Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1794 133557 133010 2026-07-03T13:32:11Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133557 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kagame Paul''' (yavutse mu mwaka wa 1957) ni Perezida wa [[Perezida wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda|5]] wa Repubulika y'u [[Rwanda]] kuva 2000. Paul Kagame yavutse ku wa 23 Ukwakira 1957 mu umujyi wa [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Ruhango]], mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|ntara y’Amajyepfo]], mu cyahoze ari Komine [[Tambwe]], yari imwe mu zari zigize Perefegitura ya [[Gitarama]]. Paul kagame yakuriye mu buhungiro mu gihugu cya Uganda, Nyuma y'uko iwabo bari bamaze guhunga kubera itotezwa n'akarengane abatutsi bari bari guhura na ko. Paul Kagame yakuriye muri Uganda, yiga mu ishuri rikuru rya MAKERERE ryisumbuye. Nyuma y'amasomo muri iryo shuri yinjiye mu ngabo z'igihugu cya Uganda, maze aba n'umujyanama wahafi wa Yoweli Museveni. Paul Kagame n'abandi bantu batatu baje gushinga ishyaka rya FPR mu 1980. Iri shyaka ryashinzwe na bo rigamije gukuraho akarengane cyangwa ihohoterwa ryari riri gukorerwa abanyarwanda. Nyuma yuko uwaruyoboye APR GISA [[Fred Rwigema|FRED RWIGEMA]] yitabye Imana,PAUL KAGAME yavuye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika]] aho yari ari kwiga ibijyanye n'igisikare. Yaraje akomezanya n'ingabo za FPR nk'umuyobozi wazo. We nk'uwarukuriye ingabo za RPF INKOTANYI zitwaga RPA, Akaba n'umunyepolitiki,yatsinze urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu muri Mata 1994. Paul Kagame yabaye umukuru wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda kuva muri 2000. [[Dosiye:Paul Kagame 2014.jpg|thumb|286x286px|NYAKUBAHWA PEREZIDA WA REPUBULIKA Y'URWANDA PAUL KAGAME.]] {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |[[Dosiye:President Donald Trump shakes hands with Rwandan President Paul Kagame.jpg|frameless]]Paul Kagame |- ! colspan="2" | Perezida wa 3 w'u Rwanda |- |Igihe cyo gukora |Kuva muri Werurwe 24 , 2000 |- | Ababanjirije |[[Pasteur Bizimungu]] |- | Uzasimbura | |- |Minisitiri w’intebe |Nsengiyumva Justin |- ! colspan="2" |Amakuru yihariye |- |Amazina | |- |Ivuka |Nk'uko Ukwakira 23 nk'uko 1957 (imyaka 63)<br> Ruhango ([[Gitarama]] Ntara, [[Rwanda-Urundi]]) |- |Urupfu | |- | Imva | |- |Ubwenegihugu |Rwanda |- |Ururimi kavukire |[[Kinyarwanda]] |- | Iyobokamana |[[Kiliziya Gatolika]] |- | Ishyaka rya politiki |[[FPR]] |- ! colspan="2" |Umuryango |- | Uwo mwashakanye |[[Jeannette Kagame]] |- | Abahungu |Ivan Kagame<br> Ange Kagame<br> Ian Kagame<br> Brian Kagame |- ! colspan="2" |Uburezi |- | Yize muri |Kaminuza ya Makerere |- ! colspan="2" |Amakuru yumwuga |- | Umwuga |umunyapolitiki |- | Imyaka irakora |1990-2000 |- | Ishami rya gisirikare |Ingabo z’ingabo z’u Rwanda |- | Urutonde |Jenerali Majoro |- |Amakimbirane |* Umudari wa Kagera (Uganda) * Iteka rya Repubulika ya Seribiya * Iteka ry'abapayiniya bo muri Liberiya <small>(2009)</small> * Umusaraba Mukuru w'itegeko ry'igihugu cya Bénin <small>(2010)</small> |- |Urubuga |paulkagame.com |- |Itandukaniro | |[https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q272580 hindura amakuru kuri Wikidata] |} [[Dosiye:Paul Kagame (24-10-2019).jpg|thumb|'''Paul Kagame (24-10-2019)''']] [[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|thumb|ibendera ry'u Rwanda]] [[Dosiye:Flag of the President of Rwanda.svg|thumb|ikiranga ntego cy'u Rwanda]] [[Dosiye:Paul_Kagame.jpg|thumb|Paul Kagame ari kumwe na George W.Bush]] Kagame ndetse n'umuryango we baje guhungira mugihugu cy'[[Ubugande]]. Mu gihe ivanguramoko ryibasiraga abo mu bwoko bw’ umuryango wa Paul Kagame uri mu miryango yatotejwe maze abasaga ibihumbi 100 bakava mu byabo bagahungira mu bihugu by’abaturanyi. Mu mwaka w’1959,<ref>http://ukwezi.rw/mu-rwanda/3/Menya-byimbitse-amateka-y-ubuzima-bwa-Perezida-Kagame-wizihiza-isabukuru-y-imyaka-61</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/umuco/amateka/article/imyaka-20-irashize-paul-kagame-atorewe-kuyobora-u-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2020-08-04 |archive-date=2020-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200817111229/https://igihe.com/umuco/amateka/article/imyaka-20-irashize-paul-kagame-atorewe-kuyobora-u-rwanda |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Kagame yavukiye mu muryango [[Abatutsi|w'abatutsi]] mu majyepfo y'u Rwanda. Igihe yari afite imyaka ibiri, Impinduramatwara yo mu Rwanda yarangije ibinyejana byinshi byiganjemo abatutsi; umuryango we wahungiye muri Uganda , aho yamaze ubuzima bwe bwose. Mu myaka ya za 1980, Kagame yarwanye mu ngabo z’inyeshyamba za [[Yoweri Museveni]] , aba umusirikare mukuru wa Uganda nyuma yuko intsinzi ya gisirikare ya Museveni imujyanye kuri perezidansi ya Uganda . Kagame yinjiye mu Rwanda Patriotic Front (FPR), rwateye u Rwanda mu 1990; umuyobozi Fred Rwigyema yapfuye hakiri kare mu ntambara maze Kagame yigarurira. Kugeza mu 1993, FPR yagenzuye agace gakomeye mu Rwanda no guhagarika imirwanobyaganiriweho. Mu iyicwa rya Perezida [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] yari ingingo guhera Jenoside, aho [[abahutu]] b'intagondwa bishe bagera 500.000 miliyoni imwe Abatutsi n'Abahutu batari intagondwa. Kagame yongeye intambara y'abenegihugu, arangiza itsembabwoko itsinze igisirikare. Muri visi-perezida, Kagame yagenzuraga ingabo z’igihugu kandi akomeza kubahiriza amategeko, mu gihe abandi bayobozi batangiye kubaka igihugu. Abasirikare benshi ba FPR bakoze ubwicanyi bwo guhana; ntivugwaho rumwe niba Kagame yarateguye ibi, cyangwa nta bushobozi yari afite bwo kubihagarika. Inkambi z'impunzi z'Abahutu zashinzwe muri Zayire no mu bindi bihugu, zagenzurwaga na jenoside(abitabiriye jenoside) bakangisha umutekano u Rwanda. FPR yibasiye inkambi mu buryo butarobanuye mu 1996, ihatira impunzi nyinshi gutaha, ariko inyeshyamba zikomeza gutera u Rwanda. Igitero cyagabwe ku nkambi z'impunzi cyahitanye abantu bagera ku 200.000. Raporo y’[[Umuryango w’Abibumye|umuryango w’abibumbye]] yerekana ko ibyo bitero bishobora kuba bihwanye na jenoside, bikaba bishobora gutuma Paul Kagame aba umunyabyaha w’intambara. Mu rwego rwo gutera, Kagame yateye inkunga intambara ebyiri z’inyeshyamba zitavugwaho rumwe muri Zayire. Inyeshyamba zishyigikiwe n'u Rwanda na Uganda zatsinze intambara ya mbere (1996–97), zishyiraho Laurent-Désiré Kabila kuba perezida mu cyimbo cy'umunyagitugu Mobutu maze ahindura igihugu nka [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] (DRC). muintambara ya kabiri yatangiye mu 1998 kurwanya Kabila, nyuma umuhungu we Joseph , nyuma y’uko guverinoma ya DRC yirukanye ingabo z’u [[Rwanda]] na Uganda mu gihugu. Intambara yaje kwiyongera mu ntambara yo ku mugabane wa [[Afurika]] yakomeje kugeza amasezerano y'amahoro yo mu 2003 no guhagarika intambara. [[Dosiye:Paul Kagame Portrait 2016-10-14.jpg|thumb|407x407px|paul kagame portrait ]] Nka perezida, Kagame yashyize imbere iterambere ry’igihugu, atangiza gahunda yo guteza imbere u Rwanda nkigihugu cyinjiza amafaranga hagati muri 2020. Kuva mu 2013, iki gihugu kiratera imbere cyane ku bipimo ngenderwaho, birimo ubuvuzi n’uburezi; kwiyongera kwumwaka hagati ya 2004 na 2010 wagereranije 8% kumwaka. Kagame yagiranye umubano mwiza n’umuryango w’iburasirazuba bwa Afurikana Amerika; umubano we [[Ubufaransa|n'Ubufaransa]] wari mubi kugeza mu 2009. Umubano na DRC ukomeje kuba mubi nubwo intambara yo mu 2003 yahagaritswe; imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu na raporo y’umuryango w’abibumbye yashyizwe ahagaragara ivuga ko u Rwanda rushyigikiye inyeshyamba ebyiri muri iki gihugu, Kagame arabihakana. Ibihugu byinshi byahagaritse kwishyura inkunga muri 2012 nyuma yibi birego. Kagame arazwi cyane mu Rwanda hamwe na bamwe mu babikurikiranira hafi; imiryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu imushinja gukandamiza politiki. Yatsinze amatora mu 2003, hashingiwe ku itegeko nshinga rishya ryemejwe muri uwo mwaka, atorerwa manda ya kabiri mu 2010. Paul Kagame yavutse mubana ba tandatu abakobwa babiri abahungu bane,akaba arumuhererezi ku rise Rutagambwa Rugambwa Deogratias na Asteria. Urwibutso kubuto bwa perezida Paul Kagame [https://igihe.com/abantu/biographies/article/urwibutso-ku-buto-bwa-perezida-paul-kagame-wujuje-imyaka-66] {{DEFAULTSORT:Kagame, Paul}} [[Category:Abanyarwanda]] {{Perezida wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda}} == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Abanyepolitiki (Rwanda)]] [[Ikiciro:Itsembabwoko]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abatutsi]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika y'iburasirazuba]] <references />3 https://igihe.com/abantu/biographies/article/urwibutso-ku-buto-bwa-perezida-paul-kagame-wujuje-imyaka-66 9ddju9f23qq8rct2jlz3xamfxdq5wqp 0 3032 133587 118811 2026-07-04T04:55:12Z Minorax 8248 133587 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:GreatLakesAfrica.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibiyaga Bigari</span>]] [[Dosiye:Location GreatLakes-Africa.png|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">A – [[Lake Albert (Africa)|Albert]]<br />Y – [[Lake Kyoga|Kyoga]]<br />E – [[Lake Edward|Edward]]<br />K – [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|Kivu]]<br />V – [[Lake Victoria|Victoria]]<br />T – [[Lake Tanganyika|Tanganyika]]<br />M – [[Lake Malawi|Malawi]]</span>]] [[Dosiye:Lake Bosomtwe 104.jpg|thumb|Ibiyaga ]] [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|thumb|ikiyaga cya kivu]] '''Ibiyaga Bigari''' * [[Ikiyaga cya Victoria]] (Ikiyaga cya Vigitoriya) * [[Ikiyaga cya Tanganyika]] * [[Ikiyaga Malawi]] * [[Ikiyaga Turkana]] * [[Ikiyaga Albert]] * [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] * [[Ikiyaga Edward]] [[Category:Ibiyaga]] t8oq6inzaf1pu0zt5c2r9ywilhhxe13 0 3275 133548 133197 2026-07-03T13:24:45Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 133548 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Akarere ka Muhanga| ]] [[Ikiciro:Intara y’Amajyepfo y’U Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Intara y'amajyepfo]] {{\sandbox}}{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q136465380}} Akarere ka Muhanga <ref name=":0">[https://www.muhanga.gov.rw/ Ahabanza]</ref>ni kamwe mu turere 8 tugize [[Intara y'amajyepfo|intara y'Amajyepfo]]. kagizwe n'imirenge 12, [[Akagari|utugari]] 63 n'imidugudu 331. akarere ka muhanga gafite ubuso bwa Km² 647.7, Gatuwe n'abaturage bangana na 357.904 n'ingo 87.342 (Ref. Ubud. MEIS Report 10/2020) Akarere ka Muhanga gafite ubucucike bw'abaturage 552 kuri Km² imwe. Akarere ka Muhanga ni kamwe muturere dutandatu twunganira umujyi wa Kigali === Uturere duhana imbibi n'akarere ka Muhanga<ref name=":0" />: === - Amajyaruguru: [[Akarere ka Gakenke|Akarere Ka Gakenke]] - Amajyepfo: [[Akarere ka Ruhango]] n' [[Akarere ka Kamonyi]] - Iburengerazuba:Akarere ka Ngororero n' [[Akarere ka Karongi]] == '''Dore ibiranga akarere ka Muhanga:''' == Akarere ka Muhanga kagizwe n’ibice bibiri by’ingenzi aribyo: igice cy’umujyi kigizwe n’Umurenge wa Nyamabuye, Akagari ka Ruli, mu Murenge wa Shyogwe n’Akagari ka Makera mu Murenge wa Cyeza. Igice cy’icyaro kigizwe n’Imirenge ya Nyabinoni, Rongi, Kibangu, Kiyumba, Kabacuzi, Rugendabari, Muhanga, Mushishiro na Nyarusange, Utugari dutanu tw’Umurenge wa Cyeza n’Utugari dutatu tw’Umurenge wa Shyogwe. Icyicaro cy’Akarere ka Muhanga kiri mu Murenge wa Nyamabuye, mu Mujyi wa Muhanga, ku birometero 50 uvuye mu Mujyi wa Kigali. Akarere ka Muhanga gatuwe n’abaturage 378,760 (Abagabo ni 178.452:49.8%; [[Umugore|Abagore]] ni 179.452: 50.2%) babarizwa mu ngo 87.342. === 2. Ubukungu<ref>[https://www.kigalitoday.com/Muhanga Muhanga - Kigali Today]</ref> === Akarere ka Muhanga kagira ibikorwa byinshi by'ubukungu, harimo: *'''Ubucuruzi''': Muhanga ifite umujyi mukuru kandi ni igicumbi cy'ubucuruzi, aho habera ibikorwa byinshi by'ubucuruzi bikomeye. Hari amasoko y’ibiribwa, ibikoresho by’[[ubuhinzi]], ndetse n’amaduka menshi acuruza ibikoresho bitandukanye. * '''Inganda''': Muhanga ni akarere kagira inganda zitandukanye, by'umwihariko inganda zitunganya ibikomoka ku buhinzi n'ibikoresho by’ubuzima. Izi nganda zifasha mu kongera agaciro ku musaruro no kuzamura ubukungu bw’akarere. * '''Ubuhinzi''': Ubuhinzi ni ishingiro ry'ubukungu bw'Akarere ka Muhanga. Abaturage bo muri Muhanga bakora cyane mu buhinzi bw'ibihingwa birimo '''ibishyimbo''', '''[[Ikigori|ibigori]]''', '''imiteja''' (amashyamba), ndetse n'imbuto. Akarere ka Muhanga gashimangira iterambere ry’ubuhinzi bwa kijyambere. * '''Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro''' === 3. Ubukerarugendo<ref>[https://ickjournalism.com/lander?oref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2F ickjournalism.com/lander?oref=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bing.com%2F]</ref> === Akarere ka Muhanga kafite amahirwe mu bukerarugendo, harimo ahantu nyaburanga h’ibikorwa byinshi byo gusura<ref>[https://fdo.net.rw/imyanya-25-yakazi-ko-kuba-dasso-akarere-ka-muhanga-ntucikwe-naya-mahirwe/ Imyanya 25 y'akazi ko kuba DASSO | Akarere ka Muhanga | Ntucikwe n'aya mahirwe - Free digital opportunities]</ref>: * '''Ibiyaga n’ibishanga''': Akarere ka Muhanga gafite amahirwe mu bijyanye n'ubukerarugendo, cyane cyane ahantu hasurwa, harimo ibikorwa by’ubukerarugendo birimo kugenda mu mazi cyangwa kuzenguruka mu bishanga. * '''Umuco gakondo''': Muhanga izwi kandi ku bw’umuco wayo, aho abaturage babarizwa mu miryango itandukanye n’amateka akomeye. === 4. Ibikorwa Remezo === * [[Dosiye:Nyabugogo Bridge on the Kigali-Muhanga Road (NR1).jpg|thumb|umuhanda wo mu karere ka muhanga]]'''Imihanda''': Akarere ka Muhanga gafite imihanda myiza ituma abantu bagenda neza kandi hakaba hatangwa serivisi nziza z’imihanda. Akarere gafite imihanda ihuza [[Kigali]] n’utundi turere, bikaba byoroshye kwimuka. * '''[[Amashuri y' incuke mu Rwanda|Amashuri]]''': Muhanga ifite amashuri menshi yisumbuye n’amashuri abanza, bituma abatuye ako karere babona amahirwe yo kwiga. * '''Ibigo Nderabuzima''': Akarere ka Muhanga gifite ibigo nderabuzima byinshi, aho abaturage babasha kubona serivisi z’ubuzima z’ibanze. === 5. Iterambere ry’Imibereho<ref>[https://www.webrwanda.com/2025/08/akarere-ka-muhanga-kari-kubakira.html Akarere ka Muhanga kari kubakira imiryango isaga 140 itishoboye - #rwanda #RwOT]</ref> === * '''Amazi meza''': Akarere ka Muhanga kagiye [[gashora]] imari mu gushaka uburyo bwo kugeza amazi meza ku baturage. Hari gahunda yo kubaka ibikorwa byo kugeza amazi meza ku baturage benshi, bigafasha mu kurwanya indwara zandurira mu mazi. * '''Gahunda yo kubaka ibikorwa remezo''': Muhanga ikomeje gushyira imbere imishinga yo kubaka ibikorwa remezo byiza, birimo amashuri, ibigo nderabuzima, no kubaka imihanda n’ibiraro. === 6. Imbogamizi n'Icyerekezo === Nubwo akarere ka Muhanga kagira ibikorwa byiza by’iterambere, hakiri imbogamizi mu bijyanye n’ubushomeri, kugera ku masoko, ndetse no kongera amahirwe mu by'ubukungu no guhangana n’ubukene. Ariko, hamwe n’imishinga y’iterambere, akarere ka Muhanga kirimo gufata intambwe zikomeye mu gukemura izi mbogamizi. === Icyerekezo === * Guteza imbere ubuhinzi bunoze no gukoresha [[IKORANABUHANGA (ubusobanuro)|ikoranabuhanga]] mu guhinga. * Kongera ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi no gushyira imbaraga mu kubaka inganda n’ibikorwa remezo. * Kubyaza umusaruro ibiyaga n’ubukerarugendo kugira ngo hatangwe amahirwe yo kwihangira imirimo. [[Dosiye:Jerome Muhanga.jpg|thumb|ikirango cy'ubukungu mu karere ka ruhango]] Akarere ka Muhanga ni akarere k’ibikorwa byinshi by’[[iterambere]], kikomeje gufasha mu kuzamura imibereho y’abaturage bacyo no guteza imbere igihugu muri rusange. == Amashakiro == [[Ikiciro:Inyandiko zo Kuvugurura]] jm9p3jyhshsp87xb98wyv40ptkkar2u 0 3546 133581 122194 2026-07-04T04:54:47Z Minorax 8248 133581 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Chechnya and Caucasus.png|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita ya Ceceniya</span>]] '''Igiceceni''' (izina mu giceceni: ''Нохчийн мотт'' cyangwa ''Noxçiyn mott'') ni [[Ururimi (kuvuga)|ururimi]] rw’[[abaceceni]] na rwa [[Ceceniya]]. Itegekongenga [[ISO 639-3]] '''che'''. == umugereka – ubuke == * '''арц''' – '''аьрцнаш''' umusozi – imisozi * '''мотт''' – '''меттанаш''' ururimi – indimi * '''бутт''' – '''беттанаш''' ukwezi – amezi * '''йоI''' – '''мехкарий''' umukobwa – abakobwa * '''бож''' – '''бежалой''' [[ihene]] – ihene * '''етт''' – '''хьелий''' [[inka]] – inka == Amagambo n’interuro mu giceceni == * '''Муха ду гIуллакхаш?''' – Amakuru? * '''Баркалла''' – Ni meza * '''ХIаъ''' – Yego * '''ХIан-хIа''' – Oya == Imibare == * '''цхьаъ''' – rimwe * '''шиъ''' – kabiri * '''кхоъ''' – gatatu * '''диъ''' – kane * '''пхиъ''' – gatanu * '''йалх''' – gatandatu * '''ворхI''' – karindwi * '''бархI''' – umunani * '''исс''' – icyenda * '''итт''' – icumi == Alfabeti y’igiceceni == {|class="wikitable" |- ! Cyrillic ! Izina ! New Latin ! Izina ! IPA |- |А а||а||A a||a||/ə/, /ɑː/ |- |Аь аь||аь||Ä ä||ä||/æ/, /æː/ |- |Б б||бэ||B b||be||/b/ |- |В в||вэ||V v||ve||/v/ |- |Г г||гэ||G g||ge||/ɡ/ |- |ГӀ гӀ||гӀа||Ġ ġ||ġa||/ɣ/ |- |Д д||дэ||D d||de||/d/ |- |Е е||е||E e||e||/e/, /ɛː/, /je/, /ie/ |- |Ё ё||ё||yo||||/jo/ etc. |- |Ж ж||жэ||Ƶ ƶ||ƶe||/ʒ/, /dʒ/ |- |З з||зэ||Z z||ze||/z/, /dz/ |- |И и||и||I i||i||/ɪ/ |- |Ий ий|| ||Ii ii ||||/iː/ |- |Й й<br />(я, ю, е)||доца и||Y y||doca i||/j/ |- |К к||к||K k||ka||/k/ |- |Ккх ккх|| ||Kk kk||||/kː/ |- |Кх кх||кх||Q q||qa||/q/ |- |Кхкх кхкх|| ||Qq qq||||/qː/ |- |Къ къ||къа||Q̇ q̇||q̇a||/qʼ/ |- |КӀ кӀ||кӀа||Kh kh||kha||/kʼ/ |- |Л л||лэ||L l||el||/l/ |- |М м||мэ||M m||em||/m/ |- |Н н||нэ||N n||en||/n/ |- |О о||о||O o||o||/o/, /ɔː/, /wo/, /uo/ |- |Оь оь||оь||Ö ö||ö||/ɥø/, /yø/ |- |П п||пэ||P p||pe||/p/ |- |Пп пп|| ||Pp pp||||/pː/ |- |ПӀ пӀ||пӀа||Ph ph||pha||/pʼ/ |- |Р р||рэ||R r||er||/r/ |- |РхӀ рхӀ|| ||Rh rh||||/r̥/ |- |С с||сэ||S s||es||/s/ |- |Сс сс|| ||Ss ss||||/sː/ |- |Т т||тэ||T t||te||/t/ |- |Тт тт|| ||Tt tt||||/tː/ |- |ТӀ тӀ||тӀа||Th th||tha||/tʼ/ |- |У у||у||U u||u||/uʊ/ |- |Ув ув|| ||Uu uu ||||/uː/ |- |Уь уь||уь||Ü ü||ü||/y/ |- |Ф ф||фэ||F f||ef||/f/ |- |Х х||хэ||X x||xa||/x/ |- |Хь хь||хьа||Ẋ ẋ||ẋa||/ʜ/ |- |ХӀ хӀ||хӀа||H h||ha||/h/ |- |Ц ц||цэ||C c||ce||/ts/ |- |ЦӀ цӀ||цӀа||Ċ ċ||ċe||/tsʼ/ |- |Ч ч||чэ||Ç ç||çe||/tʃ/ |- |ЧӀ чӀ||чӀа||Ç̇ ç̇||ç̇e||/tʃʼ/ |- |Ш ш||шэ||Ş ş||şa||/ʃ/ |- |Щ щ||щэ|| || || |- |(Ъ) ъ||чӀогӀа хьаьрк||Ə ə||ç̇oġa ẋärk||/ʔ/ |- |(Ы) ы||ы|| || || |- |(Ь) ь||кӀеда хьаьрк|| || || |- |Э э||э||E e||e||/e/ etc. |- |Ю ю||ю||yu||||/ju/ etc. |- |Юь юь||юь||yü||||/jy/ etc. |- |Я я||я||ya||||/ja/ etc. |- |Яь яь||яь||yä||||/jæ/ etc. |- |Ӏ Ӏ||Ӏа||J j||ja||/ʡ/, /ˤ/ |} == Wikipediya mu giceceni == * https://web.archive.org/web/20130424193228/[[:ce:Коьрта агIо]] [[Category:Indimi z’ikinyakokaze]] [[Category:Ceceniya]] mry8pbe0gvq4pktv66n529wi2cp67ip 0 3671 133584 96643 2026-07-04T04:54:51Z Minorax 8248 133584 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''República de Angola<br />Repebulika y’Angola'''</big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[Dosiye:Flag of Angola.svg|125px]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[Dosiye:Emblem of Angola.svg|125px]] |- | align="center" width="140px" | <span style="color:grey;">Ibendera ry’Angola</span> | align="center" width="140px" | |} |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[Dosiye:Location Angola AU Africa.svg|300px]]<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’Angola</span> |} '''Angola''' cyangwa '''Repebulika y’Angola''' (izina mu [[giporutigali]] : ''República de Angola'' na izina mu [[kinyakongo]] : ''Repubilika ya Ngola'' ) n’[[igihugu]] muri [[Afurika]]. [[Dosiye:Angola-indiana-downtown-theater.jpg|center|thumb|420x420px|indiana downtown]] [[Dosiye:2019 Book Biodiversity of Angola.pdf|thumb|2019 Book Biodiversity of Angola]] [[Dosiye:Morro do Moco, Huambo, Angola.jpg|thumb|Morro do Moco, Huambo, Angola]] {{Afurika}} [[Category:Angola| ]] [[Category:Afurika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] ko1nyof1b7s9lnoa4dieu5xnw8in5wm 0 3748 133575 65753 2026-07-04T04:54:07Z Minorax 8248 133575 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag of Saint Helena.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibendera rya Helena Ntagatifu</span>]] [[Dosiye:LocationStHelena.PNG|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita ya Helena Ntagatifu</span>]] '''Helena Ntagatifu''' (izina mu [[cyongereza]] : ''Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha'' ) n’[[igihugu]] muri [[Afurika]]. [[Category:Afurika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] i6h1jlfqqzpt9kvvrivv98tzh712lvb 0 3773 133585 65718 2026-07-04T04:54:56Z Minorax 8248 133585 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Lands.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibendera ry’Ibihugu by’Amajyepfo Nyamfaransa</span>]] [[Dosiye:TAAF-fr.png|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’Ibihugu by’Amajyepfo Nyamfaransa</span>]] '''Ibihugu by’Amajyepfo Nyamfaransa''' (izina mu [[gifaransa]] : ''Terres australes et antarctiques françaises'' cyangwa ''Territoire des Terres australes et antarctiques françaises'' ) n’[[igihugu]] muri [[Antarigitika]]. [[Category:Antarigitika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] lxtza2qhzuijsdr0t4399zwq4zanzis 0 3775 133588 100159 2026-07-04T04:55:13Z Minorax 8248 133588 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag of Åland.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibendera ry’Ibirwa by’Alande</span>]] [[Dosiye:LocationÅland.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’Ibirwa by’Alande</span>]] [[Dosiye:Åland (7906504784).jpg|thumb|'''Ibirwa by’Alande agace kitwa''' Åland]] '''Ibirwa by’Alande''' (izina mu [[kinyasuwede]] : ''Landskapet Åland'' ; izina mu [[kinyafinilande]] : ''Ahvenanmaan maakunta'' ) n’[[igihugu]] muri [[Uburayi]]. [[Category:Uburayi]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] fip3zz6hb9ixyt6hccbth5a2y5njtmy 0 3779 133586 65721 2026-07-04T04:55:10Z Minorax 8248 133586 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag of the Falkland Islands.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibendera ry’Ibirwa bya Folukilande</span>]] [[Dosiye:LocationFalklandIslands.png|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’Ibirwa bya Folukilande</span>]] '''Ibirwa bya Folukilande''' cyangwa '''Maluvinasi''' (izina mu [[cyongereza]] : ''Falkland Islands'' ; izina mu [[cyesipanyole]] : ''Islas Malvinas'' ) n’[[igihugu]] muri [[Amerika]]. [[Category:Amerika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] feo5caq3dxvdn8wqtdtnaiahm5z8vd1 0 3782 133574 124421 2026-07-04T04:54:05Z Minorax 8248 133574 wikitext text/x-wiki ''[[Dosiye:Keelingislands.png|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’Ibirwa bya Koko</span>]] [[Dosiye:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 2017 (38).jpg|thumb|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] [[Dosiye:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 2017 (41).jpg|thumb|Cocos (Keeling) Islands ]] '''Ibirwa bya Koko''' (izina mu [[cyongereza]] : ''Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands'' ) n’[[igihugu]] muri [[Aziya]]. [[Category:Aziya'']] [[Category:Ibihugu]] r80ikw9n2bn2itgu7l0cksiuskf8qe3 133576 133574 2026-07-04T04:54:12Z Minorax 8248 133576 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Keelingislands.png|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’Ibirwa bya Koko</span>]] [[Dosiye:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 2017 (38).jpg|thumb|Cocos (Keeling) Islands]] [[Dosiye:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 2017 (41).jpg|thumb|Cocos (Keeling) Islands ]] '''Ibirwa bya Koko''' (izina mu [[cyongereza]] : ''Territory of Cocos (Keeling) Islands'' ) n’[[igihugu]] muri [[Aziya]]. [[Category:Aziya]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] p14w0cc6eehbxaactvdrj1p12py75sm 0 3787 133591 100171 2026-07-04T04:55:17Z Minorax 8248 133591 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag of the Marshall Islands.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibendera ry’Ibirwa bya Marishali</span>]] [[Dosiye:LocationMarshallIslands.png|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’Ibirwa bya Marishali</span>]] [[Dosiye:Marshall Islands PICT0282 (4745364638).jpg|thumb|Imitere y'uturwa twa <span style="color:grey;">Marishali</span>]] [[Dosiye:Marshall islands (40326036).jpg|thumb|Ikirwa cya Marshall ]] '''Ibirwa bya Marishali''' (izina mu [[cyongereza]] : ''Marshall Islands'' cyangwa ''Republic of the Marshall Islands'' ; izina mu [[kimarishali]] : ''Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ'') n’[[igihugu]] muri [[Oseyaniya]]. [[Umurwa]] mukuru w’Ibirwa bya Marishali witwa [[Majuro]]. [[Category:Ibirwa bya Marishali| ]] [[Category:Oseyaniya]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] cdk5ete41dfph0sgjleyc0mnerf15es 0 3789 133593 100164 2026-07-04T04:55:34Z Minorax 8248 133593 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag of Norfolk Island.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibendera ry’Ibirwa bya Norufoluki</span>]] [[Dosiye:LocationNorfolkIsland.png|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’Ibirwa bya Norufoluki</span>]] [[Dosiye:Anson Bay Norfolk Island View from Reserve.jpg|thumb|Anson Bay Norfolk Island View from Reserve]] [[Dosiye:Norfolk Island jail1.jpg|thumb|Ibirwa bya Norfolk ]] '''Ibirwa bya Norufoluki''' (izina mu [[cyongereza]] : ''Norfolk Island'' cyangwa ''Territory of Norfolk Island'' ; izina mu [[kinorufoluki]] : ''Norfuk Ailen'' cyangwa ''Teritrii a' Norfuk Ailen'' ) n’[[igihugu]] muri [[Oseyaniya]]. [[Category:Oseyaniya]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] 8wt3l1swtidp4n9039imu82lu8auv0e 0 3791 133589 100163 2026-07-04T04:55:14Z Minorax 8248 133589 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag of the Turks and Caicos Islands.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibendera ry’Ibirwa bya Takisi na Kayikosi</span>]] [[Dosiye:Turksandcaicos.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’Ibirwa bya Takisi na Kayikosi</span>]] [[Dosiye:Turks & Caicos (12173672765).jpg|thumb|Ibirwa Turks & Caicos ]] [[Dosiye:Turks & Caicos (12122034006).jpg|thumb|Turks & Caicos Uturwa]] '''Ibirwa bya Takisi na Kayikosi''' (izina mu [[cyongereza]] : ''Turks and Caicos Islands'' ) n’[[igihugu]] muri [[Amerika]]. [[Category:Amerika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] npid6orprbndzl7xm0itqp31errmjya 0 3793 133592 100165 2026-07-04T04:55:32Z Minorax 8248 133592 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag of the British Virgin Islands.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibendera ry’Ibirwa bya Virigini Nyongereza</span>]] [[Dosiye:LocationBritishVirginIslands.png|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’Ibirwa bya Virigini Nyongereza</span>]] [[Dosiye:British Virgin Islands — Jost van Dyke — Hammocks.jpg|thumb|British Virgin Islands — Jost van Dyke — Hammocks]] [[Dosiye:Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Islands - panoramio (85).jpg|thumb|Virgin Gorda, British Virgin Islands – panoramio ]] '''Ibirwa bya Virigini Nyongereza''' (izina mu [[cyongereza]] : ''British Virgin Islands'' ) n’[[igihugu]] muri [[Amerika]]. [[Category:Amerika]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] 7518ga5crrmikjuntw87x9jd5nghvef 0 4140 133549 132991 2026-07-03T13:25:16Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 133549 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Bagosora Diary Agenda 1993.jpg|thumb|Inyandiko za Bagosora zifuza kwica abatutsi bose]] [[Dosiye:NyabihuDist.png|thumb|Aho Theoneste yavukiye]] '''Théoneste Bagosora''' (yavutse ku ya 16 Kanama 1941 - Ku ya 25 Nzeri 2021) yahoze ari umusirikare mukuru mu Rwanda. Azwi cyane cyane ku ruhare runini yagize muri Jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda mu 1994 , akaba yarakatiwe igifungo cya burundu n'urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha rw'u Rwanda (ICTR). Igihano cyagabanijwe kugeza ku myaka 35 y'igifungo mu bujurire. {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Théoneste Bagosora |- !Yavutse |16 Kanama 1941 [[Giciye]], [[Akarere ka Nyabihu]], [[Intara y'Iburengerazuba]], u [[Rwanda]] |- !Urupfu |25 Nzeri 2021 (imyaka 80) [[Bamako]], [[Mali]] |- !Umwuga |Umusirikare mukuru |- !Imiterere y'icyaha |Afunzwe |- | colspan="2" | |- !Imyaka irakora |1964-1994 |- !Ishami rya gisirikare |[[Ingabo z’ingabo z’u Rwanda]] |- !Icyaha |Ibyaha bya Jenoside byibasiye inyokomuntu Ibyaha by'intambara |- !Igihano |Igifungo cya burundu |} == Amateka n'umwuga == Bagosora yavukiye i Giciye ahahoze ari Akarere ka Nyabihu , [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Intara y'Iburengerazuba]] , u Ruanda. Mu 1964 yarangije muri ''École des'' oficiales (Ishuri rya Ofisiye) i Kigali afite ipeti rya liyetona wa kabiri, akomeza amasomo ye mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]. Mu mirimo ye ya gisirikare yabaye umuyobozi wa kabiri wa ''militaire ya École supérieure'' (Ishuri Rikuru rya Gisirikare) i Kigali ndetse anayobora ikigo cya gisirikare cya Kanombe. Yashyizwe ku mwanya wa ''minisitiri'' w'ingabo muri ''Directeur du cabinet'' (umuyobozi mukuru) muri Minisiteri y'Ingabo muri Kamena 1992. Nubwo yavuye ku gisirikare ku mugaragaro ku ya 23 Nzeri 1993, yagumanye uyu mwanya kugegau muri muri 1994. == Uruhare muri jenoside== <blockquote>Bigaragara ko, kugeza aho habaye umuteguro rusange wibikorwa byose, iri tandukaniro rigomba kujya kuri Coloneli Théoneste Bagosora. -  </blockquote>Bagosora yavukiye mu karere kamwe ko mu majyaruguru nka [[Juvénal Habyarimana]], perezida wu Rwanda kuva 1973 kugeza 1994. Yahujwe na '''Clan de Madame''' , nyuma uzwi nka''akazu'' , itsinda rifitanye isano Agathe Habyarimana, muka perezida, wari kuri neux yingengabitekerezo yapoder hutu. Nubwo yari yitabiriye imishyikirano ya Arusha Amasezerano muri Kanama 1993, ntabwo yigeze abemeza kandi avugwa cyane avuga ko, byose bimaze gusinywa, ko azasubira mu Rwanda "kwitegura imperuka." Luc Marchal , umusirikare mukuru w’umubiligi wabaye umuyobozi wumurenge wa Kigali muri [[UNAMIR]], yatangaje ko Bagosora yamubwiye ko inzira imwe rukumbi yo gukemura ibibazo by’u Rwanda ari ugukuraho Uwiteka abatutsis. Bagosora yari ashinzwe gushinga imitwe yitwara gisirikare "kwirwanaho" ,. [[Interahamwe]], yakora muri komine zose zigihugu. Aya matsinda yagombaga gukora afatanije n’abapolisi baho, imitwe yitwara gisirikare ndetse n’ubuyobozi bwa gisirikare. Bagosora yari ashinzwe kandi gukwirakwiza intwaro n'imipanga mu Rwanda. Hagati ya Mutarama 1993 na Werurwe 1994, u Rwanda rwatumije imihoro irenga 500.000, bikubye kabiri ibyo byatumizaga mu myaka yashize.  Hakozwe urutonde rugaragaza abantu nkabanzi. Icyiciro cyashyizweho. Ahagana ku isaha ya saa 8.15 z'ijoro ku ya 6 Mata 1994, Perezida Habyarimana yari arimo asubira i Kigali nyuma y'inama ubwo su avión fue alcanzadona misile ebyiri zarashwe hasi. Indege yakoze impanuka, ihitana abantu bose bari bayirimo. Umwanya wa guverinoma z’Amerika n’u Rwanda ni uko misile zarashwe mu kigo cya Kanombe, cyagenzurwaga n’ingabo za Perezida. Amakuru y'urupfu rwa perezida yarakwirakwiriye maze ubwicanyi butangira. Nyuma y'ubwo bwicanyi, Koloneli Bagosora ari kumwe na Koloneli Rwagafilita bakusanyije abayoboke maze batumiza inama ya komite ishinzwe ibibazo.  Romeo Dallaire, umuyobozi w'umuryango w'abibumbye yaratumiwe, agezeyo gushaka ubuyobozi bukuru bw'ingabo z'u Ruanda.  Dallaire yanze icyifuzo cya Bagosora cyo gusaba ko ingabo zigenzura ibibazo bya politiki kugeza igihe bazishyikiriza abanyapolitiki kandi amwibutsa ko u Ruanda rugifite guverinoma iyobowe na Minisitiri w'intebeAgathe Uwilingiyimana. Bagosora yasubije ko adashoboye kuyobora igihugu. Nyuma yamasaha make, Madame Agathe yiciwe numugabo we nabagize ingabo za perezida ningabo.  Bagosora sorprende a kunanirwa gushaka ko ingabo zifata umwanya wa guverinoma, iryo tsinda ryatangiye gufata guverinoma y'agateganyo. Guverinoma y'agateganyo yari itsinda ry'amashyaka menshi, ariko yose yaturutse mu bice bitoroshye by'amashyaka yabo. Ubwicanyimanguera bwatangiye mu gihugu. Abatutsi benshi bakomeye hamwe nabahutu bashyira mu gaciro bahise bicwa, amazina yabo na aderesi zabo bari kurutonde.Radio Millegukwirakwiza ubukangurambaga ku bwicanyi. Amakamyo yatangiye kuhagera gukusanya imirambo myinshi. Mu gitondo cyo ku ya 7 Mata, ingabo z’amahoro icumi z’Ababiligi zari zirinze Minisitiri w’intebe Agathe kandi wiboneye ko ingabo za leta zagoswe aho yari atuye, zambuwe intwaro maze zijyanwa mu nkambi ya Kigali, nko muri metero 200 uvuye aho Koloneli Bagosora yari akorera inama. y'abasirikare bakuru. Ingabo z’amahoro zishwe mu masaha menshi n’abasirikare. Mu buhamya bwe, Koloneli Bagosora yemeye ko yitabiriye aho ubwo bwicanyi bwakorwaga, nubwo yavuze ko nta kintu na kimwe yari gukora ngo ahagarike ubwo bwicanyi.Nkuko byari byitezwe, urupfu rw’abasirikare icumi b’amahoro mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] rwatumye benshi mu ngabo z’amahoro bava mu Rwanda, bituma inzira y’ubwo bwicanyi ikorwa neza. Mu minsi 100 yakurikiyeho, abantu bishwe ku buryo butangaje. Umubare w'abapfuye ugera kuri 1000000 zirenga. Imbere yo kwivanga kw'ingabotutsi mu gusubiza jenoside, Bagosora yahungiye mu muturanyi Zaire. "Kugaburirwa no kurindwacampos de refugiados con elGushyigikira miliyoni y'amadolari mu imfashanyo mpuzamahanga, abayobozi Hutu Power bashoboye inama buri igenamigambi gushaka abayoboke bashya. "  Ku Bagosora n'umwete uruhare, bari kubaka inzego zabo gisirikare hagamijwe kurangiza Abatutsi. === Urubanza rw'Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha ku Rwanda === Urupapuro rwo mu gitabo cya Théoneste Bagosora kuva muri Gashyantare 1992 rwerekana ibintu bigize gahunda ya "kwirwanaho kw'abaturage". Nyuma, Bagosora yimukiye muri [[Kameruni]] hamwe nabandi bayobozi benshi b'Abahutu. Aho niho yafungiweAndré Ntagerura. Mu 1997, yagaragaye bwa mbere mbere yu (ICTR) muri Arusha , Tanzania, guhangana n'ibyaha cumi na bitatu by'ibyaha 11 mpuzamahanga bitandukanye, bishingiye ku mategeko ya jenoside, ibyaha byibasiye inyoko muntu n'ibyaha by'intambara. Urubanza rwahurijwe hamwe n’abandi basirikare bakuru batatu bashinjwaga kuba bafatanije umugambi rwatangiye ku ya 2 Mata 2002. Mu rubanza rwe, hagaragajwe ibindi bimenyetso byerekana ko mu 1991 we hamwe n’abandi baregwa hamwe bafashije gutegura inyandiko ivuga ko ubwoko bw’abatutsi ari "umwanzi mukuru" wakwirakwijwe cyane mu gisirikare. Bashinjwaga kandi gushyigikira itangazamakuru rishinzwe gukwirakwiza ubutumwa bwanga no gukora urutonde rw’abahohotewe. Urubanza rwasojwe ku ya 1 Kamena 2007, nyuma y’imyaka itanu, Coloneli Théoneste Bagosora akomeje kuba umwere. Ku ya 18 Ukuboza 2008 , [[Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha ku Rwanda]] yatangaje Bagosora n'abandi basirikare bakuru babiri bo mu ngabo z'u Rwanda ,. Aloys Ntabakuze na koloneli Anatole Nsengiyumva , icyaha genocidio , crímenes de lesa humanidad na crímenes de guerra aramukatira cadena perpetua.  Mu butegetsi ko igifungo yari igihano gikwiye kuko Bagosora, abacamanza urubanza batatu bemeje ko "imibabaro y'abantu yari amahero bitewe n'ibyaha ko ashobora gusa kuba byaramaze amutegeka yabo uruhushya."  Urukiko rwatangaje ko Bagosora yari "umutegetsi ukomeye muri Minisiteri y’ingabo y’u Rwanda, afite ububasha ku ngabo" nyuma yaasesinato del presidente Habyarimana.  Urukiko rwemeje ko Bagosora yagize uruhare mu iyicwa rya Minisitiri w’intebe [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]], ingabo 10 z’amahoro z’Ababiligi zari zirinze Minisitiri w’intebe i Camp Kigali, Perezida w’urukiko rw’itegeko nshinga Joseph Kavaruganda n’abayobozi batatu bakomeye batavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi,Faustin. Rucogoza , Frederic Nzamurambaho na Landoald Ndasingwa. Byongeye kandi, urukiko rwasanze Bagosora ahamwa n'icyaha cyo gutegura ubwicanyi bwibasiye Abatutsi muriKigali na Gisenyi.. Icyakora, urukiko rw’ibanze rwemeje ko hari ugushidikanya gukomeye ko ibyabaye mbere y’itariki ya 6 Mata byasobanurwa gusa n’umugambi wa Bagosora wagiranye n’abandi, kuko yagizwe umwere ku cyaha cyo gucura umugambi wo gukora jenoside mbere y’itariki ya 6 Mata 1994 Mu myanzuro ya nyuma y’urubanza, uwahoze ari Coloneli Theoneste Bagosora yahamijwe ibyaha 10 by’ibyaha umunani bitandukanye birimo jenoside, ibyaha bibiri by’ubwicanyi (kimwe cy’Abanyarwanda n’icyaha cy’amahoro), gutsemba, gufata ku ngufu, gutotezwa, ibindi bikorwa by’ubumuntu, bibiri ibara. kuva ku ihohoterwa kugeza mu buzima (umwe ku Banyarwanda undi ku kubungabunga amahoro), ndetse no kurakara ku cyubahiro cye. == Reba == {{DEFAULTSORT:Bagosora, Théoneste}} [[Category:Abanyepolitiki]] [[Category:Itsembabwoko]] [[Category:Abanyarwanda]] [[Category:Abahutu]] [[Category:Abagabo]] gizuakrtqadc1rx54li2y8qlxoepzdm 0 4420 133573 126161 2026-07-04T04:54:01Z Minorax 8248 133573 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flags at Josef Odlozil Memorial in Prague 14June2010 02.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">amabendera y’igihugu</span>]] [[Dosiye:Sears Tower lobby for the olympics.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">amabendera y’igihugu</span>]]Ibendera ry’igihugu ni kimwe mu birango bitatu biranga igihugu ku isi hose.Nta gihugu kitagira ibendera na kimwe ku isi kitagira ibendera. Ibendera riba rikozwe mu itambaro cy'umwenda bitewe ni uko abenegihugu bakifuza kigashushanywa mu mabara hagendewe ku byo igihugu kifirizwa kumenyekanamo .<ref name=":0">https://www.rlrc.gov.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=74763&token=f77843b618ad30639def740f721ddc61c9afdbdc</ref> '''Amabara y'ibendera''' Ibendera ryose ry'igihugu riba rigizwe n'amabara make cyangwa menshi hashingiwe ku ntego runaka igihugu kihaye mu burere mboneragihugu bwacyo.Dufatiye urugero ku ibendera ry'u Rwanda, rigizwe n'amabara atatu ariyo : ubururu,umuhondo n'icyatsikibisi. Buri bara muri aya rifite igisobanuro cyaryo.<ref>https://www.rlrc.gov.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=74762&token=cb41274d1a4b2d1626672542e40024a521270e26</ref> N'''i nde ugena ingano z'ibendra ry'igihugu?''' Ingano z'ibendera ry'igihugu zigenwa kandi zigashyirwaho na Minisitiri ufite inshingano zo kurinda ibendera ry'igihugu.<ref name=":0" /> '''Ni nde ushobora gutunga ibendera ry'igihugu?''' Umwene gihugu,( umuryango, ikigo ) uwo ari wese ubifitiye kandi wabiherewe uburenganzira,ashobora gutunga no gukoresha ibendera mu bintu bidatesha agaciro ibirango by'igihugu.<ref name=":0" /> '''Ibirango by'igihugu''' Igihugu cyose kigira ibirango bitatu arirbyo: 1.Ibendera ry'igihugu 2.Indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu 3.Ikirangantego cy'igihugu Ibendera ry'igihugu ririndwa kandi rigacungwa na Minisiteri y'ubutegetsi n'uburere mboneragihugu. [[Ikiciro:Amabendera y’Igihugu| ]] 1rzrvt6fp68uz86k09hmhg2siwmfyms 0 4422 133590 65871 2026-07-04T04:55:16Z Minorax 8248 133590 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Sears Tower lobby for the olympics.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">amabendera y’igihugu</span>]] [[Dosiye:Flag of Esperanto.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibendera ry’icyesiperanto </span>]] [[Dosiye:Gay flag.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibendera rya LGBT </span>]] '''Ibendera''' [[Ibendera ry’igihugu]] cy’u [[Rwanda]] rigizwe n’amabara atatu : icyatsi kibisi, umuhondo, n’ubururu. [[Category:Amabendera| ]] 2flyp5d89kq11pjzn5l6d3v83eigav0 0 4754 133577 66436 2026-07-04T04:54:43Z Minorax 8248 133577 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:ElamischeStrichschrift.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Icyelamite</span>]] '''Icyelamite''' ni [[Ururimi (kuvuga)|ururimi]]. Itegekongenga [[ISO 639-3]] '''elx''' . [[Category:Indimi]] ouyvy55uvaq64w67u6g1uqo3sdq56a6 0 5574 133543 133503 2026-07-03T13:22:33Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 133543 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Çorum Turkey Provinces locator.gif|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita y’umujyi wa Çorum</span>]]{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q206900}} '''Çorum''' Çorum (Cho-rum) ni umujyi uherereye mu majyaruguru ya Anatoliya muri [[Turukiya]]. Uherereye imbere mu gihugu, mu gice cyo hagati cy'akarere ka Black Sea (Inyanja Yirabura), ukaba uri ku ntera ya kilometero 244 uvuye i Ankara na kilometero 608 uvuye [[Istanbul|i Istanbul]]. Ni wo murwa mukuru w'Intara ya Çorum ndetse n'Akarere ka Çorum. Mu mwaka wa 2022, wari utuwe n'abaturage 269,595. Uherereye ku butumburuke bwa metero 801 hejuru y'inyanja.Çorum izwi cyane kubera ahantu h'ubucukuzi bw'amateka bw'Abafurigiya (Phrygians) n'Abahiti (Hittites), amasoko y'amazi ashyushye avura indwara, ndetse n'ibiryo byayo bizwi cyane by'utubuto tw'ibishyimbo bikaranze (leblebi), bikundwa mu gihugu hose.Uyu mujyi ni umwe mu mijyi ikomeye yo mu majyaruguru ya Anatoliya rwagati, kandi uzwi ku rwego mpuzamahanga kubera kuba wegereye Hattusa, [[umurwa]] mukuru w'[[Umwami|Ubwami]] bwa kera bw'Abahiti ndetse n'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO. Nanone, Çorum izwi cyane nk'ahantu hakorerwa '''leblebi''', ibishyimbo bikaranze by'umwihariko byabaye kimwe mu bimenyetso nyamukuru biranga uyu mujyi. == Amateka == Hari ibimenyetso byinshi by’ubucukumbuzi bw’amateka bigaragaza ko abantu batuye mu gace ka Çorum kuva mu '''Igihe cy’Amabuye cya Kera (Paleolithic Age)'''. Aka gace karateye imbere cyane mu '''Igihe cy’Umuringa (Bronze Age)''', ubwo '''Ubwami bw’Abahiti (Hittite Empire)''' bwashingwaga hagati ya '''1650 na 1200 mbere ya Yezu Kristu (BCE)'''. Umurwa mukuru w’Abahiti, '''Hattusa''', wari muri aka karere kubera ko kari gafite uburinzi bwiza bw’urusobe rw’imisozi ndetse n’ubukungu bwari bushingiye ku rwego rwo hejuru rw’ubucuruzi bwari bushyigikiwe na gahunda ya '''Karum'''. === Ubutegetsi bwagiye busimburana muri Çorum === * '''Ubwami bw’Abahiti (Hittites):''' ahagana mu 1600–1200 BCE * '''Ubwami bwa Phrygia:''' ahagana mu 800–695 BCE * '''Ubwami bw’Achaemenid (Abaperesi):''' ahagana mu 547–333 BCE * '''Ubwami bwa Makedoniya:''' 333–323 BCE * '''Ubwami bwa Pontus:''' ahagana mu 281–63 BCE * '''Ubwami bw’Abaroma:''' 63 BCE–395 CE * '''Ubwami bwa Bizantine:''' 395–1071 * '''Ubwami bwa Seljuk:''' 1071–mu myaka ya 1080 * '''Ubwami bwa Danishmendid:''' ahagana mu 1080–1178 * '''Sultanate ya Rum:''' 1178–1243 * '''Ubwami bwa Ilkhanate:''' 1243–1335 * '''Ubwami bwa Eretna Beylik:''' 1335–1381 * '''Ubwami bwa Ottoman:''' 1398–1922 * '''Repubulika ya Turukiya:''' 1923–kugeza ubu Hari igitekerezo cy’abashakashatsi kivuga ko umujyi wa '''Euchaneia''' wo mu gihe cy’Ubwami bwa Bizantine ushobora kuba wari uherereye aho umujyi wa Çorum uri ubu cyangwa hafi yaho. Icyakora, abandi bashakashatsi bavuga ko Euchaneia yari iherereye kure gato mu burasirazuba, hafi ya '''Euchaita'''. Mu nyandiko z’Ikigereki cya kera n’iza Bizantine, Çorum yitwaga '''Niconia (Νικόνεια)''' cyangwa '''Nikonya''' mu [[Ikilatini|Kilatini]]. Inyandiko zo mu gihe cyo Hagati (Medieval period) nazo zita Çorum '''Yankoniya (Yankoniyye)''', mu gihe ibitabo by’amateka byanditswe nyuma bikoresha amazina '''Niconia''' cyangwa '''Nikonya'''. Ibi byose byerekana ko ayo mazina ashobora kuba yarerekezaga ku mudugudu umwe wabayeho mbere y’ubutegetsi bwa Ottoman. Mu '''Nzu Ndangamurage y’Arikiyoloji ya Çorum (Çorum Archaeological Museum)''' habikwa ibisigazwa byinshi by’amateka, birimo: * Igice cy’inkono (pottery) yo mu gihe cy’Abafurigiya (Phrygians). * Igice cy’igiseke cyitwa '''Hüseyindede vase''' cyo mu gihe cya mbere cy’Abahiti. * '''Ikimenyetso cy’izuba (Sun Disk)''' cyakozwe hagati ya '''2400–2200 BCE''' mu gihe cya Early Bronze Age, cyavumbuwe muri '''Alaca Höyük''', ubu kikaba kibitswe mu '''Nzu Ndangamurage ya Eskişehir'''. Amateka y’umujyi wa Çorum nk’uko uzwi ubu atangira gusa mu kinyejana cya '''16'''. Inkomoko y’izina '''Çorum''' ntiramenyekana neza. Ryagaragaye bwa mbere mu nyandiko z’Ubwami bwa Ottoman rivuga ku gihome cya Seljuk cyitwaga '''Çorum Kalesi''', nk’uko cyasobanuwe n’umunyamateka n’umugenzi '''Evliya Çelebi'''. Mu kinyejana cya 16 rwagati, icyo gihome cyari kigabanyijemo uturere tune twitwaga '''mahalle''' (uduce tw’umujyi). Kuva mu '''1867 kugeza mu 1922''', Çorum yari imwe mu mijyi yari igize '''Intara ya Angora (Ankara Vilayet)''' y’Ubwami bwa Ottoman. == Abaturage == Çorum ni umurwa mukuru w’Intara ya Çorum kandi ni na wo muyobozi w’imirimo y’ubuyobozi muri iyo ntara. Mu ntangiriro z’umwaka wa 2020, umujyi wari utuwe n’abaturage barenga '''260,000'''. [[Intara]] yose ya Çorum ifite abaturage benshi kurushaho, batuye mu turere tw’icyaro no mu mijyi mito iyigize. Uyu mujyi wakomeje kwiyongera mu mubare w’abaturage bitewe ahanini n’abimukira bava mu cyaro bajya mu mujyi gushaka imibereho myiza. Abenshi baturuka mu turere duhingwamo imyaka dukikije Çorum. Nk’indi mijyi myinshi yo muri Anatoliya rwagati, imiterere y’abaturage ba Çorum yagiye ihinduka bitewe n’iyimukire yo mu gihugu imbere ndetse n’amahirwe y’akazi aboneka mu nganda no mu rwego rwa serivisi. Mu myaka yashize, umubare w’abaturage b’umujyi wakomeje kwiyongera ku buryo bugaragara. Mu mwaka wa '''1970''', Çorum yari ifite abaturage '''57,576'''. Mu '''1980''', bari bageze kuri '''75,726''', mu '''1985''' bagera kuri '''96,725''', naho mu '''1990''' baba '''116,810'''. Mu mwaka wa '''2000''', abaturage bari bamaze kugera kuri '''161,321''', mu '''2009''' baba '''206,600''', naho mu '''2017''' umujyi ugera ku baturage '''227,863'''.Iri zamuka ry’abaturage rigaragaza iterambere ry’umujyi, ryatewe ahanini no kwimukira kw’abaturage bava mu cyaro baza gushaka akazi, uburezi, serivisi zitandukanye, n’ubuzima bwiza. == Ubukungu == Mu mateka, ubukungu bw’umujyi wa Çorum bwari bushingiye ahanini ku bucuruzi n’imirimo gakondo, nko gukora ibikoresho by’umuringa (coppersmithing), gutunganya uruhu (tanning), kuboha imyenda mu buryo bwa gakondo, ubuhinzi, ndetse n’ubworozi. Nubwo wari umujyi ufite umusaruro muto ugereranyije n’indi mijyi minini, wakomeje kugira ibikorwa by’ubukungu byibanze ku buzima bwa buri munsi bw’abaturage.Mu myaka igera kuri makumyabiri ishize, Çorum yagiye igaragaza '''iterambere rikomeye mu nganda''' no mu bijyanye n’ubwubatsi bw’imashini zoroshye (light engineering). Ibi byatumye ugera ku rwego rwo kuba umwe mu mijyi ifite inganda zateye imbere ugereranyije n’umubare w’abaturage bayo.Kera, umujyi wari ufite inganda zigera kuri '''20''' zikora amategura n’amatafari (tiles and bricks), ndetse n’inganda zigera kuri '''10''' zisya ifu n’ibiryo by’amatungo. Ubu ariko, umusaruro wawo wagutse cyane, aho ukora ibicuruzwa bitandukanye birimo '''sima''', '''ibice by’imodoka''', '''isukari itunganijwe''', '''ibikomoka ku mata''', '''imyenda''', ndetse n’ibikoresho bya '''mudasobwa'''.Mu bihe bya vuba, n’ubworozi bw’inkoko nabwo bwabaye kimwe mu bice bigenda bitera imbere mu bukungu bw’uyu mujyi, bufasha mu kongera umusaruro w’ibiribwa n’iterambere ry’inganda zifitanye isano n’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi. == Uburezi == Uburezi bwo ku rwego rwa kaminuza muri Çorum butangwa ahanini na '''Hitit University''', kaminuza ya leta yashinzwe mu mwaka wa '''2006'''. Iyi kaminuza itanga amasomo atandukanye mu mashami arimo ubumenyi bw’ubwubatsi n’ubuhanga (engineering), ubuvuzi, ubumenyi bw’imibereho, ndetse n’amategeko n’iyobokamana (theology). Ishyirwaho ry’iyi kaminuza ryagize uruhare rukomeye mu guteza imbere '''uburezi n’umuco''' w’umujyi wa Çorum, rikanagira ingaruka nziza ku iterambere rusange ryawo. == Ubukerarugendo == [[Dosiye:YAZILIKAYA, Hattusha, Boğazköy, Çorum, Turkey 03.jpg|thumb]] Ubukerarugendo muri Çorum bushingiye cyane ku murage w’amateka n’ubucukuzi bw’ibisigazwa bya kera (archaeology). Uyu mujyi ni irembo rikuru rigana ahantu h’ingenzi cyane ho mu bihe by’Amabuye y’Umuringa n’Ubwami bw’Abahiti, harimo '''Hattusa''', umurwa mukuru wa kera w’Ubwami bw’Abahiti kandi uri ku rutonde rwa '''UNESCO World Heritage Site''', ndetse na '''Alacahöyük''', rumwe mu hantu h’ingenzi cyane h’ubucukuzi bw’amateka muri Anatoliya. Mu mujyi wa Çorum ubwawo, '''Nzu Ndangamurage ya Çorum (Çorum Museum)''' ni kimwe mu bikurura ba mukerarugendo bikomeye. Ibitse ibihangano byinshi n’ibisigazwa by’amateka byo mu bihe bitandukanye birimo iby’Abahiti, Abafurigiya, Abaroma, Abanyabizantine, Abaseljuki n’Abottoman. Harimo kandi ibihangano byavumbuwe i Hattusa, Alacahöyük na Şapinuva. Ubukerarugendo bw’umuco nabwo bufashwa n’insengero za kera z’uyu mujyi, inyubako gakondo z’amateka, n’inzu ndangamurage zitandukanye. Byongeye kandi, Çorum izwi nk’imwe mu mijyi ikomeye muri Turukiya mu bushakashatsi n’ubumenyi ku mateka y’Abahiti, bikayongerera agaciro mu rwego mpuzamahanga. == Igihome cya Çorum (Çorum Castle / Çorum Kalesi) == [[Dosiye:Gerdek Rock Tomb front detail, Hellenistic period, 2nd century BC, district of Çorum, Turkey.jpg|thumb]] '''Çorum Castle''', izwi kandi ku izina rya '''Çorum Kalesi''', ni igihome cy’amateka giherereye ku musozi w’amabuye ureba neza ikigo cy’umujyi wa Çorum.Nubwo itariki nyayo cyubatsweho itazwi neza, abashakashatsi benshi bemeza ko cyubatswe bwa mbere mu gihe '''cy’Ubwami bwa Bizantine''', hanyuma kigasubirwamo kandi kigatunganywa mu bihe by’Ubwami bwa '''Seljuk''' ndetse n’Ubwami bwa '''Ottoman'''.Mu mateka yacyo, iki gihome cyakoreshwaga nk’ahantu h’ingabo ho kurinda umujyi no kugenzura inzira z’ubucuruzi n’ingendo zinyuraga muri ako karere, ndetse no kurinda abaturage b’aho hantu.Kugeza n’ubu, haracyari ibisigazwa by’inkuta zacyo n’imirongo y’ibyumba by’ingabo (towers). Iki gihome kandi ni kimwe mu bice bikurura ba mukerarugendo, kuko gitanga n’amaso meza areba umujyi wa Çorum ndetse n’icyaro kiyikikije. == Umuco == Umujyi wa '''Çorum''' ufite umurage ukungahaye w’umuco, wubakiye ku mateka maremare yawo nk’ahantu hatuwe n’umuhererekane w’imico n’imbaga zitandukanye zirimo '''Abahiti (Hittites)''', '''Ababyzantine''', '''Abaselijuki (Seljuks)''' n’'''Abottomani (Ottomans)'''. Buri myaka itatu, uyu mujyi wakira '''Inama Mpuzamahanga ku Bahiti (International Hittite Congress)''', igaragaza uruhare rukomeye Çorum ifite mu bushakashatsi ku mateka n’ubucukumbuzi bw’ibyataburuwe mu butaka.Imigenzo gakondo yo muri Anatoliya iracyagaragara mu mibereho y’abaturage, cyane cyane mu muziki, ubukorikori ndetse no mu bikorwa byo guhurira hamwe nk’umuryango. Indirimbo gakondo n’umuco wo gutanga inkuru z’ihererekanywa mu magambo biracyafite umwanya ukomeye, cyane cyane mu bice by’icyaro bikikije uyu mujyi.Gutunganya no gukora '''leblebi''' (ibinyomoro bya poishe bikaranze) ni kimwe mu biranga umuco n’ubukungu bwa Çorum. Uyu muco umaze ibinyejana byinshi ukorwa muri uyu mujyi, kandi '''leblebi''' yabaye ikimenyetso kizwi kiranga Çorum. Kugeza n’ubu, hari inganda n’abacuruzi benshi bakomeza kuyitunganya no kuyohereza ku masoko yo muri Turukiya ndetse no mu bindi bihugu. === Inzu Ndangamurage ya Çorum === '''Inzu Ndangamurage ya Çorum''' ni yo rwego nyamukuru rushinzwe kubungabunga no kwerekana ibimenyetso by’amateka byakomotse mu bihe by’'''Abahiti (Hittites)''', '''Abafurigiya (Phrygians)''', '''Abaroma''', n’'''Ababyzantine'''. Mu byo ibitse harimo ibikoresho bikozwe mu ibumba, ibyuma, amafaranga ya kera (ibiceri), n’ibindi byavumbuwe mu bucukumbuzi bwakorewe mu karere, cyane cyane muri '''Alacahöyük''' na '''Boğazköy-Hattusa'''.Iyi nzu ndangamurage kandi ifite igice cyerekana imibereho n’umuco w’abaturage bo mu cyaro cyo muri ako karere. Aho hagaragaramo ibikoresho gakondo byakoreshwaga mu buzima bwa buri munsi, hamwe n’ingero z’ubukorikori bw’iwabo, bifasha gusobanukirwa amateka n’imibereho y’abaturage ba Çorum n’akarere kayo. == Ubwikorezi == ==== Sitasiyo y’Ibisi (Bus Terminal) ==== Çorum iherereye ku muhanda ukomeye uhuza '''Anatoliya yo Hagati (Central Anatolia)''' n’akarere k’inyanja y’'''Inyanja Yirabura (Black Sea region)'''. Uyu mujyi uhuza n’imijyi ikomeye nka '''Ankara''' binyuze mu mihanda migari yo mu gihugu, bikawugira ihuriro rikomeye ry’ubwikorezi bwo mu gihugu imbere.Ubwikorezi bwo mu muhanda ni bwo bukoreshwa cyane mu kugera muri uyu mujyi, kandi uhuza n’imihanda y’igihugu ihuza imbere mu gihugu cya Turukiya n’intara zo mu majyaruguru zegereye inyanja. Imishinga yo guteza imbere ibikorwa remezo harimo n’igenamigambi ryo guhuza Çorum n’imiyoboro ya gari ya moshi ndetse na gari ya moshi yihuta (high-speed rail).Hari inzira nyinshi zo kugera muri Çorum mu muhanda. Urugendo ruva mu murwa mukuru '''Ankara''' rukorwa unyuze ku muhanda '''E88'''. Hateganyijwe kandi ahantu ho guhagarara gari ya moshi yihuta izahuza '''Ankara–Samsun''', ikanyura no muri Çorum, mu mushinga wa '''TCDD (Turkish State Railways)'''. == Ubucukumbuzi bw’Amateka (Archaeology) == Akarere ka '''Çorum''' ni kamwe mu turere two muri Turukiya dufite akamaro kanini mu bucukumbuzi bw’amateka, kuko hari ibimenyetso by’uko abantu batuye muri ako gace kuva mu bihe bya kera cyane bya '''Paleolithic''' na '''Chalcolithic'''. Aka karere kandi kageze ku rwego rukomeye mu mateka y’Isi mu gihe cy’'''Icyuma cya Bronze (Bronze Age)''', aho kari mu murwa mukuru w’umuco w’'''Abahiti (Hittite civilization)'''.Ahantu hatari kure nka '''Hattusa''', wari umurwa mukuru w’Ubwami bw’Abahiti, ndetse na '''Yazılıkaya''', ahabaga ibikorwa by’idini, byombi biri ku rutonde rwa '''UNESCO World Heritage Sites''' mu Ntara ya Çorum. Izindi site zikomeye z’ubucukumbuzi zirimo '''Alacahöyük''' na '''Sapinuwa''', zigaragaza uko habayeho ubuzima buhoraho n’imiyoborere mu Anatoliya ya kera.Kubera kwegera ahantu hakomeye nk’'''Hattusa''' na '''Alacahöyük''', Çorum yabaye imwe mu bigo bikomeye bya Turukiya mu bushakashatsi ku mateka y’Abahiti n’ubucukumbuzi. '''Inzu Ndangamurage ya Çorum''' ibitse ibihangano byinshi by’amateka byaturutse mu bihe by’Abahiti, Abafurigiya (Phrygians), Abaroma, Ababyzantine, Abaselijuki (Seljuks) n’Abottomani (Ottomans).Nyuma y’Ubwami bw’Abahiti, aka karere kagiye kagira ingaruka z’ubutegetsi bw’Abafurigiya, Abaperisi, Abaroma, Ababyzantine, hanyuma n’ibihugu by’Abanyaturukiya, bituma habeho uruhurirane rukomeye rw’amateka n’ubucukumbuzi butandukanye. == Ibidukikije n’Imiterere y’aho iherereye (Geography) == Çorum iherereye ku nkombe yo mu majyaruguru y’'''Ikarita Ndende ya Anatoliya yo Hagati (Central Anatolian Plateau)'''. Uyu mujyi uri ku kibaya gikikijwe n’imisozi hirya no hino.Ishami rya '''Merzifon''' rya '''ikibari cy’imitingito cya Anatoliya y’Amajyaruguru (North Anatolian Fault)''' rinyura hafi, ku ntera ya kilometero nka 25 (ibilometero 16) mu majyaruguru ya Çorum. Umurongo nyamukuru w’icyo kibari cy’imitingito nawo uherereye ku ntera ya kilometero nka 60 (ibilometero 37) mu majyaruguru y’uyu mujyi. == Ikirere (Climate) == Çorum ifite ikirere cy’ubwoko bwa '''continental gishyushye mu mpeshyi''' (ukurikije classification ya Köppen: '''Dfb''', cyangwa Trewartha: '''Dcb'''), aho haba impeshyi ishyushye kandi yumutse, n’itumba rikonje cyane kandi riherekejwe n’urubura. Ibihe by’'''impeshyi''' birangwa n’izuba n’ubushyuhe, mu gihe '''itumba''' rirangwa n’ubukonje bukabije n’urubura. Ibihe by’'''impeshyi yoroheje (spring)''' n’'''izuba ry’umwaka risoza (autumn)''' byo birangwa n’imvura yoroheje n’ubushyuhe butari bwinshi. * Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwigeze kwandikwa: '''42.6 °C''' (108.7 °F) ku wa 30 Nyakanga 2000. * Ubushyuhe bwo hasi bwigeze kwandikwa: '''−27.2 °C''' (−17.0 °F) ku wa 23 Gashyantare 1985. == Abantu Bazwi bakomoka i Çorum (Notable People of Çorum) == * '''İskilipli Mehmed Atıf Hoca''' – Umunyamadini wa Islamu uzwi cyane mu mateka ya Turukiya. * '''Süleyman Özmen''' – Umunyeshuri uzwi mu rugendo rw’abanenga ubutegetsi (Idealist student). * '''Elif Çakır''' – Umunyamakuru (journalist). * '''Nihat Nikerel''' – Umukinnyi wa filime (actor). * '''Âşık Gülabi''' – Umusizi n’umuririmbyi w’indirimbo gakondo (folk poet). * '''Mahmut Atalay''' – Umukinnyi w’umukino wo kurwana (wrestler), uzwi cyane mu mateka ya siporo ya Turukiya. == Abayobozi b’Umujyi wa Çorum (Mayors of Çorum Province) == * '''1973–1984 & 1989–1994''': Turhan Kılıççıoğlu (CHP, SHP) * '''1984–1989''': Necdet Diken (ANAP) * '''1994–2002''': Arif Ersoy (Refah Party, Fazilet Partisi, AK Party) * '''2002–2003''': Ömer Abuhanoğlu (AK Party) * '''2003–2009''': Turan Atlamaz (AK Party) * '''2009–2018''': Muzaffer Külcü (AK Party) * '''2018–2019''': Zeki Gül (AK Party) * '''2019–ubu''': Halil İbrahim Aşgın (AK Party) === Reba nanone (See also) === * '''Anatolian Tigers''' – Ijambo rikoreshwa mu kuvuga imijyi n’intara zo muri Anatoliya zateye imbere mu bukungu n’inganda mu buryo bwihuse. * '''Amasya''' – Umujyi wo muri Turukiya uzwiho amateka akomeye n’umuco gakondo, uri hafi ya Çorum. * '''Chickpea noghl''' – Ibiryo biryohereye bikozwe mu binyomoro (chickpeas), bikunda gukoreshwa nk’ifunguro ryo kurya cyangwa desert mu bice bimwe bya Turukiya na Iran. * '''Leblebi''' – Ibinomoro byokeje (roasted chickpeas), ibiryo gakondo bizwi cyane cyane mu mujyi wa Çorum kandi bikaba kimwe mu biranga umuco n’ubukungu bwawo. == Amashakiro == # [https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en] # https://web.archive.org/web/20150706215822/https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx # [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/377 Hattusha: the Hittite Capital - UNESCO World Heritage Centre] # https://nisanyanyeradlari.com/?y=&lv=&t=%C3%A7orum&cry=TR&ua=10 # [https://www.tuik.gov.tr/ Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK)] # https://corum.goturkiye.com/see # https://www.britannica.com/place/Corum # https://www.allaboutturkey.com/corum.html [[Category:Imijyi ya Turukiya]] mtzb4fp6pl1n170wnmzx1m0ofijb771 0 6795 133578 86594 2026-07-04T04:54:44Z Minorax 8248 133578 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Fugu in Tank.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Fugu</span>]] [[Dosiye:Takifugu rubripes Kaikyokan1.jpg|thumb|FUGU]] [[Dosiye:Fugu.Tsukiji.CR.jpg|thumb|Fugu]] '''Fugu''' (izina mu [[kiyapani]] : 河豚 ; amazina ry’ubumenyi mu [[kilatini]] : ''Takifugu'', ''Lagocephalus'', ''Sphoeroides'' ) ni [[ifi]]. [[Category:Amafi]] hu347yvqr9y9qntduvt6dtps1qrojh0 0 6836 133594 67038 2026-07-04T04:55:35Z Minorax 8248 133594 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Minuscule 699 GA folio 41v.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Urwandiko rwa Tito</span>]] '''Urwandiko rwa Tito''' ni [[igitabo]] cyo mu [[Isezerano Rishya]] muri [[Bibiliya]]. [[Category:Bibiliya]] [[Category:Ibitabo byo mu Isezerano Rishya]] nnih1horh7nf672b90gg2f5r0k5k38a 0 6872 133579 122727 2026-07-04T04:54:45Z Minorax 8248 133579 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Donghoi3.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Amafoto y’umujyi wa Dong Hoi </span>]] Umujyi wa '''Dong Hoi''' (izina mu [[kinyaviyetinamu]] : ''Thành phố Đồng Hới'') ni umujyi wa [[Viyetinamu]]. Umujyi gatuwe n’abaturage bagera kuri 103,988, batuye kubuso bwa km² 155.54. [[Dosiye:Doi Han resort (45961).jpg|center|thumb|420x420px|Dong hoi]] [[Category:Viyetinamu]] s1gtlg0jz51oiqcedcwl3s672qlft0n 0 6974 133580 78283 2026-07-04T04:54:46Z Minorax 8248 133580 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Sau Beach in Vungtau.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Amafoto y’umujyi wa Vung Tau </span>]] Umujyi wa '''Vung Tau''' (izina mu [[kinyaviyetinamu]] : ''Thành phố Vung Tau'') ni umujyi wa [[Viyetinamu]]. Umujyi gatuwe n’abaturage bagera kuri 283,988, batuye kubuso bwa km² 140. [[Dosiye:Vung Tau, Viet Nam 2021.jpg|center|thumb|480x480px|ifoto yu mugi]] [[Category:Viyetinamu]] jmnf2jo02yzz6agyxzju2x0do6567q7 0 7728 133582 78216 2026-07-04T04:54:48Z Minorax 8248 133582 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Edinburgh Trip 3.27.2011 075.JPG|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Umusigiti wa Edinburgh</span>]] [[Dosiye:Edinburgh central mosque edit.jpg|thumb|umusigiti wa ''Edinburgh'' ]] [[Dosiye:Front Entrance of Edinburgh Central mosque.jpg|thumb|Kwinjira imbere yumusigiti wo hagati wa Edinburgh]] '''Umusigiti wa Edinburgh''' (izina mu [[cyongereza]]: ''Edinburgh Central Mosque'') ni [[umusigiti]] i [[Edinburgh]] mu [[Bwongereza]]. [[Category:Imisigiti y’u Bwongereza]] 7qdmn0fgfjcxz2599thxkqt41wnqvg2 0 8024 133553 133046 2026-07-03T13:27:20Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133553 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Gisagara| ]] [[Ikiciro:Intara y'amajyepfo]] [[Dosiye:GisagaraDist.png|thumb]]{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q31827563}} Akarere ka Gisagara <ref>https://www.gisagara.gov.rw/</ref>ni kamwe mu turere 30 tugize Igihugu cy’u [[Rwanda]]. Gaherereye mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Ntara y’Amajyepfo]], mu majyepfo yayo. Mu majyepfo n’iburasirazuba gahana imbibi n’igihugu cy’u [[Burundi]], mu majyaruguru gahana imbibi n’[[Akarere ka Nyanza]] naho iburengerazuba kagahana imbibi n’Uturere twa Nyaruguru na Huye. Kagizwe n’Imirenge 13, [[Akagari|Utugari]] 59 n’Imidugudu 524.<ref>https://www.minecofin.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Minecofin/Publications/REPORTS/National_Budget/District_Budget/2010-11_Budgets/GISAGARA.pdf</ref> === imirenge === Aka karere kagizwe n'imirenge cumi n'itatu ariyo:Gikonko, Gishubi, Kansi, Kibirizi, Kigembe, Mamba, Muganza, Mugombwa, Mukindo, Musha, Ndora, Nyanza na Save. Iyi mirenge ni yo nzego z’imiyoborere zegerejwe abaturage, ikaba ifasha mu gutanga serivisi no guteza imbere imibereho myiza y’abaturage. === utugali === [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|Imirenge]] y’Akarere ka Gisagara igabanyijwemo utugari aritwo: Agahabwa, Akaboti, Baziro, Bukinanyana, Bweya, Bwiza, Cyamukuza, Cyiri, Cyumba, Dahwe, Duwani, Gabiro, Gakoma, Gasagara, Gatoki, Gatovukigembe, Gatovumusha, Gisagara, Gitega, Higiro, Impinga, Kabumbwe, Kibayi, Kibirizi, Kibu, Kigarama, Kimana, Mbogo, Mukande, Mukiza, Mukomacara, Munazi, Muyaga, Muyira, Nyabikenke, Nyabisagara, Nyabitare, Nyakibungo, Nyamugali, Nyaruteja, Nyeranzi, Ramba, Remera, Rubona, Runyinya, Rusagara, Ruturo, Rwamiko, Rwanza, Sabusaro, Saga, Shyanda, Umubanga, Umunini na Zivu. Utugari tugira uruhare rukomeye mu guhuza abaturage n’inzego z’imiyoborere ndetse no mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda z’iterambere ku rwego rw’ibanze. == ubukungu<ref>https://igihe.com/serivisi/kwamamaza/advertorials/rwanda/article/gisagara-abaturage-bahawe-inka-ibihumbi-36-mu-myaka-itanu</ref> == Ubukungu bw’Akarere ka Gisagara bwubakiye ahanini ku buhinzi n’[[Ubworozi mu Rwanda|ubworozi]], bikaba bishyigikiwe n’ishoramari mu bikorwaremezo bishya ndetse n’inganda zitunganya umusaruro. === 1. Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/Gisagara</ref> === * [[Ubuhinzi]] bw’[[Ibigori]] n’[[Umuceli|Umuceri]]: aka kareregafite ibishanga bigari (nk’icya Kibugazi) bihingwaho ibigori n’umuceri ku buso bunini mu bihembwe bitandukanye by’ihinga. * Inyongeramusaruro n'[[Ikoranabuhanga mu amashuri|Ikoranabuhanga]]: Abahinzi begerezwa imbuto z’indobanure n’ifumbire binyuze mu itandukanyirizo ry’ubucuruzi (agro-dealers) ngo bongere umusaruro ku buso buto. * Gahunda y'[[Ubworozi mu Rwanda|Ubworozi]]: Mu rwego rwo kurwanya ubukene no kongera umusaruro w'amata, ishyirwa mu bikorwa rya gahunda nka Girinka ryafashije abaturage benshi gukurwa mu bukene bukabije no kubona amafaranga. Inganda n’Ubukerarugendo<ref>https://www.gisagara.gov.rw/default-title-9/abayobozi-bakarere-abajyanama-nabafatanyabikorwa-mu-mwiherero-wiminsi-itatu-i-karongi</ref>: ** Ugutunga Umusaruro: Hari inganda nto n’iziciriritse zitunganya umusaruro ukomoka ku buhinzi n’ubworozi (nk'inganda z'umuceri). ** Ikiraro n'Ubuhahirane: Kubaka ibiraro bishya byo mu kirere (nk’icyo ku mugezi wa Kabogobogo) byafashije mu gukuraho inzitizi z’ubuhahirane hagati y’imirenge nka Mugombwa na Kansi. == '''Amashakiro''' == kv3cgcrpbfz178jeajeiudd91kt4rp5 0 8086 133583 114574 2026-07-04T04:54:48Z Minorax 8248 133583 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Fernando Henrique Cardoso (1999).jpg|thumb|388x388px|<span style="color:grey;">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</span>]] [[Dosiye:Brazil.FernandoHenriqueCardoso.01.jpg|thumb|Fernando Henrique Cardoso|308x308px]] '''Fernando Henrique Cardoso''' ([[18 Kamena]] [[1931]] –), [[Perezida]] wa [[Abaperezida ba Burezile|34]] wa [[Burezile]]. [[Dosiye:Brasil flag icon.png|center|thumb|432x432px|Brasil]] == Imiyoboro == * [http://fundacaofhc.org.br/ Fernando Henrique Cardoso website] [[Category:Abaperezida ba Burezile]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyaburezile]] [[Category:Abagabo]] 1bpzem9qudkqbvvbfe81xl798k25fxd 0 8265 133544 132868 2026-07-03T13:23:05Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 133544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox|excludeProperties=Q2424625}} == '''Akarere ka Rulindo''' == Akarere ka Rulindo ni kamwe mu Turere dutanu (5) tugize [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Intara y’Amajyaruguru]] y’u [[Rwanda]], gahana imbibi n'Uturere twa [[Akarere ka Nyarugenge|Nyarugenge]] na [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Gasabo]] two mu Mujyi wa [[Kigali]]; [[Akarere ka  Kamonyi]] mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Ntara y'Amajyepfo]], [[Akarere ka Gakenke]] n'Akarere ka Burera two mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru. Akarere ka Rulindo gafite ubuso bungana na Km2 567, kakaba gafite Imirenge 17, [[Akagari|utugari]] 71 n’imidugudu 494; gatuwe n’Abaturage 360,144 muri bo harimo [[Umugore|abagore]] 188,295 n'abagabo 171,849. ubucucike bw’abaturage (Population density) ni 635 kuri  Km2 imwe. [[Dosiye:Rulindo_farmer.jpg|thumb|Umuhinzi wa Rulindo ]] '''Akarere ka Rulindo kagizwe n'imirenge 17;''' [[Dosiye:RulindoDist.png|thumb|Akarere kaRulindo]] 1 Kisaro:Umurenge wa Kisaro ufite Sugaring dutandatu BUTUNZI,REBERO,MAREMBO,KAREGAMAZI,KIGARAMA ndetse na GITATSA 2 Buyoga:Umurenge wa Buyoga ufite Utugari turindwi (7) aritwo:KARAMA,BUSORO,MWUMBA,GITUMBA,BUTARE,NDARAGE naGAHORORO 3 Masoro:Umurenge wa Masoro ufite Utugari dutanu ( 5) aritwo KABUGA,SHENGAMPULI,KIVUGIZA,KIGARAMA na NYAMYUMBA 4 Kinihira:Umurenge wa Kinihira ufite Utugari tune (4)   aritwo 5 Rusiga 6 Ntarabana 7 Burega:Umurenge wa Burega ufite Utugari 3 aritwo:BUTANGAMPUNDU,TABA na KARENGERI 8 [[Umurenge wa Bushoki|Bushoki]]:Umurenge wa Bushoki ufite Utugari 5 aritwo:GASIZA,MUKOTO,GIKO,KAYENZI na NYIRANGARAMA 9 [[Umurenge wa Murambi|Murambi]] 10 Ntarabana 11 Rukozo 12 Base:Umurenge wa Base ufite Utugari 3 aritwo:CYOHOHA,GITARE na RWAMAHWA 13 Rulindo 14 Shyoron * * Ibiro by'umurenge wa kisaro biherereye mu mudugudu wa kibigwe <u>IGISHUSHANYO MBONERA CYA RULINDO</u> * Imirenge17 * Utugari 71 * Imidugudu494 km2 * A baturage360144 * Ubucucike635km2 <u>Igishushanyo mbonera cya rulindo</u> gi 15 Tumba 16 cyinzuzi:Umurenge wa Cyinzuzi ufite Utugari 3  aritwo:BUDAKIRANYA,RUDOGO,na,MIGENDEZO<ref>rulindo</ref> 17 Cyungo:Umurenge wa Cyungo ufite Utugari 3 aritwo:BUREHE,MAREMBO,na,RWIRI <u>Umurenge wa kisaro ;</u> Abaturage b'umurenge wa kisaro batunzwe ahanini n ubuhinzi n ubworozi aho twageze ni mu kagari ka '''Kigarama''' Mu mudugudu wa '''Nyantabo''' twahasanze uwitwa '''MUGABE JEAN. D'amour''' UYU yatubwiye ko abona kisaro muri make "Mubyukuri kisaro iri gutera imbere ugereranije na mbere gusa bongere ibikorwa remezo kd bahe uburenganzira abaturage bakore ibibateza imbere. <u>IBIKORWA REMEZO BYO MURI RULINDO</u> * Ibiraro byo mukirere * Amacumbi * Amabagiro [[Dosiye:Dracaena Massangeana.jpg|thumb]] * ibyumba byamashuri woerkshop[[Dosiye:IKIRENGE cultural center.jpg|thumb|rulindo stat]][[Dosiye:Inside of Rwanda cultural house.jpg|thumb|rulindo museum]]<u>ibiro byimirenge</u> * inganda * amavuriro * <u>AKAMARO KIBIKORWA REMEZO MU KARERE KA RULINDO</u> *bidufasha mu kongera ubumenyi ** bidufasha mu kugirango tubone aho turara *** bidufasha mu buzima ****bidufasha mu kubona ibyo turya <u>UBUCUKUZI BWA MABUYE YAGACIRO MU KARERE KA RULINDO;</u> ****hari abatawe muri yombi mukarere ka rulindo bashinzwa gucukura amabuye yagacina na ruhushya bahawe ****Aba batawe muri yombi ubwo hamenyekanaga ko mu Mudugudu wa Gasenga, Akagari ka Kivugiza mu Murenge wa Masoro, hari abantu bakora ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro butemewe, Polisi ifatanyije n’izindi nzego barabikurikirana kugeza bafatiwe mu cyuho. Umuvugizi wa Polisi mu Ntara y’Amajyaruguru, SP Jean Bosco Mwiseneza, yemeje aya makuru, avuga ko bafatiwe mu bikorwa bya Polisi byo kurwanya ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro bunyuranyije n’amategeko. Yagize ati "Batanu muri bariya bafashwe bari binjiye muri iyo myobo mu gihe cya saa kumi za mu gitondo baza kuvamo saa cyenda z’umugoroba. Bavuga ko batinzemo bitewe n’uko bagezemo bagasanga harimo gaz, babura umwuka uhagije wo guhumeka ku bw’amahirwe ntihagira uhaburira ubuzima." Yakomeje agira ati "Gucukura amabuye y’agaciro bikorwa n’uwabiherewe uruhushya n’inzego zibishinzwe kandi bikorerwa ahemewe hadashyira ubuzima bw’ababukora mu kaga cyangwa ngo hangize ibidukikije, abakomeje kubwishoramo bose bazafatwa bakurikiranwe n’amategeko.” Iyo myobo bari baracukuye ituruka mu nzu ikambukiranya umuhanda, igahinguka mu mugezi aho bageraga ku mabuye y’agaciro ya gasegereti. Mubyo bafatanywe harimo amabuye y’agaciro yo mu bwoko bwa Gasegereti apima ibilo bibiri n’ibikoresho bifashishaga bacukura birimo imitarimba itatu, ibitiyo bitanu, ibikarayi bibiri n’ibindi. Itegeko N° 58/2018 ryo ku wa 13/08/2018 rigenga ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro na kariyeri, Ingingo ya 54 ivuga ko umuntu wese ushakashaka, ucukura, utunganya, ucuruza amabuye y’agaciro cyangwa kariyeri nta ruhushya, aba akoze icyaha. Iyo abihamijwe n’urukiko, ahanishwa igifungo kitari munsi y’amezi abiri ariko kitarenze amezi atandatu n’ihazabu y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda atari munsi ya miliyoni 1 Frw ariko atarenze miliyoni 5 Frw cyangwa kimwe gusa muri ibyo bihano.[[Dosiye:Burmese Traditional Silver and Gold Cup.jpg|thumb|amabuye yagaciro]]Urukiko rutegeka kandi ubunyagwe bw’amabuye y’agaciro cyangwa kariyeri byafatiriwe biri mu bubiko, bicuruzwa cyangwa bitunganywa nta ruhushya. ****[[Dosiye:Uncle Sam Diamond (cropped).jpg|thumb|diamond]]<u>UBUKUNGU MU MABUYE YA GACIRO MU KARERE KA RULINDO</u> ****muri rulindo buri mwaka hava toni 1000 rero ayo mabuye agira aho aturuka urugero: Ikirombe cy’amabuye y’agaciro cya Nyakabingo giherereye mu Karere ka Rulindo mu Murenge wa Shyorongi, ni cyo cya mbere muri Afurika gicukurwamo amabuye menshi azwi nka ‘Wolfram’.[[Dosiye:Princess cut diamond, Boise Diamonds - 4750705838, cropped.jpg|thumb|diamond]]Buri mwaka iki kirombe gicukurwamo Wolfram irenga toni 1000. Biteganyijwe ko mu myaka ine iri imbere uwo musaruro uzaba warikubye kabiri. Wolfram ni amabuye y’agaciro atunganywamo ibyuma bikomeye cyane bikoreshwa mu bwubatsi, mu ndege, mu bifaru, mu byogajuru, mu gukora imbunda, amasasu n’ibindi bikoresho bikenera ibyuma bikomeye. Urwego rw’Igihugu rushinzwe Mine, Peteroli na Gaz (RMB) rwatangaje ko byibuze ku cyumweru u Rwanda rwohereza mu mahanga Wolfram ipima toni 24. Ayo mabuye y’agaciro acukurwa na Sosiyete y’Ubucukuzi bw’Amabuye y’Agaciro ya Trinity Metals Group, ikuramo agatubutse, ku buryo kontineri imwe ishobora kugeza ku bihumbi 350$. Ni wolfram yoherezwa mu mahanga itunganyijwe ku kigero cya 68% kuko mu Rwanda nta ruganda ruhari rushobora kuyikuramo cya cyuma cya nyuma. Iyo igejejwe mu mahanga yongererwa agaciro ku rugero rwa 99,999% ikavamo icyuma. Wolfram ya Nyakabingo yoherezwa muri Autriche, igakundirwa umwimerere ifite, aho nko mu 2024 hoherejwe toni 1107. Ubushakashatsi ku mabuye y’agaciro yo muri ibi bice bwatangiye mu 1930, ubucukuzi bweruye butangira mu 1949, nyuma mu 2022 ibigo byacukuraga amabuye y’agaciro i Nyakabingo, i Musha n’i Rutongo bihindurwamo Trinity Metals Group. Iki kirombe gifite ubuvumo butanu, ubwa kure bukaba bugeze kuri metero 800 butambika mu musozi, na metero 120 zimanuka mu kuzimu. Umuyobozi Mukuru wa Trinity Nyakabingo, Uwiringiyimana Justin, yagaragaje ko iki gice kirimo amabuye menshi ku buryo biteganywa ko yazamara imyaka myinshi bayacukura. Ati “Hejuru hariya mbakuye ni ku butumburuke bwa metero 2000 uvuye hasi mu kibaya. Aha mbagejeje ni ku butumburuke bwa metero 1700, izo metero 300 zose twazicukuyemo. Amabuye arahari nta n’aho ateze kujya. Duteganya ko turamutse ducukuye kuri uru rugero turiho tuzacukura imyaka 48.” Trinity Nyakabingo ni kimwe mu bigo bikorana ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, aho usanga ubuvumo (indani) ari bugari, hari imashini zitwarwa n’abakozi zijya gukura ayo mabuye iyo kure, zikayazana imusozi, ibyuma bitanga umwuka, ibikurura amazi y’imbere mu musozi kugira ngo atabuza abantu kucukura, n’ibindi bikoresho bigezweho bigabanya impanuka. Nk’ubu amezi arindwi ari gushira, i Nyakabingo bataragira impanuka (lost time injury) ituma umuntu ashobora gusiba akazi umunsi. Trinity Nyakabingo ifite abakozi bagera ku 2000 ihemba byibuze imishahara y’arenga ibihumbi 700$ buri kwezi. Niragire Claudine, umubyeyi w’umwana umwe na we akorera muri iki kigo, aho aba ashinzwe gukura umusaruro mu mucanga, avuga ko akazi kamufatiye runini mu mibereho ye ya buri munsi. Ati “Nishyurira umwana ishuri, nkizigama, ngatunga urugo, nkiyitaho n’ibindi. Iyi mirimo nayigiye hano mpambwa amahugurwa, ndabimenya.” Uretse abakozi kandi iki kigo kigura ibikoresho bitandukanye bifasha mu bucukuzi imbere mu gihugu na byo bishobora kugera kuri miliyoni 1$, ayo mafaranga bakayakoresha biteza imbere. Umuyobozi w’Ishami rya RMB rishinzwe ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro n’ubugenzuzi bwayo, Nsengumuremyi Donat, yavuze ko mu Rwanda hari umurongo ubonekamo Wolfram (Tungsten Belt), uhera i Mageragere mu Mujyi wa Kigali, ukambuka i Rulindo, ugakomeza i Gifurwe no mu Bugarama muri Burera. Ati “Uwo ni wo murongo munini cyane ubonekamo amabuye ya wolfram menshi. Ahandi tuyigira ni mu Karere ka Rutsiro na Gatsibo.” Nsengimana yavuze ko u Rwanda rwihagije ku mabuye ku bwinshi no ku bwiza, akavuga ko hafi igihugu cyose, ni ukuvuga mu turere 28 hagaragaye ibimenyetso by’amabuye y’agaciro atandukanye, ndetse muri utwo turere turimo ibikorwa by’ubucukuzi. Yavuze ko nubwo u Rwanda rukataje mu gucukura, ntaho ruragera kuko mu gihe ibindi bihugu bigeze ku bilometero nka bibiri munda y’Isi, u Rwanda rutaragera no ku kilometero kimwe. Ati “U Rwanda rufite amabuye y’agaciro, kuko ruherereye mu gice abarizwamo (Kibara Belt), ndetse rukaba hagati yacyo. Ni igice kiva muri Tanzania kikanyura mu Rwanda kigakomeza mu Burasirazuba bwa RDC kigakomeza muri Uganda. Niba turi hagati bivuze turi mu izingiro ryayo. Haracyari imyaka myinshi yo gucukura.” Trinity Nyakabingo iteganya ko mu myaka ya vuba, izaba yashyizeho uruganda rutunganya toni 50 ku isaha z’umucanga uva imbere mu buvumo, kugira ngo na Wolfram itakara yose ibyazwe umusaruro. Iki kigo cyanitaye ku byo kubungabunga ibidukikije kuko amazi y’imvura aturuka mu buvumo akusanywa agashyirwa mu rugomero rwabugenewe, agatunganywa akongera gukoreshwa mu kazi. Kugeza ubu Trinity Metals Group muri rusange imaze gushora miliyoni 40$ mu birombe byayo birimo icya Nyakabingo, Musha icukurwamo gasegereti, coltan na lithium (ikiri gukorwaho ubushakashatsi), na Rutongo, icukurwamo amabuye ya gasegereti. Iki kigo gifite abakozi bakabakaba 700, kigakorera ubucukuzi ku buso bwa hegitari 17.294. Mu 2024 Trinity Metals Group yohereje mu mahanga amabuye angana na toni 2.226 ya Wolfram, gasegereti na coltan, mu 2029 ikaba iteganya ko izaba yohereza mu mahanga angana na toni 5.201. Ubu u Rwanda rwatanze impushya zigera ku 150 zirimo abacukura amabuye, abayatunganya n’abandi. Mu Ugushyingo 2023 RMB yatangaje ko amabuye y’agaciro yoherejwe mu mahanga mu 2023 yinjirije u Rwanda asaga miliyari 1.1$, avuye kuri miliyoni 772 z’Amadorali ya Amerika, bigaragaza izamuka rya 43.0%. Ni umusaruro wagizwemo uruhare na Wolfram kuko mu mezi atatu ya nyuma ya 2023, nko mu Ukwakira 2023 hoherejwe Wolfram ingana n’ibilo 182.099, yinjiza 2.293.588$. Mu kwezi kwakurikiyeho umusaruro wiyongereyeho gato kuko hoherejwe ku isoko mpuzamahanga ibilo 183.395 byinjirije igihugu 2.296.577$, mu gihe mu Ukuboza 2023 aya mabuye yakomeje kwiyongera agera ku bilo 274,493 byinjije Amadorali ya Amerika 3.298.468. RMB igaragaza ko ibikorwa byo kongerera agaciro amabuye y’agaciro no kohereza ku isoko mpuzamahanga ubwoko butandukanye ari imwe mu ntwaro zizatuma amafaranga rwinjiza agera kuri miliyari 1,3$ mu mwaka w’ingengo y’imari <ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/dutemberane-nyakabingo-ya-rulindo-mine-ya-mbere-icukurwamo-wolfram-nyinshi-muri</ref>wa 2024/2025. ***<u>amakuru ajyanye n'imyidagaduro mu karere ka rulindo</u> ***Imikino y’uyu munsi ubanza yabereye muri Gymnase ya NPC Rwanda iherereye i Remera, iruhande rwa Stade Amahoro. Musanze imaze imyaka ibiri igaragaza ko ikomeye, yongeye kubishimangira itsinda Bugesera amanota 36-0 na Nyarugenge 6-0 mu gihe Rulindo yatsinze Muhanga 8-2 na Rutsiro 6-2. Muhanga yatsinze Nyarugenge amanota 6-2, Rutsiro itsinda Gakenke 5-4, Huye itsinda Rwamagana 8-6 mbere y’uko na yo itsindwa na Gakenke 8-2. Perezida wa NPC Rwanda, Murema Jean Baptiste, yavuze ko mu mpera z’iki cyumweru ari bwo hatangiye umwaka w’imikino wa 2024/25 mu marushanwa arimo aya Boccia na Sitball. Yakomeje agira ati “Twitezemo byinshi byiza: Icya mbere ni uko hari imikino izongera amakipe kubera ko ni cyo cy’ngenzi dushaka. Muri Boccia amakipe yariyongereye ugereranyije n’umwaka ushize. Kugeza ubu tugeze ku makipe icyenda, bivuze ko hajemo abana bashya bagiye gukina uyu mukino. Ari na yo ntego yacu.” Ku bijyanye n’ibibuga, Murema yavuze ko bishimiye kongera gukinira muri Gymnase ya NPC yavuguruwe, yongeraho “bizongera umusaruro w’abakinnyi kuko bakina bicaye, bisaba gukinira ahantu heza.” Umuyobozi w’Ishyirahamwe ry’Umukino wa Boccia mu Rwanda, Sekarema Jean Paul, yavuze ko intego binjiranye muri uyu mwaka w’imikino mushya ari ugukuraho imbogamizi ku bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe ariko bigendanye n’ingingo. Agaruka ku igabanuka ry’amakipe yigeze kuba 13 mbere y’icyorezo cya COVID-19, Sekarema yavuze ko “bijyana n’ubukangurambaga n’ubushake bw’uturere dushyiraho amakipe”. Yongeyeho ko bashaka guteza imbere uyu mukino ku buryo hari abahagararira u Rwanda mu Mikino Paralempike ya 2028 izabera i Los Angeles muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika. Umwaka w’imikino watangiye muri Boccia, uzaba ugizwe n’ibyiciro bine aho icya nyuma kizakinwa mu Ukuboza. Muri Shampiyona ya 2023, Igikombe cya Shampiyona cyegukanywe n’Ikipe ya Musanze yari igitwaye ku nshuro ya kabiri yikurikiranya. '''Boccia ikinwa gute?''' Boccia ni umukino ukinwa n’abakinnyi bafite ubumuga bukomatanyije. Bakina bicaye aho buri umwe aba ahatana no kwegereza agapira ku mupira uba uri mu kibuga bita ‘Jack’. Impande zombi zishobora gukina umuntu ku giti cye cyangwa nk’ikipe aho buri kipe itanga abakinnyi batatu. Mu gukina umuntu ku giti cye, abakinnyi bane bashobora gukina mu gihe mu buryo bw’ikipe abakinnyi baba ari batandatu ubateranyije. Mu gushaka kwegereza udupira ku mupira uba uri mu kibuga, buri ruhande rukina imipira itandatu yaba umutuku cyangwa ubururu. Nyuma y’uko buri ruhande rukinnye imipira yarwo, umukinnyi cyangwa ikipe ifite imipira iri hafi ya Jack, ihabwa inota rimwe kongeraho inota rimwe kuri buri mupira uri hafi ya Jack kurusha uw’uwo bahanganye. Nyuma, amanota yose aregeranywa hakarebwa ufite amanota menshi akaba ari we utsinda umukino nyirizina. Umukino wa Boccia watangiye ukinwa n’abantu bafite ubumuga bwo mutwe ariko nyuma hongerwamo n’abandi bafite ubumuga bw’ingingo. Mu 2016 ni bwo Komite y’Igihugu y’Imikino y’Abantu bafite Ubumuga (NPC Rwanda) yatangije Shampiyona y’uyu <ref>https://www.igihe.com/imikino/indi-mikino/article/musanze-na-rulindo-zatangiye-neza-shampiyona-ya-boccia-ya-2024-25-amafoto</ref>mukino mu Rwanda. ahasanga abantu bose baba batuye muri rulindo usangababa bakurikiye umupira w'amaguru<center></center>[[Dosiye:Gusura Ikigo ndangamuco cya Ikirena ni urugendo rutangaje mu mateka y'u Rwanda n'umurage ndangamuco. Ahantu haherereye mu Murenge wa Rusiga, mu Karere ka Rulindo, hafi y’umuhanda wa Kigali-Musanze,.jpg|thumb]] == Amashakiro == [[Category:Akarere ka Rulindo| ]] 0y4mqgj1q3lev2e2zhiefcnf7nxi59l 0 8409 133552 133045 2026-07-03T13:26:48Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133552 wikitext text/x-wiki Akarere ka Musanze :<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V-inR_Z05ME</ref> ni kamwe mu turere mirongo itatu (30) tugize u [[Rwanda]] gaherereye mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Ntara y'Amajyaruguru]] igizwe n'[[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|uturere]] dutanu, ni akarere k'imisozi miremire n'ibirunga (nka Karisimbi na Bisoke) bafite ubutaka bw'iminyaruguru bukungahaye kuri pariki y'ibirunga<ref>[https://visitmusanze.com/about/#:~:text=The%20city%20is%20known%20for,maize%2C%20beans%2C%20and%20pyrethrum. https://visitmusanze.com/about/#:~:text=The%20city%20is%20known%20for,maize%2C%20beans%2C%20and%20pyrethrum.]</ref>Akarere ka Musanze gafite ubuso bungana na 530,2 Km2 zigizwe na 60 Km2 za Pariki y’Ibirunga na 28 Km2 z’Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo. Kagizwe n’imirenge 15, [[Akagari|utugari]] 68 n’imidugudu 432<ref>https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/iwabo-w-ingagi-ku-gicumbi-cy-ubukerarugendo-musanze-iri-kugirwa-nshya-amafoto</ref>.. Kashyizweho n'itegeko nᵒ 29/2005, kagizwe n'icyahoze ari Umujyi wa Ruhengeri<ref name=":0">https://www.musanze.gov.rw/about/menya-akarere-1</ref>, Akarere ka Mutobo, Kinigi, n'ibice bya Bugarura na Bukamba. Uyu mujyi uzwiho ubukerarugendo, ikirere gikonje, n'ubuhinzi bw'ibirayi, bigira uruhare mu bukungu bw'u Rwanda. <ref name=":0" />[[Dosiye:Gorilla town.jpg|thumb|Musanze town]] Akarere ka Musanze gakomoka ku cyahoze ari umujyi wa [[Ruhengeri]], akarere ka Mutobo, akarere ka Kinigi, imirenge cumi n'ine( 14) [[Dosiye:MusanzeDist.png|thumb|musasnze map]] Y'icyahoze ari akarere ka Bugarura n’imirenge itatu (3) y’icyahoze ari akarere ka Bukamba. Akarere ka Musanze gafite imbibi zikurikira : * Amajyaruguru : [[Ubugande]] na Repubulika iharanira demokarasi ya [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo|kongo]] * Amajyepfo : [[Akarere ka Gakenke]] * Iburasirazuba : [[Akarere ka Burera]].[[File:Landscape_Kinigi_Musanze.jpg|thumb|mu Kinigi Musanze]] * Iburengerazuba : [[Akarere ka Nyabihu]]. == Akarere ka Musanze kagizwe == * Imirenge 15, * Utugali 68,[[File:This_photograph_is_located_in_Rwanda_Musanze_District.png|thumb|i Musanze]] * [[Imidugudu]] 432.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archive copy |url=https://musanze.gov.rw/index.php?id=83 |accessdate=2020-08-01 |archive-date=2018-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206133224/http://musanze.gov.rw/index.php?id=83 |deadurl=yes }}</ref> * [[Dosiye:Arenal volcano (70785p).jpg|thumb|ibirunga]]AKARERE KA MUSANZE KAGIRA AMASHURI ATANDUKANYE<ref>kigali</ref> * amashuri yisumbuye * amashuri yinshuke * amashuri abanza * AKARERE KAMUSANZE KAGARAGARA MUBIKORWA BYUBUKUNGU BITANDUKANYE ARIBYO<ref>Umuseke</ref> * ubuhinzi * ubworozi * [[uburobyi]] * ubucuruzi * ubugeni * [[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|IBIRUNGA]] BYINSHI BIHEREREYE MUKARERE KA MUSANZE * AKAMARO KIBIRUNGA MU KARERE KA MUSANZE<ref>gisagara</ref> * bikurura bamukera rugendo * bitanga ubutaka bwera * bitanga ikirere cyiza <u>ubukungumuri musanze</u> <u>UBUKERARUGENDO</u> Musanze ifite umwihariko wo kuba ikungahaye ku bukerarugendo bushingiye ku ngagi zo muri Pariki y’Ibirunga n’ibindi bikorwa bikurura abagenda aka gace gaturiye imisozi miremire. Bitandukanye no hambere, ubu imihanda yubakwa igenda yiyongera. Kuri ubu muri Musanze hari imihanda ya kaburimbo ireshya n’ibilometero makumyabiri n'umunani(28), mu gihe indi y’ibilometero 6.7 iri kubakwa. Iyi yiyongeraho imihanda y’amakoro ireshya n’ibilometero 2.6. Musanze ni igicumbi cy’ahantu nyaburanga mu Majyaruguru no mu Rwanda hose ndetse kari ku isonga mu gusurwa cyane na ba mukerarugendo bagenderera igihugu. Abakagana bagakundira ibirimo [[Pariki y’Ibirunga mu rwanda|Pariki y’Ibirunga]] icumbikiye [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu misozi]] miremire, Buhanga Eco– park ndetse n’Ibirunga bya Muhabura, Gahinga, Kalisimbi, Bisoke na Sabyinyo bimaze kugwiza igikundiro n’ababisura biganjemo ababitondagira [hiking]. Ibi byiyongeraho amashyamba ya cyimeza agizwe n’ibirimo agashyamba ka Nkotsi na Bikara. Aya ni yo atuma Akarere ka Musanze karangwa n’amahumbezi cyane ko ayo mashyamba yiganjemo imigano. Musanze inafite amashyamba y’amaterano agizwe ahanini n’inturusu n’ibiti birimo iby’imbuto ziribwa. Abatemberera i Musanze banaryoherwa no gusura inyamaswa zirimo ingagi, [[imbogo]], inyoni, [[inkima]] n’inkende, impongo n’izindi zo mu misozi miremire. Usibye gusura ibirunga, Musanze ifite ibindi byiza nyaburanga birimo Ellen DeGeneres Campus, Ibiyaga bya Burera na Ruhondo, gusura inyoni, Isumo rya Gasumo, Ubuvumo bwa Musanze, Red Rocks Rwanda n’ibindi. Bitewe n’ubwinshi bw’abahasura, bituma na hoteli n’amacumbi abacumbikira agenda yaguka umunsi ku wundi. Kuri ubu mu Karere ka Musanze hari hoteli 42, zirimo eshanu z’inyenyeri eshanu, n’andi macumbi muri rusange agera kuri 112. Mu myaka ine ishize, kubona hoteli y’inyenyeri eshanu mu Karere ka Musanze byari nk’inzozi. Ubu aka gace gacumbikiye hoteli eshanu ziri ku rwego rwo hejuru, zirimo Bisate Eco Lodge, Singita Kwitonda Lodge and Kataza House, One and Only Gorilla’s Nest, Wilderness Sabyinyo na [[AMAKORO|Amakoro]] Songa Lodge. Kuri ubu Umujyi wa Musanze uri kuvugururwa umunsi ku wundi aho uwugezemo ubona inyubako z’amagorofa ziri kuzamurwa ubutitsa mu kurushaho kuwagura. Izi zizimo izo guturamo, isoko ry’imbuto n’imboga riri kubakwa bundi bushya n’izindi. Guverinoma y’u [[Rwanda]] yihaye kugeza inyungu iva mu bukerarugendo kuri miliyoni $800 mu 2024 ivuye kuri miliyoni $440 nk’intego yari yashyizweho mu 2017. Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Iterambere, RDB, rwatangaje ko ubukerarugendo bwinjirije u Rwanda miliyoni $247, asaga miliyari 290 Frw, mu mezi atandatu ya mbere y’umwaka wa 2023. Ni imibare yazamutse ku kigero cya 56% ugereranyije na miliyoni 158$ zari zabonetse mu gihe nk’icyo mu 2022.<ref>https://igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/article/iwabo-w-ingagi-ku-gicumbi-cy-ubukerarugendo-musanze-iri-kugirwa-nshya-amafoto</ref> == References == <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=musanze+district&title=Special:MediaSearch&type=image</ref> [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Musanze| ]] [[Dosiye:Musanze Monument.jpg|thumb|I Musanze ]] gvax1ve18wfayv3w206befc5cgo5y1c 0 8448 133559 133504 2026-07-03T13:34:07Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Éditions Bakame''', yashinzwe muri 1995 i [[Kigali]], ni yo nzu yambere yandika [[Igitabo|ibitabo]] by' abana yabayeho mu [[Rwanda]] . Basohora imigani, documentaire, ibitabo na alubumu kandi bateza imbere gusoma mumashuri <ref>Afrilivres </ref> . [[Dosiye:Verlagsgebaeude_Bakame_Ruanda.JPG|thumb|Éditions Bakame]] [[Dosiye:Logo Verlag Bakame.jpg|center|thumb|520x520px|Bakame Edition]] == Amateka == [[File:Agnès_Gyr-Ukunda-Foire_du_livre_de_Francfort_2017_(2).jpg|thumb|Agnès Gyr-Ukunda, mu imurikagurisha ry'ibitabo bya Frankfurt (2017).]] Ingaruka za [[Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994|jenoside]] yibasiye igihugu cye akomokamo, Agnès Gyr-Ukunda yashinze i [[Kigali]] mu 1995 Editions Bakame, ashinga inzu yandikira abana n'abantu bakiri bato . Yifuzaga guha ishingiro ry’umuco abana benshi kugira ngo abafashe gutsinda ingaruka z’imitekerereze y’ihungabana bagize kandi yizera ko hamwe n’ibitabo by’abana, yari kugira uruhare mu kwimakaza amahoro. Igitekerezo gishingiye ku ihame ryo gusoma ryo mu gihugu Busuwisi (OSL) <ref>Site officiel </ref> yateye inkunga iyubakwa ryiyinzu. Ishyirahamwe Bakame - ryandika ibitabo byabana bu Rwanda bibashyigikira mu buhanga nu bukungu. Naho Bakame , ni izina ry'urukwavu rw'amayeri, ruzwi cyane n'abana b'u Rwanda. == Umwirondoro == Éditions Bakame isohora inyandiko z'abana ni ingimbi zishingiye ku muco n'ururimi rw'igihugu cy' U Rwanda, [[Ikinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]] . Kugirango ibitabo bigere kubana bose, bizenguruka bigomba kuba byinshi kandi igiciro kiri hasi. Éditions Bakame ikeneye abaterankunga bishyura ibiciro byo gucapa. Isaranganya rikorwa ahanini n'amashuri. Ibisobanuro kandi biteza imbere gusoma mu muco aho ijambo ryanditse rikiri vuba cyane. Bakame rero yashyizeho umushinga utera inkunga "backpack-Library" wahuye nitsinzi ikomeye. Ku izina rya “ ''Bana dusome'' ”, ibitabo biva ku ishuri bijya kurindi , ishuri, biherekejwe n'uwuhugura. == Intambwe == Tugomba kwibuka mugutezimbere Éditions Bakame, mumwaka wa 2005 kubaka inyubako i [[Kigali]] hamwe na Bologna Ragazzi Award New Horizons ( Imurikagurisha ryibitabo byabana Bologna ) kuri alubumu ''Ubucuti bw'imbeba n'inzovu'', muri 2008 gutandukanya mpuzamahanga IBBY-Asahi hagamijwe guteza imbere gusoma no muri 2010 gutangaza ikibonezamvugo mu ma shuri. Ishyirahamwe "Bakame - ibitabo by’abana bo mu Rwanda" ryemejwe na ZEWO kuva 2003 <ref name="ZEWO"> [http://www.zewo.ch/fuer_spendende/suchen#detail&key=94&name=972%20/%20B%C3%BCcher%20f%C3%BCr%20Kinder%20in%20Ruanda%20BAKAME,%20Egg,%20Malters Stiftung Zewo]</ref> . Inama y’abaminisitiri y’u Rwanda yemeye “Éditions Bakame” nk'umuryango udaharanira inyungu rusange mu 2002 irabyemeza muri 2012. == Aho wabisanga == {{Reflist }} == Reba ibindi == * Bernard Huber na Guy Missodey, ''Ubwenegihugu, isi yose hamwe'' nubuvanganzo bwabana ''n’urubyiruko: ibikorwa'' byumunsi wubumenyi bwurusobe rwabashakashatsi mubuvanganzo bwabana '', 21-''22 novembre 200522 Ugushyingo 2005 , Agence Universitaire de la francophonie, Montreal ; Ibisobanuro byububiko bwa none, Paris, 2007, p. 38 ; 65-66 ( {{ISBN|9782914610469}} ) * Luc Pinhas, “Les éditions Bakame”, mu ''bihe byasohotse mu gifaransa kivuga ururimi rw'igifaransa cy'ubwana n'urubyiruko'', L'Harmattan, Paris, 2008, p. 200-202 ( {{ISBN|9782296057999}} ) * [[Dosiye:Agnes Ukundamaliya.jpg|thumb|Éditions Bakame]]Eddie Tambwe, ''Urunigi rw'ibitabo muri Afurika y'Abirabura bavuga Igifaransa.'' ''Ninde mwanditsi uyumunsi ?'' Inzu y'Ubwanditsi ya L'Harmattan, Paris, 2006, p. 130-132 ( {{ISBN|9782296156319}} ) === Ingingo zijyanye === * Umuco w'u Rwanda * [[Ubuvanganzo]] bw'u Rwanda === amahuza yo hanze === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201030155228/https://www.bakame.ch/ Urupapuro rwibanze rwishyirahamwe rya Bakame - Ibitabo byabana byu Rwanda] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20171028154740/http://www.afrilivres.net/fiche_editeur.php?e=3105 Bakame yasohotse kuri Afrilivres] * [http://www.scolibris.fr/interview-d-agnes-gyr-des-editions-bakame-au-rwanda-scolibris-142.html?PHPSESSID=a31db7ebbe5266c770fbe0d609f324d9 "Ikiganiro na Agnès Gyr wo mu gitabo cya Bakame mu Rwanda"] (Scolibris) {{Portail|édition|entreprises|Rwanda|Littérature d'enfance et de jeunesse}} [[Category:Iyandikiro ry'Ibitabo mu Rwanda]] [[Category:Umuco w' U Rwanda]] j991s9u6my5szvc4jiqxe5ecncs1b2m 0 8471 133556 133335 2026-07-03T13:31:06Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|1 */ 133556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer|name=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|period=2003–present|website={{url|https://www.chimamanda.com}}|module={{Listen| embed=yes |filename = Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie_bbc_radio4_front_row_03_05_2013.flac |title = Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's voice |type = speech |description = from the BBC programme ''[[Front Row (radio programme)|Front Row]]'', 3 May 2013.<ref>{{Cite episode | title= Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |series= Front Row |serieslink= Front Row (radio programme) |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01s4vfn |station= [[BBC Radio 4]] |date= 3 May 2013 |accessdate= 18 January 2014 }}</ref> }}|awards=[[MacArthur Fellowship]] (2008)|children=1|spouse={{marriage|Ivara Esege|2009}}<ref name=Brockes />|notableworks=''[[Purple Hibiscus]]'' (2003)<br />''[[Half of a Yellow Sun]]'' (2006)<br />''[[Americanah]]'' (2013) <br /> ''[[We Should All Be Feminists]]'' (2014)|movement=|genre=|alma_mater=[[Eastern Connecticut State University]] (BA) <br />[[Johns Hopkins University]] (MA) <br />[[Yale University]] (MA)|image=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 9374.JPG|nationality=[[Nigerian]]|occupation=[[Novelist]], short story writer, [[non-fiction|non-fiction writer]]|death_place=|death_date=|birth_place=[[Enugu]], [[Enugu State]], Nigeria|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1977|9|15}}|birth_name=<!--if different-->|pseudonym=|caption=Adichie in 2013|imagesize=}}{{Infobox writer|name=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|period=2003–present|website={{url|https://www.chimamanda.com}}|module={{Listen| embed=yes |filename = Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie_bbc_radio4_front_row_03_05_2013.flac |title = Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's voice |type = speech |description = from the BBC programme ''[[Front Row (radio programme)|Front Row]]'', 3 May 2013.<ref>{{Cite episode | title= Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |series= Front Row |serieslink= Front Row (radio programme) |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01s4vfn |station= [[BBC Radio 4]] |date= 3 May 2013 |accessdate= 18 January 2014 }}</ref> }}|awards=[[MacArthur Fellowship]] (2008)|children=1|spouse={{marriage|Ivara Esege|2009}}<ref name=Brockes />|notableworks=''[[Purple Hibiscus]]'' (2003)<br />''[[Half of a Yellow Sun]]'' (2006)<br />''[[Americanah]]'' (2013) <br /> ''[[We Should All Be Feminists]]'' (2014)|movement=|genre=|alma_mater=[[Eastern Connecticut State University]] (BA) <br />[[Johns Hopkins University]] (MA) <br />[[Yale University]] (MA)|image=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 9374.JPG|nationality=[[Nigerian]]|occupation=[[Novelist]], short story writer, [[non-fiction|non-fiction writer]]|death_place=|death_date=|birth_place=[[Enugu]], [[Enugu State]], Nigeria|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1977|9|15}}|birth_name=<!--if different-->|pseudonym=|caption=Adichie in 2013|imagesize=}}'''Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie''' ( /ˌ tʃ ɪ m ɑː m ɑː n d ə ə n ɡ oʊ z i ə d i tʃ eɪ / ([[null|link=|Ibyerekeye iri jwi]] / ) ; [note 1] yavutse 15 Nzeri 1977) ni umwanditsi Nigeria ufite ibikorwa kuva ku bitabo imigani gito birimo inkuru. Yavuzwe mu ''kinyamakuru The Times Literary Supplement'' nk '"icyamamare" mu "mutambagiro w’abanditsi b’ururimi rwa anglophone uzwi cyane [ukaba] urimo gukurura igisekuru gishya cy’abasomyi mu buvanganzo nyafurika". <ref>Copnall, James (16 December 2011), "Steak Knife", ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'', p. 20.</ref> [[Dosiye:SheSaid_campaign_quoting_Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie.jpg|thumb|Umwanditsi w'ibitabo ufite inkomoko muri Nigeria Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] == Ubuzima bwe nuburere == Adichie yavukiye mu mujyi wa Enugu muri [[Nijeriya]], akura ari umwana wa gatanu mu bana batandatu bo mu muryango wa Igbo mu mujyi wa Nsukka muri Leta ya Enugu . Igihe yari amaze gukura, se, James Nwoye Adichie, yakoraga ari umwarimu w’ibarurishamibare muri kaminuza ya Nijeriya . Nyina, Grace Ifeoma, yari muri kaminuza mbere yabagore ya Gerefiye . <ref name="NPR">[https://www.npr.org/2014/03/18/291133080/news-maker "Feminism Is Fashionable For Nigerian Writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie"]. NPR, 18 March 2014.</ref> Uyu muryango watakaje ibintu hafi ya byose mu gihe cy’intambara yo muri Nijeriya, harimo na ba sekuru. Umudugudu w'abasekuruza b'umuryango we uri i Abba muri Leta ya Anambra . <ref>[http://www.l3.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnabio.html "Biography"], The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie website.</ref> Yarangije amashuri yisumbuye muri kaminuza ya Nigeriya yisumbuye, Nsukka, aho yakuye ibihembo byinshi by'amasomo. Yize ubuvuzi na farumasi muri kaminuza ya Nijeriya umwaka nigice. Muri icyo gihe, yahinduye ''ikinyamakuru The Compass,'' ikinyamakuru kiyobowe n’abanyeshuri b’ubuvuzi gatolika bo muri kaminuza. Ku myaka 19, Adichie yavuye muri Nijeriya yerekeza muri Amerika kwiga itumanaho na siyanse ya politiki muri kaminuza ya Drexel muri Philadelphia . Bidatinze, yimukiye muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Eastern Connecticut kugira ngo abe hafi ya mushiki we Uche, <ref>[https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2016/04/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-sisterhood "Why Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Considers Her Sister a 'Firm Cushion' at Her Back"], ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', May 2016.</ref> wari ufite ubuvuzi i Coventry, muri leta ya Connecticut . Mu gihe umwanditsi w'ibitabo yakuriye muri Nijeriya, ntabwo yari amenyereye kumenyekana n'ibara ry'uruhu rwe rwahindutse mu buryo butunguranye ageze muri Amerika muri kaminuza. Nkumunyamerika wumwirabura muri Amerika, Adichie yahise ahura nicyo bisobanura kuba umuntu wamabara muri Amerika. Irushanwa nkigitekerezo cyahindutse ikintu yagombaga kuyobora no kwiga. <ref>[https://www.npr.org/2013/06/27/195598496/americanah-author-explains-learning-to-be-black-in-the-u-s "'Americanah' Author Explains 'Learning' To Be Black In The U.S."], ''[[Fresh Air]]'', NPR, 27 June 2013.</ref> Yanditse kuri ibi mu gitabo cye cyitwa ''Americanah'' . Yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Eastern Connecticut, itandukanya ''summa cum laude'' mu 2001. Adichie yari [https://web.archive.org/web/20200817192628/https://www.afterschoolafrica.com/22340/princeton-university-hodder-fellowship/ mugenzi wa Hodder] muri kaminuza ya Princeton mu mwaka w'amashuri wa 2005–2006. Muri 2008 yahawe igihembo cya MacArthur . Yahawe kandi ubusabane bwa 2011–2012 n'ikigo cya Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Universite ya Harvard . Adichie agabanya igihe cye hagati y’Amerika, na Nijeriya, aho yigisha amahugurwa yo kwandika. Muri 2016, yahawe impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro - Umuganga w’inyuguti za Humane, ''honouris causa'', na kaminuza ya Johns Hopkins . <ref>[http://hub.jhu.edu/2016/04/22/honorary-degrees-hopkins-commencement-2016/ "Eight to receive Johns Hopkins honorary degrees at commencement ceremony"], ''HUB'', Johns Hopkins University, 22 April 2016.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181110040427/https://thisisafrica.me/18899-2/ "You can now call her Dr Adichie"], This Is Africa, 19 May 2016.</ref> Muri 2017, yahawe impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro - Dogiteri w'inzandiko za Humane, ''honoris causa'', na Haverford College <ref>[https://www.haverford.edu/commencement/honorary-degrees "Commencement 2017 Honorary Degrees"], Haverford College, 15 May 2017.</ref> na kaminuza ya Edinburgh . <ref>[http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/2017/acclaimed-author-receives-honorary-degree "Acclaimed author receives honorary degree"], The University of Edinburgh, 28 July 2017.</ref> Muri 2018, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro, Dogiteri w'Amabaruwa ya Humane, yakuye muri Amherst College . Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro, umuganga ''honis causa'', yakuye muri Université de Friborg, mu [[Ubusuwisi|Busuwisi]], mu 2019. <ref>[https://www.unifr.ch/news/fr/22272/l-crivaine-nigriane-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-devient-docteure-honoris-causa-de-l-universit-de-fribourg?&p=1 "L'écrivaine nigériane Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie devient docteure honoris causa de l'Université de Fribourg"], Université de Fribourg, 15 November 2019.</ref> Mu kiganiro cyasohotse mu kinyamakuru cyitwa ''Financial Times'' muri Nyakanga 2016, Adichie yatangaje ko afite umwana w'umukobwa. Mu mwirondoro wa Adichie, wasohotse mu kinyamakuru ''The New Yorker'' muri Kamena 2018, Larissa MacFarquhar yaranditse ati: "umugabo yarangije gushaka mu 2009 yari akwiriye gusetsa: umuganga wo muri Nijeriya wakoraga imyitozo muri Amerika, se akaba yari umuganga akaba n'inshuti ya ababyeyi be. " Adichie ni Umugatolika kandi yakuze ari Umugatolika akiri umwana, nubwo abona ko ibitekerezo bye, cyane cyane ibyo ku gitsina gore, rimwe na rimwe bivuguruza idini rye. Mu birori byabereye muri kaminuza ya Georgetown mu 2017, yavuze ko idini "atari ikigo cyita ku bagore" kandi ko "ryakoreshejwe mu gutsindishiriza igitugu gishingiye ku gitekerezo cy'uko abagore batangana n'abantu." Yahamagariye abayobozi b'Abakristu n'Abayisilamu muri Nijeriya kwamamaza ubutumwa bw'amahoro n'ubumwe. [[Dosiye:Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie_9363.JPG|thumb|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 9363]] == Umwuga wo kwandika == Umwimerere wa Ngozi Adichie kandi wambere waturutse kuri Chinua Achebe, nyuma yo gusoma nyakwigendera Prof. "Ibintu Bitandukana" bya Chinua Achebe, afite imyaka 10. Adichie yatewe inkunga no kubona ubuzima bwe bugaragara kurupapuro. Adichie yasohoye icyegeranyo cy'imivugo mu 1997 ( ''Ibyemezo'' ) n'ikinamico ( ''Kubwurukundo rwa Biafra'' ) mu 1998. Yari yatoranyijwe mubazahabwa igihembo mu 2002 Caine Prize kubwigitabo cye "wowe muri Amerika", <ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Y1Sv87gyGcoC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=%22You+in+America%22+Chimamanda+Adichie+2002&source=bl&ots=cEwCGo2K1H&sig=xk4zox809QBCm8AAeMXC0zo97cM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkje-FvP7VAhWrK8AKHSJ8BtcQ6AEIazAO#v=onepage&q=%22You%20in%20America%22%20Chimamanda%20Adichie%202002&f=false "You in America"], in ''Discovering Home: A selection of writings from the 2002 Caine Prize for African Writing'', Jacana, 2003, pp. 27–34.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200727211613/http://kwani.org/publication/kwanini-series/3/you_in_america.htm "You in America"], Kwanini? Series, 2006.</ref> kandi inkuru ye "Uwo ibimutunga Morning" Byahiswemo ari wegukanye yahuje 2002 BBC World Service Short Story Ibihembo. <ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/arts/competition/story.shtml "Short Story Competition 2002"], BBC World Service.</ref> Mu 2003, yatsindiye igihembo cya O. Henry kubera "Ambasade y'Abanyamerika", na David T. Wong International Story Story Award 2002/2003 (Igihembo cya PEN Centre). <ref>[http://www.l3.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaawards.html "Awards & Nominations"], Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie website; [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924072414/http://www.pen.org/fiction/half-yellow-sun PEN.org "Half of a Yellow Sun"], full story.</ref> Inkuru ze nazo zasohotse muri ''Zoetrope: Byose-Inkuru'', ''n'ikinyamakuru Topic Magazine'' . <ref>[http://www.webdelsol.com/Topic/articles/03/adichie.html "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Home is Where the Heart Was"], ''Topic Magazine'', Issue 3, Winter 2003.</ref> [[Igitabo]] cye cya mbere, ''Purple Hibiscus'' (2003), cyashimiwe cyane; yashyizwe ku rutonde rw'igihembo cya Orange kubera ibihimbano (2004) kandi gihabwa igihembo cy'abanditsi ba Commonwealth kubera igitabo cya mbere cyiza (2005). ''Purple Hibiscus'' atangiye afite quote wagutse kuva Chinua Achebe 's ''Ibintu Fall .'' [[File:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a book signing in Berlin, Germany on 16 May 2014.jpg|thumb|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a book signing in Berlin, Germany on 16 May 2014]] Igitabo cye cya kabiri, ''Igice cya kabiri cy'izuba ry'umuhondo'' (2006), cyiswe ibendera ry'igihugu cya Biafra igihe gito, cyashyizwe mbere ndetse no mu gihe cy'intambara yo muri Nijeriya. Yakiriye igihembo cya Orange 2007 cyo guhimbano hamwe na Anisfield-Wolf Book Award . <ref>[http://www.anisfield-wolf.org/books/half-of-a-yellow-sun/ "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie | Half of a Yellow Sun"], Winners, The 82nd Annual Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards, 2007.</ref> ''Kimwe cya kabiri cy'izuba ry'umuhondo'' cyahinduwe muri filime yitiriwe izina rimwe iyobowe na Biyi Bandele, yakinnye na BAFTA wegukanye igihembo ndetse n'umukandida wahawe igihembo cya Akademiki Chiwetel Ejiofor na Thandie Newton wegukanye BAFTA, akaba yararekuwe mu 2014. <ref>Felperin, Leslie (10 November 2013), [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/a-yellow-sun-london-review-647828 "Half of a Yellow Sun: London Review"], ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''.</ref> Igitabo cya gatatu cya Adichie, ''The Thing Around Your Neck'' (2009), ni icyegeranyo cy'inkuru 12 zerekana isano iri hagati y'abagabo n'abagore, ababyeyi n'abana, [[Afurika]] na Amerika. Mu mwaka wa 2010, yashyizwe ku rutonde rw'abanditsi ba ''New Yorker'' "20 munsi ya 40". Inkuru ya Adichie "Ceiling" yashyizwe mu gitabo cy’umwaka wa 2011 cyiza cyane cyo muri ''Amerika'' . Igitabo cye cya gatatu cyitwa ''Americanah'' (2013), ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’umusore ukomoka muri Nijeriya wahuye n’amoko muri Amerika cyatoranijwe na ''The New York Times'' nka kimwe mu "Ibitabo 10 byiza bya 2013". <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/books/review/the-10-best-books-of-2013.html?mcubz=3 "The 10 Best Books of 2013"], ''The New York Times'', 4 December 2013.</ref> Muri Mata 2014, yiswe umwe mu banditsi 39 bari munsi y’imyaka 40 <ref>[http://www.hayfestival.com/artistlist-a-d.aspx?skinid=27&festivalid=95&localesetting=en-GB List of artists], Africa39.</ref> mu iserukiramuco rya Hay na Rainbow Book Club umushinga wa Afurika39, bizihiza Port Harcourt UNESCO [[Umurwa]] mukuru w’ibitabo by’isi 2014. <ref>Attree, Lizzy (10 April 2014), [https://web.archive.org/web/20200727211752/http://caineprize.com/blog/2015/12/1/africa39-and-caine-prize-authors-by-lizzy-attree?rq=%22You%20In%20America%22 "Africa39 and Caine Prize authors"], The Caine Prize Blog.</ref> Amagambo magufi ya Adichie, "Mama, Umusazi nyafurika" araganira ku bibazo bivuka iyo uhuye n'imico ibiri itandukanye rwose. Ku ruhande rumwe, hari [[umuco gakondo]] wo muri Nijeriya ufite uruhare rugaragara rw'uburinganire, mu gihe muri Amerika hari umudendezo mwinshi mu buryo uburinganire bw'umugabo n'umugore bakora, kandi ntibibuza abakiri bato. Ralindu, nyamukuru, ahura niki kibazo nababyeyi be mugihe yakuriye i Philadelphia, mugihe bakuriye muri Nijeriya. Adichie yibira cyane mubikorwa byuburinganire nimigenzo nibibazo bishobora kubaho kubera iki. Muri 2015, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200925170555/https://pen.org/2020-world-voices-digital/ yayoboye iserukiramuco rya PEN World Voices Festival] . Mu 2014 kiganiro, Adichie yavuze feminism (uburinganire)no kwandika: "Nibaza ubwanjye ari storyteller ariko sinashatse bwenge Ku Byose NIBA umuntu bari gutekereza yanjye nk'uko umwanditsi gore. . . Ndi umunyarwandakazi cyane muburyo mbona isi, kandi uko isi ibona bigomba kuba bimwe mubikorwa byanjye. " Muri Werurwe 2017, ''Americanah'' yatowe nk'uwatsindiye gahunda ya "Igitabo kimwe, New York", <ref>Weller, Chris (16 March 2017), [https://web.archive.org/web/20180202071612/http://uk.businessinsider.com/one-book-one-new-york-book-club-2017-3?r=US&IR=T "New Yorkers just selected a book for the entire city to read in America's biggest book club"], ''Business Insider''.</ref> <ref>[http://www1.nyc.gov/site/mome/initiatives/1book1ny.page "One Book, One New York | And the winner is..."], NYC.</ref> muri gahunda yo gusoma abaturage bashishikariza abatuye umujyi bose gusoma igitabo kimwe . <ref>Williams, John (31 January 2017), [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/31/books/one-book-one-new-york-program-announced.html "One Book for Five Boroughs"], ''The New York Times''.</ref> Muri Mata 2017, hatangajwe ko Adichie yatorewe kuba mu cyiciro cya 237 cy'Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubuhanzi n'Ubumenyi rya Amerika, kikaba ari kimwe mu byubahiro bihebuje abanyabwenge bo muri Amerika, nk'umwe mu banyamuryango 228 bashya bazinjizwa ku ya 7 Ukwakira 2017 . <ref>[https://www.amacad.org/content/news/pressReleases.aspx?pr=20274 "American Academy of Arts and Sciences Elects 228 National and International Scholars, Artists, Philanthropists, and Business Leaders"], American Academy of Arts and Sciences.</ref> Igitabo aheruka gukora, ''Nshuti Ijeawele, cyangwa Manifeste ya Feministi mu Cyifuzo Cumi na Gatanu'', cyasohowe muri Werurwe 2017, cyaturutse mu ibaruwa Adichie yandikiye inshuti yari yarasabye inama z'uburyo yarera umukobwa we nk'umugore. <ref>Allardice, Lisa (28 April 2018), [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/28/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-feminism-racism-sexism-gender-metoo?subid=18198255&CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2 "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'This could be the beginning of a revolution'"], ''The Guardian''.</ref> == Inyigisho == Adichie yavuze kuri "Akaga k'Inkuru imwe" ya TED mu 2009. Yabaye umwe mubantu icumi ba mbere bareba TED Ibiganiro byigihe cyose hamwe na miliyoni zirenga cumi neshanu. Ku ya 15 Werurwe 2012, yatanze ikiganiro "Guhuza imico" Inyigisho ya Commonwealth 2012 i Guildhall, London . Adichie yavuze kandi ku kuba umunyarwandakazi wa TEDxEuston mu Kuboza 2012, n'ijambo rye yise: "Twese tugomba kuba abategarugori". Yatangije ikiganiro ku isi hose ku gitsina gore kandi cyasohowe nk'igitabo mu 2014. Yatoranijwe ku ndirimbo " *** Flawless " ya 2013 n'umuhanzi w'umunyamerika Beyoncé, aho yakunze kwitabwaho. [[Dosiye:Chimamanda_creative_writing_workshop.JPG|thumb|Abanditsi bibitabo n'inkuru bakoranaga n'uyu mwanditsi w'umuhanga wo muri Nigeria ]] === "Akaga k'Inkuru imwe" === Adichie yavugiye mu kiganiro TED yise "Akaga k'Inkuru imwe" yashyizwe muri Nyakanga 2009. Muri yo, yagaragaje ko ahangayikishijwe no kudahagararira imico itandukanye. Yasobanuye ko akiri umwana muto, yakunze gusoma inkuru z'Abanyamerika n'Ubwongereza aho abantu bavugaga ahanini bakomoka muri Caucase. Muri iyo nyigisho, yavuze ko kutagaragaza imico itandukanye bishobora guteza akaga: "Ubu, nakunze ibyo bitabo by'Abanyamerika n'Abongereza nasomye. Banteye gutekereza no kumfungurira isi nshya. Ariko ingaruka zitagenderewe yari ko sinari nzi abantu ko nkanjye ashobora kubaho mu bitabo. " Mu nyigisho zose, yakoresheje anecdote kugiti cye kugirango yerekane akamaro ko gusangira inkuru zitandukanye. Yavuze muri make ibijyanye numuhungu wo murugo wakoreraga umuryango we witwa Fide avuga ko ikintu yamuziho ari ukuntu umuryango we wari umukene. Ariko, igihe umuryango wa Adichie wasuraga umudugudu wa Fide, nyina wa Fide yaberetse igitebo murumuna wa Fide yakoze, bituma amenya ko yatanze igitekerezo cye kuri Fide ashingiye kumateka imwe gusa. Adichie yagize ati: "Ntabwo nari natekereje ko umuntu uwo ari we wese mu muryango we ashobora gukora ikintu runaka. Ibyo numvise kuri bo nukuntu bakennye, kuburyo bitabaye ngombwa ko mbona ko ari ikindi kintu cyose uretse abakene. Ubukene bwabo ni yo nkuru yanjye yonyine kuri bo. " Yavuze kandi ko igihe yavaga muri Nijeriya akajya muri kaminuza ya Drexel, yahuye n'ingaruka z'umuco we bwite udahagarariwe. Umunyamerika babanaga yatunguwe no kubona Adichie azi [[icyongereza]] kandi ko atigeze yumva umuziki w'amoko. Yavuze kuri ibi: "Mugenzi wanjye twabanaga yari afite inkuru imwe ya Afurika: inkuru imwe y'ibiza. Muri iyi nkuru imwe, ntabwo bishoboka ko Abanyafurika basa na we mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, nta byashobokaga ko ibyiyumvo bigoye kuruta impuhwe, nta nubwo bishoboka ko abantu bahuza. " Adichie yashoje inyigisho yerekana akamaro k'inkuru zitandukanye mumico itandukanye no guhagararirwa bikwiye. Yahamagariye kurushaho gusobanukirwa inkuru kuko abantu bigoye, avuga ko iyo usobanukiwe inkuru imwe gusa, umuntu asobanura nabi abantu, amateka yabo n'amateka yabo. === "Twese dukwiye kuba feministsn(abaharanira uburinganire)" === Mu mwaka wa 2012, Adichie yatanze ikiganiro cya TEDx yise: "Twese dukwiye kuba abategarugori", cyatangiwe kuri TedXEuston i Londres, kimaze kurebwa inshuro zirenga miliyoni eshanu. Yavuze ibyamubayeho byo kuba umunyafrica wigitsina gore, nigitekerezo cye kubijyanye no kubaka uburinganire nigitsina. Adichie yavuze ko ikibazo cyuburinganire ari uko gihindura abo turi bo. Yavuze kandi ati: “Ndarakaye. Uburinganire nkuko bukora muri iki gihe ni akarengane gakabije. Twese dukwiye kurakara. Uburakari bufite amateka maremare yo kuzana impinduka nziza, ariko usibye kurakara, nanjye mfite ibyiringiro kuko nizera cyane ubushobozi bwabantu bwo gukora no kwisubiraho neza. " <ref>[http://vialogue.wordpress.com/2013/12/30/ted-we-should-all-be-feminists-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-at-tedxeuston-transcript/ "TED | We should all be feminists&nbsp;– Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at TEDxEuston (transcript)"]. Vialogue, 30 December 2013.</ref>{{Listen||pos=right|filename=Beyonce - Flawless.ogg|title="Flawless"|description="Flawless" contains samples of Beyoncé's song "Bow Down / I Been On", and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's speech "We should all be feminists".|format=[[Ogg]]}} Bimwe mu biganiro bya TEDx bya Adichie byatoranijwe mu ndirimbo ya Beyoncé " flawless " mu Kuboza 2013. <ref>Raymer, Miles (4 September 2014), [https://web.archive.org/web/20141019080037/http://music-mix.ew.com/2014/09/04/beyonce-flawless-billboard-hot-100/ "'Billboard' Hot 100 recap: Beyonce's 'Flawless' finally hits the chart"], ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''.</ref> Umutungo wa kane wasohoye inyandiko ishingiye ku mvugo nk'igitabo cyihariye, ''Twese Tugomba kuba Abagore'', muri 2014. Nyuma Adichie mu kiganiro NPR yavuze ko "ikintu cyose cyatuma urubyiruko ruvuga ku gitsina gore ari ikintu cyiza cyane." <ref name="NPR"/> Nyuma yaje kwemeza aya magambo mu kiganiro yagiranye n’ikinyamakuru cyo mu Buholandi ''De Volkskrant'' : "Ikindi nanze ni uko nasomye ahantu hose: ubu abantu barangije kumumenya, babikesha Beyoncé, cyangwa: agomba gushimira cyane. Nasanze ibyo bitantengushye. Natekereje nti: Ndi umwanditsi kandi maze igihe runaka kandi nanze kuririmbira muri iyi charade bigaragara ko ntegerejwe: 'Ndashimira Beyoncé, ubuzima bwanjye ntibuzongera kubaho ukundi.' Niyo mpamvu ntigeze mbivugaho byinshi. " Adichie yasobanuyeko ukuntu asobanura nukuntu ashimangira uburinganire bitandukanye n'uko Beyonce(umuhanzikazi) abikora, gusa yumvako bishimishije kuba umugore nkawe ahagarara mubya politiki n'imibereho y'abantu rusange mu myaka mike ishize. Ashimangirako umugore ushyira imbere umwuga we, ukora ibintu bye uko abyumva, afite imbaraga z'umwari. Ntwarwa cyane n'ibyo. == Ibihembo yakiriye == Ku ya 20 Gicurasi 2019, Ngozi Adichie yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro yakuye muri kaminuza ya Yale . [[File:Ms._magazine_Cover_-_Summer_2014.jpg|thumb|Adichie ku gifuniko cy'ikinyamakuru ''Madamu'' muri 2014]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5p3os7779wk9ypw4fvif1r46xb0wl0w 0 8691 133568 133185 2026-07-03T14:02:33Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133568 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Abanyeshuri.jpg|thumb|Ishuri]] [[Dosiye:Student ballet at LNDC.jpg|thumb|257x257px|student ballet at Lycee de kigali]] '''Lycée de Kigali''' ('''LDK''') ni ishuri ryísumbuye riherereye mu [[akarere ka Nyarugenge]], mu umujyi wa [[Kigali]], Mu [[Rwanda|Rwanda.]] Ryatangiye mu 1975, ni rimwe mumashuri yisumbuye yakera mu [[Rwanda]] . [[Dosiye:Iskfacilities.jpg|thumb|'''Lycée de Kigali''' ('''LDK''')]] == Amateka == '''Lycée de Kigali''' ni ishuri riri mu mashuri ya kera mu Rwanda, ni ishuri ry'indashyikirwa mu burezi mu myaka myinshi. '''Lycée de Kigali''' yatangijwe na abafaransa mu 1975, kandi ni rimwe mu mashuri meza yigwamo na abahungu n'abakobwa. '''Lycée de Kigali''' yahawe leta mu 1982 ryari ryamaze kuterimbere. Uyumunsi, '''Lycée de Kigali''' ishobora kwakira abanyeshuri 1400 mu kiciro rusange nikiciro gikuru cy'amashuri yisumbuye. '''Lycée de Kigali''' kandi ni ubufatanye bwa leta y'u Rwanda na ababyeyi. Ishuri ryakira abanyeshuri baturutse imihanda yose rikabafasha kuba abantu bingirakamaro bakenewe ku isoko ry'umurimo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lyceedekigali.ac.rw/spip.php?page=about&id_article=1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-01-27 |archive-date=2020-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521184200/http://www.lyceedekigali.ac.rw/spip.php?page=about&id_article=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amasomo yigishwa muri '''Lycée de Kigali''' == === Ikiciro rusange === [[Dosiye:Pupils_of_the_school_(6007998285).jpg|thumb|Abanyeshuri ]] Abanyeshuri bigishwa amasomo akurikira: * Imibare * [[Icyongereza]] * Ibinyabuzima * Ubutabire * [[Umugenge|Ubugenge]] * Amateka * Ubumenyi bw'isi * Mudasobwa * Ikinyarwanda === Icyiciro gikuru === '''Lycée de Kigali''' ifite amashami akurikira: • PCB : Ubugenge, Ubutabire n'ibinyabuzima • PCM : Ubugenge, Ubutabire n'imibare • MCB : Imibare, Ubutabire, n'ibinyabuzima • MPC : Imibare, Ubugenge n'ubumenyi bwa mudasobwa • MPG : Imibare, Ubugenge n'ubumenyi bw'isi • MEG : Imibare, Ubukungu n'ubumenyi bw'isi • HEG : Amateka, Ubukungu n'ubumenyi bw'isi • Ubumenyi rusange, no Kwihangira imirimo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lyceedekigali.ac.rw/spip.php?rubrique5 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-01-27 |archive-date=2020-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521184354/http://www.lyceedekigali.ac.rw/spip.php?rubrique5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubuzima bw'abanyeshuri == Ishuri ricumbikira abahungu n'abakobwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lyceedekigali.ac.rw/spip.php?page=about&id_article=15 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-01-27 |archive-date=2021-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629090430/http://lyceedekigali.ac.rw/spip.php?page=about&id_article=15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Imikino === '''Lycée de Kigali''' ifite ikibuga cy'umupira wa amaguru nicy'umukino w'amaboko. Byatumye ishuri riba indashyikirwa rinatwara ibikombe mu myaka myinshi<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lyceedekigali.ac.rw/spip.php?page=about&id_article=10 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-01-27 |archive-date=2020-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521184205/http://www.lyceedekigali.ac.rw/spip.php?page=about&id_article=10 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. === Umuco n'imyidagaduro === Ishuri rifite itorero, iri torero rigira abarifasha. Ishuri kandi ritegura amarushanwa y'umuco hagati y'amashuri<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lyceedekigali.ac.rw/spip.php?page=about&id_article=11 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-01-27 |archive-date=2020-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521184210/http://www.lyceedekigali.ac.rw/spip.php?page=about&id_article=11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abayobozi ba Lycée de Kigali == # [[MASABO M. Martin]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lyceedekigali.ac.rw/spip.php?page=about&id_article=82 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-01-27 |archive-date=2020-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521184126/http://www.lyceedekigali.ac.rw/spip.php?page=about&id_article=82 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abaharangije bazwi == # [[AKAZUBA Cynthia]]<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/93327</ref> # [[BAHATI Grace]]<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/80950</ref> == Reba == <references /> [[Category:Amashuri mu Rwanda]] [[Category:Rwanda]] [[Category:Kigali]] [[Category:Nyarugenge]] [[Category:Kiyovu]] [[Category:Uburezi]] [[Category:Uburezi mu Rwanda]] [[Category:Abanyeshuri]] [[Category:Ubumenyi]] 2i7xwsxs65kguq9w47uo7ydr1aox7ku 0 8717 133558 132963 2026-07-03T13:33:38Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 133558 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Bird jj.jpg|thumb|Ubukungu]] '''Ubukerarugendo mu [[Rwanda]]''' ni isoko nini ryinjiza amadovize mu Rwanda kandi biteganijwe ko yiyongera ku gipimo cya 25% buri mwaka. Uru rwego nirwo rutanga umusanzu munini mubikorwa byigihugu byohereza ibicuruzwa hanze. Amafaranga yinjiye muri 2014 yonyine yari miliyoni 305 USD . Uru rwego kandi rwashishikarije abashoramari Mpuzamahanga gushora imari ubwo nibwo havutse amahoteli mpuzamahanga nka Marriot Hotels &amp;amp; Resorts, Radisson Blu, Park Inn na Radisson, Hoteli Sheraton na Resorts, Protea Hotels na Marriott, GoldenTulip Hotels, na Zinc. Hamwe n’ikigo cyarwo u Rwanda rwahindutse ihuriro ry’akarere ndetse n’amahanga bitewe no kurushaho kunoza imitegurire y’inama mpuzamahanga, umuyoboro uhebuje kandi waguka, hamwe n’uburyo bwo kwimuka mu buryo butaziguye nk’ubushobozi bwo gusaba viza kuri interineti, viza-kuri- politiki y'amarembo kubanyafurika bose, na politiki imwe ya viza y'ubukerarugendo kuri [[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|EAC]] . <ref>https://rdb.rw/investment-opportunities/invest-in-tourism/</ref> '''Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda''' buriyongera cyane. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rwandatourism.com/test/contentdetail.php?tbl=press&serial=5 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-04-14 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715215818/http://www.rwandatourism.com/test/contentdetail.php?tbl=press&serial=5 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kugira ngo u [[Rwanda]] rushyirwe ku ikarita y'isi nk'ahantu nyaburanga h’ubukerarugendo, Ikigo gishinzwe iterambere mu Rwanda (RDB) cyasinyanye amasezerano y'ubufatanye bw'imyaka itatu n'ikipe [[Umupira w’amaguru|y'umupira w'amaguru]] i Londere, ikipe ya Arsenal, ndetse n'ubufatanye bw'imyaka ibiri n'ikipe y'umupira w'amaguru y'igihangange [[Paris]] Saint-Saint Germain FC kugirango ifashe kubaka ubukerarugendo mu gihugu. Ibi byazamuye umubare rusange w'ubukerarugendo 8% nk'uko u Rwanda rubitangaza. <ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201805230270.html</ref> == Ubukerarugendo bwo mu gasozi == [[Dosiye:A_tourism_car_-_Akagera_National_Park.jpg|thumb| Kuzenguruka muri [[Pariki y'Akagera|Parike ya Akagera]]]] U Rwanda ruherereye muri Afrika yuburasirazuba rufite ubwiza nyaburanga. U Rwanda rutuwe n’inyamaswa nini zitandukanye zirimo [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi]] zo mu misozi ndetse na parike nini ku isi ya hippos hamwe n’abantu 20.000. Nubwo u Rwanda rukiri igihugu kiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, rufite amahoteri atari make kandi inyungu mpuzamahanga nshya mu bukerarugendo zifasha kuzamuka mu bukungu. Imifuka ya plastiki irabujijwe mu Rwanda, kandi ba mukerarugendo basabwa kutayizana mu gihugu. == Ibikurura ba Mukerarugendo == === Parike y'Ibirunga === [[Dosiye:Mother_and_baby_mountain_gorillas._Volcanoes_National_Park,_Rwanda_(8159411404).jpg|thumb| Mama n'ingagi ingagi muri parike y'ibirunga]] [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y’ibirunga]], igice cy'ibihugu bitatu bihuriye ku gace ka Virunga , muri Virunga harimo ihuriro ry’ingagi zose zo mu Rwanda kandi ziganjemo ubwoko bw'ingagi nyinshi zo mu misozi. Kuba iri hafi y'amasaha abiri uvuye kukibuga cyindege mpuzamahanga cya Kigali bituma parike y'igihugu y'ingagi igera cyane kwisi kuko bamukerarugendo biborohera kuhagera. Kugabana umupaka na Uganda na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo bituma iyi pariki y'igihugu mu Rwanda ibamo umubare munini w'ingagi zo mu misozi zibangamiwe cyane. Abahanga bavuga ko muri parike hari ingagi zigera kuri 600, iyi ikaba ari iyiyongera rikomeye ku ngagi zigera kuri 240-250 mu 1981. <ref name=":0">https://www.planetware.com/rwanda/top-tourist-attractions-things-to-do-in-rwanda-rw-1-3.htm</ref> Usibye ingagi, Pariki y’ibirunga ni inzu y’inguge, inyoni zitandukanye, ibikururuka hasi, amphibian, n'ibindi biremwa byose hamwe bikora pariki yuzuye y'u Rwanda. Parike y'Ibirunga yitiriwe uruherekane rw'ibirunga bisinziriye bigizwe na Virunga; [[Ikirunga cya Bisoke|Bisoke]] n'ikiyaga cyacyo cyiza cyane, [[Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo|Sabyinyo]], [[Ikirunga cya Gahinga|Gahinga]], [[Ikirunga cya Muhabura|Muhabura]], na [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]] . <ref name=":1" /> Gutembera muri Parike y'Ibirunga ubusanzwe bimara hagati y'amasaha ane n'umunani, inyinshi muri zo zikoreshwa mu gutembera mu mashyamba y'imigano, urwuri, n'ibishanga. Abayobora muri parike y'igihugu amaherezo bakugeza kuri imwe '''mumiryango yingagi ituwe.''' Ubusanzwe abashyitsi bamara isaha imwe bareba ibiremwa uko birya, bakita ku bana babyo, kandi bagasabana.<ref>https://kiny.taarifa.rw/umuyobozi-muri-rdb-asobanura-uburyo-afurika-yageza-ubukerarugendo-bwayo-ku-isonga/</ref> == Ubukerarugendo n'iterambere == mu [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] ikigo bita [[Rwanda|Royal Balloon Rwanda]] kubufatanye kubufatanye nu Rwego rw'igihugu rushinzwe iterambere (RDB) na Pariki y'igihugu y'akagera batangije uburyo bwiza bufasha ba mukerarugendo kwitegereza ubwiza butatse pariki y'akagera bari mu kirere mu mipira itwara imyuka ishyushye izwi nka Hot Air Balloon akaba ari igikorwa kitezeho gukurura ba mukerarugendo ndetse no kongera igihe bamara mu gihugu kandi ubu buryo bwo gutembereza ba mukerarugendo mu kirere ni ubwambere butttangiye gukoreshwa mu [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]]<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukerarugendo/pariki/article/mu-rwanda-hatangijwe-uburyo-budasanzwe-bwo-gutembereza-ba-mukerarugendo</ref> [[Dosiye:Nyungwe NP.jpg|thumb|nyumgwe]] === Pariki ya Nyungwe === Imwe mu mashyamba ya kera muri [[Afurika]], Nyungwe, ni nziza cyane kandi ikungahaye ku binyabuzima bifite amoko 1068 y’ibimera, harimo amoko 140 ya orchide, ndetse n’ubwoko 322 bw’inyoni zirimo amababi atukura, hamwe n’amoko 75 y’inyamabere nka serval. injangwe, mongoose, [[Igihura|congo clawless otter]], n'ingwe n'izindi. Ba mukerarugendo benshi baza muri iri shyamba gukurikirana chimpanzees, hamwe nandi moko 12 y’ibinyabuzima, harimo [[Icyondi|n’inguge]] zavuye kuri Albertine Rift. Iyi pariki kandi ibamo urugendo rwomukirere, aho ugenda nko mu minota 90 uvuye mu kigo cya Uwinka. Abashyitsi bambuka ikiraro cya metero 91 z'uburebure kiri muri metero zirenga 50 hejuru y'ishyamba, bakabona urujijo rw'imisozi kure. === Ishyamba rya Gishwati === [[Pariki ya Gishwati|Ishyamba rya Gishwati]] ni igice cya pariki ya Gishwati-Mukura. Gishwati Concession iyobowe na Wilderness Safaris kubufatanye na Forest of Hope Association and Rwanda Development Board. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20211004082137/https://kivubelt.travel/gishwati-forest-national-park/</ref> Amacumbi yonyine aba muri parike ni Byiringiro Guest House ifite ibyumba hamwe n'inkambi. [[Dosiye:Elephants in Akagera National Park (01).jpg|thumb|Akagera National Park]] === Pariki y'igihugu ya Akagera === Ni urugendo ruri hafi y'amasaha abiri n'igice uvuye Kigali ugera kuri Parike ya Akagera. Iyobowe n’umuryango ny'afurika wita kuri parike, Parike ya Akagera iherereye mu burasirazuba bw'u Rwanda ifite kilometero kare 2500 (kimwe mu bishanga binini birinzwe muri Afurika yo hagati) igizwe n’ubutaka bwa Savannah. Iyi parike yitiriwe umugezi wa Kagera unyura ku rubibi rw'u Rwanda na [[Tanzaniya]] . Uruzi rugaburira mu kiyaga cya Ihema no mu bindi biyaga bito muri parike no hafi yayo. Iyi pariki irinda ahantu nyaburanga muri savanna ya acacia nk'igihuru gifite ibyatsi byimeza hamwe nibiyaga icumi byo mu bishanga. Niho habamo [[inzovu]], giraffe, imparage, ingwe, impyisi, [[intare]], hamwe na antelopes nyinshi z'ibihuru, topis, oribis, amazi-buck, antelope, duiker, klipspringer, impala, na antelope na cape eland. Abashyitsi bashobora kureba imvubu ningona za Nil zirwanira ku zuba hafi y'ikiyaga cy' Ihema. Ibinyabuzima bisanzwe muri parike y'igihugu y'Akagera ni olive babons , inguge za vervet, inkende [[Inkima|z'ubururu]], hamwe nabana bato bazo. Abashyitsi bashobora kandi kubona ibidukikije kuva mubibaya bya savanna, mu bishanga, no mu biyaga. <ref>https://www.kabiraugandasafaris.com/akagera-national-park-rwanda.html</ref> === Ikiyaga cya Kivu === [[Dosiye:Ikiyaga cya Kivu.jpg|thumb|Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] Ubuso bw'amazi kuri kilometero kare 2.700 , [[ikiyaga cya Kivu]] nicyo kiyaga kinini cy'u Rwanda kandi kikaba icya gatandatu muri Afurika. <ref name=":2">https://www.visitrwanda.com/destinations/lake-kivu/</ref> Imisozi ihanamye, itera amaterasi igana ku nkombe z'ikiyaga cyiza ndetse no mu mijyi ya [[Umujyi wa Rubavu|Gisenyi]], Kibuye, na Cyangugu . Iyi mijyi mito ikora kubirunga hamwe na Parike ya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]] . <ref>https://www.sunsafaris.com/safari/rwanda/lake-kivu/</ref> Ikiyaga cya Kivu gifite amazi meza . Ikiyaga cya Kivu kizwi kandi nka kimwe mu biyaga bifite umutekano muri Afurika kandi nta nyamaswa zangiza nk'imvubu cyangwa ingona. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220414185454/https://kivubelt.travel/lake-kivu/</ref> Ikiyaga cya Kivu gifite kandi ibirwa amagana. Ikirwa kizwi cyane mu kiyaga cya Kivu ni ikirwa cya Napoleon hanze ya [[Akarere ka Karongi|Karongi]] ni ahantu ho kubungabunga ibidukikije kandi hakaba ari hamwe hari ibiti byera imbuto. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220414185454/https://kivubelt.travel/lake-kivu/</ref> === Inzira ya Nili === Inzira ya Kongo Nil ni inzira yo gutembera no gutwara ku nkombe z'imisozi <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220626193853/https://kivubelt.travel/biking-the-congo-nile-trail-complete-guide/</ref> [[Nili]] igabanya Rusizi na Rubavu. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220414185404/https://kivubelt.travel/hiking-the-congo-nile-trail-the-complete-guide/</ref> Buri cyiciro gifata umunsi umwe kugirango kirangire kandi hariho ibiryo nicumbi kumpera ya buri cyiciro. <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220626211026/https://kivubelt.travel/congo-nile-trail/</ref> Inzira ya Congo Nile inyura ahantu heza h'ikiyaga cya Kivu no ku misozi y'icyatsi kibisi. Inzira inyura mu mijyi 5, [[Akarere ka Rubavu|Rubavu]], [[Akarere ka Rutsiro|Rutsiro]], [[Akarere ka Karongi|Karongi]], [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke|Nyamasheke]] na [[Akarere ka Rusizi|Rusizi]] . Inzira ya Congo Nile nayo inyura kuri 2 muri parike 5 z'u [[Rwanda]]; [[Pariki ya Nyungwe]] na Parike ya [[Pariki ya Gishwati|Gishwati-Mukura]] === Inzu Ndangamurage y'umwami === Inzu ndangamurage ya King's Palace Museum, ikaba ari imwe mu ngoro ndangamurage umunani zo mu Rwanda, hari [[INYAMBO|inka z'inyambo]] zimenyerewe ku mahembe manini atangaje zifitiye. Umunsi wose abaririmbyi gakondo baririmbira inka muburyo bworoshye bakavuga imivugo, umuhango wihariye w'u [[Rwanda]].Inzu ndangamurage yerekana kopi y'ingoro y'[[umwami]] kuva mu kinyejana cya 15 ifite igisenge kibiti, akazu k'umwami, n'akazu keza k'amata gakondo gakorwamo n'umugore utarashatse.Ba mukerarugendo bashobora kandi gushakisha inzu y'ubukoroni yahoze ibamo umwami King Mutara wa III Rudahigwa hagati mu kinyejana cya 20. Igishushanyo mbonera cy'imbere gihuza imiterere y'u Rwanda n'ibikoresho byo mu [[Burayi]] (bimwe muri byo byari iby'umwami).[[Dosiye:Biking_the_Congo_Nile_Trail.jpg|left|thumb| Amagare ku kayira ka Nili hafi ya Kinunu]] === Inzu Ndangamurage === Kimwe mu byegeranyo byiza by'Afurika byakusanyirijwe mu moko atandukanye ndetse no mu bihe bya kera mushobora kubisanga mu nzu ndangamurage y’u Rwanda, iherereye mu birometero 130 mu majyepfo ya [[Kigali]] mu [[Akarere ka Huye|Karere ka Huye]] . [[Ububiligi]] bwahaye inzu ndangamurage uyu mujyi mu 1989 mu rwego rwo kwizihiza isabukuru y'imyaka 25 u Rwanda rwigenga .Ingoro ndangamurage isubiza abashyitsi mugihe cyo hambere cy'abakoloni. Ububiko bugizwe nicyegeranyo cy'ibiseke, imyenda gakondo ikozwe mu mpu z'inyamaswa, amacumu y'ibyatsi n'imiheto, ingoma z'umuziki kuva mu binyejana byashize, n'ibikoresho byo guhinga bishaje.Abashyitsi bashobora gukandagira mu nzu y'umwami kandi bakamenya uko y'ubatswe. Inzu ndangamurage kandi yakira imyiyerekano y'ubukorikori . === Urwibutso rwa Jenoside === [[Dosiye:Genocide Memorial site of Gisozi Kigali Genocide Memorial 020.jpg|thumb|Urwibutso rwa Genocide rwa Gisozi]] [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Kigali]] i [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Gisozi]] niho hashyinguwe imiri 250.000. Uru rwibutso rugamije kwigisha uburyo itsembabwoko ryakorewe [[abatutsi]] ryakozwe. hari urukuta rw'amazina rweguriwe abahashyinguwe, nubwo benshi mu bahitanywe na jenoside batazwi kandi amazina akaba ataraboneka, bityo biracyari umurimo urimo gukorwa. Ubusitani bw'urwibutso butanga umwanya wo gutekereza ku mateka ya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi. Mu gihe urwibutso runini ruri i Kigali, itsembabwoko ryakoze ku mpande zose z'u [[Rwanda]], kandi hari inzibutso nyinshi ziri mu gihugu hose. <ref>https://www.visitrwanda.com/interests/kigali-genocide-memorial/</ref> == references == [[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] 7qkejdiuyr5ca56id2at6ronniyvvu2 0 9497 133546 133093 2026-07-03T13:23:52Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 133546 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hon. Kanziza Epiphanie''' ni umunyarwandakazi wavutse mu mwaka 1972 avukira mu muryango w’abana 7 mu murenge wa Gatunda mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Nyagatare|Nyagatare]] mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|intara y'uburasirazuba]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw/senate-2/senators-profiles/senators-profile-1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-18 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111084408/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/senate-2/senators-profiles/senators-profile-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == '''AMASHURI YIZE''' == '''Kanziza Epiphaie''' yize amashuri abanza kuva mu mwaka wi '''1979-1987''' kuri Groupe scolaire Mutumba Nyagatare, bimwe mubyaranze imyigire ye mu ishuri ribanza ni ugutsinda neza amasomo ndetse yatsindwa akababara cyane<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thebridge.rw/kanziza-epiphanie-abo-amateka-agaragaza-ko-basigaye-inyuma-nabo-barashoboye/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-18 |archive-date=2021-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118045750/https://thebridge.rw/kanziza-epiphanie-abo-amateka-agaragaza-ko-basigaye-inyuma-nabo-barashoboye/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>, ibi byamufashije gutsinda neza ibizamini bya leta, bityo akomereza mu mashuri yisumbuye muri '''Notre Dame du Bon Conseil Byumba''' ishami rya '''normal technique''' maze abona amanota meza mu ibizamini bisoza amashuri yisumbuye 77% mu mwaka '''1996''', akomereza muri Kaminuza yigenga ya [[Kigali]] (ULK) mu ishami rya Relation Internationale (Imibanire y’Ibihugu)<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amashusho/kt-tv/article/twasuye-senateri-mushya-kanziza-epiphanie-yategaga-moto-ajya-ku-kazi</ref>. == '''AKAZI (UMWUGA)''' == '''Kanziza Epiphaie''' mu mwaka 1995 yabaye '''[https://web.archive.org/web/20211111084408/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/senate-2/senators-profiles/senators-profile-1 Field Officer in International Red Cross Committee (CICR)] , 1996 kugera 2004''' yigishije muri groupe scolaire Cyabayaga I Nyagatare, mu mwaka 1999-2004: yabaye Coordinator wa CNF Mimuli Sector, [[Nyagatare (Akarere)|Nyagatare District]]<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amashusho/kt-tv/article/twasuye-senateri-mushya-kanziza-epiphanie-yategaga-moto-ajya-ku-kazi</ref> , nyuma yakomeje akazi k'uburezi muri groupe scolaire Bibare I [[Akarere ka Gatsibo|Gatsibo]] kuva 2005 kugera 2008. '''2008-2010''': yakoze mu mushinga '''[https://web.archive.org/web/20211111084408/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/senate-2/senators-profiles/senators-profile-1 African Initiative for Mankind Progress Organization (AIMPO)]''' ashinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage mu [[Akarere ka Musanze|karere ka Musanze]]<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/Menya-aho-Perezida-Kagame-yavanye-Senateri-Kanziza-Video</ref>. '''2010-2014''': Minisiteri y’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu '''MINALOC''' yarihiye abanyeshuri muri Kaminuza ihereye ku bagize amanota menshi nawe azamo yiga '''Relation Internationale''' (Imibanire y’Ibihugu). '''2016-2018''': Mediator Committee Ruhango Cell, Gisozi Sector, [https://www.gasabo.gov.rw/ Gasabo District]. '''2012-2020''': Coordinator of Women’s Organization for Promoting Unity (WOPU)<ref>http://www.ukwezi.rw/mu-rwanda/3/article/Ibyihariye-kuri-Kanziza-Epiphanie-wakuze-ahabwa-akato-akaba-yagizwe-Senateri-na-Perezida-Kagame</ref> == references == [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi babanyapolitiki]] [[Ikiciro:Politiki y'urwanda]] <references />7. https://www.kigalitoday.com/politiki/amakuru/Perezida-Kagame-yakiriye-indahiro-z-Abasenateri-bashya-Amafoto fgmte06o1bqtxm8kumuuy0x9n8isok2 0 9979 133561 133022 2026-07-03T13:35:15Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133561 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Flag map of Rwanda.svg|thumb]] Mukantaganzwa Domitilla niwe muyobozi w’ urukiko rw’ ikirenga rwa Repuburika yu Rwanda kuva 03 ukuboza 2024. yavutse ku ya 11 Ugushyingo 1963 i [[Kimihurura]] mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]], yashakanye n'uwahoze ari Minisitiri w’uburezi wa Leta ndetse n’umuyobozi w’Umujyi wa [[Kigali]] Theoneste Mutsindashyaka. == Amashuri == Madamu Domitilla yize amashuri abanza muri Ecole Primaire Kacyiru mu 1971, yakomereje muri Notre Dame de Lourdes de Byimana, ubu ni mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Ruhango]] aho yize ikiciro rusange (O'Level). Nyuma yagiye muri Lycee Notre Dame De Citeaux ahakomereza ikiciro cya kabiri cy'amashuri yisumbuye (A'Level) akurikirana amasomo y'ubukungu, kugeza mu 1983 ubwo yinjiraga muri [[kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda]] (NUR), ubu ni [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|kaminuza y’u Rwanda]] (UR), aho yavanye impamyabumenyi y'ikiciri cya kabiri cya Kaminuza mu by'amategeko<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubutabera/amakuru/article/mukantaganzwa-yagizwe-umuyobozi-wa-komisiyo-yo-kuvugurura-amategeko</ref>. Afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse (Masters) mu bijyanye n’amahoro n’ububanyi n’amahanga yakuye mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi bw'amahoro n’ububanyi n’amahanga ('''Institute of Peace Studies and International Relations (HIPSIR) of Hekima University College''') cya kaminuza ya Hekima<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hekima.ac.ke/index.php/hipsir |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-05 |archive-date=2022-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205050008/https://www.hekima.ac.ke/index.php/hipsir |url-status=dead }}</ref>, muri [[Kenya]], akaba yakurikiranye isomo ry'amategeko mu kigo cy’amategeko n’iterambere (Institute of Legal Practice and Development (ILPD))<ref>https://ilpd.ac.rw/</ref> ahabona impamyabumenyi y’amategeko. [[Dosiye:Facade_of_National_University_of_Rwanda_-_Huye-Butare_-_Southern_Rwanda.jpg|thumb|National University of Rwanda - Huye-Butare - Southern Rwanda aho Mukantaganzwa yize kaminuza]] == '''Amateka ajyanye n'akazi yakoze''' == Mukantaganzwa yinjiye mu mirimo y'igihugu mu 1987 nka Assistant Burgomastre wa Komine ya Nyarugenge mbere yo kwinjira muri Minisiteri y'Ubuhinzi nk'umukozi ushinzwe kwiyandikisha (registration officer). Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, yagizwe Umuyobozi Mukuru muri Minisiteri ishinzwe imibereho myiza n’umurimo mbere gato yo kwinjira mu Ishami ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryita ku bana [https://www.unicef.org/rwanda/rw UNICEF]. Ubwo yageraga muri komisiyo ishinzwe amategeko n’itegeko nshinga yateguye Itegeko Nshinga rya 2003. Mu Kwakira 2003, yagizwe umuyobozi wa komisiyo y'igihugu ishinzwe guca imanza za Genocide yakorewe abatutsi muri Mata 1994 (Gacaca) kugeza mu 2012<ref>https://reliefweb.int/report/rwanda/rwanda-gacaca-courts-near-end</ref>, arangije icyo gikorwa maze ashyikiriza guverinoma raporo yibyavuyemo<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://menyanibi.rw/mukantaganzwa-washinzwe-komisiyo-yo-kuvugurura-amategeko-ni-muntu-ki/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-05 |archive-date=2022-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205051524/https://menyanibi.rw/mukantaganzwa-washinzwe-komisiyo-yo-kuvugurura-amategeko-ni-muntu-ki/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Kuwa 4 ukuboza 2019 yagizwe perezida wa komisiyo y'igihugu ishinzwe kuvugurura amategeko aho yari asimbuye Aimable Havugiyaremye kuri iyi mirimo<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubutabera/amakuru/article/mukantaganzwa-yagizwe-umuyobozi-wa-komisiyo-yo-kuvugurura-amategeko</ref><ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/mukantaganzwa-chairperson-rlrc</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.umusingi.org/en/archives/21450 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-05 |archive-date=2022-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205050022/https://www.umusingi.org/en/archives/21450 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dosiye:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi_and_the_President_of_Rwanda,_Mr._Paul_Kagame_at_the_delegation_level_talks,_at_Kigali,_Rwanda_on_July_23,_2018_(1).JPG|thumb|Rwanda Leaders]] Mukantaganzwa ni umwe mubagize akanama nkemurampaka k'umuryango [https://www.unity-club.rw/home Unity Club] Intwararumuri washinzwe na Madamu nyakubahwa Jeannete Kagame Gashyantare 1996 hagamijwe gutanga umusanzu mu “Kwimakaza umuco w’ubumwe n’amahoro, byo nkingi z’iterambere rirambye<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://m.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/itangira-ryari-rigoye-urugendo-rw-imyaka-25-unity-club-imaze-yita-ku-kunga |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-05 |archive-date=2022-02-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220205050006/https://m.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/itangira-ryari-rigoye-urugendo-rw-imyaka-25-unity-club-imaze-yita-ku-kunga |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Byinshi-mu-bimaze-kugerwaho-nUmuryango-Unity-Club-Intwararumuri-mu-myaka-25-umaze</ref> == '''Indanganturo''' == [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Uburezi mu Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]] aonfumbcmr1pat85xqfnos4696p23gh 0 10058 133541 133024 2026-07-03T13:20:52Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133541 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mbonimana Gamariel''' (yavutse ku ya 15 Ukwakira 1980) ni umunyapolitiki wo mu [[Rwanda]], ubu akaba umwe mu bagize Inteko Ishinga Amategeko mu [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda|Nteko ishinga amategeko y'u Rwanda]] . <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw/index.php?id=131 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-25 |archive-date=2020-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616234659/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/index.php?id=131 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ni umunyamuryango w'ishyaka rya Liberal Party mu Rwanda. Kera yakoraga nk'umwarimu wigihe cyose muri [[Kaminuza ya Kigali (UoK)|kaminuza ya Kigali]] . <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |url=https://uok.ac.rw/member/dr-mbonimana-gamariel/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-25 |archive-date=2021-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210608114512/https://uok.ac.rw/member/dr-mbonimana-gamariel/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubuzima bwo hambere hamwe n'amashuri yize == Mbonimana yavutse ku ya 15 Ukwakira 1980 mu Karere ka Kamonyi. Mbonimana yize amashuri abanza ya Bunyonga (1987-1995), Ecole Secondaire de MBOGO kurwego rusanzwe (1995-1998), yinjira muri Institut Technique de Rutobwe (ITER) (1998-2001) kugirango ahabwe impamyabumenyi yisumbuye. <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw/index.php?id=131 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-25 |archive-date=2020-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200616234659/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/index.php?id=131 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yarangije impamyabumenyi ya Bachelor of Arts muri Psychopedagogy yakuye muri kaminuza ya Kibungo (mu Rwanda), Masters of Arts mu micungire y’uburezi yakuye muri kaminuza ya Kabale ([[Ubugande|Uganda]]), Master of Business Administration in Logistics and Supply chain Management from Institute of Business Management, Mubuhinde na [[Filozofi]] mu micungire y’uburezi yakuye muri kaminuza ya Holy States University [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|muri Amerika]] . == Umwuga == === Lecturer === Yatangiye ari umwarimu mu ishuri ribanza rya Rusave (Nzeri 2001-Ukuboza 2003), Ishuri ryisumbuye rya Kayonza ryigisha imitekerereze ya psychologiya, sociologiya, filozofiya n’uburezi bwa politiki (Mutarama 2004-Ukuboza 2005), nk'umuyobozi akaba n'umwarimu muri Institut Don Bosco Kabarondo (Mutarama 2009-Gicurasi 2013). Kuva muri Mata 2014, yabaye umwarimu wa Part timer muri kaminuza ya [[Mount Kenya University]] Kigali. <ref name="Details">https://www.parliament.gov.rw/index.php?id=125&width=650&detailId=380</ref> Kuva muri Mutarama 2015 kugeza Werurwe 2016 yabaye umwarimu mukuru ndetse anaba umuyobozi w'ishami ry'uburezi muri kaminuza ya Mahatma Gandhi mu Rwanda. <ref name="auto3">https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/children-commission-dissolved</ref> Muri Werurwe 2015, yinjiye muri kaminuza ya Kigali aho yakoraga mu myanya itandukanye nk'umuhuzabikorwa wa Post Graduate Diploma mu burezi, umuyobozi wa gahunda ishinzwe uburezi nk'umuyobozi w'agateganyo w'ishuri ryisumbuye (Mutarama 2017-Kanama 2017) nk'umuyobozi wungirije Ishuri rya PostGraduate (Kanama 2017 kugeza Kamena 2018) kandi yabaye umwarimu wigihe cyose hamwe na Associate Dean, Ishuri rya Postgraduate muri kaminuza ya Kigali . Mugihe yari umwarimu, Dr. Mbonimana yatanze ikiganiro cya Psychoperspe yiterambere ryimibereho, Ubuyobozi bwuburezi nubujyanama, ibizamini, gupima no gusuzuma, urufatiro rwamateka yuburezi, psychologiya, pedagogi, filozofiya, sociologiya, uburyo bwubushakashatsi, imicungire yumutungo, imyitwarire yubuyobozi, ubumenyi bwitumanaho, Iterambere ry'umuntu, Amahame y'Ubuyobozi <ref name="auto1" /> Amahame n'amahame y'Ubuyobozi mu burezi, Urufatiro rw'uburezi, imicungire y'umutungo , imicungire y'abakozi n'ubuyobozi, imicungire y'abakozi bashinzwe imiyoborere n'ubuyobozi, gahunda Mgt., Integanyanyigisho n'ubuyobozi bw'Amashuri Makuru, Kwigisha no Kwiga neza mumashuri Makuru, imicungire yimibereho yabanyeshuri nubuyobozi, Uburyo bwubushakashatsi, Politiki yuburezi na Igenamigambi <ref name="auto2" /> Gucunga amasoko nogutanga amasoko, amasoko yo mu karere ndetse n’amahanga, gucunga ububiko n’ibicuruzwa, gucunga ibikoresho no gutanga amasoko, gucunga ibikorwa ity logistique, Gutegura amasoko no gucunga amasoko, imishyikirano no gucunga amasezerano, gucunga ibyago no gucunga amasoko, politiki rusange nubuyobozi nibindi. === Politiki === Ku ya 4 Nzeri 2018, yatorewe kuba umwe mu bagize inteko ishinga amategeko [[Umutwe w’Abadepite|umutwe w’abadepite]] mu [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda|Nteko ishinga amategeko y’u Rwanda]] maze ku ya 19 Nzeri 2018 ararahira. Ni umunyamuryango ku burezi, Ikoranabuhanga, umuco n'urubyiruko mu Nteko ishinga amategeko y'u Rwanda. Ari mu ishyaka rya Liberal Party mu Rwanda. Ku ya 28 Gicurasi 2019, Biro y’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yamugize mu ishyirahamwe ry’inteko ishinga amategeko ya Francophonie nk'umunyamuryango wa komite ishinzwe uburezi, itumanaho n’umuco. == Imirimo yatangajwe == Yashyize ahagaragara ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwe kuri politiki y’uburezi & imiyoborere, Isoko ryo guhuza amasoko, gucunga ububiko n’imicungire y’ibikoresho, Logistika na Politiki mu bitabo no mu bindi binyamakuru by’urungano bityo bivugwa na H-Index ya 7 hamwe na 21 byavuzwe kuri bagenzi be barenga 12- yasuzumye ikinyamakuru mubitabo mpuzamahanga bifitanye isano. == Ubuzima bwite == Dr. Mbonimana yashakanye na Ingabire Marie Claire kandi bafitanye abana 3; Mbonimana Keza Ornella, Mbonimana Gwiza Briella na Mbonimana Nshuti Elouan. Mu byo akunda harimo Gukina [[Umupira w’amaguru|umupira w'amaguru]], Gusoma [[Bibiliya]] kimwe n'ibindi bitabo rusange no kureba firime za documentaire. <ref name="auto2" /> Ari mu ishyaka rya Liberal Party mu Rwanda. <ref name="auto2" /> == references == [[Ikiciro:Abanyaporitiki]] [[Ikiciro:Uburezi mu Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Uburezi]] [[Ikiciro:Abarimu ba Kaminuza]] issoz8tvm8bs3axzbw28f6obapxiida 0 10073 133545 133032 2026-07-03T13:23:29Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133545 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jean-Marie Vianney Higiro''' ( yavutse ahagana mu 1945) yari Umuyobozi w'Ibiro bishinzwe amakuru mu Rwanda (ORINFOR), isosiyete ya leta iyobora Radio Rwanda, Televiziyo y'u Rwanda ndetse n'ibitangazamakuru bigenzurwa na Leta muri Repubulika y'u [[Rwanda]] . == Ubuzima bwo hambere == Higiro yavukiye mu Rwanda ku butegetsi bw'Ababiligi mu 1945. Yize muri [[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda|kaminuza nkuru yu Rwanda]] . Nyuma, yize mu mahanga muri [[Amerika ya Ruguru]], arangiza impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga muri kaminuza ya Texas muri Austin. == Genocide == Ku ya 31 Nyakanga 1993, Higiro yagizwe umuyobozi w’ibiro bishinzwe amakuru mu Rwanda na guverinoma ihuriweho na Minisitiri w’intebe [[Agathe Uwilingiyimana]]. Yavuye i Kigali ku ya 9 Mata agera i [[Nairobi]] ku ya 10 Mata 1994 ubwo yimuraga ambasade y'Amerika. Yavuye i Nairobi yerekeza muri Amerika ku ya 19 Nyakanga 1994, umunsi yagombaga kurahira kuba minisitiri w’itangazamakuru muri guverinoma iyobowe na Faustin Twagiramungu. Mu gihe cy’intambara Higiro afashijwe n’imyizerere ye ishyize mu gaciro kandi abanzi be bagambiriye kumwica. Yahisemo gutoroka hamwe n'umuryango we wa hafi. == Nyuma y'intambara == Higiro yatuye muri Massachusetts maze aba umwarimu w’itumanaho muri kaminuza y’iburengerazuba bwa New England, i Springfield, muri Massachusetts .Muri Gashyantare 2008, ''ikinyamakuru Washington Post'' cyatangaje ko abategetsi b'u Rwanda basabye ko Amerika yafata Higiro kandi ikamushinja ko yatanze inkunga y'amafaranga abarwanyi b'inyeshyamba bo mu Rwanda bo mu burasirazuba bwa Kongo. Nk’uko iyi raporo ibigaragaza, Higiro yemera ko ashyigikiye itsinda ryiswe "Rally for Unity and Democracy", icyo raporo yaranze nk 'umutwe wa gisirikare ugamije guteza ibibazo mu Rwanda." <ref>(https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/03/AR2009020303758.html?hpid=artslot)</ref> == References == [[Ikiciro:Abarimu ba Kaminuza]] [[Ikiciro:Uburezi mu Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Uburezi]] gogaekj3usvre7o72atbj7jzp5my43j 0 10495 133540 133293 2026-07-03T13:20:15Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133540 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Kicukiro high way road.jpg|thumb|umujyi queen ndahira mugabekazi yavukiyemo]]{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q139681529}} Queen '''Ndahiro Mugabekazi''' (Wavutse 2003 ) akaba [[Nyampinga w'u Rwanda|Nyaminga]] wifotoje kurusha abandi 2022<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/night-divine-muheto-took-miss-rwanda-2022-crown-home</ref><ref>http://isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/uyu-mwana-yaba-aryoshye-mu-buriri-mugabekazi-uri-muri-miss-rwanda-wagarutse-ku-ihohoterwa-yagiye-akorerwa-amafoto</ref> == Ubuzima bwite == [[Dosiye:KicukiroDist.png|thumb|Kicukiro aho Queen Ndahiro yavukiye]] Queen Ndahiro Mugabekazi yavutse tariki ya 8 Nzeri 2002 avukira mu Mujyi wa Kigali mu Karere ka Kicukiro, ni umuhererezi mu muryango w’abana 3, [[imfura]] iwabo ni umukobwa n’aho ubuheta bukaba umuhungu. Afite ababyeyi bose (Papa na Mama ) . <ref>http://isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/uyu-mwana-yaba-aryoshye-mu-buriri-mugabekazi-uri-muri-miss-rwanda-wagarutse-ku-ihohoterwa-yagiye-akorerwa-amafoto</ref>Ndahiro amashuri abanza yayize i Nyandungu kwa Hadji, icyiciro rusange cy’amashuri yisumbuye (O Level) yacyize Lycée Notre Dame de Citeaux ni mu gihe icyiciro cya kabiri cy’amashuri yisumbuye (A Level) yacyize Lycée de Kigali aho yize PCB (Physics, Chemistry and Biology).<ref>http://isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/uyu-mwana-yaba-aryoshye-mu-buriri-mugabekazi-uri-muri-miss-rwanda-wagarutse-ku-ihohoterwa-yagiye-akorerwa-amafoto</ref>. == Ibihembo == Ndahiro yabaye umukobwa wahize abandi mukwifotoza muri miss 2022 . Aho Yahawe igihembo cyamafaranga 2, 400, 000 yatanzwe na Diamond Smile Dental Clinic, IGIHE, Forzza Gaming na Smart Design muri miss Rwanda 2022.<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/night-divine-muheto-took-miss-rwanda-2022-crown-home</ref> == Umushinga == Queen Ndahiro Mugabekazi Afite umushinga Kurwanya ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina no gutandukanya igitsina gore.<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/miss-rwanda-2022-meet-19-finalists</ref><ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/night-divine-muheto-took-miss-rwanda-2022-crown-home</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umugore]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Miss Rwanda]] 6f90w3j58ln6n3lqrkoivfuaa0sqqyh 0 10497 133567 133292 2026-07-03T14:01:27Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133567 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ruzindana.jpg|thumb|Ruzindana Kellia ]] Ruzindana Kelia (wavutse 2003) ikamba rya [[Nyampinga w'u Rwanda|Nyampinga]] w’Umurage '''('''miss Hertage 2022)<ref>https://isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/irebere-ibisubizo-bya-kelia-ruzindana-wayoboye-abandi-mu-bice-byose-by-amajwi-muri-miss-rwanda-2022-video</ref> == Ubuzima Bwite == Ruzindana Kelia  Afite myaka 18 yavukiye mu [[Umujyi wa Kigali|Mujyi wa Kigali]] mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Nyarugenge|Nyarugenge]] .Kelia n'umukobwa wakuze azu bwenge .yasoje amashuri yisumbuye umwaka ushize wa 2021 muri College Saint Andre, akaba yarize MPG (Mathematics, Physics and Geography) akaba yaranujuje ikizami cya Leta gisoza amashuri yisumbuye.<ref>https://isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/irebere-ibisubizo-bya-kelia-ruzindana-wayoboye-abandi-mu-bice-byose-by-amajwi-muri-miss-rwanda-2022-video</ref> yize amashuri abanza kutunyenyeri Igikondo ayisumbuye yose akaba yarazize mukigo cyimwe aricyo St Andre.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ibyamamare.com/reba-uburanga-bwa-ruzindana-kelia-wimyaka-18-uyoboye-abandi-bakobwa-mukugira-amajwi-menshi-muri-miss-rwanda-2022amafoto/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2022-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301142358/https://ibyamamare.com/reba-uburanga-bwa-ruzindana-kelia-wimyaka-18-uyoboye-abandi-bakobwa-mukugira-amajwi-menshi-muri-miss-rwanda-2022amafoto/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/ubwiza-n-ibyo-wamenya-ku-bakobwa-5-banikiriye-abandi-mu-majwi-muri-miss-rwanda-amafoto</ref> Kelia akaba yarafite umushinga ujyanye no gukurikirana abana bafite ibibazo batewe n’amakimbirane yo mu muryango aho usanga hari na bamwe byashoye mu kunywa ibiyobyabwenge.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ibyamamare.com/reba-uburanga-bwa-ruzindana-kelia-wimyaka-18-uyoboye-abandi-bakobwa-mukugira-amajwi-menshi-muri-miss-rwanda-2022amafoto/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-12 |archive-date=2022-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220301142358/https://ibyamamare.com/reba-uburanga-bwa-ruzindana-kelia-wimyaka-18-uyoboye-abandi-bakobwa-mukugira-amajwi-menshi-muri-miss-rwanda-2022amafoto/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ibihembo == Ruzindana Kelia yahawe igihembo cyamafaranga 5 000 000 kuva [[Bralirwa Brewery|Bralirwa]] unyuze kumurongo wa Primus ndetse no gushyigikira ibikorwa byo kumenyekanisha umuco muri [[Miss Rwanda]] .<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/night-divine-muheto-took-miss-rwanda-2022-crown-home</ref> === Referances === 0zwi4pnggtdppuh1yi9gymvggjcz0cx 0 10603 133554 133467 2026-07-03T13:27:48Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133554 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Therese Bishagara Kagoyire''' (25 Ukuboza 1952 - 8 Nyakanga 2019) <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |url=https://en.igihe.com/news/senator-kagoyire-passes-on |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2022-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523133301/https://en.igihe.com/news/senator-kagoyire-passes-on |url-status=dead }}</ref> yari [[Rwanda|umunyarwandakazi]] w'umunyapolitiki . Kuva mu 2011 kugeza 2019, yabaye umwe mu bagize Sena y'u [[Rwanda]] . Yari umunyamuryango wa [[Ishyaka FPR-Inkotanyi|Rwanda Patriotic Front]] (FPR)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.parliament.gov.rw/news-detail?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=7651&cHash=c504271a3b575dba522d48be46eb9e18 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2022-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514174828/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/news-detail?tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=7651&cHash=c504271a3b575dba522d48be46eb9e18 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwo hambere == Bishagara yakuriye muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] aho yakuye impamyabumenyi ihanitse. <ref name="auto1">https://rwandatoday.africa/rwanda/news/bishagara-legacy-on-rights-2471380</ref> Yari afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bumenyi bw’ibinyabuzima<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://menyanibi.rw/senateri-bishagara-kagoyire-therese-yitabye-imana/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929024409/https://menyanibi.rw/senateri-bishagara-kagoyire-therese-yitabye-imana/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Umwuga == Bishagara yakoze ubushakashatsi muri Programme de la Lutte Contre le [[SIDA]] et les Infection Indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina,kandi yabaye n’ubunyamabanga buhoraho bwa komisiyo y’igihugu ishinzwe kurwanya SIDA, Yabaye Umuyobozi w'Ikigo cy'ubuvuzi cya [[Kigali]] (1996–2004). Yabaye umwarimu w'igihe gito muri [[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda|kaminuza nkuru y'u Rwanda]] (1999–2003)<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rwandainspirer.com/2019/07/19/deceased-senator-bishagara-kagoyire-laid-to-rest-friends-family-pay-their-last-tribute-to-her/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2019-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101022437/http://rwandainspirer.com/2019/07/19/deceased-senator-bishagara-kagoyire-laid-to-rest-friends-family-pay-their-last-tribute-to-her/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Yakoze nka Resident Advisor Feature International / Easure Evaluation / USAID kuva 2006 kugeza 2007. Yabaye umujyanama wa tekinike muri Save the Children UK mu 2006, ndetse no muri PSI - Ibiranga gukumira VIH (2005–2006). Kuva mu 2008 kugeza 2011, Bishagara yari umuyobozi wa gahunda y'igihugu ya Jhpiego / MCHIP International, umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta ukorana na kaminuza ya Johns Hopkins (USAID)<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/201907100080.html</ref>. Yakoze mu myanya y'abagize inama y'ubutegetsi muri White Ribbon Alliance for Motherhood Safe (2007–2011), Université Libre de Kigali (2008–2011) hamwe n'ikigega cyo gutera inkunga iterambere ry’u [[Rwanda]], Rwanda Local Development Support Funds (2007–2011). Yari umunyamuryango wa Association d'Exécution des Travaux d'Intérêt Public (ASSETIF). Yabaye perezida wa Profemmes Twese -Hamwe na COCAFEM / Ibiyaga Bigari (2007–2011).<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/senateri-bishagara-kagoyire-therese-yitabye-imana</ref> Bishagara yinjiye mu [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda|nteko ishinga amategeko]] mu mutwe wa Sena y'u [[Rwanda]] muri 2011, nk'uhagarariye [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Intara y'Iburengerazuba]]<ref name="ktpress2021">https://www.ktpress.rw/2019/07/funerals-of-senator-bishagara-kagoyire-therese/</ref><ref>https://rwandatoday.africa/rwanda/news/bishagara-legacy-on-rights-2471380</ref> . == Urupfu == Bishagara yararwaye muri Mata 2019. Yapfuye ku ya 8 Nyakanga 2019 mu bitaro bya Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, muri [[Amerika]] <ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/kagoyire-be-laid-rest-friday</ref> Yashyinguwe mu irimbi rya Rusororo i [[Kigali]]. <ref name="auto1" /> == Amashakiro == [[Ikiciro:Umunyarwandakazi]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]] 8e7vgvgai70bi5ofpc25xue9vgcflrr 0 10604 133563 132951 2026-07-03T13:57:36Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|1 */ 133563 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sonia Kubwimana''' n'umuyobozi w'ubucuruzi bw'u Rwanda afite umwuga mubukungu, abakozi n'Ubuyobozi Rusange bumara imyaka 25. Mu mibereho ye yose, yagiye akora mu ubuyobozi bukuru bw'imari muri [[Bralirwa Brewery|Bralirwa]] Plc ,Isosiyete ikora Heineken mu [[Rwanda]] .<ref>https://gazettes.africa/archive/rw/2008/rw-government-gazette-dated-2008-07-01-no-13%20bis.pdf</ref> == Amashuri == [[Dosiye:Yard - Harvard Business School - DSC02995.JPG|thumb|Ishuri rya Havard Business]] Sonia afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu by'ubukungu n'ubuyobozi yakuye muri kaminuza y'i [[Uburundi]] n'uburezi bukuru (executive education) yakuye muri INSEAD, IMD, London Business School n'Ishuri ry'ubucuruzi rya Harvard (Harvard business school).<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/featured/fnotice-annual-general-meeting-bk-group</ref><ref>https://bk.rw/public/plugins/files/download.php?file=Director%20Profile.pdf</ref> === Indimi === Azi neza I [[Ikinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]], [[Igifaransa]] n'Icyongereza. == Amateka na Kazi == === Amateka === [[Dosiye:Brasserie Bralirwa.jpg|thumb|Bralirwa aho Sonia yakoze ]] Mu gihe yari umuyobozi ushinzwe abakozi muri Bralirwa (2009-2017), Sonia yatsinze yayoboye gahunda ya Rubanda na Organisation yasabwaga gutera inkunga Isosiyete ubwihindurize kuva kumwanya wambere wiganje kumasoko kugeza kurushanwa no kubakoresha guhangana na Sosiyete. Impinduka zakozwe zirimo kuvugurura Umuryango muri byose amashami, guteza imbere imikorere, imiyoborere n'ubuyobozi mu Ishirahamwe kimwe no guha abakozi imyitwarire ikenewe kugirango batsinde mu bucuruzi. Byongeye kandi, mugihe kimwe, nubwo kwiyongera kubuhanga mu Rwanda no hanze, [[Bralirwa Brewery|Bralirwa]] yashoboye gukomeza umwanya wa "Umukoresha wo guhitamo" no gukurura kandi ushake abanyamwuga babishoboye kurwego rwabato, hagati na bakuru mugihe nabo bakomeza ibyiza urwego rwo gusezerana mumuryango. Na none kandi umwe mubagize komite nyobozi ya [[Bralirwa Brewery|Bralirwa]],yagize uruhare rukomeye kandi ruha agaciro ubujyanama.<ref>https://bk.rw/files/covid-19/director-profile</ref> === Akazi === Kuri ubu Sonia ni umuyobozi w'ubucuruzi mu nzego za kawa n’ubukerarugendo mu [[Rwanda|Rwanda,]] umujyanama n'umutoza wigenga wabigize umwuga wo gutoza nyobozi no korohereza serivisi binyuze muri Breakfast Club Afrika, umuryango w'abanyamuryango ba Panafrican ufite intego imwe yo gufasha abayobozi b'imiryango kuba abayobozi beza, bityo bikagirira akamaro imiryango yabo n'abakozi. Breakfast Club africa (BCA) ifite abanyafurika benshi mubihugu birimo [[Siyera Lewone]], [[Gana]], [[Nijeriya]], [[Malawi]], [[Kenya]], u [[Rwanda]], [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika y'Epfo]], n'icyerekezo cyo kurushaho kwaguka kumugabane wa [[Afurika|Afrika]] yose. Byongeye kandi, Sonia ari mumashyirahamwe atandukanye yabanyamuryango babigize umwuga harimo Ihuriro Mpuzamahanga rya bagore Kawa Ihuriro (Umutwe wu [[Rwanda]]), Ubukerarugendo nu Ishyirahamwe mu Rwanda ([https://web.archive.org/web/20220525201726/https://rtta.rw/ RTTA]), Ishyirahamwe ryakira abashyitsi mu Rwanda ([https://www.rha.gov.rw/ RHA]), [[Umugore|Abagore]] b'Abanyafurika Gahunda yo kwihangira imirimo ([https://exchanges.state.gov/non-us/program/african-womens-entrepreneurship-program-awep AWEP]) na [https://www.google.com/aclk?sa=l&ai=DChcSEwjJnpf0w9_3AhUyjGgJHbIYB58YABAAGgJ3Zg&ae=2&sig=AOD64_1F92Rvw8PuFYOsGbTld4_PP-ra_g&q&adurl&ved=2ahUKEwjFvo30w9_3AhWYSfEDHWOKCs4Q0Qx6BAgCEAE Rotary International] (RI). Akorera kandi ku Inteko rusange yimidugudu yabana ba [https://web.archive.org/web/20220527214539/https://soscv-rwanda.org.rw/ SOS Rwanda] kandi yahoze mubuyobozi bw' Inama y’umurimo mu [[Rwanda|Rwanda.]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://naeb.gov.rw/index.php?id=79 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2022-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705033846/https://naeb.gov.rw/index.php?id=79 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Indanganturo == [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore babanyapolitike]] [[Ikiciro:Ubushakashatsi]] [[Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ikoranabuhanga mu itumanaho n'isakazabumenyi mu majyambere]] ay0sroxzggecr2oq69bb2t8kyc1ro5s 0 10613 133566 132957 2026-07-03T14:00:41Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133566 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Oda Gasinzigwa at Women’s Legal Rights Initiative Rwanda conference.jpg|thumb]] umubyeyi Oda Gasinzigwa ni umunyamuryango, Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba; wavutse 1966 .<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/abagore-bose-bakwiye-gukora-nk-inkotanyi-hon-oda-gasinzigwa</ref> == Amashuri == Ikigo cyigisha imiyoborere, [[Tanzaniya|Tanzaniya,]] Impamyabumenyi ya Bachelor, Inzego z'ibanze; Ikigo cya [[Kigali]] cyuburezi, MA, Uburinganire niterambere ( mu [[icyongereza]]: Inst. of Development Management, Tanzania, Bachelor's Degree, Local Gov.; Kigali Inst. of Education, MA, Gender and Development)<ref>https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/international-year-book-and-statesmens-who-s-who/gasinzigwa-oda-SIM_person_52837</ref> == Amateka == Oda Gasinzigwa yahoze ari minisitiri w’uburinganire n’iterambere ry’umuryango yatorewe kuba I[[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda|nteko ishinga amategeko]] y’Afurika y’iburasirazuba (EALA), inteko ishinga amategeko y’akarere aho avuga ko azakomeza guharanira guharanira uburenganzira bw’umugore. uyu mugore w'imyaka 49 yatowe n'Inteko ishinga amategeko, asimbuye Christophe Bazivamo mu nteko ishinga amategeko y'akarere.<ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/204626</ref><ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/204626</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ar.umuseke.rw/tag/oda-gasinzigwa |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-14 |archive-date=2022-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220514215029/https://ar.umuseke.rw/tag/oda-gasinzigwa |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dosiye:Amatora_mu_Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Amatora mu Rwanda]] == Akazi == Umunyamabanga akaba na perezida winama yigihugu yabategarugori. mu 2004 umuyobozi mukuru ushinzwe uburinganire, 2008-13; Minisitiri w’umuryango & kuzamura uburinganire mu biro bya Minisitiri w’intebe, 2013-16; Mem, Inteko ishinga amategeko ya Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, 2012-; aderesi y'ibiro: Inteko ishinga amategeko y’Afurika y'Iburasirazuba, POB 1096, Arusha, [[Tanzaniya]]<ref>https://www.eala.org/</ref> 2023:Inama yab'Abaminisitiri Yagize Oda Gasinzigwa Perezida wa komisiyo yamatoro [[Rwanda|m'urwanda]].(NEC)[https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/oda-gasinzigwa-yagizwe-perezida-wa-komisiyo-y-amatora-impinduka-mu-nzego-z-ubuyobozi] == Icyifuzo cye == Gasinzigwa avuga icyifuzo cye cyo guteza imbere no guharanira uburinganire n'ubwuzuzanye bw'abagore, avuga ko ari imwe mu nkingi z'ingenzi z’amasezerano ya EAC. Numwanya kandi wo kurenga imipaka no gusangira ubunararibonye nabandi no kunganira bimwe mubibazo bijyanye n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, ubukene, icuruzwa ry’abantu, n'ibindi. Numwanya wo kwiga no kugarura uburambe kubantu bange<ref>https://www.inclusivesecurity.org/how-women-rebuilt-rwanda/</ref><ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/mps-gasinzigwa-kalinda-re-elected-regional-parliaments-top-committee</ref> == Indanganturo == [[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore babanyapolitike]] [[Ikiciro:Ubushakashatsi]] [[Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda]] <references />9.https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/oda-gasinzigwa-yagizwe-perezida-wa-komisiyo-y-amatora-impinduka-mu-nzego-z-ubuyobozi j5v7za0nqm91mhs9rn3370zjo0acpj9 0 12655 133550 133325 2026-07-03T13:25:41Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133550 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Umurima w'amasaka.jpg|thumb|Amasaka]] [[Dosiye:A plate of sorghum grain.jpg|thumb|Imbuto z'amasaka]] [[Dosiye:Sorghum bicolor subsp. bicolor seeds.jpg|thumb|isaka]] [[Dosiye:Sorghum plants farm.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:दगडी ज्वारी Dagadi Jowar (Sorghum bicolor).jpg|thumb|Sorghum bicolor]] [[Dosiye:Sorghum bicolor - geograph.org.uk - 1070429.jpg|thumb|Sorghum bicolor]] [[Dosiye:Three different cereal crops - geograph.org.uk - 1070441.jpg|thumb|Amasaka]] [[Dosiye:Sorghum bicolor z01.JPG|thumb|Sorghum]] [[Dosiye:Sorghum durra01.jpg|thumb|Amasaka]] [[Dosiye:Sorghum (4372413178).jpg|thumb|Sorghum]] [[Dosiye:Maishi Rabo (Sorghum bicolor).jpeg|thumb|Maishi Rabo (Sorghum bicolor)]] [[Dosiye:Sorghum bicolor (s. lat.) p. p. sl5.jpg|thumb|Amasaka]] '''Amasaka''' Amasaka ni kimwe mu binyampeke bitanu bihingwa cyane ku [[isi]] nyuma y’ingano, umuceli, ibigoli n’uburo. Ni igihingwa kitabangamira ibidukikije kuko kidasaba amazi menshi, gikenera ifumbire nke cyangwa ntikiyikenere, ntigisaba gukoresha imiti myinshi irwanya udukoko, kandi ibikenyeri byayo birabora bigashira. Mu [[Rwanda]], ahingwa ahantu hose kuva mu turere dushyuha tw’imisozi migufi kugeza mu turere tw’imisozi miremire. Mu Rwanda, amasaka anyobwamo igikoma ari cyo kinyobwa benshi bafata mu gitondo, akenywamo n'inzoga gakondo zisembuye cyangwa zidasembuye bihabwa agaciro gakomeye mu muco gakondo. N'ubwo amasaka afite akamaro, umusaruro wayo uracyari muke bitewe ahanini n'ibyatsi bibi nka Rwona kubura imbuto zitanga umusaruro mwishi, ubutaka bwagundutse, indwara ndetse n'ibonnyi n'ubumenyi budahagije bw'abahinzi ku byerekeye uburyo bwiza bwo guhinga amasaka.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">https://web.archive.org/web/20230226110828/http://www.ehinga.org/kin/articles/sorghur/varieties</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220912163933/https://umutihealth.com/amasaka/</ref>[[Dosiye:Amasaka avamo Ikigage.jpg|thumb|amasaka avamo ikigage]] [[File:2015.11-435-047ap1 sorghum,harvesting,cutting INERA Res.Stat.Farako-Ba(Bobo-Dioulasso Dpt),BF fri06nov2015-0938h.jpg|thumb|sorghum,harvesting,cutting INERA Res.Stat.Farako-Ba(Bobo-Dioulasso Dpt),BF fri06nov2015-0938h]] === '''Amoko y’amasaka''' === Ku isi hari amoko y’amasaka arenga 200, amenshi muri yo akaba ari aya [[Ikinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]], kandi akaba abitse mu kigega cy’imbuto. Muri ayo moko y’amasaka, atandatu muri yo atanga umusaruro mwiza, aberanye n’uturere twinshi tw’ubuhinzi, * Mu turere tw’imisozi migufi, amoko: IS21219 na IS8193 niyo atanga umusaruro mwinshi kurusha ayandi. Ishusho ya mbere (1) irerekana ubwoko bw’amasaka IS819 nk’uko agaragara mu murima utuburirwamo imbuto. * Uturere tw’ubuhinzi tw’imisozi iringaniye tuberanye n’amoko ya Kigufi, Ikinyaruka, IS21219 ndetse na IS8193. Ishusho ya 2 irerekana amoko ya IS21219 na Kigufi ahingwa i Rubona ahatuburirwa imbuto y’amasaka. * Muturere tw’ubuhinzi tw’imisozi miremire, amoko atatu y’amasaka niyo atanga umusaruro mwinshi kurusha ayandi : BM1, BM33 na N9. Ishusho iri hasi irerekana ubwoko bwa N9 bwahinzwe mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Rwerere mu mwaka wa 2009.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/umuco/amateka/article/inzuzi-n-amasaka-imfura-mu-bihingwa-byatunze-abanyarwanda-imyaka-amagana</ref> === Gutegura umurima w'amasaka === [[Dosiye:दगडी ज्वारी, आटपाडी Dagadi Jowar, Aatpadi (Sorghum bicolor).jpg|thumb|Amasaka y'umweru]] Mbere yo gutera amasaka umurima ugomba kuba uteguye neza. Bahinga bageza isuka hasi uburebure bw’ubuhinge bukareshya n’ubw’isuka imwe. Bakuramo urwiri kandi bagacoca amanonko, Amasaka agomba guterwa ku mirongo ifite m 0,75 hagati y’umurongo n’undi, na m. 0,20 hagati mu murongo. Ashobora no kubibwa bamisha.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> === Gukorera amasaka === Amasaka ni igihingwa gitinda gukura. Niyo mpamvu bakirinda ibyatsi bibi. Ubusanzwe amasaka abagarwa bwa mbere areshya na cm 10 (nyuma y’ukwezi 1 babibye). Bayabagarira bwa kabiri areshya na cm 25 kugeza kuri 30. Bayicira hashize ukwezi babibye, bayasukira hashize amezi 2 babibye.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kiny.taarifa.rw/akamaro-kamasaka-si-intungamubiri-gusa-yarokoye-nabatutsi-muri-jenoside/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226113438/https://kiny.taarifa.rw/akamaro-kamasaka-si-intungamubiri-gusa-yarokoye-nabatutsi-muri-jenoside/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.impamba.com/2022/09/25/bugesera-ubuyobozi-bwakuriye-inzira-ku-murima-abifuza-guhinga-amasaka/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226113436/http://www.impamba.com/2022/09/25/bugesera-ubuyobozi-bwakuriye-inzira-ku-murima-abifuza-guhinga-amasaka/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === '''Gufumbira''' === Amasaka afumbizwa ifumbire y’imborera n’imvaruganda. Bafumbiza kg 200 z’ifumbire y’imborera iboze neza kuri ari 1, mbere yo gusanza ubutaka. Bakoresha na none kg 2,5 za NPK 17-17-17 kuri ari 1, igakoreshwa batera cyangwa ibyumweru 2 nyuma yo gutera. Na none, kg 1 ya ire zigomba gukoreshwa mu gihe cy’ihinga.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.intyoza.com/2020/03/09/kamonyi-amasaka-agiye-kongera-guhabwa-agaciro-nkigihingwa-cyatoranijwe-kubera-uruganda-rwikigage/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-26 |archive-date=2023-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230226113436/https://www.intyoza.com/2020/03/09/kamonyi-amasaka-agiye-kongera-guhabwa-agaciro-nkigihingwa-cyatoranijwe-kubera-uruganda-rwikigage/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === '''Kwicira amasaka''' === [[Dosiye:Kugesa.jpg|thumb|Kugesa amasaka]] Mu gihe cy’ibiba hamera amasaka menshi. Ni ngombwa rero kuyicira hakurwamo udushaka tunanutse kugira ngo asigaye abyibushye akure neza, hubahirizwa intera ya cm 20 hagati y’ishaka n’irindi. Ibi bigomba gukorwa bwa mbere amasaka afite cm 10 z’uburebure. Ubwa kabiri bikorwa amasaka afite uburebure bwa cm 20.<ref name=":0" /> === '''Gusukira''' === Amasaka bayasukira hashize hagati y’ukwezi kumwe n’abiri atewe, hakurikijwe ubwoko bw’amasaka n’imikurire yayo.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" /> === Indwara n'uburyo bwo kurwanya udukoko === === '''Rwona''' === Rwona ni icyatsi kibi cyane cyimeza gishamikiye ku mizi y’ishaka kandi gatubya umusaruro w’amasaka, cyane mu duce dushyuha twa Afurika yo munsi y’ubutayu bwa Sahara aho gishobora gutubya umusaruro kugera ku 100%. Mu murima urimo rwona amasaka ntakura vuba ndetse akenshi yuma mbere y’uko abumbura. Rwona yangiza amasaka mu buryo bubiri. Uburyo bwa mbere icuranwa n’igihingwa amazi n’ibyakagitunze, ubwa kabiri iniga amasaka ntiyere neza. Kugira ngo urwanye Rwona,  ugomba gufumbira neza umurima ukoresheje ifumbire irimo Azote, gusimburanya neza ibihingwa mu murima no kubagara ugakuramo ibyo byatsi mbere y'uko bimera bikagaragara hejuru y'ubutaka no gutera imbuto z'amasaka yihanganira icyo cyatsi kibi. Ishusho ikurikira irerekana amasaka yangijwe na rwona.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> === '''Isazi''' === Isazi ni imwe mu dusimba twangiza amasaka mu buryo bukomeye. Urunyo rw’iyo sazi rurya intimatima y'ishaka maze ikuma. Iyo ukuruye ikibabi cy'imbere kiraranduka maze ugasanga aho cyaririwe ku ntangiriro yacyo hanuka. Udusazi duto tw'umweru dutungwa n'ibice by'ikimera biboze. Iyo sazi yangiza cyane amasaka nyuma y'icyumweru kimwe kugeza ku kwezi atewe. Uburyo bwo kurwanya isazi y’amasaka ni ukubahiriza igihe cy’ihinga, gutera amoko y’amasaka yihanganira ibyonnyi, gutera amasaka menshi kugira ngo azangizwa n'isazi arandurwe.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> === '''Nkongwa''' === [[Dosiye:Spodoptera frugiperda (200211-0809).jpg|thumb|140x140px|Nkongwa iri ku kibabi.]] Nkongwa ni agasimba kangiza amasaka cyane. Ibimenyetso n'ubwone: nkongwa zikiri nto zirya amababi, naho izikuze zicukura umwobo mu giti cy'ishaka. Amasaka yacukuwemo imyobo na nkongwa ntiyera neza, kandi ashobora no kubora mu mizi. Nkongwa bayirwanya batwika ibikenyeri byumye no gutera amasaka yihanganira indwara.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /> === '''Urugombyi''' === Iyi ndwara igaragazwa n’ibimenyetso byinshi. Ikimenyetso cya mbere ni uko ahakagiye intete havamo ibintu by’umurenda. Aho uwo murenda uguye, hasi cyangwa ku mababi, hasa n’umweru. Uwo murenda si umwe uza ku mababi ariho ubuhunduguru mu gihe nta mvura iriho. Uburyo bwo kurwanya iyi ndwara ni ugutera amoko yihanganira indwara, kubahiriza igihe cy’ihinga birinda gutera batinze.<ref name=":0" /> === '''Inopfu''' === Inopfu ni indwara ifata amasaka mu gihe abumbura. Mu mwanya w’intete hazamo ifu y’umukara. Inopfu y’amasaka yigaragaza ukwinshi. Hari ubwo usanga agahu k’umweru gatwikiriye ihundo, hari n’ubwo nta kiba kiritwikiriye aribyo bita igihembanopfu, hakaba rero n’iyo ihundo ryose ryirabura ritwikirijwe n’agahu k’umweru. Inopfu irwanywa bavanga imbuto n’umuti wica uduhumyo mbere yo gutera, kurandura no gutwika amasaka agifatwa atarakwiza indwara, gutera amoko yihanganira indwara, gusimburanya neza ibihingwa mu murima.<ref name=":1" /> === '''Imungu''' === [[Dosiye:Lesser grain borer.jpg|thumb|115x115px|Imungu iri kwangiza ibigori.]] Imungu ni imwe mu dusimba twangiza amasaka cyane ku isi hose cyane cyane mu bihugu bishyuha. Imungu yangiza intete z’amasaka akiri mu murima ndetse n’ahunitse mu bigega. Imungu icukura umwobo mu ntete y’ishaka, igateramo amagi yarangiza ikayatwikira. Hari rero uburyo bwinshi bwo kurwanya imungu. Ubw’ingenzi ni ukujonjora neza intete zamunzwe zigatandukanywa n’izitaramungwa, gusukura neza ikigega gihunikwamo amasaka bateramo imiti yica udukoko.<ref name=":0" /> === Gusarura === [[Dosiye:Sorghum bicolor Bild0902.jpg|thumb|amasaka atukura]] Amasaka asarurwa igihe yeze neza. Iyo amasaka yeze, aho intete zimerera harirabura. Amasaka yera ahereye ku mutwe w’ihundo ugana hasi. Batema amasaka bakayanika kugira ngo agabanukemo amazi. Ishusho ikurikira irerekana ubwanikiro bw’amasaka mu kigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Rubona, mu buryo butuma yuma neza.<ref name=":0" /> === Guhunika amasaka === Amasaka agomba kurindwa imungu, agomba kwanikwa ahantu hasukuye neza mu rwego rwo kuyarinda kwanduzwa n’imyanda iyo ariyo yose ishobora kuyakururira izindi ndwara. Mu kigega hagomba kuba hagera urumuri n’umwuka, ibi bituma abikwa igihe kirekire akiri mazima. Agomba kurindwa ubuhehere bwayazanira kubora, kumungwa cyangwa udusimba twayangiza.<ref name=":1" /> Amasaka ni igihingwa k’ingirakamaro mu duce twinshi twa Africa no muri Asia, akoreshwa nk’ibyokurya ndetse n’ibyokunywa bitandukanye. Mu Rwanda amasaka avugwamo umutsima, ashigishwamo igikoma, ndetse avamo inzoga zitandukanye za gakondo nk’ikigage, umusururu n’ibindi, zihabwa agaciro gakomeye mu [[Umuco nyarwanda|muco nyarwanda]].  Ikoranabuhanga ribasha gukora ibyo kurya binyuranye hifashishijwe ifu y'amasaka ( za gato, ibisuguti n'ibindi).<ref name=":0" /> == Igihe cyamenyekanye== Amasaka bivugwako ubu shakashatsi bwerekanyeko amasaka amaze imyaka igera 10,000 agaragaye mugihugu cya [[Sudani]] no mu [[misiri]].<ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/article/menya-ibyiza-by-amasaka-ikinyampeke-kirusha-ibindi-guhingwa-muri-afurika</ref> == Ibyiza byamasaka == Amasaka nikimwe mubihigwa byambere tugira mubihugu byacu by'a [[Afurika]] dukunda guhinga .amasaka kandi ni igihingwa dukunda gukoresha mubuzima bwacu bwaburi munsi kuko tuyakoresha mumafunguro kandi tunayakoresha mubinyobwa tunywa burimunsi urugero nk'igikoma n'[[ikigage]].<ref name=":2">https://web.archive.org/web/20220912163933/https://umutihealth.com/amasaka/</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} . [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] [[Ikiciro:Ibiribwa]] 3zjysc7tjiizlulk7w0i43oce0y9bbo 0 12661 133547 133113 2026-07-03T13:24:15Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133547 wikitext text/x-wiki Mugisha Benjamin (The Ben) ni umuhanzi w'Umunya[[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]] wakomereje umwuga wo kuririmba muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za America. == Ubuzima bwite == The Ben yavuye mu Rwanda mu mwaka wa 2010, icyo gihe yari ku isonga mu bahanzi bari bakunzwe muri icyo gihe ndetse kugeza ubu ari imbere mu bafite igikundiro.<ref>Bidasubirwaho The Ben agiye kuza kuririmbira i Kigali - IGIHE.com</ref>Uyu muririmbyi yakoze indirimbo nyinshi, mu zakunzwe by’ikirenga mu myaka amaze muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zirimo ‘Give to me’, ‘Am in love’, ‘Only You’, ‘Urabaruta’, ‘Ntacyadutanya’ n’izindi nyinshi.<ref>The Ben yatangiye kuzinga utwangushye yitegura urugendo ruza i Kigali - IGIHE.com</ref>Taliki 15 Ukuboza nibwo yasabye anakwa umukunzi we nyuma yaho The Ben yakoze ubukwe n'umukunzi we witwa Uwicyeza Pamella witabiriye irushanwa rya Miss Rwanda, ibirori byabereye mu Ihema riri ku [[Intare]] Conference Arena, i Rusororo mu [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Karere ka Gasabo]] byabaye taliki ya 23 Ukuboza.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/article/si-njye-uzabona-dusazanye-uwicyeza-pamella-ku-isabukuru-y-umugabo-we</ref> == Amashakiro == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Umuhanzi]] [[Ikiciro:Umunyamwuga]] [[Ikiciro:Umunyarwanda]] 9b7l0kvd6prcrleqejxms6d5skune7u 0 13248 133565 132762 2026-07-03T13:59:23Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 133565 wikitext text/x-wiki Ni umuhanzi uririmba injyana gakondo Nyarwanda, wavukiye i [[Uburundi|Burundi]] akaza kuza mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1986.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/igitaramo-cya-muyango-n-imitari-cyari-cyasubitswe-kubera-covid-19-cyasubukuwe |title=Umupfumu Rutangarwamaboko na se bambitswe imidari y’ishimwe - Igihe.com |access-date=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2022-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930133641/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/igitaramo-cya-muyango-n-imitari-cyari-cyasubitswe-kubera-covid-19-cyasubukuwe |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ni umuhanzi wagize uruhare runini rwo kumenyekanisha umuco Nyarwanda abinyujije mu bihangano bye. Akomora inganzo kuri sekuru witwaga [[BUTERA bwa NTURO|Butera bwa Nturo]] akaba yari intore y'icyogere yabyinaga mu itorero ry'umwami [[Mutara III Rudahigwa]] akaba yaragaragaye no mu mashusho ya filimi yitwa " [[King Solomon's Mines (1985 film)|King Solomon's mine]] " ugenekereje mu [[Ikinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]] ni "Ikirombe cy'umwami Salomo." <ref name=":0" /> == Ibihe by'ingenzi == === Akiri i Bujumbura mu Burundi: === >Yigishijwe kubyina gakondo Nyarwanda na se Rwingenza >Yigishijwe kuririmba injyana gakondo na [[SENTORE Athanase|Sentore]] >Yabyinnye [[umuco gakondo]] Nyarwanda === 1970-1976: === >Yaririmbye mu itorero Ibihangange ryari riyobowe na [[SENTORE Athanase|Sentore]] >Yabyinnye mu itorero Indashyikirwa === 1976-1978 === >Yafashije mu kubyina no gutoza mu itsinda Indashyikirwa >Yanditse bwa mbere indirimbo yaririmbwe n'itorero Ibihangange === 1979-1985 === >Yashinze itorero ry'abakobwa babyina abita Amaliza, ashinga n'iryabahungu aryita Imanzi. Ni nabwo yahise atangira inshingano zo kwandika indirimbo, kuririmba, kubyina ndetse no gutoza kubyina.<ref>http://muyango.free.fr/parcours/parcours.html</ref> == Reba Aha == <references /> [[Ikiciro:Imyidagaduro]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]] tkkjzicuddkahutn13ul9tqr9r3rcr2 0 13518 133560 133390 2026-07-03T13:34:43Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133560 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:RubavuDist.png|thumb|Aho Imanizabayo avuka ]] [[Dosiye:Umufana wa Rayon Sport.jpg|thumb|Umufana wa Rayon sport]] '''Imanizabayo Florence''' avuka mu [[Akarere ka Rubavu|Karere ka Rubavu]], ni bucura mu muryango w’abana bane. Imanizabayo Florence ni umukinnyi akaba ari rutahizamu w'ikipe ya Kampala Queens FC yo muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]], ni ikipe ikinamo [[Umugore|abagore]] gusa ya KCCA aho ikina Shampiyona y’Icyiciro cya Mbere muri Uganda Yashinzwe mu 2016, ikaba yeregukana Igikombe cya Shampiyona, ibyo bikaba biyihesha kuzasohokera igihugu cya Uganda mu mikino ya CAF Women’s Champions League. Yasinyiye mu gihe cyigera ku myaka ibiri 2, ni nyuma yo kuva mw' ikipe ya [[Rayon Sports Women Football Club]].<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/imikino/football/article/inshundura-arazihumurirwa-ni-haaland-w-i-kigali-imanizabayo-yavuze-ku-buzima</ref><ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/2100/sports/football/rayon-sports-women-sign-imanizabayo</ref> Yatsinze ibitego 60 mu mwaka we wa mbere muriyo ikipe, aho yayifashije iyi kipe kwegukana Igikombe cya Shampiyona y’Icyiciro cya Kabiri mu mwaka wayo wa mbere mu Rwanda no kugera ku mukino wa nyuma mu gikombe cy'amahoro na [[AS Kigali]] y'abagore ibitego 3 kuri 2. Florence ni umukinnyi wa Ikipe y’Igihugu y’u Rwanda y'umupira w'amaguru y'abagore .<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://mail.igihe.com/imikino/football/article/imanizabayo-wakiniraga-rayon-sports-wfc-yabonye-ikipe-nshya-muri-uganda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-08-06 |archive-date=2023-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806102730/https://mail.igihe.com/imikino/football/article/imanizabayo-wakiniraga-rayon-sports-wfc-yabonye-ikipe-nshya-muri-uganda |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kglnews.com/index.php/2023/08/02/rutahizamu-wa-rayon-sports-yabagore-imanizabayo-florence-uzwi-nka-halland-yasinye-mu-ikipe-yo-muri-uganda/?fbclid=IwAR14mfIuoHrJeOSsitwox4tEFV5xFCZQymcatJA4fKxH0KCqUbP12nDfNtI |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-08-06 |archive-date=2023-08-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230806103123/https://kglnews.com/index.php/2023/08/02/rutahizamu-wa-rayon-sports-yabagore-imanizabayo-florence-uzwi-nka-halland-yasinye-mu-ikipe-yo-muri-uganda/?fbclid=IwAR14mfIuoHrJeOSsitwox4tEFV5xFCZQymcatJA4fKxH0KCqUbP12nDfNtI |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dosiye:2023 Special Olympics World Summer Games Football Women Special Olympics Germany with Special Olympics Rwanda 1.jpg|thumb|Umupira w'amaguru]] == GUKINA UMUPIRA == Imanizabayo Florence [[umupira w’amaguru]] yawutangiye yiga mu mashuri abanza mu [[Akarere ka Rubavu|Karere ka Rubavu]], ubwo umutoza wamufashije kuzamura impano z’abato, witwa ’Vigoureux’. Yakiniye amakipe ya Remera Rukoma, ayivamo yinjira muri [[AS Kigali]] yakiniye imyaka itanu, aza kubengukwa na [[Rayon Sports Women Football Club]].<ref name=":0" /> == AMASHAKIRO == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Ruhago]] dqxuk103qqt5pdujha8gvbwamd4caxy 0 14243 133542 133484 2026-07-03T13:21:30Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 133542 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uburenganzira bwa muntu''' mu [[Rwanda]] ni amahame mbwirizamuco cyangwa amahame [1] ku mahame amwe y’imyitwarire ya muntu kandi akingirwa buri gihe mu mategeko y’amakomine n’amahanga. [2] umuntu asanzwe afite uburenganzira kubera gusa ko ari ikiremwa muntu "[4] kandi" kikaba kavukire mu bantu bose ", [5] hatitawe ku myaka yabo, inkomoko yabo, aho batuye, ururimi, idini, ubwoko, cyangwa ikindi icyo ari cyo cyose imiterere. [3] Zirakoreshwa ahantu hose kandi igihe cyose muburyo bwo kuba rusange, [1] kandi barangana muburyo bwo kuba bamwe kuri bose. Bafatwa nk'ibisaba kwishyira mu mwanya w'abandi no kugendera ku mategeko [6] no gushyiraho inshingano ku bantu kubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu bw'abandi, [1] [3] kandi muri rusange bifatwa ko batagomba gukurwaho keretse ari ingaruka. y'ibikorwa bikwiye hashingiwe ku bihe byihariye. [3] Inyigisho z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zagize uruhare runini mu mategeko mpuzamahanga ndetse n’inzego z’isi ndetse n’akarere. Ibikorwa byakozwe na leta nimiryango itegamiye kuri leta bigize ishingiro rya politiki rusange kwisi yose. Igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu cyerekana ko "niba disikuru rusange y’umuryango w’amahoro ku isi yose ishobora kuvugwa ko ifite imvugo imwe, ni iy'uburenganzira bwa muntu". [7] uburenganzira bwa muntu bukomeje gutera gushidikanya no kujya impaka ku bikubiyemo, imiterere n’impamvu z’uburenganzira bwa muntu kugeza na nubu. Ibisobanuro nyabyo by'ijambo uburenganzira ntibivugwaho rumwe kandi ni byo bikomeje kugibwaho impaka zishingiye kuri filozofiya; [8] , kurinda ubucakara, kubuza jenoside, kuvuga mu bwisanzure [9] cyangwa uburenganzira bwo kwiga, hari ukutumvikana ku bijyanye n’uburenganzira bumwe bwihariye bugomba gushyirwa mu rwego rusange rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu; [1] bamwe mu batekereza bavuga ko uburenganzira bwa muntu bugomba kuba byibuze bisabwa kugirango wirinde ihohoterwa rikabije-mu gihe abandi babibona nk'urwego rwo hejuru. [1] Byaganiriweho kandi ko uburenganzira bwa muntu "butangwa n'Imana", nubwo iki gitekerezo cyanenzwe.[[Dosiye:Statue of Liberty, NY.jpg|thumb|Ikibumbano cy'ubwigenge ni ikimenyetso cyo kwishyira ukizana ku kiremwamuntu.|345x345px]]Byinshi mu bitekerezo by’ibanze byerekanaga umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu byateye imbere nyuma y’Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose hamwe n’ibyabaye kuri jenoside yakorewe Abayahudi, [6] bikarangira hamenyekanye Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu i [[Paris]] n’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye muri 1948. [12] Abantu ba kera ntibari bafite imyumvire imwe yo muri iki gihe y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi hose. [13] mugihe cyo kumurikirwa kwi Burayi hamwe nabafilozofe nka John Locke, Francis Hutcheson na Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui kandi byagaragaye cyane muri disikuru ya politiki ya Revolution y'Abanyamerika na Revolution y'Abafaransa. [6] Kuva kuri uru rufatiro, ingingo zigezweho z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zagaragaye mu gice cya nyuma cy’ikinyejana cya 20, [14] intege nke kandi nkibisabwa kugirango umuryango utabera. Guharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu byakomeje mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 21, bishingiye ku kugera ku bwisanzure mu bukungu no mu bya politiki. Amateka '''Ingingo nyamukuru: Amateka yuburenganzira bwa muntu''' === Itangazo ry’Ubwigenge ry’Amerika ryemejwe na Kongere y’umugabane wa 4 Nyakanga 1776 === Igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu cyabayeho mu bihe bya kera na mbere y’iki gihe, nubwo abantu ba kera batatekerezaga ku burenganzira bwa muntu ku isi nk'uko abantu babibona muri iki gihe. [13] Intangiriro nyayo y’ibiganiro by’uburenganzira bwa muntu yari igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu bwagaragaye nkimwe mu migenzo gakondo y’amategeko yo hagati. Uyu muco watewe cyane cyane n’inyandiko z’abakristu ba mbere ba St Paul nka St Hilary wa Poitiers, St Ambrose, na St Augustine. Agusitini yari mu ba mbere basuzumye ubuzimagatozi bw’amategeko y’umuntu, akagerageza gusobanura imipaka y’amategeko n’uburenganzira bibaho bisanzwe bishingiye ku bwenge n’umutimanama, aho gushyirwaho ku bushake n’abantu buntu, kandi niba abantu bategekwa kubahiriza amategeko. ibyo birenganya. Uyu muco wo mu gihe cyo hagati wagaragaye cyane mugihe cyo kumurikirwa kwi Burayi. Kuva kuri uru rufatiro, ingingo zigezweho z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zagaragaye mu gice cya nyuma cy’ikinyejana cya 20. [14] Magna Carta ni igitabo cy’[[icyongereza]] cyatanzwe mbere mu 1215 cyagize uruhare mu iterambere ry’amategeko rusange ndetse n’inyandiko nyinshi z’itegeko nshinga nyuma zijyanye n’uburenganzira bwa muntu, nk’umushinga w’uburenganzira bw’icyongereza 1689, 1789 Itegeko Nshinga rya Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, hamwe n’umushinga w’uburenganzira bwa Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika 1791. Mu kinyejana cya 17, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Ubwongereza John Locke yaganiriye ku burenganzira bwa muntu mu gitabo cye, avuga ko ari "ubuzima, umudendezo, n’umutungo (umutungo)", anavuga ko ubwo burenganzira bw’ibanze budashobora gutangwa mu masezerano y’imibereho. Mu Bwongereza mu 1689, umushinga w’uburenganzira bw’Ubwongereza hamwe n’ikirego cy’uburenganzira bwa Ecosse buri wese yakoze ibikorwa bitandukanye byo gukandamiza leta, bitemewe. Impinduramatwara ebyiri zikomeye zabaye mu kinyejana cya 18, muri Amerika (1776) no mu Bufaransa (1789), bituma Itangazo ry’Ubwigenge ry’Amerika ndetse n’itangazwa ry’Ubufaransa ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Umuturage, byombi bikaba byavuzwe. uburenganzira bwa muntu. Byongeye kandi, Itangazo ry’Uburenganzira bwa Virijiniya ryo mu 1776 ryashyizwe mu mategeko uburenganzira bw’ibanze n’ubwisanzure bw’abaturage. Dufashe uku kuri kugira ngo kwigaragaze, ko abantu bose baremwe kimwe, ko bahawe n'Umuremyi wabo uburenganzira bumwe na bumwe budasubirwaho, ko muri ibyo harimo Ubuzima, Ubwisanzure no gukurikirana Ibyishimo. - Itangazo ry’Ubwigenge muri Amerika, 1776 1800 kugeza mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose === Itangazo ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ubwenegihugu byemejwe n'Inteko ishinga amategeko y'Ubufaransa, 26 Kanama 1789. === Abafilozofe nka Thomas Paine, John Stuart Mill, na Hegel baguye ku nsanganyamatsiko ya bose mu kinyejana cya 18 na 19. Mu 1831, William Lloyd Garrison yanditse mu kinyamakuru cyitwa The Liberator ko yagerageje kwandikisha abasomyi be "impamvu ikomeye iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu", [19] bityo ijambo uburenganzira bwa muntu rishobora kuba ryaratangiye gukoreshwa hagati y’uburenganzira bwa muntu bwa Paine. n'igitabo cya Garrison. Mu 1849, umuntu wo mu gihe kimwe, Henry David Thoreau, yanditse ku burenganzira bwa muntu mu gitabo cye kivuga ku nshingano yo kutumvira kw'abaturage nyuma yaje kugira ingaruka ku burenganzira bwa muntu ndetse no ku batekereza ku burenganzira bwa muntu. Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rwo muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika, David Davis, mu gitekerezo cye cyo mu 1867 kuri Ex Parte Milligan, yaranditse ati "Mu rwego rwo kurinda amategeko, uburenganzira bwa muntu burabungabungwa; kuvanaho ubwo burinzi kandi bababajwe n'abategetsi babi cyangwa gutaka kw'abantu bishimye . "[20] Amatsinda menshi n’imigendekere yabashije kugera ku mpinduka zikomeye mu mibereho mu kinyejana cya 20 mu izina ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Mu Burayi bw’Uburengerazuba no muri Amerika ya Ruguru, ihuriro ry’amashyirahamwe y’abakozi ryazanye amategeko yemerera abakozi uburenganzira bwo guhagarika akazi, gushyiraho uburyo buke bw’akazi no kubuza cyangwa kugenzura imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana. Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bw'umugore washoboye kubona abagore benshi uburenganzira bwo gutora. Imiryango yo kwibohora mu bihugu byinshi yashoboye kwirukana imbaraga zabakoloni. Umwe mu bagize uruhare runini ni ubuyobozi bwa Mahatma Gandhi mu mutwe w’ubwigenge bw’Abahinde. Imyigaragambyo y’amoko mato mato akandamijwe n’amadini yatsindiye mu bice byinshi by’isi, muri byo harimo ihuriro ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse n’imitwe ya politiki itandukanye iheruka, mu izina ry’abagore n’abato muri Amerika. Urufatiro rwa komite mpuzamahanga y’umuryango utabara imbabare Croix-Rouge, 1864 Code ya Lieber hamwe n’ambere mu Masezerano y'i Jeneve mu 1864 yashyizeho urufatiro rw’amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu, kugira ngo arusheho gutera imbere nyuma y’Intambara ebyiri z'isi yose. Hagati y'Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose n'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose Umuryango w’ibihugu washinzwe mu 1919 mu mishyikirano y’amasezerano ya Versailles nyuma y’Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose irangiye. Intego z’Umuryango w’abibumbye zirimo kwambura intwaro intwaro, gukumira intambara binyuze mu mutekano rusange, gukemura amakimbirane hagati y’ibihugu binyuze mu mishyikirano, diplomasi no kuzamura imibereho myiza y’isi. Bikubiye mu gitabo cyayo cyari inshingano yo guteza imbere uburenganzira bwinshi bwaje gushyirwa mu Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu. Umuryango w’ibihugu wari ufite inshingano zo gushyigikira benshi mu bahoze bakolonijwe n’ibihugu by’ibihugu by’Uburayi by’abakoloni mu gihe cyo kuva mu bukoloni bakajya mu gihugu cyigenga. Umuryango mpuzamahanga w’abakozi washyizweho nk’umuryango w’umuryango w’ibihugu, ubu ukaba uri mu [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Muryango w’abibumbye]], wari ufite inshingano zo guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bumwe na bumwe bwaje gushyirwa mu itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu (UDHR): intego y'ibanze ya ILO uyumunsi nukuzamura amahirwe kubagore nabagabo kubona akazi keza kandi gatanga umusaruro, mubihe byubwisanzure, uburinganire, umutekano nicyubahiro cya muntu. - Raporo n’umuyobozi mukuru mu nama mpuzamahanga y’umurimo mu nama ya 87 Nyuma y'intambara ya kabiri y'isi yose Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu Ingingo nyamukuru: Itangazo rusange ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu "Ntabwo ari amasezerano ... [Mu bihe biri imbere, ashobora kuzaba mpuzamahanga mpuzamahanga ya Magna Carta." Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu (UDHR) ni itangazo ridakurikizwa ryemejwe n’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye mu 1948, [22] igice gisubiza ibyabaye mu Ntambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose. UDHR irasaba ibihugu bigize uyu muryango guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu, ubwenegihugu, ubukungu n’imibereho myiza,gushimangira ubwo burenganzira biri mu "umusingi w’ubwisanzure, ubutabera n’amahoro ku isi". Iri tangazo ni ryo tegeko rya mbere mpuzamahanga ryashyizweho mu rwego rwo kugabanya imyitwarire y’ibihugu no kureba niba inshingano zabo ku baturage babo bakurikije icyitegererezo cy’uburenganzira-bw’uburenganzira. ... kumenyekanisha icyubahiro kavukire n'uburenganzira bungana kandi butavogerwa bw'abagize umuryango w'abantu bose ni umusingi w'ubwisanzure, ubutabera n'amahoro ku isi === - Intangiriro y'Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, 1948 === UDHR yashyizweho n'abagize komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, Eleanor Roosevelt akaba umuyobozi, batangira kuganira ku mushinga mpuzamahanga w'uburenganzira bwa muntu mu 1947. Abagize Komisiyo ntibahise bemeranya ku ishyirwaho ry'umushinga w'itegeko ry'uburenganzira, kandi, yaba, cyangwa uburyo, igomba gukurikizwa. Komisiyo yatangiye gushyiraho UDHR n'amasezerano aherekeza, ariko UDHR yahise ishyirwa imbere. Umwarimu w’amategeko muri [[Kanada]], John Humprey n’umunyamategeko w’Ubufaransa, René Cassin, ni bo bagize uruhare runini mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga ndetse n’imiterere y’inyandiko, aho ingingo z’iryo tangazo zasobanuraga ihame rusange ry’ibanze. Inyandiko yateguwe na Cassin kugirango ishyiremo amahame shingiro yicyubahiro, umudendezo, uburinganire n'ubuvandimwe mu ngingo ebyiri za mbere, zikurikirwa n'uburenganzira buri muntu ku giti cye; uburenganzira bwa buri muntu ku giti cye no ku matsinda; uburenganzira bw'umwuka, rusange na politiki; n'ubukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco. Ingingo eshatu zanyuma zivuga, nk'uko Cassin abivuga, uburenganzira mu rwego rw’imipaka, inshingano ndetse n’imibereho myiza na politiki bigomba kugerwaho. Humphrey na Cassin bifuzaga ko uburenganzira muri UDHR bwubahirizwa mu buryo bwemewe n'amategeko binyuze mu buryo bumwe, nk'uko bigaragara mu ngingo ya gatatu y'ibanze: [23] Mu gihe ari ngombwa, niba umuntu adahatirwa kwitabaza, nk'uburyo bwa nyuma, kwigomeka ku butegetsi bw'igitugu no gukandamizwa, uburenganzira bwa muntu bugomba kurengerwa no kugendera ku mategeko. === - Intangiriro y'Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu, 1948 === Bamwe muri UDHR bakoze ubushakashatsi kandi bandikwa na komite y’impuguke mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira bwa muntu, barimo abahagarariye imigabane yose n’amadini yose akomeye, kandi bagirana inama n’abayobozi nka Mahatma Gandhi. [24] Kwinjizamo uburenganzira bw’imbonezamubano na politiki ndetse n’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco [23] [25] byavuzwe mbere yo gutekereza ko uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’ikiremwamuntu budatandukanijwe kandi ko uburenganzira butandukanye bwashyizwe ku rutonde ntaho buhuriye. Nubwo iri hame ritigeze ryarwanywa n’ibihugu bigize uyu muryango igihe byemejwe (iryo tangazo ryemejwe ku bwumvikane, hamwe n’umuryango w’abasoviyeti, Apartheid Afurika yepfo na Arabiya Sawudite), iryo hame ryaje guhura n’ibibazo bikomeye. [25] === Ku kibazo cya "rusange", ayo matangazo ntiyakurikijwe ivangura rishingiye ku ngo cyangwa ivanguramoko. Henry J. Richardson III yagiye impaka: [27] === Guverinoma zose zikomeye mu gihe cyo gutegura amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye n’itangazo ry’isi yose zakoze ibishoboka byose kugira ngo amategeko yose y’imbere mu gihugu ndetse n’amahanga yose azwi, ko ayo mahame yari afite amahame mpuzamahanga gusa kandi ko nta tegeko ryemewe n'amategeko kuri izo guverinoma zashyirwa mu bikorwa mu gihugu imbere. . Bose babonye mu mutuzo ko kugira ngo rubanda nyamwinshi ivangura rishingiye ku mategeko hashingiwe ku buryo bwemewe n'amategeko ko basaba ko ubwo burenganzira bwagutse bwashyirwaho byateza igitutu cyaba politiki. Intambara y'ubutita itangiye nyuma gato yuko UDHR itwite yagejejwe ku macakubiri ku bijyanye n'uburenganzira bw'ubukungu n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage ndetse n'uburenganzira bwa muntu na politiki muri iryo tangazo. Ibihugu by’aba capitaliste byakunze kwibanda cyane ku burenganzira bw’abaturage n’ubwa politiki (nk’ubwisanzure bwo kwishyira hamwe no gutanga ibitekerezo), kandi ntibashakaga gushyiramo uburenganzira bw’ubukungu n’imibereho (nk’uburenganzira bwo gukora n’uburenganzira bwo kwinjira mu bumwe). Ibihugu by’abasosiyaliste byahaye agaciro kanini uburenganzira bw’ubukungu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage kandi bivuguruza cyane ko byashyirwa mu bikorwa. Kubera amacakubiri yerekeye uburenganzira bwo gushyiramo, kandi kubera ko ibihugu bimwe byanze kwemeza amasezerano ayo ari yo yose harimo no gusobanura mu buryo bwihariye uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu, ndetse n’umuryango w’Abasoviyeti ndetse n’ibihugu byinshi bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere bivuguruza cyane ko uburenganzira bwose bwinjizwa muri so- yiswe Ubumwe Icyemezo, uburenganzira buteganijwe muri UDHR bwagabanyijwemo amasezerano abiri atandukanye, bituma ibihugu byemerera uburenganzira bumwe kandi bigasuzugura ibindi. Nubwo ibyo byatumye amasezerano ashyirwaho, yahakanye ihame ryasabwaga ko uburenganzira bwose bufitanye isano n’ibanze mu gusobanura UDHR. [28] [29] Nubwo UDHR ari icyemezo kidahwitse, ubu gifatwa nkigice cyingenzi cyamategeko mpuzamahanga gakondo ashobora kwifashishwa mugihe gikwiye nubucamanza bwa leta nizindi nzego zubutabera. === Uman Amasezerano y'Uburenganzira === Mu 1966, Umuryango w’abibumbye, amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bya politiki na politiki (ICCPR) n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco (ICESCR) yemejwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye, hagati yabo bigatuma uburenganzira bukubiye muri UDHR bugomba kubahiriza ibihugu byose. a] Icyakora, ryatangiye gukurikizwa mu 1976 gusa, igihe ryemejwe n’ibihugu bihagije (nubwo byageze kuri ICCPR, amasezerano harimo n’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu cyangwa imibereho myiza y’Amerika, Amerika yemeje ICCPR gusa mu 1992). ICESCR yiyemeje amashyaka 155 yo guharanira uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco (ESCR) ku bantu ku giti cyabo. Andi masezerano menshi (ibice byamategeko) yatanzwe kurwego mpuzamahanga. Mubisanzwe bazwi nkibikoresho byuburenganzira bwa muntu. Bimwe mubyingenzi ni: Amasezerano yerekeye gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside (yemejwe 1948, atangira gukurikizwa: 1951) [1] === Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura rishingiye ku moko (CERD) (ryemejwe 1966, ritangira gukurikizwa: 1969) [2] === Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore (CEDAW) (ritangira gukurikizwa: 1981) [3] === Amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye arwanya iyicarubozo (CAT) (yemejwe 1984, atangira gukurikizwa: 1984) [32] === Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’umwana (CRC) (yemejwe 1989, atangira gukurikizwa: 1989) [4] Yabitswe 26 Mata 2019 kuri Wayback Machine Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye kurengera uburenganzira bw’abakozi bose bimukira n’abagize imiryango yabo (ICRMW) (yemejwe 1990) Sitati y'i Roma y'urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha (ICC) (gukurikizwa: 2002) Ingamba zo kuzamura Ingabo za gisirikare '''Inshingano''' zo kurinda bivuga inyigisho z’ibihugu bigize Umuryango w’abibumbye zigira uruhare mu kurinda abaturage amarorerwa. Byagaragaye ko bifite ishingiro mu gukoresha ibikorwa bya gisirikare biherutse. Urugero rw’ubutabazi bukunze kunengwa ni uko ingabo za 2011 zagize uruhare mu ntambara ya mbere y’abaturage yo muri Libiya na Nato na Qatar aho bivugwa ko intego yo gukumira amarorerwa bivugwa ko yiyemeje inshingano nini yo gukuraho guverinoma yari igamije. [33] 34] Ibikorwa byubukungu === Reba kandi: Ibihano byubukungu === Ibihano by’ubukungu bikunze gutangwa ku bantu cyangwa ibihugu bibangamira uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibihano bikunze kunengwa kubera ko biranga ibihano rusange mu kubabaza abaturage b'igihugu mu bukungu hagamijwe kugabanya uko abaturage babona leta. [35] Bavuga kandi ko, ku buryo budasubirwaho, ibihano byo guhohotera guverinoma z’igitugu bishimangira umwanya wa guverinoma mu gihugu kuko guverinoma yaba igifite uburyo bwinshi bwo kubona inkunga kurusha abayinenga ndetse n’abatavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi, bakarushaho gucika intege. [37] Ibyago byo guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu byiyongera hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’abaturage batishoboye. Abakobwa bo mu miryango ikennye mu bukungu budafite inganda bakunze gufatwa nkumutwaro wamafaranga kumuryango kandi gushyingirwa kwabakobwa bakiri bato akenshi biterwa no kwizera ko abakobwa bazagaburirwa kandi bakarindwa nimiryango ikize. [38] Gutemagura imyanya ndangagitsina y'abagore no kugaburira abakobwa ku gahato bivugwa ko biterwa ahanini no kongera amahirwe yo gushyingirwa bityo umutekano wabo ukaba wageze ku mahame ngenderwaho y'ubwiza. [39] Mu turere tumwe na tumwe, abakobwa bakeneye ubunararibonye bw’imihango yo gutangiza imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abagabo no gutsinda ibizamini by’amahugurwa y’imibonano mpuzabitsina ku bakobwa byateguwe kugira ngo barusheho gushimisha nk’icyizere cyo gushyingirwa. Mu ngamba zafasha mu rwego rw’ubukungu bw’amatsinda atishoboye hagamijwe kugabanya ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu harimo uburezi bw’abakobwa ndetse n’amafaranga yinjiza make ndetse no kohererezanya amafaranga, nka Bolsa familia itera inkunga ababyeyi bakomeza abana mu ishuri aho kugira uruhare mu kwinjiza umuryango, byagenze neza yagabanije imirimo mibi ikoreshwa abana. Ingamba zamakuru '''Kwigisha uburenganzira bwa muntu no guharanira inyungu''' Ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu rikurikiranwa na komite z'umuryango w'abibumbye, inzego z'igihugu na guverinoma ndetse n'imiryango myinshi yigenga itegamiye kuri Leta, nka Amnesty International, Umuryango uharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, Umuryango mpuzamahanga urwanya iyicarubozo, Inzu y'Ubwisanzure, Ubwisanzure mpuzamahanga bwo gutanga ibitekerezo ndetse no kurwanya ubucakara mpuzamahanga . Iyi miryango ikusanya ibimenyetso n’inyandiko z’ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu kandi ikoresha igitutu cyo guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu. Kwigisha abantu igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu byavuzwe ko ari ingamba zo gukumira ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibikoresho byemewe n'amategeko Ingero nyinshi z’amategeko mu rwego mpuzamahanga, uturere ndetse n’igihugu zasobanuwe hano hepfo zagenewe kubahiriza amategeko arengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. Kurinda kurwego mpuzamahanga Ingingo nyamukuru: Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu Umuryango w’abibumbye Ingingo nkuru: Umuryango w’abibumbye Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye Umuryango w’abibumbye (UN) nicyo kigo cyonyine cya leta gifite impande zombi zifite ububasha mpuzamahanga bwemewe na amategeko rusange y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Inzego zose z’umuryango w’abibumbye zifite inshingano z’ubujyanama mu kanama gashinzwe umutekano ku isi ndetse n’akanama k’umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, kandi hari komite nyinshi muri Loni zifite inshingano zo kubungabunga amasezerano atandukanye y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Urwego rukuru rwa Loni mu bijyanye n'uburenganzira bwa muntu ni Ibiro bya Komiseri Mukuru ushinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu. Umuryango w’abibumbye ufite inshingano mpuzamahanga kuri: ... kugera ku bufatanye n’amahanga mu gukemura ibibazo mpuzamahanga by’ubukungu, imibereho myiza, umuco, cyangwa ubumuntu, no guteza imbere no gushishikariza kubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze kuri bose nta gutandukanya amoko, igitsina, ururimi, cyangwa idini. - Ingingo ya 1-3 y’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye Akanama gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu Ingingo nkuru: Akanama k’umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu Akanama k'umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, kashinzwe mu 2005, gafite inshingano zo gukora iperereza ku ihohoterwa rivugwa ko riharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu. 47 mu bihugu 193 bigize Umuryango w’abibumbye bicaye muri njyanama, batorwa ku bwiganze busanzwe mu majwi y'ibanga y’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye. Abanyamuryango bamara imyaka itandatu kandi barashobora guhagarikwa kubanyamuryango kubera ihohoterwa rikabije ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu. Njyanama ifite icyicaro i Geneve, iterana gatatu mu mwaka; hamwe ninama zinyongera zo gusubiza ibibazo byihutirwa. Impuguke zigenga (rapporteurs) zagumishijwe n’inama njyanama kugira ngo ikore iperereza ku ihohoterwa ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu no gutanga raporo ku nama njyanama. Akanama gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu gashobora gusaba ko akanama gashinzwe umutekano kohereza imanza mu rukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha (ICC) kabone niyo ikibazo cyoherezwa hanze y’ububasha busanzwe bwa ICC. == Inzego z’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye == '''Ingingo nyamukuru: <big>Amasezerano yumubiri</big>''' Usibye inzego za politiki zifite inshingano ziva mu gitabo cy’umuryango w’abibumbye, Loni yashyizeho inzego nyinshi zishingiye ku masezerano, zigizwe na komite z’impuguke zigenga zikurikirana iyubahirizwa ry’amahame y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’amahame aturuka mu masezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Bashyigikiwe kandi bashyirwaho n’amasezerano bakurikirana, Usibye CESCR, yashyizweho ku cyemezo cy’Inama y’Ubukungu n’Imibereho Myiza y'Abaturage kugira ngo ikore imirimo yo kugenzura yari yahawe urwo rwego mbere y’amasezerano, ni tekiniki yigenga yigenga, yashyizweho namasezerano bakurikirana kandi bakabibazwa n’amashyaka y’ibihugu bigize ayo masezerano - aho kuba ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye, nubwo mu bikorwa bifitanye isano rya bugufi na gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye kandi bashyigikiwe na komiseri mukuru w’umuryango w’abibumbye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (UNHCHR) n'ikigo cy'umuryango w'abibumbye gishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu. [46] Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu iteza imbere uruhare n’ibipimo bya ICCPR. Abagize iyo komite bagaragaza ibitekerezo ku bihugu bigize uyu muryango kandi bagaca imanza ku birego ku giti cyabo barega ibihugu byemeje amasezerano atemewe ku masezerano. Imanza, zitwa "ibitekerezo", ntabwo zemewe n'amategeko. Umwe mu bagize komite iterana inshuro eshatu mu mwaka kugira ngo akore inama [47] Komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco ikurikirana ICESCR ikanatanga ibisobanuro rusange ku kwemeza imikorere y’ibihugu. Izaba ifite imbaraga zo kwakira ibirego ku bihugu byahisemo Protokole idahwitse imaze gukurikizwa. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko mu buryo butandukanye n’izindi nzego z’amasezerano, komite y’ubukungu ntabwo ari urwego rwigenga rushinzwe amashyaka y’amasezerano, ahubwo rushinzwe mu buryo butaziguye Inama y’ubukungu n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage ndetse n’Inteko rusange. Ibi bivuze ko Komite y’Ubukungu ihura n’ibibazo byihariye ifite mu buryo bwo gushyira mu bikorwa ugereranije n’izindi nzego z’amasezerano ugereranije n’izindi nzego z’amasezerano. [48] , ugereranije no kutagira inyandiko zemewe n’amategeko, kutumvikana kw’ibihugu byinshi mu gukemura uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco, ugereranije n’imiryango mike itegamiye kuri Leta yibanze ku karere n’ibibazo byo kubona amakuru afatika kandi yuzuye. [48] [citation ntabwo yabonetse] [ 49] Komisiyo ishinzwe kurandura ivangura rishingiye ku moko ikurikirana CERD ikanasuzuma buri gihe imikorere y’ibihugu. Irashobora guca imanza ku birego birega ibihugu bigize uyu muryango ubyemerera, ariko ntibyemewe n'amategeko. Itanga umuburo wo kugerageza gukumira ibinyuranyije n’amasezerano. Komite ishinzwe guca ivangura rikorerwa abagore ikurikirana CEDAW. Yakiriye raporo za leta ku mikorere yazo n'ibitekerezo kuri bo, kandi irashobora guca imanza ku birego birega ibihugu byahisemo amasezerano yo guhitamo 1999. Komite ishinzwe kurwanya iyicarubozo ikurikirana CAT kandi ikakira raporo za leta ku mikorere yazo buri myaka ine n'ibitekerezo kuri bo. Komite yayo irashobora gusura no kugenzura ibihugu byahisemo Protokole idahwitse. komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’umwana ikurikirana CRC ikanatanga ibisobanuro kuri raporo zatanzwe na leta buri myaka itanu. Ntabwo ifite ububasha bwo kwakira ibibazo. Komite ishinzwe abakozi bimukira mu mahanga yashinzwe mu 2004 kandi ikurikirana ICRMW ikanatanga ibisobanuro kuri raporo zatanzwe na leta buri myaka itanu. Izaba ifite ububasha bwo kwakira ibirego by’ihohoterwa rimwe gusa ibihugu icumi bigize uyu muryango ubyemereye. Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga yashinzwe mu 2008 kugira ngo ikurikirane amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga. Ifite ububasha bwo kwakira ibirego by’ibihugu byahisemo Amasezerano atemewe y’amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga. Komite ishinzwe kubura ku gahato ikurikirana ICPPED. Impande zose z’ibihugu zitegetswe gutanga raporo muri komite zerekana uburyo uburenganzira bushyirwa mu bikorwa. Komisiyo isuzuma buri raporo kandi igakemura ibibazo byayo n'ibyifuzo by’ishyaka rya Leta mu buryo bwo "kurangiza". Buri rwego rw’amasezerano ruhabwa inkunga y’ubunyamabanga n’inama y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’amasezerano y’ibiro bya Komiseri Mukuru w’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (OHCHR) i Geneve usibye CEDAW, ishyigikiwe n’ishami rishinzwe guteza imbere abagore (DAW). CEDAW yahoze ikora amasomo yayo yose ku cyicaro cy’umuryango w’abibumbye i New York ariko ubu ikunze guhurira ku biro by’umuryango w’abibumbye i Geneve; izindi nzego zamasezerano ziteranira i Geneve. Komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu ubusanzwe ikora inama yayo yo muri Werurwe mu mujyi wa New York. Uburenganzira bwa muntu buteganijwe muri UDHR, Amasezerano y'i Jeneve hamwe n’amasezerano atandukanye y’umuryango w’abibumbye ashyirwa mu bikorwa. Mu bikorwa, uburenganzira bwinshi buragoye cyane kubahiriza amategeko kubera ko nta bwumvikane buke ku ikoreshwa ry’uburenganzira bumwe na bumwe, kutagira amategeko y’igihugu abigenga cyangwa inzego zahawe uburenganzira bwo gufata ibyemezo kugira ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa. === Inkiko mpuzamahanga === Ikirangantego cyemewe cya ICC Hariho imiryango myinshi yemewe ku rwego mpuzamahanga ifite inshingano cyangwa ububasha ku isi yose ku burenganzira bwa muntu: Urukiko mpuzamahanga (ICJ) n’urwego rw’ibanze rw’umuryango w’abibumbye. Ifite ububasha ku isi yose. Iyobowe n'akanama gashinzwe umutekano. ICJ ikemura amakimbirane hagati y’ibihugu. ICJ ntabwo ifite ububasha ku bantu. Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha (ICC) n’urwego rushinzwe iperereza no guhana ibyaha by’intambara, n’ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu iyo bibaye mu bubasha bwarwo, rufite inshingano yo gushyikiriza ubutabera abakoze ibyaha nkibi byabaye nyuma y’ishyirwaho ryayo mu 2002. Umubare. y'abanyamuryango ba Loni ntibigeze binjira mu rukiko kandi ICC ntabwo ifite ububasha ku baturage babo, kandi abandi basinye ariko ntibaremeza Sitati y'i Roma yashyizeho urukiko. ICC hamwe n’izindi nkiko mpuzamahanga (reba uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu mu karere hepfo) zirahari kugira ngo zifate ingamba aho amategeko y’igihugu y’igihugu adashobora kuburanisha urubanza ubwabwo. Niba amategeko y'igihugu ashoboye kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu no guhana abica amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, afite ububasha bw’ibanze mu kuzuzanya. Gusa iyo imiti yose yaho yarangiye amategeko mpuzamahanga atangira gukurikizwa. Ubutegetsi bw'uburenganzira bwa muntu mu karere Reba kandi: Urutonde rw’ingingo z’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’igihugu, ibigo by’igihugu bishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, na komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu Mu bihugu birenga 110 hashyizweho ibigo by’igihugu by’uburenganzira bwa muntu (NHRIs) mu rwego rwo kurengera, guteza imbere cyangwa kugenzura uburenganzira bwa muntu bifite ububasha mu gihugu runaka. Nubwo NHRIs zose zidakurikiza amahame y'i Paris, [54] umubare n'ingaruka z'ibi bigo biriyongera. Amahame y'i Paris yasobanuwe mu mahugurwa ya mbere mpuzamahanga y’inzego z’igihugu zishinzwe guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu i Paris ku ya 7-9 Ukwakira 1991, kandi yemejwe n’icyemezo cya komisiyo y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu 1992/54 cyo mu 1992 n’icyemezo rusange cy’Inteko rusange 48 / 134 ryo mu 1993. Amahame y'i Paris agaragaza inshingano nyinshi ku bigo by'igihugu. [56] Afurika '''Uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Afrika''' Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afrika (AU) ni ubumwe bw’umugabane ugizwe n’ibihugu mirongo itanu na bitanu bya Afurika. AU yashinzwe mu 2001, intego ya AU ni ugufasha guharanira demokarasi ya Afurika, uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse n’ubukungu burambye, cyane cyane mu gukuraho amakimbirane hagati y’Afurika no gushyiraho isoko rusange. [58] Komisiyo Nyafurika ishinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’Abaturage (ACHPR) ni urwego rw’ubucamanza rw’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika rushinzwe guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu n’uburenganzira rusange (abantu) ku mugabane wa Afurika ndetse no gusobanura Amasezerano nyafurika yerekeye abantu na Uburenganzira bw'abaturage no gusuzuma ibirego ku giti cyabo byo kurenga ku Masezerano. Komisiyo ifite ibice bitatu by'inshingano: Guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage === '''Kurinda abantun'uburenganzira bw'abaturage''' === === '''Gusobanura Amasezerano Nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage''' === Kugira ngo izo ntego zigerweho, komisiyo ishinzwe "gukusanya inyandiko, gukora ubushakashatsi n’ubushakashatsi ku bibazo bya Afurika mu bijyanye n’abantu n’abaturage, uburenganzira, gutegura amahugurwa, ibiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo n’inama, gukwirakwiza amakuru, gushishikariza ibigo by’igihugu ndetse n’ibanze bireba abantu n'uburenganzira bw'abaturage kandi, nibiramuka bibaye, gutanga ibitekerezo cyangwa gutanga ibyifuzo kuri guverinoma "(Amasezerano, ingingo ya 45). Hashyizweho urukiko nyafurika rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage (hashingiwe ku masezerano y’amasezerano yemejwe mu 1998 atangira gukurikizwa muri Mutarama 2004), komisiyo izaba ifite inshingano z’inyongera zo gutegura imanza zashyikirizwa ububasha bw’urukiko. . [60] Mu cyemezo cyo muri Nyakanga 2004, Inteko ya AU yemeje ko Urukiko ruzaza ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage ruzahuzwa n’urukiko nyafurika. Urukiko rw’ubutabera rw’ubumwe bw’Afurika rugamije kuba "urwego rw’ubucamanza rukuru rw’Ubumwe" (Porotokole y’urukiko rw’ubutabera rw’ubumwe bw’Afurika, ingingo ya 2.2). [61] N'ubwo itarashyirwaho, igamije gufata inshingano za komisiyo nyafurika ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage, ndetse no kuba urukiko rukuru rw’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika, isobanura amategeko n'amasezerano yose akenewe. Amasezerano ashyiraho Urukiko nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage yatangiye gukurikizwa muri Mutarama 2004 [62] ariko kwishyira hamwe n’urukiko rw’ubutabera byatinze gushingwa. Amasezerano ashyiraho Urukiko rw’Ubutabera azatangira gukurikizwa igihe yemejwe n’ibihugu 15. [63] Hariho ibihugu byinshi muri Afurika bishinjwa ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'imiryango mpuzamahanga n'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta. Amerika Umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika (OAS) ni umuryango mpuzamahanga, ufite icyicaro i Washington, D.C., Amerika. Abanyamuryango bayo nibihugu mirongo itatu na bitanu byigenga byo muri Amerika. Mu myaka ya za 90, Intambara y'ubutita irangiye, kugaruka muri demokarasi muri Amerika y'Epfo, no guharanira ko isi ihinduka, OAS yashyizeho ingufu nyinshi kugira ngo yongere kwiyubaka kugira ngo ihuze n'imiterere mishya. Ibyashyizwe imbere ubu birimo ibi bikurikira: [65] '''Gushimangira demokarasi''' '''Gukorera amahoro''' '''Kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu''' '''Kurwanya ruswa''' '''Uburenganzira bw'abasangwabutaka''' '''Guteza imbere iterambere rirambye''' Komisiyo mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu (IACHR) ni urwego rwigenga rw’umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika, rufite icyicaro i Washington, muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika hamwe n’urukiko mpuzamahanga rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ruherereye i San José, muri Kosta Rika, ni imwe mu nzego zigizwe na gahunda yo muri Amerika yo guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. IACHR ni urwego ruhoraho ruterana mu nama zisanzwe kandi zidasanzwe inshuro nyinshi mu mwaka kugira ngo zisuzume ibirego by’ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu mu gice cy’isi. Inshingano z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zikomoka ku nyandiko eshatu: [67] Amasezerano y'Abanyamerika yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu Itangazo ry'Abanyamerika ry'Uburenganzira n'inshingano z'umuntu Amasezerano y’umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika Urukiko rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu rw’Abanyamerika rwashinzwe mu 1979 hagamijwe kubahiriza no gusobanura ibivugwa mu Masezerano y'Abanyamerika yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu. Ibikorwa byayo bibiri byingenzi rero ni ugucira urubanza no gutanga inama. Mubya mbere, irumva kandi igenga imanza zihariye zihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu zavuzwe. Mugihe cyanyuma, gitanga ibitekerezo kubibazo byo gusobanura amategeko byagejejweho nizindi nzego za OAS cyangwa ibihugu bigize uyu muryango. Aziya Ingingo z'ingenzi: Uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Aziya, Uburenganzira bwa Muntu muri Aziya y'Uburasirazuba, Uburenganzira bwa Muntu muri Aziya yo Hagati, n'Uburenganzira bwa Muntu mu Burasirazuba bwo Hagati Nta mashyirahamwe cyangwa amasezerano yo muri Aziya agamije guteza imbere cyangwa kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibihugu biratandukanye cyane muburyo bwita ku burenganzira bwa muntu ndetse no mu bijyanye no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. [69] Ishyirahamwe ry’ibihugu byo mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Aziya (ASEAN) [71] n’umuryango wa geo-politiki n’ubukungu by’ibihugu 10 biherereye mu majyepfo y’amajyepfo ya Aziya, washinzwe mu 1967 na Indoneziya, Maleziya, Filipine, Singapore na Tayilande. Ubu uyu muryango urimo kandi Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Laos, Miyanimari na Kamboje. Mu Kwakira 2009, hatangijwe komisiyo ihuriweho na guverinoma ya ASEAN ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, [73] hanyuma, itangazo ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri ASEAN ryemejwe ku bwumvikane n’abanyamuryango ba ASEAN ku ya 18 Ugushyingo 2012. [74] Amasezerano y’abarabu y’uburenganzira bwa muntu (ACHR) yemejwe n’inama y’umuryango w’ibihugu by’abarabu ku ya 22 Gicurasi 2004. [75] Uburayi Urukiko rw'u Burayi Ruharanira Uburenganzira bwa Muntu i Strasbourg Ingingo nyamukuru: Uburenganzira bwa muntu mu Burayi Reba kandi: Uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Leta zunze ubumwe z'Abasoviyeti Inama y’Uburayi yashinzwe mu 1949, n’umuryango ushaje cyane ukorera mu Burayi. Ni umuryango mpuzamahanga ufite ubuzimagatozi bwemewe n'amategeko mpuzamahanga kandi ufite status yindorerezi hamwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye. Icyicaro cy'Inama ya Uburayi buri i Strasbourg mu Bufaransa. Inama y’Uburayi ishinzwe amasezerano y’i Burayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’urukiko rw’uburayi rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Izi nzego zihuza abagize akanama k’amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, nubwo akomeye, yoroheje kurusha ay’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Iyi nama kandi iteza imbere Amasezerano y’i Burayi agenga indimi z’akarere cyangwa umubare muto n’amasezerano y’imibereho y’Uburayi. Kuba umunyamuryango byugururiwe ibihugu byose by’Uburayi bishaka kwishyira hamwe kw’Uburayi, kwemera ihame ryo kugendera ku mategeko kandi birashoboka kandi byiteguye guharanira demokarasi, uburenganzira bw’ibanze n’ubwisanzure. Inama y’Uburayi n’umuryango utari mu [[Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu by’i Burayi|muryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi]], ariko biteganijwe ko uwanyuma azinjira mu Masezerano y’i Burayi kandi birashoboka ko Inama Njyanama ubwayo. Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi ufite inyandiko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu; Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Amasezerano y’uburayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu asobanura kandi yemeza kuva mu 1950 uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze mu Burayi. Ibihugu 47 bigize Umuryango w’Inama y’Uburayi byashyize umukono kuri aya masezerano bityo bikaba biri mu bubasha bw’urukiko rw’uburayi rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu i Strasbourg. Mu rwego rwo gukumira iyicarubozo no gufatwa nk’ikiremwamuntu cyangwa bitesha agaciro (ingingo ya 3 y’amasezerano), hashyizweho komite y’uburayi ishinzwe gukumira iyicarubozo. Filozofiya y'uburenganzira bwa muntu Uburenganzira Uburenganzira bwa muntuLogo.svg Itandukaniro Gusaba uburenganzira n'ubwisanzure Uburenganzira bwa buri muntu n'itsinda Uburenganzira karemano n'uburenganzira bwemeweUburenganzira n'uburenganzira bwiza Uburenganzira bwa muntu Sivile na politikiUbukungu, imibereho n’umucoIbisekuru bitatu Uburenganzira nabagenerwabikorwa UshinjwaInyamanswaAbanaConsumersCreditorDeafDisabledEldersFarmersHumansNativesIntersexKingsLGBT (Transgender) MenMinoritiesAbabyeyi (Ababyeyi, ba papa) abarwayiPeasantsPlantsPrisonersRobotsStatesStudentsVictimsWomenWorkersYouth Andi matsinda yuburenganzira IntekoIshyirahamwe ryubuhungiro bwubwisanzure bwabaturageDigitalEducationFair trialFoodFreeFreeFreeFreeFrigrationFrimeFrimeFrimeRwr vte Uburyo butandukanye bwo kwigisha bwatejwe imbere kugirango busobanure uburyo n'impamvu uburenganzira bwa muntu buba mubiteganijwe mu mibereho. Imwe muri filozofiya ya kera y’iburengerazuba ku burenganzira bwa muntu ni uko ari umusaruro w’amategeko kamere, akomoka ku bitekerezo bitandukanye bya filozofiya cyangwa idini. Izindi nyigisho zivuga ko uburenganzira bwa muntu bugaragaza imyitwarire mbonezamubano nigicuruzwa cyabantu cyatejwe imbere nubwihindurize bwibinyabuzima n’imibereho (bifitanye isano na Hume). Uburenganzira bwa muntu busobanurwa kandi nkuburyo bwa sociologie bwo gushyiraho amategeko (nko mubitekerezo bya sociologie y'amategeko n'umurimo wa Weber). Ubu buryo bukubiyemo igitekerezo kivuga ko abantu muri sosiyete bemera amategeko atangwa n’ubuyobozi bwemewe hagamijwe umutekano n’inyungu z’ubukungu (nko muri Rawls) - amasezerano y’imibereho. Uburenganzira karemano Ingingo z'ingenzi: Amategeko karemano n'uburenganzira bwa muntu Amategeko ya kamere ashingiye ku burenganzira bwa muntu ashingiye ku mico "karemano" y’imyitwarire, idini cyangwa se ibinyabuzima bitagendeye ku mategeko cyangwa imigenzo y’igihe gito. Sokarate n'abazungura be ba filozofiya, Platon na Aristote, bagaragaje ko hariho ubutabera karemano cyangwa uburenganzira karemano (dikaion physikon, δικαιον φυσικον, [[Ikilatini]] ius naturale). Muri bo, Aristote bakunze kuvuga ko ari we se w'amategeko kamere, [82] nubwo ibimenyetso bibigaragaza ahanini biterwa no gusobanura umurimo we na Thomas Aquinas. [83] Iterambere ry'uwo muco w'ubutabera karemano muri rimwe mu mategeko asanzwe ryitirirwa Abasitoyiko. Bamwe mu ba se b'Itorero rya mbere bashakaga kwinjiza igitekerezo cya gipagani cy'amategeko ya kamere mu bukristo. Inyigisho z'amategeko karemano zagaragaye cyane muri filozofiya ya Thomas Aquinas, Francisco Suárez, Richard Hooker, Thomas Hobbes, Hugo Grotius, Samuel von Pufendorf, na John Locke. Mu kinyejana cya cumi na karindwi, Thomas Hobbes yashinze igitekerezo cy’amasezerano y’imyitwarire myiza y’amategeko ku byo abantu bose bashobora kumvikanaho: ibyo bashakaga (umunezero) byateranijweho impaka, ariko ubwumvikane buke bushobora gushingira ku byo batinyaga (urupfu rw’urugomo rwatewe n'undi. ). Amategeko karemano yari uburyo umuntu ushyira mu gaciro, ushaka kubaho no gutera imbere, yakora. Yavumbuwe harebwa uburenganzira bwa muntu bw’abantu, mu gihe mbere twavuga ko uburenganzira kamere bwavumbuwe harebwa amategeko kamere. Ku gitekerezo cya Hobbes, inzira imwe rukumbi amategeko kamere yashoboraga gutsinda ni uko abagabo bumvira amategeko ya nyagasani. Muri ibyo hashyizweho urufatiro rw'igitekerezo cy'amasezerano mbonezamubano hagati y'abayoborwa na guverineri. Hugo Grotius yashingiye filozofiya ye y'amategeko mpuzamahanga ku mategeko kamere. Yanditse ko "n'ubushake bw'ikiremwa bushobora byose budashobora guhindura cyangwa gukuraho" amategeko kamere, "azakomeza kugira agaciro kayo kabone niyo twakagombye gutekereza ko bidashoboka, ko nta Mana ibaho cyangwa ko itabikora "kwita ku bibazo bya muntu. " John Locke yashyize amategeko karemano muri byinshi mu bitekerezo bye na filozofiya, cyane cyane mu masezerano abiri ya guverinoma. Locke yahinduye ibyo Hobbes yanditse, avuga ko niba umutegetsi atubahirije amategeko kamere akananirwa kurengera "ubuzima, umudendezo, n'umutungo," abantu bashobora guhirika leta yariho kandi bagashyiraho bundi bushya. Umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w’Ububiligi Frank van Dun ni umwe mu basobanura igitekerezo cy’isi [85] cy’amategeko kamere mu muco gakondo. Hariho kandi uburyo bushya kandi bw’isi bw’amategeko agenga amategeko asobanura uburenganzira bwa muntu nk’ibikomoka ku myumvire y’icyubahiro rusange cy’abantu. Ijambo "uburenganzira bwa muntu" ryasimbuye ijambo "uburenganzira bwa muntu" mu kwamamara, kubera ko uburenganzira butagaragara kandi bukunze kugaragara ko busaba amategeko kamere kugira ngo babeho. Ibindi bitekerezo byuburenganzira bwa muntu Umuhanga mu bya filozofiya John Finnis avuga ko uburenganzira bwa muntu bufite ishingiro bitewe n'agaciro kabo bagize mu gushyiraho uburyo bukenewe kugira ngo imibereho myiza y'abantu ibe. [88] [89] Inyungu zishimishije zigaragaza inshingano zo kubahiriza uburenganzira bwabandi bantu kubwinyungu zabo bwite: Amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, akoreshwa ku benegihugu bwite akorera inyungu z’ibihugu, urugero, kugabanya ingaruka ziterwa n’imyigaragambyo n’imyigaragambyo ndetse no gukomeza urwego rwo kutishimira leta. - Niraj Nathwani, Kongera gutekereza ku mategeko y'impunzi [90] Igitekerezo cyibinyabuzima cyerekana inyungu zigereranya yimyororokere yimyitwarire yabantu ishingiye kumpuhwe no kwikunda muburyo bwo gutoranya kamere. [91] [92] [93] Ibitekerezo mu burenganzira bwa muntu Reba kandi: Amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu Gutandukana no gutondekanya uburenganzira Ibyiciro bikunze kugaragara mu burenganzira bwa muntu ni ukubigabanya mu burenganzira bwa muntu na politiki, n'ubukungu, imibereho myiza n'umuco. Uburenganzira mbonezamubano na politiki bukubiye mu ngingo ya 3 kugeza ku ya 21 y’itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu no muri ICCPR. Uburenganzira mu bukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco bukubiye mu ngingo ya 22 kugeza ku ya 28 y’itangazo mpuzamahanga ry’uburenganzira bwa muntu no muri ICESCR. UDHR yarimo uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco n’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwa politiki kuko bwari bushingiye ku ihame ry’uko uburenganzira butandukanye bushobora kubaho gusa hamwe: Igitekerezo cy’abantu bafite umudendezo bafite umudendezo wa gisivili na politiki n’ubwisanzure bwo gutinya no kwifuza gishobora kugerwaho ari uko hashyizweho uburyo buri wese ashobora kubona uburenganzira bwe bw’imbonezamubano na politiki, ndetse n’uburenganzira bwe mu mibereho, ubukungu n’umuco. - Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bya politiki no mu bya politiki n’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bw’imibereho n’umuco, 1966 Ibi bifatwa nkukuri kuko nta burenganzira mbonezamubano na politiki abaturage badashobora kwemeza uburenganzira bwabo mubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, nta mibereho na sosiyete ikora, abaturage ntibashobora kwemeza cyangwa gukoresha uburenganzira bw’imbonezamubano cyangwa politiki (bizwi ko ari inda yuzuye). Nubwo byemewe nabasinye muri UDHR, benshi muribo ntabwo mubikorwa biha uburemere buke ubwoko butandukanye bwuburenganzira. Imico y’iburengerazuba yakunze gushyira imbere uburenganzira bw’imbonezamubano na politiki, rimwe na rimwe bikabangamira uburenganzira bw’ubukungu n’imibereho nk’uburenganzira bwo gukora, amashuri, ubuzima n’imiturire. Kurugero, muri Reta zunzubumwe zamerika ntihaboneka uburyo bwo kwivuza ku buntu aho bukoreshwa. Ntabwo bivuze ko imico yuburengerazuba yirengagije burundu ubwo burenganzira (ibihugu byimibereho bibaho muburayi bwiburengerazuba nibimenyetso byibi). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, ibihugu byahoze bigize Umuryango w’Abasoviyeti ndetse n’ibihugu byo muri Aziya byakunze gushyira imbere uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco, ariko akenshi ntibyashoboye gutanga uburenganzira bw’abaturage na politiki. Ikindi cyiciro, cyatanzwe na Karel Vasak, ni uko hari ibisekuruza bitatu byuburenganzira bwa muntu: ibisekuruza bya mbere uburenganzira bwa muntu na politiki (uburenganzira bwo kubaho no kugira uruhare muri politiki), uburenganzira bwo mu gisekuru cya kabiri uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco (uburenganzira bwo kubaho) nubwa gatatu -uburenganzira bw'ubufatanye (uburenganzira ku mahoro, uburenganzira ku bidukikije). Muri iki gisekuru, igisekuru cya gatatu nicyo cyaganiriweho cyane kandi kikaba kitemewe n'amategeko na politiki. Iri tondekanya ntirinyuranye no kutagabana uburenganzira, kuko rivuga mu buryo butaziguye ko uburenganzira bumwe bushobora kubaho nta bundi. Gushyira imbere uburenganzira kubwimpamvu zifatika ariko birakenewe cyane. Impuguke mu bijyanye n'uburenganzira bwa muntu Philip Alston avuga: Niba ikintu cyose gishoboka cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu kibonwa ko ari ngombwa cyangwa gikenewe, nta kintu na kimwe kizafatwa nkaho ari ngombwa koko. - Philip Alston We, n'abandi, barasaba ubwitonzi gushyira imbere uburenganzira: ... guhamagarira gushyira imbere ntabwo bivuze ko ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira rigaragara rishobora kwirengagizwa. - filip Alston Ibyihutirwa, aho bibaye ngombwa, bigomba gukurikiza amahame yibanze (nko kugerageza gushyira mu gaciro kugerwaho) n'amahame (nko kutavangura, uburinganire no kubigiramo uruhare. [96] - Olivia Ball, Paul Yamaze Bimwe mu burenganzira bwa muntu bivugwa ko ari "uburenganzira butavogerwa". Ijambo uburenganzira butavogerwa (cyangwa uburenganzira budasubirwaho) ryerekeza ku "ihuriro ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu shingiro, ridatangwa n'imbaraga z'abantu, kandi ntirishobora gutangwa". Gukurikiza ihame ryo kutagabanywa n’umuryango mpuzamahanga byongeye gushimangirwa mu 1995: Uburenganzira bwa muntu bwose ni rusange, ntibigabanywa kandi biruzuzanya kandi bifitanye isano. Umuryango mpuzamahanga ugomba gufata uburenganzira bwa muntu ku isi mu buryo buboneye kandi bungana, ku buryo bumwe, kandi bushimangira kimwe. - Itangazo rya Vienne na Gahunda y'ibikorwa, Inama mpuzamahanga ku burenganzira bwa muntu, 1995 Aya magambo yongeye gushimangirwa mu nama yabereye i New York mu 2005 (paragarafu ya 121). Universalism vs relativism yumuco Ingingo z'ingenzi: Iterambere ry'umuco, Imyitwarire myiza, Kwishyira ukizana kwa buri muntu, hamwe n'imyitwarire rusange Ikarita: Biteganijwe ko ubwinshi bw'igitsina gore (FGC) muri Afurika. Amakuru ashingiye kubigereranyo bitazwi. Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu rishyiraho, mu bisobanuro, uburenganzira bukoreshwa ku bantu bose kimwe, aho akarere kose, leta, ubwoko cyangwa umuco barimo. Abashyigikiye ivangura rishingiye ku muco bavuga ko uburenganzira bwa muntu atari rusange, kandi ko rwose bivuguruza imico imwe n'imwe kandi bikabangamira ubuzima bwabo. Uburenganzira bukunze guhatanwa nimpaka zishingiye kuburenganzira ni uburenganzira bwumugore. Kurugero, gutema igitsina gore bibaho mumico itandukanye muri Afrika, Aziya na Amerika yepfo. Ntabwo byemewe n'idini iryo ari ryo ryose, ariko bimaze kuba umuco mu mico myinshi. Bifatwa nko guhonyora uburenganzira bw’umugore n’umukobwa na benshi mu mahanga, kandi birabujijwe mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe. Universalism bamwe basobanuye ko imperialism yumuco, ubukungu cyangwa politiki. By'umwihariko, igitekerezo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu gikunze kuvugwa ko gishingiye ku mitekerereze ya politiki ishingiye ku bwisanzure bwa politiki, nubwo byemewe mu Burayi, Ubuyapani cyangwa Amerika ya Ruguru, ntabwo byanze bikunze bifatwa nkibisanzwe ahandi. Urugero, mu 1981, uhagarariye Irani mu Muryango w’abibumbye, Said Rajaie-Khorassani, yavuze uko igihugu cye gihagaze ku bijyanye na UDHR avuga ko UDHR yari "gusobanukirwa iby'isi ku muco gakondo w'Abayahudi n'Abakristo", bidashoboka. bishyirwa mu bikorwa n’abayisilamu batarenze ku mategeko ya kisilamu. [97] Uwahoze ari Minisitiri w’intebe wa Singapuru, Lee Kuan Yew, na Maleziya, Mahathir bin Mohamad bombi bavuze ko mu myaka ya za 90 bavuga ko indangagaciro za Aziya zitandukanye cyane n’indangagaciro z’iburengerazuba kandi ko harimo ubudahemuka ndetse n’ubwisanzure bw’umuntu ku giti cye hagamijwe iterambere ry’imibereho n’iterambere. , bityo rero ubutegetsi bwigitugu bukwiye muri Aziya kuruta demokarasi. Iki gitekerezo kirwanya uwahoze ari depite wa Mahathir: Kuvuga ko umudendezo ari Uburengerazuba cyangwa Abanyaziya ni ukubabaza imigenzo yacu kimwe na ba sogokuruza, batanze ubuzima bwabo mu kurwanya igitugu n'akarengane. - Anwar Ibrahim, mu ijambo rye nyamukuru yagejeje ku ihuriro ry’abanyamakuru bo muri Aziya umutwe w’itangazamakuru n’umuryango muri Aziya, ku ya 2 Ukuboza 1994 Umuyobozi utavuga rumwe n’ubutegetsi bwa Singapore, Chee Soon Juan, na we avuga ko ari ivanguramoko kwemeza ko Abanyaziya badashaka uburenganzira bwa muntu. [98] Akenshi hajuririrwa ko abantu batekereza cyane ku burenganzira bwa muntu, nka John Locke na John Stuart Mill, bose babaye Abanyaburengerazuba kandi rwose ko bamwe bagize uruhare mu kuyobora Ingoma ubwabo. [100] [101] Impaka zifatika zikunze kwirengagiza ko uburenganzira bwa muntu bugezweho ari shyashya mu mico yose, guhera mu gihe kitarenze UDHR mu 1948. Ntibabaze kandi ko UDHR yateguwe n'abantu bava mu mico n'imigenzo itandukanye, harimo Abagatolika b'Abanyamerika b'Abanyamerika, umuhanga mu bya filozofiya w'Abashinwa, Umunyasiyoniste w’Abafaransa akaba n'uhagarariye Umuryango w’Abarabu, hamwe n’abandi, maze yifashisha inama z’abatekereza nka Mahatma Gandhi. Michael Ignatieff yavuze ko ivangura rishingiye ku muco ari impaka zikoreshwa gusa n’abakoresha ubutegetsi mu mico ihohotera uburenganzira bwa muntu, kandi ko abafite uburenganzira bwa muntu babangamiwe ari nta mbaraga bafite. Ibi birerekana ko ingorane zo gucira imanza isi yose hamwe na relativism ziri mu bavuga ko bahagarariye umuco runaka. Nubwo impaka ziri hagati y’isi yose n’ubusabane butarangiye, ni ikiganiro cy’amasomo kubera ko amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu yubahiriza ihame ry’uko uburenganzira bwa muntu bukoreshwa ku isi hose. Inama y’isi yo mu 2005 yongeye gushimangira ko amahanga yubahiriza iri hame: Imiterere rusange yuburenganzira bwa muntu nubwisanzure ntagushidikanya. - 2005 Inama y’isi, paragarafu ya 120 Ububasha rusange vs ubusugire bwa leta Reba kandi: Ububasha rusange ishyirahamwe n'ubusugire bwa Leta Ububasha ku isi hose ni ihame ritavugwaho rumwe mu mategeko mpuzamahanga aho ibihugu bisaba ububasha bw’inshinjabyaha ku bantu bakekwaho ibyaha byakorewe hanze y’imbibi z’ubushinjacyaha, batitaye ku bwenegihugu, igihugu batuyemo, cyangwa indi sano ifitanye n’igihugu gikurikirana. Leta ishyigikiye ikirego cyayo hashingiwe ko icyaha cyakozwe gifatwa nk'icyaha kuri bose, igihugu icyo ari cyo cyose cyemerewe guhana. Igitekerezo cyububasha rusange rero gifitanye isano rya bugufi nigitekerezo kivuga ko amahame mpuzamahanga ari erga omnes, cyangwa abereyemo umuryango wisi yose, kimwe nigitekerezo cya jus cogens. Mu 1993, Ububiligi bwatoye itegeko ry’ububasha rusange kugira ngo inkiko zaryo zibone ububasha ku byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu mu bindi bihugu, naho mu 1998 Augusto Pinochet yafatiwe i Londres nyuma y'ibirego n'umucamanza wo muri Esipanye Baltasar Garzón akurikiza ihame ry'ububasha rusange. Iri hame rishyigikiwe na Amnesty International n’indi miryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu kuko bemeza ko ibyaha bimwe na bimwe bibangamira amahanga muri rusange kandi abaturage bakaba bafite inshingano z’imyitwarire, ariko abandi, barimo Henry Kissinger, bavuga ko ubusugire bw’igihugu ari cyo cyambere. , kubera ko ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira ryakorewe mu bindi bihugu ari inyungu z’ibihugu byo hanze kandi kubera ko ibihugu bishobora gukoresha ihame kubera impamvu za politiki. Abakozi ba Leta n'abatari ab'igihugu Amasosiyete, imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta, amashyaka ya politiki, imitwe idasanzwe, n'abantu ku giti cyabo bazwi nk'abaterankunga. Abadaharanira inyungu bashobora kandi guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu, ariko ntibagengwa n’amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu uretse amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu, akoreshwa ku bantu ku giti cyabo. Ibigo byinshi by’igihugu bigira uruhare runini ku isi, kandi bifite uruhare runini mu ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu. Nubwo ibidukikije byemewe n’imyitwarire bikikije ibikorwa bya guverinoma byateye imbere neza, ko ibigo bikikije ibihugu byinshi bitavugwaho rumwe kandi ntibisobanuwe neza. Ibigo byinshi byigihugu bikunze kubona inshingano zabo zibanze nkabanyamigabane babo, ntabwo bireba abarebwa nibikorwa byabo. Ibigo nkibi bikunze kuba binini kuruta ubukungu bwibihugu bakoreramo, kandi birashobora gukoresha imbaraga zubukungu na politiki. Nta masezerano mpuzamahanga abaho agaragaza neza imyitwarire yamasosiyete yerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu, kandi amategeko yigihugu aratandukanye cyane. Jean Ziegler, Raporo idasanzwe ya Komisiyo y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu ku burenganzira ku biribwa yavuzwe muri raporo mu 2003: imbaraga zigenda ziyongera mu mashyirahamwe y’amahanga no kwagura ubutegetsi binyuze mu kwegurira abikorera ku giti cyabo, kubatesha agaciro no gusubiza inyuma igihugu na byo bivuze ko igihe kigeze kugira ngo dushyirehoho amahame y’amategeko yubahiriza amategeko agenga ibigo by’uburenganzira bwa muntu kandi akuraho ihohoterwa rishobora kuba ry’ububasha bwabo. . - Jean Ziegler Muri Kanama 2003, Komisiyo ishinzwe komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu ishinzwe guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu yasohoye umushinga ngenderwaho ku nshingano z’amasosiyete mpuzamahanga ndetse n’ibindi bigo by’ubucuruzi bijyanye n'uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibyo byasuzumwe na komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu mu 2004, ariko ntibifite aho bihurira n’amasosiyete kandi ntibikurikiranwa. Byongeye kandi, intego y’umuryango w’abibumbye igamije iterambere rirambye igamije kugabanya ubusumbane mu 2030 binyuze mu guteza imbere amategeko aboneye. Uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bihe byihutirwa Ifungwa ridasanzwe ry'abafashwe mpiri mu kigobe cya Guantanamo Reba kandi: Gutesha agaciro, umutekano w’igihugu, n’amategeko yo kurwanya iterabwoba Usibye uburenganzira bwa muntu budasuzuguritse (amasezerano mpuzamahanga ashyiraho uburenganzira bwo kubaho, uburenganzira bwo kutagira uburetwa, uburenganzira bwo kutagira iyicarubozo n’uburenganzira bwo kutishora mu bikorwa by’amategeko ahana nk’uko bidasuzuguritse [ 110]), Loni yemera ko uburenganzira bwa muntu bushobora kugarukira cyangwa no guhagarikwa ku ruhande mu bihe byihutirwa by’igihugu - nubwo: ibyihutirwa bigomba kuba bifatika, bigira ingaruka kubaturage bose kandi iterabwoba rigomba kuba kubaho kwigihugu. Imenyekanisha ryihutirwa naryo rigomba kuba inzira yanyuma nigipimo cyigihe gito - Umuryango w’abibumbye, umutungo [110] Uburenganzira budashobora guteshwa agaciro kubwimpamvu z'umutekano wigihugu mubihe byose bizwi nkibisanzwe cyangwa jus cogens. Inshingano z’amategeko mpuzamahanga zubahirizwa kuri leta zose kandi ntizishobora. = REFERRENCES [IHUZA] = <ref>Sobanukirwa Uburenganzira bwa muntu n’uko bwubahirizwa - Kigali Today</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://cndp.org.rw/index.php?id=24&L=1 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-25 |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225134537/https://cndp.org.rw/index.php?id=24&L=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/kinyarwanda</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://pearlsrwanda.com/uburenganzira-bwa-muntu/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-25 |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225134535/https://pearlsrwanda.com/uburenganzira-bwa-muntu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230225134550/https://caraesnderahospital.prod.risa.rw/1/patients-information/patient-rights-and-responsibilities</ref> <ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/ese-koko-mu-rwanda-nta-bwisanzure-bwo-gutanga-ibitekerezo-buhari</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.isangostar.rw/komisiyo-yuburenganzira-bwa-muntu-yavuze-ko-nta-mfungwa-ya-politike-iba-mu-rwanda |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-25 |archive-date=2023-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230225140038/https://www.isangostar.rw/komisiyo-yuburenganzira-bwa-muntu-yavuze-ko-nta-mfungwa-ya-politike-iba-mu-rwanda |url-status=dead }}</ref> gfjsnjge546kt8g8iir0mfcvllm3mrv 0 14904 133555 132503 2026-07-03T13:28:19Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133555 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Anti-LGBT.svg|thumb|LGBT]] = Abasaga ibihumbi 35 mu [[Rwanda]] baryamana bahuje ibitsina, bari mu bugarijwe cyane na [[SIDA]] = [[Dosiye:02019 1173 Rzeszów Pride.jpg|thumb|Abaharanira uburenganzira ku kubana kwabahuje ibitsina]] Imibare ya Minisiteri y’Ubuzima igaragaza ko icyiciro cy’abaryamana bahuje ibitsina kiri mu byugarijwe cyane na virusi itera [[SIDA|Sida]] kuko cyihariye 7% by’abafite ubu bwandu bose mu gihugu.<ref name=":0">https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/barenga-ibihumbi-35-bari-mu-byiciro-byugarijwe-na-sida-imbogamizi-zibangamiye</ref> Raporo y’Ibikorwa bya Minisiteri y’Ubuzima mu mwaka wa 2019-2020, igaragaza ko [[Umugore|abagore]] bakora uburaya n’abagabo bakorana imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abandi bagabo ari bo bari ku isonga mu bafite virusi itera [[SIDA]].<ref name=":0" /> Abo bagore bihariye 35,5% by’abafite Virusi ya [[SIDA]] mu gihugu, naho abagabo bakorana imibonano mpuzabitsina n’abandi bagabo bihariye 7%.<ref name=":0" /> Umunyamabanga Mukuru mu Nama y’Ubutegetsi y’Ihuriro ry’imiryango itari iya Leta irwanya [[SIDA]], igituntu na malaria no guteza imbere ubuzima (RNGOF) akaba n’Umuyobozi wa RDFP, Mukantabana Crescence yavuze ko imwe mu mpamvu ituma iyi mibare iri hejuru mu baryamana bahuje ibitsina , ari uko iki cyiciro cy’abantu kidakunze gusaba serivisi z’ubuvuzi zabugenewe.<ref name=":1">https://igihe.com/amakuru/utuntu-n-utundi/article/ubuzima-bw-ababana-bahuje-igitsina-bo-mu-mujyi-wa-kigali</ref> Yagize ati “Ibintu byabo babikora babihishe, bagatinya kujya kwa muganga kubera ko [bahagera] bakababwirana, bakabaryanira inzara ugasanga baricecekeye.” Ababana bahuje ibitsina mu [[Rwanda]] bakunze guhisha ibyiyumviro byabo, bakazabigaragaza bumaze gukura bafite ubushobozi bwo kwibeshaho mu gihe baramuka bamaganwe na sosiyete.Mu kiganiro aherutse kugirana na IGIHE, Nabonibo Albert yasobanuye uburyo akimara kugaragaza ko afite ibyiyumviro byo kuryamana n’abo bahuje ibitsina, yatewe utwatsi na sosiyete bikamugiraho ingaruka zigaragara. Mukantabana Crescence, yavuze ko ababana bahuje ibitsina mu [[Rwanda]] bagifite imbogamizi zijyanye n’amategeko abarengera, atuma hari ubwo bahohoterwa ntibabone ubufasha. Icyakora yavuze ko hari byinshi byakozwe bigatuma benshi muri no bigaragaza, ingingo ikomeye cyane kuko ubundi bikunze kugirwa ibanga mu rwego rwo kwirinda ihohoterwa.<ref name=":0" /> Kuri ubu habarurwa ko abarenga ibihumbi 35 baryamana n’abo bahuje ibitsina mu [[Rwanda]], nk’uko Mukantabana yabitangaje. Ati “Barahari byaragaragaye. Igihe mperukira imibare bari bageze mu bihumbi 35. [[Abanyarwanda]] ibihumbi 35 ni benshi.” Nabo nibo we yabwiye IGIHE ko ari benshi bashobora kuba barenze uyu mubare, ahubwo bamwe bataragira ubushobozi bwo kugaragaza ibyiyumviro byabo kuko bishobora kubagiraho ingaruka. Umwe mu babana bahuje ibitsina twaganiriye, yavuze ko “Kwemera kuvuga ko uryamana n’abo muhuje igitsina ni ikintu kitoroshye, benshi mu bakiri bato birinda kubikora kugira ngo batiteranya n’imiryango yabo, cyangwa bakabura amahirwe mu kazi n’ibindi nk’ibyo.<ref name=":1" /> "Kubikora bisaba ubutwari, niyo mpamvu bikorwa na bake, abantu bagenda batinyuka bitewe n’uko imyumvire ya sosiyete izamuka. Ntabwo ari uko ababana bahuje ibitsina mu [[Rwanda]] ari bacye, ni uko banga kubyerekana gusa mu rwego rwo kurinda inyungu zabo.” Yongeyeho ko nubwo hari byinshi bikenewe gukorwa, ashima ubwisanzure bafite mu [[Rwanda]] ugereranyije n’ahandi muri Afurika. Ati "Dufite uburenganzira nk’ubw’abandi imbere y’amategeko, nta mategeko yihariye aduhana, ni ikintu dushimira Leta nubwo hagikenewe byinshi byo gukora, ariko ubona ko nta kibazo duhura nacyo cyo kwimwa uburenganzira bigizwemo uruhare na Leta, niyo mpamvu benshi bari kugenda batinyuka, bakagaragaza imiterere y’umubiri wabo.”<ref name=":0" /> '''Leta yarahagurutse''' Mu bihugu bitandukanye, ikigero cy’abanyamuryango ba [[LGBTQ]] (ababana bahuje ibitsina) biyahura kiri hejuru kurusha uko bimeze mu bindi byiciro by’abaturage, bikaba akarusho iyo bigeze mu bakiri bato, baba bageze mu gihe cyo kwiga no kumenya imiterere y’ibitsina byabo. Ibi ni ko bimeze mu bihugu birimo [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika|Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika]],<ref name=":2">https://www.kigalitoday.com/ntibisanzwe/article/ababana-bahuje-ibitsina-mu-gisirikari-cya-amerika-baratangira-guhabwa</ref> aho imibare y’urubyiruko ruri mu muryango w’ababana bahuje ibitsina rutekereza kwiyahura, ikubye kabiri iyo mu rundi rubyiruko rusanzwe.<ref name=":0" /> Imwe mu mpamvu zibitera harimo kwamaganwa no guhabwa akato, aho usanga abantu bagaragaje ko baryamana n’abo bahuje igitsina, baterwa utwatsi bakamaganwa cyangwa bakimwa amahirwe atandukanye, ibi bigatuma barushaho kwiheba no kwitera icyizere, bamwe bakabura aho batura ibibazo byabo kugera ubwo biyahuye.<ref name=":0" /> Ku rwego mpuzamahanga cyane cyane mu bihugu byateye imbere, hagenda haba ubukangurambaga bugamije kwigisha abantu ko ababana n’abo bahuje ibitsina ari abantu nk’abandi, bitewe n’uko ari bwo buryo baremye kandi iyo myitwarire ikaba atari amahitamo, ahubwo ari imiterere yabo.<ref name=":1" /> Ku bakurikira [[umupira w’amaguru]], cyane cyane Shampiyona ya Premier League yo mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]], muzakunda kubona ba kapiteni b’amakipe bambaye ibitambaro birimo amabara y’umukororombya, ari ryo bendera riranga abaryamana bahuje ibitsina.<ref name=":3">https://umuryango.rw/ad-restricted/article/ababana-bahuje-igitsina-babimye-ahantu-ho-gukorera-ubukwe-biteza-ikibazo-muri#!?pr=119249&lang=en</ref> Ibi na nako bigenda ku mipira ikinwa, imishumi y’inkweto n’ibindi bitandukanye, byose bigamije kurushaho guteza imbere ubukangurambaga bw’umuryango w’ababana bahuje ibitsina.<ref name=":1" /> Amateka agaragaza ko abagize uyu muryango babayeho kuva mu myaka ibihumbi bibiri mbere y’ivuka rya Yezu, bagaragara ku migabane yose y’Isi ndetse no mu moko atandukanye y’abantu. Guhuza ibitsina kw’abafite ibiteye kimwe si imyitwarire y’abantu gusa, kuko iyi mico inagaragara mu zindi nyamswa z’ubwoko burenga 1500 burimo inyoni, [[inyamaswa]] zo mu mazi, inyamabere ndetse no mu dusimba duto. Bitekerezwa ko 90% by’ibikorwa byo guhuza ibitsina bya giraffe bikorwa hagati y’izibihuje.<ref name=":2" /> Hari gahunda nyinshi zagiyeho zigamije guhangana n’ibibazo by’ababana bahuje ibitsina, nk’uko Umuyobozi w’Ishami ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu mu Muryango Uharanira Guteza Imbere Ubuzima (HDI), Christopher Sengoga, aherutse kubitangariza IGIHE. Yagize ati “Indi mbogamizi bahura na yo ni ukubona serivisi z’ubuzima. Abaganga benshi ntibaramenya kubitaho mu buryo bw’umwihariko, nubwo turi gufatanya n’inzego za Leta mu kubahugura, ku buryo mu gihe bagiye gushaka serivisi zijyanye n’ubuzima bwabo bwihariye, bazibona nta nkomyi.”<ref name=":0" /> Uretse guhugura abaganga, hari ibindi bikorwa byakozwe mu rwego rwo kurushaho gufasha abagize uyu muryango kugira ubuzima bwiza, harimo kubaha amahugurwa ku bijyanye n’icyorezo cya [[SIDA]] n’ubukangurambaga ku ikoreshwa ry’agakingirizo, ndetse bakanasabwa kurushaho kwisuzumisha kugira ngo bamenye uko ubuzima bwabo buhagaze. Ku ruhande rwa Minisiteri y’Ubuzima mu Rwanda, iri gukora ibishoboka byose mu gufasha abagize uyu muryango kwisuzumisha Virus itera [[SIDA]], kubona ibinini bya PrEP birinda umuntu kwanduza iyo Virus uwo bakorana imibonano mpuzabitsina ndetse n’imiti igabanya ubukana bwa Virus itera [[SIDA]].<ref name=":3" /> Niyingenera Callixte Ushinzwe gukurikirana ibikorwa by’abanyamuryango ba RNGOF mu Mujyi wa Kigali n’Intara y’Iburasirazuba, yabwiye IGIHE ko bagerageza gufasha ababana n’abo bahuje igitsina kujya kwa muganga kugira ngo bivuze indwara zifata imyanya ndangagitsina. Yongeyeho ati “Tubaha n’ibikoresho birimo udukingirizo n’amavuta yongera ububobere. Ikirenze ibyo, tunagerageza gukora ubuvugizi ku butabera bwabo nk’uko nabo babyifuza kuko ni abantu nk’abandi.” Yasobanuye ko batarahabwa ikaze mu muryango mugari w’Abanyarwanda, ati “Ntabwo umuryango Nyarwanda ukwiye kubaca ngo ubatere ibuye ahubwo bakwiye gufashwa mu byo bakora, tugakora ubuvugizi ngo bikorwa bite kugira ngo birinde izo ndwara zindi n’ihohoterwa ariko uburenganzira bwabo burakenewe.”<ref name=":0" /> '''Icyizere cy’Itegeko rirengera LGBTQ mu [[Rwanda]]?''' U [[Rwanda]] ni kimwe mu bihugu bya Afurika bidafite itegeko iryo ari ryo ryose ribangamira ababana bahuje ibitsina. Magingo aya, Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u [[Rwanda]] ntiryerura ngo ryemere cyangwa ryamagane imyitwarire n’imigirire y’ababana n’abo bahuje igitsina. Icyakora mu ngingo yaryo ya 16 rigira riti “Abanyarwanda bose bavukana kandi bagakomeza kugira uburenganzira n’ubwisanzure bingana.”<ref name=":1" /> Gusa mu ngingo ya 17 yaryo, harimo ko “Ishyingirwa ryemewe ari iryabaye hagati y’umugabo n’umugore,” ingingo itavugwaho rumwe kuko ababana bahuje ibitsina bashobora no kubana nk’abashakanye.IGIHE ifite amakuru yemeza ko abanyamategeko b’Ihuriro ry’imiryango itari iya Leta irimo GLIHD, HDI na RNGOF, bateguye umushinga w’itegeko rirebana n’uburenganzira bw’ababana bahuje ibitsina, aho bivugwa ko uyu mushinga warangiye ndetse bari kwitegura kuwushyikiriza Inteko Ishinga Amategeko.<ref name=":0" /> Uwatanze amakuru yagize ati “Ni itegeko ribemerera kugira izindi serivisi bahabwa mu gihugu nk’[[Abanyarwanda]] muri rusange. Ntabwo ari iribashyigikira ngo nimugende mukore ibyo mushaka ku mugaragaro turabashyigikiye.” “Ni iribahesha serivisi nk’undi Munyarwanda uwo ari we wese ku buryo aho bazajya baca batazajya babona ko ari ibicibwa. Niba agiye kwa gitifu cyangwa ubundi buyobozi akaba yisanga nta pfunwe atewe no kuba abana n’uwo bahuje igitsina.” Niyingenera yatangaje ko nka sosiyete sivile, bakangurira ababyeyi gushyigikira uburenganzira bw’abana babo mu gihe bagaragaje ibyiyumvo nk’uko baryamana n’abo bahuje ibitsina, kandi bakabigaragaza bakiri bato. Yasobanuye ko ibi bituma abana bakura neza, bakarushaho kwiyakira no gushyira imbaraga mu iterambere ryabo, aho kwigunga no kwitera icyizere.<ref name=":3" /> == AMASHAKIRO; == bvi2z3u1vxk9t25zc4bxc35gj6x2042 0 15607 133570 107218 2026-07-04T01:57:40Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 133570 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Bernadine_Bezuidenhout.jpg|thumb|right|Bernadine Michelle Bezuidenhout]] '''Bernadine Michelle Bezuidenhout''' (wavutse ku ya 14 Nzeri 1993) ni umukinnyi mpuzamahanga wa Afurika yepfo wavukiye muri Nuvele-Zelande, ubu ukinira akarere ko mu majyaruguru . Yakiniye ikipe y'igihugu ya Ciriketi y'abagore bo muri Afurika y'Epfo hagati ya 2014 na 2015 mbere yo kwerekeza i Christchurch, muri Nuvele Zelande kandi kuva icyo gihe yagiye ahagararira White Ferns yo muri Nuvele-Zelande, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Profile: Bernadine Bezuidenhout |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/player/499247.html |access-date=2016-05-10 |publisher=[[Cricinfo]]}}</ref> nyuma y'imyaka itatu ihagaze. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Former South African international Bezuidenhout eyes future with White Ferns |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/cricket/72622544/former-south-african-international-bezuidenhout-eyes-future-with-white-ferns |access-date=6 June 2018 |website=Stuff}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand women call up Watkin, Bezuidenhout for England tour |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/23320010/new-zealand-women-call-jess-watkin-bernadine-bezuidenhout-england-tour |access-date=6 June 2018 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Ku ya 6 Gicurasi 2018, yakinnye bwa mbere mu bagore ba 20 (WT20I) muri Nouvelle-Zélande na Irlande . <ref name="Bezuidenhout">{{Cite web |title=Cricket: Debutants impress as White Ferns thrash Ireland |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=12065972 |access-date=6 June 2018 |website=New Zealand Herald |archive-date=6 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180606220125/https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=12065972 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Muri Kanama 2018, yahawe amasezerano yo hagati na New Zealand Cricket, nyuma yo kuzenguruka Irlande n'Ubwongereza mu mezi ashize. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rachel Priest left out of New Zealand women contracts |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/story/1154075.html |access-date=2 August 2018 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Four new players included in White Ferns contract list |url=https://www.icc-cricket.com/news/792631 |access-date=2 August 2018 |website=International Cricket Council}}</ref> Mu Kwakira 2018, yashyizwe mu ikipe ya Nouvelle-Zélande mu marushanwa ya ICC y'abagore ku isi ya Twenty20 2018 azabera mu burengerazuba bwa Indies. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand women pick spin-heavy squads for Australia T20Is, World T20 |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/24718081/new-zealand-women-pick-spin-heavy-squads-australia-t20is-world-t20 |access-date=18 September 2018 |website=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=White Ferns turn to spin in big summer ahead |url=https://www.nzc.nz/news-items/white-ferns-turn-to-spin-in-big-summer-ahead |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918160511/https://www.nzc.nz/news-items/white-ferns-turn-to-spin-in-big-summer-ahead |archive-date=18 September 2018 |access-date=18 September 2018 |website=New Zealand Cricket}}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa Afurika yepfo]] 54w6juir9tcnd6k62qgt3edpr4sio80 0 16738 133569 131499 2026-07-04T00:55:40Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 133569 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:1,000 Tanzanian shillings banknote 2011 - obverse.jpg|thumb|amafaranga yama tanzaniya]] '''Amashiringi''' ya Tanzaniya (mu magambo ahinnye: '''TSh''' cyangwa code '''TZS''' ) ni ifaranga rya Tanzaniya . Ikaba Igabanijwemo amafaranga 100. Amashiringi ya Tanzaniya yasimbuye [[Amashiringi yo muri Afurika y'uburasirazuba|amashiringi yo muri Afrika yuburasirazuba]] ku ya 14 Kamena 1966. == Icyitonderwa == Ibiciro cyama shilingi ya Tanzaniya byanditswe muburyo bwa x/y, aho x ari amafaranga ari hejuru ya shilingi 1, mugihe y ari amafaranga. Ikimenyetso kingana na hyphen byerekana umubare wa zero. urugero amafaranga 50 yanditswe angana na shilingi 100. Rimwe na rimwe, impine ya mashilingi ni TSh ishyirwa imbere kugirango bitandukane. Niba umubare wanditse ukoresheje amagambo kimwe numubare, gusa (urugero bandika TSh 10 miliyoni). Iki gishushanyo cyagereranijwe kuri siterilingi, aho amafaranga yanditswe muburyo bumwe bwa amapawundi (£), amashilingi (s), na amapence (d). Muri iyo nyandiko, amafaranga ari munsi yama pawundi yanditswe gusa muri shilingi na pence. == Ibiceri == [[Dosiye:200_tz_shillings_front.jpg|thumb|200/ ibinyuranye]] Muri 1966, ibiceri byatangijwe bi menyekana nka -/ , -/ , -/ na -/ na 1/ , hamwe na -/ biri mu muringa, -/ muri nikel-umuringa (umuringa-nikel -zinke) hamwe na - / 50 na 1 / = muri kupro-nikel. Igikombe-nikel 5/ ibiceri byatangijwe muri 1972, bikurikirwa na nikel-y'umuringa -/ muri 1977. Ibi biceri byambere byashyizweho, bikwirakwizwa kuva muri 1966 kugeza muri 1984, ibyo byose byakozwe na Christopher Ironside OBE. <ref name="bot-tz">{{Cite web |title=Bank of Tanzania: Banking Operations - Currency Museum: Coins |url=http://www.bot-tz.org/bankingoperations/currency/coins.asp |access-date=2015-09-03 |publisher=bot-tz.org |archive-date=2009-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090601201821/http://www.bot-tz.org/BankingOperations/Currency/coins.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> Muri 1987, icyuma gikozwe muri nikel cyasimbuye igikombe-nikel muri -/ na 1/ , maze hashyirwaho igikombe-nikel 5/ na 10/ iyi biceri, bifite 5/ dekagonale. Muri 1990, hashyizweho nikel yambaye ibyuma 5/ , 10/ na 20/ , hakurikiraho ibiceri bikozwe mu muringa 100/ muri 1993, 50/ muri 1996 na misiri-nikel-zinc 200/ muri 1998. Ibiceri bikunze kuzenguruka ni 50/ , 100/ , 200/ , na 500/ . Igiceri 500/ cyatanzwe ku ya 8 Nzeri 2014. <ref name="bot2">{{Cite web |title=Image: IMG-20140907-WA0006.jpg, (960 × 1280 px) |url=http://www.bot.go.tz/Adverts/PressRelease/IMG-20140907-WA0006.jpg |access-date=2015-09-03 |publisher=bot.go.tz |archive-date=2015-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923193847/http://www.bot.go.tz/Adverts/PressRelease/IMG-20140907-WA0006.jpg |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Inoti == Ku ya 14 Kamena 1966, Benki Ya Tanzaniya ( Banki ya Tanzaniya ) yazanye inoti ya 5/ , 10/ , 20/ na 100/ . Inoti 5/ yasimbuwe nigiceri mu 1972. Inoti 50/ zatangijwe mu 1985, zikurikirwa na 200/ muri 1986, 500/ muri 1989 na 1,000/ muri 1990. Inoti 10/ , 20/ , 50/ na 100/ zasimbuwe n'ibiceri mu 1987, 1990, 1996 na 1994. 5,000/ na 10,000/ inoti zatangijwe mu 1995, zikurikirwa na 2000 / = muri 2003. Urukurikirane rushya rw'inoti rwasohotse muri 2011. Izi nyandiko nshya zirimo ibintu byinshi byumutekano birinda impimbano. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20151029205825/http://banknotenews.com/files/5396d76d4ec01aed72fea11b03d38671-1377.php Tanzania new note family confirmed] BanknoteNews.com. Retrieved 2011-10-22.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120405164844/http://thecitizen.co.tz/magazines/-/6750-expect-nothing-but-the-best-money-printing-firm-tells-dar] ''The Citizen''. Retrieved 2011-10-22.</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="12" |Urukurikirane rwa kera |- ! colspan="2" | Ishusho ! rowspan="2" | Agaciro ! rowspan="2" | Ibipimo ! rowspan="2" | Ibara rikuru ! colspan="3" | Ibisobanuro ! rowspan="2" | Itariki yatangarijwe |- ! Kurwanya ! Subiza inyuma ! Kurwanya ! Subiza inyuma ! Ikimenyetso cy'amazi |- | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Dosiye:Tzs-10-note-front.jpg|95x95px]] | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Dosiye:Tzs-10-note-back.jpg|95x95px]] | 10/ | - | Icyatsi | [[Julius Nyerere]] | Urwibutso rwa Arusha | rowspan="3" | Giraffe | rowspan="3" | - |- | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Dosiye:Tzs-20-note-front.jpg|100x100px]] | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Dosiye:Tzs-20-note-back.jpg|98x98px]] | 20/ | - | Ubururu | [[Julius Nyerere]] | Rusange Tire Igiti cya Afrika yuburasirazuba |- | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Dosiye:Tzs-100-note-front.jpg|108x108px]] | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Dosiye:Tzs-100-note-back.jpg|108x108px]] | 100/ | - | Umutuku | [[Julius Nyerere]] | [[Abamasayi|Maasayi]] |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="9" |Urukurikirane rwa 1997 <ref name="bot">{{Cite web |title=Bank of Tanzania Historical Notes |url=https://www.bot-tz.org/BankingOperations/Currency/CurrencyMuseum.asp |access-date=2015-07-05 |website=bot |publisher=Bank of Tanzania |archive-date=2013-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119195255/http://www.bot-tz.org/BankingOperations/Currency/CurrencyMuseum.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! rowspan="2" | Ishusho ! rowspan="2" | Agaciro ! rowspan="2" | Ibipimo ! rowspan="2" | Ibara rikuru ! colspan="2" | Ibisobanuro ! rowspan="2" | Itariki yatangarijwe ! rowspan="2" | Ikimenyetso cy'amazi |- ! Kurwanya ! Subiza inyuma |- | [http://banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/TAN/TAN0030.htm] | 500 / = (Shilingi Mia Tano) | 138 x 69 mm | Icyatsi | Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; Giraffe ; Zebra | Gusarura isuka; Uhuru Torch | rowspan="2" | 1997 | rowspan="5" | Giraffe |- | [http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/TAN/TAN0031.htm] | 1000 / = (Shillingi Elfu Moja) | 142 x 71 mm | Umutuku | Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; Giraffe ; Inzovu nyafurika | Ikirombe cya Kiwira; Urugi rwa Banki yabaturage ya Zanzibar |- | [http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/TAN/TAN0034.htm] | 1000 / = (Shilingi Elfu Moja) | 142 x 71 mm | Umutuku | Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; [[Julius Nyerere]] ; Inzovu nyafurika | Ikirombe cya Kiwira; Urugi rwa Banki yabaturage ya Zanzibar | rowspan="1" | 2000 |- | [http://www.banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/TAN/TAN0032.htm] | 5000 / = (Shillingi Elfu Tano) | 145 x 73 mm | Umutuku | Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; Giraffe ; Rhino | Giraffes ; [[Umusozi wa Kilimanjaro|Mt Kilimanjaro]] | rowspan="2" | 1997 |- | [http://banknote.ws/COLLECTION/countries/AFR/TAN/TAN0044.htm] | 10,000 / = (Shilingi Elfu Kumi) | 149 x 75 mm | Indigo | Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; Giraffe ; [[Intare]] | Banki ya Tanzaniya ; "Inzu y'igitangaza" (Zanzibar) |- |} {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="12" |Urukurikirane rwa 2003 [https://web.archive.org/web/20130118042704/http://www.bot-tz.org/BankingOperations/Currency/currencyInCirculation.asp] |- ! colspan="2" | Ishusho ! rowspan="2" | Agaciro ! rowspan="2" | Ibipimo ! rowspan="2" | Ibara rikuru ! colspan="3" | Ibisobanuro ! rowspan="2" | Itariki yatangarijwe |- ! Kurwanya ! Subiza inyuma ! Kurwanya ! Subiza inyuma ! Ikimenyetso cy'amazi |- | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Dosiye:500_tz_shillings_front.jpg|95x95px]] | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Dosiye:500_tz_shillings_back.jpg|95x95px]] | 500/ | 130 × 63 mm | Icyatsi | Buffalo nyafurika | Inzu ya Nkrumah, Kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam | rowspan="5" | Giraffe | rowspan="5" | 2003 |- | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Dosiye:1000_tz_shillings_front.jpg|100x100px]] | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Dosiye:1000_tz_shillings_back.jpg|98x98px]] | 1,000/ | 135 × 66 mm | Ubururu | [[Julius Nyerere]] | Inzu ya Leta, Dar es Salaam |- | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Dosiye:2000_tz_shillings_front.jpg|101x101px]] | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Dosiye:2000_tz_shillings_back.jpg|101x101px]] | 2,000/ | 140 × 69 mm | Icunga-umukara | [[Intare]], [[Umusozi wa Kilimanjaro]] | Igihome gishaje, Umujyi wa Kibuye, Zanzibar |- | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Dosiye:5000_tz_shillings_front.jpg|104x104px]] | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Dosiye:5000_tz_shillings_back.jpg|104x104px]] | 5,000/ | 145 × 72 mm | Umutuku | Inkeri z'umukara | Geita zahabu Mine n'inzu y'ibitangaza Zanzibar |- | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Dosiye:10000_tz_shillings_front.jpg|108x108px]] | align="center" bgcolor="#ffffff" |[[Dosiye:10000_tz_shillings_back.jpg|108x108px]] | 10,000/ | 150 × 75 mm | Umutuku | [[Inzovu]] | Icyicaro gikuru cya Banki ya Tanzaniya i Dar es Salaam |- |} === Kugeza ubu === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%" ! colspan="10" |Urukurikirane rwa 2011 <ref name="banknotenews">{{Cite web |title=Tanzania new note family confirmed &#124; Africa &#124; Banknote News |url=http://banknotenews.com/files/5396d76d4ec01aed72fea11b03d38671-1377.php |access-date=2015-09-03 |publisher=banknotenews.com |archive-date=2015-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151029205825/http://banknotenews.com/files/5396d76d4ec01aed72fea11b03d38671-1377.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- ! colspan="2" | Ishusho ! rowspan="2" | Indangagaciro ! rowspan="2" | Ibipimo ! rowspan="2" | Ibara rikuru ! colspan="2" | Ibisobanuro ! rowspan="2" | Itariki yatangarijwe ! rowspan="2" | Itariki yikibazo cya mbere ! rowspan="2" | Ikimenyetso cy'amazi |- ! Kurwanya ! Subiza inyuma ! Kurwanya ! Subiza inyuma |- |[[Dosiye:TZSn00500v.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]] |[[Dosiye:TZSn00500r.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]] | 500/ | 120 x 60&nbsp;mm | Icyatsi | Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; Sheikh Abeid Amani Karume | Inyubako ya salle nkuru ya kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam; abanyeshuri barangije bambaye ingofero namakanzu; Inkoni ya Aesculap | rowspan="5" | 2011 | rowspan="5" | 1 Mutarama 2010 | Julius Kambarage Nyerere hamwe na electrotype 500 |- |[[Dosiye:TZSn01000v.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]] |[[Dosiye:TZSn01000r.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]] | 1,000/ | 125 x 65&nbsp;mm | Ubururu | Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; Perezida Julius Kambarage Nyerere; Bismarck Urutare muri Mwanza Harbour | Ikawa; Inyubako ya Leta (Ikulu) ifite ibendera muri Dar es Salaam | Julius Kambarage Nyerere hamwe na electrotype 1000 |- |[[Dosiye:TZSn02000v.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]] |[[Dosiye:TZSn02000r.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]] | 2,000/ | 130 x 66&nbsp;mm | Icunga | Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; [[Intare]] | Ibiti by'imikindo; igihome cya kera cya Arabiya Arabiya (Ngome Kongwe) mu mujyi wa Zanzibar; ikibaho | Julius Kambarage Nyerere hamwe na electrotype 2000 |- |[[Dosiye:TZSn05000v.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]] |[[Dosiye:TZSn05000r.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]] | 5,000/ | 135 x 67&nbsp;mm | Umutuku | Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; igihingwa; inkeri z'umukara | Cyanid Leaching igihingwa cya zahabu ya Geita | Julius Kambarage Nyerere hamwe na electrotype 5000 |- |[[Dosiye:TZSn10000v.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]] |[[Dosiye:TZSn10000r.jpg|center|frameless|150x150px]] | 10,000/ | 140 x 68&nbsp;mm | Umutuku | Ikirango cya Tanzaniya ; [[Inzovu]] | Indabyo; Inyubako yicyicaro gikuru cya Banki ya Tanzaniya i Dar es Salaam | Julius Kambarage Nyerere hamwe na electrotype 10000 |- |} == Reba kandi == * Ubukungu bwa Tanzaniya * Uganda shilingi * Shilingi == Reba == '''Inyandiko'''{{Reflist}}'''Inkomoko'''   == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20190920094153/https://www.bot.go.tz/BankingOperations/Currency/currencyInCirculation.asp Urupapuro rwa Banki ya Tanzaniya ku kuzenguruka inoti] * [http://www.bis-ans-ende-der-welt.net/Tansania-B-En.htm Inoti za Tanzaniya] * [https://banknotenews.com/?p=18765] {{In lang|en|de|fr}} [[Ikiciro:Amafaranga]] mfpoojqt7jm3axgdjfil6iaprhg20gq 0 16802 133538 132932 2026-07-03T13:18:36Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 133538 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ingufu n'amashanyarazi == Mu Rwanda rwateye intambwe nini mu kuzamura amashanyarazi mu kinyejana cya 21 . Umubare munini w'ibice bishya byahawe amashanyarazi binyuze mu kwagura ibikorwa remezo . [[Dosiye:Windmill at kutubdia 14.jpg|thumb|inguzu nzamashanyarazi]] [[Dosiye:Andasol Guadix 4.jpg|thumb|ingufu zimirasire]] Kugabanuka kw'amashyamba amaherezo bizahatira [[abanyarwanda]] guhindukirira amasoko ya peteroli uretse amakara yo guteka no gushyushya . Urebye ubwinshi bw'imigezi n'ibiyaga , ubushobozi bw'amashanyarazi ni bwinshi . mu Rwanda rukoresha umutungo kamere binyuze mu mishinga ihuriweho n'amashanyarazi n'Uburundi na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. == Inganda == Urwego rw'inganda ruratera imbere, rutanga 16 % bya GDP muri 2012. <ref name="MINAGRI Annual Report 2018-2019">{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 2019–2020 |url=http://www.minagri.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Minagri/Publications/Annual_Reports/Annual_report_2019-20_FY_.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324230501/https://www.minagri.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/Minagri/Publications/Annual_Reports/Annual_report_2019-20_FY_.pdf |archive-date=2021-03-24 |access-date=2020-12-23}}</ref> Uruganda rukora inganda rwiganjemo umusaruro usimbura ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga. Ibigo binini bitanga byeri, ibinyobwa bidasembuye, itabi, amasuka, ibimuga, isabune, matelas, umuyoboro wa pulasitike, ibikoresho byo gusakara, n'amazi icupa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Global Tenders and Bids |url=https://www.globaltenders.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220401092904/https://www.globaltenders.com/ |archive-date=2022-04-01 |access-date=2022-04-16 |website=Global Tenders |language=en}}</ref> Ibindi bicuruzwa byakozwe birimo ibikomoka ku buhinzi, ibinyobwa bito , isabune, ibikoresho, inkweto, sima, ibicuruzwa bya pulasitike , imyenda n’itabi . [23] == Ubukerarugendo na serivisi == [[Dosiye:Gorilla_mother_and_baby_at_Volcans_National_Park.jpg|alt=Photograph depicting female adult gorilla with a baby on her shoulders, surrounded by green foliage|thumb|250x250px| [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|Ingagi zo mu misozi]] muri [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Parike y'Ibirunga]] .]] Urwego rwa serivisi mu Rwanda rwagize ibibazo mu mpera z'imyaka yo muri 2000 kubera ko amabanki yagabanije inguzanyo ndetse n'imishinga yo gufasha mu mahanga n'ishoramari bikagabanuka . [40] Urwego rwongeye kwiyongera mu mwaka wo muri 2010 , ruba urwego runini mu gihugu ku musaruro w’ubukungu kandi rutanga 43,6 % by’umusaruro rusange w’igihugu . [23] Abaterankunga bo mu rwego rwa gatatu barimo amabanki n’imari , ubucuruzi bw’ibicuruzwa n’ibicuruzwa , amahoteri na resitora, ubwikorezi, ububiko, itumanaho, ubwishingizi , imitungo itimukanwa, serivisi z’ubucuruzi n’ubuyobozi bwa Leta harimo uburezi n’ubuzima . [40] [[Dosiye:Gorilla gorilla gorilla (Gorille des plaines de l'Ouest) - 458.jpg|thumb|Ingagi]] [[Ubukerarugendo mu Rwanda|Ubukerarugendo]] ni bumwe mu bukungu bwihuta cyane mu bukungu kandi bwabaye igihugu cya mbere mu kwinjiza amadovize mu gihugu mu 2011 . [41] Nubwo umurage wa jenoside, igihugu kigenda kibonwa ku rwego mpuzamahanga nk'ahantu heza ; Ubuyobozi bushinzwe abinjira n’abinjira n’abasohoka bwanditse abantu 405.801 basuye igihugu hagati [42] Mutarama na Kamena 2011 ; 16% muri bo baturutse hanze ya Afurika . Amafaranga yinjira mu bukerarugendo yari miliyoni 115,600.000 z'amadolari hagati [43] Mutarama na Kamena 2011; abakora ibiruhuko batanze 43 % byinjira, nubwo ari 9 % gusa [43] . U Rwanda ni kimwe mu bihugu bibiri gusa [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu misozi]] zishobora gusurwa neza; ingagi ikurikirana muri parike y’ibirunga ikurura abashyitsi ibihumbi ku mwaka, biteguye kwishyura ibiciro bihanitse. [44] Ibindi bintu bikurura abantu harimo: Ishyamba rya Nyungwe, ryitwa chimpanzees, Ruwenzori colobus n’izindi primates, resitora y’[[ikiyaga cya Kivu]], na Akagera, ikigega gito cya savanna mu burasirazuba bw’igihugu. [45] Ubukerarugendo bw'u Rwanda bushingiye ku bikurura [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|pariki y'ibirunga]] ( PNV ) hamwe [[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|n'ibirunga]] bitandatu ndetse n'abaturage barinzwe [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|n'ingagi zo mu misozi]] zizwi cyane na [[Dian Fossey]] . Byongeye kandi, ubukerarugendo bwerekeza muri Afurika yo hagati igishanga kinini gikingiwe na [[Pariki y'Akagera|pariki ya Akagera]], hamwe n’abaturage ba hippopotami, inyamanswa ya cape, imparage, [[inzovu]], elande, n’andi matungo manini y’imikino. Ubukerarugendo bujyanye [[Kwitegereza inyoni|n’inyoni]] bufite ubushobozi bwo kwiteza imbere cyane cyane muri [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|parike y’igihugu ya Nyungwe]], mu mashyamba manini manini adacibwa muri Afurika. Pariki ya Nyungwe ibamo amoko arenga 300 y’inyoni. Kandi ubwoko butandukanye bwubuzima bwo mwishyamba nabwo. [[Dosiye:Ubucuruzi bw'ibirayi.jpg|thumb|Ubucuruzi]] Inzibutso nyinshi zijyanye na [[Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] zatangiye kubyara ubukerarugendo bukomeye. Urugero, Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Gisozi mu [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Karere ka Gasabo]] ka [[Kigali]] - ahashyinguwe abagera ku 300.000 bazize jenoside - rufite ahantu hamwe n’imurikagurisha rya jenoside bifitanye isano n’isomero kandi rifite gahunda yo guteza imbere ikigo cyigisha ku mateka ya jenoside. Ikindi kigo gikomeye cy’urwibutso kijyanye na jenoside gikurura ba mukerarugendo ni Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi rwubatswe mu cyahoze ari [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi|ishuri ry’ubuhanga rya tekinike rya Murambi]] aho abantu 45.000 biciwe naho skeleti 850 hamwe n’ibisigazwa by’abapfuye byerekanwa. Ibindi bibanza bibiri by’urwibutso bifitanye isano na jenoside biri mu [[Akarere ka Kicukiro|Karere ka Kicukiro]] : Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Rebero ahashyinguwe abantu 14.400 n’urwibutso rwa Jenocide rwa Nyanza-Kicukiro aho abantu 5000 bishwe nyuma y’uko abasirikare [[Ububiligi|b’Ababiligi]] bakoreraga mu ngabo [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|z’umuryango w’abibumbye]] zishinzwe kubungabunga amahoro babatereranye. Mu Ntara ya Kibungo, ahabereye ubwicanyi bwa Nyarubuye niho hari Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Nyarubuye aho abagera ku 20.000 bishwe nyuma yo guhungira muri [[kiliziya Gatolika]] ya [[Roma]] ndetse no mu ngo z'ababikira n'abapadiri bahari. == Imibare yamateka == Imbonerahamwe ikurikira irerekana ibipimo ngenderwaho byubukungu muri 1980–2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Report for Selected Countries and Subjects |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=36&pr.y=13&sy=1980&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=714&s=NGDP_RPCH,PPPGDP,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,GGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a= |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200730225724/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=36&pr.y=13&sy=1980&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=714&s=NGDP_RPCH,PPPGDP,PPPPC,PCPIPCH,GGXWDG_NGDP&grp=0&a= |archive-date=2020-07-30 |access-date=2018-09-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Umwaka ! 1980 ! 1985 ! 1990 ! 1995 ! 2000 ! 2005 ! 2006 ! 2007 ! 2008 ! 2009 ! 2010 ! 2011 ! 2012 ! 2013 ! 2014 ! 2015 ! 2016 ! 2017 |- | GDP muri madolari<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(PPP)</small> | 2.11 Bln. | 3.66 Bln. | 3.96 Bln. | 2.96 Bln. | 5.00 Bln. | 8.28 Bln. | 9.32 Bln. | 10.30 Bln. | 11.68 Bln. | 12.50 Bln. | 13.58 Bln. | 14.94 Bln. | 16.56 Bln. | 17.62 Bln. | 19.30 Bln. | 21.24 Bln. | 22.80 Bln. | 24.62 Bln. |- | GDP kuri buri muntu muri madolari<br /><br /><br /><br /><small>(PPP)</small> | 453 | 643 | 614 | 541 | 667 | 938 | 1.036 | 1,120 | 1,229 | 1.289 | 1.358 | 1.465 | 1.577 | 1.640 | 1.754 | 1.884 | 1.973 | 2.080 |- | Ubwiyongere bwa GDP<br /><br /><br /><br /><small>(nyabyo)</small> | −3.6 % | 5.5 % | 0.4 % | 24.5 % | 8.4 % | 9.4 % | 9.2 % | 7.6 % | 11.2 % | 6.3 % | 7.3 % | 7.8 % | 8.8 % | 4.7 % | 7.6 % | 8.9 % | 6.0 % | 6.1 % |- | Ifaranga<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(ku ijana)</small> | 7.2 % | −1.1 % | 4.2 % | 56.0 % | 3.9 % | 9.1 % | 8.8 % | 9.1 % | 15.4 % | 10.3 % | 2.3 % | 5.7 % | 6.3 % | 4.2 % | 1.8 % | 2.5 % | 5.7 % | 4.8 % |- | Umwenda wa Leta<br /><br /><br /><br /> <small>(Ijanisha rya GDP)</small> | . . . | . . . | . . . | 120 % | 103 % | 67 % | 24 % | 24 % | 19 % | 20 % | 20 % | 20 % | 20 % | 27 % | 29 % | 33 % | 37 % | 41 % |} == Reba kandi == * [[Rwanda]] * [[Ingufu mu Rwanda]] * Itumanaho mu Rwanda * [[Transport mu Rwanda|Ubwikorezi mu Rwanda]] * Komisiyo y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe ubukungu muri Afurika '''Rusange:''' * [[Ubukungu bw'Afurika|Ubukungu bwa Afurika]] == Reba == {{Reflist|30em}} === Imirimo yatanzwe ===   == Ihuza ryo hanze == * Economy of Rwanda at Curlie * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070901213134/http://www.pulitzercenter.org/openitem.cfm?id=215 Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting] Rwanda Human Conflict and Environmental Consequences (Video) * [http://www.trademap.org/open_access/Index.aspx?proceed=true&reporter=646 Rwanda latest trade data on ITC Trade Map] * [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/RWA/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Rwanda] * {{Cite journal|pages=1–14}} [[Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]] ajq0uftzfgu5n3x1t5bull9qebya0pj 0 16852 133572 120340 2026-07-04T03:57:27Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 133572 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Folorunso Alakija..jpg|thumb|Folorunso Alakija]]   '''Folorunsho Alakija''' (yavutse ku taliki ya 15 Nyakanga mu mwaka 1951) ni umuherwe wo muri [[Nijeriya|Nigeriya]] umucuruzi akaba n'umugiraneza. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Folorunso Alakija |url=https://africa.harvard.edu/people/folorunso-alakija |access-date=20 May 2021 |website=africa.harvard.edu |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701070503/https://africa.harvard.edu/people/folorunso-alakija |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yisanga mu myambarire y'imideri, amavuta, imitungo itimukanwa n’inganda zicapa. Ni Umuyobozi uyobora Itsinda rya Rose wo mu itsinda rya Sharon rigizwe na Rose ya Sharon Prints & Promotions Limited, Digital Reality Prints Limited hamwe na visi-perezida mukuru wa Famfa Oil Limited. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Folorunso Alakija |url=https://folorunsoalakija.com/about-me/ |access-date=27 April 2021 |publisher=Folorunsho Alakija |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427025749/https://folorunsoalakija.com/about-me/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Alakija afite kandi imigabane myinshi muri sosiyete ishinzwe iterambere ry'umutungo wa DaySpring. Folorunsho Alakija yashyizwe ku rutonde na ''Forbes'' nk'umugore ukize cyane muri Nijeriya ufite umutungo wa miliyari imwe y'amadolari mu mwaka 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Folorunsho Alakija |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/folorunsho-alakija/ |access-date=20 May 2021 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Kugeza mu mwaka 2015, Alakija yashyizwe ku rutonde rw’umugore wa kabiri ukomeye muri Afurika nyuma ya Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala n’umugore wa 87 ukomeye ku isi na ''Forbes'' . == Ubuzima bwambere n'ubuzima bw'imyigire == Alakija yavutse ku taliki ya 15 Nyakanga mu mwaka 1951 mu muryango wo mu rwego rwo hejuru ; ise yari Chief LA Ogbara wa Ikorodu, muri Leta ya Lagosi . Se yashakanye n'abagore 8 babyarana abana 52 naho nyina wa Folorunso niwe mugore wambere. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-18 |title=Covenant I made with God at age 40 — Folorunsho Alakija |url=https://punchng.com/covenant-i-made-with-god-at-age-40-folorunsho-alakija/ |access-date=2023-01-20 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Alakija yize amashuri y'incuke muri Ladies of Apostles, Lagosi kuva mu mwaka wa 1955 kugeza mu mwaka wa 1958. Ku myaka yiwe irindwi(7), Alakija yagiye mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]] gukomeza amashuri abanza mu ishuri rya Dinorben ry’abakobwa muri Hall ya Hafodunos i Llangernyw, muri Wales hagati yu mwaka wa 1959 nu mwaka wa 1963. Arangiza amashuri abanza mu mwaka wa 1963, Alakija yagiye kwiga amashuriye yisumbuye y’abayisilamu i Sagamu, muri Leta ya Ogun, muri Nijeriya. Nyuma yaho arinabwo yaje gusubira mu Bwongereza kwiga amasomo yiwe y’ubunyamabanga muri kaminuza nkuru ya Pitman, Londoni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Folorunso Alakija |url=https://africa.harvard.edu/people/folorunso-alakija |access-date=8 June 2020 |website=africa.harvard.edu |language=en |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701070503/https://africa.harvard.edu/people/folorunso-alakija |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Umwuga == Alakija yatangiye umwuga we w’imyaka 12 mu mwaka 1974 ari umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa muri Sijuade Enterprises, Lagos, muri Nijeriya nyuma gato yo kurangiza amasomo y’ubunyamabanga muri kaminuza nkuru ya Pitman London. Yimukiye mu cyahoze ari Banki nkuru y’igihugu ya Chicago, nyuma yaje kuba FinBank ubu yaguzwe na FCMB (Banki ya mbere y’Urwibutso rwa City) <ref>{{Cite web |title=FCMB |url=https://www.fcmb.com/ |website=www.fcmb.com}}</ref> nk'umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa w'umuyobozi mukuru. Yabaye Umuyobozi mushya w’ishami rishinzwe ibibazo bya Banki mpuzamahanga y’abacuruzi bo muri Nijeriya (yahoze ari Banki nkuru y’igihugu ya Chicago), nyuma aza kuba umufasha w’ibiro mu ishami ry’imari.  Alakija yahise yiga ibijyanye no kwerekana imideli muri Koleji y'Abanyamerika i Londire no mu Ishuri Rikuru ry'imyambarire. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Folorunsho |first=Alakija |title=Success in the Fashion World |url=https://folorunsoalakija.com/business/ |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=folorunshoalakija |publisher=Folorunsho Alakija |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427032731/https://folorunsoalakija.com/business/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yatangije ikirango cyerekana imideli kizwi ku izina rya Supreme Stitches, nyuma yaje kwitwa The Rose Of Sharon House of Fashion mu 1996. Yabaye perezida n’umucungamutungo ubuzima bwe bwose bwishyirahamwe ryabashinzwe kwerekana imideli muri Nijeriya (FADAN). Muri Gicurasi mu mwaka 1993, Alakija yasabye itangwa ry'uruhushya rwo gushakisha peteroli (OPL). Uruhushya rwo gushakisha peteroli kuri hegitari 617.000 - ubu rwitwa OPL 216 - rwahawe isosiyete ya Alakija, Famfa Limited. Ihuriro rifite {{Convert|220|mi|km|abbr=off|order=flip}} mu majyepfo y’iburasirazuba bwa Lagos na {{Convert|70|mi|km|abbr=off|order=flip}} nkombe za Nijeriya mu murima wa Agbami wo muri Delta yo hagati ya Nigeriya . Muri Nzeri mu mwaka 1996, Alakija yagiranye amasezerano n’umushinga uhuriweho na Star Deep Water Petroleum Limited (ishami rya Texaco rifite imigabane yose) yohereza imigabane 40% muri Star Deep. Nyuma yo gukugomera peteroli, guverinoma ya Nigeriya yasabye imigabane 40%, ikurikirwa n’inyongera 10%. Guverinoma yavuze ko niba Alakija n'umuryango wemerewe gukomeza umuryango wabo, bahagararaga binjiza miliyoni 10 ku munsi. Alakija yavuguruje iki kirego aratsinda. == Uburyo yaje Kumenyekana == Kugeza mu mwaka 2014, Alakija yashyizwe ku rutonde rw’umugore wa 96 ukomeye ku isi na ''Forbes'' . Muri Gicurasi 2015, abagore babiri bo muri Nijeriya, Minisitiri w’imari Ngozi okonjo-Iweala na Alakija bashyizwe ku rutonde rw’abagore 100 bakomeye ku isi nk'uko ''Forbes'' ibitangaza. Yari ku mwanya wa 86 kuri urwo rutonde. <ref name="Forbes-Nigerians make Forbes' most powerful women list">{{Cite web |last=Sotubo |first=Jola |date=27 May 2015 |title=Nigerians make Forbes' most powerful women list |url=http://pulse.ng/local/okonjo-iweala-alakija-nigerians-make-forbes-most-powerful-women-list-full-list-id3799337.html |access-date=28 May 2015 |website=Forbes |archive-date=28 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528135938/http://pulse.ng/local/okonjo-iweala-alakija-nigerians-make-forbes-most-powerful-women-list-full-list-id3799337.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alakija ni umwe muri 20 mu mwaka wa 2020 Urutonde rwabaherwe bo muri Afurika rwahagaritswe muri 2021, mu mwaka wa 1941 Umuherwe wo mu mwaka 2019 Yahagaritswe muri 2020 naho # 80 Abagore bafite ingufu 2016 bahagarikwa muri 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Folorunsho Alakija |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/folorunsho-alakija/?sh=203d95fe2ad9 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Ku taliki ya 17 Nyakanga mu mwaka 2021, kaminuza ya Benson Idahosa iniveresite, yomu mujyi wa Benin yamuhaye impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga y'icyubahiro mu buyobozi bw'ubucuruzi. Ibi byari mu rwego rwo gushimira uruhare rwe mu bucuruzi. == Ibikorwa by'ubugiraneza == Alakija yashinze Rose of Sharon Foundation ifasha abapfakazi nimpfubyi binyuze muri bourse ninkunga zubucuruzi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Folorunsho |first=Alakija |title=Folorunsho Alakija Foundation |url=https://folorunsoalakija.com/foundation/ |access-date=27 April 2021 |website=folorunshoalakija |publisher=Folorunsho Alakija |archive-date=27 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427034939/https://folorunsoalakija.com/foundation/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Alakija yatanze ikigo cyo gushaka ubumenyi muri Yaba College of Technology (Yabatech), ikigo cyisumbuye giherereye i Lagos. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |title=Nigeria's Richest Woman Folorunsho Alakija Donates Skills Acquisition Center To School |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2018/10/04/nigerias-richest-woman-folorunsho-alakija-donates-skills-acquisition-center-to-school/ |access-date=27 July 2020 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == Ubuzima bwite == Alakija yashakanye n'umunyamategeko Modupe Alakija wo mu muryango wa Adeyemo Alakija, mu Gushyingo mu mwaka 1976. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen Lee |date=9 October 2019 |title=Meet Folorunso Alakija: The Richest Woman in Africa |url=https://moneyinc.com/folorunso-alakija-richest-woman-africa/ |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=Money Inc.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 December 2019 |title=Folorunsho Alakija Biography: Age, Career, Net Worth, Family, Husband, Facts |url=https://www.dailymediang.com/folorunsho-alakija/ |access-date=31 March 2020 |website=DailyMedia}}</ref> Batuye i Lagos, muri Nijeriya, hamwe n'abahungu babo bane n'abuzukuru babo. <nowiki><ref>  </nowiki><cite class="citation news cs1">Bella Naija. 29 Kanama 2014.</cite> Muri Kamena mu mwaka 2017, umuhungu wa Folorunso, Folarin Alakija, yashakanye n'umunyamideli wo muri [[Irani]] Nazanin Jafarian Ghaissarifar mu bukwe bwa miliyoni 6.4 z'amadolari mu ngoro ya Blenheim mu Bwongereza. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist|30em}} 9yyaz0n45as7ekaovpeikrfxew342rz 0 16867 133571 131263 2026-07-04T01:59:15Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 133571 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Betelehemu Tilahun Alemu''' (yavutse mu mwaka wa 1980) ni [[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|umucuruzi]] wo muri Etiyopiya, washinze akaba n'umuyobozi mukuru wa soleRebels, "nisosiyete ikora inkweto ubucuruzi bukura bwambukiranya vuba muri Afurika". Betelehemu yahawe icyubahiro n’ishimwe kubera ubucuruzi bwe, ndetse yashizeho n’ingamba yashyizeho zo guhindura imbwirwa ruhame kuri [[Afurika]] ikava mu bukene ikajya mu mwuka wo kwihangira imirimo ku mugabane w'isi, ishoramari shingiro, ndetse n’ubukungu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu |url=http://www.solerebels.com/pages/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu |access-date=10 June 2014 |website=www.solerebels.com |publisher=soleRebels Footwear |archive-date=17 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717132531/http://www.solerebels.com/pages/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu |url-status=dead }}</ref> Betelehemu yatangije "Repubulika y’uruhu", ishushanya ibicuruzwa by’uruhu birambye bikozwe mu buryo bwiza, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alemu |first=Bethlehem Tilahun |date=April 9, 2014 |title=Exclusive: Introducing Republic of Leather |url=http://www.solerebels.com/blogs/news/13512957-exclusive-introducing-republic-of-leather |access-date=24 June 2014 |website=www.solerebels.com |archive-date=24 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103542/http://www.solerebels.com/blogs/news/13512957-exclusive-introducing-republic-of-leather |url-status=dead }}</ref> hamwe n’ubucuruzi bwa "Garden of Kawa" mu rwego rwo kumenyekanisha [[ikawa]] ya Etiyopiya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Britton |first=Bianca |date=2017-01-31 |title=Ethiopian shoe designer hopes for repeat success with coffee |url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/01/31/smallbusiness/ethiopia-shoes-solerebels-coffee-bethlehem-alemu/index.html |access-date=2017-07-03 |website=CNNMoney |archive-date=2023-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130042604/https://money.cnn.com/2017/01/31/smallbusiness/ethiopia-shoes-solerebels-coffee-bethlehem-alemu/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Category:Articles with hCards]] == Ubuzima bwo hambere == Betelehemu yavukiye mu gace ka Zenebework ka [[Addis Ababa|Addis Abeba]] . Ababyeyi be bakoraga mu bitaro byaho hafi. Alemu yize amashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye ya Leta, hanyuma ajya gukomeza kwiga ibaruramari muri kaminuza y’ubumwe, arangiza amashuri mu mwaka wa 2004. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu |url=http://www.ethiopianwomenunleashed.org/profile_detail.php?PId=54 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140924115935/http://www.ethiopianwomenunleashed.org/profile_detail.php?PId=54 |archive-date=24 September 2014 |access-date=10 June 2014 |website=Ethiopian Woman Unleashed}}</ref> Bethlehem ni we rwiyemezamirimo wo muba mbere w’umugore wo muri Afurika waganiriye na sosiyete Clinton Global Initiative kandi yahawe igihembo cy’umugore, nk’umugore w’umudage w’indashyikirwa na African Business Awards mu mwaka wa 2011. <ref name="Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu">{{Cite web |title=Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu |url=https://www.weforum.org/people/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=World Economic Forum |language=en}}</ref> == Imishinga y'ubucuruzi == Mu ntangiriro zu mwaka wa 2005, Betelehemu yashinze soleRebels kugira ngo itange imirimo irambye mu ibidukikije no mu bukungu. yabonye abanyabukorikori benshi bafite ubuhanga mu gace ke gato ka Zenebework babanaga n'ubushomeri budashira, yashakaga kwerekana ubuhanga bwabo no guha akazi abo mu gace atuyemo aturukamo. Ubucuruzi bw'inkweto zakozwe mumapine yimodoka. kuruyu munsi, iyososiyete ifite amaduka ku isi yose, harimo muri [[Etiyopiya]], [[Singapore]], [[Ubusuwisi]] na [[Tayiwani]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-01-15 |title=The journey so far: Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu, founder, soleRebels |url=https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/journey-far-bethlehem-tilahun-alemu-founder-solerebels/60760/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=How we made it in Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> Betelehemu yishimiye cyane kuba yarashoboye gukora ibirango kurwego rw'isi yose nka soleRebels no gukora ubusitani bwa Kawa. == Amateka == Iyososiyete yatangiriye mu mahugurwa yogupima ubutaka bwa nyirakuru wa Betelehemu muri Zenebework. [[Dosiye:SoleRebels_Bethlehem.png|thumb| Amapine akorwamo inkweto]] SoleRebels yateye imbere, izagukura igera ku bakozi 300 muri Etiyopiya, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-13 |title=SoleRebels: An Ethiopian success story |url=https://africa-me.com/solerebels-ethiopian-success-story/ |access-date=2021-02-01 |website=Africa M.E. |language=en-GB |archive-date=2020-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213073147/https://africa-me.com/solerebels-ethiopian-success-story/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> izagukwirakwizwa mu bihugu mirongo itatu ku isi hose, igurisha abayobozi b'isoko ibyo kurya byuzuye, Ibisagara byo mu mijyi na Amazone. Amaduka ya francised hamwe n’amasosiyete byari biteganijwe gufungura muri [[Ositiriya|Otirishiya]], Ubusuwisi, Tayiwani, [[Ubwongereza|n’Ubwongereza]] . <ref name="thenextwomen.com">{{Cite web |last=Pitts |first=Beth |title=Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu, a Forbes 'World's 100 Most Powerful' Woman |url=http://www.thenextwomen.com/2013/02/21/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu-forbes-worlds-100-most-powerful-woman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901145256/http://www.thenextwomen.com/2013/02/21/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu-forbes-worlds-100-most-powerful-woman |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=16 June 2014 |website=thenextwomen.com}}</ref> Betelehemu yashakaga guhanga imirimo ihembwa neza ishobora guteza imbere kubakozi bakoresheje impano yubukorikori n'umutungo kamere wa Etiyopiya. Guhitamo inkweto nk'ibicuruzwa byo gutangiza uruganda byaje nyuma. Betelehemu yatewe inkunga na seleate cyangwa barabasso, inkweto gakondo zisubirwamo z'ipine zonyine zakozwe muri Etiyopiya, kandi inkweto zahindutse inzige yahisemo kubaka uruganda. <ref name="thenextwomen.com" /> Muri mwaka wa 2016 iyososiyete yagurishije inkweto 125.000 kandi yari imaze guhanga imirimo 1200. <ref name=":0"/> [[Dosiye:SoleRebels_and_Garden_Coffee_Bethlehem_Tilahun_Alemu_(cropped).png|thumb| Ubusitani bwa Kawa muri 2017]] Mu mwaka 2014, Betelehemu yatangaje umushinga mushya w’ubucuruzi, Repubulika y’uruhu, abinyujije ku rubugarwe rwa interineti arirwo rubuga rwa soleRebels. Betelehemu yavuze ko inganda zihenze cyane z’uruhu "zakuze kugira ngo zongere zitekerezeho," muburyo bwokubishyira ku murongo usa n’ibyo yari yararangije gukora wenyine afatanyije hamwe n’inganda z’inkweto. Usibye gushyigikira ibitekerezo bimwe by’ibidukikije n’ubukungu burambye nka soleRebels, Repubulika y’uruhu ishingiye ku mahame yo guhitamo abakiriya guhitamo abakiriya guhitamo, gukora no kwakira inkunga ya 5% yikiguzi batanga cyangwa bishyura. <ref name="thenextwomen.com"/> Mu mwaka 2017, "Ubusitani bwa Kawa" bwongerewe mubigo bye bimwitirirwa. Bitangirira ku bicuruzwa i Addis Abeba. <ref name=":0"/> == Uburyo sisitemu yari yubatse == [[Dosiye:SoleRebels_Bethlehem_Tilahun.png|thumb| Ikiganiro kuri TV ya Nigeriya]] Betelehemu yarashaka kurwanya inkuru gakondo zerekeye [[Afurika]] na cyane cyane Etiyopiya, "kurwanya shibboleth ko Abanyafurika n'Abanyafurikazi batazi icyo bakora cyangwa uburyo bwo kwiteza imbere." <ref name="TNW">{{Cite web |last=Pitts |first=Beth |last2=Alemu |first2=Bethlehem Tilahun |date=February 21, 2013 |title=Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu, a Forbes 'World's 100 Most Powerful' Woman |url=http://www.thenextwomen.com/2013/02/21/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu-forbes-worlds-100-most-powerful-woman |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140901145256/http://www.thenextwomen.com/2013/02/21/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu-forbes-worlds-100-most-powerful-woman |archive-date=1 September 2014 |access-date=26 June 2014 |website=www.thenextwoman.com |publisher=The Next Woman}}</ref> Betelehemu yizeraga ko Abanyetiyopiya bagomba kugenzura inkuru zabo bwite bahereye kuburyo"bantu n'intore bafite inyungu zo kwerekana ko Etiyopiya atari uko" bakeneye ubufasha "kandi bakeneye cyane cyane" ubufasha "batanga." Nkuko Betelehemu yabisobanuye mu kiganiro na ''The Umugore Ukurikira'' . Intsinzi kwisi yose y'amasosiyete nka soleRebels ifashwa gukuraho izi nkuru zishaje kandi ituma Abanyetiyopiya bashiraho hagaragara k'usura yabo mpuzamahanga. <ref name="TNW" /> == Icyubahiro n'ishimwe == * Muri 2011 Betelehemu yatowe n'ihuriro ry'ubukungu ku isi nk'umuyobozi ukiri muto ku isi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu |url=http://www.thenextwomen.com/next-women-list/item/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902034053/http://www.thenextwomen.com/next-women-list/item/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu |archive-date=2 September 2014 |access-date=25 June 2014 |website=www.thenextwoman.com |publisher=The Next Woman}}</ref> * Betelehemu yashyizwe ku rutonde rw’ikinyamakuru cya Forbes cy’abagore 20 bafite imbaraga muri Afurika muri 2011 <ref name="Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu"/> * Mu mwaka wa 2012 Alemu yashyizwe kuri ''Forbes'' '100 Imbaraga zikomeye' kandi avugwa ko ari "Umugore wo kureba." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women to Watch: Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu |url=https://www.forbes.com/special-report/2012/power-women/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu.html |access-date=24 June 2014 |website=ww.forbes.com}}</ref> * Muri 2012 Betelehemu yiswe ''Business Insider'' nk'umwe mu "Ba rwiyemezamirimo 5 ba mbere muri Afurika." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Voakes |first=Greg |date=June 29, 2012 |title=Africa's Top 5 Women Entrepreneurs |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/africas-top-5-women-entrepreneurs-2012-6?IR=T |access-date=24 June 2014 |website=www.businessinsider.com |publisher=Business Insider}}</ref> * Muri 2012 Betelehemu yatorewe kuba Mugenzi wa NYC Venture na Mayor Bloomberg. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=2012 Fellows |url=http://nycventurefellows.org/2012-fellows/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519121931/http://nycventurefellows.org/2012-fellows/ |archive-date=19 May 2014 |access-date=25 June 2014 |website=www.nycventurefellows.org}}</ref> * Mu mwaka wa 2012, Betelehemu yatorewe kuba umwe mu bagore ba ''Arise'' Magazine "100 Dynamic Women", barimo gutegura Afurika igezweho. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Arise 100: Dynamic Women |url=http://www.ariselive.com/articles/arise-100-dynamic-women/128508/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140724113324/http://www.ariselive.com/articles/arise-100-dynamic-women/128508/ |archive-date=2014-07-24 |access-date=24 June 2014 |website=www.ariselive.com |publisher=Arise Magazine}}</ref> * Muri 2013 Betelehemu yashyizwe ku rutonde rwa # 62 muri ''Sosiyete yihuta'' "Abantu 100 bahanga cyane mu bucuruzi 2013." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rockwood |first=Katie |title=62. Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu |url=http://www.fastcompany.com/3009143/most-creative-people-2013/62-bethlehem-tilahun-alemu |access-date=24 June 2014 |website=www.fastcompany.com |publisher=Fast Company}}</ref> * Muri 2013 Betelehemu yari Umujyanama mu nama yabereye muri uwo mwaka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu |url=http://www.oneyoungworld.com/our-network/counsellors/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140624034648/http://www.oneyoungworld.com/our-network/counsellors/bethlehem-tilahun-alemu |archive-date=24 June 2014 |access-date=24 June 2014 |website=www.oneyoungworld.com}}</ref> * Muri 2013 Betelehemu yashyizwe ku rutonde rw’umwe mu ''bagore'' 15 ba Afurika bakomeye. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2013 |title=15 Most Powerful African Women |url=http://elleafrique.com/15-most-powerful-african-women#sthash.MSsvCCZs.dpbs |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140607204840/http://elleafrique.com/15-most-powerful-african-women#sthash.MSsvCCZs.dpbs |archive-date=2014-06-07 |access-date=24 June 2014 |website=www.elleafrique.com |publisher=Elle Afrique}}</ref> * Mu mwaka wa 2013, Betelehemu yatorewe kujya mu nama ngishwanama y’uruganda rw’ibidukikije, rwahamagajwe n’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe iterambere ry’inganda na gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe ibidukikije. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2013 |title=soleRebels CEO joins Green Industry Platform Advisory Board |url=http://www.unido.org/news/press/solerebels-board.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019155601/http://www.unido.org/news/press/solerebels-board.html |archive-date=2014-10-19 |access-date=25 June 2014 |website=www.unido.org |publisher=UNIDO}}</ref> * Muri 2013 Betelehemu yatoranijwe nabasomyi ba ''The Guardian'' nkumwe muba "Abagore Bambere Bambere muri Afurika." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Allen |first=Paddy |last2=Ifeachor |first2=Adaobi |date=March 8, 2013 |title=Africa's top women achievers--nominated by you |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/interactive/2013/mar/08/top-25-african-women-interactive |access-date=25 June 2014 |website=www.theguardian.com |publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> * Muri 2014 Betelehemu yiswe umwe mu ba CNN "Ba rwiyemezamirimo 12 b'abagore bahinduye uburyo dukora ubucuruzi." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davies |first=Catriona |title=12 Female Entrepreneurs who Changed the Way We do Business |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2013/04/04/business/gallery/century-best-women-entrepreneurs/ |access-date=24 June 2014 |website=edition.cnn.com |publisher=CNN}}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist|30em}} 2fw0byvt5se56f06jm6s0jrml60thvv 0 18843 133562 132782 2026-07-03T13:35:48Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 133562 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Living_on_the_rainforest.jpg|thumb|296x296px| Uko abahiga bari babayeho mu mateka yu Rwanda]] [[Dosiye:Impigi.jpg|thumb|impigi|440x440px]] '''Abahigi bahiga''' [[inyamaswa]] ni umuntu uba mu baturage, cyangwa ukurikije imibereho yakomotse kuri ba sogokuruza, aho ibiryo byinshi cyangwa byose bibonerwa biturutse mu guhiga mu ishamba, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ember |first=Carol R. |date=June 2020 |title=Hunter-Gatherers (Foragers) |url=https://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/hunter-gatherers |access-date=14 September 2022}}</ref> ni ukuvuga, mu gukusanya ibiryo biva ahantu bisanzwe biboneka., cyane cyane [[Ikimera|ibimera]] byo mu gasozi biribwa ariko nanone [[Inigwahabiri|udukoko]], ibihumyo, ubuki, [[Igi|amagi yinyoni]], cyangwa ikindi kintu cyose cyiza cyo kurya, cyangwa nu mukino wo guhiga (gukurikirana no cyangwa gufata no kwica inyamaswa zo mu gasozi, harimo no [[Uburobyi|gufata amafi]] ). Ibi nibimenyerewe mubisanzwe byintangangore zose zishobora byose . Imiryango ihiga abahigi ihabanye n’imiryango myinshi y’ubuhinzi yicaye, ishingiye cyane cyane ku guhinga ibihingwa no korora [[Itungo|amatungo yororerwa mu]] biribwa, nubwo imipaka iri hagati y’inzira zombi zidatandukanye rwose. Usibye abagabo, [[Umugore|abagore]] nabo bakoraga mu guhiga muri 79% by'imiryango igezweho y'abahigi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ocobock |first=Cara |last2=Lacy |first2=Sarah |date=November 1, 2023 |title=The Theory That Men Evolved to Hunt and Women Evolved to Gather Is Wrong |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-theory-that-men-evolved-to-hunt-and-women-evolved-to-gather-is-wrong1/ |access-date=February 23, 2024 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref> Icyakora, kugerageza kugenzura ubu bushakashatsi bwasanze ibimenyetso byerekana uburyo bwo gutoranya kubogama hamwe n’amakosa menshi ya yangiza imyanzuro y’uru rupapuro isesengura ryabo ntirivuguruza ibimenyetso byinshi bifatika byerekana ko igabana ry’imirimo rishingiye ku gitsina rishingiye ku gitsina. Gusa abantu bankeya ziki gihe zabantu badafite aho bahurira baracyashyirwa mubikorwa nk'abahiga bahiga, kandi benshi bongera ibikorwa byabo byo kurisha hamwe [[Imboga|n'imboga]] . <ref>{{Cite book|pages=241–62}}</ref> [[Dosiye:Arri_Raats,_Kalahari_Khomani_San_Bushman,_Boesmansrus_camp,_Northern_Cape,_South_Africa_(20540522615).jpg|thumb| Umugabo wacyera uri guhiga akoresheje umuheto mu butayu .]] [[Dosiye:Glyptodon_old_drawing.jpg|right|thumb| Ishusho ya kanyamaswo ]] [[Dosiye:Negritos.png|thumb| Negritos ( ''Negrillos'' ) muri fiilipine muri 1595]] [[Dosiye:The_Hadzabe_house.jpg|thumb| Abahiga-bahiga]] == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umuco]] [[Ikiciro:Umuco w' U Rwanda]] ie1h5t2b0v35hlcg9ql8vkienm7ddjq 0 19631 133539 133231 2026-07-03T13:19:13Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 133539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Virunga National Park-119501.jpg|thumb|'''Virunga National Park''']] Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga, iherereye mu ntara [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|y'Amajyaruguru]] y’u [[Rwanda]]. Iyo Pariki ifatiye benshi runini kuko uretse kuba Abanyarwanda bayivomamo ubukungu buturuka ku byiza nyaburanga biyibamo, ni n’isoko y’ibyishimo ku banyamahanga bayisura ngo birebere bimwe mu bigize urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima rwaho.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukerarugendo/pariki/article/menya-byinshi-kuri-pariki-y-ibirunga-icumbikiye-ingagi-utasanga-ahandi</ref> == IMITERERE YA PARIKI Y'IBIRUNGA == [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) female eating root.jpg|thumb|ingagi zigaragara muri pariki yibirunga]] Pariki y'ibirunga igizwe n'inyamanswa ziyibamo ndetse n'ibirunga bitandukanye. Iyi pariki kandi ifite hoteli yakiriramo abaje kuyisura kandi itanga service nziza. Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga ifite ubuso bwa Km2 450, buhuriweho n’ibihugu nk’u Rwanda, Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo (RDC) na Uganda yaje kwiyongeraho nyuma. Muri ubwo buso bwose, mu mwaka w’1958 u Rwanda rwonyine rwari rwihariye Km2 338, ariko uko imyaka yagiye ishira, ubuso bwagiye bugabanuka bitewe n’uko abantu bayadukiriye, batangira gutema amashyamba, gushimuta inyamaswa no gutura mu bice byayo. Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga ikora ku birunga bitanu by’u Rwanda ari byo: Kalisimbi, Bisoke, Sabyinyo, Gahinga na Muhabura. Inyamaswa n’ibimera biyibarizwamo, bigenda bitandukana bitewe n’ubutumburuke cyangwa imiterere yorohereza buri kinyabuzima cyaho kuhaba nta nkomyi. Nk’ubu iyo Pariki ifite igice cy’ishyamba ry’imisozi migufi, icyakora igice cyaryo kinini cyo gihingwa n’Abaturage. Uhereye kuri metero 2400 na 2500 z’ubutumburuke, habarizwa ishyamba ryo mu bwoko bwa Néoboutonia. Ku butumburuke bwa metero 2500 kugeza kuri 3200 ni ishyamba ry’Urugano ryihariye 30% by’ubuso bwa Pariki yose. [[Dosiye:View of Muhabura Volcanoe in Kinigi sector, Musanze district, Rwanda afar from Volcanoes Park.jpg|thumb|ikirunga cya muhabura kiboneka muri pariki y'ibirunga]] Uko ubutumburuke bugenda buzamuka, ni nako muri iyi Pariki hagaragara amoko atandukanye arimo ibiti kimeza, ibyatsi n’ibindi bimera by’amoko atandukanye bigenda birushaho kuba bigufi. Uko byegera buri gasongero k’ikirunga, kugeza ubwo ku dusongero twa bimwe mu birunga nka Muhabura na Bisoke, hejuru ku gasongero muri ibyo byombi uhasanga ikiyaga gito. == INKOMOKO == Iyi pariki, yemejwe bwa mbere mu mwaka w’1925, ikaba yari agace gato cyane kabonekaga hagati y’ibirunga biboneka neza iyo ugeze mu majyarugu aribyo; Karisimbi, Bisoke byo mu Rwanda ndetse n’ikirunga cya Mikeno giherereye muri [[Kongo|DR Congo]]. Niyo yashinzwe bwa Mbere muri Afurika y’Iburasirazuba, maze iba ihawe ubushobozi bwo kwitwa Pariki mu mwaka w’1929 nyuma yo kwagurwa, ikageza ku buso bwa bwa Kilometero ibihumbi umunani na mirongo icyenda (8,090 Km). Nyuma y’uko igihugu cya Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Congo kibonye ubwigenge mu 1962 , iyi pariki y’ibirunga yahise icikamo ibice bibiri, buri gihugu kigira agace kigenga ndetse gacungwa nacyo. Ku gice cy’u Rwanda, ubunini bw'iyi pariki bwatangiye kugabanuka cyane, bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’abaturage batangiye kuyisatira bashaka aho guhinga imyaka ndetse no gutura. Ahagana mu 1967, iyi pariki yaje gutangira gukorerwamamo ubushakashatsi ku Ngagi n’Umunyamerikakazi ‘[[Dian Fossey]]’, wageze mu Rwanda agahita ashinga ikigo cy’Ubushakashatsi kuri izi nyamanswa kizwi  nka “Karisoke Research Center”, kikaba cyari hagati y’ibirunga bibiri kuri ubu bikunda gusurwa kenshi, aribyo Bisoke na Karisimbi. Dian Fossey wari uzwi kwu izina rya Nyiramacibiri, ari nawe wa Mbere wahesheje [[Ingagi]] agaciro nyuma y’uko zashimutwaga na ba Rushimusi bataramenya agaciro kazo, mu mwaka w’1985 yaje kwicwa n’abantu batamenyekanye kugeza magingo bamujombaguye ibyuma. Ubu imva ye ikaba iri muri Pariki rwagati, aho yari atuye abana n’ingagi, cyane ko yari yarabaye inshuti na zo.<ref>https://umurengezi.com/byinshi-wamenya-kuri-pariki-yibirunga-isurwa-nabatari-bake/</ref> === Abari ba rushimusi bayobotse imishinga ifitanye isano no kubungabunga ibidukikije<ref>Menya byinshi kuri Pariki y’Ibirunga icumbikiye ingagi utasanga ahandi - Kigali Today</ref> === Abahoze mu bikorwa y’ubushimusi bw’inyamaswa no kwangiza Pariki mu bundi buryo, uko bagiye bigishwa bagiye bareka ibyo bikorwa, bayoboka indi mishinga ifite aho ihuriye no kubungabunga Pariki. Ubu mu mashyirahamwe 70 ahuriyemo abagera ku bihumbi 4 barimo n’abahoze ari ba bushimusi, bashishikajwe n’ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi mu makoperative. Ibyo binabafasha gukora ishoramari ku giti cyabo, bikunganira umusaruro ukomoka ku madevise ava mu bukerarugendo babona buri mwaka. === Bizihirwa n'ibirori byo "Kwita izina" abana b'ingagi zo mu birunga === Buri mwaka, mu Rwanda haba umunsi wo Kwita izina abana b’ingagi. Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga ifatwa nk’isoko y’ibyo birori bibera mu Murenge wa Kinigi mu Karere ka Musanze kuko ibaye itariho n’urwo rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima rugizwe n’ibimera n’inyamaswa zirimo n’ingagi bihuruza ba mukerarugendo ntirwashoboka. Ibyo birori byitabirwa n’abantu ibihumbi baturuka impande zose z’isi, bo mu byiciro bitandukanye. Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Iterambere (RDB) rwakunze kugaragaza kenshi ko ari n’umwanya u Rwanda ruba rubonye wo kugaragaza ibikorwa byagezweho n’ibigikenewe gushyirwamo imbaraga, kugira ngo hubakwe amateka mashya yo kubungabunga iyo Pariki no kurengera urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima biyibarizwamo by’umwihariko ingagi. Muri rusange muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga ku ruhande rw’u Rwanda, habarizwa Ingagi zirenga 360 ziri mu moko atandukanye y’inyamaswa zonsa ziba muri iyo Pariki. Kuva muri 11 Kamena 2026, u Rwanda rwatangiye urugendo rwo gusaba ko [[Intara]] y'Amajyaruguru yemerwa na n'Ishami ry'umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku burezi, ubumnyi n'umuco nka Pariki y'umurage w'Isi kubera ibyanga 16 byihariye biri muri iyi Ntara. Muri ibyo byanya, harimo na Pariki y'igihugu y'ibirunga kubera urusobe rw'ibirunga.<ref>[https://isangostar.rw/u-rwanda-rwatangiye-urugendo-rwo-gushaka-uko-intara-yamajyaruguru-yemerwa-na-unesco-nkicyanya-ndangamurage U Rwanda rwatangiye urugendo rwo gushaka uko Intara y’Amajyaruguru yemerwa na UNESCO nk'icyanya ndangamurage - Isango Star 91.5 Inyenyeri imurikira rubanda]</ref><ref>[https://news.ingeri.rw/eng/rwanda-launches-bid-for-first-unesco-global-geopark-in-northern-province Rwanda launches bid for first UNESCO Global Geopark in Northern Province - ingeri.rw]</ref><ref>[https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/bimwe-mu-bizafasha-intara-y-amajyarugura-kuba-mu-bice-bya-unesco-global-geopark Impamvu u Rwanda rushaka ko Intara y’Amajyaruguru ijya muri ‘UNESCO Global Geopark’ | IGIHE]</ref> == ISHAKIRO == {{reflist}} 1kys0nmxptz870vnd0zhtenbwp66968 0 20272 133564 133190 2026-07-03T13:58:49Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133564 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rwezamenyo''' ni umurenge uherereye mu mujyi wa [[Kigali]], [[akarere ka Nyarugenge]],mu [[Rwanda]], akaba ari ahagana mu majyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba bw'umujyi wa [[Kigali]] . == Imibare y'abaturage == Muri 2012, abaturage bayo bari 16.763. Ibarura ryakozwe mu 2022, umurenge wari utuwe n'abaturage 14.754, barimo abagabo 7.556 n'abagore 7.198. Ikigo <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Rwezamenyo (Sector, Rwanda) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/rwanda/sector/admin/nyarugenge/1110__rwezamenyo/ |access-date=2023-12-23 |website=citypopulation.de}}</ref> cy[[Rwanda Environment Management Authority|’ibidukikije mu Rwanda]] cyavuze ko umubare munini w’abagabo n’[[Umugore|abagore]] biterwa n’uko abagabo bimukira mu mujyi bashaka akazi hanze y’ubuhinzi, mu gihe abagore babo bagumye mu mago yabo mu byaro. Hafi ya kimwe cya kane <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Kigali: State of Environment and Outlook Report 2013 |url=https://na.unep.net/siouxfalls/publications/Kigali_SOE.pdf |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=Rwanda Environment Management Authority |archive-date=2023-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212070018/https://na.unep.net/siouxfalls/publications/Kigali_SOE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> cy'abaturage (24.1%) bari munsi y'imyaka 15, naho 73.3% bari hagati y'imyaka 14 na 64; 2,6% barengeje imyaka 64. <ref name="auto" /><ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/kigali-umurenge-wa-rwezamenyo-wahize-indi-mu-isuku-n-umutekano-wegukana-imodoka</ref><ref>https://ingenzinyayo.com/2020/05/17/umurenge-wa-rwezamenyo-wo-mu-karere-ka-nyarugenge-inzego-zitandukanye-zabungabunze-ubuzima-bwababana-na-gakoko-gatera-sida-muri-iki-gihe-cya-coronavirus/</ref> == Imirenge == Akarere ka Nyarugenge kagabanijwemo [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|imirenge]] 10 ( ''imirenge'' ): Gitega, Kanyinya, [[Kigali (umurenge)|Kigali]], [[Umurenge wa Kimisagara|Kimisagara]], [[Umurenge wa Mageragere|Mageragere]], [[Umurenge wa Muhima|Muhima]], Nyakabanda, [[Nyamirambo]], Nyarugenge, na Rwezamenyo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) |url=https://www.nyarugenge.gov.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=22076&token=c8375955669c511102b39c10e5e9c6a795f70fc4#:~:text=Nyarugenge%20is%20one%20of%20the,and%20355%20quarters%20(Imidugudu). |access-date=2024-01-31 |website=REPUBLIC OF RWANDA}}</ref><ref>https://www.rwandamagazine.com/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/umurenge-wa-rwezamenyo-wahembwe-imodoka-nyuma-yo-guhiga-iyindi-mu-isuku-n</ref> == Amashakiro == # {{Reflist}} * [[Ikiciro:Imirenge y’u Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Nyarugenge]] [[Ikiciro:Kigali]] [[Ikiciro:Umujyi wa Kigali]] bkimciz4n9hh2ogpt13e112ismdh0x9 0 22945 133551 133502 2026-07-03T13:26:14Z NSHUTIYIMANA Moise 17987 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 133551 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Perefegitura z’u Rwanda''' zari inzego z’ubutegetsi bwite bwa Leta zakoreshwaga mu Rwanda mbere y’ivugurura ry’imitegekere ryabaye mu mwaka wa 2006<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kiny.taarifa.rw/perefegitura-zu-rwanda-hagati-ya-1992-na-1996-2/ |title=Page not found - Taarifa Rwanda Kinyarwanda Version {{!}} |access-date=2026-06-21 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813220503/https://kiny.taarifa.rw/perefegitura-zu-rwanda-hagati-ya-1992-na-1996-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Perefegitura 10 z’u Rwanda (1962-1992)<ref>[https://www.bing.com/images/search?q=perefegitura+10+z%27u+rwanda+1962-1992&qpvt=Perefegitura+10+z%e2%80%99u+Rwanda+(1962-1992)&form=IGRE&first=1 perefegitura 10 z'u rwanda 1962-1992 - Search Images]</ref> == 1.'''[[Perefegitura ya Butare|Butare]]''' 2.'''Byumba''' 3.'''Cyangugu''' 4.'''Gikongoro''' 5.'''[[Gasenyi|Gisenyi]]''' 6.'''Gitarama''' 7.'''Kibungo''' 8.'''Kibuye''' 9'''.Kigali''' 10.'''Ruhengeri''' Izi perefegitura zari zigizwe na za komini 143, buri imwe yose ikayoborwa na Burugumesitiri washyirwagaho na perezida wa '''Repubulika ya II.''' === Perefegitura 11 z’u Rwanda (1992-1996)<ref>[https://prof-maurice.com/rw/2023/11/19/menya-za-perefegitura-na-za-komini-zo-mu-rwanda-rwo-ha-mbere-ya-2002/ Menya za perefegitura,za Komini, na za Segiteri zo mu Rwanda rwo ha mbere(1962-2002) – Prof Maurice Hakizimana]</ref> === Bigeze muri 1992, hakaswe indi perefegitura nshya muri Kigali: haba kigali ebyiri ari zo '''Kigali-ville (Umugi wa Kigali) na Kigali-rural (Kigali-Ngari).''' == 1.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Gisenyi == '''Gaseke''' : Mwendo, Kabuye, Magaba, Rwili, Bukonde, Rwankeke, Bukende, Gisebeya, Muhanda, Rurambo '''Giciye''': Birembo, Rubare, Gihira, Rubona, Murambi, Nyamugeyo, Gasasa, Kintarure, Shyira, Jomba, Shaki, Mutanda, Cyarwa '''Kanama''': Bisizi, Kayove, Kanama, Karambo, Nkuli, Kigarama, Kanombe, Rugomero, Mukondo, Nyundo, Nyabirasi '''Karago''': Nanga, Bumba, Mwiyanike, Rurembo, Ndorwa, Muhungwe, Rambura, Gakarara '''Kayove''' : Kayove, Mushonyi, Gishwati, Ngabo, Kigeyo, Vumbi, Gihumba, Rugamba, Kinunu, Busanza, Syiki, Musasa, Murama, Gihinga, Boneza '''Kibilira''' : Karehe, Kirengo, Rubona, Ntobwe, Ngurugunzu, Gitarama, Rugarama, Ntaganzwa, Rongi, Nyamisa, Gatumba, Mikingo '''Mutura''' : Mutovu, Rusiza, Tamira, Mugongo, Mudende, Nyaruteme, Nyamirango, Cyambara, Kora, Kabatwa, Butaka, Kanzenze, Gihorwe '''Nyamyumba''' : Bushoko, Gashashi, Mwufe, Kivumu, Budaha, Busoro, Kiraga, Kinigi, Munanira, Rubona, Rushubi, Kabilizi '''Ramba''' : Bayi, Kavumu, Kimanu, Sovu, Nyampili, Kageyo, Mabuye, Suti '''Rubavu''' : Gisenyi, Byahi, Gisa, Murara, Rugerero, Basa, Murambi, Bulinda, Muhira '''Rwerere''' : Mukingo, Gabiro, Mubona, Kantwali, Busumba, Rwanzekuma, Nyarushyamba, Kinyanzovu, Muhanda, Gacurabwenge '''Satinsyi''': Mpara, Murambi, Ruhunga, Ngororero, Mbuye, Kiziguro, Gitwa, Munini, Gitega, Matyazo, Rucano, Musagara, Gashonyi, Matyazo == 2.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Ruhengeri == '''Nkuli''': Gatovu, Gitwa, Jenda, Kareba, Kintobo, Mukamira, Musumba, Rukoma, Runigi, Ryinyo [Lyinyo] '''Nyamutera''' : Cyanika, Kageri, Marangara, Mukirangwe, Murama, Nyarutembe, Rugera, Tubungo '''Gatonde''' : Busengo, Cyibumba, Gahanga, Gakenke, Kivune, Mugandu, Munanira, Nyakagezi, Rusasa '''Ndusu''' : Buhunga, Janja, Kabingo, Kiriba, Kiringa, Mataba, Mugunga, Muzo, Mwumba, Rusoro, Tandagura. '''Nyarutovu''' : Bwisha, Gakenke, Gashenyi, Gihinga, Gitovu, Kajwi, Karambo, Kiriba, Kinyoma, Ruhangari/Ruhangali, Ruhinga I, Ruhinga II. '''Cyeru''': Butare, Gacundura, Kabona, Kalingorera, Kamubuga, Kiboga (Kibogu ?), Kinihira, Mugamba, Ndago, Rugendabare, Ruhanga, Ruhombo (Ruhondo ?), Rusarabuge, Ruyange, Rwerere '''Cyabingo''': Bushoka, Bugaragara, Cyabingo, Gitwa, Kavumu, Kiganda, Muhaza, Muhororo, Muramba, Ngege, Nyundo, Rugimbu, Rukore, Rurembo, Rutare '''Nyamugali/Nyamugari''' : Kabingo, Mushubi, Gaseke, Rushara, Kidomo, Nemba, Rubona, Gicuba, Mushongi, Muvumo, Rukore, Kivumu, Gaseke, Gicuba, Kabingo, Kidomo, Kivumu, Mushongi, Muvumo, Mushubi, Nemba, Rubona, Rushara, Rukore '''Butaro''' : Buhita, Bukaragata, Burandi, Kayange, Kindoyi, Kinyababa, Musama, Rugendabare (Rugendabari ?), Ruliba, Rutovu '''Kidaho''' : Burambi, Burera, Butenga, Butete, Cyanika, Gitaraga, Gitare, Kagogo, Kidaho, Rugarama '''Nkumba''' : Gahunga, Gatete, Gihera (Giheta ?), Gitinda, Kabaya, Kinoni, Maya, Musanzu (Musanze ?), Mwiko, Nyanga, Ruhondo, Rutamba '''Kigombe''' : Kabaya, Musanze, Gahondogo, Gashangiro, Cyuve, Muhoza, Gasanze, Mubona, Gacaca, Cyuve, Gacaca, Gahondogo, Gasanze, Gashangiro, Kabaya, Mubona, Muhoza, Musanze, Rubange… '''Kinigi''' : Bisate, Gasiza, Gihora, Kabwende, Kagano, Kanyamiheto, Musanze, Nyabisinde, Nyange, Nyarugina, Rwankuba, Tero) (nouveau district : Musanze '''Mukingo''': Busogo, Nyabirehe, Gataraga, Gikoro, Muhingo, Rwinzovu, Shingiro, Kimonyi, Gatagara '''Nyakinama''': Gisoro, Kabere I, Kabere II, Kabere III, Kanza, Kitabura, Muguli, Muko, Nkotsi, Rubona, Rugalika/Rugarika, Rusanze, Rutoyi) (nouveau district : Musanze) '''Ruhondo''' : Rwaza, Ruhinga, Ntarama, Remera, Kinari cyangwa Kinazi, Ryandizi, Gashaki, Kigarama, Gashake, Kirarama, Kiruri, Mukono, Ntarama, Remera, Ruhinga, Rusayo, Rwaza, Ryandinzi == 3.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Kibungo == '''Rutonde''' : Rutonde, Rweru, Kaduha, Nkungu, Rwikubo, Kigabiro, Nyarusange, Nsinda na Sovu. '''Muhazi''' : Kitazigurwa, Nyagatovu, Kabare, Murambi, Mukarange, Nyarugali, Ruhunda, Gati, Munyiginya, Gishali/Gishari, Nkomangwa na Nyarubuye. '''Kabarondo''': Kabarondo, Cyinzovu, Rundu, Rubira, Rukira, Nkamaba, Muramira, Ruyonza, Rusera, Shyanda, Bisena na Murama. '''Kayonza''': Kayonza, Murabuturo, Gasogi, Shyogo, Nyamirama, Musumba, Rutare na Rwinkwavu) '''Birenga''' : Kibungo, Ngoma, Birenga, Kibaya, Ndamira, Gahulire cyangwa Gahurire, Sakara, Kibara, Kibimba, Bare, Matongo, Gahara na Gashongora. '''Kigarama''' : Rubona, Vumwe, Kansana, Fukwe, Remera, Gahima, Gasetsa… Kabare I, Kabare II, Rurenge, Kaberangwe, Gashanda '''Mugesera''' : Kukabuye, Shywa, Cyizihira, Kirambo, Ngara, Kibare, Matongo, Karembo, Kabilizi I, Kabilizi II, Nyange, Gatare, Zaza, Sangaza na Kagashi. '''Sake''' : Rukumberi, Nsholi, Ntovi I, Ntovi II, Gituza, Rubago, Mabuga I, Mabuga II, Nshili I, Nshili II, Ruyema, Mbuye na Jarama. '''Rukira''' : Rurenge, Mubago, Murama, Rurama, Gitwe, Gituku, Rugarama, Gashiru, Ntaruka na Mushikiri. '''Rusumo''' : Kirehe, Kigina, Gatore, Musuza, Kigarama, Nyamugali, Gisenyi, Nyabitare, Kankobwa na Nyarubuye. '''Rukara''': Rukara, Gahini, Kawangire, Kiyenzi, Nyakabunyo, Nyawera, Rwimishinya, Ramanyoni == 4.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura y’umugi wa Kigali [PVK] == '''Kacyiru''' : Remera, Kimihurura, Kacyiru, Gisozi… '''Kicukiro''' : Kicukiro, Kagarama, Gatenga, [[Gikondo]]… '''Nyarugenge''': Gatsata, Nyarugenge, Rugenge, Gitega, Biryogo, Nyamirambo, Kimisagara… == 5.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya  Kigali Ngari  [Kigali-Rural]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://kiny.taarifa.rw/gatandara-ya-rusizi-aho-interahamwe-zaririye-inyama-zabatutsi/ |title=Gatandara Ya Rusizi Aho Interahamwe Zaririye Inyama Z’Abatutsi - Taarifa Rwanda Kinyarwanda Version {{!}} |access-date=2026-06-21 |archive-date=2025-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813225027/https://kiny.taarifa.rw/gatandara-ya-rusizi-aho-interahamwe-zaririye-inyama-zabatutsi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == '''Mbogo''' : Mbogo, Ruhanda, Binaga, Nyabuko, Rusagara, Ngoma, Musake ou Museke, Cyinzuzi… '''Mugambazi''' : Butangampundu, Kiyanza, Kirwa, Kanyoni, Murambi, Niyaba, Rusasa… '''Musasa'''  : Mbilima, Coko, Nyange, Nkara, Huro, Musagara, Ruli, Gatagara, Gihande, Gakingo… '''Rushashi''' : Buheta, Minazi, Kiruku, Rushashi, Gihinga, Raba, Gatare, Joma, Shyombwe, Kiruku '''Shyorongi''' : Muhondo cyangwa Ruhondo, Bwenda, Gitanda, Rwahi, Rusiga, Shyorongi, Rutonde, Nzove, Kanyinya, Gitanda '''Tare''' : Bumba, Ruganda, Nganze, Marabana, Tare, Busahane, Rutandali, Remera… '''Rutongo''' : Kabuye, ..dabane, Ngiryi, Masoro, Muhororo, Cyuga, Rubingo, Jali… '''Butamwa''' : Butamwa, Nyarubande… '''Bicumbi''' : Bicumbi, Murehe, Nyakaliro, Murama, Karenge, Nyamatete, Rubona, Nawe, Gahengeri, Muyumbu, Mwulire, Nzige, Karenge, Bihembe… '''Gikomero''' : Bumbogo, Gasabo, Gicaca, Gikomero, Gishaka, Kayanga, Nduba, Rutunga, Sha na Shango '''Gikoro'''  : Runyinya, Fumbwe, Mununu, Rutoma, Duha, Gicaca, Musha… '''Kanombe''' : Gahanga, Kamashashi(?) Rwabutenge, Busanza, Masaka, Kanombe, Nyarugunga, Masaka, Rushashe, Samuduha.. '''Rubungo''': Jurwe, Rusororo, Gasogi, Rubungo, Karama, Ndera, Gasogi '''Gashora''' : Gashora, Juru, Musovu, Rwinume, Karera, Rilima, Mwendo, Mbyo, Nkanga, Rweru '''Kanzenze''' : Ntarama, Kibungo, Kanzenze, Rulindo, Musenyi, Gicaca, Nyagihunika, Mayange, Muyenzi, Maranyundo, Mwogo, kayumba '''Ngenda''': Ruhuha, Kindama , Kavumu, Nyakayaga, Burenge, Rutonde, Nyarugenge, Shyara, Nziranziza, Gakomeye, mareba, Gakamba == 6.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Gitarama == '''Mukingi''' : Nyagasozi, Muhororo, Mukingi, Kimegeri, Mahembe, Rugogwe, Ntenyo, Mpanda, Kamusenyi, Nyakabuye, Rugogwe, Gitega, Dusego, Rutagara '''Nyamabuye'''  : Gitarama, Gahogo, Gihuma, Ruli, Shyogwe, Munyinya, Kivumu, Takwe, Mpushi, Musumba, Rukaza, Mbuye, Rwamaraba, Gatenzi '''Mushubati''': Kaduha, Mwaka, Cukiro, Gatikabisi, Gifumba, Remera, Kanyinya, Mata, Kagarama, Gikomero, Muhanga, Karama '''Buringa'''  : Nyabitare, Musange, Bulinga, Buranga, Musenyi, Gasave, Nyarutovu, Buramba, Remera, Rugendabare '''Tambwe'''  : Nyamagana, Gitisi, Munini, Bunyogombe, Tambwe, Ntenyo, Buhoro, Mayunzwe '''Kigoma''': Butare, Gahombo, Kigoma, Ngwa, Gasoro, Mukingo, Mpanga, Remera, Kiruri, Rwoga, Kavumu, Rubona '''Rutobwe''' : Gatovu, Cyeza, Ntonde, Mara, Cyubi, Shyanda, Mala, Giko, Rutongo '''Nyakabanda''' : Ngaru, Nyabinoni, Gitumba, Shaki, Kivumo, Kibangu, Kibimba, Kagogwe, Gasovu, Rusuli, Kirwa '''Nyabikenke''': Kigina, Gitovu, Mugunga, Kavumu, Mahembe, Kiyumba, Kigwaguro, Rukaragata, Kabuye, Ngoma '''Murama''': Bweramana, Nkomero, Joma, Runyengando, Gaco, Nyabinyenga, Cyabakamyi, Mucubira, Rubona '''Ntongwe''' : Kinazi, Rutabo, Rubona, Gisali, Musamo, Gikoma, Kareba, Ntongwe, Nyabitare, Nyarurama, Nyakabungo, Shyira, Gitovu '''Mugina''': Kiyonza, Mbati, Bibungo, Cyeru, Mugina, Mukinga, Ngoma, Nteko '''Masango''': Kadaho, Rwesero, Rwankuba, Munanira, Rwoga, Karambi, Nyakogo, Rukina, Kirwa, Gitinda, Muremure '''Musambira''' : Nkomane, Gatizo, Nyamiyaga, Birambo, Musambira, Gihembe, Nyarubaka, Kambyeyi, Bimomwe '''Runda''' : Gihara, Ruyenzi, Runda, Sheri, Kinyambi, Rugarika, Kigese '''Taba''': Ngamba, Karangara, Gisheshe, Bugoba, Kamonyi, Musenyi, Taba, Buguli '''Kayenzi''' : Gihira, Bitare, Bunyonga, Muganza, Nyamirembe, Marenga, Cubi, Kirwa, Kayenzi, Bugarama == 7.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Gikongoro == '''Karama''' : Muganza, Kiraro, Kibingo, Cyanika, Gitega, Ngoma, Nyanzoga, Kiyumba, Kibingo '''Karambo''' : Gasiza, Rugazi, Nyakiza, Kibumwe, Nkurubuye, Rugarama, Mukongoro, Kavumu '''Kinyamakara''' : Gikomeye, Murera, Kiyaga, Rwamweru, Karama, Bitare, Muhanga, Kamweru '''Kivu''' : Shaba, Cyanyirankora, Gahurizo, Rwishywa, Tangabo, Nyabimata, Kivu, Muganza… '''Mubuga''' : Nyarushishi, [[Kibeho]], Nyarusovu, Ruseke… '''Mudasomwa''': Kitabi, Tare I, Tare II, Mujuga, Nkumbure, Buhoro, Nyamigina, Uwinkingi, Kibyagira, Munini, Mukungu, Uwingugu, Mujuga '''Muko''' : Kanyege, Musaraba, Bitandana, Kabavu, Jimbu, Cyobe, Muke, Yonde, Sovu, Musenyi, Kabavu, Gitondorero… '''Musange''': Kigoma, Kibaga, Cyabute, Cyabasana, Ruhinga, Mugote, Jenda, Nkore… '''Musebeya''' : Nyarwungo, Murambi, Gikungu, Rusekera, Rugano, Gatovu, Gakangaga, Bushigishigi '''Nshili''': Masunzu, Gisanze, Rutiti, Remera, Busanze, Shororo, Runyombyi, Gisoro, Ruheru, Gitita… '''Nyamagabe''' : Kibirizi, Remera, Gikongoro… '''Rukondo''': Gahunga, Remera, Gikoni, Mbazi, Ngara, Kabinzi, Kirambi, Nyagisozi '''Rwamiko''' : Mata, Ruramba, Rwamiko, Gorwe, Runyinya, Bukoro ou Rukoro, Matyazo, Gisorora… == 8.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Butare == '''Gishamvu''' : Mukuge, Nyakibanda, Sheke, Gikunzi, Gishamvu, Musange,Mubumbano, Liba, Sholi '''[[Huye]]''': Mpungwe, Sovu, Nyanza, Rukira, Mpare, Musange… '''Kibayi''': Runyinya, Mukindo, Shyombo, Mukomacara, Nyagaburu, Kibayi, Saga, Rwamiko, Joma '''Kigembe''': Ngera, Kigembe, Karama, Ruhona ou Rubona, Fugi, Murama, Nyanza… '''Maraba''' : Maraba, Kibanda, Tare, Rusagara, Kabusan.a, .unzazi, Gisakura, Nyangazi, Simbi, Cyarumbo, Shanga, Kabuye, Buremera '''Mbazi''' : Mbazi, Kabuga, Mwulire, Mutunda, Karama, Muhororo, Mbogo, Gihindamuyaga '''Muganza''' : Cyumba, Remera, Kivomu ou Kivumu, Mugombwa, Baziro, Muganza, Nyagahuru, Nyabitare, Gishubi… '''Mugusa''' : Mugusa, Cyayi, Jurwe, Nyarugenge, Kibilizi, Mugogwe, Nyarubuye, Kimuna, Gafumba, Sanzu, Curusi, Gikonko '''Muyaga''' : Muyaga, Muduha, Nyeranzi, Musha, Ramba, Mbogo, Mamba, Kabumbwe, Gakoma '''Muyira''' : Muyira, Mutara, Munyinya, Busoro, Nyakibungo, Nyamiyaga… '''Nyabisindu''' : Mushyirarungu, Rwabicuma, Nyarusange, Gacu, Rwesera, [[Busasamana]], Gahondo, Nyanza, Runga, Kibinja… '''Rusatira''' : Kinazi, Buremera, Kato, Kabona, Rusabizi cyangwa rusatira; Nyagisenyi, Kigarama, Gahana, Maza '''Ndora''' : Gisagara, Karama, Kinazi, Muzenga, Ndora, Cyamukuza, Mukande… '''Ngoma''' : Sahera, Ngoma, Tumba, Cyarwa, Cyarwa-Cyimana, Butare '''Ntyazo''' : Kagunga, Ruyenzi, Karama, Gisasa, Kibilizi (ou Kibirizi), Mbuye, Ntyazo, Cyanvuzo, Gatonde, Nyamure, Kayanza… '''Nyakizu''' : Cyahinda, Muhambara, Nyagisozi, Mwoya, Kibangu, Naramba, Gihango, Cyuna, Gasasa, Maraba… '''Nyaruhengeri''' : Bimba, Nyaruhengeri, Ngange, Kibilizi, Cyiva, Kansi… '''Ruhashya''' : Ruhashya, Mara, Gatovu, Busheshi, Sheke, Kibika, Gashoba… '''Runyinya''' : Buhoro, Karama, Mpanda, Maliba, Mbasa, Pamba, Kibingo, Rukara, Gikombe, Raranzige, Kaburemera… '''Shyanda''' : Kayenzi, Zivu, Buhoro, Munyegera, Buremera, Kiziguro… == 9.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Cyangugu == '''Bugarama''' : Gikundamvura, Bunyereri, Nyabintare, Muganza, Bugarama, Muhehwe, Nzahaha na Kibangira '''Busozo''' : Muhehwe, Mukimbagiro… '''Cyimbogo''' : Mururu, Mutongo, Cyete, Nyakarenzo, Winteko, Nyakanyinya, Cyato, Mibirizi, Gihundwe, Murehe, Nyamagana '''Gafunzo''' : Remera, Gabiro, Nyito, Bushenge, Gashirabwoba, Bumazi, Ruharambuga, Rwabidege, Nyamugali ou Nyamugari, Shangi, Gabiro, Mugera, Mukoma, Nyabitekeri, Bugeza, Bunyangurube, Bunyenga, Nyabitekeri '''Gatare''' : Karambi, Mugomba, Ngange, Cyiya, Kagunga, Buhoro, Macuba, Rukanu, Birembo, Muraza, Rumamfu, Rugano, Mwasa '''Gishoma''' : Gashonga, Gisagara, Rwimbogo, Ntenyi, Nyenji, Kiranga, Rukunguri, Kimbagiro, Butambamo, Ruhoko '''Gisuma''' : Shagasha, Munyove, Isha, Ntura, Biguzi, Mwito, Remera, Bugungu, Bushenge, Rusambu, Bumazi, Gashirabwoba, Giheke '''Kagano''' :Rambira, Mukingi, Bushekeri, Nyakabingo, Nyamasheke, Mubumbano, Kagano, Butambara, Ngoma, Kagarama '''Kamembe''' : Kamembe, Gihundwe, Muhari, Rwahi, Nkanka, Cyibumba, Mparwe, Bugumira, Rusunyu '''Karengera''' : Ruharambuga, Rwabidege, Nyamuhunga, Rwintare, Karambo, Karengera, Nyanunda, Kanyinya, Butare, Rurama, Gasumo, Bweyeye '''Kirambo''' : Gahisi, Mpabe, Rangiro, Rwumba, Yove, Kanjongo, Ruheru, Gitongo, Cyato, Tyazo '''Nyakabuye''' : Kigurwe, Matare, Muhanga, Runyanzovu, Nkungu, Nyamubembe, Nyamaronko, Nyakabuye, Gitambi, Kaboza. == 10. Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Kibuye == '''Bwakira'''  :Cyantare,Cyanyanza,Mugunda,Murambi,Murundi,Musasa,Ngoma,Nyabinombe,Nyabiranga,Rusengesi,Shyembye '''Gishyita''' : Bisesero,Gishyita,Mara,Mpembe,Mubuga,Murangara,Musenyi,Ngoma '''Gisovu''' : Gikaranka,Giko,Gisovu,Gitabura,Kavumu,Muramba,Rugaraga,Rwankuba,Twumba '''Gitesi''' : Bubazi, Burunga, Buye, Bwishyura, Gasura, Gitarama, Gitesi, Kagabiro, Kayenzi, Mbogo, Rubazo, Ruragwe '''Kivumu''' : Bwira,Gasave,Kibanda,Kigali,Kivumu,Mwendo,Ndaro,Ngobagoba,Nyange,Rukoko,Sanza '''Mabanza''' :Buhinga,Gacaca,Gihara,Gitwa,Kibirizi,Kibingo,Kigeyo,Mukura,Mushubati,Ngoma,Nyagatovu,Nyarugenge,Rubengera,Rukaragata '''Mwendo''' : Biguhu, Rucura, Gisayura, Shoba, Ruganda, Mutuntu, Mugano, Kigoma, Gahengeri, Gashali,Kagunga '''Rutsiro''' : Birambo, Bwiza, Gasovu,Gatoki,Gihango, Gitebe,Kagano,Manihira,Muhira, Nyarucundura, Rugarambiro, Rugote,Rusebeya '''Rwamatamu''':Butembo,Cyiza,Gihombo,Gitsimbwe,Kilimbi,Mahembe,Mugozi,Nyabinaga,Nyagahima,Nyagahinga,Ruvumbu,Rwabisindu. == 11.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura y’Umutara (yavutse kuva tariki 19 Mata 1996 [ikaswe kuri Byumba na Kibungo] == Komini:'''Bugaragara''','''Gabiro''', '''Kagitumba''','''Kahi''','''Karangazi''','''Murambi''','''Muvumba''','''Nyagatare''';'''Rwisirabo''' == '''12.Komini na za segiteri bya Perefegitura ya Byumba''' == '''BuyogaBwisige''' '''Cyumba''' '''Cyungo''' '''Giti''' '''Gituza''' '''Kibali''' '''Kinyami''' '''Kivuye''' '''Kiyombe''' '''Mukarange''' '''Muhura''' '''Ngarama''' '''Rutare''' '''Tumba''' == amashakiro == l9vj8gfuhiqho130ximokzxlcufib12 0 22975 133595 132843 2026-07-04T06:29:37Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 133595 wikitext text/x-wiki Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Kazo<ref name=":0">[https://www.ngoma.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/ikigo-nderabuzima-cya-zaza-kigiye-kuvugururwa-nyuma-yimyaka-irenga-ijana-gishinzwe Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Zaza kigiye kuvugururwa nyuma y’imyaka irenga ijana gishinzwe]</ref> ni ikigo nderabuzima giherereye mu murenge wa Kazo, [[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|Akarere]] ka Ngoma, mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Ntara y’Iburasirazuba]] mu Rwanda. === Ahantu giherereye<ref name=":0" /> === [[Ikigo nderabuzima|Iki kigo nderabuzima]] giherereye mu Mudugudu wa Umuyange, Akagari ka Gahurire, mu Murenge wa Kazo. Ni agace gatuwe n’abaturage barenga 32,000, bari basanzwe bajya kwivuza mu bindi bice birimo Kibungo, Mutenderi n’ibigo nderabuzima byo mu mirenge ihana imbibi na cyo. ==== Amateka n’iyubakwa<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/abaturage-ibihumbi-32-bi-kazo-bagiye-kubona-ikigo-nderabuzima-hafi/ |title=Abaturage ibihumbi 32 b’i Kazo bagiye kubona ikigo nderabuzima hafi – MUHAZI YACU |access-date=2026-06-24 |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509180951/https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/abaturage-ibihumbi-32-bi-kazo-bagiye-kubona-ikigo-nderabuzima-hafi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==== Imirimo yo kubaka [[Ikigo nderabuzima|Ikigo Nderabuzima]] cya Kazo yatangiye ku bufatanye bw’[[Akarere ka Ngoma]] n’umufatanyabikorwa NELSAP. Umushinga watwaye asaga miliyoni 630 Frw, ugamije kunoza serivisi z’[[ubuzima]] mu Murenge wa Kazo, wari umwe mu mirenge itari ifite ikigo nderabuzima cyuzuye. ===== Serivisi zihatangirwa<ref name=":0" /> ===== Iki kigo nderabuzima gitanga serivisi z’ibanze z’ubuzima zirimo: * Kwita ku barwayi basanzwe * Serivisi z’ababyeyi n’[[abana]], harimo n’aho babyarira * Gupima no kuvura [[Indwara ya Trichomonas|indwara]] zisanzwe * Serivisi z’[[Ubuvuzi mu Rwanda|ubuvuzi]] bw’ibanze (primary healthcare).t ====== Akamaro ku baturage<ref name=":1" /> ====== Kuzura kw’iki [[Ikigo nderabuzima|kigo nderabuzima]] byagabanyije cyane urugendo rurerure abaturage bakoraga bajya kwivuza mu bindi bigo nderabuzima nka Kibungo na Mutenderi. Ubu serivisi z’ubuvuzi ziboneka hafi, bikongera umutekano w’abarwayi n’ubwiza bw’ubuvuzi. ==== Imiterere y’ubuzima mu Murenge wa Kazo<ref name=":1" /> ==== Umurenge wa Kazo utuwe n’abaturage barenga 32,450 nk’uko ibarura rusange ryo mu 2022 ribigaragaza. Ubu bafite uburyo bwiza bwo kubona serivisi z’ubuzima binyuze mu kigo nderabuzima cyabo cyuzuye. == Amashakiro == 1k23fshowrljavlx28kvn93c2nolp9t 0 22977 133596 132845 2026-07-04T06:33:37Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 133596 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Ngeruka'''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/ubuzima/ikigo-nderabuzima-cya-ngeruka-kigiye-kongererwa-abaganga-mbere-yuko-kigirwa-ibitaro/ |title=Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Ngeruka kigiye kongererwa Abaganga mbere y’uko kigirwa Ibitaro – MUHAZI YACU |access-date=2026-06-24 |archive-date=2026-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260624133534/https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/ubuzima/ikigo-nderabuzima-cya-ngeruka-kigiye-kongererwa-abaganga-mbere-yuko-kigirwa-ibitaro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ni ikigo cy’ubuzima cya Leta giherereye mu Murenge wa Ngeruka, Akarere ka Bugesera, [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Intara y’Iburasirazuba]] mu [[Rwanda]]. Iki kigo gitanga serivisi z’ubuvuzi bw’ibanze ku baturage batuye muri ako gace no mu nkengero zako. === Aho giherereye<ref name=":0" /> === [[Ikigo nderabuzima|Ikigo Nderabuzima]] cya Ngeruka kiri mu Murenge wa Ngeruka, umwe mu mirenge igize [[Akarere ka Bugesera]]. Aka gace kazwi cyane kubera ibikorwa by’[[ubuhinzi]] n’[[Ubworozi mu Rwanda|ubworozi]], kandi gatuwe n’abaturage benshi bakeneye serivisi z’ubuzima zegereye aho batuye<ref name=":1">[https://www.bugesera.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/serivise-zubuvuzi-zatangirwaga-gusa-ku-bitaro-bya-nyamata-ziri-gutangirwa-muri-ngeruka Serivise z’ubuvuzi zatangirwaga gusa ku bitaro bya Nyamata ziri gutangirwa mu muri Ngeruka]</ref>. ====== Serivisi zitangwa<ref name=":1" /> ====== Iki kigo nderabuzima gitanga serivisi z’ubuzima bw’ibanze, zirimo: * Kuvura [[Indwara y'Umusonga|indwara]] zisanzwe nk’umuriro, [[Malaria|malaria,]] inkorora n’[[ibicurane]] * Serivisi z’ababyeyi harimo kwipimisha inda (ANC) no kubyara * Gukingira [[abana]] hakurikijwe gahunda y’igihugu * Gukurikirana imikurire y’abana bato * Serivisi z’ubujyanama ku [[Ubuzima bw’imyororokere|buzima bw’imyororokere]] * Kohereza abarwayi ku bitaro bikuru iyo bibaye ngombwa. == Amashakiro == ehf1n70y95mjj1k2mf3vmy1aastwfhq