Wikipedia rmwiki https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Pagina_principala MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Multimedia Spezial Discussiun Utilisader Utilisader discussiun Wikipedia Wikipedia discussiun Datoteca Datoteca discussiun MediaWiki MediaWiki discussiun Model Model discussiun Agid Agid discussiun Categoria Categoria discussiun TimedText TimedText talk Modul Modul Diskussion Veranstaltung Veranstaltung Diskussion 0 5094 172783 135955 2026-07-20T23:56:22Z InternetArchiveBot 16747 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 172783 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Caspar Decurtins.jpg|thumb|upright|Caspar Decurtins]] '''Caspar Decurtins''' (* 23-11-1855 a Trun, † 30-5-1916 a Trun) era engaschà sco politicher social ed era sco professur dad istorgia culturala a [[Friburg]]. El è stà cusseglier grond davent da l'onn 1877 tochen 1904 e cusseglier naziunal davent da l'onn 1881 enfin l'onn 1905. Suenter ch'el è sa retratg da la politica è el ì a Friburg nua ch'el ha luvurà sco professur a l'universitad. Plinavant ha el rimnà istorias, ditgas, chanzuns e teaters populars rumantschs ed als ha publitgà en 14 toms. Questa rimnada sa numna la [[Crestomazia retorumantscha]], ella è la pli impurtanta rimnada da texts per la scienzia litterara retorumantscha. Caspar Decurtins è naschì ils 23 da november 1855 a Trun sco figl d'in medi. La scola media absolvescha Caspar Decurtins a Mustér ed a la scola chantunala a Cuira. Anc durant il gimnasi entschaiva el a rimnar ovras rumantschas. Suenter la matura va el a Minca e studegia istorgia, istorgia d'art e giurisprudenza. 1877 turna Decurtins a chasa e s'engascha intensivamain en la politica. Cun 21 onns è el mistral e deputà e prenda part a la politica federala e chantunala. El cumbatta adina puspè la germanisaziun dals Rumantschs cun promover l'introducziun da cudeschs originals rumantschs en las scolas rumantschas. 1881 vegn el elegì en il Cussegl naziunal. El defenda oravontut tut ils pitschens. Suenter 28 onns en il Cussegl grond e 24 en il Cussegl naziunal banduna el il 1905 la politica e vegn elegì sco professer per istorgia culturala a l'universitad da Friburg ch'el aveva gidà a fundar. 1915 turna el a Trun per sa deditgar entiramein a sia ovra monumentala, la Crestomazia Retorumantascha. Cun la Crestomazia Retorumantscha ha Caspar Decurtins mess in crap da chantun per la schientscha e l'identitad rumantscha. Caspar Decurtins è mort a Trun ils 30 da matg 1916 == Fontaunas == * [[Gion Deplazes]]: ''[[Funtaunas]], Istorgia da la litteratura rumantscha per scola e pievel.'' tom 3, Lia rumantscha, Cuira 1990, pp. 50–52 == Colliaziuns == * {{E-LIR|693}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20191217173210/http://www.crestomazia.ch/ Crestomazia Retorumantscha Digitala] [[Categoria:Rumantschia]] t6q9zrtkmjhj5pw37dx943ch4ensgn7 0 5252 172790 172772 2026-07-21T11:04:16Z CommonsDelinker 151 Remplazzà Wappen_Unterentfelden.svg cun [[c:File:CHE_Unterentfelden_COA.svg|CHE_Unterentfelden_COA.svg]] (ordinà da [[c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]]: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 172790 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC}} <br style="clear:both;" /> === A === [[Image:Karte Gemeinden des Kantons Aargau 2014.png|thumb|300px|right|Vischnancas dal chantun Argovia]] <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Aarau blason.svg|35px|Aarau]] || '''[[Aarau]]''' || align="center" | 15'670 || align="right" | 8.94 | [[Aarau (district)|Aarau]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Aarburg COA.svg|35px|Aarburg]] || [[Aarburg]] || align="center" | 6599 || align="right" | 4.41 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Abtwil AG.svg|35px|Abtwil]] || [[Abtwil (AG)|Abtwil]] || align="center" | 726 || align="right" | 4.14 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Ammerswil.svg|35px|AlpnAmmerswilach]] || [[Ammerswil]] || align="center" | 649 || align="right" | 3.19 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Aristau.svg|35px|Aristau]] || [[Aristau]] || align="center" | 1267 || align="right" | 8.64 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Arni AG.svg|35px|Arni]] || [[Arni AG|Arni (AG)]] || align="center" | 1550 || align="right" | 3.37 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Attelwil.svg|35px|Attelwil]] || [[Attelwil]] || align="center" | 303 || align="right" | 2.19 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Auenstein AG.svg|35px|Auenstein]] || [[Auenstein]] || align="center" | 1443 || align="right" | 5.68 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Auw AG.svg|35px|Auw]] || [[Auw]] || align="center" | 1548 || align="right" | 8.61 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- |} </div> === B === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Baden AG.svg|35px|Baden]] || '''[[Baden]]''' || align="center" | 16'845 || align="right" | 13.17 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Zurzach Wappen.svg|35px|Bad Zurzach]] || '''[[Bad Zurzach]]''' || align="center" | 4032 || align="right" | 6.52 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Baldingen AG.svg|35px|Baldingen]] || [[Baldingen]] || align="center" | 275 || align="right" | 2.82 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Beinwil (Freiamt).svg|35px|Beinwil]] || [[Beinwil (Freiamt)]] || align="center" | 980 || align="right" | 11.29 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Beinwil am See.svg|35px|Beinwil am See]] || [[Beinwil am See]] || align="center" | 2701 || align="right" | 5.78 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Bellikon AG.svg|35px|Bellikon]] || [[Bellikon]] || align="center" | 1462 || align="right" | 4.94 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Benzenschwil.svg|35px|Benzenschwil]] || [[Benzenschwil]] || align="center" | 535 || align="right" | 2.46 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Bergdietikon.svg|35px|Bergdietikon]] || [[Bergdietikon]] || align="center" | 2260 || align="right" | 5.94 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Berikon.svg|35px|Berikon]] || [[Berikon]] || align="center" | 4372 || align="right" | 5.38 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Besenbüren.svg|35px|Besenbüren]] || [[Besenbüren]] || align="center" | 573 || align="right" | 2.38 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Bettwil.svg|35px|Bettwil]] || [[Bettwil]] || align="center" | 555 || align="right" | 4.25 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Biberstein.svg|35px|Biberstein]] || [[Biberstein]] || align="center" | 1277 || align="right" | 4.10 | [[Aarau (district)|Aarau]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Birmenstorf.svg|35px|Birmenstorf]] || [[Birmenstorf]] || align="center" | 2404 || align="right" | 7.80 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Birr AG.svg|35px|Birr]] || [[Birr AG|Birr]] || align="center" | 3840 || align="right" | 5.05 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Birrhard.svg|35px|Birrhard]] || [[Birrhard]] || align="center" | 643 || align="right" | 3.00 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Birrwil COA.svg|35px|Birrwil]] || [[Birrwil]] || align="center" | 932 || align="right" | 5.53 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Böbikon.svg|35px|Böbikon]] || [[Böbikon]] || align="center" | 185 || align="right" | 2.60 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Boniswil.svg|35px|Boniswil]] || [[Boniswil]] || align="center" | 1422 || align="right" | 2.78 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Boswil.svg|35px|Boswil]] || [[Boswil]] || align="center" | 2319 || align="right" | 11.78 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Bottenwil.svg|35px|Bottenwil]] || [[Bottenwil]] || align="center" | 791 || align="right" | 5.10 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Boettstein.svg|35px|Böttstein]] || [[Böttstein]] || align="center" | 3727 || align="right" | 7.43 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Boezen.svg|35px|Bözen]] || [[Bözen]] || align="center" | 668 || align="right" | 3.96 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Bremgarten AG COA.svg|35px|Bremgarten]] || '''[[Bremgarten AG|Bremgarten]]''' || align="center" | 6094 || align="right" | 8.02 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Brittnau.svg|35px|Brittnau]] || [[Brittnau]] || align="center" | 3639 || align="right" | 13.67 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Brugg-blason.svg|40px|Brugg]] || '''[[Brugg]]''' || align="center" | 9180 || align="right" | 5.58 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Brunegg.svg|35px|Brunegg]] || [[Brunegg]] || align="center" | 489 || align="right" | 1.56 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Buchs AG.svg|35px|Buchsden]] || [[Buchs AG|Buchs]] || align="center" | 6298 || align="right" | 5.36 | [[Aarau (district)|Aarau]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Bünzen AG.svg|35px|Bünzen]] || [[Bünzen AG|Bünzen]] || align="center" | 953 || align="right" | 5.77 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Burg AG.svg|35px|Burg]] || [[Burg AG|Burg]] || align="center" | 969 || align="right" | 0.94 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Büttikon.svg|35px|Büttikon]] || [[Büttikon]] || align="center" | 808 || align="right" | 2.82 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Buttwil.svg|35px|Buttwil]] || [[Buttwil]] || align="center" | 1159 || align="right" | 4.61 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- |} </div> === D === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Densbüren.svg|35px|Densbüren]] || [[Densbüren]] || align="center" | 741 || align="right" | 12.52 | [[Aarau (district)|Aarau]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Dietwil.svg|35px|Dietwil]] || [[Dietwil]] || align="center" | 1022 || align="right" | 5.49 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Dintikon-blason.svg|35px|Dintikon]] || [[Dintikon]] || align="center" | 1411 || align="right" | 3.73 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Dottikon.svg|35px|Dottikon]] || [[Dottikon]] || align="center" | 3113 || align="right" | 3.89 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Doettingen AG.svg|35px|Döttingen]] || [[Döttingen AG|Döttingen]] || align="center" | 3423 || align="right" | 6.92 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Dürrenäsch.svg|35px|Dürrenäsch]] || [[Dürrenäsch]] || align="center" | 1121 || align="right" | 5.91 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- |} </div> === E === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Effingen.svg|35px|Effingen]] || [[Effingen]] || align="center" | 624 || align="right" | 6.85 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Eggenwil.svg|35px|Eggenwil]] || [[Eggenwil]] || align="center" | 762 || align="right" | 2.46 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Egliswil.svg|35px|Egliswil]] || [[Egliswil]] || align="center" | 1328 || align="right" | 6.29 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Ehrendingen.svg|35px|Ehrendingen]] || [[Ehrendingen]] || align="center" | 3829 || align="right" | 7.31 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Eiken.svg|35px|Eiken]] || [[Eiken]] || align="center" | 1938 || align="right" | 7.07 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Elfingen.svg|35px|Elfingen]] || [[Elfingen]] || align="center" | 249 || align="right" | 4.21 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Endingen AG.svg|35px|Endingen]] || [[Endingen AG|Endingen]] || align="center" | 1880 || align="right" | 8.46 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Ennetbaden.svg|35px|Ennetbaden]] || [[Ennetbaden]] || align="center" | 2948 || align="right" | 2.11 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Erlinsbach AG COA.svg|35px|Erlinsbach]] || [[Erlinsbach AG|Erlinsbach]] || align="center" | 3490 || align="right" | 9.87 | [[Aarau (district)|Aarau]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Etzgen.svg|35px|Etzgen]] || [[Etzgen]] || align="center" | 438 || align="right" | 3.28 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- |} </div> === F === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Fahrwangen COA.svg|35px|Fahrwangen]] || [[Fahrwangen]] || align="center" | 1724 || align="right" | 5.00 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Fischbach-Goeslikon-blason.svg|35px|Fischbach-Göslikon]] || [[Fischbach-Göslikon]] || align="center" | 1349 || align="right" | 3.07 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Fisibach.svg|35px|Fisibach]] || [[Fisibach]] || align="center" | 380 || align="right" | 5.77 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Fislisbach.svg|35px|Fislisbach]] || [[Fislisbach]] || align="center" | 4764 || align="right" | 5.05 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Freienwil.svg|35px|Freienwil]] || [[Freienwil]] || align="center" | 860 || align="right" | 3.99 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Frick COA.svg|35px|Frick]] || [[Frick AG|Frick]] || align="center" | 4594 || align="right" | 9.96 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Full-Reuenthal COA.svg|35px|Full-Reuenthal]] || [[Full-Reuenthal]] || align="center" | 844 || align="right" | 4.82 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- |} </div> === G === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Gallenkirch AG.svg|35px|Gallenkirch]] || [[Gallenkirch]] || align="center" | 132 || align="right" | 1.37 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Gansingen.svg|35px|Gansingen]] || [[Gansingen]] || align="center" | 934 || align="right" | 8.77 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Gebenstorf AG.svg|35px|Gebenstorf]] || [[Gebenstorf]] || align="center" | 4499 || align="right" | 5.64 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Geltwil COA.svg|35px|Geltwil]] || [[Geltwil]] || align="center" | 180 || align="right" | 3.28 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Gipf-Oberfrick.svg|35px|Gipf-Oberfrick]] || [[Gipf-Oberfrick]] || align="center" | 3111 || align="right" | 10.17 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Gontenschwil.svg|35px|Gontenschwil]] || [[Gontenschwil]] || align="center" | 2101 || align="right" | 9.74 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Gränichen AG COA.svg|35px|Gränichen]] || [[Gränichen]] || align="center" | 6473 || align="right" | 17.21 | [[Aarau (district)|Aarau]] |- |} </div> === H === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Habsburg AG.svg|35px|Habsburg]] || [[Habsburg (AG)|Habsburg]] || align="center" | 390 || align="right" | 2.23 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Hägglingen.svg|35px|Aarburg]] || [[Hägglingen]] || align="center" | 2100 || align="right" | 7.73 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Hallwil.svg|35px|Hallwil]] || [[Hallwil]] || align="center" | 722 || align="right" | 2.18 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Hausen AG.svg|35px|Hausen]] || [[Hausen AG|Hausen]] || align="center" | 2735 || align="right" | 3.21 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Hellikon AG.svg|35px|Hellikon]] || [[Hellikon]] || align="center" | 762 || align="right" | 7.04 | [[Rheinfelden (district)|Rheinfelden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Hendschiken.svg|35px|Hendschiken]] || [[Hendschiken]] || align="center" | 931 || align="right" | 3.52 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Hermetschwil-Staffeln COA.svg|35px|Hermetschwil]] || [[Hermetschwil-Staffeln]] || align="center" | 1078 || align="right" | 3.34 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Herznach COA.svg|35px|Herznach]] || [[Herznach]] || align="center" | 1229 || align="right" | 6.26 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Hilfikon COA.svg|35px|Hilfikon]] || [[Hilfikon]] || align="center" | 237 || align="right" | 1.72 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Hirschthal AG.svg|35px|Hirschthal]] || [[Hirschthal AG|Hirschthal]] || align="center" | 1344 || align="right" | 3.53 | [[Aarau (district)|Aarau]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Holderbank.svg|35px|Holderbank]] || [[Holderbank AG|Holderbank]] || align="center" | 866 || align="right" | 2.32 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Holziken.svg|35px|Holziken]] || [[Holziken]] || align="center" | 1162 || align="right" | 2.86 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Hornussen COA.svg|35px|Hornussen]] || [[Hornussen AG|Hornussen]] || align="center" | 845 || align="right" | 7.27 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Hottwil AG.svg|35px|Hottwil]] || [[Hottwil]] || align="center" | 262 || align="right" | 4.16 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Hunzenschwil COA.svg|35px|Hunzenschwil]] || [[Hunzenschwil]] || align="center" | 2798 || align="right" | 3.27 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- |} </div> === I === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Islisberg AG.svg|35px|Islisberg]] || [[Islisberg]] || align="center" | 480 || align="right" | 1.65 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Ittenthal.svg|35px|Ittenthal]] || [[Ittenthal]] || align="center" | 201 || align="right" | 3.89 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- |} </div> === J === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Jonen AG.svg|35px|Jonen]] || [[Jonen]] || align="center" | 1682 || align="right" | 5.70 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- |} </div> === K === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Kaiseraugst AG.svg|35px|Kaiseraugst]] || [[Kaiseraugst]] || align="center" | 4915 || align="right" | 4.91 | [[Rheinfelden (district)|Rheinfelden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Kaiserstuhl COA.svg|35px|Kaiserstuhl]] || [[Kaiserstuhl AG|Kaiserstuhl]] || align="center" | 404 || align="right" | 0.32 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Kaisten AG.svg|35px|Kaisten]] || [[Kaisten AG|Kaisten]] || align="center" | 2257 || align="right" | 14.22 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Kallern COA.svg|35px|Kallern]] || [[Kallern]] || align="center" | 304 || align="right" | 2.67 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Killwangen.svg|35px|Killwangen]] || [[Killwangen]] || align="center" | 1735 || align="right" | 2.43 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Kirchleerau AG.svg|35px|Kirchleerau]] || [[Kirchleerau]] || align="center" | 784 || align="right" | 4.36 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Klingnau.svg|35px|Klingnau]] || [[Klingnau]] || align="center" | 2924 || align="right" | 6.71 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Koblenz AG.svg|35px|Koblenz]] || [[Koblenz AG|Koblenz]] || align="center" | 1599 || align="right" | 4.09 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Kölliken COA.svg|35px|Kölliken]] || [[Kölliken]] || align="center" | 4048 || align="right" | 8.89 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Künten AG.svg|35px|Künten]] || [[Künten]] || align="center" | 1578 || align="right" | 4.89 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Kienberg SO.svg|35px|Küttigen]] || [[Küttigen]] || align="center" | 5372 || align="right" | 11.89 | [[Aarau (district)|Aarau]] |- |} </div> === L === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Laufenburg AG.svg|35px|Laufenburg]] || '''[[Laufenburg AG|Laufenburg]]''' || align="center" | 2065 || align="right" | 2.28 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Leibstadt COA.svg|35px|Leibstadt]] || [[Leibstadt]] || align="center" | 1288 || align="right" | 6.39 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Leimbach AG.svg|35px|Leimbach]] || [[Leimbach AG|Leimbach]] || align="center" | 410 || align="right" | 1.14 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Lengnau AG.svg|35px|Lengnau]] || [[Lengnau AG|Lengnau]] || align="center" | 2426 || align="right" | 12.67 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Lenzburg.svg|35px|Lenzburg]] || '''[[Lenzburg]]''' || align="center" | 7731 || align="right" | 11.33 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Leuggern.svg|35px|Leuggern]] || [[Leuggern]] || align="center" | 2083 || align="right" | 13.76 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Leutwil.svg|35px|Leutwil]] || [[Leutwil]] || align="center" | 718 || align="right" | 3.75 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Linn AG.svg|35px|Linn]] || [[Linn AG|Linn]] || align="center" | 146 || align="right" | 2.54 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Lupfig.svg|35px|Lupfig]] || [[Lupfig]] || align="center" | 1964 || align="right" | 5.15 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- |} </div> === M === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Magden AG.svg|35px|Magden]] || [[Magden]] || align="center" | 3366 || align="right" | 11.04 | [[Rheinfelden (district)|Rheinfelden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Mägenwil AG.svg|35px|Mägenwil]] || [[Mägenwil]] || align="center" | 1791 || align="right" | 3.48 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Mandach AG.svg|35px|Mandach]] || [[Mandach]] || align="center" | 319 || align="right" | 5.54 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Meisterschwanden.svg|35px|Meisterschwanden]] || [[Meisterschwanden]] || align="center" | 2364 || align="right" | 6.86 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Mellikon COA.svg|35px|Mellikon]] || [[Mellikon]] || align="center" | 257 || align="right" | 2.70 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Mellingen AG.svg|35px|Mellingen]] || [[Mellingen AG|Mellingen]] || align="center" | 4447 || align="right" | 4.36 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Menziken COA.svg|35px|Menziken]] || [[Menziken]] || align="center" | 5416 || align="right" | 6.38 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Merenschwand COA.svg|35px|Merenschwand]] || [[Merenschwand]] || align="center" | 2492 || align="right" | 11.05 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Mettau COA.svg|35px|Mettau]] || [[Mettau AG|Mettau]] || align="center" | 317 || align="right" | 3.29 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Möhlin AG.svg|35px|Möhlin]] || [[Möhlin]] || align="center" | 9192 || align="right" | 18.79 | [[Rheinfelden (district)|Rheinfelden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Moenthal.svg|35px|Mönthal]] || [[Mönthal]] || align="center" | 410 || align="right" | 3.94 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Moosleerau AG.svg|35px|Moosleerau]] || [[Moosleerau]] || align="center" | 833 || align="right" | 3.81 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Möriken-Wildegg COA.svg|35px|Möriken-Wildegg]] || [[Möriken-Wildegg]] || align="center" | 3832 || align="right" | 6.62 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Muhen AG.svg|35px|Muhen]] || [[Muhen]] || align="center" | 3252 || align="right" | 7.03 | [[Aarau (district)|Aarau]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Mühlau AG COA.svg|35px|Mühlau]] || [[Mühlau AG|Mühlau]] || align="center" | 1008 || align="right" | 5.52 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Muelligen-blason.svg|35px|Mülligen]] || [[Mülligen AG|Mülligen]] || align="center" | 887 || align="right" | 3.16 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Mumpf AG.svg|35px|Mumpf]] || [[Mumpf]] || align="center" | 1242 || align="right" | 3.13 | [[Rheinfelden (district)|Rheinfelden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Münchwilen COA.svg|35px|Münchwilen]] || [[Münchwilen AG|Münchwilen]] || align="center" | 668 || align="right" | 2.47 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Murgenthal AG.svg|35px|Murgenthal]] || [[Murgenthal]] || align="center" | 2847 || align="right" | 18.61 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Muri COA.svg|35px|Muri]] || '''[[Muri AG|Muri]]''' || align="center" | 6605 || align="right" | 12.34 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- |} </div> === N === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Neuenhof COA.svg|35px|Neuenhof]] || [[Neuenhof AG|Neuenhof]] || align="center" | 7877 || align="right" | 5.37 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Niederlenz-blason.svg|35px|Niederlenz]] || [[Niederlenz]] || align="center" | 4038 || align="right" | 3.26 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Niederrohrdorf AG.svg|35px|Niederrohrdorf]] || [[Niederrohrdorf]] || align="center" | 2817 || align="right" | 3.33 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Niederwil AG COA.svg|35px|Niederwil]] || [[Niederwil AG|Niederwil]] || align="center" | 2311 || align="right" | 6.15 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- |} </div> === O === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Oberbözberg AG.svg|35px|Oberbözberg]] || [[Oberbözberg]] || align="center" | 509 || align="right" | 5.45 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Oberentfelden AG.svg|35px|Oberentfelden]] || [[Oberentfelden]] || align="center" | 7250 || align="right" | 7.16 | [[Aarau (district)|Aarau]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Oberflachs AG.svg|35px|Oberflachs]] || [[Oberflachs]] || align="center" | 475 || align="right" | 3.38 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Oberhof COA.svg|35px|Oberhof]] || [[Oberhof (AG)|Oberhof]] || align="center" | 564 || align="right" | 8.20 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Oberhofen AG COA.svg|35px|Oberhofen]] || [[Oberhofen (AG)|Oberhofen]] || align="center" | 291 || align="right" | 3.12 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Oberkulm.svg|35px|Oberkulm]] || '''[[Oberkulm]]''' || align="center" | 2382 || align="right" | 9.40 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Oberlunkhofen AG.svg|35px|Oberlunkhofen]] || [[Oberlunkhofen]] || align="center" | 1714 || align="right" | 3.25 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Obermumpf AG.svg|35px|Obermumpf]] || [[Obermumpf]] || align="center" | 1027 || align="right" | 5.06 | [[Rheinfelden (district)|Rheinfelden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Oberrohrdorf AG.svg|35px|Oberrohrdorf]] || [[Oberrohrdorf]] || align="center" | 3517 || align="right" | 4.30 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Oberrüti COA.svg|35px|Oberrüti]] || [[Oberrüti]] || align="center" | 1217 || align="right" | 5.37 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Obersiggenthal AG.svg|35px|Obersiggenthal]] || [[Obersiggenthal]] || align="center" | 8078 || align="right" | 8.36 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Oberwil-Lieli AG.svg|35px|Oberwil-Lieli]] || [[Oberwil-Lieli]] || align="center" | 1988 || align="right" | 5.35 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Oeschgen.svg|35px|Oeschgen]] || [[Oeschgen]] || align="center" | 867 || align="right" | 4.38 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Oftringen COA.svg|35px|Oftringen]] || [[Oftringen]] || align="center" | 10'965 || align="right" | 12.87 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Olsberg AG COA.svg|35px|Olsberg]] || [[Olsberg AG|Olsberg]] || align="center" | 371 || align="right" | 4.68 | [[Rheinfelden (district)|Rheinfelden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Othmarsingen COA.svg|35px|Othmarsingen]] || [[Othmarsingen]] || align="center" | 2233 || align="right" | 4.71 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- |} </div> === R === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Reinach AG.svg|35px|Reinach]] || [[Reinach (AG)|Reinach]] || align="center" | 7703 || align="right" | 9.48 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Reitnau AG.svg|35px|Reitnau]] || [[Reitnau]] || align="center" | 1168 || align="right" | 5.79 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Rekingen COA.svg|35px|Rekingen]] || [[Rekingen]] || align="center" | 959 || align="right" | 3.10 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Remetschwil AG.svg|35px|Remetschwil]] || [[Remetschwil]] || align="center" | 1937 || align="right" | 3.88 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Remigen AG.svg|35px|Remigen]] || [[Remigen]] || align="center" | 1018 || align="right" | 7.87 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Rheinfelden AG.svg|35px|Rheinfelden]] || '''[[Rheinfelden AG|Rheinfelden]]''' || align="center" | 10'987 || align="right" | 16.12 | [[Rheinfelden (district)|Rheinfelden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Rietheim COA.svg|35px|Rietheim]] || [[Rietheim AG|Rietheim]] || align="center" | 670 || align="right" | 3.92 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Riniken AG.svg|35px|Riniken]] || [[Riniken]] || align="center" | 1364 || align="right" | 4.76 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Rohr AG COA.svg|35px|Rohr]] || [[Rohr AG|Rohr]] || align="center" | 2887 || align="right" | 3.40 | [[Aarau (district)|Aarau]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Rothrist AG.svg|35px|Rothrist]] || [[Rothrist]] || align="center" | 7321 || align="right" | 11.87 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Rottenschwil COA.svg|35px|Rottenschwil]] || [[Rottenschwil]] || align="center" | 807 || align="right" | 4.49 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Rudolfstetten AG.svg|35px|Rudolfstetten-Friedlisberg]] || [[Rudolfstetten-Friedlisberg]] || align="center" | 3908 || align="right" | 4.90 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Rüfenach AG.svg|35px|Rüfenach]] || [[Rüfenach]] || align="center" | 804 || align="right" | 4.17 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Rümikon COA.svg|35px|Rümikon]] || [[Rümikon AG|Rümikon]] || align="center" | 200 || align="right" | 2.91 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Rupperswil COA.svg|35px|Rupperswil]] || [[Rupperswil]] || align="center" | 4077 || align="right" | 6.22 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- |} </div> === S === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Safenwil AG.svg|35px|Safenwil]] || [[Safenwil]] || align="center" | 3108 || align="right" | 5.99 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Sarmenstorf AG.svg|35px|Sarmenstorf]] || [[Sarmenstorf]] || align="center" | 2294 || align="right" | 8.30 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schafisheim COA.svg|35px|Schafisheim]] || [[Schafisheim]] || align="center" | 2658 || align="right" | 6.33 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Scherz AG COA.svg|35px|Scherz]] || [[Scherz AG|Scherz]] || align="center" | 577 || align="right" | 3.30 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schinznach-Bad COA.svg|35px|Schinznach-Bad]] || [[Schinznach-Bad]] || align="center" | 1250 || align="right" | 1.90 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schinznach-Dorf COA.svg|35px|Schinznach-Dorf]] || [[Schinznach-Dorf]] || align="center" | 1660 || align="right" | 8.91 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schlossrued COA.svg|35px|Schlossrued]] || [[Schlossrued]] || align="center" | 882 || align="right" | 7.25 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Schmiedrued COA.svg|35px|Schmiedrued]] || [[Schmiedrued]] || align="center" | 1199 || align="right" | 8.65 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Schneisingen.svg|35px|Schneisingen]] || [[Schneisingen]] || align="center" | 1208 || align="right" | 8.26 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Schoeftland.svg|35px|Schöftland]] || [[Schöftland]] || align="center" | 3440 || align="right" | 6.28 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Schupfart-blason.svg|35px|Schupfart]] || [[Schupfart]] || align="center" | 743 || align="right" | 7.05 | [[Rheinfelden (district)|Rheinfelden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Schwaderloch.svg|35px|Schwaderloch]] || [[Schwaderloch]] || align="center" | 694 || align="right" | 2.77 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Seengen COA.svg|35px|Seengen]] || [[Seengen]] || align="center" | 3065 || align="right" | 10.35 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Seon-coat of arms.svg|35px|Seon]] || [[Seon]] || align="center" | 4582 || align="right" | 9.61 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Siglistorf COA.svg|35px|Siglistorf]] || [[Siglistorf]] || align="center" | 570 || align="right" | 5.51 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Sins COA.svg|35px|Sins]] || [[Sins]] || align="center" | 3329 || align="right" | 20.28 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Sisseln COA.svg|35px|Sisseln]] || [[Sisseln]] || align="center" | 1325 || align="right" | 2.52 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Spreitenbach COA.svg|35px|Spreitenbach]] || [[Spreitenbach]] || align="center" | 10'213 || align="right" | 8.60 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Staffelbach AG.svg|35px|Staffelbach]] || [[Staffelbach AG|Staffelbach]] || align="center" | 1029 || align="right" | 8.94 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Staufen COA.svg|35px|Staufen]] || [[Staufen AG|Staufen]] || align="center" | 2341 || align="right" | 3.58 | [[Lenzburg (district)|Lenzburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Stein COA.svg|35px|Stein]] || [[Stein AG|Stein]] || align="center" | 2656 || align="right" | 2.83 | [[Rheinfelden (district)|Rheinfelden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Stetten AG.svg|35px|Stetten]] || [[Stetten AG|Stetten]] || align="center" | 1509 || align="right" | 4.41 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Strengelbach AG.svg|35px|Strengelbach]] || [[Strengelbach]] || align="center" | 4353 || align="right" | 6.03 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Suhr AG.svg|35px|Suhr]] || [[Suhr AG|Suhr]] || align="center" | 9274 || align="right" | 10.59 | [[Aarau (district)|Aarau]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Sulz COA.svg|35px|Sulz]] || [[Sulz AG|Sulz]] || align="center" | 1155 || align="right" | 12.21 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- |} </div> === T === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Tägerig AG.svg|35px|Tägerig]] || [[Tägerig]] || align="center" | 1323 || align="right" | 3.30 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Tegerfelden COA.svg|35px|Tegerfelden]] || [[Tegerfelden]] || align="center" | 995 || align="right" | 7.11 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Teufenthal.svg|35px|Teufenthal]] || [[Teufenthal]] || align="center" | 1608 || align="right" | 3.57 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Thalheim AG.svg|35px|Thalheim]] || [[Thalheim AG|Thalheim]] || align="center" | 757 || align="right" | 9.92 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Turgi AG.svg|35px|Turgi]] || [[Turgi]] || align="center" | 2763 || align="right" | 1.55 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- |} </div> === U === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Ueken COA.svg|35px|Ueken]] || [[Ueken]] || align="center" | 826 || align="right" | 5.10 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Uerkheim.svg|35px|Uerkheim]] || [[Uerkheim]] || align="center" | 1294 || align="right" | 7.09 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Uezwil AG.svg|35px|Uezwil]] || [[Uezwil]] || align="center" | 360 || align="right" | 2.45 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Umiken COA.svg|35px|Umiken]] || [[Umiken]] || align="center" | 1066 || align="right" | 0.80 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Unterbözberg AG.svg|35px|Unterbözberg]] || [[Unterbözberg]] || align="center" | 703 || align="right" | 6.11 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Unterendingen.svg|35px|Unterendingen]] || [[Unterendingen]] || align="center" | 353 || align="right" | 3.45 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Unterentfelden COA.svg|35px|Unterentfelden]] || [[Unterentfelden]] || align="center" | 3777 || align="right" | 2.87 | [[Aarau (district)|Aarau]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Unterkulm.svg|35px|Unterkulm]] || [[Unterkulm]] || align="center" | 2898 || align="right" | 8.88 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Unterlunkhofen.svg|35px|Unterlunkhofen]] || [[Unterlunkhofen]] || align="center" | 1247 || align="right" | 4.49 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Untersiggenthal AG.svg|35px|Untersiggenthal]] || [[Untersiggenthal]] || align="center" | 6354 || align="right" | 8.28 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- |} </div> === V === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Veltheim AG.svg|35px|Veltheim]] || [[Veltheim AG|Veltheim]] || align="center" | 1366 || align="right" | 524 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Villigen COA.svg|35px|Villigen]] || [[Villigen]] || align="center" | 1883 || align="right" | 11.21 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Villmergen COA.svg|35px|Villmergen]] || [[Villmergen]] || align="center" | 5363 || align="right" | 10.22 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Villnachern AG.svg|35px|Villnachern]] || [[Villnachern]] || align="center" | 1410 || align="right" | 5.75 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Vordemwald AG.svg|35px|Vordemwald]] || [[Vordemwald]] || align="center" | 1720 || align="right" | 10.15 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- |} </div> === W === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Wallbach AG.svg|35px|Wallbach]] || [[Wallbach AG|Wallbach]] || align="center" | 1653 || align="right" | 4.55 | [[Rheinfelden (district)|Rheinfelden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Waltenschwil COA.svg|35px|Waltenschwil]] || [[Waltenschwil]] || align="center" | 2212 || align="right" | 4.54 | [[Muri (district)|Muri]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Wegenstetten AG.svg|35px|Wegenstetten]] || [[Wegenstetten]] || align="center" | 1070 || align="right" | 7.12 | [[Rheinfelden (district)|Rheinfelden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Wettingen AG.svg|35px|Wettingen]] || [[Wettingen]] || align="center" | 18'938 || align="right" | 10.59 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Widen AG.svg|35px|Widen]] || [[Widen]] || align="center" | 3615 || align="right" | 2.62 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Wil AG COA.svg|35px|Wil]] || [[Wil AG|Wil]] || align="center" | 669 || align="right" | 7.71 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Wiliberg AG.svg|35px|Wiliberg]] || [[Wiliberg]] || align="center" | 157 || align="right" | 1.17 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Windisch AG.svg|35px|Windisch]] || [[Windisch]] || align="center" | 6672 || align="right" | 4.91 | [[Brugg (district)|Brugg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Wislikofen COA.svg|35px|Wislikofen]] || [[Wislikofen]] || align="center" | 331 || align="right" | 3.75 | [[Zurzach (district)|Zurzach]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Wittnau COA.svg|35px|Wittnau]] || [[Wittnau]] || align="center" | 1127 || align="right" | 11.25 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Coat of arms of Wohlen AG.svg|35px|Wohlen]] || [[Wohlen (AG)|Wohlen]] || align="center" | 14'139 || align="right" | 12.48 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Wohlenschwil AG.svg|35px|Wohlenschwil]] || [[Wohlenschwil]] || align="center" | 1315 || align="right" | 4.39 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Wölflinswil COA.svg|35px|Wölflinswil]] || [[Wölflinswil]] || align="center" | 851 || align="right" | 9.51 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Würenlingen AG.svg|35px|Würenlingen]] || [[Würenlingen]] || align="center" | 3772 || align="right" | 9.37 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Würenlos AG.svg|35px|Würenlos]] || [[Würenlos]] || align="center" | 5198 || align="right" | 9.03 | [[Baden (district)|Baden]] |- |} </div> === Z === <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" border="1" style="border: gray solid 1px; border-collapse: collapse;" !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Vopna''' !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="160" | '''Vischnanca''' !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(31. dec. 2006)</small> !align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />in km² !align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" width="90" | '''District''' |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Zeihen COA.svg|35px|Zeihen]] || [[Zeihen]] || align="center" | 909 || align="right" | 6.87 | [[Laufenburg (district)|Laufenburg]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Zeiningen COA.svg|35px|Aarburg]] || [[Zeiningen]] || align="center" | 2139 || align="right" | 11.37 | [[Rheinfelden (district)|Rheinfelden]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Zetzwil COA.svg|35px|Zetzwil]] || [[Zetzwil]] || align="center" | 1239 || align="right" | 5.81 | [[Kulm (district)|Kulm]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:Wappen Zofingen AG.svg|35px|Zofingen]] || '''[[Zofingen]]''' || align="center" | 10'534 || align="right" | 11.07 | [[Zofingen (district)|Zofingen]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Zufikon COA.svg|35px|Zufikon]] || [[Zufikon]] || align="center" | 3842 || align="right" | 4.80 | [[Bremgarten (district)|Bremgarten]] |- | align="center" | [[Image:CHE Zuzgen COA.svg|35px|Zuzgen]] || [[Zuzgen]] || align="center" | 800 || align="right" | 8.40 | [[Rheinfelden (district)|Rheinfelden]] |- |} </div> [[Category:Vischnancas dal Chantun Argovia]] 86ojxg6nymk9pfhxidti8cy5t7xomee 0 5674 172791 172475 2026-07-21T11:06:53Z CommonsDelinker 151 Remplazzà Wappen_Unterentfelden.svg cun [[c:File:CHE_Unterentfelden_COA.svg|CHE_Unterentfelden_COA.svg]] (ordinà da [[c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]]: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 172791 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Karte_Bezirk_Aarau_2007.png|thumb|300px|District Aarau]] Il '''District Aarau''' ([[Lingua tudestga|tudestg]]: Bezirk Aarau) è in district dal [[chantun Argovia]]. == Vischnancas == <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Vopna ! align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Vischnanca ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Populaziun<br /><small>(Dec. 2015)</small> ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Surfatscha<br />in km² ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | UST-numer |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Aarau COA.svg|35px|Aarau]] | '''[[Aarau]]''' || align="center" | 20'687 || align="right" | 12.34 | align="center" | 4001 |- | align="center" | [[File:Wappen Biberstein.svg|35px|Biberstein]] | [[Biberstein]] || align="center" | 1473 || align="right" | 4.10 | align="center" | 4002 |- | align="center" | [[File:Wappen Buchs AG.svg|35px|Buchs]] | [[Buchs (AG)|Buchs]] || align="center" | 7702 || align="right" | 5.36 | align="center" | 4003 |- | align="center" | [[File:Wappen Densbüren.svg|35px|Densbüren]] | [[Densbüren]] || align="center" | 700 || align="right" | 12.52 | align="center" | 4004 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Erlinsbach AG COA.svg|35px|Erlinsbach]] | [[Erlinsbach (AG)|Erlinsbach]] || align="center" | 3979 || align="right" | 9.87 | align="center" | 4005 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Gränichen AG COA.svg|35px|Gränichen]] | [[Gränichen]] || align="center" | 7442 || align="right" | 17.21 | align="center" | 4006 |- | align="center" | [[File:Wappen Hirschthal AG.svg|35px|Hirschthal]] | [[Hirschthal]] || align="center" | 1576 || align="right" | 3.53 | align="center" | 4007 |- | align="center" | [[File:Coat of arms of Kienberg SO.svg|35px|Küttigen]] | [[Küttigen]] || align="center" | 6034 || align="right" | 11.89 | align="center" | 4008 |- | align="center" | [[File:Wappen Muhen AG.svg|35px|Muhen]] | [[Muhen]] || align="center" | 3839 || align="right" | 7.03 | align="center" | 4009 |- | align="center" | [[File:Wappen Oberentfelden AG.svg|35px|Oberentfelden]] | [[Oberentfelden]] || align="center" | 7706 || align="right" | 7.16 | align="center" | 4010 |- | align="center" | [[File:Wappen Suhr AG.svg|35px|Suhr]] | [[Suhr]] || align="center" | 9875 || align="right" | 10.59 | align="center" | 4012 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Unterentfelden COA.svg|35px|Unterentfelden]] | [[Unterentfelden]] || align="center" | 4125 || align="right" | 2.87 | align="center" | 4013 |- style="background-color:#EFEFEF;" | align="center" | | '''Total''' (13) || align="center" | 75'138 || align="right" | 104.47 | align="center" | 1901 |} </div> {{Argovia}} [[Category:Districts dal chantun Argovia]] 7qnksiwx5tzrtzoxde2k7jriinzbfhv 0 5689 172792 159742 2026-07-21T11:09:47Z CommonsDelinker 151 Remplazzà Wappen_Unterentfelden.svg cun [[c:File:CHE_Unterentfelden_COA.svg|CHE_Unterentfelden_COA.svg]] (ordinà da [[c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]]: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 172792 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Lieu_svizzer |NUM_LIEU = Unterentfelden |FILEPATH_CHARTA = Karte Gemeinde Unterentfelden 2010.png |PIXEL = 98px |FILEPATH_VOPNA = CHE Unterentfelden COA.svg |MALETG = Unterentfelden preghejo 068.jpg |CHANTUN = Argovia |DISTRICT = [[Aarau (district)|Aarau]] |CIRCUL = |NP = 5035 |GRAD_DA_LADEZZA = 47° 22′ 10″ |GRAD_DA_LUNGHEZZA = {{0}}8° 2′ 30″ |AUTEZZA = 417 |SURFATSCHA = 2,87 |ABITANTS = 4'125 |STAN_ABITANTS = 31 da december 2015 |LINGUA = [[lingua tudestga|tudestg]] |WEBSITE = www.unterentfelden.ch |E-LIR = |}} '''Unterentfelden''' è ina vischnanca politica [[svizra]] en il [[chantun Argovia]]. Ella è situada en il district [[Aarau (district)|Aarau]]. == Colliaziuns == {{Commons|Category:Unterentfelden|Unterentfelden}} {{Aarau}} [[Category:Lieu en il chantun Argovia]] [[Category:Vischnancas dal Chantun Argovia]] h6cka3qz9k61snkqwwapf7e44tx5v88 0 5697 172793 172773 2026-07-21T11:36:13Z CommonsDelinker 151 Remplazzà Wappen_Gipf-Oberfrick.svg cun [[c:File:CHE_Gipf-Oberfrick_COA.svg|CHE_Gipf-Oberfrick_COA.svg]] (ordinà da [[c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]]: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 172793 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Karte_Bezirk_Laufenburg_2007.png|thumb|300px|District Laufenburg]] Il '''District Laufenburg''' ([[Lingua tudestga|tudestg]]: Bezirk Laufenburg) è in district dal [[chantun Argovia]]. == Vischnancas == <div style="padding:1em 20px 1em 20px; color:#000000;text-align:left;"> {| border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;" ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Vopna ! align="left" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Vischnanca ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Populaziun<br /><small>(Dec. 2006)</small> ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Surfatscha<br />in km² ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | UST-numer |- | align="center" | [[File:Wappen Eiken.svg|35px|Eiken]] || [[Eiken]] || align="center" | 1938 || align="right" | 7.07 | align="center" | 4161 |- | align="center" | [[File:Wappen Etzgen.svg|35px|Etzgen]] || [[Etzgen]] || align="center" | 438 || align="right" | 3.28 | align="center" | 4162 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Frick COA.svg|35px|Frick]] || [[Frick]] || align="center" | 4594 || align="right" | 9.96 | align="center" | 4163 |- | align="center" | [[File:Wappen Gansingen.svg|35px|Gansingen]] || [[Gansingen]] || align="center" | 934 || align="right" | 8.77 | align="center" | 4164 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Gipf-Oberfrick COA.svg|35px|Gipf-Oberfrick]] || [[Gipf-Oberfrick]] || align="center" | 3111 || align="right" | 10.17 | align="center" | 4165 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Herznach COA.svg|35px|Herznach]] || [[Herznach]] || align="center" | 1229 || align="right" | 6.26 | align="center" | 4166 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Hornussen COA.svg|35px|Hornussen]] || [[Hornussen]] || align="center" | 845 || align="right" | 7.27 | align="center" | 4167 |- | align="center" | [[File:Wappen Ittenthal.svg|35px|Ittenthal]] || [[Ittenthal]] || align="center" | 201 || align="right" | 3.89 | align="center" | 4168 |- | align="center" | [[File:Wappen Kaisten AG.svg|35px|Kaisten]] || [[Kaisten]] || align="center" | 2257 || align="right" | 14.22 | align="center" | 4169 |- | align="center" | [[File:Wappen Laufenburg AG.svg|35px|Laufenburg]] || '''[[Laufenburg (AG)|Laufenburg]]''' || align="center" | 2065 || align="right" | 2.28 | align="center" | 4170 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Mettau COA.svg|35px|Mettau]] || [[Mettau]] || align="center" | 317 || align="right" | 3.29 | align="center" | 4171 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Münchwilen COA.svg|35px|Münchwilen]] || [[Münchwilen (AG)|Münchwilen]] || align="center" | 668 || align="right" | 2.47 | align="center" | 4172 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Oberhof COA.svg|35px|Oberhof]] || [[Oberhof (AG)|Oberhof]] || align="center" | 564 || align="right" | 8.20 | align="center" | 4173 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Oberhofen AG COA.svg|35px|Oberhofen]] || [[Oberhofen (AG)|Oberhofen]] || align="center" | 291 || align="right" | 3.12 | align="center" | 4174 |- | align="center" | [[File:Coat of arms of Oeschgen.svg|35px|Oeschgen]] || [[Oeschgen]] || align="center" | 867 || align="right" | 4.38 | align="center" | 4175 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Schwaderloch COA.svg|35px|Schwaderloch]] || [[Schwaderloch]] || align="center" | 694 || align="right" | 2.77 | align="center" | 4176 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Sisseln COA.svg|35px|Sisseln]] || [[Sisseln]] || align="center" | 1325 || align="right" | 2.52 | align="center" | 4177 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Sulz COA.svg|35px|Sulz]] || [[Sulz (AG)|Sulz]] || align="center" | 1155 || align="right" | 12.21 | align="center" | 4178 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Ueken COA.svg|35px|Ueken]] || [[Ueken]] || align="center" | 826 || align="right" | 5.10 | align="center" | 4179 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Wil AG COA.svg|35px|Wil]] || [[Wil (AG)|Wil]] || align="center" | 669 || align="right" | 7.71 | align="center" | 4180 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Wittnau COA.svg|35px|Wittnau]] || [[Wittnau]] || align="center" | 1127 || align="right" | 11.25 | align="center" | 4181 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Wölflinswil COA.svg|35px|Wölflinswil]] || [[Wölflinswil]] || align="center" | 851 || align="right" | 9.51 | align="center" | 4182 |- | align="center" | [[File:CHE Zeihen COA.svg|35px|Zeihen]] || [[Zeihen]] || align="center" | 909 || align="right" | 6.87 | align="center" | 4183 |- style="background-color:#EFEFEF;" | align="center" | | '''Total''' (23) || align="center" | 27'875 || align="right" | 125.57 | align="center" | 1906 |} </div> {{Argovia}} [[Category:Districts dal chantun Argovia]] kpf5um7mbqb46ecv4qj33vvicpcfllx 0 6449 172786 165548 2026-07-21T08:11:06Z CommonsDelinker 151 Remplazzà Igis_wappen.svg cun [[c:File:CHE_Igis_COA.svg|CHE_Igis_COA.svg]] (ordinà da [[c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]]: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). 172786 wikitext text/x-wiki {{District svizzer |NUM_DISTRICT = District da Landquart |NUM_2 = Bezirk Landquart |VOPNA = Maienfeld (Kreis) wappen.svg |CHANTUN = Grischun |CHAPITALA = Igis |BFS = 1826 |UST = 1826 |SURFATSCHA = 193,23 |ABITANTS = 22.739 |STAN_ABITANTS = 2006 |SPESSEZZA = 118 |LINGUA = [[Lingua tudestga|tudestg]], [[rumantsch]] |WEBSITE = |CHARTA = Karte Bezirk Landquart 2007.png }} Il '''district da Landquart''' ([[lingua tudestga|tudestg]] ''Bezirk Landquart'') è in district dal [[chantun Grischun]]. == Vischnancas e circuls == {| {{prettytable}} !colspan="4" align=center bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | [[File:Fünf Dörfer (Kreis) wappen.svg|15px]] Circul dals Tschintg Vitgs |- ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Num da la vischnanca''' ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(dic. 2005)</small> ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />km² ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Spessezza'''<br />ab./km² |- | [[File:Haldenstein wappen.svg|15px]] [[Haldenstein]] || align="center" | 894 || align="center" | 18,56 || align="center" | 48 |- | [[File:CHE Igis COA.svg|15px]] '''[[Igis]]''' || align="center" | 7.008 || align="center" | 10,88 || align="center" | 644 |- | [[File:Mastrils wappen.svg|15px]] [[Mastrils]] || align="center" | 534 || align="center" | 7,98 || align="center" | 67 |- | [[File:CHE Trimmis COA.svg|15px]] [[Trimmis]] || align="center" | 2.881 || align="center" | 28,40 || align="center" | 101 |- | [[File:CHE Untervaz COA.svg|15px]] [[Vaz sut]] || align="center" | 2.262 || align="center" | 27,72 || align="center" | 82 |- | [[File:CHE Zizers COA.svg|15px]] [[Zizers]] || align="center" | 3.064 || align="center" | 11,01 || align="center" | 278 |- ! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Total''' ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 16.815 ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 119,02 ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 141 |} {| {{prettytable}} !colspan="4" align=center bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | [[File:Maienfeld (Kreis) wappen.svg|15px]] Circul da Maiavilla |- ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Num da la vischnanca''' ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Populaziun'''<br /><small>(dic. 2005)</small> ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Surfatscha'''<br />km² ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Spessezza'''<br />ab./km² |- | [[File:CHE Fläsch COA.svg|15px]] [[Fläsch]] || align="center" | 587 || align="center" | 19,94 || align="center" | 29 |- | [[File:CHE Jenins COA.svg|15px]] [[Jenins]] || align="center" | 752 || align="center" | 10,54 || align="center" | 71 |- | [[File:CHE Maienfeld COA.svg|15px]] [[Maiavilla]] || align="center" | 2.432 || align="center" | 32,33 || align="center" | 75 |- | [[File:CHE Malans COA.svg|15px]] [[Malans]] || align="center" | 2.153 || align="center" | 11,40 || align="center" | 189 |- ! bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''Total''' ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 5.924 ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 74,21 ! align="center" bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | 80 |} {{Grischun}} [[Category:Districts dal chantun Grischun]] ltzlaub7ww6gcbwi2nfhlglo8h7y04z 0 7286 172787 166659 2026-07-21T08:20:43Z CommonsDelinker 151 Remplazzà Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg cun [[c:File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg|Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (ordinà da [[c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]]: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government sta 172787 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Artitgel 1000|-10}} [[Datoteca:LocationAfrica.png|right|thumb|300px|Il territori dil continent Africa]] [[Datoteca: Egypt Nil.jpg |right|thumb|200px|Il [[flum]] [[Nil]] è il pli lung flum da l'Africa.]] [[Datoteca:Kibo summit of Mt Kilimanjaro 001.JPG |right|thumb|200px|Il [[Muntogna|munt]] [[Kilimandscharo]] è la pli auta muntogna da l'Africa.]] L' '''Africa''' (grec ''Αφρική'') è il continent il pli en il sid da la massa da terra da l'Afro-Eurasia. L'Africa è il segund pli grond dals set continents. == Geografia == '''Pli lung [[flum]]:''' [[Nil]] ([[Egipta]], [[Sudan]], [[Etiopia]], [[Uganda]]) 6.670 km '''Pli auta [[muntogna]]:''' [[Kilimandscharo]] ([[Tansania]]) 5895 m.s.m. == Stadis en l'Africa == === A === * [[Datoteca:Flag of South Africa.svg|25px]] [[Africa dal Sid]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Algeria.svg|25px]] [[Algeria]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Angola.svg|25px]] [[Angola]] === B === * [[Datoteca:Flag of Benin.svg|25px|border]] [[Benin]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Botswana.svg|25px]] [[Botswana]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|25px]] [[Burkina Faso]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Burundi.svg|25px|border]] [[Burundi]] === C === * [[Datoteca:Flag of Cameroon.svg|25px]] [[Camerun]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|25px]] [[Cap Verd]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of the Comoros.svg|25px]] [[Comoras]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Congo (Brazzaville)]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Cote d'Ivoire.svg|25px]] [[Costa d'Ivur]] === D === * [[Datoteca:Flag of Djibouti.svg|25px]] [[Dschibuti]] === E === * [[Datoteca:Flag of Egypt.svg|25px]] [[Egipta]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Eritrea.svg|25px]] [[Eritrea]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|25px]] [[Etiopia]] === G === * [[Datoteca:Flag of Gabon.svg|25px]] [[Gabun]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of The Gambia.svg|25px]] [[Gambia]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Ghana.svg|25px]] [[Ghana]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Guinea.svg|25px]] [[Guinea]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg|25px]] [[Guinea Equatoriala]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|25px]] [[Guinea-Bissau]] === K === * [[Datoteca:Flag of Kenya.svg|25px]] [[Kenia]] === L === * [[Datoteca:Flag of Lesotho.svg|25px]] [[Lesotho]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Liberia.svg|25px]] [[Liberia]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Libya.svg|25px]] [[Libia]] === M === * [[Datoteca:Flag of Madagascar.svg|25px]] [[Madagascar]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Malawi.svg|25px]] [[Malawi]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Mali.svg|25px]] [[Mali]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Morocco.svg|25px]] [[Maroc]] * [[Datoteca:1959-2017 Flag of Mauritania.svg|25px]] [[Mauretania]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Mauritius.svg|25px]] [[Mauritius]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Mozambique.svg|25px]] [[Moçambique]] === N === * [[Datoteca:Flag of Namibia.svg|25px]] [[Namibia]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Niger.svg|25px]] [[Niger]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Nigeria.svg|25px]] [[Nigeria]] === R === * [[Datoteca:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|25px]] [[Republica Centralafricana]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|25px]] [[Republica Democratica dal Congo]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Rwanda.svg|25px]] [[Ruanda]] === S === * [[Datoteca:Flag of Zambia.svg|25px]] [[Sambia]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg|25px]] [[São Tomé e Príncipe]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Senegal.svg|25px]] [[Senegal]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of the Seychelles.svg|25px]] [[Seychellas]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|25px]] [[Sierra Leone]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|25px]] [[Simbabwe]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Somalia.svg|25px]] [[Somalia]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Sudan.svg|25px]] [[Sudan]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of the SPLAM.svg|25px]] [[Sudan dal Sid]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Swaziland.svg|25px]] [[Swaziland]] === T === * [[Datoteca:Flag of Tanzania.svg|25px]] [[Tansania]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|25px]] [[Togo]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Chad.svg|25px]] [[Tschad]] * [[Datoteca:Flag of Tunisia.svg|25px]] [[Tunesia]] === U === * [[Datoteca:Flag of Uganda.svg|25px]] [[Uganda]] == Colliaziuns == * {{commons|Africa}} [[Categoria:Africa| ]] 1yk3n6e45yuum6lkspnyacb0nopnmyg 0 12339 172789 167374 2026-07-21T09:29:41Z CommonsDelinker 151 Remplazzà Carl_Spitzweg_036.jpg cun [[c:File:Carl_Spitzweg_-_Sonntagsspaziergang.jpg|Carl_Spitzweg_-_Sonntagsspaziergang.jpg]] (ordinà da [[c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]]: File:Carl_Spitzweg_036.jpg merged with File:Carl Spitzweg - Sonntagsspazi 172789 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Datoteca:Estatesgeneral.jpg|thumb|260px|Convocaziun dals stadis generals ils 5 da matg 1789 a Versailles]] [[Datoteca:Dresdner_Maiaufstand.jpg|thumb|260px|Revoluziun dal 1848/49: Sullevaziun da matg a Dresden]] L’'''epoca da las revoluziuns''', er numnada epoca da las revoluziuns burgaisas, cumpiglia il temp da ca. 1774/76 fin il 1848. Questa fasa relativamain curta – en cumparegliaziun cun autras epocas istoricas – è segnada d’in grond dumber da revoluziuns che tanschan da la [[Revoluziun americana]] e [[Revoluziun franzosa]] a la fin dal 18avel tschientaner fin las [[Revoluziuns europeicas dal 1848/49]]. Da discurrer d’ina èra da ‹revoluziuns› (en il plural) è er giustifitgà tras il fatg che l’illuminissem ha revoluziunà la moda da pensar da l’uman en in vast senn e ch’il medem spazi da temp è ultra da quai segnà da l’emprima fasa da la [[Revoluziun industriala]]. Quest artitgel da survista focussescha surtut sin las premissas spiertalas e sin ils svilups politics da l’epoca. L’emprim vegnan tematisadas dumondas da periodisaziun. Co e daco che quellas divergeschan per part marcantamain ina da l’autra vegn illustrà a l’exempel dal term fundamental ‹temp modern› e da dus terms centrals da l’istoriografia, ‹temp da sava› ([[Reinhart Koselleck]]) ed ‹il lung 19avel tschientaner› ([[Eric Hobsbawm]]). En la segunda part da l’artitgel vegnan preschentadas curtamain las caracteristicas dal cumenzament da l’epoca (accents: [[illuminissem]], [[Revoluziun franzosa]]), illustrads ils dus princips opposts Biedermeier e Vormärz ch’han segnà ils onns dal 1815 fin avant il 1848 e purschì ina survista dals eveniments revoluziunars dal 1848/49 che marcheschan la fin da l’epoca. == Terms fundamentals == === ‹Epoca moderna› === L’epoca da las revoluziuns furma in temp da transiziun tranter la premoderna e la moderna. Ma formulond questa constataziun sa tschenta automaticamain la dumonda: tge precis signifitga il term ‹moderna› u ‹epoca moderna›? L’avischinaziun che suonda cumenza cun in curt excurs en la ‹preistorgia› dal term e mussa silsuenter che ‹moderna› designescha tant in’epoca istorica sco er in concept spiertal. ==== Istorgia dal term ==== L’emprima cumprova dal pled ‹modern› è da chattar en sia furma latina en ina circulara da papa [[Gelasius I]] or dal 5avel tschientaner. En quella vegn il term duvrà per il temp «che la persuna che scriva ha sez vivì».<ref>Anne-Marie Bonnet: ''Kunst der Moderne, Kunst der Gegenwart: Herausforderung und Chance.'' Deubner Verlag für Kunst, Theorie und Praxis, Cologna 2008, p. 10.</ref> [[Bernhard da Chartres]] (numnà Sylvestris, 1080–1167) dovra il term en ina sumeglia istorica, en la quala el descriva la posiziun da l’uman modern envers la tradiziun cun ils suandants pleds: «Nus essan nanins che sesan sin ils givels da gigants. Nus pudain vesair pli lunsch che noss perdavants ed en quel grà è nossa savida pli gronda che quai che lur savida era. Ma nus na fissan nagut, sche la summa da lur savida n’ans mussass betg la via.» Il pled latin ''modernus'' (‹nov›, ‹dal temp nov›, ‹contemporan›) deriva da l’adverb latin ''modo'' (‹gist›, ‹pir gist›). Pli tard è el arrivà sur il franzos (''moderne'' e ''moderniser'') tranter auter en il tudestg, nua ch’il term cumpara a partir dal 1727 sco pled ester che serva a cunfinar il nov dal vegl ed antic. ''Modernité'' sco substantiv vegn duvrà l’emprima giada il 1849 da [[Chateaubriand]] (en in senn pegiurativ), per vegnir reprendì a moda decisiva da [[Charles Baudelaire]] l’onn 1859. En la lingua tudestga vegn l’expressiun ''Moderne'' duvrada l’emprima giada dad Eugen Wolff che l’applitgescha en il senn dad ‹art modern›. Dapi ch’il term ‹moderna› è s’etablì dal temp dal natiralissem, è el adina restà in pau intschert. Savens designescha el simplamain mintga nov stil u gener d’art ch’è londervi da s’etablir. Ozendi vegn la noziun ultra da quai duvrada en la lingua da mintgadi sco sinonim per ‹a la moda› ubain en il senn da ‹contemporan›. E l’expressiun ‹modernitad› vegn savens associada cun terms sco ‹progressiv›, ‹innovativ› ed ‹actual›. Er ‹modernissem› vegn applitgà en ils pli differents champs tematics e designescha fenomens spezials (e quai per part tuttavia er en in senn negativ u critic). ==== Epoca istorica – concept spiertal ==== Istoricamain designescha ‹moderna› u (pli usità) ‹temp modern› la vieuta envers la tradiziun sco ch’ella ha gì lieu sin ils pli divers secturs da la vita en consequenza da la Revoluziun industriala, da l’illuminissem e da la secularisaziun. Da princip po il term designar tant in’epoca istorica sco er in concept filosofic. [[Datoteca:ChPerrault.jpg|thumb|160px|Cun sia poesia che pretendeva che la moderna saja superiura a l’antica ha Charles Perrault mess ad ir la ‹Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes›]] En il disput ch’è vegnì enconuschent sut il num ‹Querelle des Anciens et des Modernes› (1687) vegniva ‹moderna› anc duvrà sco noziun opposta a l’antica. Pir en il 19avel tschientaner èsi vegnì en moda da cunfinar cun quest term en general il temp preschent dal passà. Sco epoca istorica designescha ‹moderna› dapi lura il temp da las grondas midadas spiertalas, economicas, politicas e culturas ch’han gì lieu a la fin dal 18avel ed a l’entschatta dal 19avel tschientaner.<ref>Cf. per exempel Lothar Gall: ''Europa auf dem Weg in die Moderne 1850–1890.'' (''Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte'', tom 14), Oldenbourg, Minca 1989, ISBN 3-486-49772-3.</ref> Quest temp vegn magari er numnà ‹temp da fundaziun›, quai che renviescha a las repercussiuns che quests eveniments duevan avair sin las proximas epocas istoricas. Sco elements caracteristics da la moderna sco epoca istorica vegnan considerads: * La secularisaziun en consequenza da l’illuminissem e la speranza ch’ina sort ‹religiun da l’umanitad› vegnia a prender en la plazza da las religiuns instituziunalisadas. * L’industrialisaziun, er numnada Revoluziun industriala, che marchescha la transiziun da la producziun artisanala a la fabricaziun en massa tras maschinas. * La substituziun da la furma statala absolutistica (ancien régime) tras il chapitalissem e la democrazia. * La cretta en il progress, vul dir l’idea che las prestaziuns materialias da l’uman vegnian a crescher a moda infinita. * La raziunalitad, vul dir la cretta en la raschun ed en la predominanza da ponderaziuns raziunalas. * L’autonomia dals divers secturs socials sco l’etica, la politica, il dretg e l’economia, l’art e la litteratura. * L’individualisaziun en vista ad ina modernisaziun en furma dal liberalissem economic e da las revoluziuns burgaisas. * La domesticaziun, vul dir l’idea che la natira sa laschia duvrar sco resursa neutrala, regenerabla. Per la chapientscha da la moderna èsi impurtant da clamar en memoria ch’i na sa tractava tar blers da quests elements – che sa chapeschan pli tard da sasez – tuttavia betg da persvasiuns ch’èn stadas preschentas adina e dapertut. Epocas sa laschan caracterisar il meglier tras quai ch’ils umans dal temp respectiv acceptan senza ponderar pli ditg sco ‹vardads› evidentas e sco persvasiuns da basa. Questas evidenzas sa midan cun l’ir dal temp sco che mussa la teoria dals paradigmas da [[Thomas S. Kuhn]].<ref>Thomas S. Kuhn: ''The Structure of Scientific Revolutions''. University of Chicago Press 1962.</ref> Cun schlargiar il term ad in concept filosofic ch’ha er influenzà las scienzas, la litteratura ed ils arts daventa ‹moderna› in’epoca spiertala che tanscha lunsch sur il ‹temp da fundaziun› ora. L’epoca da la moderna, chapida en quest senn, vegn substituida tenor tschertas teorias vers la mesadad dal 20avel tschientaner d’ina postmoderna; quella furma in cuntramoviment spiertal en il qual s’exprima la sceptica envers ils concepts moderns. Caracteristic per la moderna è – surtut en confrunt cun la postmoderna – ch’ella ha remplazzà la tradiziun tras novas ‹empermischuns› che sugereschan in catalog da valurs e punct da referiment bain vaira different dal precedent, ma tuttina danovamain stabil. Gist quai vegn crititgà dapi la mesadad dal 20avel tschientaner sco pretaisa che na sa lascha betg mantegnair. Norbert Bolz ha formulà quai sco suonda: «Tge che nus numnain moderna – pia il temp tranter l’illuminissem europeic e l’Emprima Guerra mundiala – ans ha surchargià cun pretensiuns idealisticas e giavinà cun ideals umanistics. Uschia avain nus oz ina tenuta ambivalenta envers la moderna: ella è a medem temp utopia e dischariel. Perquai avain nus oz talmain fadia, d’entrar a moda suverana en in temp nov. Nus avain in trauma da sdisada da la moderna ch’è ida a fin.»<ref> [http://www.heise.de/tp/r4/artikel/6/6135/1.html Norbert Bolz: ''Theorie der Müdigkeit – Theoriemüdigkeit''. 1997].</ref> Tut tenor sch’ins accentuescha la moderna sco epoca istorica ubain sco concept spiertal, vegn er ses cumenzament definì a moda fitg differenta: sut l’aspect da l’istorgia spiertala cumpiglia la moderna er la premoderna ch’iniziescha en il 15avel tschientaner cun la renaschientscha; ord vista economica cumenza ella vers la mesadad dal 18avel tschientaner cun l’industrialisaziun; la moderna politica è colliada cun la [[Revoluziun americana]] e la [[Revoluziun franzosa]] sco er cun il naziunalissem dal 19avel tschientaner; ed en l’art, sco denominaziun d’in singul stil, è il term surtut collià cun ils decennis da la fin dal 19avel e l’entschatta dal 20avel tschientaner. En la litteratura è la moderna segnada d’experiments cun novas tecnicas litteraras. Tar las ovras centralas da la moderna litterara tudestga tutgan: il roman da [[Rainer Maria Rilke]] ‹Die Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids Brigge› (1910) sco er ses ciclus da poesias ‹Duineser Elegien› (1923) e ‹Die Sonette an Orpheus› (1922), ils romans e raquints da [[Franz Kafka]], ‹Berlin Alexanderplatz› (1929) dad [[Alfred Döblin]], ‹Der Mann ohne Eigenschaften› (1930–1952) da [[Robert Musil]], ‹Die Schlafwandler› (1931–1932) da [[Hermann Broch]], ‹Tauben im Gras› (1951) da [[Wolfgang Koeppen]]. Ed en l’ulteriura litteratura mundiala: ‹A la recherche du temps perdu› (1913–1927) da [[Marcel Proust]], ‹The Waste Land› (1922) e ‹Four Quartets› (1944) da [[T.S. Eliot]], ‹Cantos› (1917–1970) dad [[Ezra Pound]], ‹Mrs. Dalloway› (1925) da [[Virginia Woolf]] sco er ‹Ulysses› (1922) e ‹Finnegans Wake› (1923–1939) da [[James Joyce]]. Tut questas ovras èn segnadas d’in stil che reflectescha mintgamai sin si’atgna moda e maniera la fragmentaziun da champs d’experientscha e che tschertga suenter novas furmas d’expressiun. En l’istorgia d’art sa tracti tar la moderna classica da l’epoca che suonda a la belle époque e ch’ha culminà a l’entschatta dal 20avel tschientaner en las ovras revoluziunaras dals fauves, cubists, futurists, vortizists, expressiunists ed avantagardists. Represchentants tipics èn [[Henri Matisse]], [[André Derain]], [[Pablo Picasso]], [[Georges Braque]], [[Max Beckmann]], [[Franz Marc]], [[Paul Klee]], [[Piet Mondrian]], [[Marc Chagall]] e [[Wassily Kandinsky]].<ref>Sandro Bocola: ''Die Kunst der Moderne. Zur Struktur und Dynamik ihrer Entwicklung. Von Goya bis Beuys.'' Prestel, Minca/New York 1994, ISBN 3-7913-1889-6.</ref> En l’architectura è la moderna surtut colliada cun ils suandants nums: [[Frank Lloyd Wright]], [[Le Corbusier]], [[Ludwig Mies van der Rohe]], [[Ernst May]], [[Konrad Wachsmann]], [[Oscar Niemeyer]] sco er en general cun il [[Bauhaus]]. Sco segns caracteristics d’ina moderna entaifer la musica vala d’ina vart ina ruptura cun l’istorgia sco ch’ella n’era anc mai vegnida formulada a moda uschè radicala (quella tanscha da l’abandun da la tonalitad tar [[Schönberg]] fin al distatgament cumplet da la noziun da la musica e da l’ovra tradiziunala, per exempel tar [[John Cage]]). Da l’autra vart è però sa manifestà in pluralissem da stils sco ch’i n’aveva mai dà fin qua.<ref>''dtv-Atlas zur Musik.'' Tom 2, Minca 1985.</ref> Pervi da quai n’è la ruptura cun la tradiziun er betg stada uschè radicala sco quai ch’igl era vegnì postulà. La gronda part da las represchentaziuns d’operas e dal manaschi da concerts è per exempel anc adina orientà quasi cumplettamain a la tradiziun. [[Datoteca:Philipp_Jakob_Loutherbourg_d._J._002.jpg|thumb|220px|Coalbrookdale en l’Engalterra vala sco in dals lieus d’origin da la Revoluziun industriala (maletg dal 1801)]] Las expectoraziuns davart il concept da la moderna e sia dataziun ch’èn vegnidas fatgas fin qua èn segnadas d’ina perspectiva eurocentrica; sa restrenschend sin quella ston ins esser conscient che vastas parts dal mund sco il [[territori arab]], l’[[Africa]] e l’[[Asia]] èn tut tenor stads da quel temp – abstrahà da l’influenza da vart dals commerziants u colonisaturs dal vest – sut l’ensaina da tut auters svilups politics e spiertals. Per reflectar il term da la moderna a moda critica ed al schliar dal context da l’istorgia europeica, vegn per part er fatg valair ch’i saja inditgà da discurrer tar ils svilups actuals d’ina ‹segunda moderna›. Per Ulrich Beck, ch’ha introducì quest term, è quella segnada dal fatg ch’ella sorta dal rom categorial da la societad industriala e dal stadi d’assistenza sociala naziunal ch’era collià cun quel; al lieu da questas veglias categorias èn ils novs svilups segnads d’ina politica da la globalisaziun e da l’avertura vers ina societad mundiala.<ref>Ulrich Beck: ''Was ist Globalisierung''. Edition Zweite Moderne, Suhrkamp, Francfurt a.M. 1997.</ref> En il medem senn differenziescha Andreas Heuer tranter ina ‹moderna europeica› – istorica – ed ina ‹moderna mundiala› en plain svilup. Quest’ultima emprova da chapir ils svilups ordaifer l’Europa – en l’[[Asia]], l’[[America Latina]], il [[mund arab]] ed en l’[[Africa]] – en il context da lur svilups istorics respectivs. Sper svilups identics resp. sumegliants sa sviluppan là er tut atgnas furmas d’expressiun da ‹moderna›, e quai en la politica, la societad e la cultura. Cuntrari a la postmoderna sa tracti tar il term da la moderna mundiala d’ina formulaziun pli averta per svilups en tut il mund che sa laschan colliar cun la noziun generala da la moderna. Faschond quest pass na sa restrenschess il term ‹moderna› betg pli (be) a tschiffar in svilup istoric (europeic) gia terminà.<ref>Andreas Heuer: ''Carl Schmitt. Die Dialektik der Moderne. Von der europäischen zur Welt-Moderne.'' Berlin 2010, p. 91.</ref> === ‹Temp da sava› === L’istoriograf tudestg [[Reinhart Koselleck]] (1923–2006) ha sa laschà inspirar da la metafra da la furca (''Bergsattel'') ed ha creà il term da la ''Sattelzeit'' per descriver il temp da transiziun u la sava d’epoca tranter il temp premodern e modern. (En las ulteriuras linguas vegn sia noziun per ordinari circumscritta sco ‹temp da scharnier› u ‹temp da sava›.) Koselleck emprova da tschiffar cun ses term la fasa tardiva da l’illuminissem ed il temp avant e suenter las revoluziuns (ca. 1750 enfin 1850 u 1870). Sco in dals auturs da l’ovra da referenza ‹Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe› ha Koselleck constatà che quest temp da grondas midadas politicas e socialas ha effectuà tar numerus terms-clav ina midada da significaziun fundamentala (p.ex. ‹stadi›, ‹burgais›, ‹famiglia›) resp. che bleras noziuns-clav èn insumma pir vegnidas introducidas da quel temp (p.ex. ‹imperialissem›, ‹communissem›, ‹classa›). Questa midada da significaziun è da chapir tenor Koselleck en quel senn che l’epoca ha accentuà bler pli ferm che las epocas precedentas il svilup istoric sco midada e moviment; quai ha gì per consequenza ch’era las noziuns directivas entaifer la politica èn sa spustadas da l’atemporal e static vers cuntegns anticipatorics, orientads al futur. Cumplettond e schlargiond quest concept dals terms fundamentals sa laschan alura tschiffar ulteriurs process da midaments ch’èn caracteristics per l’epoca: la vieuta demografica e sociala, la revoluziun sin il sectur dal traffic, l’industrialisaziun, las novas furmas da cultura e da consum.<ref>Reinhart Koselleck: ''Einleitung'', en: Otto Brunner, Werner Conze, Reinhart Koselleck (ed.), ''Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe'', tom 1, Klett Cotta, Stuttgart 1979.</ref> === Il ‹lung 19avel tschientaner› === Il term dal ‹lung 19avel tschientaner› ha creà l’istoriograf britannic [[Eric Hobsbawm]] (1917–2012). Tenor sia chapientscha cumpiglia quel la fasa dal 1789 fin il 1914. En il decurs da la [[Revoluziun franzosa]] (1789) eri reussì a la burgaisia da rumper la predominanza da l’aristocrazia. E l’[[Emprima Guerra mundiala]] (1914–1918) dueva la finala manar ad ina nova unda da midadas politicas ch’han effectuà ina democratisaziun e popularisaziun da la politica. Il 19avel tschientaner è segnà da l’industrialisaziun, da la vieuta demografica (migraziun ed urbarisaziun sco fenomens en massa), dal princip dal stadi naziunal sco er dal fatg che la societad è vegnida dominada pli e pli ferm dals princips da la burgaisia. La scienza e la furmaziun èn daventadas adina pli impurtantas ed èn vegnidas messas a disposiziun ad adina pli grondas parts da la populaziun. Per il mund ordaifer l’Europa ha quest’epoca en emprima lingia muntà sutmissiun e colonisaziun tras las pussanzas grondas europeicas, quai che dueva culminar en la fasa da l’imperialissem 1885–1914. L’epoca che vegn resguardada sco caracteristica per il 19avel tschientaner cumpiglia uschia radund 125 onns ed è en quest senn per 25 onns ‹memia lunga›. Analog vegn savens discurrì dal ‹curt 20avel tschientaner› sco epoca che tanscha dal 1914 fin la vieuta dal 1989. La cesura tranter quests dus tschientaners furma l’Emprima Guerra mundiala che vala sco ‹catastrofa originara dal 20avel tschientaner›. == Ils eveniments en survista == === Caracteristicas dal cumenzament da l’epoca === [[Datoteca:Troisordres.jpg|thumb|160px|Caricatura franzosa dal 1789 che mussa co ch’il terz stan porta ils emprims dus]] Ord vista da la filosofia è il 18avel tschientaner stà segnà da l’[[illuminissem]] e marchescha en quel senn il cumenzament dal temp modern en l’[[Europa]]. Ma facticamain è la noblezza stada sur lung temp a la pussanza, e quai en tscherts stadis en furma da l’[[absolutissem]]. Vers la fin dal tschientaner ha alura però l’uschenumnà terz stan u pli concret la burgaisia cuntanschì la pussanza u almain la participaziun politica. L’eveniment-clav en quest svilup ha furmà la [[Revoluziun franzosa]], e quai cumbain che quella dueva manar a guerras revoluziunaras, ad in reschim da terrur ed a la praisa da la pussanza tras [[Napoleun Bonaparte]]. La filosofia da l’illuminissem è stada in cuntramoviment cunter la curuna e la baselgia. Ella ha da sia vart influenzà intgins monarcs che sa chapivan sco monarcs sclerids. [[Diderot]] e [[d’Alembert]] han edì l’‹Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers› che dueva render accessibla ad in vast public la savida cumpletta dal temp e ch’ha uschia er derasà infurmaziuns brisantas. Ina nova schientscha da la burgaisia è ultra da quai sa formulada en la litteratura. En [[Germania]] ha per exempel [[Gotthold Ephraim Lessing]] refurmà il teater cun la tragedia burgaisa e cun las ideas da l’illuminissem. E las ovras da [[Goethe]] e [[Schiller]] sco er da [[Gottfried August Bürger]] duevan irradiar fin lunsch viaden en il 19avel tschientaner. Entaifer l’economia han las ideas mercantilisticas, che prevesevan ina rolla centrala dal stadi, survegnì concurrenza en furma dal liberalissem economic. Ils princips da quel ha formulà [[Adam Smith]] il 1776, e quai betg senza ignorar la dumonda sociala. A medem temp è la scienza sa sviluppada vinavant ed ha dà novs impuls a l’agricultura ed a la producziun da rauba. En la segunda mesadad dal 18avel tschientaner han era cumenzà a vegnir visibels ils emprims effects da la Revoluziun industriala, a l’entschatta surtut en la [[Gronda Britannia]]. Politicamain ha l’absolutissem furmà l’emprova dal monarc da liar a sia persuna uschè blera pussanza sco pussaivel, e quai a disfavur dals stans. Tras maridaglia resp. successiun d’ierta eran las relaziuns dinasticas sa stabilisadas talmain che la politica en l’Europa vegniva dominada da radund 15 famiglias. Il pievel cumin viveva percunter savens en relaziuns relativamain povras – sco gia en il tschientaner precedent e fin lunsch viaden en il 19avel tschientaner. En [[Frantscha]] han divers motivs manà ad ina malcuntentientscha politica creschenta: in’auta chargia da tributs, l’inflaziun, la mancanza da refurmas, nauschas racoltas. Il 1789 è prorutta ina sullevaziun dal pievel e politichers da derivanza betg nobla èn arrivads a la pussanza politica. Quels han l’emprim introducì ina constituziun moderada-monarchistica, pli tard ina constituziun republicana. Ils princips da ‹libertad, egualitad, fraternitad› èn vegnids inscrits en la ‹[[Decleraziun dals dretgs da l’uman e dal burgais]]›. Al lieu da la ‹grazia da Dieu› è vegnida tschentada la suveranitad dal pievel ch’ha furmà ina premissa per il svilup dal stadi modern; plaunsieu èn sa constituidas partidas ed ideologias politicas. Er la pretensiun da l’emancipaziun da la dunna è vegnida formulada l’emprima giada. Bleras da las ideas e dals postulats han però pir pudì vegnir realisads en il decurs dal 19avel e 20avel tschientaner. Suenter la fin dal reschim da terrur l’onn 1799 è bainprest sa mess a la pussanza dal stadi il general [[Napoleun Bonaparte]]. En rom da las [[Guerras da coaliziun]] ch’èn suandadas ha el manà cun success sias truppas tras mez l’Europa. En ils pajais occupads u dividids èn sa svegliads novs sentiments naziunals, uschia er en [[Germania]] u en [[Svizra]]. Il temp da Napoleun è ì a fin il 1815 cun il Congress da Vienna. === Ils dus princips opposts dal temp suenter il 1815 === [[Datoteca:Carl Spitzweg - Sonntagsspaziergang.jpg|thumb|200px|‹Der Sonntagsspaziergang› (1841) da Carl Spitzweg è daventà il maletg emblematic dal Biedermeier]] Suenter la sconfitta da Napoleun en la [[Battaglia da Waterloo]] e si’exiliaziun han ins mess enturn ils conclus ch’eran vegnids negoziads en rom dal [[Congress da Vienna]]. La finamira era da restabilir en l’Europa in urden tenor ils princips da la restauraziun, vul dir cun returnar a las relaziuns dal temp avant la [[Revoluziun franzosa]]. Per quest intent han ils monarcs conservativs [[Franz I]] da l’Austria, il zar russ [[Alexander I]] ed il retg prussian [[Friedrich Wilhelm III]] fundà l’Allianza sontga. In’impurtanta rolla politica ha giugà il [[prinzi von Metternich]] ch’era oriund da la Renania e che steva en servetsch da l’imperatur austriac. El ha fatg passar ils uschenumnads [[Decrets da Karlsbad]] dal 1819, ils quals han muntà ina ferma restricziun da tutta activitad politica. En Germania èn sinaquai emigrads litterats sco [[Heinrich Heine]] e [[Georg Büchner]] (1831 resp. 1835), medemamain [[Karl Marx]] (1843) ch’era stà avant redactur da la ‹Rheinische Zeitung› a [[Cologna]]. Entaifer la [[Confederaziun tudestga]] èn ils onns suenter ils Decrets da Karlsbad segnads da duas tendenzas oppostas.<ref>Cf. Dieter Langewiesche: ''Europa zwischen Restauration und Revolution 1815–1849'', p. 1: «[...] die Begriffe ‹Restauration›, ‹Vormärz› und ‹Biedermeier›, mit denen die Verhältnisse im Bereich des Deutschen Bundes meist benannt werden.»</ref> L’emprima da quellas furma l’uschenumnà (temp dal) Biedermeier. Cun questa noziun vegnan designadas las forzas politicas, socialas e culturalas ch’han acceptà las tendenzas restaurativas resp. ch’han resignà ed èn sa suttamessas a quellas. Sco denominaziun d’epoca è quest term però betg conturà cleramain, damai che bleras associaziuns cun il Biedermeier derivan da la fin dal 19avel tschientaner e ston perquai valair sco attribuziuns projectadas. La segunda tendenza è quella dal Vormärz. Cun quest term – che sa referescha a la [[Revoluziun da mars dal 1848/49]] – vegnan designadas las forzas ch’han empruvà da surmuntar la bloccada restaurativa e da fular (danovamain) via a midaments politics en il senn liberal e naziunal. Per intgins istoriografs cumenza la perioda dal Vormärz gia il 1815 e dura fin il 1848. Surtut entaifer l’istorgia politica è però pli usitada la definiziun dal Vormärz sco ils onns tranter il 1830 ed il 1848. Ina cesura politica decisiva ha numnadamain furmà la [[Revoluziun da fanadur franzosa dal 1830]], la quala ha dà nov schlantsch als moviments liberals e naziunals che duevan culminar en ils eveniments dal 1848/49. === Revoluziuns europeicas dal 1848/49 === [[Datoteca:Jakobey_Buda_ostroma_2.jpg|thumb|200px|Revoluziun ungaraisa: la Battaglia da Buda dal matg 1849]] Sco [[Revoluziuns europeicas dal 1848/49]] vegnan resguardadas las sullevaziuns revoluziunaras ch’han gì lieu da quel temp en divers principadis europeics e ch’èn tuttas l’expressiun d’ina modernisaziun retardada da la societad, l’economia ed il sistem politic. Quai ch’era vegnì stgatschà a l’ur decennis a la lunga entaifer il ‹sistem Metternich› è prorut andetgamain. E suenter avair abattì las revoluziuns, dueva suandar en la segunda mesadad dal 19avel tschientaner l’epoca d’in naziunalissem sfranà, dirigì da surengiu, e da l’imperialissem. En bleras regiuns da l’Europa eri vegnì a tensiuns socialas, economicas e politicas, las qualas èn sa stgargiadas l’entschatta 1848. Dal moviment revoluziunar èn vegnidas tschiffadas d’ina vart regiuns che sa chattavan gia pli u main a la sava da l’industrialisaziun (sco la [[Frantscha]], ils stadis da la [[Confederaziun tudestga]] u l’[[Italia Superiura]]), ma er tals ch’eran anc structurads dal tuttafatg a moda agrara (sco p.ex. l’Italia dal Sid u vastas parts da la [[Monarchia da Habsburg]]). La finamira da cuntanscher l’autodeterminaziun naziunala po vegnir resguardada sco element communabel da tut questas revoluziuns. Sco impurtants centers da las revoluziuns europeicas dal 1848/49 valan sper la [[Frantscha]] surtut ils stadis da la Confederaziun tudestga (t.a. la [[Prussia]], [[Baden]], [[Holstein]], [[Saxonia]], [[Baviera]], [[Francfurt]], l’[[Austria]] e la [[Boemia]]) e da la [[Peninsla Taliana]] (t.a. la [[Toscana]], [[Lumbardia]], [[Veneto]], [[Sardegna]], il [[stadi pontifical]] e la [[Sicilia]]), la [[Pologna]] tripartida (surtut la provinza [[Posen]] che steva sut domini prussian) sco er l’[[Ungaria]] che sa sfadiava da daventar independenta. En l’ost da l’Europa han las sullevaziuns irradià fin en la [[Transilvania]] ed en ils principadis dal Danubi [[Valachia]] e [[Moldavia]]. Per ils contemporans avevan las revoluziuns fatg naufragi il pli tard l’atun 1849. In tschientaner a la lunga èn er ils istoriografs stads da quest avis. Oz però giuditgesch’ins ils success immediats ed ils effects a lunga vista a moda bler pli positiva. En blers pajais europeics han ins terminà la liberaziun dals purs e la refurma agrara; plinavant è sa mess tras – cun paucas excepziuns – il princip constituziunal, èn vegnids segirads ils dretgs fundamentals individuals ed instradada ina parlamentarisaziun da l’urden politic, e quai cumbain che las resistenzas ed ils cuntrapais èn sa mantegnids anc ditg. En ils principadis talians e tudestgs ha la terrada violenta da la furmaziun da stadis naziunals gì a mesa vista per consequenza che la revoluziun è quasi sa vieuta. Blers istoriografs interpreteschan ils svilups ch’èn suandads a la revoluziun sco ina ‹revoluziun da surengiu›. Sin la Peninsla Taliana ha quella manà a la fundaziun dal [[Reginavel Talian]], e quai sin iniziativa da [[Camillo Benso, cont da Cavour]], il primminister dal Reginavel da Sardegna-Piemunt. En [[Germania]] èsi vegnì tranter il 1866 ed il 1871 sin iniziativa dal primminister prussian [[Otto von Bismarck]] a la fundaziun dal stadi naziunal tudestg, l’[[Imperi tudestg]] sut predominanza prussiana. <div class="noprint"> == Annotaziuns == </div> <references/> == Litteratura == * Zygmunt Bauman: ''Moderne und Ambivalenz. Das Ende der Eindeutigkeit.'' Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-936096-52-X. * Walter Fähnders: ''Avantgarde und Moderne 1890–1933.'' Metzler, Stuttgart/Weimar 1998, ISBN 3-476-01451-7. * Peter Gay: ''Modernism: The Lure of Heresy.'' W.W. Norton, New York 2007, ISBN 978-0-393-05205-3 (ediziun tudestga: ''Die Moderne. Eine Geschichte des Aufbruchs.'' S. Fischer, Francfurt a.M. 2008, ISBN 978-3-10-025911-0). * Anthony Giddens ''Konsequenzen der Moderne''. Suhrkamp, Francfurt a.M. 1995. (Englais: ''The Consequences of Modernity''), Polity Press, Cambridge 1990). * Hans Ulrich Gumbrecht: Artitgel ''‹Modern›, ‹Moderne›, ‹Modernität›.'' En: Otto Brunner, Werner Conze, Reinhart Koselleck (ed.): ''Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe. Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland'', tom 4, Stuttgart 1978, p. 93–131. * Jürgen Habermas: ''Der philosophische Diskurs der Moderne. Zwölf Vorlesungen.'' Suhrkamp, Francfurt a.M. 1989, ISBN 3-518-28349-9. * Helmuth Kiesel: ''Geschichte der literarischen Moderne. Sprache, Ästhetik, Dichtung im zwanzigsten Jahrhundert.'' Beck, Minca 2004, ISBN 3-406-51145-7. * Klaus Lichtblau: ''Transformationen der Moderne.'' Philo, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-8257-0252-9. * Niklas Luhmann: ''Beobachtungen der Moderne.'' Verlag der Sozialwissenschaft, Wiesbaden 2006, ISBN 3-531-32263-X. * Armin Nassehi: ''Der soziologische Diskurs der Moderne.'' Suhrkamp, Francfurt a.M. 2006, ISBN 3-518-58452-9. * Detlev Peukert: ''Max Webers Diagnose der Moderne.'' Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1989, ISBN 3-525-33562-8. * Ferdinand Tönnies: ''Geist der Neuzeit.'' En: Lars Clausen (ed.): ''Ferdinand Tönnies Gesamtausgabe'', tom 22: ''1932–1936: Geist der Neuzeit. Schriften. Rezensionen'', emprima ediziun 1935, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York 1998. * Eric Hobsbawm: ''Europäische Revolutionen. 1789 bis 1848'' (''The age of revolution''). Parkland, Cologna 2004, ISBN 3-89340-061-3, (restampa da l’ediziun Turitg 1965). * Eric Hobsbawm: ''Nationen und Nationalismus. Mythos und Realität seit 1780'' (''Nations and Nationalism since 1780''). 3. ed., Campus-Verlag, Francfurt a.M. 2005, ISBN 3-593-37778-0. * Franz J. Bauer: ''Das ‹lange› 19. Jahrhundert (1789–1917). Profil einer Epoche''. Reclam, Stuttgart 2004, ISBN 3-15-017043-5. * Jürgen Kocka: ''Das lange 19. Jahrhundert. Arbeit, Nation und bürgerliche Gesellschaft''. (''Handbuch der deutschen Geschichte'', tom 13), 10. ediziun, elavurada da nov, Klett-Cotta, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-608-60013-2. * Nils Freytag, Dominik Petzold (ed.): ''Das ‹lange› 19. Jahrhundert. Alte Fragen und neue Perspektiven''. Herbert Utz Verlag, Minca 2007, ISBN 978-3-8316-0725-9. * Jürgen Osterhammel: ''Auf der Suche nach einem 19. Jahrhundert''. En: Sebastian Conrad (ed.): ''Globalgeschichte: Theorien, Ansätze, Themen'', Campus, Francfurt 2007, ISBN 978-3-593-38333-0. * Jürgen Osterhammel: ''Die Verwandlung der Welt: Eine Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts''. Beck, Minca 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-58283-7. * Joachim Bark: ''Biedermeier und Vormärz/Bürgerlicher Realismus''. (''Geschichte der deutschen Literatur'', tom 3), Klett, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-12-347441-0. * Marianne Bernhard: ''Das Biedermeier: Kultur zwischen Wiener Kongreß und Märzrevolution''. Econ, Düsseldorf/Vienna 1983, ISBN 3-430-11313-X. * Helmut Bock: ''Aufbruch in die Bürgerwelt. Lebensbilder aus Vormärz und Biedermeier''. Münster 1994, ISBN 3-929586-37-1. * Manfred Engel: ''Vormärz, Frührealismus, Biedermeierzeit, Restaurationszeit? Komparatistische Konturierungsversuche für eine konturlose Epoche''. En: ''Oxford German Studies'' 40/2011, p.&nbsp;210–220. * Renate Krüger: ''Biedermeier. Eine Lebenshaltung zwischen 1815 und 1848''. Vienna 1979. * Hans Ottomeyer, Klaus Albrecht Schröder, Laurie Winters (ed.): ''Biedermeier. Die Erfindung der Einfachheit''. Hatje Cantz, Stuttgart 2006, ISBN 978-3-7757-1795-3. * Gerhard Schildt: ''Aufbruch aus der Behaglichkeit. Deutschland im Biedermeier 1815–1847''. Braunschweig 1989. * Friedrich Sengle: ''Biedermeierzeit. Deutsche Literatur im Spannungsfeld zwischen Restauration und Revolution, 1815–1848''. 3 toms, Metzler, Stuttgart 1971; 1972; 1980, ISBN 3-476-00182-2; ISBN 3-476-00242-X. * Michael Titzmann (ed.): ''Zwischen Goethezeit und Realismus. Wandel und Spezifik in der Phase des Biedermeier''. Niemeyer, Tübingen 2002, en: ''Studien und Texte zur Sozialgeschichte der Literatur, tom 92'', ISBN 3-484-35092-X. * Wolfgang Hardtwig: ''Vormärz. Der monarchische Staat und das Bürgertum''. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Minca 1985, ISBN 3-423-04502-7. * Sibylle Obenaus: ''Literarische und politische Zeitschriften 1830–1848''. Metzler, Stuttgart 1986, ISBN 3-476-10225-4. * Dieter Langewiesche: ''Europa zwischen Restauration und Revolution 1815–1849''. (''Sammlung Metzler'', 225), 4. ed., Oldenbourg, Minca 2004, ISBN 3-486-49764-2 (''Oldenbourg Grundriss der Geschichte'', 13). * Thomas Nipperdey: ''Deutsche Geschichte 1800–1866. Bürgerwelt und starker Staat.'' C.H. Beck, Minca 1983. * Norbert Otto Eke: ''Einführung in die Literatur des Vormärz''. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 2005, ISBN 3-534-15892-X. * Alexa Geisthövel: ''Restauration und Vormärz 1815–1847''. (''UTB Seminarbuch Geschichte'', 2894), Schöningh, Paderborn 2008, ISBN 978-3-8252-2894-1. * Manfred Botzenhart: ''1848/49. Europa im Umbruch.'' Schöningh, Paderborn 1998, ISBN 3-506-97003-8. * Dieter Dowe, Heinz-Gerhard Haupt, Dieter Langewiesche (ed.): ''Europa 1848. Revolution und Reform''. (''Politik- und Gesellschaftswissenschaft'', tom 48), Dietz, Bonn 1998, ISBN 3-8012-4086-X. * Wolfgang Hardtwig (ed.): ''Revolution in Deutschland und Europa 1848/49''. (Sammlung Vandenhoeck), Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1998, ISBN 3-525-01368-X. * Christian Jansen, Thomas Mergel (ed.): ''Die Revolutionen von 1848/49. Erfahrung – Verarbeitung – Deutung''. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1998, ISBN 3-525-01364-7. * Dieter Langewiesche (ed.): ''Die Revolutionen von 1848 in der europäischen Geschichte. Ergebnisse und Nachwirkungen''. Oldenbourg, Minca 2000, ISBN 3-486-64429-7. * Wolfgang J. Mommsen: ''1848. Die ungewollte Revolution. Die revolutionären Bewegungen in Europa 1830–1849''. Fischer Taschenbuchverlag, Francfurt a.M. 2000, ISBN 3-596-13899-X. * Mike Rapport: ''1848. Revolution in Europa''. Theiss, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-8062-2430-6. * Heinz Rieder: ''Die Völker läuten Sturm. Die europäische Revolution 1848/49''. Fourier, Wiesbaden 2000, ISBN 3-925037-94-2. * Hans-Ulrich Wehler: ''Von der ‹Deutschen Doppelrevolution› bis zum Beginn des Ersten Weltkriegs 1849–1914.'' (''Deutsche Gesellschaftsgeschichte'', 3 toms), C.H. Beck, Minca 1995, ISBN 3-406-32263-8. * Heinrich August Winkler: ''Von den Anfängen in der Antike bis zum 20. Jahrhundert.'' (''Geschichte des Westens'', tom 1), C.H. Beck, Minca 2009, ISBN 978-3-406-59235-5. <div class="noprint"> == Colliaziuns == * Dossier [http://www.chatta.ch/uploads/tx_icsrg/illuminissem-e-revoluziuns.pdf Illuminissem e revoluziuns] sin [http://www.chatta.ch chattà.ch] * Christopher Alan Bayly: [http://www.monde-diplomatique.de/pm/2006/05/12.mondeText.artikel,a0070.idx,16 ''Die Entstehung der modernen Welt''], en: ''Le Monde diplomatique'', nr. 7969, 12 da matg 2006. Translatà da Niels Kadritzke. Consultà ils 9 da favrer 2010. * Christof Dipper: ''[http://docupedia.de/zg/Moderne Moderne]'', versiun: 1.0, en: ''Docupedia Zeitgeschichte'', 25 d’avust 2010. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160503160541/http://www.bhak-bludenz.ac.at/literatur/biedermeier/ Il temp dal Biedermeier en survista] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160405192635/https://www.historicum.net/themen/restauration-und-vormaerz/ ''Restauration und Vormärz'' sin historicum.net.] * [http://www.vormaerz.de/ ''Forum Vormärz Forschung e.V.''] * Arnd Bauerkämper: [https://web.archive.org/web/20160321023728/http://www.europa.clio-online.de/site/lang__de/ItemID__104/mid__11428/40208214/default.aspx#_ftn1 ''Die Revolution von 1848/49. Gemeinsames Erleben und Scheitern in Europa?''] Essai davart la dimensiun europeica dals moviments revoluziunars dal 1848/49 sin clio.online. * [http://www.deutschlandundeuropa.de/35_97/due35d.htm ''Europäische Dimensionen der deutschen Revolution von 1848/49''] da Wolfram Siemann. (Introducziun tar ''Deutschland und Europa'', ediziun 2/97: ''1848/49 Revolution'' [http://www.deutschlandundeuropa.de/35_97/revolut.pdf – entira ediziun online] sco datoteca en format pdf). </div> [[Categoria:Artitgels recumandads (Istorgia mundiala)]] [[Categoria:Temp modern]] [[Categoria:Dossier chattà]] m40mm405zxn8q1se9pfu9nnb147hm9g 0 12567 172788 153531 2026-07-21T08:23:32Z CommonsDelinker 151 Remplazzà Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg cun [[c:File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg|Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (ordinà da [[c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]]: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government sta 172788 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox terra |NUM = '''República de Cabo Verde'''<br />Republica da Cap Verd |MALETG-BANDIERA = Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg |ARTITGEL-BANDIERA = |MALETG-VOPNA = Coat of arms of Cape Verde.svg |ARTITGEL-VOPNA = |PAROLA = |LINGUA-UFFIZIALA = [[Lingua portugaisa]] |CHAPITALA = |FURMA-DA-STADI = |FURMA-DA-REGENZA = |SCHEF-DA-STADI = |SCHEF-DA-REGENZA = |SURFATSCHA = 4,033 |ABITANTS = 539,560 <small>(2016)</small> |SPESSEZZA-DA-LA-POPULAZIUN = 123.7 |MUNAIDA = |INDEPENDENZA = |IMNI-NAZIUNAL = Cântico da Liberdade |ZONA-D-URARI = |NUMER-DA-L-AUTO = |INTERNET-TLD = .cv |PRESELECZIUN-TELEFON = +238 |MALETG-POSIZIUN = }} Il ''''Cap Verd''' è in pajais da l'[[Africa]]. La [[lingua]] uffiziala è il [[lingua portugaisa|portugais]]. {{Navigaziun Stadis da l'Africa}} [[Categoria:Stadis da l'Africa]] iotzfgg5k30rejst64d1a5g8tg3s9xs 0 14588 172784 165874 2026-07-21T00:50:34Z InternetArchiveBot 16747 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 172784 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width:300px; float:right; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%;" ! Vopna ! Posiziun entaifer l’Austria |- align="center" | style="background: #f0f0f0;width: 120px;" | [[Datoteca:AUT_Innsbruck_COA.svg|100px|border|Vopna]] | style="background: #ffffff;width: 170px;" | [[Datoteca:Karte_oesterreich_innsbruck.png|200px|Posiziun entaifer l’Austria]] |- |---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" ! colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Populaziun |---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | valign="top" | Abitants: | 131&nbsp;358 (2023) |---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Spessezza da la populaziun: |1252&nbsp;abitants per km² |---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" ! colspan="2" align=center bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | Geografia |---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | Surfatscha: | 104,91&nbsp;km² |---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | valign="top" | Situaziun geografica: | 47°&nbsp;16'&nbsp;N<br />11°&nbsp;24'&nbsp;O |---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" | colspan="2" align="center" | [[Datoteca:Blick_vom_Stadtturm_des_Alten_Rathauses_zum_Innsbrucker_Dom_1.JPG|290px|]] |---- bgcolor="#FFFFFF" |} '''Innsbruck''' (per rumantsch antruras Puntina) è ina citad gronda en il vest da l’[[Austria]] e la chapitala dal stadi federativ [[Tirol]]. Sco monument caracteristic da la veglia chapitala dal contadi dal Tirol vala il Goldenes Dachl. Cun 131&nbsp;358 abitants (situaziun dal 2023) è Innsbruck la citad cun la pli gronda populaziun dal Tirol ed a medem temp la tschintgavel gronda citad da l’Austria (suenter [[Vienna]], [[Graz]], [[Linz]] e [[Salzburg]]). En si’aglomeraziun vivan var 300&nbsp;000 umans. Ultra da quai han var 30&nbsp;000 students da l’Universitad dad Innsbruck ed autras persunas qua in domicil secundar; mintga di vegnan reservadas var 3000 pernottaziuns da turists. == Num == Il num evident renviescha al svilup da l’abitadi sper ina punt sur l’En. Pervi da la muntada sco chapitala dal ducadi dal Tirol triling existan er exonims istorics en ladin (Dispruch) e talian (Isprucco). Dals contacts istorics cun il Grischun, oravant tut cun l’Engiadina Bassa, dat perditga il num istoric rumantsch Puntina. == Geografia == === Posiziun geografica === Innsbruck è situà en posiziun centrala en la Val da l’En, nua ch’il [[Wipptal]] maina vers sid en direcziun dal [[Brenner]] ed oramai er al lieu, nua che la Sill sbucca en l’[[En]]. Paucs kilometers en il vest dad Innsbruck, tranter [[Unterperfuss]] e [[Kematen]], marchescha la sbuccada da la Melach en l’En la lingia da cunfin tranter la Val da l’En Superiura (en il vest) ed Inferiura (en l’ost). En il nord vegn la citad cunfinada da la Nordkette, la chadaina meridiunala da las quatter chadainas da muntogna en il Karwendel, ed en il sid dals premunts da la Zentralkette alpina (Patscherkofel). === Extensiun e sutdivisiun dal territori da la citad === Innsbruck sa cumpona da nov uschenumnadas vischnancas catastralas u abitadis ch’ins ha furmà or d’anteriuras vischnancas autonomas u parts da talas. Questas vischnancas catastralas furman a medem temp ils quartiers da la citad dad Innsbruck: Amras, Arzl, Hötting, Igls, Innsbruck, Mühlau, Pradl, Vill e Wilten. En direcziun vest-ost s’extenda il territori da la citad sur ina gronda part da la Val da l’En, sper il fund da la val surbajegià cumpiglia quel er bler spazi alpin. Vers sid tanscha quel fin a la spunda dal Patscherkofel (2246&nbsp;m&nbsp;s.m.), il qual na sa chatta però betg pli entaifer ils cunfins da la vischnanca. Ensemen cun la spunda meridiunala da la Nordkette ed ils premunts en il sid è var la mesadad dal territori da la citad territori muntagnard betg surbajegià. Var 4000 hectaras èn cuvertas cun guaud. Sin il territori da la citad sa chattan er diversas alps; sis da quellas (Arzler Alm, Bodensteinalm, Froneben, Höttinger Alm, Umbrüggler Alm e Möslalm) sa chattan en possess da la citad.<ref>Infurmaziuns tenor [https://web.archive.org/web/20140712221039/http://www.innsbruckinformiert.at/aktuelles-detail,pid,20,bid,1281006769,eid,1346337017.html www.innsbruckinformiert.at], consultà ils 30 d’avust 2012.</ref> === Vischnancas vischinas === Il territori da la citad cunfinescha cun 14 vischnancas che sa chattan tuttas en il district Innsbruck-Land. L’incorporaziun d’anteriuras vischnancas autonomas ha gì lieu sco suonda: Pradl (spartì dad Amras) e Wilten il 1904, Hötting, Mühlau ed Amras il 1938, Arzl il 1940 e Vill ed Igls il 1942. === Clima === En general regia ad Innsbruck il clima moderà, però per part cun caracter alpin. In fenomen fitg enconuschent è il favugn che vegn favurisà tras l’orientaziun nord-sid dal Wipptal. Quest vent che croda cumpara durant tut l’onn, il pli savens però l’atun. En la citad po la spertadad dal vent cuntanscher 120&nbsp;km/h, al Patscherkofel vischin fin a 200&nbsp;km/h. L’enviern po il favugn manar en la citad a temperaturas da fin a stgars 18&nbsp;°C. == Dialect == Il dialect che vegn discurrì ad Innsbruck tutga tar la gruppa da dialects dal bavarais dal sid; el è però influenzà pli ferm che auters dialects tirolais dal tudestg da standard ed è oramai relativamain lev da chapir per esters. In’ensaina tipica dal dialect da questa regiun è il k che vegn pronunzià a moda fitg dira. Sco en autras citads grondas austriacas sa serva la generaziun pli giuvna savens be pli dal tudestg da standard u d’in dialect pauc conturà.<ref>Irina Windhaber: [https://web.archive.org/web/20140716225533/https://www.uibk.ac.at/public-relations/medien/wissenswert/wissenswert-februar-2014.pdf ''Aus isch wird is – Tiroler Mundart im Wandel'']. Universität Innsbruck 2014.</ref> == Istorgia == Ils fastizs da colonisaziun sin il territori da la citad odierna tanschan enavos fin en il temp neolitic. Toponims preromans e chats da santeris d’urnas a Wilten, Amras, Hötting e Mühlau sco er chats or dal temp da Latène al Adolf-Pichler-Platz en il center da la citad mussan che la regiun è colonisada dapi 3000 onns senza interrupziun.<ref>Indicaziuns davart l’istorgia tenor Otto Stolz: ''Geschichte der Stadt Innsbruck.'' Tyrolia-Verlag, Innsbruck 1959 e las ovras pli novas enumeradas en la bibliografia.</ref> En connex cun la conquista dals Rets e Norics e per segirar il cunfin vers nord han ils Romans sut l’imperatur [[Augustus]] endrizzà vers 15&nbsp;a.C. a la via imperiala Verona – Brenner – Augsburg la staziun militara Veldidena (Wilten) ch’ha existì fin en l’antica tardiva ed è pir vegnida destruida vers 600. Suenter fin da l’Imperi roman occidental è il territori vegnì l’emprim sut domini bavarais ed è alura daventà ensemen cun il ducadi bavarais ina part dal Reginavel dals Francs sut [[Carl il Grond]]. Ils proxims tschientaners è il territori enturn Innsbruck puspè daventà ina part dal ducadi da la Baviera ch’è vegnì fundà da nov, ed è en l’ulteriura successiun vegnì sut il domini dals conts dad Andechs avant che daventar ina part dal ducadi dal Tirol. Ecclesiasticamain appartegneva Innsbruck cun la Val da l’En dapi il temp medieval tempriv a la diocesa da Brixen (Bressanone), quai che s’exprima en ils documents per part en furma da la denominaziun «stat Jnnsprugg Brichsner bistumbs». Quest’appartegnientscha ha durà bundant in millenni ed è ida a fin cun la partiziun dal Tirol en consequenza da l’Emprima Guerra mundiala. === Temp autmedieval === L’onn 1133 han ils conts von Andechs endrizzà a la riva sanestra da l’En in martgà (oz St. Nikolaus), il qual il cont [[Berchtold V von Andechs]] ha collià ils onns 1170 sut la veglia punt da l’En cun l’autra riva da l’En. Il 1180 han ils von Andechs dal convent da Wilten acquistà entras in contract da barat ina parcella a la riva meridiunala da l’En. Questa plazza da martgà e commerzi fortifitgada, che cumpara il medem onn l’emprima giada sut il num «Insprugk», è vegnida munida il 1187 cun il dretg da martgà. Il num latin Oeni Pons ubain Oenipontum (da oenus En e pons punt) sa lascha medemamain manar enavos sin il medem origin. A chaschun da la construcziun da chanals il 2016 han ins chattà il chau d’ina punt da crap medievala sco pli vegl relict architectonic che sa lascha metter en connex cun il num da la citad. Tranter il 1187 ed il 1205 ha il martgà la finala acquistà il dretg da citad. Quai ha purtà influenza e ritgezza entras entradas da dazi, essend che l’entir traffic commerzial tras las Alps Orientalas sur il Brenner vers l’Italia manava uss tras Innsbruck e sur la punt da l’En. Il 1239 han ins confirmà ed extendì il dretg da citad existent. Suenter la mort da l’ultim cont von Andech [[Otto VIII]] l’onn 1248, è il territori vegnì il medem onn en possess dals conts von Tirol, als quals [[Rudolf von Habsburg]] ha surdà il 1286 il titel da ducas. === Temp medieval tardiv === [[Datoteca:Innsbruck,_das_Altes_Rathaus_mit_Stadtturm_Dm64167_poging3_foto5_2017-07-31_17.39.jpg|160px|thumb|La veglia tur da la citad (1442–1450)]] Il sigil e la vopna da la citad mussan la punt da l’En a vista d’utschè ed èn en diever dapi il 1267. Entras in ulteriur contract da stgomi cun il convent da Wilten ha la citad pudì vegnir extendida il 1281 entras la citad nova (la Maria-Theresien-Strasse odierna fin ca. a l’autezza da la Meraner Strasse). La via sur il Brenner (Via Raetia) era gia vegnida rendida charrabla enturn il 1300, entant ch’ils auters pass alpins sco la Via Claudia Augusta èn anc stads ditg passabels be cun animals da sauma. Medemamain d’enturn il 1300 derivan l’ospital da la citad en la citad nova ed il santeri che sa chattava sin l’areal da l’Adolf-Pichler-Platz odiern. L’onn 1363 ha Margarethe Maultasch, l’ultima contessa von Tirol, surdà il pajais als Habsburgais, uschia che er Innsbruck è daventà ina citad austriaca. Duca [[Friedrich IV]] (numnà Friedrich cun la tastga vida) ha fatg il 1420 dad Innsbruck ina citad residenziala ed ha laschà eriger ils portics ed il curtin da la curt. Igl èn suandads la tur da la citad (construida il 1442–1450 vi da la veglia chasa-cumin che datescha dal 1358), la Hofburg (1456), il Goldenes Dachl (1497/98–1500) e la Ottoburg (1495). Il 1485 han gì lieu sin iniziativa da l’inquisitur ed autur dal ‹Hexenhammer› da pli tard [[Heinrich Institoris]] (atgnamain Heinrich Krammer), process cunter strias, ils quals èn però vegnids sistids il medem onn pervi da sbagls da procedura. Sin l’aquarel ‹Innsbruck von Norden› dad [[Albrecht Dürer]] (1496), malegià durant ses viadi en l’Italia ed exponì oz en l’Albertina a Vienna, è anc da vesair la baselgia parochiala gotica ch’è vegnida destruida pli tard. Quella sa chattava là nua che stat oz il Dom zu St. Jakob. === Temp modern tempriv === Durant il temp da regenza da [[Maximilian I]], il qual è sa trategnì savens cun sia curt ad Innsbruck, è la citad avanzada ad in center politic e cultural da l’Imperi. Da quai dattan perditga sper l’arsenal erigì enturn il 1500 – da quel temp in dals pli impurtants deposits d’armas da l’Europa – il Goldenes Dachl sco er ils mirs da fundament gotics da la Hofburg ch’èn sa mantegnids fin oz. Il biadi da Maximilian, [[Ferdinand I]], ha laschà eriger tranter il 1553 ed il 1563 la Hofkirche cun il monument da fossa vid da Maximilian (cenotaf), enturn la quala èn vegnids tschentads ils «Schwarze Mander» («Schwarze Männer»), figuras da bronz monumentalas ch’èn vegnidas culadas tranter il 1509 ed il 1550. En rom da la cuntrarefurmaziun ha Ferdinand en pli incumbensà ils Gesuits sut [[Petrus Canisius]] da fundar in collegi da gesuits ed ina scola latina, il gimnasi academic odiern che furma pia il pli vegl gimnasi da l’Austria Occidentala. Tras las Innauen han ins construì il 1585 in stradun da Mühlau a Hall, dal qual las pitgas sper via èn sa mantegnids fin oz. Sco emprima chasa stabla per producziuns da teater ed operas en l’entir territori da lingua tudestga ha [[Leopold V]] laschà eriger il 1629–1630 la Dogana; oz sa chatta là il Kongresshaus Innsbruck. Cun l’archiduca [[Sigmund Franz]] è morta or il 1665 la lingia tirolaisa dals Habsburgais. Quai ha bain muntà la fin dad Innsbruck sco citad residenziala, ma entras quai è sa mantegnì il maletg da la citad gotic. Il 1703, en rom da la Guerra da successiun spagnola, èn entradas truppas bavaraisas en il Tirol (uschenumnà Bayrischer Rummel), quai ch’ha er manà davant Innsbruck ad ina battaglia. Dals guvernaturs dals Habsburgais ha [[Karl Philipp von der Pfalz]] regì il 1706–1717 ad Innsbruck. L’imperatur [[Leopold I]] ha fundà il 1669 l’Universitad dad Innsbruck cun quatter facultads. Suenter esser vegnida schliada e puspè fundada duas giadas, èn la facultad filosofica e giuridica vegnidas installadas definitivamain il 1826 entras imperatur Franz I. Ils 5 da november 1805, en rom da las Guerras da coaliziun, è marschal [[Michel Ney]] entrà ad Innsbruck. Il 1806 è Innsbruck alura daventà per otg onns la chapitala dal circul da l’En bavarais. Durant la Sullevaziun tirolaisa han gì lieu ils 11 e 12 d’avrigl 1809 grevs cumbats enturn Innsbruck, en rom dals quals ils Bavarais èn sa defendids stinadamain cunter ils rebels tirolais. Suenter l’emprima battaglia sin il Bergisel hai plinavant dà acts da violenza cunter la populaziun gidieua dad Innsbruck. Cumbain che la residenza dal prinzi sa chattava gia dapi il 1420 ad Innsbruck, è la citad a l’En daventada pir 1849 uffizialmain successura da [[Meran]] sco chapitala dal Tirol. Il 1858 è vegnida inaugurada la viafier sur [[Kufstein]] e [[Rosenheim]] a [[Minca]], il 1867 quella sur il [[Brenner]] a [[Bulsaun]] (viafier dal Brenner) ed il 1884 la viafier sur l’[[Arlberg]]. Sinaquai è il turissem sa sviluppà a moda rasanta. === 20avel tschientaner === L’onn 1904 è vegnida inaugurada la Stubaitalbahn che collia Innsbruck cun Fulpmes, il 1912 la Mittenwaldbahn che maina sur Seefeld a Garmisch-Partenkirchen (e da là vinavant a Minca). Omaduas viafiers èn vegnidas projectadas da [[Josef Riehl]]. Paucs dis suenter che l’armistizi austriac-ungarais cun l’Italia è entrà en vigur ils 4 da november 1918 han truppas bavaraisas occupà la citad per prevegnir ad in’occupaziun taliana. Suenter ch’è vegnì signà in’emna pli tard l’armistizi tudestg èn ellas puspè sa retratgas. Sinaquai èn arrivadas truppas talianas, cun in contingent da fin a 22&nbsp;000 umens, ch’èn restadas fin l’entschatta da december 1920.<ref>Andrea di Michele: ''Diesseits und jenseits der Alpen. Italienische Expansionspläne in Tirol (1918–1920)'', p.&nbsp;150–170.</ref> Il tranterguerras è er stà segnà ad Innsbruck da conflicts tranter las partidas politicas. Tar la Höttinger Saalschlacht il matg 1932 è in um da la SA vegnì stilettà. Dapi il 1938/39 è Innsbruck stà la chapitala dal Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg ch’era vegnì furmà suenter l’annexiun da l’Austria al Reich tudestg. En rom dal pogrom da november 1938 èn vegnidas destruidas abitaziuns e fatschentas da Gidieus sco er l’interiur da sinagogas. Quatter Gidieus èn vegnids assassinads resp. èn morts pli tard; blers auters èn vegnids blessads grevamain. Sinaquai èn praticamain tut ils Gidieus tirolais vegnids manads a Vienna. En rom da l’uschenumnada opziun è bleras persunas dal Tirol dal Sid vegnidas a star tranter il 1939 ed il 1943 ad Innsbruck en quartiers d’abitar erigids aposta, spezialmain en il Pradl. En il decurs da la Segunda Guerra mundiala è Innsbruck vegnì bumbardà 22 giadas dals Alliads. Tut en tut èn mortas 495 persunas. Ils 16 da december 1944 han bumbas donnegià grevamain il dom dad Innsbruck, auters bumbardaments dal december 1944 ed avrigl 1945 han mess en ruina la gronda part da la clinica universitara. Ils 3 da matg 1945 han ins surdà la citad senza cumbat a truppas americanas. Be en paucas citads austriacas è la guerra ida a fin en questa moda; en in pled al radio aveva il gauleiter [[Franz Hofer]] scumandà avant tutta furma da resistenza. Suenter la fin da la Segunda Guerra mundiala ha Innsbruck appartegnì a la zona d’occupaziun franzosa. Sin in anteriur champ militar ha l’administraziun militar endrizzà in champ per Displaced Persons. [[Datoteca:Olympisches_Feuer_Innsbruck_1964.jpg|150px|thumb|Il fieu olimpic ad Innsbruck (1964)]] Il schaner 1948 è la plazza aviatica dad Innsbruck vegnida averta da nov, suenter che quella era vegnida spustada da la Reichenau sin la Ulfiswiese en la Höttinger Au. Il 1950 èn vegnids purschids ils emprims sgols ordinaris da KLM. L’enviern gioga la plazza aviatica in’impurtanta rolla per turists ch’arrivan a far sport d’enviern, la stad datti blers sgols da charter surtut en direcziun Spagna e Grezia. Suenter l’annexiun dal [[Tirol dal Sid]] a l’Italia è Innsbruck stà ils onns 1960 e 1970 la basa per blers activists dal Tirol dal Sid ch’han empruvà da sparter il Tirol dal Sid da l’Italia e da reunir quel cun il Tirol dal Nord e da l’Ost en l’Austria. Duas giadas han gì lieu ad Innsbruck ils [[gieus olimpics]] d’enviern (1964 e 1976) e duas giadas ils paralimpics d’enviern (1984 e 1988). A partir da la mesadad dals onns 1990 hai dà iniziativas da manar ils gieus olimpics d’enviern ina terza giada ad Innsbruck. Suenter ina consultaziun dal pievel il 2006 han ins però laschà crudar quests plans; tut ils districts tirolais eran s’exprimids persuenter, ils abitants dad Innsbruck però encunter. Percunter han adina puspè lieu ad Innsbruck autras grondas occurrenzas da sport, uschia per exempel, per part sper autras citads, dal campiunadi mundial da hockey (2005/2008), dal campiunadi europeic da ballape (2008) e da ciclissem (2018). === Architectura e svilup urban === En rom da la reconstrucziun a partir dal 1948 ed en vista als gieus olimpics dal 1964 e 1976 èn vegnids erigids novs quartiers sco la Reichenau ed il vitg olimpic. Il 1973 han ins inaugurà a l’ur da la citad veglia il Kongresshaus, in center d’occurrenzas ed exposiziuns da dimensiuns internaziunalas. La Bergiselschanze è vegnida bajegiada da nov il 2001 tenor in project da l’architecta iracaisa [[Zaha Hadid]]. L’architect franzos [[Dominique Perrault]] ha planisà las Rathaus-Galerien. Medemamain tenor plans da Zaha Hadid èn vegnids bajegiads las quatter staziuns e la punt sur l’En da la nova Hungerburgbahn dal 2007 che collia il quartier Seggen cun la Hungerburg e ch’ha remplazzà la veglia construcziun dal 1906. Il 2006 ha la nova Nordkettenbahn ultra da quai remplazzà la veglia viafier dal 1928. Il Kaufhaus Tyrol en la Maria-Theresien-Strasse è vegnì planisà da [[David Chipperfield]] ed avert il 2010. === Svilup da la populaziun === L’onn 1863 dumbrava la citad 26&nbsp;573 abitants. Enturn il 1900 è vegnida surmuntada la marca da 50&nbsp;000 abitants, suenter il 1950 quella da 100&nbsp;000 abitants. Actualmain (2020) munta quella a stgars 132&nbsp;000 abitants. == Politica == Sco citad statutara sa chatta la vischnanca sin il stgalim d’in district politic cun num Innsbruck-Stadt. Il cussegl da vischnanca consista da 40 commembers. Il senat da la citad sco executiva dumbra set commembers. Sur lung temp è il president da la citad vegnì elegì betg da la populaziun, mabain indirect entras il cussegl da vischnanca; quai è sa midà il 2012. === Vopna === La vopna da la citad mussa la veglia punt sur l’En da ca. 1150 senza ils chaus da la punt or da la perspectiva d’utschè. Ils pizs signifitgeschan ils pilasters furmads per rumper undas e glatsch, il muster lur construcziun or da pals pitgads en il funs e l’ur il revestgiment da quels; la punt sezza vegn simbolisada entras ina strivla sutdividida en travs. En diever è quella dapi il 1267 sco vopna e sigil da la citad, en la furma odierna dapi il 1325 e cun las colurs cotschen ed argient (resp. alv) dapi il 1547. === Partenadis da citads === Innsbruck tgira partenadis da citads cun [[Freiburg im Breisgau]], Germania (dapi il 1963), [[Grenoble]], Frantscha (1963), [[Sarajevo]], Bosnia ed Erzegovina (1980), [[Aalborg]], Danemarc (1982), [[Tiflis]], Georgia (1982), [[New Orleans]], Louisiana/USA (1995) e [[Krakau]], Pologna (1998). == Economia, furmaziun ed infrastructura == Innsbruck è il center administrativ, economic e cultural da l’Austria Occidentala, durant l’entir onn in magnet turistic cun bundant 1 milliun pernottaziuns sco er citad da congress ed universitara. L’infrastructura da transport cumpiglia colliaziuns da via, viafier ed aviaziun ch’èn surtut vegnidas extendidas en rom dals gieus olimpics dal 1964 e 1976. Il 2001 existivan ad Innsbruck var 8000 lieus da lavur, da quai bundant 40 interpresas cun dapli che 200 emploiadas ed emploiads. Tut en tut eran annunziads il medem onn bundant 78&nbsp;000 persunas occupadas. Mintga di penduleschan var 34&nbsp;500 persunas en la citad, da quai 75 % nà dal district Innsbruck-Land. Innsbruck è in center da furmaziun cun numerusas scolas popularas, gimnasis, scolas professiunalas, scolas autas ed universitads. Vitiers vegn ina vasta infrastructura da sanadad cun il Landeskrankenhaus Innsbruck, tranter auter sco center per blessuras da sport dals divers territoris da skis da la regiun. Ultra da quai ha l’armada qua pliras casernas. Sper las instituziuns politicas surmenziunadas han er diversas instanzas da la giudicativa lur sedia ad Innsbruck, numnadamain la dretgira districtuala, la dretgira d’emprima instanza dal Tirol (Landesgericht) e la dretgira d’appellaziun dal Tirol e dal [[Vorarlberg]] (Oberlandesgericht). [[Datoteca:Innsbruck Goldenes Dachl.jpg|160px|thumb|Il Goldenes Dachl, ina da las ensainas principalas da la citad]] Plinavant è staziunada ad Innsbruck la polizia dal pajais federativ Landespolizeidirektion Tirol. Al plaun communal vegn quella sustegnida dal Stadtpolizeikommando Innsbruck. === Turissem === Il turissem è per la citad in’impurtanta funtauna d’entradas. Grazia a la citad veglia cun numerus edifizis dal temp da l’imperatur [[Maximilian I]] (1459–1519), la posiziun singulara amez il mund alpin tirolais e betg il davos pervi da la purschida da sport multifara è Innsbruck ina destinaziun turistica appreziada lunsch enturn. L’organisaziun turistica da la regiun porscha tranter auter l’Innsbruck Card cun entrada gratuita en tut ils museums ed attracziuns da la regiun, viadis gratuits cun las lingias dals Innsbrucker Verkehrsbetriebe (IVB) e reducziun da pretsch per numerusas ulteriuras purschidas. == Traffic == Pervi da sia posiziun al pe dal Brenner, in dals pli impurtants pass da las [[Alps]] insumma, ha Innsbruck gia giugà en il temp medieval in’impurtanta rolla per il commerzi tranter l’Italia ed ils principadis tudestgs e blers viagiaturs han fatg qua staziun – tranter auter [[Goethe]] en il hotel Goldener Adler. === En === Caracteristic per la citad è sia posiziun a l’En. Sin il territori da la citad mainan 15 punts sur il flum. Istoricamain vegniva flottà laina da construcziun e dad arder da l’En giu fin Innsbruck e vinavant fin la salina a Hall, nua che cumenzava la navigaziun sin l’En. === Viafier === Cun l’avertura da la Unterinntalbahn che maina sur [[Kufstein]] en direcziun [[Minca]] e [[Salzburg]] è la citad vegnida colliada il 1858 cun la rait da viafier. Il svilup ha cuntinuà cun la construcziun da la Giselabahn (da Wörgl en direcziun [[Graz]] e [[Belgrad]]) e da la viafier dal Brenner il 1867. Il 1884, cun la viafier da l’Arlberg en direcziun [[Feldkirch]] e vinavant a [[Bregenz]] resp. [[Schaan]]/[[Turitg]]/[[Basilea]], è Innsbruck avanzà definitivamain ad in’impurtanta axa da traffic tant en direcziun nord-sid sco er vest-ost. Il 1912 è anc vegnida vitiers la Mittenwaldbahn che maina sur [[Seefeld]] a [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]] e che furma uschia ina segunda colliaziun dad Innsbruck en direcziun Minca. Tut questas lingias s’uneschan a la staziun principala dad Innsbruck. Il davos temp è vegnì mess l’accent sin extender la Unterinntalbahn sin fin a quatter binaris. En il sid da la citad èn vegnidas messas ad ir las lavurs da construcziun vi da la galaria principala dal tunnel da basa dal Brenner che duai, ensemen cun las lingias d’access respectivas, pussibilitar in augment considerabel da la capacitad dal traffic da viafier transalpin. === Traffic sin via === Per lung da la lingia da viafier è vegnida construida ils onns 1960 l’emprim l’autostrada da al Val da l’En (A 12) che maina vers ost e sa collia sper [[Rosenheim]] cun la A8 en direcziun [[Minca]] e [[Salzburg]]/[[Vienna]]. Vers vest maina cuntinuescha l’autostrada A 12 en la part superiura da la Val da l’En e sa collia cun la via directa da l’Arlberg che maina sut il massiv da l’Arlberg e che furma la suletta colliaziun da vias cun il Vorarlberg ch’è averta tut l’onn. Vers sid maina sa sparta sper Innsbruck l’autostrada dal Brenner en direcziun [[Bulsaun]] e [[Verona]]. En il sid da la chapitala dal Tirol sa chatta l’Europabrücke che maina en in’autezza da bunamain 200 m sur il Wipptal. En direcziun nord n’exista nagin’autostrada. Qua maina la via da Seefeld (B 177) sur il Zirler Berg a [[Seefeld]] e vinavant via Mittenwald a [[Garmisch-Partenkirchen]]. === Traffic da velos === Innsbruck sa chatta tranter las citads da l’Austria cun las pli autas cumparts da traffic da velos (var 20&nbsp;%). In plan strategic che sa chatta en la fasa da realisaziun duai anc augmentar supplementarmain l’attractivitad da la citad per il traffic plaun. === Traffic aviatic === [[Datoteca:12-06-05-innsbruck-by-ralfr-165.jpg|240px|thumb|Plazza aviatica dad Innsbruck]] En il vest da la citad (Kranebitten) dispona Innsbruck d’in eroport internaziunal. Ils origins da quel van enavos sin ina decisiun da la regenza dal Tirol dals onns 1920. Muntada pli gronda ha l’eroport cuntanschì a chaschun dals gieus olimpics d’enviern dal 1964 e 1976. Cun sgols regulars è la citad colliada durant tut l’onn t.a. cun Amsterdam, Francfurt, Londra, Berlin e Vienna. Sco destinaziun da var 50 societads aviaticas e sco patrun da var 1300 persunas en radund 30 interpresas associadas furma la plazza aviatica in impurtant factur economic. L’onn 2010 ha il dumber da passagiers surpassà per l’emprima giada la marca d’in milliun. === Traffic regiunal === Innsbruck dispona d’ina rait da traffic regiunal attractiva. Sin il territori da la citad ed en l’aglomeraziun circuleschan trams e bus da las Innsbrucker Verkehrsbetriebe (IVB), da la firma Innbus, dal ÖBB-Postbus e d’autras interpresas da traffic che fan part dal Verkehrsverbund Tirol (VVT). La rait da tram cumpiglia las lingias 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 (Igler) e STB (Stubaitalbahn). Ina rait da viafier urbana collia ultra da quai bleras vischnancas vischinantas. Ultra da quai exista cun la Hungerburgbahn HBB dapi il 2007 ina funiculara, per part sutterrana, che collia il Congress a l’ur da la citad interna cun il zoo situà sin la Weiherburg e cun il quartier Hungerburg. La Nordkettenbahn, ina teleferica, maina en la Nordkette sco territori da viandar e porscha l’access a la regiun da raiver e da skis dad Innsbruck. La segunda pendiculara sin territori da la citad, la Patscherkofelbahn, maina en in vast territori da viandar e territori da skis pli pitschen en als Tuxer Alpen en il sidost dad Innsbruck. == Cultura ed attracziuns == En la citad veglia sa chattan tranter auter il famus Goldenes Dachl, il dom da son Giachen, il Helblinghaus e la Hofburg. En quest’ultima pon ins er visitar la Hofkirche (‹Schwarzmanderkirche›) cun las statuas da bronz surdimensiunadas che circumdeschan il monument da fossa da l’imperatur [[Maximilian I]]. En la Maria-Theresien-Strasse sa chatta l’uschenumnada Annasäule che regorda a la retratga dals Bavarais or dal Tirol a la fin da la Guerra da successiun spagnola. In’ulteriura attracziun è il chastè Ambras cun ses parc, il qual è accessibel sco museum. En tut dumbra la citad var 20 museum da muntada regiunala e surregiunala, tranter auter Tiroler Landesmuseum, Tiroler Volkskunstmuseum, Zeughaus ed Alpenvereinsmuseum. Blers turists vegnan er en la citad pervi d’occurrenzas etablidas sco il Tanzsommer, las Festwochen der Alten Musik ed ils Ambraser Schlosskonzerte. Fitg populars, en spezial tar giasts da l’Italia, èn il Christkindlmarkt ed il Bergsilvester. == Sport == [[Datoteca:Bergisel_Ski_Jump_Tower.jpg|200px|thumb|La sigliera da Bergisel]] Il Tirol en general ed Innsbruck en spezial èn enconuschents tradiziunalmain per activitads da sport d’enviern. Repetidamain han gì lieu qua gronds eveniments da sport, quai ch’ha culminà en ils [[gieus olimpics]] d’enviern dal 1964 e 1976. En il sigl cun skis fa la Bergiselschanze dad Innsbruck gia dapi il 1952 part da la Vierschanzentournee ch’ha lieu mintg’onn. Occurrenzas internaziunalas han lieu quasi mintg’onn – tant l’enviern sco er la stad –, per exempel l’Air & Style Contest che furma in dals pli gronds festivals da snowboard en l’Europa, ils Paralimpics, ubain ils International Children Games. En rom da quests ultims han ins midà ils umets da numerusas amplas da peduns en skiunzs, viandants etc. Quest’acziun da marketing ha gì in tal success e cunter vulair terminar quella hai dà ina tala protesta ch’ils umets embelleschan fin oz il maletg da la citad. Innsbruck dispona da dus territoris da skis en proxima vischinanza da la citad: la Seegrube–Nordkette (Nordkettenbahn) ed il Patscherkofel, la ‹muntogna da chasa› dad Innsbruck. Bain accessibels èn plinavant ils territoris da skis Axamer Lizum (numnà ‹Weisses Dachl›) e Glungezer sper Tulfes; in pau pli lunsch davent èn il Kühtai ed il Stubaital. Il center nordic da la regiun dad Innsbruck sa chatta a Seefeld. == Annotaziuns == <references/> == Litteratura == * Susanne Gurschler: ''111 Orte in Innsbruck, die man gesehen haben muss.'' Emons Verlag, Cologna 2018, ISBN 978-3-7408-0343-8. * Ingrid Bubestinger, Gertraud Zeindl: ''Zur Stadtgeschichte Innsbrucks''. Innsbruck 2008, ISBN 978-3-901886-39-3. * Barbara Danzl, Ulla Fürlinger, Katja Laske: ''Mit Kindern durch Innsbruck''. Löwenzahnverlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-7066-2403-9. * Michael Forcher: ''Die Geschichte der Stadt Innsbruck''. Haymonverlag, Innsbruck 2008, ISBN 978-3-85218-553-8. * Karin Schneider: ''Kleine Innsbrucker Stadtgeschichte''. Innsbruck 2008, ISBN 978-3-7022-2975-7. * ''Innsbruck sehen: Stadtbilder einst und jetzt''. StudienVerlag, Innsbruck-Vienna-Bulsaun 2008, ISBN 978-3-7065-4613-3. * Stadt Innsbruck – Stadtplanung (ed.): ''innsbruck. stadtgeschichten. stadtplanung, baukultur, lebensqualität''. Studienverlag, Innsbruck-Vienna-Bulsaun 2008, ISBN 978-3-7065-4033-9. * Martin Reiter: ''Innsbruck, eine kurze Geschichte der Stadt: Ereignisse, Persönlichkeiten, Jahreszahlen''. Ueberreuter, Vienna 2004, ISBN 3-8000-7045-6. == Colliaziuns == {{Commonscat|Innsbruck}} * [http://www.innsbruck.gv.at/ Pagina uffiziala da la citad] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240423172755/https://all-inn.at/ Innsbruck CityGuide] [[Categoria:Austria]] [[Categoria:Artitgels recumandads (Citads europeicas)]] svlk2iuecid29k3codjjg9p4g60k868 0 14739 172785 172737 2026-07-21T02:05:46Z InternetArchiveBot 16747 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 172785 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Template: citad |num lung = Peshkopi |maletg = Peshkopia1 beschnitten.jpg |vopna = Flag map of Dibër County.png |charta = Diber in Albania.svg |num curt = |surfatscha = 937.88 |abitants = 14 710 |funtauna abitants = 2023 |spessezza = 7,660 |numer postal = 8301 |pagina = [https://www.peshkopia.net/ www.peshkopia.net] |}} {{Model:Stizzar|sbagls da lungatg}} '''Peshkopi''' è la dudeschavla gronda citad en l' [[Albania]]. Ella sa chatta tranteren il flum Drin, la munt Korab e las planiras da Panariti e Pela en il nord da l'Albania, circa 92 kilometers en il nord da la chapitala da l' Albania, [[Tirana]].<ref>[https://www.albaniatourism.org/destinations/diber-peshkopi/ ''Peshkopi''], consultà ils 16 da october 2025.</ref> La citad ha ina surfatscha da 937.88 km² ed ina populaziun da 14 710 persunas.<ref>[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/albania/mun/admin/dibër/02210__peshkopi/ ''Peshkopi statistics''], consultà ils 16 da october 2025.</ref> == Annotaziuns == <references/> == Colliaziuns == {{Commonscat|Peshkopi}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250129062705/https://www.peshkopia.net/ peshkopia.net: pagina uffiziala da la citad] [[Categoria:Vischnancas da l'Albania]] [[Categoria:Artitgels recumandads (Citads europeicas)]] 6qjwrdr96y8kkwrta51osxbyt94ecvj 0 14903 172794 2026-07-23T06:03:43Z PK2 2318 Creà renviament a [[Wikipedia:Pagina principala]] 172794 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:Pagina principala]] f1b7ofmnpd6urb16oaugeub20u6ozs1 0 14904 172795 2026-07-23T10:54:16Z Conversaziun 23676 Creà la pagina cun "Not Vital es nat a Sent in Engiadina Bassa, in Svizra dal 1948. L’istoriker dad’art local Max Huggler ha introdüt a Not Vital a l’art. Dal 1968-1969 (ils ons 1968-1969), ha’l fat stüdis al Centre universitaire de Vincennes a Paris. Dal 1974 ha’l fat müdada a New York ingio ch’el es stat fin al 2012 cun excepziun da sogiuorns regulars a Lucca (Italia), Agadez (Niger) e Sent. El ha fat la cugnuschentscha da Willem de Kooning cul qual el ha lavurà (ed ha l…" 172795 wikitext text/x-wiki Not Vital es nat a Sent in Engiadina Bassa, in Svizra dal 1948. L’istoriker dad’art local Max Huggler ha introdüt a Not Vital a l’art. Dal 1968-1969 (ils ons 1968-1969), ha’l fat stüdis al Centre universitaire de Vincennes a Paris. Dal 1974 ha’l fat müdada a New York ingio ch’el es stat fin al 2012 cun excepziun da sogiuorns regulars a Lucca (Italia), Agadez (Niger) e Sent. El ha fat la cugnuschentscha da Willem de Kooning cul qual el ha lavurà (ed ha lavurà cun el) al principi da seis temp. Las ouvras da Not Vital - chi fan adöver da differentas tecnicas e differents geners - as chattan aint ils museums, in gallarias d’art ed in lös publics in tuot il muond. Per exaimpel, La punt dals asens, La tor dal silenzi, La chasa dal glatsch, etc. sun visiblas in seis Parkin “Not dal mot” a Sent. Sia fundaziun, la Fundaziun Not Vital d’Ardez, a sco böt da recrear üna biblioteca rumantscha dal 17avel e 18avel tschientiner in sia regiun e cun cudeschs originals. A la fundaziun appartegna eir üna collecziun d’art cun ouvras da Not Vital e dad oters artists. Dal 2010, ha Not Vital partecipà a la concurrenza per la renovaziun dal cor da la catedrala da San Galla. Per la tuor Mobimo chi es stata construidà dal 2011 a Turich el ha guadagnà la concurrenza Art-et-Architecture cun sia sculptura No Problem. In Marz 2016 ha Not Vital cumprà il Chastè da Tarasp da la famiglia Hessen. Not Vital sta e lavura in Engiadina Bassa, a Peking ed a Agadez, plü bod eir a New York. El ha ün pass svizzer ed eir american (Il es vaschin da duos pajais). 4t2vmjc9sl1v4df8fib3u8paf4wvvqy 0 14905 172796 2026-07-23T10:58:24Z Conversaziun 23676 Creà la pagina cun "«Ils dus da nus» es ün podcast da la RTR (Radiotelevisiun Svizra Rumantscha). La prüm'ediziun es gnüda emissà als 17 favrer 2022. Il podcast vegn moderà da Marcus Petendi e da Elias Tsoutsaios. Elias d’eira fingià moderatur radio pro RTR. Ils duos amis sun creschüts sü a Scuol ed Ardez cun rumantsch sco lingua da minchadi ma els han ragischs in Germania, Grecia ed Ungaria. Ils duos «secondos rumantschs»<ref>https://www.rtr.ch/cultura/ils-dus-da-nus-136…" 172796 wikitext text/x-wiki «Ils dus da nus» es ün podcast da la RTR (Radiotelevisiun Svizra Rumantscha). La prüm'ediziun es gnüda emissà als 17 favrer 2022. Il podcast vegn moderà da Marcus Petendi e da Elias Tsoutsaios. Elias d’eira fingià moderatur radio pro RTR. Ils duos amis sun creschüts sü a Scuol ed Ardez cun rumantsch sco lingua da minchadi ma els han ragischs in Germania, Grecia ed Ungaria. Ils duos «secondos rumantschs»<ref>https://www.rtr.ch/cultura/ils-dus-da-nus-136-in-fazielet-versus-elias</ref> analiseschan e discuorran regularmaing davart temas actuals, observaziuns dal minchadi, cultura rumantscha sco eir lur aigna vita, cun sumur ed autoironia e sün basa da fats. «Ils dus da nus» s'inclegia sco viadi auditiv ed ha la pretaisa dad esser divertent, intellectual ed infuormativ. Las tematicas actualas vegnan trattadas filosoficamaing ma al listless mumaint sainza mas-char ils pleds. Il cuntgnü dal podcast vain cumplettà cun üna playlist sün Spotify ed ün profil sün Instagram. Marcus sco musizist es responsabel pels elemaints musicals dal podcast. izstg0xy7mw748chzlgrbcapan3sgh2 172797 172796 2026-07-23T10:58:53Z Conversaziun 23676 172797 wikitext text/x-wiki «Ils dus da nus» es ün podcast da la RTR (Radiotelevisiun Svizra Rumantscha). La prüm'ediziun es gnüda emissà als 17 favrer 2022. Il podcast vegn moderà da Marcus Petendi e da Elias Tsoutsaios. Elias d’eira fingià moderatur radio pro RTR. Ils duos amis sun creschüts sü a Scuol ed Ardez cun rumantsch sco lingua da minchadi ma els han ragischs in Germania, Grecia ed Ungaria. Ils duos «secondos rumantschs»<ref>https://www.rtr.ch/cultura/ils-dus-da-nus-136-in-fazielet-versus-elias</ref> analiseschan e discuorran regularmaing davart temas actuals, observaziuns dal minchadi, cultura rumantscha sco eir lur aigna vita, cun sumur ed autoironia e sün basa da fats. «Ils dus da nus» s'inclegia sco viadi auditiv ed ha la pretaisa dad esser divertent, intellectual ed infuormativ. Las tematicas actualas vegnan trattadas filosoficamaing ma al listless mumaint sainza mas-char ils pleds. Il cuntgnü dal podcast vain cumplettà cun üna playlist sün Spotify ed ün profil sün Instagram. Marcus sco musizist es responsabel pels elemaints musicals dal podcast. e00wgyiye5qb5m6t1shqxaf67hym8lj