustring.toNFD(word) for i, from in ipairs(replacements.from) do word = ugsub( word, from, replacements.to and replacements.to[i] or "") end else for regex, replacement in pairs(replacements) do word = ugsub(word, regex, replacement) end end return word end end end end local function fixScriptCode(firstLetter, threeLetters) return string.upper(firstLetter) .. string.lower(threeLetters) end local function getCodes(codes) local languageCode, scriptCode, invalidCode local errorText if codes == nil or codes == "" then errorText = 'no language or script code provided' elseif codes:find("^%a%a%a?$") or codes:find("^%a%a%a?%-%a%a%a%a$") then -- A three- or two-letter lowercase sequence at beginning of first parameter languageCode = codes:find("^%a%a%a?") and ( codes:match("^(%l%l%l?)") or codes:match("^(%a%a%a?)") :gsub("(%a%a%a?)", string.lower, 1) ) -- One uppercase and three lowercase letters at the end of the first parameter scriptCode = codes:find("%a%a%a%a$") and ( codes:match("(%u%l%l%l)$") or gsub( codes:match("(%a%a%a%a)$"), "(%a)(%a%a%a)", fixScriptCode, 1 ) ) elseif codes:find("^%a%a%a?%-%a%a%a?$") or codes:find("^%a%a%a%-%a%a%a%-%a%a%a$") then languageCode = codes -- Private-use subtag: x followed by one or more sequences of 1-8 lowercase -- letters separated by hyphens. This only allows for one sequence, as it is -- needed for proto-languages such as ine-x-proto (Proto-Indo-European). elseif codes:find("^%a%a%a?%-x%-%a%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?$") then languageCode, scriptCode = codes:match("^(%a%a%a%-x%-%a%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?%a?)%-?(.*)$") if not languageCode then errorText = '<code>'..codes..'</code> is not a valid language or script code.' elseif scriptCode ~= "" and not scriptCode:find("%a%a%a%a") then errorText = '<code>'..scriptCode..'</code> is not a valid script code.' else scriptCode = scriptCode:gsub( "(%a)(%a%a%a)", fixScriptCode, 1 ) end elseif codes:find("^%a%a%a?") then languageCode, invalidCode = codes:match("^(%a%a%a?)%-?(.*)") languageCode = string.lower(languageCode) errorText = '<code>'..invalidCode..'</code> is not a valid script code.' elseif codes:find("%-?%a%a%a%a$") then invalidCode, scriptCode = codes:match("(.*)%-?(%a%a%a%a)$") scriptCode = gsub( scriptCode, "(%a)(%a%a%a)", fixScriptCode ) errorText = '<code>'..invalidCode..'</code> is not a valid language code.' else errorText = '<code>'..codes..'</code> is not a valid language or script code.' end if errorText then errorText = ' <span style="font-size: smaller">[' .. errorText .. ']</span>' else errorText = "" end languageCode = m_data.redirects[languageCode] or languageCode return languageCode, scriptCode, errorText end local function tag(text, languageCode, script, italicize) local data = langData[languageCode] -- Use Wikipedia code if it has been given: for instance, -- Proto-Indo-European has the Wiktionary code "ine-pro" but the Wikipedia -- code "ine-x-proto". languageCode = data and data.Wikipedia_code or languageCode if script and script ~= "" then languageCode = languageCode .. "-" .. script end if not text then text = "[text?]" end local textDirectionMarkers = { "", "", "" } if data and data["direction"] == "rtl" then textDirectionMarkers = { ' dir="rtl"', '&rlm;', '&lrm;' } end local out = { textDirectionMarkers[2] } if italicize then table.insert(out, "<i lang=\"" .. languageCode .. "\"" .. textDirectionMarkers[1] .. ">" .. text .. "</i>") else table.insert(out, "<span lang=\"" .. languageCode .. "\"" .. textDirectionMarkers[1] .. ">" .. text .. "</span>") end table.insert(out, textDirectionMarkers[3]) return table.concat(out) end local function linkToWiktionary(entry, linkText, languageCode) local data = langData[languageCode] local name if languageCode then if data and data.name then name = data.name else -- On other languages' wikis, use mw.getContentLanguage():getCode(), -- or replace 'en' with that wiki's language code. name = mw.language.fetchLanguageName(languageCode, 'en') if name == "" then error("Name for the language code " .. ("%q"):format(languageCode or nil) .. " could not be retrieved with mw.language.fetchLanguageName, " .. "so it should be added to [[Module:Wikt-lang/data]]") end end if entry:sub(1, 1) == "*" then if name ~= "" then entry = "Reconstruction:" .. name .. "/" .. entry:sub(2) else error("Language name is empty") end elseif data and data.type == "reconstructed" then mw.log("Reconstructed language without asterisk:", languageCode, name, entry) local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- Track reconstructed entries with no asterisk by transcluding -- a nonexistent template. This technique is used in Wiktionary: -- see [[wikt:Module:debug]]. -- [[Special:WhatLinksHere/tracking/wikt-lang/reconstructed with no asterisk]] pcall(frame.expandTemplate, frame, { title = 'tracking/wikt-lang/reconstructed with no asterisk' }) if name ~= "" then entry = "Reconstruction:" .. name .. "/" .. entry else error("Language name is empty") end elseif data and data.type == "appendix" then if name ~= "" then entry = "Appendix:" .. name .. "/" .. entry else error("Language name is empty") end end if entry and linkText then return "[[wikt:" .. entry .. "#" .. name .. "|" .. linkText .. "]]" else error("linkToWiktionary needs a Wiktionary entry or link text, or both") end else return "[[wikt:" .. entry .. "|" .. linkText .. "]]" end end function p.wiktlang(frame) local parent = frame:getParent() local args = parent.args[1] and parent.args or frame.args local codes = args[1] and mw.text.trim(args[1]) local word1 = ifNotEmpty(args[2]) local word2 = ifNotEmpty(args[3]) if not args[2] or '' == args[2] then return '<span style="color:#d33">[text?] Parameter 2 is required</span>'; end local languageCode, scriptCode, errorText = getCodes(codes) local italics = args.italics or args.i or args.italic italics = not (italics == "n" or italics == "-" or italics == "no") local entry, linkText if word2 and word1 then entry = makeEntryName(word1, languageCode) linkText = word2 elseif word1 then entry = makeEntryName(word1, languageCode) linkText = word1 end local italicize = italics and (scriptCode == "Latn" or require("Module:Unicode data").is_Latin(linkText)) local out if languageCode and entry and linkText then out = tag(linkToWiktionary(entry, linkText, languageCode), languageCode, scriptCode, italicize) elseif entry and linkText then out = linkToWiktionary(entry, linkText) else out = '<span style="font-size: smaller;">[text?]</span>' end if out and errorText then return out .. errorText else return errorText or error("The function wiktlang generated nothing") end end return p a1gmtrj3hb88pnlx5jl8b226ejby5y3 828 6412 22198 2026-10-31T14:52:54Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "local lang_obj = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); local this_wiki_lang_tag = lang_obj.code; -- get this wiki's language tag --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ N A M E _ T A B L E >------------------------------------------------ primary table of tables that decode: lang -> language tags and names script -> ISO 15924 script tags region -> ISO 3166 region tags variant -> IANA registered variant tags suppressed -> map of scripts tags and their assoc..." 22198 Scribunto text/plain local lang_obj = mw.language.getContentLanguage(); local this_wiki_lang_tag = lang_obj.code; -- get this wiki's language tag --[[--------------------------< L A N G _ N A M E _ T A B L E >------------------------------------------------ primary table of tables that decode: lang -> language tags and names script -> ISO 15924 script tags region -> ISO 3166 region tags variant -> IANA registered variant tags suppressed -> map of scripts tags and their associated language tags all of these data come from separate modules that are derived from the IANA language-subtag-registry file key_to_lower() avoids the metatable trap and sets all keys in the subtables to lowercase. Many language codes have multiple associated names; Module:lang is only concerned with the first name so key_to_lower() only fetches the first name. ]] local function key_to_lower (module, src_type) local out = {}; local source_t = (('var_sup' == src_type) and require (module)) or mw.loadData (module); -- fetch data from this module; require() avoids metatable trap for variant data if 'var_sup' == src_type then for k, v in pairs (source_t) do out[k:lower()] = v; -- for variant and suppressed everything is needed end elseif 'lang' == src_type and source_t.active then -- for ~/iana_languages (active) for k, v in pairs (source_t.active) do out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only end elseif 'lang_dep' == src_type and source_t.deprecated then -- for ~/iana_languages (deprecated) for k, v in pairs (source_t.deprecated) do out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only end else -- here for all other sources for k, v in pairs (source_t) do out[k:lower()] = v[1]; -- ignore multiple names; take first name only end end return out; end local lang_name_table_t = { lang = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana languages', 'lang'), lang_dep = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana languages', 'lang_dep'), script = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana scripts'), -- script keys are capitalized; set to lower region = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana regions'), -- region keys are uppercase; set to lower variant = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana variants', 'var_sup'), suppressed = key_to_lower ('Module:Lang/data/iana suppressed scripts', 'var_sup'), -- script keys are capitalized; set to lower } --[[--------------------------< I 1 8 N M E D I A W I K I O V E R R I D E >-------------------------------- For internationalization; not used at en.wiki The language names taken from the IANA language-subtag-registry file are given in English. That may not be ideal. Translating ~8,000 language names is also not ideal. MediaWiki maintains (much) shorter lists of language names in most languages for which there is a Wikipedia edition. When desired, Module:Lang can use the MediaWiki language list for the local language. Caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be complete or may not exist at all. When incomplete, MediaWiki's list will 'fall back' to another language (typically English). When that happens add an appropriate entry to the override table below. Caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be correct. At en.wiki, the MediaWiki language names do not agree with the IANA language names for these ISO 639-1 tags. Often it is simply spelling differences: bh: IANA: Bihari languages MW: Bhojpuri – the ISO 639-3 tag for Bhojpuri is bho bn: IANA: Bengali MW: Bangla – Bengali is the exonym, Bangla is the endonym dv: IANA: Dhivehi MW: Divehi el: IANA: Modern Greek MW: Greek ht: IANA: Haitian MW: Haitian Creole ky: IANA: Kirghiz MW: Kyrgyz li: IANA: Limburgan MW: Limburgish or: IANA: Oriya MW: Odia os: IANA: Ossetian MW: Ossetic "pa: IANA: Panjabi MW: Punjabi "ps: IANA: Pushto MW: Pashto "to: IANA: Tonga MW: Tongan "ug: IANA: Uighur MW: Uyghur use the override table to override language names that are incorrect for your project To see the list of names that MediaWiki has for your language, enter this in the Debug console: =mw.dumpObject (mw.language.fetchLanguageNames ('<tag>', 'all')) (replacing <tag> with the language tag for your language) Use of the MediaWiki language names lists is enabled when media_wiki_override_enable is set to boolean true. ]] local media_wiki_override_enable = false; -- set to true to override IANA names with MediaWiki names; always false at en.wiki -- caveat lector: the list of MediaWiki language names for your language may not be complete or may not exist at all if true == media_wiki_override_enable then local mw_languages_by_tag_t = mw.language.fetchLanguageNames (this_wiki_lang_tag, 'all'); -- get a table of language tag/name pairs known to MediaWiki for tag, name in pairs (mw_languages_by_tag_t) do -- loop through each tag/name pair in the MediaWiki list if lang_name_table_t.lang[tag] then -- if the tag is in the main list lang_name_table_t.lang[tag] = name; -- overwrite existing name with the name from MediaWiki end end end --[[--------------------------< O V E R R I D E >-------------------------------------------------------------- Language codes and names in this table override the BCP47 names in lang_name_table. indexes in this table shall always be lower case ]] local override = { ------------------------------< I S O _ 6 3 9 - 1 >------------------------------------------------------------ ["ab"] = "Abkhaz", -- to match en.wiki article name ["ca-valencia"] = "Valencian", ["cu"] = "ချပ်ချ် စလာဗစ်", -- 2nd IANA name; ["de-at"] = "ဩစတြီးယား ဂျာမန်", -- these code-region and code-variant tags to match en.wiki article names ["de-ch"] = "အလီမဲန်နစ် ဂျာမန်", ["en-au"] = "ဩစတြေးလျ အိန်းဂလိချ်", ["en-ca"] = "ကနိန်ဒေစွာ အိန်းဂလိချ်", ["en-emodeng"] = "Early Modern English", ["en-gb"] = "ဗြိတိသျှ အိန်းဂလိချ်", ["en-ie"] = "Irish English", ["en-in"] = "အိန္ဒိယ အိန်းဂလိချ်", ["en-nz"] = "နယူးဇီလန် အိန်းဂလိချ်", ["en-us"] = "အမေရကန် အိန်းဂလိချ်", ["en-za"] = "တောင်အာဖရိက အိန်းဂလိချ်", ["fr-ca"] = "ကနိန်ဒေစွာပြင်သစ်", ["fr-gallo"] = "Gallo", ["fy"] = "အနောက် ဖရီစီဖို့", -- Western Frisian ["mo"] = "Moldovan", -- Moldavian (deprecated code); to match en.wiki article title ["nl-be"] = "Flemish", -- match MediaWiki ["oc-gascon"] = "Gascon", ["oc-provenc"] = "Provençal", ["ps"] = "ပက်ရှ်တွန်း", -- Pushto ["pt-br"] = "ဘရာဇီးဂျိတ်ကေ", -- match MediaWiki ["ro-md"] = "Moldovan", -- 'not deprecated' form ["ro-cyrl-md"] = "Moldovan", -- 'not deprecated' form ["tw-asante"] = "Asante Twi", ["ug"] = "Uyghur", -- 2nd IANA name; to match en.wiki article name -- these ISO 639-1 language-name overrides imported from Module:Language/data/wp_languages (since deleted) --<begin do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ["av"] = "အာဗာရစ်ခ်", -- Avaric ["bo"] = "တိဘက်", -- Tibetan ["el"] = "ဂရိ", -- Modern Greek -- ["en-SA"] = "South African English", -- English; no; SA is not South Africa it Saudi Arabia; ZA is South Africa ["ff"] = "ဖူလာ", -- Fulah ["ht"] = "အဝေးဟဲ့ဟိုက်တီ", -- Haitian ["hz"] = "ဟီရဲရို", -- Herero ["ii"] = "စီချွမ် ရီ", -- Sichuan Yi ["ki"] = "ကီကူယူ", -- Kikuyu ["kl"] = "ကလာအ်လီဆပ်", -- Kalaallisut ["ky"] = "ကာဂျစ်", -- Kirghiz ["lg"] = "ဂန်ဒေစွာ", -- Ganda ["li"] = "လင်ဘာဂစ်ရှ်", -- Limburgan ["mi"] = "မာအိုရီ", -- Maori ["na"] = "နော်ရူး", -- Nauru ["nb"] = "နော်ဝေ ဘွတ်ခ်မော်လ်", -- Norwegian Bokmål ["nd"] = "မြောက် အွန်န်ဒီဘီလီ", -- North Ndebele ["nn"] = "နော်ဝေ နီးနောစ်", -- Norwegian Nynorsk ["nr"] = "တောင်အွန်န်ဘီလီ", -- South Ndebele ["ny"] = "နဖို့ဂျာ", -- Nyanja ["oj"] = "Ojibwe", -- Ojibwa ["or"] = "အိုရီရာ", -- Oriya ["pa"] = "ပင်ဂျာဘီ", -- Panjabi ["rn"] = "ရွန်ဒီ", -- Rundi ["sl"] = "ဆလိုဗေးနီးယား", -- Slovenian ["ss"] = "ဆွာဇီလန်", -- Swati ["st"] = "တောင်ပိုင်း ဆိုသို", -- Southern Sotho ["to"] = "တွန်ဂါ", -- Tonga --<end do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ------------------------------< I S O _ 6 3 9 - 2, - 3, - 5 >---------------------------------------------- ["alv"] = "Atlantic–Congo languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["arc"] = "Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", -- Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE), Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE); to match en.wiki article title uses ISO639-2 'preferred' name ["art"] = "constructed", -- to match en.wiki article; lowercase for category name ["ast-es"] = "Leonese", -- ast in IANA is Asturian; Leonese is a dialect ["bea"] = "Dane-zaa", -- Beaver; to match en.wiki article title ["bha"] = "Bhariati", -- Bharia; to match en.wiki article title ["bhd"] = "Bhadarwahi", -- Bhadrawahi; to match en.wiki article title ["bla"] = "စစ္စီကာ", -- Siksika; to match en.wiki article title ["blc"] = "Nuxalk", -- Bella Coola; to match en.wiki article title ["bua"] = "Buryat", -- Buriat; this is a macro language; these four use wp preferred transliteration; ["bxm"] = "Mongolian Buryat", -- Mongolia Buriat; these three all redirect to Buryat ["bxr"] = "Russian Buryat", -- Russia Buriat; ["bxu"] = "Chinese Buryat", -- China Buriat; ["byr"] = "Yipma", -- Baruya, Yipma ["clm"] = "Klallam", -- Clallam; to match en.wiki article title ["egy"] = "ရှီးဟောင်း အီဂျစ်", -- Egyptian (Ancient); distinguish from contemporary arz: Egyptian Arabic ["ems"] = "Alutiiq", -- Pacific Gulf Yupik; to match en.wiki article title ["esx"] = "Eskimo–Aleut languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["frr"] = "မြောက်ဖရီစီဖို့", -- Northern Frisian ["frs"] = "အရှိဖရီစီဖို့", -- Eastern Frisian ["gsw-fr"] = "Alsatian", -- match MediaWiki ["haa"] = "Hän", -- Han; to match en.wiki article title ["hei"] = "Heiltsuk–Oowekyala", -- Heiltsuk; to match en.wiki article title ["hmx"] = "Hmong–Mien languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["ilo"] = "အီလိုကို", -- Iloko; to match en.wiki article title ["jam"] = "Jamaican Patois", -- Jamaican Creole English ["lij-mc"] = "Monégasque", -- Ligurian as spoken in Monaco; this one for proper tool tip; also in <article_name> table ["luo"] = "လူအို", -- IANA (primary) /ISO 639-3: Luo (Kenya and Tanzania); IANA (secondary): Dholuo ["mhr"] = "Meadow Mari", -- Eastern Mari ["mid"] = "Modern Mandaic", -- Mandaic ['mis'] = "uncoded", -- Uncoded languages; capitalization; special scope, not collective scope; ["mkh"] = "Mon–Khmer languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["mla"] = "Tamambo", -- Malo ['mte'] = "Mono-Alu", -- Mono (Solomon Islands) ['mul'] = "multiple", -- Multiple languages; capitalization; special scope, not collective scope; ["nan-tw"] = "Taiwanese Hokkien", -- make room for IANA / 639-3 nan Min Nan Chinese; match en.wiki article title ["new"] = "နီဝါရီ", -- Newari, Nepal Bhasa; to match en,wiki article title ["ngf"] = "Trans–New Guinea languages", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["nic"] = "Niger–Congo languages", -- Niger-Kordofanian languages; to match en,wiki article title ["nrf"] = "Norman", -- not quite a collective - IANA name: Jèrriais + Guernésiais; categorizes to Norman-language text ["nrf-gg"] = "Guernésiais", -- match MediaWiki ["nrf-je"] = "Jèrriais", -- match MediaWiki ["nzi"] = "Nzema", -- Nzima; to match en.wiki article title ["oma"] = "Omaha–Ponca", -- to match en.wiki article title (endash) ["orv"] = "Old East Slavic", -- Old Russian ["pfl"] = "Palatine German", -- Pfaelzisch; to match en.wiki article ["pie"] = "Piro Pueblo", -- Piro; to match en.wiki article ["pms"] = "Piedmontese", -- Piemontese; to match en.wiki article title ["pnb"] = "ပင်ဂျာဘီ (အနောက်)", -- Western Panjabi; dab added to override import from ~/wp languages and distinguish pnb from pa in reverse look up tag_from_name() ['qwm'] = "Cuman", -- Kuman (Russia); to match en.wiki article name ["rop"] = "Australian Kriol", -- Kriol; en.wiki article is a dab; point to correct en.wiki article ["rsk"] = "Pannonian Rusyn", -- Ruthenian; en.wiki preferred name ["sco-ulster"] = "Ulster Scots", ["sdo"] = "Bukar–Sadong", -- Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh; to match en.wiki article title ["smp"] = "Samaritan Hebrew", -- to match en.wiki article title ["stq"] = "Saterland Frisian", -- Saterfriesisch ["und"] = "မသတ်မှတ်ရသိမ့်ရေ", -- capitalization to match existing category ["wrg"] = "Warrongo", -- Warungu ["xal-ru"] = "Kalmyk", -- to match en.wiki article title ["xgf"] = "Tongva", -- ISO 639-3 is Gabrielino-Fernandeño ["yuf"] = "Havasupai–Hualapai", -- Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai; to match en.wiki article title ["zkt"] = "Khitan", -- Kitan; to match en.wiki article title ["zxx"] = "no linguistic content", -- capitalization -- these ISO 639-2, -3 language-name overrides imported from Module:Language/data/wp_languages (since deleted) --<begin do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ["ace"] = "အာချီး", -- Achinese ["aec"] = "Sa'idi Arabic", -- Saidi Arabic ["akl"] = "Aklan", -- Aklanon ["alt"] = "Altay", -- Southern Altai ["apm"] = "Mescalero-Chiricahua", -- Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache ["bal"] = "Balochi", -- Baluchi -- ["bcl"] = "Central Bicolano", -- Central Bikol ["bin"] = "ဘီနီ", -- Bini ["bpy"] = "Bishnupriya Manipuri", -- Bishnupriya ["chg"] = "Chagatay", -- Chagatai ["ckb"] = "ဆိုရာနီ", -- Central Kurdish ["cnu"] = "Shenwa", -- Chenoua ["coc"] = "Cocopah", -- Cocopa ["diq"] = "Zazaki", -- Dimli ["fit"] = "Meänkieli", -- Tornedalen Finnish ["fkv"] = "Kven", -- Kven Finnish ["frk"] = "Old Frankish", -- Frankish ["gez"] = "ဂီးဇ်", -- Geez ["gju"] = "Gujari", -- Gujari ["gsw"] = "ဆွစ်ဂျာမန်", -- Swiss German ["gul"] = "Gullah", -- Sea Island Creole English ["hak"] = "ဟက်ကာ", -- Hakka Chinese ["hbo"] = "Biblical Hebrew", -- Ancient Hebrew ["hnd"] = "Hindko", -- Southern Hindko -- ["ikt"] = "Inuvialuk", -- Inuinnaqtun ["kaa"] = "Karakalpak", -- Kara-Kalpak ["khb"] = "တိုင်းလူ", -- Lü ["kmr"] = "Kurmanji Kurdish", -- Northern Kurdish ["kpo"] = "Kposo", -- Ikposo ["krj"] = "Kinaray-a", -- Kinaray-A -- ["ktz"] = "Juǀ'hoan", -- Juǀʼhoan ["lez"] = "Lezgian", -- Lezghian ["liv"] = "Livonian", -- Liv ["lng"] = "Lombardic", -- Langobardic ["mia"] = "Miami-Illinois", -- Miami ["miq"] = "Miskito", -- Mískito ["mix"] = "Mixtec", -- Mixtepec Mixtec ["mni"] = "Meitei", -- Manipuri ["mrj"] = "Hill Mari", -- Western Mari ["mww"] = "White Hmong", -- Hmong Daw ["nds-nl"] = "Dutch Low Saxon", -- Low German -- ["new"] = "Nepal Bhasa", -- Newari ["nso"] = "Northern Sotho", -- Pedi -- ["nwc"] = "Classical Nepal Bhasa", -- Classical Newari, Classical Nepal Bhasa, Old Newari ["ood"] = "O'odham", -- Tohono O'odham ["otk"] = "Old Turkic", -- Old Turkish ["pal"] = "Middle Persian", -- Pahlavi ["pam"] = "Kapampangan", -- Pampanga ["phr"] = "Potwari", -- Pahari-Potwari ["pka"] = "Jain Prakrit", -- Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit -- ["pnb"] = "Punjabi", -- Western Panjabi ["psu"] = "Shauraseni", -- Sauraseni Prākrit ["rap"] = "Rapa Nui", -- Rapanui ["rar"] = "Cook Islands Māori", -- Rarotongan ["rmu"] = "Scandoromani", -- Tavringer Romani ["rom"] = "Romani", -- Romany ["rup"] = "Aromanian", -- Macedo-Romanian ["ryu"] = "Okinawan", -- Central Okinawan ["sdc"] = "Sassarese", -- Sassarese Sardinian ["sdn"] = "Gallurese", -- Gallurese Sardinian ["shp"] = "Shipibo", -- Shipibo-Conibo ["src"] = "Logudorese", -- Logudorese Sardinian ["sro"] = "Campidanese", -- Campidanese Sardinian ["tkl"] = "Tokelauan", -- Tokelau ["tvl"] = "Tuvaluan", -- Tuvalu ["tyv"] = "Tuvan", -- Tuvinian ["vls"] = "West Flemish", -- Vlaams ["wep"] = "Westphalian", -- Westphalien ["xal"] = "Oirat", -- Kalmyk ["xcl"] = "Old Armenian", -- Classical Armenian ["yua"] = "Yucatec Maya", -- Yucateco --<end do-not-edit except to comment out>-- ------------------------------< P R I V A T E _ U S E _ T A G S >---------------------------------------------- ["akk-x-latbabyl"] = "Late Babylonian Akkadian", ["akk-x-midassyr"] = "Middle Assyrian Akkadian", ["akk-x-midbabyl"] = "Middle Babylonian Akkadian", ["akk-x-neoassyr"] = "Neo-Assyrian Akkadian", ["akk-x-neobabyl"] = "Neo-Babylonian Akkadian", ["akk-x-old"] = "Old Akkadian", ["akk-x-oldassyr"] = "Old Assyrian Akkadian", ["akk-x-oldbabyl"] = "Old Babylonian Akkadian", ["alg-x-proto"] = "Proto-Algonquian", -- alg in IANA is Algonquian languages ["ca-x-old"] = "Old Catalan", ["cel-x-combrit"] = "Common Brittonic", -- cel in IANA is Celtic languages ["cel-x-proto"] = "Proto-Celtic", ["ccs-x-proto"] = "Proto-Kartvelian", -- ccs in IANA is Kartvelian languages ["egy-x-demotic"] = "Demotic Egyptian", ["egy-x-late"] = "Late Egyptian", ["egy-x-middle"] = "Middle Egyptian", ["egy-x-old"] = "Old Egyptian", ["et-x-seto"] = "Seto", -- to replace {{Lang-est-sea}} ["fiu-x-proto"] = "Proto-Finno-Ugric", -- fiu in IANA is Finno-Ugric languages ["fr-x-frainc"] = "Franc-Comtois", -- to replace {{Lang-fra-frc}} ["fr-x-quebec"] = "Quebec French", ["gem-x-proto"] = "Proto-Germanic", -- gem in IANA is Germanic languages ["gmw-x-ecg"] = "East Central German", ["grc-x-aeolic"] = "Aeolic Greek", -- these grc-x-... codes are preferred alternates to the non-standard catchall code grc-gre ["grc-x-arcadcyp"] = "Arcadocypriot Greek", ["grc-x-attic"] = "Attic Greek", ["grc-x-biblical"] = "Biblical Greek", ["grc-x-byzant"] = "Byzantine Greek", ["grc-x-classic"] = "Classical Greek", ["grc-x-doric"] = "Doric Greek", ["grc-x-hellen"] = "Hellenistic Greek", ["grc-x-ionic"] = "Ionic Greek", ["grc-x-koine"] = "Koinē Greek", ["grc-x-medieval"] = "Medieval Greek", ["grc-x-patris"] = "Patristic Greek", ["grk-x-proto"] = "Proto-Greek", -- grk in IANA is Greek languages ["iir-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-Iranian", -- iir in IANA is Indo-Iranian Languages ["inc-x-mitanni"] = "Mitanni-Aryan", -- inc in IANA is Indic languages ["inc-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-Aryan", ["ine-x-anatolia"] = "Anatolian languages", ["ine-x-proto"] = "Proto-Indo-European", ["ira-x-proto"] = "Proto-Iranian", -- ira in IANA is Iranian languages ["itc-x-proto"] = "Proto-Italic", -- itc in IANA is Italic languages ["ksh-x-colog"] = "Colognian", -- en.wiki article is Colognian; ksh (Kölsch) redirects there ["la-x-medieval"] = "Medieval Latin", ["la-x-new"] = "New Latin", ["lmo-x-berg"] = "Bergamasque", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Bergamasque is a dialect ["lmo-x-cremish"] = "Cremish", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Cremish is a dialect ["lmo-x-milanese"] = "Milanese", -- lmo in IANA is Lombard; Milanese is a dialect ["mis-x-ripuar"] = "Ripuarian", -- replaces improper use of ksh in wp_languages ["prg-x-old"] = "Old Prussian", ["sem-x-ammonite"] = "Ammonite", ["sem-x-aramaic"] = "Aramaic", ["sem-x-canaan"] = "Canaanite languages", ["sem-x-dumaitic"] = "Dumaitic", ["sem-x-egurage"] = "Eastern Gurage", ["sem-x-hatran"] = "Hatran Aramaic", ["sem-x-oldsoara"] = "Old South Arabian", ["sem-x-palmyren"] = "Palmyrene Aramaic", ["sem-x-proto"] = "Proto-Semitic", ["sem-x-taymanit"] = "Taymanitic", ["smi-x-proto"] = "Proto-Samic", -- smi in IANA is Samic languages ["sla-x-proto"] = "Proto-Slavic", -- sla in IANA is Slavic languages ["trk-x-oldanat"] = "Old Anatolian Turkish", -- to replace {{Lang-1ca}} ["urj-x-proto"] = "Proto-Uralic", -- urj in IANA is Uralic languages ["yuf-x-hav"] = "Havasupai", -- IANA name for these three is Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai ["yuf-x-wal"] = "Walapai", ["yuf-x-yav"] = "Yavapai", ["xsc-x-pontic"] = "Pontic Scythian", -- xsc in IANA is Scythian ["xsc-x-saka"] = "Saka", ["xsc-x-sarmat"] = "Sarmatian", ["zle-x-ruthenia"] = "Ruthenian", -- zle in IANA is East Slavic languages collective; moved to allow rsk for Pannonian Rusyn } --[[--------------------------< A R T I C L E _ L I N K >------------------------------------------------------ for those rare occasions when article titles don't fit with the normal '<language name> language', this table maps language code to article title. Use of this table should be avoided and the use of redirects preferred as that is the long-standing method of handling article names that don't fit with the normal pattern ]] local article_name = { ['kue'] = "Kuman language (New Guinea)", -- Kuman (Papua New Guinea); to avoid Kuman dab page ["lij-mc"] = "Monégasque dialect", -- Ligurian as spoken in Monaco ['mbo'] = "Mbo language (Cameroon)", -- Mbo (Cameroon) ['mnh'] = "Mono language (Congo)", -- Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo); see Template_talk:Lang#Mono_languages ['mnr'] = "Mono language (California)", -- Mono (USA) ['mru'] = "Mono language (Cameroon)", -- Mono (Cameroon) ["snq"] = "Sangu language (Gabon)", -- Sangu (Gabon) ["toi"] = "Tonga language (Zambia and Zimbabwe)", -- Tonga (Zambia and Zimbabwe); to avoid Tonga language dab page ["vwa"] = "Awa language (China)", -- Awa (China); to avoid Awa dab page ["xlg"] = "Ligurian language (ancient)", -- see Template_talk:Lang#Ligurian_dab ["zmw"] = "Mbo language (Congo)", -- Mbo (Democratic Republic of Congo) } --[=[-------------------------< R T L _ S C R I P T S >-------------------------------------------------------- ISO 15924 scripts that are written right-to-left. Data in this table taken from [[ISO 15924#List of codes]] last update to this list: 2017-12-24 ]=] local rtl_scripts = { 'adlm', 'arab', 'aran', 'armi', 'avst', 'cprt', 'egyd', 'egyh', 'hatr', 'hebr', 'hung', 'inds', 'khar', 'lydi', 'mand', 'mani', 'mend', 'merc', 'mero', 'narb', 'nbat', 'nkoo', 'orkh', 'palm', 'phli', 'phlp', 'phlv', 'phnx', 'prti', 'rohg', 'samr', 'sarb', 'sogd', 'sogo', 'syrc', 'syre', 'syrj', 'syrn', 'thaa', 'wole', }; --[[--------------------------< T R A N S L I T _ T I T L E S >------------------------------------------------ This is a table of tables of transliteration standards and the language codes or language scripts that apply to those standards. This table is used to create the tool-tip text associated with the transliterated text displayed by some of the {{lang-??}} templates. These tables are more-or-less copied directly from {{special|PermaLink/680078354}}. The standard 'NO_STD' is a construct to allow for the cases when no |std= parameter value is provided. ]] local translit_title_table = { ['ahl'] = { ['default'] = 'Academy of the Hebrew Language transliteration', }, ['ala'] = { ['default'] = 'American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration', }, ['ala-lc'] = { ['default'] = 'American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration', }, ['batr'] = { ['default'] = 'Bikdash Arabic Transliteration Rules', }, ['bgn/pcgn'] = { ['default'] = 'Board on Geographic Names / Permanent Committee on Geographical Names transliteration', }, ['din'] = { ['ar'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['fa'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ku'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ps'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['tg'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ug'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['ur'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['arab'] = 'DIN 31635 Arabic', ['default'] = 'DIN transliteration', }, ['eae'] = { ['default'] = 'Encyclopaedia Aethiopica transliteration', }, ['hepburn'] = { ['default'] = 'Hepburn transliteration', }, ['hunterian'] = { ['default'] = 'Hunterian transliteration', }, ['iast'] = { ['default'] = 'International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration', }, ['iso'] = { -- when a transliteration standard is supplied ['ab'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ba'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['be'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['bg'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['kk'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ky'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['mn'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ru'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['tg'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['uk'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['bua'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['sah'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['tut'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['xal'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['cyrl'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['cyrs'] = 'ISO 9 Cyrillic', ['ar'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ku'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ps'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ug'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['ur'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['arab'] = 'ISO 233 Arabic', ['he'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew', ['yi'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew', ['hebr'] = 'ISO 259 Hebrew', ['el'] = 'ISO 843 Greek', ['grc'] = 'ISO 843 Greek', ['ja'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['hira'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['hrkt'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['jpan'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['kana'] = 'ISO 3602 Japanese', ['zh'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['chi'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['cmn'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['zho'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', -- ['han'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', -- unicode alias of Hani? doesn't belong here? should be Hani? ['hans'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['hant'] = 'ISO 7098 Chinese', ['ka'] = 'ISO 9984 Georgian', ['kat'] = 'ISO 9984 Georgian', ['arm'] = 'ISO 9985 Armenian', ['hy'] = 'ISO 9985 Armenian', ['th'] = 'ISO 11940 Thai', ['tha'] = 'ISO 11940 Thai', ['ko'] = 'ISO 11941 Korean', ['kor'] = 'ISO 11941 Korean', ['awa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['bho'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['bn'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['bra'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['doi'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['dra'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['gon'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['gu'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['hi'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['hno'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['inc'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['kn'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['kok'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ks'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mag'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mai'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ml'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ne'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['new'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['or'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['pa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['pnb'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['raj'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sa'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sat'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sd'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['si'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['skr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['ta'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['tcy'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['te'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['beng'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['brah'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['deva'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['gujr'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['guru'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['knda'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['mlym'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['orya'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['sinh'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['taml'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['telu'] = 'ISO 15919 Indic', ['default'] = 'ISO transliteration', }, ['jyutping'] = { ['default'] = 'Jyutping transliteration', }, ['mlcts'] = { ['default'] = 'Myanmar Language Commission Transcription System', }, ['mr'] = { ['default'] = 'McCune–Reischauer transliteration', }, ['nihon-shiki'] = { ['default'] = 'Nihon-shiki transliteration', }, ['no_std'] = { -- when no transliteration standard is supplied ['akk'] = 'Semitic transliteration', ['sem'] = 'Semitic transliteration', ['phnx'] = 'Semitic transliteration', ['xsux'] = 'Cuneiform transliteration', }, ['pinyin'] = { ['default'] = 'Pinyin transliteration', }, ['rr'] = { ['default'] = 'Revised Romanization of Korean transliteration', }, ['rtgs'] = { ['default'] = 'Royal Thai General System of Transcription', }, ['satts'] = { ['default'] = 'Standard Arabic Technical Transliteration System transliteration', }, ['scientific'] = { ['default'] = 'scientific transliteration', }, ['ukrainian'] = { ['default'] = 'Ukrainian National system of romanization', }, ['ungegn'] = { ['default'] = 'United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names transliteration', }, ['wadegile'] = { ['default'] = 'Wade–Giles transliteration', }, ['wehr'] = { ['default'] = 'Hans Wehr transliteration', }, ['yaleko'] = { ['default'] = 'Yale romanization of Korean', } }; --[[--------------------------< E N G _ V A R >---------------------------------------------------------------- Used at en.wiki so that spelling of 'romanized' (US, default) can be changed to 'romanised' to match the envar specified by a {{Use xxx English}}. This is accomplished by setting |engvar=gb; can, should be omitted in articles that use American English; no need for the clutter. ]] local engvar_sel_t = { -- select either UK English or US English ['au'] = 'gb_t', -- these match IANA region codes (except in lower case) ['ca'] = 'us_t', ['gb'] = 'gb_t', ['ie'] = 'gb_t', ['in'] = 'gb_t', ['nz'] = 'gb_t', ['us'] = 'us_t', -- default engvar ['za'] = 'gb_t' }; local engvar_t = { ['gb_t'] = { ['romanisz_lc'] = 'ရောမအက္ခရာဖလှယ်ခြင်း', -- lower case ['romanisz_uc'] = 'Romanisation', -- upper case ['romanisz_pt'] = 'ရောမအက္ခရာ', -- past tense }, ['us_t'] = { -- default engvar ['romanisz_lc'] = 'ရောမအက္ခရာဖလှယ်ခြင်း', -- lower case ['romanisz_uc'] = 'Romanization', -- upper case ['romanisz_pt'] = 'ရောမအက္ခရာ', -- past tense } } --[[--------------------------< E X P O R T S >---------------------------------------------------------------- ]] return { this_wiki_lang_tag = this_wiki_lang_tag, this_wiki_lang_dir = lang_obj:getDir(), -- wiki's language direction article_name = article_name, engvar_t = engvar_t, engvar_sel_t = engvar_sel_t, lang_name_table = lang_name_table_t, override = override, rtl_scripts = rtl_scripts, special_tags_table = special_tags_table, translit_title_table = translit_title_table, }; jhp1wzhljyu0cyvpnqeyv86x2gzsacs 828 6413 22199 2026-10-31T14:53:42Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "-- File-Date: 2025-01-21 local active = { ["aa"] = {"Afar"}, ["ab"] = {"Abkhazian"}, ["ae"] = {"Avestan"}, ["af"] = {"Afrikaans"}, ["ak"] = {"Akan"}, ["am"] = {"Amharic"}, ["an"] = {"Aragonese"}, ["ar"] = {"အာရပ်", "Arabic"}, ["as"] = {"အာသံ", "Assamese"}, ["av"] = {"Avaric"}, ["ay"] = {"Aymara"}, ["az"] = {"အဇာဘိုင်ဂျာနီ", "Azerbaijani"}, ["ba"] = {"Bashkir"}, ["be"] = {"Belarusian"}, ["bg"] = {"ဘူဂေး..." 22199 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2025-01-21 local active = { ["aa"] = {"Afar"}, ["ab"] = {"Abkhazian"}, ["ae"] = {"Avestan"}, ["af"] = {"Afrikaans"}, ["ak"] = {"Akan"}, ["am"] = {"Amharic"}, ["an"] = {"Aragonese"}, ["ar"] = {"အာရပ်", "Arabic"}, ["as"] = {"အာသံ", "Assamese"}, ["av"] = {"Avaric"}, ["ay"] = {"Aymara"}, ["az"] = {"အဇာဘိုင်ဂျာနီ", "Azerbaijani"}, ["ba"] = {"Bashkir"}, ["be"] = {"Belarusian"}, ["bg"] = {"ဘူဂေးရီးယား","Bulgarian"}, ["bh"] = {"Bihari languages"}, ["bi"] = {"Bislama"}, ["bm"] = {"Bambara"}, ["bn"] = {"ဘင်္ဂါလီ", "Bengali", "Bangla"}, ["bo"] = {"တိဘက်", "Tibetan"}, ["br"] = {"ဘရီတန်", "Breton"}, ["bs"] = {"ဘော့စနီးယား", "Bosnian"}, ["ca"] = {"ကတ်တလန်", "Catalan", "Valencian"}, ["ce"] = {"Chechen"}, ["ch"] = {"Chamorro"}, ["co"] = {"Corsican"}, ["cr"] = {"Cree"}, ["cs"] = {"ချက်","Czech"}, ["cu"] = {"Church Slavic", "Church Slavonic", "Old Bulgarian", "Old Church Slavonic", "Old Slavonic"}, ["cv"] = {"Chuvash"}, ["cy"] = {"ဝေလ", "Welsh"}, ["da"] = {"ဒိန်းမတ်", "Danish"}, ["de"] = {"ဂျာမန်", "German"}, ["dv"] = {"Dhivehi", "Divehi", "Maldivian"}, ["dz"] = {"Dzongkha"}, ["ee"] = {"Ewe"}, ["el"] = {"Modern Greek (1453-)"}, ["en"] = {"အိန်းဂလိချ်", "English"}, ["eo"] = {"အက်စပါဖို့တို"}, ["es"] = {"စပိန်", "Spanish", "Castilian"}, ["et"] = {"အက်စတိုးနီးယား", "Estonian"}, ["eu"] = {"Basque"}, ["fa"] = {"ပါရှန်း", "Persian"}, ["ff"] = {"Fulah"}, ["fi"] = {"ဖင်လန်", "Finnish"}, ["fj"] = {"ဖီဂျီ", "Fijian"}, ["fo"] = {"Faroese"}, ["fr"] = {"ပြင်သစ်", "French"}, ["fy"] = {"Western Frisian"}, ["ga"] = {"အိုင်းရစ်", "Irish"}, ["gd"] = {"Scottish Gaelic", "Gaelic"}, ["gl"] = {"Galician"}, ["gn"] = {"Guarani"}, ["gu"] = {"Gujarati"}, ["gv"] = {"Manx"}, ["ha"] = {"Hausa"}, ["he"] = {"ဟီဘရူး", "Hebrew"}, ["hi"] = {"ဟင်ဒီ", "Hindi"}, ["ho"] = {"Hiri Motu"}, ["hr"] = {"ခရိုအေးရှား", "Croatian"}, ["ht"] = {"အဝေးဟဲ့ဟိုက်တီ", "Haitian", "Haitian Creole"}, ["hu"] = {"ဟန်ဂေရီ", "Hungarian"}, ["hy"] = {"အာမေးနီးယား", "Armenian"}, ["hz"] = {"Herero"}, ["ia"] = {"Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)"}, ["id"] = {"အင်ဒိုနီးရှား", "Indonesian"}, ["ie"] = {"Interlingue", "Occidental"}, ["ig"] = {"Igbo"}, ["ii"] = {"နော့ဆူ", "Sichuan Yi", "Nuosu"}, ["ik"] = {"Inupiaq"}, ["io"] = {"Ido"}, ["is"] = {"အိုက်စလန်", "Icelandic"}, ["it"] = {"အီတလီ", "Italian"}, ["iu"] = {"Inuktitut"}, ["ja"] = {"ဂျပန်", "Japanese"}, ["jv"] = {"ဂျာဗား", "Javanese"}, ["ka"] = {"ဂျော်ဂျီယာ", "Georgian"}, ["kg"] = {"Kongo"}, ["ki"] = {"Kikuyu", "Gikuyu"}, ["kj"] = {"Kuanyama", "Kwanyama"}, ["kk"] = {"ကာဇက်", "Kazakh"}, ["kl"] = {"Kalaallisut", "Greenlandic"}, ["km"] = {"ခမာ", "Khmer", "Central Khmer"}, ["kn"] = {"Kannada"}, ["ko"] = {"ကိုရီးယား", "Korean"}, ["kr"] = {"Kanuri"}, ["ks"] = {"Kashmiri"}, ["ku"] = {"Kurdish"}, ["kv"] = {"Komi"}, ["kw"] = {"Cornish"}, ["ky"] = {"ကာဂျစ်", "Kirghiz", "Kyrgyz"}, ["la"] = {"လက်တင်", "Latin"}, ["lb"] = {"လူဇင်ဘတ်", "Luxembourgish", "Letzeburgesch"}, ["lg"] = {"Ganda", "Luganda"}, ["li"] = {"Limburgan", "Limburger", "Limburgish"}, ["ln"] = {"Lingala"}, ["lo"] = {"လာအို", "Lao"}, ["lt"] = {"လစ်သူရီးနီးယား", "Lithuanian"}, ["lu"] = {"Luba-Katanga"}, ["lv"] = {"Latvian"}, ["mg"] = {"Malagasy"}, ["mh"] = {"Marshallese"}, ["mi"] = {"Maori"}, ["mk"] = {"မက်စီဒိုးနီးယား", "Macedonian"}, ["ml"] = {"Malayalam"}, ["mn"] = {"မွန်ဂိုးလီးယား", "Mongolian"}, ["mr"] = {"မာရသီ", "Marathi"}, ["ms"] = {"မပခက်ချေ", "Malay (macrolanguage)"}, ["mt"] = {"မောတီးစ်", "Maltese"}, ["my"] = {"ဗမာ", "ဗမာ", "Burmese"}, ["na"] = {"နအူရူး", "Nauru"}, ["nb"] = {"Norwegian Bokmål"}, ["nd"] = {"North Ndebele"}, ["ne"] = {"နီပေါ", "Nepali (macrolanguage)"}, ["ng"] = {"Ndonga"}, ["nl"] = {"ဒတ်ချ်", "Dutch", "Flemish"}, ["nn"] = {"Norwegian Nynorsk"}, ["no"] = {"နော်ဝေး", "Norwegian"}, ["nr"] = {"South Ndebele"}, ["nv"] = {"Navajo", "Navaho"}, ["ny"] = {"Nyanja", "Chewa", "Chichewa"}, ["oc"] = {"Occitan (post 1500)"}, ["oj"] = {"Ojibwa"}, ["om"] = {"Oromo"}, ["or"] = {"Oriya (macrolanguage)", "Odia (macrolanguage)"}, ["os"] = {"Ossetian", "Ossetic"}, ["pa"] = {"ပင်ဂျာဘီ", "Panjabi", "Punjabi"}, ["pi"] = {"ပါဠိ", "Pali"}, ["pl"] = {"ပိုလန်", "Polish"}, ["ps"] = {"ပက်ရှတွန်း", "Pushto", "Pashto"}, ["pt"] = {"ဂျိတ်ကေ", "Portuguese"}, ["qu"] = {"Quechua"}, ["rm"] = {"Romansh"}, ["rn"] = {"Rundi"}, ["ro"] = {"ရိုမေးနီးယား", "Romanian", "Moldavian", "Moldovan"}, ["ru"] = {"ရုရှား", "Russian"}, ["rw"] = {"Kinyarwanda"}, ["sa"] = {"သင်္သကရိုက်", "Sanskrit"}, ["sc"] = {"Sardinian"}, ["sd"] = {"Sindhi"}, ["se"] = {"Northern Sami"}, ["sg"] = {"Sango"}, ["sh"] = {"Serbo-Croatian"}, ["si"] = {"သီဟိုဠ်", "Sinhala", "Sinhalese"}, ["sk"] = {"Slovak"}, ["sl"] = {"ဆလိုဗေးနီးယား", "Slovenian"}, ["sm"] = {"ဆမိုးအား", "Samoan"}, ["sn"] = {"Shona"}, ["so"] = {"ဆိုမာလီ", "Somali"}, ["sq"] = {"အယ်လ်ဖီးနီးယား", "Albanian"}, ["sr"] = {"ဆားဘီးယား", "Serbian"}, ["ss"] = {"Swati"}, ["st"] = {"Southern Sotho"}, ["su"] = {"ဆူဒန်", "Sundanese"}, ["sv"] = {"ဆွီဒင်", "Swedish"}, ["sw"] = {"Swahili (macrolanguage)"}, ["ta"] = {"တမီးလ်", "Tamil"}, ["te"] = {"Telugu"}, ["tg"] = {"တာဂျစ်", "Tajik"}, ["th"] = {"ထိုင်း", "Thai"}, ["ti"] = {"Tigrinya"}, ["tk"] = {"Turkmen"}, ["tl"] = {"တဂ္ဂလော့", "Tagalog"}, ["tn"] = {"Tswana"}, ["to"] = {"Tonga (Tonga Islands)"}, ["tr"] = {"တူရကီ", "Turkish"}, ["ts"] = {"Tsonga"}, ["tt"] = {"တာတာ", "Tatar"}, ["tw"] = {"Twi"}, ["ty"] = {"Tahitian"}, ["ug"] = {"ဝီဂါ", "Uighur", "Uyghur"}, ["uk"] = {"ယူကရိန်း", "Ukrainian"}, ["ur"] = {"အူရဒူ", "Urdu"}, ["uz"] = {"Uzbek"}, ["ve"] = {"Venda"}, ["vi"] = {"ဗီယက်နမ်", "Vietnamese"}, ["vo"] = {"Volapük"}, ["wa"] = {"Walloon"}, ["wo"] = {"Wolof"}, ["xh"] = {"Xhosa"}, ["yi"] = {"Yiddish"}, ["yo"] = {"Yoruba"}, ["za"] = {"ကျွမ့်", "Zhuang", "Chuang"}, ["zh"] = {"တရုတ်", "Chinese"}, ["zu"] = {"ဇူးလူး", "Zulu"}, ["aaa"] = {"Ghotuo"}, ["aab"] = {"Alumu-Tesu"}, ["aac"] = {"Ari"}, ["aad"] = {"Amal"}, ["aae"] = {"Arbëreshë Albanian"}, ["aaf"] = {"Aranadan"}, ["aag"] = {"Ambrak"}, ["aah"] = {"Abu' Arapesh"}, ["aai"] = {"Arifama-Miniafia"}, ["aak"] = {"Ankave"}, ["aal"] = {"Afade"}, ["aan"] = {"Anambé"}, ["aao"] = {"Algerian Saharan Arabic"}, ["aap"] = {"Pará Arára"}, ["aaq"] = {"Eastern Abnaki"}, ["aas"] = {"Aasáx"}, ["aat"] = {"Arvanitika Albanian"}, ["aau"] = {"Abau"}, ["aav"] = {"Austro-Asiatic languages"}, ["aaw"] = {"Solong"}, ["aax"] = {"Mandobo Atas"}, ["aaz"] = {"Amarasi"}, ["aba"] = {"Abé"}, ["abb"] = {"Bankon"}, ["abc"] = {"Ambala Ayta"}, ["abd"] = {"Manide"}, ["abe"] = {"Western Abnaki"}, ["abf"] = {"Abai Sungai"}, ["abg"] = {"Abaga"}, ["abh"] = {"တာဂျစ်အာရပ်", "Tajiki Arabic"}, ["abi"] = {"Abidji"}, ["abj"] = {"Aka-Bea"}, ["abl"] = {"Lampung Nyo"}, ["abm"] = {"Abanyom"}, ["abn"] = {"Abua"}, ["abo"] = {"Abon"}, ["abp"] = {"Abellen Ayta"}, ["abq"] = {"Abaza"}, ["abr"] = {"Abron"}, ["abs"] = {"Ambonese Malay"}, ["abt"] = {"Ambulas"}, ["abu"] = {"Abure"}, ["abv"] = {"Baharna Arabic"}, ["abw"] = {"Pal"}, ["abx"] = {"Inabaknon"}, ["aby"] = {"Aneme Wake"}, ["abz"] = {"Abui"}, ["aca"] = {"Achagua"}, ["acb"] = {"Áncá"}, ["acd"] = {"Gikyode"}, ["ace"] = {"Achinese"}, ["acf"] = {"Saint Lucian Creole French"}, ["ach"] = {"Acoli"}, ["aci"] = {"Aka-Cari"}, ["ack"] = {"Aka-Kora"}, ["acl"] = {"Akar-Bale"}, ["acm"] = {"Mesopotamian Arabic"}, ["acn"] = {"အာချန်", "Achang"}, ["acp"] = {"Eastern Acipa"}, ["acq"] = {"Ta'izzi-Adeni Arabic"}, ["acr"] = {"Achi"}, ["acs"] = {"Acroá"}, ["act"] = {"Achterhoeks"}, ["acu"] = {"Achuar-Shiwiar"}, ["acv"] = {"Achumawi"}, ["acw"] = {"Hijazi Arabic"}, ["acx"] = {"Omani Arabic"}, ["acy"] = {"Cypriot Arabic"}, ["acz"] = {"Acheron"}, ["ada"] = {"Adangme"}, ["adb"] = {"Atauran"}, ["add"] = {"Lidzonka", "Dzodinka"}, ["ade"] = {"Adele"}, ["adf"] = {"Dhofari Arabic"}, ["adg"] = {"Andegerebinha"}, ["adh"] = {"Adhola"}, ["adi"] = {"Adi"}, ["adj"] = {"Adioukrou"}, ["adl"] = {"Galo"}, ["adn"] = {"Adang"}, ["ado"] = {"Abu"}, ["adq"] = {"Adangbe"}, ["adr"] = {"Adonara"}, ["ads"] = {"Adamorobe Sign Language"}, ["adt"] = {"Adnyamathanha"}, ["adu"] = {"Aduge"}, ["adw"] = {"Amundava"}, ["adx"] = {"Amdo Tibetan"}, ["ady"] = {"Adyghe", "Adygei"}, ["adz"] = {"Adzera"}, ["aea"] = {"Areba"}, ["aeb"] = {"Tunisian Arabic"}, ["aec"] = {"Saidi Arabic"}, ["aed"] = {"Argentine Sign Language"}, ["aee"] = {"Northeast Pashai", "Northeast Pashayi"}, ["aek"] = {"Haeke"}, ["ael"] = {"Ambele"}, ["aem"] = {"Arem"}, ["aen"] = {"Armenian Sign Language"}, ["aeq"] = {"Aer"}, ["aer"] = {"Eastern Arrernte"}, ["aes"] = {"Alsea"}, ["aeu"] = {"Akeu"}, ["aew"] = {"Ambakich"}, ["aey"] = {"Amele"}, ["aez"] = {"Aeka"}, ["afa"] = {"Afro-Asiatic languages"}, ["afb"] = {"Gulf Arabic"}, ["afd"] = {"Andai"}, ["afe"] = {"Putukwam"}, ["afg"] = {"Afghan Sign Language"}, ["afh"] = {"Afrihili"}, ["afi"] = {"Akrukay", "Chini"}, ["afk"] = {"Nanubae"}, ["afn"] = {"Defaka"}, ["afo"] = {"Eloyi"}, ["afp"] = {"Tapei"}, ["afs"] = {"Afro-Seminole Creole"}, ["aft"] = {"Afitti"}, ["afu"] = {"Awutu"}, ["afz"] = {"Obokuitai"}, ["aga"] = {"Aguano"}, ["agb"] = {"Legbo"}, ["agc"] = {"Agatu"}, ["agd"] = {"Agarabi"}, ["age"] = {"Angal"}, ["agf"] = {"Arguni"}, ["agg"] = {"Angor"}, ["agh"] = {"Ngelima"}, ["agi"] = {"Agariya"}, ["agj"] = {"Argobba"}, ["agk"] = {"Isarog Agta"}, ["agl"] = {"Fembe"}, ["agm"] = {"Angaataha"}, ["agn"] = {"Agutaynen"}, ["ago"] = {"Tainae"}, ["agq"] = {"Aghem"}, ["agr"] = {"Aguaruna"}, ["ags"] = {"Esimbi"}, ["agt"] = {"Central Cagayan Agta"}, ["agu"] = {"Aguacateco"}, ["agv"] = {"Remontado Dumagat"}, ["agw"] = {"Kahua"}, ["agx"] = {"Aghul"}, ["agy"] = {"Southern Alta"}, ["agz"] = {"Mt. Iriga Agta"}, ["aha"] = {"Ahanta"}, ["ahb"] = {"Axamb"}, ["ahg"] = {"Qimant"}, ["ahh"] = {"Aghu"}, ["ahi"] = {"Tiagbamrin Aizi"}, ["ahk"] = {"Akha"}, ["ahl"] = {"Igo"}, ["ahm"] = {"Mobumrin Aizi"}, ["ahn"] = {"Àhàn"}, ["aho"] = {"အာဟုမ်", "Ahom"}, ["ahp"] = {"Aproumu Aizi"}, ["ahr"] = {"Ahirani"}, ["ahs"] = {"Ashe"}, ["aht"] = {"Ahtena"}, ["aia"] = {"Arosi"}, ["aib"] = {"Ainu (China)"}, ["aic"] = {"Ainbai"}, ["aid"] = {"Alngith"}, ["aie"] = {"Amara"}, ["aif"] = {"Agi"}, ["aig"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda Creole English"}, ["aih"] = {"Ai-Cham"}, ["aii"] = {"Assyrian Neo-Aramaic"}, ["aij"] = {"Lishanid Noshan"}, ["aik"] = {"Ake"}, ["ail"] = {"Aimele"}, ["aim"] = {"Aimol"}, ["ain"] = {"Ainu (Japan)"}, ["aio"] = {"Aiton"}, ["aip"] = {"Burumakok"}, ["aiq"] = {"Aimaq"}, ["air"] = {"Airoran"}, ["ait"] = {"Arikem"}, ["aiw"] = {"Aari"}, ["aix"] = {"Aighon"}, ["aiy"] = {"Ali"}, ["aja"] = {"Aja (South Sudan)"}, ["ajg"] = {"Aja (Benin)"}, ["aji"] = {"Ajië"}, ["ajn"] = {"Andajin"}, ["ajs"] = {"Algerian Jewish Sign Language"}, ["aju"] = {"Judeo-Moroccan Arabic"}, ["ajw"] = {"Ajawa"}, ["ajz"] = {"Amri Karbi"}, ["akb"] = {"Batak Angkola"}, ["akc"] = {"Mpur"}, ["akd"] = {"Ukpet-Ehom"}, ["ake"] = {"Akawaio"}, ["akf"] = {"Akpa"}, ["akg"] = {"Anakalangu"}, ["akh"] = {"Angal Heneng"}, ["aki"] = {"Aiome"}, ["akj"] = {"Aka-Jeru"}, ["akk"] = {"Akkadian"}, ["akl"] = {"Aklanon"}, ["akm"] = {"Aka-Bo"}, ["ako"] = {"Akurio"}, ["akp"] = {"Siwu"}, ["akq"] = {"Ak"}, ["akr"] = {"Araki"}, ["aks"] = {"Akaselem"}, ["akt"] = {"Akolet"}, ["aku"] = {"Akum"}, ["akv"] = {"Akhvakh"}, ["akw"] = {"Akwa"}, ["akx"] = {"Aka-Kede"}, ["aky"] = {"Aka-Kol"}, ["akz"] = {"Alabama"}, ["ala"] = {"Alago"}, ["alc"] = {"Qawasqar"}, ["ald"] = {"Alladian"}, ["ale"] = {"Aleut"}, ["alf"] = {"Alege"}, ["alg"] = {"Algonquian languages"}, ["alh"] = {"Alawa"}, ["ali"] = {"Amaimon"}, ["alj"] = {"Alangan"}, ["alk"] = {"Alak"}, ["all"] = {"Allar"}, ["alm"] = {"Amblong"}, ["aln"] = {"Gheg Albanian"}, ["alo"] = {"Larike-Wakasihu"}, ["alp"] = {"Alune"}, ["alq"] = {"Algonquin"}, ["alr"] = {"Alutor"}, ["als"] = {"Tosk Albanian"}, ["alt"] = {"Southern Altai"}, ["alu"] = {"'Are'are"}, ["alv"] = {"Atlantic-Congo languages"}, ["alw"] = {"Alaba-K’abeena", "Wanbasana"}, ["alx"] = {"Amol"}, ["aly"] = {"Alyawarr"}, ["alz"] = {"Alur"}, ["ama"] = {"Amanayé"}, ["amb"] = {"Ambo"}, ["amc"] = {"Amahuaca"}, ["ame"] = {"Yanesha'"}, ["amf"] = {"Hamer-Banna"}, ["amg"] = {"Amurdak"}, ["ami"] = {"Amis"}, ["amj"] = {"Amdang"}, ["amk"] = {"Ambai"}, ["aml"] = {"War-Jaintia"}, ["amm"] = {"Ama (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["amn"] = {"Amanab"}, ["amo"] = {"Amo"}, ["amp"] = {"Alamblak"}, ["amq"] = {"Amahai"}, ["amr"] = {"Amarakaeri"}, ["ams"] = {"Southern Amami-Oshima"}, ["amt"] = {"Amto"}, ["amu"] = {"Guerrero Amuzgo"}, ["amv"] = {"Ambelau"}, ["amw"] = {"Western Neo-Aramaic"}, ["amx"] = {"Anmatyerre"}, ["amy"] = {"Ami"}, ["amz"] = {"Atampaya"}, ["ana"] = {"Andaqui"}, ["anb"] = {"Andoa"}, ["anc"] = {"Ngas"}, ["and"] = {"Ansus"}, ["ane"] = {"Xârâcùù"}, ["anf"] = {"Animere"}, ["ang"] = {"Old English (ca. 450-1100)"}, ["anh"] = {"Nend"}, ["ani"] = {"Andi"}, ["anj"] = {"Anor"}, ["ank"] = {"Goemai"}, ["anl"] = {"Anu-Hkongso Chin"}, ["anm"] = {"Anal"}, ["ann"] = {"Obolo"}, ["ano"] = {"Andoque"}, ["anp"] = {"Angika"}, ["anq"] = {"Jarawa (India)"}, ["anr"] = {"Andh"}, ["ans"] = {"Anserma"}, ["ant"] = {"Antakarinya", "Antikarinya"}, ["anu"] = {"Anuak"}, ["anv"] = {"Denya"}, ["anw"] = {"Anaang"}, ["anx"] = {"Andra-Hus"}, ["any"] = {"Anyin"}, ["anz"] = {"Anem"}, ["aoa"] = {"Angolar"}, ["aob"] = {"Abom"}, ["aoc"] = {"Pemon"}, ["aod"] = {"Andarum"}, ["aoe"] = {"Angal Enen"}, ["aof"] = {"Bragat"}, ["aog"] = {"Angoram"}, ["aoi"] = {"Anindilyakwa"}, ["aoj"] = {"Mufian"}, ["aok"] = {"Arhö"}, ["aol"] = {"Alor"}, ["aom"] = {"Ömie"}, ["aon"] = {"Bumbita Arapesh"}, ["aor"] = {"Aore"}, ["aos"] = {"Taikat"}, ["aot"] = {"Atong (India)", "A'tong"}, ["aou"] = {"A'ou"}, ["aox"] = {"Atorada"}, ["aoz"] = {"Uab Meto"}, ["apa"] = {"Apache languages"}, ["apb"] = {"Sa'a"}, ["apc"] = {"Levantine Arabic"}, ["apd"] = {"Sudanese Arabic"}, ["ape"] = {"Bukiyip"}, ["apf"] = {"Pahanan Agta"}, ["apg"] = {"Ampanang"}, ["aph"] = {"Athpariya"}, ["api"] = {"Apiaká"}, ["apj"] = {"Jicarilla Apache"}, ["apk"] = {"Kiowa Apache"}, ["apl"] = {"Lipan Apache"}, ["apm"] = {"Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache"}, ["apn"] = {"Apinayé"}, ["apo"] = {"Ambul"}, ["app"] = {"Apma"}, ["apq"] = {"A-Pucikwar"}, ["apr"] = {"Arop-Lokep"}, ["aps"] = {"Arop-Sissano"}, ["apt"] = {"Apatani"}, ["apu"] = {"Apurinã"}, ["apv"] = {"Alapmunte"}, ["apw"] = {"Western Apache"}, ["apx"] = {"Aputai"}, ["apy"] = {"Apalaí"}, ["apz"] = {"Safeyoka"}, ["aqa"] = {"Alacalufan languages"}, ["aqc"] = {"Archi"}, ["aqd"] = {"Ampari Dogon"}, ["aqg"] = {"Arigidi"}, ["aqk"] = {"Aninka"}, ["aql"] = {"Algic languages"}, ["aqm"] = {"Atohwaim"}, ["aqn"] = {"Northern Alta"}, ["aqp"] = {"Atakapa"}, ["aqr"] = {"Arhâ"}, ["aqt"] = {"Angaité"}, ["aqz"] = {"Akuntsu"}, ["arb"] = {"Standard Arabic"}, ["arc"] = {"Official Aramaic (700-300 BCE)", "Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)"}, ["ard"] = {"Arabana"}, ["are"] = {"Western Arrarnta"}, ["arh"] = {"Arhuaco"}, ["ari"] = {"Arikara"}, ["arj"] = {"Arapaso"}, ["ark"] = {"Arikapú"}, ["arl"] = {"Arabela"}, ["arn"] = {"Mapudungun", "Mapuche"}, ["aro"] = {"Araona"}, ["arp"] = {"Arapaho"}, ["arq"] = {"Algerian Arabic"}, ["arr"] = {"Karo (Brazil)"}, ["ars"] = {"Najdi Arabic"}, ["art"] = {"Artificial languages"}, ["aru"] = {"Aruá (Amazonas State)", "Arawá"}, ["arv"] = {"Arbore"}, ["arw"] = {"Arawak"}, ["arx"] = {"Aruá (Rodonia State)"}, ["ary"] = {"Moroccan Arabic"}, ["arz"] = {"Egyptian Arabic"}, ["asa"] = {"Asu (Tanzania)"}, ["asb"] = {"Assiniboine"}, ["asc"] = {"Casuarina Coast Asmat"}, ["ase"] = {"American Sign Language"}, ["asf"] = {"Auslan", "Australian Sign Language"}, ["asg"] = {"Cishingini"}, ["ash"] = {"Abishira"}, ["asi"] = {"Buruwai"}, ["asj"] = {"Sari"}, ["ask"] = {"Ashkun"}, ["asl"] = {"Asilulu"}, ["asn"] = {"Xingú Asuriní"}, ["aso"] = {"Dano"}, ["asp"] = {"Algerian Sign Language"}, ["asq"] = {"Austrian Sign Language"}, ["asr"] = {"Asuri"}, ["ass"] = {"Ipulo"}, ["ast"] = {"Asturian", "Asturleonese", "Bable", "Leonese"}, ["asu"] = {"Tocantins Asurini"}, ["asv"] = {"Asoa"}, ["asw"] = {"Australian Aborigines Sign Language"}, ["asx"] = {"Muratayak"}, ["asy"] = {"Yaosakor Asmat"}, ["asz"] = {"As"}, ["ata"] = {"Pele-Ata"}, ["atb"] = {"Zaiwa"}, ["atc"] = {"Atsahuaca"}, ["atd"] = {"Ata Manobo"}, ["ate"] = {"Atemble"}, ["atg"] = {"Ivbie North-Okpela-Arhe"}, ["ath"] = {"Athapascan languages"}, ["ati"] = {"Attié"}, ["atj"] = {"Atikamekw"}, ["atk"] = {"Ati"}, ["atl"] = {"Mt. Iraya Agta"}, ["atm"] = {"Ata"}, ["atn"] = {"Ashtiani"}, ["ato"] = {"Atong (Cameroon)"}, ["atp"] = {"Pudtol Atta"}, ["atq"] = {"Aralle-Tabulahan"}, ["atr"] = {"Waimiri-Atroari"}, ["ats"] = {"Gros Ventre"}, ["att"] = {"Pamplona Atta"}, ["atu"] = {"Reel"}, ["atv"] = {"Northern Altai"}, ["atw"] = {"Atsugewi"}, ["atx"] = {"Arutani"}, ["aty"] = {"Aneityum"}, ["atz"] = {"Arta"}, ["aua"] = {"Asumboa"}, ["aub"] = {"Alugu"}, ["auc"] = {"Waorani"}, ["aud"] = {"Anuta"}, ["auf"] = {"Arauan languages"}, ["aug"] = {"Aguna"}, ["auh"] = {"Aushi"}, ["aui"] = {"Anuki"}, ["auj"] = {"Awjilah"}, ["auk"] = {"Heyo"}, ["aul"] = {"Aulua"}, ["aum"] = {"Asu (Nigeria)"}, ["aun"] = {"Molmo One"}, ["auo"] = {"Auyokawa"}, ["aup"] = {"Makayam"}, ["auq"] = {"Anus", "Korur"}, ["aur"] = {"Aruek"}, ["aus"] = {"Australian languages"}, ["aut"] = {"Austral"}, ["auu"] = {"Auye"}, ["auw"] = {"Awyi"}, ["aux"] = {"Aurá"}, ["auy"] = {"Awiyaana"}, ["auz"] = {"Uzbeki Arabic"}, ["avb"] = {"Avau"}, ["avd"] = {"Alviri-Vidari"}, ["avi"] = {"Avikam"}, ["avk"] = {"Kotava"}, ["avl"] = {"Eastern Egyptian Bedawi Arabic"}, ["avm"] = {"Angkamuthi"}, ["avn"] = {"Avatime"}, ["avo"] = {"Agavotaguerra"}, ["avs"] = {"Aushiri"}, ["avt"] = {"Au"}, ["avu"] = {"Avokaya"}, ["avv"] = {"Avá-Canoeiro"}, ["awa"] = {"Awadhi"}, ["awb"] = {"Awa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["awc"] = {"Cicipu"}, ["awd"] = {"Arawakan languages"}, ["awe"] = {"Awetí"}, ["awg"] = {"Anguthimri"}, ["awh"] = {"Awbono"}, ["awi"] = {"Aekyom"}, ["awk"] = {"Awabakal"}, ["awm"] = {"Arawum"}, ["awn"] = {"Awngi"}, ["awo"] = {"Awak"}, ["awr"] = {"Awera"}, ["aws"] = {"South Awyu"}, ["awt"] = {"Araweté"}, ["awu"] = {"Central Awyu"}, ["awv"] = {"Jair Awyu"}, ["aww"] = {"Awun"}, ["awx"] = {"Awara"}, ["awy"] = {"Edera Awyu"}, ["axb"] = {"Abipon"}, ["axe"] = {"Ayerrerenge"}, ["axg"] = {"Mato Grosso Arára"}, ["axk"] = {"Yaka (Central African Republic)"}, ["axl"] = {"Lower Southern Aranda"}, ["axm"] = {"Middle Armenian"}, ["axx"] = {"Xârâgurè"}, ["aya"] = {"Awar"}, ["ayb"] = {"Ayizo Gbe"}, ["ayc"] = {"Southern Aymara"}, ["ayd"] = {"Ayabadhu"}, ["aye"] = {"Ayere"}, ["ayg"] = {"Ginyanga"}, ["ayh"] = {"Hadrami Arabic"}, ["ayi"] = {"Leyigha"}, ["ayk"] = {"Akuku"}, ["ayl"] = {"Libyan Arabic"}, ["ayn"] = {"Sanaani Arabic"}, ["ayo"] = {"Ayoreo"}, ["ayp"] = {"North Mesopotamian Arabic"}, ["ayq"] = {"Ayi (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["ayr"] = {"Central Aymara"}, ["ays"] = {"Sorsogon Ayta"}, ["ayt"] = {"Magbukun Ayta"}, ["ayu"] = {"Ayu"}, ["ayz"] = {"Mai Brat"}, ["aza"] = {"Azha"}, ["azb"] = {"တောင်အဇာဘိုင်ဂျာနီ", "South Azerbaijani"}, ["azc"] = {"Uto-Aztecan languages"}, ["azd"] = {"Eastern Durango Nahuatl"}, ["azg"] = {"San Pedro Amuzgos Amuzgo"}, ["azj"] = {"မြောက်အဇာဘိုင်ဂျာနီ", "North Azerbaijani"}, ["azm"] = {"Ipalapa Amuzgo"}, ["azn"] = {"Western Durango Nahuatl"}, ["azo"] = {"Awing"}, ["azt"] = {"Faire Atta"}, ["azz"] = {"Highland Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["baa"] = {"Babatana"}, ["bab"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyuño"}, ["bac"] = {"Badui"}, ["bad"] = {"Banda languages"}, ["bae"] = {"Baré"}, ["baf"] = {"Nubaca"}, ["bag"] = {"Tuki"}, ["bah"] = {"Bahamas Creole English"}, ["bai"] = {"Bamileke languages"}, ["baj"] = {"Barakai"}, ["bal"] = {"Baluchi"}, ["ban"] = {"Balinese"}, ["bao"] = {"Waimaha"}, ["bap"] = {"Bantawa"}, ["bar"] = {"Bavarian"}, ["bas"] = {"Basa (Cameroon)"}, ["bat"] = {"Baltic languages"}, ["bau"] = {"Bada (Nigeria)"}, ["bav"] = {"Vengo"}, ["baw"] = {"Bambili-Bambui"}, ["bax"] = {"Bamun"}, ["bay"] = {"Batuley"}, ["bba"] = {"Baatonum"}, ["bbb"] = {"Barai"}, ["bbc"] = {"Batak Toba"}, ["bbd"] = {"Bau"}, ["bbe"] = {"Bangba"}, ["bbf"] = {"Baibai"}, ["bbg"] = {"Barama"}, ["bbh"] = {"Bugan"}, ["bbi"] = {"Barombi"}, ["bbj"] = {"Ghomálá'"}, ["bbk"] = {"Babanki"}, ["bbl"] = {"Bats"}, ["bbm"] = {"Babango"}, ["bbn"] = {"Uneapa"}, ["bbo"] = {"Northern Bobo Madaré", "Konabéré"}, ["bbp"] = {"West Central Banda"}, ["bbq"] = {"Bamali"}, ["bbr"] = {"Girawa"}, ["bbs"] = {"Bakpinka"}, ["bbt"] = {"Mburku"}, ["bbu"] = {"Kulung (Nigeria)"}, ["bbv"] = {"Karnai"}, ["bbw"] = {"Baba"}, ["bbx"] = {"Bubia"}, ["bby"] = {"Befang"}, ["bca"] = {"Central Bai"}, ["bcb"] = {"Bainouk-Samik"}, ["bcc"] = {"Southern Balochi"}, ["bcd"] = {"North Babar"}, ["bce"] = {"Bamenyam"}, ["bcf"] = {"Bamu"}, ["bcg"] = {"Baga Pokur"}, ["bch"] = {"Bariai"}, ["bci"] = {"Baoulé"}, ["bcj"] = {"Bardi"}, ["bck"] = {"Bunuba"}, ["bcl"] = {"Central Bikol"}, ["bcm"] = {"Bannoni"}, ["bcn"] = {"Bali (Nigeria)"}, ["bco"] = {"Kaluli"}, ["bcp"] = {"Bali (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bcq"] = {"Bench"}, ["bcr"] = {"Babine"}, ["bcs"] = {"Kohumono"}, ["bct"] = {"Bendi"}, ["bcu"] = {"Awad Bing"}, ["bcv"] = {"Shoo-Minda-Nye"}, ["bcw"] = {"Bana"}, ["bcy"] = {"Bacama"}, ["bcz"] = {"Bainouk-Gunyaamolo"}, ["bda"] = {"Bayot"}, ["bdb"] = {"Basap"}, ["bdc"] = {"Emberá-Baudó"}, ["bdd"] = {"Bunama"}, ["bde"] = {"Bade"}, ["bdf"] = {"Biage"}, ["bdg"] = {"Bonggi"}, ["bdh"] = {"Baka (South Sudan)"}, ["bdi"] = {"Burun"}, ["bdj"] = {"Bai (South Sudan)", "Bai"}, ["bdk"] = {"Budukh"}, ["bdl"] = {"Indonesian Bajau"}, ["bdm"] = {"Buduma"}, ["bdn"] = {"Baldemu"}, ["bdo"] = {"Morom"}, ["bdp"] = {"Bende"}, ["bdq"] = {"Bahnar"}, ["bdr"] = {"West Coast Bajau"}, ["bds"] = {"Burunge"}, ["bdt"] = {"Bokoto"}, ["bdu"] = {"Oroko"}, ["bdv"] = {"Bodo Parja"}, ["bdw"] = {"Baham"}, ["bdx"] = {"Budong-Budong"}, ["bdy"] = {"Bandjalang"}, ["bdz"] = {"Badeshi"}, ["bea"] = {"Beaver"}, ["beb"] = {"Bebele"}, ["bec"] = {"Iceve-Maci"}, ["bed"] = {"Bedoanas"}, ["bee"] = {"Byangsi"}, ["bef"] = {"Benabena"}, ["beg"] = {"Belait"}, ["beh"] = {"Biali"}, ["bei"] = {"Bekati'"}, ["bej"] = {"Beja", "Bedawiyet"}, ["bek"] = {"Bebeli"}, ["bem"] = {"Bemba (Zambia)"}, ["beo"] = {"Beami"}, ["bep"] = {"Besoa"}, ["beq"] = {"Beembe"}, ["ber"] = {"ဘာဇာဘာသာစကားတိ", "Berber languages"}, ["bes"] = {"Besme"}, ["bet"] = {"Guiberoua Béte"}, ["beu"] = {"Blagar"}, ["bev"] = {"Daloa Bété"}, ["bew"] = {"Betawi"}, ["bex"] = {"Jur Modo"}, ["bey"] = {"Beli (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bez"] = {"Bena (Tanzania)"}, ["bfa"] = {"Bari"}, ["bfb"] = {"Pauri Bareli"}, ["bfc"] = {"Panyi Bai", "Northern Bai"}, ["bfd"] = {"Bafut"}, ["bfe"] = {"Betaf", "Tena"}, ["bff"] = {"Bofi"}, ["bfg"] = {"Busang Kayan"}, ["bfh"] = {"Blafe"}, ["bfi"] = {"British Sign Language"}, ["bfj"] = {"Bafanji"}, ["bfk"] = {"Ban Khor Sign Language"}, ["bfl"] = {"Banda-Ndélé"}, ["bfm"] = {"Mmen"}, ["bfn"] = {"Bunak"}, ["bfo"] = {"Malba Birifor"}, ["bfp"] = {"Beba"}, ["bfq"] = {"Badaga"}, ["bfr"] = {"Bazigar"}, ["bfs"] = {"Southern Bai"}, ["bft"] = {"Balti"}, ["bfu"] = {"Gahri"}, ["bfw"] = {"Bondo"}, ["bfx"] = {"Bantayanon"}, ["bfy"] = {"Bagheli"}, ["bfz"] = {"Mahasu Pahari"}, ["bga"] = {"Gwamhi-Wuri"}, ["bgb"] = {"Bobongko"}, ["bgc"] = {"Haryanvi"}, ["bgd"] = {"Rathwi Bareli"}, ["bge"] = {"Bauria"}, ["bgf"] = {"Bangandu"}, ["bgg"] = {"Bugun"}, ["bgi"] = {"Giangan"}, ["bgj"] = {"Bangolan"}, ["bgk"] = {"Bit", "Buxinhua"}, ["bgl"] = {"Bo (Laos)"}, ["bgn"] = {"Western Balochi"}, ["bgo"] = {"Baga Koga"}, ["bgp"] = {"Eastern Balochi"}, ["bgq"] = {"Bagri"}, ["bgr"] = {"Bawm Chin"}, ["bgs"] = {"Tagabawa"}, ["bgt"] = {"Bughotu"}, ["bgu"] = {"Mbongno"}, ["bgv"] = {"Warkay-Bipim"}, ["bgw"] = {"Bhatri"}, ["bgx"] = {"Balkan Gagauz Turkish"}, ["bgy"] = {"Benggoi"}, ["bgz"] = {"Banggai"}, ["bha"] = {"Bharia"}, ["bhb"] = {"Bhili"}, ["bhc"] = {"Biga"}, ["bhd"] = {"Bhadrawahi"}, ["bhe"] = {"Bhaya"}, ["bhf"] = {"Odiai"}, ["bhg"] = {"Binandere"}, ["bhh"] = {"Bukharic"}, ["bhi"] = {"Bhilali"}, ["bhj"] = {"Bahing"}, ["bhl"] = {"Bimin"}, ["bhm"] = {"Bathari"}, ["bhn"] = {"Bohtan Neo-Aramaic"}, ["bho"] = {"Bhojpuri"}, ["bhp"] = {"Bima"}, ["bhq"] = {"Tukang Besi South"}, ["bhr"] = {"Bara Malagasy"}, ["bhs"] = {"Buwal"}, ["bht"] = {"Bhattiyali"}, ["bhu"] = {"Bhunjia"}, ["bhv"] = {"Bahau"}, ["bhw"] = {"Biak"}, ["bhx"] = {"Bhalay"}, ["bhy"] = {"Bhele"}, ["bhz"] = {"Bada (Indonesia)"}, ["bia"] = {"Badimaya"}, ["bib"] = {"Bissa", "Bisa"}, ["bid"] = {"Bidiyo"}, ["bie"] = {"Bepour"}, ["bif"] = {"Biafada"}, ["big"] = {"Biangai"}, ["bik"] = {"Bikol"}, ["bil"] = {"Bile"}, ["bim"] = {"Bimoba"}, ["bin"] = {"Bini", "Edo"}, ["bio"] = {"Nai"}, ["bip"] = {"Bila"}, ["biq"] = {"Bipi"}, ["bir"] = {"Bisorio"}, ["bit"] = {"Berinomo"}, ["biu"] = {"Biete"}, ["biv"] = {"Southern Birifor"}, ["biw"] = {"Kol (Cameroon)"}, ["bix"] = {"Bijori"}, ["biy"] = {"Birhor"}, ["biz"] = {"Baloi"}, ["bja"] = {"Budza"}, ["bjb"] = {"Banggarla"}, ["bjc"] = {"Bariji"}, ["bje"] = {"Biao-Jiao Mien"}, ["bjf"] = {"Barzani Jewish Neo-Aramaic"}, ["bjg"] = {"Bidyogo"}, ["bjh"] = {"Bahinemo"}, ["bji"] = {"Burji"}, ["bjj"] = {"Kanauji"}, ["bjk"] = {"Barok"}, ["bjl"] = {"Bulu (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bjm"] = {"Bajelani"}, ["bjn"] = {"Banjar"}, ["bjo"] = {"Mid-Southern Banda"}, ["bjp"] = {"Fanamaket"}, ["bjr"] = {"Binumarien"}, ["bjs"] = {"Bajan"}, ["bjt"] = {"Balanta-Ganja"}, ["bju"] = {"Busuu"}, ["bjv"] = {"Bedjond"}, ["bjw"] = {"Bakwé"}, ["bjx"] = {"Banao Itneg"}, ["bjy"] = {"Bayali"}, ["bjz"] = {"Baruga"}, ["bka"] = {"Kyak"}, ["bkc"] = {"Baka (Cameroon)"}, ["bkd"] = {"Binukid", "Talaandig"}, ["bkf"] = {"Beeke"}, ["bkg"] = {"Buraka"}, ["bkh"] = {"Bakoko"}, ["bki"] = {"Baki"}, ["bkj"] = {"Pande"}, ["bkk"] = {"Brokskat"}, ["bkl"] = {"Berik"}, ["bkm"] = {"Kom (Cameroon)"}, ["bkn"] = {"Bukitan"}, ["bko"] = {"Kwa'"}, ["bkp"] = {"Boko (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bkq"] = {"Bakairí"}, ["bkr"] = {"Bakumpai"}, ["bks"] = {"Northern Sorsoganon"}, ["bkt"] = {"Boloki"}, ["bku"] = {"Buhid"}, ["bkv"] = {"Bekwarra"}, ["bkw"] = {"Bekwel"}, ["bkx"] = {"Baikeno"}, ["bky"] = {"Bokyi"}, ["bkz"] = {"Bungku"}, ["bla"] = {"Siksika"}, ["blb"] = {"Bilua"}, ["blc"] = {"Bella Coola"}, ["bld"] = {"Bolango"}, ["ble"] = {"Balanta-Kentohe"}, ["blf"] = {"Buol"}, ["blh"] = {"Kuwaa"}, ["bli"] = {"Bolia"}, ["blj"] = {"Bolongan"}, ["blk"] = {"ပအိုဝ်း", "Pa'o Karen", "Pa'O"}, ["bll"] = {"Biloxi"}, ["blm"] = {"Beli (South Sudan)"}, ["bln"] = {"Southern Catanduanes Bikol"}, ["blo"] = {"Anii"}, ["blp"] = {"Blablanga"}, ["blq"] = {"Baluan-Pam"}, ["blr"] = {"Blang"}, ["bls"] = {"Balaesang"}, ["blt"] = {"Tai Dam"}, ["blv"] = {"Kibala", "Bolo"}, ["blw"] = {"Balangao"}, ["blx"] = {"Mag-Indi Ayta"}, ["bly"] = {"Notre"}, ["blz"] = {"Balantak"}, ["bma"] = {"Lame"}, ["bmb"] = {"Bembe"}, ["bmc"] = {"Biem"}, ["bmd"] = {"Baga Manduri"}, ["bme"] = {"Limassa"}, ["bmf"] = {"Bom-Kim"}, ["bmg"] = {"Bamwe"}, ["bmh"] = {"Kein"}, ["bmi"] = {"Bagirmi"}, ["bmj"] = {"Bote-Majhi"}, ["bmk"] = {"Ghayavi"}, ["bml"] = {"Bomboli"}, ["bmm"] = {"Northern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bmn"] = {"Bina (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bmo"] = {"Bambalang"}, ["bmp"] = {"Bulgebi"}, ["bmq"] = {"Bomu"}, ["bmr"] = {"Muinane"}, ["bms"] = {"Bilma Kanuri"}, ["bmt"] = {"Biao Mon"}, ["bmu"] = {"Somba-Siawari"}, ["bmv"] = {"Bum"}, ["bmw"] = {"Bomwali"}, ["bmx"] = {"Baimak"}, ["bmz"] = {"Baramu"}, ["bna"] = {"Bonerate"}, ["bnb"] = {"Bookan"}, ["bnc"] = {"Bontok"}, ["bnd"] = {"Banda (Indonesia)"}, ["bne"] = {"Bintauna"}, ["bnf"] = {"Masiwang"}, ["bng"] = {"Benga"}, ["bni"] = {"Bangi"}, ["bnj"] = {"Eastern Tawbuid"}, ["bnk"] = {"Bierebo"}, ["bnl"] = {"Boon"}, ["bnm"] = {"Batanga"}, ["bnn"] = {"Bunun"}, ["bno"] = {"Bantoanon"}, ["bnp"] = {"Bola"}, ["bnq"] = {"Bantik"}, ["bnr"] = {"Butmas-Tur"}, ["bns"] = {"Bundeli"}, ["bnt"] = {"Bantu languages"}, ["bnu"] = {"Bentong"}, ["bnv"] = {"Bonerif", "Beneraf", "Edwas"}, ["bnw"] = {"Bisis"}, ["bnx"] = {"Bangubangu"}, ["bny"] = {"Bintulu"}, ["bnz"] = {"Beezen"}, ["boa"] = {"Bora"}, ["bob"] = {"Aweer"}, ["boe"] = {"Mundabli"}, ["bof"] = {"Bolon"}, ["bog"] = {"Bamako Sign Language"}, ["boh"] = {"Boma"}, ["boi"] = {"Barbareño"}, ["boj"] = {"Anjam"}, ["bok"] = {"Bonjo"}, ["bol"] = {"Bole"}, ["bom"] = {"Berom"}, ["bon"] = {"Bine"}, ["boo"] = {"Tiemacèwè Bozo"}, ["bop"] = {"Bonkiman"}, ["boq"] = {"Bogaya"}, ["bor"] = {"Borôro"}, ["bot"] = {"Bongo"}, ["bou"] = {"Bondei"}, ["bov"] = {"Tuwuli"}, ["bow"] = {"Rema"}, ["box"] = {"Buamu"}, ["boy"] = {"Bodo (Central African Republic)"}, ["boz"] = {"Tiéyaxo Bozo"}, ["bpa"] = {"Daakaka"}, ["bpc"] = {"Mbuk"}, ["bpd"] = {"Banda-Banda"}, ["bpe"] = {"Bauni"}, ["bpg"] = {"Bonggo"}, ["bph"] = {"Botlikh"}, ["bpi"] = {"Bagupi"}, ["bpj"] = {"Binji"}, ["bpk"] = {"Orowe", "'Ôrôê"}, ["bpl"] = {"Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin"}, ["bpm"] = {"Biyom"}, ["bpn"] = {"Dzao Min"}, ["bpo"] = {"Anasi"}, ["bpp"] = {"Kaure"}, ["bpq"] = {"Banda Malay"}, ["bpr"] = {"Koronadal Blaan"}, ["bps"] = {"Sarangani Blaan"}, ["bpt"] = {"Barrow Point"}, ["bpu"] = {"Bongu"}, ["bpv"] = {"Bian Marind"}, ["bpw"] = {"Bo (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["bpx"] = {"Palya Bareli"}, ["bpy"] = {"Bishnupriya"}, ["bpz"] = {"Bilba"}, ["bqa"] = {"Tchumbuli"}, ["bqb"] = {"Bagusa"}, ["bqc"] = {"Boko (Benin)", "Boo"}, ["bqd"] = {"Bung"}, ["bqf"] = {"Baga Kaloum"}, ["bqg"] = {"Bago-Kusuntu"}, ["bqh"] = {"Baima"}, ["bqi"] = {"Bakhtiari"}, ["bqj"] = {"Bandial"}, ["bqk"] = {"Banda-Mbrès"}, ["bql"] = {"Karian", "Bilakura"}, ["bqm"] = {"Wumboko"}, ["bqn"] = {"Bulgarian Sign Language"}, ["bqo"] = {"Balo"}, ["bqp"] = {"Busa"}, ["bqq"] = {"Biritai"}, ["bqr"] = {"Burusu"}, ["bqs"] = {"Bosngun"}, ["bqt"] = {"Bamukumbit"}, ["bqu"] = {"Boguru"}, ["bqv"] = {"Koro Wachi", "Begbere-Ejar"}, ["bqw"] = {"Buru (Nigeria)"}, ["bqx"] = {"Baangi"}, ["bqy"] = {"Bengkala Sign Language"}, ["bqz"] = {"Bakaka"}, ["bra"] = {"Braj"}, ["brb"] = {"Brao", "Lave"}, ["brc"] = {"Berbice Creole Dutch"}, ["brd"] = {"Baraamu"}, ["brf"] = {"Bira"}, ["brg"] = {"Baure"}, ["brh"] = {"Brahui"}, ["bri"] = {"Mokpwe"}, ["brj"] = {"Bieria"}, ["brk"] = {"Birked"}, ["brl"] = {"Birwa"}, ["brm"] = {"Barambu"}, ["brn"] = {"Boruca"}, ["bro"] = {"Brokkat"}, ["brp"] = {"Barapasi"}, ["brq"] = {"Breri"}, ["brr"] = {"Birao"}, ["brs"] = {"Baras"}, ["brt"] = {"Bitare"}, ["bru"] = {"Eastern Bru"}, ["brv"] = {"Western Bru"}, ["brw"] = {"Bellari"}, ["brx"] = {"Bodo (India)"}, ["bry"] = {"Burui"}, ["brz"] = {"Bilbil"}, ["bsa"] = {"Abinomn"}, ["bsb"] = {"Brunei Bisaya"}, ["bsc"] = {"Bassari", "Oniyan"}, ["bse"] = {"Wushi"}, ["bsf"] = {"Bauchi"}, ["bsg"] = {"Bashkardi"}, ["bsh"] = {"Kati"}, ["bsi"] = {"Bassossi"}, ["bsj"] = {"Bangwinji"}, ["bsk"] = {"Burushaski"}, ["bsl"] = {"Basa-Gumna"}, ["bsm"] = {"Busami"}, ["bsn"] = {"Barasana-Eduria"}, ["bso"] = {"Buso"}, ["bsp"] = {"Baga Sitemu"}, ["bsq"] = {"Bassa"}, ["bsr"] = {"Bassa-Kontagora"}, ["bss"] = {"Akoose"}, ["bst"] = {"Basketo"}, ["bsu"] = {"Bahonsuai"}, ["bsv"] = {"Baga Sobané"}, ["bsw"] = {"Baiso"}, ["bsx"] = {"Yangkam"}, ["bsy"] = {"Sabah Bisaya"}, ["bta"] = {"Bata"}, ["btc"] = {"Bati (Cameroon)"}, ["btd"] = {"Batak Dairi"}, ["bte"] = {"Gamo-Ningi"}, ["btf"] = {"Birgit"}, ["btg"] = {"Gagnoa Bété"}, ["bth"] = {"Biatah Bidayuh"}, ["bti"] = {"Burate"}, ["btj"] = {"Bacanese Malay"}, ["btk"] = {"Batak languages"}, ["btm"] = {"Batak Mandailing"}, ["btn"] = {"Ratagnon"}, ["bto"] = {"Rinconada Bikol"}, ["btp"] = {"Budibud"}, ["btq"] = {"Batek"}, ["btr"] = {"Baetora"}, ["bts"] = {"Batak Simalungun"}, ["btt"] = {"Bete-Bendi"}, ["btu"] = {"Batu"}, ["btv"] = {"Bateri"}, ["btw"] = {"Butuanon"}, ["btx"] = {"Batak Karo"}, ["bty"] = {"Bobot"}, ["btz"] = {"Batak Alas-Kluet"}, ["bua"] = {"Buriat"}, ["bub"] = {"Bua"}, ["buc"] = {"Bushi"}, ["bud"] = {"Ntcham"}, ["bue"] = {"Beothuk"}, ["buf"] = {"Bushoong"}, ["bug"] = {"Buginese"}, ["buh"] = {"Younuo Bunu"}, ["bui"] = {"Bongili"}, ["buj"] = {"Basa-Gurmana"}, ["buk"] = {"Bugawac"}, ["bum"] = {"Bulu (Cameroon)"}, ["bun"] = {"Sherbro"}, ["buo"] = {"Terei"}, ["bup"] = {"Busoa"}, ["buq"] = {"Brem"}, ["bus"] = {"Bokobaru"}, ["but"] = {"Bungain"}, ["buu"] = {"Budu"}, ["buv"] = {"Bun"}, ["buw"] = {"Bubi"}, ["bux"] = {"Boghom"}, ["buy"] = {"Bullom So"}, ["buz"] = {"Bukwen"}, ["bva"] = {"Barein"}, ["bvb"] = {"Bube"}, ["bvc"] = {"Baelelea"}, ["bvd"] = {"Baeggu"}, ["bve"] = {"Berau Malay"}, ["bvf"] = {"Boor"}, ["bvg"] = {"Bonkeng"}, ["bvh"] = {"Bure"}, ["bvi"] = {"Belanda Viri"}, ["bvj"] = {"Baan"}, ["bvk"] = {"Bukat"}, ["bvl"] = {"Bolivian Sign Language"}, ["bvm"] = {"Bamunka"}, ["bvn"] = {"Buna"}, ["bvo"] = {"Bolgo"}, ["bvp"] = {"Bumang"}, ["bvq"] = {"Birri"}, ["bvr"] = {"Burarra"}, ["bvt"] = {"Bati (Indonesia)"}, ["bvu"] = {"Bukit Malay"}, ["bvv"] = {"Baniva"}, ["bvw"] = {"Boga"}, ["bvx"] = {"Dibole"}, ["bvy"] = {"Baybayanon"}, ["bvz"] = {"Bauzi"}, ["bwa"] = {"Bwatoo"}, ["bwb"] = {"Namosi-Naitasiri-Serua"}, ["bwc"] = {"Bwile"}, ["bwd"] = {"Bwaidoka"}, ["bwe"] = {"ဘွဲကရင်", "Bwe Karen"}, ["bwf"] = {"Boselewa"}, ["bwg"] = {"Barwe"}, ["bwh"] = {"Bishuo"}, ["bwi"] = {"Baniwa"}, ["bwj"] = {"Láá Láá Bwamu"}, ["bwk"] = {"Bauwaki"}, ["bwl"] = {"Bwela"}, ["bwm"] = {"Biwat"}, ["bwn"] = {"Wunai Bunu"}, ["bwo"] = {"Boro (Ethiopia)", "Borna (Ethiopia)"}, ["bwp"] = {"Mandobo Bawah"}, ["bwq"] = {"Southern Bobo Madaré"}, ["bwr"] = {"Bura-Pabir"}, ["bws"] = {"Bomboma"}, ["bwt"] = {"Bafaw-Balong"}, ["bwu"] = {"Buli (Ghana)"}, ["bww"] = {"Bwa"}, ["bwx"] = {"Bu-Nao Bunu"}, ["bwy"] = {"Cwi Bwamu"}, ["bwz"] = {"Bwisi"}, ["bxa"] = {"Tairaha"}, ["bxb"] = {"Belanda Bor"}, ["bxc"] = {"Molengue"}, ["bxd"] = {"Pela"}, ["bxe"] = {"Birale"}, ["bxf"] = {"Bilur", "Minigir"}, ["bxg"] = {"Bangala"}, ["bxh"] = {"Buhutu"}, ["bxi"] = {"Pirlatapa"}, ["bxj"] = {"Bayungu"}, ["bxk"] = {"Bukusu", "Lubukusu"}, ["bxl"] = {"Jalkunan"}, ["bxm"] = {"Mongolia Buriat"}, ["bxn"] = {"Burduna"}, ["bxo"] = {"Barikanchi"}, ["bxp"] = {"Bebil"}, ["bxq"] = {"Beele"}, ["bxr"] = {"Russia Buriat"}, ["bxs"] = {"Busam"}, ["bxu"] = {"China Buriat"}, ["bxv"] = {"Berakou"}, ["bxw"] = {"Bankagooma"}, ["bxz"] = {"Binahari"}, ["bya"] = {"Batak"}, ["byb"] = {"Bikya"}, ["byc"] = {"Ubaghara"}, ["byd"] = {"Benyadu'"}, ["bye"] = {"Pouye"}, ["byf"] = {"Bete"}, ["byg"] = {"Baygo"}, ["byh"] = {"Bhujel"}, ["byi"] = {"Buyu"}, ["byj"] = {"Bina (Nigeria)"}, ["byk"] = {"Biao"}, ["byl"] = {"Bayono"}, ["bym"] = {"Bidjara"}, ["byn"] = {"Bilin", "Blin"}, ["byo"] = {"Biyo"}, ["byp"] = {"Bumaji"}, ["byq"] = {"Basay"}, ["byr"] = {"Baruya", "Yipma"}, ["bys"] = {"Burak"}, ["byt"] = {"Berti"}, ["byv"] = {"Medumba"}, ["byw"] = {"Belhariya"}, ["byx"] = {"Qaqet"}, ["byz"] = {"Banaro"}, ["bza"] = {"Bandi"}, ["bzb"] = {"Andio"}, ["bzc"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bzd"] = {"Bribri"}, ["bze"] = {"Jenaama Bozo"}, ["bzf"] = {"Boikin"}, ["bzg"] = {"Babuza"}, ["bzh"] = {"Mapos Buang"}, ["bzi"] = {"Bisu"}, ["bzj"] = {"Belize Kriol English"}, ["bzk"] = {"Nicaragua Creole English"}, ["bzl"] = {"Boano (Sulawesi)"}, ["bzm"] = {"Bolondo"}, ["bzn"] = {"Boano (Maluku)"}, ["bzo"] = {"Bozaba"}, ["bzp"] = {"Kemberano"}, ["bzq"] = {"Buli (Indonesia)"}, ["bzr"] = {"Biri"}, ["bzs"] = {"Brazilian Sign Language"}, ["bzt"] = {"Brithenig"}, ["bzu"] = {"Burmeso"}, ["bzv"] = {"Naami"}, ["bzw"] = {"Basa (Nigeria)"}, ["bzx"] = {"Kɛlɛngaxo Bozo"}, ["bzy"] = {"Obanliku"}, ["bzz"] = {"Evant"}, ["caa"] = {"Chortí"}, ["cab"] = {"Garifuna"}, ["cac"] = {"Chuj"}, ["cad"] = {"Caddo"}, ["cae"] = {"Lehar", "Laalaa"}, ["caf"] = {"Southern Carrier"}, ["cag"] = {"Nivaclé"}, ["cah"] = {"Cahuarano"}, ["cai"] = {"Central American Indian languages"}, ["caj"] = {"Chané"}, ["cak"] = {"Kaqchikel", "Cakchiquel"}, ["cal"] = {"Carolinian"}, ["cam"] = {"Cemuhî"}, ["can"] = {"Chambri"}, ["cao"] = {"Chácobo"}, ["cap"] = {"Chipaya"}, ["caq"] = {"Car Nicobarese"}, ["car"] = {"Galibi Carib"}, ["cas"] = {"Tsimané"}, ["cau"] = {"Caucasian languages"}, ["cav"] = {"Cavineña"}, ["caw"] = {"Callawalla"}, ["cax"] = {"Chiquitano"}, ["cay"] = {"Cayuga"}, ["caz"] = {"Canichana"}, ["cba"] = {"Chibchan languages"}, ["cbb"] = {"Cabiyarí"}, ["cbc"] = {"Carapana"}, ["cbd"] = {"Carijona"}, ["cbg"] = {"Chimila"}, ["cbi"] = {"Chachi"}, ["cbj"] = {"Ede Cabe"}, ["cbk"] = {"Chavacano"}, ["cbl"] = {"ရှို", "Bualkhaw Chin"}, ["cbn"] = {"Nyahkur"}, ["cbo"] = {"Izora"}, ["cbq"] = {"Tsucuba", "Cuba"}, ["cbr"] = {"Cashibo-Cacataibo"}, ["cbs"] = {"Cashinahua"}, ["cbt"] = {"Chayahuita"}, ["cbu"] = {"Candoshi-Shapra"}, ["cbv"] = {"Cacua"}, ["cbw"] = {"Kinabalian"}, ["cby"] = {"Carabayo"}, ["ccc"] = {"Chamicuro"}, ["ccd"] = {"Cafundo Creole"}, ["cce"] = {"Chopi"}, ["ccg"] = {"Samba Daka"}, ["cch"] = {"Atsam"}, ["ccj"] = {"Kasanga"}, ["ccl"] = {"Cutchi-Swahili"}, ["ccm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Malay"}, ["ccn"] = {"North Caucasian languages"}, ["cco"] = {"Comaltepec Chinantec"}, ["ccp"] = {"သက္ကမ", "Chakma"}, ["ccr"] = {"Cacaopera"}, ["ccs"] = {"South Caucasian languages"}, ["cda"] = {"Choni"}, ["cdc"] = {"Chadic languages"}, ["cdd"] = {"Caddoan languages"}, ["cde"] = {"Chenchu"}, ["cdf"] = {"Chiru"}, ["cdh"] = {"Chambeali"}, ["cdi"] = {"Chodri"}, ["cdj"] = {"Churahi"}, ["cdm"] = {"Chepang"}, ["cdn"] = {"Chaudangsi"}, ["cdo"] = {"Min Dong Chinese"}, ["cdr"] = {"Cinda-Regi-Tiyal"}, ["cds"] = {"Chadian Sign Language"}, ["cdy"] = {"Chadong"}, ["cdz"] = {"Koda"}, ["cea"] = {"Lower Chehalis"}, ["ceb"] = {"Cebuano"}, ["ceg"] = {"Chamacoco"}, ["cek"] = {"အရှိခူမီး", "Eastern Khumi Chin"}, ["cel"] = {"Celtic languages"}, ["cen"] = {"Cen"}, ["cet"] = {"Centúúm"}, ["cey"] = {"Ekai Chin"}, ["cfa"] = {"Dijim-Bwilim"}, ["cfd"] = {"Cara"}, ["cfg"] = {"Como Karim"}, ["cfm"] = {"ဖလမ်း", "Falam Chin"}, ["cga"] = {"Changriwa"}, ["cgc"] = {"Kagayanen"}, ["cgg"] = {"Chiga"}, ["cgk"] = {"Chocangacakha"}, ["chb"] = {"Chibcha"}, ["chc"] = {"Catawba"}, ["chd"] = {"Highland Oaxaca Chontal"}, ["chf"] = {"Tabasco Chontal"}, ["chg"] = {"ချာဂတိုင်", "Chagatai"}, ["chh"] = {"Chinook"}, ["chj"] = {"Ojitlán Chinantec"}, ["chk"] = {"Chuukese"}, ["chl"] = {"Cahuilla"}, ["chm"] = {"Mari (Russia)"}, ["chn"] = {"Chinook jargon"}, ["cho"] = {"Choctaw"}, ["chp"] = {"Chipewyan", "Dene Suline"}, ["chq"] = {"Quiotepec Chinantec"}, ["chr"] = {"Cherokee"}, ["cht"] = {"Cholón"}, ["chw"] = {"Chuwabu"}, ["chx"] = {"Chantyal"}, ["chy"] = {"Cheyenne"}, ["chz"] = {"Ozumacín Chinantec"}, ["cia"] = {"Cia-Cia"}, ["cib"] = {"Ci Gbe"}, ["cic"] = {"Chickasaw"}, ["cid"] = {"Chimariko"}, ["cie"] = {"Cineni"}, ["cih"] = {"Chinali"}, ["cik"] = {"Chitkuli Kinnauri"}, ["cim"] = {"Cimbrian"}, ["cin"] = {"Cinta Larga"}, ["cip"] = {"Chiapanec"}, ["cir"] = {"Tiri", "Haméa", "Méa"}, ["ciw"] = {"Chippewa"}, ["ciy"] = {"Chaima"}, ["cja"] = {"Western Cham"}, ["cje"] = {"Chru"}, ["cjh"] = {"Upper Chehalis"}, ["cji"] = {"Chamalal"}, ["cjk"] = {"Chokwe"}, ["cjm"] = {"Eastern Cham"}, ["cjn"] = {"Chenapian"}, ["cjo"] = {"Ashéninka Pajonal"}, ["cjp"] = {"Cabécar"}, ["cjs"] = {"Shor"}, ["cjv"] = {"Chuave"}, ["cjy"] = {"Jinyu Chinese"}, ["ckb"] = {"Central Kurdish"}, ["ckh"] = {"Chak"}, ["ckl"] = {"Cibak"}, ["ckm"] = {"Chakavian"}, ["ckn"] = {"Kaang Chin"}, ["cko"] = {"Anufo"}, ["ckq"] = {"Kajakse"}, ["ckr"] = {"Kairak"}, ["cks"] = {"Tayo"}, ["ckt"] = {"Chukot"}, ["cku"] = {"Koasati"}, ["ckv"] = {"Kavalan"}, ["ckx"] = {"Caka"}, ["cky"] = {"Cakfem-Mushere"}, ["ckz"] = {"Cakchiquel-Quiché Mixed Language"}, ["cla"] = {"Ron"}, ["clc"] = {"Chilcotin"}, ["cld"] = {"Chaldean Neo-Aramaic"}, ["cle"] = {"Lealao Chinantec"}, ["clh"] = {"Chilisso"}, ["cli"] = {"Chakali"}, ["clj"] = {"လိုင်းတူ", "Laitu Chin"}, ["clk"] = {"Idu-Mishmi"}, ["cll"] = {"Chala"}, ["clm"] = {"Clallam"}, ["clo"] = {"Lowland Oaxaca Chontal"}, ["cls"] = {"Classical Sanskrit"}, ["clt"] = {"လောက်သူ", "Lautu Chin"}, ["clu"] = {"Caluyanun"}, ["clw"] = {"Chulym"}, ["cly"] = {"Eastern Highland Chatino"}, ["cma"] = {"Maa"}, ["cmc"] = {"Chamic languages"}, ["cme"] = {"Cerma"}, ["cmg"] = {"Classical Mongolian"}, ["cmi"] = {"Emberá-Chamí"}, ["cml"] = {"Campalagian"}, ["cmm"] = {"Michigamea"}, ["cmn"] = {"Mandarin Chinese"}, ["cmo"] = {"Central Mnong"}, ["cmr"] = {"မြို(ခမိ)", "Mro-Khimi Chin"}, ["cms"] = {"Messapic"}, ["cmt"] = {"Camtho"}, ["cna"] = {"Changthang"}, ["cnb"] = {"Chinbon Chin"}, ["cnc"] = {"Côông"}, ["cng"] = {"Northern Qiang"}, ["cnh"] = {"Hakha Chin", "Haka Chin"}, ["cni"] = {"Asháninka"}, ["cnk"] = {"ခူမီး", "Khumi Chin"}, ["cnl"] = {"Lalana Chinantec"}, ["cno"] = {"Con"}, ["cnp"] = {"Northern Ping Chinese", "Northern Pinghua"}, ["cnq"] = {"Chung"}, ["cnr"] = {"Montenegrin"}, ["cns"] = {"Central Asmat"}, ["cnt"] = {"Tepetotutla Chinantec"}, ["cnu"] = {"Chenoua"}, ["cnw"] = {"Ngawn Chin"}, ["cnx"] = {"Middle Cornish"}, ["coa"] = {"Cocos Islands Malay"}, ["cob"] = {"Chicomuceltec"}, ["coc"] = {"Cocopa"}, ["cod"] = {"Cocama-Cocamilla"}, ["coe"] = {"Koreguaje"}, ["cof"] = {"Colorado"}, ["cog"] = {"Chong"}, ["coh"] = {"Chonyi-Dzihana-Kauma", "Chichonyi-Chidzihana-Chikauma"}, ["coj"] = {"Cochimi"}, ["cok"] = {"Santa Teresa Cora"}, ["col"] = {"Columbia-Wenatchi"}, ["com"] = {"Comanche"}, ["con"] = {"Cofán"}, ["coo"] = {"Comox"}, ["cop"] = {"Coptic"}, ["coq"] = {"Coquille"}, ["cot"] = {"Caquinte"}, ["cou"] = {"Wamey"}, ["cov"] = {"Cao Miao"}, ["cow"] = {"Cowlitz"}, ["cox"] = {"Nanti"}, ["coz"] = {"Chochotec"}, ["cpa"] = {"Palantla Chinantec"}, ["cpb"] = {"Ucayali-Yurúa Ashéninka"}, ["cpc"] = {"Ajyíninka Apurucayali"}, ["cpe"] = {"English-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cpf"] = {"French-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cpg"] = {"Cappadocian Greek"}, ["cpi"] = {"Chinese Pidgin English"}, ["cpn"] = {"Cherepon"}, ["cpo"] = {"Kpeego"}, ["cpp"] = {"Portuguese-based creoles and pidgins"}, ["cps"] = {"Capiznon"}, ["cpu"] = {"Pichis Ashéninka"}, ["cpx"] = {"Pu-Xian Chinese"}, ["cpy"] = {"South Ucayali Ashéninka"}, ["cqd"] = {"Chuanqiandian Cluster Miao"}, ["cra"] = {"Chara"}, ["crb"] = {"Island Carib"}, ["crc"] = {"Lonwolwol"}, ["crd"] = {"Coeur d'Alene"}, ["crf"] = {"Caramanta"}, ["crg"] = {"Michif"}, ["crh"] = {"Crimean Tatar", "Crimean Turkish"}, ["cri"] = {"Sãotomense"}, ["crj"] = {"Southern East Cree"}, ["crk"] = {"Plains Cree"}, ["crl"] = {"Northern East Cree"}, ["crm"] = {"Moose Cree"}, ["crn"] = {"El Nayar Cora"}, ["cro"] = {"Crow"}, ["crp"] = {"Creoles and pidgins"}, ["crq"] = {"Iyo'wujwa Chorote"}, ["crr"] = {"Carolina Algonquian"}, ["crs"] = {"Seselwa Creole French"}, ["crt"] = {"Iyojwa'ja Chorote"}, ["crv"] = {"Chaura"}, ["crw"] = {"Chrau"}, ["crx"] = {"Carrier"}, ["cry"] = {"Cori"}, ["crz"] = {"Cruzeño"}, ["csa"] = {"Chiltepec Chinantec"}, ["csb"] = {"Kashubian"}, ["csc"] = {"Catalan Sign Language", "Lengua de señas catalana", "Llengua de Signes Catalana"}, ["csd"] = {"Chiangmai Sign Language"}, ["cse"] = {"Czech Sign Language"}, ["csf"] = {"Cuba Sign Language"}, ["csg"] = {"Chilean Sign Language"}, ["csh"] = {"အရှိုချင်း", "Asho Chin"}, ["csi"] = {"Coast Miwok"}, ["csj"] = {"ဆောင်လိုင်း", "Songlai Chin"}, ["csk"] = {"Jola-Kasa"}, ["csl"] = {"Chinese Sign Language"}, ["csm"] = {"Central Sierra Miwok"}, ["csn"] = {"Colombian Sign Language"}, ["cso"] = {"Sochiapam Chinantec", "Sochiapan Chinantec"}, ["csp"] = {"Southern Ping Chinese", "Southern Pinghua"}, ["csq"] = {"Croatia Sign Language"}, ["csr"] = {"Costa Rican Sign Language"}, ["css"] = {"Southern Ohlone"}, ["cst"] = {"Northern Ohlone"}, ["csu"] = {"Central Sudanic languages"}, ["csv"] = {"ဆုမ်းတူ", "Sumtu Chin"}, ["csw"] = {"Swampy Cree"}, ["csx"] = {"Cambodian Sign Language"}, ["csy"] = {"စီးယင်း", "Siyin Chin"}, ["csz"] = {"Coos"}, ["cta"] = {"Tataltepec Chatino"}, ["ctc"] = {"Chetco"}, ["ctd"] = {"Tedim Chin"}, ["cte"] = {"Tepinapa Chinantec"}, ["ctg"] = {"စစ်တကောင်း"}, ["cth"] = {"ထိုက်ဖုမ်း", "Thaiphum Chin"}, ["ctl"] = {"Tlacoatzintepec Chinantec"}, ["ctm"] = {"Chitimacha"}, ["ctn"] = {"Chhintange"}, ["cto"] = {"Emberá-Catío"}, ["ctp"] = {"Western Highland Chatino"}, ["cts"] = {"Northern Catanduanes Bikol"}, ["ctt"] = {"Wayanad Chetti"}, ["ctu"] = {"Chol"}, ["cty"] = {"Moundadan Chetty"}, ["ctz"] = {"Zacatepec Chatino"}, ["cua"] = {"Cua"}, ["cub"] = {"Cubeo"}, ["cuc"] = {"Usila Chinantec"}, ["cuh"] = {"Chuka", "Gichuka"}, ["cui"] = {"Cuiba"}, ["cuj"] = {"Mashco Piro"}, ["cuk"] = {"San Blas Kuna"}, ["cul"] = {"Culina", "Kulina"}, ["cuo"] = {"Cumanagoto"}, ["cup"] = {"Cupeño"}, ["cuq"] = {"Cun"}, ["cur"] = {"Chhulung"}, ["cus"] = {"Cushitic languages"}, ["cut"] = {"Teutila Cuicatec"}, ["cuu"] = {"Tai Ya"}, ["cuv"] = {"Cuvok"}, ["cuw"] = {"Chukwa"}, ["cux"] = {"Tepeuxila Cuicatec"}, ["cuy"] = {"Cuitlatec"}, ["cvg"] = {"Chug"}, ["cvn"] = {"Valle Nacional Chinantec"}, ["cwa"] = {"Kabwa"}, ["cwb"] = {"Maindo"}, ["cwd"] = {"Woods Cree"}, ["cwe"] = {"Kwere"}, ["cwg"] = {"Chewong", "Cheq Wong"}, ["cwt"] = {"Kuwaataay"}, ["cxh"] = {"Cha'ari"}, ["cya"] = {"Nopala Chatino"}, ["cyb"] = {"Cayubaba"}, ["cyo"] = {"Cuyonon"}, ["czh"] = {"Huizhou Chinese"}, ["czk"] = {"Knaanic"}, ["czn"] = {"Zenzontepec Chatino"}, ["czo"] = {"Min Zhong Chinese"}, ["czt"] = {"ဇိုတုန်", "Zotung Chin"}, ["daa"] = {"Dangaléat"}, ["dac"] = {"Dambi"}, ["dad"] = {"Marik"}, ["dae"] = {"Duupa"}, ["dag"] = {"Dagbani"}, ["dah"] = {"Gwahatike"}, ["dai"] = {"Day"}, ["daj"] = {"Dar Fur Daju"}, ["dak"] = {"Dakota"}, ["dal"] = {"Dahalo"}, ["dam"] = {"Damakawa"}, ["dao"] = {"ဒိုင်", "Daai Chin"}, ["daq"] = {"Dandami Maria"}, ["dar"] = {"Dargwa"}, ["das"] = {"Daho-Doo"}, ["dau"] = {"Dar Sila Daju"}, ["dav"] = {"Taita", "Dawida"}, ["daw"] = {"Davawenyo"}, ["dax"] = {"Dayi"}, ["day"] = {"Land Dayak languages"}, ["daz"] = {"Moi-Wadea", "Dao"}, ["dba"] = {"Bangime"}, ["dbb"] = {"Deno"}, ["dbd"] = {"Dadiya"}, ["dbe"] = {"Dabe"}, ["dbf"] = {"Edopi"}, ["dbg"] = {"Dogul Dom Dogon"}, ["dbi"] = {"Doka"}, ["dbj"] = {"Ida'an"}, ["dbl"] = {"Dyirbal"}, ["dbm"] = {"Duguri"}, ["dbn"] = {"Duriankere"}, ["dbo"] = {"Dulbu"}, ["dbp"] = {"Duwai"}, ["dbq"] = {"Daba"}, ["dbr"] = {"Dabarre"}, ["dbt"] = {"Ben Tey Dogon"}, ["dbu"] = {"Bondum Dom Dogon"}, ["dbv"] = {"Dungu"}, ["dbw"] = {"Bankan Tey Dogon"}, ["dby"] = {"Dibiyaso"}, ["dcc"] = {"Deccan"}, ["dcr"] = {"Negerhollands"}, ["dda"] = {"Dadi Dadi"}, ["ddd"] = {"Dongotono"}, ["dde"] = {"Doondo"}, ["ddg"] = {"Fataluku"}, ["ddi"] = {"West Goodenough"}, ["ddj"] = {"Jaru"}, ["ddn"] = {"Dendi (Benin)"}, ["ddo"] = {"Dido"}, ["ddr"] = {"Dhudhuroa"}, ["dds"] = {"Donno So Dogon"}, ["ddw"] = {"Dawera-Daweloor"}, ["dec"] = {"Dagik"}, ["ded"] = {"Dedua"}, ["dee"] = {"Dewoin"}, ["def"] = {"Dezfuli"}, ["deg"] = {"Degema"}, ["deh"] = {"Dehwari"}, ["dei"] = {"Demisa"}, ["del"] = {"Delaware"}, ["dem"] = {"Dem"}, ["den"] = {"Slave (Athapascan)"}, ["dep"] = {"Pidgin Delaware"}, ["deq"] = {"Dendi (Central African Republic)"}, ["der"] = {"Deori"}, ["des"] = {"Desano"}, ["dev"] = {"Domung"}, ["dez"] = {"Dengese"}, ["dga"] = {"Southern Dagaare"}, ["dgb"] = {"Bunoge Dogon"}, ["dgc"] = {"Casiguran Dumagat Agta"}, ["dgd"] = {"Dagaari Dioula"}, ["dge"] = {"Degenan"}, ["dgg"] = {"Doga"}, ["dgh"] = {"Dghwede"}, ["dgi"] = {"Northern Dagara"}, ["dgk"] = {"Dagba"}, ["dgl"] = {"Andaandi", "Dongolawi"}, ["dgn"] = {"Dagoman"}, ["dgo"] = {"Dogri (individual language)"}, ["dgr"] = {"Tlicho", "Dogrib", "Tłı̨chǫ"}, ["dgs"] = {"Dogoso"}, ["dgt"] = {"Ndra'ngith"}, ["dgw"] = {"Daungwurrung"}, ["dgx"] = {"Doghoro"}, ["dgz"] = {"Daga"}, ["dhd"] = {"Dhundari"}, ["dhg"] = {"Dhangu-Djangu", "Dhangu", "Djangu"}, ["dhi"] = {"Dhimal"}, ["dhl"] = {"Dhalandji"}, ["dhm"] = {"Zemba"}, ["dhn"] = {"Dhanki"}, ["dho"] = {"Dhodia"}, ["dhr"] = {"Dhargari"}, ["dhs"] = {"Dhaiso"}, ["dhu"] = {"Dhurga"}, ["dhv"] = {"Dehu", "Drehu"}, ["dhw"] = {"Dhanwar (Nepal)"}, ["dhx"] = {"Dhungaloo"}, ["dia"] = {"Dia"}, ["dib"] = {"South Central Dinka"}, ["dic"] = {"Lakota Dida"}, ["did"] = {"Didinga"}, ["dif"] = {"Dieri", "Diyari"}, ["dig"] = {"Digo", "Chidigo"}, ["dih"] = {"Kumiai"}, ["dii"] = {"Dimbong"}, ["dij"] = {"Dai"}, ["dik"] = {"Southwestern Dinka"}, ["dil"] = {"Dilling"}, ["dim"] = {"Dime"}, ["din"] = {"Dinka"}, ["dio"] = {"Dibo"}, ["dip"] = {"Northeastern Dinka"}, ["diq"] = {"Dimli (individual language)"}, ["dir"] = {"Dirim"}, ["dis"] = {"Dimasa"}, ["diu"] = {"Diriku"}, ["diw"] = {"Northwestern Dinka"}, ["dix"] = {"Dixon Reef"}, ["diy"] = {"Diuwe"}, ["diz"] = {"Ding"}, ["dja"] = {"Djadjawurrung"}, ["djb"] = {"Djinba"}, ["djc"] = {"Dar Daju Daju"}, ["djd"] = {"Djamindjung", "Ngaliwurru"}, ["dje"] = {"Zarma"}, ["djf"] = {"Djangun"}, ["dji"] = {"Djinang"}, ["djj"] = {"Djeebbana"}, ["djk"] = {"Eastern Maroon Creole", "Businenge Tongo", "Nenge"}, ["djm"] = {"Jamsay Dogon"}, ["djn"] = {"Jawoyn", "Djauan"}, ["djo"] = {"Jangkang"}, ["djr"] = {"Djambarrpuyngu"}, ["dju"] = {"Kapriman"}, ["djw"] = {"Djawi"}, ["dka"] = {"Dakpakha"}, ["dkg"] = {"Kadung"}, ["dkk"] = {"Dakka"}, ["dkr"] = {"Kuijau"}, ["dks"] = {"Southeastern Dinka"}, ["dkx"] = {"Mazagway"}, ["dlg"] = {"Dolgan"}, ["dlk"] = {"Dahalik"}, ["dlm"] = {"Dalmatian"}, ["dln"] = {"Darlong"}, ["dma"] = {"Duma"}, ["dmb"] = {"Mombo Dogon"}, ["dmc"] = {"Gavak"}, ["dmd"] = {"Madhi Madhi"}, ["dme"] = {"Dugwor"}, ["dmf"] = {"Medefaidrin"}, ["dmg"] = {"Upper Kinabatangan"}, ["dmk"] = {"Domaaki"}, ["dml"] = {"Dameli"}, ["dmm"] = {"Dama"}, ["dmn"] = {"Mande languages"}, ["dmo"] = {"Kemedzung"}, ["dmr"] = {"East Damar"}, ["dms"] = {"Dampelas"}, ["dmu"] = {"Dubu", "Tebi"}, ["dmv"] = {"Dumpas"}, ["dmw"] = {"Mudburra"}, ["dmx"] = {"Dema"}, ["dmy"] = {"Demta", "Sowari"}, ["dna"] = {"Upper Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnd"] = {"Daonda"}, ["dne"] = {"Ndendeule"}, ["dng"] = {"Dungan"}, ["dni"] = {"Lower Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnj"] = {"Dan"}, ["dnk"] = {"Dengka"}, ["dnn"] = {"Dzùùngoo"}, ["dno"] = {"Ndrulo", "Northern Lendu"}, ["dnr"] = {"Danaru"}, ["dnt"] = {"Mid Grand Valley Dani"}, ["dnu"] = {"Danau"}, ["dnv"] = {"ဓနု", "Danu"}, ["dnw"] = {"Western Dani"}, ["dny"] = {"Dení"}, ["doa"] = {"Dom"}, ["dob"] = {"Dobu"}, ["doc"] = {"Northern Dong"}, ["doe"] = {"Doe"}, ["dof"] = {"Domu"}, ["doh"] = {"Dong"}, ["doi"] = {"Dogri (macrolanguage)"}, ["dok"] = {"Dondo"}, ["dol"] = {"Doso"}, ["don"] = {"Toura (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["doo"] = {"Dongo"}, ["dop"] = {"Lukpa"}, ["doq"] = {"Dominican Sign Language"}, ["dor"] = {"Dori'o"}, ["dos"] = {"Dogosé"}, ["dot"] = {"Dass"}, ["dov"] = {"Dombe"}, ["dow"] = {"Doyayo"}, ["dox"] = {"Bussa"}, ["doy"] = {"Dompo"}, ["doz"] = {"Dorze"}, ["dpp"] = {"Papar"}, ["dra"] = {"Dravidian languages"}, ["drb"] = {"Dair"}, ["drc"] = {"Minderico"}, ["drd"] = {"Darmiya"}, ["dre"] = {"Dolpo"}, ["drg"] = {"Rungus"}, ["dri"] = {"C'Lela"}, ["drl"] = {"Paakantyi"}, ["drn"] = {"West Damar"}, ["dro"] = {"Daro-Matu Melanau"}, ["drq"] = {"Dura"}, ["drs"] = {"Gedeo"}, ["drt"] = {"Drents"}, ["dru"] = {"Rukai"}, ["dry"] = {"Darai"}, ["dsb"] = {"Lower Sorbian"}, ["dse"] = {"Dutch Sign Language"}, ["dsh"] = {"Daasanach"}, ["dsi"] = {"Disa"}, ["dsk"] = {"Dokshi"}, ["dsl"] = {"Danish Sign Language"}, ["dsn"] = {"Dusner"}, ["dso"] = {"Desiya"}, ["dsq"] = {"Tadaksahak"}, ["dsz"] = {"Mardin Sign Language"}, ["dta"] = {"Daur"}, ["dtb"] = {"Labuk-Kinabatangan Kadazan"}, ["dtd"] = {"Ditidaht"}, ["dth"] = {"Adithinngithigh"}, ["dti"] = {"Ana Tinga Dogon"}, ["dtk"] = {"Tene Kan Dogon"}, ["dtm"] = {"Tomo Kan Dogon"}, ["dtn"] = {"Daatsʼíin"}, ["dto"] = {"Tommo So Dogon"}, ["dtp"] = {"Kadazan Dusun", "Central Dusun"}, ["dtr"] = {"Lotud"}, ["dts"] = {"Toro So Dogon"}, ["dtt"] = {"Toro Tegu Dogon"}, ["dtu"] = {"Tebul Ure Dogon"}, ["dty"] = {"Dotyali"}, ["dua"] = {"Duala"}, ["dub"] = {"Dubli"}, ["duc"] = {"Duna"}, ["due"] = {"Umiray Dumaget Agta"}, ["duf"] = {"Dumbea", "Drubea"}, ["dug"] = {"Duruma", "Chiduruma"}, ["duh"] = {"Dungra Bhil"}, ["dui"] = {"Dumun"}, ["duk"] = {"Uyajitaya"}, ["dul"] = {"Alabat Island Agta"}, ["dum"] = {"Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)"}, ["dun"] = {"Dusun Deyah"}, ["duo"] = {"Dupaninan Agta"}, ["dup"] = {"Duano"}, ["duq"] = {"Dusun Malang"}, ["dur"] = {"Dii"}, ["dus"] = {"Dumi"}, ["duu"] = {"Drung"}, ["duv"] = {"Duvle"}, ["duw"] = {"Dusun Witu"}, ["dux"] = {"Duungooma"}, ["duy"] = {"Dicamay Agta"}, ["duz"] = {"Duli-Gey"}, ["dva"] = {"Duau"}, ["dwa"] = {"Diri"}, ["dwk"] = {"Dawik Kui"}, ["dwr"] = {"Dawro"}, ["dws"] = {"Dutton World Speedwords"}, ["dwu"] = {"Dhuwal"}, ["dww"] = {"Dawawa"}, ["dwy"] = {"Dhuwaya"}, ["dwz"] = {"Dewas Rai"}, ["dya"] = {"Dyan"}, ["dyb"] = {"Dyaberdyaber"}, ["dyd"] = {"Dyugun"}, ["dyg"] = {"Villa Viciosa Agta"}, ["dyi"] = {"Djimini Senoufo"}, ["dym"] = {"Yanda Dom Dogon"}, ["dyn"] = {"Dyangadi", "Dhanggatti"}, ["dyo"] = {"Jola-Fonyi"}, ["dyr"] = {"Dyarim"}, ["dyu"] = {"Dyula"}, ["dyy"] = {"Djabugay", "Dyaabugay"}, ["dza"] = {"Tunzu"}, ["dzd"] = {"Daza"}, ["dze"] = {"Djiwarli"}, ["dzg"] = {"Dazaga"}, ["dzl"] = {"Dzalakha"}, ["dzn"] = {"Dzando"}, ["eaa"] = {"Karenggapa"}, ["ebc"] = {"Beginci"}, ["ebg"] = {"Ebughu"}, ["ebk"] = {"Eastern Bontok"}, ["ebo"] = {"Teke-Ebo"}, ["ebr"] = {"Ebrié"}, ["ebu"] = {"Embu", "Kiembu"}, ["ecr"] = {"Eteocretan"}, ["ecs"] = {"Ecuadorian Sign Language"}, ["ecy"] = {"Eteocypriot"}, ["eee"] = {"E"}, ["efa"] = {"Efai"}, ["efe"] = {"Efe"}, ["efi"] = {"Efik"}, ["ega"] = {"Ega"}, ["egl"] = {"Emilian"}, ["egm"] = {"Benamanga"}, ["ego"] = {"Eggon"}, ["egx"] = {"Egyptian languages"}, ["egy"] = {"Egyptian (Ancient)"}, ["ehs"] = {"Miyakubo Sign Language"}, ["ehu"] = {"Ehueun"}, ["eip"] = {"Eipomek"}, ["eit"] = {"Eitiep"}, ["eiv"] = {"Askopan"}, ["eja"] = {"Ejamat"}, ["eka"] = {"Ekajuk"}, ["eke"] = {"Ekit"}, ["ekg"] = {"Ekari"}, ["eki"] = {"Eki"}, ["ekk"] = {"Standard Estonian"}, ["ekl"] = {"Kol (Bangladesh)", "Kol"}, ["ekm"] = {"Elip"}, ["eko"] = {"Koti"}, ["ekp"] = {"Ekpeye"}, ["ekr"] = {"Yace"}, ["eky"] = {"Eastern Kayah"}, ["ele"] = {"Elepi"}, ["elh"] = {"El Hugeirat"}, ["eli"] = {"Nding"}, ["elk"] = {"Elkei"}, ["elm"] = {"Eleme"}, ["elo"] = {"El Molo"}, ["elu"] = {"Elu"}, ["elx"] = {"Elamite"}, ["ema"] = {"Emai-Iuleha-Ora"}, ["emb"] = {"Embaloh"}, ["eme"] = {"Emerillon"}, ["emg"] = {"Eastern Meohang"}, ["emi"] = {"Mussau-Emira"}, ["emk"] = {"Eastern Maninkakan"}, ["emm"] = {"Mamulique"}, ["emn"] = {"Eman"}, ["emp"] = {"Northern Emberá"}, ["emq"] = {"Eastern Minyag"}, ["ems"] = {"Pacific Gulf Yupik"}, ["emu"] = {"Eastern Muria"}, ["emw"] = {"Emplawas"}, ["emx"] = {"Erromintxela"}, ["emy"] = {"Epigraphic Mayan"}, ["emz"] = {"Mbessa"}, ["ena"] = {"Apali"}, ["enb"] = {"Markweeta"}, ["enc"] = {"En"}, ["end"] = {"Ende"}, ["enf"] = {"Forest Enets"}, ["enh"] = {"Tundra Enets"}, ["enl"] = {"Enlhet"}, ["enm"] = {"Middle English (1100-1500)"}, ["enn"] = {"Engenni"}, ["eno"] = {"Enggano"}, ["enq"] = {"Enga"}, ["enr"] = {"Emumu", "Emem"}, ["enu"] = {"Enu"}, ["env"] = {"Enwan (Edo State)"}, ["enw"] = {"Enwan (Akwa Ibom State)"}, ["enx"] = {"Enxet"}, ["eot"] = {"Beti (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["epi"] = {"Epie"}, ["era"] = {"Eravallan"}, ["erg"] = {"Sie"}, ["erh"] = {"Eruwa"}, ["eri"] = {"Ogea"}, ["erk"] = {"South Efate"}, ["ero"] = {"Horpa"}, ["err"] = {"Erre"}, ["ers"] = {"Ersu"}, ["ert"] = {"Eritai"}, ["erw"] = {"Erokwanas"}, ["ese"] = {"Ese Ejja"}, ["esg"] = {"Aheri Gondi"}, ["esh"] = {"Eshtehardi"}, ["esi"] = {"North Alaskan Inupiatun"}, ["esk"] = {"Northwest Alaska Inupiatun"}, ["esl"] = {"Egypt Sign Language"}, ["esm"] = {"Esuma"}, ["esn"] = {"Salvadoran Sign Language"}, ["eso"] = {"Estonian Sign Language"}, ["esq"] = {"Esselen"}, ["ess"] = {"Central Siberian Yupik"}, ["esu"] = {"Central Yupik"}, ["esx"] = {"Eskimo-Aleut languages"}, ["esy"] = {"Eskayan"}, ["etb"] = {"Etebi"}, ["etc"] = {"Etchemin"}, ["eth"] = {"Ethiopian Sign Language"}, ["etn"] = {"Eton (Vanuatu)"}, ["eto"] = {"Eton (Cameroon)"}, ["etr"] = {"Edolo"}, ["ets"] = {"Yekhee"}, ["ett"] = {"Etruscan"}, ["etu"] = {"Ejagham"}, ["etx"] = {"Eten"}, ["etz"] = {"Semimi"}, ["eud"] = {"Eudeve"}, ["euq"] = {"Basque (family)"}, ["eve"] = {"Even"}, ["evh"] = {"Uvbie"}, ["evn"] = {"Evenki"}, ["ewo"] = {"Ewondo"}, ["ext"] = {"Extremaduran"}, ["eya"] = {"Eyak"}, ["eyo"] = {"Keiyo"}, ["eza"] = {"Ezaa"}, ["eze"] = {"Uzekwe"}, ["faa"] = {"Fasu"}, ["fab"] = {"Fa d'Ambu"}, ["fad"] = {"Wagi"}, ["faf"] = {"Fagani"}, ["fag"] = {"Finongan"}, ["fah"] = {"Baissa Fali"}, ["fai"] = {"Faiwol"}, ["faj"] = {"Faita"}, ["fak"] = {"Fang (Cameroon)"}, ["fal"] = {"South Fali"}, ["fam"] = {"Fam"}, ["fan"] = {"Fang (Equatorial Guinea)"}, ["fap"] = {"Paloor"}, ["far"] = {"Fataleka"}, ["fat"] = {"Fanti"}, ["fau"] = {"Fayu"}, ["fax"] = {"Fala"}, ["fay"] = {"Southwestern Fars"}, ["faz"] = {"Northwestern Fars"}, ["fbl"] = {"West Albay Bikol"}, ["fcs"] = {"Quebec Sign Language"}, ["fer"] = {"Feroge"}, ["ffi"] = {"Foia Foia"}, ["ffm"] = {"Maasina Fulfulde"}, ["fgr"] = {"Fongoro"}, ["fia"] = {"Nobiin"}, ["fie"] = {"Fyer"}, ["fif"] = {"Faifi"}, ["fil"] = {"Filipino", "Pilipino"}, ["fip"] = {"Fipa"}, ["fir"] = {"Firan"}, ["fit"] = {"Tornedalen Finnish", "Meänkieli"}, ["fiu"] = {"Finno-Ugrian languages"}, ["fiw"] = {"Fiwaga"}, ["fkk"] = {"Kirya-Konzəl"}, ["fkv"] = {"Kven Finnish"}, ["fla"] = {"Kalispel-Pend d'Oreille"}, ["flh"] = {"Foau"}, ["fli"] = {"Fali"}, ["fll"] = {"North Fali"}, ["fln"] = {"Flinders Island"}, ["flr"] = {"Fuliiru"}, ["fly"] = {"Flaaitaal", "Tsotsitaal"}, ["fmp"] = {"Fe'fe'"}, ["fmu"] = {"Far Western Muria"}, ["fnb"] = {"Fanbak"}, ["fng"] = {"Fanagalo"}, ["fni"] = {"Fania"}, ["fod"] = {"Foodo"}, ["foi"] = {"Foi"}, ["fom"] = {"Foma"}, ["fon"] = {"Fon"}, ["for"] = {"Fore"}, ["fos"] = {"Siraya"}, ["fox"] = {"Formosan languages"}, ["fpe"] = {"Fernando Po Creole English"}, ["fqs"] = {"Fas"}, ["frc"] = {"Cajun French"}, ["frd"] = {"Fordata"}, ["frk"] = {"Frankish"}, ["frm"] = {"Middle French (ca. 1400-1600)"}, ["fro"] = {"Old French (842-ca. 1400)"}, ["frp"] = {"Arpitan", "Francoprovençal"}, ["frq"] = {"Forak"}, ["frr"] = {"Northern Frisian"}, ["frs"] = {"Eastern Frisian"}, ["frt"] = {"Fortsenal"}, ["fse"] = {"Finnish Sign Language"}, ["fsl"] = {"French Sign Language"}, ["fss"] = {"Finland-Swedish Sign Language", "finlandssvenskt teckenspråk", "suomenruotsalainen viittomakieli"}, ["fub"] = {"Adamawa Fulfulde"}, ["fuc"] = {"Pulaar"}, ["fud"] = {"East Futuna"}, ["fue"] = {"Borgu Fulfulde"}, ["fuf"] = {"Pular"}, ["fuh"] = {"Western Niger Fulfulde"}, ["fui"] = {"Bagirmi Fulfulde"}, ["fuj"] = {"Ko"}, ["fum"] = {"Fum"}, ["fun"] = {"Fulniô"}, ["fuq"] = {"Central-Eastern Niger Fulfulde"}, ["fur"] = {"Friulian"}, ["fut"] = {"Futuna-Aniwa"}, ["fuu"] = {"Furu"}, ["fuv"] = {"Nigerian Fulfulde"}, ["fuy"] = {"Fuyug"}, ["fvr"] = {"Fur"}, ["fwa"] = {"Fwâi"}, ["fwe"] = {"Fwe"}, ["gaa"] = {"Ga"}, ["gab"] = {"Gabri"}, ["gac"] = {"Mixed Great Andamanese"}, ["gad"] = {"Gaddang"}, ["gae"] = {"Guarequena"}, ["gaf"] = {"Gende"}, ["gag"] = {"Gagauz"}, ["gah"] = {"Alekano"}, ["gai"] = {"Borei"}, ["gaj"] = {"Gadsup"}, ["gak"] = {"Gamkonora"}, ["gal"] = {"Galolen"}, ["gam"] = {"Kandawo"}, ["gan"] = {"Gan Chinese"}, ["gao"] = {"Gants"}, ["gap"] = {"Gal"}, ["gaq"] = {"Gata'"}, ["gar"] = {"Galeya"}, ["gas"] = {"Adiwasi Garasia"}, ["gat"] = {"Kenati"}, ["gau"] = {"Mudhili Gadaba"}, ["gaw"] = {"Nobonob"}, ["gax"] = {"Borana-Arsi-Guji Oromo"}, ["gay"] = {"Gayo"}, ["gaz"] = {"West Central Oromo"}, ["gba"] = {"Gbaya (Central African Republic)"}, ["gbb"] = {"Kaytetye"}, ["gbd"] = {"Karajarri"}, ["gbe"] = {"Niksek"}, ["gbf"] = {"Gaikundi"}, ["gbg"] = {"Gbanziri"}, ["gbh"] = {"Defi Gbe"}, ["gbi"] = {"Galela"}, ["gbj"] = {"Bodo Gadaba"}, ["gbk"] = {"Gaddi"}, ["gbl"] = {"Gamit"}, ["gbm"] = {"Garhwali"}, ["gbn"] = {"Mo'da"}, ["gbo"] = {"Northern Grebo"}, ["gbp"] = {"Gbaya-Bossangoa"}, ["gbq"] = {"Gbaya-Bozoum"}, ["gbr"] = {"Gbagyi"}, ["gbs"] = {"Gbesi Gbe"}, ["gbu"] = {"Gagadu"}, ["gbv"] = {"Gbanu"}, ["gbw"] = {"Gabi-Gabi"}, ["gbx"] = {"Eastern Xwla Gbe"}, ["gby"] = {"Gbari"}, ["gbz"] = {"Zoroastrian Dari"}, ["gcc"] = {"Mali"}, ["gcd"] = {"Ganggalida"}, ["gce"] = {"Galice"}, ["gcf"] = {"Guadeloupean Creole French"}, ["gcl"] = {"Grenadian Creole English"}, ["gcn"] = {"Gaina"}, ["gcr"] = {"Guianese Creole French"}, ["gct"] = {"Colonia Tovar German"}, ["gda"] = {"Gade Lohar"}, ["gdb"] = {"Pottangi Ollar Gadaba"}, ["gdc"] = {"Gugu Badhun"}, ["gdd"] = {"Gedaged"}, ["gde"] = {"Gude"}, ["gdf"] = {"Guduf-Gava"}, ["gdg"] = {"Ga'dang"}, ["gdh"] = {"Gadjerawang", "Gajirrabeng"}, ["gdi"] = {"Gundi"}, ["gdj"] = {"Gurdjar"}, ["gdk"] = {"Gadang"}, ["gdl"] = {"Dirasha"}, ["gdm"] = {"Laal"}, ["gdn"] = {"Umanakaina"}, ["gdo"] = {"Ghodoberi"}, ["gdq"] = {"Mehri"}, ["gdr"] = {"Wipi"}, ["gds"] = {"Ghandruk Sign Language"}, ["gdt"] = {"Kungardutyi"}, ["gdu"] = {"Gudu"}, ["gdx"] = {"Godwari"}, ["gea"] = {"Geruma"}, ["geb"] = {"Kire"}, ["gec"] = {"Gboloo Grebo"}, ["ged"] = {"Gade"}, ["gef"] = {"Gerai"}, ["geg"] = {"Gengle"}, ["geh"] = {"Hutterite German", "Hutterisch"}, ["gei"] = {"Gebe"}, ["gej"] = {"Gen"}, ["gek"] = {"Ywom"}, ["gel"] = {"ut-Ma'in"}, ["gem"] = {"Germanic languages"}, ["geq"] = {"Geme"}, ["ges"] = {"Geser-Gorom"}, ["gev"] = {"Eviya"}, ["gew"] = {"Gera"}, ["gex"] = {"Garre"}, ["gey"] = {"Enya"}, ["gez"] = {"Geez"}, ["gfk"] = {"Patpatar"}, ["gft"] = {"Gafat"}, ["gga"] = {"Gao"}, ["ggb"] = {"Gbii"}, ["ggd"] = {"Gugadj"}, ["gge"] = {"Gurr-goni"}, ["ggg"] = {"Gurgula"}, ["ggk"] = {"Kungarakany"}, ["ggl"] = {"Ganglau"}, ["ggt"] = {"Gitua"}, ["ggu"] = {"Gagu", "Gban"}, ["ggw"] = {"Gogodala"}, ["gha"] = {"Ghadamès"}, ["ghc"] = {"Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic"}, ["ghe"] = {"Southern Ghale"}, ["ghh"] = {"Northern Ghale"}, ["ghk"] = {"ဂေခို", "Geko Karen"}, ["ghl"] = {"Ghulfan"}, ["ghn"] = {"Ghanongga"}, ["gho"] = {"Ghomara"}, ["ghr"] = {"Ghera"}, ["ghs"] = {"Guhu-Samane"}, ["ght"] = {"Kuke", "Kutang Ghale"}, ["gia"] = {"Kija"}, ["gib"] = {"Gibanawa"}, ["gic"] = {"Gail"}, ["gid"] = {"Gidar"}, ["gie"] = {"Gaɓogbo", "Guébie"}, ["gig"] = {"Goaria"}, ["gih"] = {"Githabul"}, ["gii"] = {"Girirra"}, ["gil"] = {"Gilbertese"}, ["gim"] = {"Gimi (Eastern Highlands)"}, ["gin"] = {"Hinukh"}, ["gip"] = {"Gimi (West New Britain)"}, ["giq"] = {"Green Gelao"}, ["gir"] = {"Red Gelao"}, ["gis"] = {"North Giziga"}, ["git"] = {"Gitxsan"}, ["giu"] = {"Mulao"}, ["giw"] = {"White Gelao"}, ["gix"] = {"Gilima"}, ["giy"] = {"Giyug"}, ["giz"] = {"South Giziga"}, ["gjk"] = {"Kachi Koli"}, ["gjm"] = {"Gunditjmara"}, ["gjn"] = {"Gonja"}, ["gjr"] = {"Gurindji Kriol"}, ["gju"] = {"Gujari"}, ["gka"] = {"Guya"}, ["gkd"] = {"Magɨ (Madang Province)"}, ["gke"] = {"Ndai"}, ["gkn"] = {"Gokana"}, ["gko"] = {"Kok-Nar"}, ["gkp"] = {"Guinea Kpelle"}, ["gku"] = {"ǂUngkue"}, ["glb"] = {"Belning"}, ["glc"] = {"Bon Gula"}, ["gld"] = {"Nanai"}, ["glh"] = {"Northwest Pashai", "Northwest Pashayi"}, ["glj"] = {"Gula Iro"}, ["glk"] = {"Gilaki"}, ["gll"] = {"Garlali"}, ["glo"] = {"Galambu"}, ["glr"] = {"Glaro-Twabo"}, ["glu"] = {"Gula (Chad)"}, ["glw"] = {"Glavda"}, ["gly"] = {"Gule"}, ["gma"] = {"Gambera"}, ["gmb"] = {"Gula'alaa"}, ["gmd"] = {"Mághdì"}, ["gme"] = {"East Germanic languages"}, ["gmg"] = {"Magɨyi"}, ["gmh"] = {"Middle High German (ca. 1050-1500)"}, ["gml"] = {"Middle Low German"}, ["gmm"] = {"Gbaya-Mbodomo"}, ["gmn"] = {"Gimnime"}, ["gmq"] = {"North Germanic languages"}, ["gmr"] = {"Mirning", "Mirniny"}, ["gmu"] = {"Gumalu"}, ["gmv"] = {"Gamo"}, ["gmw"] = {"West Germanic languages"}, ["gmx"] = {"Magoma"}, ["gmy"] = {"Mycenaean Greek"}, ["gmz"] = {"Mgbolizhia"}, ["gna"] = {"Kaansa"}, ["gnb"] = {"Gangte"}, ["gnc"] = {"Guanche"}, ["gnd"] = {"Zulgo-Gemzek"}, ["gne"] = {"Ganang"}, ["gng"] = {"Ngangam"}, ["gnh"] = {"Lere"}, ["gni"] = {"Gooniyandi"}, ["gnj"] = {"Ngen"}, ["gnk"] = {"ǁGana"}, ["gnl"] = {"Gangulu"}, ["gnm"] = {"Ginuman"}, ["gnn"] = {"Gumatj"}, ["gno"] = {"Northern Gondi"}, ["gnq"] = {"Gana"}, ["gnr"] = {"Gureng Gureng"}, ["gnt"] = {"Guntai"}, ["gnu"] = {"Gnau"}, ["gnw"] = {"Western Bolivian Guaraní"}, ["gnz"] = {"Ganzi"}, ["goa"] = {"Guro"}, ["gob"] = {"Playero"}, ["goc"] = {"Gorakor"}, ["god"] = {"Godié"}, ["goe"] = {"Gongduk"}, ["gof"] = {"Gofa"}, ["gog"] = {"Gogo"}, ["goh"] = {"Old High German (ca. 750-1050)"}, ["goi"] = {"Gobasi"}, ["goj"] = {"Gowlan"}, ["gok"] = {"Gowli"}, ["gol"] = {"Gola"}, ["gom"] = {"Goan Konkani"}, ["gon"] = {"Gondi"}, ["goo"] = {"Gone Dau"}, ["gop"] = {"Yeretuar"}, ["goq"] = {"Gorap"}, ["gor"] = {"Gorontalo"}, ["gos"] = {"Gronings"}, ["got"] = {"Gothic"}, ["gou"] = {"Gavar"}, ["gov"] = {"Goo"}, ["gow"] = {"Gorowa"}, ["gox"] = {"Gobu"}, ["goy"] = {"Goundo"}, ["goz"] = {"Gozarkhani"}, ["gpa"] = {"Gupa-Abawa"}, ["gpe"] = {"Ghanaian Pidgin English"}, ["gpn"] = {"Taiap"}, ["gqa"] = {"Ga'anda"}, ["gqi"] = {"Guiqiong"}, ["gqn"] = {"Guana (Brazil)"}, ["gqr"] = {"Gor"}, ["gqu"] = {"Qau"}, ["gra"] = {"Rajput Garasia"}, ["grb"] = {"Grebo"}, ["grc"] = {"ရှီးဟောင်းဂရိ", "Ancient Greek (to 1453)"}, ["grd"] = {"Guruntum-Mbaaru"}, ["grg"] = {"Madi"}, ["grh"] = {"Gbiri-Niragu"}, ["gri"] = {"Ghari"}, ["grj"] = {"Southern Grebo"}, ["grk"] = {"Greek languages"}, ["grm"] = {"Kota Marudu Talantang"}, ["gro"] = {"Groma"}, ["grq"] = {"Gorovu"}, ["grr"] = {"Taznatit"}, ["grs"] = {"Gresi"}, ["grt"] = {"Garo"}, ["gru"] = {"Kistane"}, ["grv"] = {"Central Grebo"}, ["grw"] = {"Gweda"}, ["grx"] = {"Guriaso"}, ["gry"] = {"Barclayville Grebo"}, ["grz"] = {"Guramalum"}, ["gse"] = {"Ghanaian Sign Language"}, ["gsg"] = {"German Sign Language"}, ["gsl"] = {"Gusilay"}, ["gsm"] = {"Guatemalan Sign Language"}, ["gsn"] = {"Nema", "Gusan"}, ["gso"] = {"Southwest Gbaya"}, ["gsp"] = {"Wasembo"}, ["gss"] = {"Greek Sign Language"}, ["gsw"] = {"Swiss German", "Alemannic", "Alsatian"}, ["gta"] = {"Guató"}, ["gtu"] = {"Aghu-Tharnggala"}, ["gua"] = {"Shiki"}, ["gub"] = {"Guajajára"}, ["guc"] = {"Wayuu"}, ["gud"] = {"Yocoboué Dida"}, ["gue"] = {"Gurindji"}, ["guf"] = {"Gupapuyngu"}, ["gug"] = {"Paraguayan Guaraní"}, ["guh"] = {"Guahibo"}, ["gui"] = {"Eastern Bolivian Guaraní"}, ["guk"] = {"Gumuz"}, ["gul"] = {"Sea Island Creole English"}, ["gum"] = {"Guambiano"}, ["gun"] = {"Mbyá Guaraní"}, ["guo"] = {"Guayabero"}, ["gup"] = {"Gunwinggu"}, ["guq"] = {"Aché"}, ["gur"] = {"Farefare"}, ["gus"] = {"Guinean Sign Language"}, ["gut"] = {"Maléku Jaíka"}, ["guu"] = {"Yanomamö"}, ["guw"] = {"Gun"}, ["gux"] = {"Gourmanchéma"}, ["guz"] = {"Gusii", "Ekegusii"}, ["gva"] = {"Guana (Paraguay)"}, ["gvc"] = {"Guanano"}, ["gve"] = {"Duwet"}, ["gvf"] = {"Golin"}, ["gvj"] = {"Guajá"}, ["gvl"] = {"Gulay"}, ["gvm"] = {"Gurmana"}, ["gvn"] = {"Kuku-Yalanji"}, ["gvo"] = {"Gavião Do Jiparaná"}, ["gvp"] = {"Pará Gavião"}, ["gvr"] = {"Gurung"}, ["gvs"] = {"Gumawana"}, ["gvy"] = {"Guyani"}, ["gwa"] = {"Mbato"}, ["gwb"] = {"Gwa"}, ["gwc"] = {"Gawri", "Kalami"}, ["gwd"] = {"Gawwada"}, ["gwe"] = {"Gweno"}, ["gwf"] = {"Gowro"}, ["gwg"] = {"Moo"}, ["gwi"] = {"Gwichʼin"}, ["gwj"] = {"ǀGwi"}, ["gwm"] = {"Awngthim"}, ["gwn"] = {"Gwandara"}, ["gwr"] = {"Gwere"}, ["gwt"] = {"Gawar-Bati"}, ["gwu"] = {"Guwamu"}, ["gww"] = {"Kwini"}, ["gwx"] = {"Gua"}, ["gxx"] = {"Wè Southern"}, ["gya"] = {"Northwest Gbaya"}, ["gyb"] = {"Garus"}, ["gyd"] = {"Kayardild"}, ["gye"] = {"Gyem"}, ["gyf"] = {"Gungabula"}, ["gyg"] = {"Gbayi"}, ["gyi"] = {"Gyele"}, ["gyl"] = {"Gayil"}, ["gym"] = {"Ngäbere"}, ["gyn"] = {"Guyanese Creole English"}, ["gyo"] = {"Gyalsumdo"}, ["gyr"] = {"Guarayu"}, ["gyy"] = {"Gunya"}, ["gyz"] = {"Geji", "Gyaazi"}, ["gza"] = {"Ganza"}, ["gzi"] = {"Gazi"}, ["gzn"] = {"Gane"}, ["haa"] = {"Han"}, ["hab"] = {"Hanoi Sign Language"}, ["hac"] = {"Gurani"}, ["had"] = {"Hatam"}, ["hae"] = {"Eastern Oromo"}, ["haf"] = {"Haiphong Sign Language"}, ["hag"] = {"Hanga"}, ["hah"] = {"Hahon"}, ["hai"] = {"Haida"}, ["haj"] = {"Hajong"}, ["hak"] = {"Hakka Chinese"}, ["hal"] = {"Halang"}, ["ham"] = {"Hewa"}, ["han"] = {"Hangaza"}, ["hao"] = {"Hakö"}, ["hap"] = {"Hupla"}, ["haq"] = {"Ha"}, ["har"] = {"Harari"}, ["has"] = {"Haisla"}, ["hav"] = {"Havu"}, ["haw"] = {"Hawaiian"}, ["hax"] = {"Southern Haida"}, ["hay"] = {"Haya"}, ["haz"] = {"Hazaragi"}, ["hba"] = {"Hamba"}, ["hbb"] = {"Huba"}, ["hbn"] = {"Heiban"}, ["hbo"] = {"Ancient Hebrew"}, ["hbu"] = {"Habu"}, ["hca"] = {"Andaman Creole Hindi"}, ["hch"] = {"Huichol"}, ["hdn"] = {"Northern Haida"}, ["hds"] = {"Honduras Sign Language"}, ["hdy"] = {"Hadiyya"}, ["hea"] = {"Northern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hed"] = {"Herdé"}, ["heg"] = {"Helong"}, ["heh"] = {"Hehe"}, ["hei"] = {"Heiltsuk"}, ["hem"] = {"Hemba"}, ["hgm"] = {"Haiǁom"}, ["hgw"] = {"Haigwai"}, ["hhi"] = {"Hoia Hoia"}, ["hhr"] = {"Kerak"}, ["hhy"] = {"Hoyahoya"}, ["hia"] = {"Lamang"}, ["hib"] = {"Hibito"}, ["hid"] = {"Hidatsa"}, ["hif"] = {"Fiji Hindi"}, ["hig"] = {"Kamwe"}, ["hih"] = {"Pamosu"}, ["hii"] = {"Hinduri"}, ["hij"] = {"Hijuk"}, ["hik"] = {"Seit-Kaitetu"}, ["hil"] = {"Hiligaynon"}, ["him"] = {"Himachali languages", "Western Pahari languages"}, ["hio"] = {"Tsoa"}, ["hir"] = {"Himarimã"}, ["hit"] = {"Hittite"}, ["hiw"] = {"Hiw"}, ["hix"] = {"Hixkaryána"}, ["hji"] = {"Haji"}, ["hka"] = {"Kahe"}, ["hke"] = {"Hunde"}, ["hkh"] = {"Khah", "Poguli"}, ["hkk"] = {"Hunjara-Kaina Ke"}, ["hkn"] = {"Mel-Khaonh"}, ["hks"] = {"Hong Kong Sign Language", "Heung Kong Sau Yue"}, ["hla"] = {"Halia"}, ["hlb"] = {"Halbi"}, ["hld"] = {"Halang Doan"}, ["hle"] = {"Hlersu"}, ["hlt"] = {"Matu Chin"}, ["hlu"] = {"Hieroglyphic Luwian"}, ["hma"] = {"Southern Mashan Hmong", "Southern Mashan Miao"}, ["hmb"] = {"Humburi Senni Songhay"}, ["hmc"] = {"Central Huishui Hmong", "Central Huishui Miao"}, ["hmd"] = {"Large Flowery Miao", "A-hmaos", "Da-Hua Miao"}, ["hme"] = {"Eastern Huishui Hmong", "Eastern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmf"] = {"Hmong Don"}, ["hmg"] = {"Southwestern Guiyang Hmong"}, ["hmh"] = {"Southwestern Huishui Hmong", "Southwestern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmi"] = {"Northern Huishui Hmong", "Northern Huishui Miao"}, ["hmj"] = {"Ge", "Gejia"}, ["hmk"] = {"Maek"}, ["hml"] = {"Luopohe Hmong", "Luopohe Miao"}, ["hmm"] = {"Central Mashan Hmong", "Central Mashan Miao"}, ["hmn"] = {"Hmong", "Mong"}, ["hmp"] = {"Northern Mashan Hmong", "Northern Mashan Miao"}, ["hmq"] = {"Eastern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hmr"] = {"Hmar"}, ["hms"] = {"Southern Qiandong Miao"}, ["hmt"] = {"Hamtai"}, ["hmu"] = {"Hamap"}, ["hmv"] = {"Hmong Dô"}, ["hmw"] = {"Western Mashan Hmong", "Western Mashan Miao"}, ["hmx"] = {"Hmong-Mien languages"}, ["hmy"] = {"Southern Guiyang Hmong", "Southern Guiyang Miao"}, ["hmz"] = {"Hmong Shua", "Sinicized Miao"}, ["hna"] = {"Mina (Cameroon)"}, ["hnd"] = {"Southern Hindko"}, ["hne"] = {"Chhattisgarhi"}, ["hng"] = {"Hungu"}, ["hnh"] = {"ǁAni"}, ["hni"] = {"Hani"}, ["hnj"] = {"Hmong Njua", "Mong Leng", "Mong Njua"}, ["hnm"] = {"Hainanese"}, ["hnn"] = {"Hanunoo"}, ["hno"] = {"Northern Hindko"}, ["hns"] = {"Caribbean Hindustani"}, ["hnu"] = {"Hung"}, ["hoa"] = {"Hoava"}, ["hob"] = {"Mari (Madang Province)"}, ["hoc"] = {"Ho"}, ["hod"] = {"Holma"}, ["hoe"] = {"Horom"}, ["hoh"] = {"Hobyót"}, ["hoi"] = {"Holikachuk"}, ["hoj"] = {"Hadothi", "Haroti"}, ["hok"] = {"Hokan languages"}, ["hol"] = {"Holu"}, ["hom"] = {"Homa"}, ["hoo"] = {"Holoholo"}, ["hop"] = {"Hopi"}, ["hor"] = {"Horo"}, ["hos"] = {"Ho Chi Minh City Sign Language"}, ["hot"] = {"Hote", "Malê"}, ["hov"] = {"Hovongan"}, ["how"] = {"Honi"}, ["hoy"] = {"Holiya"}, ["hoz"] = {"Hozo"}, ["hpo"] = {"ဖွန်း", "Hpon"}, ["hps"] = {"Hawai'i Sign Language (HSL)", "Hawai'i Pidgin Sign Language"}, ["hra"] = {"Hrangkhol"}, ["hrc"] = {"Niwer Mil"}, ["hre"] = {"Hre"}, ["hrk"] = {"Haruku"}, ["hrm"] = {"Horned Miao"}, ["hro"] = {"Haroi"}, ["hrp"] = {"Nhirrpi"}, ["hrt"] = {"Hértevin"}, ["hru"] = {"Hruso"}, ["hrw"] = {"Warwar Feni"}, ["hrx"] = {"Hunsrik"}, ["hrz"] = {"Harzani"}, ["hsb"] = {"Upper Sorbian"}, ["hsh"] = {"Hungarian Sign Language"}, ["hsl"] = {"Hausa Sign Language"}, ["hsn"] = {"Xiang Chinese"}, ["hss"] = {"Harsusi"}, ["hti"] = {"Hoti"}, ["hto"] = {"Minica Huitoto"}, ["hts"] = {"Hadza"}, ["htu"] = {"Hitu"}, ["htx"] = {"Middle Hittite"}, ["hub"] = {"Huambisa"}, ["huc"] = {"ǂHua", "ǂʼAmkhoe"}, ["hud"] = {"Huaulu"}, ["hue"] = {"San Francisco Del Mar Huave"}, ["huf"] = {"Humene"}, ["hug"] = {"Huachipaeri"}, ["huh"] = {"Huilliche"}, ["hui"] = {"Huli"}, ["huj"] = {"Northern Guiyang Hmong", "Northern Guiyang Miao"}, ["huk"] = {"Hulung"}, ["hul"] = {"Hula"}, ["hum"] = {"Hungana"}, ["huo"] = {"Hu"}, ["hup"] = {"Hupa"}, ["huq"] = {"Tsat"}, ["hur"] = {"Halkomelem"}, ["hus"] = {"Huastec"}, ["hut"] = {"Humla"}, ["huu"] = {"Murui Huitoto"}, ["huv"] = {"San Mateo Del Mar Huave"}, ["huw"] = {"Hukumina"}, ["hux"] = {"Nüpode Huitoto"}, ["huy"] = {"Hulaulá"}, ["huz"] = {"Hunzib"}, ["hvc"] = {"Haitian Vodoun Culture Language"}, ["hve"] = {"San Dionisio Del Mar Huave"}, ["hvk"] = {"Haveke"}, ["hvn"] = {"Sabu"}, ["hvv"] = {"Santa María Del Mar Huave"}, ["hwa"] = {"Wané"}, ["hwc"] = {"Hawai'i Creole English", "Hawai'i Pidgin"}, ["hwo"] = {"Hwana"}, ["hya"] = {"Hya"}, ["hyw"] = {"Western Armenian"}, ["hyx"] = {"Armenian (family)"}, ["iai"] = {"Iaai"}, ["ian"] = {"Iatmul"}, ["iar"] = {"Purari"}, ["iba"] = {"Iban"}, ["ibb"] = {"Ibibio"}, ["ibd"] = {"Iwaidja"}, ["ibe"] = {"Akpes"}, ["ibg"] = {"Ibanag"}, ["ibh"] = {"Bih"}, ["ibl"] = {"Ibaloi"}, ["ibm"] = {"Agoi"}, ["ibn"] = {"Ibino"}, ["ibr"] = {"Ibuoro"}, ["ibu"] = {"Ibu"}, ["iby"] = {"Ibani"}, ["ica"] = {"Ede Ica"}, ["ich"] = {"Etkywan"}, ["icl"] = {"Icelandic Sign Language"}, ["icr"] = {"Islander Creole English"}, ["ida"] = {"Idakho-Isukha-Tiriki", "Luidakho-Luisukha-Lutirichi"}, ["idb"] = {"Indo-Portuguese"}, ["idc"] = {"Idon", "Ajiya"}, ["idd"] = {"Ede Idaca"}, ["ide"] = {"Idere"}, ["idi"] = {"Idi"}, ["idr"] = {"Indri"}, ["ids"] = {"Idesa"}, ["idt"] = {"Idaté"}, ["idu"] = {"Idoma"}, ["ifa"] = {"Amganad Ifugao"}, ["ifb"] = {"Batad Ifugao", "Ayangan Ifugao"}, ["ife"] = {"Ifè"}, ["iff"] = {"Ifo"}, ["ifk"] = {"Tuwali Ifugao"}, ["ifm"] = {"Teke-Fuumu"}, ["ifu"] = {"Mayoyao Ifugao"}, ["ify"] = {"Keley-I Kallahan"}, ["igb"] = {"Ebira"}, ["ige"] = {"Igede"}, ["igg"] = {"Igana"}, ["igl"] = {"Igala"}, ["igm"] = {"Kanggape"}, ["ign"] = {"Ignaciano"}, ["igo"] = {"Isebe"}, ["igs"] = {"Interglossa"}, ["igw"] = {"Igwe"}, ["ihb"] = {"Iha Based Pidgin"}, ["ihi"] = {"Ihievbe"}, ["ihp"] = {"Iha"}, ["ihw"] = {"Bidhawal"}, ["iin"] = {"Thiin"}, ["iir"] = {"Indo-Iranian languages"}, ["ijc"] = {"Izon"}, ["ije"] = {"Biseni"}, ["ijj"] = {"Ede Ije"}, ["ijn"] = {"Kalabari"}, ["ijo"] = {"Ijo languages"}, ["ijs"] = {"Southeast Ijo"}, ["ike"] = {"Eastern Canadian Inuktitut"}, ["ikh"] = {"Ikhin-Arokho"}, ["iki"] = {"Iko"}, ["ikk"] = {"Ika"}, ["ikl"] = {"Ikulu"}, ["iko"] = {"Olulumo-Ikom"}, ["ikp"] = {"Ikpeshi"}, ["ikr"] = {"Ikaranggal"}, ["iks"] = {"Inuit Sign Language"}, ["ikt"] = {"Inuinnaqtun", "Western Canadian Inuktitut"}, ["ikv"] = {"Iku-Gora-Ankwa"}, ["ikw"] = {"Ikwere"}, ["ikx"] = {"Ik"}, ["ikz"] = {"Ikizu"}, ["ila"] = {"Ile Ape"}, ["ilb"] = {"Ila"}, ["ilg"] = {"Garig-Ilgar"}, ["ili"] = {"Ili Turki"}, ["ilk"] = {"Ilongot"}, ["ilm"] = {"Iranun (Malaysia)"}, ["ilo"] = {"Iloko"}, ["ilp"] = {"Iranun (Philippines)"}, ["ils"] = {"International Sign"}, ["ilu"] = {"Ili'uun"}, ["ilv"] = {"Ilue"}, ["ima"] = {"Mala Malasar"}, ["imi"] = {"Anamgura"}, ["iml"] = {"Miluk"}, ["imn"] = {"Imonda"}, ["imo"] = {"Imbongu"}, ["imr"] = {"Imroing"}, ["ims"] = {"Marsian"}, ["imt"] = {"Imotong"}, ["imy"] = {"Milyan"}, ["inb"] = {"Inga"}, ["inc"] = {"Indic languages"}, ["ine"] = {"Indo-European languages"}, ["ing"] = {"Degexit'an"}, ["inh"] = {"Ingush"}, ["inj"] = {"Jungle Inga"}, ["inl"] = {"Indonesian Sign Language"}, ["inm"] = {"Minaean"}, ["inn"] = {"Isinai"}, ["ino"] = {"Inoke-Yate"}, ["inp"] = {"Iñapari"}, ["ins"] = {"Indian Sign Language"}, ["int"] = {"Intha"}, ["inz"] = {"Ineseño"}, ["ior"] = {"Inor"}, ["iou"] = {"Tuma-Irumu"}, ["iow"] = {"Iowa-Oto"}, ["ipi"] = {"Ipili"}, ["ipo"] = {"Ipiko"}, ["iqu"] = {"Iquito"}, ["iqw"] = {"Ikwo"}, ["ira"] = {"Iranian languages"}, ["ire"] = {"Iresim"}, ["irh"] = {"Irarutu"}, ["iri"] = {"Rigwe", "Irigwe"}, ["irk"] = {"Iraqw"}, ["irn"] = {"Irántxe"}, ["iro"] = {"Iroquoian languages"}, ["irr"] = {"Ir"}, ["iru"] = {"Irula"}, ["irx"] = {"Kamberau"}, ["iry"] = {"Iraya"}, ["isa"] = {"Isabi"}, ["isc"] = {"Isconahua"}, ["isd"] = {"Isnag"}, ["ise"] = {"Italian Sign Language"}, ["isg"] = {"Irish Sign Language"}, ["ish"] = {"Esan"}, ["isi"] = {"Nkem-Nkum"}, ["isk"] = {"Ishkashimi"}, ["ism"] = {"Masimasi"}, ["isn"] = {"Isanzu"}, ["iso"] = {"Isoko"}, ["isr"] = {"Israeli Sign Language"}, ["ist"] = {"Istriot"}, ["isu"] = {"Isu (Menchum Division)"}, ["isv"] = {"Interslavic"}, ["itb"] = {"Binongan Itneg"}, ["itc"] = {"Italic languages"}, ["itd"] = {"Southern Tidung"}, ["ite"] = {"Itene"}, ["iti"] = {"Inlaod Itneg"}, ["itk"] = {"Judeo-Italian"}, ["itl"] = {"Itelmen"}, ["itm"] = {"Itu Mbon Uzo"}, ["ito"] = {"Itonama"}, ["itr"] = {"Iteri"}, ["its"] = {"Isekiri"}, ["itt"] = {"Maeng Itneg"}, ["itv"] = {"Itawit"}, ["itw"] = {"Ito"}, ["itx"] = {"Itik"}, ["ity"] = {"Moyadan Itneg"}, ["itz"] = {"Itzá"}, ["ium"] = {"Iu Mien"}, ["ivb"] = {"Ibatan"}, ["ivv"] = {"Ivatan"}, ["iwk"] = {"I-Wak"}, ["iwm"] = {"Iwam"}, ["iwo"] = {"Iwur"}, ["iws"] = {"Sepik Iwam"}, ["ixc"] = {"Ixcatec"}, ["ixl"] = {"Ixil"}, ["iya"] = {"Iyayu"}, ["iyo"] = {"Mesaka"}, ["iyx"] = {"Yaka (Congo)"}, ["izh"] = {"Ingrian"}, ["izm"] = {"Kizamani"}, ["izr"] = {"Izere"}, ["izz"] = {"Izii"}, ["jaa"] = {"Jamamadí"}, ["jab"] = {"Hyam"}, ["jac"] = {"Popti'", "Jakalteko"}, ["jad"] = {"Jahanka"}, ["jae"] = {"Yabem"}, ["jaf"] = {"Jara"}, ["jah"] = {"Jah Hut"}, ["jaj"] = {"Zazao"}, ["jak"] = {"Jakun"}, ["jal"] = {"Yalahatan"}, ["jam"] = {"Jamaican Creole English"}, ["jan"] = {"Jandai"}, ["jao"] = {"Yanyuwa"}, ["jaq"] = {"Yaqay"}, ["jas"] = {"New Caledonian Javanese"}, ["jat"] = {"Jakati"}, ["jau"] = {"Yaur"}, ["jax"] = {"Jambi Malay"}, ["jay"] = {"Yan-nhangu", "Nhangu"}, ["jaz"] = {"Jawe"}, ["jbe"] = {"Judeo-Berber"}, ["jbi"] = {"Badjiri"}, ["jbj"] = {"Arandai"}, ["jbk"] = {"Barikewa"}, ["jbm"] = {"Bijim"}, ["jbn"] = {"Nafusi"}, ["jbo"] = {"Lojban"}, ["jbr"] = {"Jofotek-Bromnya"}, ["jbt"] = {"Jabutí"}, ["jbu"] = {"Jukun Takum"}, ["jbw"] = {"Yawijibaya"}, ["jcs"] = {"Jamaican Country Sign Language"}, ["jct"] = {"Krymchak"}, ["jda"] = {"Jad"}, ["jdg"] = {"Jadgali"}, ["jdt"] = {"Judeo-Tat"}, ["jeb"] = {"Jebero"}, ["jee"] = {"Jerung"}, ["jeh"] = {"Jeh"}, ["jei"] = {"Yei"}, ["jek"] = {"Jeri Kuo"}, ["jel"] = {"Yelmek"}, ["jen"] = {"Dza"}, ["jer"] = {"Jere"}, ["jet"] = {"Manem"}, ["jeu"] = {"Jonkor Bourmataguil"}, ["jgb"] = {"Ngbee"}, ["jge"] = {"Judeo-Georgian"}, ["jgk"] = {"Gwak"}, ["jgo"] = {"Ngomba"}, ["jhi"] = {"Jehai"}, ["jhs"] = {"Jhankot Sign Language"}, ["jia"] = {"Jina"}, ["jib"] = {"Jibu"}, ["jic"] = {"Tol"}, ["jid"] = {"Bu (Kaduna State)"}, ["jie"] = {"Jilbe"}, ["jig"] = {"Jingulu", "Djingili"}, ["jih"] = {"sTodsde", "Shangzhai"}, ["jii"] = {"Jiiddu"}, ["jil"] = {"Jilim"}, ["jim"] = {"Jimi (Cameroon)"}, ["jio"] = {"Jiamao"}, ["jiq"] = {"Guanyinqiao", "Lavrung"}, ["jit"] = {"Jita"}, ["jiu"] = {"Youle Jinuo"}, ["jiv"] = {"Shuar"}, ["jiy"] = {"Buyuan Jinuo"}, ["jje"] = {"Jejueo"}, ["jjr"] = {"Bankal"}, ["jka"] = {"Kaera"}, ["jkm"] = {"မိုးပွ", "Mobwa Karen"}, ["jko"] = {"Kubo"}, ["jkp"] = {"ပကူး", "Paku Karen"}, ["jkr"] = {"Koro (India)"}, ["jks"] = {"Amami Koniya Sign Language"}, ["jku"] = {"Labir"}, ["jle"] = {"Ngile"}, ["jls"] = {"Jamaican Sign Language"}, ["jma"] = {"Dima"}, ["jmb"] = {"Zumbun"}, ["jmc"] = {"Machame"}, ["jmd"] = {"Yamdena"}, ["jmi"] = {"Jimi (Nigeria)"}, ["jml"] = {"Jumli"}, ["jmn"] = {"Makuri Naga"}, ["jmr"] = {"Kamara"}, ["jms"] = {"Mashi (Nigeria)"}, ["jmw"] = {"Mouwase"}, ["jmx"] = {"Western Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"}, ["jna"] = {"Jangshung"}, ["jnd"] = {"Jandavra"}, ["jng"] = {"Yangman"}, ["jni"] = {"Janji"}, ["jnj"] = {"Yemsa"}, ["jnl"] = {"Rawat"}, ["jns"] = {"Jaunsari"}, ["job"] = {"Joba"}, ["jod"] = {"Wojenaka"}, ["jog"] = {"Jogi"}, ["jor"] = {"Jorá"}, ["jos"] = {"Jordanian Sign Language"}, ["jow"] = {"Jowulu"}, ["jpa"] = {"Jewish Palestinian Aramaic"}, ["jpr"] = {"Judeo-Persian"}, ["jpx"] = {"Japanese (family)"}, ["jqr"] = {"Jaqaru"}, ["jra"] = {"Jarai"}, ["jrb"] = {"Judeo-Arabic"}, ["jrr"] = {"Jiru"}, ["jrt"] = {"Jakattoe"}, ["jru"] = {"Japrería"}, ["jsl"] = {"Japanese Sign Language"}, ["jua"] = {"Júma"}, ["jub"] = {"Wannu"}, ["juc"] = {"Jurchen"}, ["jud"] = {"Worodougou"}, ["juh"] = {"Hõne"}, ["jui"] = {"Ngadjuri"}, ["juk"] = {"Wapan"}, ["jul"] = {"Jirel"}, ["jum"] = {"Jumjum"}, ["jun"] = {"Juang"}, ["juo"] = {"Jiba"}, ["jup"] = {"Hupdë"}, ["jur"] = {"Jurúna"}, ["jus"] = {"Jumla Sign Language"}, ["jut"] = {"Jutish"}, ["juu"] = {"Ju"}, ["juw"] = {"Wãpha"}, ["juy"] = {"Juray"}, ["jvd"] = {"Javindo"}, ["jvn"] = {"Caribbean Javanese"}, ["jwi"] = {"Jwira-Pepesa"}, ["jya"] = {"Jiarong"}, ["jye"] = {"Judeo-Yemeni Arabic"}, ["jyy"] = {"Jaya"}, ["kaa"] = {"Kara-Kalpak", "Karakalpak"}, ["kab"] = {"Kabyle"}, ["kac"] = {"ကချင်", "Kachin", "Jingpho"}, ["kad"] = {"Adara"}, ["kae"] = {"Ketangalan"}, ["kaf"] = {"Katso"}, ["kag"] = {"Kajaman"}, ["kah"] = {"Kara (Central African Republic)"}, ["kai"] = {"Karekare"}, ["kaj"] = {"Jju"}, ["kak"] = {"Kalanguya", "Kayapa Kallahan"}, ["kam"] = {"Kamba (Kenya)"}, ["kao"] = {"Xaasongaxango"}, ["kap"] = {"Bezhta"}, ["kaq"] = {"Capanahua"}, ["kar"] = {"ကရင်ဘာသာစကားတိ", "Karen languages"}, ["kav"] = {"Katukína"}, ["kaw"] = {"Kawi"}, ["kax"] = {"Kao"}, ["kay"] = {"Kamayurá"}, ["kba"] = {"Kalarko"}, ["kbb"] = {"Kaxuiâna"}, ["kbc"] = {"Kadiwéu"}, ["kbd"] = {"Kabardian"}, ["kbe"] = {"Kanju"}, ["kbg"] = {"Khamba"}, ["kbh"] = {"Camsá"}, ["kbi"] = {"Kaptiau"}, ["kbj"] = {"Kari"}, ["kbk"] = {"Grass Koiari"}, ["kbl"] = {"Kanembu"}, ["kbm"] = {"Iwal"}, ["kbn"] = {"Kare (Central African Republic)"}, ["kbo"] = {"Keliko"}, ["kbp"] = {"Kabiyè"}, ["kbq"] = {"Kamano"}, ["kbr"] = {"Kafa"}, ["kbs"] = {"Kande"}, ["kbt"] = {"Abadi"}, ["kbu"] = {"Kabutra"}, ["kbv"] = {"Dera (Indonesia)"}, ["kbw"] = {"Kaiep"}, ["kbx"] = {"Ap Ma"}, ["kby"] = {"Manga Kanuri"}, ["kbz"] = {"Duhwa"}, ["kca"] = {"Khanty"}, ["kcb"] = {"Kawacha"}, ["kcc"] = {"Lubila"}, ["kcd"] = {"Ngkâlmpw Kanum"}, ["kce"] = {"Kaivi"}, ["kcf"] = {"Ukaan"}, ["kcg"] = {"Tyap"}, ["kch"] = {"Vono"}, ["kci"] = {"Kamantan"}, ["kcj"] = {"Kobiana"}, ["kck"] = {"Kalanga"}, ["kcl"] = {"Kela (Papua New Guinea)", "Kala"}, ["kcm"] = {"Gula (Central African Republic)"}, ["kcn"] = {"Nubi"}, ["kco"] = {"Kinalakna"}, ["kcp"] = {"Kanga"}, ["kcq"] = {"Kamo"}, ["kcr"] = {"Katla"}, ["kcs"] = {"Koenoem"}, ["kct"] = {"Kaian"}, ["kcu"] = {"Kami (Tanzania)"}, ["kcv"] = {"Kete"}, ["kcw"] = {"Kabwari"}, ["kcx"] = {"Kachama-Ganjule"}, ["kcy"] = {"Korandje"}, ["kcz"] = {"Konongo"}, ["kda"] = {"Worimi"}, ["kdc"] = {"Kutu"}, ["kdd"] = {"Yankunytjatjara"}, ["kde"] = {"Makonde"}, ["kdf"] = {"Mamusi"}, ["kdg"] = {"Seba"}, ["kdh"] = {"Tem"}, ["kdi"] = {"Kumam"}, ["kdj"] = {"Karamojong"}, ["kdk"] = {"Numèè", "Kwényi"}, ["kdl"] = {"Tsikimba"}, ["kdm"] = {"Kagoma"}, ["kdn"] = {"Kunda"}, ["kdo"] = {"Kordofanian languages"}, ["kdp"] = {"Kaningdon-Nindem"}, ["kdq"] = {"Koch"}, ["kdr"] = {"Karaim"}, ["kdt"] = {"Kuy"}, ["kdu"] = {"Kadaru"}, ["kdw"] = {"Koneraw"}, ["kdx"] = {"Kam"}, ["kdy"] = {"Keder", "Keijar"}, ["kdz"] = {"Kwaja"}, ["kea"] = {"Kabuverdianu"}, ["keb"] = {"Kélé"}, ["kec"] = {"Keiga"}, ["ked"] = {"Kerewe"}, ["kee"] = {"Eastern Keres"}, ["kef"] = {"Kpessi"}, ["keg"] = {"Tese"}, ["keh"] = {"Keak"}, ["kei"] = {"Kei"}, ["kej"] = {"Kadar"}, ["kek"] = {"Kekchí"}, ["kel"] = {"Kela (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["kem"] = {"Kemak"}, ["ken"] = {"Kenyang"}, ["keo"] = {"Kakwa"}, ["kep"] = {"Kaikadi"}, ["keq"] = {"Kamar"}, ["ker"] = {"Kera"}, ["kes"] = {"Kugbo"}, ["ket"] = {"Ket"}, ["keu"] = {"Akebu"}, ["kev"] = {"Kanikkaran"}, ["kew"] = {"West Kewa"}, ["kex"] = {"Kukna"}, ["key"] = {"Kupia"}, ["kez"] = {"Kukele"}, ["kfa"] = {"Kodava"}, ["kfb"] = {"Northwestern Kolami"}, ["kfc"] = {"Konda-Dora"}, ["kfd"] = {"Korra Koraga"}, ["kfe"] = {"Kota (India)"}, ["kff"] = {"Koya"}, ["kfg"] = {"Kudiya"}, ["kfh"] = {"Kurichiya"}, ["kfi"] = {"Kannada Kurumba"}, ["kfj"] = {"Kemiehua"}, ["kfk"] = {"Kinnauri"}, ["kfl"] = {"Kung"}, ["kfm"] = {"Khunsari"}, ["kfn"] = {"Kuk"}, ["kfo"] = {"Koro (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["kfp"] = {"Korwa"}, ["kfq"] = {"Korku"}, ["kfr"] = {"Kachhi", "Kutchi"}, ["kfs"] = {"Bilaspuri"}, ["kft"] = {"Kanjari"}, ["kfu"] = {"Katkari"}, ["kfv"] = {"Kurmukar"}, ["kfw"] = {"Kharam Naga"}, ["kfx"] = {"Kullu Pahari"}, ["kfy"] = {"Kumaoni"}, ["kfz"] = {"Koromfé"}, ["kga"] = {"Koyaga"}, ["kgb"] = {"Kawe"}, ["kge"] = {"Komering"}, ["kgf"] = {"Kube"}, ["kgg"] = {"Kusunda"}, ["kgi"] = {"Selangor Sign Language"}, ["kgj"] = {"Gamale Kham"}, ["kgk"] = {"Kaiwá"}, ["kgl"] = {"Kunggari"}, ["kgn"] = {"Karingani"}, ["kgo"] = {"Krongo"}, ["kgp"] = {"Kaingang"}, ["kgq"] = {"Kamoro"}, ["kgr"] = {"Abun"}, ["kgs"] = {"Kumbainggar"}, ["kgt"] = {"Somyev"}, ["kgu"] = {"Kobol"}, ["kgv"] = {"Karas"}, ["kgw"] = {"Karon Dori"}, ["kgx"] = {"Kamaru"}, ["kgy"] = {"Kyerung"}, ["kha"] = {"Khasi"}, ["khb"] = {"Lü"}, ["khc"] = {"Tukang Besi North"}, ["khd"] = {"Bädi Kanum"}, ["khe"] = {"Korowai"}, ["khf"] = {"Khuen"}, ["khg"] = {"Khams Tibetan"}, ["khh"] = {"Kehu"}, ["khi"] = {"Khoisan languages"}, ["khj"] = {"Kuturmi"}, ["khk"] = {"Halh Mongolian"}, ["khl"] = {"Lusi"}, ["khn"] = {"Khandesi"}, ["kho"] = {"Khotanese", "Sakan"}, ["khp"] = {"Kapori", "Kapauri"}, ["khq"] = {"Koyra Chiini Songhay"}, ["khr"] = {"Kharia"}, ["khs"] = {"Kasua"}, ["kht"] = {"Khamti"}, ["khu"] = {"Nkhumbi"}, ["khv"] = {"Khvarshi"}, ["khw"] = {"Khowar"}, ["khx"] = {"Kanu"}, ["khy"] = {"Kele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["khz"] = {"Keapara"}, ["kia"] = {"Kim"}, ["kib"] = {"Koalib"}, ["kic"] = {"Kickapoo"}, ["kid"] = {"Koshin"}, ["kie"] = {"Kibet"}, ["kif"] = {"Eastern Parbate Kham"}, ["kig"] = {"Kimaama", "Kimaghima"}, ["kih"] = {"Kilmeri"}, ["kii"] = {"Kitsai"}, ["kij"] = {"Kilivila"}, ["kil"] = {"Kariya"}, ["kim"] = {"Karagas"}, ["kio"] = {"Kiowa"}, ["kip"] = {"Sheshi Kham"}, ["kiq"] = {"Kosadle", "Kosare"}, ["kis"] = {"Kis"}, ["kit"] = {"Agob"}, ["kiu"] = {"Kirmanjki (individual language)"}, ["kiv"] = {"Kimbu"}, ["kiw"] = {"Northeast Kiwai"}, ["kix"] = {"Khiamniungan Naga"}, ["kiy"] = {"Kirikiri"}, ["kiz"] = {"Kisi"}, ["kja"] = {"Mlap"}, ["kjb"] = {"Q'anjob'al", "Kanjobal"}, ["kjc"] = {"Coastal Konjo"}, ["kjd"] = {"Southern Kiwai"}, ["kje"] = {"Kisar"}, ["kjg"] = {"Khmu"}, ["kjh"] = {"Khakas"}, ["kji"] = {"Zabana"}, ["kjj"] = {"Khinalugh"}, ["kjk"] = {"Highland Konjo"}, ["kjl"] = {"Western Parbate Kham"}, ["kjm"] = {"Kháng"}, ["kjn"] = {"Kunjen"}, ["kjo"] = {"Harijan Kinnauri"}, ["kjp"] = {"အရှိပိုးကရင်", "Pwo Eastern Karen"}, ["kjq"] = {"Western Keres"}, ["kjr"] = {"Kurudu"}, ["kjs"] = {"East Kewa"}, ["kjt"] = {"Phrae Pwo Karen"}, ["kju"] = {"Kashaya"}, ["kjv"] = {"Kaikavian Literary Language"}, ["kjx"] = {"Ramopa"}, ["kjy"] = {"Erave"}, ["kjz"] = {"Bumthangkha"}, ["kka"] = {"Kakanda"}, ["kkb"] = {"Kwerisa"}, ["kkc"] = {"Odoodee"}, ["kkd"] = {"Kinuku"}, ["kke"] = {"Kakabe"}, ["kkf"] = {"Kalaktang Monpa"}, ["kkg"] = {"Mabaka Valley Kalinga"}, ["kkh"] = {"Khün"}, ["kki"] = {"Kagulu"}, ["kkj"] = {"Kako"}, ["kkk"] = {"Kokota"}, ["kkl"] = {"Kosarek Yale"}, ["kkm"] = {"Kiong"}, ["kkn"] = {"Kon Keu"}, ["kko"] = {"Karko"}, ["kkp"] = {"Gugubera", "Koko-Bera"}, ["kkq"] = {"Kaeku"}, ["kkr"] = {"Kir-Balar"}, ["kks"] = {"Giiwo"}, ["kkt"] = {"Koi"}, ["kku"] = {"Tumi"}, ["kkv"] = {"Kangean"}, ["kkw"] = {"Teke-Kukuya"}, ["kkx"] = {"Kohin"}, ["kky"] = {"Guugu Yimidhirr", "Guguyimidjir"}, ["kkz"] = {"Kaska"}, ["kla"] = {"Klamath-Modoc"}, ["klb"] = {"Kiliwa"}, ["klc"] = {"Kolbila"}, ["kld"] = {"Gamilaraay"}, ["kle"] = {"Kulung (Nepal)"}, ["klf"] = {"Kendeje"}, ["klg"] = {"Tagakaulo"}, ["klh"] = {"Weliki"}, ["kli"] = {"Kalumpang"}, ["klj"] = {"Khalaj"}, ["klk"] = {"Kono (Nigeria)"}, ["kll"] = {"Kagan Kalagan"}, ["klm"] = {"Migum"}, ["kln"] = {"Kalenjin"}, ["klo"] = {"Kapya"}, ["klp"] = {"Kamasa"}, ["klq"] = {"Rumu"}, ["klr"] = {"Khaling"}, ["kls"] = {"Kalasha"}, ["klt"] = {"Nukna"}, ["klu"] = {"Klao"}, ["klv"] = {"Maskelynes"}, ["klw"] = {"Tado", "Lindu"}, ["klx"] = {"Koluwawa"}, ["kly"] = {"Kalao"}, ["klz"] = {"Kabola"}, ["kma"] = {"Konni"}, ["kmb"] = {"Kimbundu"}, ["kmc"] = {"Southern Dong"}, ["kmd"] = {"Majukayang Kalinga"}, ["kme"] = {"Bakole"}, ["kmf"] = {"Kare (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kmg"] = {"Kâte"}, ["kmh"] = {"Kalam"}, ["kmi"] = {"Kami (Nigeria)"}, ["kmj"] = {"Kumarbhag Paharia"}, ["kmk"] = {"Limos Kalinga"}, ["kml"] = {"Tanudan Kalinga"}, ["kmm"] = {"Kom (India)"}, ["kmn"] = {"Awtuw"}, ["kmo"] = {"Kwoma"}, ["kmp"] = {"Gimme"}, ["kmq"] = {"Kwama"}, ["kmr"] = {"Northern Kurdish"}, ["kms"] = {"Kamasau"}, ["kmt"] = {"Kemtuik"}, ["kmu"] = {"Kanite"}, ["kmv"] = {"Karipúna Creole French"}, ["kmw"] = {"Komo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["kmx"] = {"Waboda"}, ["kmy"] = {"Koma"}, ["kmz"] = {"Khorasani Turkish"}, ["kna"] = {"Dera (Nigeria)"}, ["knb"] = {"Lubuagan Kalinga"}, ["knc"] = {"Central Kanuri"}, ["knd"] = {"Konda"}, ["kne"] = {"Kankanaey"}, ["knf"] = {"Mankanya"}, ["kng"] = {"Koongo"}, ["kni"] = {"Kanufi"}, ["knj"] = {"Western Kanjobal"}, ["knk"] = {"Kuranko"}, ["knl"] = {"Keninjal"}, ["knm"] = {"Kanamarí"}, ["knn"] = {"Konkani (individual language)"}, ["kno"] = {"Kono (Sierra Leone)"}, ["knp"] = {"Kwanja"}, ["knq"] = {"Kintaq"}, ["knr"] = {"Kaningra"}, ["kns"] = {"Kensiu"}, ["knt"] = {"Panoan Katukína"}, ["knu"] = {"Kono (Guinea)"}, ["knv"] = {"Tabo"}, ["knw"] = {"Kung-Ekoka"}, ["knx"] = {"Kendayan", "Salako"}, ["kny"] = {"Kanyok"}, ["knz"] = {"Kalamsé"}, ["koa"] = {"Konomala"}, ["koc"] = {"Kpati"}, ["kod"] = {"Kodi"}, ["koe"] = {"Kacipo-Bale Suri"}, ["kof"] = {"Kubi"}, ["kog"] = {"Cogui", "Kogi"}, ["koh"] = {"Koyo"}, ["koi"] = {"Komi-Permyak"}, ["kok"] = {"Konkani (macrolanguage)"}, ["kol"] = {"Kol (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["koo"] = {"Konzo"}, ["kop"] = {"Waube"}, ["koq"] = {"Kota (Gabon)"}, ["kos"] = {"Kosraean"}, ["kot"] = {"Lagwan"}, ["kou"] = {"Koke"}, ["kov"] = {"Kudu-Camo"}, ["kow"] = {"Kugama"}, ["koy"] = {"Koyukon"}, ["koz"] = {"Korak"}, ["kpa"] = {"Kutto"}, ["kpb"] = {"Mullu Kurumba"}, ["kpc"] = {"Curripaco"}, ["kpd"] = {"Koba"}, ["kpe"] = {"Kpelle"}, ["kpf"] = {"Komba"}, ["kpg"] = {"Kapingamarangi"}, ["kph"] = {"Kplang"}, ["kpi"] = {"Kofei"}, ["kpj"] = {"Karajá"}, ["kpk"] = {"Kpan"}, ["kpl"] = {"Kpala"}, ["kpm"] = {"Koho"}, ["kpn"] = {"Kepkiriwát"}, ["kpo"] = {"Ikposo"}, ["kpq"] = {"Korupun-Sela"}, ["kpr"] = {"Korafe-Yegha"}, ["kps"] = {"Tehit"}, ["kpt"] = {"Karata"}, ["kpu"] = {"Kafoa"}, ["kpv"] = {"Komi-Zyrian"}, ["kpw"] = {"Kobon"}, ["kpx"] = {"Mountain Koiali"}, ["kpy"] = {"Koryak"}, ["kpz"] = {"Kupsabiny"}, ["kqa"] = {"Mum"}, ["kqb"] = {"Kovai"}, ["kqc"] = {"Doromu-Koki"}, ["kqd"] = {"Koy Sanjaq Surat"}, ["kqe"] = {"Kalagan"}, ["kqf"] = {"Kakabai"}, ["kqg"] = {"Khe"}, ["kqh"] = {"Kisankasa"}, ["kqi"] = {"Koitabu"}, ["kqj"] = {"Koromira"}, ["kqk"] = {"Kotafon Gbe"}, ["kql"] = {"Kyenele"}, ["kqm"] = {"Khisa"}, ["kqn"] = {"Kaonde"}, ["kqo"] = {"Eastern Krahn"}, ["kqp"] = {"Kimré"}, ["kqq"] = {"Krenak"}, ["kqr"] = {"Kimaragang"}, ["kqs"] = {"Northern Kissi"}, ["kqt"] = {"Klias River Kadazan"}, ["kqu"] = {"Seroa"}, ["kqv"] = {"Okolod"}, ["kqw"] = {"Kandas"}, ["kqx"] = {"Mser"}, ["kqy"] = {"Koorete"}, ["kqz"] = {"Korana"}, ["kra"] = {"Kumhali"}, ["krb"] = {"Karkin"}, ["krc"] = {"Karachay-Balkar"}, ["krd"] = {"Kairui-Midiki"}, ["kre"] = {"Panará"}, ["krf"] = {"Koro (Vanuatu)"}, ["krh"] = {"Kurama"}, ["kri"] = {"Krio"}, ["krj"] = {"Kinaray-A"}, ["krk"] = {"Kerek"}, ["krl"] = {"Karelian"}, ["krn"] = {"Sapo"}, ["kro"] = {"Kru languages"}, ["krp"] = {"Durop"}, ["krr"] = {"Krung"}, ["krs"] = {"Gbaya (Sudan)"}, ["krt"] = {"Tumari Kanuri"}, ["kru"] = {"Kurukh"}, ["krv"] = {"Kavet"}, ["krw"] = {"Western Krahn"}, ["krx"] = {"Karon"}, ["kry"] = {"Kryts"}, ["krz"] = {"Sota Kanum"}, ["ksb"] = {"Shambala"}, ["ksc"] = {"Southern Kalinga"}, ["ksd"] = {"Kuanua"}, ["kse"] = {"Kuni"}, ["ksf"] = {"Bafia"}, ["ksg"] = {"Kusaghe"}, ["ksh"] = {"Kölsch"}, ["ksi"] = {"Krisa", "I'saka"}, ["ksj"] = {"Uare"}, ["ksk"] = {"Kansa"}, ["ksl"] = {"Kumalu"}, ["ksm"] = {"Kumba"}, ["ksn"] = {"Kasiguranin"}, ["kso"] = {"Kofa"}, ["ksp"] = {"Kaba"}, ["ksq"] = {"Kwaami"}, ["ksr"] = {"Borong"}, ["kss"] = {"Southern Kisi"}, ["kst"] = {"Winyé"}, ["ksu"] = {"Khamyang"}, ["ksv"] = {"Kusu"}, ["ksw"] = {"စကောကရင်", "S'gaw Karen"}, ["ksx"] = {"Kedang"}, ["ksy"] = {"Kharia Thar"}, ["ksz"] = {"Kodaku"}, ["kta"] = {"Katua"}, ["ktb"] = {"Kambaata"}, ["ktc"] = {"Kholok"}, ["ktd"] = {"Kokata", "Kukatha"}, ["kte"] = {"Nubri"}, ["ktf"] = {"Kwami"}, ["ktg"] = {"Kalkutung"}, ["kth"] = {"Karanga"}, ["kti"] = {"North Muyu"}, ["ktj"] = {"Plapo Krumen"}, ["ktk"] = {"Kaniet"}, ["ktl"] = {"Koroshi"}, ["ktm"] = {"Kurti"}, ["ktn"] = {"Karitiâna"}, ["kto"] = {"Kuot"}, ["ktp"] = {"Kaduo"}, ["ktq"] = {"Katabaga"}, ["kts"] = {"South Muyu"}, ["ktt"] = {"Ketum"}, ["ktu"] = {"Kituba (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["ktv"] = {"Eastern Katu"}, ["ktw"] = {"Kato"}, ["ktx"] = {"Kaxararí"}, ["kty"] = {"Kango (Bas-Uélé District)"}, ["ktz"] = {"Juǀʼhoan", "Juǀʼhoansi"}, ["kub"] = {"Kutep"}, ["kuc"] = {"Kwinsu"}, ["kud"] = {"'Auhelawa"}, ["kue"] = {"Kuman (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kuf"] = {"Western Katu"}, ["kug"] = {"Kupa"}, ["kuh"] = {"Kushi"}, ["kui"] = {"Kuikúro-Kalapálo", "Kalapalo"}, ["kuj"] = {"Kuria"}, ["kuk"] = {"Kepo'"}, ["kul"] = {"Kulere"}, ["kum"] = {"Kumyk"}, ["kun"] = {"Kunama"}, ["kuo"] = {"Kumukio"}, ["kup"] = {"Kunimaipa"}, ["kuq"] = {"Karipuna"}, ["kus"] = {"Kusaal"}, ["kut"] = {"Kutenai"}, ["kuu"] = {"Upper Kuskokwim"}, ["kuv"] = {"Kur"}, ["kuw"] = {"Kpagua"}, ["kux"] = {"Kukatja"}, ["kuy"] = {"Kuuku-Ya'u"}, ["kuz"] = {"Kunza"}, ["kva"] = {"Bagvalal"}, ["kvb"] = {"Kubu"}, ["kvc"] = {"Kove"}, ["kvd"] = {"Kui (Indonesia)"}, ["kve"] = {"Kalabakan"}, ["kvf"] = {"Kabalai"}, ["kvg"] = {"Kuni-Boazi"}, ["kvh"] = {"Komodo"}, ["kvi"] = {"Kwang"}, ["kvj"] = {"Psikye"}, ["kvk"] = {"Korean Sign Language"}, ["kvl"] = {"Kayaw"}, ["kvm"] = {"Kendem"}, ["kvn"] = {"Border Kuna"}, ["kvo"] = {"Dobel"}, ["kvp"] = {"Kompane"}, ["kvq"] = {"ဂေဘားကရင်", "Geba Karen"}, ["kvr"] = {"Kerinci"}, ["kvt"] = {"လထာ", "Lahta Karen", "Lahta"}, ["kvu"] = {"ရင်းဘော်", "Yinbaw Karen"}, ["kvv"] = {"Kola"}, ["kvw"] = {"Wersing"}, ["kvx"] = {"Parkari Koli"}, ["kvy"] = {"ယင်းတလဲ", "Yintale Karen", "Yintale"}, ["kvz"] = {"Tsakwambo", "Tsaukambo"}, ["kwa"] = {"Dâw"}, ["kwb"] = {"Kwa"}, ["kwc"] = {"Likwala"}, ["kwd"] = {"Kwaio"}, ["kwe"] = {"Kwerba"}, ["kwf"] = {"Kwara'ae"}, ["kwg"] = {"Sara Kaba Deme"}, ["kwh"] = {"Kowiai"}, ["kwi"] = {"Awa-Cuaiquer"}, ["kwj"] = {"Kwanga"}, ["kwk"] = {"Kwakiutl"}, ["kwl"] = {"Kofyar"}, ["kwm"] = {"Kwambi"}, ["kwn"] = {"Kwangali"}, ["kwo"] = {"Kwomtari"}, ["kwp"] = {"Kodia"}, ["kwr"] = {"Kwer"}, ["kws"] = {"Kwese"}, ["kwt"] = {"Kwesten"}, ["kwu"] = {"Kwakum"}, ["kwv"] = {"Sara Kaba Náà"}, ["kww"] = {"Kwinti"}, ["kwx"] = {"Khirwar"}, ["kwy"] = {"San Salvador Kongo"}, ["kwz"] = {"Kwadi"}, ["kxa"] = {"Kairiru"}, ["kxb"] = {"Krobu"}, ["kxc"] = {"Konso", "Khonso"}, ["kxd"] = {"Brunei"}, ["kxf"] = {"မနူမနော", "Manumanaw Karen", "Manumanaw"}, ["kxh"] = {"Karo (Ethiopia)"}, ["kxi"] = {"Keningau Murut"}, ["kxj"] = {"Kulfa"}, ["kxk"] = {"ဇယိန်", "Zayein Karen"}, ["kxm"] = {"Northern Khmer"}, ["kxn"] = {"Kanowit-Tanjong Melanau"}, ["kxo"] = {"Kanoé"}, ["kxp"] = {"Wadiyara Koli"}, ["kxq"] = {"Smärky Kanum"}, ["kxr"] = {"Koro (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["kxs"] = {"Kangjia"}, ["kxt"] = {"Koiwat"}, ["kxv"] = {"Kuvi"}, ["kxw"] = {"Konai"}, ["kxx"] = {"Likuba"}, ["kxy"] = {"Kayong"}, ["kxz"] = {"Kerewo"}, ["kya"] = {"Kwaya"}, ["kyb"] = {"Butbut Kalinga"}, ["kyc"] = {"Kyaka"}, ["kyd"] = {"Karey"}, ["kye"] = {"Krache"}, ["kyf"] = {"Kouya"}, ["kyg"] = {"Keyagana"}, ["kyh"] = {"Karok"}, ["kyi"] = {"Kiput"}, ["kyj"] = {"Karao"}, ["kyk"] = {"Kamayo"}, ["kyl"] = {"Kalapuya"}, ["kym"] = {"Kpatili"}, ["kyn"] = {"Northern Binukidnon"}, ["kyo"] = {"Kelon"}, ["kyp"] = {"Kang"}, ["kyq"] = {"Kenga"}, ["kyr"] = {"Kuruáya"}, ["kys"] = {"Baram Kayan"}, ["kyt"] = {"Kayagar"}, ["kyu"] = {"Western Kayah"}, ["kyv"] = {"Kayort"}, ["kyw"] = {"Kudmali"}, ["kyx"] = {"Rapoisi"}, ["kyy"] = {"Kambaira"}, ["kyz"] = {"Kayabí"}, ["kza"] = {"Western Karaboro"}, ["kzb"] = {"Kaibobo"}, ["kzc"] = {"Bondoukou Kulango"}, ["kzd"] = {"Kadai"}, ["kze"] = {"Kosena"}, ["kzf"] = {"Da'a Kaili"}, ["kzg"] = {"Kikai"}, ["kzi"] = {"Kelabit"}, ["kzk"] = {"Kazukuru"}, ["kzl"] = {"Kayeli"}, ["kzm"] = {"Kais"}, ["kzn"] = {"Kokola"}, ["kzo"] = {"Kaningi"}, ["kzp"] = {"Kaidipang"}, ["kzq"] = {"Kaike"}, ["kzr"] = {"Karang"}, ["kzs"] = {"Sugut Dusun"}, ["kzu"] = {"Kayupulau"}, ["kzv"] = {"Komyandaret"}, ["kzw"] = {"Karirí-Xocó"}, ["kzx"] = {"Kamarian"}, ["kzy"] = {"Kango (Tshopo District)"}, ["kzz"] = {"Kalabra"}, ["laa"] = {"Southern Subanen"}, ["lab"] = {"Linear A"}, ["lac"] = {"Lacandon"}, ["lad"] = {"Ladino"}, ["lae"] = {"Pattani"}, ["laf"] = {"Lafofa"}, ["lag"] = {"Rangi"}, ["lah"] = {"Lahnda"}, ["lai"] = {"Lambya"}, ["laj"] = {"Lango (Uganda)"}, ["lal"] = {"Lalia"}, ["lam"] = {"Lamba"}, ["lan"] = {"Laru"}, ["lap"] = {"Laka (Chad)"}, ["laq"] = {"Qabiao"}, ["lar"] = {"Larteh"}, ["las"] = {"Lama (Togo)"}, ["lau"] = {"Laba"}, ["law"] = {"Lauje"}, ["lax"] = {"Tiwa"}, ["lay"] = {"Lama Bai"}, ["laz"] = {"Aribwatsa"}, ["lbb"] = {"Label"}, ["lbc"] = {"Lakkia"}, ["lbe"] = {"Lak"}, ["lbf"] = {"Tinani"}, ["lbg"] = {"Laopang"}, ["lbi"] = {"La'bi"}, ["lbj"] = {"Ladakhi"}, ["lbk"] = {"Central Bontok"}, ["lbl"] = {"Libon Bikol"}, ["lbm"] = {"Lodhi"}, ["lbn"] = {"Rmeet"}, ["lbo"] = {"Laven"}, ["lbq"] = {"Wampar"}, ["lbr"] = {"Lohorung"}, ["lbs"] = {"Libyan Sign Language"}, ["lbt"] = {"Lachi"}, ["lbu"] = {"Labu"}, ["lbv"] = {"Lavatbura-Lamusong"}, ["lbw"] = {"Tolaki"}, ["lbx"] = {"Lawangan"}, ["lby"] = {"Lamalama", "Lamu-Lamu"}, ["lbz"] = {"Lardil"}, ["lcc"] = {"Legenyem"}, ["lcd"] = {"Lola"}, ["lce"] = {"Loncong", "Sekak"}, ["lcf"] = {"Lubu"}, ["lch"] = {"Luchazi"}, ["lcl"] = {"Lisela"}, ["lcm"] = {"Tungag"}, ["lcp"] = {"Western Lawa"}, ["lcq"] = {"Luhu"}, ["lcs"] = {"Lisabata-Nuniali"}, ["lda"] = {"Kla-Dan"}, ["ldb"] = {"Dũya"}, ["ldd"] = {"Luri"}, ["ldg"] = {"Lenyima"}, ["ldh"] = {"Lamja-Dengsa-Tola"}, ["ldi"] = {"Laari"}, ["ldj"] = {"Lemoro"}, ["ldk"] = {"Leelau"}, ["ldl"] = {"Kaan"}, ["ldm"] = {"Landoma"}, ["ldn"] = {"Láadan"}, ["ldo"] = {"Loo"}, ["ldp"] = {"Tso"}, ["ldq"] = {"Lufu"}, ["lea"] = {"Lega-Shabunda"}, ["leb"] = {"Lala-Bisa"}, ["lec"] = {"Leco"}, ["led"] = {"Lendu"}, ["lee"] = {"Lyélé"}, ["lef"] = {"Lelemi"}, ["leh"] = {"Lenje"}, ["lei"] = {"Lemio"}, ["lej"] = {"Lengola"}, ["lek"] = {"Leipon"}, ["lel"] = {"Lele (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["lem"] = {"Nomaande"}, ["len"] = {"Lenca"}, ["leo"] = {"Leti (Cameroon)"}, ["lep"] = {"Lepcha"}, ["leq"] = {"Lembena"}, ["ler"] = {"Lenkau"}, ["les"] = {"Lese"}, ["let"] = {"Lesing-Gelimi", "Amio-Gelimi"}, ["leu"] = {"Kara (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["lev"] = {"Lamma"}, ["lew"] = {"Ledo Kaili"}, ["lex"] = {"Luang"}, ["ley"] = {"Lemolang"}, ["lez"] = {"Lezghian"}, ["lfa"] = {"Lefa"}, ["lfn"] = {"Lingua Franca Nova"}, ["lga"] = {"Lungga"}, ["lgb"] = {"Laghu"}, ["lgg"] = {"Lugbara"}, ["lgh"] = {"Laghuu"}, ["lgi"] = {"Lengilu"}, ["lgk"] = {"Lingarak", "Neverver"}, ["lgl"] = {"Wala"}, ["lgm"] = {"Lega-Mwenga"}, ["lgn"] = {"T'apo", "Opuuo"}, ["lgo"] = {"Lango (South Sudan)"}, ["lgq"] = {"Logba"}, ["lgr"] = {"Lengo"}, ["lgs"] = {"Guinea-Bissau Sign Language", "Língua Gestual Guineense"}, ["lgt"] = {"Pahi"}, ["lgu"] = {"Longgu"}, ["lgz"] = {"Ligenza"}, ["lha"] = {"Laha (Viet Nam)"}, ["lhh"] = {"Laha (Indonesia)"}, ["lhi"] = {"Lahu Shi"}, ["lhl"] = {"Lahul Lohar"}, ["lhm"] = {"Lhomi"}, ["lhn"] = {"Lahanan"}, ["lhp"] = {"Lhokpu"}, ["lhs"] = {"Mlahsö"}, ["lht"] = {"Lo-Toga"}, ["lhu"] = {"Lahu"}, ["lia"] = {"West-Central Limba"}, ["lib"] = {"Likum"}, ["lic"] = {"Hlai"}, ["lid"] = {"Nyindrou"}, ["lie"] = {"Likila"}, ["lif"] = {"Limbu"}, ["lig"] = {"Ligbi"}, ["lih"] = {"Lihir"}, ["lij"] = {"Ligurian"}, ["lik"] = {"Lika"}, ["lil"] = {"Lillooet"}, ["lio"] = {"Liki"}, ["lip"] = {"Sekpele"}, ["liq"] = {"Libido"}, ["lir"] = {"Liberian English"}, ["lis"] = {"လီဆူ", "Lisu"}, ["liu"] = {"Logorik"}, ["liv"] = {"Liv"}, ["liw"] = {"Col"}, ["lix"] = {"Liabuku"}, ["liy"] = {"Banda-Bambari"}, ["liz"] = {"Libinza"}, ["lja"] = {"Golpa"}, ["lje"] = {"Rampi"}, ["lji"] = {"Laiyolo"}, ["ljl"] = {"Li'o"}, ["ljp"] = {"Lampung Api"}, ["ljw"] = {"Yirandali"}, ["ljx"] = {"Yuru"}, ["lka"] = {"Lakalei"}, ["lkb"] = {"Kabras", "Lukabaras"}, ["lkc"] = {"Kucong"}, ["lkd"] = {"Lakondê"}, ["lke"] = {"Kenyi"}, ["lkh"] = {"Lakha"}, ["lki"] = {"Laki"}, ["lkj"] = {"Remun"}, ["lkl"] = {"Laeko-Libuat"}, ["lkm"] = {"Kalaamaya"}, ["lkn"] = {"Lakon", "Vure"}, ["lko"] = {"Khayo", "Olukhayo"}, ["lkr"] = {"Päri"}, ["lks"] = {"Kisa", "Olushisa"}, ["lkt"] = {"Lakota"}, ["lku"] = {"Kungkari"}, ["lky"] = {"Lokoya"}, ["lla"] = {"Lala-Roba"}, ["llb"] = {"Lolo"}, ["llc"] = {"Lele (Guinea)"}, ["lld"] = {"Ladin"}, ["lle"] = {"Lele (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["llf"] = {"Hermit"}, ["llg"] = {"Lole"}, ["llh"] = {"Lamu"}, ["lli"] = {"Teke-Laali"}, ["llj"] = {"Ladji Ladji"}, ["llk"] = {"Lelak"}, ["lll"] = {"Lilau"}, ["llm"] = {"Lasalimu"}, ["lln"] = {"Lele (Chad)"}, ["llp"] = {"North Efate"}, ["llq"] = {"Lolak"}, ["lls"] = {"Lithuanian Sign Language"}, ["llu"] = {"Lau"}, ["llx"] = {"Lauan"}, ["lma"] = {"East Limba"}, ["lmb"] = {"Merei"}, ["lmc"] = {"Limilngan"}, ["lmd"] = {"Lumun"}, ["lme"] = {"Pévé"}, ["lmf"] = {"South Lembata"}, ["lmg"] = {"Lamogai"}, ["lmh"] = {"Lambichhong"}, ["lmi"] = {"Lombi"}, ["lmj"] = {"West Lembata"}, ["lmk"] = {"Lamkang"}, ["lml"] = {"Hano"}, ["lmn"] = {"Lambadi"}, ["lmo"] = {"Lombard"}, ["lmp"] = {"Limbum"}, ["lmq"] = {"Lamatuka"}, ["lmr"] = {"Lamalera"}, ["lmu"] = {"Lamenu"}, ["lmv"] = {"Lomaiviti"}, ["lmw"] = {"Lake Miwok"}, ["lmx"] = {"Laimbue"}, ["lmy"] = {"Lamboya"}, ["lna"] = {"Langbashe"}, ["lnb"] = {"Mbalanhu"}, ["lnd"] = {"Lundayeh", "Lun Bawang"}, ["lng"] = {"Langobardic"}, ["lnh"] = {"Lanoh"}, ["lni"] = {"Daantanai'"}, ["lnj"] = {"Leningitij"}, ["lnl"] = {"South Central Banda"}, ["lnm"] = {"Langam"}, ["lnn"] = {"Lorediakarkar"}, ["lns"] = {"Lamnso'"}, ["lnu"] = {"Longuda"}, ["lnw"] = {"Lanima"}, ["lnz"] = {"Lonzo"}, ["loa"] = {"Loloda"}, ["lob"] = {"Lobi"}, ["loc"] = {"Inonhan"}, ["loe"] = {"Saluan"}, ["lof"] = {"Logol"}, ["log"] = {"Logo"}, ["loh"] = {"Laarim", "Narim"}, ["loi"] = {"Loma (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["loj"] = {"Lou"}, ["lok"] = {"Loko"}, ["lol"] = {"Mongo"}, ["lom"] = {"Loma (Liberia)"}, ["lon"] = {"Malawi Lomwe"}, ["loo"] = {"Lombo"}, ["lop"] = {"Lopa"}, ["loq"] = {"Lobala"}, ["lor"] = {"Téén"}, ["los"] = {"Loniu"}, ["lot"] = {"Otuho"}, ["lou"] = {"Louisiana Creole"}, ["lov"] = {"Lopi"}, ["low"] = {"Tampias Lobu"}, ["lox"] = {"Loun"}, ["loy"] = {"Loke"}, ["loz"] = {"Lozi"}, ["lpa"] = {"Lelepa"}, ["lpe"] = {"Lepki"}, ["lpn"] = {"လောင်ဖူးရီ", "Long Phuri Naga"}, ["lpo"] = {"Lipo"}, ["lpx"] = {"Lopit"}, ["lqr"] = {"Logir"}, ["lra"] = {"Rara Bakati'"}, ["lrc"] = {"Northern Luri"}, ["lre"] = {"Laurentian"}, ["lrg"] = {"Laragia"}, ["lri"] = {"Marachi", "Olumarachi"}, ["lrk"] = {"Loarki"}, ["lrl"] = {"Lari"}, ["lrm"] = {"Marama", "Olumarama"}, ["lrn"] = {"Lorang"}, ["lro"] = {"Laro"}, ["lrr"] = {"Southern Yamphu"}, ["lrt"] = {"Larantuka Malay"}, ["lrv"] = {"Larevat"}, ["lrz"] = {"Lemerig"}, ["lsa"] = {"Lasgerdi"}, ["lsb"] = {"Burundian Sign Language", "Langue des Signes Burundaise"}, ["lsc"] = {"Albarradas Sign Language", "Lengua de señas Albarradas"}, ["lsd"] = {"Lishana Deni"}, ["lse"] = {"Lusengo"}, ["lsh"] = {"Lish"}, ["lsi"] = {"Lashi"}, ["lsl"] = {"Latvian Sign Language"}, ["lsm"] = {"Saamia", "Olusamia"}, ["lsn"] = {"Tibetan Sign Language"}, ["lso"] = {"Laos Sign Language"}, ["lsp"] = {"Panamanian Sign Language", "Lengua de Señas Panameñas"}, ["lsr"] = {"Aruop"}, ["lss"] = {"Lasi"}, ["lst"] = {"Trinidad and Tobago Sign Language"}, ["lsv"] = {"Sivia Sign Language"}, ["lsw"] = {"Seychelles Sign Language", "Lalang Siny Seselwa", "Langue des Signes Seychelloise"}, ["lsy"] = {"Mauritian Sign Language"}, ["ltc"] = {"Late Middle Chinese"}, ["ltg"] = {"Latgalian"}, ["lth"] = {"Thur"}, ["lti"] = {"Leti (Indonesia)"}, ["ltn"] = {"Latundê"}, ["lto"] = {"Tsotso", "Olutsotso"}, ["lts"] = {"Tachoni", "Lutachoni"}, ["ltu"] = {"Latu"}, ["lua"] = {"Luba-Lulua"}, ["luc"] = {"Aringa"}, ["lud"] = {"Ludian"}, ["lue"] = {"Luvale"}, ["luf"] = {"Laua"}, ["luh"] = {"Leizhou Chinese"}, ["lui"] = {"Luiseno"}, ["luj"] = {"Luna"}, ["luk"] = {"Lunanakha"}, ["lul"] = {"Olu'bo"}, ["lum"] = {"Luimbi"}, ["lun"] = {"Lunda"}, ["luo"] = {"Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)", "Dholuo"}, ["lup"] = {"Lumbu"}, ["luq"] = {"Lucumi"}, ["lur"] = {"Laura"}, ["lus"] = {"Lushai"}, ["lut"] = {"Lushootseed"}, ["luu"] = {"Lumba-Yakkha"}, ["luv"] = {"Luwati"}, ["luw"] = {"Luo (Cameroon)"}, ["luy"] = {"Luyia", "Oluluyia"}, ["luz"] = {"Southern Luri"}, ["lva"] = {"Maku'a"}, ["lvi"] = {"Lavi"}, ["lvk"] = {"Lavukaleve"}, ["lvl"] = {"Lwel"}, ["lvs"] = {"Standard Latvian"}, ["lvu"] = {"Levuka"}, ["lwa"] = {"Lwalu"}, ["lwe"] = {"Lewo Eleng"}, ["lwg"] = {"Wanga", "Oluwanga"}, ["lwh"] = {"White Lachi"}, ["lwl"] = {"Eastern Lawa"}, ["lwm"] = {"Laomian"}, ["lwo"] = {"Luwo"}, ["lws"] = {"Malawian Sign Language"}, ["lwt"] = {"Lewotobi"}, ["lwu"] = {"Lawu"}, ["lww"] = {"Lewo"}, ["lxm"] = {"Lakurumau"}, ["lya"] = {"Layakha"}, ["lyg"] = {"Lyngngam"}, ["lyn"] = {"Luyana"}, ["lzh"] = {"Literary Chinese"}, ["lzl"] = {"Litzlitz"}, ["lzn"] = {"Leinong Naga"}, ["lzz"] = {"Laz"}, ["maa"] = {"San Jerónimo Tecóatl Mazatec"}, ["mab"] = {"Yutanduchi Mixtec"}, ["mad"] = {"Madurese"}, ["mae"] = {"Bo-Rukul"}, ["maf"] = {"Mafa"}, ["mag"] = {"Magahi"}, ["mai"] = {"Maithili"}, ["maj"] = {"Jalapa De Díaz Mazatec"}, ["mak"] = {"Makasar"}, ["mam"] = {"Mam"}, ["man"] = {"Mandingo", "Manding"}, ["map"] = {"Austronesian languages"}, ["maq"] = {"Chiquihuitlán Mazatec"}, ["mas"] = {"Masai"}, ["mat"] = {"San Francisco Matlatzinca"}, ["mau"] = {"Huautla Mazatec"}, ["mav"] = {"Sateré-Mawé"}, ["maw"] = {"Mampruli"}, ["max"] = {"North Moluccan Malay"}, ["maz"] = {"Central Mazahua"}, ["mba"] = {"Higaonon"}, ["mbb"] = {"Western Bukidnon Manobo"}, ["mbc"] = {"Macushi"}, ["mbd"] = {"Dibabawon Manobo"}, ["mbe"] = {"Molale"}, ["mbf"] = {"Baba Malay"}, ["mbh"] = {"Mangseng"}, ["mbi"] = {"Ilianen Manobo"}, ["mbj"] = {"Nadëb"}, ["mbk"] = {"Malol"}, ["mbl"] = {"Maxakalí"}, ["mbm"] = {"Ombamba"}, ["mbn"] = {"Macaguán"}, ["mbo"] = {"Mbo (Cameroon)"}, ["mbp"] = {"Malayo"}, ["mbq"] = {"Maisin"}, ["mbr"] = {"Nukak Makú"}, ["mbs"] = {"Sarangani Manobo"}, ["mbt"] = {"Matigsalug Manobo"}, ["mbu"] = {"Mbula-Bwazza"}, ["mbv"] = {"Mbulungish"}, ["mbw"] = {"Maring"}, ["mbx"] = {"Mari (East Sepik Province)"}, ["mby"] = {"Memoni"}, ["mbz"] = {"Amoltepec Mixtec"}, ["mca"] = {"Maca"}, ["mcb"] = {"Machiguenga"}, ["mcc"] = {"Bitur"}, ["mcd"] = {"Sharanahua"}, ["mce"] = {"Itundujia Mixtec"}, ["mcf"] = {"Matsés"}, ["mcg"] = {"Mapoyo"}, ["mch"] = {"Maquiritari"}, ["mci"] = {"Mese"}, ["mcj"] = {"Mvanip"}, ["mck"] = {"Mbunda"}, ["mcl"] = {"Macaguaje"}, ["mcm"] = {"Malaccan Creole Portuguese"}, ["mcn"] = {"Masana"}, ["mco"] = {"Coatlán Mixe"}, ["mcp"] = {"Makaa"}, ["mcq"] = {"Ese"}, ["mcr"] = {"Menya"}, ["mcs"] = {"Mambai"}, ["mct"] = {"Mengisa"}, ["mcu"] = {"Cameroon Mambila"}, ["mcv"] = {"Minanibai"}, ["mcw"] = {"Mawa (Chad)"}, ["mcx"] = {"Mpiemo"}, ["mcy"] = {"South Watut"}, ["mcz"] = {"Mawan"}, ["mda"] = {"Mada (Nigeria)"}, ["mdb"] = {"Morigi"}, ["mdc"] = {"Male (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mdd"] = {"Mbum"}, ["mde"] = {"Maba (Chad)"}, ["mdf"] = {"Moksha"}, ["mdg"] = {"Massalat"}, ["mdh"] = {"Maguindanaon"}, ["mdi"] = {"Mamvu"}, ["mdj"] = {"Mangbetu"}, ["mdk"] = {"Mangbutu"}, ["mdl"] = {"Maltese Sign Language"}, ["mdm"] = {"Mayogo"}, ["mdn"] = {"Mbati"}, ["mdp"] = {"Mbala"}, ["mdq"] = {"Mbole"}, ["mdr"] = {"Mandar"}, ["mds"] = {"Maria (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mdt"] = {"Mbere"}, ["mdu"] = {"Mboko"}, ["mdv"] = {"Santa Lucía Monteverde Mixtec"}, ["mdw"] = {"Mbosi"}, ["mdx"] = {"Dizin"}, ["mdy"] = {"Male (Ethiopia)"}, ["mdz"] = {"Suruí Do Pará"}, ["mea"] = {"Menka"}, ["meb"] = {"Ikobi"}, ["mec"] = {"Marra"}, ["med"] = {"Melpa"}, ["mee"] = {"Mengen"}, ["mef"] = {"Megam"}, ["meh"] = {"Southwestern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"}, ["mei"] = {"Midob"}, ["mej"] = {"Meyah"}, ["mek"] = {"Mekeo"}, ["mel"] = {"Central Melanau"}, ["mem"] = {"Mangala"}, ["men"] = {"Mende (Sierra Leone)"}, ["meo"] = {"Kedah Malay"}, ["mep"] = {"Miriwoong"}, ["meq"] = {"Merey"}, ["mer"] = {"Meru"}, ["mes"] = {"Masmaje"}, ["met"] = {"Mato"}, ["meu"] = {"Motu"}, ["mev"] = {"Mano"}, ["mew"] = {"Maaka"}, ["mey"] = {"Hassaniyya"}, ["mez"] = {"Menominee"}, ["mfa"] = {"Pattani Malay"}, ["mfb"] = {"Bangka"}, ["mfc"] = {"Mba"}, ["mfd"] = {"Mendankwe-Nkwen"}, ["mfe"] = {"Morisyen"}, ["mff"] = {"Naki"}, ["mfg"] = {"Mogofin"}, ["mfh"] = {"Matal"}, ["mfi"] = {"Wandala"}, ["mfj"] = {"Mefele"}, ["mfk"] = {"North Mofu"}, ["mfl"] = {"Putai"}, ["mfm"] = {"Marghi South"}, ["mfn"] = {"Cross River Mbembe"}, ["mfo"] = {"Mbe"}, ["mfp"] = {"Makassar Malay"}, ["mfq"] = {"Moba"}, ["mfr"] = {"Marrithiyel"}, ["mfs"] = {"Mexican Sign Language"}, ["mft"] = {"Mokerang"}, ["mfu"] = {"Mbwela"}, ["mfv"] = {"Mandjak"}, ["mfw"] = {"Mulaha"}, ["mfx"] = {"Melo"}, ["mfy"] = {"Mayo"}, ["mfz"] = {"Mabaan"}, ["mga"] = {"Middle Irish (900-1200)"}, ["mgb"] = {"Mararit"}, ["mgc"] = {"Morokodo"}, ["mgd"] = {"Moru"}, ["mge"] = {"Mango"}, ["mgf"] = {"Maklew"}, ["mgg"] = {"Mpumpong"}, ["mgh"] = {"Makhuwa-Meetto"}, ["mgi"] = {"Lijili"}, ["mgj"] = {"Abureni"}, ["mgk"] = {"Mawes"}, ["mgl"] = {"Maleu-Kilenge"}, ["mgm"] = {"Mambae"}, ["mgn"] = {"Mbangi"}, ["mgo"] = {"Meta'"}, ["mgp"] = {"Eastern Magar"}, ["mgq"] = {"Malila"}, ["mgr"] = {"Mambwe-Lungu"}, ["mgs"] = {"Manda (Tanzania)"}, ["mgt"] = {"Mongol"}, ["mgu"] = {"Mailu"}, ["mgv"] = {"Matengo"}, ["mgw"] = {"Matumbi"}, ["mgy"] = {"Mbunga"}, ["mgz"] = {"Mbugwe"}, ["mha"] = {"Manda (India)"}, ["mhb"] = {"Mahongwe"}, ["mhc"] = {"Mocho"}, ["mhd"] = {"Mbugu"}, ["mhe"] = {"Besisi", "Mah Meri"}, ["mhf"] = {"Mamaa"}, ["mhg"] = {"Margu"}, ["mhi"] = {"Ma'di"}, ["mhj"] = {"Mogholi"}, ["mhk"] = {"Mungaka"}, ["mhl"] = {"Mauwake"}, ["mhm"] = {"Makhuwa-Moniga"}, ["mhn"] = {"Mócheno"}, ["mho"] = {"Mashi (Zambia)"}, ["mhp"] = {"Balinese Malay"}, ["mhq"] = {"Mandan"}, ["mhr"] = {"Eastern Mari"}, ["mhs"] = {"Buru (Indonesia)"}, ["mht"] = {"Mandahuaca"}, ["mhu"] = {"Digaro-Mishmi", "Darang Deng"}, ["mhw"] = {"Mbukushu"}, ["mhx"] = {"Maru", "Lhaovo"}, ["mhy"] = {"Ma'anyan"}, ["mhz"] = {"Mor (Mor Islands)"}, ["mia"] = {"Miami"}, ["mib"] = {"Atatláhuca Mixtec"}, ["mic"] = {"Mi'kmaq", "Micmac"}, ["mid"] = {"Mandaic"}, ["mie"] = {"Ocotepec Mixtec"}, ["mif"] = {"Mofu-Gudur"}, ["mig"] = {"San Miguel El Grande Mixtec"}, ["mih"] = {"Chayuco Mixtec"}, ["mii"] = {"Chigmecatitlán Mixtec"}, ["mij"] = {"Abar", "Mungbam"}, ["mik"] = {"Mikasuki"}, ["mil"] = {"Peñoles Mixtec"}, ["mim"] = {"Alacatlatzala Mixtec"}, ["min"] = {"Minangkabau"}, ["mio"] = {"Pinotepa Nacional Mixtec"}, ["mip"] = {"Apasco-Apoala Mixtec"}, ["miq"] = {"Mískito"}, ["mir"] = {"Isthmus Mixe"}, ["mis"] = {"Uncoded languages"}, ["mit"] = {"Southern Puebla Mixtec"}, ["miu"] = {"Cacaloxtepec Mixtec"}, ["miw"] = {"Akoye"}, ["mix"] = {"Mixtepec Mixtec"}, ["miy"] = {"Ayutla Mixtec"}, ["miz"] = {"Coatzospan Mixtec"}, ["mjb"] = {"Makalero"}, ["mjc"] = {"San Juan Colorado Mixtec"}, ["mjd"] = {"Northwest Maidu"}, ["mje"] = {"Muskum"}, ["mjg"] = {"Tu"}, ["mjh"] = {"Mwera (Nyasa)"}, ["mji"] = {"Kim Mun"}, ["mjj"] = {"Mawak"}, ["mjk"] = {"Matukar"}, ["mjl"] = {"Mandeali"}, ["mjm"] = {"Medebur"}, ["mjn"] = {"Ma (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mjo"] = {"Malankuravan"}, ["mjp"] = {"Malapandaram"}, ["mjq"] = {"Malaryan"}, ["mjr"] = {"Malavedan"}, ["mjs"] = {"Miship"}, ["mjt"] = {"Sauria Paharia"}, ["mju"] = {"Manna-Dora"}, ["mjv"] = {"Mannan"}, ["mjw"] = {"Karbi"}, ["mjx"] = {"Mahali"}, ["mjy"] = {"Mahican"}, ["mjz"] = {"Majhi"}, ["mka"] = {"Mbre"}, ["mkb"] = {"Mal Paharia"}, ["mkc"] = {"Siliput"}, ["mke"] = {"Mawchi"}, ["mkf"] = {"Miya"}, ["mkg"] = {"Mak (China)"}, ["mkh"] = {"မွန်ခမာ ဘာဘာစကားတိ", "Mon-Khmer languages"}, ["mki"] = {"Dhatki"}, ["mkj"] = {"Mokilese"}, ["mkk"] = {"Byep"}, ["mkl"] = {"Mokole"}, ["mkm"] = {"Moklen"}, ["mkn"] = {"Kupang Malay"}, ["mko"] = {"Mingang Doso"}, ["mkp"] = {"Moikodi"}, ["mkq"] = {"Bay Miwok"}, ["mkr"] = {"Malas"}, ["mks"] = {"Silacayoapan Mixtec"}, ["mkt"] = {"Vamale"}, ["mku"] = {"Konyanka Maninka"}, ["mkv"] = {"Mafea"}, ["mkw"] = {"Kituba (Congo)"}, ["mkx"] = {"Kinamiging Manobo"}, ["mky"] = {"East Makian"}, ["mkz"] = {"Makasae"}, ["mla"] = {"Malo"}, ["mlb"] = {"Mbule"}, ["mlc"] = {"Cao Lan"}, ["mle"] = {"Manambu"}, ["mlf"] = {"Mal"}, ["mlh"] = {"Mape"}, ["mli"] = {"Malimpung"}, ["mlj"] = {"Miltu"}, ["mlk"] = {"Ilwana", "Kiwilwana"}, ["mll"] = {"Malua Bay"}, ["mlm"] = {"Mulam"}, ["mln"] = {"Malango"}, ["mlo"] = {"Mlomp"}, ["mlp"] = {"Bargam"}, ["mlq"] = {"Western Maninkakan"}, ["mlr"] = {"Vame"}, ["mls"] = {"Masalit"}, ["mlu"] = {"To'abaita"}, ["mlv"] = {"Motlav", "Mwotlap"}, ["mlw"] = {"Moloko"}, ["mlx"] = {"Malfaxal", "Naha'ai"}, ["mlz"] = {"Malaynon"}, ["mma"] = {"Mama"}, ["mmb"] = {"Momina"}, ["mmc"] = {"Michoacán Mazahua"}, ["mmd"] = {"Maonan"}, ["mme"] = {"Mae"}, ["mmf"] = {"Mundat"}, ["mmg"] = {"North Ambrym"}, ["mmh"] = {"Mehináku"}, ["mmi"] = {"Hember Avu", "Amben", "Musar"}, ["mmj"] = {"Majhwar"}, ["mmk"] = {"Mukha-Dora"}, ["mml"] = {"Man Met"}, ["mmm"] = {"Maii"}, ["mmn"] = {"Mamanwa"}, ["mmo"] = {"Mangga Buang"}, ["mmp"] = {"Siawi"}, ["mmq"] = {"Musak"}, ["mmr"] = {"Western Xiangxi Miao"}, ["mmt"] = {"Malalamai"}, ["mmu"] = {"Mmaala"}, ["mmv"] = {"Miriti"}, ["mmw"] = {"Emae"}, ["mmx"] = {"Madak"}, ["mmy"] = {"Migaama"}, ["mmz"] = {"Mabaale"}, ["mna"] = {"Mbula"}, ["mnb"] = {"Muna"}, ["mnc"] = {"Manchu"}, ["mnd"] = {"Mondé"}, ["mne"] = {"Naba"}, ["mnf"] = {"Mundani"}, ["mng"] = {"Eastern Mnong"}, ["mnh"] = {"Mono (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["mni"] = {"မဏိပူရ", "ကသည်း", "Manipuri"}, ["mnj"] = {"Munji"}, ["mnk"] = {"Mandinka"}, ["mnl"] = {"Tiale"}, ["mnm"] = {"Mapena"}, ["mnn"] = {"Southern Mnong"}, ["mno"] = {"Manobo languages"}, ["mnp"] = {"Min Bei Chinese"}, ["mnq"] = {"Minriq"}, ["mnr"] = {"Mono (USA)"}, ["mns"] = {"Mansi"}, ["mnu"] = {"Mer"}, ["mnv"] = {"Rennell-Bellona"}, ["mnw"] = {"မွန်", "Mon"}, ["mnx"] = {"Manikion"}, ["mny"] = {"Manyawa"}, ["mnz"] = {"Moni"}, ["moa"] = {"Mwan"}, ["moc"] = {"Mocoví"}, ["mod"] = {"Mobilian"}, ["moe"] = {"Innu", "Montagnais"}, ["mog"] = {"Mongondow"}, ["moh"] = {"Mohawk"}, ["moi"] = {"Mboi"}, ["moj"] = {"Monzombo"}, ["mok"] = {"Morori"}, ["mom"] = {"Mangue"}, ["moo"] = {"Monom"}, ["mop"] = {"Mopán Maya"}, ["moq"] = {"Mor (Bomberai Peninsula)"}, ["mor"] = {"Moro"}, ["mos"] = {"Mossi"}, ["mot"] = {"Barí"}, ["mou"] = {"Mogum"}, ["mov"] = {"Mohave"}, ["mow"] = {"Moi (Congo)"}, ["mox"] = {"Molima"}, ["moy"] = {"Shekkacho"}, ["moz"] = {"Mukulu", "Gergiko"}, ["mpa"] = {"Mpoto"}, ["mpb"] = {"Malak Malak", "Mullukmulluk"}, ["mpc"] = {"Mangarrayi"}, ["mpd"] = {"Machinere"}, ["mpe"] = {"Majang"}, ["mpg"] = {"Marba"}, ["mph"] = {"Maung"}, ["mpi"] = {"Mpade"}, ["mpj"] = {"Martu Wangka", "Wangkajunga"}, ["mpk"] = {"Mbara (Chad)"}, ["mpl"] = {"Middle Watut"}, ["mpm"] = {"Yosondúa Mixtec"}, ["mpn"] = {"Mindiri"}, ["mpo"] = {"Miu"}, ["mpp"] = {"Migabac"}, ["mpq"] = {"Matís"}, ["mpr"] = {"Vangunu"}, ["mps"] = {"Dadibi"}, ["mpt"] = {"Mian"}, ["mpu"] = {"Makuráp"}, ["mpv"] = {"Mungkip"}, ["mpw"] = {"Mapidian"}, ["mpx"] = {"Misima-Panaeati"}, ["mpy"] = {"Mapia"}, ["mpz"] = {"Mpi"}, ["mqa"] = {"Maba (Indonesia)"}, ["mqb"] = {"Mbuko"}, ["mqc"] = {"Mangole"}, ["mqe"] = {"Matepi"}, ["mqf"] = {"Momuna"}, ["mqg"] = {"Kota Bangun Kutai Malay"}, ["mqh"] = {"Tlazoyaltepec Mixtec"}, ["mqi"] = {"Mariri"}, ["mqj"] = {"Mamasa"}, ["mqk"] = {"Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo"}, ["mql"] = {"Mbelime"}, ["mqm"] = {"South Marquesan"}, ["mqn"] = {"Moronene"}, ["mqo"] = {"Modole"}, ["mqp"] = {"Manipa"}, ["mqq"] = {"Minokok"}, ["mqr"] = {"Mander"}, ["mqs"] = {"West Makian"}, ["mqt"] = {"Mok"}, ["mqu"] = {"Mandari"}, ["mqv"] = {"Mosimo"}, ["mqw"] = {"Murupi"}, ["mqx"] = {"Mamuju"}, ["mqy"] = {"Manggarai"}, ["mqz"] = {"Pano"}, ["mra"] = {"Mlabri"}, ["mrb"] = {"Marino"}, ["mrc"] = {"Maricopa"}, ["mrd"] = {"Western Magar"}, ["mre"] = {"Martha's Vineyard Sign Language"}, ["mrf"] = {"Elseng"}, ["mrg"] = {"Mising"}, ["mrh"] = {"မရာ"}, ["mrj"] = {"Western Mari"}, ["mrk"] = {"Hmwaveke"}, ["mrl"] = {"Mortlockese"}, ["mrm"] = {"Merlav", "Mwerlap"}, ["mrn"] = {"Cheke Holo"}, ["mro"] = {"မြို(မရူစာ)", "Mru"}, ["mrp"] = {"Morouas"}, ["mrq"] = {"North Marquesan"}, ["mrr"] = {"Maria (India)"}, ["mrs"] = {"Maragus"}, ["mrt"] = {"Marghi Central"}, ["mru"] = {"Mono (Cameroon)"}, ["mrv"] = {"Mangareva"}, ["mrw"] = {"Maranao"}, ["mrx"] = {"Maremgi", "Dineor"}, ["mry"] = {"Mandaya"}, ["mrz"] = {"Marind"}, ["msb"] = {"Masbatenyo"}, ["msc"] = {"Sankaran Maninka"}, ["msd"] = {"Yucatec Maya Sign Language"}, ["mse"] = {"Musey"}, ["msf"] = {"Mekwei"}, ["msg"] = {"Moraid"}, ["msh"] = {"Masikoro Malagasy"}, ["msi"] = {"Sabah Malay"}, ["msj"] = {"Ma (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["msk"] = {"Mansaka"}, ["msl"] = {"Molof", "Poule"}, ["msm"] = {"Agusan Manobo"}, ["msn"] = {"Vurës"}, ["mso"] = {"Mombum"}, ["msp"] = {"Maritsauá"}, ["msq"] = {"Caac"}, ["msr"] = {"Mongolian Sign Language"}, ["mss"] = {"West Masela"}, ["msu"] = {"Musom"}, ["msv"] = {"Maslam"}, ["msw"] = {"Mansoanka"}, ["msx"] = {"Moresada"}, ["msy"] = {"Aruamu"}, ["msz"] = {"Momare"}, ["mta"] = {"Cotabato Manobo"}, ["mtb"] = {"Anyin Morofo"}, ["mtc"] = {"Munit"}, ["mtd"] = {"Mualang"}, ["mte"] = {"Mono (Solomon Islands)"}, ["mtf"] = {"Murik (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mtg"] = {"Una"}, ["mth"] = {"Munggui"}, ["mti"] = {"Maiwa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["mtj"] = {"Moskona"}, ["mtk"] = {"Mbe'"}, ["mtl"] = {"Montol"}, ["mtm"] = {"Mator"}, ["mtn"] = {"Matagalpa"}, ["mto"] = {"Totontepec Mixe"}, ["mtp"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Nocten"}, ["mtq"] = {"Muong"}, ["mtr"] = {"Mewari"}, ["mts"] = {"Yora"}, ["mtt"] = {"Mota"}, ["mtu"] = {"Tututepec Mixtec"}, ["mtv"] = {"Asaro'o"}, ["mtw"] = {"Southern Binukidnon"}, ["mtx"] = {"Tidaá Mixtec"}, ["mty"] = {"Nabi"}, ["mua"] = {"Mundang"}, ["mub"] = {"Mubi"}, ["muc"] = {"Ajumbu"}, ["mud"] = {"Mednyj Aleut"}, ["mue"] = {"Media Lengua"}, ["mug"] = {"Musgu"}, ["muh"] = {"Mündü"}, ["mui"] = {"Musi"}, ["muj"] = {"Mabire"}, ["muk"] = {"Mugom"}, ["mul"] = {"Multiple languages"}, ["mum"] = {"Maiwala"}, ["mun"] = {"Munda languages"}, ["muo"] = {"Nyong"}, ["mup"] = {"Malvi"}, ["muq"] = {"Eastern Xiangxi Miao"}, ["mur"] = {"Murle"}, ["mus"] = {"Creek"}, ["mut"] = {"Western Muria"}, ["muu"] = {"Yaaku"}, ["muv"] = {"Muthuvan"}, ["mux"] = {"Bo-Ung"}, ["muy"] = {"Muyang"}, ["muz"] = {"Mursi"}, ["mva"] = {"Manam"}, ["mvb"] = {"Mattole"}, ["mvd"] = {"Mamboru"}, ["mve"] = {"Marwari (Pakistan)"}, ["mvf"] = {"Peripheral Mongolian"}, ["mvg"] = {"Yucuañe Mixtec"}, ["mvh"] = {"Mulgi"}, ["mvi"] = {"Miyako"}, ["mvk"] = {"Mekmek"}, ["mvl"] = {"Mbara (Australia)"}, ["mvn"] = {"Minaveha"}, ["mvo"] = {"Marovo"}, ["mvp"] = {"Duri"}, ["mvq"] = {"Moere"}, ["mvr"] = {"Marau"}, ["mvs"] = {"Massep"}, ["mvt"] = {"Mpotovoro"}, ["mvu"] = {"Marfa"}, ["mvv"] = {"Tagal Murut"}, ["mvw"] = {"Machinga"}, ["mvx"] = {"Meoswar"}, ["mvy"] = {"Indus Kohistani"}, ["mvz"] = {"Mesqan"}, ["mwa"] = {"Mwatebu"}, ["mwb"] = {"Juwal"}, ["mwc"] = {"Are"}, ["mwe"] = {"Mwera (Chimwera)"}, ["mwf"] = {"Murrinh-Patha"}, ["mwg"] = {"Aiklep"}, ["mwh"] = {"Mouk-Aria"}, ["mwi"] = {"Labo", "Ninde"}, ["mwk"] = {"Kita Maninkakan"}, ["mwl"] = {"Mirandese"}, ["mwm"] = {"Sar"}, ["mwn"] = {"Nyamwanga"}, ["mwo"] = {"Central Maewo"}, ["mwp"] = {"Kala Lagaw Ya"}, ["mwq"] = {"မွင်း", "Mün Chin"}, ["mwr"] = {"Marwari"}, ["mws"] = {"Mwimbi-Muthambi"}, ["mwt"] = {"Moken"}, ["mwu"] = {"Mittu"}, ["mwv"] = {"Mentawai"}, ["mww"] = {"Hmong Daw"}, ["mwz"] = {"Moingi"}, ["mxa"] = {"Northwest Oaxaca Mixtec"}, ["mxb"] = {"Tezoatlán Mixtec"}, ["mxc"] = {"Manyika"}, ["mxd"] = {"Modang"}, ["mxe"] = {"Mele-Fila"}, ["mxf"] = {"Malgbe"}, ["mxg"] = {"Mbangala"}, ["mxh"] = {"Mvuba"}, ["mxi"] = {"Mozarabic"}, ["mxj"] = {"Miju-Mishmi", "Geman Deng"}, ["mxk"] = {"Monumbo"}, ["mxl"] = {"Maxi Gbe"}, ["mxm"] = {"Meramera"}, ["mxn"] = {"Moi (Indonesia)"}, ["mxo"] = {"Mbowe"}, ["mxp"] = {"Tlahuitoltepec Mixe"}, ["mxq"] = {"Juquila Mixe"}, ["mxr"] = {"Murik (Malaysia)"}, ["mxs"] = {"Huitepec Mixtec"}, ["mxt"] = {"Jamiltepec Mixtec"}, ["mxu"] = {"Mada (Cameroon)"}, ["mxv"] = {"Metlatónoc Mixtec"}, ["mxw"] = {"Namo"}, ["mxx"] = {"Mahou", "Mawukakan"}, ["mxy"] = {"Southeastern Nochixtlán Mixtec"}, ["mxz"] = {"Central Masela"}, ["myb"] = {"Mbay"}, ["myc"] = {"Mayeka"}, ["mye"] = {"Myene"}, ["myf"] = {"Bambassi"}, ["myg"] = {"Manta"}, ["myh"] = {"Makah"}, ["myj"] = {"Mangayat"}, ["myk"] = {"Mamara Senoufo"}, ["myl"] = {"Moma"}, ["mym"] = {"Me'en"}, ["myn"] = {"Mayan languages"}, ["myo"] = {"Anfillo"}, ["myp"] = {"Pirahã"}, ["myr"] = {"Muniche"}, ["mys"] = {"Mesmes"}, ["myu"] = {"Mundurukú"}, ["myv"] = {"Erzya"}, ["myw"] = {"Muyuw"}, ["myx"] = {"Masaaba"}, ["myy"] = {"Macuna"}, ["myz"] = {"Classical Mandaic"}, ["mza"] = {"Santa María Zacatepec Mixtec"}, ["mzb"] = {"Tumzabt"}, ["mzc"] = {"Madagascar Sign Language"}, ["mzd"] = {"Malimba"}, ["mze"] = {"Morawa"}, ["mzg"] = {"Monastic Sign Language"}, ["mzh"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Güisnay"}, ["mzi"] = {"Ixcatlán Mazatec"}, ["mzj"] = {"Manya"}, ["mzk"] = {"Nigeria Mambila"}, ["mzl"] = {"Mazatlán Mixe"}, ["mzm"] = {"Mumuye"}, ["mzn"] = {"Mazanderani"}, ["mzo"] = {"Matipuhy"}, ["mzp"] = {"Movima"}, ["mzq"] = {"Mori Atas"}, ["mzr"] = {"Marúbo"}, ["mzs"] = {"Macanese"}, ["mzt"] = {"Mintil"}, ["mzu"] = {"Inapang"}, ["mzv"] = {"Manza"}, ["mzw"] = {"Deg"}, ["mzx"] = {"Mawayana"}, ["mzy"] = {"Mozambican Sign Language"}, ["mzz"] = {"Maiadomu"}, ["naa"] = {"Namla"}, ["nab"] = {"Southern Nambikuára"}, ["nac"] = {"Narak"}, ["nae"] = {"Naka'ela"}, ["naf"] = {"Nabak"}, ["nag"] = {"Naga Pidgin"}, ["nah"] = {"Nahuatl languages"}, ["nai"] = {"North American Indian languages"}, ["naj"] = {"Nalu"}, ["nak"] = {"Nakanai"}, ["nal"] = {"Nalik"}, ["nam"] = {"Ngan'gityemerri"}, ["nan"] = {"Min Nan Chinese"}, ["nao"] = {"Naaba"}, ["nap"] = {"Neapolitan"}, ["naq"] = {"Khoekhoe", "Nama (Namibia)"}, ["nar"] = {"Iguta"}, ["nas"] = {"Naasioi"}, ["nat"] = {"Ca̱hungwa̱rya̱", "Hungworo"}, ["naw"] = {"Nawuri"}, ["nax"] = {"Nakwi"}, ["nay"] = {"Ngarrindjeri"}, ["naz"] = {"Coatepec Nahuatl"}, ["nba"] = {"Nyemba"}, ["nbb"] = {"Ndoe"}, ["nbc"] = {"Chang Naga"}, ["nbd"] = {"Ngbinda"}, ["nbe"] = {"Konyak Naga"}, ["nbg"] = {"Nagarchal"}, ["nbh"] = {"Ngamo"}, ["nbi"] = {"Mao Naga"}, ["nbj"] = {"Ngarinyman"}, ["nbk"] = {"Nake"}, ["nbm"] = {"Ngbaka Ma'bo"}, ["nbn"] = {"Kuri"}, ["nbo"] = {"Nkukoli"}, ["nbp"] = {"Nnam"}, ["nbq"] = {"Nggem"}, ["nbr"] = {"Numana"}, ["nbs"] = {"Namibian Sign Language"}, ["nbt"] = {"Na"}, ["nbu"] = {"Rongmei Naga"}, ["nbv"] = {"Ngamambo"}, ["nbw"] = {"Southern Ngbandi"}, ["nby"] = {"Ningera"}, ["nca"] = {"Iyo"}, ["ncb"] = {"Central Nicobarese"}, ["ncc"] = {"Ponam"}, ["ncd"] = {"Nachering"}, ["nce"] = {"Yale"}, ["ncf"] = {"Notsi"}, ["ncg"] = {"Nisga'a"}, ["nch"] = {"Central Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nci"] = {"Classical Nahuatl"}, ["ncj"] = {"Northern Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["nck"] = {"Na-kara"}, ["ncl"] = {"Michoacán Nahuatl"}, ["ncm"] = {"Nambo"}, ["ncn"] = {"Nauna"}, ["nco"] = {"Sibe"}, ["ncq"] = {"Northern Katang"}, ["ncr"] = {"Ncane"}, ["ncs"] = {"Nicaraguan Sign Language"}, ["nct"] = {"Chothe Naga"}, ["ncu"] = {"Chumburung"}, ["ncx"] = {"Central Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["ncz"] = {"Natchez"}, ["nda"] = {"Ndasa"}, ["ndb"] = {"Kenswei Nsei"}, ["ndc"] = {"Ndau"}, ["ndd"] = {"Nde-Nsele-Nta"}, ["ndf"] = {"Nadruvian"}, ["ndg"] = {"Ndengereko"}, ["ndh"] = {"Ndali"}, ["ndi"] = {"Samba Leko"}, ["ndj"] = {"Ndamba"}, ["ndk"] = {"Ndaka"}, ["ndl"] = {"Ndolo"}, ["ndm"] = {"Ndam"}, ["ndn"] = {"Ngundi"}, ["ndp"] = {"Ndo"}, ["ndq"] = {"Ndombe"}, ["ndr"] = {"Ndoola"}, ["nds"] = {"Low German", "Low Saxon"}, ["ndt"] = {"Ndunga"}, ["ndu"] = {"Dugun"}, ["ndv"] = {"Ndut"}, ["ndw"] = {"Ndobo"}, ["ndx"] = {"Nduga"}, ["ndy"] = {"Lutos"}, ["ndz"] = {"Ndogo"}, ["nea"] = {"Eastern Ngad'a"}, ["neb"] = {"Toura (Côte d'Ivoire)"}, ["nec"] = {"Nedebang"}, ["ned"] = {"Nde-Gbite"}, ["nee"] = {"Nêlêmwa-Nixumwak"}, ["nef"] = {"Nefamese"}, ["neg"] = {"Negidal"}, ["neh"] = {"Nyenkha"}, ["nei"] = {"Neo-Hittite"}, ["nej"] = {"Neko"}, ["nek"] = {"Neku"}, ["nem"] = {"Nemi"}, ["nen"] = {"Nengone"}, ["neo"] = {"Ná-Meo"}, ["neq"] = {"North Central Mixe"}, ["ner"] = {"Yahadian"}, ["nes"] = {"Bhoti Kinnauri"}, ["net"] = {"Nete"}, ["neu"] = {"Neo"}, ["nev"] = {"Nyaheun"}, ["new"] = {"Newari", "Nepal Bhasa"}, ["nex"] = {"Neme"}, ["ney"] = {"Neyo"}, ["nez"] = {"Nez Perce"}, ["nfa"] = {"Dhao"}, ["nfd"] = {"Ahwai"}, ["nfl"] = {"Ayiwo", "Äiwoo"}, ["nfr"] = {"Nafaanra"}, ["nfu"] = {"Mfumte"}, ["nga"] = {"Ngbaka"}, ["ngb"] = {"Northern Ngbandi"}, ["ngc"] = {"Ngombe (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["ngd"] = {"Ngando (Central African Republic)"}, ["nge"] = {"Ngemba"}, ["ngf"] = {"Trans-New Guinea languages"}, ["ngg"] = {"Ngbaka Manza"}, ["ngh"] = {"Nǁng"}, ["ngi"] = {"Ngizim"}, ["ngj"] = {"Ngie"}, ["ngk"] = {"Dalabon"}, ["ngl"] = {"Lomwe"}, ["ngm"] = {"Ngatik Men's Creole"}, ["ngn"] = {"Ngwo"}, ["ngp"] = {"Ngulu"}, ["ngq"] = {"Ngurimi", "Ngoreme"}, ["ngr"] = {"Engdewu"}, ["ngs"] = {"Gvoko"}, ["ngt"] = {"Kriang", "Ngeq"}, ["ngu"] = {"Guerrero Nahuatl"}, ["ngv"] = {"Nagumi"}, ["ngw"] = {"Ngwaba"}, ["ngx"] = {"Nggwahyi"}, ["ngy"] = {"Tibea"}, ["ngz"] = {"Ngungwel"}, ["nha"] = {"Nhanda"}, ["nhb"] = {"Beng"}, ["nhc"] = {"Tabasco Nahuatl"}, ["nhd"] = {"Chiripá", "Ava Guaraní"}, ["nhe"] = {"Eastern Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nhf"] = {"Nhuwala"}, ["nhg"] = {"Tetelcingo Nahuatl"}, ["nhh"] = {"Nahari"}, ["nhi"] = {"Zacatlán-Ahuacatlán-Tepetzintla Nahuatl"}, ["nhk"] = {"Isthmus-Cosoleacaque Nahuatl"}, ["nhm"] = {"Morelos Nahuatl"}, ["nhn"] = {"Central Nahuatl"}, ["nho"] = {"Takuu"}, ["nhp"] = {"Isthmus-Pajapan Nahuatl"}, ["nhq"] = {"Huaxcaleca Nahuatl"}, ["nhr"] = {"Naro"}, ["nht"] = {"Ometepec Nahuatl"}, ["nhu"] = {"Noone"}, ["nhv"] = {"Temascaltepec Nahuatl"}, ["nhw"] = {"Western Huasteca Nahuatl"}, ["nhx"] = {"Isthmus-Mecayapan Nahuatl"}, ["nhy"] = {"Northern Oaxaca Nahuatl"}, ["nhz"] = {"Santa María La Alta Nahuatl"}, ["nia"] = {"Nias"}, ["nib"] = {"Nakame"}, ["nic"] = {"Niger-Kordofanian languages"}, ["nid"] = {"Ngandi"}, ["nie"] = {"Niellim"}, ["nif"] = {"Nek"}, ["nig"] = {"Ngalakgan"}, ["nih"] = {"Nyiha (Tanzania)"}, ["nii"] = {"Nii"}, ["nij"] = {"Ngaju"}, ["nik"] = {"Southern Nicobarese"}, ["nil"] = {"Nila"}, ["nim"] = {"Nilamba"}, ["nin"] = {"Ninzo"}, ["nio"] = {"Nganasan"}, ["niq"] = {"Nandi"}, ["nir"] = {"Nimboran"}, ["nis"] = {"Nimi"}, ["nit"] = {"Southeastern Kolami"}, ["niu"] = {"Niuean"}, ["niv"] = {"Gilyak"}, ["niw"] = {"Nimo"}, ["nix"] = {"Hema"}, ["niy"] = {"Ngiti"}, ["niz"] = {"Ningil"}, ["nja"] = {"Nzanyi"}, ["njb"] = {"Nocte Naga"}, ["njd"] = {"Ndonde Hamba"}, ["njh"] = {"Lotha Naga"}, ["nji"] = {"Gudanji"}, ["njj"] = {"Njen"}, ["njl"] = {"Njalgulgule"}, ["njm"] = {"Angami Naga"}, ["njn"] = {"Liangmai Naga"}, ["njo"] = {"Ao Naga"}, ["njr"] = {"Njerep"}, ["njs"] = {"Nisa"}, ["njt"] = {"Ndyuka-Trio Pidgin"}, ["nju"] = {"Ngadjunmaya"}, ["njx"] = {"Kunyi"}, ["njy"] = {"Njyem"}, ["njz"] = {"Nyishi"}, ["nka"] = {"Nkoya"}, ["nkb"] = {"Khoibu Naga"}, ["nkc"] = {"Nkongho"}, ["nkd"] = {"Koireng"}, ["nke"] = {"Duke"}, ["nkf"] = {"Inpui Naga"}, ["nkg"] = {"Nekgini"}, ["nkh"] = {"Khezha Naga"}, ["nki"] = {"Thangal Naga"}, ["nkj"] = {"Nakai"}, ["nkk"] = {"Nokuku"}, ["nkm"] = {"Namat"}, ["nkn"] = {"Nkangala"}, ["nko"] = {"Nkonya"}, ["nkp"] = {"Niuatoputapu"}, ["nkq"] = {"Nkami"}, ["nkr"] = {"Nukuoro"}, ["nks"] = {"North Asmat"}, ["nkt"] = {"Nyika (Tanzania)"}, ["nku"] = {"Bouna Kulango"}, ["nkv"] = {"Nyika (Malawi and Zambia)"}, ["nkw"] = {"Nkutu"}, ["nkx"] = {"Nkoroo"}, ["nkz"] = {"Nkari"}, ["nla"] = {"Ngombale"}, ["nlc"] = {"Nalca"}, ["nle"] = {"East Nyala"}, ["nlg"] = {"Gela"}, ["nli"] = {"Grangali"}, ["nlj"] = {"Nyali"}, ["nlk"] = {"Ninia Yali"}, ["nll"] = {"Nihali"}, ["nlm"] = {"Mankiyali"}, ["nlo"] = {"Ngul"}, ["nlq"] = {"Lao Naga"}, ["nlu"] = {"Nchumbulu"}, ["nlv"] = {"Orizaba Nahuatl"}, ["nlw"] = {"Walangama"}, ["nlx"] = {"Nahali"}, ["nly"] = {"Nyamal"}, ["nlz"] = {"Nalögo"}, ["nma"] = {"Maram Naga"}, ["nmb"] = {"Big Nambas", "V'ënen Taut"}, ["nmc"] = {"Ngam"}, ["nmd"] = {"Ndumu"}, ["nme"] = {"Mzieme Naga"}, ["nmf"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (India)"}, ["nmg"] = {"Kwasio"}, ["nmh"] = {"Monsang Naga"}, ["nmi"] = {"Nyam"}, ["nmj"] = {"Ngombe (Central African Republic)"}, ["nmk"] = {"Namakura"}, ["nml"] = {"Ndemli"}, ["nmm"] = {"Manangba"}, ["nmn"] = {"ǃXóõ"}, ["nmo"] = {"Moyon Naga"}, ["nmp"] = {"Nimanbur"}, ["nmq"] = {"Nambya"}, ["nmr"] = {"Nimbari"}, ["nms"] = {"Letemboi"}, ["nmt"] = {"Namonuito"}, ["nmu"] = {"Northeast Maidu"}, ["nmv"] = {"Ngamini"}, ["nmw"] = {"Nimoa", "Rifao"}, ["nmx"] = {"Nama (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["nmy"] = {"Namuyi"}, ["nmz"] = {"Nawdm"}, ["nna"] = {"Nyangumarta"}, ["nnb"] = {"Nande"}, ["nnc"] = {"Nancere"}, ["nnd"] = {"West Ambae"}, ["nne"] = {"Ngandyera"}, ["nnf"] = {"Ngaing"}, ["nng"] = {"Maring Naga"}, ["nnh"] = {"Ngiemboon"}, ["nni"] = {"North Nuaulu"}, ["nnj"] = {"Nyangatom"}, ["nnk"] = {"Nankina"}, ["nnl"] = {"Northern Rengma Naga"}, ["nnm"] = {"Namia"}, ["nnn"] = {"Ngete"}, ["nnp"] = {"Wancho Naga"}, ["nnq"] = {"Ngindo"}, ["nnr"] = {"Narungga"}, ["nnt"] = {"Nanticoke"}, ["nnu"] = {"Dwang"}, ["nnv"] = {"Nugunu (Australia)"}, ["nnw"] = {"Southern Nuni"}, ["nny"] = {"Nyangga"}, ["nnz"] = {"Nda'nda'"}, ["noa"] = {"Woun Meu"}, ["noc"] = {"Nuk"}, ["nod"] = {"မြောက်ပိုင်းထိုင်း", "Northern Thai"}, ["noe"] = {"Nimadi"}, ["nof"] = {"Nomane"}, ["nog"] = {"Nogai"}, ["noh"] = {"Nomu"}, ["noi"] = {"Noiri"}, ["noj"] = {"Nonuya"}, ["nok"] = {"Nooksack"}, ["nol"] = {"Nomlaki"}, ["non"] = {"Old Norse"}, ["nop"] = {"Numanggang"}, ["noq"] = {"Ngongo"}, ["nos"] = {"Eastern Nisu"}, ["not"] = {"Nomatsiguenga"}, ["nou"] = {"Ewage-Notu"}, ["nov"] = {"Novial"}, ["now"] = {"Nyambo"}, ["noy"] = {"Noy"}, ["noz"] = {"Nayi"}, ["npa"] = {"Nar Phu"}, ["npb"] = {"Nupbikha"}, ["npg"] = {"Ponyo-Gongwang Naga"}, ["nph"] = {"Phom Naga"}, ["npi"] = {"Nepali (individual language)"}, ["npl"] = {"Southeastern Puebla Nahuatl"}, ["npn"] = {"Mondropolon"}, ["npo"] = {"Pochuri Naga"}, ["nps"] = {"Nipsan"}, ["npu"] = {"Puimei Naga"}, ["npx"] = {"Noipx"}, ["npy"] = {"Napu"}, ["nqg"] = {"Southern Nago"}, ["nqk"] = {"Kura Ede Nago"}, ["nql"] = {"Ngendelengo"}, ["nqm"] = {"Ndom"}, ["nqn"] = {"Nen"}, ["nqo"] = {"N'Ko", "N’Ko"}, ["nqq"] = {"Kyan-Karyaw Naga"}, ["nqt"] = {"Nteng"}, ["nqy"] = {"အကျောင်အရီ", "Akyaung Ari Naga"}, ["nra"] = {"Ngom"}, ["nrb"] = {"Nara"}, ["nrc"] = {"Noric"}, ["nre"] = {"Southern Rengma Naga"}, ["nrf"] = {"Jèrriais", "Guernésiais", "Sercquiais"}, ["nrg"] = {"Narango"}, ["nri"] = {"Chokri Naga"}, ["nrk"] = {"Ngarla"}, ["nrl"] = {"Ngarluma"}, ["nrm"] = {"Narom"}, ["nrn"] = {"Norn"}, ["nrp"] = {"North Picene"}, ["nrr"] = {"Norra", "Nora"}, ["nrt"] = {"Northern Kalapuya"}, ["nru"] = {"Narua"}, ["nrx"] = {"Ngurmbur"}, ["nrz"] = {"Lala"}, ["nsa"] = {"Sangtam Naga"}, ["nsb"] = {"Lower Nossob"}, ["nsc"] = {"Nshi"}, ["nsd"] = {"Southern Nisu"}, ["nse"] = {"Nsenga"}, ["nsf"] = {"Northwestern Nisu"}, ["nsg"] = {"Ngasa"}, ["nsh"] = {"Ngoshie"}, ["nsi"] = {"Nigerian Sign Language"}, ["nsk"] = {"Naskapi"}, ["nsl"] = {"Norwegian Sign Language"}, ["nsm"] = {"Sumi Naga"}, ["nsn"] = {"Nehan"}, ["nso"] = {"Pedi", "Northern Sotho", "Sepedi"}, ["nsp"] = {"Nepalese Sign Language"}, ["nsq"] = {"Northern Sierra Miwok"}, ["nsr"] = {"Maritime Sign Language"}, ["nss"] = {"Nali"}, ["nst"] = {"Tase Naga"}, ["nsu"] = {"Sierra Negra Nahuatl"}, ["nsv"] = {"Southwestern Nisu"}, ["nsw"] = {"Navut"}, ["nsx"] = {"Nsongo"}, ["nsy"] = {"Nasal"}, ["nsz"] = {"Nisenan"}, ["ntd"] = {"Northern Tidung"}, ["ntg"] = {"Ngantangarra"}, ["nti"] = {"Natioro"}, ["ntj"] = {"Ngaanyatjarra"}, ["ntk"] = {"Ikoma-Nata-Isenye"}, ["ntm"] = {"Nateni"}, ["nto"] = {"Ntomba"}, ["ntp"] = {"Northern Tepehuan"}, ["ntr"] = {"Delo"}, ["ntu"] = {"Natügu"}, ["ntw"] = {"Nottoway"}, ["ntx"] = {"Tangkhul Naga (Myanmar)"}, ["nty"] = {"Mantsi"}, ["ntz"] = {"Natanzi"}, ["nua"] = {"Yuanga"}, ["nub"] = {"Nubian languages"}, ["nuc"] = {"Nukuini"}, ["nud"] = {"Ngala"}, ["nue"] = {"Ngundu"}, ["nuf"] = {"Nusu"}, ["nug"] = {"Nungali"}, ["nuh"] = {"Ndunda"}, ["nui"] = {"Ngumbi"}, ["nuj"] = {"Nyole"}, ["nuk"] = {"Nuu-chah-nulth", "Nuuchahnulth"}, ["nul"] = {"Nusa Laut"}, ["num"] = {"Niuafo'ou"}, ["nun"] = {"Anong"}, ["nuo"] = {"Nguôn"}, ["nup"] = {"Nupe-Nupe-Tako"}, ["nuq"] = {"Nukumanu"}, ["nur"] = {"Nukuria"}, ["nus"] = {"Nuer"}, ["nut"] = {"Nung (Viet Nam)"}, ["nuu"] = {"Ngbundu"}, ["nuv"] = {"Northern Nuni"}, ["nuw"] = {"Nguluwan"}, ["nux"] = {"Mehek"}, ["nuy"] = {"Nunggubuyu"}, ["nuz"] = {"Tlamacazapa Nahuatl"}, ["nvh"] = {"Nasarian"}, ["nvm"] = {"Namiae"}, ["nvo"] = {"Nyokon"}, ["nwa"] = {"Nawathinehena"}, ["nwb"] = {"Nyabwa"}, ["nwc"] = {"Classical Newari", "Classical Nepal Bhasa", "Old Newari"}, ["nwe"] = {"Ngwe"}, ["nwg"] = {"Ngayawung"}, ["nwi"] = {"Southwest Tanna"}, ["nwm"] = {"Nyamusa-Molo"}, ["nwo"] = {"Nauo"}, ["nwr"] = {"Nawaru"}, ["nww"] = {"Ndwewe"}, ["nwx"] = {"Middle Newar"}, ["nwy"] = {"Nottoway-Meherrin"}, ["nxa"] = {"Nauete"}, ["nxd"] = {"Ngando (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["nxe"] = {"Nage"}, ["nxg"] = {"Ngad'a"}, ["nxi"] = {"Nindi"}, ["nxk"] = {"ကူကီးနာဂ", "Koki Naga"}, ["nxl"] = {"South Nuaulu"}, ["nxm"] = {"Numidian"}, ["nxn"] = {"Ngawun"}, ["nxo"] = {"Ndambomo"}, ["nxq"] = {"Naxi"}, ["nxr"] = {"Ninggerum"}, ["nxx"] = {"Nafri"}, ["nyb"] = {"Nyangbo"}, ["nyc"] = {"Nyanga-li"}, ["nyd"] = {"Nyore", "Olunyole"}, ["nye"] = {"Nyengo"}, ["nyf"] = {"Giryama", "Kigiryama"}, ["nyg"] = {"Nyindu"}, ["nyh"] = {"Nyikina"}, ["nyi"] = {"Ama (Sudan)"}, ["nyj"] = {"Nyanga"}, ["nyk"] = {"Nyaneka"}, ["nyl"] = {"Nyeu"}, ["nym"] = {"Nyamwezi"}, ["nyn"] = {"Nyankole"}, ["nyo"] = {"Nyoro"}, ["nyp"] = {"Nyang'i"}, ["nyq"] = {"Nayini"}, ["nyr"] = {"Nyiha (Malawi)"}, ["nys"] = {"Nyungar"}, ["nyt"] = {"Nyawaygi"}, ["nyu"] = {"Nyungwe"}, ["nyv"] = {"Nyulnyul"}, ["nyw"] = {"Nyaw"}, ["nyx"] = {"Nganyaywana"}, ["nyy"] = {"Nyakyusa-Ngonde"}, ["nza"] = {"Tigon Mbembe"}, ["nzb"] = {"Njebi"}, ["nzd"] = {"Nzadi"}, ["nzi"] = {"Nzima"}, ["nzk"] = {"Nzakara"}, ["nzm"] = {"Zeme Naga"}, ["nzr"] = {"Dir-Nyamzak-Mbarimi"}, ["nzs"] = {"New Zealand Sign Language"}, ["nzu"] = {"Teke-Nzikou"}, ["nzy"] = {"Nzakambay"}, ["nzz"] = {"Nanga Dama Dogon"}, ["oaa"] = {"Orok"}, ["oac"] = {"Oroch"}, ["oar"] = {"Old Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)", "Ancient Aramaic (up to 700 BCE)"}, ["oav"] = {"Old Avar"}, ["obi"] = {"Obispeño"}, ["obk"] = {"Southern Bontok"}, ["obl"] = {"Oblo"}, ["obm"] = {"Moabite"}, ["obo"] = {"Obo Manobo"}, ["obr"] = {"Old Burmese"}, ["obt"] = {"Old Breton"}, ["obu"] = {"Obulom"}, ["oca"] = {"Ocaina"}, ["och"] = {"Old Chinese"}, ["ocm"] = {"Old Cham"}, ["oco"] = {"Old Cornish"}, ["ocu"] = {"Atzingo Matlatzinca"}, ["oda"] = {"Odut"}, ["odk"] = {"Od"}, ["odt"] = {"Old Dutch"}, ["odu"] = {"Odual"}, ["ofo"] = {"Ofo"}, ["ofs"] = {"Old Frisian"}, ["ofu"] = {"Efutop"}, ["ogb"] = {"Ogbia"}, ["ogc"] = {"Ogbah"}, ["oge"] = {"Old Georgian"}, ["ogg"] = {"Ogbogolo"}, ["ogo"] = {"Khana"}, ["ogu"] = {"Ogbronuagum"}, ["oht"] = {"Old Hittite"}, ["ohu"] = {"Old Hungarian"}, ["oia"] = {"Oirata"}, ["oie"] = {"Okolie"}, ["oin"] = {"Inebu One"}, ["ojb"] = {"Northwestern Ojibwa"}, ["ojc"] = {"Central Ojibwa"}, ["ojg"] = {"Eastern Ojibwa"}, ["ojp"] = {"Old Japanese"}, ["ojs"] = {"Severn Ojibwa"}, ["ojv"] = {"Ontong Java"}, ["ojw"] = {"Western Ojibwa"}, ["oka"] = {"Okanagan"}, ["okb"] = {"Okobo"}, ["okc"] = {"Kobo"}, ["okd"] = {"Okodia"}, ["oke"] = {"Okpe (Southwestern Edo)"}, ["okg"] = {"Koko Babangk"}, ["okh"] = {"Koresh-e Rostam"}, ["oki"] = {"Okiek"}, ["okj"] = {"Oko-Juwoi"}, ["okk"] = {"Kwamtim One"}, ["okl"] = {"Old Kentish Sign Language"}, ["okm"] = {"Middle Korean (10th-16th cent.)"}, ["okn"] = {"Oki-No-Erabu"}, ["oko"] = {"Old Korean (3rd-9th cent.)"}, ["okr"] = {"Kirike"}, ["oks"] = {"Oko-Eni-Osayen"}, ["oku"] = {"Oku"}, ["okv"] = {"Orokaiva"}, ["okx"] = {"Okpe (Northwestern Edo)"}, ["okz"] = {"Old Khmer"}, ["ola"] = {"Walungge"}, ["old"] = {"Mochi"}, ["ole"] = {"Olekha"}, ["olk"] = {"Olkol"}, ["olm"] = {"Oloma"}, ["olo"] = {"Livvi"}, ["olr"] = {"Olrat"}, ["olt"] = {"Old Lithuanian"}, ["olu"] = {"Kuvale"}, ["oma"] = {"Omaha-Ponca"}, ["omb"] = {"East Ambae"}, ["omc"] = {"Mochica"}, ["omg"] = {"Omagua"}, ["omi"] = {"Omi"}, ["omk"] = {"Omok"}, ["oml"] = {"Ombo"}, ["omn"] = {"Minoan"}, ["omo"] = {"Utarmbung"}, ["omp"] = {"Old Manipuri"}, ["omq"] = {"Oto-Manguean languages"}, ["omr"] = {"Old Marathi"}, ["omt"] = {"Omotik"}, ["omu"] = {"Omurano"}, ["omv"] = {"Omotic languages"}, ["omw"] = {"South Tairora"}, ["omx"] = {"ရှီးဟောင်းမွန်", "Old Mon"}, ["omy"] = {"Old Malay"}, ["ona"] = {"Ona"}, ["onb"] = {"Lingao"}, ["one"] = {"Oneida"}, ["ong"] = {"Olo"}, ["oni"] = {"Onin"}, ["onj"] = {"Onjob"}, ["onk"] = {"Kabore One"}, ["onn"] = {"Onobasulu"}, ["ono"] = {"Onondaga"}, ["onp"] = {"Sartang"}, ["onr"] = {"Northern One"}, ["ons"] = {"Ono"}, ["ont"] = {"Ontenu"}, ["onu"] = {"Unua"}, ["onw"] = {"Old Nubian"}, ["onx"] = {"Onin Based Pidgin"}, ["ood"] = {"Tohono O'odham"}, ["oog"] = {"Ong"}, ["oon"] = {"Önge"}, ["oor"] = {"Oorlams"}, ["oos"] = {"Old Ossetic"}, ["opa"] = {"Okpamheri"}, ["opk"] = {"Kopkaka"}, ["opm"] = {"Oksapmin"}, ["opo"] = {"Opao"}, ["opt"] = {"Opata"}, ["opy"] = {"Ofayé"}, ["ora"] = {"Oroha"}, ["orc"] = {"Orma"}, ["ore"] = {"Orejón"}, ["org"] = {"Oring"}, ["orh"] = {"Oroqen"}, ["orn"] = {"Orang Kanaq"}, ["oro"] = {"Orokolo"}, ["orr"] = {"Oruma"}, ["ors"] = {"Orang Seletar"}, ["ort"] = {"Adivasi Oriya"}, ["oru"] = {"Ormuri"}, ["orv"] = {"Old Russian"}, ["orw"] = {"Oro Win"}, ["orx"] = {"Oro"}, ["ory"] = {"Odia (individual language)", "Oriya (individual language)"}, ["orz"] = {"Ormu"}, ["osa"] = {"Osage"}, ["osc"] = {"Oscan"}, ["osi"] = {"Osing"}, ["osn"] = {"Old Sundanese"}, ["oso"] = {"Ososo"}, ["osp"] = {"Old Spanish"}, ["ost"] = {"Osatu"}, ["osu"] = {"Southern One"}, ["osx"] = {"Old Saxon"}, ["ota"] = {"Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)"}, ["otb"] = {"Old Tibetan"}, ["otd"] = {"Ot Danum"}, ["ote"] = {"Mezquital Otomi"}, ["oti"] = {"Oti"}, ["otk"] = {"Old Turkish"}, ["otl"] = {"Tilapa Otomi"}, ["otm"] = {"Eastern Highland Otomi"}, ["otn"] = {"Tenango Otomi"}, ["oto"] = {"Otomian languages"}, ["otq"] = {"Querétaro Otomi"}, ["otr"] = {"Otoro"}, ["ots"] = {"Estado de México Otomi"}, ["ott"] = {"Temoaya Otomi"}, ["otu"] = {"Otuke"}, ["otw"] = {"Ottawa"}, ["otx"] = {"Texcatepec Otomi"}, ["oty"] = {"Old Tamil"}, ["otz"] = {"Ixtenco Otomi"}, ["oua"] = {"Tagargrent"}, ["oub"] = {"Glio-Oubi"}, ["oue"] = {"Oune"}, ["oui"] = {"Old Uighur"}, ["oum"] = {"Ouma"}, ["ovd"] = {"Elfdalian", "Övdalian"}, ["owi"] = {"Owiniga"}, ["owl"] = {"Old Welsh"}, ["oyb"] = {"Oy"}, ["oyd"] = {"Oyda"}, ["oym"] = {"Wayampi"}, ["oyy"] = {"Oya'oya"}, ["ozm"] = {"Koonzime"}, ["paa"] = {"Papuan languages"}, ["pab"] = {"Parecís"}, ["pac"] = {"Pacoh"}, ["pad"] = {"Paumarí"}, ["pae"] = {"Pagibete"}, ["paf"] = {"Paranawát"}, ["pag"] = {"Pangasinan"}, ["pah"] = {"Tenharim"}, ["pai"] = {"Pe"}, ["pak"] = {"Parakanã"}, ["pal"] = {"Pahlavi"}, ["pam"] = {"Pampanga", "Kapampangan"}, ["pao"] = {"Northern Paiute"}, ["pap"] = {"Papiamento"}, ["paq"] = {"Parya"}, ["par"] = {"Panamint", "Timbisha"}, ["pas"] = {"Papasena"}, ["pau"] = {"Palauan"}, ["pav"] = {"Pakaásnovos"}, ["paw"] = {"Pawnee"}, ["pax"] = {"Pankararé"}, ["pay"] = {"Pech"}, ["paz"] = {"Pankararú"}, ["pbb"] = {"Páez"}, ["pbc"] = {"Patamona"}, ["pbe"] = {"Mezontla Popoloca"}, ["pbf"] = {"Coyotepec Popoloca"}, ["pbg"] = {"Paraujano"}, ["pbh"] = {"E'ñapa Woromaipu"}, ["pbi"] = {"Parkwa"}, ["pbl"] = {"Mak (Nigeria)"}, ["pbm"] = {"Puebla Mazatec"}, ["pbn"] = {"Kpasam"}, ["pbo"] = {"Papel"}, ["pbp"] = {"Badyara"}, ["pbr"] = {"Pangwa"}, ["pbs"] = {"Central Pame"}, ["pbt"] = {"Southern Pashto"}, ["pbu"] = {"Northern Pashto"}, ["pbv"] = {"Pnar"}, ["pby"] = {"Pyu (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["pca"] = {"Santa Inés Ahuatempan Popoloca"}, ["pcb"] = {"Pear"}, ["pcc"] = {"Bouyei"}, ["pcd"] = {"Picard"}, ["pce"] = {"Ruching Palaung"}, ["pcf"] = {"Paliyan"}, ["pcg"] = {"Paniya"}, ["pch"] = {"Pardhan"}, ["pci"] = {"Duruwa"}, ["pcj"] = {"Parenga"}, ["pck"] = {"Paite Chin"}, ["pcl"] = {"Pardhi"}, ["pcm"] = {"Nigerian Pidgin"}, ["pcn"] = {"Piti"}, ["pcp"] = {"Pacahuara"}, ["pcw"] = {"Pyapun"}, ["pda"] = {"Anam"}, ["pdc"] = {"Pennsylvania German"}, ["pdi"] = {"Pa Di"}, ["pdn"] = {"Podena", "Fedan"}, ["pdo"] = {"Padoe"}, ["pdt"] = {"Plautdietsch"}, ["pdu"] = {"Kayan"}, ["pea"] = {"Peranakan Indonesian"}, ["peb"] = {"Eastern Pomo"}, ["ped"] = {"Mala (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["pee"] = {"Taje"}, ["pef"] = {"Northeastern Pomo"}, ["peg"] = {"Pengo"}, ["peh"] = {"Bonan"}, ["pei"] = {"Chichimeca-Jonaz"}, ["pej"] = {"Northern Pomo"}, ["pek"] = {"Penchal"}, ["pel"] = {"Pekal"}, ["pem"] = {"Phende"}, ["peo"] = {"Old Persian (ca. 600-400 B.C.)"}, ["pep"] = {"Kunja"}, ["peq"] = {"Southern Pomo"}, ["pes"] = {"Iranian Persian"}, ["pev"] = {"Pémono"}, ["pex"] = {"Petats"}, ["pey"] = {"Petjo"}, ["pez"] = {"Eastern Penan"}, ["pfa"] = {"Pááfang"}, ["pfe"] = {"Pere"}, ["pfl"] = {"Pfaelzisch"}, ["pga"] = {"Sudanese Creole Arabic"}, ["pgd"] = {"Gāndhārī"}, ["pgg"] = {"Pangwali"}, ["pgi"] = {"Pagi"}, ["pgk"] = {"Rerep"}, ["pgl"] = {"Primitive Irish"}, ["pgn"] = {"Paelignian"}, ["pgs"] = {"Pangseng"}, ["pgu"] = {"Pagu"}, ["pgz"] = {"Papua New Guinean Sign Language"}, ["pha"] = {"Pa-Hng"}, ["phd"] = {"Phudagi"}, ["phg"] = {"Phuong"}, ["phh"] = {"Phukha"}, ["phi"] = {"Philippine languages"}, ["phj"] = {"Pahari"}, ["phk"] = {"Phake"}, ["phl"] = {"Phalura", "Palula"}, ["phm"] = {"Phimbi"}, ["phn"] = {"Phoenician"}, ["pho"] = {"Phunoi"}, ["phq"] = {"Phana'"}, ["phr"] = {"Pahari-Potwari"}, ["pht"] = {"Phu Thai"}, ["phu"] = {"Phuan"}, ["phv"] = {"Pahlavani"}, ["phw"] = {"Phangduwali"}, ["pia"] = {"Pima Bajo"}, ["pib"] = {"Yine"}, ["pic"] = {"Pinji"}, ["pid"] = {"Piaroa"}, ["pie"] = {"Piro"}, ["pif"] = {"Pingelapese"}, ["pig"] = {"Pisabo"}, ["pih"] = {"Pitcairn-Norfolk"}, ["pij"] = {"Pijao"}, ["pil"] = {"Yom"}, ["pim"] = {"Powhatan"}, ["pin"] = {"Piame"}, ["pio"] = {"Piapoco"}, ["pip"] = {"Pero"}, ["pir"] = {"Piratapuyo"}, ["pis"] = {"Pijin"}, ["pit"] = {"Pitta Pitta"}, ["piu"] = {"Pintupi-Luritja"}, ["piv"] = {"Pileni", "Vaeakau-Taumako"}, ["piw"] = {"Pimbwe"}, ["pix"] = {"Piu"}, ["piy"] = {"Piya-Kwonci"}, ["piz"] = {"Pije"}, ["pjt"] = {"Pitjantjatjara"}, ["pka"] = {"Ardhamāgadhī Prākrit"}, ["pkb"] = {"Pokomo", "Kipfokomo"}, ["pkc"] = {"Paekche"}, ["pkg"] = {"Pak-Tong"}, ["pkh"] = {"Pankhu"}, ["pkn"] = {"Pakanha"}, ["pko"] = {"Pökoot"}, ["pkp"] = {"Pukapuka"}, ["pkr"] = {"Attapady Kurumba"}, ["pks"] = {"Pakistan Sign Language"}, ["pkt"] = {"Maleng"}, ["pku"] = {"Paku"}, ["pla"] = {"Miani"}, ["plb"] = {"Polonombauk"}, ["plc"] = {"Central Palawano"}, ["pld"] = {"Polari"}, ["ple"] = {"Palu'e"}, ["plf"] = {"Central Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["plg"] = {"Pilagá"}, ["plh"] = {"Paulohi"}, ["plk"] = {"Kohistani Shina"}, ["pll"] = {"Shwe Palaung"}, ["pln"] = {"Palenquero"}, ["plo"] = {"Oluta Popoluca"}, ["plq"] = {"Palaic"}, ["plr"] = {"Palaka Senoufo"}, ["pls"] = {"San Marcos Tlacoyalco Popoloca", "San Marcos Tlalcoyalco Popoloca"}, ["plt"] = {"Plateau Malagasy"}, ["plu"] = {"Palikúr"}, ["plv"] = {"Southwest Palawano"}, ["plw"] = {"Brooke's Point Palawano"}, ["ply"] = {"Bolyu"}, ["plz"] = {"Paluan"}, ["pma"] = {"Paama"}, ["pmb"] = {"Pambia"}, ["pmd"] = {"Pallanganmiddang"}, ["pme"] = {"Pwaamei"}, ["pmf"] = {"Pamona"}, ["pmh"] = {"Māhārāṣṭri Prākrit"}, ["pmi"] = {"Northern Pumi"}, ["pmj"] = {"Southern Pumi"}, ["pml"] = {"Lingua Franca"}, ["pmm"] = {"Pomo"}, ["pmn"] = {"Pam"}, ["pmo"] = {"Pom"}, ["pmq"] = {"Northern Pame"}, ["pmr"] = {"Paynamar"}, ["pms"] = {"Piemontese"}, ["pmt"] = {"Tuamotuan"}, ["pmw"] = {"Plains Miwok"}, ["pmx"] = {"Poumei Naga"}, ["pmy"] = {"Papuan Malay"}, ["pmz"] = {"Southern Pame"}, ["pna"] = {"Punan Bah-Biau"}, ["pnb"] = {"Western Panjabi"}, ["pnc"] = {"Pannei"}, ["pnd"] = {"Mpinda"}, ["pne"] = {"Western Penan"}, ["png"] = {"Pangu", "Pongu"}, ["pnh"] = {"Penrhyn"}, ["pni"] = {"Aoheng"}, ["pnj"] = {"Pinjarup"}, ["pnk"] = {"Paunaka"}, ["pnl"] = {"Paleni"}, ["pnm"] = {"Punan Batu 1"}, ["pnn"] = {"Pinai-Hagahai"}, ["pno"] = {"Panobo"}, ["pnp"] = {"Pancana"}, ["pnq"] = {"Pana (Burkina Faso)"}, ["pnr"] = {"Panim"}, ["pns"] = {"Ponosakan"}, ["pnt"] = {"Pontic"}, ["pnu"] = {"Jiongnai Bunu"}, ["pnv"] = {"Pinigura"}, ["pnw"] = {"Banyjima", "Panytyima"}, ["pnx"] = {"Phong-Kniang"}, ["pny"] = {"Pinyin"}, ["pnz"] = {"Pana (Central African Republic)"}, ["poc"] = {"Poqomam"}, ["poe"] = {"San Juan Atzingo Popoloca"}, ["pof"] = {"Poke"}, ["pog"] = {"Potiguára"}, ["poh"] = {"Poqomchi'"}, ["poi"] = {"Highland Popoluca"}, ["pok"] = {"Pokangá"}, ["pom"] = {"Southeastern Pomo"}, ["pon"] = {"Pohnpeian"}, ["poo"] = {"Central Pomo"}, ["pop"] = {"Pwapwâ"}, ["poq"] = {"Texistepec Popoluca"}, ["pos"] = {"Sayula Popoluca"}, ["pot"] = {"Potawatomi"}, ["pov"] = {"Upper Guinea Crioulo"}, ["pow"] = {"San Felipe Otlaltepec Popoloca"}, ["pox"] = {"Polabian"}, ["poy"] = {"Pogolo"}, ["poz"] = {"Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["ppe"] = {"Papi"}, ["ppi"] = {"Paipai"}, ["ppk"] = {"Uma"}, ["ppl"] = {"Pipil", "Nicarao"}, ["ppm"] = {"Papuma"}, ["ppn"] = {"Papapana"}, ["ppo"] = {"Folopa"}, ["ppp"] = {"Pelende"}, ["ppq"] = {"Pei"}, ["pps"] = {"San Luís Temalacayuca Popoloca"}, ["ppt"] = {"Pare"}, ["ppu"] = {"Papora"}, ["pqa"] = {"Pa'a"}, ["pqe"] = {"Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["pqm"] = {"Malecite-Passamaquoddy"}, ["pqw"] = {"Western Malayo-Polynesian languages"}, ["pra"] = {"Prakrit languages"}, ["prc"] = {"Parachi"}, ["prd"] = {"Parsi-Dari"}, ["pre"] = {"Principense"}, ["prf"] = {"Paranan"}, ["prg"] = {"Prussian"}, ["prh"] = {"Porohanon"}, ["pri"] = {"Paicî"}, ["prk"] = {"Parauk"}, ["prl"] = {"Peruvian Sign Language"}, ["prm"] = {"Kibiri"}, ["prn"] = {"Prasuni"}, ["pro"] = {"Old Provençal (to 1500)", "Old Occitan (to 1500)"}, ["prq"] = {"Ashéninka Perené"}, ["prr"] = {"Puri"}, ["prs"] = {"Dari", "Afghan Persian"}, ["prt"] = {"Phai"}, ["pru"] = {"Puragi"}, ["prw"] = {"Parawen"}, ["prx"] = {"Purik"}, ["prz"] = {"Providencia Sign Language"}, ["psa"] = {"Asue Awyu"}, ["psc"] = {"Iranian Sign Language", "Persian Sign Language"}, ["psd"] = {"Plains Indian Sign Language"}, ["pse"] = {"Central Malay"}, ["psg"] = {"Penang Sign Language"}, ["psh"] = {"Southwest Pashai", "Southwest Pashayi"}, ["psi"] = {"Southeast Pashai", "Southeast Pashayi"}, ["psl"] = {"Puerto Rican Sign Language"}, ["psm"] = {"Pauserna"}, ["psn"] = {"Panasuan"}, ["pso"] = {"Polish Sign Language"}, ["psp"] = {"Philippine Sign Language"}, ["psq"] = {"Pasi"}, ["psr"] = {"Portuguese Sign Language"}, ["pss"] = {"Kaulong"}, ["pst"] = {"Central Pashto"}, ["psu"] = {"Sauraseni Prākrit"}, ["psw"] = {"Port Sandwich"}, ["psy"] = {"Piscataway"}, ["pta"] = {"Pai Tavytera"}, ["pth"] = {"Pataxó Hã-Ha-Hãe"}, ["pti"] = {"Pindiini", "Wangkatha"}, ["ptn"] = {"Patani"}, ["pto"] = {"Zo'é"}, ["ptp"] = {"Patep"}, ["ptq"] = {"Pattapu"}, ["ptr"] = {"Piamatsina"}, ["ptt"] = {"Enrekang"}, ["ptu"] = {"Bambam"}, ["ptv"] = {"Port Vato"}, ["ptw"] = {"Pentlatch"}, ["pty"] = {"Pathiya"}, ["pua"] = {"Western Highland Purepecha"}, ["pub"] = {"Purum"}, ["puc"] = {"Punan Merap"}, ["pud"] = {"Punan Aput"}, ["pue"] = {"Puelche"}, ["puf"] = {"Punan Merah"}, ["pug"] = {"Phuie"}, ["pui"] = {"Puinave"}, ["puj"] = {"Punan Tubu"}, ["pum"] = {"Puma"}, ["puo"] = {"Puoc"}, ["pup"] = {"Pulabu"}, ["puq"] = {"Puquina"}, ["pur"] = {"Puruborá"}, ["put"] = {"Putoh"}, ["puu"] = {"Punu"}, ["puw"] = {"Puluwatese"}, ["pux"] = {"Puare"}, ["puy"] = {"Purisimeño"}, ["pwa"] = {"Pawaia"}, ["pwb"] = {"Panawa"}, ["pwg"] = {"Gapapaiwa"}, ["pwi"] = {"Patwin"}, ["pwm"] = {"Molbog"}, ["pwn"] = {"Paiwan"}, ["pwo"] = {"အနောက်ပိုးကရင်", "Pwo Western Karen"}, ["pwr"] = {"Powari"}, ["pww"] = {"မြောက်ပိုးကရင်", "Pwo Northern Karen"}, ["pxm"] = {"Quetzaltepec Mixe"}, ["pye"] = {"Pye Krumen"}, ["pym"] = {"Fyam"}, ["pyn"] = {"Poyanáwa"}, ["pys"] = {"Paraguayan Sign Language", "Lengua de Señas del Paraguay"}, ["pyu"] = {"Puyuma"}, ["pyx"] = {"ပျူ", "Pyu (Myanmar)"}, ["pyy"] = {"Pyen"}, ["pze"] = {"Pesse"}, ["pzh"] = {"Pazeh"}, ["pzn"] = {"Jejara Naga", "Para Naga"}, ["qua"] = {"Quapaw"}, ["qub"] = {"Huallaga Huánuco Quechua"}, ["quc"] = {"K'iche'", "Quiché"}, ["qud"] = {"Calderón Highland Quichua"}, ["quf"] = {"Lambayeque Quechua"}, ["qug"] = {"Chimborazo Highland Quichua"}, ["quh"] = {"South Bolivian Quechua"}, ["qui"] = {"Quileute"}, ["quk"] = {"Chachapoyas Quechua"}, ["qul"] = {"North Bolivian Quechua"}, ["qum"] = {"Sipacapense"}, ["qun"] = {"Quinault"}, ["qup"] = {"Southern Pastaza Quechua"}, ["quq"] = {"Quinqui"}, ["qur"] = {"Yanahuanca Pasco Quechua"}, ["qus"] = {"Santiago del Estero Quichua"}, ["quv"] = {"Sacapulteco"}, ["quw"] = {"Tena Lowland Quichua"}, ["qux"] = {"Yauyos Quechua"}, ["quy"] = {"Ayacucho Quechua"}, ["quz"] = {"Cusco Quechua"}, ["qva"] = {"Ambo-Pasco Quechua"}, ["qvc"] = {"Cajamarca Quechua"}, ["qve"] = {"Eastern Apurímac Quechua"}, ["qvh"] = {"Huamalíes-Dos de Mayo Huánuco Quechua"}, ["qvi"] = {"Imbabura Highland Quichua"}, ["qvj"] = {"Loja Highland Quichua"}, ["qvl"] = {"Cajatambo North Lima Quechua"}, ["qvm"] = {"Margos-Yarowilca-Lauricocha Quechua"}, ["qvn"] = {"North Junín Quechua"}, ["qvo"] = {"Napo Lowland Quechua"}, ["qvp"] = {"Pacaraos Quechua"}, ["qvs"] = {"San Martín Quechua"}, ["qvw"] = {"Huaylla Wanca Quechua"}, ["qvy"] = {"Queyu"}, ["qvz"] = {"Northern Pastaza Quichua"}, ["qwa"] = {"Corongo Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwc"] = {"Classical Quechua"}, ["qwe"] = {"Quechuan (family)"}, ["qwh"] = {"Huaylas Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwm"] = {"Kuman (Russia)"}, ["qws"] = {"Sihuas Ancash Quechua"}, ["qwt"] = {"Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai"}, ["qxa"] = {"Chiquián Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxc"] = {"Chincha Quechua"}, ["qxh"] = {"Panao Huánuco Quechua"}, ["qxl"] = {"Salasaca Highland Quichua"}, ["qxn"] = {"Northern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxo"] = {"Southern Conchucos Ancash Quechua"}, ["qxp"] = {"Puno Quechua"}, ["qxq"] = {"Qashqa'i"}, ["qxr"] = {"Cañar Highland Quichua"}, ["qxs"] = {"Southern Qiang"}, ["qxt"] = {"Santa Ana de Tusi Pasco Quechua"}, ["qxu"] = {"Arequipa-La Unión Quechua"}, ["qxw"] = {"Jauja Wanca Quechua"}, ["qya"] = {"Quenya"}, ["qyp"] = {"Quiripi"}, ["raa"] = {"Dungmali"}, ["rab"] = {"Camling"}, ["rac"] = {"Rasawa"}, ["rad"] = {"Rade"}, ["raf"] = {"Western Meohang"}, ["rag"] = {"Logooli", "Lulogooli"}, ["rah"] = {"Rabha"}, ["rai"] = {"Ramoaaina"}, ["raj"] = {"Rajasthani"}, ["rak"] = {"Tulu-Bohuai"}, ["ral"] = {"Ralte"}, ["ram"] = {"Canela"}, ["ran"] = {"Riantana"}, ["rao"] = {"Rao"}, ["rap"] = {"Rapanui"}, ["raq"] = {"Saam"}, ["rar"] = {"Rarotongan", "Cook Islands Maori"}, ["ras"] = {"Tegali"}, ["rat"] = {"Razajerdi"}, ["rau"] = {"Raute"}, ["rav"] = {"Sampang"}, ["raw"] = {"Rawang"}, ["rax"] = {"Rang"}, ["ray"] = {"Rapa"}, ["raz"] = {"Rahambuu"}, ["rbb"] = {"Rumai Palaung"}, ["rbk"] = {"Northern Bontok"}, ["rbl"] = {"Miraya Bikol"}, ["rbp"] = {"Barababaraba"}, ["rcf"] = {"Réunion Creole French"}, ["rdb"] = {"Rudbari"}, ["rea"] = {"Rerau"}, ["reb"] = {"Rembong"}, ["ree"] = {"Rejang Kayan"}, ["reg"] = {"Kara (Tanzania)"}, ["rei"] = {"Reli"}, ["rej"] = {"Rejang"}, ["rel"] = {"Rendille"}, ["rem"] = {"Remo"}, ["ren"] = {"Rengao"}, ["rer"] = {"Rer Bare"}, ["res"] = {"Reshe"}, ["ret"] = {"Retta"}, ["rey"] = {"Reyesano"}, ["rga"] = {"Roria"}, ["rge"] = {"Romano-Greek"}, ["rgk"] = {"Rangkas"}, ["rgn"] = {"Romagnol"}, ["rgr"] = {"Resígaro"}, ["rgs"] = {"Southern Roglai"}, ["rgu"] = {"Ringgou"}, ["rhg"] = {"ရိုဟင်ဂျာ", "Rohingya"}, ["rhp"] = {"Yahang"}, ["ria"] = {"Riang (India)"}, ["rib"] = {"Bribri Sign Language"}, ["rif"] = {"Tarifit"}, ["ril"] = {"Riang Lang", "Riang (Myanmar)"}, ["rim"] = {"Nyaturu"}, ["rin"] = {"Nungu"}, ["rir"] = {"Ribun"}, ["rit"] = {"Ritharrngu"}, ["riu"] = {"Riung"}, ["rjg"] = {"Rajong"}, ["rji"] = {"Raji"}, ["rjs"] = {"Rajbanshi"}, ["rka"] = {"Kraol"}, ["rkb"] = {"Rikbaktsa"}, ["rkh"] = {"Rakahanga-Manihiki"}, ["rki"] = {"ရက္ခိုင်", "Rakhine"}, ["rkm"] = {"Marka"}, ["rkt"] = {"Rangpuri", "Kamta"}, ["rkw"] = {"Arakwal"}, ["rma"] = {"Rama"}, ["rmb"] = {"Rembarrnga"}, ["rmc"] = {"Carpathian Romani"}, ["rmd"] = {"Traveller Danish"}, ["rme"] = {"Angloromani"}, ["rmf"] = {"Kalo Finnish Romani"}, ["rmg"] = {"Traveller Norwegian"}, ["rmh"] = {"Murkim"}, ["rmi"] = {"Lomavren"}, ["rmk"] = {"Romkun"}, ["rml"] = {"Baltic Romani"}, ["rmm"] = {"Roma"}, ["rmn"] = {"Balkan Romani"}, ["rmo"] = {"Sinte Romani"}, ["rmp"] = {"Rempi"}, ["rmq"] = {"Caló"}, ["rms"] = {"Romanian Sign Language"}, ["rmt"] = {"Domari"}, ["rmu"] = {"Tavringer Romani"}, ["rmv"] = {"Romanova"}, ["rmw"] = {"Welsh Romani"}, ["rmx"] = {"Romam"}, ["rmy"] = {"Vlax Romani"}, ["rmz"] = {"Marma"}, ["rnb"] = {"Brunca Sign Language"}, ["rnd"] = {"Ruund"}, ["rng"] = {"Ronga"}, ["rnl"] = {"Ranglong"}, ["rnn"] = {"Roon"}, ["rnp"] = {"Rongpo"}, ["rnr"] = {"Nari Nari"}, ["rnw"] = {"Rungwa"}, ["roa"] = {"Romance languages"}, ["rob"] = {"Tae'"}, ["roc"] = {"Cacgia Roglai"}, ["rod"] = {"Rogo"}, ["roe"] = {"Ronji"}, ["rof"] = {"Rombo"}, ["rog"] = {"Northern Roglai"}, ["rol"] = {"Romblomanon"}, ["rom"] = {"Romany"}, ["roo"] = {"Rotokas"}, ["rop"] = {"Kriol"}, ["ror"] = {"Rongga"}, ["rou"] = {"Runga"}, ["row"] = {"Dela-Oenale"}, ["rpn"] = {"Repanbitip"}, ["rpt"] = {"Rapting"}, ["rri"] = {"Ririo"}, ["rrm"] = {"Moriori"}, ["rro"] = {"Waima"}, ["rrt"] = {"Arritinngithigh"}, ["rsb"] = {"Romano-Serbian"}, ["rsk"] = {"Ruthenian", "Rusnak"}, ["rsl"] = {"Russian Sign Language"}, ["rsm"] = {"Miriwoong Sign Language"}, ["rsn"] = {"Rwandan Sign Language"}, ["rsw"] = {"Rishiwa"}, ["rtc"] = {"ရုန်းတူ", "Rungtu Chin"}, ["rth"] = {"Ratahan"}, ["rtm"] = {"Rotuman"}, ["rts"] = {"Yurats"}, ["rtw"] = {"Rathawi"}, ["rub"] = {"Gungu"}, ["ruc"] = {"Ruuli"}, ["rue"] = {"Rusyn"}, ["ruf"] = {"Luguru"}, ["rug"] = {"Roviana"}, ["ruh"] = {"Ruga"}, ["rui"] = {"Rufiji"}, ["ruk"] = {"Che"}, ["ruo"] = {"Istro Romanian"}, ["rup"] = {"Macedo-Romanian", "Aromanian", "Arumanian"}, ["ruq"] = {"Megleno Romanian"}, ["rut"] = {"Rutul"}, ["ruu"] = {"Lanas Lobu"}, ["ruy"] = {"Mala (Nigeria)"}, ["ruz"] = {"Ruma"}, ["rwa"] = {"Rawo"}, ["rwk"] = {"Rwa"}, ["rwl"] = {"Ruwila"}, ["rwm"] = {"Amba (Uganda)"}, ["rwo"] = {"Rawa"}, ["rwr"] = {"Marwari (India)"}, ["rxd"] = {"Ngardi"}, ["rxw"] = {"Karuwali", "Garuwali"}, ["ryn"] = {"Northern Amami-Oshima"}, ["rys"] = {"Yaeyama"}, ["ryu"] = {"Central Okinawan"}, ["rzh"] = {"Rāziḥī"}, ["saa"] = {"Saba"}, ["sab"] = {"Buglere"}, ["sac"] = {"Meskwaki"}, ["sad"] = {"Sandawe"}, ["sae"] = {"Sabanê"}, ["saf"] = {"Safaliba"}, ["sah"] = {"Yakut"}, ["sai"] = {"South American Indian languages"}, ["saj"] = {"Sahu"}, ["sak"] = {"Sake"}, ["sal"] = {"Salishan languages"}, ["sam"] = {"Samaritan Aramaic"}, ["sao"] = {"Sause"}, ["saq"] = {"Samburu"}, ["sar"] = {"Saraveca"}, ["sas"] = {"Sasak"}, ["sat"] = {"Santali"}, ["sau"] = {"Saleman"}, ["sav"] = {"Saafi-Saafi"}, ["saw"] = {"Sawi"}, ["sax"] = {"Sa"}, ["say"] = {"Saya"}, ["saz"] = {"Saurashtra"}, ["sba"] = {"Ngambay"}, ["sbb"] = {"Simbo"}, ["sbc"] = {"Kele (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["sbd"] = {"Southern Samo"}, ["sbe"] = {"Saliba"}, ["sbf"] = {"Chabu", "Shabo"}, ["sbg"] = {"Seget"}, ["sbh"] = {"Sori-Harengan"}, ["sbi"] = {"Seti"}, ["sbj"] = {"Surbakhal"}, ["sbk"] = {"Safwa"}, ["sbl"] = {"Botolan Sambal"}, ["sbm"] = {"Sagala"}, ["sbn"] = {"Sindhi Bhil"}, ["sbo"] = {"Sabüm"}, ["sbp"] = {"Sangu (Tanzania)"}, ["sbq"] = {"Sileibi"}, ["sbr"] = {"Sembakung Murut"}, ["sbs"] = {"Subiya"}, ["sbt"] = {"Kimki"}, ["sbu"] = {"Stod Bhoti"}, ["sbv"] = {"Sabine"}, ["sbw"] = {"Simba"}, ["sbx"] = {"Seberuang"}, ["sby"] = {"Soli"}, ["sbz"] = {"Sara Kaba"}, ["scb"] = {"Chut"}, ["sce"] = {"Dongxiang"}, ["scf"] = {"San Miguel Creole French"}, ["scg"] = {"Sanggau"}, ["sch"] = {"Sakachep"}, ["sci"] = {"Sri Lankan Creole Malay"}, ["sck"] = {"Sadri"}, ["scl"] = {"Shina"}, ["scn"] = {"Sicilian"}, ["sco"] = {"Scots"}, ["scp"] = {"Hyolmo", "Helambu Sherpa"}, ["scq"] = {"Sa'och"}, ["scs"] = {"North Slavey"}, ["sct"] = {"Southern Katang"}, ["scu"] = {"Shumcho"}, ["scv"] = {"Sheni"}, ["scw"] = {"Sha"}, ["scx"] = {"Sicel"}, ["sda"] = {"Toraja-Sa'dan"}, ["sdb"] = {"Shabak"}, ["sdc"] = {"Sassarese Sardinian"}, ["sde"] = {"Surubu"}, ["sdf"] = {"Sarli"}, ["sdg"] = {"Savi"}, ["sdh"] = {"Southern Kurdish"}, ["sdj"] = {"Suundi"}, ["sdk"] = {"Sos Kundi"}, ["sdl"] = {"Saudi Arabian Sign Language"}, ["sdn"] = {"Gallurese Sardinian"}, ["sdo"] = {"Bukar-Sadung Bidayuh"}, ["sdp"] = {"Sherdukpen"}, ["sdq"] = {"Semandang"}, ["sdr"] = {"Oraon Sadri"}, ["sds"] = {"Sened"}, ["sdt"] = {"Shuadit"}, ["sdu"] = {"Sarudu"}, ["sdv"] = {"Eastern Sudanic languages"}, ["sdx"] = {"Sibu Melanau"}, ["sdz"] = {"Sallands"}, ["sea"] = {"Semai"}, ["seb"] = {"Shempire Senoufo"}, ["sec"] = {"Sechelt"}, ["sed"] = {"Sedang"}, ["see"] = {"Seneca"}, ["sef"] = {"Cebaara Senoufo"}, ["seg"] = {"Segeju"}, ["seh"] = {"Sena"}, ["sei"] = {"Seri"}, ["sej"] = {"Sene"}, ["sek"] = {"Sekani"}, ["sel"] = {"Selkup"}, ["sem"] = {"Semitic languages"}, ["sen"] = {"Nanerigé Sénoufo"}, ["seo"] = {"Suarmin"}, ["sep"] = {"Sìcìté Sénoufo"}, ["seq"] = {"Senara Sénoufo"}, ["ser"] = {"Serrano"}, ["ses"] = {"Koyraboro Senni Songhai"}, ["set"] = {"Sentani"}, ["seu"] = {"Serui-Laut"}, ["sev"] = {"Nyarafolo Senoufo"}, ["sew"] = {"Sewa Bay"}, ["sey"] = {"Secoya"}, ["sez"] = {"ဆဲန်ထန်", "Senthang Chin"}, ["sfb"] = {"Langue des signes de Belgique Francophone", "French Belgian Sign Language"}, ["sfe"] = {"Eastern Subanen"}, ["sfm"] = {"Small Flowery Miao"}, ["sfs"] = {"South African Sign Language"}, ["sfw"] = {"Sehwi"}, ["sga"] = {"Old Irish (to 900)"}, ["sgb"] = {"Mag-antsi Ayta"}, ["sgc"] = {"Kipsigis"}, ["sgd"] = {"Surigaonon"}, ["sge"] = {"Segai"}, ["sgg"] = {"Swiss-German Sign Language"}, ["sgh"] = {"Shughni"}, ["sgi"] = {"Suga"}, ["sgj"] = {"Surgujia"}, ["sgk"] = {"Sangkong"}, ["sgm"] = {"Singa"}, ["sgn"] = {"Sign languages"}, ["sgp"] = {"Singpho"}, ["sgr"] = {"Sangisari"}, ["sgs"] = {"Samogitian"}, ["sgt"] = {"Brokpake"}, ["sgu"] = {"Salas"}, ["sgw"] = {"Sebat Bet Gurage"}, ["sgx"] = {"Sierra Leone Sign Language"}, ["sgy"] = {"Sanglechi"}, ["sgz"] = {"Sursurunga"}, ["sha"] = {"Shall-Zwall"}, ["shb"] = {"Ninam"}, ["shc"] = {"Sonde"}, ["shd"] = {"Kundal Shahi"}, ["she"] = {"Sheko"}, ["shg"] = {"Shua"}, ["shh"] = {"Shoshoni"}, ["shi"] = {"Tachelhit"}, ["shj"] = {"Shatt"}, ["shk"] = {"Shilluk"}, ["shl"] = {"Shendu"}, ["shm"] = {"Shahrudi"}, ["shn"] = {"ရှမ်း", "Shan"}, ["sho"] = {"Shanga"}, ["shp"] = {"Shipibo-Conibo"}, ["shq"] = {"Sala"}, ["shr"] = {"Shi"}, ["shs"] = {"Shuswap"}, ["sht"] = {"Shasta"}, ["shu"] = {"Chadian Arabic"}, ["shv"] = {"Shehri"}, ["shw"] = {"Shwai"}, ["shx"] = {"She"}, ["shy"] = {"Tachawit"}, ["shz"] = {"Syenara Senoufo"}, ["sia"] = {"Akkala Sami"}, ["sib"] = {"Sebop"}, ["sid"] = {"Sidamo"}, ["sie"] = {"Simaa"}, ["sif"] = {"Siamou"}, ["sig"] = {"Paasaal"}, ["sih"] = {"Zire", "Sîshëë"}, ["sii"] = {"Shom Peng"}, ["sij"] = {"Numbami"}, ["sik"] = {"Sikiana"}, ["sil"] = {"Tumulung Sisaala"}, ["sim"] = {"Mende (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["sio"] = {"Siouan languages"}, ["sip"] = {"Sikkimese"}, ["siq"] = {"Sonia"}, ["sir"] = {"Siri"}, ["sis"] = {"Siuslaw"}, ["sit"] = {"Sino-Tibetan languages"}, ["siu"] = {"Sinagen"}, ["siv"] = {"Sumariup"}, ["siw"] = {"Siwai"}, ["six"] = {"Sumau"}, ["siy"] = {"Sivandi"}, ["siz"] = {"Siwi"}, ["sja"] = {"Epena"}, ["sjb"] = {"Sajau Basap"}, ["sjc"] = {"Shaojiang Chinese"}, ["sjd"] = {"Kildin Sami"}, ["sje"] = {"Pite Sami"}, ["sjg"] = {"Assangori"}, ["sjk"] = {"Kemi Sami"}, ["sjl"] = {"Sajalong", "Miji"}, ["sjm"] = {"Mapun"}, ["sjn"] = {"Sindarin"}, ["sjo"] = {"Xibe"}, ["sjp"] = {"Surjapuri"}, ["sjr"] = {"Siar-Lak"}, ["sjs"] = {"Senhaja De Srair"}, ["sjt"] = {"Ter Sami"}, ["sju"] = {"Ume Sami"}, ["sjw"] = {"Shawnee"}, ["ska"] = {"Skagit"}, ["skb"] = {"Saek"}, ["skc"] = {"Ma Manda"}, ["skd"] = {"Southern Sierra Miwok"}, ["ske"] = {"Seke (Vanuatu)"}, ["skf"] = {"Sakirabiá"}, ["skg"] = {"Sakalava Malagasy"}, ["skh"] = {"Sikule"}, ["ski"] = {"Sika"}, ["skj"] = {"Seke (Nepal)"}, ["skm"] = {"Kutong"}, ["skn"] = {"Kolibugan Subanon"}, ["sko"] = {"Seko Tengah"}, ["skp"] = {"Sekapan"}, ["skq"] = {"Sininkere"}, ["skr"] = {"Saraiki", "Seraiki"}, ["sks"] = {"Maia"}, ["skt"] = {"Sakata"}, ["sku"] = {"Sakao"}, ["skv"] = {"Skou"}, ["skw"] = {"Skepi Creole Dutch"}, ["skx"] = {"Seko Padang"}, ["sky"] = {"Sikaiana"}, ["skz"] = {"Sekar"}, ["sla"] = {"Slavic languages"}, ["slc"] = {"Sáliba"}, ["sld"] = {"Sissala"}, ["sle"] = {"Sholaga"}, ["slf"] = {"Swiss-Italian Sign Language"}, ["slg"] = {"Selungai Murut"}, ["slh"] = {"Southern Puget Sound Salish"}, ["sli"] = {"Lower Silesian"}, ["slj"] = {"Salumá"}, ["sll"] = {"Salt-Yui"}, ["slm"] = {"Pangutaran Sama"}, ["sln"] = {"Salinan"}, ["slp"] = {"Lamaholot"}, ["slr"] = {"Salar"}, ["sls"] = {"Singapore Sign Language"}, ["slt"] = {"Sila"}, ["slu"] = {"Selaru"}, ["slw"] = {"Sialum"}, ["slx"] = {"Salampasu"}, ["sly"] = {"Selayar"}, ["slz"] = {"Ma'ya"}, ["sma"] = {"Southern Sami"}, ["smb"] = {"Simbari"}, ["smc"] = {"Som"}, ["smf"] = {"Auwe"}, ["smg"] = {"Simbali"}, ["smh"] = {"Samei"}, ["smi"] = {"Sami languages"}, ["smj"] = {"Lule Sami"}, ["smk"] = {"Bolinao"}, ["sml"] = {"Central Sama"}, ["smm"] = {"Musasa"}, ["smn"] = {"Inari Sami"}, ["smp"] = {"Samaritan"}, ["smq"] = {"Samo"}, ["smr"] = {"Simeulue"}, ["sms"] = {"Skolt Sami"}, ["smt"] = {"Simte"}, ["smu"] = {"Somray"}, ["smv"] = {"Samvedi"}, ["smw"] = {"Sumbawa"}, ["smx"] = {"Samba"}, ["smy"] = {"Semnani"}, ["smz"] = {"Simeku"}, ["snc"] = {"Sinaugoro"}, ["sne"] = {"Bau Bidayuh"}, ["snf"] = {"Noon"}, ["sng"] = {"Sanga (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["sni"] = {"Sensi"}, ["snj"] = {"Riverain Sango"}, ["snk"] = {"Soninke"}, ["snl"] = {"Sangil"}, ["snm"] = {"Southern Ma'di"}, ["snn"] = {"Siona"}, ["sno"] = {"Snohomish"}, ["snp"] = {"Siane"}, ["snq"] = {"Sangu (Gabon)"}, ["snr"] = {"Sihan"}, ["sns"] = {"South West Bay", "Nahavaq"}, ["snu"] = {"Senggi", "Viid"}, ["snv"] = {"Sa'ban"}, ["snw"] = {"Selee"}, ["snx"] = {"Sam"}, ["sny"] = {"Saniyo-Hiyewe"}, ["snz"] = {"Kou"}, ["soa"] = {"Thai Song"}, ["sob"] = {"Sobei"}, ["soc"] = {"So (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["sod"] = {"Songoora"}, ["soe"] = {"Songomeno"}, ["sog"] = {"Sogdian"}, ["soh"] = {"Aka"}, ["soi"] = {"Sonha"}, ["soj"] = {"Soi"}, ["sok"] = {"Sokoro"}, ["sol"] = {"Solos"}, ["son"] = {"Songhai languages"}, ["soo"] = {"Songo"}, ["sop"] = {"Songe"}, ["soq"] = {"Kanasi"}, ["sor"] = {"Somrai"}, ["sos"] = {"Seeku"}, ["sou"] = {"Southern Thai"}, ["sov"] = {"Sonsorol"}, ["sow"] = {"Sowanda"}, ["sox"] = {"Swo"}, ["soy"] = {"Miyobe"}, ["soz"] = {"Temi"}, ["spb"] = {"Sepa (Indonesia)"}, ["spc"] = {"Sapé"}, ["spd"] = {"Saep"}, ["spe"] = {"Sepa (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["spg"] = {"Sian"}, ["spi"] = {"Saponi"}, ["spk"] = {"Sengo"}, ["spl"] = {"Selepet"}, ["spm"] = {"Akukem"}, ["spn"] = {"Sanapaná"}, ["spo"] = {"Spokane"}, ["spp"] = {"Supyire Senoufo"}, ["spq"] = {"Loreto-Ucayali Spanish"}, ["spr"] = {"Saparua"}, ["sps"] = {"Saposa"}, ["spt"] = {"Spiti Bhoti"}, ["spu"] = {"Sapuan"}, ["spv"] = {"Sambalpuri", "Kosli"}, ["spx"] = {"South Picene"}, ["spy"] = {"Sabaot"}, ["sqa"] = {"Shama-Sambuga"}, ["sqh"] = {"Shau"}, ["sqj"] = {"Albanian languages"}, ["sqk"] = {"Albanian Sign Language"}, ["sqm"] = {"Suma"}, ["sqn"] = {"Susquehannock"}, ["sqo"] = {"Sorkhei"}, ["sqq"] = {"Sou"}, ["sqr"] = {"Siculo Arabic"}, ["sqs"] = {"Sri Lankan Sign Language"}, ["sqt"] = {"Soqotri"}, ["squ"] = {"Squamish"}, ["sqx"] = {"Kufr Qassem Sign Language (KQSL)"}, ["sra"] = {"Saruga"}, ["srb"] = {"Sora"}, ["src"] = {"Logudorese Sardinian"}, ["sre"] = {"Sara"}, ["srf"] = {"Nafi"}, ["srg"] = {"Sulod"}, ["srh"] = {"Sarikoli"}, ["sri"] = {"Siriano"}, ["srk"] = {"Serudung Murut"}, ["srl"] = {"Isirawa"}, ["srm"] = {"Saramaccan"}, ["srn"] = {"Sranan Tongo"}, ["sro"] = {"Campidanese Sardinian"}, ["srq"] = {"Sirionó"}, ["srr"] = {"Serer"}, ["srs"] = {"Sarsi"}, ["srt"] = {"Sauri"}, ["sru"] = {"Suruí"}, ["srv"] = {"Southern Sorsoganon"}, ["srw"] = {"Serua"}, ["srx"] = {"Sirmauri"}, ["sry"] = {"Sera"}, ["srz"] = {"Shahmirzadi"}, ["ssa"] = {"Nilo-Saharan languages"}, ["ssb"] = {"Southern Sama"}, ["ssc"] = {"Suba-Simbiti"}, ["ssd"] = {"Siroi"}, ["sse"] = {"Balangingi", "Bangingih Sama"}, ["ssf"] = {"Thao"}, ["ssg"] = {"Seimat"}, ["ssh"] = {"Shihhi Arabic"}, ["ssi"] = {"Sansi"}, ["ssj"] = {"Sausi"}, ["ssk"] = {"Sunam"}, ["ssl"] = {"Western Sisaala"}, ["ssm"] = {"Semnam"}, ["ssn"] = {"Waata"}, ["sso"] = {"Sissano"}, ["ssp"] = {"Spanish Sign Language"}, ["ssq"] = {"So'a"}, ["ssr"] = {"Swiss-French Sign Language"}, ["sss"] = {"Sô"}, ["sst"] = {"Sinasina"}, ["ssu"] = {"Susuami"}, ["ssv"] = {"Shark Bay"}, ["ssx"] = {"Samberigi"}, ["ssy"] = {"Saho"}, ["ssz"] = {"Sengseng"}, ["sta"] = {"Settla"}, ["stb"] = {"Northern Subanen"}, ["std"] = {"Sentinel"}, ["ste"] = {"Liana-Seti"}, ["stf"] = {"Seta"}, ["stg"] = {"Trieng"}, ["sth"] = {"Shelta"}, ["sti"] = {"Bulo Stieng"}, ["stj"] = {"Matya Samo"}, ["stk"] = {"Arammba"}, ["stl"] = {"Stellingwerfs"}, ["stm"] = {"Setaman"}, ["stn"] = {"Owa"}, ["sto"] = {"Stoney"}, ["stp"] = {"Southeastern Tepehuan"}, ["stq"] = {"Saterfriesisch"}, ["str"] = {"Straits Salish"}, ["sts"] = {"Shumashti"}, ["stt"] = {"Budeh Stieng"}, ["stu"] = {"Samtao"}, ["stv"] = {"Silt'e"}, ["stw"] = {"Satawalese"}, ["sty"] = {"Siberian Tatar"}, ["sua"] = {"Sulka"}, ["sub"] = {"Suku"}, ["suc"] = {"Western Subanon"}, ["sue"] = {"Suena"}, ["sug"] = {"Suganga"}, ["sui"] = {"Suki"}, ["suj"] = {"Shubi"}, ["suk"] = {"Sukuma"}, ["suo"] = {"Bouni"}, ["suq"] = {"Tirmaga-Chai Suri", "Suri"}, ["sur"] = {"Mwaghavul"}, ["sus"] = {"Susu"}, ["sut"] = {"Subtiaba"}, ["suv"] = {"Puroik"}, ["suw"] = {"Sumbwa"}, ["sux"] = {"Sumerian"}, ["suy"] = {"Suyá"}, ["suz"] = {"Sunwar"}, ["sva"] = {"Svan"}, ["svb"] = {"Ulau-Suain"}, ["svc"] = {"Vincentian Creole English"}, ["sve"] = {"Serili"}, ["svk"] = {"Slovakian Sign Language"}, ["svm"] = {"Slavomolisano"}, ["svs"] = {"Savosavo"}, ["svx"] = {"Skalvian"}, ["swb"] = {"Maore Comorian"}, ["swc"] = {"Congo Swahili"}, ["swf"] = {"Sere"}, ["swg"] = {"Swabian"}, ["swh"] = {"Swahili (individual language)", "Kiswahili"}, ["swi"] = {"Sui"}, ["swj"] = {"Sira"}, ["swk"] = {"Malawi Sena"}, ["swl"] = {"Swedish Sign Language"}, ["swm"] = {"Samosa"}, ["swn"] = {"Sawknah"}, ["swo"] = {"Shanenawa"}, ["swp"] = {"Suau"}, ["swq"] = {"Sharwa"}, ["swr"] = {"Saweru"}, ["sws"] = {"Seluwasan"}, ["swt"] = {"Sawila"}, ["swu"] = {"Suwawa"}, ["swv"] = {"Shekhawati"}, ["sww"] = {"Sowa"}, ["swx"] = {"Suruahá"}, ["swy"] = {"Sarua"}, ["sxb"] = {"Suba"}, ["sxc"] = {"Sicanian"}, ["sxe"] = {"Sighu"}, ["sxg"] = {"Shuhi", "Shixing"}, ["sxk"] = {"Southern Kalapuya"}, ["sxl"] = {"Selian"}, ["sxm"] = {"Samre"}, ["sxn"] = {"Sangir"}, ["sxo"] = {"Sorothaptic"}, ["sxr"] = {"Saaroa"}, ["sxs"] = {"Sasaru"}, ["sxu"] = {"Upper Saxon"}, ["sxw"] = {"Saxwe Gbe"}, ["sya"] = {"Siang"}, ["syb"] = {"Central Subanen"}, ["syc"] = {"Classical Syriac"}, ["syd"] = {"Samoyedic languages"}, ["syi"] = {"Seki"}, ["syk"] = {"Sukur"}, ["syl"] = {"Sylheti"}, ["sym"] = {"Maya Samo"}, ["syn"] = {"Senaya"}, ["syo"] = {"Suoy"}, ["syr"] = {"Syriac"}, ["sys"] = {"Sinyar"}, ["syw"] = {"Kagate"}, ["syx"] = {"Samay"}, ["syy"] = {"Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language"}, ["sza"] = {"Semelai"}, ["szb"] = {"Ngalum"}, ["szc"] = {"Semaq Beri"}, ["sze"] = {"Seze"}, ["szg"] = {"Sengele"}, ["szl"] = {"Silesian"}, ["szn"] = {"Sula"}, ["szp"] = {"Suabo"}, ["szs"] = {"Solomon Islands Sign Language"}, ["szv"] = {"Isu (Fako Division)"}, ["szw"] = {"Sawai"}, ["szy"] = {"Sakizaya"}, ["taa"] = {"Lower Tanana"}, ["tab"] = {"Tabassaran"}, ["tac"] = {"Lowland Tarahumara"}, ["tad"] = {"Tause"}, ["tae"] = {"Tariana"}, ["taf"] = {"Tapirapé"}, ["tag"] = {"Tagoi"}, ["tai"] = {"Tai languages"}, ["taj"] = {"Eastern Tamang"}, ["tak"] = {"Tala"}, ["tal"] = {"Tal"}, ["tan"] = {"Tangale"}, ["tao"] = {"Yami"}, ["tap"] = {"Taabwa"}, ["taq"] = {"Tamasheq"}, ["tar"] = {"Central Tarahumara"}, ["tas"] = {"Tay Boi"}, ["tau"] = {"Upper Tanana"}, ["tav"] = {"Tatuyo"}, ["taw"] = {"Tai"}, ["tax"] = {"Tamki"}, ["tay"] = {"Atayal"}, ["taz"] = {"Tocho"}, ["tba"] = {"Aikanã"}, ["tbc"] = {"Takia"}, ["tbd"] = {"Kaki Ae"}, ["tbe"] = {"Tanimbili"}, ["tbf"] = {"Mandara"}, ["tbg"] = {"North Tairora"}, ["tbh"] = {"Dharawal", "Thurawal"}, ["tbi"] = {"Gaam"}, ["tbj"] = {"Tiang"}, ["tbk"] = {"Calamian Tagbanwa"}, ["tbl"] = {"Tboli"}, ["tbm"] = {"Tagbu"}, ["tbn"] = {"Barro Negro Tunebo"}, ["tbo"] = {"Tawala"}, ["tbp"] = {"Taworta", "Diebroud"}, ["tbq"] = {"Tibeto-Burman languages"}, ["tbr"] = {"Tumtum"}, ["tbs"] = {"Tanguat"}, ["tbt"] = {"Tembo (Kitembo)"}, ["tbu"] = {"Tubar"}, ["tbv"] = {"Tobo"}, ["tbw"] = {"Tagbanwa"}, ["tbx"] = {"Kapin"}, ["tby"] = {"Tabaru"}, ["tbz"] = {"Ditammari"}, ["tca"] = {"Ticuna"}, ["tcb"] = {"Tanacross"}, ["tcc"] = {"Datooga"}, ["tcd"] = {"Tafi"}, ["tce"] = {"Southern Tutchone"}, ["tcf"] = {"Malinaltepec Me'phaa", "Malinaltepec Tlapanec"}, ["tcg"] = {"Tamagario"}, ["tch"] = {"Turks And Caicos Creole English"}, ["tci"] = {"Wára"}, ["tck"] = {"Tchitchege"}, ["tcl"] = {"Taman (Myanmar)"}, ["tcm"] = {"Tanahmerah"}, ["tcn"] = {"Tichurong"}, ["tco"] = {"တောင်ရိုး", "Taungyo"}, ["tcp"] = {"ထော်", "Tawr Chin"}, ["tcq"] = {"Kaiy"}, ["tcs"] = {"Torres Strait Creole", "Yumplatok"}, ["tct"] = {"T'en"}, ["tcu"] = {"Southeastern Tarahumara"}, ["tcw"] = {"Tecpatlán Totonac"}, ["tcx"] = {"Toda"}, ["tcy"] = {"Tulu"}, ["tcz"] = {"Thado Chin"}, ["tda"] = {"Tagdal"}, ["tdb"] = {"Panchpargania"}, ["tdc"] = {"Emberá-Tadó"}, ["tdd"] = {"တိုင်းနေ", "Tai Nüa"}, ["tde"] = {"Tiranige Diga Dogon"}, ["tdf"] = {"Talieng"}, ["tdg"] = {"Western Tamang"}, ["tdh"] = {"Thulung"}, ["tdi"] = {"Tomadino"}, ["tdj"] = {"Tajio"}, ["tdk"] = {"Tambas"}, ["tdl"] = {"Sur"}, ["tdm"] = {"Taruma"}, ["tdn"] = {"Tondano"}, ["tdo"] = {"Teme"}, ["tdq"] = {"Tita"}, ["tdr"] = {"Todrah"}, ["tds"] = {"Doutai"}, ["tdt"] = {"Tetun Dili"}, ["tdv"] = {"Toro"}, ["tdx"] = {"Tandroy-Mahafaly Malagasy"}, ["tdy"] = {"Tadyawan"}, ["tea"] = {"Temiar"}, ["teb"] = {"Tetete"}, ["tec"] = {"Terik"}, ["ted"] = {"Tepo Krumen"}, ["tee"] = {"Huehuetla Tepehua"}, ["tef"] = {"Teressa"}, ["teg"] = {"Teke-Tege"}, ["teh"] = {"Tehuelche"}, ["tei"] = {"Torricelli"}, ["tek"] = {"Ibali Teke"}, ["tem"] = {"Timne"}, ["ten"] = {"Tama (Colombia)"}, ["teo"] = {"Teso"}, ["tep"] = {"Tepecano"}, ["teq"] = {"Temein"}, ["ter"] = {"Tereno"}, ["tes"] = {"Tengger"}, ["tet"] = {"Tetum"}, ["teu"] = {"Soo"}, ["tev"] = {"Teor"}, ["tew"] = {"Tewa (USA)"}, ["tex"] = {"Tennet"}, ["tey"] = {"Tulishi"}, ["tez"] = {"Tetserret"}, ["tfi"] = {"Tofin Gbe"}, ["tfn"] = {"Tanaina"}, ["tfo"] = {"Tefaro"}, ["tfr"] = {"Teribe"}, ["tft"] = {"Ternate"}, ["tga"] = {"Sagalla"}, ["tgb"] = {"Tobilung"}, ["tgc"] = {"Tigak"}, ["tgd"] = {"Ciwogai"}, ["tge"] = {"Eastern Gorkha Tamang"}, ["tgf"] = {"Chalikha"}, ["tgh"] = {"Tobagonian Creole English"}, ["tgi"] = {"Lawunuia"}, ["tgj"] = {"Tagin"}, ["tgn"] = {"Tandaganon"}, ["tgo"] = {"Sudest"}, ["tgp"] = {"Tangoa"}, ["tgq"] = {"Tring"}, ["tgr"] = {"Tareng"}, ["tgs"] = {"Nume"}, ["tgt"] = {"Central Tagbanwa"}, ["tgu"] = {"Tanggu"}, ["tgv"] = {"Tingui-Boto"}, ["tgw"] = {"Tagwana Senoufo"}, ["tgx"] = {"Tagish"}, ["tgy"] = {"Togoyo"}, ["tgz"] = {"Tagalaka"}, ["thd"] = {"Kuuk Thaayorre", "Thayore"}, ["the"] = {"Chitwania Tharu"}, ["thf"] = {"Thangmi"}, ["thh"] = {"Northern Tarahumara"}, ["thi"] = {"Tai Long"}, ["thk"] = {"Tharaka", "Kitharaka"}, ["thl"] = {"Dangaura Tharu"}, ["thm"] = {"Aheu"}, ["thn"] = {"Thachanadan"}, ["thp"] = {"Thompson"}, ["thq"] = {"Kochila Tharu"}, ["thr"] = {"Rana Tharu"}, ["ths"] = {"Thakali"}, ["tht"] = {"Tahltan"}, ["thu"] = {"Thuri"}, ["thv"] = {"Tahaggart Tamahaq"}, ["thy"] = {"Tha"}, ["thz"] = {"Tayart Tamajeq"}, ["tia"] = {"Tidikelt Tamazight"}, ["tic"] = {"Tira"}, ["tif"] = {"Tifal"}, ["tig"] = {"Tigre"}, ["tih"] = {"Timugon Murut"}, ["tii"] = {"Tiene"}, ["tij"] = {"Tilung"}, ["tik"] = {"Tikar"}, ["til"] = {"Tillamook"}, ["tim"] = {"Timbe"}, ["tin"] = {"Tindi"}, ["tio"] = {"Teop"}, ["tip"] = {"Trimuris"}, ["tiq"] = {"Tiéfo"}, ["tis"] = {"Masadiit Itneg"}, ["tit"] = {"Tinigua"}, ["tiu"] = {"Adasen"}, ["tiv"] = {"Tiv"}, ["tiw"] = {"Tiwi"}, ["tix"] = {"Southern Tiwa"}, ["tiy"] = {"Tiruray"}, ["tiz"] = {"Tai Hongjin"}, ["tja"] = {"Tajuasohn"}, ["tjg"] = {"Tunjung"}, ["tji"] = {"Northern Tujia"}, ["tjj"] = {"Tjungundji"}, ["tjl"] = {"တိုင်းလိုင်", "Tai Laing"}, ["tjm"] = {"Timucua"}, ["tjn"] = {"Tonjon"}, ["tjo"] = {"Temacine Tamazight"}, ["tjp"] = {"Tjupany"}, ["tjs"] = {"Southern Tujia"}, ["tju"] = {"Tjurruru"}, ["tjw"] = {"Djabwurrung"}, ["tka"] = {"Truká"}, ["tkb"] = {"Buksa"}, ["tkd"] = {"Tukudede"}, ["tke"] = {"Takwane"}, ["tkf"] = {"Tukumanféd"}, ["tkg"] = {"Tesaka Malagasy"}, ["tkl"] = {"Tokelau"}, ["tkm"] = {"Takelma"}, ["tkn"] = {"Toku-No-Shima"}, ["tkp"] = {"Tikopia"}, ["tkq"] = {"Tee"}, ["tkr"] = {"Tsakhur"}, ["tks"] = {"Takestani"}, ["tkt"] = {"Kathoriya Tharu"}, ["tku"] = {"Upper Necaxa Totonac"}, ["tkv"] = {"Mur Pano"}, ["tkw"] = {"Teanu"}, ["tkx"] = {"Tangko"}, ["tkz"] = {"Takua"}, ["tla"] = {"Southwestern Tepehuan"}, ["tlb"] = {"Tobelo"}, ["tlc"] = {"Yecuatla Totonac"}, ["tld"] = {"Talaud"}, ["tlf"] = {"Telefol"}, ["tlg"] = {"Tofanma"}, ["tlh"] = {"Klingon", "tlhIngan Hol"}, ["tli"] = {"Tlingit"}, ["tlj"] = {"Talinga-Bwisi"}, ["tlk"] = {"Taloki"}, ["tll"] = {"Tetela"}, ["tlm"] = {"Tolomako"}, ["tln"] = {"Talondo'"}, ["tlo"] = {"Talodi"}, ["tlp"] = {"Filomena Mata-Coahuitlán Totonac"}, ["tlq"] = {"Tai Loi"}, ["tlr"] = {"Talise"}, ["tls"] = {"Tambotalo"}, ["tlt"] = {"Sou Nama", "Teluti"}, ["tlu"] = {"Tulehu"}, ["tlv"] = {"Taliabu"}, ["tlx"] = {"Khehek"}, ["tly"] = {"Talysh"}, ["tma"] = {"Tama (Chad)"}, ["tmb"] = {"Katbol", "Avava"}, ["tmc"] = {"Tumak"}, ["tmd"] = {"Haruai"}, ["tme"] = {"Tremembé"}, ["tmf"] = {"Toba-Maskoy"}, ["tmg"] = {"Ternateño"}, ["tmh"] = {"Tamashek"}, ["tmi"] = {"Tutuba"}, ["tmj"] = {"Samarokena"}, ["tml"] = {"Tamnim Citak"}, ["tmm"] = {"Tai Thanh"}, ["tmn"] = {"Taman (Indonesia)"}, ["tmo"] = {"Temoq"}, ["tmq"] = {"Tumleo"}, ["tmr"] = {"Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (ca. 200-1200 CE)"}, ["tms"] = {"Tima"}, ["tmt"] = {"Tasmate"}, ["tmu"] = {"Iau"}, ["tmv"] = {"Tembo (Motembo)"}, ["tmw"] = {"Temuan"}, ["tmy"] = {"Tami"}, ["tmz"] = {"Tamanaku"}, ["tna"] = {"Tacana"}, ["tnb"] = {"Western Tunebo"}, ["tnc"] = {"Tanimuca-Retuarã"}, ["tnd"] = {"Angosturas Tunebo"}, ["tng"] = {"Tobanga"}, ["tnh"] = {"Maiani"}, ["tni"] = {"Tandia"}, ["tnk"] = {"Kwamera"}, ["tnl"] = {"Lenakel"}, ["tnm"] = {"Tabla"}, ["tnn"] = {"North Tanna"}, ["tno"] = {"Toromono"}, ["tnp"] = {"Whitesands"}, ["tnq"] = {"Taino"}, ["tnr"] = {"Ménik"}, ["tns"] = {"Tenis"}, ["tnt"] = {"Tontemboan"}, ["tnu"] = {"Tay Khang"}, ["tnv"] = {"Tangchangya"}, ["tnw"] = {"Tonsawang"}, ["tnx"] = {"Tanema"}, ["tny"] = {"Tongwe"}, ["tnz"] = {"Ten'edn"}, ["tob"] = {"Toba"}, ["toc"] = {"Coyutla Totonac"}, ["tod"] = {"Toma"}, ["tof"] = {"Gizrra"}, ["tog"] = {"Tonga (Nyasa)"}, ["toh"] = {"Gitonga"}, ["toi"] = {"Tonga (Zambia)"}, ["toj"] = {"Tojolabal"}, ["tok"] = {"Toki Pona"}, ["tol"] = {"Tolowa"}, ["tom"] = {"Tombulu"}, ["too"] = {"Xicotepec De Juárez Totonac"}, ["top"] = {"Papantla Totonac"}, ["toq"] = {"Toposa"}, ["tor"] = {"Togbo-Vara Banda"}, ["tos"] = {"Highland Totonac"}, ["tou"] = {"Tho"}, ["tov"] = {"Upper Taromi"}, ["tow"] = {"Jemez"}, ["tox"] = {"Tobian"}, ["toy"] = {"Topoiyo"}, ["toz"] = {"To"}, ["tpa"] = {"Taupota"}, ["tpc"] = {"Azoyú Me'phaa", "Azoyú Tlapanec"}, ["tpe"] = {"Tippera"}, ["tpf"] = {"Tarpia"}, ["tpg"] = {"Kula"}, ["tpi"] = {"Tok Pisin"}, ["tpj"] = {"Tapieté"}, ["tpk"] = {"Tupinikin"}, ["tpl"] = {"Tlacoapa Me'phaa", "Tlacoapa Tlapanec"}, ["tpm"] = {"Tampulma"}, ["tpn"] = {"Tupinambá"}, ["tpo"] = {"Tai Pao"}, ["tpp"] = {"Pisaflores Tepehua"}, ["tpq"] = {"Tukpa"}, ["tpr"] = {"Tuparí"}, ["tpt"] = {"Tlachichilco Tepehua"}, ["tpu"] = {"Tampuan"}, ["tpv"] = {"Tanapag"}, ["tpx"] = {"Acatepec Me'phaa", "Acatepec Tlapanec"}, ["tpy"] = {"Trumai"}, ["tpz"] = {"Tinputz"}, ["tqb"] = {"Tembé"}, ["tql"] = {"Lehali"}, ["tqm"] = {"Turumsa"}, ["tqn"] = {"Tenino"}, ["tqo"] = {"Toaripi"}, ["tqp"] = {"Tomoip"}, ["tqq"] = {"Tunni"}, ["tqr"] = {"Torona"}, ["tqt"] = {"Western Totonac"}, ["tqu"] = {"Touo"}, ["tqw"] = {"Tonkawa"}, ["tra"] = {"Tirahi"}, ["trb"] = {"Terebu"}, ["trc"] = {"Copala Triqui"}, ["trd"] = {"Turi"}, ["tre"] = {"East Tarangan"}, ["trf"] = {"Trinidadian Creole English"}, ["trg"] = {"Lishán Didán"}, ["trh"] = {"Turaka"}, ["tri"] = {"Trió"}, ["trj"] = {"Toram"}, ["trk"] = {"Turkic languages"}, ["trl"] = {"Traveller Scottish"}, ["trm"] = {"Tregami"}, ["trn"] = {"Trinitario"}, ["tro"] = {"Tarao Naga"}, ["trp"] = {"Kok Borok"}, ["trq"] = {"San Martín Itunyoso Triqui"}, ["trr"] = {"Taushiro"}, ["trs"] = {"Chicahuaxtla Triqui"}, ["trt"] = {"Tunggare"}, ["tru"] = {"Turoyo", "Surayt"}, ["trv"] = {"Sediq", "Seediq", "Taroko"}, ["trw"] = {"Torwali"}, ["trx"] = {"Tringgus-Sembaan Bidayuh"}, ["try"] = {"Turung"}, ["trz"] = {"Torá"}, ["tsa"] = {"Tsaangi"}, ["tsb"] = {"Tsamai"}, ["tsc"] = {"Tswa"}, ["tsd"] = {"Tsakonian"}, ["tse"] = {"Tunisian Sign Language"}, ["tsg"] = {"Tausug"}, ["tsh"] = {"Tsuvan"}, ["tsi"] = {"Tsimshian"}, ["tsj"] = {"Tshangla"}, ["tsk"] = {"Tseku"}, ["tsl"] = {"Ts'ün-Lao"}, ["tsm"] = {"Turkish Sign Language", "Türk İşaret Dili"}, ["tsp"] = {"Northern Toussian"}, ["tsq"] = {"Thai Sign Language"}, ["tsr"] = {"Akei"}, ["tss"] = {"Taiwan Sign Language"}, ["tst"] = {"Tondi Songway Kiini"}, ["tsu"] = {"Tsou"}, ["tsv"] = {"Tsogo"}, ["tsw"] = {"Tsishingini"}, ["tsx"] = {"Mubami"}, ["tsy"] = {"Tebul Sign Language"}, ["tsz"] = {"Purepecha"}, ["tta"] = {"Tutelo"}, ["ttb"] = {"Gaa"}, ["ttc"] = {"Tektiteko"}, ["ttd"] = {"Tauade"}, ["tte"] = {"Bwanabwana"}, ["ttf"] = {"Tuotomb"}, ["ttg"] = {"Tutong"}, ["tth"] = {"Upper Ta'oih"}, ["tti"] = {"Tobati"}, ["ttj"] = {"Tooro"}, ["ttk"] = {"Totoro"}, ["ttl"] = {"Totela"}, ["ttm"] = {"Northern Tutchone"}, ["ttn"] = {"Towei"}, ["tto"] = {"Lower Ta'oih"}, ["ttp"] = {"Tombelala"}, ["ttq"] = {"Tawallammat Tamajaq"}, ["ttr"] = {"Tera"}, ["tts"] = {"Northeastern Thai"}, ["ttt"] = {"Muslim Tat"}, ["ttu"] = {"Torau"}, ["ttv"] = {"Titan"}, ["ttw"] = {"Long Wat"}, ["tty"] = {"Sikaritai"}, ["ttz"] = {"Tsum"}, ["tua"] = {"Wiarumus"}, ["tub"] = {"Tübatulabal"}, ["tuc"] = {"Mutu"}, ["tud"] = {"Tuxá"}, ["tue"] = {"Tuyuca"}, ["tuf"] = {"Central Tunebo"}, ["tug"] = {"Tunia"}, ["tuh"] = {"Taulil"}, ["tui"] = {"Tupuri"}, ["tuj"] = {"Tugutil"}, ["tul"] = {"Tula"}, ["tum"] = {"Tumbuka"}, ["tun"] = {"Tunica"}, ["tuo"] = {"Tucano"}, ["tup"] = {"Tupi languages"}, ["tuq"] = {"Tedaga"}, ["tus"] = {"Tuscarora"}, ["tut"] = {"Altaic languages"}, ["tuu"] = {"Tututni"}, ["tuv"] = {"Turkana"}, ["tuw"] = {"Tungus languages"}, ["tux"] = {"Tuxináwa"}, ["tuy"] = {"Tugen"}, ["tuz"] = {"Turka"}, ["tva"] = {"Vaghua"}, ["tvd"] = {"Tsuvadi"}, ["tve"] = {"Te'un"}, ["tvi"] = {"Tulai"}, ["tvk"] = {"Southeast Ambrym"}, ["tvl"] = {"Tuvalu"}, ["tvm"] = {"Tela-Masbuar"}, ["tvn"] = {"Tavoyan"}, ["tvo"] = {"Tidore"}, ["tvs"] = {"Taveta"}, ["tvt"] = {"Tutsa Naga"}, ["tvu"] = {"Tunen"}, ["tvw"] = {"Sedoa"}, ["tvx"] = {"Taivoan"}, ["tvy"] = {"Timor Pidgin"}, ["twa"] = {"Twana"}, ["twb"] = {"Western Tawbuid"}, ["twc"] = {"Teshenawa"}, ["twd"] = {"Twents"}, ["twe"] = {"Tewa (Indonesia)"}, ["twf"] = {"Northern Tiwa"}, ["twg"] = {"Tereweng"}, ["twh"] = {"Tai Dón"}, ["twl"] = {"Tawara"}, ["twm"] = {"Tawang Monpa"}, ["twn"] = {"Twendi"}, ["two"] = {"Tswapong"}, ["twp"] = {"Ere"}, ["twq"] = {"Tasawaq"}, ["twr"] = {"Southwestern Tarahumara"}, ["twt"] = {"Turiwára"}, ["twu"] = {"Termanu"}, ["tww"] = {"Tuwari"}, ["twx"] = {"Tewe"}, ["twy"] = {"Tawoyan"}, ["txa"] = {"Tombonuo"}, ["txb"] = {"Tokharian B"}, ["txc"] = {"Tsetsaut"}, ["txe"] = {"Totoli"}, ["txg"] = {"Tangut"}, ["txh"] = {"Thracian"}, ["txi"] = {"Ikpeng"}, ["txj"] = {"Tarjumo"}, ["txm"] = {"Tomini"}, ["txn"] = {"West Tarangan"}, ["txo"] = {"Toto"}, ["txq"] = {"Tii"}, ["txr"] = {"Tartessian"}, ["txs"] = {"Tonsea"}, ["txt"] = {"Citak"}, ["txu"] = {"Kayapó"}, ["txx"] = {"Tatana"}, ["txy"] = {"Tanosy Malagasy"}, ["tya"] = {"Tauya"}, ["tye"] = {"Kyanga"}, ["tyh"] = {"O'du"}, ["tyi"] = {"Teke-Tsaayi"}, ["tyj"] = {"Tai Do", "Tai Yo"}, ["tyl"] = {"Thu Lao"}, ["tyn"] = {"Kombai"}, ["typ"] = {"Thaypan"}, ["tyr"] = {"Tai Daeng"}, ["tys"] = {"Tày Sa Pa"}, ["tyt"] = {"Tày Tac"}, ["tyu"] = {"Kua"}, ["tyv"] = {"Tuvinian"}, ["tyx"] = {"Teke-Tyee"}, ["tyy"] = {"Tiyaa"}, ["tyz"] = {"Tày"}, ["tza"] = {"Tanzanian Sign Language"}, ["tzh"] = {"Tzeltal"}, ["tzj"] = {"Tz'utujil"}, ["tzl"] = {"Talossan"}, ["tzm"] = {"Central Atlas Tamazight"}, ["tzn"] = {"Tugun"}, ["tzo"] = {"Tzotzil"}, ["tzx"] = {"Tabriak"}, ["uam"] = {"Uamué"}, ["uan"] = {"Kuan"}, ["uar"] = {"Tairuma"}, ["uba"] = {"Ubang"}, ["ubi"] = {"Ubi"}, ["ubl"] = {"Buhi'non Bikol"}, ["ubr"] = {"Ubir"}, ["ubu"] = {"Umbu-Ungu"}, ["uby"] = {"Ubykh"}, ["uda"] = {"Uda"}, ["ude"] = {"Udihe"}, ["udg"] = {"Muduga"}, ["udi"] = {"Udi"}, ["udj"] = {"Ujir"}, ["udl"] = {"Wuzlam"}, ["udm"] = {"Udmurt"}, ["udu"] = {"Uduk"}, ["ues"] = {"Kioko"}, ["ufi"] = {"Ufim"}, ["uga"] = {"Ugaritic"}, ["ugb"] = {"Kuku-Ugbanh"}, ["uge"] = {"Ughele"}, ["ugh"] = {"Kubachi"}, ["ugn"] = {"Ugandan Sign Language"}, ["ugo"] = {"Ugong"}, ["ugy"] = {"Uruguayan Sign Language"}, ["uha"] = {"Uhami"}, ["uhn"] = {"Damal"}, ["uis"] = {"Uisai"}, ["uiv"] = {"Iyive"}, ["uji"] = {"Tanjijili"}, ["uka"] = {"Kaburi"}, ["ukg"] = {"Ukuriguma"}, ["ukh"] = {"Ukhwejo"}, ["uki"] = {"Kui (India)"}, ["ukk"] = {"Muak Sa-aak"}, ["ukl"] = {"Ukrainian Sign Language"}, ["ukp"] = {"Ukpe-Bayobiri"}, ["ukq"] = {"Ukwa"}, ["uks"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor Sign Language", "Kaapor Sign Language"}, ["uku"] = {"Ukue"}, ["ukv"] = {"Kuku"}, ["ukw"] = {"Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni"}, ["uky"] = {"Kuuk-Yak"}, ["ula"] = {"Fungwa"}, ["ulb"] = {"Ulukwumi"}, ["ulc"] = {"Ulch"}, ["ule"] = {"Lule"}, ["ulf"] = {"Usku", "Afra"}, ["uli"] = {"Ulithian"}, ["ulk"] = {"Meriam Mir"}, ["ull"] = {"Ullatan"}, ["ulm"] = {"Ulumanda'"}, ["uln"] = {"Unserdeutsch"}, ["ulu"] = {"Uma' Lung"}, ["ulw"] = {"Ulwa"}, ["uly"] = {"Buli"}, ["uma"] = {"Umatilla"}, ["umb"] = {"Umbundu"}, ["umc"] = {"Marrucinian"}, ["umd"] = {"Umbindhamu"}, ["umg"] = {"Morrobalama", "Umbuygamu"}, ["umi"] = {"Ukit"}, ["umm"] = {"Umon"}, ["umn"] = {"Makyan Naga"}, ["umo"] = {"Umotína"}, ["ump"] = {"Umpila"}, ["umr"] = {"Umbugarla"}, ["ums"] = {"Pendau"}, ["umu"] = {"Munsee"}, ["una"] = {"North Watut"}, ["und"] = {"Undetermined"}, ["une"] = {"Uneme"}, ["ung"] = {"Ngarinyin"}, ["uni"] = {"Uni"}, ["unk"] = {"Enawené-Nawé"}, ["unm"] = {"Unami"}, ["unn"] = {"Kurnai"}, ["unr"] = {"Mundari"}, ["unu"] = {"Unubahe"}, ["unx"] = {"Munda"}, ["unz"] = {"Unde Kaili"}, ["uon"] = {"Kulon"}, ["upi"] = {"Umeda"}, ["upv"] = {"Uripiv-Wala-Rano-Atchin"}, ["ura"] = {"Urarina"}, ["urb"] = {"Urubú-Kaapor", "Kaapor"}, ["urc"] = {"Urningangg"}, ["ure"] = {"Uru"}, ["urf"] = {"Uradhi"}, ["urg"] = {"Urigina"}, ["urh"] = {"Urhobo"}, ["uri"] = {"Urim"}, ["urj"] = {"Uralic languages"}, ["urk"] = {"Urak Lawoi'"}, ["url"] = {"Urali"}, ["urm"] = {"Urapmin"}, ["urn"] = {"Uruangnirin"}, ["uro"] = {"Ura (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["urp"] = {"Uru-Pa-In"}, ["urr"] = {"Lehalurup", "Löyöp"}, ["urt"] = {"Urat"}, ["uru"] = {"Urumi"}, ["urv"] = {"Uruava"}, ["urw"] = {"Sop"}, ["urx"] = {"Urimo"}, ["ury"] = {"Orya"}, ["urz"] = {"Uru-Eu-Wau-Wau"}, ["usa"] = {"Usarufa"}, ["ush"] = {"Ushojo"}, ["usi"] = {"Usui"}, ["usk"] = {"Usaghade"}, ["usp"] = {"Uspanteco"}, ["uss"] = {"us-Saare"}, ["usu"] = {"Uya"}, ["uta"] = {"Otank"}, ["ute"] = {"Ute-Southern Paiute"}, ["uth"] = {"ut-Hun"}, ["utp"] = {"Amba (Solomon Islands)"}, ["utr"] = {"Etulo"}, ["utu"] = {"Utu"}, ["uum"] = {"Urum"}, ["uur"] = {"Ura (Vanuatu)"}, ["uuu"] = {"U"}, ["uve"] = {"West Uvean", "Fagauvea"}, ["uvh"] = {"Uri"}, ["uvl"] = {"Lote"}, ["uwa"] = {"Kuku-Uwanh"}, ["uya"] = {"Doko-Uyanga"}, ["uzn"] = {"Northern Uzbek"}, ["uzs"] = {"Southern Uzbek"}, ["vaa"] = {"Vaagri Booli"}, ["vae"] = {"Vale"}, ["vaf"] = {"Vafsi"}, ["vag"] = {"Vagla"}, ["vah"] = {"Varhadi-Nagpuri"}, ["vai"] = {"Vai"}, ["vaj"] = {"Sekele", "Northwestern ǃKung", "Vasekele"}, ["val"] = {"Vehes"}, ["vam"] = {"Vanimo"}, ["van"] = {"Valman"}, ["vao"] = {"Vao"}, ["vap"] = {"Vaiphei"}, ["var"] = {"Huarijio"}, ["vas"] = {"Vasavi"}, ["vau"] = {"Vanuma"}, ["vav"] = {"Varli"}, ["vay"] = {"Wayu"}, ["vbb"] = {"Southeast Babar"}, ["vbk"] = {"Southwestern Bontok"}, ["vec"] = {"Venetian"}, ["ved"] = {"Veddah"}, ["vel"] = {"Veluws"}, ["vem"] = {"Vemgo-Mabas"}, ["veo"] = {"Ventureño"}, ["vep"] = {"Veps"}, ["ver"] = {"Mom Jango"}, ["vgr"] = {"Vaghri"}, ["vgt"] = {"Vlaamse Gebarentaal", "Flemish Sign Language"}, ["vic"] = {"Virgin Islands Creole English"}, ["vid"] = {"Vidunda"}, ["vif"] = {"Vili"}, ["vig"] = {"Viemo"}, ["vil"] = {"Vilela"}, ["vin"] = {"Vinza"}, ["vis"] = {"Vishavan"}, ["vit"] = {"Viti"}, ["viv"] = {"Iduna"}, ["vjk"] = {"Bajjika"}, ["vka"] = {"Kariyarra"}, ["vkj"] = {"Kujarge"}, ["vkk"] = {"Kaur"}, ["vkl"] = {"Kulisusu"}, ["vkm"] = {"Kamakan"}, ["vkn"] = {"Koro Nulu"}, ["vko"] = {"Kodeoha"}, ["vkp"] = {"Korlai Creole Portuguese"}, ["vkt"] = {"Tenggarong Kutai Malay"}, ["vku"] = {"Kurrama"}, ["vkz"] = {"Koro Zuba"}, ["vlp"] = {"Valpei"}, ["vls"] = {"Vlaams"}, ["vma"] = {"Martuyhunira"}, ["vmb"] = {"Barbaram"}, ["vmc"] = {"Juxtlahuaca Mixtec"}, ["vmd"] = {"Mudu Koraga"}, ["vme"] = {"East Masela"}, ["vmf"] = {"Mainfränkisch"}, ["vmg"] = {"Lungalunga"}, ["vmh"] = {"Maraghei"}, ["vmi"] = {"Miwa"}, ["vmj"] = {"Ixtayutla Mixtec"}, ["vmk"] = {"Makhuwa-Shirima"}, ["vml"] = {"Malgana"}, ["vmm"] = {"Mitlatongo Mixtec"}, ["vmp"] = {"Soyaltepec Mazatec"}, ["vmq"] = {"Soyaltepec Mixtec"}, ["vmr"] = {"Marenje"}, ["vms"] = {"Moksela"}, ["vmu"] = {"Muluridyi"}, ["vmv"] = {"Valley Maidu"}, ["vmw"] = {"Makhuwa"}, ["vmx"] = {"Tamazola Mixtec"}, ["vmy"] = {"Ayautla Mazatec"}, ["vmz"] = {"Mazatlán Mazatec"}, ["vnk"] = {"Vano", "Lovono"}, ["vnm"] = {"Vinmavis", "Neve'ei"}, ["vnp"] = {"Vunapu"}, ["vor"] = {"Voro"}, ["vot"] = {"Votic"}, ["vra"] = {"Vera'a"}, ["vro"] = {"Võro"}, ["vrs"] = {"Varisi"}, ["vrt"] = {"Burmbar", "Banam Bay"}, ["vsi"] = {"Moldova Sign Language"}, ["vsl"] = {"Venezuelan Sign Language"}, ["vsn"] = {"Vedic Sanskrit"}, ["vsv"] = {"Valencian Sign Language", "Llengua de signes valenciana"}, ["vto"] = {"Vitou"}, ["vum"] = {"Vumbu"}, ["vun"] = {"Vunjo"}, ["vut"] = {"Vute"}, ["vwa"] = {"Awa (China)"}, ["waa"] = {"Walla Walla"}, ["wab"] = {"Wab"}, ["wac"] = {"Wasco-Wishram"}, ["wad"] = {"Wamesa", "Wondama"}, ["wae"] = {"Walser"}, ["waf"] = {"Wakoná"}, ["wag"] = {"Wa'ema"}, ["wah"] = {"Watubela"}, ["wai"] = {"Wares"}, ["waj"] = {"Waffa"}, ["wak"] = {"Wakashan languages"}, ["wal"] = {"Wolaytta", "Wolaitta"}, ["wam"] = {"Wampanoag"}, ["wan"] = {"Wan"}, ["wao"] = {"Wappo"}, ["wap"] = {"Wapishana"}, ["waq"] = {"Wagiman"}, ["war"] = {"Waray (Philippines)"}, ["was"] = {"Washo"}, ["wat"] = {"Kaninuwa"}, ["wau"] = {"Waurá"}, ["wav"] = {"Waka"}, ["waw"] = {"Waiwai"}, ["wax"] = {"Watam", "Marangis"}, ["way"] = {"Wayana"}, ["waz"] = {"Wampur"}, ["wba"] = {"Warao"}, ["wbb"] = {"Wabo"}, ["wbe"] = {"Waritai"}, ["wbf"] = {"Wara"}, ["wbh"] = {"Wanda"}, ["wbi"] = {"Vwanji"}, ["wbj"] = {"Alagwa"}, ["wbk"] = {"Waigali"}, ["wbl"] = {"Wakhi"}, ["wbm"] = {"Wa"}, ["wbp"] = {"Warlpiri"}, ["wbq"] = {"Waddar"}, ["wbr"] = {"Wagdi"}, ["wbs"] = {"West Bengal Sign Language"}, ["wbt"] = {"Warnman"}, ["wbv"] = {"Wajarri"}, ["wbw"] = {"Woi"}, ["wca"] = {"Yanomámi"}, ["wci"] = {"Waci Gbe"}, ["wdd"] = {"Wandji"}, ["wdg"] = {"Wadaginam"}, ["wdj"] = {"Wadjiginy"}, ["wdk"] = {"Wadikali"}, ["wdt"] = {"Wendat"}, ["wdu"] = {"Wadjigu"}, ["wdy"] = {"Wadjabangayi"}, ["wea"] = {"Wewaw"}, ["wec"] = {"Wè Western"}, ["wed"] = {"Wedau"}, ["weg"] = {"Wergaia"}, ["weh"] = {"Weh"}, ["wei"] = {"Kiunum"}, ["wem"] = {"Weme Gbe"}, ["wen"] = {"Sorbian languages"}, ["weo"] = {"Wemale"}, ["wep"] = {"Westphalien"}, ["wer"] = {"Weri"}, ["wes"] = {"Cameroon Pidgin"}, ["wet"] = {"Perai"}, ["weu"] = {"Rawngtu Chin"}, ["wew"] = {"Wejewa"}, ["wfg"] = {"Yafi", "Zorop"}, ["wga"] = {"Wagaya"}, ["wgb"] = {"Wagawaga"}, ["wgg"] = {"Wangkangurru", "Wangganguru"}, ["wgi"] = {"Wahgi"}, ["wgo"] = {"Waigeo"}, ["wgu"] = {"Wirangu"}, ["wgy"] = {"Warrgamay"}, ["wha"] = {"Sou Upaa", "Manusela"}, ["whg"] = {"North Wahgi"}, ["whk"] = {"Wahau Kenyah"}, ["whu"] = {"Wahau Kayan"}, ["wib"] = {"Southern Toussian"}, ["wic"] = {"Wichita"}, ["wie"] = {"Wik-Epa"}, ["wif"] = {"Wik-Keyangan"}, ["wig"] = {"Wik Ngathan"}, ["wih"] = {"Wik-Me'anha"}, ["wii"] = {"Minidien"}, ["wij"] = {"Wik-Iiyanh"}, ["wik"] = {"Wikalkan"}, ["wil"] = {"Wilawila"}, ["wim"] = {"Wik-Mungkan"}, ["win"] = {"Ho-Chunk"}, ["wir"] = {"Wiraféd"}, ["wiu"] = {"Wiru"}, ["wiv"] = {"Vitu"}, ["wiy"] = {"Wiyot"}, ["wja"] = {"Waja"}, ["wji"] = {"Warji"}, ["wka"] = {"Kw'adza"}, ["wkb"] = {"Kumbaran"}, ["wkd"] = {"Wakde", "Mo"}, ["wkl"] = {"Kalanadi"}, ["wkr"] = {"Keerray-Woorroong"}, ["wku"] = {"Kunduvadi"}, ["wkw"] = {"Wakawaka"}, ["wky"] = {"Wangkayutyuru"}, ["wla"] = {"Walio"}, ["wlc"] = {"Mwali Comorian"}, ["wle"] = {"Wolane"}, ["wlg"] = {"Kunbarlang"}, ["wlh"] = {"Welaun"}, ["wli"] = {"Waioli"}, ["wlk"] = {"Wailaki"}, ["wll"] = {"Wali (Sudan)"}, ["wlm"] = {"Middle Welsh"}, ["wlo"] = {"Wolio"}, ["wlr"] = {"Wailapa"}, ["wls"] = {"Wallisian"}, ["wlu"] = {"Wuliwuli"}, ["wlv"] = {"Wichí Lhamtés Vejoz"}, ["wlw"] = {"Walak"}, ["wlx"] = {"Wali (Ghana)"}, ["wly"] = {"Waling"}, ["wma"] = {"Mawa (Nigeria)"}, ["wmb"] = {"Wambaya"}, ["wmc"] = {"Wamas"}, ["wmd"] = {"Mamaindé"}, ["wme"] = {"Wambule"}, ["wmg"] = {"Western Minyag"}, ["wmh"] = {"Waima'a"}, ["wmi"] = {"Wamin"}, ["wmm"] = {"Maiwa (Indonesia)"}, ["wmn"] = {"Waamwang"}, ["wmo"] = {"Wom (Papua New Guinea)"}, ["wms"] = {"Wambon"}, ["wmt"] = {"Walmajarri"}, ["wmw"] = {"Mwani"}, ["wmx"] = {"Womo"}, ["wnb"] = {"Mokati"}, ["wnc"] = {"Wantoat"}, ["wnd"] = {"Wandarang"}, ["wne"] = {"Waneci"}, ["wng"] = {"Wanggom"}, ["wni"] = {"Ndzwani Comorian"}, ["wnk"] = {"Wanukaka"}, ["wnm"] = {"Wanggamala"}, ["wnn"] = {"Wunumara"}, ["wno"] = {"Wano"}, ["wnp"] = {"Wanap"}, ["wnu"] = {"Usan"}, ["wnw"] = {"Wintu"}, ["wny"] = {"Wanyi", "Waanyi"}, ["woa"] = {"Kuwema", "Tyaraity"}, ["wob"] = {"Wè Northern"}, ["woc"] = {"Wogeo"}, ["wod"] = {"Wolani"}, ["woe"] = {"Woleaian"}, ["wof"] = {"Gambian Wolof"}, ["wog"] = {"Wogamusin"}, ["woi"] = {"Kamang"}, ["wok"] = {"Longto"}, ["wom"] = {"Wom (Nigeria)"}, ["won"] = {"Wongo"}, ["woo"] = {"Manombai"}, ["wor"] = {"Woria"}, ["wos"] = {"Hanga Hundi"}, ["wow"] = {"Wawonii"}, ["woy"] = {"Weyto"}, ["wpc"] = {"Maco"}, ["wrb"] = {"Waluwarra", "Warluwara"}, ["wrg"] = {"Warungu", "Gudjal"}, ["wrh"] = {"Wiradjuri"}, ["wri"] = {"Wariyangga"}, ["wrk"] = {"Garrwa"}, ["wrl"] = {"Warlmanpa"}, ["wrm"] = {"Warumungu"}, ["wrn"] = {"Warnang"}, ["wro"] = {"Worrorra"}, ["wrp"] = {"Waropen"}, ["wrr"] = {"Wardaman"}, ["wrs"] = {"Waris"}, ["wru"] = {"Waru"}, ["wrv"] = {"Waruna"}, ["wrw"] = {"Gugu Warra"}, ["wrx"] = {"Wae Rana"}, ["wry"] = {"Merwari"}, ["wrz"] = {"Waray (Australia)"}, ["wsa"] = {"Warembori"}, ["wsg"] = {"Adilabad Gondi"}, ["wsi"] = {"Wusi"}, ["wsk"] = {"Waskia"}, ["wsr"] = {"Owenia"}, ["wss"] = {"Wasa"}, ["wsu"] = {"Wasu"}, ["wsv"] = {"Wotapuri-Katarqalai"}, ["wtb"] = {"Matambwe"}, ["wtf"] = {"Watiwa"}, ["wth"] = {"Wathawurrung"}, ["wti"] = {"Berta"}, ["wtk"] = {"Watakataui"}, ["wtm"] = {"Mewati"}, ["wtw"] = {"Wotu"}, ["wua"] = {"Wikngenchera"}, ["wub"] = {"Wunambal"}, ["wud"] = {"Wudu"}, ["wuh"] = {"Wutunhua"}, ["wul"] = {"Silimo"}, ["wum"] = {"Wumbvu"}, ["wun"] = {"Bungu"}, ["wur"] = {"Wurrugu"}, ["wut"] = {"Wutung"}, ["wuu"] = {"Wu Chinese"}, ["wuv"] = {"Wuvulu-Aua"}, ["wux"] = {"Wulna"}, ["wuy"] = {"Wauyai"}, ["wwa"] = {"Waama"}, ["wwb"] = {"Wakabunga"}, ["wwo"] = {"Wetamut", "Dorig"}, ["wwr"] = {"Warrwa"}, ["www"] = {"Wawa"}, ["wxa"] = {"Waxianghua"}, ["wxw"] = {"Wardandi"}, ["wyb"] = {"Wangaaybuwan-Ngiyambaa"}, ["wyi"] = {"Woiwurrung"}, ["wym"] = {"Wymysorys"}, ["wyn"] = {"Wyandot"}, ["wyr"] = {"Wayoró"}, ["wyy"] = {"Western Fijian"}, ["xaa"] = {"Andalusian Arabic"}, ["xab"] = {"Sambe"}, ["xac"] = {"Kachari"}, ["xad"] = {"Adai"}, ["xae"] = {"Aequian"}, ["xag"] = {"Aghwan"}, ["xai"] = {"Kaimbé"}, ["xaj"] = {"Ararandewára"}, ["xak"] = {"Máku"}, ["xal"] = {"Kalmyk", "Oirat"}, ["xam"] = {"ǀXam"}, ["xan"] = {"Xamtanga"}, ["xao"] = {"Khao"}, ["xap"] = {"Apalachee"}, ["xaq"] = {"Aquitanian"}, ["xar"] = {"Karami"}, ["xas"] = {"Kamas"}, ["xat"] = {"Katawixi"}, ["xau"] = {"Kauwera"}, ["xav"] = {"Xavánte"}, ["xaw"] = {"Kawaiisu"}, ["xay"] = {"Kayan Mahakam"}, ["xbb"] = {"Lower Burdekin"}, ["xbc"] = {"Bactrian"}, ["xbd"] = {"Bindal"}, ["xbe"] = {"Bigambal"}, ["xbg"] = {"Bunganditj"}, ["xbi"] = {"Kombio"}, ["xbj"] = {"Birrpayi"}, ["xbm"] = {"Middle Breton"}, ["xbn"] = {"Kenaboi"}, ["xbo"] = {"Bolgarian"}, ["xbp"] = {"Bibbulman"}, ["xbr"] = {"Kambera"}, ["xbw"] = {"Kambiwá"}, ["xby"] = {"Batjala", "Batyala"}, ["xcb"] = {"Cumbric"}, ["xcc"] = {"Camunic"}, ["xce"] = {"Celtiberian"}, ["xcg"] = {"Cisalpine Gaulish"}, ["xch"] = {"Chemakum", "Chimakum"}, ["xcl"] = {"Classical Armenian"}, ["xcm"] = {"Comecrudo"}, ["xcn"] = {"Cotoname"}, ["xco"] = {"Chorasmian"}, ["xcr"] = {"Carian"}, ["xct"] = {"Classical Tibetan"}, ["xcu"] = {"Curonian"}, ["xcv"] = {"Chuvantsy"}, ["xcw"] = {"Coahuilteco"}, ["xcy"] = {"Cayuse"}, ["xda"] = {"Darkinyung"}, ["xdc"] = {"Dacian"}, ["xdk"] = {"Dharuk"}, ["xdm"] = {"Edomite"}, ["xdo"] = {"Kwandu"}, ["xdq"] = {"Kaitag"}, ["xdy"] = {"Malayic Dayak"}, ["xeb"] = {"Eblan"}, ["xed"] = {"Hdi"}, ["xeg"] = {"ǁXegwi"}, ["xel"] = {"Kelo"}, ["xem"] = {"Kembayan"}, ["xep"] = {"Epi-Olmec"}, ["xer"] = {"Xerénte"}, ["xes"] = {"Kesawai"}, ["xet"] = {"Xetá"}, ["xeu"] = {"Keoru-Ahia"}, ["xfa"] = {"Faliscan"}, ["xga"] = {"Galatian"}, ["xgb"] = {"Gbin"}, ["xgd"] = {"Gudang"}, ["xgf"] = {"Gabrielino-Fernandeño"}, ["xgg"] = {"Goreng"}, ["xgi"] = {"Garingbal"}, ["xgl"] = {"Galindan"}, ["xgm"] = {"Dharumbal", "Guwinmal"}, ["xgn"] = {"Mongolian languages"}, ["xgr"] = {"Garza"}, ["xgu"] = {"Unggumi"}, ["xgw"] = {"Guwa"}, ["xha"] = {"Harami"}, ["xhc"] = {"Hunnic"}, ["xhd"] = {"Hadrami"}, ["xhe"] = {"Khetrani"}, ["xhm"] = {"Middle Khmer (1400 to 1850 CE)"}, ["xhr"] = {"Hernican"}, ["xht"] = {"Hattic"}, ["xhu"] = {"Hurrian"}, ["xhv"] = {"Khua"}, ["xib"] = {"Iberian"}, ["xii"] = {"Xiri"}, ["xil"] = {"Illyrian"}, ["xin"] = {"Xinca"}, ["xir"] = {"Xiriâna"}, ["xis"] = {"Kisan"}, ["xiv"] = {"Indus Valley Language"}, ["xiy"] = {"Xipaya"}, ["xjb"] = {"Minjungbal"}, ["xjt"] = {"Jaitmatang"}, ["xka"] = {"Kalkoti"}, ["xkb"] = {"Northern Nago"}, ["xkc"] = {"Kho'ini"}, ["xkd"] = {"Mendalam Kayan"}, ["xke"] = {"Kereho"}, ["xkf"] = {"Khengkha"}, ["xkg"] = {"Kagoro"}, ["xki"] = {"Kenyan Sign Language"}, ["xkj"] = {"Kajali"}, ["xkk"] = {"Kachok", "Kaco'"}, ["xkl"] = {"Mainstream Kenyah"}, ["xkn"] = {"Kayan River Kayan"}, ["xko"] = {"Kiorr"}, ["xkp"] = {"Kabatei"}, ["xkq"] = {"Koroni"}, ["xkr"] = {"Xakriabá"}, ["xks"] = {"Kumbewaha"}, ["xkt"] = {"Kantosi"}, ["xku"] = {"Kaamba"}, ["xkv"] = {"Kgalagadi"}, ["xkw"] = {"Kembra"}, ["xkx"] = {"Karore"}, ["xky"] = {"Uma' Lasan"}, ["xkz"] = {"Kurtokha"}, ["xla"] = {"Kamula"}, ["xlb"] = {"Loup B"}, ["xlc"] = {"Lycian"}, ["xld"] = {"Lydian"}, ["xle"] = {"Lemnian"}, ["xlg"] = {"Ligurian (Ancient)"}, ["xli"] = {"Liburnian"}, ["xln"] = {"Alanic"}, ["xlo"] = {"Loup A"}, ["xlp"] = {"Lepontic"}, ["xls"] = {"Lusitanian"}, ["xlu"] = {"Cuneiform Luwian"}, ["xly"] = {"Elymian"}, ["xma"] = {"Mushungulu"}, ["xmb"] = {"Mbonga"}, ["xmc"] = {"Makhuwa-Marrevone"}, ["xmd"] = {"Mbudum"}, ["xme"] = {"Median"}, ["xmf"] = {"Mingrelian"}, ["xmg"] = {"Mengaka"}, ["xmh"] = {"Kugu-Muminh"}, ["xmj"] = {"Majera"}, ["xmk"] = {"Ancient Macedonian"}, ["xml"] = {"Malaysian Sign Language"}, ["xmm"] = {"Manado Malay"}, ["xmn"] = {"Manichaean Middle Persian"}, ["xmo"] = {"Morerebi"}, ["xmp"] = {"Kuku-Mu'inh"}, ["xmq"] = {"Kuku-Mangk"}, ["xmr"] = {"Meroitic"}, ["xms"] = {"Moroccan Sign Language"}, ["xmt"] = {"Matbat"}, ["xmu"] = {"Kamu"}, ["xmv"] = {"Antankarana Malagasy", "Tankarana Malagasy"}, ["xmw"] = {"Tsimihety Malagasy"}, ["xmx"] = {"Salawati", "Maden"}, ["xmy"] = {"Mayaguduna"}, ["xmz"] = {"Mori Bawah"}, ["xna"] = {"Ancient North Arabian"}, ["xnb"] = {"Kanakanabu"}, ["xnd"] = {"Na-Dene languages"}, ["xng"] = {"Middle Mongolian"}, ["xnh"] = {"Kuanhua"}, ["xni"] = {"Ngarigu"}, ["xnj"] = {"Ngoni (Tanzania)"}, ["xnk"] = {"Nganakarti"}, ["xnm"] = {"Ngumbarl"}, ["xnn"] = {"Northern Kankanay"}, ["xno"] = {"Anglo-Norman"}, ["xnq"] = {"Ngoni (Mozambique)"}, ["xnr"] = {"Kangri"}, ["xns"] = {"Kanashi"}, ["xnt"] = {"Narragansett"}, ["xnu"] = {"Nukunul"}, ["xny"] = {"Nyiyaparli"}, ["xnz"] = {"Kenzi", "Mattoki"}, ["xoc"] = {"O'chi'chi'"}, ["xod"] = {"Kokoda"}, ["xog"] = {"Soga"}, ["xoi"] = {"Kominimung"}, ["xok"] = {"Xokleng"}, ["xom"] = {"Komo (Sudan)"}, ["xon"] = {"Konkomba"}, ["xoo"] = {"Xukurú"}, ["xop"] = {"Kopar"}, ["xor"] = {"Korubo"}, ["xow"] = {"Kowaki"}, ["xpa"] = {"Pirriya"}, ["xpb"] = {"Northeastern Tasmanian", "Pyemmairrener"}, ["xpc"] = {"Pecheneg"}, ["xpd"] = {"Oyster Bay Tasmanian"}, ["xpe"] = {"Liberia Kpelle"}, ["xpf"] = {"Southeast Tasmanian", "Nuenonne"}, ["xpg"] = {"Phrygian"}, ["xph"] = {"North Midlands Tasmanian", "Tyerrenoterpanner"}, ["xpi"] = {"Pictish"}, ["xpj"] = {"Mpalitjanh"}, ["xpk"] = {"Kulina Pano"}, ["xpl"] = {"Port Sorell Tasmanian"}, ["xpm"] = {"Pumpokol"}, ["xpn"] = {"Kapinawá"}, ["xpo"] = {"Pochutec"}, ["xpp"] = {"Puyo-Paekche"}, ["xpq"] = {"Mohegan-Pequot"}, ["xpr"] = {"Parthian"}, ["xps"] = {"Pisidian"}, ["xpt"] = {"Punthamara"}, ["xpu"] = {"Punic"}, ["xpv"] = {"Northern Tasmanian", "Tommeginne"}, ["xpw"] = {"Northwestern Tasmanian", "Peerapper"}, ["xpx"] = {"Southwestern Tasmanian", "Toogee"}, ["xpy"] = {"Puyo"}, ["xpz"] = {"Bruny Island Tasmanian"}, ["xqa"] = {"Karakhanid"}, ["xqt"] = {"Qatabanian"}, ["xra"] = {"Krahô"}, ["xrb"] = {"Eastern Karaboro"}, ["xrd"] = {"Gundungurra"}, ["xre"] = {"Kreye"}, ["xrg"] = {"Minang"}, ["xri"] = {"Krikati-Timbira"}, ["xrm"] = {"Armazic"}, ["xrn"] = {"Arin"}, ["xrr"] = {"Raetic"}, ["xrt"] = {"Aranama-Tamique"}, ["xru"] = {"Marriammu"}, ["xrw"] = {"Karawa"}, ["xsa"] = {"Sabaean"}, ["xsb"] = {"Sambal"}, ["xsc"] = {"Scythian"}, ["xsd"] = {"Sidetic"}, ["xse"] = {"Sempan"}, ["xsh"] = {"Shamang"}, ["xsi"] = {"Sio"}, ["xsj"] = {"Subi"}, ["xsl"] = {"South Slavey"}, ["xsm"] = {"Kasem"}, ["xsn"] = {"Sanga (Nigeria)"}, ["xso"] = {"Solano"}, ["xsp"] = {"Silopi"}, ["xsq"] = {"Makhuwa-Saka"}, ["xsr"] = {"Sherpa"}, ["xsu"] = {"Sanumá"}, ["xsv"] = {"Sudovian"}, ["xsy"] = {"Saisiyat"}, ["xta"] = {"Alcozauca Mixtec"}, ["xtb"] = {"Chazumba Mixtec"}, ["xtc"] = {"Katcha-Kadugli-Miri"}, ["xtd"] = {"Diuxi-Tilantongo Mixtec"}, ["xte"] = {"Ketengban"}, ["xtg"] = {"Transalpine Gaulish"}, ["xth"] = {"Yitha Yitha"}, ["xti"] = {"Sinicahua Mixtec"}, ["xtj"] = {"San Juan Teita Mixtec"}, ["xtl"] = {"Tijaltepec Mixtec"}, ["xtm"] = {"Magdalena Peñasco Mixtec"}, ["xtn"] = {"Northern Tlaxiaco Mixtec"}, ["xto"] = {"Tokharian A"}, ["xtp"] = {"San Miguel Piedras Mixtec"}, ["xtq"] = {"Tumshuqese"}, ["xtr"] = {"Early Tripuri"}, ["xts"] = {"Sindihui Mixtec"}, ["xtt"] = {"Tacahua Mixtec"}, ["xtu"] = {"Cuyamecalco Mixtec"}, ["xtv"] = {"Thawa"}, ["xtw"] = {"Tawandê"}, ["xty"] = {"Yoloxochitl Mixtec"}, ["xua"] = {"Alu Kurumba"}, ["xub"] = {"Betta Kurumba"}, ["xud"] = {"Umiida"}, ["xug"] = {"Kunigami"}, ["xuj"] = {"Jennu Kurumba"}, ["xul"] = {"Ngunawal", "Nunukul"}, ["xum"] = {"Umbrian"}, ["xun"] = {"Unggaranggu"}, ["xuo"] = {"Kuo"}, ["xup"] = {"Upper Umpqua"}, ["xur"] = {"Urartian"}, ["xut"] = {"Kuthant"}, ["xuu"] = {"Kxoe", "Khwedam"}, ["xve"] = {"Venetic"}, ["xvi"] = {"Kamviri"}, ["xvn"] = {"Vandalic"}, ["xvo"] = {"Volscian"}, ["xvs"] = {"Vestinian"}, ["xwa"] = {"Kwaza"}, ["xwc"] = {"Woccon"}, ["xwd"] = {"Wadi Wadi"}, ["xwe"] = {"Xwela Gbe"}, ["xwg"] = {"Kwegu"}, ["xwj"] = {"Wajuk"}, ["xwk"] = {"Wangkumara"}, ["xwl"] = {"Western Xwla Gbe"}, ["xwo"] = {"Written Oirat"}, ["xwr"] = {"Kwerba Mamberamo"}, ["xwt"] = {"Wotjobaluk"}, ["xww"] = {"Wemba Wemba"}, ["xxb"] = {"Boro (Ghana)"}, ["xxk"] = {"Ke'o"}, ["xxm"] = {"Minkin"}, ["xxr"] = {"Koropó"}, ["xxt"] = {"Tambora"}, ["xya"] = {"Yaygir"}, ["xyb"] = {"Yandjibara"}, ["xyj"] = {"Mayi-Yapi"}, ["xyk"] = {"Mayi-Kulan"}, ["xyl"] = {"Yalakalore"}, ["xyt"] = {"Mayi-Thakurti"}, ["xyy"] = {"Yorta Yorta"}, ["xzh"] = {"Zhang-Zhung"}, ["xzm"] = {"Zemgalian"}, ["xzp"] = {"Ancient Zapotec"}, ["yaa"] = {"Yaminahua"}, ["yab"] = {"Yuhup"}, ["yac"] = {"Pass Valley Yali"}, ["yad"] = {"Yagua"}, ["yae"] = {"Pumé"}, ["yaf"] = {"Yaka (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["yag"] = {"Yámana"}, ["yah"] = {"Yazgulyam"}, ["yai"] = {"Yagnobi"}, ["yaj"] = {"Banda-Yangere"}, ["yak"] = {"Yakama"}, ["yal"] = {"Yalunka"}, ["yam"] = {"Yamba"}, ["yan"] = {"Mayangna"}, ["yao"] = {"Yao"}, ["yap"] = {"Yapese"}, ["yaq"] = {"Yaqui"}, ["yar"] = {"Yabarana"}, ["yas"] = {"Nugunu (Cameroon)"}, ["yat"] = {"Yambeta"}, ["yau"] = {"Yuwana"}, ["yav"] = {"Yangben"}, ["yaw"] = {"Yawalapití"}, ["yax"] = {"Yauma"}, ["yay"] = {"Agwagwune"}, ["yaz"] = {"Lokaa"}, ["yba"] = {"Yala"}, ["ybb"] = {"Yemba"}, ["ybe"] = {"West Yugur"}, ["ybh"] = {"Yakha"}, ["ybi"] = {"Yamphu"}, ["ybj"] = {"Hasha"}, ["ybk"] = {"Bokha"}, ["ybl"] = {"Yukuben"}, ["ybm"] = {"Yaben"}, ["ybn"] = {"Yabaâna"}, ["ybo"] = {"Yabong"}, ["ybx"] = {"Yawiyo"}, ["yby"] = {"Yaweyuha"}, ["ych"] = {"Chesu"}, ["ycl"] = {"Lolopo"}, ["ycn"] = {"Yucuna"}, ["ycp"] = {"Chepya"}, ["ycr"] = {"Yilan Creole"}, ["yda"] = {"Yanda"}, ["ydd"] = {"Eastern Yiddish"}, ["yde"] = {"Yangum Dey"}, ["ydg"] = {"Yidgha"}, ["ydk"] = {"Yoidik"}, ["yea"] = {"Ravula"}, ["yec"] = {"Yeniche"}, ["yee"] = {"Yimas"}, ["yei"] = {"Yeni"}, ["yej"] = {"Yevanic"}, ["yel"] = {"Yela"}, ["yer"] = {"Tarok"}, ["yes"] = {"Nyankpa"}, ["yet"] = {"Yetfa"}, ["yeu"] = {"Yerukula"}, ["yev"] = {"Yapunda"}, ["yey"] = {"Yeyi"}, ["yga"] = {"Malyangapa"}, ["ygi"] = {"Yiningayi"}, ["ygl"] = {"Yangum Gel"}, ["ygm"] = {"Yagomi"}, ["ygp"] = {"Gepo"}, ["ygr"] = {"Yagaria"}, ["ygs"] = {"Yolŋu Sign Language"}, ["ygu"] = {"Yugul"}, ["ygw"] = {"Yagwoia"}, ["yha"] = {"Baha Buyang"}, ["yhd"] = {"Judeo-Iraqi Arabic"}, ["yhl"] = {"Hlepho Phowa"}, ["yhs"] = {"Yan-nhaŋu Sign Language"}, ["yia"] = {"Yinggarda"}, ["yif"] = {"Ache"}, ["yig"] = {"Wusa Nasu"}, ["yih"] = {"Western Yiddish"}, ["yii"] = {"Yidiny"}, ["yij"] = {"Yindjibarndi"}, ["yik"] = {"Dongshanba Lalo"}, ["yil"] = {"Yindjilandji"}, ["yim"] = {"Yimchungru Naga"}, ["yin"] = {"Riang Lai", "Yinchia"}, ["yip"] = {"Pholo"}, ["yiq"] = {"Miqie"}, ["yir"] = {"North Awyu"}, ["yis"] = {"Yis"}, ["yit"] = {"Eastern Lalu"}, ["yiu"] = {"Awu"}, ["yiv"] = {"Northern Nisu"}, ["yix"] = {"Axi Yi"}, ["yiz"] = {"Azhe"}, ["yka"] = {"Yakan"}, ["ykg"] = {"Northern Yukaghir"}, ["ykh"] = {"Khamnigan Mongol"}, ["yki"] = {"Yoke"}, ["ykk"] = {"Yakaikeke"}, ["ykl"] = {"Khlula"}, ["ykm"] = {"Kap"}, ["ykn"] = {"Kua-nsi"}, ["yko"] = {"Yasa"}, ["ykr"] = {"Yekora"}, ["ykt"] = {"Kathu"}, ["yku"] = {"Kuamasi"}, ["yky"] = {"Yakoma"}, ["yla"] = {"Yaul"}, ["ylb"] = {"Yaleba"}, ["yle"] = {"Yele"}, ["ylg"] = {"Yelogu"}, ["yli"] = {"Angguruk Yali"}, ["yll"] = {"Yil"}, ["ylm"] = {"Limi"}, ["yln"] = {"Langnian Buyang"}, ["ylo"] = {"Naluo Yi"}, ["ylr"] = {"Yalarnnga"}, ["ylu"] = {"Aribwaung"}, ["yly"] = {"Nyâlayu", "Nyelâyu"}, ["ymb"] = {"Yambes"}, ["ymc"] = {"Southern Muji"}, ["ymd"] = {"Muda"}, ["yme"] = {"Yameo"}, ["ymg"] = {"Yamongeri"}, ["ymh"] = {"Mili"}, ["ymi"] = {"Moji"}, ["ymk"] = {"Makwe"}, ["yml"] = {"Iamalele"}, ["ymm"] = {"Maay"}, ["ymn"] = {"Yamna", "Sunum"}, ["ymo"] = {"Yangum Mon"}, ["ymp"] = {"Yamap"}, ["ymq"] = {"Qila Muji"}, ["ymr"] = {"Malasar"}, ["yms"] = {"Mysian"}, ["ymx"] = {"Northern Muji"}, ["ymz"] = {"Muzi"}, ["yna"] = {"Aluo"}, ["ynd"] = {"Yandruwandha"}, ["yne"] = {"Lang'e"}, ["yng"] = {"Yango"}, ["ynk"] = {"Naukan Yupik"}, ["ynl"] = {"Yangulam"}, ["ynn"] = {"Yana"}, ["yno"] = {"Yong"}, ["ynq"] = {"Yendang"}, ["yns"] = {"Yansi"}, ["ynu"] = {"Yahuna"}, ["yob"] = {"Yoba"}, ["yog"] = {"Yogad"}, ["yoi"] = {"Yonaguni"}, ["yok"] = {"Yokuts"}, ["yol"] = {"Yola"}, ["yom"] = {"Yombe"}, ["yon"] = {"Yongkom"}, ["yot"] = {"Yotti"}, ["yox"] = {"Yoron"}, ["yoy"] = {"Yoy"}, ["ypa"] = {"Phala"}, ["ypb"] = {"Labo Phowa"}, ["ypg"] = {"Phola"}, ["yph"] = {"Phupha"}, ["ypk"] = {"Yupik languages"}, ["ypm"] = {"Phuma"}, ["ypn"] = {"Ani Phowa"}, ["ypo"] = {"Alo Phola"}, ["ypp"] = {"Phupa"}, ["ypz"] = {"Phuza"}, ["yra"] = {"Yerakai"}, ["yrb"] = {"Yareba"}, ["yre"] = {"Yaouré"}, ["yrk"] = {"Nenets"}, ["yrl"] = {"Nhengatu"}, ["yrm"] = {"Yirrk-Mel"}, ["yrn"] = {"Yerong"}, ["yro"] = {"Yaroamë"}, ["yrs"] = {"Yarsun"}, ["yrw"] = {"Yarawata"}, ["yry"] = {"Yarluyandi"}, ["ysc"] = {"Yassic"}, ["ysd"] = {"Samatao"}, ["ysg"] = {"Sonaga"}, ["ysl"] = {"Yugoslavian Sign Language"}, ["ysm"] = {"Myanmar Sign Language"}, ["ysn"] = {"Sani"}, ["yso"] = {"Nisi (China)"}, ["ysp"] = {"Southern Lolopo"}, ["ysr"] = {"Sirenik Yupik"}, ["yss"] = {"Yessan-Mayo"}, ["ysy"] = {"Sanie"}, ["yta"] = {"Talu"}, ["ytl"] = {"Tanglang"}, ["ytp"] = {"Thopho"}, ["ytw"] = {"Yout Wam"}, ["yty"] = {"Yatay"}, ["yua"] = {"Yucateco", "Yucatec Maya"}, ["yub"] = {"Yugambal"}, ["yuc"] = {"Yuchi"}, ["yud"] = {"Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic"}, ["yue"] = {"Yue Chinese", "Cantonese"}, ["yuf"] = {"Havasupai-Walapai-Yavapai"}, ["yug"] = {"Yug"}, ["yui"] = {"Yurutí"}, ["yuj"] = {"Karkar-Yuri"}, ["yuk"] = {"Yuki"}, ["yul"] = {"Yulu"}, ["yum"] = {"Quechan"}, ["yun"] = {"Bena (Nigeria)"}, ["yup"] = {"Yukpa"}, ["yuq"] = {"Yuqui"}, ["yur"] = {"Yurok"}, ["yut"] = {"Yopno"}, ["yuw"] = {"Yau (Morobe Province)"}, ["yux"] = {"Southern Yukaghir"}, ["yuy"] = {"East Yugur"}, ["yuz"] = {"Yuracare"}, ["yva"] = {"Yawa"}, ["yvt"] = {"Yavitero"}, ["ywa"] = {"Kalou"}, ["ywg"] = {"Yinhawangka"}, ["ywl"] = {"Western Lalu"}, ["ywn"] = {"Yawanawa"}, ["ywq"] = {"Wuding-Luquan Yi"}, ["ywr"] = {"Yawuru"}, ["ywt"] = {"Xishanba Lalo", "Central Lalo"}, ["ywu"] = {"Wumeng Nasu"}, ["yww"] = {"Yawarawarga"}, ["yxa"] = {"Mayawali"}, ["yxg"] = {"Yagara"}, ["yxl"] = {"Yardliyawarra"}, ["yxm"] = {"Yinwum"}, ["yxu"] = {"Yuyu"}, ["yxy"] = {"Yabula Yabula"}, ["yyr"] = {"Yir Yoront"}, ["yyu"] = {"Yau (Sandaun Province)"}, ["yyz"] = {"Ayizi"}, ["yzg"] = {"E'ma Buyang"}, ["yzk"] = {"Zokhuo"}, ["zaa"] = {"Sierra de Juárez Zapotec"}, ["zab"] = {"Western Tlacolula Valley Zapotec", "San Juan Guelavía Zapotec"}, ["zac"] = {"Ocotlán Zapotec"}, ["zad"] = {"Cajonos Zapotec"}, ["zae"] = {"Yareni Zapotec"}, ["zaf"] = {"Ayoquesco Zapotec"}, ["zag"] = {"Zaghawa"}, ["zah"] = {"Zangwal"}, ["zai"] = {"Isthmus Zapotec"}, ["zaj"] = {"Zaramo"}, ["zak"] = {"Zanaki"}, ["zal"] = {"Zauzou"}, ["zam"] = {"Miahuatlán Zapotec"}, ["zao"] = {"Ozolotepec Zapotec"}, ["zap"] = {"Zapotec"}, ["zaq"] = {"Aloápam Zapotec"}, ["zar"] = {"Rincón Zapotec"}, ["zas"] = {"Santo Domingo Albarradas Zapotec"}, ["zat"] = {"Tabaa Zapotec"}, ["zau"] = {"Zangskari"}, ["zav"] = {"Yatzachi Zapotec"}, ["zaw"] = {"Mitla Zapotec"}, ["zax"] = {"Xadani Zapotec"}, ["zay"] = {"Zayse-Zergulla", "Zaysete"}, ["zaz"] = {"Zari"}, ["zba"] = {"Balaibalan"}, ["zbc"] = {"Central Berawan"}, ["zbe"] = {"East Berawan"}, ["zbl"] = {"Blissymbols", "Bliss", "Blissymbolics"}, ["zbt"] = {"Batui"}, ["zbu"] = {"Bu (Bauchi State)"}, ["zbw"] = {"West Berawan"}, ["zca"] = {"Coatecas Altas Zapotec"}, ["zcd"] = {"Las Delicias Zapotec"}, ["zch"] = {"Central Hongshuihe Zhuang"}, ["zdj"] = {"Ngazidja Comorian"}, ["zea"] = {"Zeeuws"}, ["zeg"] = {"Zenag"}, ["zeh"] = {"Eastern Hongshuihe Zhuang"}, ["zem"] = {"Zeem"}, ["zen"] = {"Zenaga"}, ["zga"] = {"Kinga"}, ["zgb"] = {"Guibei Zhuang"}, ["zgh"] = {"Standard Moroccan Tamazight"}, ["zgm"] = {"Minz Zhuang"}, ["zgn"] = {"Guibian Zhuang"}, ["zgr"] = {"Magori"}, ["zhb"] = {"Zhaba"}, ["zhd"] = {"Dai Zhuang"}, ["zhi"] = {"Zhire"}, ["zhn"] = {"Nong Zhuang"}, ["zhw"] = {"Zhoa"}, ["zhx"] = {"Chinese (family)"}, ["zia"] = {"Zia"}, ["zib"] = {"Zimbabwe Sign Language"}, ["zik"] = {"Zimakani"}, ["zil"] = {"Zialo"}, ["zim"] = {"Mesme"}, ["zin"] = {"Zinza"}, ["ziw"] = {"Zigula"}, ["ziz"] = {"Zizilivakan"}, ["zka"] = {"Kaimbulawa"}, ["zkd"] = {"Kadu"}, ["zkg"] = {"Koguryo"}, ["zkh"] = {"Khorezmian"}, ["zkk"] = {"Karankawa"}, ["zkn"] = {"Kanan"}, ["zko"] = {"Kott"}, ["zkp"] = {"São Paulo Kaingáng"}, ["zkr"] = {"Zakhring"}, ["zkt"] = {"Kitan"}, ["zku"] = {"Kaurna"}, ["zkv"] = {"Krevinian"}, ["zkz"] = {"Khazar"}, ["zla"] = {"Zula"}, ["zle"] = {"East Slavic languages"}, ["zlj"] = {"Liujiang Zhuang"}, ["zlm"] = {"Malay (individual language)"}, ["zln"] = {"Lianshan Zhuang"}, ["zlq"] = {"Liuqian Zhuang"}, ["zls"] = {"South Slavic languages"}, ["zlu"] = {"Zul"}, ["zlw"] = {"West Slavic languages"}, ["zma"] = {"Manda (Australia)"}, ["zmb"] = {"Zimba"}, ["zmc"] = {"Margany"}, ["zmd"] = {"Maridan"}, ["zme"] = {"Mangerr"}, ["zmf"] = {"Mfinu"}, ["zmg"] = {"Marti Ke"}, ["zmh"] = {"Makolkol"}, ["zmi"] = {"Negeri Sembilan Malay"}, ["zmj"] = {"Maridjabin"}, ["zmk"] = {"Mandandanyi"}, ["zml"] = {"Matngala"}, ["zmm"] = {"Marimanindji", "Marramaninyshi"}, ["zmn"] = {"Mbangwe"}, ["zmo"] = {"Molo"}, ["zmp"] = {"Mpuono"}, ["zmq"] = {"Mituku"}, ["zmr"] = {"Maranunggu"}, ["zms"] = {"Mbesa"}, ["zmt"] = {"Maringarr"}, ["zmu"] = {"Muruwari"}, ["zmv"] = {"Mbariman-Gudhinma"}, ["zmw"] = {"Mbo (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["zmx"] = {"Bomitaba"}, ["zmy"] = {"Mariyedi"}, ["zmz"] = {"Mbandja"}, ["zna"] = {"Zan Gula"}, ["znd"] = {"Zande languages"}, ["zne"] = {"Zande (individual language)"}, ["zng"] = {"Mang"}, ["znk"] = {"Manangkari"}, ["zns"] = {"Mangas"}, ["zoc"] = {"Copainalá Zoque"}, ["zoh"] = {"Chimalapa Zoque"}, ["zom"] = {"Zou"}, ["zoo"] = {"Asunción Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["zoq"] = {"Tabasco Zoque"}, ["zor"] = {"Rayón Zoque"}, ["zos"] = {"Francisco León Zoque"}, ["zpa"] = {"Lachiguiri Zapotec"}, ["zpb"] = {"Yautepec Zapotec"}, ["zpc"] = {"Choapan Zapotec"}, ["zpd"] = {"Southeastern Ixtlán Zapotec"}, ["zpe"] = {"Petapa Zapotec"}, ["zpf"] = {"San Pedro Quiatoni Zapotec"}, ["zpg"] = {"Guevea De Humboldt Zapotec"}, ["zph"] = {"Totomachapan Zapotec"}, ["zpi"] = {"Santa María Quiegolani Zapotec"}, ["zpj"] = {"Quiavicuzas Zapotec"}, ["zpk"] = {"Tlacolulita Zapotec"}, ["zpl"] = {"Lachixío Zapotec"}, ["zpm"] = {"Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["zpn"] = {"Santa Inés Yatzechi Zapotec"}, ["zpo"] = {"Amatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpp"] = {"El Alto Zapotec"}, ["zpq"] = {"Zoogocho Zapotec"}, ["zpr"] = {"Santiago Xanica Zapotec"}, ["zps"] = {"Coatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpt"] = {"San Vicente Coatlán Zapotec"}, ["zpu"] = {"Yalálag Zapotec"}, ["zpv"] = {"Chichicapan Zapotec"}, ["zpw"] = {"Zaniza Zapotec"}, ["zpx"] = {"San Baltazar Loxicha Zapotec"}, ["zpy"] = {"Mazaltepec Zapotec"}, ["zpz"] = {"Texmelucan Zapotec"}, ["zqe"] = {"Qiubei Zhuang"}, ["zra"] = {"Kara (Korea)"}, ["zrg"] = {"Mirgan"}, ["zrn"] = {"Zerenkel"}, ["zro"] = {"Záparo"}, ["zrp"] = {"Zarphatic"}, ["zrs"] = {"Mairasi"}, ["zsa"] = {"Sarasira"}, ["zsk"] = {"Kaskean"}, ["zsl"] = {"Zambian Sign Language"}, ["zsm"] = {"Standard Malay"}, ["zsr"] = {"Southern Rincon Zapotec"}, ["zsu"] = {"Sukurum"}, ["zte"] = {"Elotepec Zapotec"}, ["ztg"] = {"Xanaguía Zapotec"}, ["ztl"] = {"Lapaguía-Guivini Zapotec"}, ["ztm"] = {"San Agustín Mixtepec Zapotec"}, ["ztn"] = {"Santa Catarina Albarradas Zapotec"}, ["ztp"] = {"Loxicha Zapotec"}, ["ztq"] = {"Quioquitani-Quierí Zapotec"}, ["zts"] = {"Tilquiapan Zapotec"}, ["ztt"] = {"Tejalapan Zapotec"}, ["ztu"] = {"Güilá Zapotec"}, ["ztx"] = {"Zaachila Zapotec"}, ["zty"] = {"Yatee Zapotec"}, ["zuh"] = {"Tokano"}, ["zum"] = {"Kumzari"}, ["zun"] = {"Zuni"}, ["zuy"] = {"Zumaya"}, ["zwa"] = {"Zay"}, ["zxx"] = {"No linguistic content", "Not applicable"}, ["zyb"] = {"Yongbei Zhuang"}, ["zyg"] = {"Yang Zhuang"}, ["zyj"] = {"Youjiang Zhuang"}, ["zyn"] = {"Yongnan Zhuang"}, ["zyp"] = {"ဇိုဖေ", "Zyphe Chin"}, ["zza"] = {"Zaza", "Dimili", "Dimli (macrolanguage)", "Kirdki", "Kirmanjki (macrolanguage)", "Zazaki"}, ["zzj"] = {"Zuojiang Zhuang"} } local deprecated = { ["in"] = {"Indonesian"}, ["iw"] = {"Hebrew"}, ["ji"] = {"Yiddish"}, ["jw"] = {"Javanese"}, ["mo"] = {"Moldavian", "Moldovan"}, ["aam"] = {"Aramanik"}, ["adp"] = {"Adap"}, ["agp"] = {"Paranan"}, ["ais"] = {"Nataoran Amis"}, ["ajp"] = {"South Levantine Arabic"}, ["ajt"] = {"Judeo-Tunisian Arabic"}, ["aoh"] = {"Arma"}, ["asd"] = {"Asas"}, ["aue"] = {"ǂKxʼauǁʼein"}, ["ayx"] = {"Ayi (China)"}, ["ayy"] = {"Tayabas Ayta"}, ["baz"] = {"Tunen"}, ["bbz"] = {"Babalia Creole Arabic"}, ["bgm"] = {"Baga Mboteni"}, ["bhk"] = {"Albay Bicolano"}, ["bic"] = {"Bikaru"}, ["bij"] = {"Vaghat-Ya-Bijim-Legeri"}, ["bjd"] = {"Bandjigali"}, ["bjq"] = {"Southern Betsimisaraka Malagasy"}, ["bkb"] = {"Finallig"}, ["blg"] = {"Balau"}, ["bmy"] = {"Bemba (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["bpb"] = {"Barbacoas"}, ["btb"] = {"Beti (Cameroon)"}, ["btl"] = {"Bhatola"}, ["bxx"] = {"Borna (Democratic Republic of Congo)"}, ["byy"] = {"Buya"}, ["cbe"] = {"Chipiajes"}, ["cbh"] = {"Cagua"}, ["cca"] = {"Cauca"}, ["ccq"] = {"Chaungtha"}, ["cdg"] = {"Chamari"}, ["cjr"] = {"Chorotega"}, ["cka"] = {"Khumi Awa Chin"}, ["cmk"] = {"Chimakum"}, ["coy"] = {"Coyaima"}, ["cqu"] = {"Chilean Quechua"}, ["cug"] = {"Chungmboko", "Cung"}, ["cum"] = {"Cumeral"}, ["daf"] = {"Dan"}, ["dap"] = {"Nisi (India)"}, ["dek"] = {"Dek"}, ["dgu"] = {"Degaru"}, ["dha"] = {"Dhanwar (India)"}, ["dit"] = {"Dirari"}, ["djl"] = {"Djiwarli"}, ["dkl"] = {"Kolum So Dogon"}, ["drh"] = {"Darkhat"}, ["drr"] = {"Dororo"}, ["drw"] = {"Darwazi"}, ["dud"] = {"Hun-Saare"}, ["duj"] = {"Dhuwal"}, ["dwl"] = {"Walo Kumbe Dogon"}, ["ekc"] = {"Eastern Karnic"}, ["elp"] = {"Elpaputih"}, ["emo"] = {"Emok"}, ["gav"] = {"Gabutamon"}, ["gbc"] = {"Garawa"}, ["gfx"] = {"Mangetti Dune ǃXung"}, ["ggn"] = {"Eastern Gurung"}, ["ggo"] = {"Southern Gondi"}, ["ggr"] = {"Aghu Tharnggalu"}, ["gio"] = {"Gelao"}, ["gji"] = {"Geji"}, ["gli"] = {"Guliguli"}, ["gti"] = {"Gbati-ri"}, ["guv"] = {"Gey"}, ["hrr"] = {"Horuru"}, ["iap"] = {"Iapama"}, ["ibi"] = {"Ibilo"}, ["ill"] = {"Iranun"}, ["ilw"] = {"Talur"}, ["ime"] = {"Imeraguen"}, ["izi"] = {"Izi-Ezaa-Ikwo-Mgbo"}, ["jar"] = {"Jarawa (Nigeria)"}, ["jeg"] = {"Jeng"}, ["kbf"] = {"Kakauhua"}, ["kdv"] = {"Kado"}, ["kgc"] = {"Kasseng"}, ["kgd"] = {"Kataang"}, ["kgh"] = {"Upper Tanudan Kalinga"}, ["kgm"] = {"Karipúna"}, ["kjf"] = {"Khalaj [Indo-Iranian]"}, ["koj"] = {"Sara Dunjo"}, ["kox"] = {"Coxima"}, ["kpp"] = {"Paku Karen"}, ["krm"] = {"Krim"}, ["ksa"] = {"Shuwa-Zamani"}, ["ktr"] = {"Kota Marudu Tinagas"}, ["kvs"] = {"Kunggara"}, ["kwq"] = {"Kwak"}, ["kxe"] = {"Kakihum"}, ["kxl"] = {"Nepali Kurux"}, ["kxu"] = {"Kui (India)"}, ["kzh"] = {"Kenuzi-Dongola"}, ["kzj"] = {"Coastal Kadazan"}, ["kzt"] = {"Tambunan Dusun"}, ["lak"] = {"Laka (Nigeria)"}, ["lba"] = {"Lui"}, ["leg"] = {"Lengua"}, ["lii"] = {"Lingkhim"}, ["llo"] = {"Khlor"}, ["lmm"] = {"Lamam"}, ["lmz"] = {"Lumbee"}, ["lno"] = {"Lango (South Sudan)"}, ["lsg"] = {"Lyons Sign Language"}, ["meg"] = {"Mea"}, ["mgx"] = {"Omati"}, ["mhh"] = {"Maskoy Pidgin"}, ["mja"] = {"Mahei"}, ["mld"] = {"Malakhel"}, ["mnt"] = {"Maykulan"}, ["mof"] = {"Mohegan-Montauk-Narragansett"}, ["mst"] = {"Cataelano Mandaya"}, ["mvm"] = {"Muya"}, ["mwd"] = {"Mudbura"}, ["mwj"] = {"Maligo"}, ["mwx"] = {"Mediak"}, ["mwy"] = {"Mosiro"}, ["myd"] = {"Maramba"}, ["myi"] = {"Mina (India)"}, ["myq"] = {"Forest Maninka"}, ["myt"] = {"Sangab Mandaya"}, ["nad"] = {"Nijadali"}, ["nbf"] = {"Naxi"}, ["nbx"] = {"Ngura"}, ["ncp"] = {"Ndaktup"}, ["ngo"] = {"Ngoni"}, ["nln"] = {"Durango Nahuatl"}, ["nlr"] = {"Ngarla"}, ["nns"] = {"Ningye"}, ["nnx"] = {"Ngong"}, ["nom"] = {"Nocamán"}, ["noo"] = {"Nootka"}, ["nte"] = {"Nathembo"}, ["nts"] = {"Natagaimas"}, ["nxu"] = {"Narau"}, ["ome"] = {"Omejes"}, ["oun"] = {"ǃOǃung"}, ["pat"] = {"Papitalai"}, ["pbz"] = {"Palu"}, ["pcr"] = {"Panang"}, ["pgy"] = {"Pongyong"}, ["pii"] = {"Pini"}, ["plj"] = {"Polci"}, ["plp"] = {"Palpa"}, ["pmc"] = {"Palumata"}, ["pmk"] = {"Pamlico"}, ["pmu"] = {"Mirpur Panjabi"}, ["pod"] = {"Ponares"}, ["ppa"] = {"Pao"}, ["ppr"] = {"Piru"}, ["prb"] = {"Lua'"}, ["prp"] = {"Parsi"}, ["pry"] = {"Pray 3"}, ["puk"] = {"Pu Ko"}, ["puz"] = {"Purum Naga"}, ["rie"] = {"Rien"}, ["rmr"] = {"Caló"}, ["rna"] = {"Runa"}, ["rsi"] = {"Rennellese Sign Language"}, ["sap"] = {"Sanapaná"}, ["sca"] = {"Sansu"}, ["sdm"] = {"Semandang"}, ["sgl"] = {"Sanglechi-Ishkashimi"}, ["sgo"] = {"Songa"}, ["skk"] = {"Sok"}, ["slq"] = {"Salchuq"}, ["smd"] = {"Sama"}, ["snb"] = {"Sebuyau"}, ["snh"] = {"Shinabo"}, ["sul"] = {"Surigaonon"}, ["sum"] = {"Sumo-Mayangna"}, ["svr"] = {"Savara"}, ["szd"] = {"Seru"}, ["tbb"] = {"Tapeba"}, ["tdu"] = {"Tempasuk Dusun"}, ["tgg"] = {"Tangga"}, ["thc"] = {"Tai Hang Tong"}, ["thw"] = {"Thudam"}, ["thx"] = {"The"}, ["tid"] = {"Tidong"}, ["tie"] = {"Tingal"}, ["tkk"] = {"Takpa"}, ["tlw"] = {"South Wemale"}, ["tmk"] = {"Northwestern Tamang"}, ["tmp"] = {"Tai Mène"}, ["tne"] = {"Tinoc Kallahan"}, ["tnf"] = {"Tangshewi"}, ["toe"] = {"Tomedes"}, ["tpw"] = {"Tupí"}, ["tsf"] = {"Southwestern Tamang"}, ["unp"] = {"Worora"}, ["uok"] = {"Uokha"}, ["uun"] = {"Kulon-Pazeh"}, ["vki"] = {"Ija-Zuba"}, ["wgw"] = {"Wagawaga"}, ["wit"] = {"Wintu"}, ["wiw"] = {"Wirangu"}, ["wra"] = {"Warapu"}, ["wrd"] = {"Warduji"}, ["wya"] = {"Wyandot"}, ["xba"] = {"Kamba (Brazil)"}, ["xbx"] = {"Kabixí"}, ["xia"] = {"Xiandao"}, ["xip"] = {"Xipináwa"}, ["xkh"] = {"Karahawyana"}, ["xrq"] = {"Karranga"}, ["xss"] = {"Assan"}, ["xtz"] = {"Tasmanian"}, ["ybd"] = {"Yangbye"}, ["yds"] = {"Yiddish Sign Language"}, ["yen"] = {"Yendang"}, ["yiy"] = {"Yir Yoront"}, ["yma"] = {"Yamphe"}, ["ymt"] = {"Mator-Taygi-Karagas"}, ["ynh"] = {"Yangho"}, ["yos"] = {"Yos"}, ["yri"] = {"Yarí"}, ["yuu"] = {"Yugh"}, ["zir"] = {"Ziriya"}, ["zkb"] = {"Koibal"}, ["zua"] = {"Zeem"} } return { active = active, deprecated = deprecated, } peyd35ik1oaasw8s60d1lte0cyqmfs4 828 6414 22200 2026-10-31T14:54:31Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "-- File-Date: 2025-05-15 return { ["Adlm"] = {"Adlam"}, ["Afak"] = {"Afaka"}, ["Aghb"] = {"Caucasian Albanian"}, ["Ahom"] = {"Ahom", "Tai Ahom"}, ["Arab"] = {"Arabic"}, ["Aran"] = {"Arabic (Nastaliq variant)"}, ["Armi"] = {"Imperial Aramaic"}, ["Armn"] = {"Armenian"}, ["Avst"] = {"Avestan"}, ["Bali"] = {"Balinese"}, ["Bamu"] = {"Bamum"}, ["Bass"] = {"Bassa Vah"}, ["Batk"] = {"Batak"}, ["Beng"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"}, ["Berf"] = {"Beria Erfe"}, ["Bhks"] =..." 22200 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2025-05-15 return { ["Adlm"] = {"Adlam"}, ["Afak"] = {"Afaka"}, ["Aghb"] = {"Caucasian Albanian"}, ["Ahom"] = {"Ahom", "Tai Ahom"}, ["Arab"] = {"Arabic"}, ["Aran"] = {"Arabic (Nastaliq variant)"}, ["Armi"] = {"Imperial Aramaic"}, ["Armn"] = {"Armenian"}, ["Avst"] = {"Avestan"}, ["Bali"] = {"Balinese"}, ["Bamu"] = {"Bamum"}, ["Bass"] = {"Bassa Vah"}, ["Batk"] = {"Batak"}, ["Beng"] = {"Bengali", "Bangla"}, ["Berf"] = {"Beria Erfe"}, ["Bhks"] = {"Bhaiksuki"}, ["Blis"] = {"Blissymbols"}, ["Bopo"] = {"Bopomofo"}, ["Brah"] = {"Brahmi"}, ["Brai"] = {"Braille"}, ["Bugi"] = {"Buginese"}, ["Buhd"] = {"Buhid"}, ["Cakm"] = {"Chakma"}, ["Cans"] = {"Unified Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics"}, ["Cari"] = {"Carian"}, ["Cham"] = {"Cham"}, ["Cher"] = {"Cherokee"}, ["Chis"] = {"Chisoi"}, ["Chrs"] = {"Chorasmian"}, ["Cirt"] = {"Cirth"}, ["Copt"] = {"Coptic"}, ["Cpmn"] = {"Cypro-Minoan"}, ["Cprt"] = {"Cypriot syllabary"}, ["Cyrl"] = {"Cyrillic"}, ["Cyrs"] = {"Cyrillic (Old Church Slavonic variant)"}, ["Deva"] = {"Devanagari", "Nagari"}, ["Diak"] = {"Dives Akuru"}, ["Dogr"] = {"Dogra"}, ["Dsrt"] = {"Deseret", "Mormon"}, ["Dupl"] = {"Duployan shorthand", "Duployan stenography"}, ["Egyd"] = {"Egyptian demotic"}, ["Egyh"] = {"Egyptian hieratic"}, ["Egyp"] = {"Egyptian hieroglyphs"}, ["Elba"] = {"Elbasan"}, ["Elym"] = {"Elymaic"}, ["Ethi"] = {"Ethiopic", "Geʻez", "Ge'ez"}, ["Gara"] = {"Garay"}, ["Geok"] = {"Khutsuri (Asomtavruli and Nuskhuri)"}, ["Geor"] = {"Georgian (Mkhedruli and Mtavruli)"}, ["Glag"] = {"Glagolitic"}, ["Gong"] = {"Gunjala Gondi"}, ["Gonm"] = {"Masaram Gondi"}, ["Goth"] = {"Gothic"}, ["Gran"] = {"Grantha"}, ["Grek"] = {"Greek"}, ["Gujr"] = {"Gujarati"}, ["Gukh"] = {"Gurung Khema"}, ["Guru"] = {"Gurmukhi"}, ["Hanb"] = {"Han with Bopomofo (alias for Han + Bopomofo)"}, ["Hang"] = {"Hangul", "Hangŭl", "Hangeul"}, ["Hani"] = {"Han", "Hanzi", "Kanji", "Hanja"}, ["Hano"] = {"Hanunoo", "Hanunóo"}, ["Hans"] = {"Han (Simplified variant)"}, ["Hant"] = {"Han (Traditional variant)"}, ["Hatr"] = {"Hatran"}, ["Hebr"] = {"Hebrew"}, ["Hira"] = {"Hiragana"}, ["Hluw"] = {"Anatolian Hieroglyphs", "Luwian Hieroglyphs", "Hittite Hieroglyphs"}, ["Hmng"] = {"Pahawh Hmong"}, ["Hmnp"] = {"Nyiakeng Puachue Hmong"}, ["Hntl"] = {"Han (Traditional variant) with Latin (alias for Hant + Latn)"}, ["Hrkt"] = {"Japanese syllabaries (alias for Hiragana + Katakana)"}, ["Hung"] = {"Old Hungarian", "Hungarian Runic"}, ["Inds"] = {"Indus", "Harappan"}, ["Ital"] = {"Old Italic (Etruscan, Oscan, etc.)"}, ["Jamo"] = {"Jamo (alias for Jamo subset of Hangul)"}, ["Java"] = {"Javanese"}, ["Jpan"] = {"Japanese (alias for Han + Hiragana + Katakana)"}, ["Jurc"] = {"Jurchen"}, ["Kali"] = {"Kayah Li"}, ["Kana"] = {"Katakana"}, ["Kawi"] = {"Kawi"}, ["Khar"] = {"Kharoshthi"}, ["Khmr"] = {"Khmer"}, ["Khoj"] = {"Khojki"}, ["Kitl"] = {"Khitan large script"}, ["Kits"] = {"Khitan small script"}, ["Knda"] = {"Kannada"}, ["Kore"] = {"Korean (alias for Hangul + Han)"}, ["Kpel"] = {"Kpelle"}, ["Krai"] = {"Kirat Rai"}, ["Kthi"] = {"Kaithi"}, ["Lana"] = {"Tai Tham", "Lanna"}, ["Laoo"] = {"Lao"}, ["Latf"] = {"Latin (Fraktur variant)"}, ["Latg"] = {"Latin (Gaelic variant)"}, ["Latn"] = {"Latin"}, ["Leke"] = {"Leke"}, ["Lepc"] = {"Lepcha", "Róng"}, ["Limb"] = {"Limbu"}, ["Lina"] = {"Linear A"}, ["Linb"] = {"Linear B"}, ["Lisu"] = {"Lisu", "Fraser"}, ["Loma"] = {"Loma"}, ["Lyci"] = {"Lycian"}, ["Lydi"] = {"Lydian"}, ["Mahj"] = {"Mahajani"}, ["Maka"] = {"Makasar"}, ["Mand"] = {"Mandaic", "Mandaean"}, ["Mani"] = {"Manichaean"}, ["Marc"] = {"Marchen"}, ["Maya"] = {"Mayan hieroglyphs"}, ["Medf"] = {"Medefaidrin", "Oberi Okaime", "Oberi Ɔkaimɛ"}, ["Mend"] = {"Mende Kikakui"}, ["Merc"] = {"Meroitic Cursive"}, ["Mero"] = {"Meroitic Hieroglyphs"}, ["Mlym"] = {"Malayalam"}, ["Modi"] = {"Modi", "Moḍī"}, ["Mong"] = {"Mongolian"}, ["Moon"] = {"Moon", "Moon code", "Moon script", "Moon type"}, ["Mroo"] = {"Mro", "Mru"}, ["Mtei"] = {"Meitei Mayek", "Meithei", "Meetei"}, ["Mult"] = {"Multani"}, ["Mymr"] = {"Myanmar", "Burmese"}, ["Nagm"] = {"Nag Mundari"}, ["Nand"] = {"Nandinagari"}, ["Narb"] = {"Old North Arabian", "Ancient North Arabian"}, ["Nbat"] = {"Nabataean"}, ["Newa"] = {"Newa", "Newar", "Newari", "Nepāla lipi"}, ["Nkdb"] = {"Naxi Dongba", "na²¹ɕi³³ to³³ba²¹", "Nakhi Tomba"}, ["Nkgb"] = {"Naxi Geba", "na²¹ɕi³³ gʌ²¹ba²¹", "'Na-'Khi ²Ggŏ-¹baw", "Nakhi Geba"}, ["Nkoo"] = {"N’Ko", "N'Ko"}, ["Nshu"] = {"Nüshu"}, ["Ogam"] = {"Ogham"}, ["Olck"] = {"Ol Chiki", "Ol Cemet'", "Ol", "Santali"}, ["Onao"] = {"Ol Onal"}, ["Orkh"] = {"Old Turkic", "Orkhon Runic"}, ["Orya"] = {"Oriya", "Odia"}, ["Osge"] = {"Osage"}, ["Osma"] = {"Osmanya"}, ["Ougr"] = {"Old Uyghur"}, ["Palm"] = {"Palmyrene"}, ["Pauc"] = {"Pau Cin Hau"}, ["Pcun"] = {"Proto-Cuneiform"}, ["Pelm"] = {"Proto-Elamite"}, ["Perm"] = {"Old Permic"}, ["Phag"] = {"Phags-pa"}, ["Phli"] = {"Inscriptional Pahlavi"}, ["Phlp"] = {"Psalter Pahlavi"}, ["Phlv"] = {"Book Pahlavi"}, ["Phnx"] = {"Phoenician"}, ["Piqd"] = {"Klingon (KLI pIqaD)"}, ["Plrd"] = {"Miao", "Pollard"}, ["Prti"] = {"Inscriptional Parthian"}, ["Psin"] = {"Proto-Sinaitic"}, ["Ranj"] = {"Ranjana"}, ["Rjng"] = {"Rejang", "Redjang", "Kaganga"}, ["Rohg"] = {"Hanifi Rohingya"}, ["Roro"] = {"Rongorongo"}, ["Runr"] = {"Runic"}, ["Samr"] = {"Samaritan"}, ["Sara"] = {"Sarati"}, ["Sarb"] = {"Old South Arabian"}, ["Saur"] = {"Saurashtra"}, ["Seal"] = {"Seal", "Small Seal"}, ["Sgnw"] = {"SignWriting"}, ["Shaw"] = {"Shavian", "Shaw"}, ["Shrd"] = {"Sharada", "Śāradā"}, ["Shui"] = {"Shuishu"}, ["Sidd"] = {"Siddham", "Siddhaṃ", "Siddhamātṛkā"}, ["Sidt"] = {"Sidetic"}, ["Sind"] = {"Khudawadi", "Sindhi"}, ["Sinh"] = {"Sinhala"}, ["Sogd"] = {"Sogdian"}, ["Sogo"] = {"Old Sogdian"}, ["Sora"] = {"Sora Sompeng"}, ["Soyo"] = {"Soyombo"}, ["Sund"] = {"Sundanese"}, ["Sunu"] = {"Sunuwar"}, ["Sylo"] = {"Syloti Nagri"}, ["Syrc"] = {"Syriac"}, ["Syre"] = {"Syriac (Estrangelo variant)"}, ["Syrj"] = {"Syriac (Western variant)"}, ["Syrn"] = {"Syriac (Eastern variant)"}, ["Tagb"] = {"Tagbanwa"}, ["Takr"] = {"Takri", "Ṭākrī", "Ṭāṅkrī"}, ["Tale"] = {"Tai Le"}, ["Talu"] = {"New Tai Lue"}, ["Taml"] = {"Tamil"}, ["Tang"] = {"Tangut"}, ["Tavt"] = {"Tai Viet"}, ["Tayo"] = {"Tai Yo"}, ["Telu"] = {"Telugu"}, ["Teng"] = {"Tengwar"}, ["Tfng"] = {"Tifinagh", "Berber"}, ["Tglg"] = {"Tagalog", "Baybayin", "Alibata"}, ["Thaa"] = {"Thaana"}, ["Thai"] = {"Thai"}, ["Tibt"] = {"Tibetan"}, ["Tirh"] = {"Tirhuta"}, ["Tnsa"] = {"Tangsa"}, ["Todr"] = {"Todhri"}, ["Tols"] = {"Tolong Siki"}, ["Toto"] = {"Toto"}, ["Tutg"] = {"Tulu-Tigalari"}, ["Ugar"] = {"Ugaritic"}, ["Vaii"] = {"Vai"}, ["Visp"] = {"Visible Speech"}, ["Vith"] = {"Vithkuqi"}, ["Wara"] = {"Warang Citi", "Varang Kshiti"}, ["Wcho"] = {"Wancho"}, ["Wole"] = {"Woleai"}, ["Xpeo"] = {"Old Persian"}, ["Xsux"] = {"Sumero-Akkadian cuneiform"}, ["Yezi"] = {"Yezidi"}, ["Yiii"] = {"Yi"}, ["Zanb"] = {"Zanabazar Square", "Zanabazarin Dörböljin Useg", "Xewtee Dörböljin Bicig", "Horizontal Square Script"}, ["Zinh"] = {"Code for inherited script"}, ["Zmth"] = {"Mathematical notation"}, ["Zsye"] = {"Symbols (Emoji variant)"}, ["Zsym"] = {"Symbols"}, ["Zxxx"] = {"Code for unwritten documents"}, ["Zyyy"] = {"Code for undetermined script"}, ["Zzzz"] = {"Code for uncoded script"} } baei359k08wd4y1c873jadr1pmnznyi 828 6415 22201 2026-10-31T14:56:09Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "-- File-Date: 2025-01-21 return { ["AC"] = {"Ascension Island"}, ["AD"] = {"Andorra"}, ["AE"] = {"United Arab Emirates"}, ["AF"] = {"Afghanistan"}, ["AG"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda"}, ["AI"] = {"Anguilla"}, ["AL"] = {"Albania"}, ["AM"] = {"Armenia"}, ["AO"] = {"Angola"}, ["AQ"] = {"Antarctica"}, ["AR"] = {"Argentina"}, ["AS"] = {"American Samoa"}, ["AT"] = {"Austria"}, ["AU"] = {"Australia"}, ["AW"] = {"Aruba"}, ["AX"] = {"Åland Islands"}, ["AZ"] = {"Azer..." 22201 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2025-01-21 return { ["AC"] = {"Ascension Island"}, ["AD"] = {"Andorra"}, ["AE"] = {"United Arab Emirates"}, ["AF"] = {"Afghanistan"}, ["AG"] = {"Antigua and Barbuda"}, ["AI"] = {"Anguilla"}, ["AL"] = {"Albania"}, ["AM"] = {"Armenia"}, ["AO"] = {"Angola"}, ["AQ"] = {"Antarctica"}, ["AR"] = {"Argentina"}, ["AS"] = {"American Samoa"}, ["AT"] = {"Austria"}, ["AU"] = {"Australia"}, ["AW"] = {"Aruba"}, ["AX"] = {"Åland Islands"}, ["AZ"] = {"Azerbaijan"}, ["BA"] = {"Bosnia and Herzegovina"}, ["BB"] = {"Barbados"}, ["BD"] = {"Bangladesh"}, ["BE"] = {"Belgium"}, ["BF"] = {"Burkina Faso"}, ["BG"] = {"Bulgaria"}, ["BH"] = {"Bahrain"}, ["BI"] = {"Burundi"}, ["BJ"] = {"Benin"}, ["BL"] = {"Saint Barthélemy"}, ["BM"] = {"Bermuda"}, ["BN"] = {"Brunei Darussalam"}, ["BO"] = {"Bolivia"}, ["BQ"] = {"Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba"}, ["BR"] = {"Brazil"}, ["BS"] = {"Bahamas"}, ["BT"] = {"Bhutan"}, ["BV"] = {"Bouvet Island"}, ["BW"] = {"Botswana"}, ["BY"] = {"Belarus"}, ["BZ"] = {"Belize"}, ["CA"] = {"Canada"}, ["CC"] = {"Cocos (Keeling) Islands"}, ["CD"] = {"The Democratic Republic of the Congo"}, ["CF"] = {"Central African Republic"}, ["CG"] = {"Congo"}, ["CH"] = {"Switzerland"}, ["CI"] = {"Côte d'Ivoire"}, ["CK"] = {"Cook Islands"}, ["CL"] = {"Chile"}, ["CM"] = {"Cameroon"}, ["CN"] = {"China"}, ["CO"] = {"Colombia"}, ["CP"] = {"Clipperton Island"}, ["CQ"] = {"Sark"}, ["CR"] = {"Costa Rica"}, ["CU"] = {"Cuba"}, ["CV"] = {"Cabo Verde", "Cape Verde"}, ["CW"] = {"Curaçao"}, ["CX"] = {"Christmas Island"}, ["CY"] = {"Cyprus"}, ["CZ"] = {"Czechia", "Czech Republic"}, ["DE"] = {"Germany"}, ["DG"] = {"Diego Garcia"}, ["DJ"] = {"Djibouti"}, ["DK"] = {"Denmark"}, ["DM"] = {"Dominica"}, ["DO"] = {"Dominican Republic"}, ["DZ"] = {"Algeria"}, ["EA"] = {"Ceuta, Melilla"}, ["EC"] = {"Ecuador"}, ["EE"] = {"Estonia"}, ["EG"] = {"Egypt"}, ["EH"] = {"Western Sahara"}, ["ER"] = {"Eritrea"}, ["ES"] = {"Spain"}, ["ET"] = {"Ethiopia"}, ["EU"] = {"European Union"}, ["EZ"] = {"Eurozone"}, ["FI"] = {"Finland"}, ["FJ"] = {"Fiji"}, ["FK"] = {"Falkland Islands (Malvinas)"}, ["FM"] = {"Federated States of Micronesia"}, ["FO"] = {"Faroe Islands"}, ["FR"] = {"France"}, ["GA"] = {"Gabon"}, ["GB"] = {"United Kingdom"}, ["GD"] = {"Grenada"}, ["GE"] = {"Georgia"}, ["GF"] = {"French Guiana"}, ["GG"] = {"Guernsey"}, ["GH"] = {"Ghana"}, ["GI"] = {"Gibraltar"}, ["GL"] = {"Greenland"}, ["GM"] = {"Gambia"}, ["GN"] = {"Guinea"}, ["GP"] = {"Guadeloupe"}, ["GQ"] = {"Equatorial Guinea"}, ["GR"] = {"Greece"}, ["GS"] = {"South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands"}, ["GT"] = {"Guatemala"}, ["GU"] = {"Guam"}, ["GW"] = {"Guinea-Bissau"}, ["GY"] = {"Guyana"}, ["HK"] = {"Hong Kong"}, ["HM"] = {"Heard Island and McDonald Islands"}, ["HN"] = {"Honduras"}, ["HR"] = {"Croatia"}, ["HT"] = {"Haiti"}, ["HU"] = {"Hungary"}, ["IC"] = {"Canary Islands"}, ["ID"] = {"Indonesia"}, ["IE"] = {"Ireland"}, ["IL"] = {"Israel"}, ["IM"] = {"Isle of Man"}, ["IN"] = {"India"}, ["IO"] = {"British Indian Ocean Territory"}, ["IQ"] = {"Iraq"}, ["IR"] = {"Islamic Republic of Iran"}, ["IS"] = {"Iceland"}, ["IT"] = {"Italy"}, ["JE"] = {"Jersey"}, ["JM"] = {"Jamaica"}, ["JO"] = {"Jordan"}, ["JP"] = {"Japan"}, ["KE"] = {"Kenya"}, ["KG"] = {"Kyrgyzstan"}, ["KH"] = {"Cambodia"}, ["KI"] = {"Kiribati"}, ["KM"] = {"Comoros"}, ["KN"] = {"Saint Kitts and Nevis"}, ["KP"] = {"Democratic People's Republic of Korea"}, ["KR"] = {"Republic of Korea"}, ["KW"] = {"Kuwait"}, ["KY"] = {"Cayman Islands"}, ["KZ"] = {"Kazakhstan"}, ["LA"] = {"Lao People's Democratic Republic"}, ["LB"] = {"Lebanon"}, ["LC"] = {"Saint Lucia"}, ["LI"] = {"Liechtenstein"}, ["LK"] = {"Sri Lanka"}, ["LR"] = {"Liberia"}, ["LS"] = {"Lesotho"}, ["LT"] = {"Lithuania"}, ["LU"] = {"Luxembourg"}, ["LV"] = {"Latvia"}, ["LY"] = {"Libya"}, ["MA"] = {"Morocco"}, ["MC"] = {"Monaco"}, ["MD"] = {"Moldova"}, ["ME"] = {"Montenegro"}, ["MF"] = {"Saint Martin (French part)"}, ["MG"] = {"Madagascar"}, ["MH"] = {"Marshall Islands"}, ["MK"] = {"North Macedonia"}, ["ML"] = {"Mali"}, ["MM"] = {"Myanmar"}, ["MN"] = {"Mongolia"}, ["MO"] = {"Macao"}, ["MP"] = {"Northern Mariana Islands"}, ["MQ"] = {"Martinique"}, ["MR"] = {"Mauritania"}, ["MS"] = {"Montserrat"}, ["MT"] = {"Malta"}, ["MU"] = {"Mauritius"}, ["MV"] = {"Maldives"}, ["MW"] = {"Malawi"}, ["MX"] = {"Mexico"}, ["MY"] = {"Malaysia"}, ["MZ"] = {"Mozambique"}, ["NA"] = {"Namibia"}, ["NC"] = {"New Caledonia"}, ["NE"] = {"Niger"}, ["NF"] = {"Norfolk Island"}, ["NG"] = {"Nigeria"}, ["NI"] = {"Nicaragua"}, ["NL"] = {"Netherlands"}, ["NO"] = {"Norway"}, ["NP"] = {"Nepal"}, ["NR"] = {"Nauru"}, ["NU"] = {"Niue"}, ["NZ"] = {"New Zealand"}, ["OM"] = {"Oman"}, ["PA"] = {"Panama"}, ["PE"] = {"Peru"}, ["PF"] = {"French Polynesia"}, ["PG"] = {"Papua New Guinea"}, ["PH"] = {"Philippines"}, ["PK"] = {"Pakistan"}, ["PL"] = {"Poland"}, ["PM"] = {"Saint Pierre and Miquelon"}, ["PN"] = {"Pitcairn"}, ["PR"] = {"Puerto Rico"}, ["PS"] = {"State of Palestine"}, ["PT"] = {"Portugal"}, ["PW"] = {"Palau"}, ["PY"] = {"Paraguay"}, ["QA"] = {"Qatar"}, ["RE"] = {"Réunion"}, ["RO"] = {"Romania"}, ["RS"] = {"Serbia"}, ["RU"] = {"Russian Federation"}, ["RW"] = {"Rwanda"}, ["SA"] = {"Saudi Arabia"}, ["SB"] = {"Solomon Islands"}, ["SC"] = {"Seychelles"}, ["SD"] = {"Sudan"}, ["SE"] = {"Sweden"}, ["SG"] = {"Singapore"}, ["SH"] = {"Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha"}, ["SI"] = {"Slovenia"}, ["SJ"] = {"Svalbard and Jan Mayen"}, ["SK"] = {"Slovakia"}, ["SL"] = {"Sierra Leone"}, ["SM"] = {"San Marino"}, ["SN"] = {"Senegal"}, ["SO"] = {"Somalia"}, ["SR"] = {"Suriname"}, ["SS"] = {"South Sudan"}, ["ST"] = {"Sao Tome and Principe"}, ["SV"] = {"El Salvador"}, ["SX"] = {"Sint Maarten (Dutch part)"}, ["SY"] = {"Syrian Arab Republic"}, ["SZ"] = {"Eswatini", "eSwatini", "Swaziland"}, ["TA"] = {"Tristan da Cunha"}, ["TC"] = {"Turks and Caicos Islands"}, ["TD"] = {"Chad"}, ["TF"] = {"French Southern Territories"}, ["TG"] = {"Togo"}, ["TH"] = {"Thailand"}, ["TJ"] = {"Tajikistan"}, ["TK"] = {"Tokelau"}, ["TL"] = {"Timor-Leste"}, ["TM"] = {"Turkmenistan"}, ["TN"] = {"Tunisia"}, ["TO"] = {"Tonga"}, ["TR"] = {"Türkiye", "Turkey"}, ["TT"] = {"Trinidad and Tobago"}, ["TV"] = {"Tuvalu"}, ["TW"] = {"Taiwan, Province of China"}, ["TZ"] = {"United Republic of Tanzania"}, ["UA"] = {"Ukraine"}, ["UG"] = {"Uganda"}, ["UM"] = {"United States Minor Outlying Islands"}, ["UN"] = {"United Nations"}, ["US"] = {"United States"}, ["UY"] = {"Uruguay"}, ["UZ"] = {"Uzbekistan"}, ["VA"] = {"Holy See (Vatican City State)"}, ["VC"] = {"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines"}, ["VE"] = {"Venezuela"}, ["VG"] = {"British Virgin Islands"}, ["VI"] = {"U.S. Virgin Islands"}, ["VN"] = {"Viet Nam"}, ["VU"] = {"Vanuatu"}, ["WF"] = {"Wallis and Futuna"}, ["WS"] = {"Samoa"}, ["YE"] = {"Yemen"}, ["YT"] = {"Mayotte"}, ["ZA"] = {"South Africa"}, ["ZM"] = {"Zambia"}, ["ZW"] = {"Zimbabwe"}, ["001"] = {"World"}, ["002"] = {"Africa"}, ["003"] = {"North America"}, ["005"] = {"South America"}, ["009"] = {"Oceania"}, ["011"] = {"Western Africa"}, ["013"] = {"Central America"}, ["014"] = {"Eastern Africa"}, ["015"] = {"Northern Africa"}, ["017"] = {"Middle Africa"}, ["018"] = {"Southern Africa"}, ["019"] = {"Americas"}, ["021"] = {"Northern America"}, ["029"] = {"Caribbean"}, ["030"] = {"Eastern Asia"}, ["034"] = {"Southern Asia"}, ["035"] = {"South-Eastern Asia"}, ["039"] = {"Southern Europe"}, ["053"] = {"Australia and New Zealand"}, ["054"] = {"Melanesia"}, ["057"] = {"Micronesia"}, ["061"] = {"Polynesia"}, ["142"] = {"Asia"}, ["143"] = {"Central Asia"}, ["145"] = {"Western Asia"}, ["150"] = {"Europe"}, ["151"] = {"Eastern Europe"}, ["154"] = {"Northern Europe"}, ["155"] = {"Western Europe"}, ["202"] = {"Sub-Saharan Africa"}, ["419"] = {"Latin America and the Caribbean"} } i5lx9pxvjr5lsfepldc458d43cujc83 828 6416 22202 2026-10-31T14:56:48Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "-- File-Date: 2025-05-15 return { ["1606nict"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Late Middle French (to 1606)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"frm"}, }, ["1694acad"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Early Modern French"}, ["prefixes"] = {"fr"}, }, ["1901"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Traditional German orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"de"}, }, ["1959acad"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"\"Academic\" (\"governmental\") variant of Belarusian as codified in 1959"}, ["prefixes"] = {"be"},..." 22202 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2025-05-15 return { ["1606nict"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Late Middle French (to 1606)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"frm"}, }, ["1694acad"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Early Modern French"}, ["prefixes"] = {"fr"}, }, ["1901"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Traditional German orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"de"}, }, ["1959acad"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"\"Academic\" (\"governmental\") variant of Belarusian as codified in 1959"}, ["prefixes"] = {"be"}, }, ["1994"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Standardized Resian orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj", "sl-rozaj-biske", "sl-rozaj-njiva", "sl-rozaj-osojs", "sl-rozaj-solba"}, }, ["1996"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"German orthography of 1996"}, ["prefixes"] = {"de"}, }, ["abl1943"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Orthographic formulation of 1943 - Official in Brazil (Formulário Ortográfico de 1943 - Oficial no Brasil)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"pt-br"}, }, ["akuapem"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Akuapem Twi"}, ["prefixes"] = {"tw"}, }, ["alalc97"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"ALA-LC Romanization, 1997 edition"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["aluku"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Aluku dialect", "Boni dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"djk"}, }, ["anpezo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Anpezo standard of Ladin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lld"}, }, ["ao1990"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990 (Acordo Ortográfico da Língua Portuguesa de 1990)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"pt", "gl"}, }, ["aranes"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Aranese"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["arkaika"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Arcaicam Esperantom", "Arkaika Esperanto"}, ["prefixes"] = {"eo"}, }, ["asante"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Asante Twi", "Ashanti Twi"}, ["prefixes"] = {"tw"}, }, ["auvern"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Auvergnat"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["baku1926"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Unified Turkic Latin Alphabet (Historical)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"az", "ba", "crh", "kk", "krc", "ky", "sah", "tk", "tt", "uz"}, }, ["balanka"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Balanka dialect of Anii"}, ["prefixes"] = {"blo"}, }, ["barla"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Barlavento dialect group of Kabuverdianu"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kea"}, }, ["basiceng"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Basic English"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["bauddha"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sa"}, }, ["bciav"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"BCI Blissymbolics AV"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zbl"}, }, ["bcizbl"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"BCI Blissymbolics"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zbl"}, }, ["biscayan"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Biscayan dialect of Basque"}, ["prefixes"] = {"eu"}, }, ["biske"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The San Giorgio dialect of Resian", "The Bila dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["blasl"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Black American Sign Language dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ase", "sgn-ase"}, }, ["bohoric"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Slovene in Bohorič alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["boont"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Boontling"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["bornholm"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Bornholmsk"}, ["prefixes"] = {"da"}, }, ["cisaup"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Cisalpine"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["colb1945"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Portuguese-Brazilian Orthographic Convention of 1945 (Convenção Ortográfica Luso-Brasileira de 1945)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"pt"}, }, ["cornu"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Cornu-English", "Cornish English", "Anglo-Cornish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["creiss"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Occitan variants of the Croissant area"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["dajnko"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Slovene in Dajnko alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["ekavsk"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Serbian with Ekavian pronunciation"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sr", "sr-latn", "sr-cyrl"}, }, ["emodeng"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Early Modern English (1500-1700)"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["fascia"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Fascia standard of Ladin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lld"}, }, ["fodom"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Fodom standard of Ladin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lld"}, }, ["fonipa"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"International Phonetic Alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["fonkirsh"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Kirshenbaum Phonetic Alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["fonnapa"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"North American Phonetic Alphabet", "Americanist Phonetic Notation"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["fonupa"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Uralic Phonetic Alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["fonxsamp"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"X-SAMPA transcription"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["gallo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Gallo"}, ["prefixes"] = {"fr"}, }, ["gascon"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Gascon"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["gherd"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Gherdëina standard of Ladin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lld"}, }, ["grclass"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Classical Occitan orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc", "oc-aranes", "oc-auvern", "oc-cisaup", "oc-creiss", "oc-gascon", "oc-lemosin", "oc-lengadoc", "oc-nicard", "oc-provenc", "oc-vivaraup"}, }, ["grital"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Italian-inspired Occitan orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc", "oc-cisaup", "oc-nicard", "oc-provenc"}, }, ["grmistr"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Mistralian or Mistralian-inspired Occitan orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc", "oc-aranes", "oc-auvern", "oc-cisaup", "oc-creiss", "oc-gascon", "oc-lemosin", "oc-lengadoc", "oc-nicard", "oc-provenc", "oc-vivaraup"}, }, ["hanoi"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Hà Nội variant of Vietnamese"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vi"}, }, ["hepburn"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Hepburn romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ja-latn"}, }, ["hognorsk"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Norwegian in Høgnorsk (High Norwegian) orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"nn"}, }, ["hsistemo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Standard H-system orthographic fallback for spelling Esperanto"}, ["prefixes"] = {"eo"}, }, ["huett"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Huế (province Thừa Thiên) variant of Vietnamese"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vi"}, }, ["ijekavsk"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Serbian with Ijekavian pronunciation"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sr", "sr-latn", "sr-cyrl"}, }, ["itihasa"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Epic Sanskrit"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sa"}, }, ["ivanchov"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Bulgarian in 1899 orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"bg"}, }, ["jauer"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Jauer dialect of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["jyutping"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Jyutping Cantonese Romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"yue"}, }, ["kkcor"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Common Cornish orthography of Revived Cornish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kw"}, }, ["kleinsch"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Kleinschmidt orthography", "Allattaasitaamut"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kl", "kl-tunumiit"}, }, ["kociewie"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Kociewie dialect of Polish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"pl"}, }, ["kscor"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Standard Cornish orthography of Revived Cornish", "Kernowek Standard"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kw"}, }, ["leidentr"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ancient Egyptian in Leiden Unified Transliteration"}, ["prefixes"] = {"egy"}, }, ["lemosin"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Limousin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["lengadoc"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Languedocien"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["lipaw"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Lipovaz dialect of Resian", "The Lipovec dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["ltg1929"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Latgalian language orthography codified in 1929"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ltg"}, }, ["ltg2007"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Latgalian language orthography codified in the language law in 2007"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ltg"}, }, ["luna1918"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Post-1917 Russian orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ru"}, }, ["mdcegyp"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs encoded in Manuel de Codage"}, ["prefixes"] = {"egy"}, }, ["mdctrans"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ancient Egyptian transliteration encoded in Manuel de Codage"}, ["prefixes"] = {"egy"}, }, ["metelko"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Slovene in Metelko alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["monoton"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Monotonic Greek"}, ["prefixes"] = {"el"}, }, ["ndyuka"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ndyuka dialect", "Aukan dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"djk"}, }, ["nedis"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Natisone dialect", "Nadiza dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["newfound"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Newfoundland English"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en-ca"}, }, ["nicard"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Niçard"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["njiva"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Gniva dialect of Resian", "The Njiva dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["nulik"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Volapük nulik", "Volapük perevidöl", "Volapük nulädik", "de Jong's Volapük", "New Volapük", "Revised Volapük", "Modern Volapük"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vo"}, }, ["osojs"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Oseacco dialect of Resian", "The Osojane dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["oxendict"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Oxford English Dictionary spelling"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["pahawh2"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pahawh Hmong Second Stage Reduced orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"mww", "hnj"}, }, ["pahawh3"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pahawh Hmong Third Stage Reduced orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"mww", "hnj"}, }, ["pahawh4"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pahawh Hmong Final Version orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"mww", "hnj"}, }, ["pamaka"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pamaka dialect"}, ["prefixes"] = {"djk"}, }, ["peano"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Latino Sine Flexione", "Interlingua de API", "Interlingua de Peano"}, ["prefixes"] = {"la"}, }, ["pehoeji"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Hokkien Vernacular Romanization System", "Pe̍h-ōe-jī orthography/romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"nan-latn"}, }, ["petr1708"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Petrine orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ru"}, }, ["pinyin"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Pinyin romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zh-latn", "bo-latn"}, }, ["polyton"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Polytonic Greek"}, ["prefixes"] = {"el"}, }, ["provenc"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Provençal"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["puter"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Puter idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["rigik"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Volapük rigik", "Schleyer's Volapük", "Original Volapük", "Classic Volapük"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vo"}, }, ["rozaj"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Resian", "Resianic", "Rezijan"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl"}, }, ["rumgr"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Rumantsch Grischun"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["saigon"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Sài Gòn variant of Vietnamese"}, ["prefixes"] = {"vi"}, }, ["scotland"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Scottish Standard English"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["scouse"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Scouse"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en"}, }, ["simple"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Simplified form"}, ["prefixes"] = {}, }, ["solba"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Stolvizza dialect of Resian", "The Solbica dialect of Resian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sl-rozaj"}, }, ["sotav"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"The Sotavento dialect group of Kabuverdianu"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kea"}, }, ["spanglis"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Spanglish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en", "es"}, }, ["surmiran"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Surmiran idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["sursilv"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Sursilvan idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["sutsilv"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Sutsilvan idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["synnejyl"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Synnejysk", "South Jutish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"da"}, }, ["tailo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Taiwanese Hokkien Romanization System for Hokkien languages", "Tâi-lô orthography/romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"nan-latn"}, }, ["tarask"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Belarusian in Taraskievica orthography"}, ["prefixes"] = {"be"}, }, ["tongyong"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Tongyong Pinyin romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zh-latn"}, }, ["tunumiit"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Tunumiisiut", "East Greenlandic", "Østgrønlandsk"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kl"}, }, ["uccor"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Unified Cornish orthography of Revived Cornish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kw"}, }, ["ucrcor"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Unified Cornish Revised orthography of Revived Cornish"}, ["prefixes"] = {"kw"}, }, ["ulster"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Ulster dialect of Scots"}, ["prefixes"] = {"sco"}, }, ["unifon"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Unifon phonetic alphabet"}, ["prefixes"] = {"en", "hup", "kyh", "tol", "yur"}, }, ["valbadia"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Val Badia standard of Ladin"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lld"}, }, ["valencia"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Valencian"}, ["prefixes"] = {"ca"}, }, ["vallader"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Vallader idiom of Romansh"}, ["prefixes"] = {"rm"}, }, ["vecdruka"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Latvian orthography used before 1920s (\"vecā druka\")"}, ["prefixes"] = {"lv"}, }, ["vivaraup"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Vivaro-Alpine"}, ["prefixes"] = {"oc"}, }, ["wadegile"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Wade-Giles romanization"}, ["prefixes"] = {"zh-latn"}, }, ["xsistemo"] = { ["descriptions"] = {"Standard X-system orthographic fallback for spelling Esperanto"}, ["prefixes"] = {"eo"}, } } 9sg32gq5oeheouplvn3rf2kd4ykwj0x 828 6417 22203 2026-10-31T14:57:21Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "-- File-Date: 2025-05-15 return { ["Arab"] = {"ar", "fa", "ps", "ur"}, ["Armn"] = {"hy"}, ["Beng"] = {"as", "bn"}, ["Blis"] = {"zbl"}, ["Cyrl"] = {"ab", "be", "bg", "kk", "mk", "ru", "uk"}, ["Deva"] = {"hi", "mr", "ne", "kok", "mai"}, ["Ethi"] = {"am", "ti"}, ["Geor"] = {"ka"}, ["Grek"] = {"el"}, ["Gujr"] = {"gu"}, ["Guru"] = {"pa"}, ["Hebr"] = {"he", "iw", "yi"}, ["Jpan"] = {"ja"}, ["Khmr"] = {"km"}, ["Knda"] = {"kn"}, ["Kore"] = {"ko"}, ["Laoo"] = {"lo..." 22203 Scribunto text/plain -- File-Date: 2025-05-15 return { ["Arab"] = {"ar", "fa", "ps", "ur"}, ["Armn"] = {"hy"}, ["Beng"] = {"as", "bn"}, ["Blis"] = {"zbl"}, ["Cyrl"] = {"ab", "be", "bg", "kk", "mk", "ru", "uk"}, ["Deva"] = {"hi", "mr", "ne", "kok", "mai"}, ["Ethi"] = {"am", "ti"}, ["Geor"] = {"ka"}, ["Grek"] = {"el"}, ["Gujr"] = {"gu"}, ["Guru"] = {"pa"}, ["Hebr"] = {"he", "iw", "yi"}, ["Jpan"] = {"ja"}, ["Khmr"] = {"km"}, ["Knda"] = {"kn"}, ["Kore"] = {"ko"}, ["Laoo"] = {"lo"}, ["Latn"] = {"af", "ay", "bs", "ca", "ch", "cs", "cy", "da", "de", "en", "eo", "es", "et", "eu", "fi", "fj", "fo", "fr", "fy", "ga", "gl", "gn", "gv", "hr", "ht", "hu", "id", "in", "is", "it", "kl", "la", "lb", "ln", "lt", "lv", "mg", "mh", "mo", "ms", "mt", "na", "nb", "nd", "nl", "nn", "no", "nr", "ny", "om", "pl", "pt", "qu", "rm", "rn", "ro", "rw", "sg", "sk", "sl", "sm", "so", "sq", "ss", "st", "sv", "sw", "tl", "tn", "to", "tr", "ts", "ve", "vi", "xh", "zu", "dsb", "frr", "frs", "gsw", "hsb", "men", "nds", "niu", "nso", "tem", "tkl", "tmh", "tpi", "tvl"}, ["Mlym"] = {"ml"}, ["Mymr"] = {"my"}, ["Nkoo"] = {"nqo"}, ["Orya"] = {"or"}, ["Sinh"] = {"si"}, ["Taml"] = {"ta"}, ["Telu"] = {"te"}, ["Thaa"] = {"dv"}, ["Thai"] = {"th"}, ["Tibt"] = {"dz"} } ptt84tws2xn1g5qrdcwhnh57gx9uy2a 828 6418 22205 2026-10-31T15:02:20Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "local U = mw.ustring.char -- Diacritics, from the [[Combining Diacritical Marks]] block. local grave = U(0x300) local acute = U(0x301) local circumflex = U(0x302) local tilde = U(0x303) local macron = U(0x304) local breve = U(0x306) local dot = U(0x307) local diaeresis = U(0x308) local double_acute = U(0x30B) local caron = U(0x30C) local double_grave = U(0x30F) local invbreve = U(0x311) local dot_below = U(0x..." 22205 Scribunto text/plain local U = mw.ustring.char -- Diacritics, from the [[Combining Diacritical Marks]] block. local grave = U(0x300) local acute = U(0x301) local circumflex = U(0x302) local tilde = U(0x303) local macron = U(0x304) local breve = U(0x306) local dot = U(0x307) local diaeresis = U(0x308) local double_acute = U(0x30B) local caron = U(0x30C) local double_grave = U(0x30F) local invbreve = U(0x311) local dot_below = U(0x323) local undertie = U(0x35C) --[[ This is a table of Wiktionary language codes with data belonging to them. Name is the "canonical name" used on Wiktionary. Article is the Wikipedia article. Script is the ISO 15924 code. ]] local data = { ["languages"] = { ["aaq"] = { ["name"] = "Penobscot", }, ["ab"] = { ["name"] = "Abkhaz", }, ["abe"] = { ["name"] = "Abenaki", }, ["alg-pro"] = { ["name"] = "Proto-Algonquian", ["article"] = "Proto-Algonquian language", }, ["ang"] = { ["name"] = "Old English", ["article"] = {"Old English"}, -- Remove macrons, acutes, and overdots ["replacements"] = { decompose = true, from = { "[" .. macron .. acute .. dot .. "]" }, }, }, ["ar"] = { ["name"] = "Arabic", ["article"] = "Arabic language", ["direction"] = "rtl", -- Should be in the script data module. ["replacements"] = { -- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif; [U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627), -- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan, -- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra, -- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed. ["["..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D) ..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650) ..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670).."]"] = "", }, }, ["ara"] = { ["name"] = "Arabic", ["article"] = "Arabic language", ["direction"] = "rtl", -- Should be in the script data module. ["replacements"] = { -- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif; [U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627), -- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan, -- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra, -- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed. ["["..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D) ..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650) ..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670).."]"] = "", }, }, ["arb"] = { ["name"] = "Modern Standard Arabic", ["article"] = "Modern Standard Arabic", ["direction"] = "rtl", -- Should be in the script data module. ["replacements"] = { -- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif; [U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627), -- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan, -- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra, -- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed. ["["..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D) ..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650) ..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670).."]"] = "", }, }, ["apc"] = { ["name"] = "North Levantine Arabic", ["article"] = "North Levantine Arabic", ["direction"] = "rtl", -- Should be in the script data module. ["replacements"] = { -- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif; [U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627), -- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan, -- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra, -- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed. ["["..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D) ..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650) ..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670).."]"] = "", }, }, ["ajp"] = { ["name"] = "South Levantine Arabic", ["article"] = "South Levantine Arabic", ["direction"] = "rtl", -- Should be in the script data module. ["replacements"] = { -- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif; [U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627), -- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan, -- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra, -- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed. ["["..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D) ..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650) ..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670).."]"] = "", }, }, ["arz"] = { ["name"] = "Egyptian Arabic", ["article"] = "Egyptian Arabic", ["direction"] = "rtl", -- Should be in the script data module. ["replacements"] = { -- ālif with wasla is replaced by ālif; [U(0x0671)] = U(0x0627), -- taṭwīl, fatḥatan, ḍammatan, kasratan, -- fatḥa, ḍamma, kasra, -- shadda, sukūn, and superscript (dagger) ālif are removed. ["["..U(0x0640)..U(0x064B)..U(0x064C)..U(0x064D) ..U(0x064E)..U(0x064F)..U(0x0650) ..U(0x0651)..U(0x0652)..U(0x0670).."]"] = "", }, }, ["av"] = { ["name"] = "Avar" }, ["be"] = { ["article"] = "Belarusian language", ["replacements"] = { [acute] = "", }, }, ["bn"] = { ["name"] = "Bengali", ["article"] = "Bengali language", }, ["blj"] = { ["name"] = "Bulungan", ["article"] = "Bulungan language", }, ["bua"] = { ["name"] = "Buryat", }, ["cel-pro"] = { -- Incorrect tag ["name"] = "Proto-Celtic", ["Wikipedia_code"] = "cel-x-proto", }, ["cel-x-proto"] = { ["name"] = "Proto-Celtic", }, ["cel-bry-pro"] = { -- Incorrect tag ["name"] = "Proto-Brythonic", ["article"] = "Common Brittonic", ["type"] = "reconstructed", }, ["com"] = { ["name"] = "Comanche", ["article"] = "Comanche language", }, ["cu"] = { ["name"] = "Old Church Slavonic", ["article"] = "Old Church Slavonic", }, ["de"] = { ["name"] = "German", ["article"] = "German language", }, ["en"] = { ["name"] = "English", ["article"] = "English language", }, ["es"] = { ["name"] = "Spanish", ["article"] = "Spanish language", }, ["egy"] = { ["name"] = "Egyptian", }, ["evn"] = { ["name"] = "Evenki", ["article"] = "Evenki language", }, ["fr"] = { ["name"] = "French", ["article"] = "French language", }, ["frm"] = { ["name"] = "Middle French", ["article"] = "Middle French", }, ["frp"] = { ["name"] = "Franco-Provençal", }, ["ff"] = { ["name"] = "Fula", }, ["gem-pro"] = { -- Incorrect tag ["name"] = "Proto-Germanic", ["article"] = "Proto-Germanic language", ["type"] = "reconstructed", ["replacements"] = {}, ["Wikipedia_code"] = "gem-x-proto", }, ["gem-x-proto"] = { ["name"] = "Proto-Germanic", ["article"] = "Proto-Germanic language", ["type"] = "reconstructed", ["replacements"] = {}, }, ["gml"] = { ["name"] = "Middle Low German", }, ["gmw-ecg"] = { ["name"] = "East Central German", }, ["gmw-x-proto"] = { ["name"] = "Proto-West Germanic", ["article"] = "Proto-West Germanic language", ["type"] = "reconstructed", ["replacements"] = {}, }, ["gmq-x-gut"] = { ["name"] = "Gutnish", ["article"] = "Gutnish", }, ["goh"] = { ["replacements"] = { decompose = true, from = { "[" .. macron .. circumflex .. diaeresis .. "]", }, }, }, ["got"] = { ["name"] = "Gothic", ["article"] = "Gothic language", ["replacements"] = { -- Latin to Gothic since people will not want to have to copy -- and paste Gothic letters in ["[AÁaáĀā]"] = "𐌰", ["[Bb]"] = "𐌱", ["[Gg]"] = "𐌲", ["[Dd]"] = "𐌳", ["[EeĒē]"] = "𐌴", ["[Qq]"] = "𐌵", ["[Zz]"] = "𐌶", ["[Hh]"] = "𐌷", ["[Þþ]"] = "𐌸", ["[IiÍí]"] = "𐌹", ["[Kk]"] = "𐌺", ["[Ll]"] = "𐌻", ["[Mm]"] = "𐌼", ["[Nn]"] = "𐌽", ["[Jj]"] = "𐌾", ["[UuÚúŪū]"] = "𐌿", ["[Pp]"] = "𐍀", ["[Rr]"] = "𐍂", ["[Ss]"] = "𐍃", ["[Tt]"] = "𐍄", ["[WwYy]"] = "𐍅", ["[Ff]"] = "𐍆", ["[Xx]"] = "𐍇", ["[Ƕƕ]"] = "𐍈", -- Not sure if "hw" and "hv" can safely be converted ["[OoŌō]"] = "𐍉", }, }, ["gsw"] = { ["name"] = "Alemannic German", }, ["grc"] = { ["name"] = "Ancient Greek", ["article"] = "Ancient Greek", ["replacements"] = { decompose = true, from = { -- Replace variant letterforms with standard ones. "ϐ", "ϵ", "ϑ", "ϰ", "ϱ", "ϲ", "ϕ", -- Remove macrons and breves. "[" .. macron .. breve .. undertie .. "]" }, to = { "β", "ε", "θ", "κ", "ρ", "σ", "φ", } }, }, ["grk-pro"] = { -- Incorrect tag ["name"] = "Proto-Hellenic", ["Wikipedia_name"] = "Proto-Greek", ["article"] = "Proto-Greek language", ["type"] = "reconstructed", ["replacements"] = {}, ["Wikipedia_code"] = "grk-x-proto", }, ["grk-x-proto"] = { ["name"] = "Proto-Hellenic", ["Wikipedia_name"] = "Proto-Greek", ["article"] = "Proto-Greek language", ["type"] = "reconstructed", ["replacements"] = {}, }, ["grt"] = { ["name"] = "Garo", }, ["ha"] = { ["name"] = "Hausa", -- remove tilde, grave, acute, macron, circumflex ["replacements"] = { decompose = true, from = { "[" .. grave .. circumflex .. macron .. acute .. tilde .. "]" }, }, }, ["hi"] = { ["name"] = "Hindi", ["article"] = "Hindi", }, ["ilo"] = { ["name"] = "Ilocano", ["article"] = "Ilocano language", }, ["ine-bsl-pro"] = { ["name"] = "Proto-Balto-Slavic", ["article"] = "Proto-Balto-Slavic language", ["type"] = "reconstructed", }, ["ine-pro"] = { -- Incorrect tag ["name"] = "Proto-Indo-European", ["article"] = "Proto-Indo-European language", ["type"] = "reconstructed", ["replacements"] = {}, ["Wikipedia_code"] = "ine-x-proto", }, ["ine-x-proto"] = { ["name"] = "Proto-Indo-European", ["article"] = "Proto-Indo-European language", ["type"] = "reconstructed", ["replacements"] = {}, }, ["ja"] = { ["name"] = "Japanese", ["article"] = "Japanese language", }, ["jbo"] = { -- Lojban ["type"] = "appendix", }, ["ket"] = { ["name"] = "Ket", ["article"] = "Ket language", }, ["ksk"] = { ["name"] = "Kansa", ["article"] = "Kansa language", }, ["la"] = { ["name"] = "Latin", ["article"] = "Latin", ["replacements"] = { decompose = true, from = { "[" .. macron .. breve .. diaeresis .. "]" }, }, }, ["lt"] = { ["name"] = "Lithuanian", -- remove acute, tilde, grave ["replacements"] = { decompose = true, from = { "[" .. acute .. tilde .. grave .. "]" }, }, }, ["mkh-mvi"] = { ["name"] = "Middle Vietnamese", }, ["moe"] = { ["name"] = "Cree", }, ["mul"] = { ["name"] = "Translingual", ["article"] = "", }, ["nci"] = { ["name"] = "Classical Nahuatl", ["article"] = "Classical Nahuatl", -- Remove macrons, acutes, circumflexes and graves ["replacements"] = { decompose = true, -- Remove macrons, acutes, circumflexes, graves, and saltillo; -- see [[Saltillo (linguistics)]]. from = { "[" .. grave .. acute .. macron .. circumflex .. "Ꞌꞌʻʼ'ʔ]" }, }, }, ["nds-de"] = { ["name"] = "German Low German", }, ["non"] = { ["name"] = "Old Norse", }, ["non-x-proto"] = { ["name"] = "Proto-Norse", }, ["odt"] = { ["name"] = "Old Dutch", }, ["oge"] = { ["name"] = "Old Georgian", }, ["oj"] = { ["name"] = "Ojibwe", }, ["orv"] = { ["name"] = "Old East Slavic", ["article"] = "Old East Slavic", ["replacements"] = { [U(0x484)] = "", }, }, ["osp"] = { ["name"] = "Old Spanish", }, ["osx"] = { ["name"] = "Old Saxon", }, ["gug"] = { ["name"] = "Paraguayan Guarani", }, ["pt"] = { ["name"] = "Portuguese", ["article"] = "Portuguese language", -- ["scripts"] = { "Latn" }, }, ["pa"] = { ["name"] = "Punjabi", ["article"] = "Punjabi language", }, ["pgl"] = { ["name"] = "Primitive Irish", ["article"] = "Primitive Irish", }, ["pis"] = { ["name"] = "Pijin", ["article"] = "Pijin language", }, ["poz-x-poly-proto"] = { ["name"] = "Proto-Nuclear Polynesian", ["article"] = "Proto-Polynesian language", ["type"] = "reconstructed", }, ["rap"] = { ["name"] = "Rapa Nui", ["article"] = "Rapa Nui language", }, ["ru"] = { ["name"] = "Russian", ["article"] = "Russian language", ["replacements"] = { [acute] = "", }, }, ["rw"] = { ["name"] = "Rwanda-Rundi", }, ["se"] = { ["replacements"] = { ["([đflmnŋrsšŧv])'%1"] = "%1%1", }, }, ["sem-pro"] = { ["name"] = "Proto-Semitic", ["article"] = "Proto-Semitic", ["type"] = "reconstructed", }, ["sh"] = { ["article"] = "Serbo-Croatian language", ["replacements"] = { decompose = true, from = { "([AaEeIiOoUuRrАаЕеИиОоУуРр])[" .. double_grave .. grave .. invbreve .. acute .. macron .. tilde .. "]" }, to = { "%1" }, }, }, ["sl"] = { ["name"] = "Slovene", ["replacements"] = { decompose = true, -- remove tonal orthography from = {"ł", "[" .. grave .. acute .. macron .. double_grave .. invbreve .. circumflex .. dot_below .. "]"}, to = {"l"}, }, }, ["sla-pro"] = { -- Incorrect tag ["name"] = "Proto-Slavic", -- also Common Slavic ["type"] = "reconstructed", ["replacements"] = { ["[ÀÁÃĀȀȂ]"] = "A", ["[àáãāȁȃ]"] = "a", ["[ÈÉẼĒȄȆ]"] = "E", ["[èéẽēȅȇ]"] = "e", ["[ÌÍĨĪȈȊ]"] = "I", ["[ìíĩīȉȋ]"] = "i", ["[ÒÓÕŌȌȎŐ]"] = "O", ["[òóõōȍȏő]"] = "o", ["[ÙÚŨŪȔȖŰ]"] = "U", ["[ùúũūȕȗű]"] = "u", ["[ỲÝỸȲ]"] = "Y", ["[ỳýỹȳ]"] = "y", ["Ǭ"] = "Ǫ", ["ǭ"] = "ǫ", ["[" .. grave .. acute .. double_acute .. tilde .. macron .. double_grave .. invbreve .. "]"] = "", ["ĭ"] = "ь", ["ŭ"] = "ъ", }, ["Wikipedia_code"] = "sla-x-proto", }, ["sla-x-proto"] = { ["name"] = "Proto-Slavic", -- also Common Slavic ["type"] = "reconstructed", ["replacements"] = { ["[ÀÁÃĀȀȂ]"] = "A", ["[àáãāȁȃ]"] = "a", ["[ÈÉẼĒȄȆ]"] = "E", ["[èéẽēȅȇ]"] = "e", ["[ÌÍĨĪȈȊ]"] = "I", ["[ìíĩīȉȋ]"] = "i", ["[ÒÓÕŌȌȎŐ]"] = "O", ["[òóõōȍȏő]"] = "o", ["[ÙÚŨŪȔȖŰ]"] = "U", ["[ùúũūȕȗű]"] = "u", ["[ỲÝỸȲ]"] = "Y", ["[ỳýỹȳ]"] = "y", ["Ǭ"] = "Ǫ", ["ǭ"] = "ǫ", ["[" .. grave .. acute .. double_acute .. tilde .. macron .. double_grave .. invbreve .. "]"] = "", ["ĭ"] = "ь", ["ŭ"] = "ъ", }, }, ["tts"] = { ["name"] = "Isan", -- also "Northeastern Thai" ["article"] = "Isan language", }, ["tzo"] = { ["name"] = "Tzotzil", ["article"] = "Tzotzil language", }, ["ug"] = { ["name"] = "Uyghur", --also less commonly "Uighur" ["article"] = "Uyghur language", }, ["uk"] = { ["article"] = "Ukrainian language", ["replacements"] = { [acute] = "", } }, ["ur"] = { ["name"] = "Urdu", ["article"] = "Urdu", }, ["xcl"] = { ["name"] = "Old Armenian", ["article"] = "Classical Armenian", ["replacements"] = { ["[՞՜՛՟]"] = "", ["և"] = "եւ", }, }, ["xgf"] = { ["name"] = "Tongva", -- not ISO name "Gabrielino-Fernandeño" ["article"] = "Tongva language", ["replacements"] = { ["['`ʔ]"] = "ʼ", }, }, ["xlu"] = { ["name"] = "Luwian", -- not ISO name "Cuneiform Luwian" ["article"] = "Cuneiform Luwian" }, ["xpq"] = { ["name"] = "Mohegan-Pequot", }, ["xpr"] = { ["name"] = "Parthian", ["article"] = "Parthian language", }, ["xxt"] = { ["name"] = "Tambora", ["article"] = "Tambora language", }, ["xvn"] = { ["name"] = "Vandalic", ["article"] = "Vandalic language", }, ["yua"] = { ["name"] = "Yucatec Maya", ["article"] = "Yucatec Maya language", }, ["zh"] = { ["name"] = "Chinese", ["article"] = "Chinese language", -- ["scripts"] = { "Hani" }, }, ["zle-ort"] = { ["name"] = "Old Ruthenian", ["article"] = "Old Ruthenian", ["replacements"] = { [acute] = "", }, }, }, -- Here, keys (for example, "gem") are Wikipedia language codes used in -- {{lang}}, and values (for example, "gem-pro") are the equivalent Wiktionary -- code. -- Subtags are not currently supported. ["redirects"] = { ["aae"] = "sq", ["aiq"] = "fa", ["aln"] = "sq", ["als"] = "sq", ["azb"] = "az", ["azj"] = "az", ["bgn"] = "bal", ["bs"] = "sh", ["bxr"] = "bua", ["ciw"] = "oj", ["cnr"] = "sh", ["fil"] = "tl", ["fuf"] = "ff", ["gem"] = "gem-pro", -- Not correct, but is commonly used. ["hak"] = "zh", ["hbo"] = "he", ["hr"] = "sh", ["ine"] = "ine-pro", -- Not correct, but might be commonly used. ["kjv"] = "sh", ["nan"] = "zh", ["prs"] = "fa", ["rn"] = "rw", ["sli"] = "gmw-ecg", ["sr"] = "sh", ["src"] = "sc", ["sro"] = "sc", ["tw"] = "ak", ["wae"] = "gsw", ["wep"] = "nds-de", ["yue"] = "zh", ["xno"] = "fro", }, } return data 8tj97w4z3r8egb2yln5y5o5p3euah70 0 6419 22206 2026-10-31T15:02:40Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "''ကြေးနန်း'' စကားလုံး ( [[ရှီးဟောင်းဂရိ|ရှေးဂရိ]] က {{Lang|grc|τῆλε}} ( {{Wikt-lang|grc-Latn|tele-|têle}} ) 'အကွာအဝီး' နန့် {{Lang|grc|γράφειν}} ( {{Wikt-lang|grc-Latn|-graphy|gráphein}} ) 'to write') ကို semaphore ကြေးနန်းကို ပြင်သစ် တီထွင်သူ Claude Chappe က ပထမဆုံးတီထွင်ဖ..." 22206 wikitext text/x-wiki ''ကြေးနန်း'' စကားလုံး ( [[ရှီးဟောင်းဂရိ|ရှေးဂရိ]] က {{Lang|grc|τῆλε}} ( {{Wikt-lang|grc-Latn|tele-|têle}} ) 'အကွာအဝီး' နန့် {{Lang|grc|γράφειν}} ( {{Wikt-lang|grc-Latn|-graphy|gráphein}} ) 'to write') ကို semaphore ကြေးနန်းကို ပြင်သစ် တီထွင်သူ Claude Chappe က ပထမဆုံးတီထွင်ဖန်တီးခခြင်းဖြစ်ပြီးကေ ''semaphore'' ဆိုရေ စကားလုံးကို ဖန်တီးခသူဖြစ်တေ။ <ref>Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions & Discoveries of the 18th Century, Jonathan Shectman, p172</ref> ကြေးနန်းဆိုစွာမာ အဝီးကြီးက မက်ဆေ့ချ်တိ ပီးပို့ခြင်း နန့် လက်ခံခြင်းအတွက် ဖြစ်ရေ ကြေးနန်းအတွက်ကိရိယာတခုဖြစ်တေ။ ဂုချိန်ခါ ''ကြေးနန်း'' တခုတည်းဆိုရေ စကားလုံးသည် ယေဘူယျအနီနန့် လျှပ်စစ်ကြေးနန်းကို ရည်ညွှန်းရေ။ ကြိုးမဲ့ကြေးနန်းဆိုစွာမာ ကြေးနန်းကုဒ်တိနန့် လေဒီယိုကတဆင့် မက်ဆေ့ချ်တိပီးပို့ခြင်းဖြစ်ပါရေ။ Chappe သုံးရေကျေပြန့်ရေအဓိပ္ပါယ်နန့်ဆန့်ကျင်ဘက်၊ Morseသည် ''ကြေးနန်း'' ဆိုရေအသုံးအနှုန်းကို အကွာအဝီးက မက်ဆေ့ခ်ျပို့ခြင်း ''နန့်'' မှတ်တမ်းတင်ရေစနစ်တိမာသာ တင်းကြပ်စွာအသုံးချနှိုင်ရေဟု အတွန်တက်ခရေ။ မက်ဆေ့ချ်ပို့ရုံမျှနန့် ၎င်းကို ''semaphore''နန့် ခွဲခြာထားဖို့ဖြစ်တေ။ ဥပမာအနိန်နန့် မီးခိုးအချက်ပြမှုတိကိုကြေးနန်းမဟုတ်ဘဲ Semaphore ဟု ယူဆရဖို့ဖြစ်တေ။ Morse ၏ အဆိုအရ Pavel Schilling သည် အစောဆုံး လျှပ်စစ်ကြေးနန်းတိထဲက တခုကို တီထွင်ခရေ 1832ခုနှစ်က စတင်ခရေ ။ <ref>Samuel F. B. Morse, [https://books.google.com/books?id=rGgPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7 ''Examination of the Telegraphic Apparatus and the Processes in Telegraphy''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027083252/https://books.google.com/books?id=rGgPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7|date=27 October 2022}}, pages 7–8, Philp & Solomons 1869 {{OCLC|769828711}}.</ref> [[မော်၏ အချက်ပြသင်္ကေတ|Morse ကုဒ်ကို]] အသုံးပြုပနာ လျှပ်စစ်ကြေးနန်း အော်ပရေတာ သို့မဟုတ် ကြေးနန်း စာရိုက်သူတဦးလေ့ပီးပို့ရေ ကြေးနန်းစာတပဆိုးကို ကြေးနန်းစာဟု ခေါ်ရေ။ ကေဘယ်လ်ဂရမ်သည် ရီငုပ်သင်္ဘောကြေးနန်းကြိုးနန့် ပီးပို့ရေ မက်ဆေ့ဂျ်ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ၊ <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cablegram|title=Cablegram - Definition of cablegram by Merriam-Webster|work=merriam-webster.com}}</ref> တနားတခါ "ကေဇာ" သို့မဟုတ် "ဝိုင်ယာ" ဟု အတိုချုံးထားရေ။ နောက်ဆက်တွဲ -gram သည် ရှေးဂရိဘာရာမှ ဆင်းသက်လှာခြင်းဖြစ်တေ- {{Lang|grc|γραμμα}} ( {{Wikt-lang|grc-Latn|-gram|gramma}} ) ဆိုစွာမာ ရီးထားရေအရာကို ဆိုလိုရေ၊ ဆိုလိုစွာမာ ကြေးနန်းဆိုစွာမာ အဝီးကရီးထားရေ အရာနန့် cablegram ဆိုစွာမာ ကေဇာကြိုးနန့် ရီးထားရေ အရာဖြစ်ပြီးကေ၊ ကြေးနန်းဆိုစွာမာ အဝီးက ရီးသားခြင်းလုပ်ငန်းစဉ်ကို ဆိုလိုရေ။ နောက်ပိုင်းမာ Telex သည် ရေလီဖုန်းကွန်ရက်တခုနန့်ဆင်တူရေ ရေလီပရင်တာ တိဧ့ ကွန်ရက်ပြောင်းထားရေ Telex ကွန်ရက်က ပီးပို့ရေ မက်ဆေ့ချ်ဖြစ်တေ။ ကြေးနန်းဓာတ်ပုံ သို့မဟုတ် ဝါယာကြိုးပုံသည် အဝီးက ကြေးနန်းနန့် ပီးပို့ရေ သတင်းစာပုံဖြစ်တေ။ သံတမန် ကြေးနန်း ကြေးနန်း လို့လေ့ လူသိများရေ သံတမန် ကေဘယ်လ်သည် သံတမန် မစ်ရှင်နန့် ယင်းဧ့ မိခင် နိုင်ငံ နိုင်ငံခြားရီး ဝန်ကြီးဌာန ရို့ အကြား လျှို့ဝှက် ဆက်သွီမှု တခု ဖြစ်တေ။ <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/11/29/10/1796-memos-us-embassy-manila-wikileaks-cablegate|title=1,796 memos from US embassy in Manila in WikiLeaks 'Cablegate'|date=29 November 2010|archivedate=27 September 2012|accessdate=16 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120927221008/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/11/29/10/1796-memos-us-embassy-manila-wikileaks-cablegate}}</ref> <ref>Definition of "cable", {{Cite book|title=The Macquarie Dictionary|year=1997|location=Australia}}</ref> ထုတ်ရွှင့်မှုအတွက် အသုံးပြုယင့်နည်းလမ်းကို မခွဲခြားဘဲ ကြေးနန်းသို့မဟုတ်ကေဇာကြိုးတိ ဟုခေါ်ရေ။ ==ကိုးကား== <references/> [[Category:နည်းပညာ]] c1islgkn2ncxjo47cmqv48869fhr52d 0 6420 22207 2026-10-31T15:06:33Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "[[file:SIM-Karte von Telefónica O2 Europe - Standard und Micro.jpg|thumb|ပုံမှန် ဆင်းမ်ကတ်တခု]] '''ဆင်းမ်ကတ်''' သို့မဟုတ် '''SIM''' (Subscriber Identity Module) ဆိုစွာမာ အများအားဖြင့်က [[စမတ်ကတ်]]ပုံသဏ္ဌာန်နန့် ပြုလုပ်ထားရေ [[အိုင်စီပတ်လမ်း]] အမျိုး..." 22207 wikitext text/x-wiki [[file:SIM-Karte von Telefónica O2 Europe - Standard und Micro.jpg|thumb|ပုံမှန် ဆင်းမ်ကတ်တခု]] '''ဆင်းမ်ကတ်''' သို့မဟုတ် '''SIM''' (Subscriber Identity Module) ဆိုစွာမာ အများအားဖြင့်က [[စမတ်ကတ်]]ပုံသဏ္ဌာန်နန့် ပြုလုပ်ထားရေ [[အိုင်စီပတ်လမ်း]] အမျိုးအစား တခုဖြစ်တေ။ ၎င်းရို့အား အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ မိုဘိုင်းလ်အသုံးပြုသူ သတ်မှတ်ခြင်းဆိုင်ရာ (International Mobile Subscriber Identity - IMSI) နံပါတ်နန့် ၎င်းနန့် သက်ဆိုင်ရေ လျှို့ဝှက်ကုဒ်တိကို လုံခြုံစွာ သိမ်းဆည်းဖို့ ရည်ရွယ်ထုတ်လုပ်ထားခြင်း ဖြစ်တေ။ အဆိုပါ အချက်အလက်တိကို [[မိုဘိုင်းလ်ဖုန်း]]တိ၊ တက်ဘလက်တိနန့် [[လက်ပ်တော့ပ် ကွန်ပျူတာ|လက်ပ်တော့ကွန်ပျူတာ]]တိပိုင်ယှောင် ဆက်သွီရီး ကိရိယာတိထက်မာ အသုံးပြုသူတိကို ခွဲခြားသတ်မှတ်ဖို့နန့် စစ်ဆီးအတည်ပြုဖို့အတွက် အသုံးပြုကတ်ရေ။ ယင်းချင့်အပြင် ဆင်းမ်ကတ်တိစွာ အသုံးချဆော့ဖ်ဝဲတိကို လိုင်ပတ်စီနှိုင်ပြီး လိပ်စာစာအုပ်ပိုင်ယှောင် အရာအချက်အလက်တိကိုလေ့ သိမ်းဆည်းနိုင်ကာ ခွင့်ပြုချက်မဟိဘဲ အသုံးပြုခြင်းကို ဟန့်တားဖို့အတွက် PIN ကုဒ်နန့်လည်း အကာအကွယ် ပီးထားနှိုင်ရေ။ ဒေ ဆင်းမ်ကတ်တိကို [[ဂျီအက်စ်အမ်]]ဖုန်းတိမာ ရက်ပြတ် အသုံးပြုကေလေ့ [[စီဒီအမ်အေ]]ဖုန်းတိအတွက်မူ LTE စနစ် အသုံးပြုနှိုင်ရေ လက်ကိုင်ဖုန်းတိမာသာ လိုအပ်ရေ။ ဆင်းမ်ကတ်တိကို [[ဂြိုဟ်တုဖုန်း]]တိ၊ စမတ်နာရီတိ၊ [[ကွန်ပျူတာ]]တိနန့် [[ကင်မရာ]] အမျိုးမျိုးရို့မာလည်း အသုံးပြုကတ်ရေ။<ref name="ihs">{{cite news |last1=Tait |first1=Don |title=Smart card IC shipments to reach 12.8 billion units in 2021 |url=https://technology.ihs.com/582859/smart-card-ic-shipments-to-reach-128-billion-units-in-2020 |access-date=24 October 2019 |work=IHS Technology |publisher=IHS Markit |date=25 August 2016 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024214524/https://technology.ihs.com/582859/smart-card-ic-shipments-to-reach-128-billion-units-in-2020 |url-status=live }}</ref> ပထမဆုံးရေ ဆင်းမ်ကတ်တိစွာ [[ခရက်ဒစ် ကဒ်|ခရက်ဒစ်ကတ်]]နန့် ဘဏ်ကတ်တိ အရွယ်အစား ဟိခကေလေ့ နောင်မာ ပိုပြီးကေကာစိချေလှောက် ကိရိယာများမာ ထည့်သွင်းနှိုင်ဖို့အတွက် လျှပ်စစ်ထိတွိ့မှု အပိုင်းတိကို မပြောင်းလဲစီဘဲ အရွယ်အစားကို အဆင့်ဆင့် လျှော့ချခကတ်တေ။<ref name="sim-evolution">{{cite web |author1=GSMA Intelligence |title=Understanding SIM evolution |url=https://data.gsmaintelligence.com/api-web/v2/research-file-download?id=18809300&file=understanding-sim-evolution-1482139874006.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230320082628/https://data.gsmaintelligence.com/api-web/v2/research-file-download?id=18809300&file=understanding-sim-evolution-1482139874006.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2023 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=GSMA Intelligence |publisher=GSMA}}</ref> ဆင်းမ်ကတ်တိကို မိုဘိုင်းလ်ကိရိယာတခုက ထုတ်ယူပနာ တခြားသော မိုဘိုင်းလ်ကိရိယာတိသို့ ပြောင်းရွိ့အသုံးပြုနှိုင်ရေ။ နည်းပညာအရ အမှန်အကန် လက်ဆုပ်လက်ကိုင်ပြနှိုင်ရေ ကတ်ပြားကို Universal Integrated Circuit Card (UICC) ဟု ခေါ်ဆိုရေ။ ဒေ[[စမတ်ကတ်]]ကို အများအားဖြင့်က ထိတွိ့မျက်နှာပြင်တိနန့် [[တပိုင်းလျှပ်ကူးပစ္စည်း]] တိ ထည့်သွင်းထားရေ PVC နန့် ပြုလုပ်ထားပနာ SIM သည် ယင်းဧ့ အဓိက အစိတ်အပိုင်း ဖြစ်တေ။ လက်တွိ့မာ "SIM card" ဆိုရေ ဝေါအူးရကို IC တခုတည်းအတွက် မဟုတ်ဘဲ တခုလုံးကို ရည်ညွှန်းဖို့ ဆက်ပနာအသုံးပြုနိန်ကတ်တုန်း ဖြစ်တေ။ ဆင်းမ်ကတ်တခုမာ သီးသန့် အမှတ်စဉ် နံပါတ် (Unique Serial Number)၊ Integrated Circuit Card Identification (ICCID)၊ အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ မိုဘိုင်းလ်အသုံးပြုသူ သတ်မှတ်ခြင်းဆိုင်ရာနံပါတ်၊ လုံခြုံရီး အတည်ပြုချက်နန့် လျှို့ဝှက်စာသား ပြောင်းလဲခြင်းဆိုင်ရာ အချက်အလက်တိ၊ ဒေသတွင်း ကွန်ရက်နန့် သက်ဆိုင်ရေ ယာယီအချက်အလက်တိ၊ အသုံးပြုသူ ရယူနှိုင်ရေ ဝန်ဆောင်မှုတိ စာရင်းနန့် လျှို့ဝှက်နံပါတ်ပခက်ချေခုရို့ ပါဝင်ရေ။ အဆိုပါ လျှို့ဝှက်နံပါတ်တိမာ ပုံမှန်အသုံးပြုရန်အတွက် ကိုယ်ပိုင် အရာ နံပါတ် (PIN)၊ PIN ပိတ်လားပါက ပြန်ပနာဖွင့်ဖို့အတွက် Personal Unblocking Key (PUK) နန့် သတ်မှတ်ထားရေ ဖုန်းနံပါတ်တိသို့သာ ခေါ်ဆိုနှိုင်ရေ စနစ်နန့် အရာလုပ်ဆောင်ချက်တိကို စီမံခန့်ခွဲဖို့အတွက် ဒုတိယမြောက် PIN2 နန့် PUK2 ရို့ ဖြစ်ကတ်တေ။<ref>{{cite web |title=Calling Features on Your Samsung Galaxy Phone |url=https://www.samsung.com/us/support/answer/ANS00086742/ |publisher=[[Samsung]] |at=Limit Calling to Specific Numbers |access-date=2022-04-19 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nokia.com/phones/en_us/support/nokia-6-2-user-guide/access-codes|title=Access codes|publisher=[[Nokia]]}}</ref> ဥရောပနိုင်ငံတိမာ SIM အမှတ်စဉ် နံပါတ် (SSN) နန့်အတူ ကြိုတင်ငွေဖြည့်ကတ်တိအတွက် အွန်လိုင်းမာ မှတ်ပုံတင်ရာမာ လိုအပ်ရေ International Article Number (IAN) သို့မဟုတ် European Article Number (EAN) ရို့ကိုလည်း တခါတရီ ပူးတွဲဖော်ပြလိ့ ဟိရေ။ TracFone Wireless SIM ကတ်မာ သပ်သပ် အော်ပရေတာ အရာတိ မပါဟိဘဲ "SIM card" ဟုသာ မှတ်သားထားရေ။ ၂၀၂၀ ပြည့်နှစ်ကစတင်ပနာ ဆဲလ်လူလာ ဖုန်းဆက်သွီရီး အပါအဝင် တချို့ နယ်ပယ်တိမာ [[eSIM]] စနစ်သည် ရုပ်ဝထုအခြီပြု ဆင်းမ်ကတ်တိကို အစားထိုးပါလတ်တေ။ eSIM သည် ထုတ်ယူပနာမရရေ eUICC အတွင်း ထည့်သွင်းထားရေ ဆော့ဖ်ဝဲအခြီပြု SIM စနစ်ကို အသုံးပြုထားခြင်း ဖြစ်တေ။ == ကိုးကား == {{reflist}} [[Category:နည်းပညာ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:ဂျာမန် တီထွင်မှုတိ]] 8pknbufu3v4rwodvwlup7cjxahawe0c 0 6421 22208 2026-10-31T15:08:02Z Retkhaberi 224 Created page with " '''သိုက်(ဖလီ)''' (အိန်းဂလိချ်: ''Balance'' သို့မဟုတ် ''Weighing balance'') ဆိုစွာ အရာဝထုတခု၏ [[ဒြပ်ထု]] (mass) ကို တိုင်းတာဖို့ အသုံးပြုရေ ကိရိယာတမျိုးဖြစ်တေ။ သိုက်(ဖလီ)ကို '''သိုက်(ဖလီ)''' (weighing balance) လို့လေ့ ခေါ်ဆ..." 22208 wikitext text/x-wiki '''သိုက်(ဖလီ)''' (အိန်းဂလိချ်: ''Balance'' သို့မဟုတ် ''Weighing balance'') ဆိုစွာ အရာဝထုတခု၏ [[ဒြပ်ထု]] (mass) ကို တိုင်းတာဖို့ အသုံးပြုရေ ကိရိယာတမျိုးဖြစ်တေ။ သိုက်(ဖလီ)ကို '''သိုက်(ဖလီ)''' (weighing balance) လို့လေ့ ခေါ်ဆိုနှိုင်ရေ။ ရိုးရာနှစ်ဖက်သိုက်(ဖလီ)မာ အရာဝထုတခု၏ ဒြပ်ထုကို သိဟိပြီးသား စံဒြပ်ထုတုံးတိနန့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်တိုင်းတာရေ။ ခေတ်သစ် အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်သိုက်(ဖလီ)တိမာ အားအာရုံခံကိရိယာ သို့မဟုတ် လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်ဟန်ချက်ညီစနစ်တိကို အသုံးပြုနိုင်ရေ။<ref name="NISTAnalytical">[https://www.nist.gov/publications/use-analytical-balances Lane C. Sander (2017), ''Use of Analytical Balances'', National Institute of Standards and Technology.]</ref> သိုက်(ဖလီ)ကို [[တိုင်းတာရီးပညာ]]၊ [[ရူပဗေဒ]]၊ [[ဓာတုဗေဒ]]၊ ဆီးဝါးထုတ်လုပ်ရီး၊ ကုန်သွယ်ရီးနန့် စက်မှုလုပ်ငန်းတိမာ ကျယ်ပြန့်စွာ အသုံးပြုကတ်တေ။ နိစိုင်အသုံးအနှုန်းမာ အလီးချိန် ချိန်ခြင်းဟု ခေါ်ဆိုလေ့ဟိကေလည်း သိပ္ပံပညာအရ [[ဒြပ်ထု]]နန့် [[အလီးချိန်]]စွာ မတူညီရေ ပမာဏတိဖြစ်တေ။ ဒြပ်ထု၏ SI ယူနစ်မာ [[ကီလိုဂရမ်]] (kg) ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ အလီးချိန်အား၏ SI ယူနစ်မာ [[နယူတန်]] (N) ဖြစ်တေ။ <ref name="NISTMass">[https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/si-units-mass NIST – SI Units: Mass.]</ref> == သမိုင်းကြောင်း == သိုက်(ဖလီ)စွာ လူသားတိ၏ အစောဆုံး တိုင်းတာကိရိယာတိအနက် တမျိုးဖြစ်တေ။ ရှီးခေတ်လူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်းတိမာ ကုန်ပစ္စည်း၊ သီးနှံနန့် အဖိုးတန်သတ္တုတိကို နှိုင်းယှဉ်ခြင်တွယ်ဖို့ သိုက်(ဖလီ)တိကို အသုံးပြုခကတ်တေ။ အစောပိုင်းသိုက်(ဖလီ)တိစွာ တန်းတချောင်း၏ အလယ်မာ ထောက်မှတ်တခုထားပနာ နှစ်ဖက်မာ သိုက်(ဖလီ)ခွက်တိ ချိတ်ဆွဲထားရေ ပုံစံဖြစ်တေ။ အရာဝထုတခုကို တဖက်မာထားပနာ သိဟိပြီးသား စံဒြပ်ထုတုံးတိကို တဖက်မာ ထားကာ ဟန်ချက်ညီမှုကို စစ်ဆေးခြင်းနန့် ဒြပ်ထုကို နှိုင်းယှဉ်နိုင်ရေ။ ရှီးခေတ်အီဂျစ်၊ မက်ဆိုပိုတေးမီးယားနန့် အရာယိုင်ကျေးမှုတိမာ တိုင်းတာမှုနန့် စံဒြပ်ထုစနစ်တိ တဆတ်ဆတ် ဖွံ့ဖြိုးလာခရေ။ ရှီးဟောင်းသိုက်(ဖလီ)တိကို ကမ္ဘာ့ဒေသအသီးသီးမာ တွိဟိရပြီး ပီရူးနိုင်ငံ၏ Chimú ယိုင်ကျေးမှုမှ ၁၂ ရာစုကနိန် ၁၅ ရာစုအတွင်း အသုံးပြုခရေ ကြေးနီသိုက်(ဖလီ)တခုကိုလည်း ပြတိုက်မာ ထိန်းသိမ်းထားရေ။<ref name="MetMuseum">[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/315366 The Metropolitan Museum of Art – Copper Scale Balance, Chimú, 12th–15th century.]</ref> နောက်ပိုင်းမာ စက်မှုနည်းပညာနန့် အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်နည်းပညာ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးလာမှုကြောင့် ပိုပြီးကေ တိကျရေ သိုက်(ဖလီ)အမျိုးအစားတိ ပေါ်ပေါက်လာခရေ။ == သိုက်(ဖလီ)၏ အလုပ်လုပ်ပုံ == ရိုးရာနှစ်ဖက်သိုက်(ဖလီ)စွာ [[လီဗာ]] (lever) နန့် လှည့်အား (torque) ရို့၏ ဟန်ချက်ညီမှုသဖောတရားကို အခြီခံထားရေ။ တန်းတချောင်း၏ ထောက်မှတ်မှ အကွာအဝီးတူညီရေ နှစ်ဖက်မာ အရာဝထုနန့် စံဒြပ်ထုတုံးရို့ကို ချိတ်ဆွဲထားပါက နှစ်ဖက်၏ လှည့်အားတူညီရေအခါ သိုက်(ဖလီ)စွာ ဟန်ချက်ညီရေ။ ရိုးယှင်းရေ အခြီအနီမာ - :<math>m_1gr_1=m_2gr_2</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ - * <math>m_1</math> က တိုင်းတာလိုရေ ဒြပ်ထုဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>m_2</math> က စံဒြပ်ထုဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>g</math> က ဒေသန္တရ ဒြပ်ဆွဲအဟိန်ဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>r_1</math> နန့် <math>r_2</math> ရို့စွာ ထောက်မှတ်မှ သက်ဆိုင်ရာ အကွာအဝီးတိဖြစ်တေ။ နှစ်ဖက်အကွာအဝီး တူညီပါက - :<math>r_1=r_2</math> ဖြစ်တေအတွက် - :<math>m_1=m_2</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေဆက်နွှယ်မှုရေ သိုက်(ဖလီ)တန်းနန့် ခွက်တိ၏ သက်ရောက်မှုကို သင့်လျော်စွာ ဟန်ချက်ညီထားပနာ လီထုပင့်အားပိုင် သက်ရောက်မှုတိကို လျစ်လျူရှုနိုင်ရေ အခြီအနီအတွက် ဖြစ်တေ။ == သိုက်(ဖလီ)၏ အစိတ်အပိုင်းတိ == ရိုးရာနှစ်ဖက်သိုက်(ဖလီ)တခုမာ အောက်ပါအစိတ်အပိုင်းတိ ပါဝင်နိုင်ရေ။ * '''သိုက်(ဖလီ)တန်း''' (beam) – နှစ်ဖက်ခွက်တိကို ဆက်ထားရေ တန်းဖြစ်တေ။ * '''ထောက်မှတ်''' (fulcrum) – သိုက်(ဖလီ)တန်း လှည့်နိုင်ရေ အလယ်မှတ်ဖြစ်တေ။ * '''သိုက်(ဖလီ)ခွက်''' (weighing pan) – တိုင်းတာလိုရေ ပစ္စည်း သို့မဟုတ် စံဒြပ်ထုတုံးကို ထားရေ နီရာဖြစ်တေ။ * '''ညွှန်တံ''' (pointer) – သိုက်(ဖလီ)၏ ဟန်ချက်ညီမှုကို ဖော်ပြရေ အစိတ်အပိုင်းဖြစ်တေ။ * '''စံဒြပ်ထုတုံး''' (standard mass) – ဒြပ်ထုကို နှိုင်းယှဉ်ဖို့ အသုံးပြုရေ စံပစ္စည်းဖြစ်တေ။ ခေတ်သစ်သိုက်(ဖလီ)တိမာ ဒစ်ဂျစ်ရေမျက်နှာပြင်၊ အာရုံခံကိရိယာနန့် စံချိန်ညှိစနစ်တိ ပါဝင်နိုင်ရေ။ == သိုက်(ဖလီ)အမျိုးအစားတိ == === နှစ်ဖက်သိုက်(ဖလီ) === '''နှစ်ဖက်သိုက်(ဖလီ)''' (equal-arm balance) စွာ တူညီရေ အလျားဟိရေ တန်း၏ နှစ်ဖက်မာ ခွက်နှစ်ခု ချိတ်ဆွဲထားရေ ကိရိယာဖြစ်တေ။ ခွက်တဖက်မာ အရာဝထုကို ထားပနာ အခြားတစ်ဖက်မာ စံဒြပ်ထုတုံးတိကို ထားကာ ဟန်ချက်ညီမှုကို စစ်ဆေးရေ။ ယင်းစနစ်သည် ဒြပ်ထုနှစ်ခုကို တိုက်ရိုက်နှိုင်းယှဉ်နိုင်ရေ အခြီခံတိုင်းတာနည်းတခုဖြစ်တေ။ === လက်တံအလျားမတူရေ သိုက်(ဖလီ) === '''Steelyard balance''' သည် ထောက်မှတ်မှ အကွာအဝီးမတူရေ လက်တံတိကို အသုံးပြုပနာ လှည့်အားဟန်ချက်ညီမှုနန့် ခြင်တွယ်ရေ ကိရိယာဖြစ်တေ။ တဖက်မာ ပစ္စည်းကို ချိတ်ဆွဲပြီး အရာဗက်မာ ရွှိနိုင်ရေ စံဒြပ်ထုတုံးကို အသုံးပြုကာ ဟန်ချက်ညီစီရေ။ သိုက်(ဖလီ)၏ လက်တံအလျားပြောင်းလဲခြင်းနန့် ဒြပ်ထုတန်ဖိုးအမျိုးမျိုးကို တိုင်းတာနိုင်ရေ။ === ဓာတ်ခွဲခန်းသုံး သိုက်(ဖလီ) === '''Analytical balance''' စွာ ဓာတ်ခွဲခန်းမာ ဒြပ်ထုကို တိကျစွာ တိုင်းတာဖို့ အသုံးပြုရေ သိုက်(ဖလီ)ဖြစ်တေ။ တချို့ analytical balance တိစွာ ၀.၁ မီလီဂရမ် (0.1 mg) အဆင့်တထိ ဖတ်ရှုနိုင်ပြီး ပိုပြီးကေတိကျရေ အမျိုးအစားတိလည်း ဟိရေ။ ယင်းကိရိယာတိမာ လီစီးကြောင်းကြောင့် တိုင်းတာချက် မပြောင်းလဲစီဖို့ ဖန်ကာအုံ (draft shield) ပါဝင်လေ့ ဟိရေ။ ဓာတ်ခွဲခန်းသုံးသိုက်(ဖလီ)တိကို ဓာတုပစ္စည်း၊ ဆီးဝါးနန့် သုတေသနနမူနာတိ၏ ဒြပ်ထုတိုင်းတာရာမာ အသုံးပြုရေ။<ref name="NISTAnalytical"/> === အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်သိုက်(ဖလီ) === '''Electronic balance''' သည် အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်အာရုံခံစနစ်ကို အသုံးပြုပနာ ဒြပ်ထုဖတ်ရှုချက်ကို ပြဇရ ကိရိယာဖြစ်တေ။ တချို့အမျိုးအစားတိစွာ ဝန်တင်အားကြောင့် ဖြစ်ပေါ်ရေ အာရုံခံအစိတ်အပိုင်း၏ ပုံပျက်မှုကို လျှပ်စစ်အချက်ပြအဖြစ် ပြောင်းလဲနိုင်ရေ။ တချို့တိမာ လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်အနီနန့် ဟန်ချက်ညီစီခြင်း (electromagnetic force compensation) နည်းပညာကို အသုံးပြုရေ။ ကိရိယာကို သင့်လျော်စွာ စံချိန်ညှိထားပါက ဖတ်ရှုချက်ကို ဂရမ် သို့မဟုတ် ကီလိုဂရမ်နန့် ပြသနိုင်ရေ။ === စပရင်ချိန်စက် === '''စပရင်ချိန်စက်''' (spring scale) စွာ စပရင်၏ ဆန့်ထွက်မှုကို အသုံးပြုပနာ အားကို တိုင်းတာရေ ကိရိယာဖြစ်တေ။ [[ဟွတ်၏နိယာမ]] (Hooke's law) ကို လိုက်နာရေ အခြီအနီမာ - :<math>F=kx</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ <math>k</math> က စပရင်ကိန်းသီနန့် <math>x</math> က ဆန့်ထွက်မှုဖြစ်တေ။ စပရင်ချိန်စက်သည် အခြီခံအနီနန့် အားကို တိုင်းတာအတွက်နန့် စံဒြပ်ထုနန့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်ရေ နှစ်ဖက်သိုက်(ဖလီ)နန့် အလုပ်လုပ်ပုံ မတူညီပါ။ == ဒြပ်ထုနန့် အလီးချိန်ကွာခြားမှု == [[ဒြပ်ထု]] (mass) စွာ အရာဝထု၏ အင်နားရှားဂုဏ်ဖင်ဆီနန့် ဆက်စပ်ရေ ပမာဏဖြစ်တေ။ [[အလီးချိန်]] (weight) စွာ ဒြပ်ဆွဲအားနန့် ဆက်စပ်ရေ ပမာဏဖြစ်တေ။ ကမ္ဘာမြီမျက်နှာပြင်အနီးမာ - :<math>W=mg</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ ဒြပ်ထု ၂ ကီလိုဂရမ်ဟိရေ အရာဝထုတခု၏ ကမ္ဘာမြီမျက်နှာပြင်နံဘေး အလီးချိန်မာ - :<math>W\approx2\times9.81=19.62\ \mathrm{N}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒြပ်ဆွဲအဟိန်မတူရေ နီရာသို့ ရွိပြောင်းပါက အလီးချိန်ပြောင်းလဲနိုင်ကေလည်း ဒြပ်ထုမပြောင်းလဲပါ။ စံနှစ်ဖက်သိုက်(ဖလီ)စွာ ဒြပ်ထုနှစ်ခုကို တူညီရေ ဒြပ်ဆွဲစက်ကွင်းအတွင်း နှိုင်းယှဉ်အတွက်နန့် ဒေသန္တရဒြပ်ဆွဲအဟိန်ပြောင်းလဲမှု၏ သက်ရောက်မှုကို တိအနီနန့် ပယ်ဖျက်နိုင်ရေ။ စပရင်ချိန်စက်နန့် အားအခြီခံ အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်သိုက်(ဖလီ)တချို့မာမူ ဒေသန္တရဒြပ်ဆွဲအဟိန်အလိုက် စံချိန်ညှိမှု လိုအပ်နိုင်ရေ။<ref name="NISTMass"/> == သိုက်(ဖလီ)၏ ယူနစ်တိ == သိုက်(ဖလီ)စွာ တိုင်းတာကိရိယာဖြစ်တေအတွက် ၎င်းကိုယ်တိုင်၏ SI ယူနစ်ဆိုပနာ မဟိပါ။ ယေဒါလေ့ သိုက်(ဖလီ)နန့် တိုင်းတာရေ ဒြပ်ထု၏ SI အခြီခံယူနစ်မာ ကီလိုဂရမ် (kg) ဖြစ်တေ။ အသုံးများရေ ဒြပ်ထုယူနစ်တိမာ - {| class="wikitable" ! ယူနစ် ! သင်္ကေတ ! ကီလိုဂရမ်နန့် ဆက်နွယ်မှု |- | မီလီဂရမ် | mg | 0.000001 kg |- | ဂရမ် | g | 0.001 kg |- | ကီလိုဂရမ် | kg | 1 kg |- | မက်ထရစ်တန် | t | 1000 kg |} ဓာတ်ခွဲခန်းသုံးသိုက်(ဖလီ)တိမာ မီလီဂရမ်နန့် ဂရမ်ကို အသုံးပြုနိုင်ပြီး ကုန်သွယ်ရီးနန့် စက်မှုလုပ်ငန်းတိမာ ကီလိုဂရမ် သို့မဟုတ် တန်ကို အသုံးပြုနိုင်ရေ။ == ခြင်တွယ်နည်း == နှစ်ဖက်သိုက်(ဖလီ)ကို အသုံးပြုရာမာ တိုင်းတာလိုရေ ပစ္စည်းကို ခွက်တဖက်မာ ထားပနာ စံဒြပ်ထုတုံးတိကို အခြားတစ်ဖက်မာ ထားရေ။ သိုက်(ဖလီ)တန်း ဟန်ချက်ညီလာရေ အခြီအနီမာ စံဒြပ်ထုတုံးတိ၏ စုစုပေါင်းတန်ဖိုးမှ အရာဝထု၏ ဒြပ်ထုကို ခန့်မှန်းသတ်မှတ်နိုင်ရေ။ ဥပမာ စံဒြပ်ထုတုံး ၅၀ ဂရမ်၊ ၂၀ ဂရမ်နန့် ၁၀ ဂရမ်ရို့ကို အသုံးပြုပြီးကေ ဟန်ချက်ညီလာကေ တိုင်းတာလိုရေ ပစ္စည်း၏ ဒြပ်ထုမာ - :<math>m=50+20+10=80\ \mathrm{g}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒစ်ဂျစ်ရေသိုက်(ဖလီ)ကို အသုံးပြုရာမာ ပစ္စည်းမတင်ခင် သုညဖတ်ရှုချက်ကို စစ်ဆေးရေ။ ပစ္စည်းကို ခွက်အလယ်မာ တင်ပြီး ဖတ်ရှုချက်တိုင်းလာရေအခါ တန်ဖိုးကို မှတ်သားရေ။ == Tare လုပ်ဆောင်ချက် == '''Tare''' ဆိုစွာမာ ပစ္စည်းထေ့ထားရေ ဘူး၊ စလောင်း သို့မဟုတ် အရာအထုပ်အပိုး၏ ဒြပ်ထုကို ဖတ်ရှုချက်မှ နုတ်ပယ်စီရေ လုပ်ဆောင်ချက်ဖြစ်တေ။ ဥပမာ စလောင်းအလွတ်၏ ဒြပ်ထုမာ ၅၀ ဂရမ်ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ စလောင်းနန့် ပစ္စည်းပေါင်း ဒြပ်ထုမာ ၁၇၀ ဂရမ်ဖြစ်ကေ - :<math>m_{\mathrm{net}}=170-50=120\ \mathrm{g}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒစ်ဂျစ်ရေသိုက်(ဖလီ)တချို့မာ TARE ခလုတ်ကို အသုံးပြုပနာ စလောင်း၏ ဒြပ်ထုကို သုညအဖြစ် သတ်မှတ်နိုင်ရေ။ == တိကျမှုနန့် စံချိန်ညှိခြင်း == သိုက်(ဖလီ)နန့် တိုင်းတာရာမာ တိုင်းတာချက်ရေ မှန်ကန်မှုနန့် အရာထခါ တိုင်းတာရာမာ တိုင်းမှုရို့စွာ အရေးပါရေ။ '''စံချိန်ညှိခြင်း''' (calibration) ဆိုစွာမာ ကိရိယာ၏ ဖတ်ရှုချက်ကို သိဟိပြီးသား စံတန်ဖိုးနန့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်ပနာ တိုင်းတာမှုဆိုင်ရာ ဆက်နွယ်ချက်ကို သတ်မှတ်ခြင်းဖြစ်တေ။ '''ထပ်တူတိုင်းတာနိုင်မှု''' (repeatability) စွာ တူညီရေ အခြီအနီတိအောက်မာ အရာထခါ တိုင်းတာရာမာ ဖတ်ရှုချက်တိ ဇာလှောက်နီးစပ်ရေဆိုခြင်းနန့် ဆက်စပ်ရေ။ တိုင်းတာချက်ကို သက်ရောက်နိုင်ရေ အချက်တိမာ - * လီစီးကြောင်းနန့် တုန်ခါမှု။ * အပူချိန်နန့် စိုထိုင်းဆပြောင်းလဲမှု။ * ကိရိယာ၏ သုညမှတ်လွဲမှု။ * ပစ္စည်းကို ခွက်အလယ်မာ မထားခြင်း။ * စံဒြပ်ထုတုံး၏ တန်ဖိုးမမှန်ခြင်း။ * အလွန်တိကျရေ တိုင်းတာမှုမာ လီထုပင့်အားသက်ရောက်မှု။ တိကျရေ ဓာတ်ခွဲခန်းတိုင်းတာမှုတိမာ ဒေအချက်တိကို ထည့်သွင်းတွက်ဖော်ဖို့ လိုအပ်ရေ။<ref name="NISTAnalytical"/> == သိုက်(ဖလီ)ဆိုင်ရာ နိုင်ငံတကာစံတိ == [[အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ ဥပဒေဆိုင်ရာတိုင်းတာရီးအဖွဲ့]] (International Organization of Legal Metrology – OIML) စွာ တိုင်းတာကိရိယာတိအတွက် နိုင်ငံတကာအကြံပြုစံတိ ထုတ်ပြန်ရေ။ OIML R 76 သည် လူက ပစ္စည်းတင်ခြင်းပိုင် လုပ်ဆောင်မှုပါဝင်ရေ အလိုအလျောက်မဟုတ်သည့် ခြင်တွယ်ကိရိယာတိ (non-automatic weighing instruments) ၏ တိုင်းတာမှုနန့် နည်းပညာဆိုင်ရာ လိုအပ်ချက်တိကို ဖော်ပြထားရေ။ ယင်းစံမာ ခွင့်ပြုနိုင်ရေ အမှားပမာဏ၊ တိုင်းတာနိုင်ရေ အကန့်အသတ်၊ ဖတ်ရှုချက်တိုင်းမှုနန့် စံချိန်ညှိစစ်ဆေးမှုရို့ ပါဝင်ရေ။ တချို့ခြင်တွယ်ကိရိယာတိကို တိကျမှုအဆင့် I၊ II၊ III နန့် IIII ဆိုပနာ ခွဲခြားသတ်မှတ်ထားရေ။<ref name="OIML">[https://www.oimlsmart.org/publications/pub/r76-2006/ International Organization of Legal Metrology – OIML R 76:2006, Non-automatic Weighing Instruments.]</ref> == လက်တွိအသုံးချမှု == သိုက်(ဖလီ)ကို လူ့ဘဝနန့် သိပ္ပံနည်းပညာကဏ္ဍအမျိုးမျိုးမာ အသုံးပြုကတ်တေ။ * '''ကုန်သွယ်ရီး''' – ဆန်၊ ဆား၊ သီးနှံနန့် အရာကုန်ပစ္စည်းတိ၏ ဒြပ်ထုကို တိုင်းတာခြင်း။ * '''ဓာတုဗေဒ''' – ဓာတုပစ္စည်းနန့် ဓာတ်ခွဲနမူနာတိကို တိကျစွာ ခြင်တွယ်ခြင်း။ * '''ဆီးဝါးထုတ်လုပ်ရီး''' – ဆီးဝါးပါဝင်ပစ္စည်းတိ၏ ပမာဏကို တိုင်းတာခြင်း။ * '''စက်မှုလုပ်ငန်း''' – ကုန်ကြမ်းနန့် ထုတ်ကုန်တိ၏ ဒြပ်ထုကို စစ်ဆေးခြင်း။ * '''လက်ဝတ်ရတနာလုပ်ငန်း''' – ရွှီ၊ ငွေနန့် ကျောက်မျက်ရတနာတိကို ခြင်တွယ်ခြင်း။ * '''ပညာရီး''' – ဒြပ်ထု၊ အလီးချိန်နန့် လှည့်အားဟန်ချက်ညီမှုရို့ကို သင်ကြားခြင်း။ * '''သုတေသနလုပ်ငန်း''' – စမ်းသပ်မှုတိအတွက် တိကျရေ ဒြပ်ထုအချက်အလက်ကို ရယူခြင်း။ == အရေးပါမှု == သိုက်(ဖလီ)စွာ ဒြပ်ထုကို တိုင်းတာဖို့ အသုံးပြုရေ အရေးပါရေ ကိရိယာတမျိုးဖြစ်တေ။ ရိုးရာသိုက်(ဖလီ)တိစွာ ဒြပ်ထုနှိုင်းယှဉ်ခြင်း၏ အခြီခံသဖောတရားကို ဖော်ပြပြီးကေ ခေတ်သစ်အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်သိုက်(ဖလီ)တိစွာ တိကျမှုနန့် အသုံးပြုရလွယ်ကူမှုကို တိုးတက်စီခရေ။ သိုက်(ဖလီ)ကို မှန်ကန်စွာ အသုံးပြုခြင်း၊ စံချိန်ညှိခြင်းနန့် တိုင်းတာချက်တိကို စစ်ဆေးခြင်းစွာ ကုန်သွယ်ရီး၊ သိပ္ပံသုတေသနနန့် စက်မှုထုတ်လုပ်မှုရို့မာ ယုံကြေစိတ်ချရရေ တိုင်းတာရလဒ်တိ ရဟိဖို့ အထောက်အကူပြုရေ။ == ဆက်စပ်ကြည့်ရှုဖို့ == * [[ဒြပ်ထု]] * [[အလီးချိန်]] * [[ကီလိုဂရမ်]] * [[နယူတန်]] * [[အား (ရူပဗေဒ)]] * [[လီဗာ]] * [[လှည့်အား]] * [[ဟွတ်၏နိယာမ]] * [[ဒြပ်ဆွဲအား]] * [[တိုင်းတာမှု]] * [[တိုင်းတာရီးပညာ]] * [[တိုင်းတာကိရိယာ]] * [[စံချိန်ညှိခြင်း]] * [[အခြီခံယူနစ်]] * [[အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ ယူနစ်စနစ်]] == ကိုးကားချက်တိ == <references /> == ပြင်ပလင့်ခ်တိ == * [https://www.nist.gov/publications/use-analytical-balances NIST – Use of Analytical Balances] * [https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/si-units-mass NIST – SI Units: Mass] * [https://www.oimlsmart.org/publications/pub/r76-2006/ OIML – Non-automatic Weighing Instruments] * [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/315366 The Metropolitan Museum of Art – Copper Scale Balance] [[ကဏ္ဍ:တိုင်းတာကိရိယာတိ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:တိုင်းတာရီးပညာ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:ဒြပ်ထု]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:ဓာတ်ခွဲခန်းသုံးကိရိယာတိ]] q6aqev6tdstw3xjpa1fuhzno5ptwkr7 22211 22208 2026-10-31T15:09:27Z Retkhaberi 224 Retkhaberi moved page [[သိုက်]] to [[သိုက်(ဖလီ)]] 22208 wikitext text/x-wiki '''သိုက်(ဖလီ)''' (အိန်းဂလိချ်: ''Balance'' သို့မဟုတ် ''Weighing balance'') ဆိုစွာ အရာဝထုတခု၏ [[ဒြပ်ထု]] (mass) ကို တိုင်းတာဖို့ အသုံးပြုရေ ကိရိယာတမျိုးဖြစ်တေ။ သိုက်(ဖလီ)ကို '''သိုက်(ဖလီ)''' (weighing balance) လို့လေ့ ခေါ်ဆိုနှိုင်ရေ။ ရိုးရာနှစ်ဖက်သိုက်(ဖလီ)မာ အရာဝထုတခု၏ ဒြပ်ထုကို သိဟိပြီးသား စံဒြပ်ထုတုံးတိနန့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်တိုင်းတာရေ။ ခေတ်သစ် အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်သိုက်(ဖလီ)တိမာ အားအာရုံခံကိရိယာ သို့မဟုတ် လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်ဟန်ချက်ညီစနစ်တိကို အသုံးပြုနိုင်ရေ။<ref name="NISTAnalytical">[https://www.nist.gov/publications/use-analytical-balances Lane C. Sander (2017), ''Use of Analytical Balances'', National Institute of Standards and Technology.]</ref> သိုက်(ဖလီ)ကို [[တိုင်းတာရီးပညာ]]၊ [[ရူပဗေဒ]]၊ [[ဓာတုဗေဒ]]၊ ဆီးဝါးထုတ်လုပ်ရီး၊ ကုန်သွယ်ရီးနန့် စက်မှုလုပ်ငန်းတိမာ ကျယ်ပြန့်စွာ အသုံးပြုကတ်တေ။ နိစိုင်အသုံးအနှုန်းမာ အလီးချိန် ချိန်ခြင်းဟု ခေါ်ဆိုလေ့ဟိကေလည်း သိပ္ပံပညာအရ [[ဒြပ်ထု]]နန့် [[အလီးချိန်]]စွာ မတူညီရေ ပမာဏတိဖြစ်တေ။ ဒြပ်ထု၏ SI ယူနစ်မာ [[ကီလိုဂရမ်]] (kg) ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ အလီးချိန်အား၏ SI ယူနစ်မာ [[နယူတန်]] (N) ဖြစ်တေ။ <ref name="NISTMass">[https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/si-units-mass NIST – SI Units: Mass.]</ref> == သမိုင်းကြောင်း == သိုက်(ဖလီ)စွာ လူသားတိ၏ အစောဆုံး တိုင်းတာကိရိယာတိအနက် တမျိုးဖြစ်တေ။ ရှီးခေတ်လူ့အဖွဲ့အစည်းတိမာ ကုန်ပစ္စည်း၊ သီးနှံနန့် အဖိုးတန်သတ္တုတိကို နှိုင်းယှဉ်ခြင်တွယ်ဖို့ သိုက်(ဖလီ)တိကို အသုံးပြုခကတ်တေ။ အစောပိုင်းသိုက်(ဖလီ)တိစွာ တန်းတချောင်း၏ အလယ်မာ ထောက်မှတ်တခုထားပနာ နှစ်ဖက်မာ သိုက်(ဖလီ)ခွက်တိ ချိတ်ဆွဲထားရေ ပုံစံဖြစ်တေ။ အရာဝထုတခုကို တဖက်မာထားပနာ သိဟိပြီးသား စံဒြပ်ထုတုံးတိကို တဖက်မာ ထားကာ ဟန်ချက်ညီမှုကို စစ်ဆေးခြင်းနန့် ဒြပ်ထုကို နှိုင်းယှဉ်နိုင်ရေ။ ရှီးခေတ်အီဂျစ်၊ မက်ဆိုပိုတေးမီးယားနန့် အရာယိုင်ကျေးမှုတိမာ တိုင်းတာမှုနန့် စံဒြပ်ထုစနစ်တိ တဆတ်ဆတ် ဖွံ့ဖြိုးလာခရေ။ ရှီးဟောင်းသိုက်(ဖလီ)တိကို ကမ္ဘာ့ဒေသအသီးသီးမာ တွိဟိရပြီး ပီရူးနိုင်ငံ၏ Chimú ယိုင်ကျေးမှုမှ ၁၂ ရာစုကနိန် ၁၅ ရာစုအတွင်း အသုံးပြုခရေ ကြေးနီသိုက်(ဖလီ)တခုကိုလည်း ပြတိုက်မာ ထိန်းသိမ်းထားရေ။<ref name="MetMuseum">[https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/315366 The Metropolitan Museum of Art – Copper Scale Balance, Chimú, 12th–15th century.]</ref> နောက်ပိုင်းမာ စက်မှုနည်းပညာနန့် အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်နည်းပညာ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးလာမှုကြောင့် ပိုပြီးကေ တိကျရေ သိုက်(ဖလီ)အမျိုးအစားတိ ပေါ်ပေါက်လာခရေ။ == သိုက်(ဖလီ)၏ အလုပ်လုပ်ပုံ == ရိုးရာနှစ်ဖက်သိုက်(ဖလီ)စွာ [[လီဗာ]] (lever) နန့် လှည့်အား (torque) ရို့၏ ဟန်ချက်ညီမှုသဖောတရားကို အခြီခံထားရေ။ တန်းတချောင်း၏ ထောက်မှတ်မှ အကွာအဝီးတူညီရေ နှစ်ဖက်မာ အရာဝထုနန့် စံဒြပ်ထုတုံးရို့ကို ချိတ်ဆွဲထားပါက နှစ်ဖက်၏ လှည့်အားတူညီရေအခါ သိုက်(ဖလီ)စွာ ဟန်ချက်ညီရေ။ ရိုးယှင်းရေ အခြီအနီမာ - :<math>m_1gr_1=m_2gr_2</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ - * <math>m_1</math> က တိုင်းတာလိုရေ ဒြပ်ထုဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>m_2</math> က စံဒြပ်ထုဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>g</math> က ဒေသန္တရ ဒြပ်ဆွဲအဟိန်ဖြစ်တေ။ * <math>r_1</math> နန့် <math>r_2</math> ရို့စွာ ထောက်မှတ်မှ သက်ဆိုင်ရာ အကွာအဝီးတိဖြစ်တေ။ နှစ်ဖက်အကွာအဝီး တူညီပါက - :<math>r_1=r_2</math> ဖြစ်တေအတွက် - :<math>m_1=m_2</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေဆက်နွှယ်မှုရေ သိုက်(ဖလီ)တန်းနန့် ခွက်တိ၏ သက်ရောက်မှုကို သင့်လျော်စွာ ဟန်ချက်ညီထားပနာ လီထုပင့်အားပိုင် သက်ရောက်မှုတိကို လျစ်လျူရှုနိုင်ရေ အခြီအနီအတွက် ဖြစ်တေ။ == သိုက်(ဖလီ)၏ အစိတ်အပိုင်းတိ == ရိုးရာနှစ်ဖက်သိုက်(ဖလီ)တခုမာ အောက်ပါအစိတ်အပိုင်းတိ ပါဝင်နိုင်ရေ။ * '''သိုက်(ဖလီ)တန်း''' (beam) – နှစ်ဖက်ခွက်တိကို ဆက်ထားရေ တန်းဖြစ်တေ။ * '''ထောက်မှတ်''' (fulcrum) – သိုက်(ဖလီ)တန်း လှည့်နိုင်ရေ အလယ်မှတ်ဖြစ်တေ။ * '''သိုက်(ဖလီ)ခွက်''' (weighing pan) – တိုင်းတာလိုရေ ပစ္စည်း သို့မဟုတ် စံဒြပ်ထုတုံးကို ထားရေ နီရာဖြစ်တေ။ * '''ညွှန်တံ''' (pointer) – သိုက်(ဖလီ)၏ ဟန်ချက်ညီမှုကို ဖော်ပြရေ အစိတ်အပိုင်းဖြစ်တေ။ * '''စံဒြပ်ထုတုံး''' (standard mass) – ဒြပ်ထုကို နှိုင်းယှဉ်ဖို့ အသုံးပြုရေ စံပစ္စည်းဖြစ်တေ။ ခေတ်သစ်သိုက်(ဖလီ)တိမာ ဒစ်ဂျစ်ရေမျက်နှာပြင်၊ အာရုံခံကိရိယာနန့် စံချိန်ညှိစနစ်တိ ပါဝင်နိုင်ရေ။ == သိုက်(ဖလီ)အမျိုးအစားတိ == === နှစ်ဖက်သိုက်(ဖလီ) === '''နှစ်ဖက်သိုက်(ဖလီ)''' (equal-arm balance) စွာ တူညီရေ အလျားဟိရေ တန်း၏ နှစ်ဖက်မာ ခွက်နှစ်ခု ချိတ်ဆွဲထားရေ ကိရိယာဖြစ်တေ။ ခွက်တဖက်မာ အရာဝထုကို ထားပနာ အခြားတစ်ဖက်မာ စံဒြပ်ထုတုံးတိကို ထားကာ ဟန်ချက်ညီမှုကို စစ်ဆေးရေ။ ယင်းစနစ်သည် ဒြပ်ထုနှစ်ခုကို တိုက်ရိုက်နှိုင်းယှဉ်နိုင်ရေ အခြီခံတိုင်းတာနည်းတခုဖြစ်တေ။ === လက်တံအလျားမတူရေ သိုက်(ဖလီ) === '''Steelyard balance''' သည် ထောက်မှတ်မှ အကွာအဝီးမတူရေ လက်တံတိကို အသုံးပြုပနာ လှည့်အားဟန်ချက်ညီမှုနန့် ခြင်တွယ်ရေ ကိရိယာဖြစ်တေ။ တဖက်မာ ပစ္စည်းကို ချိတ်ဆွဲပြီး အရာဗက်မာ ရွှိနိုင်ရေ စံဒြပ်ထုတုံးကို အသုံးပြုကာ ဟန်ချက်ညီစီရေ။ သိုက်(ဖလီ)၏ လက်တံအလျားပြောင်းလဲခြင်းနန့် ဒြပ်ထုတန်ဖိုးအမျိုးမျိုးကို တိုင်းတာနိုင်ရေ။ === ဓာတ်ခွဲခန်းသုံး သိုက်(ဖလီ) === '''Analytical balance''' စွာ ဓာတ်ခွဲခန်းမာ ဒြပ်ထုကို တိကျစွာ တိုင်းတာဖို့ အသုံးပြုရေ သိုက်(ဖလီ)ဖြစ်တေ။ တချို့ analytical balance တိစွာ ၀.၁ မီလီဂရမ် (0.1 mg) အဆင့်တထိ ဖတ်ရှုနိုင်ပြီး ပိုပြီးကေတိကျရေ အမျိုးအစားတိလည်း ဟိရေ။ ယင်းကိရိယာတိမာ လီစီးကြောင်းကြောင့် တိုင်းတာချက် မပြောင်းလဲစီဖို့ ဖန်ကာအုံ (draft shield) ပါဝင်လေ့ ဟိရေ။ ဓာတ်ခွဲခန်းသုံးသိုက်(ဖလီ)တိကို ဓာတုပစ္စည်း၊ ဆီးဝါးနန့် သုတေသနနမူနာတိ၏ ဒြပ်ထုတိုင်းတာရာမာ အသုံးပြုရေ။<ref name="NISTAnalytical"/> === အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်သိုက်(ဖလီ) === '''Electronic balance''' သည် အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်အာရုံခံစနစ်ကို အသုံးပြုပနာ ဒြပ်ထုဖတ်ရှုချက်ကို ပြဇရ ကိရိယာဖြစ်တေ။ တချို့အမျိုးအစားတိစွာ ဝန်တင်အားကြောင့် ဖြစ်ပေါ်ရေ အာရုံခံအစိတ်အပိုင်း၏ ပုံပျက်မှုကို လျှပ်စစ်အချက်ပြအဖြစ် ပြောင်းလဲနိုင်ရေ။ တချို့တိမာ လျှပ်စစ်သံလိုက်အနီနန့် ဟန်ချက်ညီစီခြင်း (electromagnetic force compensation) နည်းပညာကို အသုံးပြုရေ။ ကိရိယာကို သင့်လျော်စွာ စံချိန်ညှိထားပါက ဖတ်ရှုချက်ကို ဂရမ် သို့မဟုတ် ကီလိုဂရမ်နန့် ပြသနိုင်ရေ။ === စပရင်ချိန်စက် === '''စပရင်ချိန်စက်''' (spring scale) စွာ စပရင်၏ ဆန့်ထွက်မှုကို အသုံးပြုပနာ အားကို တိုင်းတာရေ ကိရိယာဖြစ်တေ။ [[ဟွတ်၏နိယာမ]] (Hooke's law) ကို လိုက်နာရေ အခြီအနီမာ - :<math>F=kx</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒေနီရာမာ <math>k</math> က စပရင်ကိန်းသီနန့် <math>x</math> က ဆန့်ထွက်မှုဖြစ်တေ။ စပရင်ချိန်စက်သည် အခြီခံအနီနန့် အားကို တိုင်းတာအတွက်နန့် စံဒြပ်ထုနန့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်ရေ နှစ်ဖက်သိုက်(ဖလီ)နန့် အလုပ်လုပ်ပုံ မတူညီပါ။ == ဒြပ်ထုနန့် အလီးချိန်ကွာခြားမှု == [[ဒြပ်ထု]] (mass) စွာ အရာဝထု၏ အင်နားရှားဂုဏ်ဖင်ဆီနန့် ဆက်စပ်ရေ ပမာဏဖြစ်တေ။ [[အလီးချိန်]] (weight) စွာ ဒြပ်ဆွဲအားနန့် ဆက်စပ်ရေ ပမာဏဖြစ်တေ။ ကမ္ဘာမြီမျက်နှာပြင်အနီးမာ - :<math>W=mg</math> ဟု ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ ဒြပ်ထု ၂ ကီလိုဂရမ်ဟိရေ အရာဝထုတခု၏ ကမ္ဘာမြီမျက်နှာပြင်နံဘေး အလီးချိန်မာ - :<math>W\approx2\times9.81=19.62\ \mathrm{N}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒြပ်ဆွဲအဟိန်မတူရေ နီရာသို့ ရွိပြောင်းပါက အလီးချိန်ပြောင်းလဲနိုင်ကေလည်း ဒြပ်ထုမပြောင်းလဲပါ။ စံနှစ်ဖက်သိုက်(ဖလီ)စွာ ဒြပ်ထုနှစ်ခုကို တူညီရေ ဒြပ်ဆွဲစက်ကွင်းအတွင်း နှိုင်းယှဉ်အတွက်နန့် ဒေသန္တရဒြပ်ဆွဲအဟိန်ပြောင်းလဲမှု၏ သက်ရောက်မှုကို တိအနီနန့် ပယ်ဖျက်နိုင်ရေ။ စပရင်ချိန်စက်နန့် အားအခြီခံ အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်သိုက်(ဖလီ)တချို့မာမူ ဒေသန္တရဒြပ်ဆွဲအဟိန်အလိုက် စံချိန်ညှိမှု လိုအပ်နိုင်ရေ။<ref name="NISTMass"/> == သိုက်(ဖလီ)၏ ယူနစ်တိ == သိုက်(ဖလီ)စွာ တိုင်းတာကိရိယာဖြစ်တေအတွက် ၎င်းကိုယ်တိုင်၏ SI ယူနစ်ဆိုပနာ မဟိပါ။ ယေဒါလေ့ သိုက်(ဖလီ)နန့် တိုင်းတာရေ ဒြပ်ထု၏ SI အခြီခံယူနစ်မာ ကီလိုဂရမ် (kg) ဖြစ်တေ။ အသုံးများရေ ဒြပ်ထုယူနစ်တိမာ - {| class="wikitable" ! ယူနစ် ! သင်္ကေတ ! ကီလိုဂရမ်နန့် ဆက်နွယ်မှု |- | မီလီဂရမ် | mg | 0.000001 kg |- | ဂရမ် | g | 0.001 kg |- | ကီလိုဂရမ် | kg | 1 kg |- | မက်ထရစ်တန် | t | 1000 kg |} ဓာတ်ခွဲခန်းသုံးသိုက်(ဖလီ)တိမာ မီလီဂရမ်နန့် ဂရမ်ကို အသုံးပြုနိုင်ပြီး ကုန်သွယ်ရီးနန့် စက်မှုလုပ်ငန်းတိမာ ကီလိုဂရမ် သို့မဟုတ် တန်ကို အသုံးပြုနိုင်ရေ။ == ခြင်တွယ်နည်း == နှစ်ဖက်သိုက်(ဖလီ)ကို အသုံးပြုရာမာ တိုင်းတာလိုရေ ပစ္စည်းကို ခွက်တဖက်မာ ထားပနာ စံဒြပ်ထုတုံးတိကို အခြားတစ်ဖက်မာ ထားရေ။ သိုက်(ဖလီ)တန်း ဟန်ချက်ညီလာရေ အခြီအနီမာ စံဒြပ်ထုတုံးတိ၏ စုစုပေါင်းတန်ဖိုးမှ အရာဝထု၏ ဒြပ်ထုကို ခန့်မှန်းသတ်မှတ်နိုင်ရေ။ ဥပမာ စံဒြပ်ထုတုံး ၅၀ ဂရမ်၊ ၂၀ ဂရမ်နန့် ၁၀ ဂရမ်ရို့ကို အသုံးပြုပြီးကေ ဟန်ချက်ညီလာကေ တိုင်းတာလိုရေ ပစ္စည်း၏ ဒြပ်ထုမာ - :<math>m=50+20+10=80\ \mathrm{g}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒစ်ဂျစ်ရေသိုက်(ဖလီ)ကို အသုံးပြုရာမာ ပစ္စည်းမတင်ခင် သုညဖတ်ရှုချက်ကို စစ်ဆေးရေ။ ပစ္စည်းကို ခွက်အလယ်မာ တင်ပြီး ဖတ်ရှုချက်တိုင်းလာရေအခါ တန်ဖိုးကို မှတ်သားရေ။ == Tare လုပ်ဆောင်ချက် == '''Tare''' ဆိုစွာမာ ပစ္စည်းထေ့ထားရေ ဘူး၊ စလောင်း သို့မဟုတ် အရာအထုပ်အပိုး၏ ဒြပ်ထုကို ဖတ်ရှုချက်မှ နုတ်ပယ်စီရေ လုပ်ဆောင်ချက်ဖြစ်တေ။ ဥပမာ စလောင်းအလွတ်၏ ဒြပ်ထုမာ ၅၀ ဂရမ်ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ စလောင်းနန့် ပစ္စည်းပေါင်း ဒြပ်ထုမာ ၁၇၀ ဂရမ်ဖြစ်ကေ - :<math>m_{\mathrm{net}}=170-50=120\ \mathrm{g}</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဒစ်ဂျစ်ရေသိုက်(ဖလီ)တချို့မာ TARE ခလုတ်ကို အသုံးပြုပနာ စလောင်း၏ ဒြပ်ထုကို သုညအဖြစ် သတ်မှတ်နိုင်ရေ။ == တိကျမှုနန့် စံချိန်ညှိခြင်း == သိုက်(ဖလီ)နန့် တိုင်းတာရာမာ တိုင်းတာချက်ရေ မှန်ကန်မှုနန့် အရာထခါ တိုင်းတာရာမာ တိုင်းမှုရို့စွာ အရေးပါရေ။ '''စံချိန်ညှိခြင်း''' (calibration) ဆိုစွာမာ ကိရိယာ၏ ဖတ်ရှုချက်ကို သိဟိပြီးသား စံတန်ဖိုးနန့် နှိုင်းယှဉ်ပနာ တိုင်းတာမှုဆိုင်ရာ ဆက်နွယ်ချက်ကို သတ်မှတ်ခြင်းဖြစ်တေ။ '''ထပ်တူတိုင်းတာနိုင်မှု''' (repeatability) စွာ တူညီရေ အခြီအနီတိအောက်မာ အရာထခါ တိုင်းတာရာမာ ဖတ်ရှုချက်တိ ဇာလှောက်နီးစပ်ရေဆိုခြင်းနန့် ဆက်စပ်ရေ။ တိုင်းတာချက်ကို သက်ရောက်နိုင်ရေ အချက်တိမာ - * လီစီးကြောင်းနန့် တုန်ခါမှု။ * အပူချိန်နန့် စိုထိုင်းဆပြောင်းလဲမှု။ * ကိရိယာ၏ သုညမှတ်လွဲမှု။ * ပစ္စည်းကို ခွက်အလယ်မာ မထားခြင်း။ * စံဒြပ်ထုတုံး၏ တန်ဖိုးမမှန်ခြင်း။ * အလွန်တိကျရေ တိုင်းတာမှုမာ လီထုပင့်အားသက်ရောက်မှု။ တိကျရေ ဓာတ်ခွဲခန်းတိုင်းတာမှုတိမာ ဒေအချက်တိကို ထည့်သွင်းတွက်ဖော်ဖို့ လိုအပ်ရေ။<ref name="NISTAnalytical"/> == သိုက်(ဖလီ)ဆိုင်ရာ နိုင်ငံတကာစံတိ == [[အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ ဥပဒေဆိုင်ရာတိုင်းတာရီးအဖွဲ့]] (International Organization of Legal Metrology – OIML) စွာ တိုင်းတာကိရိယာတိအတွက် နိုင်ငံတကာအကြံပြုစံတိ ထုတ်ပြန်ရေ။ OIML R 76 သည် လူက ပစ္စည်းတင်ခြင်းပိုင် လုပ်ဆောင်မှုပါဝင်ရေ အလိုအလျောက်မဟုတ်သည့် ခြင်တွယ်ကိရိယာတိ (non-automatic weighing instruments) ၏ တိုင်းတာမှုနန့် နည်းပညာဆိုင်ရာ လိုအပ်ချက်တိကို ဖော်ပြထားရေ။ ယင်းစံမာ ခွင့်ပြုနိုင်ရေ အမှားပမာဏ၊ တိုင်းတာနိုင်ရေ အကန့်အသတ်၊ ဖတ်ရှုချက်တိုင်းမှုနန့် စံချိန်ညှိစစ်ဆေးမှုရို့ ပါဝင်ရေ။ တချို့ခြင်တွယ်ကိရိယာတိကို တိကျမှုအဆင့် I၊ II၊ III နန့် IIII ဆိုပနာ ခွဲခြားသတ်မှတ်ထားရေ။<ref name="OIML">[https://www.oimlsmart.org/publications/pub/r76-2006/ International Organization of Legal Metrology – OIML R 76:2006, Non-automatic Weighing Instruments.]</ref> == လက်တွိအသုံးချမှု == သိုက်(ဖလီ)ကို လူ့ဘဝနန့် သိပ္ပံနည်းပညာကဏ္ဍအမျိုးမျိုးမာ အသုံးပြုကတ်တေ။ * '''ကုန်သွယ်ရီး''' – ဆန်၊ ဆား၊ သီးနှံနန့် အရာကုန်ပစ္စည်းတိ၏ ဒြပ်ထုကို တိုင်းတာခြင်း။ * '''ဓာတုဗေဒ''' – ဓာတုပစ္စည်းနန့် ဓာတ်ခွဲနမူနာတိကို တိကျစွာ ခြင်တွယ်ခြင်း။ * '''ဆီးဝါးထုတ်လုပ်ရီး''' – ဆီးဝါးပါဝင်ပစ္စည်းတိ၏ ပမာဏကို တိုင်းတာခြင်း။ * '''စက်မှုလုပ်ငန်း''' – ကုန်ကြမ်းနန့် ထုတ်ကုန်တိ၏ ဒြပ်ထုကို စစ်ဆေးခြင်း။ * '''လက်ဝတ်ရတနာလုပ်ငန်း''' – ရွှီ၊ ငွေနန့် ကျောက်မျက်ရတနာတိကို ခြင်တွယ်ခြင်း။ * '''ပညာရီး''' – ဒြပ်ထု၊ အလီးချိန်နန့် လှည့်အားဟန်ချက်ညီမှုရို့ကို သင်ကြားခြင်း။ * '''သုတေသနလုပ်ငန်း''' – စမ်းသပ်မှုတိအတွက် တိကျရေ ဒြပ်ထုအချက်အလက်ကို ရယူခြင်း။ == အရေးပါမှု == သိုက်(ဖလီ)စွာ ဒြပ်ထုကို တိုင်းတာဖို့ အသုံးပြုရေ အရေးပါရေ ကိရိယာတမျိုးဖြစ်တေ။ ရိုးရာသိုက်(ဖလီ)တိစွာ ဒြပ်ထုနှိုင်းယှဉ်ခြင်း၏ အခြီခံသဖောတရားကို ဖော်ပြပြီးကေ ခေတ်သစ်အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်သိုက်(ဖလီ)တိစွာ တိကျမှုနန့် အသုံးပြုရလွယ်ကူမှုကို တိုးတက်စီခရေ။ သိုက်(ဖလီ)ကို မှန်ကန်စွာ အသုံးပြုခြင်း၊ စံချိန်ညှိခြင်းနန့် တိုင်းတာချက်တိကို စစ်ဆေးခြင်းစွာ ကုန်သွယ်ရီး၊ သိပ္ပံသုတေသနနန့် စက်မှုထုတ်လုပ်မှုရို့မာ ယုံကြေစိတ်ချရရေ တိုင်းတာရလဒ်တိ ရဟိဖို့ အထောက်အကူပြုရေ။ == ဆက်စပ်ကြည့်ရှုဖို့ == * [[ဒြပ်ထု]] * [[အလီးချိန်]] * [[ကီလိုဂရမ်]] * [[နယူတန်]] * [[အား (ရူပဗေဒ)]] * [[လီဗာ]] * [[လှည့်အား]] * [[ဟွတ်၏နိယာမ]] * [[ဒြပ်ဆွဲအား]] * [[တိုင်းတာမှု]] * [[တိုင်းတာရီးပညာ]] * [[တိုင်းတာကိရိယာ]] * [[စံချိန်ညှိခြင်း]] * [[အခြီခံယူနစ်]] * [[အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ ယူနစ်စနစ်]] == ကိုးကားချက်တိ == <references /> == ပြင်ပလင့်ခ်တိ == * [https://www.nist.gov/publications/use-analytical-balances NIST – Use of Analytical Balances] * [https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/si-units-mass NIST – SI Units: Mass] * [https://www.oimlsmart.org/publications/pub/r76-2006/ OIML – Non-automatic Weighing Instruments] * [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/315366 The Metropolitan Museum of Art – Copper Scale Balance] [[ကဏ္ဍ:တိုင်းတာကိရိယာတိ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:တိုင်းတာရီးပညာ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:ဒြပ်ထု]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:ဓာတ်ခွဲခန်းသုံးကိရိယာတိ]] q6aqev6tdstw3xjpa1fuhzno5ptwkr7 10 6422 22209 2026-10-31T15:08:45Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "<includeonly>{{#invoke:Citation/CS1 | citation |CitationClass=audio-visual }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}} </noinclude>" 22209 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Citation/CS1 | citation |CitationClass=audio-visual }}</includeonly><noinclude>{{documentation}} </noinclude> 5uc4e2t6myaznmqj6pk8sugy3rcqv8a 0 6423 22210 2026-10-31T15:08:55Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "[[File:SIM card sizes.png|alt=Comparison of SIM card sizes|thumb|ဆင်းမ်ကတ်တိ ဆင့်ကဲပြောင်းလဲလှာပုံ]] '''eSIM''' (Embedded Subscriber Identity Module) ဆိုစွာမာ ကိရိယာတခု၏ eUICC [[ချစ်ပ်ပြား]]ထက်မာ ထည့်သွင်းထားရေ ဆော့ဖ်ဝဲပုံစံ [[ဆင်းမ်ကတ်]] အမျိုးအစားတ..." 22210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:SIM card sizes.png|alt=Comparison of SIM card sizes|thumb|ဆင်းမ်ကတ်တိ ဆင့်ကဲပြောင်းလဲလှာပုံ]] '''eSIM''' (Embedded Subscriber Identity Module) ဆိုစွာမာ ကိရိယာတခု၏ eUICC [[ချစ်ပ်ပြား]]ထက်မာ ထည့်သွင်းထားရေ ဆော့ဖ်ဝဲပုံစံ [[ဆင်းမ်ကတ်]] အမျိုးအစားတခု ဖြစ်တေ။ ၎င်းသည် အဝီးထိန်းစနစ်နန့် SIM ဝန်ဆောင်မှုပီးခြင်းကတဆင့် [[မိုဘိုင်းလ်ကွန်ရက် အော်ပရေတာ]]တိနန့် ချိတ်ဆက်ပီးရေ။ အသုံးပြုသူတိစွာ မိမိရို့၏ ကိရိယာအတွင်းဟိ ဆက်တင်တိကတဆင့် မိုဘိုင်းလ်ကွန်ရက် အော်ပရေတာတိကို ချိတ်ဆက်ခြင်း သို့မဟုတ် ပြောင်းလဲခြင်းတိကို ပြုလုပ်နိုင်ပြီး၊ ဆင်းမ်ကတ်ကို ကိုယ်တိုင်ကိုယ်ကျ ထည့်သွင်းဖို့ သို့မဟုတ် ဖဖို့ မလိုအပ်လီ။ ဝန်ဆောင်မှုပေးသူ တခုတည်းနန့်ရာ ချိတ်ဆက်ထားရေ အသုံးပြုသူ အရာ တခုတည်းကိုရာ သိမ်းဆည်းနှိုင်ရေ ရုပ်ဝထုအခြီပြု ဆင်းမ်ကတ်တိနန့် မတူစွာမာ၊ eSIM သည် အော်ပရေတာ မကန်မဝှန်နန့် ချိတ်ဆက်နိုင်ပြီး ကိရိယာတိမာ eSIM အစီအစိုင် အမြောက်အမြားကို တစ်ပြိုင်တည်း သိမ်းဆည်းထားနှိုင်ရေ။<ref>{{Cite web |title=What Does eSIM Mean for IoT? |url=https://iot.telenor.com/technologies/connectivity/esim/ |website=Telenor IoT }}</ref><ref name=lunn>{{cite news | url=https://www.forbes.com/uk/advisor/mobile-phones/esims/ | title=A Guide To eSIMS | first=Emma | last=Lunn | work=[[Forbes]] | date=24 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite AV media | url=https://www.gsma.com/solutions-and-impact/technologies/esim/gsma_resources/remote-sim-provisioning-how-it-works/ | title=Remote SIM Provisioning: How it Works | work=[[GSMA]] | date=25 April 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.computerweekly.com/news/366588213/eSIM-set-to-be-next-mobile-industry-disruptor | title=eSIM set to be next mobile industry disruptor | first=Joe | last=O'Halloran | work=[[Computer Weekly]] | date=7 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.alixpartners.com/insights/102jmyp/esim-adoption-a-game-changer-for-the-telecommunications-market/ | title=eSIM adoption: A game-changer for the telecommunications market | first=Joe | last=Semma | work=[[AlixPartners]] | date=30 October 2024}}</ref> ယကေလေ့သော့ ဈီးနှုန်းသက်သာစီဖို့အတွက် eSIM အစီအစိုင် တိစုသည် ဒေတာဝမ်ဆောင်မှုကိုရာ ပီးဆောင်ကတ်ပြီး ဖုန်းနံပါတ်တိ ပါဝင်ခြင်း မဟိကတ်လီ၊၊ <ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.airalo.com/blog/how-to-make-a-phone-call-with-a-data-only-esim | title=How To Make a Phone Call With a Data-Only eSIM | first=Alisha | last=Whitley | work=[[Airalo]] | date=December 3, 2024}}</ref> ၂၀၁၈ ခုနှစ် သို့မဟုတ် ယေပြီးနောက်ပိုင်းမာ ထွက်ဟိခရေ ဖုန်းတိနန့် တက်ဘလက် တိစုသည် eSIM နည်းပညာကို အသုံးပြုနှိုင်ကတ်ရေ။<ref>{{cite web | title=What is eSIM? | url=https://www.t-mobile.com/dialed-in/wireless/what-is-an-esim-card | work=T-Mobile US}}</ref> == eSIM စတင်အသုံးပြုခရေ ကိရိယာတိ == ၂၀၁၆ ခုနှစ် ဖေဖဝါရီလမာ [[ဆမ်ဆောင်း|Samsung]] သည် eSIM ကို ပထမဆုံး စတင်အသုံးပြုရေ Samsung Gear S2 Classic 3G စမတ်နာရီကို ထုတ်လုပ်ခရေ။<ref>{{cite news |last=Vincent |first=James |date=18 February 2016 |title=Samsung's Gear S2 has the first certified eSIM that lets you choose carriers |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/2/18/11044624/esim-wearable-smartwatch-samsung-gear-s2 |work=[[The Verge]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]]}}</ref> Apple ၏ ပထမဆုံး eSIM နည်းပညာသုံး ကိရိယာမာ ၂၀၁၇ ခုနှစ် စတ်တင်ဘာလမာ ထွက်ဟိခရေ Apple Watch Series 3 ဖြစ်တေ။ ၂၀၁၈ ခုနှစ်မာ iPhone XS<ref>{{Cite press release|title=iPhone Xs and iPhone Xs Max bring the best and biggest displays to iPhone|date=12 September 2018|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2018/09/iphone-xs-and-iphone-xs-max-bring-the-best-and-biggest-displays-to-iphone/}}</ref>၊ iPhone XR<ref>{{Cite press release|title=Apple introduces iPhone XR|date=12 September 2018|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2018/09/apple-introduces-iphone-xr/}}</ref> နန့် iPad Pro (တတိယမျိုးဆက်)<ref>{{Cite press release|title=New iPad Pro with all-screen design Is most advanced, powerful iPad ever|date=30 October 2018|publisher=[[Apple Inc.]]|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2018/10/new-ipad-pro-with-all-screen-design-is-most-advanced-powerful-ipad-ever/}}</ref> ရို့မာ eSIM ကို စတင်မိတ်ဆက်ခရေ။ ၂၀၂၂ ခုနှစ်မာ ကြေညာခရေ အမေရကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၌ ရောင်းချရေ iPhone 14 နန့် iPhone 14 Pro ရို့စွာ SIM ကတ် ဒွါရမပါဘဲနန့် eSIM သီးသန့် အသုံးပြုရရေ ပထမဆုံး iPhone မော်ဒယ်တိ ဖြစ်လာခရေ။ အမေရကန် ပြင်ပမာမူ iPhone မော်ဒယ်အားနုန်းသည် ဖုန်းဆင်းမ်ကတ် (Physical SIM) ကို ဆက်ပနာ အသုံးပြုနိုင်ကေလေ့ ၂၀၂၄ ခုနှစ်မာ ထွက်ဟိရေ iPad Air (၆ ခုမြောက် မျိုးဆက်)၊ iPad Pro (၇ ခုမြောက် မျိုးဆက်) နန့် iPad Mini (၇ ခုမြောက် မျိုးဆက်) ရို့မာ eSIM တမျိုးတည်းနန့်သာ အလုပ်လုပ်ပါရေ။ ၂၀၂၅ ခုနှစ် စတ်တင်ဘာလကစပြီးကေ iPhone 17 နန့် iPhone 17 Pro ရို့စွာ နိုင်ငံအင်တန်များများမာ eSIM သီးသန့်ဖြစ်လှာခပြီးကေ ၎င်းဖွဲ့စည်းပုံကြောင့် ဘက်ထရီပမာဏ ပိုပြီးကေကြီးမားပါလတ်တေ။ ယင်းချင့်အပြင် iPhone Air စွာလေ့ ဇာပိုင်နိုင်ငံမာမဆို ဖုန်းဆင်းမ်ကတ် ဒွါရ လုံးဝမပါဝင်တော့ရေ Apple ၏ ပထမဆုံး ကိရိယာ ဖြစ်လာခရေ။<ref>{{cite press release|title=Introducing iPhone Air, a powerful new iPhone with a breakthrough design|url=https://www.apple.com/newsroom/2025/09/introducing-iphone-air-a-powerful-new-iphone-with-a-breakthrough-design/|website=[[Apple Inc.]]}}</ref> ၂၀၁၇ ခုနှစ် အောက်တိုဘာလမာ [[ဂူဂယ်|Google]] သည် Google Fi Wireless ဝန်ဆောင်မှုကတဆင့် အသုံးပြုနှိုင်ရေ eSIM သုံး ပထမဆုံး [[မိုဘိုင်းလ်ဖုန်း|မိုဘိုင်းဖုန်း]] Pixel 2 ကို မိတ်ဆက်ခရေ။ <ref>{{Cite news |last=Statt |first=Nick |date=4 October 2017 |title=Google's Pixel 2 phones are the first to use built-in eSIM technology |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/10/4/16424740/google-pixel-2-xl-esim-technology-project-fi-first-ever |work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref>၂၀၁၈ ခုနှစ်မာ Pixel 3 နန့် Pixel 3 XL၊ ၂၀၁၉ ခုနှစ် မေလမာ Pixel 3a နန့် Pixel 3a XL ရို့ကို အရာ အော်ပရေတာတိအတွက်ပါ eSIM အထောက်အပံ့ပီးပြီးကေ ထုတ်လုပ်ခရေ။ Pixel 3 စီးရီးသည် ဆင်းမ်ကတ် တခုတည်းကိုရာ (ဖဖြောင့်ဆင်းမ် သို့မဟုတ် eSIM) အသုံးပြုနိုင်ကေလေ့ Pixel 3a စီးရီးကစပြီးကေ ဖဖြောင့်ဆင်းမ်ကတ် တခုနန့် eSIM တခု ပါဝင်ရေ Dual-SIM စနစ်ကို အသုံးပြုနှိုင်ခရေ။ Pixel 7 ကစတင်ပနာ Dual eSIM ကို အသုံးပြုနိုင်ခကေလေ့ ဖဖြောင့်ဆင်းမ်ကတ်ကိုလေ့ ဆက်ပနာသုံးစွဲနှိုင်ခရေ။ အမေရကန်မာ ရောင်းချရေ Pixel 10 စီးရီး (Pixel 10 Pro Fold မပါဝင်) တိမာမူ Google ၏ ဖဖြောင့်ဆင်းမ်ကတ် ဒွါရ မပါဝင်ရေ ပထမဆုံး ကိရိယာတိ ဖြစ်လှာခပြီးကေ eSIM သီးသန့်သာ အသုံးပြုနှိုင်တော့ရေ။<ref>{{Cite news |last=Radochia |first=Stephen |date=24 Aug 2025 |title=The downsides of eSIM-only phones like the Google Pixel 10 |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/google-pixel-10-esim-only/ |work=Android Authority}}</ref> ၂၀၁၇ ခုနှစ် ဒီဇန်ဘာလမာ [[မိုက်ခရိုဆော့ဖ်|Microsoft]] သည် ယင်းဧ့ ပထမဆုံး eSIM ပါဝင်ရေ Microsoft Surface Pro LTE ကို ထုတ်လုပ်ခပြီး ၂၀၁၈ ခုနှစ်မာ [[ဝင်းဒိုး ၁၀|Windows 10 Operating System]] ၌ eSIM စနစ်ကို စတင်ထည့်သွင်းခရေ။<ref>{{Cite press release|url=https://www.idemia.com/press-release/idemia-partner-microsoft-facilitate-esim-management-windows-10-enterprise-devices-2018-09-26|title=IDEMIA to partner with Microsoft to facilitate eSIM management for Windows 10 Enterprise Devices|publisher=[[IDEMIA]]|date=26 September 2018}}</ref> Motorola သည် ၂၀၂၀ ခုနှစ်မာ eSIM တမျိုးတည်းသာ အသုံးပြုနှိုင်ရေ ခေါက်ဖုန်း (Foldable Smartphone) အမျိုးအစားဖြစ်ရေ Motorola Razr ကို ထုတ်လုပ်ခရေ။<ref>{{Cite web |title=Using an eSIM with the Motorola Razr |url=https://ee.co.uk/help/mobile/getting-started/esim/esim-for-motorola-razr |publisher=[[EE (telecommunications)|EE]]}}</ref> Samsung သည် မြောက်အမင်ရိကမာ ရောင်းချရေ Samsung Galaxy S21 နန့် S20 ရို့မာ eSIM Hardware တိ ထည့်သွင်းထားကေလေ့ စတင်ထုတ်လုပ်ချိန်မာ Software အထောက်အပံ့ မပါဝင်ခလီ၊၊ ယင်းလုပ်ဆောင်ချက်ကို ၂၀၂၁ ခုနှစ် နိုဗန်ဘာလမာ ထွက်ဟိရေ One UI version 4 update ကတဆင့် စတင်အသုံးပြုနှိုင်ခခြင်း ဖြစ်တေ။ == ကိုးကား == {{reflist}} [[ကဏ္ဍ:နည်းပညာ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:စမတ်ကတ်တိ]] isgpz8i5z86piw81cqh1pbcfrvbrqf7 0 6424 22212 2026-10-31T15:09:27Z Retkhaberi 224 Retkhaberi moved page [[သိုက်]] to [[သိုက်(ဖလီ)]] 22212 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[သိုက်(ဖလီ)]] 5la2me3ma5xzn9tkkay4x94mfwfhrm7 0 6425 22213 2026-10-31T15:20:47Z Retkhaberi 224 Created page with " '''သာမိုမီတာ''' (အိန်းဂလိချ်: ''Thermometer'') ဆိုစွာ အရာဝထု၊ အရည်၊ ဓာတ်ငွိသို့မဟုတ် ပတ်ဝန်းကျင်တခု၏ [[အပူချိန်]] (temperature) ကို တိုင်းတာဖို့ အသုံးပြုရေ [[တိုင်းတာကိရိယာ]]တမျိုးဖြစ်တေ။ သာမိုမီတာ..." 22213 wikitext text/x-wiki '''သာမိုမီတာ''' (အိန်းဂလိချ်: ''Thermometer'') ဆိုစွာ အရာဝထု၊ အရည်၊ ဓာတ်ငွိသို့မဟုတ် ပတ်ဝန်းကျင်တခု၏ [[အပူချိန်]] (temperature) ကို တိုင်းတာဖို့ အသုံးပြုရေ [[တိုင်းတာကိရိယာ]]တမျိုးဖြစ်တေ။ သာမိုမီတာကို [[ရူပဗေဒ]]၊ [[ဓာတုဗေဒ]]၊ [[ဆီးပညာ]]၊ [[မိုးလီဝသပညာ]]နန့် [[အိန်ဂျန်နီယာပညာ]]ရို့မာ ကျယ်ပြန့်စွာ အသုံးပြုကတ်တေ။<ref name="NISTTemperature">[https://www.nist.gov/how-do-you-measure-it/how-do-you-measure-air-temperature-accurately NIST – How Do You Measure Air Temperature Accurately?]</ref> သာမိုမီတာအမျိုးအစားအလိုက် အပူချိန်ပြောင်းလဲမှုကြောင့် ဖြစ်ပေါ်ရေ အရည်ထုထည်ပြောင်းလဲမှု၊ လျှပ်စစ်ခုခံမှုပြောင်းလဲမှု၊ လျှပ်စစ်ဗို့အားပြောင်းလဲမှု သို့မဟုတ် [[အနီအောက်ရောင်ခြည်]]ထုတ်လွှတ်မှုရို့ကို အသုံးပြုပြီးကေ အပူချိန်ကို တိုင်းတာနိုင်ရေ။ အပူချိန်၏ [[အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ ယူနစ်စနစ်]] (SI) အခြီခံယူနစ်မာ [[ကယ်လ်ဗင်]] (kelvin, K) ဖြစ်တေ။ နိစိုင်အသုံးပြုမှုမာ [[ဒီဂရီဆဲလ်စီးယပ်စ်]] (°C) နန့် [[ဒီဂရီဖာရင်ဟိုက်]] (°F) ရို့ကိုလည်း အသုံးပြုကတ်တေ။ == အဓိပ္ပာယ်ဖွင့်ဆိုချက် == သာမိုမီတာရေ အရာဝထုတခု၏ အပူချိန်ကို သိဟိနိုင်စီဖို့ တိုင်းတာချက်ကို ကိန်းဂဏန်းနန့် ဖော်ပြပီးရေ ကိရိယာဖြစ်တေ။ အပူချိန်စွာ အရာဝထုတခု၏ အပူဆိုင်ရာ အခြီအနီကို ဖော်ပြရေ ရုပ်ပိုင်းဆိုင်ရာ ပမာဏဖြစ်ပြီးကေ [[အပူ]] (heat) နန့် အဓိပ္ပာယ်မတူညီပါ။ အပူစွာ အပူချိန်ကွာခြားမှုကြောင့် စနစ်တခုမှ အရာစနစ်တဂုသို့ လွှဲပြောင်းရေ စွမ်းအင်ဖြစ်တေ။ သာမိုမီတာရေ အပူစွမ်းအင်ပမာဏကို တိုက်ရိုက်တိုင်းတာခြင်းမဟုတ်ဘဲ အပူချိန်ကို တိုင်းတာခြင်းဖြစ်တေ။ == သမိုင်းကြောင်း == အပူချိန်တိုင်းတာကိရိယာတိ၏ သမိုင်းကြောင်းစွာ ၁၆ ရာစုနှောင်းပိုင်းနန့် ၁၇ ရာစုအစောပိုင်းရို့မှ စတင်ဖွံ့ဖြိုးလာခရေ။ [[ဂယ်လီလီယို ဂယ်လီလီ]] (Galileo Galilei) နန့် သူ၏ခေတ်ပြိုင်ပညာသျှင်တိစွာ အပူချိန်ပြောင်းလဲမှုကို ပြသနိုင်ရေ အစောပိုင်းကိရိယာတိကို တီထွင်လိလာခကတ်တေ။ ယင်းအစောပိုင်းကိရိယာတိကို ''Thermoscope'' ဟု ခေါ်ဆိုပြီး အပူချိန်ပြောင်းလဲမှုကို ပြသနိုင်ကေလည်း ဂနိခေတ်သာမိုမီတာတိပိုင် စံအတိုင်းအတာနန့် တိကျစွာ မဖော်ပြနိူင်ခပါ။ အီတလီဆီးပညာသျှင် [[ဆန်တိုရီယို ဆန်တိုရီယို]] (Santorio Santorio) စွာ အပူချိန်တိုင်းတာကိရိယာကို လူ့ခန္ဓာကိုယ်အပူချိန် လိလာရာမာ အသုံးပြုရန် ကြိုးပမ်းခရေ။ ၁၇ ရာစုအလယ်ပိုင်းမာ ပိတ်ထားရေ ဖန်ပြွန်အတွင်း အရည်ထည့်၍ အပူချိန်တိုင်းတာရေ ကိရိယာတိ ဖွံ့ဖြိုးလာခရေ။ ၁၈ ရာစုမာ [[ဒန်နီယယ် ဂါဘရီယယ် ဖာရင်ဟိုက်]] (Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit) နန့် [[အန်ဒါးစ် ဆဲလ်စီးယပ်စ်]] (Anders Celsius) ရို့၏ အပူချိန်စကေးဆိုင်ရာ လုပ်ငန်းတိကြောင့် အပူချိန်တိုင်းတာမှု ပိုပြီးကေစံကျလှာခရေ။<ref name="NISTHistory">[https://www.nist.gov/si-redefinition/kelvin/kelvin-history NIST – Kelvin: History.]</ref> == အလုပ်လုပ်ပုံ == သာမိုမီတာတိစွာ အပူချိန်ပြောင်းလဲမှုကြောင့် ဒြပ်ပစ္စည်းတခု၏ တိုင်းတာနိုင်ရေ ဂုဏ်ဖင်ဆီပြောင်းလဲမှုကို အသုံးပြုရေ။ အရည်သုံးသာမိုမီတာမာ အပူချိန်မြင့်လာကေ အရည်သည် ယေဘုယျအနိန်နန့် ချဲ့ထွင်လှာပြီး ဖန်ပြွန်အတွင်း အရည်တိုင်မြင့်တက်လှာရေ။ အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်သာမိုမီတာတိမာ အပူချိန်ပြောင်းလဲမှုနန့်တတူ လျှပ်စစ်ခုခံမှု သို့မဟုတ် လျှပ်စစ်ဗို့အား ပြောင်းလဲမှုကို တိုင်းတာနိုင်ရေ။ ထိတွိတိုင်းတာရေ သာမိုမီတာတခုစွာ တိုင်းတာလိုရေ ပစ္စည်းနန့် အပူဆိုင်ရာ မျှခြီအခြီအနီသို့ နီးစပ်လာရေအခါ ယုံကြည်စိတ်ချရရေ ဖတ်ရှုချက်ကို ပိုပြီးကေရဟိနိုင်ရေ။ == သာမိုမီတာအမျိုးအစားတိ == === အရည်သုံး သာမိုမီတာ === '''အရည်သုံးသာမိုမီတာ''' (liquid-in-glass thermometer) စွာ ဖန်ပြွန်အတွင်းဟိ အရည်၏ အပူကြောင့် ချဲ့ထွင်မှုကို အသုံးပြုရေ ကိရိယာဖြစ်တေ။ တချို့သာမိုမီတာတိမာ အရောင်ဆိုးထားရေ အယ်လ်ကိုဟော သို့မဟုတ် အရာသင့်လျော်ရေ အရည်တိကို အသုံးပြုရေ။ အယင်က [[ပြဒါး]] (mercury) ကိုလေ့ အသုံးများခကေလည်း ပြဒါး၏ အဆိပ်အတောက်ဖြစ်နှိုင်မှုကြောင့် ဂနိခေတ်မာ ပိုပြီးကေလုံချုံရေ အစားထိုးကိရိယာတိကို အသုံးပြုလာကတ်တေ။<ref name="NISTMercury">[https://www.nist.gov/pml/sensor-science/thermodynamic-metrology/mercury-thermometer-alternatives/mercury-thermometer-7 NIST – Mercury Thermometer Alternatives: Verification Methods.]</ref> === ဒီဂျီတေသာမိုမီတာ === '''ဒီဂျီတေသာမိုမီတာ''' (digital thermometer) စွာ အပူချိန်အာရုံခံအစိတ်အပိုင်းနန့် အီလက်ထရွန်နစ်ပတ်လမ်းရို့ကို အသုံးပြုပြီးကေ အပူချိန်ကို ဂဏန်းမျက်နှာပြင်နန့် ဖော်ပြရေ။ တချို့ကိရိယာတိမာ [[သာမစ်စတာ]] (thermistor) လို့ ခေါ်ရေ အပူချိန်အလိုက် လျှပ်စစ်ခုခံမှုပြောင်းလဲရေ အစိတ်အပိုင်းကို အသုံးပြုရေ။ ဒီဂျီတေသာမိုမီတာတိကို ဆီးရုံ၊ ဓာတ်ခွဲခန်းနန့် နိစိုင်အသုံးပြုမှုရို့မာ တွေ့ဟိနိုင်ရေ။ === အနီအောက်ရောင်ခြည်သုံး သာမိုမီတာ === '''အနီအောက်ရောင်ခြည်သုံးသာမိုမီတာ''' (infrared thermometer) စွာ အရာဝထုတခုမှ ထုတ်လွှတ်တေ အနီအောက်ရောင်ခြည်ကို အာရုံခံပြီး မျက်နှာပြင်အပူချိန်ကို ခန့်မှန်းတွက်ချက်ရေ ကိရိယာဖြစ်တေ။ ယင်းကိရိယာအချို့ရေ အရာဝထုနန့် တိုက်ရိုက်ထိတွိဖို့ မလိုအပ်ပါ။ လူ့နဖူးအပူချိန်ကို တိုင်းတာဖို့လည်း အသုံးပြုနိုင်ကေလည်း တိုင်းတာရေ အကွာအဝီး၊ ပတ်ဝန်းကျင်အပူချိန်နန့် အရီပြားမျက်နှာပြင်အခြီအနီရို့ကြောင့် ဖတ်ရှုချက်ကွဲပြားနိုင်ရေ။<ref name="FDA">[https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/general-hospital-devices-and-supplies/non-contact-infrared-thermometers U.S. Food and Drug Administration – Non-contact Infrared Thermometers.]</ref> === သာမိုကပ်ပယ် သာမိုမီတာ === '''သာမိုကပ်ပယ်''' (thermocouple) စွာ မတူညီရေ သတ္တုစပ်နှစ်မျိုး၏ ဆက်စပ်မှုနန့် အပူချိန်ကွာခြားမှုကြောင့် ဖြစ်ပေါ်ရေ လျှပ်စစ်ဗို့အားကို အသုံးပြုရေ အပူချိန်အာရုံခံကိရိယာဖြစ်တေ။ အပူချိန်မြင့်ရေ စက်မှုလုပ်ငန်းတိမာ အသုံးပြုနိုင်ပြီး တိကျရေ တိုင်းတာချက်အတွက် သင့်လျော်ရေ စံချိန်ညှိမှု လိုအပ်ရေ။ === ခုခံမှုသုံး သာမိုမီတာ === '''ခုခံမှုသုံးသာမိုမီတာ''' (resistance thermometer) စွာ အပူချိန်ပြောင်းလဲမှုနန့်တတူ သတ္တု၏ လျှပ်စစ်ခုခံမှု ပြောင်းလဲရေ သဖောတရားကို အသုံးပြုရေ။ တချို့ကိရိယာတိမာ ပလက်တီနမ်သတ္တုကို အသုံးပြုပြီးကေ ဓာတ်ခွဲခန်းနန့် စက်မှုတိုင်းတာမှုတိမာ အသုံးပြုရေ။<ref name="NISTIndustrial">[https://www.nist.gov/publications/nist-industrial-thermometer-calibration-laboratory NIST – The NIST Industrial Thermometer Calibration Laboratory.]</ref> == အပူချိန်တိုင်းတာယူနစ်တိ == အပူချိန်ကို ကယ်လ်ဗင်၊ ဒီဂရီဆဲလ်စီးယပ်စ်နန့် ဒီဂရီဖာရင်ဟိုက်ရို့နန့် ဖော်ပြနိူင်ရေ။ === ကယ်လ်ဗင် === '''ကယ်လ်ဗင်''' (kelvin, K) စွာ အပူချိန်၏ SI အခြီခံယူနစ်ဖြစ်တေ။ ၂၀၁၉ ခုနှစ် မေလ ၂၀ ရက်ကစပြီးကေ ကယ်လ်ဗင်ကို [[ဘောလ်ဇ်မန်းကိန်းသီ]] (Boltzmann constant) ၏ အတိအကျသတ်မှတ်ထားရေ တန်ဖိုးအပေါ် အခြီခံပနာ သတ်မှတ်ထားရေ။ :<math>k=1.380649\times10^{-23}\ \mathrm{J/K}</math> ကယ်လ်ဗင်ကို အကြွင်းမဲ့အပူချိန်တိုင်းတာရာမာ အသုံးပြုရေ။<ref name="BIPM">[https://www.bipm.org/en/si-base-units/kelvin BIPM – SI Base Unit: Kelvin.]</ref> === ဒီဂရီဆဲလ်စီးယပ်စ် === '''ဒီဂရီဆဲလ်စီးယပ်စ်''' (degree Celsius, °C) ကို နိစိုင်ဘဝနန့် သိပ္ပံလုပ်ငန်းတိမာ ကျေပြန့်စွာ အသုံးပြုရေ။ ဆဲလ်စီးယပ်စ်နန့် ကယ်လ်ဗင်ရို့၏ ဆက်နွယ်မှုကို - :<math>T_{\mathrm{K}}=t_{^\circ\mathrm{C}}+273.15</math> ဖြစ်တေ။ ဥပမာ ၂၅ °C စွာ - :<math>25+273.15=298.15\ \mathrm{K}</math> နန့် ညီမျှရေ။ === ဒီဂရီဖာရင်ဟိုက် === '''ဒီဂရီဖာရင်ဟိုက်''' (degree Fahrenheit, °F) ကို အမေရကန်ပြည်ထောင်စုပိုင် နိုင်ငံတချို့မာ အသုံးပြုရေ။ ဆဲလ်စီးယပ်စ်မှ ဖာရင်ဟိုက်သို့ ပြောင်းလဲရာမာ - :<math>t_F=\frac{9}{5}t_C+32</math> ဟု တွက်ချက်နိုင်ရေ။ ဖာရင်ဟိုက်မှ ဆဲလ်စီးယပ်စ်သို့ ပြောင်းလဲရာမာ - :<math>t_C=\frac{5}{9}(t_F-32)</math> ဟု တွက်ချက်နိုင်ရေ။ ဥပမာ ၃၇ °C သည် ၉၈.၆ °F နန့် ညီမျှရေ။ == အပူချိန်စကေး နှိုင်းနိူင်းချက် == {| class="wikitable" ! အခြီအနီ ! °C ! °F ! K |- | အကြွင်းမဲ့သုညအပူချိန် | −273.15 | −459.67 | 0 |- | ရီခဲအရည်ပျော်မှတ် | 0 | 32 | 273.15 |- | လူ့ခန္ဓာကိုယ်အပူချိန်၏ ရည်ညွှန်းတန်ဖိုး | 37 | 98.6 | 310.15 |- | ရီ ဆူမှတ် | 100 | 212 | 373.15 |} ရီခဲအရည်ပျော်မှတ်နန့် ရီဆူမှတ်ရို့ကို ပုံမှန်လီထုဖိအားနံဘေး သန့်စင်ရေအတွက် ဖော်ပြထားရေ။ အရာဖိအားတိမာ တန်ဖိုးကွဲပြားနိုင်ရေ။<ref name="NISTSI">[https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/si-units-temperature NIST – SI Units: Temperature.]</ref> == သာမိုမီတာအသုံးပြုနည်း == သာမိုမီတာကို အသုံးပြုရာမာ တိုင်းတာလိုရေ ပစ္စည်းနန့် သင့်လျော်ရေ ကိရိယာအမျိုးအစားကို ရွီးချယ်ဖို့ လိုအပ်ရေ။ အရည်သုံးသာမိုမီတာကို အသုံးပြုကေ အပူချိန်အာရုံခံအစိတ်အပိုင်းကို သင့်လျော်ရေ အနက်တထိ ထည့်သွင်းပြီး ဖတ်ရှုချက်တိုင်းလာမှ မှတ်သားရေ။ ဒီဂျီတေသာမိုမီတာမာ ထုတ်လုပ်သူသတ်မှတ်ထားရေ တိုင်းတာချိန်နန့် အသုံးပြုနည်းကို လိုက်နာရေ။ အနီအောက်ရောင်ခြည်သုံးသာမိုမီတာကို အသုံးပြုရာမာ သတ်မှတ်ထားရေ အကွာအဝီး၊ ဦးတည်ချက်နန့် ပတ်ဝန်းကျင်အခြီအနီကို ထည့်သွင်းတွက်ဖော်ရေ။ == တိကျမှုနန့် စံချိန်ညှိခြင်း == '''စံချိန်ညှိခြင်း''' (calibration) စွာ သာမိုမီတာ၏ ဖတ်ရှုချက်ကို သိဟိပြီးသား စံအပူချိန် သို့မဟုတ် စံချိန်ညှိထားရေ ကိရိယာနန့် နှိုင်းနိူင်းစစ်ဆေးရေ လုပ်ငန်းဖြစ်တေ။ စံချိန်ညှိခြင်းမာ ရီခဲအရည်ပျော်မှတ်နံဘေး ၀ °C ကို ရည်ညွှန်းအမှတ်တခုအဖြစ် အသုံးပြုနိုင်ရေ။ ယေဒါလေ့ သာမိုမီတာအမျိုးအစား၊ တိုင်းတာနိုင်ရေ အပူချိန်အကွာအဝီးနန့် လိုအပ်ရေ တိကျမှုအလိုက် စံချိန်ညှိနည်း မတူညီနှိုင်ပါ။ တိုင်းတာမှုအမှားတိစွာ ကိရိယာပျက်စီးမှု၊ အပူဆိုင်ရာ မျှခြီမရဟိမှု၊ သင့်လျော်စွာ မထည့်သွင်းမှုနန့် ပတ်ဝန်းကျင်သက်ရောက်မှုရို့ကြောင့် ဖြစ်ပေါ်နိုင်ရေ။<ref name="NISTCalibration">[https://www.nist.gov/pml/sensor-science/thermodynamic-metrology/mercury-thermometer-alternatives/mercury-thermometer-7 NIST – Thermometer Verification Methods.]</ref> == အသုံးပြုရာမာ သတိပြုရန် == သာမိုမီတာ၏ တိုင်းတာနိုင်ရေ အပူချိန်အကွာအဝီးထက် ကျော်လွန်အသုံးပြုခြင်းကို ယှောင်ကြဉ်သင့်ရေ။ ဖန်သာမိုမီတာတိစွာ ကျိုးပဲ့နှိုင်သောကြောင့် သတိထားကိုင်တွယ်ဖို့ လိုအပ်ရေ။ ပြဒါးပါဝင်ရေ သာမိုမီတာ ပျက်စီးပါက ပြဒါးကို လက်နန့်ကိုင်တွယ်ခြင်းနန့် ဖုန်စုပ်စက်နန့် စုပ်ယူခြင်းရို့ကို မပြုလုပ်သင့်ပါ။ သက်ဆိုင်ရာ အန္တရာယ်ဟိပစ္စည်းကိုင်တွယ်ရီး လမ်းညွှန်ချက်တိကို လိုက်နာဖို့ လိုအပ်ရေ။ ဆီးဘက်ဆိုင်ရာ သာမိုမီတာတိကို အသုံးပြုရာမာလည်း သန့်ယှင်းရီးနန့် ထုတ်လုပ်သူ၏ ညွှန်ကြားချက်တိကို လိုက်နာသင့်ရေ။ == လက်တွိအသုံးချမှု == သာမိုမီတာကို ကဏ္ဍအမျိုးမျိုးမာ အသုံးပြုကတ်တေ။ * '''ဆီးပညာ''' – လူ့ခန္ဓာကိုယ်အပူချိန်ကို တိုင်းတာခြင်း။ * '''မိုးလီဝသပညာ''' – လီထုအပူချိန်ကို တိုင်းတာခြင်း။ * '''ဓာတုဗေဒ''' – ဓာတုစမ်းသပ်မှုတိ၏ အပူချိန်ကို ထိန်းချုပ်ခြင်း။ * '''အစားအသောက်လုပ်ငန်း''' – အစားအသောက်လှောင်မှုနန့် ချက်ပြုတ်မှုအပူချိန်ကို စစ်ဆေးခြင်း။ * '''စက်မှုလုပ်ငန်း''' – စက်ပစ္စည်းနန့် ထုတ်လုပ်မှုလုပ်ငန်းစဉ်တိ၏ အပူချိန်ကို စောင့်ကြည့်ခြင်း။ * '''စိုက်ပျိုးရီး''' – မြီဆီလွှာနန့် ဖန်လုံအိမ်အပူချိန်ကို တိုင်းတာခြင်း။ * '''သိပ္ပံပညာရီး''' – အပူချိန်နန့် အပူလွှဲပြောင်းမှုဆိုင်ရာ စမ်းသပ်မှုတိ ပြုလုပ်ခြင်း။ == အရေးပါမှု == သာမိုမီတာရေ အပူချိန်ကို တိကျစွာ တိုင်းတာနိုင်စီရေ အရေးပါရေ သိပ္ပံကိရိယာတမျိုးဖြစ်တေ။ သာမိုမီတာကို အသုံးပြုခြင်းနန့် ပတ်ဝန်းကျင်အခြီအနီ၊ အပူချိန်ပြောင်းလဲမှုနန့် စက်မှုလုပ်ငန်းစဉ်တိကို စောင့်ကြည့်နိုင်ရေ။ ယင်းချင့်အပြင် အပူချိန်တိုင်းတာမှု၏ အခြီခံသဖောတရားကို အတွက်ကျခြင်းစွာ [[သာမိုဒိုင်းနမစ်]]၊ [[အပူလွှဲပြောင်းမှု]]နန့် [[တိုင်းတာရီးပညာ]]ရို့ကို လိလာရာမာ အထောက်အကူပြုရေ။ == ဆက်စပ်ကြည့်ရှုဖို့ == * [[အပူချိန်]] * [[အပူ]] * [[ကယ်လ်ဗင်]] * [[ဒီဂရီဆဲလ်စီးယပ်စ်]] * [[ဒီဂရီဖာရင်ဟိုက်]] * [[သာမိုဒိုင်းနမစ်]] * [[အပူကြောင့် ချဲ့ထွင်ခြင်း]] * [[သာမစ်စတာ]] * [[သာမိုကပ်ပယ်]] * [[အနီအောက်ရောင်ခြည်]] * [[အပူလွှဲပြောင်းမှု]] * [[တိုင်းတာမှု]] * [[တိုင်းတာကိရိယာ]] * [[စံချိန်ညှိခြင်း]] * [[အခြီခံယူနစ်]] * [[အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ ယူနစ်စနစ်]] == ကိုးကားချက်တိ == <references /> == ပြင်ပလင့်ခ်တိ == * [https://www.nist.gov/how-do-you-measure-it/how-do-you-measure-air-temperature-accurately NIST – How Do You Measure Air Temperature Accurately?] * [https://www.nist.gov/si-redefinition/kelvin/kelvin-history NIST – Kelvin: History] * [https://www.bipm.org/en/si-base-units/kelvin BIPM – SI Base Unit: Kelvin] * [https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm/si-units-temperature NIST – SI Units: Temperature] * [https://www.fda.gov/medical-devices/general-hospital-devices-and-supplies/non-contact-infrared-thermometers FDA – Non-contact Infrared Thermometers] * [https://www.nist.gov/pml/sensor-science/thermodynamic-metrology/mercury-thermometer-alternatives/mercury-thermometer-7 NIST – Thermometer Verification Methods] [[ကဏ္ဍ:တိုင်းတာကိရိယာတိ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:အပူချိန်]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:သာမိုဒိုင်းနမစ်]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:မိုးလီဝသကိရိယာတိ]] 23pm4cp0r6z0irwl4qkm39k482aowcv 10 6426 22214 2026-10-31T15:21:01Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "{{Infobox | italic title= {{{italic_title|<noinclude>no</noinclude>}}} | bodyclass = vevent | aboveclass = summary | headerclass = summary | abovestyle = font-size: 110%; background: {{{အရောင်|{{{အရောင်|{{{color|#C6C9FF}}}}}}}}};color: {{{color text|{{{colour text|{{{စာသားအရောင်|{{{စာသားအရောင်|{{Greater color contrast ratio|{{{အရောင်|{{{အရောင်|{{{color|#C6C9FF}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}..." 22214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | italic title= {{{italic_title|<noinclude>no</noinclude>}}} | bodyclass = vevent | aboveclass = summary | headerclass = summary | abovestyle = font-size: 110%; background: {{{အရောင်|{{{အရောင်|{{{color|#C6C9FF}}}}}}}}};color: {{{color text|{{{colour text|{{{စာသားအရောင်|{{{စာသားအရောင်|{{Greater color contrast ratio|{{{အရောင်|{{{အရောင်|{{{color|#C6C9FF}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}; | headerstyle = background: {{{အရောင်|{{{အရောင်|{{{color|#C6C9FF}}}}}}}}};color: {{{color text|{{{colour text|{{{စာသားအရောင်|{{{စာသားအရောင်|{{Greater color contrast ratio|{{{အရောင်|{{{အရောင်|{{{color|#C6C9FF}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}; | autoheaders = y | above = {{{show_name|{{{name|<includeonly>{{PAGENAMEBASE}}</includeonly>}}}}}}<br>{{ #if: {{{original name|{{{မူရင်းနာမည်|}}}}}} | <span style="font-style:italic">'''{{{original name|{{{မူရင်းနာမည်}}}}}}'''</span> }} | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{image_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{image_upright|1.13}}}<!-- 1.13 is the most common size used in TV articles. -->|alt={{{image_alt|{{{alt|}}}}}}}} | caption = {{{caption|}}} | label1 = တခြားနာမည် | data1 = {{{show_name_2|}}} | label2 = အမျိုးအစား | class2 = category | data2 = {{{genre|}}} | label3 = တင်ဆက်ပုံ | class3 = category | data3 = {{{format|}}} | label4 = ဖန်တီးသူ | data4 = {{{creator|}}} | label5 = အခြီခံထားမှု | data5 = {{{based_on|}}} | label6 = ဖွံ့ဖြိုးသူ | data6 = {{{developer|}}} | label7 = ရီးသားသူ | data7 = {{{writer|}}} | label8 = ဒါရိုက်တာ | class8 = attendee | data8 = {{{director|}}} | label9 = ဖန်တီးမှု <span style="white-space:nowrap">ဒါရိုက်တာ(တိ)</span> | class9 = attendee | data9 = {{{creative_director|}}} | label10 = အခမ်းအနားမှူး | class10 = attendee | data10 = {{{presenter|}}} | label11 = သရုပ်ဆောင် | class11 = attendee | data11 = {{{starring|}}} | label12 = ပလီကိုင် | class12 = attendee | data12 = {{{judges|}}} | label13 = အသံသရုပ်ဆောင် | class13 = attendee | data13 = {{{voices|}}} | label14 = နောက်ခံစကားပြော | class14 = attendee | data14 = {{{narrated|}}} | label15 = နောက်ခံဂီတ တေးရီး | data15 = {{{theme_music_composer|}}} | label16 = အဖွင့်တီးလုံး | data16 = {{{opentheme|}}} | label17 = အပိတ်တီးလုံး | data17 = {{{endtheme|}}} | label18 = တေးရီးဆြာ(တိ) | data18 = {{{composer|}}} | label19 = နိုင်ငံ | data19 = {{{country|}}} | label20 = ဘာသာစကား | data20 = {{{language|}}} | label21 = အတွဲပေါင်း | data21 = {{{num_seasons|}}} | label22 = အတွဲပေါင်း | data22 = {{{num_series|}}} | label23 = အပိုင်းပေါင်း | data23 = {{{num_episodes|}}} {{#if: {{{list_episodes|}}} | ([[{{{list_episodes}}}|အပိုင်းတိ စာရင်း]])}} | header24 = {{#if:{{{producer|}}}{{{executive_producer|}}}{{{location|}}}{{{camera|}}}{{{runtime|}}}|ထုတ်လုပ်မှု}} | class24 = navbox-title | label25 = အမှုဆောင် <span style="white-space:nowrap">ထုတ်လုပ်သူ</span> | data25 = {{{executive_producer|}}} | label26 = ထုတ်လုပ်သူ | data26 = {{{producer|}}} | label27 = တီးဖြတ်သူ | data27 = {{{editor|}}} | label28 = ရိုက်ကူးရေ နီရာ | data28 = {{{location|}}} | label29 = ရိုက်ကူးရီးပညာသျှင် | data29 = {{{cinematography|}}} | label30 = Camera setup | data30 = {{{camera|}}} | label31 = ပြသချိန် | data31 = {{{runtime|}}} | label32 = ထုတ်လုပ်ရေ <span style="white-space:nowrap">ကုမ္ပဏီ</span> | data32 = {{{company|}}} | label33 = ဖြန့်ချိသူ | data33 = {{{distributor|}}} | header34 = {{#if:{{{channel|}}}{{{network|}}}{{{picture_format|}}}{{{audio_format|}}}{{{first_run|}}}{{{first_aired|}}}{{{last_aired|}}}{{{status|}}}|ထုတ်ရွှင့်မှု}} | class34 = navbox-title | label35 = မူရင်းရုပ်သံလိုင်း | data35 = {{{network|{{{channel|}}}}}} | label36 = ရုပ်ပုံအမျိုးအစား | data36 = {{{picture_format|}}} | label37 = အသံထွက်အမျိုးအစား | data37 = {{{audio_format|}}} | label38 = ပထမဆုံး ပြသခြင်း | data38 = {{{first_run|}}} | label39 = {{#if: {{{last_aired|}}}|မူလပြသမှု|မူလထုတ်ရွှင့်ခြင်း}} | data39 = {{{first_aired|}}} {{#if: {{{last_aired|}}}| – {{{last_aired|}}}|}} | label40 = အခြီအနီ | class40 = category | data40 = {{ucfirst:{{{status|}}}}} | header41 = {{#if:{{{preceded_by|}}}{{{followed_by|}}}{{{related|}}}|ဇာတ်လမ်းတွဲစဉ်}} | class41 = navbox-title | label42 = အယင်ဇာတ်လမ်း | data42 = {{{preceded_by|}}} | label43 = နောက်ထွက်ဇာတ်လမ်း | data43 = {{{followed_by|}}} | label44 = ဆက်စပ်မှုတိ | data44 = {{{related|}}} | header45 = {{#if:{{{website|}}}{{{production_website|}}}|ပြင်ပလင့်(ခ်)တိ}} | class45 = navbox-title | data46 = {{#if:{{{website|}}}|[{{{website}}} {{{website_title|ဝက်ဘ်ဆိုဒ်}}}]}} | class46 = url | data47 = {{#if:{{{production_website|}}}|[{{{production_website}}} ထုတ်လုပ်မှု ဝက်ဘ်ဆိုဒ်]}} | class47 = url }}{{#if:{{{bgcolour|}}}{{{bgcolor|}}}{{{color text|}}}{{{colour text|}}}|{{main other|[[Category:Television articles that use colour in the infobox]]}}}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} <!-- category and language links go on /doc, not here --> </noinclude> pg3pmxqp76zifwoep2zsa336o3nj327 10 6427 22216 2026-10-31T15:25:11Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "[[:Category:{{{1}}}]]&nbsp;({{PAGESINCATEGORY:{{{1}}}|{{{2|အားနုန်း}}}}})<noinclude> [[Category:Internal category-link templates]] </noinclude>" 22216 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:Category:{{{1}}}]]&nbsp;({{PAGESINCATEGORY:{{{1}}}|{{{2|အားနုန်း}}}}})<noinclude> [[Category:Internal category-link templates]] </noinclude> 1gs91pseb4d0lhdjeqcx9mzyxy8m1sm 10 6428 22217 2026-10-31T15:28:05Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch: {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}NAMESPACE: {{{1|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}FULLPAGENAME}}}}}:Foo }} |{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ns:0}} |{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ns:File}} |{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ns:MediaWiki}} |{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ns:Category}} = |yes }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" 22217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#switch: {{ {{{|safesubst:}}}NAMESPACE: {{{1|{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}FULLPAGENAME}}}}}:Foo }} |{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ns:0}} |{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ns:File}} |{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ns:MediaWiki}} |{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}ns:Category}} = |yes }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> geip2atd01h99rtexkfc5id1wal3azb 10 6429 22218 2026-10-31T15:28:18Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "{{#if: {{Is subpage namespace | {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{NAMESPACE:{{{1}}}}}|{{NAMESPACE}}}} }} | {{#if: {{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}|-1}} | {{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}|-1}} | {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} }} | {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" 22218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if: {{Is subpage namespace | {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{NAMESPACE:{{{1}}}}}|{{NAMESPACE}}}} }} | {{#if: {{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}|-1}} | {{#titleparts:{{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}|-1}} | {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} }} | {{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{FULLPAGENAME}}}} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> ika7vdpo23a48n9jvwy4ivll0l0j6yx 10 6430 22219 2026-10-31T15:28:28Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "{{#ifeq:{{#invoke:String|find|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|/sandbox%d*$|plain=false}}|0|{{{{#if:{{{1|}}}||FULL}}BASEPAGENAME}}|{{{{#if:{{{1|}}}||FULL}}PAGENAME}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation|content= This template returns the current {{Tlx|FULLBASEPAGENAME}}, unless the title ends in <code>/sandbox</code> plus any number of digits, in which case it returns the {{tlx|FULLPAGENAME}}. It is primarily meant for demonstrating the sandbox version of templates in their documentation. This..." 22219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifeq:{{#invoke:String|find|{{FULLPAGENAME}}|/sandbox%d*$|plain=false}}|0|{{{{#if:{{{1|}}}||FULL}}BASEPAGENAME}}|{{{{#if:{{{1|}}}||FULL}}PAGENAME}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation|content= This template returns the current {{Tlx|FULLBASEPAGENAME}}, unless the title ends in <code>/sandbox</code> plus any number of digits, in which case it returns the {{tlx|FULLPAGENAME}}. It is primarily meant for demonstrating the sandbox version of templates in their documentation. This template takes one numbered parameter (<code>1</code>); if anything is in this parameter then it will return <code>&#123;&#123;BASEPAGENAME&#125;&#125;</code> and <code>&#123;&#123;PAGENAME&#125;&#125;</code>, which have no namespace prefix. }} [[Category:Wikipedia variable-like templates]] </noinclude> bb4lwtq364k7cj4oyrz8l48l7hqu3yx 10 6431 22220 2026-10-31T15:30:12Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "{{Hatnote|<!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}}|<!-- --> ဒေ{{#if:{{{section|}}}|အခန်း|{{namespace detect|main=ဆောင်းပါး|category=ကဏ္ဍ|other=စာမျက်နှာ}}}}သည် {{{1}}} အကြောင်း ဖြစ်တေ။&#32;&#32;}}<!-- --> {{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|အရာ အသုံးအနှုန်းတိ}} အတွက် {{#if:{{{3|}}}|[[{{{3}}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{4|}}}|and|&#32;နန့် {{#if:{{{5|}}}|[[{{{5}}}]]|{{P..." 22220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hatnote|<!-- -->{{#if: {{{1|}}}|<!-- --> ဒေ{{#if:{{{section|}}}|အခန်း|{{namespace detect|main=ဆောင်းပါး|category=ကဏ္ဍ|other=စာမျက်နှာ}}}}သည် {{{1}}} အကြောင်း ဖြစ်တေ။&#32;&#32;}}<!-- --> {{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{{2}}}|အရာ အသုံးအနှုန်းတိ}} အတွက် {{#if:{{{3|}}}|[[{{{3}}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{4|}}}|and|&#32;နန့် {{#if:{{{5|}}}|[[{{{5}}}]]|[[{{PAGENAME}} (သံတူကြောင်းကွဲ)]]}}}}|[[{{PAGENAME}} (သံတူကြောင်းကွဲ)]]}} ကို ကြေ့ပါ။<!-- -->{{#if:{{{2|}}}|{{#if:{{{4|}}}|<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{4|}}}|and||<!-- "and" is a special word, don't output "For and, ..." -->&#32;&#32; {{#ifeq:{{{4}}}|1|အရာ အသုံးအနှုန်းတိ|{{{4}}}}} အတွက် {{#if:{{{5|}}}|[[{{{5}}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{6|}}}|and|&#32;နန့် {{#if:{{{7|}}}|[[{{{7}}}]]|[[{{PAGENAME}} (သံတူကြောင်းကွဲ)]]}}}}|[[{{PAGENAME}} (သံတူကြောင်းကွဲ)]]}} ကို ကြေ့ပါ။}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{6|}}}|<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{6|}}}|and||<!-- -->&#32;&#32; {{#ifeq:{{{6}}}|1|အရာ အသုံးအနှုန်းတိ|{{{6}}}}} အတွက် {{#if:{{{7|}}}|[[{{{7}}}]]{{#ifeq:{{{8|}}}|and|&#32;နန့် {{#if:{{{9|}}}|[[{{{9}}}]]|[[{{PAGENAME}} (သံတူကြောင်းကွဲ)]]}}}}|[[{{PAGENAME}} (သံတူကြောင်းကွဲ)]]}} ကို ကြေ့ပါ။}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{8|}}}|<!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{8|}}}|and||<!-- -->&#32;&#32; {{#ifeq:{{{8}}}|1|အရာ အသုံးအနှုန်းတိ|{{{8}}}}} အတွက်{{#if:{{{9|}}}|[[{{{9}}}]]|[[{{PAGENAME}} (သံတူကြောင်းကွဲ)]]}} ကို ကြေ့ပါ။}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}<!-- -->}}}}}}<!-- -->{{#if:{{{_nocat|}}}||{{#if:{{{1|}}}{{{2|}}}||{{#if:{{{3|}}}|[[Category:Hatnote templates using unusual parameters|A{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}{{#ifeq:{{str left|{{{1}}}|3}}|is |[[Category:Hatnote templates using unusual parameters|B{{PAGENAME}}]]}}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> monbgnbl5mrrtijpq3qgylvajwdpepm 10 6432 22221 2026-10-31T15:33:41Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "{{This|television programs|the infobox for specific models of televisions|Template:Infobox television model}} {{documentation subpage}} == Usage == {{ {{PAGENAMETDOC}} | italic_title = no | image = Example-serious.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_alt = Alt text for image | caption = ''caption'' | alt_name = ''alt_name'' | native_name = ''native_name'' | genre = ''genre'' | creator..." 22221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{This|television programs|the infobox for specific models of televisions|Template:Infobox television model}} {{documentation subpage}} == Usage == {{ {{PAGENAMETDOC}} | italic_title = no | image = Example-serious.jpg | image_upright = 1.1 | image_alt = Alt text for image | caption = ''caption'' | alt_name = ''alt_name'' | native_name = ''native_name'' | genre = ''genre'' | creator = ''creator'' | based_on = ''based_on'' | inspired_by = ''inspired_by'' | developer = ''developer'' | writer = ''writer'' | screenplay = ''screenplay'' | story = ''story'' | director = ''director'' | editor = ''editor'' | creative_director = ''creative_director'' | presenter = ''presenter'' | starring = ''starring'' | judges = ''judges'' | voices = ''voices'' | narrated = ''narrated'' | theme_music_composer = ''theme_music_composer'' | open_theme = ''open_theme'' | end_theme = ''end_theme'' | composer = ''composer'' | country = ''country'' | language = ''language'' | num_seasons = ''num_seasons'' | num_series = ''num_series'' | num_episodes = ''num_episodes'' | list_episodes = Template:Infobox television | executive_producer = ''executive_producer'' | producer = ''producer'' | news_editor = ''news_editor'' | location = ''location'' | cinematography = ''cinematography'' | animator = ''animator'' | camera = ''camera'' | runtime = ''runtime'' | company = ''company'' | distributor = ''distributor'' | budget = ''budget'' | network = ''network'' | picture_format = ''picture_format'' | audio_format = ''audio_format'' | first_run = ''first_run'' | first_aired = ''first_aired'' (''released'') | last_aired = ''last_aired'' | preceded_by = ''preceded_by'' | followed_by = ''followed_by'' | related = ''related'' | website = https://www.example.com | production_website = https://www.example.com }} <section begin=infobox /> <syntaxhighlight lang="html" style="overflow: auto;"> {{Infobox television | image = | image_upright = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | alt_name = | native_name = <!-- {{Infobox name module|language|title}} or {{Infobox name module|title}} --> | genre = <!-- Must be reliably sourced --> | creator = | based_on = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --> | inspired_by = <!-- {{Based on|title of the original work|creator of the original work|additional creator(s), if necessary}} --> | developer = | writer = | screenplay = | story = | director = | creative_director = | presenter = <!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --> | starring = <!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --> | judges = <!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --> | voices = <!-- Organized by broadcast credit order, with new main cast added to the end of the list --> | narrated = | theme_music_composer = | open_theme = | end_theme = | composer = | country = | language = | num_seasons = <!-- Or num_series. Increment when new seasons/series begin. See template documentation for more info. --> | num_episodes = <!-- Value is incremented when new episodes air. See template documentation for more info. --> | list_episodes = | executive_producer = | producer = | news_editor = <!-- Content editor or editors of a current affairs/political show such as Newsnight. --> | location = <!-- Nation the series was primarily filmed in, if different from the nation of origin. --> | cinematography = | animator = | editor = <!-- Film editors --> | camera = <!-- Either Single-camera or Multi-camera --> | runtime = <!-- Reliable source required --> | company = <!-- Production companies only --> | distributor = | budget = | network = | picture_format = | audio_format = | first_run = <!-- The nation in which the series first aired, if different from country parameter --> | first_aired = <!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}} or |released= {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}}, but not both --> | last_aired = <!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --> | preceded_by = | followed_by = | related = <!-- To be used only for remakes, spin-offs, and adaptations --> | website = <!-- Remove or comment out this parameter line completely if URL exists on or is moved to Wikidata; use |website_title= to change the display title. --> | production_website = <!-- use |production_website_title= to change the display title. --> }} </syntaxhighlight> <section end=infobox /> {{clear}} === Parameters === Link people only if they have articles. For most of the fields below, if there are multiple entries, separate them using {{tl|Plainlist}} or {{tl|Unbulleted list}}. When adding data to fields, do not use small text as this reduces the size of the text to below 85% of the page font size. See [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Accessibility#Text]] for more information. {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" | Parameter ! scope="col" | Explanation |- <!----------General----------> ! scope="row" | italic_title | A "no" value will disable the automatic italicization of the article's name. This parameter should not be used most of the time. |- ! scope="row" | name | The name of the television program, film or miniseries, defaults to the page name. Should not be used if the name is the same as the article title as the infobox handles this automatically. If set, use the full name and do not wikilink it. |- ! scope="row" | originalname | The English name of the Burmese program or the original foreign name of the non-Burmese program can also be written as "original_name, original name". if it is latin. |- ! scope="row" | image | [[Help:Files|A suitable image]] relevant to the show. The image does not need to be wikilinked and should exclude "File:" e.g. <code><nowiki>Example.png</nowiki></code> Typically the image will be the series' title card, although this is not mandated. Free content should be used where available. |- ! scope="row" | image_size | Width of the image in pixels, excluding "px". If not specified the image width defaults to the value explained in {{para|image_upright}}. The size should not be set greater than 300px. |- ! scope="row" | image_upright | Use of this parameter is preferred to using {{para|image_size}}, as it allows [[Wikipedia:Autosizing images|auto-sizing of images]] according to user preferences. By default the infobox image scales to upright=1.13 (which is 1.13 × 220 px if the default thumbnail size has not been changed at [[Special:Preferences]]). The size should not be set to a value that would result in an image width greater than 300px. See [[#Calculating "image_upright"|help below]] for guidance on determining the value to be used. |- ! scope="row" | image_alt | Alt text, as required by [[MOS:ALT]]. It may include wikilinks. |- ! scope="row" | caption | A caption explaining the image. An image of the title card including the title logo, or the logo only, of the show does not need a caption. |- ! scope="row" | alt_name | An alternative name by which the television program is known. |- ! scope="row" | color | The font color of each column, the same as above, if not filled, the default color will be used. |- ! scope="row" | color text | The text color of each column, the same as above, if not filled, the default color will be used. |- ! scope="row" | native_name | Insert the native title using the {{tl|Infobox name module}} template if it is different from the displayed title; please visit that template's page for full instructions. This parameter is for the native title only, i.e. it should not be used to add translated titles to the infobox. Example: {{nowrap|<nowiki>{{Infobox name module|ta|பாசமலர்}}</nowiki>}} will display the Tamil native name in the infobox – "ta" is the [[ISO 639|ISO 639 code]] for Tamil. |- ! scope="row" | genre | The genre of the show. Examples listed at [[Television genre|Film and television genres]]. Link if an article is available. Genres must be reliably sourced. |- ! scope="row" | creator | The show's creator or creators. This should be used over {{para|developer}} if the show is based on original material i.e. ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'' or ''[[Law & Order]]'', unless a reliable source attributes a person with the title "creator". |- ! scope="row" | based_on | Insert the title of the source material and the name(s) of the source material writer(s). Use {{tl|based on}} or similar formatting where possible. Use this field if a series is based on previously produced or published material, such as films, books, plays, articles, old screenplays etc, and is explicitly credited as such. Do not use this field where the source material is ambiguous or can not be reliably sourced. If a work was inspired by another, use {{para|inspired_by}}. |- ! scope="row" | inspired_by | Insert the title of the source material that inspired the series and the name(s) of the source material's writer(s). Use {{tl|based on}} or similar formatting where possible. Use this field if a series is inspired by previously produced or published material, such as films, books, plays, articles, old screenplays etc, and is explicitly credited as such. Do not use this field where the source material is ambiguous or can not be reliably sourced. If a work was based on another, use {{para|based_on}}. |- ! scope="row" | developer | The show's developer or developers. This should be used over {{para|creator}} if the show is based on non-original material i.e. ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|The Walking Dead]]'' or ''[[Smallville]]'', unless a reliable source attributes a person with the title {{para|developer}}. |- ! scope="row" | writer | The show's writer or writers. Do not use if the show has many (5+) writers. |- ! scope="row" | screenplay | Used for television films. Insert the name(s) of the screenplay writer(s). Use this field instead of the normal writer field if films divide writing credits between screenplay and story writers. In addition, link each writer to their appropriate article if possible |- ! scope="row" | story | Used for television films. Insert the name(s) of the story writer(s). Use this field instead of the normal writer field if films divide writing credits between screenplay and story writers. In addition, link each writer to their appropriate article if possible. |- ! scope="row" | director | The show's [[Film director|director]]. |- ! scope="row" | creative_director | The show's [[creative director]]. |- ! scope="row" | {{Unbulleted list|presenter}} | The show's presenters or hosts. Presenters are listed in original credit order followed by order in which new presenters joined the show. Years or seasons should not be included. |- ! scope="row" | starring | The show's starring cast. Cast are listed in original credit order followed by order in which new cast joined the show. Character names, years, or seasons should not be included. |- ! scope="row" | judges | If the show involves judges, list them here. Judges are listed in original credit order followed by order in which new judges joined the show. Years or seasons should not be included. |- ! scope="row" | voices | Any voice artists used in the show. Cast are listed in original credit order followed by order in which new cast joined the show. Character names, years, or seasons should not be included. |- ! scope="row" | narrated | The show's credited [[narrator]](s) (if applicable). Years or seasons should not be included. |- ! scope="row" | theme_music_composer | The name of the composer of the show's theme music. For non-theme music composer, use {{para|music}}. |- ! scope="row" | music | The name of the composer of the show's music. For the theme music composer, use {{para|theme_music_composer}}. |- ! scope="row" | open_theme | The name of the opening theme for the show. |- ! scope="row" | end_theme | The name of the ending theme for the show. |- ! scope="row" | composer | The principal composer or composers providing incidental music for the show's episodes. |- ! scope="row" | country | The show's country of origin. Do not use flag icons, as this places an unnecessary emphasis on nationality - see [[MOS:INFOBOXFLAG]] for a detailed rationale. Do not link to a country article, e.g., <nowiki>[[</nowiki>[[United States]]<nowiki>]]</nowiki>, per [[WP:OVERLINK]]. |- ! scope="row" | language | The original language or languages of the show. Do not link to a language article, e.g., <nowiki>[[</nowiki>[[English language]]<nowiki>|English]]</nowiki>, per [[WP:OVERLINK]]. |- ! scope="row" | {{Unbulleted list|num_seasons|num_series}} | The number of seasons (US) or series (UK) produced. Use one or the other, not both. The parameter should only be incremented once the first episode of that season or series has aired, or if a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]] confirms production has commenced. An [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|inline citation]] is required if the total number of seasons produced is greater than the number aired. |- ! scope="row" | num_episodes | The number of episodes released. This parameter should only be incremented when new episodes air. An [[Wikipedia:Citing sources|inline citation]] is required if the total number of episodes produced is greater than the number aired, such as in the case of a show being cancelled. |- ! scope="row" | list_episodes | If a Wikipedia "List of" article exists for the show's episodes, put its name here. Do not use a link (i.e. do not include <nowiki>[[ ]]</nowiki>). |- <!----------Production-specific----------> ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Production-specific |- ! scope="row" | executive_producer | The executive producer or producers of the show. |- ! scope="row" | producer | The producer or producers of the show. |- ! scope="row" | news_editor | This field should be used to indicate the senior reporter who oversees the writing of news and magazine video content for a current affairs/political show such as [[Newsnight]]. |- ! scope="row" | location | Production location, i.e. where the show is/was primarliy shot. Leave blank if same as country of origin above. |- ! scope="row" | cinematography | The director of [[cinematography]] or lead [[cameraman]]. |- ! scope="row" | animator | The animator or animators of the show. |- ! scope="row" | editor | The [[Film editing|film editor(s)]]. |- ! scope="row" | camera | Either [[Single camera setup|Single-camera]] or [[Multicamera setup|Multi-camera]]. |- ! scope="row" | runtime | Episode duration. Should not include commercials and should be approximated, e.g. "22–26 minutes" for most half-hour shows. |- ! scope="row" | company | The names of the production company or companies that funded/organized series production. Note: sub-contractors hired to perform production work, e.g. animation houses, special effects studios, post-production facilities etc. should not be included here, as this may create confusion about the nation(s) of origin. Instead, use sourced prose in the article's Production section to explain these details. |- ! scope="row" | distributor | The names of the original distribution company or companies. |- ! scope="row" | budget | Used for television films. The budget of the television film or miniseries. |- <!----------Broadcast-specific----------> ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Broadcast-specific |- ! scope="row" | network | The original network(s) on which the show has appeared. Do not add foreign broadcasters here. Use links if articles are available. |- ! scope="row" | picture_format | The video or film format in which the show is or was originally recorded or broadcast ([[Black and white]], [[Film]], [[405-line]], [[NTSC]], [[PAL]], [[SECAM]], [[HDTV]] [[720p]], [[HDTV]] [[1080i]], [[4K resolution|4K]] [[Ultra-high-definition television|UHDTV]]). Do not use "[[SDTV]]" as it is ambiguous. Note that aspect ratios (4:3, 16:9 etc) are not a format and should not be included. |- ! scope="row" | audio_format | The format in which the show's sound is broadcast ([[Monaural]], [[Stereophonic sound|Stereophonic]], [[Surround sound|Surround]]). |- ! scope="row" | first_run | The country or region where the show was first broadcast. Omit if the same country as country of origin above or if the show has only been broadcast in one country or region. Do not link to a corresponding article per [[WP:OVERLINK]]. |- ! scope="row" | {{Unbulleted list|first_aired|released}} | Date the show first aired on its original network (''first_aired''), or was released on [[streaming media]] sites such as [[Netflix]] (''released''). Only insert the date after it has happened. The parameter is not restricted to a "premiere" date. In the event a program airs a full "preview" episode on TV in advance of a premiere, that date should be used instead. Use {{tl|Start date}} (e.g. <nowiki>{{Start date|1981|2|26}}</nowiki>) so that the date is included in the template's [[hCalendar]] microformat, and is properly formatted according to a reader's Wikipedia date and time [[Special:Preferences|preferences]]. Add {{mono|<nowiki>|df=y</nowiki>}} if the article [[WP:DATERET|uses]] the dmy date format. |- ! scope="row" | last_aired | The first air date of the show's last episode on its original network. Use "present" if the show is ongoing or renewed and {{tl|End date}} if the show is ended. Only insert the last episode's date after it has happened. In some cases the fate of a program might be uncertain, for example if there are no announcements that a show has been renewed. If such a program has not aired a new episode in 12 months, "present" can be changed to the date the last episode aired, using {{tl|End date}}. This does not imply the series has been cancelled, rather that the program "last aired" on that date. This is to prevent programs from being listed as "present" in perpetuity. In the event that a program resumes airing after a long hiatus, such as more than 12 months between episodes or cancellation and subsequent renewal, the date is simply replaced with "present" to reflect the "current" status of the program. |- <!----------Chronological----------> ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | Chronological |- ! scope="row" | preceded_by | If Show A was a predecessor of Show B, insert the name of Show A and production years − name in italics (linked if possible) followed by year-to-year in parentheses, e.g. <nowiki>''[[That Ol' Show]]'' (1956–1957)</nowiki>. This parameter should ''not'' be used to indicate a program that preceded another in a television lineup (i.e. the 8pm show vs the 8:30pm show), or to indicate what show replaced another in a specific time slot (ex: ''Temperatures Rising'' held the 8pm time slot before being replaced by ''Happy Days''). |- ! scope="row" | followed_by | If Show A was a successor of Show B, insert the name of Show A and production years (as for {{para|preceded_by}} above). This parameter should ''not'' be used to indicate a program that followed another in a television lineup (i.e. the 8pm show vs the 8:30pm show), or to indicate what show replaced another in a specific time slot (ex: ''Temperatures Rising'' held the 8pm time slot before being replaced by ''Happy Days''). |- ! scope="row" | related | Related TV shows, i.e. remakes, spin-offs, adaptations for different audiences, etc. For example, [[The Office (British TV series)|''The Office'' (British TV series)]] and [[The Office (American TV series)|''The Office'' (American TV series)]]; ''[[The Upper Hand]]'' and ''[[Who's the Boss?]]''; etc.. Note that simply sharing crossover episodes does not make series related. |- <!----------External links----------> ! scope="col" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | External links |- ! scope="row" | website | The show's official website (usually hosted by the network or production company). Only enter the URL; Do not use {{tl|URL}} as formatting is automatic. If the URL exists on Wikidata this field may be omitted. If the Wikidata URL is no longer valid, it may be suppressed by using {{para|website|hide}}. |- ! scope="row" | website_title | The name of the official website. If omitted, the default title is 'Website'. |- ! scope="row" | production_website | A secondary official website (usually hosted by the network or production company). Only enter the URL; formatting is automatic. (Do not use {{tl|URL}} in this parameter.) |- ! scope="row" | production_website_title | The name of the production website. If omitted, the default title is 'Production website'. |} === Controlling line-breaking in embedded bulletless lists === Template {{tlx|nbsp}} may be used with {{tlx|wbr}} and {{tlx|nowrap}} to control line-breaking in bulletless lists embedded in the infobox (e.g. cast and other credits lists), to prevent wrapped long entries from being confused with multiple entries. See [[Template:Wbr/doc#Controlling line-breaking in infoboxes]] for details. {{#section:Template:Infobox Australian place/doc|image_upright}} === TemplateData === {{Collapse top|title=[[Wikipedia:TemplateData|TemplateData]] documentation used by [[Wikipedia:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] and other tools}} {{TemplateData header|noheader=1}} <templatedata> { "description": "Infobox used on articles about television and web programs.", "params": { "italic_title": { "label": "Italic title", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "A \"no\" value will disable the automatic italicization of the article. This parameter should not be used most of the time." }, "name": { "label": "Television program name", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The name of the television program, film or miniseries, defaults to the page name. Should not be used if the name is the same as the article title as the infobox handles this automatically. If set, use the full name and do not wikilink it." }, "image": { "label": "Image", "type": "wiki-file-name", "required": false, "suggested": true, "deprecated": false, "description": "An image relevant to the show." }, "image_size": { "label": "Image size", "type": "number", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Width of the image in pixels, excluding \"px\". If not specified the image width defaults to the value explained in \"image_upright\". The size should not be set greater than 300px." }, "image_upright": { "label": "Image upright", "type": "number", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Use of this parameter is preferred to using \"image_size\", as it allows auto-sizing of images according to user preferences. By default the infobox image scales to upright=1.13 (which is 1.13 × 220 px if the default thumbnail size has not been changed at Special:Preferences). The size should not be set to a value that would result in an image width greater than 300px. See help below for guidance on determining the value to be used." }, "image_alt": { "label": "Image alt", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Alt text, as required by MOS:ALT. It may include wikilinks.", "aliases": [ "alt" ] }, "caption": { "label": "Image caption", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "A caption explaining the image." }, "alt_name": { "label": "Additional show names", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "An alternative name by which the television program is known." }, "native_name": { "label": "Native name", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Native title. Should only be used, if the native title differs from the common film title." }, "genre": { "label": "Genre", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The genre of the show. Examples listed at Film and television genres." }, "creator": { "label": "Creator", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The show's creator or creators." }, "based_on": { "label": "Based on", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The title of the source material and the name(s) of the source material writer(s). Use this field if a series is based on previously produced or published material, such as films, books, plays, articles, old screenplays etc, and is explicitly credited as such. Do not use this field where the source material is ambiguous or can not be reliably sourced. If a work was inspired by another, use inspired_by." }, "inspired_by": { "label": "Inspired by", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The title of the source material that inspired the series and the name(s) of the source material's writer(s). Use this field if a series is inspired by previously produced or published material, such as films, books, plays, articles, old screenplays etc, and is explicitly credited as such. Do not use this field where the source material is ambiguous or can not be reliably sourced. If a work was based on another, use based_on." }, "developer": { "label": "Developer", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The show's developer or developers." }, "writer": { "label": "Writer", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The show's writer or writers." }, "screenplay": { "label": "Screenplay", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Used for television films. Insert the name(s) of the screenplay writer(s). Use this field instead of the normal writer field if films divide writing credits between screenplay and story writers." }, "story": { "label": "Story", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Used for television films. Insert the name(s) of the story writer(s). Use this field instead of the normal writer field if films divide writing credits between screenplay and story writers." }, "director": { "label": "Director", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The show's director." }, "creative_director": { "label": "Creative director", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The show's creative director." }, "presenter": { "label": "Presenter", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The show's presenters.", "aliases": [ "host" ] }, "starring": { "label": "Starring", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The show's starring cast." }, "judges": { "label": "Judges", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "If the show involves judges, list them here." }, "voices": { "label": "Voice actors", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Any voice artists used in the show." }, "narrated": { "label": "Narrators", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The show's credited narrator(s) (if applicable)." }, "theme_music_composer": { "label": "Theme music composer", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The name of the composer of the show's theme music. For non-theme music composer, use |music=." }, "music": { "label": "Music composer", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The name of the composer of the show's music. For the theme music composer, use |theme_music_composer=." }, "open_theme": { "label": "Opening theme", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The name of the opening theme for the show." }, "end_theme": { "label": "Ending theme", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The name of the ending theme for the show." }, "composer": { "label": "Composer", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The principal composer or composers providing incidental music for the show's episodes." }, "country": { "label": "Country", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The show's country of origin." }, "language": { "label": "Language", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The original language or languages of the show." }, "num_seasons": { "label": "Number of seasons", "type": "number", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The number of seasons (US) or series (UK) produced.", "aliases": [ "num_series" ] }, "num_episodes": { "label": "Number of episodes", "type": "number", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The number of episodes released." }, "list_episodes": { "label": "List of episodes article", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The show's List of episodes article." }, "executive_producer": { "label": "Executive producer", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The executive producer or producers of the show." }, "producer": { "label": "Producer", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The producer or producers of the show." }, "news_editor": { "label": "News editor", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Content editor or editors of a current affairs/political show" }, "location": { "label": "Location", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The production location." }, "cinematography": { "label": "Cinematographer", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The director of cinematography or lead cameraman." }, "animator": { "label": "Animator", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The animator or animators of the show." }, "editor": { "label": "Editor", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The editor or editors." }, "camera": { "label": "Camera setup", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Either Single-camera or Multi-camera." }, "runtime": { "label": "Run time", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Episode duration. Should not include commercials and should be approximated, e.g. \"22–26 minutes\" for most half-hour shows." }, "company": { "label": "Company", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The names of the production company or companies that funded/organized series production.", "aliases": [ "studio" ] }, "distributor": { "label": "Distributor", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The names of the original distribution company or companies." }, "budget": { "label": "Budget", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Used for television films. The budget of the television film or miniseries." }, "network": { "label": "Network", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The original network/networks on which the show appeared or appears.", "aliases": [ "channel" ] }, "picture_format": { "label": "Picture format", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The video or film format in which the show is or was originally recorded or broadcast." }, "audio_format": { "label": "Audio format", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The format in which the show's sound is broadcast." }, "first_run": { "label": "First run country", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The country or region where the show was first broadcast." }, "released": { "label": "Released", "type": "date", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Date the show was released on streaming media sites such as Netflix." }, "first_aired": { "label": "First aired date", "type": "date", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Date the show first aired on its original network." }, "last_aired": { "label": "Last aired date", "type": "date", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The first air date of the show's last episode on its original network. Use \"present\" if the show is ongoing or renewed and {{End date}} if the show is ended." }, "preceded_by": { "label": "Preceded by", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "If Show A was a predecessor of Show B, insert the name of Show A and production years." }, "followed_by": { "label": "Followed by", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "If Show A was a successor of Show B, insert the name of Show A and production years." }, "related": { "label": "Related", "type": "wiki-page-name", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "Related TV shows, i.e. remakes, spin-offs, adaptations for different audiences, etc." }, "website": { "label": "Website", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The show's official website." }, "website_title": { "label": "Website title", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The name of the official website. If omitted, the default title is 'Website'." }, "production_website": { "label": "Production website", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "A secondary official website (usually hosted by the network or production company). Do not use {{url}}" }, "production_website_title": { "label": "Production website title", "type": "string", "required": false, "suggested": false, "deprecated": false, "description": "The name of the production website. If omitted, the default title is 'Production website'." } }, "format": "\n{{_\n| ________________________ = _\n}}\n", "paramOrder": [ "italic_title", "name", "image", "image_size", "image_upright", "image_alt", "caption", "alt_name", "native_name", "genre", "creator", "based_on", "inspired_by", "developer", "writer", "screenplay", "story", "director", "creative_director", "presenter", "starring", "judges", "voices", "narrated", "theme_music_composer", "music", "open_theme", "end_theme", "composer", "country", "language", "num_seasons", "num_episodes", "list_episodes", "executive_producer", "producer", "news_editor", "location", "cinematography", "animator", "editor", "camera", "runtime", "company", "distributor", "budget", "network", "picture_format", "audio_format", "first_run", "released", "first_aired", "last_aired", "preceded_by", "followed_by", "related", "website", "website_title", "production_website", "production_website_title" ] } </templatedata> {{Collapse bottom}} == Example == {{Infobox television | italic_title = no | name = House | image = House logo.svg | alt_name = ''House, M.D.'' | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Medical drama]] * [[Black comedy]] }} | creator = [[David Shore]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Hugh Laurie]] * [[Lisa Edelstein]] * [[Omar Epps]] * [[Robert Sean Leonard]] * [[Jennifer Morrison]] * [[Jesse Spencer]] * [[Peter Jacobson]] * [[Kal Penn]] * [[Olivia Wilde]] * [[Amber Tamblyn]] * [[Odette Annable]] * [[Charlyne Yi]] }} | open_theme = "[[Teardrop (song)|Teardrop]]" by [[Massive Attack]] | composer = {{Plainlist| * Jason Derlatka * Jon Ehrlich }} | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = 8 | num_episodes = 177 | list_episodes = List of House episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Paul Attanasio]] * [[Katie Jacobs]] * David Shore * [[Bryan Singer]] * Thomas L. Moran * [[Russel Friend]] * [[Garrett Lerner]] * [[Greg Yaitanes]] * [[Hugh Laurie]] }} | runtime = 42 minutes | company = {{Plainlist| * [[Heel and Toe Films]] * [[Shore Z Productions]] * [[Bad Hat Harry Productions]] * [[NBC Universal Television Studio]] (2004–07) * [[Universal Media Studios]] (2007–11) * [[Universal Television]] (2011–12) }} | distributor = [[NBCUniversal Television Distribution]] | network = [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] | picture_format = {{Plainlist| * [[NTSC]] * [[HDTV]] [[720p]] }} | audio_format = | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|11|16}} | last_aired = {{End date|2012|5|21}} | related = ''[[Nurse Jeffrey]]'' | website = https://web.archive.org/web/20120603011341/http://www.fox.com/house/ }} <syntaxhighlight style="overflow:auto;" lang="html"> {{Infobox television | image = House logo.svg | alt_name = ''House, M.D.'' | genre = {{Plainlist| * [[Medical drama]] * [[Black comedy]] }} | creator = [[David Shore]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Hugh Laurie]] * [[Lisa Edelstein]] * [[Omar Epps]] * [[Robert Sean Leonard]] * [[Jennifer Morrison]] * [[Jesse Spencer]] * [[Peter Jacobson]] * [[Kal Penn]] * [[Olivia Wilde]] * [[Amber Tamblyn]] * [[Odette Annable]] * [[Charlyne Yi]] }} | open_theme = "[[Teardrop (song)|Teardrop]]" by [[Massive Attack]] | composer = {{Plainlist| * Jason Derlatka * Jon Ehrlich }} | country = United States | language = English | num_seasons = 8 | num_episodes = 177 | list_episodes = List of House episodes | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Paul Attanasio]] * [[Katie Jacobs]] * David Shore * [[Bryan Singer]] * Thomas L. Moran * [[Russel Friend]] * [[Garrett Lerner]] * [[Greg Yaitanes]] * [[Hugh Laurie]] }} | runtime = 42 minutes | company = {{Plainlist| * [[Heel and Toe Films]] * [[Shore Z Productions]] * [[Bad Hat Harry Productions]] * [[NBC Universal Television Studio]] (2004–07) * [[Universal Media Studios]] (2007–11) * [[Universal Television]] (2011–12) }} | distributor = [[NBCUniversal Television Distribution]] | network = [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] | picture_format = {{Plainlist| * [[NTSC]] * [[HDTV]] [[720p]] }} | audio_format = | first_aired = {{Start date|2004|11|16}} | last_aired = {{End date|2012|5|21}} | related = ''[[Nurse Jeffrey]]'' | website = https://web.archive.org/web/20120603011341/http://www.fox.com/house/ }} </syntaxhighlight> {{clear}} == Microformat == {{UF-hcal}} == Tracking categories == <section begin=Tracking/> * {{Category link with count|Pages using infobox television with alias parameters}} * {{Category link with count|Pages using infobox television with flag icon}} * {{Category link with count|Pages using infobox television with image-related values without an image}} * {{Category link with count|Pages using infobox television with incorrectly formatted values}} * {{Category link with count|Pages using infobox television with non-matching title}} * {{Category link with count|Pages using infobox television with nonstandard dates}} * {{Category link with count|Pages using infobox television with unknown parameters}} * {{Category link with count|Pages using infobox television with unnecessary manual displaytitle}} * {{Category link with count|Pages using infobox television with unnecessary name parameter}} <section end=Tracking/> {{Film- and television-related infobox templates}}<includeonly> {{basepage subpage| <!-- Categories below this line, please; interwikis at Wikidata --> [[Category:Television infobox templates|Television]] [[Category:Infobox templates using Wikidata]] [[Category:Templates that add a tracking category]] }}</includeonly> 87u2iicrcttgeaqznqwa5p3nq2c2hyy 10 6433 22222 2026-10-31T15:34:39Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "[[Image:IMDB_Logo_2016.svg|20px]] [[အိုင်အမ်ဒီဘီ]]ပေါ်ဟိ [http://www.imdb.com/{{#if:{{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}|title/{{#ifeq:{{Str left|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}|2}}|tt|{{Trim|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}|tt{{#if:{{str len|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}<7|{{str rightmost|000000{{Trim|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}|7}}}}}}|{{#if:{{#property:P345}}|title/{{#property:P345}}|Title?{{urlencode:{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}/{{#switch:{{lc:{{{section|}}} }} |award|awards=awards Awards for }} ''{{{2|{{{ti..." 22222 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:IMDB_Logo_2016.svg|20px]] [[အိုင်အမ်ဒီဘီ]]ပေါ်ဟိ [http://www.imdb.com/{{#if:{{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}|title/{{#ifeq:{{Str left|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}|2}}|tt|{{Trim|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}|tt{{#if:{{str len|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}<7|{{str rightmost|000000{{Trim|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}|7}}}}}}|{{#if:{{#property:P345}}|title/{{#property:P345}}|Title?{{urlencode:{{PAGENAME}}}}}}}}/{{#switch:{{lc:{{{section|}}} }} |award|awards=awards Awards for }} ''{{{2|{{{title|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}'' {{{3|{{{description|}}}}}}]<includeonly>{{#if:{{{1|{{{id|}}}}}}{{#property:P345}}||{{main other|[[Category:IMDb template with no id set]]}}}}{{#ifeq:{{Str left|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}|2}}|tt|{{#ifeq:{{str len|{{{1|{{{id}}}}}}}}|9||{{main other|[[Category:IMDb template with invalid id set]]}}}}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 6mjemhyi3tj4tzsq4znu94dfn2xztwa 10 6434 22223 2026-10-31T15:36:06Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "<includeonly>{{#iferror: {{#invoke:String | sub | s={{{1}}} | -{{{2}}} }} | {{{1}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" 22223 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#iferror: {{#invoke:String | sub | s={{{1}}} | -{{{2}}} }} | {{{1}}} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> 6juuuih7rh83u06840sbo5e3w28zo6o 0 6435 22224 2026-10-31T15:36:35Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "{{Infobox television |name=2gether: The Series |picture_format= |location= [[ထိုင်း]] |cinematography= |camera= |runtime=၅၀ မိနစ် |company={{ubl|[[GMMTV]]|Housestories 8}} |distributor= |channel={{ubl|[[GMM 25]]|[[Line TV|LINE TV]]}} |audio_format= |producer= |first_run= |first_aired={{Start date|2020|02|21|df=yes}}<ref name="releasedate">{{cite web |title = #คั่นกู "เพราะเราคู่กัน 2gether The Seri..." 22224 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television |name=2gether: The Series |picture_format= |location= [[ထိုင်း]] |cinematography= |camera= |runtime=၅၀ မိနစ် |company={{ubl|[[GMMTV]]|Housestories 8}} |distributor= |channel={{ubl|[[GMM 25]]|[[Line TV|LINE TV]]}} |audio_format= |producer= |first_run= |first_aired={{Start date|2020|02|21|df=yes}}<ref name="releasedate">{{cite web |title = #คั่นกู "เพราะเราคู่กัน 2gether The Series" เป็นกระแส ตั้งแต่ทีเซอร์ล่าสุด คั่นกู EP1 รอดู ไบร์ทวิน #สารวัตร #ไทน์คนชิค |url = https://medhubnews.com/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1-64752-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99-2gether-the-series-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81.html |website = Med Hub News |language = [[ထိုင်း]] |date = 7 February 2020 |accessdate = 13 February 2020 |archive-date = 27 June 2020 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200627093530/https://medhubnews.com/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1-64752-%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99-2gether-the-series-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81.html }}</ref>|last_aired={{End date|2020|05|15|df=yes}} |followed_by=''[[Still 2gether]]'' |related={{ubl|''Play2gether''|'' Bright - Win Inbox''}}|website=https://www.gmm25.com/shows_detail.html?id=869|website_title=GMM 25 Show Details |editor= |executive_producer= |image=Win and bright 2gether Lineth 1.jpg |creative_director= |image_size= |image_alt= |caption= |genre=[[ရိုမန့်တ အူးသ]]<br/>[[BL]] |creator={{ubl|[[GMMTV]]|Housestories 8}} |writer= |director=Weerachit Thongjila |starring={{ubl|[[မေတာဝိန ဩပါသ ဣအမ္မကာဇရဏ]]|[[ဝပါးသို့ရာဝိတ ပါးသို့ဝါရီ]]}} |theme_music_composer= |opentheme="ติดกับ" (''Tit Kap'') by Natthawut Jenmana |endtheme="คั่นกู" (''Kan Goo'') by [[ဝပါးသို့ရာဝိတ ပါးသို့ဝါရီ]] |composer= |country=[[ထိုင်း]] |num_seasons= |num_episodes=13 |production_website=https://tv.line.me/2gethertheseries}} '''''2gether: The Series''''' ({{lang-th|เพราะเราคู่กัน}}; {{RTGS|''Phro Rao Khu Kan''}}, {{abbr|lit.|literally}} '''''ငါရို့ တတူတူ ဟိနီ လို့ရာ''''') သည် ၂၀၂၀ ခုနှစ် '''ထိုင်း ရုပ်သံ ဇာတ်လမ်းတွဲ''' ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ [[မေတာဝိန ဩပါသ ဣအမ္မကာဇရဏ|Metawin "Win" Opas-iamkajorn]] နန့် [[ဝပါးသို့ရာဝိတ ပါးသို့ဝါရီ|Vachirawit "Bright" Chiva-aree]] ရို့မာ ဇာတ်‌ဆောင်တိ ဖြစ်တေ။ '''JittiRain''' ရီးသားရေ ၂၀၁၉ ထွက် နာမည်ကြီး Boy Love ဝထုကို ပုံ‌ဖော် ရိုက်ကူးခြင်း ဖြစ်တေ။ ကောလိပ် ကျောင်းသား နှစ်ယောက်ဧ့ အကွန်ဆောင် ချစ်သူ ဘဝ က အဂယင့် အစစ်မှန် ချစ်သူ အဖြစ် ကူးပြောင်း လားရေ အကြောင်းကို ရိုက်ကူး ထားခြင်း ဖြစ်ပြီးကေ။<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ละคร เพราะเราคู่กัน 2gether The Series|url=https://www.siamzone.com/drama/1803|last=|first=|date=|website=SiamZone|language=th|trans-title=Drama – Because We Are Together (2gether: The Series)|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224114640/https://www.siamzone.com/drama/1803|archive-date=24 February 2020|accessdate=6 May 2020}}</ref> ==ဇာတ်ဆောင်တိ== *'''Tine Teepakorn''' အဖြစ် '''Metawin Opas-iamkajorn ''(Win) (ဝင်း)''''' *'''Sarawat Guntithanon''' အဖြစ် '''Vachirawit Chiva-aree ''(Bright) (ဘရိုက်)''''' *'''Green''' အဖြစ် '''Korawit Boonsri ''(Gun)''''' *'''Dim''' အဖြစ် '''Sivakorn Lertchuchot ''(Guy)''''' *'''Air''' အဖြစ် '''Pornnappan Pornpenpipat ''(Nene)''''' *'''Earn''' အဖြစ် '''Rachanun Mahawan ''(Film)''''' *'''Pear''' အဖြစ် '''Pattranite Limpatiyakorn ''(Love)''''' *'''Fong''' အဖြစ် '''[[Khaotung Thanawat|Thanawat Rattanakitpaisan]] ''(khaotung)''''' *'''Phuak''' အဖြစ် '''Pluen Pongpisal''' *'''Ohm''' အဖြစ် '''Chayakorn Jutamat ''(JJ)''''' *'''Boss''' အဖြစ် '''Chanagun Arpornsutinam ''(Gunsmile)''''' *'''Man''' အဖြစ် '''Chinnarat Siripongchawalit ''(Mike)''''' *'''Mil''' အဖြစ် '''Sattabut Laedeke ''(Drake)''''' *'''Pukong''' အဖြစ် '''Thanatsaran Samthonglai ''(Frank)rank)''''' *'''Type''' အဖြစ် '''Jirakit Kuariyakul ''(Toptap)''''' *'''Fang''' အဖြစ် '''Phakjira Kanrattansoot ''(Nanan)''''' *'''Noomnim''' အဖြစ် '''Benyapa Jeenprasom ''(View)''''' *'''Chat''' အဖြစ် '''Chalongrat Novsamrong ''(First)''''' == အားပီးမှု ပမာဏ == *အောက်ဖော်ပြပါ ဇယားမာ {{color|blue|'''အပြာ'''}} သည် အနိမ့်ဆုံး နံပါတ် ကို ဖော်ပြ၍ {{color|red|'''အရဲ'''}} သည် အမြင့်ဆုံး နံပါတ် ကို ဖော်ပြရေ။ {| class="wikitable" ! အပိုင်း<br>{{abbr|No.|Number}} ! အချိန်<br>([[UTC+07:00]]) ! ထုတ်ရွှင့် ရက် ! ပျမ်းမျှ ကြေ့ရှုမှု ! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- ! style="text-align: center;" | 1 | rowspan="7" style="text-align: center;" | Friday 10:00 pm | style="text-align: center;" | 21 February 2020 | style="text-align: center;" | {{color|blue|'''0.116%'''}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=เรตติ้งสุดสัปดาห์ 21-23 กุมภาพันธ์ 2563 "หล่น" |url=https://www.facebook.com/1832643927041502/posts/2228390440800180 |via=Facebook |publisher=เขวี้ยงรีโมท |language=Thai |date=24 February 2020 |accessdate=14 April 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align: center;" | 2 | style="text-align: center;" | 28 February 2020 | style="text-align: center;" | 0.185% | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=สงคราม 6 โมงเย็น สุดมันส์! |url=https://www.facebook.com/1832643927041502/posts/2233476803624877 |via=Facebook |publisher=เขวี้ยงรีโมท |language=Thai |date=6 March 2020 |accessdate=14 April 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align: center;" | 3 | style="text-align: center;" | 6 March 2020 | style="text-align: center;" | 0.277% | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=เรตติ้งสุดสัปดาห์มาแล้วจ้า |url=https://www.facebook.com/1832643927041502/posts/2238592249779999 |via=Facebook |publisher=เขวี้ยงรีโมท |language=Thai |date=9 March 2020 |accessdate=14 April 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align: center;" | 4 | style="text-align: center;" | 13 March 2020 | style="text-align: center;" | 0.297% | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=เรตติ้งสุดสัปดาห์..คนผวาโควิด (อ่านให้ตาเขไปเลยจ้า) |url=https://www.facebook.com/1832643927041502/posts/2243560749283149 |via=Facebook |language=Thai |date=16 March 2020 |accessdate=14 April 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align: center;" | 5 | style="text-align: center;" | 20 March 2020 | style="text-align: center;" | 0.377% | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=ทีวีฝ่าวิกฤติโควิด เรตติ้งศุกร์-เสาร์-อาทิตย์ |url=https://www.facebook.com/1832643927041502/posts/2249267042045853 |via=Facebook |publisher=เขวี้ยงรีโมท |language=Thai |date=24 March 2020 |accessdate=14 April 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align: center;" | 6 | style="text-align: center;" | 27 March 2020 | style="text-align: center;" | 0.571% | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=ส่งท้าย "ทุ่งเสน่หา" เรตติ้ง 5.709 |url=https://www.facebook.com/1832643927041502/posts/2253853611587196 |via=Facebook |publisher=เขวี้ยงรีโมท |language=Thai |date=30 March 2020 |accessdate=14 April 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align: center;" | 7 | style="text-align: center;" | 3 April 2020 | style="text-align: center;" | 0.587% | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title="ร้อยป่า" ฟาดยับ เรตติ้งทะลุ 8 |url=https://www.facebook.com/1832643927041502/posts/2259649391007618 |via=Facebook |publisher=เขวี้ยงรีโมท |language=Thai |date=7 April 2020 |accessdate=14 April 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align: center;" | 8 | rowspan="6" style="text-align: center;" | Friday 09:30 pm | style="text-align: center;" | 10 April 2020 | style="text-align: center;" | 0.603% | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=สารวัตร-ไทน์ พายเรตติ้ง #คั่นกูEP8 ไป 0.603 |url=https://www.facebook.com/1832643927041502/posts/2263914653914425 |via=Facebook |publisher=เขวี้ยงรีโมท |language=Thai |date=13 April 2020 |accessdate=14 April 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align: center;" | 9 | style="text-align: center;" | 17 April 2020 | style="text-align: center;" | 0.802% | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=สารวัตร-ไทน์ พายเรตติ้ง #คั่นกูEP9 ไป 0.802 |url=https://www.facebook.com/1832643927041502/posts/2269301663375724 |via=Facebook |publisher=เขวี้ยงรีโมท |language=Thai |date=20 April 2020 |accessdate=14 April 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align: center;" | 10 | style="text-align: center;" | 24 April 2020 | style="text-align: center;" | 0.718% | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=สารวัตร-ไทน์ พายเรตติ้ง #คั่นกูEP10 ไป 0.718 |url=https://www.facebook.com/1832643927041502/posts/2274257332880157 |via=Facebook |publisher=เขวี้ยงรีโมท |language=Thai |date=27 April 2020 |accessdate=14 April 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align: center;" | 11 | style="text-align: center;" | 1 May 2020 | style="text-align: center;" | 0.598% | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=สารวัตร-ไทน์ พายเรตติ้ง #คั่นกูEP11 ไป 0.598 |url=https://www.facebook.com/1832643927041502/posts/2279865648985992 |via=Facebook |publisher=เขวี้ยงรีโมท |language=Thai |date=4 May 2020 |accessdate=6 May 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align: center;" | 12 | style="text-align: center;" | 8 May 2020 | style="text-align: center;" | 0.625% | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title=ปิดฉาก “ฟากฟ้าคีรีดาว” ปาดเรตติ้งไปที่ 4.078 |url= https://www.facebook.com/1832643927041502/posts/2284278368544720|via=Facebook |publisher=เขวี้ยงรีโมท |language=Thai |date=11 May 2020 |accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> |- ! style="text-align: center;" | 13 | style="text-align: center;" | 15 May 2020 | style="text-align: center;" | {{color|red|'''0.825%'''}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web |title= เปิดตัวเลขสุดสัปดาห์ ละครรีรันยกแพค |url= https://www.facebook.com/Kwiangremote/photos/a.1842341692738392/2289333538039203|via=Facebook |publisher=เขวี้ยงรีโมท |language=Thai |date=18 May 2020 |accessdate=18 May 2020}}</ref> |- ! colspan="3" style="text-align: center;" | ပျမ်းမျှ နှုန်း | colspan="2" style="text-align: center;" | {{color|green|'''0.506%'''}} {{ref|average|1}} |} :{{note|average|1}} Based on the average audience share per episode. == ဆုတိ နန့် ဆန်ကာတင် == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="width: 100%;" |+ ! scope="col" | ပသိပီးပွဲ ! scope="col" | ခုနှစ် ! scope="col" | အမျိုးအစား ! scope="col" | နာမည်ရှင် ! scope="col" | ရလဒ် ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" | မာယာ ပသိပီးပွဲ | ၂၀၂၀ | တစ်နှိုက်တာ အကြိုက်ဆုံး ရုပ်သံ ဇာတ်လမ်းတွဲ | ''2gether: အဆိုပါစီးရီး'' | '''2gether: The Series''' | style="text-align: center;" | အဆို တင်သွင်း နီတုန်း | |- | ၂၀၂၀ | ကောင်းဘီယက် စုံတွဲ | Vachirawit Chiva-aree နန့် Metawin Opas-iamkajorn | '''Vachirawit Chiva-aree''' နန့် '''Metawin Opas-iamkajorn''' | style="text-align: center;" | အဆို တင်သွင်း နီတုန်း | |} == မှတ်စုတိ == {{Notelist}} == ကိုးကားချက်တိ == {{Reflist}} == ပြင်ပလင့်တိ == * [https://www.gmm25.com/shows_detail.html?id=869 ''2gether:''] GMM 25 ဝက်ဘ်ဆိုက် {{In lang|th}} [https://www.gmm25.com/shows_detail.html?id=869 ''စီးရီး''] {{In lang|th}} * [https://tv.line.me/2gethertheseries ''2gether:''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224114631/https://tv.line.me/2gethertheseries |date=24 February 2020 }} LINE TV က [https://tv.line.me/2gethertheseries ''စီးရီး''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224114631/https://tv.line.me/2gethertheseries |date=24 February 2020 }} * {{IMDb title|12048276}} * [http://www.gmm-tv.com GMMTV] [[ကဏ္ဍ:LGBT]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:BL]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:ထိုင်း BL ဇာတ်လမ်းတွဲတိ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:ထိုင်း ရုပ်ယှင်ဇာတ်ကားတိ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:ထိုင်းနိုင်ငံဟိ ဖျော်ဖြေရီး]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:GMMTV ရုပ်သံဇာတ်လမ်းတွဲတိ]] 7eu2qbwpp9d54lwmndk45zlubhttdlh 10 6436 22225 2026-10-31T15:40:22Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "<includeonly>{{#invoke:Based on|main}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude>" 22225 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Based on|main}}</includeonly><noinclude>{{Documentation}}</noinclude> 88cr0v968g0zdd3ifxkdprr9ms771rx 828 6437 22226 2026-10-31T15:44:29Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "local p = {} function p.lua_main(frame) local s = frame.args[1] if frame.args[3] then local args = {} for i, v in ipairs(frame.args) do if i >= 2 then args[#args+1] = v end end args['style'] = 'display: inline' args['list_style'] = 'display: inline' args['item1_style'] = 'display: inline' h = mw.html.create('div') h:wikitext(s) h:tag('br') -- h:newline() is not working for some reason h:wikitext('by') h:wikitext(frame:expand..." 22226 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} function p.lua_main(frame) local s = frame.args[1] if frame.args[3] then local args = {} for i, v in ipairs(frame.args) do if i >= 2 then args[#args+1] = v end end args['style'] = 'display: inline' args['list_style'] = 'display: inline' args['item1_style'] = 'display: inline' h = mw.html.create('div') h:wikitext(s) h:tag('br') -- h:newline() is not working for some reason h:wikitext('by') h:wikitext(frame:expandTemplate{ title = 'Unbulleted list', args = args }) return h elseif frame.args[2] then s = frame.args[2] .. ' ၏<br />' .. s return s end return s end function p.main(frame) return p.lua_main(frame:getParent()) end return p gcaednc5s7lwqumw2h7bp4jlzi5grby 0 6438 22227 2026-10-31T15:47:55Z YaThaWinTha 42 Created page with "{{retaining title}} {{Infobox television | name = F4 Thailand:<br />Boys Over Flowers<!-- Title used per https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojZ6eDRCriM --> | native_name = | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | genre = {{ubl|[[:en:Romance film|Romance]]|[[:en:Drama (film and television)|Drama]]|[[:en:Comedy film|Comedy]]}} | creator..." 22227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{retaining title}} {{Infobox television | name = F4 Thailand:<br />Boys Over Flowers<!-- Title used per https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojZ6eDRCriM --> | native_name = | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | genre = {{ubl|[[:en:Romance film|Romance]]|[[:en:Drama (film and television)|Drama]]|[[:en:Comedy film|Comedy]]}} | creator = [[GMMTV]] | writer = [[:en:Yoko Kamio|ယိုကို ခါ့မိအို]] | director = Patha Thongpan | creative_director = | starring = {{ubl|Tontawan Tantivejakul|Vachirawit Chiva-aree|Jirawat Sutivanisak|Metawin Opas-iamkajorn|Hirunkit Changkham}} | theme_music_composer = | opentheme = | endtheme = | composer = | country = Thailand | language = Thai | num_seasons = | num_episodes = | list_episodes = <!-- #Episodes --> | executive_producer = | producer = X Nuttapong Monkolsawas , Jan Punchong Tuntisungwaragol | editor = | location = | cinematography = | camera = | runtime = <!-- 0 minutes --> | company = {{ubl|[[GMMTV]]|Parbdee Taweesuk}} | distributor = | channel = [[GMM 25]] | picture_format = | audio_format = | first_run = | first_aired = <!-- {{Start date|2021|0|0|df=yes}} --> | last_aired = <!-- {{End date|2021|0|0|df=yes}} --> | related = {{ubl|''[[:en:Meteor Garden|Meteor Garden]]'' {{small|(2001, Taiwan)}}|''[[:en:Meteor Garden II|Meteor Garden II]]'' {{small|(2002, Taiwan)}}|''[[:en:Hana Yori Dango (TV series)|Hana Yori Dango]]'' {{small|(2005, Japan)}}|''[[:en:Hana Yori Dango Returns|Hana Yori Dango Returns]]'' {{small|(2007, Japan)}}|''[[:en:Hana Yori Dango Final|Hana Yori Dango Final]]'' {{small|(2008, Japan)}}|''[[:en:Boys Over Flowers (TV series)|Boys Over Flowers]]'' {{small|(2009, South Korea)}}|''[[:en:Boys Over Flowers Season 2 (TV series)|Hana Nochi Hare: HanaDan Next Season]]'' {{small|(2018, Japan)}}|''[[:en:Meteor Garden (2018 TV series)|Meteor Garden]]'' {{small|(2018, China)}}}} | website = | website_title = | production_website = | production_website_title = | based_on = {{based on|''[[:en:Boys Over Flowers|Boys Over Flowers]]''|Yoko Kamio}} }} '''''F4 Thailand: Boys Over Flowers''''' သည် Tontawan Tantivejakul (Tu)၊ [[ဝပါးသို့ရာဝိတ ပါးသို့ဝါရီ|Vachirawit Chiva-aree]] (Bright)၊ Jirawat Sutivanisak (Dew)၊ [[မေတာဝိန ဩပါသ ဣအမ္မကာဇရဏ|Metawin Opas-iamkajorn]] (Win) နန့် Hirunkit Changkham (Nani) ရို့ ပါဝင်သရုပ်ဆောင်ထားရေ ၂၀၂၁ မာ ထွက်ဟိလာဖို့ ထိုင်းဇာတ်လမ်းတွဲတပုဒ် ဖြစ်တေ။ ထိုင်ဝမ်၊ ဂျပန်၊ တောင်ကိုရီးယား၊ တရုတ်ရို့ပိုင် [[:en:Yoko Kamio|ယိုကို ခါ့မိအို]]၏ ဂျပန် မန်ဂါ ''[[:en:Boys Over Flowers|Boys Over Flowers]]'' (花より男子, Hana Yori Dango) ကို အခြီခံ ရိုက်ကူးထားခြင်းဖြစ်တေ။<ref>{{cite news |title=WATCH: BrightWin to star in Thailand's 'Meteor Garden' remake |url=https://www.rappler.com/entertainment/series/bright-vachirawit-win-metawin-star-thailand-meteor-garden-remake |access-date=5 October 2020 |work=Rappler |date=16 September 2020}}</ref> ဒါရိုက်တာ Patha Thongpan ရိုက်ကူးပြီး GMMTV နန့် Parbdee Taweesuk ရို့ ပူးပေါင်းထုတ်လုပ်ရေ ဒေ ဇာတ်လမ်းတွဲကို ၂၀၂၁ အထူးပရောဂျက်အဖြစ် ၂၀၁၉ အောက်တိုဘာ ၁၅၌ ပြုလုပ်ရေ "New & Next" အစီအစိုင်မာ ကြေညာခရေ။<ref>{{cite web|title=เปิดโผซีรีส์ใหม่ปี 2020 ของ GMMTV ทั้งซีรีส์วาย, ภาคต่อ, รีเมกเกาหลี และลิขสิทธิ์ F4!|url=https://thestandard.co/gmmtv-2020-new-next/|author1=อรัณย์ หนองพล|website=thestandard.com|language=th|access-date=5 October 2020}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=GMMTV ประกาศสร้าง F4 เวอร์ชั่นไทย ชาวเน็ตเปิดแคสติ้ง(มโน) |url=https://www.sanook.com/movie/91547/ |website=sanook.com |publisher=Sanook.com |access-date=5 October 2020 |language=th |date=16 October 2019}}</ref> ==သရုပ်ဆောင်တိနန့် ဇာတ်ကောင်တိ== ဒေ ဇာတ်လမ်းတွဲမာ ပါဝင်ရေ သရုပ်ဆောင်တိမာ အောက်ပါအတိုင်း ဖြစ်တေ။<ref>{{cite web |title=มันดีต่อหัวใจ!! ส่องหนุ่มสาวชาว F4 Thailand สวยหล่อ สดใส พร้อมกระชากใจแฟนซีรีส์ |url=https://dara.trueid.net/detail/GRV4M7QLomdw |website=trueid.net |publisher=TrueID |access-date=5 October 2020 |language=th |date=17 September 2020}}</ref> ==အဓိက== * Gorya အဖြစ် (Tu) Tontawan Tantivejakul <br/> မန်ဂါ ဇာတ်ကောင်: 牧野 つくし (Makino Tsukushi) * Thyme အဖြစ် [[ဝပါးသို့ရာဝိတ ပါးသို့ဝါရီ|(Bright) Vachirawit Chiva-aree]] <br/> မန်ဂါ ဇာတ်ကောင်: 道明寺 司 (Dōmyōji Tsukasa) * Ren အဖြစ် (Dew) Jirawat Sutivanisak <br/> မန်ဂါ ဇာတ်ကောင်: 花沢 類 (Hanazawa Rui) * Kavin အဖြစ် (Win) [[မေတာဝိန ဩပါသ ဣအမ္မကာဇရဏ|Metawin Opas-iamkajorn]] <br/> မန်ဂါ ဇာတ်ကောင်: 西門 総二郎 (Nishikado Sōjirō) * M.J. အဖြစ် (Nani) Hirunkit Changkham <br/> မန်ဂါ ဇာတ်ကောင်: 美作 あきら (Mimasaka Akira) ==ဇာတ်ပို့== * Cindy Bishop as (Thyme's mother) * (Fah)Yongwaree Ngamkasem as "Hana"(Ren's childhood love) * (Prim)Chanikarn Tangabodi as "Kaning"(Gorya's best friend) * (June) Wanwimol Jaenasavamethee as (Gorya's high school friend) * (Gunsmile) Chanagun Arpornsutinan * (Milk) Pansa Vosbein as (Thyme's fiancée) * Neen Suwanamas as (Kavin's first love) * (Kapook) Phatchara Tubthong * Maria Poonlertlarp as (Thyme's sister) * (Fourth) Nattawat Jirochtikul as (Gorya's best friend) ==ထုတ်လုပ်ရီး== ၂၀၁၉ အောက်တိုဘာ ၁၅၌ ကြေညာလိုက်တေကစပြီးကေ ထိုင်းပရိသတ်တိက အဓိကဇာတ်ဆောင်နီရာအတွက် အမျိုးမျိုး အကြံပြုကတ်တေ။<ref name=":0"/><ref>{{cite web |title=เปิดคาดการณ์ ใครบ้างจะได้รับบท F4 หลัง GMMTV ทำฮือฮา ประกาศสร้างเวอร์ชั่นไทย |url=https://drama.kapook.com/view215921.html |website=kapook.com |publisher=Kapook |access-date=5 October 2020 |language=th |date=16 October 2019}}</ref> တစ်နှိုက်နီးပါးအကြာ ၂၀၂၀ စတ်တင်ဘာ ၁၆မာ GMMTV က အဓိကဇာတ်ဆောင်တိကို ကြေညာခရေ။<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=F4 Thailand เผยโฉม "ไบร์ท-วิน-นานิ-ดิว" ประกบนางเอกน้องใหม่ ในทีเซอร์สุดปัง! |url=https://www.sanook.com/movie/103161/ |website=sanook.com |publisher=Sanook.com |access-date=5 October 2020 |language=th |date=16 September 2020}}</ref> ၂၀၂၁အတွင်း ထုတ်ရွှင့်နှိုင်ကေ ရည်ရွယ်ထားရေ အဆိုပါ ဇာတ်လမ်းတွဲမာ ''[[2gether: The Series (ထိုင်း ရုပ်သံ ဇာတ်လမ်းတွဲ)|2gether: The Series]]'' နန့် ''[[Still 2gether]]'' ရို့မှ [[ဝပါးသို့ရာဝိတ ပါးသို့ဝါရီ|Bright Vachirawit]]၊ [[မေတာဝိန ဩပါသ ဣအမ္မကာဇရဏ|Win Metawin]] ရို့နန့်အတူ မျက်နှာသစ် သရုပ်ဆောင်တိဖြစ်ရေ Tontawan Tantivejakul၊ Hirunkit Changkham၊ Jirawat Sutivanisak ရို့က အဓိကနီရာက ပါဝင်သရုပ်ဆောင်ကတ်ဖို့ ဖြစ်တေ။<ref name=":2">{{cite news |title=Teaser for Thailand's 'Boys Over Flowers' remake released |url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2020/09/18/teaser-for-thailands-boys-over-flowers-remake-released.html |access-date=5 October 2020 |work=The Jakarta Post |date=18 September 2020}}</ref> ထိုင်း F4 မာ BrightWin ၏ ပါဝင်မှုနန့် ပတ်သက်ပြီးကေ ထိုင်းအွန်လိုင်း ပရိသတ်အချို့မာ အံအားသင့်ခကတ်ပိုင်၊ အချို့မာ "သရုပ်ဆောင်တိအဖြစ် ရှိးဆက်နိုင်ဖို့ အခွင့်အရီး" အဖြစ် ရှုမြင်ကတ်တေ။<ref>{{Cite web|title=From '2gether' to F4, 'BrightWin' to star in Thai's 'Meteor Garden' remake|url=https://www.msn.com/en-ph/lifestyle/other/from-2gether-to-f4-brightwin-to-star-in-thai-s-meteor-garden-remake/ar-BB19aosL?li=BBr8Mkn|access-date=12 October 2020|website=www.msn.com}}</ref> GMMTV ၏ မန်နေးဂျင်း ဒါရိုက်တာ Sataporn Panichraksapong က မူရင်းစီးရီးမာ မှတ်ချက်ကောင်းတိ ရဟိခပြီး ဇာတ်လမ်းမာလည်း လက်ဟိ ထိုင်း လူမှုပတ်ဝန်းကျင်မာ ဖြစ်ပေါ်နီရေတိနန့် ကိုက်ညီချေနီအတွက်နန့် ထိုင်းဗားရှင်းနန့် ရိုက်ကူးထုတ်ရွှင့်ဖို့ စီစိုင်ဆောင်ရွက်ခခြင်း ဖြစ်စွာလို့ ဆိုရေ။<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Thank you GMMTV in trusting us for #F4Thailand. We will do our best, please stay tuned |url=https://twitter.com/parbdee/status/1306187361987035136 |website=twitter.com |publisher=Parbdee Taweesuk |access-date=5 October 2020 |date=16 September 2020}}</ref> Parbdee Taweesuk နန့် လက်တွဲစွာမာလည်း အယင်ကတည်းက ''[[The Gifted (ထိုင်း ရုပ်သံဇာတ်လမ်းတွဲ)|The Gifted]]'' ပိုင် ပူးပေါင်းထုတ်လုပ်မှုတိ ဟိခခြင်းကြောင့်ဟု ဆိုရေ။<ref name=":2"/> ဇာတ်လမ်းတွဲ ဒါရိုက်တာဖြစ်သူ Patha Thongpan က အဂု ထိုင်းဗားရှင်းမာ မူရင်းနန့် ကွဲပြားဖို့ဖြစ်ကြောင်း ဝန်ခံထားရေ။<ref name=":1"/> ==ဝီဖန်မှုတိ== ဇာတ်လမ်းတွဲ နမူနာကြော်ငြာယပြီးနောက် #แบนF4 (F4 ကို ဖျက်) ဆိုရေ ''ဟက်ရှ်တက်ဂ်''မာ နှစ်ရက်အတိ ရီပန်းစားခရေ။<ref>{{Cite web|last=BETTA|date=2020-09-17|title=ทวิตเตอร์ ลุกเป็นไฟ! แห่ติดแฮชแท็ก #แบนF4 นักแสดงไม่เหมาะสม|url=https://www.brighttv.co.th/social-news/anti-f4-thailand|access-date=2021-02-09|website=Bright Today|language=th|archive-date=15 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210615070237/https://www.brighttv.co.th/social-news/anti-f4-thailand|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-18|title=#แบนF4 แฟนคลับไม่ปลื้ม เอาคู่วายมาแย่งจีบสาว, เนื้อหาบุลลี่สุด|url=https://ae-asia.net/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99f4-%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2/|access-date=2021-02-09|website=ข่าวสารบันเทิง|language=th|archive-date=24 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210724010525/https://ae-asia.net/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99f4-%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A1-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-17|title=เปิดดราม่า แบน F4 ชี้ละครบูลลี่ คุกคามผู้หญิง ไม่ควรรีเมกใหม่ - ผิดหวัง ไบร์ท วิน โดนแยกคู่|url=https://drama.kapook.com/view231374.html|access-date=2021-02-09|website=kapook.com}}</ref> ==ကိုးကား== {{reflist}} ==ပြင်ပလင့်ခ်တိ== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ojZ6eDRCriM ''F4 Thailand'' Official Trailer] * {{IMDb title|13660288}} [[ကဏ္ဍ:GMMTV ရုပ်သံဇာတ်လမ်းတွဲတိ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:ထိုင်း ရုပ်ယှင်ဇာတ်ကားတိ]] [[ကဏ္ဍ:ထိုင်းနိုင်ငံဟိ ဖျော်ဖြေရီး]] biv8nm5mibk4hq50097dnakzv5tef7j