Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 7699 148305 78667 2026-10-28T07:14:41Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148305 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Ubuvanganzo]] Ubuvanganzo nyarwanda harimo ibisigo, amazina y'inka, [[ibyivugo]], ibisingizo, ibihozo, imigani miremire, ibitekerezo, [[imigani migufi]] (imigenurano), inshoberamahanga, insigamigani, ibisakuzo, amavumvu, amasare, amahigi, amagorane, ibitongero (mu kuragura, guterekera, gutukura umwana, kwambika imana zeze, guhura, kugangahura, guhanura, kugombora, kuroga n’ibindi) [[Dosiye:Intore 6.jpg|center|thumb|420x420px|Intore]] nbp3pdwyg6ci9h537r7i06d6p9ejlur 0 7999 148295 145776 2026-10-28T07:08:30Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 148295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new)|name=Virusi itera SIDA|causes=[[Virusi Itera SIDA]] (HIV)<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|frequency=Miliyoni 1.7 z'abanduye bashya (2018)<ref name=UN2018/><br />Miliyoni 37.9 zabantu babana n'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA (2018)<ref name=UN2018/>|prognosis=Kubaho nk'abandi bantu bazima iyo wisuzumishije ugafata n'imiti igabanya ubukana<ref name=CDC21015Bas/><ref name=UN2012Vac/><br />Imyaka 11 yo kubaho iyo umuntu adafata imiti<ref name=UNAIDS2007/>|medication=|treatment=[[Imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA n'ubuvuzi bwayo]]<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|prevention=[[Imibonano ikingiye]], [[gusangira inshinge]], [[gusilamura]], [[imiti irinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA mbere yo gukeka ko wayandujwe - prophylaxis]], [[imiti irinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA nyuma yo gukeka ko wayandujwe prophylaxis]]<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|differential=|diagnosis=Gusuzuma no gupima amaraso<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|risks=Kwandura biciye mu maraso, amashereka n'imibonano <ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|duration=Ubuzima buramba<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|image=Red_Ribbon.svg|onset=|complications=[[Indwara z'ibyuririzi]]s, [[ibibyimba]]<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|symptoms='''Mu ikubitiro''': Kurwaragurika bisa nk'ibicurani bihoraho<ref name=WHO2015Fact/><br />'''Nyuma''': [[kwaguka kutunyabuzima turinda indwara mu mubiri tubyimba mu myanya yo mu mabinga no mu kwaha]], guhinda umuriro nkurwaye umushwiza, guta ibiro byinshi mu buryo butunguranye<ref name=WHO2015Fact/>|synonyms=Indwara ya SIDA, ubwandu bw'agakoko gatera SIDA<ref name=AIDS2010GOV/><ref name=AETC-staging>{{cite web |title=HIV Classification: Sisiteme za CDC na WHO {{!}} Imfasha nyigisho ku ndwara ya SIDA n'ibigo by'amahugura ndetse nibigo ku rwego rw'igihugu bihuza ibikorwa ku makuru ajyanye nabyo(AETC NCRC) |url=https://aidsetc.org/guide/hiv-classification-cdc-and-who-staging-systems |website=aidsetc.org |publisher=Gahunda y'imfasha nyigisho namasomo ku ndwara ya SIDA n'ibigo by'amahugura |access-date=September 10, 2017 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018065658/https://aidsetc.org/guide/hiv-classification-cdc-and-who-staging-systems |archive-date=October 18, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all}}</ref>|field=[[Indwara zandura (ubuvuzi bwihariye)|Indwara zandura]], [[Ubumenyi bujyanye n'ubudahangarwa bwo mu muburi]]|alt=Riba itukura ihinnye nk'umuheto|caption=<nowiki>The [riba itukura#ikimenyetso cyo gushishikariza no kumenyekekanisha cy'umwimerera ku ndwara ya SIDA|riba itukura]] ni </nowiki>[[ikimenyetso kigamije gushishikariza no kumenyekanisha #ikimenyetso cyo gushishikariza no kumenyekekanisha cy'umwimerera ku ndwara ya SIDA|riba itukura|ikimenyetsol]] cyo kugaragaza [[ubufatanye nishyaka]] hamwe [[n'abanduye SIDA]] ndetse n'ababana n'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ambara Riba yawe itukura kuri uyu munsi wo kwizihiza umunsi wa Virusi Itera SIDA {{!}} UNAIDS |url=http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2006/november/20061130redribbonen |website=www.unaids.org |publisher=UNAIDS Secretariat |access-date=September 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910221331/http://www.unaids.org/en/resources/presscentre/featurestories/2006/november/20061130redribbonen |archive-date=September 10, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>|image_size=220px|deaths=770,000 (2018)<ref name=UN2018/>}} [[Dosiye:HIV on macrophage.png|thumb|HIV on macrophage]] [[Dosiye:Human Immunodeficency Virus - stylized rendering.jpg|thumb|Human Immunodeficency Virus - stylized rendering]] [[Dosiye:Virión de VIH.svg|thumb|Human Immunodeficency Virus - stylized rendering]] == Iriburiro kuri Virusi Itera SIDA == [[Dosiye:Youths Against HIV AIDS ...YAHA.jpg|thumb|Youths Against HIV AIDS ...YAHA]] [[Dosiye:We are Facing AIDS by supporting the National HIV-AIDS Strategy-I am Facing AIDS by making the National HIV-AIDS Strategy REAL (5228820265).jpg|thumb|We are Facing AIDS by supporting the National HIV-AIDS Strategy]] [[Dosiye:Aids Day Awareness Seminer.jpg|thumb|Aids Day Awareness Seminer]] [[Dosiye:Red Ribbon.svg|thumb|Red Ribbon]] [[Dosiye:US Navy 040324-N-0130O-001 Hospital Corpsman 1st Class Jason Dillow, of Westminster, Md., draws blood from a Sailor's arm, for a routine human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) check.jpg|thumb|gupima]] [[Dosiye:HIV Virus Particles - 2.jpg|thumb|HIV Virus Particles ]] [[Dosiye:HIV Vaccine Awareness Ribbon - 2.jpg|thumb|HIV Vaccine Awareness Ribbon ]] [[Dosiye:HIV Vaccine Awareness Day- May 18th - 2.jpg|thumb|HIV Vaccine Awareness Ribbon ]] [[Dosiye:Symptoms of AIDS bg.svg|thumb|Symptoms of AIDS bg]] [[Dosiye:Symptoms of AIDS (hy).png|thumb|Symptoms of AIDS (hy)]] [[Dosiye:BrainToxoplasmosis MRI 8 22.png|thumb|BrainToxoplasmosis MRI ]] [[Dosiye:Quadro sintomatologico dell'AIDS.PNG|thumb|Quadro sintomatologico dell'AIDS]] [[Dosiye:Verlauf einer HIV-Infektion.svg|thumb|Verlauf einer HIV-Infektion]] [[Dosiye:HIV and AIDS Treatment (23749151771).jpg|thumb|HIV and AIDS Treatment (23749151771)]] Virusi itera SIDA ni agakoko kambura umubiri ubudahangarwa. Virusi ya SIDA ica umubiri intege ikawambura ubudahangarwa maze igatera ubwandu bw’indwara. Iyo itavuwe hakiri kare Virusi itera SIDA itera indwara zitandukanye bikarangwa no gucika intege k’umubiri ku buryo uba utakibasha guhangana n’indwara ari nabwo umurwayi bivugwa ko arwaye SIDA. Abantu banduye virusi iteradbchjdbcdxbdxnd iyo nta miti bafata igabanya ubukana bwayo bashobora kumara imyaka itatu gusa. Iyo umuntu yanduye virusi itera SIDA afashwe n’izindi ndwara z'ibyuririzi kandi nta miti igabanya ubukana anywa, icyizere cy’ubuzima ni umwaka umwe. Abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA baba bagomba gufata imiti kugira ngo bakumire gupfa vuba. Nyuma yo kwandura kwambere umuntu ashobora kutabona ibimenyetso byayo, cyangwa ashobora guhura nigihe gito cyindwara zimeze nk'ibicurane (grippe). Ubusanzwe, ibi bikurikirwa nigihe kirekire nta bimenyetso byigaragaza. Iyo ubwandu bugenda bwiyongera mu mubiri, bubangamira cyane ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri, bikongera ibyago byo kwandura indwara zisanzwe nk'igituntu, kimwe n'izindi ndwara zibasira umubiri mu buryo butunguranye, ndetse n'ibibyimba bitamenyerewe ku bantu basanzwe bafite ubudahangarwa buhagije mu mubiri wabo. Ibi bimenyetso byigaragaza nyuma yaho ari nabyo bikomeye nibyo bituma umurwayi bivugwa ko yanduye SIDA kenshi bigaragazwa cyane no gutakaza ibiro byinshi kuburyo bugaragarira ijisho. [[Dosiye:HIV- 1 Virus Particles Budding From Cell (52532615321).jpg|thumb|HIV Virus Particles ]] [[Dosiye:HIV Vaccine Awareness Day- May 18th - 5.jpg|thumb|HIV Vaccine Awareness Ribbon ]] [[Dosiye:Apikal4D.gif|thumb|Apikal4D]] Virusi itera SIDA ikwirakwizwa cyane cyane n'imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye (harimo n'ibikorwa byo gutingana bashyira ibitsina mu kibuno nababishyira mu kanwa ku bahuje ibitsina), guterwa amaraso yanduye, inshinge zikoreshwa kwa muganga batera imiti mu mubiri w'umurwayi, umubyeyi utwite akaba yayanduza umwana atwite iyo adafashe imiti ku gihe, iyo umubyeyi abyaye, cyangwa binyuze mu konsa. Amatembabuzi asanzwe nk'amacandwe, ibyuya n'amarira, ntabwo byanduza virusi itera SIDA. Virusi itera sida ni imwe muri za virus zibarizwa mu itsinda ry'amavirusi azwi ku izina rya "retrovirus". [[Dosiye:HIV and total AIDS deaths worldwide.svg|thumb|HIV and total AIDS deaths worldwide]] [[Dosiye:AIDS and HIV prevalence 2008.svg|thumb|AIDS and HIV prevalence 2008]] [[Dosiye:Dr. Anthony S. Fauci Delivers Lecture- 30 Years of HIV-AIDS- A Personal Journey (5890993394).jpg|thumb|Dr. Anthony S. Fauci Delivers Lecture- 30 Years of HIV-AIDS- A Personal Journey (5890993394)]] [[Dosiye:HIV and AIDS awareness by Care For Healthy Life Initiative.jpg|thumb|HIV and AIDS awareness by Care For Healthy Life Initiative]] Uburyo bwo kwirinda virusi itera SIDA burimo imibonano mpuzabitsina ikingiye, gahunda zo gukoresha neza inshinge zujuje ubuziranenge, kuvura abanduye, hamwe no gukoresha imiti nka "prophylaxis" mbere na nyuma yo gukora iminonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye. Iyo ari umwana uvutse yanduye virusi itera SIDA we na nyina umubyara bahabwa imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA. Nta muti cyangwa urukingo rwa virusi itera SIDA ruhari; ariko, imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA ishobora gutuma umuntu abaho igihe kirekire byenda kungana kimwe nk'abantu basanzwe bazima batayanduye. Nibyiza gutangira gufata imiti no kwivuza no kwisuzumisha buri gihe ukimara kumenya ko wanduye. Hatabayeho kuvurwa, impuzandengo yo kubaho nyuma yo kwandura ni imyaka 11. [[Dosiye:Youths Against HIV AIDS... YAHA3.jpg|thumb|Youths Against HIV AIDS... YAHA3]] Muri 2018, abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 37.9 babanaga na virusi itera SIDA bituma hapfa abantu 770.000. Abagera kuri miliyoni 20.6 muri bo baba mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo ya Afurika. Hagati y'igihe SIDA yamenyekanye (mu ntangiriro ya za 1980) na 2018, iyi ndwara yateje urupfu rw'abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 32 ku isi hose. Virusi itera SIDA ifatwa nk'icyorezo - icyorezo cy’indwara kiboneka ahantu hanini kandi kigenda gikwirakwira. [[Dosiye:I am Facing AIDS by making the National HIV-AIDS Strategy REAL (5228819141).jpg|thumb|I am Facing AIDS by making the National HIV-AIDS Strategy REAL (5228819141)]] Virusi itera sida yavuye mu zindi nyamaswa yerekeza ku bantu bo muri Afurika yo mu burengerazuba bwo hagati mu ntangiriro kugeza no hagati mu kinyejana cya 20. Ubwandu bwa SIDA bwamenyekanye bwa mbere n’ikigo cya Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) mu 1981 kandi hamenyekana igitera SIDA - ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA - byagaragajwe mu ntangiriro y’imyaka icumi ya mbere y'uwo mwaka. Virusi itera SIDA yagize uruhare runini muri sosiyete, iba indwara ndetse n'isoko y'ivangura. Iyi ndwara kandi igira ingaruka zikomeye mu bukungu. Hariho imyumvire myinshi itavugwaho rumwe ku birebana na Virusi itera SIDA, nko kwizera ko yanduzwa gusa no guhuza ibitsina mu buryo busanzwe. Iyi ndwara yateje impaka nyinshi mu banyamadini, harimo n’umwanya wa [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] yo kudashyigikira ikoreshwa ry’agakingirizo mu rwego rwo kuyirinda. Yatumye habaho ubuvuzi budasanzwe ku rwego rwa kiganga, ku rwego mpuza mahanga ndetse igenerwa n'inkunga nyinshi zitandukanye kuva yamenyekana mu myaka ya za 1980. [[File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-HIV-AIDS.webm|thumbtime=0:14|thumb|Video summary (script)]]   == Ibimenyetso biranga agakoko gatera SIDA == Hariho ibyiciro bitatu by'ingenzi bigaragaza ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida: kuremba bikabije, kuremba bikurikiranye no kurwaragurika kenshi bidakira, no kugera mu cyiciro cyaho umubiri ubura ubudahangwara mu buryo bukabije. <ref name="M121">acika intege zo kubahiriza no gukomeza gufata imiti</ref> === kuremba bikabije === [[File:Symptoms_of_acute_HIV_infection.svg|alt=A diagram of a human torso labelled with the most common symptoms of an acute HIV infection|thumb| Ibimenyetso nyamukuru byanduye virusi itera sida]] Mu ikubitiro kwandura virusi itera sida icyo cyiciro cyitwa "Acute HIV/igihe virusi itera [[SIDA]] iba ifite ubukana bwinshi mu mubiri" cq kwandura mu gihe cy'ibanze aho virus iba ifite imbaraga nyinshi mu mubiri irimo gushaka gukwirakwira mu mubiri hose. Abantu benshi barwara ibicurane cyangwa indwara isa na "mononucleose" nyuma y'ibyumweru 2-4 nyuma yo kuyandura, naho abandi nta bimenyetso bifatika bafite. Ibimenyetso bibaho muri 40-90% byabantu bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA kandi mubisanzwe harimo umuriro mwinshi ukabije uzamuka buri kanya, ibibyimba mu kanwa, kumuka no kuryana mu muhogo, guhubuka, kubabara umutwe, kunanirwa, cyangwa ibisebe byo mumunwa no mu/ku gitsina. Indwara z'uruhu zizana ibiheri bigaragara muri 20-50% y'abayanduye byigaragaza mu buryo bw'uduheri twinshi turi kumurongo umwe kandi twinshi tubyimbye gakeya kandi tudasanzwe. Abantu bamwe na bamwe barwara indwara zitandukanye muriki cyiciro. Ibimenyetso byo mu gifu, nko kuruka cyangwa impiswi bishobora kubaho. Ibimenyetso nko kurwara imitsi, ingingo zigacika inege. Igihe ibimenyetso byiyerekana biratandukanye, ariko mubusanzwe ni icyumweru kimwe cyangwa bibiri. Bitewe n'imiterere yabyo idasanzwe, ibi bimenyetso ntibifatwa nkibimenyetso simusiga byabanduye virusi itera SIDA. Ndetse nibibazo bibonwa na muganga cyangwa ibitaro bikunze gusuzumwa nabi nkimwe mundwara zandura zifite ibimenyetso byinshi byenda gusa. Niyo mpamvu, birasabwa ko virusi itera sida yakekerwa cyane mu bantu bagaragaza umuriro mwinshi udasobanutse ushobora kuba ufite isano n'ingaruka zo kwandura. <ref name="M118">Mandell, Bennett, and Dolan (2010). Chapter 118.</ref> === kuremba bikurikiranye no kurwaragurika kenshi bidakira === Ibimenyetso byambere bikurikirwa nicyiciro cyitwa "clinical latency" cyangwa virusi idakira. Hatabayeho kuvurwa, iki cyiciro cya kabiri ku bantu banduye virusi itera sida bisanzwe ariko bativuje habe namba gishobora kumara imyaka igera kuri itatu kugeza ku myaka 20 (ugereranije, imyaka umunani). Mugihe mubisanzwe hari ibimenyetso bike cyangwa bitagaragaye mbere, hafi yiki cyiciro kirangiye abantu benshi bahura numuriro mwinshi udasanzwe, guta ibiro, ibibazo byigifu no kubabara imitsi. Hagati ya 50% na 70% byabantu nabo barwara utubyimba two mu kwaha duhora twizana, ibice by'umubiri byaguka cyangwa bibyimba mu buryo budasobanutse, kwaguka kurenze uburyo busanzwe kw'imyanya ndangagitsina (uretse mu kibuno) mumezi arenga atatu kugeza kuri atandatu. Nubwo abantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA bafite virusi itagaragara kandi mugihe hatabayeho kuvurwa amaherezo bizatera SIDA (kubura burundu ubudahangwarwa bw'umubiri kwirwanaho ku ndwara), umubare muto (hafi 5%) ugumana urugero rwinshi rw'utunyabuzima twubatse ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri w'umuntu twitwa CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T (T Helper Cells) udafite imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA irenze imyaka itanu. Abo bantu bashyizwe mu rwego rwa "HIV Controllers" cyangwa "long-term nonprogressors" (LTNP). Irindi tsinda rigizwe nabagumana uko virusi zigaragaza mu mubiri wabo muburyo butajya bumenyekana habe namba cyangwa butigaragaza byihuse kandi badakoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi ari nabo bakunze kwitwa "elite controllers" cyangwa udashobora kumenyekana udafite imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA bene abo bari ku kigero kiri kuri 1 kugeza kuri 300 y'abanduye. === Umubiri kubura ubudahangwara mu buryo bukabije === [[File:Symptoms_of_AIDS.svg|alt=Igishushanyo kigaragaza bimwe mu bimenyetso bikunze kugaragara ku bafite ubwandu bwa SIDA|thumb| Ibimenyetso nyamukuru bya sida.]] "Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS/SIDA)" bisobanuye icyiciro aho umubiri w'uwanduye virusi itera SIDA yaba yageze aho abura ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri mu buryo bukabije kugeza aho abasirikare barinda umubiri we indwara bitwa "CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T" baba bari munsi ya 200 ku gipimo gikoreshwa cya µL cyangwa kuba hari indwara zihariye ziterwa no kwandura virusi itera SIDA zamaze kwigaragaza mu buryo bufatika. Mugihe hatabayeho ubuvuzi bwihariye, ibi nibyo byigaragaza hafi kimwe cya kabiri cyabantu banduye virusi itera sida mu myaka icumi ya mbere. Ibintu byambere bikunze kugaragara byerekana ko umurwayi yageze muri iki cyiciro cyaho umuntu afatwa ko arwaye SIDA harimo "pneumocystis pneumonia" / UMUSONGA (40%), gutakaza ibiro byinshi mu buryo budasanzwe "cachexia" (20%), na "candidiasis esophageal" / indwara nutubyimba no kubabara mu kanwa ndetse no mu muhogo. Ibindi bimenyetso bikunze kugaragara harimo kwandura indwara zifata imyanya y'ubuhumekero. Ashobora ndetse no kwibasirwa n'indwara zitunguranye ziterwa n'udukoko nka bacteria, virusi, ibihumyo, n'udukoko dutandukanye zisanzwe zikumirwa zikarindwa na bwa budahangarwa bw'umubiri mu bantu bazima. Indwara zandura ziterwa ahanini n’ibinyabuzima bikunze kubaho mu bidukikije by’umuntu. Izi ndwara zirashobora kwanduza umubiri wose zikawibasira zikawuca inege. Ababana n'ubwandu bwa SIDA bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwandura [[kanseri]] zitandukanye ziterwa na virusi, harimo na sarcoma ya Kaposi, lymphoma ya Burkitt, lymphoma y'ibanze yo hagati, na kanseri y'inkondo y'umura. Sarcoma ya Kaposi ni kanseri ikunze kugaragara, iboneka ku 10% kugeza kuri 20% by'ababana na virusi itera SIDA. Kanseri ya kabiri ikunze kwibasirwa cyane ni lymphoma, ikaba ari yo nyirabayazana w'urupfu rw'abantu bagera kuri 16% babana n'ubwandu bwa SIDA kandi ni cyo kimenyetso cya mbere cya SIDA muri 3% kugeza kuri 4%. Izi kanseri zombi zifitanye isano na herpesvirus ya 8 (HHV-8). Kanseri y'inkondo y'umura igaragara cyane ku bafite sida kubera ko ifitanye isano na "papillomavirus" ya muntu (HPV). Kanseri ifata (ya layer/urububi ruhuza igice cy'imbere cy'amaso n'igice cyera cy'ijisho) nayo ikunze kugaragara ku banduye virusi itera SIDA. Byongeye kandi, ababana n'ubwandu bwa SIDA bakunze kugira ibimenyetso byo kwibasirwa n'umuriro mwinshi udasanzwe uzamuka buri kanya utajya ugabanyuka, ibyuya byinshi (cyane cyane nijoro), kubyimba "lymph node" / utubyimba two mu kwaha n'amabinga, guhorana ubukonje bukabije (imbeho, gutitira), intege nke, no gutakaza ibiro byinshi cyane. Indwara y'impiswi iza buri kanya ni ikindi kimenyetso gikunze kugaragara, kiboneka ku bantu 90% barwaye SIDA. Bashobora kandi kwanduzwa n'ibimenyetso bitandukanye byo mu mutwe ndetse no mu mitsi bidafitanye isano n'ubwandu bwa kanseri. == Uburyo virusi itera SIDA ikwirakwizwamo == Virusi itera SIDA ikwirakwizwa n'inzira eshatu z'ingenzi: guhuza ibitsina mu buryo budakingiye, ibice by'umubiri w'uwanduye indwara ya SIDA twahungabanye nk'ibisebe bivamo amatembabuzi n'amaraso, ndetse no kuva amaraso ku mubyeyi iyo atwite; ndetse no mu gihe umubyeyi atwite umwana ashobora kumwanduza, mu gihe cyo kubyara umubyeyi wanduye ava amaraso arimo abyara akivanga n'amaraso y'umwana binyuze ku mukonda/ikiriri, cyangwa konsa uruhinja ku mubyeyi wanduye. Nta kaga ko kwandura virusi itera sida binyuze mu mazirantoki, ururenda rw'amazuru/ibimyira, amacandwe, ibyuya, amarira, inkari, cyangwa kuruka keretse iyo byivanzemo n'amaraso yanduye virusi itera SIDA. Birashoboka kandi ko umuntu yakwandura impurirane y'ubwoko bwa virusi itera sida burenze bumwe bikunze kwitwa "HIV superinfection". === Imibonano mpuza bitsina === Uburyo bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera SIDA ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibitsina n'umuntu wanduye hakorwa imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye. Icyakora, umuntu wanduye virusi itera sida ufite virusi itagaragararira ibyuma biyipima bitewe no kuvurwa igihe kirekire, nta byago afite byo kwanduza abandi virusi itera SIDA binyuze mu gukorana nabo imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye. Kuba hari abantu banduye virusi itera SIDA itagaragarira ibyuma biyipima byamenyekanye cyane mu itangazo ry’Ubusuwisi ryo mu 2008 biteza impaka no kutabivugaho rumwe, kuva icyo gihe byaje gukorerwa ubushakashatsi bwimbitse biremezwa ko bibari ndetse bishoboka. Ku isi hose, uburyo bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera SIDA ni uburyo bwo guhuza ibitsina n'umuntu wanduye hakorwa imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye hagati y’abadahuje igitsina; ariko, uburyo bwo kwandura buratandukanye mu bihugu. Kugeza mu 2017, abantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA muri Amerika babaye mu bagabo baryamanye n'abagabo (82% by'abanduye virusi itera SIDA ku bagabo bafite imyaka 13 n'abayirengeje na 70% by'indwara nshya). Muri Amerika, abagabo bahuje ibitsina bafite imyaka 13 kugeza kuri 24 bangana na 92% by'abanduye virusi itera SIDA mu bagabo bose bari mu kigero cyabo na 27% by'indwara nshya mu bagabo bose bahuje ibitsina ndetse n'ibitsina byombi. Abagabo bagera ku 15% b’abagabo bahuje ibitsina banduye virusi itera SIDA, mu gihe 28% by’[[Umugore|abagore]] bahindura ibitsina "transgender" banduye muri Amerika. Ku bijyanye n’imibonano mpuzabitsina idakingiye, ibigereranyo by’ingaruka zo kwandura virusi itera sida ku gikorwa cy’imibonano mpuzabitsina bigaragara ko byikubye inshuro enye kugeza ku icumi mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga make ugereranyije no mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga menshi. Mu bihugu byinjiza amafaranga make, ibyago byo kwandura abagore ku bagabo bingana na 0.38% kuri buri gikorwa, naho kwanduza abagabo ku bagore ni 0,30% kuri buri gikorwa; ibigereranyo bihwanye n'ibihugu byinjiza amafaranga menshi ni 0,04% ku gikorwa cyo kwanduza abagore ku bagabo, na 0.08% kuri buri gikorwa cyo kwanduza abagabo n'abagore. Ibyago byo kwandura bivuye mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ni byinshi cyane, bivugwa ko 1,4-1.7% kuri buri gikorwa haba mu mibonano mpuzabitsina idahuje igitsina ndetse n'abaryamana bahuje igitsina. Nubwo ibyago byo kwandura biva mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ku bahuje ibitsina ari bike, biracyahari. Ibyago byo kwakira imibonano mpuzabitsina mu kanwa byavuzwe ko ari "hafi NTABYO"; ariko, byagaragaye ko hari abantu bake banduye binyuze muri ubwo buryo. Ibyago kuri buri gikorwa byagereranijwe kuri 0-0.04% ku bakira imibonano mpuza bitsina mu kanwa "oral sex". Mu bihe birimo uburaya mu bihugu bikennye cyane, ibyago byo kwandura abagore ku bagabo byagereranijwe ko ari 2,4% kuri buri gikorwa, naho kwanduza abagabo ku bagore ni 0,05% kuri buri gikorwa. Ibyago byo kwandura byiyongera iyo umuntu yanduye indwara zisanzwe zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina hamwe n’ibisebe byo mu gitsina. Ibisebe byo mu gitsina bigaragara ko byongera ibyago inshuro zigera kuri eshanu. Izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina, nka mburugu, kilamidiya, tirikomunasi, na vaginose ya bagiteri, zifitanye isano no kwiyongera gake mu byago byo kwandura. Ubwiyongere bw'ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu mubiri w'uwayanduye "viral load" ni ikintu cy’ingaruka zikomeye mu kwanduza virusi itera SIDA binyuze mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ndetse biciye mu kwandura hagati y'umwana na nyin/umubyeyi we. Mu mezi 2.5 y'ibanze mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ubwandu bw'umuntu bwikubye inshuro cumi n'ibiri bitewe (n'ubwiyongere bw'ubukana bwiyo virusi itera SIDA afite mu mubiri we) - "VIRAL LOAD". Niba umuntu ari mu cyiciro cye cyanyuma yaho yanduriye virusi itera SIDA, ibipimo byanduza bikubye inshuro umunani. Abakora imibonano mpuzabitsina bicuruza mu bikorwa by'uburaya (harimo n'abacuruza imibiri yabo by'umwuga byemewe "pornography") bafite ibyago byinsho byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Imibonano mpuzabitsina ikabije mu buryo bwo gukubana kw'ibitsina nta bunyerere cyangwa ububobere buhagije mu gitsina "rough sex" irashobora guteza kwiyongera kw'ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina rikubiyemo ibikorwa byo gufata kungufu/gusambanya undi ku gahato no gusambanya abana bakiri bato "sexual assualt" naryo rishobora guteza ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA kubera ko udukingirizo tudakunze kwambarwa muri ibyo bikorwa by'ubugome bigatera gukomereka mu gitsina ku bagore n'abakobwa no ku gitsina ku bagabo n'abahungu cyangwa gukomereka mu kibuno kubakorerwa ibikorwa byo gufatwa ku ngufu n'abatinganyi bikongera ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ndetse bikaba byanatera ibyuririzi by'indwara zindi zandurira mu gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina akabirwarira hamwe n'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA. === Amatembabuzi === [[File:AIDS_Poster_If_You're_Dabbling_in_Drugs_1989.jpg|alt=A black-and-white poster of a young black man with a towel in his left hand with the words "If you are dabbling with drugs you could be dabbling with your life" above him|thumb| Icyapa cya CDC kuva mu 1989 cyerekana iterabwoba rya sida ijyanye no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge]] Uburyo bwa kabiri bukunze kwanduriramo virusi itera sida ni uburyo bunyuze mu maraso yanduye n'amatembabuzi yivanzemo ayo maraso yanduye. Kwandura biciye muri ubu buryo birashobora guterwa no gusangira inshinge mugihe cyo gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge bacisha mu kwitera inshinge mu mitsi, gukomeretswa n'inshinge mu gihe ruri guterwa ufite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA, guterwa amaraso yanduye cyangwa ibikomoka ku maraso yanduye, cyangwa inshinge zikoreshwa mu buvuzi ariko zitujuje ubuzira nenge hamwe n’ibikoresho bidafite ubuziranenge "bidafite umutekano uhagije wo kubibika mu buryo bwiza mu byuma bibihanaguraho imyanda "sterilizers". Ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusangira urushinge mugihe cyo gutera ibiyobyabwenge mu mitsi hagati y'abakoresha ibyobya bwenge ubwabo biri hagati ya 0,63% na 2,4% kuri buri gikorwa, ugereranije ku gipimo cyo hagati "average" ni 0.8%. Ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida ku binyuze k'urushinge rwatewe umuntu wanduye virusi itera sida bivugwa ko ari 0.3% (hafi 1 kuri 333) kuri buri gikorwa kandi ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA binyuze ku rurenda rw'amatembabuzi ruvanzemo amaraso yanduye virusi itera SIDA ni 0.09% (hafi 1 kuri 1000) kuri buri gikorwa. Izi ngaruka zirashobora ariko kugera kuri 5% mugihe ayo maraso ari muri urwo rurenda rw'amatembabuzi yaturutse kumuntu ufite ubwikorezi bwinshi bwa virusi itera SIDA n'umwenge cyangwa igisebe ari kinini mu mubiri kuri wawundi wandujwe. Muri Leta zunze ubumwe za Amerika abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bagejeje kuri 12% by'abanduye virusi itera SIDA mu 2009, ndetse no mu turere tumwe na tumwe abantu barenga 80% bitera ibiyobyabwenge banduye virusi itera SIDA. Virusi itera SIDA yanduza hafi 90% binyuze mu guterwa amaraso yanduye "blood transfusion". Mu bihugu byateye imbere ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ni bike cyane (munsi ya kimwe cya kabiri cya miliyoni) aho hakorwa uburyo bwo gutoranya abaterankunga no gusuzuma virusi itera sida mu maraso atangwa "blood donations"; urugero, mu Bwongereza ibyago bivugwa ko ari umwe muri miliyoni eshanu naho muri Amerika yari imwe muri miliyoni 1.5 muri 2008. Mu bihugu bikennye cyane, kimwe cya kabiri cy’amaraso ni yo yonyine ishobora gupimwa mu buryo bukwiye (guhera mu 2008), kandi bikaba bivugwa ko abagera kuri 15% banduye virusi itera SIDA muri utwo turere baturuka ku guterwa amaraso yanduye n'amatembabuzi avanze nayo maraso yanduye, bigereranywa kuri 5% na 10% byanduye kwisi. Birashoboka kwandura virusi itera sida mu guhinduranya ingingo z'umuburi zitangwa kwa muganga "implants", nubwo ibi bidasanzwe kubera kwipimisha mbere ko bikorwa. Gutera imiti hifashishijwe inshinge zidafite umutekano bigira uruhare muri virusi itera SIDA muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara. Mu 2007, hagati ya 12% na 17% byanduye muri kano karere byatewe no gukoresha inshinge zidafite umutekano zo kwa muganga. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rivuga ko ibyago byo kwandura biturutse ku gutera inshinge muri Afurika ni 1,2%. Hari n'ingaruka zo kwandura virusi itera SIDA zikomoka ku kubaga indembe, kubyaza, no kuvura no kubaga amenyo muri kano karere. Abantu baterwaho ibishushanyo ku mibiri yabo "tattooing", gutobora ibice by'umubiri bitandukanye, no gukomeretsa ibice by'umubiri wabo binyuze mu ndasago "scarification" bafite ibyago byo kwandura nubwo nta bushakashatsi buhari bufatika bubyemeza. Imibu ndetse nutundi dukoko ntibishobora kuba impamvu yo gukwirakwiza ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA. === Umubyeyi kwanduza umwana === Virusi itera SIDA irashobora kwanduza umwana mu gihe umubyeyi amutwite, igihe cyo kubyara, cyangwa binyuze mu mashereka amwonsa, bigatuma umwana na we yandura virusi itera SIDA. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2008, kwandura virusi itera SIDA mu buryo bwiswe "verticle transmission" binyuze mu dukoko twa bagitiriya na virusi mu gihe umubyeyi atwite umwana cyangwa arimo kubyara ni 90% by'abana bayandura. Mugihe hatabayeho kuvurwa virusi itera SIDA ku mubyeyi wanduye, ibyago byo kwanduza umwana mbere cyangwa mugihe cyo kuvuka ni 20%, naho kubonsa amashereka ni 35%. Ubuvuzi butangwa ku mubyeyi ukimenya ko yanduye ariko atwite bugabanya ibyago byo kwanduza umwana we akimutwite no mu gihe cyo kumubyara kugeza munsi ya 5%. Imiti igabanya ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA iyo ifashwe na nyina cyangwa umwana bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura ku bonsa. Ibiryo bigaburirwa umwana iyo byivanzemo n'amaraso yanduye virusi itera SIDA mbere yo kubihekenya birashobora guteza ibyago byo kwandura virusi kuri uwo mwana. Niba umugore atavuwe virusi itera SIDA akamara imyaka ibiri yonsa uruhinja nabyo bitera ibyago byo kwanduza umwana we bigera kuri 17%. Bitewe n’ubwiyongere bw’urupfu rw'impinja bukomoka ku kutonsa mu bice byinshi byo mu bihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rirasaba ko konsa byihariye hagati y'umubyeyi n'uwo mwana we umwe gusa cyangwa gutanga kwifashisha amata yo mu bikombe nk'imfashabere. Abagore bose bazwiho kuba banduye virusi itera SIDA bagomba gufata imiti igabanya ubukana ubuzima bwabo bwose. == Ubumenyi n'ubucukumbuzi bujyanye na Virusi == [[File:HI-virion-structure_en.svg|alt=diagram of microscopic viron structure|thumb| Igishushanyo cyimiterere ya virusi ya sida]] [[File:HIV-budding-Color.jpg|alt=A large round blue object with a smaller red object attached to it. Multiple small green spots are speckled over both.|thumb| Gusikana electron micrograph ya VIH-1, icyatsi kibisi, imera kuva lymphocyte yumuco .]] Virusi itera SIDA niyo nyirabayazana w'indwara zitera umuburi kubura ubudahangarwa ari nabyo byitwa "SIDA". Virusi itera SIDA ni ubwoko bwa "retrovirus" yibanda cyane mu kwangiza abasirikare barinda umubiri w'umuntu bitwa "CD4 ⁺ T Cells", "macrophage" na "dendritic cells" . Yangiriza byimazeyo mu buryo buziguye ndetse n'ubutaziguye abo basirikare batuma umubiri ugira ubudahangarwa bitwa "CD4 ⁺ T". Iyo virusi itera SIDA ibarizwa mu bwoko bwa "''Lentivirus"'', nabwo bubarizwa mu cyiciro cyitwa "''Retroviridae"'' . Virusi zo muri ubu bwoko bwa "Lentivirus" zisangiye ibintu byinshi biziranga imiterere yabyo ndetse n'ibijyanye n'ubutabire bw'ibinyabuzima bubiranga. Ibinyabuzima byinshi biri mu cyiciro cy'inyamaswa zonsa zikunze gufatwa no kwandura nama virusi ari muri ubu bwoko bwa "Lentiviruses" ari nabyo bikunze gutera indwara z'igihe kirekire ndetse zimara igihe mu mubiri zirimo gukura. Ubu bwoko bwa virusi zibarizwa muri "Lentiviruses" zigira ububasha bwo kwandura bwinjira mu mubiri ari imbumbe kandi bwiteguye kwanduza bwiyambitse urububi ruzirinda rwa "RNA GENOME". Iyo zinjiye mu mubiri ako kanya, rwa rububi ruzirinda rwa "RNA GENOME" ruhita ruhindagura imiterere yarwo "reverse transcribed" rugahinduka ADN ifite kopi ebyiri ya virusi nyayo itera uburwayi byitwa "reverse transciptase" bizanana na ya "GENOME" virusi mu bigize virusi. Nyuma yo kwihindagura yisanisha na ADN ziri mu mubiri mu buryo bwo gukora kopi zisa neza ihita yinjira mu dutafari twubatse umubiri twitwa "nucleus cells" tugahita twisanisha neza nkatwo mu rwego rwo kwiyorobeka no kwihisha mu mubiri binyuze mu buryo bwitwa "integrase" nibigize umubiri yinjiyemo. Virusi iyo imaze kwinjira neza muri twa dutafari tugize umubiri "cells" ihita yirinda kugira ibitero igaba ku mubiri ako kanya kugirango abasirikare baha ubudahangarwa mu mubiri batayivumbura bagatangira kuyirwanya. Hari nubwo virusi iyo imaze kwinjira mu mubiri ihita ikoresha ubundi buryo bwitwa "transcribed" ari nabwo bwo kubasha kwiyubura ikikoramo kopi nyinshi z'amavirusi bisa kimwe ya "RNA GENOMES" afite naza poroteyine z'ama virusi byishyize hamwe bikirema mu imbere muri za "cells" zigakomeza gutubuka gutyo zikaba nyinshi mu mubiri "VIRAL LOAD". Virusi itera SIDA ubu yamenyekanye ko ikwirakwira iciye mu basirikare barinda umubiri bawuha ubudahangarwa ba "CD4 ⁺ T" biciye mu nzira ebyiri zibangikanye: gukwirakwiza mu imbere muri "cells" ubwayo aribyo byitwa "cell-free spread" cyangwa gukwirakwizwa yanduza za "cells" zitandukanye ku bwinshi ari nabyo byitwa "cell-to-cell spread". Mu gukwirakwiza biciye mu buryo bwa "cell-free spread" virusi ziva mu ngirabuzimafatizo "virus particles bud" zituruka mu basirikare banduye ba "T cells", zinjira mu maraso/nandi matembabuzi avanze namaraso hanyuma zikanduza utundi dusirikare turinda umubiri kwandura twa "T cells" uko zijyenda zihura nazo gutyo gutyo kugeza zikwirakwiye mu mubiri hose. Iri kwirakwizwa rya virusi mu mubiri uko rigenda ryikoramo kopi nyinshi biri mu bintu birwanya bigaca inege imiti n'ubuvuzi bujyanye no kuvura amavirusi Ubwoko bubiri bwa virusi itera sida bwaranzwe na virusi y'ubwoko bwitwa "VIH-1" na "VIH-2". Virusi ya "VIH-1" ni virusi yavumbuwe bwa mbere (kandi yabanje kwitwa "LAV" cyangwa "HTLV-III"). Ni virusi ifite ubukana kandi yandura cyane, kandi niyo nyirabayazana w'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA ku isi yose ugereranije na virusi yo mu bwoko bwa "VIH-2" izwiho kwandurwa n'abantu bake. Kubera ubushobozi buke ugereranije bwo kwandura, ubwoko bwa virusi ya "VIH-2" igarukira muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba . == Indwara ya Pathophysiology == [[File:HIV_and_AIDS_explained_in_a_simple_way.webm|alt=video of AIDS explanation|thumb|Gusobanura Virusi itera SIDA mu buryo bwihuse bworoshye]] [[File:Hiv_replication_cycle.gif|thumb| Uko virusi itera SIDA ijyenda yikoramo za kopi nyinshi]] Iyo virusi imaze kwinjira mu mubiri habaho igihe cyo gutubuka kwayo zikaba nyinshi mu buryo bwo kujyenda zikoramo kopi nyinshi byihuse, biganisha kuri virusi nyinshi mumaraso "VIRAL LOAD". Mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura virusi, urwego rwa virusi itera sida rushobora kugera kuri miliyoni nyinshi za virusi kuri mililitiro yamaraso mu mubiri. Iki gisubizo kijyana nigabanuka ryagaragaye mumibare y'abasirikare barinda umuburi indwara bitwa "CD4 T". Virusi ikomeza kugira ubukana kubera imiterere yayo yo gutuma havuka utundi dusirikare "cells" twitwa "CD8 T" tuza twica burundu twa dusirikare turinda umubiri kutandura indwara tukabyara za "antibody" zirwanya umubiri ziwuca intege, cyangwa "seroconversion" . Igisubizo gifatika mu isuzuma ryutwo dusirikare twa "CD8 ⁺ T" nicyo cyerekana uko ubwandu bw'indwara bujyenda bugabanyuka cyangwa bwiyongera mu mubiri nubwo bitarinda burundu virusi itera SIDA. Amaherezo, virusi itera SIDA irwanya ba basirikare barinda umubiri indwara ikajyenda ibica ibagabanya ubwinshi bakaba bakeya mu mubiri "CD4 ⁺ T" kugeza ubwo umubiri ubura ubudahangarwa bigatera indwara z'ibyuririzi kwibasira umubiri muburyo buzorohereye. Abasirikare ba "T Cells" ni ingirakamaro mubisubizo byubudahangarwa bw'umubiri kandi bitabaye ibyo, umubiri ntushobora kurwanya indwara cyangwa kwica udusirikare twamaze kuba kanseri mu mubiri. Uburyo abasirikare ba "CD4 ⁺ T cells" bagenda bashira mu mubiri bugiye butandukanye yaba mu ikubitiro umubiri ukinjiramo virusi itera SIDA ikikoramo kopi nyinshi ndetse no mu bihe bwo kurwaragurika cyane mu byiciro bitandukanye. Mu cyiciro cy'ibanze cyo kwandura virusi itera SIDA, hifashishwa udusirikare twanduye twabaye kanseri mu mubiri twa "CD8 ⁺ T" ari natwo tugira uruhare mu kugabanuka k'udusirikare turinda umubiri twa "CD4 ⁺ T", nubwo umubiri ubwawo wabigiramo uruhare mu gihe wirwanaho wica udukoko turi mu mubiri mu buryo bwitwa "apoptose" nayo ishobora kubitera. Iyo virusi ziyongereye mu mubiri; umurwayi akagera mu cyiciro cyo kuremba bikabije no kurwaragurika indwara z'ibyuririzi zitandukanye bituma habaho gutakaza buhoro buhoro ubushobozi bwimikorere yubudahangarwa bwo kubyara abasirikare bashya ba "T cells" ari nabyo bituma bagabanyuka cyane"CD4 ⁺ T". Nubwo ibimenyetso byo kubura ubudahangarwa biranga SIDA bitagaragara imyaka myinshi nyuma yuko umuntu yanduye, igice kinini cyo gutakaza abasirikare ba CD4 ⁺ T kibaho mugihe cyicyumweru cya mbere cy'ubwandu, cyane cyane mumitsi yo munda, kibamo uturemangingo turwanya indwara zo mu mubiri twita "lymphocytes" mu mubiri. Impamvu virusi itera SIDA yibanda cyane kuri ako gace ko munda "intestinal mucosa" ni ukubera ko virusi itera SIDA ikora za poroteyine z'ubwoko bwa "CCR5" ikoresha mu kwibasira yinjira ihungabanya abasirikare barinda umubiri indwara ba "CD4 ⁺ T" kandi ako gace k'imitsi yo munda kagizwe cyane nizo poroteyine kuruta za poroteyine ziba mu maraso. Imihindagurikire yihariye ihindura imiterere ya za poroteyine za "CCR5" iyo ziboneka mu buryo bwombi bwa "chromosomes" birinda cyane kwandura virusi y'ubwoko bwa VIH-1. Virusi itera SIDA ishakisha kandi ikarandura byimazeyo CCR5 zigaragaza mudusirikare turinda umubiri twa CD4 ⁺ T mu ikubitiro ryo kwandura iyo virusi kuko nibwo iba ifite ubukana bwinshi. Abasirikare barinda umubiri ba CD4 ⁺ T ni nako batangira kurwanya iyo virusi itera SIDA ari nako irushaho kubica bikihutisha kujya mu cyiciro cya kabiri cyo kuremba no kurwaragurika buri kanya bidakira "clinical latent phase". Uko virusi itera SIDA irushaho kwikoramo kopi nyinshi ikibasira umubiri wose ni nako umubiri ubura ubudahangarwa kurushaho. Ibyo byose bigateza uruvangitirane rw'ibibazo byo mu mubiri bituma habaho gusohoka kwa "pro-inflammatory cytokines". Ni nabyo ndetse bifitanye isano mu guteza indwara zo munda nk'igifu kubera urububi/igisenge kigize amara gikomeza kujyenda cyangirika cyane iyo habayeho kuremba cyane. == Gusuzuma == [[File:Hiv-timecourse.png|alt=A graph with two lines. One in blue moves from high on the right to low on the left with a brief rise in the middle. The second line in red moves from zero to very high then drops to low and gradually rises to high again|thumb|Igishushanyo rusange cyerekana isano iri hagati ya kopi ya virusi itera sida (virusi ya virusi) na CD4 ⁺ T ibara ugereranije n’impuzandengo ya virusi itera sida itavuwe. ]]Virusi itera SIDA isuzumwa hifashishijwe ibizamini bya laboratoire hanyuma bigakorwa hashingiwe ku bimenyetso cyangwa ibimenyetso bimwe na bimwe. Ikigo cya Leta zunzwe ubumwe z'Amerika cya "Preventive Services Task Force" gishishikariza abantu bose kuva ku myaka 15 kugeza ku myaka 65 kwisuzumisha virusi itera SIDA, harimo n'abagore bose batwite. Byongeye kandi, kwipimisha bishishikarizwa cyane abantu bafite ibyago byinsho byo kuyandura, cyane abasuzumwa bagasanga baranduye izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuza bitsina. Mu bice byinshi byisi, kimwe cya gatatu cyabanduye virusi itera SIDA babimenya ari uko igihe cyamaze kurenga bamaze gutaka ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri kuburyo bwigaragaza bukabije. {| class="wikitable floatright" |+Iminsi mike nyuma yo kwerekana ibikenewe kugirango ikizamini kibe cyuzuye !Kwipimisha amaraso ! Iminsi |- | Ikizamini cya Antibody <small>(</small> ikizamini <small>cyihuse, ELISA gen 3)</small> | 23–90 |- | Antibody na p24 kwipimisha antigen <small>(ELISA 4 gen)</small> | 18-45 |- | PCR | 10–33 |} === Kwipimisha virusi itera SIDA === [[File:HIV_Rapid_Test_being_administered.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HIV_Rapid_Test_being_administered.jpg|thumb|Agakoresho kihuta mugupima virusi itera SIDA kitwa "HIV Rapid Test" karimo gukoreshwa]] [[File:Oraquick.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oraquick.jpg|thumb|Oraquick]] Abantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA bakunze kurangwa n'imisemburo mu mubiri yabo irwanya ibice by'umubiri "antibodies" (ni ukuvuga seroconvert) bibaho mu byumweru bitatu kugeza kuri cumi na bibiri nyuma yo kwandura bwa mbere. Gupima virusi itera sida mbere ya seroconversion bikorwa mugupima HIV-RNA cyangwa p24 antigen. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ubwandu (positive) byabonetse nyuma yo gupima za "antibodies" cyangwa ibizamini bya PCR byemezwa na "antibody" itandukanye cyangwa na PCR. Gusuzuma no gupima "antibody" ku bana bari munsi y'amezi 18 bikunze gutanga ibisubizo bitari bya nyabyo kubera za "antibodies" bakomora ku babyeyi babo ziba zikiri mu mibiri yabo bana. Kubw'izo mpamvu, ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA bishobora gupimwa gusa hifashishije gupima PCR za HIV-RNA cyangwa ADN, cyangwa binyuze mu gupima antigen p24. Henshi ku isi hari icyuho n'ibura ry'ibikoresho bihagije byo gupima ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA hifashishijwe agakoresho ka PCR yizewe, kandi abantu mu bihugu byinshi bitishoboye bategereza kugeza ibimenyetso byigaragaje cyangwa umwana akuze bihagije kugirango bapimwe neza za "antibody". Muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara hagati ya 2007 na 2009, abaturage bari hagati ya 30% na 70% bari bafite amakuru ahagije kuri virusi itera SIDA. Muri 2009, hagati ya 3,6% na 42% by'abagabo n'abagore bo mu bihugu byo munsi y'ubutayu bwa Sahara nibo babashije kwisuzumisha; ibi byagaragaje ubwiyongere bugaragara ugereranije nimyaka yashize. === Ibyiciro === Uburyo bubiri bw'ingenzi bwo kuvura bukoreshwa mu gushyira mu byiciro indwara zanduye virusi itera SIDA n'indwara zifitanye isano na virusi itera SIDA hagamijwe gukurikirana abanduye: gahunda y'ikigo mpuza mahanga gikurikirana ubuzima "WHO" gikurikirana umunsi kuwundi imiterere ya virusi itera SIDA n'indwara zigashamikiyeho, n'ikigo gikurikirana kinakakumira indwara zandura cya "CDC" uburyo gishyira mu byiciro ibirebana na virusi itera SIDA. Kubera ko gahunda y'ikigo cya "WHO" idasaba ibizamini bya laboratoire, ikwiranye n’imiterere y’imikoreshereze ihura n’ibihugu biri mu nzira y'amajyambere, aho ishobora no gukoreshwa mu gufasha kuyobora imiyoborere y’amavuriro. Nubwo zi gahunda zitandukanye, sisitemu zombi zemerera kugereranya intego zimibare. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima ryatanze icyifuzo cya mbere ku gisobanuro kirebana na SIDA mu 1986. Kuva icyo gihe, OMS yakomeje gahunda yo kuvugurura ibyiciro bitandukanye inshuro nyinshi, igisobanuro giheruka cyemeranyijweho ku isi hose ubu OMS ikaba iheruka kugisohora mu 2007. Sisitemu ya OMS ikoresha ibyiciro bikurikira: * Icyiciro cy'ibanze cy'ubwandu bwa virusi itera sida: Birashobora kuba bidafite ibimenyetso cyangwa bifitanye isano no kuremba bikabije (kwandura mu gihe cy'ibanze aho virus iba ifite ingufu nyinshi mu mubiri irimo gushaka gukwirakwira mu mubiri hose). * Icyiciro cya I: Kwandura virusi itera sida bifitanye isano n'ibimenyetso byigaragaza bijyanye numubare w'abasirikare baha umubiri ubudahangarwa bitwa CD4 + T (uzwi kandi nka "CD4 count") urenga 500 kuri microlitre (µl cyangwa cubic mm) yamaraso. Bikunze kugirana isano no kubyimba k'utunyabuzima twa "lymph" turinda umuburi indwara (tuba mu kwaha, aho amaguru yombi ahera uturutse ku gice igihimba kirangiriraho ndetse no mu bice bitandukanya amatama ijosi) * Icyiciro cya II: Ibimenyetso byoroheje, bishobora kuba birimo uduheri twinshi duto duto kandi twegeranye twibanda ku bice bimwe by'uruhu hamwe n'indwara zandurira mu myanya y'ubuhumekero. CD4 ibara munsi ya 500 / µl * Icyiciro cya III: Ibimenyetso biri kurwego runini, bishobora kuba birimo impiswi idakira idasobanutse mugihe kirenze ukwezi, indwara ziterwa na n'agakoko ka bagiteri zirimo igituntu cyibihaha, hamwe na CD4 ibara munsi ya 350 / µl * Icyiciro cya IV ari nacyo SIDA: ibimenyetso bikomeye, birimo indwara cyangwa gufatwa n'ibimenyetso bya "[[:en:Toxoplasmosis|toxoplasmosis]] " yo mu bwonko, indwara ya kandida "candidiasis" ifata mu muhogo, mu buhumekero cyangwa ibihaha, na "sarcoma" ya Kaposi. CD4 ibara munsi ya 200 / µl Ikigo cyo muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) nacyo cyashyizeho uburyo bwo gushyira mu byiciro virusi itera SIDA, kandi byavuguruwe mu 2008 na 2014. Ubu buryo bushyira mu byiciro virusi itera SIDA hakurikijwe kubara abasirikare baha umubiri ubudahangarwa "CD4 count" no kugenzura ibimenyetso byigaragaza, kandi busobanura ubwandu mu matsinda atanu. Mu barengeje imyaka itandatu ni: * Icyiciro cya 0: igihe kiri hagati yo gufata ikizamini gipima ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA ntikiyigaragaze (negative) cyangwa kitamenyekanye cyakurikiranye n'ikizamini cyaje kugaragaza ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA (positive) kiri munsi yiminsi 180. * Icyiciro cya 1: CD4 ibara abasirikare bari hejuru ya 500 / µl kandi nta bimenyetso bya SIDA byigaragaza * Icyiciro cya 2: CD4 ibara abasirikare bari hagati ya 200 na 500 / µl kandi nta bimenyetso bya SIDA byigaragaza * Icyiciro cya 3: CD4 ibara abasirikare bangana cq bari munsi ya 200 / µl kandi hari ibimenyetso bya SIDA byigaragaza * Icyiciro kitazwi: Kuba nta makuru ahagije ahari yo kuba hari ibyatuma habaho gushyirwa mu byiciro bivuzwe haruguru. Mu rwego rwo kugenzura, isuzuma rya SIDA rikomeje gukorwa nubwo nyuma yo kuvurwa, umubare wa wabasirikare barinda umubiri ba "CD4 + T" wazamutse ukagera kuri 200 kuri µL yamaraso cyangwa izindi ndwara zishamikiye ku bimenyetso bigaragaza SIDA ziba zamaze gukira == Kwirinda == [[File:AIDS_Clinic,_McLeod_Ganj,_2010.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AIDS_Clinic,_McLeod_Ganj,_2010.jpg|alt=A run down a two-story building with a number of signs related to AIDS prevention|thumb|Ivuriro rito ku barwayi ba SIDA, [[:en:McLeod_Ganj|McLeod Ganj]], Himachal Pradesh, India, 2010]] === Guhuza ibitsina === [[File:FACING_AIDS_a_condom_and_a_pill_at_a_time_-_I_am_FACING_AIDS_because_people_I_-3_are_infected._(5202985364).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FACING_AIDS_a_condom_and_a_pill_at_a_time_-_I_am_FACING_AIDS_because_people_I_-3_are_infected._(5202985364).jpg|thumb|Abantu bambaye ibimenyetso bikangurira rubanda ku birebana n'indwara ya SIDA. Ibumoso: "Guhanga na SIDA ukoresheje agakingirizo cq imiti yo kwirinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA"; Iburyo: "Mpanganye na SIDA kuko abantu nkunda bamaze kuyandura"]] Gukoresha agakingirizo mu buryo buhoraho kandi igihe kirekire bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ku kigereranyo kingana na 80%. Iyo agakingirizo gakoreshwa buri gihe n’abashakanye muri bombi umwe ariwe wanduye undi ari atanduye bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ku kigereranyo kiri kuri 1% ku mwaka. Hariho ubushakashatsi bushimangira ko agakingirizo k'abagore gashobora gutanga urwego rumwe rwo kurinda. Gukoresha imiti yifashishwa mu gutuma mu gitsina hazamo ububobere yitwa "gel" nka "tenofovir"(yifashishwa mu kuvura indwara ya SIDA rimwe na rimwe indwara y'umwijima ya hepatitis B) igakoreshwa mbere yo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina bijya bigabanya amahirwe yo kwandura virusi itera SIDA kugera ku kigereranyo kingana na 40% mubagore bo muri Afrika. Binyuranye no gukoresha imiti yica intanga ngabo nka "nonoxynol-9" kuko iyo izwiho kongera ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA bitewe nuko ituma mu gitsina no mu nnyo hazamo udusebe. Gusilamura (abagabo) muri Afurika yo munsi y'Ubutayu bwa Sahara "bigabanya kwandura virusi itera sida ku bagabo badahuje igitsina hagati ya 38% na 66% mu gihe cy'amezi 24". Kubera ubwo bushakashatsi, Ishami ry’Umuryango w’abibumbye ryita ku buzima ndetse na UNAIDS bashishikarije abagabo kwisiramuza muri 2007 mu rwego rwo gukumira virusi itera SIDA binyuze ku bwandu buturuka ku mugore wanduye yanduza umugabo utanduye mu turere twa Afurika twiganjemo umubare munini wabanduye virusi itera SIDA. Icyakora, ntibivugwaho rumwe ku bijyanye nimba kwisilamuza birinda umugore utanduye virusi itera SIDA iyo aryamanye n'umugabo wanduye virusi itera SIDA usilamuye, ndetse nta mibare izwi cyangwa ifatika ivuga ko byarinda abahuje ibitsina b'abagabo bakora imibonano kwandura virusi itera SIDA mu bihugu byateye imbere. Umuryango mpuzamahanga urwanya virusi, urasaba ukanashishikariza ko abagabo bose bakora imibonano nabo badahuje igitsina bagomba kwisilamuza ndetse nabakora imibonano mpuzabitsina nabo bahuje igitsina ko byaganirwaho nkuburyo bwo guhitamo kwirinda virusi itera SIDA. Abahanga bamwe batinya ko hashobora kuvuka imyumvire ituma umubare munini wabantu wakwitabira ibikorwa byo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina idakingiye bitwaje ko gusilamurwa ari urukingo rubarinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA. Porogaramu zishishikariza kwifata no kurinda ubusugi n'ubumanzi ku bakobwa n'abahungu ntabwo bigaragara ko zigira umusaruro mwiza uhagije kandi ufatika mu kwirinda virusi itera SIDA. Hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko umusaruro wizo nyigisho udahagije habe namba. Inyigisho zihagije zitangwa ku bumenyi bw'imyororokere mu mashuri zishobora kugabanya imyitwarire ishobora guteza ibyago byinshi byo kwijandika no kwiyandarika mu bikorwa by'ubusambanyi. Umubare munini wurubyiruko rukomeje kwishora mubikorwa byinshi bishobora guteza ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA nubwo bahabwa inyigisho zihagije kuberana n'ubwandu bwiyo virusi, kuko babitesha agaciro ko kumva ko nabo bashobora kwandura. Ubujyanama butangwa no gupima kubizana kubihabwa ku bushake ntabwo bigabanya ibikorwa byo kwijandika no kwiyandarika mu busambanye kubamaze gupimwa bagasanga batanduye ahubwo bituma abapimwe bagasanga banduye bakunda gukoresha udukingirizo n'imibare ikazamuka mu buryo bwigaragaza. Serivisi zinoze zo kuboneza urubyaro bigaragara ko byongera umubare wo gukoresha imiti yo kuboneza urubyaro mu bagore bamaze kumenya ko bafite ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA. Nta makuru agahije azwi niba kuvura izindi ndwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina bifite akamaro mu gukumira virusi itera SIDA. === Kwirinda mbere yo kwandura virusi itera SIDA === Gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu bantu babana n'ubwandu bafite abasirikare barinda umubiri "CD4 count" bagejeje kuri 550 / µL ni uburyo bwiza cyane bwo kurinda kwanduza abo baryamana nabo (ingamba zizwi nko kuvura bisa nko kwirinda, cyangwa TASP). TASP ifitanye isano no kugabanuka inshuro 10 kugeza kuri 20 ibyago byo kwandura. Imiti irinda kwandura virusi itera sida yitwa "profhylaxis (PrEP)" ikoreshwa mbere yo gukora imibonano mpuza bitsina hamwe numuti ukoreshwa buri munsi wa "tenofovir", hakoreshejwe cq hatanakoreshejwe umuti wa "emtricitabine", bigabanya ibyago byinshi byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA hagati y'abantu bafite amahirwe menshi yo kwandura nk'abagabo bakora imibonano nabo bahuje igitsina ndetse n'abaryamana umwe abizi ko yanduye undi abizi ko atanduye ndetse no murubyiruko rwo muri Afurika. Bene ubu buryo bushobora kurinda nabakoresha inshinge bitera imiti/ibiyobyabwenge babicishije mu mitsi, nyuma y'ubushakashatsi bwakoze bukagaragaza ko habayeho kugabanyuka ku kigereranyo kivuye kuri 0.7 kugeza kuri 0.4 ku gipimo cy'imyaka 100 y'abantu "100 person years". Ikigo cy'Amerika gishinzwe gahunda zo kwirinda indwara gishishikariza ko abantu bafite ibyago byinsho byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA ko bakwiye gukoresha imiti ya PrEP. Uburyo rusange bwo kwirinda muri gahunda z'ubuzima no kubwitaho bifite ingaruka nziza mu kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Gahunda zishyirwaho mu gukumira kwitera ibiyobyabwenge biciye mu mitsi hakoreshejwe inshinge no kuzisangira no gahunda zo gufasha kuvura abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge bagahabwa ingurane nziza zo kubavura "rehabilitation therapy" biri mu bintu bihambaye bigabanya ibyago by'ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA. === Kwirinda nyuma yo gukeka ko wandujwe virusi itera SIDA === Imiti irinda ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA ifatwa mu masaha ari hagati ya 48 na 72 ku muntu ukeka ko cyangwa wahuye n'amaraso arimo ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA cq amavangiro yo mu gitsina yanduye; iyo miti yitwa "prophylaxis (PEP)". Gukoresha umuti ufata rimwe wa "zidovudine" bigabanya ibyago byo kwandura virusi itera sida inshuro eshanu nyuma yo gukomeretswa n'urushinge. Kugeza mu 2013, gahunda yo gukoresha imiti irinda kwandura virusi itera SIDA muri Leta z'unze ubumwe z'Amerika yashyizeho imiti y'ubwoko butatu bwo kwifashisha ari bwo - "tenofovir, emtricitabine na raltegravir" - kuko ibyo bishobora kugabanya ingaruka kurushaho. Imiti ya "PEP" ishishikarizwa gufatwa byihutirwa cyane iyo habayeho igikorwa cyo gufatwa ku ngufu cq gusambanya umwana cyane iyo ukekwaho icyo cyaha akekwaho kuba yanduye virusi itera SIDA, ariko bikunze gutera impagarara no kutavugwaho rumwe cyane ukekwaho icyaha ubuzima bwe busanzwe butazwi nimba yaranduye cyangwa se ari muzima. Igihe cyo kwivuza gikunze kuba ibyumweru bine kandi bikunze kuba bifitanye isano n'ingaruka zizahaza uyikoresheje aho imiti ya "zidovudine" ikoreshwa, hafi 70% bagirwaho ingaruka yo kugira isesemi (24%), umunaniro (22%), guhangayika kumutima (13%) no kubabara umutwe (9%). === Kurinda umubyeyi kwanduza umwana === Gahunda yo kurinda umubyeyi kwanduza umwana virusi itera SIDA zishobora kugabanya ibyaho byo kwandura ku kigereranyayo kiri hagati ya 92-99%. Ibi ahanini bikubiyemo gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mugihe umubyeyi atwite na nyuma yo kuvuka k'umwana no gushyiraho gahunda yo gusimbura ibere umwana akagaburirwa hakoreshejwe insimbura bere nka bebelo aho kumwonsa. Iyo gahunda yo kwifashisha insimbura bere ishoboka, byoroshye kubigeraho, hari ingurane ndetse ari nta mabura kindi abikumira kandi kubigeraho bikaba byoroshye, umubyeyi usanganywe ubwandu bwa virusi itera SIDA agomba kwirinda byimazeyo konsa umwana we; ariko konsa umwana ni ibintu byingenzi muri ya mezi y'ibanze kugirango umwana abashe gukura neza iyo biri ngombwa. Iyo bibaye ngombwa ko umwana yonswa muri ayo mezi y'ibanze ni ngombwa ko umwana akomeza gufata imiti ya "prophylaxis" kugirango arindwe kwandura virusi itera SIDA ayanduzwa na nyina binyuze mu kumwonsa. Mu mwaka wa 2015, igihugu cya Cuba cyabaye icya mbere mu gukumira no kurinda umubyeyi kwanduza umwana virusi itera SIDA. === Urukingo === Kugeza ubu nta rukingo ruraboneka rwa virusi itera SIDA. Kugeza amagingo aya; urukingo rukiri mu igeragezwa ruhari rukoreshwa kandi rugaragaza ko rufite uburyo rugabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA ni urwitwa "RV 144", rwavumbuwe mu mwaka wa 2009 ndetse rugaragaza ko rugabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA kugeza ku kigereranyo kingana na 30%, ibi bikaba bitera ibyiringiro byejo hazaza mu muryango wubushakashatsi bwo gukora urukingo rukora neza kurushaho. Haracyakorwa izindi nkingo zigerageza zishingiye ku rukingo rwa "RV 144" ndetse birakomeje. == Umuti/Ubuvuzi == Kugeza ubu nta muti uhari, nta rukingo rurinda virusi itera SIDA. Umuti uyivura uhari ni ugizwe n'imiti ikomeye yizewe ku kigero kinini igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA yitwa (HAART - highly active antiretroviral therapy) ufasha kurinda ko indwara ya SIDA yihuta gukura no gukomera cyane ikwirakwiza ubukana buzahaza umuburi/ubuzima. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2010 abantu barenga miliyoni 6,6 bakiriye bene iyi miti mu bihugu bikennye n'ibiciriritse. Uyu muti ukubiyemo imiti ikumira ikanavura indwara z'ibyuririzi bya SIDA. Kugeza mu mwaka wa 2020 mu kwezi kwa Werurwe, abarwayi babiri bari banduye virusi itera SIDA niba bamaze kuyikira burundu. Kwihutira gukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu cyumweru cya mbere nyuma yo kwisuzumisha bigaragaza ko bitanga amahirwe menshi n'icyizere cyiza mu kuyivura yaba mu bantu barangwa n'ubukene nabafite ubuzima buciriritse. === Imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA === [[File:Stribild_bottle_Dutch_labeling.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stribild_bottle_Dutch_labeling.jpg|alt=A white prescription bottle with the label Stribild. Next to it are ten green oblong pills with the marking 1 on one side and GSI on the other.|thumb|''[[:en:Stribild|Stribild]]'' – niyo ikunzwe gukoreshwa buri munsi nka "ART regime" igizwe na [[:en:Elvitegravir|elvitegravir]], [[:en:Emtricitabine|emtricitabine]], [[:en:Tenofovir|tenofovir]] nifasha gutera imbaraga umubiri [[:en:Cobicistat|cobicistat]]]] Imiti ikomeye yizewe ku kigero kinini igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA yitwa (HAART) ifatwa mu buryo bwo kuyivanga/gukomatanya bikunze kwitwa "cocktails" bukubiyemo imiti igera ku moko atatu iri mu byiciro bibiri by'imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi "antiretroviral agents". Mu ikubitir ryo kuvura habanza gukoreshwa uburyo bwa "non-nucleoside revers transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)" hiyongereyeho ubundi buryo bubiri bwa "nucleoside analog analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTIs)". NRTI zisanzwe zirimo: imiti ya zidovudine (AZT) cyangwa tenofovir (TDF) na lamivudine (3TC) cyangwa emtricitabine (FTC). Uhereye muri 2019, dolutegravir / lamivudine / tenofovir yashyizwe ku rutonde n’umuryango w’ubuzima ku isi nk’umurongo wa mbere uvura abantu bakuru, hamwe na tenofovir / lamivudine / efavirenz mu bundi buryo bwakwifashisha kuvura abantu bakuru. Gukomatanya imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi nka "protease inhibitor (PI)" bikoreshwa mu gihe imiti ifatwa mu buryo buvuzwe haruguru bitarimo gutanga umusaruro mwiza ufatika ku murwayi wanduye. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima na Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika batanga amabwiriza ashishikariza abantu gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA (harimo n'abagore batwite) bakayitangira kuyifata byihuse bakimara gupimwa, hatitawe ku mubare wabasirikare barinda umubiri "CD4 count". Iyo uwanduye atangiye gufata imiti ni byiza ko yirinda kuyihagarika cyangwa kurambirwa kuyifata. Abantu benshi bapimwa bagasanga baranduye bikunze kubaho byaratinze gutangira imiti kubera kwipimisha bakererewe. Uburyo bwiza bwo kwivuza ni uburyo bw'igihe kirekire bukoresha "Plasma HIV-RNA count" ibara munsi ya kopi 50 kuri buri mL. Ikigero gifatirwaho kumenya nimba ubuvuzi bwa virusi itera SIDA burimo gukora neza bupimwa mu gihe cy'ibyumweru bigera kuri bine (4) igisubizo cyaza kiri munsi ya kopi 50 kuri buri mL hakurikiraho gufata ibizamini buri mezi atatu cyangwa atandatu kandi ibyo biba bihagije. Igenzura ridahagije rifatwa ko za "plasma HIV-RNA count" rirenze kopi 400 kuri buri mL. Ukurikije ibi bipimo mu kuvura virusi itera SIDA bitanga icyizere mu kurwanya ubukana bwa bwayo mubantu barenga 95% mumwaka wambere wo kwisuzumisha no kwivuza. Inyungu zo kwivuza zirimo kugabanuka kw'ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA mu mubiri kuburyo bitagera aho bizahaza ubuzima ku kigero cyo kubura ubudahangarwa mu mubiri ari nacyo cyiciro byitwa ko umuntu arwaye SIDA ndetse no kugabanya ibyaho byo gupfa vuba. Mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, abantu bavurwa mu buryo bwiza kandi hakiri kare bibatera kugira ubuzima buhagaze neza bw'umubiri no mu mitekerereze. Muzindi nyungu ziri mu kwivuza hakiri kare; bigabanya 70% by'ibyago byo kwandura igituntu ku banduye virusi itera SIDA. Izindi nyungu ziri mu kwivuza no gutangira imiti kare; bigabanya ibyaho byo kwanduza abaryamana n'uwanduye n'ibyago by'uko umubyeyi yakwanduza umwana atwite cyangwa mu gihe cyo kubyara cyangwa ku mwonsa. Kugirango umurwayi arusheho kumererwa neza biterwa n'uburyo yiha gahunda yo gufata imiti bijyanye n'imyifatire ye agomba guhindura mu mabwiriza ahabwa na muganga. Zimwe mu mpamvu zituma hatubahirizwa gahunda zo gufata imiti neza kandi ku gihe harimo; kubura uburyo bwo guhabwa imiti n'ibigo by'ubuvuzi/ubuzima, kubura gahunda zirimo gufasha abarwayi kwiyakira no kubaganiriza, uburwayi bw'imitekerereze no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge. Amoko atandukanye y'ubuvuzi n'umubare mwinshi w'imiti ifatwa igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA n'ingaruka zo kubikoresha nabyo biri mu bintu bituma abanduye bacika intege zo kubahiriza no gukomeza gufata imiti ku gihe. Hamwe n'uko igiciro cy'iyo miti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA byabigiramo uruhare, 47% byabari bakeneye iyo miti bayibonaga kandi baturuka mu bantu babayeho mu bihugu bikennye n'ibiri mu buzima buciriritse mu mwaka wa 2010 ndetse ubwitabire bwo gufata imiti usanga bungana yaba mu bihugu bikennye ndetse n'ibihugu byateye imbere. Hari ingaruka ziterwa no gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA. Zimwe muri izo ngaruka harimo: umubiri kunanirwa gukora uturema ngingo dutuma umubiri ugira amavuta ahagije "lipodystrophy Syndrome", dyslipidemia, na diabete ifata urwagashya, cyane kubakoresha "protease inhibitor". Ibindi bimenyetso bikunze kugaragara harimo impiswi, hamwe n’ubwiyongere bw’indwara zifata umutima. Ubuvuzi bushya bugezweho buzwiho ingaruka nke kubafata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA. Imiti imwe n'imwe irashobora kuba ifitanye isano no gutera ubumuga buvukanwa bityo bikaba bidakwiriye abagore bateganya kubyara kuba bayikoresha. Imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA ihabwa abana bakiri bato itandukanye nihabwa abantu bakuze. Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima rishishikariza kuvura abana bose bari munsi y’imyaka itanu; abana bari hejuru yimyaka itanu bavurwa kimwe nkabantu bakuru. Amabwiriza ya Leta zunze ubumwe z'Amerika ashishikariza kuvura abana bose bari munsi y’amezi 12 na buri wese ufite ibipimo bya "HIV RNA" bingana na 100.000 / mL ufite imyaka iri hagati y’umwaka umwe n’imyaka itanu. Ikigo cy’ubuvuzi cy’ibihugu by’Uburayi (EMA) cyasabye ko habaho uruhushya rwo kwamamaza ku miti ibiri mishya igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA (ARV), rilpivirine (Rekambys) na cabotegravir (Vocabria), kugira ngo ikoreshwe hamwe mu kuvura abantu bafite virusi itera SIDA yo mu bwoko bwa (HIV -1). Ubu bwoko bw'iyi iti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA nibwo bwa mbere buje mu buvuzi bwigihe kirekire hifashishwa gutera inshinge. Ibi bivuze ko aho kuba ibinini bya buri munsi, abantu batera inshinge buri kwezi cyangwa buri mezi abiri. Gukomatanya inshinge za Rekambys na Vocabria bigamije kubungabunga ubuvuzi ku babantu bakuru bafite virusi itera SIDA itagaragara mumaraso (ubwinshi bwa virusi itera SIDA bugaragara ku gipimo cya kopi 50 / ml) babifatanyije hamwe nubuvuzi bwabo bwa ARV, kandi mugihe virusi itigeze itera imbaraga zo kurwanya icyiciro runaka cy'imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA yitwa "non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTIs) na integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INI). === Indwara z'ibyuririzi === Ingamba zo gukumira indwara z'ibyuririzi ziratanga icyizere mu bantu benshi banduye virusi itera SIDA. Usibye kunoza indwara zubu, ubuvuzi hifashishijwe gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA biri mubigabanya ibyago byo kwandura indwara z'ibyuririzi. Abakuze ndetse n'urubyiruko babana na virusi itera SIDA (ndetse no kubafata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA) kabone no ku batagaragara ko banduye igituntu cyangwa a ashobora kuba bafite umutwaro wo kuba baranduye igituntu bagomba gufata ubuvuzi bwa "isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT); bagakorerwa ikizamini cyuruhu gipima igituntu kugirango harebwe nimba hakenewe guhabwa ubuvuzi bwa IPT. Inkingo z'indwara z'umwijima za hepatitis A na B zishishikarizwa guhabwa abanduye virusi itera SIDA mbere ko bagira ibyago byo kwandura bene izo ndwara z'umwijima. Gukoresha imiti y'ubwoko bwa Trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis bana bakivuka bari hagati yibyumweru bine na bitandatu byamavuko, no guhagarika konsa abana bavutse kubabyeyi banduye virusi itera SIDA, birashishikarizwa cyane ku badafite amikoro ahagije. Birashishikarijwe gukumira PCP mugihe abasirikare barinda umubiri ba CD4 babarwa ku gipimo kiri munsi ya 200 / uL no mubasanganywe PCP cyangwa abigeze kuyirwara. Abantu bafite ubudahangarwa mu mubiri "immunosuppression" buhagije bashishikarizwa gufata imiti ya toxoplasmose na MAC. Ingamba zikwiye zo gukumira zagabanije umuvuduko w’izi ndwara ku kigero cya 50% hagati ya 1992 na 1997. Urukingo rw’ibicurane n’urukingo rwa pneumococcal polysaccharide rukunze gusabwa ku bantu banduye virusi itera SIDA kandi bifite ingaruka nziza zigaragaza ku buzima bwabo iyo bayifashe. === Indyo === Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) ryatanze ibyifuzo bijyanye n'intungamubiri zikenewe ku bamaze kwandura virusi itera SIDA. Muri rusange indyo yuzuye ni nayo ishishikarizwa abanduye virusi itera SIDA. Gufata indyo yuzuye ifite intunga mubiri zihagije kurwego rwa RDA ku bantu bakuru banduye virusi itera SIDA ni inama nziza itangwa n'ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS); gufata cyane vitamine A, zinc, na iron bigira ingaruka zitari nziza ku buzima bwabamaze kwandura virusi itera SIDA kubantu bakuze nta nubwo ari byiza keretse niba hari ibigaragaza ko byagabanutse mu mubiri. Gufata indyo z'inyongera "diatary supplmentation" yuzuye kubantu banduye virusi itera SIDA kandi bafite imirire idahagije cyangwa indyo idahagije bifasha gushimangira ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri cyangwa kubafasha gukira indwara zimwe na zimwe; icyakora, ibimenyetso byerekana inyungu rusange muburwayi cyangwa kugabanya impfu zabazira indwara ya SIDA ntabwo bifitiwe ubushakashatsi kuri byo. Hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza inyungu k'ubuzima bwamaze kwandura visuri itera SIDA iyo bafashe indyo y'inyongera irimo intungamubiri ya "selenium". Ku bagore batwite n'abonsa banduye virusi itera SIDA, indyo z'inyongera zirimo amoko atandukanye ya za vitamine byongera umusaruro ku buzima bwiza ku babyeyi ndetse n'abana. Niba umubyeyi utwite cyangwa wonsa yagiriwe inama yo gufata imiti igabanya ubukana bwa virusi itera SIDA kugira ngo yirinde kwanduza virusi itera SIDA umwana atwite/yonsa, gufata amoko atandukanye ya za vitamine ntizigomba gusimbuzwa ubwo buvuzi. Hariho ibimenyetso bimwe byerekana ko abana bato banduye virusi itera SIDA bafata indyo y'inyongera irimo vitamine A igabanya impfu ndetse ikongerera gukura neza. === Ubundi buryo bwo kuvura === Muri Leta z'unze ubumwe z'Amerika, abagera kuri 60% banduye virusi itera SIDA bakoresha uburyo butandukanye bw’ubuvuzi bwuzuzanya cyangwa ubundi buryo bw'inyongera, imikoreshereze yayo ntabwo ifitiwe ubushakashatsi bw'imbitse bwemeza imikorere yayo neza. Nta bimenyetso bihagije byemeza ikoreshwa ry'imiti gakondo cyangwa imiti ikomoka ku bimera. Nta bimenyetso bihagije bihari bishyigikira ikoreshwa ry'urumogi mu gutera ubushake bwo kurya no kubyibuha k'umubiri. Iriburiro [[Ikiciro:SIDA| ]] <ul> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} 6k30iiyvdchdqc9r1ln8n9umnxhh9fj 0 8709 148290 77275 2026-10-27T12:20:45Z Score Beethoven 11559 148290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Albert Murasira | birth_date = 11 Ugushyingo 1962 | birth_place = Maniema, [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] | nationality = Umunyarwanda | alma_mater = [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda|Kaminuza Nkuru y'u Rwanda]]<br />Kaminuza ya Liverpool | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Minisitiri w'Ingabo (2018–2023)<br />Minisitiri ushinzwe Ibikorwa by'Ubutabazi (kuva 2023) }} '''Albert Murasira''' (wavutse ku wa 11 Ugushyingo 1962) ni umunyapolitiki w'Umunyarwanda. Ni Jenerali Majoro wasezerewe mu ngabo z'u Rwanda. Kuva muri Kanama 2023, ni Minisitiri ushinzwe Ibikorwa by'Ubutabazi ([[Minisiteri ishinzwe imicungire y'ibiza n'impunzi|MINEMA]]). Mbere yaho, Albert Murasira yabaye [[Minisiteri y'Ingabo|Minisitiri w'Ingabo]] kuva mu 2018 kugeza mu 2023. Kuva mu 2012 kugeza mu 2018, yayoboye banki [[Zigama CSS]]. == Ubuzima == === Ubwana n'amashuri === Albert Murasira yavutse ku wa 11 Ugushyingo 1962 i Maniema, muri [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]].<ref name="nt2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/gen-albert-murasira |title=New Defence minister Murasira is a mathematician and avid chess player |author=James Karuhanga |website=The New Times |date=2018-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020053051/https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/gen-albert-murasira |archive-date=2018-10-20 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Yize amashuri abanza n'igice cy'ayisumbuye i Maniema. Nyuma yaje mu [[Rwanda]]. Mu 1983, yarangirije amashuri yisumbuye muri [[Ecole des Sciences Byimana]], mu [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Karere ka Ruhango]].<ref name="nt2018" /> Kuva mu 1983 kugeza mu 1988, Albert Murasira yize muri Kaminuza Nkuru y'u Rwanda (ubu ni [[Kaminuza y'u Rwanda]]). Yahakuye impamyabumenyi mu [[Imibare|mibare]] mu 1986 no mu 1988.<ref name="mod2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.mod.gov.rw/docs-media/news-detail/major-general-murasira-takes-charge-as-the-new-defence-minister |title=Major General Murasira takes charge as the new Defence Minister |website=Ministry of Defence |date=2018-10-22 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Mu 2004, yabonye dipolome mu buyobozi bwa Leta muri [[Gana]].<ref name="nt2018" /> Mu 2011, yabonye dipolome mu bya gisirikare muri kaminuza y'ingabo z'[[Ubushinwa]].<ref name="nt2018" /> Mu 2016, yabonye Masters mu micungire y'imishinga muri Kaminuza ya Liverpool, mu [[Ubwongereza|Bwongereza]].<ref name="mod2018" /> === Umwuga === Albert Murasira yinjiye mu gisirikare mu 1988. Yabaye ofisiye mu 1989.<ref name="nt2018" /> Kuva mu 1995 kugeza mu 1998, yigishije imibare muri Kaminuza Nkuru y'u Rwanda. Kuva mu 1999 kugeza mu 2004, yari umuyobozi ushinzwe igenamigambi muri [[Minisiteri y'Ingabo]].<ref name="nt2018" /> Kuva mu 2004 kugeza mu 2005, yakoze mu butumwa bw'Afurika Yunze Ubumwe muri [[Sudani]] (AMIS). Mu 2006, yabaye umuyobozi wungirije w'ishuri rya gisirikare rya Gako. Kuva mu 2007 kugeza mu 2012, yari ashinzwe abakozi mu buyobozi bukuru bw'ingabo z'u Rwanda.<ref name="nt2018" /> Kuva muri Gashyantare 2012 kugeza mu Kwakira 2018, Albert Murasira yayoboye [[Zigama CSS]], banki y'abagize ingabo. Mu 2018, yahawe ipeti rya Jenerali Majoro.<ref name="nt2018" /> Ku wa 18 Ukwakira 2018, Albert Murasira yagizwe Minisitiri w'Ingabo. Yasimbuye [[James Kabarebe]].<ref name="nt2018" /> Ni we Minisitiri w'Ingabo wa cumi kuva u Rwanda rwabona ubwigenge mu 1962.<ref name="mod2018" /> Muri Kamena 2023, [[Paul Kagame|Perezida Paul Kagame]] yamusimbuje Juvenal Marizamunda.<ref name="kt2023">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ktpress.rw/2023/06/major-shakeup-president-kagame-appoints-new-defence-army-chiefs/ |title=Major Shakeup: President Kagame Appoints New Defence, Army Chiefs |author=Edmund Kagire |website=KT Press |language=en |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Ku wa 22 Kanama 2023, Albert Murasira yagizwe Minisitiri ushinzwe Ibikorwa by'Ubutabazi.<ref name="minema">{{Cite web |url=https://www.minema.gov.rw/senior-management |title=Senior Management |website=MINEMA |language=en |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Mu 2026, aracyari kuri uwo mwanya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://minema.gov.rw/updates/news/minister-murasira-calls-for-citizen-centred-service-delivery-in-nyaruguru-district |title=Minister Murasira Calls for Citizen-Centred Service Delivery in Nyaruguru District |website=MINEMA |language=en |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Minisiteri y'Ingabo]] * [[Minisiteri ishinzwe imicungire y'ibiza n'impunzi]] * [[James Kabarebe]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [https://www.minema.gov.rw/senior-management Abayobozi ba MINEMA] (mu Cyongereza) {{Palette Minisiteri z'u Rwanda}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Murasira, Albert}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagabo]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Ikiciro:Abaminisitiri]] ccbhn2h4q66ggm9n5llr777za7jej28 0 9199 148310 145243 2026-10-28T09:21:18Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148310 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Vanessa Uwase.jpg|thumb|Miss Uwase Vanessa|390x390px]] [[Dosiye:Hermajesty vanessa.jpg|thumb|Miss Rwanda Vanessa Uwase]] Vanessa Raissa Uwase n'umukobwa w'umushoramari ufite iduka rikomeye mu Rwanda ritwa Hermajesty Vanessa ricuruza ibikoresho byongera ubwiza mu [[Kigali|mujyi wa kigali]] bimwe bakunda kwita cosmetics.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hermajestyvanessa.com/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-10-25 |archive-date=2021-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160633/https://hermajestyvanessa.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amateka == Yavutse tariki 5 zukwa 1992, avukira i kigali mu murwa mukuru w' U Rwanda. Mu mwaka wa 2015 Vanessa yagiye mu bakobwa bahatanira i kamba rya miss [[Rwanda]]. Muri aya marushanywa akaba yarabaye igisonga cya mbere cya miss Rwanda muri [[Nyampinga w'u Rwanda|2015]]. Vanessa ntago yagiye mu marushanywa y' ubwiza gusa ahubwo yabayeho n'umunyamakuru <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/miss-uwase-vanessa-wasezeye-kuri-radio-yakozeho-amezi-atatu-yasubiye-mu |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-10-25 |archive-date=2021-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160808/https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/miss-uwase-vanessa-wasezeye-kuri-radio-yakozeho-amezi-atatu-yasubiye-mu |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Muri Bucuruzi == Umunyamideri ukunzwe cyane ndetse ku kazina ka miss Vanessa yakunze kugaragara cya mu bucuruzu butandukanye, ndetse benshi bahamya ko uyu mukobwa anabushoboye. yabanje gufungura '''akabari gacuruza inzoga na resitora'''( Bar& Resto)<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5P2nFryQLig</ref>, yakoze '''ibiganira bigendage no guteka''' muburyo buri professional ku mbuga nkoranya mbaga harimo na youtube ndetse ubu asigaye akora '''ibikoresho byongera ubwiza''' ndetse bigatuma abadamu bagira uruhu rwiza. === 1. Akabari gacuruza inzoga na resitora. === Mu mwaka wa 2019 nibwa miss Vanessa yafunguye akabari ndetse gafite na resitora kazwi kwizina rya V house cyatangiye ari V cofee mu mugi wa kigali i [[gikondo]], Vanessa atangira uyu mushinga yavuze ko yafashe icyemezo cyo gutangira kwicururiza mu rwego rwo kwihangira imirimo nk'umunyarwandakazi ushaka imbere he heza. byatangiye ari V cofee shop nyuma biza kwaguka biba V house, akaba yaraje no gushyiraho akarusho kuko ibicuruzwa bye byageraga kubantu bose muri kigali biciye muri Jumia food.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/88322/video-miss-vanessa-winjiye-mu-bucuruzi-afungura-barresto-yatuganirije-ku-buzima-bwe-nibyum-88322.html</ref> === 2. Ibiganiro bigendanye no guteka. === Muri 2020 igihe isi yose yarimo ihangana nicyorezo cya korona virus, miss Vanessa ntago yicaye ahubwo yatangiye ibiganiro byo kwigisha bantu guteka binyuze kuri youtube mugihe cya guma murugo<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wPNd1Le3ddU</ref>. Uyu mukobwa kandi akaba azwiho gukunda no kumenya guteka cyane bikaba ari kimwe mubyatumye abikora nkumushinga.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hS9-qoqA1Fg</ref> === 3. Ibikoresho byongera ubwiza === Muri 2021 nibwo miss Vanessa yazanye agashya ko gushyira ibikoresho byongera ubwiza hanze, we ubwe ndetse nabakoresheje ibyo bikoresho bavuga ko ari qualite yambere ndetse ko bifasha cyane abantu bahuye nibibazo byuruhu mubuzima bwabo. Mu bikoresho bya miss Vanessa harimo puderi zo kwisiga mumaso, ibyo kwisiga ku munywa ndetse niibyo kwisiga ku maso<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hermajestyvanessa.com/product-category/makeup/face-makeup/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-10-25 |archive-date=2021-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160951/https://hermajestyvanessa.com/product-category/makeup/face-makeup/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Sibyo gusa ahubwo Miss Vanessa afite nibindi bikoresho bigendanye n'amaherena, udushene two mwijosi ndetse n' amasaha ndetse n'impeta<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hermajestyvanessa.com/product-category/accessories/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-10-25 |archive-date=2021-10-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211025160802/https://hermajestyvanessa.com/product-category/accessories/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Ibindi wareba == .https://www.celebsagewiki.com/vanessa-raissa-uwase .https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M8ZbHVwGmlk [[Dosiye:Vanessa Raissa Uwase.jpg|thumb|Vanessa Raissa Uwase]] == Amashakiro == [[Category:Abagore]] {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]] [[Ikiciro:Ubwiza]] 5kk6f67cmohzlxjx26n65ojx9cktzaw 0 9334 148300 144704 2026-10-28T07:12:06Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148300 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''The Cursed Ones''''' ni filime yo mu Bwongereza ya 2015 yayobowe na Nana Obiri Yeboah ikorwa na Nicholas K. Lory<ref>https://www.filmlinc.org/films/the-cursed-ones/</ref> . Amashusho yumwimerere yanditswe na Maximilian Claussen <ref>https://africanfilmny.org/films/the-cursed-ones/</ref>. Iyi filime ivuga amateka y’umunyamakuru wacitse intege ndetse n’umupasitori ukiri muto ufite ibitekerezo<ref>https://www.filmaffinity.com/us/film387730.html</ref>, urwanira kubohora umukobwa uregwa ubupfumu mu maboko ya gahunda yononekaye n’imiziririzo hagati muri Afurika y’iburengerazuba<ref>https://www.themoviedb.org/movie/401010-the-cursed-ones</ref> . Filime yahawe ibihembo 3 bya African Movie Academy Awards mu 2016 ''kubuyobozi bwiza'', ''Sinema nziza'', hamwe nubushakashatsi ''bwiza''<ref>https://mcutimes.com/Movies/titles/27357/the-cursed-ones</ref> . Yatowe mu bihembo 13 bya AMAA byose hamwe, bituma iba filime yatowe kurusha izindi mu 2016. <ref>https://www.mandy.com/aa/films/the-cursed-ones</ref> == Abakinnyi == * Oris Erhuero nka Godwin Ezeudu * Jimmy Jean-Louis nka Paladin * Ama K. Abebrese nka Chinue * Joseph Otsiman nka Pasiteri John Moses * Ophelia Dzidzornu nka Asabi * Fred Amugi nka Pasiteri Uchebo * David Dontoh nka Bartender * Rama Brew nkumusaza wumudugudu * Akofa Edjeani Asiedu == Umusaruro == Filime yafatiwe ahantu hose muri [[Gana]] . Abenshi muri iyo filime bakorewe mu mudugudu umwe wo mu karere k'iburasirazuba bwa [[Gana]].<ref>https://www.csfd.cz/film/79828-the-cursed-ones/recenze/</ref><ref>https://flixpremiere.com/film/the-cursed-ones</ref> == Kurekura == '''''The Cursed Ones''''' berekanwe kuri Hackney Picturehouse i Londere mu [[Bwongereza]] mu rwego rwo gutoranya ku mugaragaro [[iserukiramuco rya Filime rya Afurika]] ryitwa Royal African Society<ref>https://www.mymoviepicker.com/film/the-cursed-ones-184011.htm</ref>. Mu 2016 film kandi screened mu marushanwa ya Pan African Film Festival i Los Angeles, muri Atlanta Film Festival, ku [[Helsinki]] African Film Festival, 27 ngarukamwaka Emden International Film Festival<ref>https://www.mymoviepicker.com/film/the-cursed-ones-184011.htm</ref>, na New York Iserukiramuco rya Filime nyafurika mu kigo cya Lincoln gishinzwe ubuhanzi aho cyatanzwe na Human Rights Watch<ref>https://www.bbwright.com/the-cursed-ones</ref> <ref>https://www.moviemeter.nl/film/1113781</ref>. == references == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Gana]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] apot1afxqzhisuklbkz8eex2mtixfw5 0 9385 148318 146111 2026-10-28T09:25:38Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148318 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Benin - Location Map (2011) - BEN - UNOCHA.svg|thumb|Christiane yavukiye mugihugu cya Benin arinaho yakuriye]] '''Christiane Chabi-Kao''' (wavutse ku ya 30 Kamena 1963) ni umuyobozi wa filime wo muri [[Bene|Bénine]] akaba n'umwanditsi.<ref>http://africultures.com/personnes?no=10095</ref> == Ubuzima == Chabi-Kao yavukiye i Marseille mu [[Bufaransa]] mu 1963. Yize muri Kaminuza ya Reims Champagne-Ardenne kuva 1984 kugeza 1986<ref>https://copainsdavant.linternaute.com/p/christiane-chabi-kao-2870640</ref>. Mu 1990, Chabi-Kao yasubiye muri [[Afurika]]. Yasohokanye na filime ye ya mbere, ''Les enfants esclaves'', mu 2005, documentaire isobanura abana b'abacakara bigezweho<ref>https://www.expatica.com/es/uncategorized/benin-filmmaker-takes-fight-against-child-labour-to-school-37507/</ref>. Mu 2007, yayoboye filime ''Les inseparables''. Ivuga amateka y'abavandimwe Yawa na Abi, se bamugurisha ku mucuruza w'abana, maze nyina ajya mu ishami rishinzwe kurengera abana rya Polisi kugira ngo amenye uko byagenze.<ref>https://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne_gen_cpersonne=430660.html</ref> Iyi filime yakozwe na [[UNICEF]] na Radiyo na Televiziyo y'igihugu ya [[Bénin]] (ORTB), isohoka nk'uruhererekane rwa firime enye<ref>http://africanwomenincinema.blogspot.com/2013/12/christiane-chabi-kao-festival_1.html</ref>. Chabi-Kao yanditse iyi filime mu rwego rwo gukangurira no guhagarika icuruzwa ry'abana.<ref>Christiane Chabi-Kao - AlloCiné (allocine.fr)</ref> Yakiriye igihembo nyafurika Numerique mu iserukiramuco rya Vues d'Afrique ryabereye i Montreal mu 2008, anahabwa igihembo cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu iserukiramuco rya Filimi na Televiziyo rya Panafrican 2009 rya [[Wagadugu|Ouagadougou]]. <ref>https://www.europeana.eu/en/item/2022116/urn_axmedis_00000_obj_c547dc82_3292_491a_b7c0_d0b57fd3ea50</ref> Nyuma yo kumenyeshwa itegeko ribuza kwerekanwa ku buntu, Chabi-Kao yateguye kwerekana filime ku banyeshuri 300 ba Burkinabe<ref>https://www.telerama.fr/personnalite/christiane-chabi-kao,94457,filmographie.php</ref>. Mu 2009, yasimbuye Monique Mbeke Phoba nk'umuyobozi w'ikirori cya Lagunimages i Cotonou . Nkumuyobozi, Chabi-Kao afasha kwambara iserukiramuco rya firime ryizina rimwe.<ref>https://www.allmovie.com/movie/les-insparables-v515131/corrections</ref> Yakoreye iserukiramuco imyaka itari mike mbere yo kuba umuyobozi, ahabwa inkunga na Deutsche Welle Academy yo kwiga uko bategura ibirori<ref>https://www.senscritique.com/liste/Les_meilleurs_films_avec_Dragon_Ball_Z_Univers_2_Christiane/3045166</ref>. Chabi-Kao yanditse akanayobora ibiganiro bya televiziyo ''bigizwe n'ibice 14'' muri Les Chenapans muri 2013. Irerekana ubuzima nintambara byingimbi batanu bo muri Bénin, kandi ikoresha abakinnyi badafite umwuga<ref>https://www.filmstarts.de/personen/430660.html</ref>. == Amashusho == * 2005: ''Les enfants esclave'' * 2007: ''Les idatandukana'' * 2013: ''Les Chenapans'' * 2014: ''Ingona dans la Mangrove'' == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa filime]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] tpma3r6gttas9vvsnpnz4hm2cjxkmhu 0 10493 148301 147697 2026-10-28T07:12:31Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148301 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Umuhoza Emma.jpg|thumb|Umuhoza Emma]] Umuhoza Emma Pascaline (wavutse 17 gashyantare mu 2003 ) Akaba arumunyamideli Ukomeye mu [[Rwanda]] <ref>https://iwacumarket.xyz/blog/1358/missrwanda2022-ikimero-nuburanga-bya-emma-pascaline-wabonye-itike-yo-guhatanira-ikamba</ref> == Ubuzimwa bwite == Umuhoza Emma Pascaline numunyamideli ukomeye cyane aho yamamriza amacampanyi agiye atandukanye .Emma yitabiriye Irushanwa rya [[Nyampinga w'u Rwanda|Nyaminga]] Wu [[Rwanda]] 2022 aho yarari mubakobwa bafite uburanga nubwenge yakomeje muri 20 bagiye mumwiherero ndetse yongera kuboneka muri 10 .Emma yaitabiriye amarushanwa yaba miss agiye atandukanye nka Miss Earth Rwanda 2021 .<ref>https://iwacumarket.xyz/blog/1358/missrwanda2022-ikimero-nuburanga-bya-emma-pascaline-wabonye-itike-yo-guhatanira-ikamba</ref> == Umwuga == Umuhoza numunyamidel muri campany yashinzwe na Mikky Jones Wilfred ya MJW Model Management akaba akora muri [[Kigali]] Protocal iri muri kompanyi zikomeye muzitanga serivisi za Protocol mu Rwanda kugeza ubu yanamaze gukatisha itike yo kuzahatana mu bihembo nyafurika bya Zikomo Awards.<ref>https://iwacumarket.xyz/blog/1358/missrwanda2022-ikimero-nuburanga-bya-emma-pascaline-wabonye-itike-yo-guhatanira-ikamba</ref> === Inyandiko === {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umugore]] [[Ikiciro:Miss Rwanda]] 3lxjpzu0vbtej99ak8ps72xuvwm3q3z 0 12793 148317 146929 2026-10-28T09:24:55Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148317 wikitext text/x-wiki [[:en:Mani_Martin|Mani Martin ni umuririmbyi wo mu Rwanda]]<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_Martin</ref>, akaba n'umwanditsi w'indirimbo, umukinnyi wa filime. Yatsindiye ibihembo byinshi. Ijwi rye ryihariye rya muzika mu njyana ya Afro-fusion, amajwi yo mu njyana zigezweho ndetse no mu muco gakondo kandi uyu [[Umuhanzi Kamariza|muhanzi]] yavukiye ahitwa Ntura i Rusizi(ahahoze hitwa Cyangugu).<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/63540/mani-martin-ntazibagirwa-uburyo-ku-myaka-9-y-63540.html</ref> == Amateka == === Aho yavukiye === Mani Martin yavutse ku ya 24 Ukuboza 1988 mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba|Ntara y'Uburengerazuba]] mu karere ka Rusizi.<ref>https://archive.ph/20130815033522/http://therwandaspectrummagazine.com/?Rwandan-Traditional-Music-Becomes</ref> Yakuriye mu rugo rw'abagiraneza. === Urugendo rwa musika === Impano ye yavumbuwe afite imyaka icyenda, yahimbye indirimbo ye ya mbere yise "Barihe" mu rwego rwo kurekura [https://web.archive.org/web/20220920183605/https://rugali.com/iyumvire-irondakoko-umuhanzi-mani-martin-yahuye-naryo-mu-rwanda-rwa-kagame-na-fpr-inkotanyi/ ibibazo bitagira ingano mu mutwe w’umwana]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rugali.com/iyumvire-irondakoko-umuhanzi-mani-martin-yahuye-naryo-mu-rwanda-rwa-kagame-na-fpr-inkotanyi/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-19 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920183605/https://rugali.com/iyumvire-irondakoko-umuhanzi-mani-martin-yahuye-naryo-mu-rwanda-rwa-kagame-na-fpr-inkotanyi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> w’inzirakarengane mu Rwanda nyuma y'imyaka itatu nyuma y’amateka mabi yo mu 1994 Itsembabwoko ryibasiye abatutsi. Mani Martin ku myaka 12 yari amaze [https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171128/https://hose.rw/uko-umuhanzi-mani-martin-yari-agiye-kureka-umuziki-akagarurwa-nindirimbo-urukumbuzi/ ku recordinga kasete(cassette)]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://hose.rw/uko-umuhanzi-mani-martin-yari-agiye-kureka-umuziki-akagarurwa-nindirimbo-urukumbuzi/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-19 |archive-date=2022-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171128/https://hose.rw/uko-umuhanzi-mani-martin-yari-agiye-kureka-umuziki-akagarurwa-nindirimbo-urukumbuzi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ye ya mbere. Impano idasanzwe yaje kubonwa na Niyibizi Gaston wacuruzaga kasete mu isoko rya hose ari irya Nyarugenge. Mani Martin, [https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/article/inzira-y-umusaraba-mani-martin-yanyuze-ajya-kureba-eddy-kenzo-kugeza-afunzwe yakomoje ku nzira y’umusaraba yanyuze ava Kigali yerekeza muri Uganda]<ref>https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/article/inzira-y-umusaraba-mani-martin-yanyuze-ajya-kureba-eddy-kenzo-kugeza-afunzwe</ref> mu mushinga w’indirimbo yari afitanye na Eddy Kenzo wo gusubiramo indirimbo ‘Afro’ yakunzwe na benshi ikongererwa igikundiro cyayo n’amashusho yafashwe aho yaje gufungirwa muri Uganda. == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} g29sdzlacawl3pzguz8fo4ii9haj8yt 0 12835 148309 144685 2026-10-28T09:20:55Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox birth control|image=Kondom.jpg|width=200|caption=A rolled-up condom|pronounce={{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|d|ə|m}} or {{IPAc-en|uk|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|d|ɒ|m}}|bc_type=Barrier|date_first_use=Ancient<ref name=Hat2007/><br />Rubber: 1855<ref name=Al2011/><br />Latex: 1920s<ref name=Mc2000/><br />Polyurethane: 1994<br />Polyisoprene: 2008|rate_type=[[Pregnancy]]|failure_measure=first year, latex|perfect_failure%=2|perfect_failure_ref=<ref name="Trussell 2011">{{cite book|last=Trussell|first=James|year=2011|chapter=Contraceptive efficacy|editor1-last=Hatcher|editor1-first=Robert A.|editor2-last=Trussell|editor2-first=James|editor3-last=Nelson|editor3-first=Anita L.|editor4-last=Cates|editor4-first=Willard Jr.|editor5-last=Kowal|editor5-first=Deborah|editor6-last=Policar|editor6-first=Michael S. |title=Contraceptive technology|edition=20th revised|location=New York|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=978-1-59708-004-0|issn=0091-9721|oclc=781956734|pages=779–863|chapter-url=http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112130150/http://www.contraceptivetechnology.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/CTFailureTable.pdf|archive-date=2013-11-12}}</ref>|typical_failure%=18|typical_failure_ref=<ref name="Trussell 2011" />|duration_effect=|reversibility=Yes|user_reminders=Latex condoms are damaged by oil-based [[Personal lubricant|lubricants]]<ref name=Hat2007/>|clinic_interval=|STD_protection_YesNo=Yes<ref name=Hat2007/>|periods=|benefits=No health care visits required and low cost<ref name=Hat2007/>|weight_gain_loss=|risks=|medical_notes=}} '''Agakingirizo''' ni igikoresho kigabanya amahirwe yo kwanduzanya indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina ndetse no gusama inda zitateganijwe.<ref name="Hat2007">{{Cite book|last=Hatcher|first=Robert Anthony|last2=M.D|first2=Anita L. Nelson|title=Contraceptive Technology|date=2007|publisher=Ardent Media|isbn=9781597080019|pages=297–311|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=txh0LpjjhkoC&pg=PA297|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918185600/https://books.google.com/books?id=txh0LpjjhkoC&pg=PA297|archive-date=2017-09-18}}</ref> Habaho agakingirizo k'abagabo n'aka [[Umugore|abagore]].<ref name="WHO2008">{{Cite book|title=WHO Model Formulary 2008|url=https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse|year=2009|isbn=9789241547659|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|veditors=Stuart MC, Kouimtzi M, Hill SR|hdl=10665/44053|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|hdl-access=free|page=[https://archive.org/details/whomodelformular00unse/page/372 372]}}</ref> Hamwe n'imikoreshereze ikwiye - kandi gakoreshwa mubikorwa byose by'imibonano mpuzabitsina -.Abagore nabo bashakanye bakoresha agakingirizo k'abagabo bashobora kugira amahirwe ya 2% yo gusama.<ref name="Hat2007" /> Hamwe n'imikoreshereze isanzwe, igipimo cyo gutwita kingana na 18% ku mwaka. Imikoreshereze yako igabanya cyane ibyago byo kurwara gonorrhea, chlamydia, trichomoniasis, hepatite B, na VIH / [[SIDA]].<ref name="Hat2007" /> Zirinda kandi ku rugero ruto kwirinda indwara ya herpes, papillomavirus ku muntu (HPV), ndetse na sifilis.<ref name="Hat2007" /> Agakingirizo k'umugabo kaba kazungurutse ku gitsina gihagaze mbere yo gukora imibonano kandi kigakora mu gukora inzitizi y'umubiri ibuza amasohoro kwinjira mu mubiri w'uwo muhuje igitsina.<ref name="Hat2007" /><ref name="Sp2011" /> Udukingirizo twabagabo dukorwa muri latex, kandi mubisanzwe, kuva polyurethane, polyisoprene, cyangwa amara y'intama.<ref name="Hat2007" /> Udukingirizo tw'abagabo dufite ibyiza byo koroshya imikoreshereze, byoroshye kubigeraho n'ingaruka nke.<ref name="Hat2007" /> Abafite allergie ya latex igomba gukoreshwa polyurethane cyangwa izindi verisiyo yubukorikori.<ref name="Hat2007" /> Agakingirizo k'abagore gakozwe muri polyurethane kandi karashobora gukoreshwa inshuro nyinshi.<ref name="Sp2011">{{Cite book|last=Speroff|first=Leon|last2=Darney|first2=Philip D.|title=A Clinical Guide for Contraception|date=2011|publisher=Lippincott Williams & Wilkins|isbn=9781608316106|pages=305–307|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f5XJtYkiJ0YC&pg=PT420|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114203840/https://books.google.com/books?id=f5XJtYkiJ0YC|archive-date=2016-11-14}}</ref> Udukingirizo nk'uburyo bwo gukumira indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina zakoreshejwe kuva byibura 1544.<ref name="Hat2007" /> Agakingirizo ka reberi kabonetse mu 1855, gakurikirwa n'udukingirizo twa latex muri 1920.<ref name="Al2011">{{Cite book|last=Allen|first=Michael J.|title=The Anthem Anthology of Victorian Sonnets|date=2011|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=9781843318484|page=51|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GQxdE8Ryz9YC&pg=PR51|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mc2000">{{Cite book|last=McKibbin|first=Ross|title=Classes and Cultures: England 1918–1951|date=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198208556|page=305|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xYuoPxzjnXUC&pg=PA305|language=en}}</ref> Ari kurutonde rw' rw'ishami ry'umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku buzima ku isi, urutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Igiciro cyinshi mu gihugu cy'iterambere kiri hafi 0.03 kugeza US $ 0.08 buri umwe.<ref name="ERC2014">{{Cite web|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=209&searchYear=2015|title=Condoms (Lubricated)|website=International Medical Products Price Guide|publisher=Management Sciences For Health, Inc.|access-date=2 August 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802170925/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=209&searchYear=2015|archive-date=2 August 2017}}</ref> Muri Leta zunzubumwe z'Amerika ,ubusanzwe agakingirizo kagura amadolari y'Amerika 1.00.<ref name="Sh2011">{{Cite book|last=Shoupe|first=Donna|title=Contraception|date=2011|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9781444342635|page=15|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ksjJcx1CeKcC&lpg=PA15&pg=PA15|language=en|access-date=2020-07-30|archive-date=2020-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729155934/https://books.google.com/books?id=ksjJcx1CeKcC&lpg=PA15&pg=PA15|url-status=live}}</ref> Kw'isi yose munsi ya 10% y'abakoresha kuringaniza imbyaro bakoresha agakingirizo.<ref name="Ch2012" /> Ibiciro byo gukoresha agakingirizo biri hejuru mu bihugu byateye imbere.<ref name="Ch2012">{{Cite book|last=Chen|first=Lincoln C.|last2=Amor|first2=Jaime Sepulveda|last3=Segal|first3=Sheldon J.|title=AIDS and Women's Reproductive Health|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9781461533542|page=6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8KWvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6|language=en}}</ref> Mu Bwongereza agakingirizo ni uburyo bwa kabiri bukunze kugaragara mu kuboneza urubyaro (22%) mu gihe muri Amerika ari ubwa gatatu bukunze kugaragara (15%).<ref>{{Cite book|last=Herring|first=Jonathan|title=Medical Law and Ethics|date=2014|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198702269|page=271|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9JFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA271|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|pmid=26556545|year=2015|last=Daniels|first=K.|title=Current Contraceptive Use and Variation by Selected Characteristics Among Women Aged 15–44: United States, 2011–2013|journal=National Health Statistics Reports|issue=86|pages=1–14|last2=Daugherty|first2=J.|last3=Jones|first3=J.|last4=Mosher|first4=W.}}</ref> Hafi miliyari esheshatu kugeza icyenda zigurishwa ku mwaka.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hermann|first=Henry R.|title=Dominance and Aggression in Humans and Other Animals: The Great Game of Life|date=2016|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780128092958|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6sGpDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT529|language=en}}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Translated from MDWiki]] 9c50lau1mwwhrljps2pb5g4u15e1vw1 0 13070 148303 147791 2026-10-28T07:13:42Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 148303 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/75281/pggss7-preview-amateka-n-ibigwi-bya-mico-the-best-umwe-mu-ba-75281.html Turatsinze Prosper nk’amazina ye nyakuri]<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/75281/pggss7-preview-amateka-n-ibigwi-bya-mico-the-best-umwe-mu-ba-75281.html</ref> cyangwa Mico The Best amazina akoresha mu buhanzi, avuka i [[Gikondo]] gusa ababyeyi be bakomoka mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|ntara y’Amajyepfo]] ahahoze hitwa Nyakizu. == Amateka == === Urugendo rwa muzika === Uyu [[Umuhanzi Kamariza|muhanzi]] yatangiye kuririmba muri 2007 gusa nkuko we abyivugira indirimbo ye ya mbere yamenyekanye ni iyitwa ‘Umuzungu’ yakozwe na Nyakwigendera Dr Jacques muri F2K Studio. Uyu musore yakoze nyinshi mu ndirimbo zagiye zikundwa zirimo: Umuzungu, Umugati, Umutaka, Akabizu, Kule kimwe n’izindi nyinshi zo ha mbere icyakora no muri iyi minsi afite iziri kugenda zikundwa zirimo;Amarangamutima, Uwo muntu ndetse n’Indahiro. === Ubuzima bwite === [https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/ibirori/article/mico-the-best-n-umukunzi-we-basezeranye-imbere-y-amategeko Yasezeranye]<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/imyidagaduro/ibirori/article/mico-the-best-n-umukunzi-we-basezeranye-imbere-y-amategeko</ref> imbere y’amategeko n’umukunzi we Clarisse ukunze gukoresha amazina ya Clarisse Khloe Dubnx ku mbuga nkoranyambaga. Ni mu muhango wabaye kuri uyu wa Kane tariki 19 Kanama 2021. Byabereye mu murenge wa Nyarugenge mu Mujyi wa Kigali. Kuwa 26 Nzeri 2021 [https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/article/udushya-utamenye-twaranze-ubukwe-bw-umuhanzi-mico-the-best-wagabiwe-inka-n yasezeranye kubana akaramata]<ref>https://umuryango.rw/imyidagaduro/article/udushya-utamenye-twaranze-ubukwe-bw-umuhanzi-mico-the-best-wagabiwe-inka-n</ref> na Clarisse mu birori byasusurukijwe n’abahanzi batandukanye, byanabaye hubahirizwa amabwiriza yo kwirinda icyorezo cya COVID-19 , ndetse anagabirwa inka n’ibyamamare bitandukanye.<ref>https://rushyashya.net/amafoto-umuhanzi-mico-the-best-yakoze-ubukwe-numukunzi-we-clarisse-bari-bamaze-igihe-kirenga-umwaka-bakundana/</ref> Hanze y’umuziki avuga ko ikintu cyamubabaje cyane ari urupfu rwa se witabye Imana muri 2013 azize indwara y’umutima, ariko na none nk’umunyarwanda wese yababajwe na Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/umuhanzi-n-umwanditsi-w-indirimbo-mico-the-best-yavuze-indirimbo-3-yanditse-neza-icyamushimishije-n-icyamubabaje-mu-buzima |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-26 |archive-date=2022-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926154942/https://www.isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/umuhanzi-n-umwanditsi-w-indirimbo-mico-the-best-yavuze-indirimbo-3-yanditse-neza-icyamushimishije-n-icyamubabaje-mu-buzima |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Muri muzika ye ikintu cyamubabaje === Muri muzika ye ikintu cyamubabaje ni [https://web.archive.org/web/20220926154942/https://www.isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/umuhanzi-n-umwanditsi-w-indirimbo-mico-the-best-yavuze-indirimbo-3-yanditse-neza-icyamushimishije-n-icyamubabaje-mu-buzima uko abantu batinze kumumenya]<ref name=":0" /> ariko na none yishimira ko baje kumwakira nyuma yo kumenya icyo ashoboye. == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} s4pbth6tcfni7xtkm5wcdecjqcrxckq 0 13179 148308 146187 2026-10-28T09:20:34Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 148308 wikitext text/x-wiki Uwimana Emmanuel uzwi nka Nsoro Tiote, w[https://radiotv10.rw/uwimana-soulaiman-emmanuel-nsoro-yafashe-uheruka-gutandukana-na-as-muhanga-yafashe-umwanzuro-wo-kujya-mu-cyiciro-cya-kabiri/ akiniye amakipe atandukanye]<ref>https://radiotv10.rw/uwimana-soulaiman-emmanuel-nsoro-yafashe-uheruka-gutandukana-na-as-muhanga-yafashe-umwanzuro-wo-kujya-mu-cyiciro-cya-kabiri/</ref> arimo AS Kigali, == Amateka == [https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/84613/uwimana-emmanuel-84613.html Uwimana Emmanuel]<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/84613/uwimana-emmanuel-84613.html</ref> watangiriye [[umupira w’amaguru]] muri Centre Sportif de [[Rwamagana Fc|Rwamagana]], yaje kubengukwa n’abatoza ba Academy ya [[FERWAFA]] (Isonga FC) muri 2009 amaramo imyaka itatu (3). Muri 2012 yaje gushimwa na Kayiranga Baptiste amujyana muri Kiyovu Sport akinamo igice cya kabiri cya shampiyona y’umwaka w’imikino 2012-2013. === Ubwo AS Muhanga yahuraga na Rayon Sports === Shampiyona 2012-2013 irangiye yahise anyarukira muri [[AS Kigali]] ubwo yari igitozwa na Cassa Mbungo Andre. Uyu musore yaje kugenda agira ibibazo by’imvune zikomeye bigera n’aho ajya kubagwa. Nyuma yaje gutizwa muri [[Eticnelles Fc|Etincelles FC]] mbere yo kugarurwa muri AS Kigali hagati muri shampiyona 2015-2016 mbere yo kujya muri Espoir FC kuko imyaka ine yari afitanye na AS Kigali yari irangiye.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/77320/uwimana-emmanuel-77320.html</ref> Nyuma yo kuva muri AS Kigali, Uwimana yahise agana muri Espoir FC mu 2017 asinyayo amasezerano y’umwaka umwe (2017-2018). Nyuma asoje nibwo yahise ajya muri [[Sunrise Fc|Sunrise FC]] asinya imyaka ibiri. Gusa ntabwo iyo myaka yayimaze muri Sunrise FC kuko yahamaze umwe (2018-2019) undi wa 2019-2020 awukina muri FC [[Musanze Fc|Musanze]]. Nyuma yo gusoza 2019-2020 muri FC Musanze, Uwimana yahise akina umwaka w’imikino 2020-2021 muri AS [[Akarere ka Muhanga|Muhanga]], ikipe avuyemo agana muri Rwamagana City. == Reba aha == == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} ov07cyql5q1j729sdyjj77qa3flups1 0 13358 148311 147424 2026-10-28T09:21:36Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148311 wikitext text/x-wiki == Mild Blend == mu [[Rwanda]] haba ubwoko bwinshi butandukanye bwi ibyayi akaba ari nabyo bashize u [[Rwanda]] ku Ruhando mpuza mahanga mubucuruzi bwi [[icyayi]] ku isi kubera icai cyaho kiryoha bihebuje<ref>https://amarebe.com/ibyiza-9-byo-kunywa-icyayi/</ref> [[Dosiye:Csinensis.jpg|thumb|icyayi]] == Amoko ibyayi mu Rwanda == mu Rwanda hari amoko atandukanye ibyayi bikorwa na [[Rwanda Mountain Tea|Rwanda mountain Tea]] ariyo MILD BLEND GOLD BLEND GREEN TEA STRONG BLEND TANGAWIZI TEA Ndetse nandi menshi atandukanye == Akamaro k'icyayi == umubare munini wabantu bakoresha icyayi mu [[Rwanda]] ndetse no kwisi bavugako ibyiza byo<ref>https://amarebe.com/ibyiza-9-byo-kunywa-icyayi/</ref> kunywa icyayi bavuga attari ukwamamaza ari ukuri kuko bo bazi ibyiza byo kunywa icyayi == reba == == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} 5hp3yi137ol0rswgn19vjcqz81f92hl 0 13792 148306 145153 2026-10-28T07:15:12Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148306 wikitext text/x-wiki == Imyanda ibora n'itabora == [[Dosiye:Gukuraho Imyanda.jpg|thumb|Imyanda|190x190px]] Umujyi wa [[Kigali]] watangije gahunda yo kurobanura imyanda ibora n’itabora hirya no hino mu Mujyi mu rwego rwo kurushaho kwimakaza isuku.<ref>https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/umujyi-wa-kigali-watangije-gahunda-yo-kurobanura-imyanda</ref> == Ibyo Wamenya == Uruhare rwa Minisiteri muri ibi bikorwa rukubiye mu gushaka abaterankunga kuri uyu mushinga ndetse no gukorana n’abakusanya amakuru (Data Analysts) mu rwego rwo kuzanoza imikorere yawo.<ref>https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/umujyi-wa-kigali-watangije-gahunda-yo-kurobanura-imyanda</ref><ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-mahanga/article/mu-rwanda-hakenewe-benshi-batunganya-imyanda-ibora-n-itabora-ikavamo-ibindi-bintu-by-agaciro</ref>Yagaragaje ko uyu mushinga ari intangiriro yo kunoza imikorere y’ibimoteri bikoranye ikoranabuhanga bimaze gushyirwa ahantu hane kandi kugeza ubu hari gahunda yo gukomereza mu bindi bice bitandukanye by’Umujyi wa [[Kigali]].<ref>https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/umujyi-wa-kigali-watangije-gahunda-yo-kurobanura-imyanda</ref>Abatuye [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|imirenge]] ya Kimironko, Kacyiru, [[Umurenge wa Muhima|Muhima]], Nyakabanda n’umurenge wa Niboye nibo bazaherweho nyuma y’ukwezi kw’igeragezwa bikomereze hirya no hino mu Mujyi wa [[Kigali]].Buregeya Paulin usanzwe ari Umuyobozi wa Sosiyete ishinzwe gutwara ibishingwe uri mu bahuguye abandi ku birebana n’uyu mushinga, yagaragaje ko kurobanura imyanda biri mu nyungu zo kwirinda indwara, kubungabunga ibidukikije n’uburyo bwo kuzamura ubukungu.<ref>https://igihe.com/amakuru/u-rwanda/article/umujyi-wa-kigali-watangije-gahunda-yo-kurobanura-imyanda</ref> == IBindi wamenya Kumushinga == Minisiteri y’Ibidukikije irifuza abafatanyabikorwa bajya muri gahunda yo gutunganya imyanda, yaba ibora cyangwa itabora hakavamo ibindi bintu by’agaciro aho gutabwa ngo bijye guhumanya ubutaka, amazi, umwuka cyangwa ikirere muri rusange.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-mahanga/article/mu-rwanda-hakenewe-benshi-batunganya-imyanda-ibora-n-itabora-ikavamo-ibindi-bintu-by-agaciro</ref>Hagati aho mu rwego rwo kugabanya ibitakara no gutuma Leta itanga amafaranga make mu gutunganya imyanda, Dr Mujawamariya agira inama abantu kudasesagura amafaranga bagura ibyo badakeneye,Inama Mpuzamahanga ya WCEF ku wa Kane tariki 08 Ukuboza mu mwaka 2022 yateganyije ubukangurambaga bwo kwinjiza ibindi bihugu bigize Isi mu mugambi u [[Rwanda]] na Norvège byiyemeje, wo kuzaba byaciye ibikoresho bya pulasitiki bitarenze umwaka wa 2040 (High Ambition Coalition to End Plastic Pollution by 2040).<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/mu-mahanga/article/mu-rwanda-hakenewe-benshi-batunganya-imyanda-ibora-n-itabora-ikavamo-ibindi-bintu-by-agaciro</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] if822nrd4insmzb1eao8i83o7cxrqg7 0 13849 148313 138764 2026-10-28T09:22:44Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148313 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Agriculture deeds.jpg|thumb|151x151px|ubuhinzi bwa kijyambere]] [[Dosiye:Umuhinzi 02.jpg|thumb|umuhinzi|148x148px]] Minisiteri y’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi (MINAGRI) ibinyujije mu kigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe kohereza mu mahanga ibikomoka ku buhinzi n’ubworozi (NAEB), barimo gushaka igisubizo ku kiguzi kijyanye n’ibyo umuhinzi wa kawa akora.<ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/article/harimo-gushakwa-umuti-w-ibibazo-byugarije-umuhinzi-wa-kawa</ref> [[Dosiye:Agriculture work 1.jpg|thumb|Abahinzi.|159x159px]] == Ubushobozi == N’ubwo uyu munsi kawa ari kimwe mu bihingwa byinjiza amafaranga menshi, ariko usanga hari ikinyuranyo ku bahinzi bayo ndetse n’abayicuruza, kubera ko abayihinga babona umusaruro mucye, ugereranyije n’abandi bari mu ruhererekane rw’inyongeragaciro ya kawa. Abahinzi ba kawa bavuga ko babangamirwa n’igiciro cyayo, kubera ko kiri hasi ku buryo umuhinzi wayo adashobora kubona umusaruro uhagije kugira ngo yikure mu bukene, bigatuma nta terambere ageraho, kandi iyo urebye ku biciro mpuzamahanga ugasanga ikawa igura amafaranga menshi, ariko akagarukira ku bandi bari mu ruhererekane rwayo.<ref name=":0" /> == Uhagarariye abahinzi kwisi == Umuyobozi w’ihiriro ry’abahinzi ba kawa ku Isi, Juan Esteban Orduz, avuga ko icyo bazibandaho muri iyi nama ari ukureba uko umuhinzi wa kawa yarushaho gushyigikirwa kugira ngo atere imbere, kubera ko akenshi atajya avuganirwa mu gihe haba harimo kuganirwa ku bijyanye na kawa.<ref name=":1">https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubuhinzi/ubuhinzi/article/harimo-gushakwa-umuti-w-ibibazo-byugarije-umuhinzi-wa-kawa</ref> [[Dosiye:Green coffee.jpg|thumb|Ikawa|157x157px]] == Ikawa == uyu munsi kawa ari kimwe mu bihingwa byinjiza amafaranga menshi, ariko usanga hari ikinyuranyo ku bahinzi bayo ndetse n’abayicuruza, kubera ko abayihinga babona umusaruro mucye, ugereranyije n’abandi bari mu ruhererekane rw’inyongeragaciro ya kawa. Abahinzi ba kawa bavuga ko babangamirwa n’igiciro cyayo, kubera ko kiri hasi ku buryo umuhinzi wayo adashobora kubona umusaruro uhagije kugira ngo yikure mu bukene, bigatuma nta terambere ageraho, kandi iyo urebye ku biciro mpuzamahanga ugasanga ikawa igura amafaranga menshi, ariko akagarukira ku bandi bari mu ruhererekane rwayo. Minisititri w’[[Ubuhinzi]] n’[[UBWOROZI|Ubworozi]], avuga ko n’ubwo [[Ikawa|kawa]] ari igihingwa cyinjiza amafaranga menshi ariko usanga izo nyungu zitagera ku bahinzi bayo, ku buryo hakwiye gufatwa ingamba ziborohereza, kugira ngo bashobore kuyigeza ku ruganda nabo hari icyo yabafashije. Mu [[Rwanda]] ingo zirenga ibihumbi 400 nizo zihinga kawa, ihingwa ku buso bungana na hegitari 39,844.<ref name=":1" /> [[Dosiye:04-09-12-Schaupflügen-Fahrenwalde-RalfR-IMG 1232.jpg|thumb|Guhingisha Imashini|180x180px]] == Guhingiza Imashini == umuhinzi w’imbuto cyane cyane ibinyoro afite imyaka 58, atuye mu murenge wa Rurenge, Akagali ka Musya umuhinzi ntangarugero, uyu musaza uvuga ko yatangiye ubuhinzi bwe abikora agamije kubona ibimutungira umuryango ubu yemeza ko uyu mwuga w’ubuhinzi akora wamaze kuba akazi ke ka buri munsi dore ko abikuramo amafaranga Atari make yamufashishije kwishyurira abana be amashuri. Bwana MUDAHERANWA avuga ko ubu buhinzi bwe kuri season bumwinjiriza amafaranga asaga miliyoni ebyiri z’amafaranga y’u [[Rwanda]], Ubusanzwe uyu musaza afite ibiti by’ibinyomoro ibihumbi 4500 bihinze i musozi kuri hegitari 5. Muri iki gihe cy’impeshyi avuga ko izuba ridashobora gukoma mu nkokora ubuhinzi bwe kuko aba yiteguye kuhira dore ko abandi bahinzi baba bamaze gusarura akemeza ko ibinyomoro bye iyo byeze mu gihe cy’impeshyi aribwo bimuha amafaranga menshi kuko umusaruro hirya no hino aba ari mucyeya. Uyu musaza kandi ni umushafamyumvire aho afasha abashaka guhinga kinyamwuga akabahugura uburyo bugezweho bwo gihinga yifashishijeakarimashuri yashize iwe mu rugo aho abaturage baturanye baza kumwigiraho.<ref>http://197.243.22.137/ngoma/index.php?id=38&tx_news_pi1%5Bnews%5D=551&tx_news_pi1%5Bcontroller%5D=News&tx_news_pi1%5Baction%5D=detail&cHash=2103e8213bf2d93a5b93f602b6145b9d</ref> [[Dosiye:GUSHARIRA URUTOKI.jpg|thumb|Urutoki rwa Kinjyambere|161x161px]] == Urutoki == Mu [[Akarere ka Rubavu|Karere ka Rubavu]], hari umuhinzi mworozi wa kijyambere uvuga ko uyu mwuga umaze kumuteza imbere ku buryo ubu ishoramari rye ribarurirwa muri Miliyoni 200 Frw. Hashize imyaka 5 Umworozi yafashe icyemezo cyo guhagarika ubucuruzi bwa Alimentation yerekeza amaso mu  buhinzi bw'urutoki n'ubworozi bwa kijyambere bw'ingurube. Mu Murenge wa [[Umurenge wa Rugerero|Rugerero]] aho uyu mugabo akorera ubworozi bwe, aravuga ko imbaraga zamusunikiye kureka ubucuruzi yinjira mu bworozi bw'ingurube ndetse n'ubuhinzi. Ubu bworozi akora gishabitsi nibwo soko y'iterambere ryihuse agezeho ariko by'umwihariko byose, bimushobokera kubwo gukunda ibyo akora. [[Ubworozi bw'Ingurube|Ubworozi bw'ingurube]] bwa Twagirimana abufatanya n'ubuhinzi bw'urutoki kuri hegitari zigera kuri 3. Ni urutoki rwiza rwera ibitoki ahashobora kubonekamo igitoki kimwe nibura gishobora gupima 70kg  ku isoko kikaba cyagurishwa hagati y'ibihumbi 10 na 12.<ref>https://www.rba.co.rw/post/Umuhinzi-mworozi-muri-Rubavu-aravuga-ko-ishoramari-rye-rigeze-muri-Miliyoni-200-Frw</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] [[Ikiciro:Imbuto]] [[Ikiciro:Urutoki]] [[Ikiciro:Ikawa]] 93iouc2u3m9ght8sz7axcc7h2i3l813 0 14545 148319 136184 2026-10-28T09:26:13Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148319 wikitext text/x-wiki Mu kwita amazina za vitamin hagiye hakoreshwa inyuguti arizo A, B, C, D E na K. Hagati ya E na K harimo izindi nyuguti nka F, G, H n’izindi. Izi ntizibagiranye ahubwo bagendaga babona ko hari bimwe zihuriyeho nuko bazikubira mu itisinda rya B uhereye kuri B1 kugeza kuri B12. Gusa nyuma naho habonetse ko muri iri tsinda harimo ibidakwiye kwitwa vitamin nuko bigenda bikurwamo niyo mpamvu utabona vitamin B4, B10… muri ibi byahoze rero ari vitamin B niho dusanga choline. Iyi choline mbere ikaba yaritwaga vitamin B4, nyamara yaje gukurwa mu itsinda rya za vitamin gusa ikaba ifite umwihariko wayo mu kugirira akamaro umubiri nkuko tugiye kubibona muri iyi nkuru. == Akamaro == Nubwo bamwe bajya bayitiranya n’umunyungugu ariko siko biri ahubwo yo nkuko hejuru tubibonye ni intungamubiri yahoze mu itsinda rya vitamin B gusa yaje gukurwamo kuko umubiri ubasha kuyikorera niyo utayikura mu byo urya. Mu mubiri w’umuntu ikaba ikorerwa mu mwijima. Iyi choline ikaba ifitiye umubiri akamaro kanyuranye. * Ni ingenzi mu ikorwa ry’ubwonko no gukura kwabwo * Ifasha umubiri mu gukoresha neza ingufu zawo no kwisana ku kigero gikwiye * Igatuma kandi umubiri ubasha gukora ingufu uzivanye mu byo wariye * Ikenerwa mu gukora neza k’uturemangingo fatizo tw’umubiri wose muri rusange * Yifashishwa mu gutwara ibinure biva mu mwijima * Igira uruhare mu itunganywa rya vitamin B9 na B12 Gusa nubwo umubiri ubasha kuyikora ariko ntuyikora ku gipimo gihagije kandi hari abayikenera kurenza abandi bityo hari ababa bafite ibyago byo kugaragaza ibimenyetso byuko mu mubiri wabo harimo choline nkeya. == Abagira ibyago byo kuyibura == Ugira ibyago byo kubura choline iyo udafungura ibyokurya ibonekamo cyangwa umubiri wawe ukaba ukeneye irenze iyo winjiza. Abagira ikibazo cyo kuba bayibura kurenza abandi harimo: * Abatarya ibikomoka ku matungo kuko ariho iboneka ku bwinshi * Abakora siporo yo kwiruka cyane cyane abiruka intera ndende nka malathon cyangwa igice cyayo kuko batakaza byinshi muri kwa kwiruka * Abanywa inzoga nyinshi kuko zituma umwijima wabo utabasha gukora choline kandi nawo wunganira iyituruka mu byo turya == Ibimenyetso byo kuyibura == Kubura cyangwa kugabanyuka kwa choline mu mubiri birangwa n’ibimenyetso bikurikira: * Kubura ingufu mu mubiri * Kunanirwa gukoresha [[ubwonko]] bwibutsa no kutabasha kwita ku kintu (focusing) * Kudakorwa kwa acetylcholine kandi niyo yakarinze umubiri ibi tuvuze hejuru, ikaba itakorwa hatari choline * Kubura ibitotsi * Igipimo cya cholesterol kiri hejuru * Ikibazo ku mikaya n’uturandaryi * Iyo bikabije ushobora kurwara umwijima kuko biba biwusaba gukora cyane ngo ubone choline ihagije == Amafunguro abonekamo choline == Choline abagabo bakenera nyinshi kurenza [[Umugore|abagore]] kuko abagabo bakenera 550mg zayo ku munsi naho abagore bagakenera 425mg. Amafunguro ibonekamo cyane harimo: * Amagi * Inzuzi z’ibihaza * Inyanya * Concombre * Inyama y’umwijima * Imbuto za amande * Amashu mu moko yose * Ikimuri (amavuta y’inka) * Amata n’ibiyakomokaho * Inyama y’inkoko * Ifi ya salmon == Reba == <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/choline/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-01 |archive-date=2023-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230301175139/https://umutihealth.com/choline/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} s728nmxrw3owfqtxt6ewwgt8zoobumj 0 15514 148316 109592 2026-10-28T09:24:34Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148316 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Congo_Map_by_Stanley.jpg|thumb|350x350px| Inzira ishushanywa n'umurongo wirabura ukomeye.]] '''Umugezi wa Kasai''' ni uruzi ruri i bumoso rw'u mugezi wa [[Umugezi wa Congo|Congo]], ruherereye muri Afurika yo hagati. Uruzi rutangirira muri [[Angola]] rwa gati rugatemba rugana iburasirazuba kugeza rugeze ku mupaka uhuza Angola na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], aho ruhindukira rugana mu majyaruguru rukaba umupaka kugeza rwinjiye muri DRC. Kuva Iwebo, hagati y’amasangano n’umugezi wa Luluwa n’umugezi wa Sankuru, uruzi rwa Kasayi ruhindukirira mu burengerazuba. Igice cyo hepfo cyu ruzi ruva mu masangano n’umugezi wa Fimi, kizwi ku izina rya '''Kwa''', mbere yuko ryinjira muri Kongo ahitwa Kwamouthu mu majyaruguru ya [[Kinshasa]]. Ikibaya cya Kasayi kigizwe ahanini n’amashyamba y’imvura y’uburinganire, atanga ubutaka bw’ubuhinzi mu karere kazwiho ubutaka butarumbuka, bwu mucanga. Nu mugezi wu mugezi wa congo kandi diyama iraboneka. Hafi ya 60 ku ijana ya diyama mu Bubiligi iva mu ruzi rwa Kasayi. == Ubushakashatsi == [[Dosiye:Sunset Kalonda - panoramio.jpg|thumb]] Henry Morton Stanley yageze mu masangano ku ya 9 Werurwe 1877, yita uruzi Nkutu, "uruzi rukomeye kandi rwimbitse", ariko amenya ko rukomoka kuri Kwango ya dawide. <ref name="Stanley">Stanley, H.M., 1899, Through the Dark Continent, London: G. Newnes, Vol. </ref>  == Inzuzi == Imigezi minini ya Kasai hejuru yimbere iva muri congo: * Fimi (Fimi- Lukenie uburebure bwa 1100 km, ubunini bwibase 132 000 km ², bivuze gusohora buri mwaka ~ 2000 m ³ / s) * [[Umugezi wa Kwilu|Kwilu]] / [[Umugezi wa Kwango|Kwango]] (1800 km, 263 500 km ², 3299 m ³ / s) * [[Umugezi wa Loange|Ingano]] * Sankuru (1200 km, 156 000 km ², 2500 m ³ / s) * Lulua == Akamaro k'ubukungu == [[Dosiye:Sunset view from Kalonda.jpg|thumb]] [[Dosiye:VingtAnnees 254.jpg|thumb]] Inzuzi z'umugezi wa Kasai zikuraho inzitizi nka cataracte n'ibyatsi byo mu ruzi, bigatuma bigenda cyane. Borohereza urwego rwo gutwara abantu no gukora imiyoboro ikomeye yubucuruzi. Uruhare rw'umugezi mu gutwara no mu bucuruzi rwagaragaye cyane mu gihe cyabanjirije ubukoloni igihe ubucuruzi bw'abacakara bwari bwemewe. Abacuruzi b'abacakara bakoresheje imwe mu masoko akomeye, Umugezi wa Kwango, kugira ngo bayobore ishyamba ry’imvura ry’uburinganire, bafata imbata maze basubira mu nyanja ya Atalantika aho bari bafungiye amato yabo. Ntabwo bivuguruzanya cyane ko ubwami bwaho bwari hafi yuruzi rwa Kasai bwashyigikiraga ubucuruzi bwabacakara. Urugero, ubwami bwa Rund, bwatanze byoroshye imbata kubacuruzi bazwi cyane nka John Matthews, [[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|umucuruzi]] uzwi cyane w’abacuruzi b’abongereza. Ibi bikorwa, nubwo byabaye hagati yikinyejana cya 18 na 19, byasize ingaruka zirambye mu turere bagaragaye cyane, nko hagati ya Kwango ninzuzi za Kwilu. Abaturage ntibigeze bakira neza, kubera ko ubucucike bw’abaturage buri munsi y’uturere tutarimo ubucuruzi bw’abacakara. Ikintu cyashobokaga cyane inyungu z’Abongereza n’Abanyaportigale mu ruzi rwa Kasai ni ukubera diyama ya alluvial iryamye mu buriri bukungahaye cyane cyane ku nkombe y’umugezi. Ibigega byinshi biri ku buriri bw’umugezi munini, uruzi rwa Kwango. Mubyukuri, birasanzwe kumva imvugo "umutima wa diyama wo mu burasirazuba bwa Angola y'Amajyaruguru" yakoreshejwe yerekeza ku kibaya cy'Uruzi rwa Kwango. Ni ukubera ko ibitanda bya diyama alluvial biboneka muri kano karere aribyo bikize cyane muri Angola. == Reba kandi == == Reba == {{Reflist|2|refs=<ref name="h">{{cite book | last = Broadhead | first = Susan | title = Historical dictionary of Angola | publisher = Scarecrow Press | location = Metuchen, N.J | year = 1992 | isbn = 0585070091 | page = 99}}</ref>}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == [[Ikiciro:Umugezi wa congo]] 3k2wkg0x0ome16waf7dh4pyj54xz2qd 0 16623 148294 137696 2026-10-28T07:07:50Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148294 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:2013-06-05 05-58-09 Rwanda Kigali - Nyabugogo.JPG|thumb|Igishanga|395x395px]] [[Dosiye:Swamp weather.jpg|thumb|148x148px|swamp of nkunamo]] '''Igishanga cya Nkunamo''' gihuza Gishubi na Mamba ho mu karere ka [[Gisagara]]. == Tumenye Igishanga cya Nkunamo == [[Dosiye:Everglades Pa-Hay-Oke Swamp.jpg|thumb|144x144px|Igishanga]] Igishanga cya Nkunamo ni igishanga giherereye mu karere ka Gisagara aho gikorerwamo ubuhinzi bw'umuceri. Igishanga cya Nkunamo gihuza Gishubi na Mamba,Mu mwaka wa 2017 ni igishanga kitari kigitanga umusaruro kuko Igishanga cya Nkunamo n'igishanga cya Mirayi byari byakamye cyane. Byasabaga ko byubakwaho ingomero zigezweho zigafasha kubyuhira bigahingwa bigatanga umusaruro kuko ibishanga usanga biba bitunze abantu benshi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://ar.umuseke.rw/gisagara-barifuza-iki-kuri-perezida-uzatorwa.hmtl |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-04-30 |archive-date=2023-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430095511/https://ar.umuseke.rw/gisagara-barifuza-iki-kuri-perezida-uzatorwa.hmtl |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ni ikibazo cyari gihangayikishije abaturage kuko wasangaga hari abaturage bakivoma ibishanga. Mugihe hariho gahunda yuko ibishanga byagombaga guhingwamo umuceri n'ibigori kuko aribyo bihingwa byari byaratoranijwe, ubuhinzi bw'ibijumba kugira ngo bubeho byari ingora bahizi ari mu karere ka Gisagara n'ahandi hantu henshi hagiye hatandukanye ho mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Ntara y'Amajyepfo]].<ref>https://kubahonet.com/tag/akarere-ka-gisagara/</ref> === Ibyihariye mu Igishanga cya Nkunamo === [[Dosiye:Notre Dame du Mont Carmel 049.jpg|thumb|140x140px|igishanga]] Igishanga cya Nkunamo ho mu Mudugudu wa Nkunamo mu Kagari ka Nyakibungo ho mu Murenge wa Gishubi ho [[ibijumba]] barabihinze kuri ubu bafite ibyo gutunga ingo kandi bihagije barimo no kugurisha imbuto z'imigozi bakabona amafranga menshi abafasha mu kubaho neza nkuko abaturage bahaturiye babivuga.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibishanga]] [[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]] [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] 2v0669h4d2if7vtetxf0bxaxv9hnw1z 0 16673 148312 144274 2026-10-28T09:21:57Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148312 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Uganda Airlines Boeing 707 Groves-1.jpg|thumb|Indege ya sosiyete ya Uganda Airlines.]] [[Dosiye:Uganda_Airlines_Boeing_707_Volpati-1.jpg|thumb|Uganda Airlines Boeing 707 ]] Uganda Airlines ni indege ya [[Ubugande|Uganda]] iri mu [[:en:Flag_carrier|ibendera rya Uganda.]] yahoze izwi nka '''Flag Carrier'''<ref>https://aviationweek.com/atw-location/farnborough-airshow/revived-uganda-flag-carrier-orders-crj900s-a330neos</ref>, Iyi sosiyete ni ubukombe kuko yakoze kuva 1977 kugeza 2001 mbere yo kwitwa Uganda Airlines. <ref>https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Government-makes-U-turn-new-airlines-ownership/688334-5045388-ppone5z/index.html</ref><ref>https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/69357-uganda-airlines-to-add-first-crj-900s-in-1q19</ref>yakomeje Ubwikorezi muri Kanama 2019. <ref>https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Uganda-airlines-first-commercial-flight-had-eight-passengers/688334-5251606-5dvb4j/index.html</ref>Iyi sosiyete y'indege yanditswe yigenga yanditswe mu gihugu itwara abantu, kandi ifite uburenganzira butangwa na leta mu bikorwa mpuzamahanga. == Aho iherereye == Icyicaro gikuru giherereye mu kibuga cy’indege mpuzamahanga cya [[:en:Entebbe_International_Airport|Entebbe]], mu Karere ka Wakiso, nko mu bilometero 34 (21 mi), ku muhanda, mu majyepfo y’akarere ka bucuruzi hagati ya [[:en:Kampala|Kampala]], [[umurwa]] mukuru n’umujyi [[:en:Central_business_district|munini]] muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]]<ref>https://www.google.com/maps/dir/Amber+House+Ltd,+Speke+Rd,+Kampala/International+Medical+Center+Entebbe,+Plot+8+Portal+Rd,+Entebbe/@0.0949422,32.3877705,11z/data=!4m14!4m13!1m5!1m1!1s0x177dbc8088ae51ed:0xda1acac01440f031!2m2!1d32.5820395!2d0.3135936!1m5!1m1!1s0x177d852e466701f7:0xf970f5ad81f98acf!2m2!1d32.4742948!2d0.0645319!3e0?entry=ttu</ref> == Amateka == [[Dosiye:2013 07 08 Air Uganda E.jpg (9238714316).jpg|thumb|Uganda]] Nyuma y’ubushakashatsi n’inama nyinshi, [[:en:Cabinet_of_Uganda|Inama]] [[Inama y’Abaminisitiri|y’Abaminisitiri]] ya [[Ubugande|Uganda]] yahisemo kongera gutangiza indege ya Uganda Airlines, [19] ifite indege nshya esheshatu, ebyiri muri zo zikaba ari umubiri mugari, intera ndende A330-800 naho izindi enye zikaba indege CRJ900. 20] Ubushakashatsi bwasabye leta gushora imari ingana na miliyoni 70 z’amadolari y’Amerika n’inguzanyo ingana na miliyoni 330 z’amadolari y’Amerika<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trade_and_Development_Bank</ref>, yatijwe n’abatanga inguzanyo mu karere nka Banki y’ubucuruzi n’iterambere, kugira ngo barangize.<ref>https://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/50274-kampala-considers-buying-a330s-crjs-for-uganda-airlines-20</ref> [[Dosiye:Uganda Airlines, 5X-EQU, Bombardier CRJ-900 (48641140017).jpg|thumb|uganda airlines ]] Muri Gicurasi 2018, [[:en:The_EastAfrican|East African]] yatangaje ko guverinoma ya [[Ubugande|Uganda]] yashyize amafaranga make kuri buri ndege esheshatu, mu gihe isoza gahunda yo gutera inkunga. Icyiciro cya mbere cy’indege CRJ900 cyari giteganijwe mu Gushyingo 2018, mu gihe hateganijwe ko hatangwa indege [[:en:Airbus_A330neo|A330-800]] mu Kuboza 2020<ref>https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/World/Government-buys-six-jets-revive-Uganda-airlines/688340-4565746-wf2p4bz/index.html</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Isi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Uganda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubwikorezi]] [[Ikiciro:Ubucuruzi]] [[Ikiciro:Ubukungu bw’Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Iterambere rya Afurica]] [[Ikiciro:Serivisi]] [[Ikiciro:Imibereho myiza]] dvp9ups7e61epzt8nvgekrnyfttqu94 0 18105 148299 135148 2026-10-28T07:11:42Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 148299 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Rwanda-kigali-cleanest-city.jpg|thumb|balikungeri nummukobwa wavukiye mumujyi wa kigali 1987]] '''Balikungeri Mary''', yavukiye mu [[Rwanda]] 1987, ni umuyobozi mukuru w’urugaga rw’iterambere ry’umugore mu Rwanda ([[icyongereza]]: Rwanda Women’s Community Development Network (RWN). Umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta ufasha abapfakazi, abakorewe ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, abantu banduye virusi itera [[SIDA]] n'imfubyi. Itanga ihuriro ryo guhuza, gukangurira, gukangurira, amahugurwa, ubujyanama nubufasha bwibikoresho. Kubera imbaraga zayo, [[Umugore|abagore]] n’imfubyi barenga igihumbi bongeye kubaka ubuzima bwabo. Umuryango utegamiye kuri Leta wafashije kandi kubaka amavuriro, aho gutura ndetse n’ibigo byigisha.<ref name=":0">https://rwandawomensnetwork.org/meet-mary</ref><ref name=":1">https://peaceandpluralism.org/portfolio-item/mary-balikungeri-rwanda-east-africa/</ref><ref>https://wikipeacewomen.org/wpworg/en/?page_id=2882</ref><ref name=":2">https://www.soroptimistinternational.org/women-as-agents-of-change-mary-balikungeri/</ref><ref>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/5520/news/women/womens-network-pushes-for-guidelines-on-gbv-response-shelters</ref><ref>http://www.newtimes.co.rw/author/428/mary-balikungeri</ref> == Amateka == Mary yari afite imyaka 6 gusa mu igihe cya Genocide yakorewe abatutsi muri 1994 yatangiraga maze umuryango we uhatirwa kwimukira muri Uganda. Yakuze ari impunzi yahuye n'akarengane, ariko akavuga ko yabonye amahirwe abandi batabonye, ​​nko kubona amashuri. Ubu ni umuyobozi n' uwashinze ihuriro ry’abagore mu Rwanda. Mary yagize intego y'ubuzima bwe guhagarika ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu Rwanda aha imbaraga abahohotewe gukira no guhinduka abayobozi bigenga, bakomeye mu baturage babo.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":0" /><ref>https://www.constitute.ca/the-interviews/global-conversations/mary-balikungeri/</ref> Mariya yumvise inkuru z’ihohoterwa ridasubirwaho rikorerwa abagore mu gihe cya jenoside yakorewe abatutsi, Mariya yumvise ko agomba gukora no guha amahirwe abagore nk’uko yari afite. Mu 1995 Yagarutse mu Rwanda ashinga Urugaga rw'Abagore mu Rwanda. Mariya yashyizeho ahantu hizewe ku bagore, abahohotewe bishingiye ku gitsina, badafite aho bajya. Yashakaga kubaha amahirwe yo gukira, kandi guhera ku munsi wa mbere yemeje ko ahantu hizewe ari ahantu abagore bahurira kugira ngo bishyirireho ejo hazaza heza. Yabikoze atanga inyigisho zijyanye n’imari no guteza imbere ubuhanga bwo kuyobora muri gahunda zose ziyobowe nu [[Rwanda]] rw’Abagore. Ati: “Iyo abagore bafite imbaraga mu bukungu, bashoboye gukemura ibibazo by'ihohoterwa, barashobora kwibeshaho, kwita ku muryango wabo, ntibazakomeza gukomera ku ihohoterwa.<ref name=":0" /> Mariya ibikorwa byo guhindura imibereho bigera kurwego mpuzamahanga. Kugeza ubu ni Umuyobozi w’Urugaga Nyafurika rw’Abagore (ANWS), ishami ry’umuryango w’abibumbye ry’abagore (GNWS) aho akora nk'umuyobozi uhagarariye komisiyo ya Huairou akaba n'umwe mu bagize [[Umuryango w’Abibumye|Umuryango w’abibumbye]] w’abagore VAW - Itsinda ryerekeye amahoro n’umutekano. Igikorwa cya Mariya cyamenyesheje cyane uburinganire n'ubwuzuzanye bwa gahunda z’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku rwego rw’igihugu, uturere ndetse n’amahanga. Harimo Profemmes Twese Hamwe, FEMNET, hamwe na Afurika y'Iburasirazuba Gutangiza Inkunga yo Guteza Imbere Abagore (EASSI) hamwe na Global Network y'abagore bubaka amahoro.<ref name=":2" /> Muri 2018 Mariya yahawe n'Umwamikazi Elizabeth hamwe na 'Point of Light' mu rwego rwo kubahiriza ibikorwa bye bitangaje kandi bidasanzwe mu gushyigikira ibihumbi by'abahohotewe bishingiye ku gitsina.<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Umugore]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore mu bucuruzi]] [[Ikiciro:Abikorera]] [[Ikiciro:Imiryango idaharanira inyungu]] e6aa5d3a0do1r7flp1alssjho8q6skh 0 18270 148291 145018 2026-10-27T15:59:06Z GustaveHav 15499 /* Ibihembo: */ 148291 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Umutoniwase Nadia.jpg|thumb|Nadia in 2025]]'''Umutoniwase Nadia''' ni umukobwa w'umunyarwandakazi akaba azwi cyane muri filime aho akina ari Muganga muri filime yitwa Umuturanyi.<ref name=":0">https://igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/nadia-umutoniwase-yakebuye-urubyiruko-rwigira-rwa-ntibindeba-mu-bihe-byo?fbclid=IwAR2r-DwLzEPgVoi0GLA4j7iGaOM5msiEyzfdbOo_c1JTtHOmJST9f4SmchE_aem_AbHJDWsn2YzOiKJZx_XV5Fln9223P9Aqsv6Ul8TRABf9emUTRB2skWQT23-UDXtmQA_vak36cwEzHb4QiD9c3e5w</ref> ==== Ubuzima bw'Ubwana n'Amashuri: ==== Umutoniwase Nadia yavutse ku itariki ya 1 Mutarama 2001, akaba ari umwe mu bakobwa b'ibyamamarekazi mu Rwanda, yamenyekanye cyane mu bijyanye no gukina filime. Yize amashuri abanza muri '''Ecole Primaire St. Famile''' kuva mu mwaka wa 2008 kugeza 2013. Nyuma yaje gukomereza amashuri yisumbuye muri '''Nyamyumba Secondary School''' kuva mu mwaka wa 2014 kugeza 2016. Yasoje icyiciro cya kabiri cy'amashuri yisumbuye (Advanced Level) mu mwaka wa 2019, aho yize '''Software Development''' muri '''Ecole Secondaire St. Joseph le Travailleur'''. Mu mwaka wa 2025 akaba yarabashije kubona certificate ya ALX muri program ya Virtual Assistant.<ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/ibyo-wamenya-kuri-nadia-umutoniwase-umukinnyi-wa-filime-wifuza-kuba-nyampinga</ref> ==== Umwuga: ==== '''Gukina Filime:''' Umutoniwase Nadia ni umwe mu bakinnyi ba filime bakunzwe cyane mu Rwanda, akaba yamenyekanye cyane kubera uruhare rwe mu nkuru zitandukanye. Yakinnye muri filime zitandukanye nka: * '''"Umuturanyi'''<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=81Z079UKezM</ref>'''"''' * '''"City Maid"''' * '''"My Heart"''' * '''"Shuwa dilu"'''<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XnyGakxokcQ&list=PL7FudePZiLqKBzg_dRSImWMSDC_njtwZV</ref> Uretse gukina filime, Nadia yagiye agaragara muri zimwe mu ndirimbo z'abahanzi bakomeye mu Rwanda nka: * '''Mowana by King James'''<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VpoVDOEuMug&list=RDVpoVDOEuMug&start_radio=1</ref> * '''Ndotsa by DeejayPius'''<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=roQJsOL-Pqg&list=RDroQJsOL-Pqg&start_radio=1</ref> ==== Ibihembo: ==== Mu mwaka wa 2026, Nadia yegukanye ibihembo bibiri aribyo "'''BEST STAR ACTRESS OF THE YEAR IN TV SERIES'''" muri Shinning star Africa Awards, ndetse na '''BEST FEMALE BRAND INFLUENCER CONTENT CREATOR OF THE YEAR 2026''' muri Africa content creator awards.<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/en/news/the-ben-bruce-melodie-alicia-and-germaine-among-winners-at-shining-star-africa-awards-1773065460949</ref> Muri 2025 Umutoniwase Nadia yegukanye igihembo cya '''"Best Breakout actress of the Year 2025"'''<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/en/news/israel-mbonyi-and-massamba-among-winners-at-music-video-africa-awards-mvaa-2025-1760378464768</ref> muri MVAA awards. Mu mwaka wa 2021 Umutoniwase Nadia yitabiriye irushanwa rya Miss Global Beauty Rwanda<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/114472/umukinnyi-wa-filime-umutoniwase-nadia-ufite-ikamba-muri-miss-globe-arashaka-irya-miss-rwan-114472.html#google_vignette</ref>, aho yabashije kwegukana ikamba rya Miss Popularity. ==== Imibereho: ==== Umutoniwase Nadia ni ingaragu, uretse gukina filime akaba akunze kugaragara mu bikorwa bitandukanye byo kwamamaza ndetse no gutegura ibirori. == Inama == Umutoniwase Nadia kandi aherutse gucyebura abantu abasaba kutaba ntibindeba kubikorwa byo ku ibuka genocide yakorewe abatutsi muri 1994.<ref name=":0" /> == Reba == [[Ikiciro:Siporo]] {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Imyidagaduro mu Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Imyidagaduro]] pc0tofh74x2lqy4o2ipl2w1ojzt299i 0 18777 148296 138361 2026-10-28T07:09:43Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 148296 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Roof of the House.jpg|thumb|Ingoro y'ubuhanzi yahoze ituyemo HABYARIMANA]] '''Ingoro y'ubuhanzi n'ubugeni ya Habyarimana''' ni Inzu ndagamurange yu [[Rwanda]] yahoze ibamo uwahoze ari perezida Habyarimana ndetse habamo na peresida Bizimungu Pasteur, Iyingoro y'ubuhanzi n'ubugeni ihererye i kanombe nko muri kilometero Enye uvuye kucyibuga cy'indege mpuzamahanga cya [[Kigali]],<ref name=":0">https://mobile.igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/inzu-ndangamurage/article/ingoro-ndangamurage-zinjijirije-u-rwanda-miliyoni-400-frw-mu-2022</ref> Yatangiye kuba Ingoro ya Perezida mumwaka wa bibiri na gatatu 2003 kuko yahoze ari iya perezida wu [[Rwanda]] Habyarima Juvenal nuwamukurikiye [[Pasteur Bizimungu]].<ref name=":0" /> Muri iyo ngoro usangamo ibisigazwa by'indege ya Habyarimana Juvenal yaje kurazwa ku ya 6 Mata 1994, ndetse harimo n'ibindi bihangano gakondo ny'a[[Rwanda]].<ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/120736/dore-inzu-ndangamurage-6-wasura-mu-rwanda-120736.html</ref> Uwahoze ari umukuru wigihugu cy'u Rwanda [[Juvénal Habyarimana|Juvenal HABYARIMANA]] yahoze atuye aha hari iyi ngoro ndetse iza no guturamo perezida Pasteur BIZIMUNGU.<ref>IMPINDUKA</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} gcjape4ntpp49tdndfpf73xoe4zc0gd 0 20281 148297 147205 2026-10-28T07:10:17Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148297 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sabratha''' mu Karere ka Zawiya muri [[Libiya]], yari mu burengerazuba cyane mu mijyi itatu ya kera ya Tripolis y'Abaroma, hamwe na Oea na [[Leptis Magna]]. Kuva mu 2001 kugeza 2007 wari [[umurwa]] mukuru w'icyahoze ari Akarere ka Sabratha wa Sorman. Iherereye ku nkombe ya Mediterane hafi {{Convert|70|km|mi|abbr=on}} iburengerazuba bwa Tripoli igezweho. Ikibanza cy’ubucukuzi bwa kera cyanditsweho nk'umurage ndangamurage wa UNESCO mu 1982. == Sabratha ya kera == Icyambu cya Sabratha cyashinzwe, hafi 500 BGC, Abanyafenisiya bacuruza-poste yaTsabratan. Icyambu cyabaye isoko yo muri Fenisiya ku bicuruzwa byo mu gihugu cy'Afurika.Abagereki babyise Sabrata <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography (1854), SABRATA |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0064:entry=sabrata-geo02 |access-date=2023-10-06 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> hamwe na Abrotonon. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Strabo, Geography, book 17, chapter 3, section 18 |url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:17.3.18 |website=www.perseus.tufts.edu}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pseudo Scylax, Periplous, §110 |url=https://topostext.org/work/102#110 |website=topostext.org}}</ref> Nyuma y’urupfu rwa Fenisiya, Sabratha yaguye mu rwego rwa Carthage. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeological Site of Carthage |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/37/ |access-date=2021-09-05 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> Nyuma y’Intambara ya Punic, Sabratha yabaye umwe mu bwami bwa Numidian bwabayeho igihe gito cya Massinissa mbere yuko yomekwa muri Repubulika y'Abaroma nk'intara ya Afurika Nova mu kinyejana cya mbere ya Yesu. Nyuma yaje gutunganwa no kongera kubakwa mu kinyejana cya 2 n'icya 3 CE. [[Umwami]] Septimius Severus<ref>https://books.google.rw/books?id=Obu1zSDuUYsC&pg=PA35&redir_esc=y</ref> yavukiye hafi ya [[Leptis Magna]], kandi Sabratha yageze ku rwego rwo hejuru cyane ku ngoma ya Severans, igihe yikubye hafi kabiri ubunini. Umujyi wangiritse cyane kubera umutingito mu kinyejana cya 4, cyane umutingito wa 365. Yayobowe n'ubwami bwa Vandal mu kinyejana cya 5, igice kinini cy'umujyi kiratereranwa. yishimiye ububyutse buto ku butegetsi bwa Byzantine, igihe hubakwaga amatorero menshi n'urukuta rwo kwirinda. Umujyi wari urimo umwepiskopi. Mu myaka ijana nyuma y’abayisilamu bateye Maghreb, ubucuruzi bwari bwarahindutse ku bindi byambu maze Sabratha agabanuka mu mudugudu.<ref>https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/37/</ref> Umujyi ubamo kaminuza ya Sabratha. Wefaq Sabratha ni club y'umupira w'amaguru, ikinira muri Stade ya Sabratha. == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} 09ynuk0pj61v90bj10zgdeksbrpjfxt 0 20590 148314 138619 2026-10-28T09:23:31Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148314 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Alakada: Bad And Boujee''''' ni Film yasohotse mu mwaka wa 2024 ikaba ari filimi yo muri Nigeriya [[Icyongereza]] -ururimi rwurwenya-ikinamico ikinamico iyobowe na Adebayo Tijani kandi yanditswe na Toyin Abraham. Ikora nkibikomeza bya firime ''ya Alakada'' . <ref>{{Cite web |title='Alakada' Returns with New Sequel 'Bad and Boujee' – THISDAYLIVE |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/05/04/alakada-returns-with-new-sequel-bad-and-boujee/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=www.thisdaylive.com}}</ref> Muri iyi filime hagaragaramo Toyin Abraham, Odunlade Adekola, Ini Edo, Bimbo Akintola Ronke Odusanya, na Okusanya Lolade, hamwe na Yhemolee, Ik Ogbonna, na Chimezie Imo bakina. Iyi filime ikurikira guhunga kwa Yetunde Animashaun, umukobwa ukiri muto wicisha bugufi wiyitirira kuba [[intore]] zo kuyobora ibibazo byimibereho. Filime yakinwe kandi isohokera muri Nijeriya ku ya 20 Ukuboza 2024, ikwirakwizwa na Filmone . ''Alakada: Bad and Boujee'' binjije miliyoni 134 z'amapound mu cyumweru cyatangiye, byerekana imikorere ikomeye ya Boxe ya Nigeriya kandi ishishikajwe cyane n’abayitabiriye. Amafaranga yinjiye yagize uruhare mu bucuruzi ndetse no kwamamaza firime mugihe cyambere cyo kuyisohora. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fasan |first=Yewande |date=2024-12-27 |title=Toyin Abraham's 'Alakada: Bad and Boujee' hits N134m in seven days |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/toyin-abrahams-alakada-bad-and-boujee-hits-n134m-in-seven-days/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=The Nation Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref> == uburyo yanditswe == Iyi filimi yerekeye ku nkuru ikurikira Yetunde, akaba yarakoraga kumbuga nkoranyambaga agakora ari umuntu mwiza kuri interineti abifashijwemo n'inshuti ze, Rebecca na Abebi. Bitewe n'icyifuzo kidahwema kuba icyamamare, kwemezwa, no kwemerwa mu nzego z'indobanure, Yetunde akurikirana icyamamare nubwo yakuze yicisha bugufi. Mugihe inkuru igenda itera imbere, ahatirwa guhangana numutekano muke kandi akamenya agaciro ko gukomeza kuba umwizerwa kuri we. == Abakinnyi == *  . Toyin * Odunlade Akola * Bimbo Ademoye * Ini Edo * Ronke Odusanya * Yhemolee * Adembimpe Oyebade Abandi bakinnyi bifashishijwe muri filimi ya ''Alakada: Bad and Boujee'' barimo abakinnyi n’abacuranzi bo muri Nijeriya, baba barashinze kandi bakizamuka, nka King Sunny Ade na Portable . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chukwuani |first=Victoria |date=2024-11-30 |title=King Sunny Ade joins Toyin Abraham's Alakada: Bad and Boujee |url=https://thenewsguru.com/entertainment/king-sunny-ade-joins-toyin-abrahams-alakada-bad-and-boujee/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=TheNewsGuru |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sulaimon |first=Muhibat |date=2024-11-30 |title=VIDEO: Sunny Ade joins cast of Toyin Abraham's 'Alakada' |url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/sunny-ade-joins-cast-of-toyin-abrahams-alakada/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=TheCable Lifestyle |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sulaimon |first=Muhibat |date=2024-12-13 |title=TRAILER: Portable makes acting debut in 'Alakada! Bad and Boujee' |url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/trailer-portable-makes-acting-debut-in-alakada-bad-and-boujee/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=TheCable Lifestyle |language=en-US}}</ref> Imyitwarire yabo igira uruhare mubintu byurwenya bya firime. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abu |first=Augustine |date=2024-12-14 |title=In 'Alakada! Bad and Boujee', Portable is in his elements |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/761241-in-alakada-bad-and-boujee-portable-is-in-his-elements.html |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> == Umusaruro == Ku ya 1 Gicurasi 2024, Toyin Abraham yatangaje ko igice cya gatanu cyiyi filimi y’uruhererekane ''ya Alakada'' kizasohoka mu Kuboza 2024. Azandika kandi ayobore iyi filime izakorerwa munsi y’isosiyete ikora ibicuruzwa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orimemi |first=Victory |date=2024-05-01 |title=Toyin Abraham announces new sequel for 'Alakada' |url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/toyin-abraham-alakada-bad-and-boujee/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=TheCable Lifestyle |language=en-US}}</ref> Ibi bikurikira intsinzi ya firime zabanje muri francise, harimo ''[[Alakada]]'' (2009), ''[[Alakada 2]]'' (2013), ''Alakada Reloaded'' (2017), na ''Fate of Alakada'' (2020). <ref>{{Cite web |last=YNaija |date=2024-05-01 |title=Toyin Abraham Announces The Sequel of 'Alakada' With "Alakada! Bad and Boujee", Set For Release In December 2024 » YNaija |url=https://ynaija.com/toyin-abraham-announces-the-sequel-of-alakada-with-alakada-bad-and-boujee-set-for-release-in-december-2024/#google_vignette |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref> Mu Gushyingo 2024, Toyin Abraham yemeje ko Umwami Sunny Ade azagaragara cyane muri ''Alakada: Bad and Boujee'' nyuma yo gusangizwa amashusho y’umuririmbyi w’imyaka 78 wageze aho iyi filime iherereye. Yatangaje ku rubuga rwe rwa Twitter, yandika ati: ''"Umuntu udasanzwe ari muri #Alakadabadandboujee.'' Yatumye inzozi zanjye zisohora." <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Sulaimon |first=Muhibat |date=2024-11-30 |title=VIDEO: Sunny Ade joins cast of Toyin Abraham's 'Alakada' |url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/sunny-ade-joins-cast-of-toyin-abrahams-alakada/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=TheCable Lifestyle |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSulaimon2024">Sulaimon, Muhibat (2024-11-30). [https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/sunny-ade-joins-cast-of-toyin-abrahams-alakada/ "VIDEO: Sunny Ade joins cast of Toyin Abraham's 'Alakada'"]. ''TheCable Lifestyle''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-29</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} sjmfz4k2sn9i348s74y8x83merx6ruf 0 20605 148298 124608 2026-10-28T07:11:11Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 148298 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''''Khumba''''' ni filime yogusetsa ya xenofictive yomur'Afurika yepfo 2013 yayobowe kandi ikorwa na Anthony Silverston yanditswe na Silverston na Raffaella Delle Donne. Muriyi filime hagaragaramo amajwiya Jake T. Austin, Steve Buscemi, Loretta Devine, Laurence Fishburne, Richard E. Grant, AnnaSophia Robb, Anika Noni Rose, Catherine Tate, Ben Vereen, na Liam Neeson . Ni firime yakabiri yakozwe na Studios ya Triggerfish Animation <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Film Catalogue |url=http://www.thefilmcatalogue.com/catalog/FilmDetail.php?id=7728 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718084240/http://thefilmcatalogue.com/catalog/FilmDetail.php?id=7728 |archive-date=18 July 2017 |access-date=26 January 2012}}</ref> ikaba ikwirakwizwa na Millennium Entertainment muri Amerika. Uburenganzira mpuzamahanga bwogukwirakwiza butanguruhushya nitsinda rishinzwe gucunga sinema . <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 September 2013 |title=CMG Closes Three Major Territories on 'Khumba' |url=http://www.animationmagazine.net/features/cmg-closes-three-major-territories-khumba/ |access-date=11 September 2013 |publisher=Animation Magazine}}</ref> Filime ivuga kuri Khumba, zebra ufite igice kimwe cya kabiri nka quagga kandi akaryozwa kubura imvura mu gihugu cyose nubushyo bwe. Yatangiye gushaka amafaranga yokubura. Iyi filime yeguriwe kwibuka Reinhold Rau washinze umushinga wa Quagga Ubworozi, wapfuye ku ya 11 Gashyantare 2006. Rau yarazwiho imbaraga zogukoresha ubworozi bw'indobanure kugirangoyongere agarure quagga yazimye, umuvandimwe wahafi w'ikibaya cya zebra. Iyi filime yerekanwe bwambere muri TIFF ku ya 8 Nzeri 2013, isohoka ku ya 25 Ukwakira 2013 n’ikwirakwizwa ry’abasangwabutaka. ''Khumba'' yakiriye ibitekerezo bitandukanye n'abamunenga kandi yatengushye mu biro, yinjije miliyoni 28.4 z'amadolari ku isi yose kungengo y'imari miliyoni 20. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Khumba (2013) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/khumba |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref> == Umugambi == Muri Great Karoo, Khumba yavutse igice cya kabiri ku bushyo bwa zebra . Yarezwe na nyina Lungisa na se Seko, umuyobozi w'ubushyo. Khumba ashinjwa amapfa kandi bamurenganyiriza n'ubushyo, usibye Tombi, zebra w'umugore akaba n'inshutiyemagara. Kimwe na Khumba, Tombi nawe yumva adafite umwanya mubushyo kubera imyifatire ya tomboyish. Umunsi umwe, mantis itera Khumba gushushanya ikarita nini yerekana amazi. Khumba yemera itsinda rya [[amabuye y'agaciro]] mumwobo wokuvomera kandi aratukwa n'ubusho. Ingwe mbi yitwa Phango iraburira Mkhulu ko ubushyo bugomba kugenda kugira ngobabone amazi. Lungisa avuga inkuru yukuntu zebrasi yambere yariyera . Umunsi umwe, zebra akiri muto yambutse Karoo, avumbura umwobo wo kuvomera ubumaji mu buvumo. Amaze koga mu mazi, yasohotse afite imirongo. Izindi zebra zoga mumazi yubumaji kandi nazo zakira imirongo. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Lungisa, Khumba yagiyehanze ahura n'imbwa yomuri Afurika yo mu gasozi yitwa Skalk. Umugore w'inyamanswa witwa Mama V amukiza ibibazo, aherekejwe na [[Inyoni ya Autruche|ostrich]] yitwa Bradley. Mugihe batatu bashakishaga amazi, Bradley agaragaza koyari hafi kwicirwa mwibagiro. Khumba afasha ubusho bwimuka bwa springbok mugukingura umwobo muruzitiro runini kugirango ukomeze urugendo. Itsinda rya Khumba rizerera mumuryango wa bohemian w’inyamaswa zibamuri parike y’igihugu ya Ying. Nyuma yo guhunga gato afatwa n’abashinzwe parike batuza Bradley bagatega umutego Khumba mukato, Khumba na bagenzi be bazamukumusozi urihafi kugirango bavugane na Eagle yirabura. Khumba ahura nitsinda rya hyraxes yomurutare rusenga Eagle Yirabura kandi ikabuza iterambere rye. Kuvakuri albino Black Eagle, yiginzira igana umwobo kandi kwari mubuvumo bwa Phango. Black Eagle iragaragaza kandiko Phango yishe umuryango wemurwego rwo kwihorera kuberako yangiwe akiri umwana muto, kuberako yavutse afite impumyi imwe y'amaso, bikamuha kumva impumuro nziza yo kuba umuhigi mwiza. Khumba utabizi, impamvu Phango amuhiga kubera umugani wa ngwe wa kera wahanuye ko havutse igice kimwe cya zebra, kandi ingwe yariye zebra izaba umuhigi ukomeye. Seko aricuza kuba yararetse ubushyo bwe. Abifashijwemo na Tombi, amenya ko aramutse atayoboye ubushyo bwe ngo ashake irindi riba, bose bazapfa. Akurikira inzira ya Phango. Mugihe Khumba azerera mubuvumo bwijimye, ubushyo bwe bugera munsiyumusozi, hamwenandi matungo menshi yahuye nazomurugendo rwe. Mubuvumo, Khumba asangamo umwobo wokuvomera maze amaze gutekereza kumagambo ya Lungisa ndetse n'imikoranire yose yagize, amenyako ubudasa ari ngombwa kugira ngo umuntu abeho byaba ari itandukaniro ry'umuntu rishobora kuba imbaraga z'umuntu. Mugihe Phango yugaye, yarangije kwirukana Khumba. Khumba yiruka ahunga ubwobuvumo butangira gusenyuka. Inyamaswa ziteranijwe zireba imirwano hagati ya Khumba na Phango, bigatuma bombi bagwa kubera ubuvumo bwaguye. Phango agwa mu rutare aho yiciwe n'amabuye manini manini amugwa hejuru, naho Khumba agwa mu mazi umubiri we wogeje ku nkombe. Mugihe imvura itangiye kugwa, abantu bose batangira kuririra Khumba kugeza akangutse gitunguranye urupfu rwe. Hamwe na Phango yapfuye n'ubushyo bwa zebra ububufite inzunshya, Khumba yishimira hamwe n'ubushyobwe, Mama V, Bradley, Skalk, Nora, ubushyo bwa gemsbok, ubushyo bw'amasoko, inyamaswa zomuri parike ya Ying, hamwe na hyraxes zomurutare, ububose babana kandi bakora ibikorwa bitandukanye bikikije isumo. == abakinnyi == * Jake T. Austin nka Khumba, igice kimwe cya kabiri cya zebra . * Loretta Devine nka Mama V, inyamanswa yumukara . * Richard E. Tanga nka Bradley, [[Ostrich|imbuni]] ivugwa mu Bwongereza. * AnnaSophia Robb nka Tombi, inshuti magara ya Khumba. * Liam Neeson nka Phango, ingwe-impumyi yingwe yifuza kurya Khumba. * Laurence Fishburne nka Seko, se wa Khumba. * Anika Noni Rose nka Lungisa, nyina wa Khumba. * Steve Buscemi nka Skalk, imbwa yo muri Afrika ifite amahirwe. * Catherine Tate nka Nora, intama za Merotic zivuga [[icyongereza]] ziba mu isambu yatereranye. * Ben Vereen nka Mkhulu, [[imfura]] ya zebrasi. * Charlie Adler nka: ** Umuyobozi wa Hyrax ** Imbwa yo muri Afurika yo mu gasozi # 1 * Dee Bradley Baker nka: ** Meerkat Data ** Korali Hyrax * Jeff Bennett nka: ** Urukwavu rwa Riverine, urukwavu ruvugwa muri Ositaraliya rufite inshuti na Khumba muri parike ya Ying. ** Umusaza # 3 * Mason Charles nka Meerkat # 2 * Kat Cressida nka Cheerleader Zebra # 1 * Jennifer Cody nka Fifi, inshuti magara ya Zuki umukunzi wa Themba, na cheerleader. * Greg Ellis as ** Thabo, Tombi na se wa Themba. ** Umusaza # 1 * Roger L. Jackson nka: ** Inkona, inkona ya albino [[VERREAUX'S EAGLE|Yirabura]] iyobora Khumba mu mwobo w'amazi. ** Walkie Talkie Ijwi * Juanita Jennings nka Zuki, inshuti magara ya Fifi. * Phil LaMarr nkumusaza # 2 * Byiringiro Levy nka Cheerleader Zebra # 2 * Sindiwe Magona nka Gemsbok Healer, umuyobozi wumukumbi we wafashijwe na Khumba kumuha amazi. * Anele Matoto nka Gemsbok # 2 * Nhlanhla Mkwanazi nka Gemsbok # 1 * Bryce Papenbrook nkibibaya Zebra # 1 * Khary Payton nka: ** Imbwa yo muri Afurika yo mu gasozi # 2 ** Korali Hyrax * Alexander Polinsky nka Nigel, imparage ya zebra. * Nik Rabinowitz as: ** Frikkie, isoko. ** Percy, isoko * Joey Richter nka Themba, murumuna wa Tombi, umuhungu wa Thabo n'umukunzi wa Fifi. * Sam Riegel nka Jock, zebra. * Adrian Rhodes nka Mantis * Stephanie Sheh nka Cheerleader Zebra # 3 * Matthew Dylan Roberts nka: ** Jannie, isoko. ** Sakkie, isoko. * Andre Robinson nkumwana wa Meerkat * Julianne Rose nkumukobwa wa Meerkat * Rob van Vuuren nka: ** Bokkie, isoko. ** Kapiteni, isoko yamasoko numuyobozi wubushyo bwe. ** Koos, isoko. Jon Olson atanga ingaruka zijwi ryinyamaswa ziyongera. == Kurekura == Iyi filime yasohotse muri sinema ya Afurika y'Epfo ku ya 25 Ukwakira 2013, isohoka kuri DVD ku ya 11 Gashyantare 2014. Iyi filime yerekanwe bwa mbere muri TIFF ku ya 8 Nzeri 2013. == Amajwi ==   Amashusho yumwimerere yerekanwe ya ''Khumba'' yanditswe, ahimbwa, yakozwe kandi ategurwa na Bruce Retief hamwe nizindi ndirimbo yahimbwe na Zwai Bala. Indirimbo z'amajwi zosezanditswe na Retief zikorwa n'abahanzi batandukanye, barimo Loyiso Bala, Ijuru rya Quartez, Korali y'abana ya Karoo, na Richard E. Grant . Yasohotse ku ya 1 Ukuboza 2013 binyuze kuri labelzero.com, iraboneka kuri iTunes na Amazon . === Inyandiko === * "The Real Me", hamwe na Retief, byanditswe na Loyiso Bala. Yateguwe kandi ikorwa na Ebrahim Mallum, hiyongereyeho umusaruro wa Retief, David Langemann, na Ashley Valentine. * "Sulila" yakozwe na Retief. * "Karoo Montage", yakozwe na Korali y'abana ya Karoo, yakozwe na Retief, ariko indirimbo ntabwo yashyizwe mumajwiyemewe kuberimpamvu nyinshi. * "Ostracized" yakozwe na Retief hamwe na orchestre y'umuringa wongeyeho na Lucien Lewin. == Kwakira == Ku <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" rel="mw:ExtLink" title="Rotten Tomatoes" class="cx-link" data-linkid="379">Rotten Tomatoes</a>, film ifitibyemezo bya 44% hashingiwe kubisubizo 18. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Khumba (2013) |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/khumba |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/khumba "Khumba (2013)"]. </cite></ref> Kuri Metacritic, film ifite amanota 40 kuri 100 ishingiye kubisubizo byatanzwe nabanegura 6, byerekana "isubiramo rivanze cyangwa rigereranyijwe". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Khumba |url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/khumba |access-date=20 February 2020 |website=[[Metacritic]]}}</ref> == Amashimwe == {| class="wikitable" !Igihembo ! Icyiciro ! Uwakiriye ! Igisubizo |- | rowspan="1" | [[Zanzibar International Film Festival|Iserukiramuco mpuzamahanga rya firime Zanzibar]] | Animasiyo Nziza | Anthony Silverston| rowspan=1 {{won}} |- | rowspan="1" | Ibihembo bya Afrika Movie Academy | Animasiyo Nziza | Anthony Silverston| rowspan=1 {{won}} |- | rowspan="2" | SAFTAs 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=All the 2014 Safta winners |url=https://www.news24.com/Channel/All-the-2014-Safta-winners-20140405 |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=Channel |language=en-US}}</ref> | Ibicurangisho byiza bya muzika ya firime iranga | Bruce Kubona| rowspan=1 {{won}} |- | Animation Nziza | Triggerfish Animation| rowspan=1 {{won}} |- | rowspan="2" | Ibihembo bya Gold Panda | Ibyiza byo mu mahanga Animated Feature | Triggerfish Animation| rowspan=1 {{won}} |- | Igihembo kinini cya Animation | Triggerfish Animation| rowspan=1 {{won}} |- | rowspan="1" | Annecy Animation Festival 2013 | Ikiranga ibyiza <ref>{{Cite web |last=AlloCine |title=Palmares : Festival du Film d'Animation d'Annecy 2013 : récompenses, nominations |url=https://www.allocine.fr/festivals/festival-263/edition-18355296/palmares/ |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=AlloCiné |language=fr}}</ref> | Anthony Silverston| rowspan=1 {{nominated}} |- | rowspan="1" | [[Stuttgart Festival of Animated Film|Ibirori bya Animation ya Stuttgart]] | Animovie <ref>{{Cite web |title=21. International Festival of Animated Film Stuttgart 2014 - Competition 2014 |url=https://www.itfs.de/archive/itfs-2009-2014/www.itfs.de/en/home/festival/competitions-of-the-itfs/animovie/wettbewerb-2014/index.html |access-date=2020-12-17 |website=www.itfs.de}}</ref> | Anthony Silverston| rowspan=1 {{nominated}} |} == Reba == {{Reflist|30em}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * Official website * Khumba at IMDb [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ndiidg3fb6iip5u9weranrg44znsgiw 0 21121 148304 139375 2026-10-28T07:14:00Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148304 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Erez Biton''' ( Hebrew; wavutse 1942 i Oran, [[Aligeriya|muri Alijeriya]] ) ni umusizi wa Isiraheli wavukiye muri Alijeriya ukomoka muri Maroc. Niwe wahawe igihembo cya Isiraheli 2015 kubera ubuvanganzo n’imivugo by’igiheburayo, mu bindi bihembo by’ubuvanganzo. == Ubuzima == Erez Biton yavukiye i Oran mu muryango w'Abayahudi bo muri Maroc. Umuryango we wihishe mu 1948, utembera muri [[Aligeriya|Alijeriya]] maze bakora aliyah bajya muri Isirayeli.<ref name="Benaim">{{Cite news |last=Benaim |first=Rachel |date=December 2015 |title=The Mizrahim Are Finding Their Voice |url=http://www.thetower.org/article/the-mizrahim-are-finding-their-voice/ |access-date=17 December 2015 |publisher=[[The Tower Magazine]]}}</ref> Yakurira i Lodi. <ref name="Benaim" /> Ku myaka 10, yabuze ubushobozi bwo kubona ndetse n’ukuboko kwe kw’ibumoso kubera grenade yari yabaye igikomeza yari yabonye. Yabonye impamyabumenyi ya B.A. mu kazi k’imibereho muri Kaminuza ya Hebrew i Yerusalemu ndeste na MA muri psychologiya muri kaminuza ya Bar-Ilan.<ref name="ithl">{{Cite web |title=Erez Biton |url=http://www.ithl.org.il/page_13570 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |website=The Institute for the Translation of Hebrew Literature}}</ref> Biton yashakanye na Rachel Calahorra Biton, kandi bombi bafite abana babiri. == Umwuga == Nyuma yo kurangiza amasomo ye, Biton yakoraga akazi k’imibereho myiza (social worker) i Ashkelon imyaka irindwi, ndetse agakora nka psikoloji (psychologist) mu mujyi uri kure. Yakoraga kandi nka mutwe w’itangazamakuru (journalist) kandi asohora inkingi y’inkuru y’icyumweru muri gazeti rikomeye rya Isirayeli, ''Maariv.''<ref name="ithl">{{Cite web |title=Erez Biton |url=http://www.ithl.org.il/page_13570 |access-date=March 30, 2013 |website=The Institute for the Translation of Hebrew Literature}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.ithl.org.il/page_13570 "Erez Biton"]. ''The Institute for the Translation of Hebrew Literature''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> [[Igiti]] cye cya mbere, ''Mincha Marokait'' (Impano y’Abanya-Moroko), cyasohotse mu 1976, kimushyira ku mwanya w’Umubyeyi w’Abasizi ba Mizrahi muri Isirayeli.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hever |first=Hannan |year=2012 |title="We are the Fragments of Rhymes": The Poetry of Erez Biton between East and West |url=http://www.levantine-journal.org/The+Poetry+of+Erez+Biton_h_hd_59_10.aspx |url-status=dead |journal=[[Journal of Levantine Studies]] |volume=2 |issue=2 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201205839/http://www.levantine-journal.org/The+Poetry+of+Erez+Biton_h_hd_59_10.aspx |archive-date=2014-02-01 |access-date=2014-01-21}}</ref> == Imirimo yatangajwe == === Ibisigo === * ''Mincha Maroka'it'' ( Hebrew ) "Impano ya Maroc," Eked, 1976 * ''Reba Hana'na'' ( Hebrew ) "[[Igitabo]] cya Mint," Eked, 1979 * ''Tsipor bein Yabashot'' ( Hebrew ) "Inyoni yo hagati", 1990 * ''Timbisert, Tsipor Maroka'it'' ( Hebrew ), "Timbisert, Inyoni yo muri Maroc", Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2009 * ''Nofim Khavushei Einayim'' ( Hebrew ) "Ahantu nyaburanga", Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2013 * ''Bet Hapsanterim'' (Igiheburayo: בית הפסנתרים) "Inzu ya Piyano", Hakibbutz Hameuchad, 2015 === Ikinamico === * ''Sulika'' ( Hebrew ) "Soulika", Snir, 2005 == Ibihembo no kumenyekana == * (2015) Biton yahawe igihembo cya Isiraheli kubera ubuvanganzo, Umuyahudi wa mbere Mizrahi wakiriye. Komite ishinzwe ibihembo yavuze ko ibisigo bye ari "icyitegererezo cy’ubutwari, cyiyumvamo kandi cyimbitse hamwe n’ubunararibonye butandukanye bw’umuntu ku giti cye hamwe na hamwe byibanze ku bubabare bwo kwimuka, gushinga imizi mu gihugu, no kongera kwerekana indangamuntu ya Mizrahi nk’ibice bigize ishusho rusange ya Isiraheli <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2015 |title=First Mizrachi Winner of Israel Prize in Literature |url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/Flash.aspx/322048}}</ref> * (2014) Igihembo cya Bialik Kubuzima Bwubuzima Bwose * (2014) Igihembo cya Yehuda Amichai * (1988) Igihembo cya Minisitiri w’intebe * (1982) Igihembo cya Miriam Talpir == Reba kandi == * Ubuvanganzo bwa Isiraheli == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [http://www.ithl.org.il/page_13570 Biografiya na bibliografiya] mu kigo gishinzwe guhindura ubuvanganzo bw'igiheburayo * [https://brill.com/fileasset/downloads_products/35120_EJIW_Preview.pdf Encyclopedia y'Abayahudi mu Isi ya Isilamu], na Stanley Nash, p {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Biton, Erez}} j5qssmhw5olwakh5kspjscxt16cf3w3 0 21375 148315 146098 2026-10-28T09:24:10Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148315 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benjamin Sehene''' (wavutse mu 1959) ni umwanditsi wo mu Rwanda umurimo we w'ibanze cyane cyane ku bibazo by’irangamuntu ndetse n’ibyabaye kuri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|jenoside yakorewe abatutsi mu Rwanda]] . yakunze kuba muri Kanada no mu Bufaransa. == Ubuzima bwambere nuburere == Benjamin Sehene yavukiye i [[Kigali]], mu Rwanda, mu 1959 mu muryango [[Abatutsi|w'Abatutsi]] . <ref name="den2002">{{Cite web |title=Benjamin Sehene (author) |url=http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021024042518/http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 |archive-date=24 October 2002 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=AuthorsDen.com}}</ref> Umuryango we wahunze u Rwanda kubera amakimbirane ashingiye ku moko n'ubwicanyi bwakorerwaga abatutsi mu 1963 bajya muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]] . Bagize amahirwe yo gutoroka babikesheje mukuru wa Benyamini, wakoraga muri ambasade y'Amerika i Kigali icyo gihe akaba yarashoboye kwimura umuryango. <ref name="rf">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2005 |title=Benjamin Sehene |url=http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312073306/http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 |archive-date=12 March 2007 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=[[Radio France]] |series=France Culture}}</ref> Benjamin yarakuriye mu bugande yiga no muricyo gihugu. <ref name="den2002">{{Cite web |title=Benjamin Sehene (author) |url=http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021024042518/http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 |archive-date=24 October 2002 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=AuthorsDen.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 "Benjamin Sehene (author)"]. ''AuthorsDen.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20021024042518/http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 Archived] from the original on 24 October 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Yize i Paris muri kaminuza ya Sorbonne mu ntangiriro ya za 1980. == Umwuga == Mu 1984 Sehene yimukiye muri Kanada, atangira kwandika ku mateka ye 1988. <ref name="den2002">{{Cite web |title=Benjamin Sehene (author) |url=http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021024042518/http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 |archive-date=24 October 2002 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=AuthorsDen.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 "Benjamin Sehene (author)"]. ''AuthorsDen.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20021024042518/http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 Archived] from the original on 24 October 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Nyuma yo kwimukira i [[Paris]], mu 1994 habaye [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu rwanda]] . Sehene yasubiye mu Rwanda guhamya no kwandika kubyo yabonye. <ref name="den2002">{{Cite web |title=Benjamin Sehene (author) |url=http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021024042518/http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 |archive-date=24 October 2002 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=AuthorsDen.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 "Benjamin Sehene (author)"]. ''AuthorsDen.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20021024042518/http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 Archived] from the original on 24 October 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Yavumbuye ibyiyumvo byo mu bwana byashyinguwe mu kwibuka, ndetse n'ururimi rwe kavukire, [[Ikinyarwanda|Kinyarwanda]] . Agaruka i Paris, byamutwaye hafi imyaka ine kugirango atezimbere ibitekerezo bye mu nyandiko. <ref name="rf">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2005 |title=Benjamin Sehene |url=http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312073306/http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 |archive-date=12 March 2007 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=[[Radio France]] |series=France Culture}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312073306/http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 "Benjamin Sehene"]. ''[[Radio France]]''. France Culture. 23 June 2005. Archived from [http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 the original] on 12 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Ashingiye ku byamubayeho, Sehene yanditse inyandiko ya ''Le Piège ethnique'' (1999), yasohotse mu [[Icyongereza|Cyongereza]] yitwa ''The Ethnic Trap'' . <ref name="den2002" /> Mu 2005 Sehene yateguye documentaire isubiramo itatanya ry'abagize umuryango we, i Toronto, [[Buenos Aires]], Paris, na Kigali. Urudodo rwabo bahuriyemo ni ugushakisha indangamuntu: bose bitwara muri bo itsembabwoko ryo mu Rwanda n'intangiriro yaryo. Yahangayikishijwe cyane n'ejo hazaza h’u Rwanda n'akarere [[Ibiyaga Bigari|Lake Region]] . Yashyigikiye Afurika Renaissance, yizeye ko bishoboka nyuma yo kureba urugero rwa Afurika y'Epfo. <ref name="rf">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2005 |title=Benjamin Sehene |url=http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312073306/http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 |archive-date=12 March 2007 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=[[Radio France]] |series=France Culture}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312073306/http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 "Benjamin Sehene"]. ''[[Radio France]]''. France Culture. 23 June 2005. Archived from [http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 the original] on 12 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Muri 2005 kandi yandikaga [[igitabo]] kivuga ku bimukira hamwe n’urubyiruko rwo mu gisekuru cya kabiri n'icya gatatu cy'Abanyarwanda. <ref name="rf">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2005 |title=Benjamin Sehene |url=http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312073306/http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 |archive-date=12 March 2007 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=[[Radio France]] |series=France Culture}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312073306/http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 "Benjamin Sehene"]. ''[[Radio France]]''. France Culture. 23 June 2005. Archived from [http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 the original] on 12 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> Yanditse ''[[Le Feu sous la soutane]]'' ( ''Umuriro munsi ya Cassock'' ) (2005), igitabo cy’amateka cyibanze ku nkuru y’ukuri y’umupadiri Catholic hutu Priest, Wenceslas Munyeshyaka, watanze uburinzi ku mpunzi z’abatutsi mu rusengero rwe mbere yo gusambanya abo bagore no kugira uruhare mu bwicanyi. Iki gitabo nicyo gitabo cya mbere cy’igifaransa cyitwa Rwanda cyasohowe kuva jenoside yaba yo mu 1994. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hitchcott |first=Nicki |year=2012 |title=Benjamin Sehene vs Father Wenceslas Munyeshyaka: the fictional trial of a genocide priest |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/42005270 |journal=[[Journal of African Cultural Studies]] |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd. |volume=24 |issue=1 |pages=21–34 |doi=10.1080/13696815.2012.666860 |issn=1369-6815 |jstor=42005270 |url-access=subscription |access-date=27 February 2025}}</ref> Sehene atanga kandi ingingo mu kinyamakuru cyo kuri interineti rue89, kandi ni umunyamuryango wa PEN International . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2025)">citation ikenewe</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> == Aho Atuye == Mu 2002 Sehene yari atuye muri Kanada; <ref name="den2002">{{Cite web |title=Benjamin Sehene (author) |url=http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021024042518/http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 |archive-date=24 October 2002 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=AuthorsDen.com}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 "Benjamin Sehene (author)"]. ''AuthorsDen.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20021024042518/http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 Archived] from the original on 24 October 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> mu 2005 yari atuye mu La Chapelle District ka Paris, <ref name="rf">{{Cite web |date=23 June 2005 |title=Benjamin Sehene |url=http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312073306/http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 |archive-date=12 March 2007 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=[[Radio France]] |series=France Culture}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070312073306/http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 "Benjamin Sehene"]. ''[[Radio France]]''. France Culture. 23 June 2005. Archived from [http://www.radiofrance.fr/chaines/france-culture2/emissions/doublecult/fiche.php?diffusion_id=32550 the original] on 12 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> aho yari atuye mu 2008; <ref name="den2008">{{Cite web |date=13 October 2008 |title=Benjamin Sehene (author) |url=http://authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?authorid=882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027220122/http://authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?authorid=882 |archive-date=27 October 2010 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=AuthorsDen.com}}</ref> mu Kwakira 2010 yari agarutse mu Bufaransa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2010 |title=Benjamin Sehene (author) |url=http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506010144/http://www.authorsden.com/visit/author.asp?AuthorID=882 |archive-date=6 May 2021 |access-date=26 February 2025 |website=AuthorsDen.com}}</ref> == Ibikorwa byanditse byasohowe == * ''Le Piège Ethnique'' ( ''Umutego w'amoko'' ), Éditions Dagorno, Paris, (1999) * [https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000118279.nameddest=118294 Amnia rusange yu Rwanda], muri ''UNESCO Courier'', (1999). * ''Un sentiment d'insécurité'', Gukina, Paris, 2001 * "Dead Girl Walking" (inkuru ngufi) * ''Le Feu sous la soutane'' ( ''Umuriro munsi ya Cassock'' ), L'Esprit Frappeur, Paris (2005) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080922002255/http://www.ventsdailleurs.com/livres.php "Ta Race!" (Inkuru ngufi)], Éditions Vents d'Ailleurs, [La Roque d'Anthéron], Ubufaransa, 2006 * ''[https://wespennest.at/w_zeitschrift.php?id=MTQz Die ethnische Falle]'' Wespennest 2006 == Reba == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * Official website (archived 2022) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050117050740/http://www3.uakron.edu/hfrance/reviews/whitfield.html ''From Africa: New Francophone Stories''. Ed. Adele King.: Review] by Lee Whitfield, includes Sehene's short story "Dead Girl Walking" * [http://sehene.blogspot.com/ Benjamin Sehene's short stories] A selection of three, published 2005. {{Authority control}} [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwanda]] f88imn5iomlxkok06bsaenofka95w14 0 23237 148302 141328 2026-10-28T07:13:19Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 148302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mobutu Sese Seko | image = Mobutu (cropped).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Mobutu Sese Seko | birth_date = 14 Ukwakira 1930 | birth_place = Lisala, Kongo y'Ababiligi (ubu ni [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]) | death_date = 7 Nzeri 1997 (afite imyaka 66) | death_place = Rabat, Maroke | nationality = Umunyekongo, Umunyazayire | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyamakuru, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Zayire]] | term = 24 Ugushyingo 1965 – 16 Gicurasi 1997 | predecessor = Joseph Kasa-Vubu | party = Mouvement populaire de la révolution (MPR) | spouse = Marie-Antoinette Gbiatibwa Yetene, Bobi Ladawa }} '''Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga''' (amazina y'amavuko: '''Joseph-Désiré Mobutu'''; yavutse ku ya 14 Ukwakira 1930 i Lisala, apfa ku ya 7 Nzeri 1997 i Rabat) yari umusirikare akaba n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyekongo, wayoboye [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] kuva mu 1965, akayihindurira izina ikitwa [[Zayire]] mu 1971, kugeza mu 1997. Yafashe ubutegetsi muri kudeta yo mu 1965, ashyiraho ubutegetsi bw'ishyaka rimwe, Mouvement populaire de la révolution (MPR), n'umuco wo kumuramya. Mu rwego rwa politiki y'« umwimerere » (''authenticité''), yahinduye amazina y'igihugu, ay'umugezi n'ay'ifaranga, ndetse n'amazina y'abaturage. Ku butegetsi bwe, uburenganzira bwa muntu bwarahonyowe cyane, kandi ruswa yari ikabije ku buryo ubutegetsi bwe bwiswe « ubutegetsi bw'abajura » (''kleptocratie''). Mu gihe cy'Intambara y'Ubutita, ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba, cyane cyane Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, Ubufaransa n'Ububiligi, byaramushyigikiye kubera ko yarwanyaga ubukomunisiti. Muri Gicurasi 1997, inyeshyamba za AFDL ziyobowe na Laurent-Désiré Kabila zaramuhiritse, maze apfira mu buhungiro muri Maroke nyuma y'amezi atatu. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere == Joseph-Désiré Mobutu yavukiye i Lisala mu 1930, mu bwoko bw'Abangbandi <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=Chronology for Ngbandi in the Dem. Rep. of the Congo |url=http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/rwmain?page=country&category=&publisher=&type=CHRON&coi=COD&rid=&docid=469f38813&skip=0 |website=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |date=2013-05-15 |access-date=2013-05-15}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |author=Akrasih, Shirley |title=AFRICA AND DEMOCRACY Joseph Mobutu, Dictator of the DRC, and His Life-Saving Support from the US |url=http://sites.davidson.edu/cis485/?p=3164 |website=Davidson College |date=2012-02-28 |access-date=2026-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303231049/http://sites.davidson.edu/cis485/?p=3164 |archive-date=2014-03-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Nyina, Marie Madeleine Yemo, yari umukozi wo mu rugo, naho se, Albéric Gbemani, yari umutetsi w'umucamanza w'Umubiligi <ref name="E14">{{cite web |author=Robert Edgerton |title=The Troubled Heart of Africa: A History of the Congo |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9n9aUHXtW4C&pg=PA198 |website=Macmillan}}</ref>. Se yapfuye Mobutu afite imyaka umunani. Yize mu ishuri ry'abafurere Gatolika i Coquilhatville (ubu ni Mbandaka) <ref name="E15">{{cite web |language=en |author=Thomas Bailey |title=Mobutu Sese Seko: The Rise and Fall of Congo's Infamous Dictator |url=https://www.thecollector.com/mobutu-congo-great-dictator/ |website=TheCollector |date=2024-05-09 |access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>; yakundaga gusoma [[Igitabo|ibitabo]] by'amateka <ref name="E16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=«Mobutu»: un dictateur africain chouchou des démocrates occidentaux |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170516-mobutu-biographie-dictateur-africain-chou-chou-democrates-occidentaux |website=RFI |date=2017-05-16 |access-date=2026-07-19}}</ref>. Mu 1950, yinjiye mu ngabo z'abakoloni (''Force publique''), aho yabaye su-ofisiye, akazivamo mu 1956. Nyuma yaho, yabaye umunyamakuru mu kinyamakuru ''L'Avenir'' cy'i Léopoldville (ubu ni [[Kinshasa]]). Mu 1957, yahuye na Patrice Lumumba, maze mu ntangiriro za 1960 yinjira mu ishyaka rye, Mouvement national congolais (MNC). == Kujya ku butegetsi == Muri Nyakanga 1960, igihugu kibona ubwigenge, Mobutu yabaye umunyamabanga wa leta muri guverinoma ya Patrice Lumumba, hanyuma umugaba wungirije w'ingabo. Mu gihe cy'amakimbirane hagati ya Lumumba na Perezida Joseph Kasa-Vubu, ku ya 14 Nzeri 1960 Mobutu yakoze kudeta ya mbere, ahirika guverinoma ya Lumumba yari yaratowe, ashyigikiwe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika n'Ububiligi; guverinoma yashyizeho yatanze Lumumba muri Katanga, aho yiciwe ku ya 17 Mutarama 1961 <ref name="E2">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mobutu Sese Seko - Biography & Facts - Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mobutu-Sese-Seko |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=2026-01-09}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |language=en |author=Greg Beyer |title=Patrice Lumumba: Hero & Martyr of the Congo |url=https://www.thecollector.com/patrice-lumumba-congo/ |website=TheCollector |date=2023-06-20 |access-date=2025-04-15}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 1961, yagizwe jenerali-majoro <ref name="E21">{{cite web |author=Ludo De Witte |title=The Assassination of Lumumba |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Fl2lvKa_GEC |website=Verso Books |access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref>. Mu 1964–1965, ingabo zayobowe na Mobutu, zifashijwe n'Abanyamerika, zatsinze imyivumbagatanyo y'aba Simba n'iya Kwilu yari yigaruriye igice kinini cy'igihugu <ref name="E23">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mobutu's Ascension to Power – Innovative Research Methods |url=https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/mobutus-ascension-to-power/ |access-date=2025-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250603052549/https://innovativeresearchmethods.org/mobutus-ascension-to-power/ |archive-date=2025-06-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku ya 24 Ugushyingo 1965, Mobutu yakoze kudeta ya kabiri yahiritse Perezida Kasa-Vubu, afata ubutegetsi ubwe <ref name="E2" />. Yatangaje ko nta bikorwa by'amashyaka bizabaho mu myaka itanu <ref name="E47">{{cite web |author=Howard W. French |title=Anatomy of an Autocracy: Mobutu's 32-Year Reign |url=http://partners.nytimes.com/library/world/africa/051797zaire-mobutu.html |website=The New York Times on the Web |date=1997-05-17 |access-date=2012-07-05}}</ref>. Ububiligi na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika ni byo byabaye ibya mbere mu kwemera ubutegetsi bwe <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Le 24 novembre 1965, l’armée prenait le pouvoir |url=http://www.lepotentiel.com/afficher_article.php?id_edition=&id_article=18314}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Zayire == === Ubutegetsi bw'ishyaka rimwe === Muri Kamena 1966, abahoze ari abaminisitiri bane, barimo uwahoze ari Minisitiri w'Intebe Évariste Kimba, bamanitswe mu ruhame, bashinjwa umugambi wo guhirika ubutegetsi. Mu 1967, yashinze ishyaka rimwe ryemewe, Mouvement populaire de la révolution (MPR), rifite intero ivuga ko ritari « iburyo cyangwa ibumoso » <ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |title=Nelson Mandela is not a Blacks Sellout |url=https://www.news24.com/news24/nelson-mandela-is-not-a-blacks-sellout-20120719 |website=News24 |access-date=2025-04-15}}</ref>. Amashyirahamwe y'abakozi yahujwe mu rimwe rigenzurwa na leta <ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bridgette Kasuka |title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C |website=Bankole Kamara Taylor |date=2012-02-08}}</ref>. Yashyizeho imitwe myinshi y'ingabo ishinzwe kumurinda, nka Division spéciale présidentielle <ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bridgette Kasuka |title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C |website=Bankole Kamara Taylor |date=2012-02-08}}</ref>. Mu matora, yatorwaga ku majwi hafi yose; mu matora amwe, amajwi yarenze umubare w'abatora banditse <ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=EISA DRC: Elections under the Second Republic |url=https://eisa.org.za/wep/drcsecondrepublic.htm |website=www.eisa.org.za |access-date=2025-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729022744/https://eisa.org.za/wep/drcsecondrepublic.htm |archive-date=2019-07-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Mu 1983, yiyitiriye ipeti rya mareshali <ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Mobutu grants amnesty to political prisoners in Zaire |url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1983/05/19/Mobutu-grants-amnesty-to-political-prisoners-in-Zaire/5205422164800/ |website=UPI |access-date=2018-08-03}}</ref>. === Politiki y'« umwimerere » === Mu 1971, Mobutu yahinduye izina ry'igihugu, iry'umugezi wa Kongo n'iry'ifaranga, abyita « Zayire ». Yategetse abaturage gufata amazina y'Abanyafurika aho kuba ay'Abakristo, maze mu 1972 na we yiyita Mobutu Sese Seko Kuku Ngbendu wa Za Banga, bisobanura « intwari ishobora byose, igenda itsinda » <ref name="E28">{{cite web |title=Zaire: Continuity and Political Change in an Oppressive State |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w1V1AAAAMAAJ&q=%22The+warrior+who+knows+no+defeat+because+of+his+endurance+and+inflexible+will+and+is+all+powerful,+leaving+fire+in+his+wake+as+he+goes+from+conquest+to+conquest%22}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=en |title=Mobutu Dies in Morocco |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/politics97/news/09/0908/mobutu.shtml |website=BBC News |date=1997}}</ref>. Yaretse imyambaro ya gisirikare, yambara ikote ryiswe ''abacost'' (« hasi ikoti ») n'ingofero y'uruhu rw'ingwe <ref name="E30">{{cite web |language=en |author=Jay Nordlinger |title=Children of Monsters: An Inquiry into the Sons and Daughters of Dictators |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u3ULDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22toque+%22+Mobutu&pg=PT182 |website=Encounter Books |date=2017-01-10}}</ref>. === Ruswa n'ubukungu === Mu myaka ya mbere, ubukungu bwari bwifashe neza kubera umutungo kamere w'igihugu, ariko imishinga minini ihenze, igabanuka ry'igiciro cy'umuringa n'ubwigarurire bw'ibigo by'abanyamahanga bwiswe « zairianisation » mu 1973 byashegeshe ubukungu <ref name="E36">{{cite web |title=BBC: Timeline: Democratic Republic of Congo |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13286306}}</ref>. Mobutu yashyizeho uburyo bwo kugura abamushyigikira binyuze mu gutanga imyanya n'amafaranga <ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |author=William Reno |title=Sovereignty and Personal Rule in Zaire |url=https://journals.flvc.org/ASQ/article/view/136500 |website=African Studies Quarterly |date=1997}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |language=en |author=William Reno |title=Congo: From state collapseto 'absolutism', to state failure |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01436590500368867 |website=Third World Quarterly |date=2006}}</ref>, kandi ruswa iba ikintu gisanzwe mu nzego zose <ref name="E39">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bridgette Kasuka |title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C&dq=%22Another+feature+of+Mobutu%27s+economic+mismanagement%2C+directly+linked+to+the+way+he+and+his+friends+siphoned+off+so+much+of+the+country%27s+wealth%2C+was+rampant+inflation.+The+rapid+decline+in+the+real+value+of+salaries+strongly+encouraged+a+culture+of+corruption+and+dishonesty+among+public+servants+of+all+kinds.%22&pg=PA175 |website=Bankole Kamara Taylor |date=2012-02-08}}</ref>. Abaturage benshi bari mu bukene, mu gihe we yakusanyije umutungo ugereranywa hagati ya miliyoni 50 na miliyari 5 z'amadolari <ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Mobutu: A Rich man In Poor Standing. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/03/mobutu-a-rich-man-in-poor-standing/49e66628-3149-47b8-827f-159dff8ac1cd/}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=James Brooke |title=Mobutu's village basks in his glory |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/09/29/world/mobutu-s-village-basks-in-his-glory.html/ |website=The New York Times |date=1988-09-29}}</ref>. Mu 1991, ikinyamakuru ''The Washington Post'' cyavuze ko yanyereje hafi miliyari 5 z'amadolari <ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Mobutu: A Rich man In Poor Standing |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1991/10/03/mobutu-a-rich-man-in-poor-standing/49e66628-3149-47b8-827f-159dff8ac1cd/}}</ref>. Yari afite amazu y'agaciro kenshi mu Burayi, ndetse yubakisha ingoro i Gbadolite, yiswe « Versailles y'ishyamba », n'ikibuga cy'indege gishobora kwakira indege ya Concorde, yakundaga gukodesha mu ngendo ze <ref name="E40">{{cite web |author=Robert Block |title=Mobutu goes cruising as his country burns: The cook's son is feeding Zaire to the crocodiles. Robert Block on an unpopular survivor |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/mobutu-goes-cruising-as-his-country-burns-the-cooks-son-is-feeding-zaire-to-the-crocodiles-robert-block-on-an-unpopular-survivor-1472846.html |website=The Independent |date=1993-02-14 |access-date=2015-03-28}}</ref><ref name="E41">{{cite web |title=Concorde supersonique jet / Gallery / Pictures |url=http://www.concorde-jet.com/e_photos.php?ref=club_concorde2136 |access-date=2026-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703131449/http://www.concorde-jet.com/e_photos.php?ref=club_concorde2136 |archive-date=2009-07-03 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Mobutu yari inshuti ikomeye y'ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba mu kurwanya ubukomunisiti muri Afurika, ashyigikirwa cyane na Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika, Ubufaransa n'Ububiligi <ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Zaire, Israel Sign Accords |url=https://www.jta.org/archive/zaire-israel-sign-accords |website=Jewish Telegraphic Agency |access-date=2026-06-28}}</ref>. Yagiranye kandi umubano ukomeye na Afurika y'Epfo y'ivanguraruhu, Isirayeli n'u[[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]] <ref name="E4" /><ref name="E61">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bridgette Kasuka |title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C&dq=Mobutu+m%C3%A3o+OR+helmsman&pg=PA182 |website=Bankole Kamara Taylor |date=2012-02-08}}</ref><ref name="E58">{{cite web |language=en |author=Robert G. Sutter |title=Historical Dictionary of Chinese Foreign Policy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J6nrPFbQfygC&dq=Mobutu+China&pg=PA271 |website=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |date=2011-05-05}}</ref>. Mu ntambara y'abenegihugu ya [[Angola]], yashyigikiye inyeshyamba za FNLA na UNITA zarwanyaga MPLA. Mu 1977 no mu 1978, ubwo inyeshyamba zaturutse muri Angola zateraga [[intara]] ya Shaba, Ubufaransa n'Ububiligi byohereje ingabo zo kumutabara <ref name="E55">{{cite web |title=Zaire: A Country Study, Shaba I |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0186)}}</ref><ref name="E56">{{cite web |title=Zaire: A Country Study, Shaba II |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0187)}}</ref>. Perezida Ronald Reagan yamushimiye mu 1983 <ref name="E68">{{cite web |title=When He Was King: On the trail of Marshal Mobutu Sese Seko, Zaire's former Kleptocrat-in-Chief |url=http://www.metroactive.com/papers/metro/05.22.97/cover/mobutu-9721.html}}</ref>. == Ihirikwa n'urupfu == Intambara y'Ubutita imaze kurangira, ibihugu by'Iburengerazuba byaretse kumushyigikira <ref name="E70">{{cite web |title=Leaving Fire in His Wake |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,161061,00.html |access-date=2026-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114203521/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,161061,00.html |archive-date=2009-01-14 |url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref>. Muri Mata 1990, yemeye amashyaka menshi, maze Inama y'Igihugu yashyizeho itangira kunenga ubutegetsi bwe. Mu 1993, igihugu cyari gifite guverinoma ebyiri, imwe imushyigikiye n'indi iyobowe na Étienne Tshisekedi <ref name="E72">{{cite web |language=en |author=Bridgette Kasuka |title=Prominent African Leaders Since Independence |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ragu4v8r--4C&dq=%22The+anti-Mobutu+government+was+headed+by+Laurent+Monsengwo+and+%C3%89tienne+Tshisekedi+of+the+Union+for+Democracy+and+Social+Progress%22&pg=PA183 |website=Bankole Kamara Taylor |date=2012-02-08}}</ref>. Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu [[Rwanda]] mu 1994, abasirikare n'abarwanyi bayigizemo uruhare bahungiye mu burasirazuba bwa Zayire, bitwikira impunzi, bituma akarere kose kajya mu mutekano muke <ref name="E73">{{cite web |language=en |author=Jeanne M. Haskin |title=The Tragic State of the Congo: From Decolonization to Dictatorship |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ov17yKWSXD8C&dq=Mobutu+Hutu+OR+extremists&pg=PA77 |website=Algora Publishing |date=2005}}</ref>. Mu 1996, inyeshyamba za Alliance des forces démocratiques pour la libération du Congo (AFDL), ziyobowe na Laurent-Désiré Kabila kandi zishyigikiwe n'u Rwanda n'[[Ubugande]], zatangiye intambara ya mbere ya Kongo. Nubwo Nelson Mandela yagerageje kumuhuza na Kabila <ref name="E75">{{cite web |language=en |author=Mark Coatney |title=No Negotiations |url=https://time.com/archive/6930193/no-negotiations/ |website=Time |date=1997-05-14 |access-date=2025-07-17}}</ref>, inyeshyamba zinjiye i Kinshasa ku ya 17 Gicurasi 1997, maze ku ya 23 Gicurasi igihugu cyongera kwitwa Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo <ref name="E76">{{cite web |author=J. Tyler Dickovick |title=The World Today Series: Africa 2012 |url=https://archive.org/details/africa20120000dick |website=Stryker-Post Publications}}</ref>. Mobutu yabanje guhungira muri [[Togo]], ariko Perezida Gnassingbé Eyadéma amusaba kuvayo nyuma y'iminsi mike <ref name="E77">{{cite web |title=Togo prods Mobutu to move on _ but to where? |url=https://apnews.com/ddd412eba59c464d6af9bcc55bdfc698 |website=AP NEWS |access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>; yahise ajya i Rabat, muri Maroke <ref name="E78">{{cite web |author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees |title=Refworld Zaire: Information on events that occurred between 16 and 24 May 1997, including the rebel takeover |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aaab48.html |website=Refworld |access-date=2019-12-04}}</ref>. Ku ya 7 Nzeri 1997, yaguye i Rabat azize [[kanseri]] ya porositate, afite imyaka 66, ashyingurwa mu irimbi ry'Abakristo ry'uwo mujyi <ref name="E79">{{cite web |language=en |author=Howard W. French |title=Mobutu Sese Seko, Zairian Ruler, Is Dead in Exile in Morocco at 66 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/09/08/world/mobutu-sese-seko-zairian-ruler-is-dead-in-exile-in-morocco-at-66.html |website=The New York Times |date=1997-09-08 |access-date=2025-04-12}}</ref><ref name="E80">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Il repose désormais dans un cimetière à Rabat Mobutu inhumé dans la plus grande discrétion |url=https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/239276/Il_repose_desormais_dans_un_cimetiere_a_Rabat_Mobutu_inhume_dans_la_plus_grande_discretion.html |website=L'Orient-Le Jour |date=1997-09-15 |access-date=2025-04-13}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Mu 1955, Mobutu yashakanye na Marie-Antoinette Gbiatibwa Yetene, wapfuye mu 1977; mu 1980, yashakanye na Bobi Ladawa <ref name="E82">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Destins de famille(s) – Jeune Afrique |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/118918/archives-thematique/destins-de-famille-s/ |website=JeuneAfrique.com |date=2007-09-10 |access-date=2021-02-24}}</ref>. Yari afite abana benshi; umuhungu we w'imfura, Nyiwa, yateguraga kuzamusimbura, yapfuye mu 1994 <ref name="E44">{{cite web |title=Zaire: A Country Study, Establishment of a Personalistic Regime |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+zr0146)}}</ref><ref name="E45">{{cite web |title=RDC: La mort prématurée de Manda Mobutu met un point final à l'histoire du "Zaïre" |url=http://www.lefaso.net/article.php3?id_article=5300 |access-date=2005-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051101160935/http://www.lefaso.net/article.php3?id_article=5300 |archive-date=2005-11-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Umwe mu bahungu be, Nzanga Mobutu, yaje kuba umunyapolitiki. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] hgv5wjrm0h10v4cyccuu5g3puan8wi2 0 23914 148307 144177 2026-10-28T08:51:20Z EmausBot 1282 Correction d’une double redirection depuis [[Theoneste Mutsindashyaka]] vers [[Théoneste Mutsindashyaka]] 148307 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Théoneste Mutsindashyaka]] t3b8jxh7hdvkpknlpcf3bzkdchobr9u 0 23917 148292 148287 2026-10-27T16:50:25Z Score Beethoven 11559 148292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Amsterdam | short_description = no | type = Umurwa mukuru | image_skyline = Amsterdam airphoto.jpg | image_caption = Amsterdam ifotowe mu kirere | image_map = Map - NL - Municipality code 0363 (2022).svg | map_caption = Aho Amsterdam iherereye mu Buholandi | subdivision_type = Igihugu | subdivision_name = [[Ubuholandi]] | subdivision_type1 = Intara | subdivision_name1 = Holland y'Amajyaruguru | leader_title = Meya | leader_name = Femke Halsema | population_total = 942504 | population_as_of = 2026 | coordinates = {{coord|52|22|N|4|53|E|region:NL_type:city|display=inline}} | website = [https://www.amsterdam.nl amsterdam.nl] }} '''Amsterdam''' ni [[umurwa]] mukuru w'[[Ubuholandi]]. Ni na wo mujyi utuwe cyane mu gihugu. Icyicaro cya guverinoma ntikiri i Amsterdam. Kiri mu mujyi wa Den Haag (La Haye). Amsterdam iri mu Ntara ya Holland y'Amajyaruguru. Ituwe n'abaturage barenga 940,000. Uyu mujyi uzwiho imiyoboro y'amazi myinshi. Agace k'imiyoboro yo mu kinyejana cya 17 kari ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO. == Amateka == [[File:Amsterdam Canals - July 2006.jpg|thumb|left|Umuyoboro w'amazi i Amsterdam]] Amsterdam yatangiye ari umudugudu muto w'abarobyi mu kinyejana cya 13. Kugira ngo birinde imyuzure, abaturage bubatse urugomero ku [[uruzi]] rwa Amstel. Byabaye ahagana mu 1270.<ref name="britH">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Amsterdam/History |title=Amsterdam – History |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Izina Amsterdam rikomoka kuri urwo rugomero rwo ku ruzi rwa Amstel.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/_data_icacourses/_HtmlModules/_Selfstudy/S03/S03_003intro.html |title=S03: Functions of geographical names |website=United Nations Statistics Division |language=en |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Amsterdam yahawe uburenganzira bwo kuba umujyi mu 1306.<ref name="britS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/summary/Amsterdam |title=Amsterdam summary |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Mu kinyejana cya 17, Amsterdam yabaye ihuriro rikomeye ry'ubucuruzi mu [[Burayi]].<ref name="britS" /> Mu gihe cy'Intambara ya Kabiri y'Isi Yose, [[Ubudage]] bwigaruriye Amsterdam.<ref name="britS" /> Abayahudi 107,000 bajyanywe mu nkambi bavuye mu Buholandi. Nibura 102,000 muri bo bishwe.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://niod.nl/en/publications/persecution-jews-photographs |title=The Persecution of the Jews in Photographs: The Netherlands 1940–1945 |website=NIOD |language=en |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Anne Frank n'umuryango we bihishe mu nzu iri ku muyoboro wa Prinsengracht. Iyo nzu ubu yitwa Anne Frank Huis. Isurwa n'abantu barenga miliyoni buri mwaka.<ref name="canon">{{Cite web |url=https://canonvannederland.nl/en/annefrank |title=Anne Frank |website=Canon van Nederland |language=en |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> == Imiterere n'abaturage == Imiyoboro y'amazi igabanya Amsterdam mu birwa bigera kuri 90. Ibiraro birenga 1,300 bihuza ibyo birwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Amsterdam |title=Amsterdam |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2026-10-22 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Agace k'imiyoboro kitwa Grachtengordel kubatswe mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 16 no mu kinyejana cya 17. Kashyizwe ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO mu 2010.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1349/ |title=Seventeenth-Century Canal Ring Area of Amsterdam inside the Singelgracht |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Ku itariki ya 1 Mutarama 2026, Amsterdam yari ituwe n'abaturage 942,504.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/netherlands/admin/noord_holland/0363__amsterdam/ |title=Amsterdam (Municipality, Netherlands) – Population |website=City Population |language=en |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> == Ubuyobozi == Meya wa Amsterdam ni Femke Halsema. Yatangiye uwo murimo mu 2018. Ni we mugore wa mbere wabaye meya w'uyu mujyi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hartvannederland.nl/politiek/artikelen/femke-halsema-beedigd-als-burgemeester-van-amsterdam |title=Femke Halsema beëdigd als burgemeester van Amsterdam |website=Hart van Nederland |date=2018-07-12 |language=nl |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Inama njyanama y'umujyi yasabye ko yongera gushyirwaho kugeza nibura mu 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rodi.nl/amsterdam-nieuw-west/politiek/383094/tweede-termijn-burgemeester-femke-halsema-officieel |title=Tweede termijn burgemeester Femke Halsema |website=Rodi Media |language=nl |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> == Umuco == Amsterdam ifite inzu ndangamurage nyinshi. Rijksmuseum, Van Gogh Museum na Stedelijk Museum ziri ku kibuga cyitwa Museumplein.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iamsterdam.com/en/explore/neighbourhoods/centrum/things-to-do-in-the-museum-quarter |title=Things to do in the Museum Quarter |website=I amsterdam |date=2026-09-10 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> Amsterdam izwi nk'umujyi w'[[igare|amagare]]. Muri uyu mujyi hari amagare menshi kurusha abaturage.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://casestudies.uli.org/bike-friendly-amsterdam/ |title=Building a Truly Bike-Friendly City: Lessons from Amsterdam |website=Urban Land Institute |language=en |access-date=2026-10-27}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Amsterdam|Amafoto ya Amsterdam]] kuri Wikimedia Commons [[Ikiciro:Ubuholandi]] [[Ikiciro:Imijyi]] [[Ikiciro:Imirwa]] bebx6k4tkmhq2038blbpbs9etom9yev 14 23918 148293 2026-10-27T16:55:43Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Hidden category}} Iki kiciro gikurikirana ingingo zifite inyandiko zanditswe mu Kinerilande (Ikiholandi). [[Category:CS1 foreign language sources|nl]]" 148293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Hidden category}} Iki kiciro gikurikirana ingingo zifite inyandiko zanditswe mu Kinerilande (Ikiholandi). [[Category:CS1 foreign language sources|nl]] 0yilxmfs7nw8fbynb69t0zv0xqgg3ut