Ubukungu bw’Afurika

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    <title>Ubukungu bw’Afurika</title>
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      <comment>Correction d’une double redirection depuis [[Umuryango wu bukungu bw’afurika]] vers [[Umuryango w'ubukungu bw’Afurika]]</comment>
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[[File:Flag of Benin.svg|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Ibendera rya Bene&lt;/span&gt;]]
[[File:LocationBenin.svg|thumb|250px|&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey;&quot;&gt;Ikarita ya Bene&lt;/span&gt;]]

'''Bene''' (izina mu [[gifaransa]] : ''Bénin'' ) ni [[igihugu]] muri [[Afurika]] y'Iburengerazuba.
[[File:Nez_d'un_Lockheed_TriStar,_d'un_avion-restaurant_immobilisé_sur_la_plage_de_Cotonou_au_Bénin.jpg|thumb|Nez d&amp;#x27;un Lockheed TriStar, d&amp;#x27;un avion-restaurant immobilisé sur la plage de Cotonou au Bénin]]
[[File:Des_barques_au_port_de_pêche_de_Cotonou_au_Bénin.jpg|thumb|Des barques au port de pêche de Cotonou au Bénin]]Benin, ku izina ryayo ryemewe rya Repubulika ya Benin, yahoze yitwa Dahomey, ni igihugu giherereye mu Burengerazuba bwa Afurika. Gihana imbibi na Togo mu burengerazuba, Nigeria mu burasirazuba, Burkina Faso mu majyaruguru y’iburengerazuba, na Niger mu majyaruguru y’iburasirazuba. Abaturage benshi batuye ku nkombe z’amajyepfo z’Inyanja ya Bight of Benin, igice cy’Ikigobe cya Guinea kiri mu gice cyo mu majyaruguru cy’Inyanja ya Atlantika. Umurwa mukuru ni Porto-Novo, mu gihe icyicaro cya guverinoma kiri i Cotonou, umujyi munini kandi ufite uruhare rukomeye mu bukungu bw’igihugu. Benin ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 112,622 kandi abaturage bayo mu mwaka wa 2021 bageraga kuri miliyoni 13. Ni igihugu gifite ikirere gishyushye cyo mu turere dushyuha, kandi ubukungu bwacyo bushingiye cyane ku buhinzi no kohereza mu mahanga amavuta y’imitende n’ipamba. Kuva mu kinyejana cya 17 kugeza mu cya 19, muri ako karere habayeho ibihugu n’ubwami butandukanye birimo Ubwami bwa Dahomey, umujyi wigenga wa Porto-Novo n’ibindi bice byo mu majyaruguru. Mu mwaka wa 1894, Ubufaransa bwafashe aka karere bukinjiza muri Afurika y’Uburengerazuba yagenzurwaga n’Ubufaransa ku izina rya French Dahomey. Mu 1960, Dahomey yabonye ubwigenge busesuye ivuye ku Bufaransa. Nk’igihugu cyigenga, Benin yagiye inyura mu bihe bitandukanye birimo ubutegetsi bwa demokarasi, kudeta za gisirikare n’ubutegetsi bwa gisirikare. Hagati ya 1975 na 1990, yabaye Repubulika y’Abaturage ya Benin yashingiye ku mahame ya Marxism-Leninism, mbere yo gusimburwa na Repubulika ya Benin ishingiye kuri demokarasi y’amashyaka menshi mu 1991. Ururimi rwemewe ni Igifaransa, ariko hanavugwa indimi z’iwabo zirimo Fon, Bariba, Yoruba na Dendi. Nk’uko imibare ya Pew Research Group ibigaragaza, Ubukirisitu ni bwo dini rikurikizwa n’abaturage benshi, bugakurikirwa n’Ubuyisilamu n’amadini gakondo ya Afurika. Benin kandi ni umunyamuryango w’imiryango mpuzamahanga myinshi irimo Umuryango w’Abibumbye, Umuryango wa Afurika Yunze Ubumwe, ECOWAS, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, Francophonie n’indi miryango y’akarere n’isi.
[[Category:Bene| ]]
[[Category:Afurika]]
[[Category:Ibihugu]]</text>
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      <comment>Undid revision [[Special:Diff/122530|122530]] by [[Special:Contributions/UWAMAHORO Nema|UWAMAHORO Nema]] ([[User talk:UWAMAHORO Nema|talk]]) AI</comment>
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*'''[[Ururimi (kuvuga)|Ururimi]]''' (izina mu cyongereza: ''language'') → [[Ururimi (kuvuga)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero</title>
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[[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/Bisesero_Memorial |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-04-17 |archive-date=2025-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804125628/https://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/Bisesero_Memorial |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;ni urwibutso ruherereye hafi y’umujyi wa Kibuye, mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Karongi|Karongi]]  mu Ntara y’Iburengerazuba bw’u [[Rwanda]], rukaba ruzwi cyane kubera amateka yihariye yaranze aka gace aho Abatutsi bahatuye bagaragaje ubutwari budasanzwe bwo kwirwanaho mu gihe cya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]], bakifashisha amabuye n’inkoni mu guhangana n’interahamwe zari zifite intwaro zikomeye; hagati y’ukwezi kwa Gicurasi na Kamena 1994, ibi bitero byarakomeje bikaza kuganisha ku bwicanyi ndengakamere bwahitanye Abatutsi barenga 40,000, ari na yo mpamvu uyu munsi uru rwibutso ari ahantu ho kuzirikana no guha icyubahiro abazize jenoside, ndetse rukaba n’ikimenyetso cy’ubutwari n’ubudaheranwa byaranze abaharwaniye ubuzima bwabo.

== Inkuru irambuye ==
Mu kwezi kwa Gicurasi 1994, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ abaturage baturutse] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;mu mirenge ituranye baza guhungira i Bisesero. Uko ubwicanyi bwibasiye [[Abatutsi]],bwagendaga bwiyongera uko bwije n'uko bukeye, abantu bakoze urugendo rw'ibirometero kugira ngo bajyane impunzi. Ubwo ubwicanyi bwatangiraga,abaturage ba Bisesero bari biteguye bihagije kurwana aho kugwa mu ntagondwa z'interahamwe.

[[Dosiye:Bisesero Genocide Memorial - Near Karongi-Kibuye - Western Rwanda.jpg|thumb|Urwibusto rwa jenoside yakorewe abatutsi Bisesero ]]
[https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ Bitegetswe n'umusaza]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; umwe n'umuturage witwa Aminadabu Birara&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;, abatutsi ba Bisesero bateguye amayeri yo kurwanya interahamwe zaje gutera umudugudu wabo. Bisesero ni agace k'imisozi, abatutsi bategekwa kwifata hejuru y'umusozi witwa Muyira aho bashoboraga kubona interahamwe hejuru. Gusa abarwanyi b'abatutsi bari bemerewe ni abagabo n’abahungu bari bafite imbaraga zihagije zo guhangana, mu gihe abana n’abagore bitwikiriye inyuma y’umusozi umwe. Muri ako kanya intwaro ikomeye ku batutsi bahigwaga ba Bisesero yari amabuye n'amacumu make&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== JENOSIDE IKOMEYE ==
Ku ya 13 Gicurasi, interahamwe zimaze kumenya ko abatutsi ba Bisesero biteguye kwirwanaho,interahamwe zashatse intwaro zikomeye (Mortar 81, 82 n’intwaro nyinshi ziremereye) ziva mu mpande zose z’u Rwanda ndetse n’ingabo nyinshi zirimo abasivili b’Abahutu boherejwe i [https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ Bisesero kurangiza abaturage.]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bageze i Bisesero, [https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ abatutsi barenga 4000]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; bari bateraniye hejuru y’umusozi wa Muyira bafite amabuye n'amacumu biteguye kwirwanaho. Mortar 81 na 82s zahanganye numusozi zirekura amasasu manini mu gihe intagondwa z'interahamwe zazamutse umusozi. Muri icyo gihe, abatutsi ba Bisesero bari bazi ko bagabweho igitero - ku muntu wese wagerageje kuzamuka hejuru yateraga amabuye n'amacumu mu rwego rwo kwirwanaho&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[Dosiye:Bisesero Genocide Memorial Centre 02.jpg|thumb|abacu bazize Jenoside]]
N'ubwo abatutsi benshi bapfuye, abatutsi bake barokotse bagerageje gukomeza kwirwanaho kugeza ku ya 13 kamena igihe Abafaransa bafashaga interahamwe kwica abatutsi .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre&lt;/ref&gt;

== Igitero cy'Abafaransa ==
Ku ya 27 Kamena, [[:en:Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre|Abafaransa bateye Bisesero]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre&lt;/ref&gt; baje bavuga ko bafite umugambi wo kubungabunga umutekano no guhagarika jenoside. Bahageze bavugana n'umuntu Eric wahoze ari umwarimu muri kiriya gihe, yari azi [[igifaransa]]. Ibintu byari bikomeje gutera ubwoba n'ubwo abatutsi bavuga ko bavuye mu bwihisho bashaka ubufasha bw’ingabo z’Ubufaransa. Nyuma yaho (ingabo z'Ubufaransa) barabihakana bavuga ko bazagaruka nyuma y'iminsi itatu kugira ngo batabare.
[[Dosiye:Bisesero Genocide Memorial Centre 03.jpg|alt=imibiri|thumb|285x285px|Imibiri ya Bazize Jenoside]]
Ntibyatinze ingabo z'Ubufaransa zimaze kugenda, interehamwe zagarutse kurangiza ibyo zatangiye. Ku ikubitiro ubwicanyi bw'Abatutsi bwakomeje ku manywa, ariko kuri iyi nshuro baza kwica amanywa n'ijoro kugira ngo barangize abatutsi bose mbere yuko Abafaransa bagaruka nyuma y'iminsi 3. 

Ijoro ryo ku ya 30 Kamena Abafaransa baragarutse basanga hafi ya bose bishwe kandi wenda kimwe cya kane cy'ibihumbi bazima ariko bakomeretse cyane.

Kugeza ubu urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero rwubatswe mu 1997 rufite inyubako eshatu zuzuyemo imibiri y'abazize jenocide kandi kuri ubu hakaba hakomeje kubakwa inzibutso aho hazashyingurwa imibiri 50-60.000.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-06-30 |archive-date=2021-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210523011842/https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Bisesero ==
[[:en:Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre|Uru rwibutso]]&lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre&lt;/ref&gt; ni rumwe mu nzibutso zikomeye bibukiraho  jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994. Ku wa 20 nzeri 2023 nibwo urwibutso rwa jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu 1994 rwa Bisesero rwashyizwe mu nzibutso zikomeye n'izindi zirimo Murambi,[[Nyamata]] n'urwa Gisozi. Nyuma y'umwaka rushyizwemo;  abarusura bavuye ku 4.592 mu 2023 bagera ku 10.170 mu 2024.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/article/abasura-urwibutso-rwa-jenoside-rwa-bisesero-bikubye-kabiri-nyuma-yo-gushyirwa&lt;/ref&gt;

== AMASHAKIRO ==
1.https://www.kwibuka.rw/memorial_sites/bisesero-memorial-site/

2.https://www.nyungweforestnationalpark.org/bisesero-genocide-memorial-centre/

3.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bisesero_Genocide_Memorial_Centre</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Edouard Bamporiki</title>
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      <text bytes="4787" sha1="nqiu1hjs1ducxe41412dk0czn35pm0l" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
[[Dosiye:Minister Bamporiki Profile Picture.jpg|thumb|Bamporiki Edouard]]{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q105071496}}
'''Edouard Bamporiki''' (yavutse Ukwakira 24, 1983) ni umuhanzi w'umunyapolitike w'[[Umunyarwandakazi|umunyarwanda]] . &lt;ref&gt;https://africanfilmny.org/directors/edouard-bamporiki/&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/Bamporiki-yasobanuye-impamvu-yasuye-Idamange&lt;/ref&gt; Kugeza ubu afite umwanya muri guverinoma y’u Rwanda nka Minisitiri  ushinzwe umuco muri Minisiteri y’Urubyiruko n’umuco Bamporiki yabaye umukinnyi umukinnyi wa filime n'umwanditsi n'umusizi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/politiki-y-inkotanyi-minisitiri-bamporiki-yashoye-ibiceri-300-frw-none-ageze |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111130525/https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/politiki-y-inkotanyi-minisitiri-bamporiki-yashoye-ibiceri-300-frw-none-ageze |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ubuzima bwambere nuburere ==
'''Bamporiki''' yavukiye mu  [[Akarere ka Nyamasheke|karere ka Nyamasheke]] , [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]] bw'u [[Rwanda]]. Yize amashuri muri ako karere&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/amakuru/mu-rwanda/article/hon-edouard-bamporiki-yashimiye-perezida-kagame-wamugiriye-icyizere-akamugira&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri 2003, igihe Bamporiki yari afite imyaka 20, yinjiye mu ikinamico episodic yacaga kuri radiyo y'igihugu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/sinema/bamporiki-edouard-asigaye-agenda-yikanga-umugore-we-muri-amerika |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111130525/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/sinema/bamporiki-edouard-asigaye-agenda-yikanga-umugore-we-muri-amerika |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.  Ibi byamuhaye kwiyerekana mugihugu cyose nk'umukinnyi w'umuhanga.Afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu by'amategeko yakuye muri Université Libre de Kigali ( ULK ) . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/bamporikis-comments-explicit-music-content-draw-mixed-reactions&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga wa politiki ==
Mu 2013, Bamporiki yatorewe kuba Umudepite mu Nteko ishinga amategeko y'u Rwanda, Urugereko rwo hasi&lt;ref&gt;https://teradignews.rw/tag/bamporiki-edouard/&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri 2019, yagizwe Minisitiri muri Minisiteri y’Urubyiruko n’umuco na Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] .Mbere y’inama y’abaminisitiri, yari Perezida wa komisiyo y’igihugu y'itorero ry'u [[Rwanda]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://imvahonshya.co.rw/u-rwanda-rwabonye-ubwigenge-bupfubye-bamporiki-edouard/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-11 |archive-date=2021-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111130523/https://imvahonshya.co.rw/u-rwanda-rwabonye-ubwigenge-bupfubye-bamporiki-edouard/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== Umwuga wa film ==
[[Dosiye:Communes of Rwanda.svg|thumb]]
Bamporiki n'umukinnyi wa firime. ''Long Coat'' ni imwe muri filime zizwi cyane - binyuze mu nkuru y’umuntu warokotse [[Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]] ndetse n'umwe mu bahungu b'uwakoze icyaha, iyi filime yibanda ku gusiga amateka ye&lt;ref&gt;https://www.scottishpoetrylibrary.org.uk/poet/edouard-bamporiki/&lt;/ref&gt;.  '''Bamporiki''' yanditse, akina, ayobora kandi akora ikinamico y'iminota 63 yerekanwe bwa mbere muri 2008. Byamushirishije mu karere ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga mu gumutwara igihembo cya mbere mu ireukiramuco rya filimi nyafurika ribera i newyork&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru/2011/09/110927_rdabamporiki&lt;/ref&gt; . 

'''Bamporiki''' yari yakoze début ye muri ''Munyurangabo'', filime ya Lee Isaac Chung  aho yatorewe kuba umukinnyi mwiza muri Cannes&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/55730/menya-byinshi-kuri-depite-bamporiki-eduard-uzwi-nka-tadeyo-mu-ikinamico-urunana-55730.html&lt;/ref&gt;. Yatunganije kandi ''akina mu Rwanda: Fata Babiri'' mu 2010 hanyuma umwaka urangiye, yakinnye muri ''Kinyarwanda'', ikinamico yamateka, hamwe na Cassandra Freeman&lt;ref&gt;http://shikamaye.blogspot.com/2014/04/hon-edouard-bamporiki-yahungabaniye.html&lt;/ref&gt; . Aheruka kugaragara kuri ecran  muri 2015 ubwo yakinaga ikinamico y'urukundo ''Umutoma''&lt;ref&gt;https://ukwezi.rw/mu-rwanda/3/Amashirakinyoma-ku-byavuzwe-ko-Minisitiri-Bamporiki-afite-akabari-gakora-muri-iki-gihe-utundi-dufunze-VIDEO&lt;/ref&gt; . 

Muri 2017, Bamporiki yasohoye [[igitabo]] cyiswe ''Umwana wanjye, Ninkuru ndende: Ibitekerezo by'abakoze Jenoside'' . Gushyira ahagaragara igitabo cyitabiriwe na madamu wa perezida [[Jeannette Kagame|w’u Rwanda Jeannette Kagame]] &lt;ref&gt;https://www.amakuruki.com/tag/edouard-bamporiki&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== references ==
[[Ikiciro:Abanyaporitiki]]
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abahanzi ba abanyarwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>nqiu1hjs1ducxe41412dk0czn35pm0l</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mukabagwiza Edda</title>
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        <id>15089</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>gushyiramo databox</comment>
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'''Mukabagwiza''' '''Edda''' (wavutse 1968)  yari umunyapolitiki wo mu [[Rwanda]] kandi yahoze ari umudipolomate. Kuva 2013,  yabaye umudepite mu [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda|Nteko Ishinga Amategeko y'u Rwanda]] &lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/new-bill-seeks-tighten-parliamentarly-oversight-govt&lt;/ref&gt;. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/uwahoze-ayobora-inteko-ishinga-amategeko-y-u-rwanda-yaje-mu-banyeshuri-b&lt;/ref&gt;

Mukabagwiza mbere yari  minisitiri w’ubutabera muri guverinoma y’u [[Rwanda]] (2003–2006)&lt;ref&gt;https://allafrica.com/stories/202107270089.html&lt;/ref&gt;, kandi yari Komiseri Mukuru akaba na [[Urutonde rw'Ibihugu u Rwanda rufitemo za Ambasade kwisi|Ambasaderi wa Repubulika y’u Rwanda]] muri [[Kanada]] na Cuba (2007-2013)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xlie0q&lt;/ref&gt;.   

Yatorewe bwa mbere mu mutwe w’abadepite mu 2013, yongera gutorwa muri 2018 .  Ni umwe mu bagize ishyaka rya [[Ishyaka FPR-Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/mukabalisa-re-elected-speaker-parliament&lt;/ref&gt; .  Muri 2018, Umutwe w’abadepite wamutoye nka Visi Perezida wungirije ushinzwe kugenzura no gushyiraho amategeko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2018/10/fourth-parliament-starts-business-on-friday-but-how-ready-is-it/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-19 |archive-date=2021-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119204835/https://www.ktpress.rw/2018/10/fourth-parliament-starts-business-on-friday-but-how-ready-is-it/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Muri politiki ==
Edda Mukabagwiza n'umuntu uzwi muri politiki y'u Rwanda no mu mirimo rusange. Yakoze mumyanya itandukanye muri guverinoma y'u Rwanda kandi yagize uruhare mugukemura ibibazo bya diplomasi.[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=96kOLweIITU][https://web.archive.org/web/20240325183928/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/rw/umutwe-wabadepite/inzego/biro], Yabaye Ambasaderi w'u Rwanda mu Bwongereza. Muri urwo rwego, yari ahagarariye inyungu z’u Rwanda kandi ashinzwe umubano w’ububanyi n’amahanga na guverinoma y’Ubwongereza ndetse n’abandi bafatanyabikorwa mpuzamahanga.[https://web.archive.org/web/20240325183928/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/rw/umutwe-wabadepite/inzego/biro], Yabaye umunyamabanga wa Leta ushinzwe imibereho myiza muri Minisiteri y’ubutegetsi bw’igihugu,byumwihariko yari ashinzwe kugenzura gahunda n’imibereho myiza y’abaturage ku nzego z’ibanze.

== Imirimo muri politiki ==
Hon. Mukabagiwiza Edda ni Visi Perezida wungirije ushinzwe ibibazo by'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kuva ku ya 19 Nzeri 2018.  Mbere yiki gikorwa, yari Umudepite, Umutwe w’abadepite kuva Ukwakira 2013 kugeza Kanama 2018.

Mbere, Hon. Mukabagiwiza yabaye Komiseri Mukuru akaba na Ambasaderi wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda muri Kanada na Cuba (2007-2013); Umuyobozi w'itsinda rya Commonwealth ry'abakomiseri bakuru muri Kanada (2012-2013); na Perezida w'ihuriro ry'Abadipolomate b'Abanyafurika (AWDF) muri Kanada (2012-2013).

Yabaye kandi Minisitiri w’ubutabera, Guverinoma y’u Rwanda kuva mu Kwakira 2003 kugeza Kanama 2006; Umunyamabanga mukuru wa Minisiteri y'Ubutabera n'imibanire y'inzego (Ugushyingo 2000-Ukwakira. 20030); Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w’ishyirahamwe rya “HAGURUKA (1999-2000) n’umujyanama mu by'amategeko muri Minisiteri y’ubutabera n’ububanyi n’inzego (1997-1999).

Hon. Mukabagiwiza yakoraga nka “In ishinzwe amategeko ya” muri minisiteri y’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi (1996-1997) ndetse na Visi Perezida wa Pro-Femmes/Twese Hamwe (1999-2000)[https://web.archive.org/web/20240325183928/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/rw/umutwe-wabadepite/inzego/biro][https://web.archive.org/web/20240325183929/https://www.chronicles.rw/2019/09/23/high-level-commonwealth-parliamentary-conference-opens-in-uganda-with-small-rwandan-delegation/]

Mubuzima bwe bwose, Mukabagwiza yitangiye gukorera abaturage b’u Rwanda no guteza imbere inyungu zabo haba mu gihugu ndetse no hanze yacyo. Uruhare rwe muri guverinoma na diplomasi rwagaragajwe n'ubushake bwe bwo guteza imbere gahunda y’iterambere ry’u Rwanda no gushimangira umubano n’ibindi bihugu.[https://web.archive.org/web/20240325183928/https://www.parliament.gov.rw/rw/umutwe-wabadepite/inzego/biro]

== references ==
{{reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi babanyapolitiki]]
[[Ikiciro:Abanyaporitiki]]
[[Ikiciro:Politiki y'urwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mukabalisa Donatille</title>
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      <text bytes="2259" sha1="hqijm0jc0s7guuxtz32of6vf667ukw1" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Donatila Mukabalisa, December 2017 (5122) (cropped2).jpg|alt=Honorable MUKABALISA Donatille|thumb|Honorable MUKABALISA Donatille]]
{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q28868753}}'''Honorable Mukabalisa''' Donatille,Yavutse muri Nyakanga 1960,Akaba ari  Perezida w’Umutwe w’abadepite mu Nteko ishinga amategeko y’u Rwanda.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.womenpoliticalleaders.org/speaker-2021/donatille-mukabalisa&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==


Kuva mu 1981 kugeza 1998, yakoraga muri gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe iterambere i [[Kigali]] mu myanya itandukanye. Kuva muri Nyakanga 2000 kugeza 2003, yari umwe mu bagize Inteko ishinga amategeko y’inzibacyuho mu [[Rwanda]] akaba na Perezida wungirije wa Komisiyo ihoraho y’ubukungu n’ubucuruzi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.womenpoliticalleaders.org/speaker-2021/donatille-mukabalisa/&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuva mu 1981 kugeza 1998, yakoraga muri gahunda y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe iterambere i [[Kigali]] mu myanya itandukanye. Kuva muri Nyakanga 2000 kugeza 2003, yari umwe mu bagize Inteko ishinga amategeko y’inzibacyuho mu Rwanda akaba na Perezida wungirije wa Komisiyo ihoraho y’ubukungu n’ubucuruzi.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.womenpoliticalleaders.org/speaker-2021/donatille-mukabalisa/&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu matora y’abadepite yo mu 2003 yatorewe kuba umwe mu bagize umutwe w’abadepite ku rutonde rw’ishyaka riharanira ukwishyira ukizana kwa buri muntu kandi atorerwa kuba umuyobozi wungirije wa komisiyo ihoraho ishinzwe ibibazo bya politiki n’uburinganire.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.com/gahuza/amakuru/2015/12/151218_rwanda_referendum_dec2015&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuva mu Kwakira 2011, yari Umusenateri (Urugereko rwo hejuru) kandi yatowe n'abasenateri kuba Umuyobozi wungirije wa Komisiyo ihoraho ishinzwe ibibazo bya politiki n'imiyoborere myiza.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.womenpoliticalleaders.org/speaker-2021/donatille-mukabalisa/&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyuma yimyaka ibiri muri Sena, ku ya 4 Ukwakira 2013 yatorewe kuba Perezida w’Umutwe w’abadepite / Inteko ishinga amategeko y’u Rwanda. Hon. Mukabalisa Donatille kandi ni Perezida w'ishyaka riharanira ukwishyira ukizana kwa buri muntu.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.womenpoliticalleaders.org/speaker-2021/donatille-mukabalisa/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Murumunawabo Cécile</title>
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        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
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'''Murumunawabo Cécile'''  (Yavutse 1968) ni umugore w'umunyarwandakazi akaba ari umunyapolitiki wo mu [[Rwanda]]. Yatorewe kuba mu mutwe w’abadepite mu [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda|Nteko ishinga amategeko y’u Rwanda]] muri 2013. Ni umunyamuryango wa FPR Inkotanyi ariwo , [[Ishyaka FPR-Inkotanyi|Rwanda Patriotic Front]] (FPR), aho ahagarariye [[Kigali|Umujyi wa Kigali]] akaba n'umunyamabanga wa kongere y'[[Umugore|abagore]] ba FPR.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.imbutofoundation.org/who-we-are/our-board/article/honourable-cecile-murumunawabo |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-18 |archive-date=2021-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118093922/http://www.imbutofoundation.org/who-we-are/our-board/article/honourable-cecile-murumunawabo |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwo hambere ==
Murumunawabo yavutse 1968, avukira mu buhungiro, kandi ndetse afite icyiciro cya gatatu cya kaminuza mu iterammbere n'amajyambere  . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.iknowpolitics.org/en/node/60219&lt;/ref&gt; Murumunawabo ari mu Banyamuryango bashinze umuryango Imbuto Foundation,  kandi akaba ari umwe mu bagize inama jyanama yuwo muryango . Murumunawabo ni umu Krisito wavutse ubwa kabili .&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p8qFPATdXRI&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/kwibuka/article/tugomba-kwirinda-tukanarwanya-imvugo-zisesereza-abarokotse-jenoside-depite-murumunawabo&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abadepite-baguye-mu-kantu-bavumbuye-ko-babeshywe-n-akarere-ka-nyaruguru&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/bumbogo-muri-guma-mu-rugo-abana-b-abakobwa-23-batewe-inda&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://ar.umuseke.rw/edouard-bamporiki-alias-kideyo-mu-runana-mu-bakandida-ba-rpf-inkotanyi.hmtl&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Murumunawabo ni umwe mu bagize urugaga rwo [[Ishyaka FPR-Inkotanyi|gukunda igihugu cy'u Rwanda]] (FPR) kandi yatorewe kuba Umutwe w'Abadepite mu [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda|Nteko ishinga amategeko y'u Rwanda]] mu 2013. Mbere, yakoraga mu biro bya Madamu wa Perezida w'u [[Rwanda]].  Muri 2013, Murumunawabo yagizwe umunyamabanga wa kongere y’abagore ya [[Ishyaka FPR-Inkotanyi|FPR]]. Yongeye gutorerwa kuba umunyamabanga muri 2019 n'amajwi 85.3 ku ijana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.imbutofoundation.org/who-we-are/our-board/article/honourable-cecile-murumunawabo |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-18 |archive-date=2021-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118093922/http://www.imbutofoundation.org/who-we-are/our-board/article/honourable-cecile-murumunawabo |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Umugore]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuyobozi]]
[[Ikiciro:Umunyarwandakazi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Uwimanimpaye Jeanne d' arc</title>
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'''Uwimanimpaye Jeanne d'arc''' (yavutse 1978) ni umunyapolitiki wo mu Rwanda. Yabaye umunyamuryango w’Umutwe w’abadepite kuva mu 2008. Kuva mu 2013 kugeza 2018, yabaye Visi Perezida w’Umutwe&lt;ref&gt;https://www.parliament.gov.rw/&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Ubuzima ==
Uwimanimpaye Jeanne d'Arc yarangije muri Economics muri kaminuza nkuru yu [[Rwanda]]. Mbere yo kwinjira mu Nteko, yakoraga nk'umwarimu w’ishuri ryisumbuye, ndetse no mu nzego z'ibanze nk'umugenzuzi w'imbere mu karere akaba n'umukozi ushinzwe imibanire rusange.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.parliament.gov.rw/&lt;/ref&gt;

Uwimanimpaye yinjiye mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko mu matora y’abadepite yo mu Rwanda mu 2008, nk'umwe mu bahagarariye abagore batandatu mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba. Mu mwaka wa 2010,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rcsprwanda.org/IMG/pdf/CSEOM_final_report-englishfinal_2008.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-19 |archive-date=2021-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119091610/http://www.rcsprwanda.org/IMG/pdf/CSEOM_final_report-englishfinal_2008.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; yagiye mu Bwongereza nk'indorerezi y'amatora ya Commonwealth ku matora rusange yo mu Bwongereza 2010&lt;ref&gt;https://www.parliament.uk/globalassets/documents/CPA/Publications-Reports/20100525-COT-Final-Report.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;.Mu matora y’abadepite 2013, Uwimanimpaye yasubijwe mu mutwe w’abadepite nk'uhagarariye abagore mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rcsprwanda.org/IMG/pdf/CSEOM_final_report-englishfinal_2008.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-19 |archive-date=2021-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119091610/http://www.rcsprwanda.org/IMG/pdf/CSEOM_final_report-englishfinal_2008.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Mu Kwakira 2013, yatorewe kuba Visi Perezida wungirije ushinzwe kugenzura no gushyiraho amategeko, ahabwa amajwi 70 kuri 80.  Nk’Umuvugizi wungirije, yerekanye icyifuzo cyo kwemerera [[Paul Kagame|Perezida Kagame]] kwiyamamariza manda ya gatatu, nyuma y’uko icyifuzo cyari kimaze gusinywa miliyoni 3.8

Abasaba barashimira perezida Kagame kuba yarahagaritse itsembabwoko no kuzamura ubukungu vuba&lt;ref&gt;https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/rwanda-elections-mps-back-move-to-let-president-paul-kagame-run-for-unprecedented-third-term-10388744.html&lt;/ref&gt;

Uwimanimpaye yatoranijwe nk'umukandida wa [[Ishyaka FPR-Inkotanyi|FPR-Inkotanyi]] mu matora y'abadepite yo mu 2018, atorerwa guhagararira [[Akarere ka Gatsibo]] mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.rcsprwanda.org/IMG/pdf/CSEOM_final_report-englishfinal_2008.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-19 |archive-date=2021-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119091610/http://www.rcsprwanda.org/IMG/pdf/CSEOM_final_report-englishfinal_2008.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Yeguye ku mwanya wa Perezida wungirije, asimburwa na [[Edda Mukabagwiza]] wa FPR-Inkotanyi. Muri Nzeri 2019,&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/mukabalisa-re-elected-speaker-parliament&lt;/ref&gt; Uwimanimpaye yasabye ko hakorwa iperereza ku kibazo cy’amafaranga cyerekeranye n’amasoko yatanzwe n’ikigo cy’ubuhinzi cy’u [[Rwanda]],  kandi anenga amasoko yatanzwe n’ikigo cy’amakoperative y’u Rwanda . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/readers-call-on-the-news |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-19 |archive-date=2021-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211119091618/https://www.newtimes.co.rw/readers-call-on-the-news |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akazi yakoze ==
Uwimanimpaye Jeanne d'Arc yabaye umukozi mu bintu bidandukanye harimo :

* Kuva Nzeri  2018  kugeza ubu : Umudepite, mu bagize Inteko ishinga amategeko y'u Rwanda
* Ukwakira 2008-2018: Umudepite / Umutwe w’abadepite na Visi Perezida w’Umutwe w’abadepite ushinzwe ibibazo by’ubugenzuzi n’ubugenzuzi bwa guverinoma .
* Kuva 2006-Ukwakira 2008: Umuyobozi ushinzwe umubano rusange mu Karere .
* Kuva 2006-Ukwakira 2008: Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w'Umurenge wa Mimuli - Nyagatare
* kuva 2004-2005 : Umugenzuzi w'imbere mu Karere .&lt;ref&gt;https://www.parliament.gov.rw/chamber-of-deputies-2/member-profile/deputies-profiles?tx_news_pi1%5B%40widget_0%5D%5BcurrentPage%5D=3&amp;cHash=7c1a95795e124166bd110258c1b29a83&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Umugore]]
[[Ikiciro:Umunyarwandakazi]]
[[Ikiciro:Inteko ishinga amategeko]]
[[Ikiciro:Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuyobozi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ange-Régis Hounkpatin</title>
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        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
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      <comment>gushyiramo databox</comment>
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      <text bytes="3344" sha1="1108zkrrc9ppotwabxcolsfoi6m55rp" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Benin - Location Map (2011) - BEN - UNOCHA.svg|thumb|ange-regis yavukiye muri benin]]{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q101004049}}
'''Ange-Régis Hounkpatin''', ni Umufaransa - Umukinnyi wa firime wo muri [[Bene|Bénine]] akaba n'umwanditsi . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.unifrance.org/annuaires/personne/409195/ange-regis-hounkpatin&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Yavukiye kandi akurira i Cotonou, muri [[Bene|Bénin]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;augohr&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://augohr.de/catalogue/pantheon |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-23 |archive-date=2021-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123134508/http://augohr.de/catalogue/pantheon |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye, Hounkpatin yimukiye mu [[Bufaransa]] kwiga [[ubuvanganzo]]. Amaherezo yinjiye mu ishuri rya Femis rya sinema muri 2009. Yakoze filime ''Rêves de intare'' mu mwaka wa nyuma  aza gutsindira igihembo cy'urubyiruko mu iserukiramuco rya Côté Court of Pantin mu 2014&lt;ref&gt;https://time-art.com/talent/ange-regis-hounkpatin.htm&lt;/ref&gt;. Filime ye ''Cage'' yahisemo mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Champs-Élysées mu 2016. Mu mwaka wa 2015, yakoze filime ''Vindicte'' yafatiwe muri Bénin maze atoranywa mu iserukiramuco rya Devant Festival rya [[Paris|Paris mu]] 2016. &lt;ref name=&quot;augohr&quot;/&gt; Iyi filime kandi yatsindiye igihembo cyiza cya Cinematografiya mu iserukiramuco rya Filime ryabereye i Toronto . &lt;ref&gt;https://matthewtoffolo.com/2018/07/20/interview-with-filmmaker-ange-regis-hounkpatin-vindicte/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://en.unifrance.org/directories/person/409195/ange-regis-hounkpatin&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri 2017, yayoboye filime ye ya gatanu ngufi ''Pantheon'' . Iyi filime yakiriwe neza kandi ihitamo kumugaragaro kugirango yerekane iserukiramuco rya sinema nyafurika 2017, iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Atlanta 2018 na Filmfest Dresden 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://tsproductions.fr/film/pantheon-ange-regis-hounkpatin |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-23 |archive-date=2020-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029072458/http://tsproductions.fr/film/pantheon-ange-regis-hounkpatin |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Filime yatsindiye igihembo cya Bridging the Borders muri Palm Springs International Festival ya Filime ngufi 2017&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://tsproductions.fr/film/pantheon-ange-regis-hounkpatin |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-23 |archive-date=2020-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029072458/http://tsproductions.fr/film/pantheon-ange-regis-hounkpatin |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. Muri uwo mwaka, filime yakiriye icyubahiro mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Kolkata. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://tsproductions.fr/film/pantheon-ange-regis-hounkpatin |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-23 |archive-date=2020-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029072458/http://tsproductions.fr/film/pantheon-ange-regis-hounkpatin |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashusho ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Umwaka
! Filime
! Uruhare
! Ubwoko
! Ref.
|-
| 2013
| ''Rêves de intare''
| Umuyobozi, umwanditsi
| Filime ngufi
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Vindicte''
| Umuyobozi, umwanditsi
| Filime ngufi
|
|-
| 2016
| ''Akazu''
| Umuyobozi, umwanditsi
| Filime ngufi
|
|-
| 2017
| ''Panthéon''
| Umuyobozi, umwanditsi
| Filime ngufi
|
|}

== references ==

[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jacqueline Muhongayire</title>
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      <text bytes="3389" sha1="3byhj3hhmqlkaxpc4jfont5ecbh6w8k" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Meeting with the Minister of East African Community Affairs, Ms. Jacqueline Muhongayire, on Jan. 20 - 12452048584 (cropped Jacqueline Muhongayire).jpg|thumb|Jacqueline Muhongayire (2014)]]
Hon. '''Jacqueline Muhongayire''' wavutse kuwa 28 kanama 1961 ni umwe mu [https://web.archive.org/web/20211125103712/https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/muhongayire-jacqueline-yasimbuye badepete bahagarariye u Rwanda]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/muhongayire-jacqueline-yasimbuye |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-25 |archive-date=2021-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125103712/https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/muhongayire-jacqueline-yasimbuye |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; mu muryango w'ibihugu bya Afurika y'iburazirazuba kuva 2007 kungeza 2012, yagiye atorerwa manda ya kabiri ikaba yari kuzarangira muri 2017 aho yari afite icyicaro i Arusha muri Tanzania kandi ni [https://www.eala.org/index.php?/eala-members/view/muhongayire-jacqueline umunyapolitike]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.eala.org/index.php?/eala-members/view/muhongayire-jacqueline&lt;/ref&gt; mu ntekoshinga amategeko y'u Rwanda

== Ibikorwa Ya Koze ==
Hon. Jacquline Muhongayire yabaye [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/77229 Minisitiri wa EAC]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/77229&lt;/ref&gt; mu gihe kingana n'umwaka umwe kuva muri Nyakanga 2013. Mbere yaho yari imaze igihe kingana n'imyaka itanu ari umwe mu bagize Inteko ishinga Amategeko umutwe wa Afurika y'iburasirazuba (EALA), Mbere yuko yereka muri (EALA) Hon. Jacquline Muhongayire yari [https://web.archive.org/web/20211125103712/https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/muhongayire-jacqueline-yasimbuye amaze imyaka cumi n'ibiri]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/muhongayire-jacqueline-yasimbuye |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-25 |archive-date=2021-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125103712/https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/muhongayire-jacqueline-yasimbuye |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (12) akora nk'umudepite, Kandi yari [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/77229 umwe mu bagore 12]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/77229&lt;/ref&gt; bari mu inteko ishinga amategeko y'inzibacyuho.

== Impamyabumenyi (Amashuri yize) ==
Hon.Jacqueline Muhongayire ku myaka 60, afite [https://web.archive.org/web/20211125103712/https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/muhongayire-jacqueline-yasimbuye impamyabumenyi ya Kaminuza]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/muhongayire-jacqueline-yasimbuye |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-25 |archive-date=2021-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125103712/https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/muhongayire-jacqueline-yasimbuye |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; mu icungamari, kandi afite indi mpamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye no gucunga imishinga, kandi ndetse Hon. Jacqueline Muhongayire Yize ibinganye na politike ndetse n'ububanyi n'amahanga [https://web.archive.org/web/20211125103712/https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/muhongayire-jacqueline-yasimbuye muri kaminuza] ya (Free University) y'iburuseli mu Bubiligi.

== Ubuzima Bwite ==
Hon. Jacqueline Muhongayire arubatse kandi [https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/77229 afite abana batatu(3)]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/77229&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Reba  Aha ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Muhongayire Jacqueline</title>
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      <text bytes="2923" sha1="327s23dpj7ceyh0n91jozve7x155o5v" xml:space="preserve">'''Muhongayire Jacqueline'''

{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q93118516}}Muhongayire yavutse kuwa 28 Kanama 1961, yari umwe mu badepite bahagarariye u [[Rwanda]] mu [[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|Muryango w’Ibihugu bya Afurika y’Iburasirazuba]] kuva mu mwaka wa 2007 kugeza muri 2012. Yagizwe ''ushinze ibikorwa by’Umuryango w’Ibihugu bya Afurika y’Iburasirazuba kuri uyu wa kane 11 Nyakanga 2013.''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/muhongayire-jacqueline-yasimbuye |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-25 |archive-date=2021-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125103712/https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/muhongayire-jacqueline-yasimbuye |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri ==
Muhongayire afite impamyabumenyi ya kaminuza mu icungamari, ndetse n’impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye no gucunga imishinga.,Yize kandi ibijyanye na politiki n’ububanyi n’amahanga muri [[Free University of Brussels|Kaminuza ya Free University]] y’i [[Buruseli]] mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/muhongayire-jacqueline-yasimbuye |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-25 |archive-date=2021-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125103712/https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/muhongayire-jacqueline-yasimbuye |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Kuri uyu wa Kane tariki ya 11 Nyakanga 2013, ''Perezida wa [[Repubulika y'u Rwanda|Repubulika y’u Rwanda]] [[Paul Kagame]] yagize Muhongayire Jacqueline Minisitiri ushinze ibikorwa by’Umuryango w’Ibihugu bya Afurika y’Iburasirazuba. Muhongayire asimbuye Mukaruriza Monique wayoboraga iyi Minisiteri kuva yajyaho. Muhongayire yari umwe mu badepite bahagarariye u Rwanda mu [[Umuryango w’Ibihugu by’Iburasirazuba bw’Afurika|Muryango w’Ibihugu bya Afurika y’Iburasirazuba]] kuva mu mwaka wa 2007 kugeza muri 2012, aho yaje gutorerwa manda ya kabiri ikaba yari kuzarangira muri 2017 aho yari afite icyicaro  [[Tanzaniya|Arusha muri Tanzania]]. yabaye mu [[Inteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda|Nteko Ishinga Amategeko y’u Rwanda]] imyaka igera kuri 12 mbere yo kujya muri Muryango w’Afurika y’Iburasirazuba, ndetse yagiye anashyirwa mu myanya ikomeye, kuko mu mwaka w’1995 yari umwe mu bagore 12 bari mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko y’inzibacyuho mu Rwanda. Icyo gihe yari igizwe n’abadepite 70. Muhongayire, mbere y’uko ajya mu Nteko y’Umuryango w’Ibihugu bya Afurika y’Iburasirazuba.yabaye muri [[Forumu Nyarwanda y’abagore bari mu Inteko Ishinga Amategeko]],''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/muhongayire-jacqueline-yasimbuye |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-25 |archive-date=2021-11-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211125103712/https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/muhongayire-jacqueline-yasimbuye |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sudabeh Mortezai</title>
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      <comment>gushyiraho databox</comment>
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      <text bytes="5437" sha1="1ze2kxbubc8pk33fkepvus5ujzrgfvf" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Sudabeh Mortezai.JPG|thumb|'''Sudabeh Mortezai''']]
[[Dosiye:Österreichischer Filmpreis 2015 Oliver Neumann Sudabeh Mortezai Sabine Moser.jpg|thumb|sudabeh mortezah arikumwe nabandi bantu]]
{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q15849580}}'''Sudabeh Mortezai''' (yavutse 1968),  ni umukinnyi wa firime wo muri Otirishiya wavukiye muri [[Irani|Iran]]  kandi aaba na  producer . &lt;ref name=&quot;dok&quot;&gt;https://dok.at/person/sudabeh-mortezai/&lt;/ref&gt; Azwi cyane nk'umuyobozi wa firime zizwi cyane ''Macondo'' na ''Joy'' zatsindiye ibihembo mpuzamahanga mu birori bya firime. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.viennale.at/en/guest/sudabeh-mortezai |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-26 |archive-date=2021-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126031623/https://www.viennale.at/en/guest/sudabeh-mortezai |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Yavutse mu 1968 i Ludwigsburg, mu [[Ubudage|Budage]] ku babyeyi ba Irani. Yabayeho mu bwana bwe n'ubuto muri Vienne na Tehran . &lt;ref name=&quot;dok&quot;/&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Yimukiye i Vienne yiga ikinamico, firime n'itangazamakuru. Nyuma yize filime muri kaminuza ya Californiya, Los Angeles (UCLA) i Los Angeles. Muri kiriya gihe, yakoze firime zitandukanye kandi ngufi zirimo documentaire ''Children of the Prophet'' 2006. Yibanze ku mihango y'icyunamo ya Irani kuri Imamu Hossein, umwuzukuru w'Intumwa Mohammad. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://womenandhollywood.com/berlin-women-directors-meet-sudabeh-mortezai-473d28b51e8c/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-26 |archive-date=2021-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126031625/https://womenandhollywood.com/berlin-women-directors-meet-sudabeh-mortezai-473d28b51e8c/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Muri 2009, yakoze ''Im Bazar der Gender'' isobanura umuco wo gushyingirwa by'agateganyo muri Islamu y'Abashiya . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.diepresse.com/558357/im-bazar-der-geschlechter-mullahs-reden-gerne-uber-sex&lt;/ref&gt; Nyuma muri 2014, yakoze filime ye ya mbere ya ''Macondo'' . Filime nigishushanyo cyumuhungu wimpunzi ya Chechen. Yatumiwe mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya sinema rya 64 rya [[Berlin]] (amarushanwa ya Berlinale), &lt;ref&gt;https://www.berlinale.de/de/archiv/jahresarchive/2014/02_programm_2014/02_filmdatenblatt_2014_20143697.html#tab=video25&lt;/ref&gt; ahatanira igihembo cya Golden Bear Award .

Nyuma yo gutsinda kwa filime, yakoze filime ye ya kabiri ''yishimye'' muri 2018. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.ots.at/presseaussendung/OTS_20180907_OTS0159/erfolg-fuer-mortezais-joy-in-venedig&lt;/ref&gt; Irazenguruka inkuru yumugore wo muri [[Nijeriya|Nigeriya]] murugendo rwo gushaka umudendezo. Filime yakiriwe neza kandi yegukana ibihembo byinshi mubirori mpuzamahanga bya firime. Filime yatumiwe mu iserukiramuco rya Filime rya 75 rya Venice mu gice cya Giornate degli Autori . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.kleinezeitung.at/service/newsticker/5469937/21-Filme-rittern-in-Venedig-um-den-Goldenen-Loewen&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyuma yatsindiye Europa Cinemas Label nka Filime nziza yu [[Burayi]] mu gice cya Giornate degli Autori mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Venice . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.giornatedegliautori.com/news.asp?id=1&amp;id_dettaglio=1146&amp;lang=eng |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-26 |archive-date=2018-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907175705/http://www.giornatedegliautori.com/news.asp?id=1&amp;id_dettaglio=1146&amp;lang=eng |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hagati aho, yashinze isosiyete ikora firime 'FreibeuterFilm'.  Iyi filime kandi yatsindiye igihembo cya mbere cya Hearst Film igihembo cyumuyobozi mwiza wumugore. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.giornatedegliautori.com/news.asp?id=1&amp;id_dettaglio=1134&amp;lang=eng |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-26 |archive-date=2018-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907175652/http://www.giornatedegliautori.com/news.asp?id=1&amp;id_dettaglio=1134&amp;lang=eng |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu Kwakira 2018, [[Filimi ya Seburikoko|filime]] yatsindiye igihembo cya Filime Nziza muri BFI London Festival Festival . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/announcements/lff-62-awards-winners-announced |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-26 |archive-date=2021-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126031622/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/news-opinion/news-bfi/announcements/lff-62-awards-winners-announced |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya [[Filimi ya Seburikoko|Filime]] rya Chicago rya 54, filime yatsindiye igihembo cyihariye cya Jury cya Silver Hugo. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.chicagofilmfestival.com/awards-announced-for-54th-chicago-international-film-festival/&lt;/ref&gt; Hanyuma mu Kuboza 2018, filime yakiriye Goldeb Star  ya filime nziza mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya sinema rya Marrakech &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://womenandhollywood.com/sudabeh-mortezais-joy-wins-best-film-at-marrakech-fest/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-26 |archive-date=2021-11-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211126031623/https://womenandhollywood.com/sudabeh-mortezais-joy-wins-best-film-at-marrakech-fest/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashusho ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Year
!Film
!Role
!Genre
|-
|2006
|''Children of the Prophet''
|Director, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2009
|''Im Bazar der Geschlechter''
|Director, writer
|Documentary
|-
|2014
|''Macondo''
|Director, writer
|Film
|-
|2018
|''Joy''
|Director, writer
|Film
|}

== references ==

[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba firime]]
[[Ikiciro:Afurika]]</text>
      <sha1>1ze2kxbubc8pk33fkepvus5ujzrgfvf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Gateka Esther Brianne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>10184</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-05T10:46:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>133628</origin>
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      <text bytes="2564" sha1="m1fnr39fsjqth4fyty11a82kjkm6d5e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q130382976}}

'''Gateka Esther Brianne''' wamamaye nka Dj Brianne ni umunyarwandakazi utuye mu [[Rwanda]],ukora akazi ko kuvanga imiziki mu [[Rwanda Nziza|Rwanda]]&lt;ref&gt;Rwandan female DJ to perform in Dubai | The New Times | Rwanda&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.teradignews.rw/rw/ishimwe-rya-dj-briane-kuri-hon-eduard-bamporiki-na-ingabire-bibio/&lt;/ref&gt; Gateka akaba ari umugore w' umunyamuzika uvanga imiziki aho yatsinze mu irushanwa rya The choice Awards . &lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/128734/dj-briane-ni-we-ufite-amajwi-menshi-abatowe-cyane-muri-the-choice-awards-2022-amafoto-128734.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/article/dj-brianne-na-ish-kevin-nyuma-y-umunsi-umwe-bafugiwe-gukoresha-ibiyobyabwenge&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubuzima bwe bwite ==
Gateka Esther Brianne yavukiye mu gihugu cya [[Kenya]] ariko ubu atuye mu [[Rwanda]] niho akorera ibikorwa bye bya buri munsi, ni umubyeyi w'umwana umwe, atangaza ko atabayeho mu buzima bwiza akiri umwana, bikaba aribyo byamuhaye kuba akunda kandi akita ku bana cyane kugira ngo nabo batazabaho nabi. Avugako yubaha Imana, akunda abantu ariko ababazwa n'abamufata uko atari n'abamuca intege mu byo akora. Gateka Esther Brianne wahisemo kwita ku bana babayeho nabi cyane cyane abana baba ku muhanda, aho hatumye bitera impamvu Gateka yashinze umuryango wita ku bana ku muhanda wiswe Organisation La perle Briane Foundation ufasha abana mu buryo bwo kubasubiza mu mashuri , kubarinda cyane inzara ndetse no kubaha icyizere cy'ejo hazaza akaba yita ku bana bagera kuri 25 .&lt;ref&gt;https://www.teradignews.rw/rw/ishimwe-rya-dj-briane-kuri-hon-eduard-bamporiki-na-ingabire-bibio/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://bwiza.com/?Rurageretse-hagati-y-umunyamakuru-DC-Clement-na-Dj-Briane-mu-byo-bapfa-harimo-n&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/dj-brianne-yashyikirijwe-imodoka-yahawe-n-umukunzi-we-nk-impano&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akazi akora ==
Dj Brianne akora akazi ko kuvanga imiziki, yamamaye cyane mu mwaka 2020 ubwo hariho guma mu rugo kubera icyorezo cya covid-19, Dj Brianne yagiye akorera ku bitangazamakuru bitandukanye bya Radio na Television aribyo Flash TV, Magic FM na Royal FM akaba n'ubu ari ho agikora.&lt;ref&gt;DJ Brianne azasusurutsa Abanyarwanda baba i Dubai ku munsi w’abakundana - IGIHE.com&lt;/ref&gt; Dj Brianne ni umushoramari aho yashinze iduka ricuruza inzoga zizwi nka Rikeri(liquor) n'izindi zitandukanye . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/top-female-deejays-rwanda&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Umunyarwandakazi]]
[[Ikiciro:Umunyamwuga]]
[[Ikiciro:Umugore]]</text>
      <sha1>m1fnr39fsjqth4fyty11a82kjkm6d5e</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ingabire Egidie Bibio</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-05T10:41:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
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      <text bytes="2708" sha1="rmanzbew7jo8ddrek5pisnivsbw9fjw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q124308898}}

'''Ingabire Egidie Bibio''' ni umunyarwandakazi ukora umwuga w'itangazamakuru ku ikigo cy'igihugu cy'itangazamakuru mu [[Rwanda]] RBA. Yabaye perezida w'ihuriro ry'abanyamakuru b'igitsina gore mu Rwanda.

== Amateka  ajyanye n'umwuga ==
Bibio ni umugore ukora mu itangaza makuru  mu rurimi rw'[[ikinyarwanda]], akayobora ibiganiro bitandukanye ndetse akaba umuyobozi w'ibiganiro bimwe na bimwe kuri Televiziyo y'u Rwanda(RTV), yabaye kandi umushyushyarugamba ndetse yabaye mu kanama gatora Miss Rwanda 2022,  mo mubindi bihe bitandukanye .&lt;ref&gt;https://www.teradignews.rw/rw/ishimwe-rya-dj-briane-kuri-hon-eduard-bamporiki-na-ingabire-bibio/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://ibendera.com/icyo-abanyamakuru-uwimana-basile-na-ingabire-egidie-bavuga-kuri-prince-kid/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-08-04 |archive-date=2023-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230804101721/https://ibendera.com/icyo-abanyamakuru-uwimana-basile-na-ingabire-egidie-bavuga-kuri-prince-kid/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Rwanda television 23.png|center|thumb|Bibio n'umunyamakuru kuri Televiziyo y'u Rwanda]]

== Ubuzima Bwite. ==
Ingabire Egidie Bibio  Yavukiye mu [[Rwanda]] ,yize amashuri yisumbuye mu kigo cy'ababikira  kitiriwe mutagaifu   Berenadeta i  Save mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Gisagara|Gisagara]], aho yize indimi nyuma aza gukomeza muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]] muri Huye  niho yakuye Impamyabumenyi y'itangazamakuru, igihe  yigaga muri kaminuza yakoraga kuri radiyo Salus ikorera muri uwo mugi wa [[Akarere ka Huye|Huye]] 

Bibio kandi yaje gutorwa nk'umunyamakuru w'umugore ukuriye  ihuriro ry'abanyamakuru b'igitsina gore mu Rwanda ku mwanya wa perezida, ari naho yagize umugambi mwiza wo gutoza umugore kuba umunyamakuru  no gutinyuka mu buvugizi bwa bagenzi  babo nk'abagore mu itangazamakuru.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/114856/Lifestyle/women-can-make-it-in-journalism---ingabire&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuwa 5 Kanama 2012  Egidiya yasezeranye na   Sam Mandela kuba umugore we ndetse no kuzabana akaramata, akaba ari [[umugore]] yabyaye abana ndeetse n'abandi arera .&lt;ref&gt;https://yegob.rw/ni-umugore-akaba-mutima-wurugo-ni-mushiki-wanjye-nkunda-kandi-nishimira-munyakazi-sadate-wigeze-kuyobora-rayon-sports-yikojeje-mu-bitabo-byinganzo-ni-uko-maze-atakagiza-umunyamakuru-wa-televi/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/40707/nababajwe-no-gusohoka-iwacu-mu-rugo-ku-munsi-w-ubukwe-bwanjye-egidie-bibio-40707.html&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ubutumwa . ===
Abagore barashoboye kandi byose babigeraho iyo bafatanije, icyambere ni ugutinyuka kandi ukagaragaza ibyo ushoboye gukora .

== Amashakiro ==
[[Ikiciro:Umugore]]
[[Ikiciro:Umunyamakurukazi]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuyobozi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mukeka Clementine</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>133642</id>
      <parentid>131477</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T11:55:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>133642</origin>
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      <text bytes="2471" sha1="n7md05temm33o2lbpkcy58rnjnfs7nt" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Clementine Mukeka.jpg|thumb]]
'''Mukeka Clementinne''' ni [[umugore]] akaba umunyarwandakazi, ni umunyamabanga uhoraho muri Minisiteri y'ububanyi n'amahanga MINAFFET mu [[Rwanda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; washyizweho na Perezida wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda [[Paul Kagame]] nk'umunyamabanga  muri Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga n’ubutwererane mpuzamahanga ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/rwanda-moves-bolster-diplomatic-service-new-appointments&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Uburezi ==
Clementine Mukeka yabyawe n'ababyeyi b'Abanyarwanda. Yize Amashuri abanza nayisumbuye i Burayi. Igitabo kimwe cyizewe kivuga ko Mukeka Afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye n’ubucuruzi yakuye mu ishuri ry’ubucuruzi rya IDRAC (mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]), naho impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi (Major: Economics), yakuye muri kaminuza ya Londere y’Amajyepfo ([[Ubwongereza]]).  Mukeka yize kandi muri kaminuza ya New York ([[Amerika]]) mu masomo mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.indatwa.org/2023/04/02/3041/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-08-02 |archive-date=2023-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802101424/https://www.indatwa.org/2023/04/02/3041/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abanyarwanda-b-inzobere-batuye-i-burayi-batangiye-gutanga-umusanzu-mu-buvuzi-n&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Mbere yuko ashyirwaho Mukeka yari yarabaye umujyanama mukuru w’ubucuruzi mu kigo cy’Amerika Gishinzwe iterambere mpuzamahanga (USAID) u [[Rwanda]]. Yabaye kandi impuguke mu by'ubukungu n’ubucuruzi muri Ambasade y’Amerika mu [[Rwanda]] Mbere yo kwinjira mu butumwa bwa Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya [[Amerika]] / Amerika mu [[Rwanda]], yagiye akora imyanya itandukanye mu Bikorera  mu [[Burayi]] no muri [[Amerika]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://minaffet.prod.risa.rw/updates/news-details/permanent-secretary-clementine-mukeka-participates-in-the-virtual-liaison-committee-meeting-and-open-ended-working-group |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2025-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219144624/https://minaffet.prod.risa.rw/updates/news-details/permanent-secretary-clementine-mukeka-participates-in-the-virtual-liaison-committee-meeting-and-open-ended-working-group |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba Ibirambuye. ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umugore]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuyobozi]]
[[Ikiciro:Umunyarwandakazi]]</text>
      <sha1>n7md05temm33o2lbpkcy58rnjnfs7nt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>133643</id>
      <parentid>133642</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T11:56:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>133643</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2723" sha1="pj178q8gobs5z5qv683lsz9kry81lny" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Clementine Mukeka.jpg|thumb]]{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q109615502|useImage=[[File:Home Secretary James Cleverly visits Rwanda on 5 December 2023 - 8 (cropped Clementine Mukeka).jpg|Home_Secretary_James_Cleverly_visits_Rwanda_on_5_December_2023_-_8_(cropped_Clementine_Mukeka)]]}}
'''Mukeka Clementinne''' ni [[umugore]] akaba umunyarwandakazi, ni umunyamabanga uhoraho muri Minisiteri y'ububanyi n'amahanga MINAFFET mu [[Rwanda]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; washyizweho na Perezida wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda [[Paul Kagame]] nk'umunyamabanga  muri Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga n’ubutwererane mpuzamahanga ku ya 15 Gicurasi 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/rwanda-moves-bolster-diplomatic-service-new-appointments&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Uburezi ==
Clementine Mukeka yabyawe n'ababyeyi b'Abanyarwanda. Yize Amashuri abanza nayisumbuye i Burayi. Igitabo kimwe cyizewe kivuga ko Mukeka Afite impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye n’ubucuruzi yakuye mu ishuri ry’ubucuruzi rya IDRAC (mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]]), naho impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bucuruzi bw’ubucuruzi (Major: Economics), yakuye muri kaminuza ya Londere y’Amajyepfo ([[Ubwongereza]]).  Mukeka yize kandi muri kaminuza ya New York ([[Amerika]]) mu masomo mpuzamahanga y’ubucuruzi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.indatwa.org/2023/04/02/3041/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-08-02 |archive-date=2023-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802101424/https://www.indatwa.org/2023/04/02/3041/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/abanyarwanda-b-inzobere-batuye-i-burayi-batangiye-gutanga-umusanzu-mu-buvuzi-n&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Mbere yuko ashyirwaho Mukeka yari yarabaye umujyanama mukuru w’ubucuruzi mu kigo cy’Amerika Gishinzwe iterambere mpuzamahanga (USAID) u [[Rwanda]]. Yabaye kandi impuguke mu by'ubukungu n’ubucuruzi muri Ambasade y’Amerika mu [[Rwanda]] Mbere yo kwinjira mu butumwa bwa Minisiteri y’ububanyi n’amahanga ya [[Amerika]] / Amerika mu [[Rwanda]], yagiye akora imyanya itandukanye mu Bikorera  mu [[Burayi]] no muri [[Amerika]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://minaffet.prod.risa.rw/updates/news-details/permanent-secretary-clementine-mukeka-participates-in-the-virtual-liaison-committee-meeting-and-open-ended-working-group |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2025-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250219144624/https://minaffet.prod.risa.rw/updates/news-details/permanent-secretary-clementine-mukeka-participates-in-the-virtual-liaison-committee-meeting-and-open-ended-working-group |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba Ibirambuye. ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Umugore]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuyobozi]]
[[Ikiciro:Umunyarwandakazi]]</text>
      <sha1>pj178q8gobs5z5qv683lsz9kry81lny</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>The Winners FTC</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12898</id>
    <revision>
      <id>133598</id>
      <parentid>99372</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T14:33:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IGANZE</username>
        <id>11347</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="1665" sha1="fclrpuljcst1wd19gny8krary6kpcnc" xml:space="preserve">'''The Winners Football Training Center ( The winners FTC)''' ni ishuri ry’umupira w’amaguru mu [[Rwanda]]  riherereye mu [[Akarere ka Muhanga|Karere ka Muhanga]]  mu ntara y'amajyepfo  iruhande rwa sitade ya Muhanga muri km 50 uvuye mu mugi wa [[Kigali|kigali.]]

== Amateka ==
Umushoramari NSHIMIYIMANA David yagize igitekerezo cyo gushinga iri shuri nyuma yuko  abonye ikipe y'igihugu cy' u Rwanda ( Amavubi ) uvuye gukina muri  Tuniziya mu mwaka wa 2004  mu marushanwa y'igikombe cya [[Afurika]] .

uhereye uwo munsi yagize igitekerezo cyo gutangira iri shuri ritoza abakiri bato umupira w'amaguru  ,  habanza gucamo igihe kinini abitekerezaho ,atangira kubishyira mubikorwa  mu mwaka wa 2008 , icyo gihe atangirana n'abana b' abahungu  20 uhereye igihe David yatangiriye umubare wakomeje kwiyongera kugeza ku  bakinnyi 300 harimo  amatsinda 6 y'abahungu bitewe n'imyaka bafite ndetse n' amatsinda  2 y'abakobwa .Uhereye muri 2008 ukageza muri 2020 bakomeje kujya bakina ndetse bagatsinda amarushanwa atandundukanye.

=== Imikorere ===
The winners FTC kugeza ubu iri mubanyamuryango ba [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru mu Rwanda|FERWAFA]] ndetse yatangiye no gukina mu cyiciro cya kabiri  aho abakinnyi bato bagaragaza ko hari icyo bashoboye , The winners FTC yiyemeje kuba inkingi yo kuzamura bakiri bato bakeneye kugaragaza impano zabo mu mupira w'amaguru  , batoza  gukina abana batoya uhereye kumyaka 6  kugeza ku myaka 18. 

Umuyobozi wa The winners FTC yafashije abana benshi gukuza impano zabo mugukina umupira w'amaguru  muri rusange .&lt;ref&gt;http://thewinners.rw/spip.php?rubrique9&lt;/ref&gt;

== AMASHAKIRO ==
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Amakipe]]</text>
      <sha1>fclrpuljcst1wd19gny8krary6kpcnc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>133600</id>
      <parentid>133598</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T15:08:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IGANZE</username>
        <id>11347</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>foto</comment>
      <origin>133600</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1864" sha1="imdoknbanfmygxtaoitvi2schu9e6vo" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:The Winners Football academy.jpg|thumb|Ikipe ya The Winners football academy ]]
'''The Winners Football Training Center ( The winners FTC)''' ni ishuri ry’umupira w’amaguru mu [[Rwanda]]  riherereye mu [[Akarere ka Muhanga|Karere ka Muhanga]]  mu ntara y'amajyepfo  iruhande rwa sitade ya Muhanga muri km 50 uvuye mu mugi wa [[Kigali|kigali.]]

== Amateka ==
Umushoramari NSHIMIYIMANA David yagize igitekerezo cyo gushinga iri shuri nyuma yuko  abonye ikipe y'igihugu cy' u Rwanda ( Amavubi ) uvuye gukina muri  Tuniziya mu mwaka wa 2004  mu marushanwa y'igikombe cya [[Afurika]] .

uhereye uwo munsi yagize igitekerezo cyo gutangira iri shuri ritoza abakiri bato umupira w'amaguru  ,  habanza gucamo igihe kinini abitekerezaho ,atangira kubishyira mubikorwa  mu mwaka wa 2008 , icyo gihe atangirana n'abana b' abahungu  20 uhereye igihe David yatangiriye umubare wakomeje kwiyongera kugeza ku  bakinnyi 300 harimo  amatsinda 6 y'abahungu bitewe n'imyaka bafite ndetse n' amatsinda  2 y'abakobwa .Uhereye muri 2008 ukageza muri 2020 bakomeje kujya bakina ndetse bagatsinda amarushanwa atandundukanye.

=== Imikorere ===
The winners FTC kugeza ubu iri mubanyamuryango ba [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru mu Rwanda|FERWAFA]] ndetse yatangiye no gukina mu cyiciro cya kabiri  aho abakinnyi bato bagaragaza ko hari icyo bashoboye , The winners FTC yiyemeje kuba inkingi yo kuzamura bakiri bato bakeneye kugaragaza impano zabo mu mupira w'amaguru  , batoza  gukina abana batoya uhereye kumyaka 6  kugeza ku myaka 18. 

Umuyobozi wa The winners FTC yafashije abana benshi gukuza impano zabo mugukina umupira w'amaguru  muri rusange .&lt;ref&gt;http://thewinners.rw/spip.php?rubrique9&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.igihe.com/imikino/article/umuyobozi-wa-the-winners-fc-yakatiwe-igifungo-cy-imyaka-itatu&lt;/ref&gt;

== AMASHAKIRO ==
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Amakipe]]</text>
      <sha1>imdoknbanfmygxtaoitvi2schu9e6vo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nicole Musoni</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12935</id>
    <revision>
      <id>133614</id>
      <parentid>118139</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T22:28:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Igiraneza Divine</username>
        <id>15375</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Impinduka ntoya</comment>
      <origin>133614</origin>
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      <text bytes="2365" sha1="d2nxbth5c6ofp0wqrglc1xdm9bcowig" xml:space="preserve">'''Nicole Musoni''' Ni umukobwa wa Évariste Musoni, [https://flash.rw/urutonde-rwabahanzi-10-bibyamamare-ku-isi-bakomoka-mu-rwanda/ umuhanzi nyarwanda]&lt;ref&gt;https://flash.rw/urutonde-rwabahanzi-10-bibyamamare-ku-isi-bakomoka-mu-rwanda/&lt;/ref&gt; ukorera umuziki we muri [[Kanada|Canada]] ari naho umuryango wabo wose utuye.

== Amateka y'urugendo rwa muzika ==
'''Nicole Musoni''', ni [https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/104374/corneille-nyungura-yacyeje-impano-yumuhanzikazi-nicole-musoni-batuye-mu-mujyi-umwe-104374.html umuhanzikazi w’ijwi rigororotse]&lt;ref&gt;https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/104374/corneille-nyungura-yacyeje-impano-yumuhanzikazi-nicole-musoni-batuye-mu-mujyi-umwe-104374.html&lt;/ref&gt; ubasha kuririmba injyana zitujye kandi zibyinitse nka Pop na Soul. Uyu mukobwa yatangiye umuziki mu myaka irindwi ishize. Amaze gusohora indirimbo zirimo ‘Interlude’, ‘Die with me’, ‘La Panique’ n’izindi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/muzika/abahanzi/nicole-musoni/amashusho-1373/amafoto-ya-nicole-musoni-mu-bihe-bitandukanye |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-22 |archive-date=2019-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514072742/http://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/muzika/abahanzi/nicole-musoni/amashusho-1373/amafoto-ya-nicole-musoni-mu-bihe-bitandukanye |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Uyu muhanzikazi kandi anakunze gusubiramo indirimbo z’abahanzi barimo Childish Gambino, Julia Michaels, The Weekend n’abandi. '''Nicole Musoni''' amaze kwitabira amarushanwa atandukanye y’umuziki arimo nka ‘Secondaire en Spectacle’, ‘Star Académie’ n’andi.

Uyu mukobwa yavukiye mu [[Rwanda]], ku myaka ibiri y’amavuko we n’umuryango we bajya gutura muri [[Kanada|Canada]] kugeza n’ubu.

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Yatojwe na nyina kubyina imbyino za Kinyarwanda ndetse na [https://www.okayafrica.com/nicole-musoni-runaway-love-video/ we ageze muri Canada]&lt;ref&gt;https://www.okayafrica.com/nicole-musoni-runaway-love-video/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://ar.umuseke.rw/kigali-up-festival-ku-nshuro-ya-gatatu-izanye-imbaraga.hmtl&lt;/ref&gt; atangira kubyigisha amatorero atandukanye. Yagiye atumirwa mu mijyi yo muri [[Kanada|Canada]] kugira ngo asangize ubu bumenyi abanyamahanga n’Abanyarwanda batabashije kubyigira mu [[Rwanda]].

== Amashakiro; ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Umuhanzi]]
[[Ikiciro:Umunyarwandakazi]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwandan artists]]</text>
      <sha1>d2nxbth5c6ofp0wqrglc1xdm9bcowig</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Rugambwa Jean Baptiste</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>13097</id>
    <revision>
      <id>133606</id>
      <parentid>99261</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T16:34:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IGANZE</username>
        <id>11347</id>
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      <minor />
      <origin>133606</origin>
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      <text bytes="1861" sha1="ionm9y2cicdz69t173xns47zinn2ioe" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Tour du Rwanda 2020.png|thumb|Igare]]
'''Rugambwa Jean Baptiste''' wari Perezida wa [[Les Amis Sportif|Les Amis Sportifs y’i Rwamagana]], anayibereye umutoza, yitabye Imana azize impanuka yakoze na [[Moto]] ubwo yavaga mu [[Akarere ka Rubavu|Karere ka Rubavu]] ahasorejwe irushanwa ritegura [[Tour du Rwanda]] 2018, Rugambwa yazamuye abakinnyi benshi mu mukino w'[[igare]] bakomeye barimo Ndayisenga Valens ukina muri Pays Olonne Cycliste Côte de Lumière, [[Areruya Joseph]] ukinira Delko–Marseille Provence KTM yo mu [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]], Mu ugushyingo 2017, [[Muhabwampundu Esther]] wakinaga muri [[Les Amis Sportif]] na we yitabye Imana agonganye n[[Imodoka|’imodoka]] ubwo yari mu mwiherero i [[Akarere ka Musanze|Musanze]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imikino/amagare/article/rugambwa-jean-baptiste-watozaga-les-amis-sportifs-y-i-rwamagana-yitabye-imana |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-27 |archive-date=2022-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927163803/https://igihe.com/imikino/amagare/article/rugambwa-jean-baptiste-watozaga-les-amis-sportifs-y-i-rwamagana-yitabye-imana |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.teradignews.rw/umutoza-wa-les-amis-sportifs-yi-rwamagana-rugambwa-jean-baptitse-yitabye-imana/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://mobile.igihe.com/imikino/amagare/article/amagare-umukinnyi-wa-les-amis-sportif-y-i-rwamagana-yagonzwe-n-imodoka-yitaba |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-27 |archive-date=2022-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927165355/https://mobile.igihe.com/imikino/amagare/article/amagare-umukinnyi-wa-les-amis-sportif-y-i-rwamagana-yagonzwe-n-imodoka-yitaba |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== AMASHAKIRO ==
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuyobozi muri Siporo]]
[[Ikiciro:Umutoza w'amagare]]
[[Ikiciro:Amagare mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ikipe y'amagare]]</text>
      <sha1>ionm9y2cicdz69t173xns47zinn2ioe</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>IGITERANE AFRICA HAGURUKA</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>IGANZE</username>
        <id>11347</id>
      </contributor>
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      <origin>133603</origin>
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      <text bytes="3744" sha1="fysw2yooca8h1wipk0byulrtulliot9" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Gisubizo Ministry on Stage.jpg|thumb|Igiterane |292x292px]]
[[Dosiye:Gisubizo Ministry in Bujumbura.jpg|thumb|Abaririmbyi mugiterane|295x295px]]
[[Dosiye:Les Frères Guèdèhounguè en concert traditionnel au Bénin 04.jpg|thumb|Igiterane]]
[[Dosiye:Paul Gitwaza .jpg|thumb|gitwaza umuyobozi wa afurika haguruka]]
'''Afurika Haguruka''' ni igiterane ngaruka mwaka gitegurwa n' Umuryango Authentic word Ministry ukorera mu itorero rya zion Temple  mu [[Rwanda]]

== amateka ==
Afurika haguruka ni igiterane ngaruka mwaka kimaze imyaka kiba, bivuga ko cyatangiye mu mwaka wa 2000,   kugeza ubu cyagiye kizana mpinduka mubuzima bw'abantu benshi cyane cyane abakirisitu ,mubijyanye n'iyobokamana ndetse n'indi misozi yose abantu babamo mubuzima busanzwe, afurika haguruka iba buri mwaka mu mezi y'impeshyi ,igiterane kibera no mubindi bihugu bya afurika ndetse kijyenda gihindura insanganyamatsiko bitewe n'umwaka.&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/africa-haguruka-igiye-kuba-hizihizwa-isabukuru-y-imyaka-25&lt;/ref&gt;

Umuyobozi mukuru wa  Authentic word Ministry Intumwa  Paul Dogiteri Gitwaza  yahwe iryo yerekwa mu mwaka1995 ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.africa-arise.com/africa-haguruka/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-27 |archive-date=2022-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927204517/http://www.africa-arise.com/africa-haguruka/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.africa-arise.com/&lt;/ref&gt;avuga ko iki giterane gifitiye abanyafurka akamaro kanini cyane cyane kubijyanye ni iterambere ry,umugabane wa afurika ndetse no guhembuka kuyu mugabane muburyo bwose bijyanye no gusobunukirwa neza umugambi imana ifitiye [[afurika]].

== Ibindi Wamenya ==
[[Afurika]] haguruka rero ni ihuriro rusange ry'abanyafurika bizera  Imana bahuzwa no gusengera hamwe ,no kwiga ibyakorwa kugirango uyu mugabane ubohoke kdi abawutuye bagire mpinduka mu misozi irindwi ariyo: Iyobokamana. Umuryango,Politiki, ubucuruzi, uburezi,Imikino n'Imyidagaduro,   izo nyigisho kuri  iyo misozi  zahabwa abakirisitu bose ba zion temple ndetse n'inshuti zose zibasha kwitabira ayo mahugurwa ngaruka mwaka atangwa muri icyo giterane ,  buri mwaka izo nyigisho zitangwa mu gitondo ku rusengero rwa zion temple mu Gatenga amasaha y' igitondo , mugihe  igiterane cy'ububyutse kiba ni mugoroba muri sitade . uyu mwaka rero wa 2022 igiterane cyabereye kumusozi mpindura mateka  uherereye mu mudugudu wa Giheka , akagali ka Kagugu, umurenge wa Kinyinya , mu karere ka Gasabo akaba ariho zion Temple yubatse sitade yabereyemo igiterane .

Iki igiterane uko kibaye burimwaka , hagiye habaho guhindukira kwabantu benshi baza kuri christo ndetse no guhindura amatwara y'abanyarwanda n'abanyafurika muri rusange bitewe n' inyigisho bagenda bahabwa mugihe cya afurika haguruka .

Iki giterane rero cyabaye nkaho gifunguye ibikorwa by'iterambere byari byarateganijwe igihe kinini na Zion temple  kuri  uyu musozi umaze igihe waraguzwe . 

Umuyobozi mukuru wa zion Temple Intumwa Paul Dogiteri Gitwaza avuga kandi ko bazahahindura umusozi wamasengesho , aho abantu baza kuruhukira no guhembukira , abantu benshi bazajya bava mubihugu bitandukanye baze  kuhakorera umwiherero n'imiryango yabo , avuga kdi ko hazategurwa neza kuburyo buri muntu wese azahisanga akaryoherwa ki agahembuka mu muburiri no mumwuka .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyemerere/ibiterane/article/afurika-haguruka-igiye-kubera-ku-musozi-wa-giheka-i-kagugu |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-27 |archive-date=2022-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927204518/https://igihe.com/imyemerere/ibiterane/article/afurika-haguruka-igiye-kubera-ku-musozi-wa-giheka-i-kagugu |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Iyobokamana]]</text>
      <sha1>fysw2yooca8h1wipk0byulrtulliot9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>133604</id>
      <parentid>133603</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T16:10:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>IGANZE</username>
        <id>11347</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3766" sha1="4xtm8tfqdui6i3fnyg50mos94dpqo6s" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Paul Gitwaza .jpg|thumb|gitwaza umuyobozi wa zion tample washyizeho afurika haguruka]]
[[Dosiye:Gisubizo Ministry in Bujumbura.jpg|thumb|Abaririmbyi mugiterane|295x295px]][[Dosiye:Gisubizo Ministry on Stage.jpg|thumb|Igiterane |292x292px]]
[[Dosiye:Les Frères Guèdèhounguè en concert traditionnel au Bénin 04.jpg|thumb|Igiterane]]
'''Afurika Haguruka''' ni igiterane ngaruka mwaka gitegurwa n' Umuryango Authentic word Ministry ukorera mu itorero rya zion Temple  mu [[Rwanda]]

== amateka ==
Afurika haguruka ni igiterane ngaruka mwaka kimaze imyaka kiba, bivuga ko cyatangiye mu mwaka wa 2000,   kugeza ubu cyagiye kizana mpinduka mubuzima bw'abantu benshi cyane cyane abakirisitu ,mubijyanye n'iyobokamana ndetse n'indi misozi yose abantu babamo mubuzima busanzwe, afurika haguruka iba buri mwaka mu mezi y'impeshyi ,igiterane kibera no mubindi bihugu bya afurika ndetse kijyenda gihindura insanganyamatsiko bitewe n'umwaka.&lt;ref&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/africa-haguruka-igiye-kuba-hizihizwa-isabukuru-y-imyaka-25&lt;/ref&gt;

Umuyobozi mukuru wa  Authentic word Ministry Intumwa  Paul Dogiteri Gitwaza  yahwe iryo yerekwa mu mwaka1995 ,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.africa-arise.com/africa-haguruka/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-27 |archive-date=2022-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927204517/http://www.africa-arise.com/africa-haguruka/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;https://www.africa-arise.com/&lt;/ref&gt;avuga ko iki giterane gifitiye abanyafurka akamaro kanini cyane cyane kubijyanye ni iterambere ry,umugabane wa afurika ndetse no guhembuka kuyu mugabane muburyo bwose bijyanye no gusobunukirwa neza umugambi imana ifitiye [[afurika]].

== Ibindi Wamenya ==
[[Afurika]] haguruka rero ni ihuriro rusange ry'abanyafurika bizera  Imana bahuzwa no gusengera hamwe ,no kwiga ibyakorwa kugirango uyu mugabane ubohoke kdi abawutuye bagire mpinduka mu misozi irindwi ariyo: Iyobokamana. Umuryango,Politiki, ubucuruzi, uburezi,Imikino n'Imyidagaduro,   izo nyigisho kuri  iyo misozi  zahabwa abakirisitu bose ba zion temple ndetse n'inshuti zose zibasha kwitabira ayo mahugurwa ngaruka mwaka atangwa muri icyo giterane ,  buri mwaka izo nyigisho zitangwa mu gitondo ku rusengero rwa zion temple mu Gatenga amasaha y' igitondo , mugihe  igiterane cy'ububyutse kiba ni mugoroba muri sitade . uyu mwaka rero wa 2022 igiterane cyabereye kumusozi mpindura mateka  uherereye mu mudugudu wa Giheka , akagali ka Kagugu, umurenge wa Kinyinya , mu karere ka Gasabo akaba ariho zion Temple yubatse sitade yabereyemo igiterane .

Iki igiterane uko kibaye burimwaka , hagiye habaho guhindukira kwabantu benshi baza kuri christo ndetse no guhindura amatwara y'abanyarwanda n'abanyafurika muri rusange bitewe n' inyigisho bagenda bahabwa mugihe cya afurika haguruka .

Iki giterane rero cyabaye nkaho gifunguye ibikorwa by'iterambere byari byarateganijwe igihe kinini na Zion temple  kuri  uyu musozi umaze igihe waraguzwe . 

Umuyobozi mukuru wa zion Temple Intumwa Paul Dogiteri Gitwaza avuga kandi ko bazahahindura umusozi wamasengesho , aho abantu baza kuruhukira no guhembukira , abantu benshi bazajya bava mubihugu bitandukanye baze  kuhakorera umwiherero n'imiryango yabo , avuga kdi ko hazategurwa neza kuburyo buri muntu wese azahisanga akaryoherwa ki agahembuka mu muburiri no mumwuka .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyemerere/ibiterane/article/afurika-haguruka-igiye-kubera-ku-musozi-wa-giheka-i-kagugu |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-27 |archive-date=2022-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927204518/https://igihe.com/imyemerere/ibiterane/article/afurika-haguruka-igiye-kubera-ku-musozi-wa-giheka-i-kagugu |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Iyobokamana]]</text>
      <sha1>4xtm8tfqdui6i3fnyg50mos94dpqo6s</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Western African Ebola virus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-04T17:58:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>9716</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="6989" sha1="184u0rg6s0cs649ksb0pbeagt8hiwj5" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Ebola Virus - Electron Micrograph.tiff|thumb|165x165px|Ebola Virus - Electron Micrograph]]

== Incamake ==
[[Dosiye:2014 ebola virus epidemic in West Africa he.svg|thumb|Ikarita yerekana imibare y'urupfu guhera 2014|176x176px]]
icyorezo cya virusi ya Ebola (bakunze kwita &quot;Ebola&quot;) yavuzwe bwa mbere mu 1976 mu byorezo bibiri icyarimwe  muri [[:en:Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo|Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'icya [[:en:South_Sudan|Sudani y'Amajyepfo]] . &lt;ref&gt;https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5215343&lt;/ref&gt; Icyorezo cya 2013–2016, cyatewe na virusi ya Ebola (EBOV), &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extreme_poverty&lt;/ref&gt; ni cyo cya mbere ku isi yose kitagenzuwe neza Ibyorezo byabanje byari byaragenzuwe mugihe gito cyane. [[:en:Extreme_poverty|Ubukene bukabije]], gahunda zita ku buzima zidakora neza, kutizera guverinoma nyuma y’intambara imaze imyaka myinshi, no gutinda kwitabira amezi menshi, byose byagize uruhare mu kunanirwa kurwanya iki cyorezo. Ibindi bintu, nkuko byatangajwe mu bitangazamakuru, harimo imigenzo yo gushyingura yaho yo koza umurambo ndetse no gukwirakwira kwa Ebola mu mijyi ituwe cyane. &lt;ref name=&quot;sitrep_24Sept2014&quot;&gt;http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/134771/1/roadmapsitrep_24Sept2014_eng.pdf?ua=1&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/runaway-doctors-missing-supplies-cripple-care-ebola-hit-liberia-n220686&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO 2014-07-03&quot;&gt;{{cite report |url=http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/dpc/epidemic-a-pandemic-alert-and-response/outbreak-news/4216-ebola-virus-disease-west-africa-3-july-2014.html |title=Ebola virus disease, West Africa |date=3 July 2014 |publisher=WHO |access-date=18 September 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728210024/http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/dpc/epidemic-a-pandemic-alert-and-response/outbreak-news/4216-ebola-virus-disease-west-africa-3-july-2014.html |archive-date=28 July 2014 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Global Post&quot;&gt;https://web.archive.org/web/20140531084044/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/xinhua-news-agency/140527/8-ebola-suspects-freed-relatives-sierra-leone&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Today Health&quot;&gt;http://www.today.com/health/growing-ebola-outbreak-threatens-overwhelm-volunteers-2D79775266&lt;/ref&gt;

Igihe iki cyorezo cyagendaga gitera imbere, ibitangazamakuru bivuga ko ibitaro byinshi, bifite abakozi bake ndetse bifite n'ikibazo cy'ibikoresho bike, byarengewe kandi bigafungwa, bituma bamwe mu bahanga mu by'ubuzima bavuga ko kutabasha kuvura. ibindi bikenerwa mu buvuzi bishobora kuba byarateje &quot;umubare w’abandi bantu bapfa. ni] birashoboka kurenza icyadutse ubwacyo &quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/africa/ebola-outbreak-deaths-from-malaria-and-other-diseases-could-soar-while-africas-overstretched-healthcare-systems-fight-the-virus-expert-warns-9667362.html&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Diary&quot;&gt;http://www.lrb.co.uk/v36/n20/paul-farmer/diary&lt;/ref&gt; Abakozi b'ibitaro, bakoranye cyane n’amazi yanduye cyane y’abahohotewe, bibasiwe cyane na virusi; muri Kanama 2014, OMS yatangaje ko 10% icumi ku ijana by'abapfuye bari abakozi b'ubuzima. &lt;ref name=&quot;As Ebola outbreak surges, health officials slam international 'Coalition of Inaction'&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=McCauley, Lauren |date=3 September 2014 |title=As Ebola outbreak surges, health officials slam international 'Coalition of Inaction' |url=http://www.commondreams.org/news/2014/09/03/ebola-outbreak-surges-health-officials-slam-international-coalition-inaction |access-date=7 September 2014 |publisher=Common Dreams}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Nzeri 2014, byagereranijwe ko ubushobozi bw’ibihugu byibasiwe no kuvura abarwayi ba Ebola bidahagije bihwanye n’ibitanda 2,122; ariko, mu Kuboza 2014 hari ibitanda bihagije byo kuvura no gutandukanya imanza zose zavuzwe, nubwo ikwirakwizwa ry’imanza ridahwitse ryateje ikibazo gikomeye mu turere tumwe na tumwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014_12_10&quot;&gt;http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/145198/1/roadmapsitrep_10Dec2014_eng.pdf?ua=1&lt;/ref&gt;

== Epidemiologiya ==

=== Icyorezo ===
[[Dosiye:Ebola Outbreak Map (ongoing).png|thumb|Icyorezo cya Ebola ku isi hose|214x214px]]
[[Dosiye:Ebola cases.gif|thumb|Ukwezi guteranya indwara ya Ebola mu cyorezo cya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba 2014–15|174x174px]]
Muri rusange abantu bemeza ko umuhungu w'umwaka umwe cyangwa ibiri, &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT122914&quot;&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/30/health/how-ebola-roared-back.html&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Holly Yan |last2=Esprit Smith |date=28 October 2014 |title=Ebola: Patient zero was a toddler in Guinea |url=https://www.cnn.com/2014/10/28/health/ebola-patient-zero/index.html |access-date=2020-04-14 |website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; nyuma yaje kwitwa [[:en:Emile_Ouamouno|Emile Ouamouno]], wapfuye mu Kuboza 2013 mu mudugudu wa Méliandou, Perefegitura ya Guéckédou, muri [[Gineya]], &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-03-17 |title=2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak in West Africa {{!}} History {{!}} Ebola (Ebola Virus Disease) {{!}} CDC |url=https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/history/2014-2016-outbreak/index.html |access-date=2022-04-27 |website=www.cdc.gov |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; ni cyo cyerekezo cyerekana cy'icyorezo cya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba. &lt;ref name=&quot;Baize-2014&quot;&gt;https://semanticscholar.org/paper/29bafbdb9b461edc7f705777a6672000570b896c&lt;/ref&gt; Nk’uko ibitangazamakuru bibitangaza, abahanga mu bya siyansi bavuze ko ibibabi bigira uruhare mu ikwirakwizwa rya virusi, &lt;ref&gt;https://semanticscholar.org/paper/29bafbdb9b461edc7f705777a6672000570b896c&lt;/ref&gt; kandi, ku bw'impanuka, urugo rw’umuhungu rwari hafi y’abakoloni nini b’ibibabi by’umurizo by’ubusa [[Angola]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;mg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://mgafrica.com/article/2014-12-30-hollow-tree-in-guinea-was-ebolas-ground-zero-scientists-say |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130206/http://mgafrica.com/article/2014-12-30-hollow-tree-in-guinea-was-ebolas-ground-zero-scientists-say |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyina, mushiki we, nyirakuru, nkuko byatangajwe mu bitangazamakuru nyuma yaje kurwara ibimenyetso nk'ibyo arapfa; abantu banduye izi ndwara zambere bakwirakwiza indwara muyindi midugudu. &lt;ref name=&quot;tracingebola&quot;&gt;https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/10/world/africa/tracing-ebolas-breakout-to-an-african-2-year-old.html&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-world-africa-30199004&quot;&gt;https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30199004&lt;/ref&gt; Muri [[Kote Divuwari|Côte d'Ivoire]] hari ubumenyi bwa ''virusi ya Tai Forest'', bikaba byaratumye umuntu yandura umuntu mu 1994. Ni yo mpamvu, izi ndwara zo hambere zasuzumwe nk'izindi ndwara zikunze kugaragara muri ako gace kandi indwara yari ifite amezi menshi yo gukwirakwira mbere yuko imenyekana nka Ebola. &lt;ref name=&quot;Baize-2014&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;tracingebola&quot; /&gt;
[[Dosiye:7042 lores-Ebola-Zaire-CDC Photo.jpg|thumb|abishwee na ebola|197x197px]]

=== Referances ===


[[Ikiciro:Health]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibyorezo]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Casper Beatz</title>
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        <username>~2026-38162-34</username>
        <id>18508</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* */</comment>
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! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; style=&quot;font-size:125%;&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;Casper Beatz&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;infobox-data&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Yavutse
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;nickname&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;Casper Beatz&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;birthplace&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt; [[Harare]], Zimbabwe&lt;/div&gt;
|-
!Umwuga
|Gutunganya umuziki, Umuhanzi
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot;| Website
| &lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[http://www.casperbeatz.com www.casperbeatz.com]&lt;/span&gt;
|}
'''Casper Mupofu''' known professional as '''Casper Beatz''' he is a Zimbabwean producer. He was born on 1994 in Harare Zimbabwe. Joseph Chinotimba&quot; yitiriwe umunyapolitiki &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=26 January 2016 |title=Casper Beatz – Joseph Chinotimba An Amazing Concept |url=https://www.mcpotar.com/casper-beatz-joseph-chinotimba-an-amazing-concept/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180629235833/https://www.mcpotar.com/casper-beatz-joseph-chinotimba-an-amazing-concept/ |archive-date=29 June 2018 |access-date=29 June 2018 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri 2018 yagize uruhare runini muri alubumu ya Andy Muridzo ubwo yakoraga indirimbo zose. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Digital |first=Zimpapers |title=Munondo: A make or break for Muridzo - The Sunday Mail |url=http://www.sundaymail.co.zw/munondo-a-make-or-break-for-muridzo/ |access-date=29 June 2018 |website=www.sundaymail.co.zw}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=29 April 2018 |title=Andy Muridzo’s moment of truth - The Standard |url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2018/04/29/andy-muridzos-moment-truth/ |access-date=29 June 2018 |publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Ikiciro:Umuziki]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>SQUACCO HERON</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1541" sha1="64zvj09nw3kc3ttkyda7k1qaoys2r8w" xml:space="preserve">== SQUACCO HERON ==
[[Dosiye:Crabier chevelu.jpg|thumb|307x307px]]
SQUACCO n'inyoni ntoya kandi ndende ifite ubunini 

(20-23cm ) 8-9 in) hamwe n'amababa, inkomoko yayo kera 

yororoka mu majyepfo y'uburayi no mu burengerazuba bwa hagati.[https://ebird.org/species/squher1]

== IMYITWARIRE ==
Squacco  Heron n'inyoni yadutse vuba mu birwa bya Fernando de Noranha,

kandi ni gake cyane uzayibona ku mugabane wa amerika y'amajyepfo.
[[Dosiye:Heron crabier MHNT.jpg|thumb]]
Squacco ikaba ari inyoni ifite ijosi rigufi, gafite inguni nini ya Bufffer brown

inyuma. Isura yayo ihindurwa mu guhaguruka , ikaba ifite ibara ryera cyane

kubera ibara ry'amababa. [https://web.archive.org/web/20230604044839/https://www.heronconservation.org/herons-of-the-world/list-of-herons/squacco-heron/]

Squqcco Heron ikaba ikinda kororokera mu bishanga byo mu bihugu bishyuha

Squacco Heron ikaba itera amagi 3-4. ikaba itungwa n'amafi ibikeri n'utundi dukoko [http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22697123]

== IMYOROROKERE ==
SQUACCO ikaba ikunda kuba ahantu haba amazi meza mu burayi ndetse

no muburasirazuba bwo hagati nkahantu ho korororera nyuma yimukira

mu majyepfo mu karere ka afrika yo munsi y'ubutayu bwa sahara.

iyi nyoni kandi ikaba isangiye imico nandi moko ya HERON nka pond heron

yo mu buhindi na Malagacy pond heron y'amababa meza yorohereye [https://web.archive.org/web/20230225233603/http://www.biodiversityexplorer.info/birds/ardeidae/ardeola_ralloides.htm] [https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=CE73EBD7A90E9FCF]</text>
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    <title>Apaer wfc</title>
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[[Dosiye:GasaboDist.png|thumb|Aho abanyeshuri baturuka]]
'''APAER WFC''' ( Association des Parents Adventistes Pour l’Education à Rusororo , Women Football Club) rifite [[ishuri]] rya Rusororo Institute bashinze ishuri ryisumbuye ryigamo abanyeshuri basanzwe ndetse n'abakinnyi ba  APAER Women Football Club, ikinwamo n’abanyeshuri b’[[Umugore|abakobwa]] biga kuri iri shuri riherereye mu Murenge wa Rusororo mu [[Akarere ka Gasabo|Karere ka Gasabo]]. APAER WFC yazamutse mu shampiyona cyiciro cya mbere mu mwaka w’imikino wa 2021-2022 imaze umwaka umwe mu shampiyona yi cyiciro cya kabili.  Urugendo rw' [[Ikipe]]  ya  APAER WFC muri ruhago y’abagore y’u Rwanda  yarutangira mu 1999. APAER WFC ikina shampiyona y’igihugu I tegurwa na [[FERWAFA]], [[Ishyirahamwe ry’Umupira w’Amaguru mu Rwanda|Ishyirahamwe ry’umupira w’amaguru mu Rwanda]] ndetse n’[[Igikombe cy’Amahoro|igikombe cy’amahoro]] cy’igihugu cyu [[Rwanda]]. Aho mu mwaka w'imikino wa 2024-2025 ubuyobozi bwa Police WFC bwagiranye amasezerano y'imikoranire n'ubuyobozi bwa APAER WFC mugihe cy'umwaka umwe yo kwitwa [[Police Women Volleyball club|POLICE]] WFC bakaba batitwa APAER WFC muri icyo gihe cy'amasezerano. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.rwandamagazine.com/imikino/article/mu-wa-gishuti-apaer-wfc-yatsinze-rayon-sports-wfc-amafoto&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://yegob.rw/bwa-mbere-mu-mateka-ikipe-ya-rayon-sports-wfc-yabonye-ikipe-iyihangamura/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.igihe.com/imikino/football/article/ferwafa-yisanze-mu-rindi-bara-as-kigali-wfc-yahawe-amanota-y-umukino&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://rwanda-football.com/as-kigali-wfc-yashyikirijwe-igikombe-cya-shampiyona/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302175226/https://rwanda-football.com/as-kigali-wfc-yashyikirijwe-igikombe-cya-shampiyona/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://newstoday.rw/womenfootball-as-kigali-wfc-irimbanyije-imyiteguro-ya-caf-champions-league&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/imikino/article/rayon-sports-y-abagore-yatangiye-kwiyubaka-izana-abanyamahanga&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rushyashya.net/abakinnyi-39-bikipe-yigihugu-yu-rwanda-yabagore-bari-munsi-yimyaka-20-yatangiye-umwiherero-mu-rwego-rwo-guhatanira-itike-yigikombe-cyisi-cya-2022/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.kigalitoday.com/imikino-11/football/article/apr-fc-yatsinze-kiyovu-sports-iyobora-shampiyona&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://umuyoboro.rw/index.php/2022/02/28/imbamutima-za-kayitesi-wegukanye-igikombe-muri-as-kigali-yabagore/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-02 |archive-date=2023-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230302173741/https://umuyoboro.rw/index.php/2022/02/28/imbamutima-za-kayitesi-wegukanye-igikombe-muri-as-kigali-yabagore/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Amashakiro ===
[[Ikiciro:Siporo]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuyobozi muri Siporo]]
[[Ikiciro:Ikipe ya bagore]]
&lt;references /&gt;'''Ubuyobozi bwa APAER WFC'''

# Bayiringire Seth (Club President)
# Rwiyamira Desire (Vs President)
# Uwineza Kahn (Head of Games and sports department)
# Nsengiyaremye Jean Claude (Discipline Master)
# Niyobuhungiro Pacifique (Media Officer)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umusozi wa Meru</title>
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'''Umusozi wa Meru''' uzwi kandi ku izina rya '''Sumeru''', '''Sineru''' cyangwa '''Mahāmeru''', ni umusozi ufite impinga eshanu z'imisozi miremire y'Abahindu, Jain, na Budisti .  Uyu [[musozi]] uvugwa kandi mu byanditswe bimwe na bimwe by'amadini adashingiye ku [[Ubuhinde|Buhinde]] nka Taoism byatewe no kuza kw'abasenga Buda mu [[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=THƯỢNG THẤT TIÊU TAI TẬP PHÚC DIỆU KINH |url=https://thegioivohinh.com/diendan/showthread.php?882588-TH%C6%AF%E1%BB%A2NG-TH%E1%BA%A4T-TI%C3%8AU-TAI-T%E1%BA%ACP-PH%C3%9AC-DI%E1%BB%86U-KINH |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=thegioivohinh.com |archive-date=2023-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308221146/https://thegioivohinh.com/diendan/showthread.php?882588-TH%C6%AF%E1%BB%A2NG-TH%E1%BA%A4T-TI%C3%8AU-TAI-T%E1%BA%ACP-PH%C3%9AC-DI%E1%BB%86U-KINH |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== AHO IZINA MERU RYA KOMOTSE ==
Insengero nyinshi zizwi cyane [[Budisime|z'abasenga Buda]], Jain, n'Abahindu zubatswe nk'ikigereranyo cy'uyu musozi. 

Izina nyaryo ry'[[umusozi]] ni '''Meru''', hiyongeraho imbanzirizazina yemewe ya '''su-''', bivamo ibisobanuro &quot;Meru ihebuje&quot; cyangwa &quot;Meru nziza&quot;.  ''Meru'' ni izina ry'amasaro yo hagati muri mālā . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meru |url=https://www.sanskritdictionary.com/?q=meru&amp;iencoding=iast&amp;lang=sans |access-date=2019-08-16 |website=Sanskrit Dictionary}}&lt;/ref&gt;

= Ubumenyi bw'isi =
Ibipimo byitiriwe umusozi wa Meru - byose bivugako ari igice cy'inyanja ya Cosmic, hamwe n'andi magambo menshi abisobanura mu magambo adasobanutse neza (urugero, &quot;izuba hamwe n'imibumbe yose bizenguruka umusozi&quot;) -  kumenya aho biherereye biragoye cyane, nkuko abahanga benshi babivuga.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=The Devi Bhagavatam |url=http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/db/bk08ch15.htm |access-date=2012-03-02 |publisher=Sacred-texts.com |at=Book&amp;nbsp;8, Chapter&amp;nbsp;15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abashakashatsi benshi bagaragaza umusozi wa Meru cyangwa Sumeru hamwe na Pamirs, mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa Kashmir .       

Suryasiddhanta avuga ko umusozi wa Meru uri hagati ''y'isi'' (&quot;bhuva-madhya&quot;) ku butaka bwa Jambunad , &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=नरपतिजयचर्यास्वरोदय: (संस्कृत एवम् हिन्दी अनुवाद) |trans-title=Narapati Jayacharya Swarodayah |url=https://www.exoticindiaart.com/m/book/details/narapati-jayacharya-swarodayah-HAA104/ |access-date=2020-05-02 |website=www.exoticindiaart.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; inyandiko yo mu kinyejana cya cyenda, ishingiye ahanini ku nyandiko zitashyizwe ahagaragara za Yāmal Tantr, avuga:

: &quot; Sumeruḥ Prithvī-madhye shrūyate drishyate na tu&quot;
: (Sumeru yunvikana kuba hagati yisi, ariko ntiboneka aho). &lt;ref&gt;cf. second verse of Koorma-chakra in the book Narpatijayacharyā&lt;/ref&gt;

Inyandiko nyinshi za cosimologiya zisangwa mu myandiko z'abahindu. Muri imwe muri zo, mu isanzure ry'ikirere, umusozi wa Meru nawo wasobanuwe ko uzengurutswe n'umusozi wa Mandrachala mu burasirazuba, umusozi wa Suparshva mu burengerazuba, umusozi wa Kumuda mu majyaruguru na Kailasa mu majyepfo. 

== Reba ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
[[Ikiciro:Imisozi yo muri afurika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umuryango w’Ubukungu bw’Afurika</title>
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      <comment>Correction d’une double redirection depuis [[Umuryango wu bukungu bw’afurika]] vers [[Umuryango w'ubukungu bw’Afurika]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="47" sha1="fj7aian0dk3z0z5n5bf9c63zo15t9wh" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Umuryango w'ubukungu bw’Afurika]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jimmy Gasore</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>133613</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-04T20:20:04Z</timestamp>
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        <username>~2026-38354-92</username>
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      <text bytes="1316" sha1="ov8upou034xhtw6qh1uirz5p5gnvkm5" xml:space="preserve">'''Gasore Jimmy''' yahoze ari umuyobozi wa Minisitiri w’Ibikorwaremezo mu [[Rwanda]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://mobile.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/dr-jimmy-gasore-yagizwe-minisitiri-w-ibikorwaremezo&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ibyo yakoze ==
Gasore Jimmy yabaye kandi umwarimu muri [[Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda]] aho yigishaga amasomo y'atmospheric sciences, n’umushakashatsi mukuru mu rwego rw’igihugu rushinzwe ubugenzuzi ku by’imihindagurikire y’ibihe n'ikirere. Muri 2013 Jimmy yagize uruhare mu ishyirwaho rya Rwanda Climate Observatory Station, igenzura ibigize umwuka bifitanye isano n’ihindagurika ry’ibihe, kwandura k’umwuka ndetse no kwangiriza kw’akayunguruzo ka Ozone . Dr Gasore yayoboraga umushinga wo kugenzura ubuziranenge bw’umwuka mu ikirere cyu Rwanda ugamije gushyiraho ibikoresho byifashishwa mu kugenzura ingano y’ibyanduza umwuka mu gihugu hagamijwe gutanga inama ku cyakorwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ibyo yize ==
Dr Gasore Afite impamyabumenyi y’icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu by’Ubugenge yakuye mu yahoze ari [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|Kaminuza y’u Rwanda]], mu 2008 n’Impamyabushobozi y’Ikirenga muri Siyansi mu by’uruvange rw’imyuka ku mubumbe w' isi (Atmospheric Sciences) yakuye muri Massachusetts Institute of Technology muri 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>WCMX (siporo)</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="3791" sha1="dq71sxkajmw06tta23swpfqasornc50" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:WCMXwheelchairSkateDelmaceMayo.jpg|alt=Wheelchair skater Delmace Mayo balancing on his wheels on top of a skate ramp|thumb| Umukinnyi w'ibimuga Delmace Mayo hejuru y'ikibuga cya skate]]
'''WCMX''' ni siporo abakinyi y'abamugaye bakora amayeri yakuwe muri skateboarding na BMX, ubusanzwe ikorerwa kuri skatepark . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Auricchio |url=http://ic.ufabc.edu.br/simposios/index.php?conference=EIC&amp;schedConf=9EIC2019&amp;page=paper&amp;op=viewPaper&amp;path%5B%5D=4113 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618032916/http://ic.ufabc.edu.br/simposios/index.php?conference=EIC&amp;schedConf=9EIC2019&amp;page=paper&amp;op=viewPaper&amp;path%5B%5D=4113 |archive-date=2020-06-18 |website=ic.ufabc.edu.br}} &lt;/ref&gt; Yahimbwe na Aaron Fotheringham . &lt;ref name=&quot;olympicchannel.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Meet Aaron Wheelz Fotheringham the godfather of extreme wheelchair sports |url=https://www.olympicchannel.com/en/original-series/detail/body/body-season-season-1/episodes/meet-aaron-wheelz-fotheringham-the-godfather-of-extreme-wheelchair-sports/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Incamake ==
Siporo ifite amarushanwa yayo hamwe n'intebe y'abamugaye yabigenewe. &lt;ref name=&quot;newmobility&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2 January 2014 |title=Meet the WCMX Riders |url=https://www.newmobility.com/2014/01/meet-wcmx-riders/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Ijambo WCMX, mash up y'intebe y’abamugaye na BMX, &lt;ref name=&quot;newmobility&quot;/&gt; yahimbwe na Fotheringham. &lt;ref&gt;''Our Lives: Defying Gravity'', [[BBC1]], 17 June 2020, https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m000k592&lt;/ref&gt; Fotheringham yinjije igare ry'ambere ry'ibimuga hamwe ninyuma ya kabiri. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=WCMX: Taking Wheelchairs to New Heights |url=https://www.wbur.org/onlyagame/2014/01/18/wmcx-wheelchair-sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Australiya ===
Timothy Lachlan niwe Australiya wa mbere waguye inyuma y’abamugaye. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=2018 - University student on a roll promoting wheelchair sport - Southern Cross University |url=https://www.scu.edu.au/engage/news/latest-news/2018/university-student-on-a-roll-promoting-wheelchair-sport-.php |access-date=2024-01-24 |archive-date=2023-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530022753/https://www.scu.edu.au/engage/news/latest-news/2018/university-student-on-a-roll-promoting-wheelchair-sport-.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ubwongereza ===
Lily Rice niwe muntu wa mbere mu Bwongereza waguye inyuma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Gravity-defying Lily stars in new BBC programme |url=https://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/18514126.wcmx-world-champ-lily-rice-features-bbc-ones-lives-series/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yatsindiye igikombe cya mbere cy'isi muri Nzeri 2019.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lily is WCMX world golden girl |url=https://www.westerntelegraph.co.uk/news/17875465.lily-rice-manorbier-strikes-gold-wcmx-world-women-39-s-championships/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:DavidLebuserOneWheel.jpg|thumb|'''WCMX''']]
Ihuriro rya mbere rya WCMX mu Bwongereza ryabaye mu ntangiriro za 2019. &lt;ref&gt;BBC Newsround, &quot;WCMX: 'I like when you go really fast'&quot; https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/47792219&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2016, ubukangurambaga kuri interineti bwa parike ya skate ya Lego yamaganwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Lego produces first minifigure with a wheelchair |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/health-family/lego-produces-first-minifigure-with-a-wheelchair-1.2513722}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ariko, WCMX ihagarariwe muri Lego City Skate Park (60290) yashyizwe ahagaragara, yasohotse 2021. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Review: 60290 Skate Park |url=https://brickset.com/article/56892/review-60290-skate-park}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240418173012/https://asfadaptivesports.org/all-events/wcmx-competition-rules 2018 Amategeko ya Shampiyona yisi WCMX]
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mutesi Patience</title>
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      <text bytes="3941" sha1="r1sz0bg3uub7yfuzj79no7yt25wv6au" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:BPR_bank_of_Rwanda.jpg|thumb|BPR Bank Rwanda PLC]]
[[Dosiye:Kigali city.jpg|thumb|mutesiyavukiye murwanda mumujyi wa kigali]]
'''Mutesi Patience''' yavutse mu 1981, mu mudugudu witwa Murang'a muri [[Kenya]], ni Umuyobozi wa BPR Bank Rwanda PLC kuva Gashyantare 1, 2023.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.ktpress.rw/2023/01/patience-mutesi-appointed-new-bpr-bank-managing-director/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.cnbcafrica.com/media/6319984644112/&lt;/ref&gt;Mutesi yabaye umuyobozi wa Mark East East mu igihugu cy’u Rwanda kuva mu 2016.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/122764/News/ecobanks-patience-mutesi-tips-girls-on-success&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://giih.ur.ac.rw/innovationweek/index.php/speaker/ms-patience-mutesi/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-03-25 |archive-date=2024-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325161738/https://giih.ur.ac.rw/innovationweek/index.php/speaker/ms-patience-mutesi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/4512/news/business/patience-mutesi-named-bpr-bank-rwanda-boss&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://kura.rw/use-your-knowledge-to-build-the-country-patience-mutesis-advice-to-the-youth/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-03-25 |archive-date=2024-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325160234/https://kura.rw/use-your-knowledge-to-build-the-country-patience-mutesis-advice-to-the-youth/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rdb.rw/rwanda-development-board-and-trade-mark-east-africa-partner-to-build-local-business-capacity-and-support-access-to-export-markets/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri ==
'''Mutesi''' yavukiye muri [[Kenya]] ku babyeyi b'impunzi z'u [[Rwanda]] ariko1994 yimukira muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]] aho yize amashuri kugera kuri Kaminuza. Yize icyiciro cya mbere cy'amashuri y'isumbuye mu ishuri rya Maryhill High School riherereye mu burengerazuba bwa [[Ubugande|Uganda]], nyuma yakomereje ku ishuri rya Nabisunsa Girls’ School in central [[Ubugande|Uganda]]. Muri 2001 yakomeje muri Kaminuza ya Makerere University, Kampala. Aho yakuye Impamyabumenyi ya siyanse muri Quantitative Economics mu 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/122764/News/ecobanks-patience-mutesi-tips-girls-on-success&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Dosiye:Makerere University tower.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza ya Makerere Mutesi yizeho]]
[[Dosiye:Ecobank Logo.svg|thumb|Mutesi yakoze no muri Ecobank]]
Muri 2012, Mutesi yarangije Masters 'mu buyobozi bw'ubucuruzi yavanye mu ishuri rya Maastrich School of Management.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; 

== Amateka ==
Mutesi mbere yakoze muri [[Ecobank Rwanda|Ecobank]] y'u Rwanda nk'umuyobozi wa Corporate Banking, kandi yagiye akora no mu nzego zitandukanye nk'umwe mu bagize Inama y'Ubuyobozi. Yabaye umwe mu bagize inama y'ubutegetsi muri BPR Bank Rwanda, [[MTN Rwanda]], Ubufatanye bw'u Rwanda ([[icyongereza]]: Rwanda Cooperation (RCI) no mu nama ngishwanama y'Ikigega cya One Acre Fund-Rwanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://africanleadersmagazine.com/patience-mutesi-newly-appointed-managing-director-of-bpr-bank-rwanda-plc/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-03-25 |archive-date=2024-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325160237/https://africanleadersmagazine.com/patience-mutesi-newly-appointed-managing-director-of-bpr-bank-rwanda-plc/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://africanleadersmagazine.com/patience-mutesi-newly-appointed-managing-director-of-bpr-bank-rwanda-plc/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-03-25 |archive-date=2024-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240325160237/https://africanleadersmagazine.com/patience-mutesi-newly-appointed-managing-director-of-bpr-bank-rwanda-plc/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Indanganturo ==
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore mu bucuruzi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore babanyapolitike]]
[[Ikiciro:Banki zo mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ibigo by'imari]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mukundwa Dianah</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2230" sha1="kq10jib75f5ow9f8a5dxmgzqzwv1mqp" xml:space="preserve">'''Dianah Mukundwa''' ni Umuyobozi mukuru muri Sonarwa Life Assurance Limited. Mbere yibyo, yari Umuyobozi w’Ingamba, Ishoramari n’Imibereho Myiza muri [[Equity Bank Rwanda Limited|Equity Bank Rwanda]] Plc.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://riba.rw/speakers |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-03-26 |archive-date=2024-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326094611/https://riba.rw/speakers |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/8768/news/featured/dianah-mukundwa-appointed-sonarwa-life-assurance-chief-executive&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.igihe.com/Dianah-Mukundwa-nommee-directrice-generale-de-SONARWA-Life-Assurance.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/6423/news/featured/insurance-that-covers-maternity-leave-how-equitys-products-are-empowering-women-financially&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri ==
[[Dosiye:University of Rwanda headquarters.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza y'u Rwanda, aho Dianah yakuye impamyabumenyi |291x291px]]
Dianah afite impamyabumenyi ya MBA yakuye mu Ishuri ry’Ubucuruzi rya Edinburgh - Herriot Watt mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]], n'impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya Kaminuza mu bijyanye n'ubucuruzi (Ibaruramari) yakuye muri [[kaminuza y'u Rwanda]] - Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubucuruzi n'Ubukungu. Ni umucungamari wa Leta wemewe (CPA) akaba n'umwe mu bagize Ikigo cy’abacungamari ba Leta bemewe mu [[Rwanda]] (ICPAR).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/abantu/article/umugore-ushoboye-umuyobozi-witanga-kandi-ufite-icyerekezo-inama-za-mukundwa&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akazi ==
[[Dosiye:Equity Group Logo.png|thumb|Ikirango cya Equity bank]]
Afite uburambe bwimyaka irenga 12 mubigo byamabanki n’abikorera ku giti cyabo bafite ubumenyi bwinshi kuri banki n’imari, isesengura ryamakuru, igenamigambi n’ubuyobozi, ubwishingizi n’ishoramari.

Yagiye mu myanya itandukanye y'ubuyobozi mu bihe byashize mu mashyirahamwe atandukanye azwi nka Equity Bank Rwanda Plc, Crystal Ventures Ltd, Real contractors Ltd, CVL Developers Ltd, na New Century Development Ltd Akorera ku mbaho ​​nk'umuyobozi utari Umuyobozi mukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ishakiro ==
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore mu bucuruzi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore babanyapolitike]]</text>
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      <text bytes="2254" sha1="otq9yh3bs7dz9bqlbfnxbpx1phak0m9" xml:space="preserve">'''Dianah Mukundwa''' ni Umuyobozi mukuru muri Sonarwa Life Assurance Limited. Mbere yibyo, yari Umuyobozi w’Ingamba, Ishoramari n’Imibereho Myiza muri [[Equity Bank Rwanda Limited|Equity Bank Rwanda]] Plc.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://riba.rw/speakers |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-03-26 |archive-date=2024-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326094611/https://riba.rw/speakers |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/8768/news/featured/dianah-mukundwa-appointed-sonarwa-life-assurance-chief-executive&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.igihe.com/Dianah-Mukundwa-nommee-directrice-generale-de-SONARWA-Life-Assurance.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/6423/news/featured/insurance-that-covers-maternity-leave-how-equitys-products-are-empowering-women-financially&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri ==
[[Dosiye:University of Rwanda headquarters.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza y'u Rwanda, aho Dianah yakuye impamyabumenyi |291x291px]]
Dianah afite impamyabumenyi ya MBA yakuye mu Ishuri ry’Ubucuruzi rya Edinburgh - Herriot Watt mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]], n'impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya Kaminuza mu bijyanye n'ubucuruzi (Ibaruramari) yakuye muri [[kaminuza y'u Rwanda]] - Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubucuruzi [[Ubukungu bw'Afurika|n'Ubukungu]]. Ni umucungamari wa Leta wemewe (CPA) akaba n'umwe mu bagize Ikigo cy’abacungamari ba Leta bemewe mu [[Rwanda]] (ICPAR).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/abantu/article/umugore-ushoboye-umuyobozi-witanga-kandi-ufite-icyerekezo-inama-za-mukundwa&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akazi ==
[[Dosiye:Equity Group Logo.png|thumb|Ikirango cya Equity bank]]
Afite uburambe bwimyaka irenga 12 mubigo byamabanki n’abikorera ku giti cyabo bafite ubumenyi bwinshi kuri banki n’imari, isesengura ryamakuru, igenamigambi n’ubuyobozi, ubwishingizi n’ishoramari.

Yagiye mu myanya itandukanye y'ubuyobozi mu bihe byashize mu mashyirahamwe atandukanye azwi nka Equity Bank Rwanda Plc, Crystal Ventures Ltd, Real contractors Ltd, CVL Developers Ltd, na New Century Development Ltd Akorera ku mbaho ​​nk'umuyobozi utari Umuyobozi mukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ishakiro ==
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore mu bucuruzi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore babanyapolitike]]</text>
      <sha1>otq9yh3bs7dz9bqlbfnxbpx1phak0m9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>133641</id>
      <parentid>133639</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T11:46:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>133641</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2254" sha1="frm4x0k7b7e11zg92v8eycnnac7ewfj" xml:space="preserve">'''Dianah Mukundwa''' ni Umuyobozi mukuru muri Sonarwa Life Assurance Limited. Mbere yibyo, yari Umuyobozi w’Inganda, Ishoramari n’Imibereho Myiza muri [[Equity Bank Rwanda Limited|Equity Bank Rwanda]] Plc.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://riba.rw/speakers |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-03-26 |archive-date=2024-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240326094611/https://riba.rw/speakers |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/8768/news/featured/dianah-mukundwa-appointed-sonarwa-life-assurance-chief-executive&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.igihe.com/Dianah-Mukundwa-nommee-directrice-generale-de-SONARWA-Life-Assurance.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/6423/news/featured/insurance-that-covers-maternity-leave-how-equitys-products-are-empowering-women-financially&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri ==
[[Dosiye:University of Rwanda headquarters.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza y'u Rwanda, aho Dianah yakuye impamyabumenyi |291x291px]]
Dianah afite impamyabumenyi ya MBA yakuye mu Ishuri ry’Ubucuruzi rya Edinburgh - Herriot Watt mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]], n'impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya Kaminuza mu bijyanye n'ubucuruzi (Ibaruramari) yakuye muri [[kaminuza y'u Rwanda]] - Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubucuruzi [[Ubukungu bw'Afurika|n'Ubukungu]]. Ni umucungamari wa Leta wemewe (CPA) akaba n'umwe mu bagize Ikigo cy’abacungamari ba Leta bemewe mu [[Rwanda]] (ICPAR).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/abantu/article/umugore-ushoboye-umuyobozi-witanga-kandi-ufite-icyerekezo-inama-za-mukundwa&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akazi ==
[[Dosiye:Equity Group Logo.png|thumb|Ikirango cya Equity bank]]
Afite uburambe bwimyaka irenga 12 mubigo byamabanki n’abikorera ku giti cyabo bafite ubumenyi bwinshi kuri banki n’imari, isesengura ryamakuru, igenamigambi n’ubuyobozi, ubwishingizi n’ishoramari.

Yagiye mu myanya itandukanye y'ubuyobozi mu bihe byashize mu mashyirahamwe atandukanye azwi nka Equity Bank Rwanda Plc, Crystal Ventures Ltd, Real contractors Ltd, CVL Developers Ltd, na New Century Development Ltd Akorera ku mbaho ​​nk'umuyobozi utari Umuyobozi mukuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ishakiro ==
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore mu bucuruzi]]
[[Ikiciro:Abagore babanyapolitike]]</text>
      <sha1>frm4x0k7b7e11zg92v8eycnnac7ewfj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Twahirwa Dieudonné</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19264</id>
    <revision>
      <id>133637</id>
      <parentid>119540</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T11:35:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>133637</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2515" sha1="ri4ayh7f84samopvgpu88l1twun30oe" xml:space="preserve">'''Twahirwa Dieudonné''' (yavutse 1988'''),''' ni agoronome winjiye mu [[Ubuhinzi|buhinzi]] bwa bw'urusenda akaba ari nawe washinze umushinga [[Gashora Farm PLC]] uherereye mu [[Akarere ka Bugesera|Karere ka Bugesera]] mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba]] bw'u [[Rwanda]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.ktpress.rw/2019/09/rwandan-chili-farmer-lands-500m-deal-with-chinese-firm/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.howwemadeitinafrica.com/rwanda-chilli-producer-starting-to-crack-the-chinese-market/124779/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Twahirwa mbere yo gutangira uyu mushinga, yakoze igihe gito muri Horizon Sopyrwa mu 2013, aho yamenye ko afite impano n' ishyaka ryinshi mu buhinzi. Yatangiye gukora ubuhinzi bw’imboga z'ubwoko butangukanye mbere yuko yinjira mu buhinzi bw'urusenda. Ubu akorana na bahinzi barenga 10 000 agurira umusaruro w'urusenda kugirango arwohereze mu mahanga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://gashorafarm.com/about-us/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-08-26 |archive-date=2024-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826163253/https://gashorafarm.com/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://afrikta.com/listing/gashora-farm-plc/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashuri ==
Twahirwa afite impamyabumenyi ya Kaminuza mu bukungu bw’ubuhinzi yakuye muri [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|kaminuza yu Rwanda]] na dipolome ya Post-Graduate mu kwihangira imirimo yakuye muri [https://www.regent.edu/ kaminuza ya Regent] (USA).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Akazi ==
Yabaye umuyobozi wungirije w’urubyiruko rw’u [[Rwanda]] mu ihuriro ry’ubuhinzi (RYAF), n'umuyobozi w’ihuriro ry’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi muri federasiyo y’abikorera mu [[Rwanda]] (PSF). Yahawe hegitari 2000 muri [[Zimbabwe]] kugira ngo yongere ibikorwa by’ubucuruzi birenze u [[Rwanda]] kandi ntahwema gukora kugira ngo agabanye icyuho ku isoko ry'urusenda kandi atange akazi keza ku bahinzi ibihumbi mu rwego rwo kongerera agaciro igihingwa cy'urusenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://rse.rw/media-and-publication/inv/article/gashora-farm-plc-investment-clinic-sme-profile-summary&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.isokorigari.com/rw/kigali/farming-agriculture-ads/gashora-farm-plc |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-08-26 |archive-date=2024-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240826151742/https://www.isokorigari.com/rw/kigali/farming-agriculture-ads/gashora-farm-plc |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Indanganturo ==
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubuhinzi mu Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo]]
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Bugesera]]</text>
      <sha1>ri4ayh7f84samopvgpu88l1twun30oe</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umuhire Amelia</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>133624</id>
      <parentid>120814</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T10:14:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>gushyiramo databox</comment>
      <origin>133624</origin>
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      <text bytes="2212" sha1="20xqltbnt1zuty5m2vpg4yciwew9idw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q100348722}}

'''Amelia Umuhire''' ( yavutse 1991 ) ni umuyobozi wa firime w'u [[Rwanda]] ukorera mu [[Ubudage]], akaba ari produce, n'umwanditsi.

== Ubuzima ==
Umuhire yavukiye i [[Kigali]], mu Rwanda muri 1991. Muri 2015 yayoboye urubuga rwa Polyglot aho yataye mushiki we Amanda Mukasonga nk'umuntu nyamukuru wa firime eshatu zigufi zashyizwe kuri YouTube muri 2015. Uru rukurikirane rwerekanwe mu minsi mikuru mpuzamahanga itandukanye nka Tribeca Film Festival, Festival D'Angers, Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime ngufi Oberhausen hamwe n’ubugeni bw’ubukorikori n’ingoro ndangamurage nka Victoria na Albert Museum. Urukurikirane rwatsindiye &quot;Urubuga mpuzamahanga rwiza&quot; mu iserukiramuco Tous Ecrans i Geneve hamwe n’urubuga rwiza rw’Abadage kuri Webfest [[Berlin]]. Filime ye ngufi &quot; Mugabo &quot; (2017) yerekanwe mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya Filimi Rotterdam mu iserukiramuco rya Filime rya Blackstar aho yatsindiye Filime y'Ikigereranyo Cyiza, Berlin Biennale, MCA Chicago, MOCA Los Angeles mu rwego rwo kwerekana imurikagurisha rya Black Radical Imagination ryateguwe na Darol Kae na Jheanelle Brown. Muri 2018, yayoboye videwo yashinzwe yakoreshejwe nk'igitaramo cyo kuzenguruka isabukuru yimyaka 20 ya ''The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill'' . Muri 2018 yanditse, ayobora kandi yandika amajwi &quot; Vaterland &quot; yatowe muri Prix Europa. Yerekanye ibikorwa bye nibindi bikorwa byiyongera kuri solo na matsinda i Berlin, Houston, Cologne, Braunschweig, Florence na Kigali. Niwe wegukanye igihembo cya Villa Romana, igihembo cy’ubuhanzi cya kera cyane mu Budage. Yandika kuri TV yo mu Budage kandi akora ibihangano bya videwo, documentaire nibice byamajwi kubantu bumva [[icyongereza]] nu Budage.

Ibikorwa bye byerekanwe mu birori byinshi bya firime, birimo MOCA Los Angeles, MCA Chicago, Iserukiramuco rya Filime rya Tribeca, Iserukiramuco rya Filime ry’Abanyamerika muri Smithsonian, Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya Filimi Rotterdam. 

== Amashusho ==

* 2015: ''Polyglot'' (Urubuga rukurikirana)
* 2016: ''Mugabo''
* 2019: ''Umwami Ninde''
* 2020: ''Kana''

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Filime nyarwanda]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Umutoni Jeanne</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19375</id>
    <revision>
      <id>133636</id>
      <parentid>117766</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T11:31:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>kongeramo amakuru</comment>
      <origin>133636</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1720" sha1="9tislag7cnchn73zavizscpybwpzuq2" xml:space="preserve">'''Umutoni Jeanne''', ni Umuyobozi w’[[Akarere ka Rwamagana]] wungirije ushinzwe Imibereho myiza.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/soma-ibindi/visi-meya-umutoni-jeanne-yakiriye-abafatanyabikorwa-baturutse-muri-tearfund-na-aee&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/rwamagana-akarere-kiyemeje-gukura-mu-bukene-imiryango-4000-mu-myaka-ibiri&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/7065/news/featured/rwamagana-youth-encouraged-to-circumcise-test-for-hiv&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka ==
Umutoni, yagiye agira uruhari mu bikorwa b'itandukanye byo gufasha abaturage b'akarere ka Rwamagana kuva mu bukene, kurwanya icyorezo cya Sida, binyuze mu mishinga itandukanye y'abafatanyabikorwa bako karere.

Mu nshingano ze, yagaragaye mu bikorwa byinshi by'iterambere birimo:

* Gukurikirana ibikorwa by'isuku n'isukura no guteza imbere ubuzima bw'abaturage, harimo gutangiza no gushyigikira ibikorwa by'ubwiherero n'isukura mu Karere ka Rwamagana. 
* Kwita ku mibereho myiza y'imiryango n'abana, harimo gufasha imiryango yahuye n'ibibazo bikomeye no gushishikariza abaturage kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo. 
* Gufatanya n'inzego z'ubuzima mu gufungura ibikorwa remezo by'ubuvuzi no gushishikariza abaturage gukoresha serivisi z'ubuzima. 
* Gushyigikira ibikorwa by'uburezi, kubaka ibyumba by'amashuri, no guteza imbere imibereho myiza y'abaturage. 
* Gushyigikira gahunda zigamije guhanga imirimo no kuzamura imibereho y'urubyiruko n'abafite ubumuga, nk'umushinga w'ubworozi bw'inzuki watangijwe ku bufatanye n'abafatanyabikorwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Indanganturo ==
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Intara y'iburasirazuba]]
[[Ikiciro:Akarere ka Rwamagana]]
[[Ikiciro:Umuyobozi]]</text>
      <sha1>9tislag7cnchn73zavizscpybwpzuq2</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Karekezi Joel</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>19417</id>
    <revision>
      <id>133619</id>
      <parentid>123031</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T09:57:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>133619</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4722" sha1="tenlj699zay02w62wo62o6hqswo2n3u" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Karekezi.jpg|thumb|Joël Karekezi]]
'''Joël Karekezi''' ( yavutse ku ya 12 Ukuboza 1985 ) ni umwanditsi  w’u Rwanda, umuyobozi wa firime akaba na produce wa firime. afite Filime ngufi ''Yitwa Pardon'', ivuga ku bwiyunge nyuma ya [[Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] yakorewe [[abatutsi]] mu 1994, yatsindiye igihembo cya Zahabu Impala mu iserukiramuco rya Filime Amakula ryabereye muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]].  Imiterere yihariye yakozwe mu 2011,  kandi yerekanwa mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Göteborg, nyuma no mu yandi maserukiramuco mpuzamahanga ya firime harimo iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya sinema rya Seattle ( 2013 ), iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Chicago na FESPACO . 

== Ubuzima n'uburere ==
Karekezi yavukiye i [[Akarere ka Rubavu|Rubavu]], mu Rwanda. Se yapfuye mu gihe cya [[Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] yakorewe [[Abatutsi]] mu 1994, nyuma y'iki gikorwa yahungiye muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]  ( DRC ) aho yasanze umwe mubyara be. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2018 |title=Joel Karekezi - The Mercy Of The Jungle - L'Interview - FIFF 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apgVO8VxdV8 |access-date=March 2, 2019 |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2018 |title=Joël Karekezi • Director |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/interview/360320/ |access-date=March 2, 2019 |website=Cineuropa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yize gufata amashusho muri Maisha Film Lab muri 2009; Afite impamyabumenyi mu bijyanye na filime iva mu ishuri  ryo muri [[Kanada]] CineCours. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joel Karekezi |url=http://www.neonrouge.com/en/joel-karekezi |access-date=March 2, 2019 |website=Neon Rouge Productions |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327222411/http://www.neonrouge.com/en/joel-karekezi |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Karekezi amaze kwitabira Laboratwari ya Maisha, yayoboye filime ye ngufi ''yitwa Pardon'', yatsindiye igihembo cya Zahabu Impala mu iserukiramuco rya Filime Amakula muri Uganda. Mu mwaka wa 2010 herekanywe mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya Filime rya Durban, Amashusho Yerekana Iserukiramuco rya Filime ngufi muri [[Etiyopiya]], iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya sinema rya [[Kenya]], iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Zanzibar ndetse n’iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Afurika rya Silicon Valley muri Californiya, aho ryatsindiye Filime ngufi nziza igihembo. 

Karekezi yakoze verisiyo iranga,  ''Imbabazi'', zishingiye ku nyuguti zimwe. Yakozwe ku ngengo yimari iciriritse muri [[Uganda]]. 

Muri 2013 Karekezi yakoraga kuri &quot; Impuhwe z'ishyamba &quot;, yerekanwe muri Fabrique des cinemas du Monde mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Cannes muri 2013. Inyandiko ya &quot; Impuhwe z'ishyamba &quot; yatsindiye igihembo cya CFI cyiza cya Audiovisual Award kubera umushinga w'amajwi wizewe cyane muri Durban FilmMart muri 2012. 

Izindi filime ze zirimo: ''Les jeunes à la poursuite du travail'', 2009; ''Abacitse ku icumu'', 2010; ''na Ntukazime Nararokotse'', 2010. 

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Karekezi azi neza [[igifaransa]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=October 5, 2018 |title=Joel Karekezi - The Mercy Of The Jungle - L'Interview - FIFF 2018 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=apgVO8VxdV8 |access-date=March 2, 2019 |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=April 28, 2014 |title=Rencontre avec Joel Karekezi Cinémondes 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMdvxL6LtDI&amp;t= |access-date=March 2, 2019 |website=[[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashusho ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Umwaka
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Umutwe
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Yemerewe nka
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Inyandiko
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref(s)
|- class=&quot;unsortable&quot;
! Umuyobozi
! Umwanditsi
! Produce
|-
| 2009
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Imbabazi'' 
|yego
| Filime ngufi
|
|-
| 2013
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Imbabazi: Imbabazi'' 
|yego
|yego
|-
| 2018
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Impuhwe z'ishyamba'' 
|yego
|yego
|-
|}

== Reba ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=africa&gt;[https://www.africafilms.tv/en/personnes/1010?PHPSESSID=9qjgumlotv57g7a9mctua35210 Biography and filmography of Joel Karakezi, Director (Rwanda)]. VOD AfricaFilms.tv. Accessed June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bio&gt;[http://www.imbabazi.com/filmographies-biographies.php 1. Film Director, Writer &amp; Producer]. imbabazi.com. Accessed June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=newt&gt;Joseph Njata (4 May 2013). [http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15347&amp;a=66558 Karekezi invited to Seattle International Film Festival]. ''The New Times'' (Rwanda). Accessed June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Filime nyarwanda]]</text>
      <sha1>tenlj699zay02w62wo62o6hqswo2n3u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>133621</id>
      <parentid>133619</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T10:01:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>B.Scalling</username>
        <id>15089</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>unacceptable links</comment>
      <origin>133621</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4094" sha1="g8j4u1ub5e52vgg14a2fl6l5coqyah0" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Karekezi.jpg|thumb|Joël Karekezi]]
'''Joël Karekezi''' ( yavutse ku ya 12 Ukuboza 1985 ) ni umwanditsi  w’u Rwanda, umuyobozi wa firime akaba na produce wa firime. afite Filime ngufi ''Yitwa Pardon'', ivuga ku bwiyunge nyuma ya [[Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] yakorewe [[abatutsi]] mu 1994, yatsindiye igihembo cya Zahabu Impala mu iserukiramuco rya Filime Amakula ryabereye muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]].  Imiterere yihariye yakozwe mu 2011,  kandi yerekanwa mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Göteborg, nyuma no mu yandi maserukiramuco mpuzamahanga ya firime harimo iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya sinema rya Seattle ( 2013 ), iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Chicago na FESPACO . 

== Ubuzima n'uburere ==
Karekezi yavukiye i [[Akarere ka Rubavu|Rubavu]], mu Rwanda. Se yapfuye mu gihe cya [[Itsembabwoko ry’u Rwanda ry’1994|jenoside yo mu Rwanda]] yakorewe [[Abatutsi]] mu 1994, nyuma y'iki gikorwa yahungiye muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]  ( DRC ) aho yasanze umwe mubyara be.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 14, 2018 |title=Joël Karekezi • Director |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/interview/360320/ |access-date=March 2, 2019 |website=Cineuropa}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yize gufata amashusho muri Maisha Film Lab muri 2009; Afite impamyabumenyi mu bijyanye na filime iva mu ishuri  ryo muri [[Kanada]] CineCours. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joel Karekezi |url=http://www.neonrouge.com/en/joel-karekezi |access-date=March 2, 2019 |website=Neon Rouge Productions |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327222411/http://www.neonrouge.com/en/joel-karekezi |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Umwuga ==
Karekezi amaze kwitabira Laboratwari ya Maisha, yayoboye filime ye ngufi ''yitwa Pardon'', yatsindiye igihembo cya Zahabu Impala mu iserukiramuco rya Filime Amakula muri Uganda. Mu mwaka wa 2010 herekanywe mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya Filime rya Durban, Amashusho Yerekana Iserukiramuco rya Filime ngufi muri [[Etiyopiya]], iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya sinema rya [[Kenya]], iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Zanzibar ndetse n’iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Afurika rya Silicon Valley muri Californiya, aho ryatsindiye Filime ngufi nziza igihembo. 

Karekezi yakoze verisiyo iranga,  ''Imbabazi'', zishingiye ku nyuguti zimwe. Yakozwe ku ngengo yimari iciriritse muri [[Uganda]]. 

Muri 2013 Karekezi yakoraga kuri &quot; Impuhwe z'ishyamba &quot;, yerekanwe muri Fabrique des cinemas du Monde mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Cannes muri 2013. Inyandiko ya &quot; Impuhwe z'ishyamba &quot; yatsindiye igihembo cya CFI cyiza cya Audiovisual Award kubera umushinga w'amajwi wizewe cyane muri Durban FilmMart muri 2012. 

Izindi filime ze zirimo: ''Les jeunes à la poursuite du travail'', 2009; ''Abacitse ku icumu'', 2010; ''na Ntukazime Nararokotse'', 2010. 

== Ubuzima bwite ==
Karekezi azi neza [[igifaransa]]. 

== Amashusho ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Umwaka
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; | Umutwe
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Yemerewe nka
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Inyandiko
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Ref(s)
|- class=&quot;unsortable&quot;
! Umuyobozi
! Umwanditsi
! Produce
|-
| 2009
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Imbabazi'' 
|yego
| Filime ngufi
|
|-
| 2013
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Imbabazi: Imbabazi'' 
|yego
|yego
|-
| 2018
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Impuhwe z'ishyamba'' 
|yego
|yego
|-
|}

== Reba ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=africa&gt;[https://www.africafilms.tv/en/personnes/1010?PHPSESSID=9qjgumlotv57g7a9mctua35210 Biography and filmography of Joel Karakezi, Director (Rwanda)]. VOD AfricaFilms.tv. Accessed June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=bio&gt;[http://www.imbabazi.com/filmographies-biographies.php 1. Film Director, Writer &amp; Producer]. imbabazi.com. Accessed June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=newt&gt;Joseph Njata (4 May 2013). [http://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/index.php?i=15347&amp;a=66558 Karekezi invited to Seattle International Film Festival]. ''The New Times'' (Rwanda). Accessed June 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]
[[Ikiciro:Filime nyarwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umuhire Eliane</title>
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'''Eliane Umuhire''' ni umukinnyi w'afilimi w'umunyarwanda arko ubarizwa m'[[ubufaransa]]. Umwuga we w'ubuhanzi ufite insanganyamatsiko ibiranga, kwibuka no kwihangana. Ibikorwa bye byagaragaye muri filime zatanzwe mu minsi mikuru mpuzamahanga izwi, aho yatsindiye ibihembo kubera ibikorwa bye ndetse n’ubwitange mu mibereho. Yamamaye cyane kubera uruhare yagize muri filime yo muri Polonye ''Inyoni ziririmba i Kigali'' na Krzystof Krauze na Joanna Kos, Eliane yahawe igihembo cy’abakinnyi bitwaye neza mu birori nko mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya sinema rya Chicago, iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya Karlovy Vary, ibihangano bya Gdynia Polonye Ibirori, Iserukiramuco rya [[Polonye]] i New York, Reka CEE Festival i Vienne, ndetse n'igihembo cya Mastercard Rising Star muri iserukiramuco rya firime ryigenga rya Netia Off Kamera.

Mu mishinga iheruka harimo ''Omen'' ya Baloji, yahawe muri Un Certain Regard i Cannes mu 2023, filime ya ''Neptune Frost'' ya Saul Williams yerekanwe muri Fortnight ya Diregiteri mu 2021, filime ya Netflix ''Ibiti by'amahoro'' by Alanna Brown, na BAFTA  filime ngufi yitwa ''Bazigaga'' iyobowe na Jo Igabire Moys, yatsindiye ibihembo bye byo gukina mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Clermont-Ferrand ndetse na Festival International du Film Francophone de Namur . Eliane akora cyane kuri tereviziyo, cyane cyane murukurikirane ''Haven of Grace'', yatambutse kuri Arte. Vuba aha azakina muri ''Planète B'', iyobowe na Aude Léa Rapin, hamwe na Adele Exarchopoulus, na Souheila Yacoub . Yagaragaye kandi muri ''Ahantu hatuje: Umunsi wa mbere'' hamwe na [[Lupita Nyong'o]], Joseph Quinn na Djimon Hounsou . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Umutesi |first=Alice |date=2024-08-01 |title=Umuhire talks role in ‘A Quiet Place,’ Kigali Cine Junction |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/18867/entertainment/cinema/umuhire-talks-role-in-a-quiet-place-kigali-cine-junction |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filimi yakinnye ==

* 2024: ''Ahantu hatuje: Umunsi wa mbere'', nka Zena
* 2024: ''Inshuti zanjye nshya'', nka Mosanne
* 2024: ''Planète B'', nka Hermès
* 2023: ''Omen'', nka Tshala
* 2022: ''Bazigaga'', nka Bazigaga
* 2022: ''Ibiti by'amahoro'', nka Annick 
* 2021: ''Ubukonje bwa Neptune'', nk'Urwibutso &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ide |first=Wendy |title='Neptune Frost': Cannes Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/neptune-frost-cannes-review/5161583.article |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Screen |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017: ''Inyoni ziririmba i Kigali'', nka Claudine Mugambira &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boyce |first=Laurence |date=2017-07-04 |title='The Birds Are Singing In Kigali': Karlovy Vary Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-birds-are-singing-in-kigali-karlovy-vary-review/5119650.article |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Screen |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lodge |first=Guy |date=2017-07-06 |title=Karlovy Vary Film Review: 'Birds Are Singing in Kigali' |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/birds-are-singing-in-kigali-review-1202487547/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: ''Ibintu byinzererezi idafite intego, nka Bartender''
* 2012: ''Inyuma y'Ijambo, nka nyina wa Colette''

== Ibihembo ==

* 2017: Umukinnyi mwiza, Karlovy Vary International Festival Festival (KVIFF) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-15 |title=Congratulations Eliane Umuhire, you have done Rwanda proud! |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/216089 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017: Igihembo cya Silver Hugo cyumukinnyi mwiza, Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Chicago ku nyoni ziririmba i &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-06 |title=Rwandan actress named to jury for Chicago International Film Festival |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/rwandan-actress-named-jury-chicago-international-film-festival |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=VB |first=Andy |date=2017-10-22 |title=53rd Festival Award-Winning Films |url=https://www.chicagofilmfestival.com/53rd-festival-award-winning-films/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Cinema Chicago |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017: Umukinnyi mwiza mu [[:fr:Festival_du_film_polonais_de_Gdynia|iserukiramuco rya Filime rya Gdynia]]
* 2018: MasterCard Rising Star mu Iserukiramuco Mpuzamahanga rya Sinema Yigenga Off Kamera y’inyoni ziririmba i Kigali &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-07 |title=Rwandan filmmaker scoops global accolade |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/rwandan-filmmaker-scoops-global-accolade |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: Igihembo cya Elzbieta Czyzewska kubera kwitwara neza, mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya New York Polonye
* 2018: [[:fr:LET'S CEE Film Festival|Reka CEE]] Igihembo Cyitwaye neza Cyiza &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2018 |title=Ivan crowned Best Feature Film at LET'S CEE |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/352656/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Cineuropa - the best of european cinema |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Abakinnyi beza beza, Ibiti byamahoro, mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime izuba riva
* 2022: Igihembo cyiza, Namur International Festival ya Filime ya Francur
* 2023: Umukinnyi mwiza mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Clermont Ferrand

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]</text>
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'''Eliane Umuhire''' ni umukinnyi w'afilimi w'umunyarwanda arko ubarizwa m'[[ubufaransa]]. Umwuga we w'ubuhanzi ufite insanganyamatsiko ibiranga, kwibuka no kwihangana. Ibikorwa bye byagaragaye muri filime zatanzwe mu minsi mikuru mpuzamahanga izwi, aho yatsindiye ibihembo kubera ibikorwa bye ndetse n’ubwitange mu mibereho. Yamamaye cyane kubera uruhare yagize muri filime yo muri Polonye ''Inyoni ziririmba i Kigali'' na Krzystof Krauze na Joanna Kos, Eliane yahawe igihembo cy’abakinnyi bitwaye neza mu birori nko mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya sinema rya Chicago, iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya Karlovy Vary, ibihangano bya Gdynia Polonye Ibirori, Iserukiramuco rya [[Polonye]] i New York, Reka CEE Festival i Vienne, ndetse n'igihembo cya Mastercard Rising Star muri iserukiramuco rya firime ryigenga rya Netia Off Kamera.

Mu mishinga iheruka harimo ''Omen'' ya Baloji, yahawe muri Un Certain Regard i Cannes mu 2023, filime ya ''Neptune Frost'' ya Saul Williams yerekanwe muri Fortnight ya Diregiteri mu 2021, filime ya Netflix ''Ibiti by'amahoro'' by Alanna Brown, na BAFTA  filime ngufi yitwa ''Bazigaga'' iyobowe na Jo Igabire Moys, yatsindiye ibihembo bye byo gukina mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Clermont-Ferrand ndetse na Festival International du Film Francophone de Namur . Eliane akora cyane kuri tereviziyo, cyane cyane murukurikirane ''Haven of Grace'', yatambutse kuri Arte. Vuba aha azakina muri ''Planète B'', iyobowe na Aude Léa Rapin, hamwe na Adele Exarchopoulus, na Souheila Yacoub . Yagaragaye kandi muri ''Ahantu hatuje: Umunsi wa mbere'' hamwe na [[Lupita Nyong'o]], Joseph Quinn na Djimon Hounsou . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Umutesi |first=Alice |date=2024-08-01 |title=Umuhire talks role in ‘A Quiet Place,’ Kigali Cine Junction |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/18867/entertainment/cinema/umuhire-talks-role-in-a-quiet-place-kigali-cine-junction |access-date=2024-08-27 |website=The New Times |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filimi yakinnye ==

* 2024: ''Ahantu hatuje: Umunsi wa mbere'', nka Zena
* 2024: ''Inshuti zanjye nshya'', nka Mosanne
* 2024: ''Planète B'', nka Hermès
* 2023: ''Omen'', nka Tshala
* 2022: ''Bazigaga'', nka Bazigaga
* 2022: ''Ibiti by'amahoro'', nka Annick 
* 2021: ''Ubukonje bwa Neptune'', nk'Urwibutso &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Ide |first=Wendy |title='Neptune Frost': Cannes Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/neptune-frost-cannes-review/5161583.article |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Screen |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017: ''Inyoni ziririmba i Kigali'', nka Claudine Mugambira &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Boyce |first=Laurence |date=2017-07-04 |title='The Birds Are Singing In Kigali': Karlovy Vary Review |url=https://www.screendaily.com/reviews/the-birds-are-singing-in-kigali-karlovy-vary-review/5119650.article |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Screen |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Lodge |first=Guy |date=2017-07-06 |title=Karlovy Vary Film Review: 'Birds Are Singing in Kigali' |url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/birds-are-singing-in-kigali-review-1202487547/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Variety |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015: ''Ibintu byinzererezi idafite intego, nka Bartender''
* 2012: ''Inyuma y'Ijambo, nka nyina wa Colette''

== Ibihembo ==

* 2017: Umukinnyi mwiza, Karlovy Vary International Festival Festival (KVIFF) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2017-07-15 |title=Congratulations Eliane Umuhire, you have done Rwanda proud! |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/216089 |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017: Igihembo cya Silver Hugo cyumukinnyi mwiza, Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Chicago ku nyoni ziririmba i &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-10-06 |title=Rwandan actress named to jury for Chicago International Film Festival |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/rwandan-actress-named-jury-chicago-international-film-festival |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=VB |first=Andy |date=2017-10-22 |title=53rd Festival Award-Winning Films |url=https://www.chicagofilmfestival.com/53rd-festival-award-winning-films/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Cinema Chicago |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017: Umukinnyi mwiza mu [[:fr:Festival_du_film_polonais_de_Gdynia|iserukiramuco rya Filime rya Gdynia]]
* 2018: MasterCard Rising Star mu Iserukiramuco Mpuzamahanga rya Sinema Yigenga Off Kamera y’inyoni ziririmba i Kigali &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2018-05-07 |title=Rwandan filmmaker scoops global accolade |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/entertainment/rwandan-filmmaker-scoops-global-accolade |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018: Igihembo cya Elzbieta Czyzewska kubera kwitwara neza, mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya New York Polonye
* 2018: [[:fr:LET'S CEE Film Festival|Reka CEE]] Igihembo Cyitwaye neza Cyiza &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=23 April 2018 |title=Ivan crowned Best Feature Film at LET'S CEE |url=https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/352656/ |access-date=2022-08-02 |website=Cineuropa - the best of european cinema |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2021: Abakinnyi beza beza, Ibiti byamahoro, mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime izuba riva
* 2022: Igihembo cyiza, Namur International Festival ya Filime ya Francur
* 2023: Umukinnyi mwiza mu iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime rya Clermont Ferrand

== Reba ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Ikiciro:Rwanda]]
[[Ikiciro:Ubu]]
[[Ikiciro:Filimi]]</text>
      <sha1>i7vng652tvyrg1ckqbudaz88i2ejgd8</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>WordQ + SpeakQ</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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WordQ® ni porogaramu ifasha ikoranabuhanga yateguwe na Quillsoft Ltd hamwe n’ibitaro bya Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital . Intego nyamukuru ya WordQ ni ugufasha abantu bahanganye nogusoma no kwandika ndetse ikanafasha abafite ubumuga butandukanye. Akenshi urwo rugamba ruterwa '''n'ubumuga bw'umubiri cyangwa''' neurodivergence nka Dyslexia cyangwa ADHD. WordQ ikoresha ijambo ryubwenge guhanura kugirango yerekane amagambo umukoresha yandika muri buke 1.3. Ibi bifasha imyandikire, kandi bikana gabanya ingano yimikorere yumubiri umukoresha agomba gukora mugihe yandika. Ikoresha kandi ubuziranenge bwa Acapela inyandiko ndetse n'amajwi kugirango asome inyandiko yinyuma uyikoresha yinjiye, yemerera kugenzura no guhindura. Ikiranga imvugo ya WordQs, SpeakQ®, yashyizwe muri desktop ya WordQ ya Windows OS. Iyemerera abakoresha guhinduranya kuvuga no kwandika mugihe wandika. Ibiro bya WordQ biraboneka kuri Windows na Mac OS, iWordQ iraboneka kuri iPadOS, naho WordQ Chrome ya mushakisha ya Chrome iteganijwe gusohoka muri Mutarama 2022.

== Iterambere ==
WordQ yatunganijwe bwa mbere mu mpera z'imyaka ya za 90 n'itsinda ry'ubushakashatsi riyobowe na Dr. Fraser Shein mu bitaro bya Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital Toronto, Ontario, Kanada. Shein n'ibitaro bashinze isosiyete ifatanije, yitwa Quillsoft Ltd, kugira ngo bamenyekanishe WordQ ndetse no gushyigikira ubushakashatsi bwakorewe mu bitaro. Iterambere rya WordQ ryakurikiranye ibicuruzwa bya software byabanje kandi byatejwe imbere muri Holland Bloorview, KeyREP® na WiVox®, ibi byari ibikoresho byo gufasha abanyeshuri bafite ibibazo byo kwandika ndetse nubundi bumuga butandukanye. Porogaramu n'imikorere ya WordQ  yarishyuwe kugirango bifashe abafite ikibazo cyo kwandika biturutse ku bumuga bwo kwiga kandi bagakoreshwa murwego runini mumashuri ya Ontario . Imikoreshereze yiyo sisitemu noneho yagutse cyane mumashuri yo mugihugu cya Kanada nahandi kwisi nyuma yiterambere, kuko itsinda &lt;ref name=&quot;morrison&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morrison, Eric |year=2007 |title=Fraser Shein, President and CEO, Quillsoft Ltd. |url=http://www.nationaltechcenter.org/index.php/2007/05/29/ipro-17fraser-shein/ |access-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-date=July 24, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100724091802/http://www.nationaltechcenter.org/index.php/2007/05/29/ipro-17fraser-shein |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; kandi rikubiyemo SpeakQ na ThoughtQ®. Ikoranabuhanga rya SpeakQ ryakozwe ku bufatanye n’ikigo gishinzwe iterambere ry’uburezi (Newton, MA) ku nkunga ya Minisiteri y’uburezi muri Amerika. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=More About NCIP |url=https://www2.edc.org/ncip/more_top.htm |access-date=2023-12-07 |website=www2.edc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri iki gihe, WordQ ikoreshwa n’abaturage benshi b’abanyeshuri, ntabwo ari abafite ibibazo byo kwiga gusa, urugero, abiga ururimi rwa kabiri hamwe n’abanyeshuri hamwe n’abakozi.

== Ibiranga ==
WordQ ifite idirishya ritoya rigaragara hejuru yidirishya iryo ariryo ryose rikorwa kandi rikora hamwe na porogaramu iyo ari yo yose ukoresha. Nka tekinoroji ifasha, ibi byitwa transparent accessibility. Nkuko  umukoresha wa sisitemu yandika, software igerageza kwerekana ijambo rikoreshwa, ukurikije inyuguti zambere namagambo yanditse mbere yukoresha.  Nkuko bandika, uyikoresha ashobora gukoresha urufunguzo rwerekezo cyangwa urufunguzo rwumubare kugirango uhitemo ijambo wifuza. Umukoresha ashobora kandi gusaba porogaramu gusoma amajwi yabo yanditse mu ijwi riranguruye nkuko bandika, bigatuma impinduka zimyandikire nimbonezamvugo zifatwa mugihe wandika. Porogaramu irashobora gufungura no kuzimya uyikoresha nkuko bandika, kandi ikorana na progaramu zose zikoreshwa. WordQ kuri ubu irashobora gukoreshwa mucyongereza, Igifaransa, Icyesipanyoli &amp; Ikidage.

== SpeakQ ==

== Ikoreshwa rya SpeakQ ==
WordQ ikoreshwa mumashuri menshi muri Amerika na Kanada kugirango ifashe abantu bafite ubumuga butandukanye. &lt;ref name=&quot;WordQcust&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=WordQ |year=2009 |title=Customers |url=http://www.wordq.com/customers_us.html |access-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718112952/http://www.wordq.com/customers_us.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; imyaka myinshi igurishwa muri Kanada, ariko itangiye kugaragara ku isoko ry’Amerika. Muri Kanada, amashuri menshi yarayakoresheje kugirango akoreshwe muri sisitemu zabo. Mu mwaka wa 2010, OSAPAC, umuryango ushinzwe kugura software ku mashuri yo muri Ontario, yaguze uruhushya rwo gukoresha WordQ mu mashuri yose yo mu ntara yose. &lt;ref name=&quot;osapac&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=OSAPAC |title=WordQ |url=http://www.osapac.org/cms/content/word-q |access-date=January 16, 2011 |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716111248/http://www.osapac.org/cms/content/word-q |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Porogaramu yakoreshejwe cyane cyane nkigikoresho cyabanditsi bahanganye nabafite ubumuga bwo kwiga bibabaza ubushobozi bwabo bwo kwandika. Ubushakashatsi bw’abandi bantu bwerekana ko WordQ nayo ikora, niba atari nziza, kuruta izindi software zisa nazo mu gufasha aba banditsi bahanganye. &lt;ref name=&quot;behrmann&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Evmenova |first=A.S. |last2=Graff |first2=H.J. |last3=Jerome |first3=M.K. |last4=Behrman |first4=M.M. |year=2010 |title=Word prediction programs with phonetic spelling support: Performance comparisons and impact on journal writing for students with writing difficulties |journal=Learning Disabilities Research &amp; Practice |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=170–182 |doi=10.1111/j.1540-5826.2010.00315.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubundi bushakashatsi bwigenga bwerekana ko WordQ yo guhanura ijambo hamwe nubushobozi bwo kwandika-kuvuga bishobora kugira ingaruka nziza kubuhanga bwo kwandika bwabanyeshuri bo mumashuri abanza bafite ubumuga bwihariye bwo kwiga. 

== Amashakiro ==
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'''Alma Woodsey Thomas''' (22 Nzeri 1891 - 24 Gashyantare 1978) yari [[Umuhanzi Kamariza|umuhanzi]] n’umwalimu w’umunyafurika n’umunyamerika yaratuye kandi agakorera  i Washington, DC, ubu akaba azwi nk’umunyamerika ukomeye w’umuhazi mubyo gusiga amarangi wo mu kinyejana cya 20. Niwe mugore wa mbere w’umunyafurika akaba n’umunyamerika winjijwe krurtonde rwi [[Perezidansi y’Amerika|cyegeranyo]] cy’ubuhanzi bwo gusiga amarangi gihoraho mubiro bya reta zunze ubumwe bwa amerika buzwi nka white house.  Thomas azwi cyane kubera ubuhanga bwe mugukora ibihangano by'amashusho y'amabara, ndetse yatangiye no gukora ibihangano byamashusho adasobanutse ariko arimo ubuhanga, yayakoze nyuma yo kujya mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru cy'imyaka 35 yigisha ibihangano mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Shaw Junior rya Washington.

Thomas, usanzwe ufatwa nk'umunyamuryango w’ishuri ry’ubuhanzi rya Washington Color school Art ariko ubundi agashyirwa mu majwi na bamwe nkumuhanzi wumuhanga mubyo gukurura amarangamutima y'abantu / cyangwa nkumwirabura wambere ubayeho wabayeho uzi kuvanga amarangi bikurura amarangamutima y'abantu, yabonye impamyabumenyi ye yo kwigisha yakuye muri kaminuza y’akarere ka Columbiya (izwi ku izina rya Miner Normal School icyo gihe). Yabaye uwa mberewabonye impamyabumenyi   mu ishami ry’ubuhanzi rya kaminuza ya Howard, kandi akomeza umubano mwiza  niyo kaminuza mu buzima bwe. Yageze ku ntsinzi nkumuhanzi wumugore wumunyafurika  n’umunyamerika nubwo amacakubiri n’urwikekwe byariho icyogihe.

Thomas yamenyekanye cyane nyma y'urupfu rwe. Igishushanyo cye cyerekanwe mu ngoro ndangamurage no mu byegeranyo kandi byagiye byibandwaho mu bitabo byinshi ndetse n’imurikagurisha ry’umurage wubuhanzi bwo gushushanya. Inzu Ndangamurage y'Abanyamerika ya Smithsonian ikomeza gukusanya ibikorwa bye kwisi hose.  Mu 2021, inzu ndangamurage yagurishije ishusho ya Thomas ''Alma's Flower Garden'' mu bucuruzi bwihariye ku madolari 2.8 miliyoni.

== Ubuzima n'akazi ==

=== Ubwana, uburezi, n'imyanya yo kwigisha akiri muto. ===
Alma Thomas yavutse ku ya 22 Nzeri 1891, avukira i Columbus, Jeworujiya, avuka ariwe mukobwa mukuru(ari [[imfura]]) mu bakobwa bane, se yitwa John Harris Thomas, [[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|umucuruzi]], na  Nyina Amelia Cantey Thomas, wari umuhanzi mugushushanya no kudoda imyenda.&lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 16&quot;&gt;&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Nyina na nyirasenge, nyuma baje kwandikwa nk'abarimu ndetse n’abanyeshuri barangije muri Tuskegee .Yagaragaje ubuhanga akiri umwana, nubwo umwuga we wubuhanzi yawutangiye nyuma amaze gukura. Igihe Tomasi yari amaze gukura, yerekanaga ubuhanga bwe mu buhanzi, kandi yishimira gukora uduce duto duto duto nk'ibipupe, ibishushanyo n'amasahani abumbye, cyane cyane mu ibumba ku mugezi wari uri inyuma y'iwabo '''.''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Cherry |first=Schroeder |date=1997 |title=Instructional Resources: Four Works by African-American Artists in the Baltimore Museum of Art's Collection |journal=Art Education |volume=50 |issue=2 |pages=25–32 |doi=10.2307/3193640 |jstor=3193640}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo yari ashishikajwe n’ubuhanzi, Thomas &quot;ntiyari yemerewe&quot; kujya mu nzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi akiri umwana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Sheets |first=Hilarie |date=2016-01-21 |title=Pioneering Painter Alma Thomas Is Making a Comeback 30 Years after Her Last Major Retrospective |url=https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-pioneering-painter-alma-thomas-is-making-a-comeback-over-30-years-since-her-last-major-retrospective |access-date=2020-03-06 |website=Artsy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Box 1, Folder 1 {{!}} A Finding Aid to the Alma Thomas papers, circa 1894-2001 {{!}} Digitized Collection {{!}} Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution |url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/alma-thomas-papers-9241/series-1/box-1-folder-1 |access-date=2024-05-04 |website=www.aaa.si.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yahawe amasomo yumuziki, kuko nyina yacurangaga inanga.
[[Dosiye:Alma_Thomas_Queen_Anne_Victorian.jpg|alt=Queen Anne Victorian|right|thumb|165x165px|Inzu yaho Alma Thomas yabaga akiri umwana i Columbus, Jeworujiya]]
Mu 1907, igihe Thomas yari afite imyaka 16, umuryango we wimukiye mu gace ka Logan Circle gaherereye i Washington, DC &lt;ref name=&quot;Cotter1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Holland Cotter |date=October 11, 2009 |title=White House Art: Colors From a World of Black and White |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/11/weekinreview/11cotter.html |access-date=July 6, 2011 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu gusobanura uko umuryango wimutse, nyuma yaranditse ati: &quot;Ndangije amashuri yisumbuye i Columbus, nta hantu na hamwe nashoboraga gukomereza amashuri yanjye, bityo ababyeyi banjye bahitamo kwimurira umuryango i Washington.&quot;  : 3 Tomasi yashoboye kandi kubona uko ajya mu masomero y'i Washington, bitandukanye na Columbus. &quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;autobio&quot; /&gt; : 3 Ababyeyi be bafashe iki cyemezo nubwo byamanuye umuryango mu mibereho no mubukungu, bituma bava mumubare wabari mucyiciro cya kabiri cy'ubukungu bari bafite bakiba muri Jeworujiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;CultureType-Locating&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Valentine |first=Victoria |date=14 April 2018 |title=Locating Alma Thomas: Forthcoming Retrospective Will Explore Artist's Creative Life and Hometown Connections |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2018/04/14/locating-alma-thomas-forthcoming-retrospective-will-explore-artists-creative-life-and-hometown-connections/ |access-date=13 December 2020 |website=Culture Type}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abandi banditsi bagaragaje ko imvururu z’amoko ya Atlanta n'ubwicanyi bushingiye ku moko bwo mu 1906 ari impamvu zishobora kuba zaratumye bava muri Jeworujiya. [ 3 ] Urundi rugero rw’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku moko umuryango we wahuye naryo muri Jeworujiya, ise wa Alma yahuye n’agatsiko ka lynch mbere gato yuko Alma avuka, umuryango we wavuze ko kutumva kwe kwatewe n'imirwano yagiranye nabari bagize ako gatsiko. &lt;ref name=&quot;Post-Late-Springtime&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Munro |first=Eleanor |date=15 April 1979 |title=The late Spring time of Alma Thomas (interview) |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/magazine/1979/04/15/the-late-spring-time-of-alma-thomas/f205cbf7-3483-4cc4-8a52-7f5eacda7925/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |work=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo byari bitandukanye, [[umurwa]] mukuru w’igihugu wari uzwiho guha amahirwe Abirabura benshi kurusha indi mijyi myinshi. &lt;ref name=&quot;nmwa.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma Woodsey Thomas |url=https://nmwa.org/explore/artist-profiles/alma-woodsey-thomas |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=National Museum of Women in the Arts}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nkuko yabyanditse mu myaka ya za 70, &quot;Nibura amasomero ya Washington yakinguriwe nabanyafrika  cyangwa abirabura bari barahawe izina rya  Negro, mu gihe Columbus yo yari yarakumiriye  abirabura(Negro) mu isomero ryayo.&quot; [ 4 ] I Washington, Thomas yize mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya tekinike rya Armstrong, aho yakuye umwanya wa mbere mu masomo y’ubuhanzi. [ 3 ] Kuri bo, yagize ati &quot;Ninjiye mu cyumba cy'ubuhanzi, byari nko kwinjira mu ijuru ... Ishuri ryisumbuye rya Armstrong ryashizeho urufatiro rw'ubuzima bwanjye.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Post-Late-Springtime&quot; /&gt; Mu mashuri yisumbuye, yari umuhanga mu mibare na siyansi, kandi ubwubatsi bwibihangano bwaramushishikazaga cyane. Ibikorwa bye by'ubuhanzi &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma Woodsey Thomas |url=https://www.infinite-women.com/women/alma-woodsey-thomas/ |access-date=2025-02-21 |website=Infinite Women |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Post-Late-Springtime&quot; /&gt; yakoreye i Armstrong byerekanwe muri Smithsonian mu 1912. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)&quot;&gt;citation ikenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye ya Armstrong &quot;  : 4 mu 1911, yize amashuri yakaminuza mu ishuri risanzwe rya Miner (ubu rizwi nka kaminuza y'akarere ka Columbiya ), ahabwa impamyabumenyi yo kwigisha mu 1913. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 19&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;19&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Mu 1914, yabonye umwanya wo kwigisha mu mashuri ya Princess Anne ku nkombe y'Iburasirazuba bwa Maryland, aho yigishije amezi ane. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 19&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;19&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Mu 1915, yatangiye kwigisha mw'ishuri ryari mu nzu ya Thomas Garrett i Wilmington, muri Delaware, kugeza mu 1921. [ 3 ] 

Thomas yinjiye muri kaminuza ya Howard mu 1921, afite imyaka 30, yinjirira ku masomo yibanze kubera amahugurwa yabanjemo y'abarimu. Yatangiye ari umunyeshuri wiga ibijyanye n'ubukungu bwurugo, ateganya kuba inzobere mu gushushanya imyambarire, gusa nyuma aza guhindura ajya mu buhanzi bwubwiza. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 19-20&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;19-20&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Ubuhanzi bwe yibanze kuri Howard bwari ku gishushanyo; Romare Bearden na Henry Henderson bavuze ko amashusho yakoze mu gihe cyo kwiga kaminuza ari &quot;amasomo kandi atamenyekanye.&quot; [ 13 ] Yabonye impamyabumenyi ya Bachelor of Science mu buhanzi Bwiza mu 1924 yakuye muri Howard, abaye umunyeshuri wa mbere muri gahunda y’ubugeni bwa kaminuza. Hasabwe ko hashobora kuba umugore wa mbere w’umunyafurika-Umunyamerika cyangwa Umunyamerika wabonye impamyabumenyi y’ubuhanzi, [ 3 ] &lt;ref name=&quot;Morrison&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Morrison |first=Keith Anthony |title=Art in Washington and Its Afro-American Presence: 1940-1970 |url=http://keithmorrison.com/?page_id=1228 |access-date=12 December 2020 |website=keithmorrison.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; icyakora Mary Jane Patterson yakiriye impamyabumenyi ye, mu 1862, hashize imyaka 60 mbere.

In 1924, Thomas began teaching art at Shaw Junior High School, a Black school in the then-segregated public schools of Washington, D.C., where she worked until her retirement in 1960; she wrote, &quot;I was there for thirty-five years and occupied the same classroom.&quot;[4]: 13  She taught alongside fellow artist Malkia Roberts.&lt;ref name=&quot;:34&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Thomas |first=Alma |date=1998 |title=Alma W. Thomas: A Retrospective of the Paintings |url=https://archive.org/details/almawthomasretro00thom |last2=Fort Wayne Museum of Art |publisher=Pomegranate |isbn=9780764906862 |language=en |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;: 43  While at Shaw Junior High, she started a community arts program that encouraged student appreciation of fine art. The program supported marionette performances and the distribution of student designed holiday cards which were given to soldiers at the Tuskegee Veterans Administration Medical Center. Also, according to her reminiscences, &quot;At Shaw, I organized the first art gallery in the D.C. public schools in 1938, securing paintings by outstanding Negro artists from the Howard Gallery of Art.&quot;[3]: 23 [4]: 4 

Imyaka mirongo itatu nigice y’umwuga wa Tomasi wigisha, kuva 1924 kugeza 1960, bavuzwe na Thurlow Tibbs, umucuruzi w’ubuhanzi w’umunyafurika n’umunyamerika DC (n’umwuzukuru w’inshuti ya Tomasi Lillian Evans, umuririmbyi wa opera) nk '&quot;igihe cyo gusembura;&quot; [ 3 ] muri bo yakuyemo ibitekerezo byinshi ningaruka, hanyuma nyuma ya 1960 ahereye kuri ibyo bitekerezo n'ingaruka azarema ibihangano bye byihariye. Mu gihe yigishaga muri Shaw Junior High, Thomas yakomeje gukurikirana ibihangano bye, amashuri ye asanzwe kandi adasanzwe, ndetse n’ibikorwa yakoranye n’umuryango w’ubuhanzi wa Washington, DC, aba nyuma bakunze kubikora mu buryo bujyanye na kaminuza ya Howard.

Muri kiriya gihe, Thomas yashushanyije, cyane cyane mu mazi; mu gihe injyana ye mu myaka ya za 1930 yari ikiri &quot;gakondo gakondo&quot; kandi karemano, yiswe &quot;amabara meza cyane.&quot; [ 13 ] Mu mpeshyi, yajyaga mu mujyi wa New York gusura ingoro ndangamurage z'ubuhanzi, harimo inzu ndangamurage ya Metropolitan, hamwe na galeries. [ 13 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 448&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;448&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

Mu mpeshyi yo mu 1930 kugeza 1934, yize muri kaminuza y’abarimu ya kaminuza ya Columbia, abona impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye n’ubuhanzi mu 1934; ubushakashatsi bwe bwibanze ku bishushanyo, maze yandika igitabo cye ku ikoreshwa rya marionettes. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 11,23&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;11,23&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Post-Late-Springtime&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&gt; [ 13 ] 

Mu ci ryo mu 1935, yize marionettes mu mujyi wa New York hamwe n’umupupe w’umudage w’umudage n’umunyamerika Tony Sarg, se w’ibikinisho bigezweho muri Amerika. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 23&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;23&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

Mu 1936, yashinze umuryango witwa umushinga w’ishuri ry’ubuhanzi, kugira ngo uzane abana amahirwe y’ubuhanzi. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 22&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;22&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Simpson |first=Pamela H. |last2=Kainen |first2=Jacob |last3=Gibson |first3=Ann |last4=Binstock |first4=Jonathan P. |last5=Tsujimoto |first5=Karen |last6=Baas |first6=Jacquelynn |year=2000 |title=Alma W. Thomas, A Retrospective of the Paintings |journal=Woman's Art Journal |language=en-US |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=55–56 |doi=10.2307/1358876 |jstor=1358876}}&lt;/ref&gt; [ 4 ] 

Mu 1943, Thomas yafashije James W. Herring, wahoze ari umwarimu muri Howard, na Alonzo J. Aden babonye ububiko bwa Barnett-Aden, ububiko bwa mbere bw’abirabura bwigenga bw’abirabura muri Amerika.  : 2 Yabaye visi perezida mukuru. Kuba Thomas yarafatanije n’Ingoro ya Barnett-Aden byasobanuwe ko ari &quot;ingenzi kuri&quot; kandi, nk'uko byatangajwe n’umuyobozi ushinzwe amasomo, Adelyn Dohme Breeskin, iterambere rya &quot;pivotal&quot; mu iterambere rye nk’umuhanzi wabigize umwuga. &quot;Byamuteye guhura n’abahanzi bakomeye bo mu gihugu cya none,&quot; byatumye arushaho kumenya ibijyanye n’ubuhanzi n’icyerekezo, &quot;kandi bituma abahanzi [ &quot; bamurwanya kandi bamutera imbaraga. [ 13 ] &lt;ref name=&quot;NGA-event&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Valentine |first=Victoria |date=April 2, 2017 |title=Art Capital: Nearly 500 Gather at National Gallery of Art to Discuss African American Art in 20th Century Washington |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2017/04/02/art-capital-nearly-500-gather-at-national-gallery-of-art-to-discuss-african-american-art-in-20th-century-washington/ |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=Culture Type}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu myaka ya za 1940, Thomas yinjiye kandi mu muryango w’abahanzi ba Lois Mailou Jones, &quot;Itsinda Rito rya [[Paris]] (cyangwa&quot; Itsinda Rito rya Paris, &quot;cyangwa&quot; Itsinda rya Studio rya Paris &quot;) Iri tsinda ry’abahanzi ba Black Washington ryashinzwe na Jones na Céline Marie Tabary, abahanzi ndetse n’abanyamuryango b’ishami ry’ubuhanzi rya kaminuza ya Howard (Jones kuva 1930 kugeza 1977, na Tabary guhera mu &lt;ref name=&quot;MessyNessy&quot; /&gt; ). &lt;ref name=&quot;MessyNessy&quot; /&gt; &quot;mu mpera za 1940,&quot; [ 3 ] 1945,  1946, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2020 |title=Longtime Home of Artist Alma Thomas For Sale in Washington, D.C., for $2.2 Million+ |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2020/05/16/longtime-home-of-artist-alma-thomas-for-sale-in-washington-d-c-for-2-2-million/ |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Culture Type}}&lt;/ref&gt; cyangwa 1948. &lt;ref name=&quot;Callaloo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Rowell |first=Charles Henry |date=2016 |title=Two Galleries, Engaging Art, Great Talents, and Challenging Minds: The Howard University Gallery of Art, the Little Paris Group, and the Barnett-Aden Gallery |journal=Callaloo |volume=39 |issue=5 |pages=1163–1167 |doi=10.1353/cal.2016.0150 |s2cid=165243253 |id={{Project MUSE|698955}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Yateranye haba buri cyumweru &lt;ref name=&quot;Pierce-Little-Paris&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=3 July 2013 |title=Delilah W. Pierce Among Alma Thomas' Little Paris Group, 1948 |url=https://delilahwpierce.com/2013/07/03/delilah-w-pierce-among-alma-thomas-little-paris-group-1948/ |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Delilah W. Pierce |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Bygone-Brookland&quot; /&gt; cyangwa kabiri mu cyumweru, [ 3 ] &lt;ref name=&quot;MessyNessy&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=4 June 2020 |title=The &quot;Other&quot; Lost Generation of Black American Artists in Paris |url=https://www.messynessychic.com/2020/06/04/the-other-lost-generation-of-black-american-artists-in-paris/ |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Messy Nessy Chic}}&lt;/ref&gt; muri studio ya Jones, &quot;Sitidiyo Nto ya Paris,&quot; mu rugo rwe kuri 1220 Quincy Street NE, mu gace ka Washington ka Brookland . Yabayeho &lt;ref name=&quot;Bygone-Brookland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Malesky |first=Robert |title=PORTRAITS: Loïs Mailou Jones and the Little Paris Studio |url=http://bygonebrookland.com/portraits-lois-mailou-jones.html |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Bygone Brookland |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108060156/http://bygonebrookland.com/portraits-lois-mailou-jones.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; . [ 3 ] Yahaye abahanzi bateye imbere amahirwe yo gushushanya kuri moderi, &lt;ref name=&quot;Hyperallergic&quot; /&gt; kunoza ubuhanga bwabo - &quot;guteza imbere ubuhanga nuburyo,&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Pierce-Little-Paris&quot; /&gt; na &quot;gutezimbere ubuhanga bwabo no kungurana ibitekerezo&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;MessyNessy&quot; /&gt;, kimwe na salon, cyangwa ihuriro ryibiganiro - &quot;kuvuga kubyagezweho mubuhanzi bugezweho, cyane cyane ko byari bishingiye i Paris.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Hyperallergic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Yau |first=John |date=14 August 2016 |title=Under No Obligation |url=https://hyperallergic.com/317208/alma-thomas-studio-museum-harlem/ |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Hyperallergic}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abandi bagize iryo tsinda usibye Jones na Tabary barimo Delilah Pierce na Thomas, ndetse na Bruce Brown, Ruth Brown, Richard Dempsey, Barbara Linger, Don Roberts, Desdemona Wade, Frank West, na Elizabeth Williamson. &lt;ref name=&quot;Little-Paris-photo-1&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MessyNessy&quot; /&gt; Ifoto, yo mu bubiko bwa Thomas, y’iteraniro ry’itsinda ryo mu 1948 ryerekana abahanzi cumi na batatu n’umunyamideli w’umugabo. &lt;ref name=&quot;Little-Paris-photo-1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Little Paris Group in Lois Jones' studio |url=https://www.si.edu/object/little-paris-group-lois-jones-studio:AAADCD_item_7393 |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Smithsonian Institution |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Little-Paris-photo-2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Little Paris Group in Lois Jones' studio, 1948, from the Alma Thomas papers, circa 1894-2001 |url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/little-paris-group-lois-jones-studio-7393 |access-date=7 December 2020 |website=Archives of American Art, Smithsonian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 1958, Thomas yasuye ibigo by’ubuhanzi byo mu Burayi bw’iburengerazuba hamwe n’abanyeshuri ba kaminuza ya Temple mu ruzinduko runini rwateguwe n’iryo shuri ry’ubuhanzi rya Tyler. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 25&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;25&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;[ 13 ] 

Uruhare rwe mu itsinda rito rya Paris bivugwa ko rwashishikarije Thomas gushaka andi masomo muri kaminuza ya Amerika . Igitabo kimwe kivuga ko mu ntangiriro ya za 1950, &quot;ishami ry’ubuhanzi rya AU ryafatwaga mu bice byinshi nk 'ishami ry’ubuhanzi rya avant-garde mu gihugu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;But-Men&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Thursday, February 11, 2016 |url=https://beingbutmen.blogspot.com/2016/02/who-are-these-men-they-changed.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200128093640/http://beingbutmen.blogspot.com/2016/02/who-are-these-men-they-changed.html |archive-date=January 28, 2020 |access-date=8 December 2020 |website=Being But Men, We Walked Into the Trees |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubera iyo mpamvu, mu 1950, afite imyaka 59, yatangiye imyaka icumi yiga muri iyo kaminuza, yiga amasomo nijoro na wikendi, yiga ubuhanzi, &lt;ref name=&quot;SAAM&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas |url=https://americanart.si.edu/artist/alma-thomas-4778 |access-date=2019-11-12 |website=Smithsonian American Art Museum |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; harimo amateka yubuhanzi no gushushanya. [ 13 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 449&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;449&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NMWA-Blog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=14 October 2009 |title=Artist Spotlight: Alma Thomas |url=https://nmwa.org/blog/artist-spotlight-alma-thomas/ |access-date=17 December 2020 |website=National Museum of Women in the Arts - Broad Strokes Blog}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri kaminuza y'Abanyamerika yize gushushanya hamwe na Robert Franklin Gates na Ben &quot;Joe&quot; Summerford. Ariko Jacob Kainen yari umwarimu we ukomeye cyane, kandi yari kuba inshuti magara ubuzima bwe bwose. Igihe Thomas yigana na Kainen mu gatasi 1957, yamufata nk'umuhanzi mugenzi we aho kuba umunyeshuri. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 11&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;11&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Kainen yari yarahuye na Thomas mu 1934, mu nzu mberabyombi ya Barnet-Aden, maze mu 1957, yemera gutangira kwigisha icyiciro cya AU cy’umwaka wose cy’abanyeshuri batandatu batoranijwe bashushanyije, barimo na Thomas, ariko ubuyobozi bwemerera abanyeshuri 32, benshi muri bo bakaba batangiye, kwiga ishuri maze Kainen areka gucika intege nyuma ya manda imwe. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 30&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;30&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

Igihe Thomas yatangiraga amasomo ye yisumbuye muri kaminuza y'Abanyamerika mu 1950, yari akiri amarangi y'ikigereranyo. Mu myaka ya za 1950, uburyo bwe bwahindutse muburyo butandukanye, kuva gushushanya kwishusho kugeza kubisimu no kwerekana imvugo idasobanutse, hamwe n &quot;&quot; urwibutso &quot;, amashusho yijimye ahanini yambaye amajwi yubururu nubururu, atangira kwakira amabara meza yakoreshaga nyuma muburyo bwe bwo gusinya. [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 25, 30-31&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;25, 30-31&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Umwuga w'ubuhanzi ===
&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot; ''Ubuhanzi bwo guhanga ni ubw'igihe cyose bityo bukaba butigenga ku gihe. Ni mu myaka yose, mu bihugu byose, kandi niba bivuze ko dushaka kuvuga umwuka wo guhanga umuntu ukora ishusho cyangwa igishusho uhuriweho n'isi yose y’umuco, utitaye ku myaka, ubwoko ndetse n'ubwenegihugu; aya magambo ashobora guhagarara nta nkomyi.'' &quot; -Alma Thomas, 1970 &lt;/blockquote&gt;Mu 1960, Thomas yavuye mu kwigisha maze aba umuhanzi wigihe cyose wabigize umwuga afite imyaka 68 cyangwa 69.

Mu myaka ya za 1960, yatangiye gukora amashusho y’amabara,  ahumekewe nakazi k’ishuri rya New York na Abstract Expressionism . 

Thomas yari azwiho gukorera muri sitidiyo y'urugo (icyumba gito cyo kubamo), akora ibishushanyo bye &quot;asunika canvas ku bibero bye kandi abinganya na sofa.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&gt; Yakoraga mu gikoni mu nzu ye, ahimba imirimo nka ''Watusi (Hard Edge)'' (1963), manipulation ya Cutis ya Matisse ''The Snail'', &lt;ref name=&quot;Gopnik&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Blake Gopnik |date=November 5, 2009 |title=Alma Thomas's &quot;Watusi (Hard Edge)&quot; Won't Hang in White House |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/04/AR2009110405053.html |access-date=July 6, 2011 |work=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; aho Thomas yahinduye imiterere ahindura amabara Matisse yakoresheje, maze ayita indirimbo ya Chubby Checker . &lt;ref name=&quot;Cotter1&quot;/&gt;

Mu buryo butandukanye n’abandi banyeshuri benshi bo mu ishuri ry’amabara rya Washington, ntabwo yakoresheje kaseti kugira ngo agaragaze imiterere y’amashusho ye. [ 13 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 451&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;451&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Ubuhanga bwe bwarimo gushushanya imirongo yamakaramu yoroheje hejuru ya canvas kugirango akore imiterere nishusho, no kuzuza amarangi irangi nyuma. Imirongo yikaramu ye igaragara mubice byinshi yarangije, ntabwo yabisibye. &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&gt;

Ibikorwa bya Tomasi nyuma yizabukuru byari byibanze cyane kubitekerezo byamabara. &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&gt; Ibikorwa bye muri kiriya gihe byumvikanaga n’ibya Vasily Kandinsky (wari ushishikajwe n’ubushobozi bw’amarangamutima y’amabara) ndetse n’i Washington Color Field Painters, &quot;ikintu cyamushimishije abamunenga ... ariko nanone cyibajije ibibazo byerekeranye n '&quot; umwirabura &quot;mu gihe abahanzi bato bo muri Afurika n’Abanyamerika bakoraga ibikorwa byo kwigaragambya bishingiye ku moko.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2000 |title=Reviewed Works: Alma W. Thomas, a Retrospective of the Paintings |journal=Woman's Art Journal |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=55–56 |doi=10.2307/1358116 |jstor=1358116}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yavuze ati: &quot;Gukoresha ibara mu mashusho yanjye ni iby'ingenzi kuri njye. Nkoresheje ibara nagerageje kwibanda ku bwiza n'ibyishimo mu gishushanyo cyanjye aho kwibanda ku buntu bwa muntu ku muntu.&quot; [ 4 ] Yongeye kuvuga ku bijyanye no gukoresha ibara yagize ati: &quot;Ibara ni ubuzima, kandi umucyo ni nyina w'amabara.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;artic&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=1972 |title=Starry Night and the Astronauts |url=https://www.artic.edu/artworks/129884/starry-night-and-the-astronauts |website=The Art Institute of Chicago}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:March_on_Washington_Alma_Thomas_1964.jpg|right|thumb|''Werurwe i Washington'' (1964) mu Ngoro y’ubuhanzi mu 2022]]
[[File:Pansies_in_Washington,_1969,_Alma_Thomas.jpg|right|thumb|''Pansies i Washington'' (1969) mu Ngoro yigihugu yubuhanzi muri 2022]]
Imurikagurisha rye rya mbere ryasubiye mu 1966 (24 Mata - 17 Gicurasi) mu Ngoro y’ubuhanzi muri kaminuza ya Howard, ryateguwe n’amateka y’ubuhanzi James A. Porter . Harimo imirimo 34 kuva 1959 kugeza 1966. Kuri iri murika, yakoze ''ibishushanyo mbonera by’isi'', uruhererekane rw’ibikorwa byahumetswe na kamere, harimo ''izuka'' (1966), &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Box 2, Folder 43 {{!}} A Finding Aid to the Alma Thomas papers, circa 1894-2001 {{!}} Digitized Collection |url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/alma-thomas-papers-9241/series-4/box-2-folder-43 |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=www.aaa.si.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; mu mwaka wa 2014 bikaba byari kugurwa mu cyegeranyo cya [[Perezidansi y’Amerika|White House]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Resurrection&quot; by Alma Thomas |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/resurrection-by-alma-thomas |access-date=2020-02-22 |website=WHHA (en-US) |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;CT&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Valentine |first=Victoria |date=17 April 2015 |title=Alma Thomas is Given Pride of Place at the White House |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2015/04/17/alma-thomas-is-given-pride-of-place-at-the-white-house/ |access-date=30 August 2019 |work=Culture Type}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niwe mugore wa mbere w’umunyafurika-Umunyamerika winjijwe mu cyegeranyo cy’ubuhanzi gihoraho cya [[Perezidansi y’Amerika|White House]] . 

Tomasi n'umuhanzi Delilah Pierce, inshuti, bari gutwara imodoka mu cyaro aho Tomasi yashakishaga imbaraga, akuramo ibitekerezo ku ngaruka z'umucyo n'ikirere ku bidukikije. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)&quot;&gt;citation ikenewe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Kugira ngo duhangane n'ikibazo cyatewe na Howard show, nk'uko Romare Bearden na Henry Henderson babitangaza, uburyo bwe bwongeye guhinduka, mu buryo bw'ingenzi: &quot;Tomasi yahinduye uburyo bwihariye ubu buzwi nk'umukono we - ukina ibara rirwanya ibara kandi hejuru y'ibara rifite ishusho ntoya, idasanzwe y'urukiramende rufite ibara ryinshi, akenshi rifite ibara ryinshi.&quot; [ 13 ] Iri murika ryakiriwe neza na Helen Hoffman mu kinyamakuru Washington Post cyo ku ya 4 Gicurasi 1966, cyiswe &quot;ibara ryerekana amabara ryerekana umwuka we&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

Ahumekewe n'ukwezi kugwa mu 1969, Alma Thomas yatangiye insanganyamatsiko ye ya kabiri y'ingenzi yo gushushanya. Urukurikirane ''Umwanya, Snoopy'' ''nisi'' byashyizwe mubikorwa pointillism. Yabyukije umwuka muburyo butandukanye cyane bwamabara nuburyo bwa mozayike, akoresha ubururu bwijimye bwijimye bwijimye kandi bwijimye bwa orange, agaragaza abstraction nubwiza butunguranye akoresheje ibara. Ibikorwa byinshi muriki ruhererekane bifite uruziga, rutambitse, na vertical verisiyo. Ibishushanyo birashobora kubyara ibyiyumvo byo kureremba. Ibishushanyo nabyo bitanga ingufu muri canvas. Itandukaniro ryamabara ritera ibara rikomeye, kandi rigumana imbaraga ziboneka. &lt;ref name=&quot;SAAM&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Earth_Sermon_-_Beauty,_Love_and_Peace,_1971,_Alma_Thomas.jpeg|right|thumb|''Inyigisho y'isi - Ubwiza, Urukundo n'amahoro'' (1971) mu nzu ndangamurage ya Hirshhorn n'ubusitani bw'ibishushanyo mu 2022]]
Hagati ya 1967 na 1975, Thomas yahawe ibihembo byinshi n’ishimwe mu mashyirahamwe atandukanye y’ubuhanzi n’ingoro ndangamurage z’Abanyamerika. Mu 1967, Thomas yatsindiye icyubahiro mu imurikagurisha ry’umuryango w’abanyamerika bo muri Otirishiya hamwe n’ishusho ye ''The Viennese Waltzes,'' nyuma mu 1972, afite imyaka 81, Thomas ni we mugore wa mbere w’umunyamerika w’umunyamerika wagize imurikagurisha wenyine mu nzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Whitney . Nyuma yaho muri uwo mwaka, imurikagurisha rinini cyane ryabereye mu ngoro y’ubuhanzi ya Corcoran .  &lt;ref name=&quot;Bearden&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bearden |first=Romare |date=1993 |title=A History of African-American Artists: From 1792 to the Present |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofafrican00bear |last2=Henderson |first2=Henry |publisher=Pantheon Books |isbn=9780394570167 |location=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 452 Thomas yahakanye ibirango bamushyizeho nk'umuhanzi kandi ntiyemera inzitizi zose zibuza ibikorwa bye byo guhanga no gukora umwuga w'ubuhanzi, harimo n'irangamuntu ye nk'umwirabura. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Ian Berry, Lauren Haynes. |year=2016 |title=Alma Thomas |publisher=Prestel |isbn=978-3791355719}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yizeraga ko icy'ingenzi kuri we ari ugukomeza guhanga icyerekezo cye binyuze mu bihangano bye ndetse no mu isi y’ubuhanzi nubwo amacakubiri ashingiye ku moko. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=K Harrisburg |first=Halley |year=1966 |title=African-American art : 20th century masterworks, III : [exhibition] |publisher=Michael Rosenfeld Gallery |location=New York, NY}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thomas yari akivangura nkumuhanzi wigitsina gore wumwirabura kandi yanenzwe muburyo bwe budafatika butandukanye nabandi Banyamerika b'Abirabura bakoranye ibishushanyo n’ibimenyetso mu kurwanya igitugu. Ibikorwa bye byagaragaye hamwe nabandi bahanzi benshi b'Abanyafurika-Abanyamerika muri za galeries no kwerekana, nk'ububiko bwa mbere bufite abirabura mu Karere ka Columbiya. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[File:Alma_Thomas_at_Whitney.jpg|left|thumb|Thomas mu gufungura imurikagurisha rye wenyine mu nzu ndangamurage ya Whitney mu 1972]]
Nyuma yo kwerekana muri Whitney, icyamamare cya Thomas mu muryango w’ubukorikori cyiza cyane. Kuba yaramenyekanye vuba aha byatewe ahanini na Robert Doty amushyigikiye mu majwi, kuko yateguye igitaramo cya Thomas's Whitney mu rwego rwo kwerekana imurikagurisha ry’abahanzi bo muri Afurika n’Abanyamerika, rigamije kwamagana ko badahagarariwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt; Abanenga New York bashimishijwe nuburyo bwa kijyambere bwa Thomas, cyane cyane ko yari umukecuru wimyaka 80 mugihe yatangiraga igihugu. Ikinyamakuru New York Times cyasuzumye imurikagurisha rye inshuro enye, yita amashusho ye &quot;gukuramo impuguke, tachiste mu buryo, nta makemwa mu gukoresha amabara &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mellow |first=James R. |date=29 April 1972 |title=Expert Abstractions by Alma Thomas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/04/29/archives/expert-abstractions-by-alma-thomas.html |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abazungu benshi bamunegura bamushimye nk &quot;&quot; Ikimenyetso cyabashushanyijeho amabara &quot;kandi nk&quot; &quot;impano, abstractioniste ebullient&quot;. Filozofiya ya Alma Thomas yubuhanzi bwe nuko ibikorwa bye byuzuye imbaraga, kandi izo mbaraga ntizishobora gusenywa cyangwa kuremwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;Greenwood Press&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |date=1999 |title=Women artists of color : a bio-critical sourcebook to 20th century artists in the Americas |url=https://archive.org/details/womenartistsofco00farr |publisher=Greenwood Press |others=Farris, Phoebe, 1952- |isbn=0313303746 |location=Westport, Conn. |oclc=40193578 |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ushinzwe gutunganya ibihangano bya New York akaba n'umwanditsi witwa Thomas B. Hess yaguze ishusho ya Tomasi yo mu 1972 ishushanya ''Red Roses Sonata'', maze mu 1976 umusingi w’umuryango we uha iki gitabo inzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Metropolitan . [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 34&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;34&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;/&gt; ] &lt;ref name=&quot;Met-Roses&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Red Roses Sonata |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/632918 |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=www.metmuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Joshua Taylor letter to Alma Thomas, 1975 March 3, from the Alma Thomas papers, circa 1894-2001 |url=https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/items/detail/joshua-taylor-letter-to-alma-thomas-18478 |access-date=2019-04-04 |website=www.aaa.si.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Smithsonian-Taylor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=1 January 1970 |title=Joshua C. Taylor Becomes Director of NCFA |url=https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_1035 |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=Smithsonian Institution Archives |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Reed-Taylor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=In Memoriam: Joshua C. Taylor '39 |url=https://www.reed.edu/reed-magazine/in-memoriam/obituaries/_online_only/joshua-taylor-1939.html |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=Reed Magazine |language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mary Beth Edelson ' &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAqo&quot;&gt;Bamwe mu bahanzi b'Abanyamerika bazima / Ifunguro Ryera&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (1972) bakiriye ''Ifunguro Ryera'' rya Leonardo da Vinci, hamwe n'abayobozi b'abahanzi b'[[Umugore|abagore]] bazwi bahurira hejuru y'imitwe ya Kristo n'intumwa ze; Alma Thomas yari muri abo bahanzi b'abagore bazwi. Iyi shusho, ivuga ku ruhare rw’amadini n’ubuhanzi amashusho y’amateka mu kugandukira abagore, yabaye &quot;imwe mu mashusho agaragara y’ubuhanzi bw’umugore .&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Frost Art Museum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Beth Edelson |url=http://drawingproject.frostartmuseum.org/mary-beth-edelson/ |access-date=11 January 2014 |website=The Frost Art Museum Drawing Project}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Clara - Edelson&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Mary Beth Adelson |url=http://clara.nmwa.org/index.php?g=entity_detail&amp;entity_id=1321 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140110213429/http://clara.nmwa.org/index.php?g=entity_detail&amp;entity_id=1321 |archive-date=January 10, 2014 |access-date=10 January 2014 |website=Clara - Database of Women Artists |publisher=National Museum of Women in the Arts |location=Washington, D.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ubuzima bwite ===
Thomas yabwiye ''New York Times'' mu 1977 ko &quot;atigeze arongora umugabo ariko ibihangano byanjye. Ni uwuhe mugabo wigeze ashima ibyo nashakaga?&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-77-whitney&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Shirey |first=David L. |date=4 May 1972 |title=At 77, She's Made It to the Whitney |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/05/04/archives/at-77-shes-made-it-to-the-whitney.html |access-date=12 December 2020 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yanditse ati: &quot;Kera byavuzwe, ntupfe kugira&quot; Miss &quot;ku ibuye ryawe. Ndumva nishimiye cyane kuba narakomeje Miss wanjye. Ndavuga ko Miss uhagaze kuri Jackasses zose nabuze mu buzima.&quot; [ 4 ] Yongeyeho ati: &quot;Umugabo mwiza ni umunezero, ariko ku bw'Imana ntukagwe na Jackass.&quot; [ 4 ] Yagize ubuzima busanzwe, hamwe ninshuti nyinshi zabahanzi. &lt;ref name=&quot;NYT-77-whitney&quot; /&gt; &quot;Ntakunze kubura&quot; inzu ndangamurage cyangwa imurikagurisha rifungura i Washington. [ 13 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 447&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;447&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;

Thomas yabaga mu nzu imwe i Washington, ku muhanda wa 1530, 15, NW, ubuzima bwe bwose, kuva mu 1907 igihe umuryango we wimukiye muri Jeworujiya kugira ngo ashobore kwiga amashuri yisumbuye kugeza apfuye mu 1978 (usibye imyaka mike yari afite mu myaka 20 yakoraga ahandi). Murumuna we John Maurice Thomas, uzwi ku izina rya se kandi yari afite umwuga wo kuba isomero muri kaminuza ya Howard, yasangiye inzu na we. [ 4 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 7&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;7&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP-obit&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Richard |first=Paul |date=25 February 1978 |title=Alma Thomas, 86, Dies |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1978/02/25/alma-thomas-86-dies/a2e629d0-58e6-4834-a18d-6071b137f973/ |access-date=12 December 2020 |work=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=25 Mar 2004 |title=Obituaries: John Maurice Thomas |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/2004/03/25/obituaries/92ddcdeb-a896-4e2d-9a16-cf2819a28f62/ |access-date=4 September 2021 |work=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; Urwo rugo, ubu ruzwi ku izina rya Alma Thomas Inzu, rwubatswe ahagana mu 1875 kandi rushyirwa ku gitabo cy’igihugu cy’ahantu ndangamateka . Ku ya 26 Gicurasi 2025, Umuhanda &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Valentine |first=Valerie L. |date=May 16, 2020 |title=Longtime Home of Artist Alma Thomas For Sale in Washington, D.C., for $2.2 Million+ |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2020/05/16/longtime-home-of-artist-alma-thomas-for-sale-in-washington-d-c-for-2-2-million/ |access-date=4 September 2021 |website=Cultural Type}}&lt;/ref&gt; hagati y’Itorero na Q wahinduwe Alma Thomas &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2025-05-28 |title=Washington, DC street renamed ‘Alma Thomas Way’ in honour of renowned abstract painter |url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/2025/05/28/alma-thomas-way-washington-dc |access-date=2025-05-30 |website=www.theartnewspaper.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Urupfu n'ububiko ===
Alma Thomas yapfuye ku ya 24 Gashyantare 1978, mu bitaro bya kaminuza ya Howard, nyuma yo kubagwa aortic. &lt;ref name=&quot;WP-obit&quot;/&gt;

Impapuro za Tomasi zatanzwe mu bihe byinshi hagati ya 1979 na 2004 muri Archives of Art Art y'Abanyamerika na mushiki we, J. Maurice Thomas. &lt;ref name=&quot;AAA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas papers, 1894–2000 |url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/alma-thomas-papers-9241/more#biohist |access-date=July 6, 2011 |website=Finding Aid |publisher=Archives of American Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imiterere yubuhanzi ==
Alma Thomas akazi ke kare kari guhagarariwe muburyo.  Nkumwirabura, yibanze kumurimo we wo guhanga aho kwibanda kumoko cyangwa igitsina. &lt;ref name=&quot;SAAM&quot;/&gt; Tomasi yizeraga ko guhanga bigomba kwigenga kuburinganire cyangwa ubwoko, guhanga imirimo yibanda kubwiza butunguranye no gukuramo ibara. &lt;ref name=&quot;Greenwood Press&quot;/&gt;

After further education at American University and influenced by James V. Herring and Lois Mailou Jones, her work became more abstract.&lt;ref name=&quot;nmwa.org&quot;/&gt; Toward the end of her life, her style moved &quot;to a color-filled, impastoed geometric abstraction of tessellated brushstroke patterns.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt; These paintings have been compared to Byzantine mosaics and the pointillist paintings of Georges-Pierre Seurat.&lt;ref name=&quot;nmwa.org&quot; /&gt; Thomas' style has qualities similar to West African paintings as well as Byzantine mosaics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Henkes |first=Robert |year=1993 |title=The art of Black American women : works of twenty-four artists of the twentieth century |publisher=McFarland Publishing |isbn=978-0899508184 |location=Jefferson, N.C}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Mars_Dust,_1972,_Alma_Thomas_at_Whitney.jpg|right|thumb|''Umukungugu wa Mars'' (1972) mu nzu ndangamurage ya Whitney mu 2023]]
Ibara rye ryamazi hamwe namavuta yashizwemo no gukoresha (rimwe na rimwe kurengana) urukiramende rwamabara. Yakomeje gukoresha ubu buhanga mu mirimo ye, bwerekanaga amabara aboneka mu biti, indabyo, ubusitani, ndetse n’andi mashusho asanzwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot;/&gt; Igishushanyo cye ''nimugoroba Glow'' cyatewe ahanini n’uko Tomasi yashishikajwe n’amabara y’isi: &quot;Igiti cyera hanze y’icyumba cye, cyashishikaje Tomasi ibishushanyo mbonera byakozwe n'amababi yacyo ku idirishya, kandi bifite ishusho y’urumuri n’igicucu hasi hasi no ku rukuta imbere mu rugo rwe.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:05&quot; /&gt; Amashusho ye yise 'Alma's Stripes', kubera ko ishusho yuzuye irangi yaremye urukiramende rurerure. Nyuma ibikorwa byahumetswe nubushakashatsi bwikirere hamwe nisi. Umutwe w'ishusho ye ''ya Mars Dust'' (1972) yerekanaga inkuru zamakuru yumuyaga wumukungugu kuri Mars. [ 4 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 33&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;33&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;.

== Nyuma reaction, kwerekana, niterambere ==
[[File:Red_Azaleas_Singing,_1976,_Alma_Thomas_at_SAAM_2023.jpg|right|thumb|''Umutuku Azaleas Kuririmba no kubyina Urutare na Roll Muzika'' (1976) mu nzu ndangamurage yubuhanzi ya Smithsonian muri 2023]]
Umuhanga mu by'amateka y’ubuhanzi Richard J. Powell yanditse mu 1997 ku bijyanye n’umwanya wa Thomas na Sam Gilliam nk’abanyamuryango babiri bazwi cyane b’Abanyafurika-Abanyamerika bo mu Ishuri ry’amabara rya Washington, ati: &quot;Mu gihe baganiraga n’ibikorwa by’abahanzi bagenzi babo bo mu Ishuri ry’amabara rya Washington ( Gene Davis, Morris Louis, na Kenneth Noland ), banabagejejeho, binyuze mu buryo bwa tekiniki kandi bwo mu rwego rwo hejuru bwo gusiga amarangi, ibyifuzo by’imibereho by’icyiciro rusange cya Washington DC.&quot; Yakomeje avuga ko mu myaka ya za 1960 Thomas &quot;yateye umugongo&quot; ku buryo yari asanzwe ahagarariye &quot;umuryango w’ubuhanzi wa DC wabonaga ko ari ibitekerezo by’ibitekerezo,&quot; ashyigikira &quot;uburyo budasubirwaho bwatewe n’ubuhinzi bw’[[imboga]], inyigisho z’amabara ya siyansi, ndetse n’umuziki.&quot; Powell yavuze ko Tomasi yo mu 1976 ''Azeleas Kuririmba no Kubyina Rock na Roll Music'' ari &quot;ubuhanga bwo kuganira inzira zinyerera hagati ya kamere na sosiyete,&quot; kandi &quot;bikerekana uburyo bwo kwishyira hamwe kw'ibihe.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Powell&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |last=Powell |first=Richard J. |date=1997 |title=Black art and culture in the 20th century |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson |isbn=0-500-20295-8 |location=New York, N.Y. |page=128}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikinyamakuru Washington Post cyamusobanuye ko ari &quot;imbaraga mu ishuri ry’ibara rya Washington &quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;wapo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Dawson |first=Jessica |date=April 7, 2005 |title=An Alumni Reunion On the Hilltop |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A32839-2005Apr6.html |access-date=October 8, 2009 |work=The Washington Post |page=C05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Yanditse mu 1998, umuhanga mu by'amateka y’ubuhanzi Sharon Patton yavuze ko ''Igitaramo cya Tomasi cyo mu 1973 cy’umuyaga na Crepe Myrtle'' ari &quot;kimwe mu bishushanyo mbonera bya Minimalist Color-Field byakozwe n’umuhanzi nyafurika w’umunyamerika.&quot; 

Nubwo Thomas atabonye monografiya  kugeza mu 1998 igihe inzu ndangamurage ya Fort Wayne yerekanaga ibyerekeranye n’umuhanzi, &lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;/&gt; ubukererwe bw’abashakashatsi bwimbitse ntabwo bugaragaza umurage we n’ingaruka ku buhanzi bwa Visual . Jacob Kainen, umwarimu we muri kaminuza y'Abanyamerika mu gatasi 1957, [ 3 ] yemeza ko &quot;Tomasi yagize uruhare runini mu iterambere ry’ibishushanyo mbonera mu kinyejana cya 20.&quot; Kainen yanditse mu gitabo cya Fort Wayne yerekana ko yahuye na Thomas mu 1943, mu birori byabereye mu nzu mberabyombi ya Barnett-Aden . [ 3 ] &lt;sup class=&quot;reference nowrap&quot;&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Page: 30&quot;&gt;&amp;#x3A;&amp;#x200A;30&amp;#x200A;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/sup&gt;Kainen amwibuka muri kiriya gihe nk &quot;&quot; umugore muto, unanutse ufite ubwiza bwimyambarire, imyifatire ye ndetse no gushikama kudashidikanywaho byatumye ikibazo cy'ubunini bwe kidafite akamaro. &quot; [ 3 ] Muri gahunda y’imyidagaduro y’ubuhanzi ya kaminuza ya Howard yo mu 1966 &quot;Alma W. Thomas: Imurikagurisha ryisubiraho, 1959-1966,&quot; Kainen asobanura ko ari &quot;Ikimenyetso cy’abashushanya amabara.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2009, amashusho abiri yakozwe na Thomas, harimo na ''Watusi (Hard Edge)'', &lt;ref name=&quot;Cotter1&quot;/&gt; yatowe na Madamu wa Perezida Michelle Obama, umushinga w'imbere mu nzu ya White House, Michael S. Smith (umushinga w'imbere), hamwe n'umuyobozi ushinzwe inzu ya White House, William Allman kugira ngo berekanwe muri [[Perezidansi y’Amerika|White House]] mu gihe cya perezida Obama . &lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Vogel |first=Carol |date=October 6, 2009 |title=A Bold and Modern White House |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/arts/design/07borrow.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616215631/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/07/arts/design/07borrow.html?_r=1 |archive-date=June 16, 2013 |access-date=October 7, 2009 |work=The New York Times |page=A14}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Watusi (Hard Edge)'' yaje gukurwa muri White House kubera impungenge zatewe n'iki gice kibereye mu biro bya East Wing ya Michelle Obama. ''Sky Light'', &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2009 |title=Alma Thomas' &quot;Watusi&quot; Gets the White House Kibosh |url=http://flavorwire.com/48319/alma-thomas-watusi-gets-the-white-house-kibosh}}&lt;/ref&gt; yatanzwe na Hirshhorn Museum and Garden Sculpture, yamanitswe mu nzu bwite ya Obama. &lt;ref name=&quot;Gopnik&quot;/&gt;
[[File:Resurrection,_1966,_Alma_Thomas_at_SAAM_2023.jpg|right|thumb|''Izuka'' (1966) mu nzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Smithsonian muri 2023]]
Mu mwaka wa 2015, ikindi gishushanyo cye, ''Izuka'' (1966), cyamanitswe cyane mu cyumba cyo gusangiriramo umuryango wa Old House cyo muri White House, kikaba cyaraguzwe mu cyegeranyo cya White House mu 2014 hamwe n’amadorari 290.000 n’inkunga yatanzwe n’ishyirahamwe ry’amateka rya White House . &lt;ref name=&quot;CT&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;WHHA&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=&quot;Resurrection&quot; by Alma Thomas |url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/resurrection-by-alma-thomas |access-date=30 August 2019 |website=White House Historical Association |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guhitamo &lt;ref name=&quot;CT&quot; /&gt; mu cyegeranyo cya White House byasobanuwe nk'ikimenyetso cyiza ku butegetsi bwa Obama na Holland Cotter wanenze ibihangano ''bya New York Times'' . Cotter yavuze ko umurimo wa Tomasi ari &quot;kureba imbere nta gukabya; nyuma y'amoko ariko kandi ukunda amoko.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;Artnews1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Robin Cembalest |year=2009 |title=Critics Nix Obamas' Pix Mix |url=http://artnews.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=2789 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707170726/http://artnews.com/issues/article.asp?art_id=2789 |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |access-date=July 6, 2011 |website=Past Issues |publisher=ARTnews}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu mwaka wa 2016, imurikagurisha ''Alma Thomas'', ryasobanuwe mu bikoresho byamamaza ko ari &quot;uburyo bwa mbere bwerekanwe ku bikorwa by’umuhanzi mu myaka igera kuri makumyabiri,&quot; kandi ko bugaragaza &quot;ubwihindurize butandukanye bw’imirimo ya Tomasi kuva mu mpera za 1950 kugeza apfuye mu 1978&quot; bwateguwe na The Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery muri Skidmore College na Studio Museum i Harlem . &lt;ref name=&quot;tang.skidmore.edu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas |url=https://tang.skidmore.edu/exhibitions/133-alma-thomas |access-date=2019-03-02 |website=Tang Teaching Museum |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri murika ryateguwe na Ian Berry, Umuyobozi wa Dayton w’Ingoro Ndangamurage ya Tang na Lauren Haynes, Umuyobozi wungirije ushinzwe amasomo, icyegeranyo gihoraho mu nzu ndangamurage ya Studio i Harlem kandi ashyigikiwe n’inshuti za Tang. &lt;ref name=&quot;tang.skidmore.edu&quot; /&gt; Ibikoresho byamamaza imurikagurisha byagaragaje ko &quot;ibihangano bya Tomasi, ibishushanyo mbonera by’ingufu ndetse no kwiyemeza kurangi byamuremye umurimo wihariye kandi udasanzwe.&quot; Bavuze kandi ko &quot;ikubiyemo gake cyane amabara y’amazi n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe hakiri kare.&quot; Iri murika ryagabanyijwemo ibice bine: Himura kuri Abstraction; Isi, Umwanya, hamwe nakazi katinze. &lt;ref name=&quot;tang.skidmore.edu&quot; /&gt;

''Ikinyamakuru Wall Street Journal'' cyamusobanuye mu mwaka wa 2016 nk'umuhanzi wahoze ari &quot;umuhanzi udashimwa&quot; uherutse kumenyekana kubera ibikorwa bye &quot;exuberant&quot;, uzwi cyane ku buryo bwabo, injyana n'ibara. 

Muri 2019, Tomasi yo mu 1970 yashushanyije ''izuba rirenze'' ryatejwe cyamunara mugurisha Christie . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Armstrong |first=Annie |date=2019-10-24 |title=Alma Thomas, a Favored Artist of the Obamas, Could More Than Double Her Auction Record Next Month at Christie's |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/market/alma-thomas-auction-christies-13461/ |access-date=2020-08-11 |website=ARTnews.com |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yagurishijwe miliyoni 2.655. &lt;ref name=&quot;Christies-price&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas (1891-1978), A Fantastic Sunset |url=https://www.christies.com/lotfinder/Lot/alma-thomas-1891-1978-a-fantastic-sunset-6236054-details.aspx |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=www.christies.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mu 2021, hashyizweho igiciro gishya cy’ibikorwa bya Tomasi igihe ''ubusitani bw’indabyo bwa Alma'', bwashushanywaga mu myaka ya 1968 kugeza mu 1970, bwateshejwe agaciro n’inzu ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Greenville, yagurishije mu kugurisha ku giti cye n’umuguzi utamenyekanye ku madolari miliyoni 2.8. Inzu ndangamurage yari yaguze irangi mu 2008 ku madolari 135.000. &lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenbaum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Rosenbaum |first=Lee |date=9 April 2021 |title=Doubting Thomas: Greenville County Museum Sells &quot;Alma's Flower Garden&quot; in a Non-Transparent Transaction |url=https://www.artsjournal.com/culturegrrl/2021/04/doubting-thomas-greenville-county-museum-sells-almas-flower-garden-in-a-non-transparent-transaction.html |access-date=21 April 2021 |website=CultureGrrl}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Greenville&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Mayo |first=Nikie |date=30 March 2021 |title=$2.8 million mystery: Greenville museum sells rare Alma Thomas painting to secret buyer |url=https://www.greenvilleonline.com/story/news/local/south-carolina/2021/03/30/painting-black-artist-alma-thomas-sells-record-2-8-million/4808575001/ |access-date=21 April 2021 |work=The Greenville News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibikorwa bya Thomas byashyizwe mu imurikagurisha ryo mu 2021 ''Abagore muri Abstraction'' kuri Centre Pompidou . &lt;ref name=&quot;Women in abstraction&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |date=2021 |title=Women in abstraction |publisher=Thames &amp; Hudson Ltd. ; Thames &amp; Hudson Inc |isbn=978-0500094372 |location=London : New York, New York |pages=170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Imurikagurisha ry’ubuhanzi bwe yise &quot;Alma W. Thomas: Byose ni Byiza,&quot; ryateguwe n’inzu ndangamurage ya Chrysler i Norfolk, muri Virijiniya n’inzu ndangamurage ya Columbus i Columbus, Jeworujiya, yafunguwe ku ya 9 Nyakanga 2021, mu nzu ndangamurage ya Chrysler. Byari biteganijwe ko bizahakorera kugeza ku ya 3 Ukwakira 2021, nyuma yaho bikorera mu cyegeranyo cya Phillips i Washington, DC, mu mpeshyi 2021, inzu ndangamurage ya Frist i Nashville mu mpeshyi 2022, n'inzu ndangamurage ya Columbus mu mpeshyi 2022. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=September 21, 2020 |title=Everything is Beautiful: Major Alma W. Thomas Traveling Exhibition Opening at Chrysler Museum of Art in July 2021 |url=https://www.culturetype.com/2020/09/21/everything-is-beautiful-major-alma-w-thomas-traveling-exhibition-opening-at-chrysler-museum-of-art-in-july-2021/ |access-date=2020-10-21 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Chrysler-blurb&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma W. Thomas:Everything is Beautiful |url=https://chrysler.org/exhibition/alma-thomas/ |access-date=6 December 2020 |website=Chrysler Museum of Art |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inyandiko ngufi, ''Miss Alma Thomas: Ubuzima mu Ibara'', yashinzwe ku bufatanye n’imurikabikorwa. Iyobowe na Cheri Gaulke ikanakorwa na [[Jon Gann]], yakinnye iserukiramuco rya firime zirenga 40 ku isi yose kandi yegukana ibihembo ndetse n'ibihembo.

Mu 2023, ibikorwa bye byashyizwe mu imurikagurisha ''Igikorwa, Ibimenyetso, Irangi: Abahanzi b'Abagore na Global Abstraction 1940-1970'' mu nzu mberabyombi ya Whitechapel i Londres. &lt;ref name=&quot;Whitechapel Gallery&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Action, Gesture, Paint |url=https://www.whitechapelgallery.org/exhibitions/action-gesture-paint-women-and-global-abstraction-1940-70/ |access-date=24 April 2023 |website=Whitechapel Gallery |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Imurikagurisha rigaragara ==

* ''Ibara ry'amazi by Alma Thomas'', 1960, Dupont Theatre Art Gallery &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Alma Thomas: Imurikagurisha ryisubiraho (1959-1966)'', 1966, Ubugeni bwa kaminuza ya Howard &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Alma Thomas: Amashusho aheruka'', 1968, Ububiko bwa Franz Bader &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Igishushanyo cya vuba cyanditswe na Alma W. Thomas: Urukurikirane rw'isi n'ikirere (1961–1971)'', 1971, Ububiko bwa Carl Van Vechten, Kaminuza ya Fisk &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Alma W. Thomas'', 1972, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Whitney y'Abanyamerika &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |date=1989 |title=Making their mark : women artists move into the mainstream, 1970-85 |url=https://archive.org/details/makingtheirmarkw0000unse |publisher=Abbeville Press |others=Rosen, Randy., Brawer, Catherine Coleman., Cincinnati Art Museum. |isbn=0-89659-958-2 |edition=1st |location=New York |oclc=18259773 |url-access=registration}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Alma W. Thomas: Imurikagurisha ryisubiraho'', 1972, Ubugeni bwa Corcoran &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |year=2016 |title=Alma Thomas |publisher=The Studio Museum in Harlem, The Frances Young Tang Teaching Museum and Art Gallery, and DelMonico Books |isbn=9783791355719 |location=Prestel |pages=206}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Alma W. Thomas: Amashusho'', 1973, Ikarita ya Martha Jackson &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Alma W. Thomas: Amashusho aheruka'', 1975, Ubugeni bwa kaminuza ya Howard &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;
* ''Alma W. Thomas: Amashusho aheruka'', 1976, HC Taylor Gallery, Kaminuza ya Leta y’ubuhinzi n’ubuhanga ya Carolina y'Amajyaruguru &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Ubuzima mu buhanzi: Alma Thomas, 1891-1978'', 1981, Inzu Ndangamurage y’Ubuhanzi bw’Abanyamerika, Ikigo cya Smithsonian &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Alma W. Thomas: Gusubira inyuma kw'ibishushanyo'', 1998, Inzu Ndangamurage y'Ubuhanzi ya Fort Wayne, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Tampa, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Leta ya New Jersey, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Anacostia, Ikigo cya Smithsonian, n'inzu ndangamurage ya Columbus &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Alma Thomas: Phantasmagoria, Amashusho Nkuru yo mu myaka ya za 70'', 2001, Michael Rosenfeld Gallery, n'inzu ndangamurage y'abagore: Ikigo cy'ejo hazaza &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;
* ''Gukomeza Ishema: Imyaka umunani Yubuhanzi muri kaminuza ya Howard'', 2005, kaminuza ya Howard &lt;ref name=&quot;wapo&quot;/&gt;
* ''Impirimbanyi y'amabara: Igishushanyo cya Felrath Hines na Alma Thomas'', 2010, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Nasher &lt;ref name=&quot;Nasher&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Color Balance: Paintings by Felrath Hines and Alma Thomas |url=http://www.nasher.duke.edu/exhibitions_colorbalance.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928080225/http://www.nasher.duke.edu/exhibitions_colorbalance.php |archive-date=September 28, 2011 |access-date=July 6, 2011 |website=Exhibitions |publisher=Nasher Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Alma Thomas'', 2016, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Frances Young Tang Yigisha Ingoro n'Ubuhanzi muri Skidmore College, &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt; na Studio Ndangamurage ya Harlem &lt;ref name=&quot;Studio Museum&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Past Exhibits - Alma Thomas |url=https://www.studiomuseum.org/exhibition/alma-thomas |access-date=11 March 2017 |website=Studio Museum Harlem}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Alma Thomas: Imurikagurisha'', 2019, Mnuchin Gallery &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas - Exhibitions - Mnuchin Gallery |url=https://www.mnuchingallery.com/exhibitions/alma-thomas#tab:slideshow;tab-1:slideshow |website=www.mnuchingallery.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Alma W. Thomas: Byose ni Byiza'', 2021, Inzu Ndangamurage ya Chrysler &lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;/&gt;
* ''Ibara ryo guhimba: Igishushanyo cya Alma Thomas'', 2023-2024, Inzu Ndangamurage y'Abanyamerika ya Smithsonian &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Composing Color: Paintings by Alma Thomas {{!}} Smithsonian American Art Museum |url=https://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/alma-thomas |access-date=2025-07-31 |website=americanart.si.edu |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ; yagiye mu nzu ndangamurage ya Denver &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Alma Thomas Composing Color {{!}} Denver Art Museum |url=https://www.denverartmuseum.org/en/exhibitions/alma-thomas-composing-color |access-date=2025-10-19 |website=www.denverartmuseum.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2024-2025), Ingoro y’Urwibutso (2025), Inzu Ndangamurage y’ubuhanzi ya Indianapolis i Newfields (2025) na muzehe y’ubuhanzi ya Smith College (2026-2027)

== Ibikorwa bigaragara mubyegeranyo rusange ==
 {{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* ''Watusi (Hard Edge)'' (1963), [[Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden]], [[Smithsonian Institution]], [[Washington, D.C.]]&lt;ref&gt;[https://hirshhorn.si.edu/search-results/search-result-details/?edan_search_value=hmsg_76.137 &quot;Watusi (Hard Edge)&quot;], Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Retrieved October 17, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Air View of a Spring Nursery'' (1966), [[Columbus Museum]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]&lt;ref name=&quot;GA&quot;&gt;{{cite web | author=Charles T. Butler | year=2004 | title=Alma Thomas (1891–1978) | work=Individual Artists | publisher=The New Georgia Encyclopedia | url=http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1040 | access-date=July 6, 2011| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110606080115/http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/nge/Article.jsp?id=h-1040| archive-date= June 6, 2011 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://columbusmuseum.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/B7A24918-47A7-4752-8374-134645299454|title=Painting - Air View Of A Spring Nursery &amp;#124; Columbus Museum|website=columbusmuseum.pastperfectonline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers'' (1968), [[Phillips Collection]], Washington, D.C.&lt;ref name=&quot;Phillips&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers | work=American Art | publisher=Phillips Museum | url=http://www.phillipscollection.org/research/american_art/artwork/Thomas-Breeze_Rustling.htm | access-date=July 6, 2011 | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200031/http://www.phillipscollection.org/research/american_art/artwork/Thomas-Breeze_Rustling.htm | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.phillipscollection.org/collection/breeze-rustling-through-fall-flowers|title=Breeze Rustling Through Fall Flowers &amp;#124; The Phillips Collection|website=www.phillipscollection.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.phillipscollection.org/event/2020-05-17-museum-stories|title=Museum Stories &amp;#124; The Phillips Collection|website=www.phillipscollection.org|date=May 17, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Nature's Red Impressions'' (1968), Luther W. Brady Art Gallery, [[George Washington University]], Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bradygallery.gwu.edu/gw-collection|title=Brady Gallery|website=George Washington University}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Resurrection'' (1968), [[White House Historical Association]], Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/photos/resurrection-by-alma-thomas|title=&quot;Resurrection&quot; by Alma Thomas|website=WHHA (en-US)}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Wind, Sunshine and Flowers'' (1968), [[Brooklyn Museum]], [[New York City|New York]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/1562|title=Wind, Sunshine and Flowers|website=www.brooklynmuseum.org|access-date=2025-11-08|archive-date=2025-02-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250206181233/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/opencollection/objects/1562|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Iris, Tulips, Jonquils and Crocuses'' (1969), [[National Museum of Women in the Arts]], Washington, D.C.&lt;ref name=&quot;NMWA1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/works/iris-tulips-jonquils-and-crocuses|title=Iris, Tulips, Jonquils and Crocuses|year=2011|publisher=National Museum of Women in the Arts|work=Permanent Collection|access-date=January 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624204926/http://nmwa.org/collection/detail.asp?WorkID=2178|archive-date=June 24, 2011 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nmwa.org/art/collection/iris-tulips-jonquils-and-crocuses/|title=Iris, Tulips, Jonquils, and Crocuses &amp;#124; Artwork}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Pansies in Washington'' (1969), [[National Gallery of Art]], Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nga.gov/calendar/gallery-talks/collection/pansies-washington-thomas.html|title=In Depth: &quot;Pansies in Washington&quot; by Alma Thomas|website=www.nga.gov|access-date=December 21, 2020|archive-date=July 10, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710023617/https://www.nga.gov/calendar/gallery-talks/collection/pansies-washington-thomas.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Lunar Surface'' (1970), [[American University Museum]], Washington, D.C.&lt;ref name=&quot;AU-Mus&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=American University Museum at the Katzen Arts Center |url=https://www.american.edu/cas/museum/ |website=American University |access-date=12 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Snoopy Early Sun Display'' (1970), [[Smithsonian American Art Museum]], Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/snoopy-early-sun-display-earth-24019|title=Snoopy--Early Sun Display on Earth &amp;#124; Smithsonian American Art Museum|website=americanart.si.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Earth Sermon - Beauty, Love and Peace'' (1971), Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.&lt;ref name=&quot;Earth-Sermon&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Earth Sermon - Beauty, Love and Peace |url=https://hirshhorn.si.edu/explore/earth-sermon-beauty-love-and-peace/ |newspaper=Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden &amp;#124; Smithsonian |access-date=12 December 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://insider.si.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Alma-Thomas-Photo.jpg|title=Earth Sermon - Beauty, Love And Peace}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Evening Glow'' (1972), [[Baltimore Museum of Art]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://collection.artbma.org/emuseum/view/objects/asitem/search$0040/0/title-asc?t:state:flow=cb452905-77fb-40d9-ab41-8a056e19f26a|title=The Baltimore Museum of Art|website=collection.artbma.org|access-date=2016-02-13}}{{Dead link|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://collection.artbma.org/emuseum/start?t:state:flow=09b2e3ce-5956-44ea-b436-8c259aa12c66|title=The Baltimore Museum of Art|website=collection.artbma.org|access-date=July 7, 2021|archive-date=July 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190115/https://collection.artbma.org/emuseum/start?t:state:flow=09b2e3ce-5956-44ea-b436-8c259aa12c66|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
*''Mars Dust'' (1972), [[Whitney Museum]], New York&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whitney.org/collection/works/3043|title=Alma Thomas &amp;#124; Mars Dust|website=whitney.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Red Atmosphere'' (1972), [[Tougaloo College]], [[Jackson, Mississippi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Art and Civil Rights: The Mississippi Museum of Art and Tougaloo College Art and Civil Rights Initiative, 2017–2020 |url=https://www.msmuseumart.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/MMA1015K-ACRI-Cat-FINAL-web-single-edited.pdf |access-date=12 December 2020|pages=22}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Red Roses Sonata'' (1972), [[Metropolitan Museum of Art]], New York&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/632918?sortBy=Relevance&amp;amp;ft=Alma+Thomas&amp;amp;offset=0&amp;amp;rpp=20&amp;amp;pos=1|title=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|website=metmuseum.org/art/collection|access-date=2017-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Starry Night and the Astronauts'' (1972), [[Art Institute of Chicago]]&lt;ref name=artic/&gt;
*''Fiery Sunset'' (1973), [[Museum of Modern Art]], New York&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/collection/works/191855|title=Alma Woodsey Thomas. Fiery Sunset. 1973 &amp;#124; MoMA|website=The Museum of Modern Art}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Spring Embraces Yellow'' (1973), [[University of Iowa Stanley Museum of Art]], [[Iowa City]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://digital.lib.uiowa.edu/islandora/object/ui:uima_22986|title=Spring Embraces Yellow &amp;#124; The University of Iowa Libraries|website=digital.lib.uiowa.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Wind and Crêpe Myrtle Concerto'' (1973), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
* ''Wind Sparkling Dew and Green Grass'' (1973), [[Fort Wayne Museum of Art]], [[Indiana]]
*''Hydrangeas Spring Song'' (1976), [[Philadelphia Museum of Art]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/128105.html?mulR=1157462711|1 &quot;Hydrangeas Spring Song&quot;], Philadelphia Museum of Art. Retrieved October 17, 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/128105.html|title=Philadelphia Museum of Art - Collections Object : Hydrangeas Spring Song|website=www.philamuseum.org|access-date=2025-11-08|archive-date=2021-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123081518/https://philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/128105.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Red Azaleas Singing and Dancing Rock and Roll Music'' (1976), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/red-azaleas-singing-and-dancing-rock-and-roll-music-24017|title=Red Azaleas Singing and Dancing Rock and Roll Music &amp;#124; Smithsonian American Art Museum|website=americanart.si.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''White Roses Sing and Sing'' (1976), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/white-roses-sing-and-sing-24027|title=White Roses Sing and Sing &amp;#124; Smithsonian American Art Museum|website=americanart.si.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
* ''Untitled: Music Series'' (1978), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://americanart.si.edu/artwork/untitled-music-series-24025|title=Untitled (Music Series) &amp;#124; Smithsonian American Art Museum|website=americanart.si.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Div col end}}
Alma Thomas Teen Umwanya muri Martin Luther King Jr. Urwibutso rwibutso rwitiriwe izina rye.

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist|group=note}}

== Reba ==

== Bibliografiya ==

* Patton, Sharon F. ''Ubuhanzi bwa Afurika-Amerika.'' Oxford: Itangazamakuru rya kaminuza ya Oxford (1998). [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-01-92842-13-8|&lt;bdi&gt;978-01-92842-13-8&lt;/bdi&gt;]]
* &quot;Impapuro za Alma Thomas, 1894-2000&quot;. ''[https://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/alma-thomas-papers-9241 Kubona Imfashanyo.]'' Ububiko bwubuhanzi bwabanyamerika, Ikigo cya Smithsonian.

== Ibindi gusoma ==

* {{Cite web |last=Elizabeth Hamilton |date=15 Mar 2022 |title=Alma Thomas Was the Godmother of Afrofuturism |url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/culture/art-books-music/a39382593/alma-thomas-was-the-godmother-of-afrofuturism/ |website=Harpers Bazaar}}
* {{Cite web |last=Ken Johnson |date=4 Aug 2016 |title='Alma Thomas,' an Incandescent Pioneer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/05/arts/design/alma-thomas-an-incandescent-pioneer.html |website=The New York Times}}
* {{Cite book |last=Berry |first=Ian |date=2016 |title=Alma Thomas |last2=Haynes |first2=Lauren |publisher=Prestel |isbn=978-3791355719}}
* {{Cite news |last=Dobrzynski |first=Judith H. |date=1 March 2016 |title='Alma Thomas' Review |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/alma-thomas-review-1456869006 |work=WSJ |id={{ProQuest|1769027434}}}}&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
* ''Alma W. Thomas: A Retrospective of the Paintings''. Fort Wayne: Fort Wayne Museum of Art (1998).  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-7649-0686-0|&lt;bdi&gt;0-7649-0686-0&lt;/bdi&gt;]]
* Foresta, Merry A. ''A Life in Art: Alma Thomas, 1891-1978''. Published for the National Museum of American Art by the Smithsonian Institution Press, 1981.   [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[[oclc:927776976|927776976]]
* ''Alma Thomas''. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art (1972).  [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&amp;nbsp;[[oclc:53302446|53302446]]

== Ihuza ryo hanze ==

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      <text bytes="4719" sha1="fpdusc4vg8gkimg9qb7l8dd3zgyb2px" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|excludeProperties=Q139397477}}Urwibutso rwa Gisuna ni rumwe mu nzibutso zihariye zishyinguyemo Abatutsi bishwe mu 1994, mu myaka yabanje guhera mu 1959, [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]]&lt;/ref&gt;Abatutsi batangiye kicwa mu buryo bw’agashinyaguro burimo gutwikirwa amazu,kumeneshwa,babita amazina mabi abatesha agaciro n’ubundi bugizi bwa nabi, batangira kubeshyerwa ko ari ibyitso by[[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|’Inkotanyi]]; Uyu munsi, uru rwibutso rwa Gisuna rufite uruhare rukomeye mu kubungabunga aya amateka ya Jenoside no kwibutsa abakiriho kuzirikana no kumenya amateka mabi yaranze igihugu cyacu [https://kigalitoday.com/kwibuka/article/nyuma-y-imyaka-30-nta-wari-ukwiye-kwigira-ntibindeba-resirg#:~:text=Ingaruka%20za Jenoside%20n'ibibi%20byayo%2C%20birakomeza%20gutizwa%20umurindi%20n'uburyo ingaruka mbi z’urwango n’ivangura]&lt;ref&gt;https://kigalitoday.com/kwibuka/article/nyuma-y-imyaka-30-nta-wari-ukwiye-kwigira-ntibindeba-resirg#:~:text=Ingaruka%20z'urwango%20rushingiye%20kuri%20jenoside%20si%20iz'uyu,bwazo%20n'ibibi%20byazo%2C%20birakomeza%20gutizwa%20umurindi%20n'uburyo&lt;/ref&gt;, hagamijwe kubaka igihugu kirangwa n’ubumwe n’[[amahoro]].

== '''AHO URWIBUTSO RWA GISUNA RUHEREREYE'''&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/ibyo-wamenya-ku-rwibutso-rwa-gisuna-rushyinguwemo-abishwe-nk-ibyitso-mu-1990&lt;/ref&gt; ==
Urwibutso rwa Gisuna ruherereye mu karere ka [[Akarere ka Gicumbi|Gicumbi]], mu murenge wa [[Byumba]], ahahoze ari [[Byumba|Perefegitura ya Byumba]], rukaba rushyinguyemo imibiri y’Abatutsi bakuwe mu turere dutandukanye turimo [[Akarere ka Gatsibo|Gatsibo]], [[Akarere ka Nyagatare|Nyagatare]] na [[Akarere ka Rulindo|Rulindo]], ndetse no mu zahoze ari komine nka Muhura, Ngarama, [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Murambi|Murambi]], Muvumba, Kizinga, Buyoga na Tumba&lt;ref&gt;https://umuseke.rw/gicumbi-urwibutso-rwa-gisuna-rushyinguyemo-abishwe-batwitswe-bashinjwa-kuba-ibyitso/&lt;/ref&gt;; uru rwibutso rufite amateka akomeye mu kubungabunga amateka ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 mu Rwanda, no gukomeza kwibutsa abanyarwanda bose n'abandi muri rusange kurwanya no kurandura ingengabitekerezo ya Jenoside kugira ngo dukumire burundu [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]] no [https://kgm.rw/category/news-posts/page/2/ kubaka ubumwe n’amahoro] burambye.

=== '''AMATEKA YA JENOSIDE YAKOREWE ABATUTSI MU 1994 MU RWANDA'''&lt;ref&gt;https://igihe.com/amakuru/muri-afurika/u-rwanda/article/ibyo-wamenya-ku-rwibutso-rwa-gisuna-rushyinguwemo-abishwe-nk-ibyitso-mu-1990&lt;/ref&gt; ===
Ubwo Inkotanyi zatangizaga urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu tariki ya 1 Ukwakira 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;, Abatutsi benshi bo mu zahoze ari komini mu Majyaruguru batangiye gutabwa muri yombi bashinjwa kuba ibyitso, bafungirwa ahari urukiko rwa Perefegitura ya Byumba hafi y’igisirikare; ubuhamya bwa bamwe mu barokotse Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994 mu Rwanda, barimo Mupenzi Joseph, avuga ko kuva tariki ya 3 Ukwakira 1990 hatangiye igikorwa cyo gufata Abatutsi mu mujyi wa Byumba no mu nkengero zawo, bagakorerwa iyicarubozo rikomeye, bakicwa mu buryo bw’agashinyaguro burimo gutemwa, gutwikwa no gutwikirwa, ndetse no gusukwaho ibintu bishyushye,Abatutsi bafashwe bavanywe mu bice bitandukanye nka Murambi, Muhura na Muvumba babita “Inyenzi”, bagashyirwa mu kato bagakorerwa ubugome bukabije aho bamwe bicwaga nyuma yo kujyanwa mu kigo cya gisirikare, abandi bakajugunywa mu byobo ari bazima ndetse n'abandi Batutsi bakorerwaga iyicarubozo, mu gihe Abatutsi bamwe barokotse barekuwe nyuma y’amezi abiri n’akanama kari kagizwe n’abayobozi barimo Superefe na [https://www.google.com/search?q=Burugumesitiri+ubusobanuro+n%27amateka&amp;sca_esv=aaf2d711ebae6c76&amp;sxsrf=ANbL-n7uyO4LePGHAsyGrPbn3hZ8SCSNaQ%3A1776457903015&amp;ei=rpjiaeXbPPeC9u8Pp57vyQw&amp;biw=1366&amp;bih=641&amp;ved=0ahUKEwjl6pCy3fWTAxV3gf0HHSfPO8kQ4dUDCBE&amp;uact=5&amp;oq=Burugumesitiri+ubusobanuro+n%27amateka&amp;gs_lp=Egxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAiJEJ1cnVndW1lc2l0aXJpIHVidXNvYmFudXJvIG4nYW1hdGVrYTIFEAAY7wUyBRAAGO8FMggQABiJBRiiBDIFEAAY7wVItpMBUKQCWOSDAXABeACQAQCYAeMCoAGjL6oBBjItMjEuMbgBA8gBAPgBAZgCFqACojHCAgkQABiABBgNGArCAgYQABgeGA3CAgQQABgewgIIEAAYHhgNGArCAgUQIRigAcICBxAhGAoYoAHCAgQQIRgVmAMAiAYBkgcGMi0xOS4zoAexNbIHBjItMTkuM7gHojHCBwYyLTIwLjLIB4kBgAgB&amp;sclient=gws-wiz-serp Burugumesitiri], ariko benshi mu baturukaga mu zindi [https://web.archive.org/web/20260211154129/https://genocidearchiverwanda.org.rw/ITORA_RYA_KOMINI_1967 komini] bagahitanwa n’ubwicanyi bw’indengakamere bwabibasiye bubasanga mu mayira.

== AMASHAKIRO ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Ikiciro:Inzibutso za jenocide yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Umugezi Tamboti</title>
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      <text bytes="1706" sha1="1cfcew2uuml7uokioflo0pxzlewqxci" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river|name=Tamboti River|native_name=|native_name_lang=|name_other=|name_etymology=&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;|image=|image_size=|image_caption=|map=|map_size=|map_caption=|pushpin_map=South Africa|pushpin_map_size=|pushpin_map_caption=&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;|subdivision_type1=Country|subdivision_name1=[[South Africa]]|subdivision_type2=|subdivision_name2=|subdivision_type3=Region|subdivision_name3=[[Limpopo]]|subdivision_type4=|subdivision_name4=|subdivision_type5=|subdivision_name5=&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;|length=|width_min=|width_avg=|width_max=|depth_min=|depth_avg=|depth_max=|discharge1_location=|discharge1_min=|discharge1_avg=|discharge1_max=&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;|source1=|source1_location=|source1_coordinates=|source1_elevation=|mouth=[[Limpopo River]]|mouth_location=|mouth_coordinates={{coord|23.230725|S|27.720097|E|display=inline,title}}|mouth_elevation=|progression=|river_system=|basin_size=|tributaries_left=|tributaries_right=|custom_label=|custom_data=|extra=}}'''Umugezi rwa Tamboti''' ni [[uruzi]] rurimu Ntara ya Limpopo muri [[Afurika y’Epfo|Afurika y'Epfo]] . N'uruzi rutembera iburyo [[Umugezi wa Limpopo|rw'uruzi rurerure rwa Limpopo]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 2006 |title=State of Rivers Report |url=https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/limpopo/mokolo_06.pdf |access-date=December 3, 2025 |archive-date=January 6, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106134430/https://www.dws.gov.za/iwqs/rhp/state_of_rivers/limpopo/mokolo_06.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reba kandi ==

* Urutonde rw'imigezi yo muri Afurika y'Epfo

== Amareferensi ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rayina Laf</title>
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      <text bytes="3685" sha1="fhzcokrucahva4dhl643yrvqx3zal2o" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:Raina Luff.jpg|thumb|Raina Luff  washinze Ishuri ryigenga Ahazaza]]
'''Rayina Laf''', wavutse ku itariki ya13 septembre 1933 i Genoa maze apfa ku itariki ya11 décembre 2024 Ni umunyamategeko n'umwarimu wagize uruhare runini mu burezi bw'amategeko no guharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu mu [[Rwanda]] . Azwi cyane cyane kubera uruhare yagize mu gusana urwego rw'ubutabera mu Rwanda nyuma ya [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yo mu 1994]] no gushinga Ishuri ryigenga rya Ahazaza.

== Ubuzima bwe ==

=== Urubyiruko n'amahugurwa ===
Rayina Laf yavukiye i Genoa [[Ubutaliyani|mu Butaliyani]], kuri se [[Bulugariya|w’umunyabuligariya]] (umushushanyi) na nyina w’umutaliyani; izina rye ry’ubukobwa ryari Stefanoff. Yize amategeko mu Butaliyani, mu Bwongereza no mu Bufaransa, yibanda ku mategeko mpuzamahanga n’amategeko mpanabyaha. Yakomeje kwitwa Georges Luff, izina ry'umugabo we w' umwongereza (ari naho yakuye ubwenegihugu), nubwo baje gutandukana. Nyuma yo kuba i Barcelone n’umugabo we, aho babyaranye abana batatu, umuryango wimukiye mu [[Ububiligi|Bubiligi]] . Yabonye impamyabumenyi ye y’ubunyangamugayo muri Kaminuza yigenga ya Buruseli (ULB) ndetse akora ibijyanye n’amategeko mu rugaga rw’abavoka i Buruseli mbere yo gukorera [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w’Abibumbye]] .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/22548/news/rwanda/tributes-pour-in-for-former-university-of-rwanda-ick-don-raina-luff&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://kigalitoday.com/ubutabera/amakuru/Raina-Luff-araregera-indishyi-za-miliyoni-32-kubera-ko-bamusebeje&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Imirimo yakoze ===
Mu 1995, yagiye mu Rwanda nk'umwe mu bagize ubutumwa bw'Umuryango w'Abibumbye bwo gufasha mu gusana urwego rw'ubutabera rw'igihugu. Yahuguye abanyamategeko ndetse atanga inama za tekiniki n'amategeko ku bayobozi ba leta.

Nk’umwarimu, Rayina Laf yigishije amasomo mu mategeko mpanabyaha, imitunganyirize y’ubutabera n’ubumenyi bwa politiki muri Kaminuza Nkuru y’u Rwanda (ubu ni UR) no mu Ishuri ry'ikirenga Gatolika rya Kabgayi (ICK).

=== Ishuri ryigenga rya Ahazaza ===
Mu 2006, yashinze Ishuri Rigenga rya Ahazaza riri i Muhanga, mu Rwanda, agamije gutanga uburezi bufite ireme ku bana bakomoka mu miryango itishoboye. Iri shuri, rimwe mu mashuri ya mbere yemewe mpuzamahanga (Cambridge) muri ako karere, ryatanze buruse ku banyeshuri benshi.&lt;ref&gt;https://ickjournalism.com/honoring-raina-luff-ahazaza-school-founder-and-former-ick-lecturer-passes-away/&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ubwitange bwe ==
Rayina Laf yahariye ubuzima bwe kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu no kubona uburezi bungana. Akunze kuvugwa nk'umuntu ukomeye mu guteza imbere ubutabera n'uburezi mu Rwanda. Yahawe igihembo cya Heneri La Fontene cya 2021.

== Urupfu Rwe ==
Rayina Laf yapfiriye ku itariki ya11 Ukuboza 2024, afite imyaka 91 , mu Bubiligi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Vincent Sugira |date=2024-12-12 |title=Tributes pour in for former University of Rwanda, ICK don Raina Luff |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/22548/news/rwanda/tributes-pour-in-for-former-university-of-rwanda-ick-don-raina-luff |access-date=2025-02-20 |website=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]] |language=en}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

===== Umurage =====
Akazi ke ko gushyigikira ubutabera n'uburezi kasize ikimenyetso kirambye ku Rwanda, kandi ahora avugwa nk'uwabitangiye n'abahoze ari abakozi be ndetse n'abanyeshuri.

== Amashakiro ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

====== Inyandiko Rugero ======
* Vidéo commémorative : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MabSvR7tp3Y
* https://www.laicite.be/prix-henri-fontaine-2021/ 
* &quot;Ahazaza Independent School.&quot; Job in Rwanda.
* &quot;Une école laïque au Rwanda.&quot; La Pensée et les Hommes.</text>
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