Ibiganiro:Intangiriro

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      <text bytes="59312" sha1="mt1sa7byg4rlos6nshp0cbm5nxoej3v" xml:space="preserve">==Icyo gukora cy'ibanze==
Mbere na mbere ugomba kuhindura intwaramakuru (template) mu Kinyarwanda. After that or in parallel, some initial articles can be written. As for the beginning, they can be english/french articles to be translated. That will be easier than starting from scratch. I will try to include some articles and structures for you to translate them. [[User:Nosoccomtothom|Nosoccomtothom]] 10:52, 4 Oct 2004 (UTC)

== Congratulations! ==

Congratulations for YOUR own WP. I'm from Germany and I try to be your key for the rest of the world in any kind of WP-things. I do not speak your language. but I learn very swiftly. Contact me on my [[User talk:Joschy|Discussion-site]]. -- [[User:Joschy|Joschy]] 15:56, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

== Please do everything slowly! ==

On evrey WP there is a chaos. In the German WP there is an chaos in the Categories. I give you one hint. Think about each Category. Is the new Cat. really needed or could we do the article ointo an existing Cat. (Cat means Category ;) ). Do it from the beginning then you do not have these problems in the future and so you can conzentrate on more important things -&gt; articles :) -- [[User:Joschy|Joschy]] 16:11, 28 July 2006 (UTC)

== Abacungarubuga ==

Are there at least one Admin? If there is none I would arrange a election. The eletion will be here: [[Wikipediya:Umucungarubuga]]. -- [[User:Joschy|Joschy]] 16:17, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
: If there is another word for &quot;Administrator&quot; in the Kinyarwanda-language we can switch the name very quick. -- [[User:Joschy|Joschy]] 18:49, 28 July 2006 (UTC)
'''Vize işlemleri vize Başvurusu Vize Almak ROMANYA VİZESİ'''
Romanya vize başvurusu [http://www.vizem.gen.tr/category/romanya-vizesi/ Romanya vizesi] Romanya vize işlemleri
Almanya vizesi [http://www.vizem.gen.tr/category/almanya-vizesi/ Almanya vizesi] Almanya vize işlemleri
En hızlı vize başvurularınızda şüphesiz tek yardımcınız vize sitesi [http://www.vizem.gen.tr/ Vize] 
Moldovya Moldova otel rezervasyonu Moldovya uçak bileti [http://www.vizem.gen.tr/tag/moldova-vizesi/ Moldova vizesi] Moldova vize işlemleri 
ve vize başvurusu yapabileceğiniz [http://www.hizlivize.gen.tr/ Hızlı vize] Hızlı vize başvurusu [http://www.vizeforum.com Vize Forum] Vize forum 
İspanya Vizesi [http://www.ispanyavize.net İspanya Vizesi]
Vize işlemleri [http://www.vizem.gen.tr Vize işlemleri]
Fransa Vizesi [http://www.fransavizesi.in Fransa Vizesi]
Almanya Vizesi [http://www.almanvizesi.net Almanya Vizesi]

Ticari Vize [http://www.ticarivize.gen.tr Ticari Vize]
Almanya Vize işlemleri [http://www.almanyavizeislemleri.gen.tr Almanya Vize işlemleri]

yardımlaşma ve vize danışmanlık belge ve evrakları forumu.
== [[User:BotMultichill|BotMultichill]] ==
Hi, i request a bot bit for [[User:BotMultichill|BotMultichill]].
* Botmaster : [[User:Multichill|Multichill]]
* Bot's name : [[User:BotMultichill|BotMultichill]]
* List of botflags on others wikipedias: about 100+ atm (see [[meta:User:Multichill]] for the current list)
* Purpose: Interwiki (pywikipedia)
* Technical details : [[User:BotMultichill|BotMultichill]] is an interwiki bot starting at the [[:nl:Gebruiker:BotMultichill|Dutch wikipedia]]. The bot uses the pywikipedia framework and runs day and night in autonomous mode. Sometimes the bot will run in manual assisted mode to solve interwiki conflicts. [[User:Multichill|Multichill]] 15:48, 6 September 2007 (UTC)

== [[User:AlleborgoBot|AlleborgoBot]] ==
Hi, i request a bot flag for [[User:AlleborgoBot|AlleborgoBot]]
*'''Operator''': [[:it:Utente:Alleborgo|Alleborgo]]
*'''Automatic or Manually Assisted''': Automatic, in &quot;-autonomous&quot; mode. Sometimes the bot will run in manual assisted mode to solve interwiki conflicts.
*'''Programming Language(s)''': Pywikipedia framework daily updated to the last SVN version
*'''Function Summary''': interwiki
*'''Already has a bot flag in''': ar, am, an, ast, az, bar, bat-smg, bg, br, bn, bpy, bs, ca, ceb, cs, cv, da, de, el, en, eo, es, et, eu, fa, fi, fiu-vro, fr, frp, fy, ga, gl, he, hr, hsb, ht, hu, hy, id, is, it, iu, ja, jv, ka, kk, ksh, ku, lb, li, lmo, ln, lt, lv, mk, mi, ml, mr, ms, mt, nap, nds, nds-nl, nl, nn, no, pl, pms, ps, pt, ro, roa-tara, ru, sco, sh, sk, simple, sl, sq, sr, su, sv, ta, tg, th, to, tr, tt, uk, ur, vec, vi, vls, vo, zh, zh-classical, zh-min-nan, zh-yue. On it.wiki has done more than 65000 edit.
Thanks  --[[User:AlleborgoBot|AlleborgoBot]] 16:08, 2 November 2007 (UTC)

== [[Template:Languages]]==
Hello, I'm Italian and I have created [[Template:Languages]] (wikipedia in other languages). I don't speak your language. If any Kinyarwanda wikipedia user can traslate template in Kinyarwanda, i can create the other wikimedia projets template. This template is my gift to Kinyarwanda Wikipedia.

Bonjour, je suis italienne et j'ai crée le [[Template:Languages]] (wikipedia in other languages/wikipédia en autres langues). Je ne parle pas votre langue. Si il y a un usager de Wikipédia qui parle Kinyarwanda et qui peut traduire le template, je peut créer ainsi le template &quot;outres projets de wikimedia&quot;. Ce template est mon cadeau à la Wikipédia en Kinyarwanda.

--[[Special:Contributions/62.13.168.67|62.13.168.67]] 17:14, 15 January 2008 (UTC)

Hello, thanks for thinking about Kinyarwanda WIKI. I am ready to go on with the Wikipedia translation. Please contact me at emmahab@yahoo.fr

== Bot Status for [[:User:Purbo_T|Purbo_T]] ==

Hi, I'd like to request a bot flag for [[:User:Purbo_T|Purbo_T]] &lt;small&gt;([[:Special:Contributions/Purbo T|contributions]])&lt;/small&gt;
*'''Operator:''' [[:User:Purodha]] = [[:ksh:User:Purodha]] (b'crat @ [[:ksh:|ksh]])
*'''Function:''' interwiki link maintenance
*'''Operation:'''  manually-assisted mode, occasionally in automatic or autonomous mode, starting mostly from the [[:ksh:|Wikipedia of Ripuarian languages]]
*'''Software:''' [[:meta:pywikipedia|pywikipediabot]] framework updated daily from [http://svn.wikimedia.org/svnroot/pywikipedia/trunk/pywikipedia/ svn] to latest version
*'''Already has bot flag on:''' &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt; [{{fullurl:aa:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} aa], [{{fullurl:am:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} am], [{{fullurl:ar:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} ar], [{{fullurl:be-x-old:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} be-x-old], [{{fullurl:bn:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} bn], [{{fullurl:bo:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} bo], [{{fullurl:bug:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} bug], [{{fullurl:bxr:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} bxr], [{{fullurl:cdo:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} cdo], [{{fullurl:co:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} co], [{{fullurl:crh:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} crh], [{{fullurl:de:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} de], [{{fullurl:dsb:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} dsb], [{{fullurl:dz:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} dz], [{{fullurl:ee:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} ee], [{{fullurl:eo:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} eo], [{{fullurl:fa:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} fa], [{{fullurl:fi:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} fi],[{{fullurl:fj:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} fj], [{{fullurl:fr:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} fr], [{{fullurl:gv:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} gv], [{{fullurl:hr:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} hr], [{{fullurl:hsb:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} hsb], [{{fullurl:ht:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} ht], [{{fullurl:ig:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} ig], [{{fullurl:is:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} is], [{{fullurl:ja:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} ja], [{{fullurl:jbo:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} jbo], [{{fullurl:ksh:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} ksh], [{{fullurl:ku:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} ku], [{{fullurl:kv:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} kv], [{{fullurl:lbe:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} lbe], [{{fullurl:lg:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} lg], [{{fullurl:lmo:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} lmo], [{{fullurl:lo:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} lo],[{{fullurl:lt:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} lt], [{{fullurl:ml:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} ml], [{{fullurl:mr:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} mr], [{{fullurl:nds:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} nds], [{{fullurl:new:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} new], [{{fullurl:nl:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} nl], [{{fullurl:nn:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} nn], [{{fullurl:nov:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} nov], [{{fullurl:or:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} or], [{{fullurl:os:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} os], [{{fullurl:pms:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} pms], [{{fullurl:simple:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} simple], [{{fullurl:stq:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} stq], [{{fullurl:sv:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} sv], [{{fullurl:tg:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} tg], [{{fullurl:to:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} to], [{{fullurl:ts:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} ts], [{{fullurl:ty:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} ty], [{{fullurl:vec:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} vec], [{{fullurl:vi:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} vi], [{{fullurl:vls:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} vls], [{{fullurl:vo:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} vo],  [{{fullurl:yi:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} yi], [{{fullurl:za:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} za], [{{fullurl:zea:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} zea], [{{fullurl:zh-classical:Special:Userlist|limit=1&amp;username=Purbo_T}} zh-classical], &lt;/span&gt; more pending.
* Generally, there is [http://tools.wikimedia.de/~purodha/sample/dbswithuser.php?usr=Purbo_T cumulated&amp;nbsp;data] on the bot (sorry, due to current technical problems at the [[:m:toolserver|toolserver]], the data is partially not up to date, and may be inaccessible for short periods of time)
Thank you! --[[User:Purodha|Purodha Blissenbach]] 11:40, 12 February 2008 (UTC)

== Request bot flag for [[User:Alexbot|Alexbot]] ==
I request the bot flag for Alexbot:
:'''Operator''':[[:zh:User:Alexsh]]
:'''Programming Language''':Pywikipedia SVN
:'''Functions''':Interwiki(+autonomous), double redirect fix, featured article interwiki link.
:'''Other languages''':[[:zh:User:Alexbot|All statistics in here]]
Thank you--[[User:Alexsh|Alexsh]] 12:25, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

== [[User:SieBot|SieBot]] ==
Hi, I request a bot bit for [[User:SieBot|SieBot]].
* Botmaster : [[User:Siebrand|Siebrand]]
* Bot's name : [[User:SieBot|SieBot]]
* List of botflags on others Wikipedias: Almost every Wikipedia (some 25 missing). See [http://toolserver.org/~vvv/sulutil.php?user=SieBot current list of user status and edits]
* Purpose: Interwiki (pywikipedia)
* Technical details : [[User:SieBot|SieBot]] is an interwiki bot starting at any Wikipedia. The bot uses the pywikipedia framework and runs day and night in autonomous mode. Sometimes the bot will run in manual assisted mode to solve interwiki conflicts. It has made over 5 million edits since it started. [[User:Siebrand|Siebrand]] 22:41, 26 June 2008 (UTC)

== [[User:Synthebot|Synthebot]] ==
Dear all, this is to request a bot flag for [[User:Synthebot|Synthebot]]. Its technical information is summarized below.
*'''Operator''': [[:en:User:Julian Mendez|Julian Mendez]]
*'''Automatic or Manually Assisted''': mostly automatic in autonomous mode; sometimes manually assisted to solve interwiki conflicts
*'''Programming Language(s)''': [[:m:Using the python wikipediabot|pywikipedia]] ([http://svn.wikimedia.org/svnroot/pywikipedia/trunk/pywikipedia source code])
*'''Function Summary''': interwiki links
*'''Already has a bot flag on''': [{{fullurl:meta:Special:GlobalUsers|group=Global_bot&amp;username=Synthebot&amp;limit=1}} global bot] running on more than [http://toolserver.org/~vvv/sulutil.php?user=Synthebot 200 wikipedias].
Further technical information is available on its [[:ia:User:Synthebot|main page]]. Thank you in advance. Regards, --[[User:Julian Mendez|Julian]] 18:05, 10 December 2008 (UTC)

==Bot policy==
Hello. To facilitate [[m:steward|steward]] granting of bot access, I suggest implementing the [[m:Bot policy|standard bot policy]] on this wiki. In particular, this policy allows stewards to automatically flag known interlanguage linking bots (if this page says that is acceptable), which form the vast majority of such requests. The policy also enables [[m:Bot policy#Global_bots|global bots]] on this wiki (if this page says that is acceptable), which are trusted bots that will be given bot access on every wiki that allows global bots.

This policy makes bot access requesting much easier for local users, operators, and stewards. To implement it we only need to create a redirect to this page from [[Project:Bot policy]], and add a line at the top noting that it is used here. Please read the text at [[m:Bot policy]] before commenting. If you object, please say so; I hope to implement in one week if there is no objection, since it is particularly written to streamline bot requests on wikis with little or no community interested in bot access requests. --[[User:Luckas Blade|Luckas Blade]] 15:25, 1 March 2009 (UTC)

== Small request ==

Hello! I am a Polish wikipedian and I would like to ask you for your help - writing a new article about former Polish President who won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1983 – '''Lech Wałęsa'''. I have looked for his biography in your Wikipedia but without success. Polish Wikipedians will be grateful for your help. Thank you so much in advance! PS you can find the English version of the article '''[[w:en:Lech Wałęsa|here]]'''. Best wishes from Poland, [[User:Patrol110|Patrol110]] 16:58, 26 December 2009 (UTC)

== connectivity project ==

Hallo, my name is Anastasiya Lvova, I'm &quot;duty&quot; in [http://toolserver.org/~lvova/cgi-bin/go.sh?language=rw&amp;interface=en&amp;listby=zns Connectivity project]. The essence of the &quot;Connectivity&quot; project is to study and [http://toolserver.org/~lvova/cgi-bin/go.sh enhance] the coherence of Wikipedia, or, in other words, to improve hypertext navigation between articles. The project deals with deadends, isolated articles, non-categorized articles, transitivity of the category tree, etc.

We want to work with your language version, but we need configured MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage for it (with direct links to template namespace pages, for example, [[:ru:MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage]]/[[:de:MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage]]/[[:fr:MediaWiki:Disambiguationspage]]). Is it possible to set it up for our usage? 

thanks in advance, [[User:Lvova|Lvova]] 18:04, 13 June 2010 (UTC)

== Adminship for [[User:Kmoksy|Kmoksy]] ==

[[User:Kmoksy|Kmoksy]] is now sysop for three months. -- [[User:Quentinv57|Quentinv57]] 17:47, 30 December 2010 (UTC)
:Since there were no objections here (nor any agreements), I have granted sysop for three months. - [[User:Andre Engels|Andre Engels]] 21:45, 16 January 2011 (UTC)

==Article request==
Would someone be interested in starting an article about [[:en:RwandAir]]? [[User:WhisperToMe|WhisperToMe]] 07:36, 7 February 2011 (UTC)

Also:
* [[:en:BBC]] - http://www.bbcgreatlakes.com/
* [[:en:National Museum of Rwanda]]
* [[:en:Kigali Independent University]]
* [[:en:Ministry of Defence (Rwanda)]]
* [[:en:Ministry of Health (Rwanda)]]
* [[:en:Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (Rwanda)]]
* [[:en:Ministry of Disaster Management and Refugee Affairs]]
* [[:en:Banyarwanda]]
* [[:en:National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development]]
* [[:en:École Belge de Kigali]]
* [[:en:Groupe Scolaire Officiel de Butare]]
* [[:en:Nyarugenge District]]
* [[:en:Prime Minister of Rwanda]]
* [[:en:Seal of Rwanda]]
* [[:en:Lycée de Kigali]]
* [[:en:Assassination of Juvénal Habyarimana and Cyprien Ntaryamira]]
* [[:en:Rwandan Civil War]]
* [[:en:Kigeli IV of Rwanda]]
* [[:en:Hutu Ten Commandments]]
* [[:en:Kangura]]
* [[:en:Kanguka]]
[[User:WhisperToMe|WhisperToMe]] 22:21, 31 August 2011 (UTC)
:Are there any users who can translate these articles? [[User:PiRSquared17|PiRSquared17]] ([[User talk:PiRSquared17|talk]]) 19:31, 8 March 2013 (UTC)
::{{ping|User:Davykamanzi}} are you interested in trying any of these? [[User:WhisperToMe|WhisperToMe]] ([[User talk:WhisperToMe|talk]]) 17:42, 28 September 2014 (UTC)

== Leave ==

I would resign and leave. --[[User:Kmoksy|Kmoksy]] 10:47, 7 April 2011 (UTC)

== Enquiry ==
Hello [[User:Kmoksy|Kmoksy]], I hope you are doing, I have been trying to improve what I can on this WP, but in most cases I am limited to what I can edit ,and would wish to create new categories and templates which are among those missing  on this WP, being a native speaker of Kinyarwanda being an admin can help in monitoring this Wp which needs improvements, Just inquiring what I takes,,,
Thanks for the efforts to improve this WP.. [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 13:17, 11 May 2021 (UTC)

== Translations ==

I noticed that while all the other articles are in Kinyarwanda the menus on the side and on the top are still in English. Here's what you could translate for the menu items (and their URLs as a consequence):

===Main menu===
* '''Main page''' - Intangiriro
* '''Community portal''' - Irembo y'isangano
* '''Current events''' - Ibigezweho
* '''Recent changes''' - Ibiherutse guhindurwa
* '''Random page''' - Njyana aho ariho hose (Literally ''take me anywhere''; no specific word meaning &quot;random&quot; in Kinyarwanda)
* '''Help''' - Ibisobanuro
* '''Donate''' - Gira icyo utanga
* '''Toolbox''' - Ibikoresho
* '''What links here''' - Icyo kiherekeza hano
* '''Related changes''' - Ibihindutse kubyerekeye uru rwandiko
* '''Upload file''' - Bika idosiye hano
* '''Special pages''' - Inyandiko zidasanzwe
* '''Search''' - Shakisha

===Article===
* '''Page''' - Inyandiko
* '''User page''' - Inyandiko ya umukoresha
* '''Discussion''' - Ikiganiro
* '''Read''' - Soma
* '''Edit''' - Hindura
* '''View history''' - Reba amateka
* '''Move''' - Imura

===User-related===
* '''Log in''' - Injira
* '''Log out''' - Sohoka
* '''My talk''' - Ibiganiro byanjye
* '''My preferences''' - Ibyo mpitamo
* '''My watchlist''' - Inyandiko nkurikirana
* '''My contributions''' - Inkunga yanjye

===Prefixes===
* '''Talk:''' - Ikiganiro:
* '''User:''' - Umukoresha:
* '''User talk:''' - Ikiganiro cya umukoresha:
* '''Category:''' - Icyiciro:
* '''Special:''' - Ibidasanzwe:
* '''Template:''' - Urugero:
* '''Help:''' - Ibisobanuro:
* '''File:''' - Idosiye:
* '''Image:''' - Ishusho:
* '''Portal:''' - Irembo:

Hope this helped. [[User:Davykamanzi|Davykamanzi]] ([[User talk:Davykamanzi|ikiganiro]]) 19:02, 6 gicurasi 2012 (UTC)
:I need some more prefixes (Media:, Wikipedia talk:, File talk:, MediaWiki talk:, Template talk:, Help talk: and Category talk:) Regards, [[User:Vogone|Vogone]] [[Meta:SWMT|(SWMT)]] 21:32, 23 February 2013 (UTC)
::File talk is probably Ikiganiro cya dosiye, Template talk Ikiganiro cya urugero, MediaWiki talk Ikiganiro cya MediaWiki, etc., but this is just a guess. [[User:PiRSquared17|PiRSquared17]] ([[User talk:PiRSquared17|talk]]) 14:57, 13 March 2013 (UTC)
:::For the prefixes you've asked for Sir [[User:Vogone|Vogone]]:

* '''Media:''' - Can't really get my head around this one. Maybe you can still use &quot;Idosiye:&quot;.
* '''Wikipedia talk:''' - Ikiganiro cya Wikipedia
* '''File talk:''' - Ikiganiro cya idosiye
* '''MediaWiki talk:''' - Ikiganiro cya MediaWiki
* '''Template talk:''' - Ikiganiro cya urugero
* '''Help talk:''' - Ikiganiro cya ibisobanuro
* '''Category talk:''' - Ikiganiro cya icyiciro

And for the times in the user talk signatures (grammatically months shouldn't be capitalised there but here I have to):

* '''January''' - Mutarama
* '''February''' - Gashyantare
* '''March''' - Werurwe
* '''April''' - Mata
* '''May''' - Gicurasi
* '''June''' - Kanema
* '''July''' - Nyakanga
* '''August''' - Kanama
* '''September''' - Nzeri
* '''October'''' - Ukwakira
* '''November''' - Ugushyingo
* '''December''' - Ukuboza

I also corrected some of the translations I had initially posted above. Regards, [[User:Davykamanzi|Davykamanzi]] &amp;rarr; [[User talk:Davykamanzi|ikiganiro]] • [[Special:Contributions/Davykamanzi|inkunga]] 18:09, 16 mutarama 2014 (UTC)

== Namespaces ==

I made and/or corrected translations for the namespaces on TranslateWiki a few days ago but they're not taking any effect here. Am I supposed to wait for some time or...? [[User:Davykamanzi|Davykamanzi]] &amp;rarr; [[User talk:Davykamanzi|uruganiriro]] • [[Special:Contributions/Davykamanzi|inkunga]] 14:36, 4 gicurasi 2014 (UTC)

== Accomodating both English speakers and French speakers ==

This Wikipedia should take steps to accomodate both English speakers and French speakers:
* External links, if unavailable in Kinyarwanda, should have both English and French versions linked
** In case of Rwandan government agencies, universities, schools, etc., use the http://wayback.archive.org Wayback Machine to find earlier French versions of pages. Link to the current English version ''and'' to the historical French version
* When displaying maps/diagrams/etc. that are unavailable in Kinyarwanda but are available in both English and French, display the English version but provide a wikilink to the French version
[[User:WhisperToMe|WhisperToMe]] ([[User talk:WhisperToMe|talk]]) 11:16, 9 June 2015 (UTC)

== Content Translation tool announcement: Machine translation support through Google Translate enabled for Kinyarwanda ==

Recently Google [https://www.blog.google/products/translate/five-new-languages/ announced the availability] of 5 more languages on Google Translate. This allows us to add machine translation support for Kinyarwanda on the [[:mw:CX|Content Translation tool]]. As part of ongoing maintenance, this has now been enabled, and you can use it while translating Wikipedia articles into Kinyarwanda.

Please note, machine translation is an optional feature in Content Translation, and translators choose the best options for the content that they are translating. We strongly recommend that you read through the Help documents to get familiar with the process of [[:mw:Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|using machine translation with Content Translation]] and the [[:mw:Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality|measures that exist]] to preserve the quality of machine-translated text through reviews and restrictions. If you have any feedback or questions, please do not hesitate to contact us through the [[:mw:Talk:Content_translation|Content Translation Project talk page]], or on [[phab:T246319|Phabricator ticket number 246319]]. 

This message is written in English. Please help us translate it for the benefit of other users of this Wikipedia.

Thank you. On behalf of WMF Language team: --[[User:Aaharoni-WMF|Amir E. Aharoni (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Aaharoni-WMF|talk]]) 19:07, 15 June 2020 (UTC)

== Improving the translation support for Kinyarwanda Wikipedia ==


{{Int:Hello}}!

Apologies as this message is not in your native language, {{Int:Please-translate}}.

[https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation Content translation] has been successful in supporting the translation process on many Wikipedia communities, and we want to help additional wikis with the potential to grow using translation as part of [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation/Boost a new initiative].


Content translation facilitates the creation of Wikipedia articles by translating content from other languages. It has been used already to create more than half a million articles. In addition, the tool provides [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Translation_quality mechanisms to encourage the creation of good quality content], preventing the publication of lightly edited machine translations. In general, our analysis shows that the translations produced are [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation/Deletion_statistics_comparison less likely to be deleted than the articles started from scratch].


Kinyarwanda Wikipedia editors have used Content translation to create [https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:ContentTranslationStats more than one hundred articles]. We think that there is potential to use translation to create more articles, expand existing ones, and attract new editors that learn how to make productive edits. Translation can help the community to reduce the language gap with other languages and grow the number of editors in a sustainable way. In order to achieve this goal, we want to collaborate with you to make Content translation more visible in the Kinyarwanda Wikipedia and support new ways to translate.


As a first step, during the next weeks, we plan to enable Content translation by default on Kinyarwanda Wikipedia. That will make it easy for users to discover the tool [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Starting through several entry points]. However, users not interested in translation will still be able to disable it from their preferences.


Please feel free to share any comment in this conversation thread.


Thanks!

[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 09:53, 8 April 2021 (UTC)

==Comments==
hello [[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]],Thanks a lot for the updates, but as a reminder the auto generated translations results in the creation of sentences that do not add up(make sensible) sentences in Kinyarwanda.(forgive my choice of words ,If I was to write in Kinyarwanda ,It would have been better.....would you advise us the native kinyarwanda speakers to come with an initiative to translate existing EN wp article and other language articles to Kinyarwanda manually? [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[User talk:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 13:32, 11 May 2021 (UTC)


:Hello [[User:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]],&lt;br&gt;
:Thank you for your feedback. I do understand your problems with the integrated machine translation service not being accurate. However, you can decide to :start your translation in Content Translation with an empty paragraph. You can find the &quot;Start with an empty paragraph&quot; option on the right panel, where :you have the &quot;initial translation&quot; dropdown. 

:Having said the above, I will encourage your community to keep using the Machine Translation integrated services if you can, because publishing a corrected translation with the tool helps translation services improve by exposing all the translation corrections through [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Content_translation/Published_translations an API and data dumps] which the service provider can use to improve the existing services. In addition, some of the translation services provide [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation#Improving_existing_translation_services specific ways you can make their project better] to serve your community.

:Once again, thank you for your feedback, and you can continue to [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Talk:Content_translation provide feedback] about the Content Translation tool to make it better.

:[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[User talk:UOzurumba (WMF)|talk]]) 15:52, 12 May 2021 (UTC)

== Admin request: Update to main page formatting ==
@[[User:Minorax]] and [[User:Kmoksy]]: I've been working on an updated version of the front page at the test page '''[[Intangiriro/ikizamini]]'''.

I've been speaking to [[user:Ndahiro derrick]] who suggested that it is ready to move to the main page. Since I am not an administrator on this wiki, could one of you do the copypaste to move it:
#Copy the text at '''[[Intangiriro/ikizamini]]''' and paste it over to '''[[Intangiriro]]'''
#:the second line of that page will also need to be changed to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Intangiriro/ikizamini/styles.css&quot;/&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
#Copy the text at '''[[Inyandikorugero:Intangiriro/ikizamini/styles.css]]''' and paste it to '''[[Inyandikorugero:Intangiriro/styles.css]]'''

Thanks in advance! [[Umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]) 06:42, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
:@[[User:Evolution and evolvability]] Just to confirm, [[Intangiriro/ikizamini]] overwrites [[Intangiriro]] and the styles.css is a simple move? --[[Umukoresha:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Minorax|talk]]) 12:27, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
::@[[User:Minorax]] Correct. Thanks for checking. [[Umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]) 14:37, 13 August 2021 (UTC)
:::@[[User:Evolution and evolvability]] should be done now. Kindly check. --[[Umukoresha:Minorax|Minorax]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Minorax|talk]]) 02:33, 14 August 2021 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Minorax]]: That looks like it's all working. Thank you! @[[user:Ndahiro derrick]] Let me know if there are any misspellings or other errors. [[Umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|Evolution and evolvability]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]) 06:27, 14 August 2021 (UTC)

== 2021 Voting Opens ==

Voting for the [[:meta:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Voting|2021 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates from the community were asked to submit their candidacy. After a three week long Call for Candidates, there are [[:meta:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Candidates#Candidate_Table|19 candidates for the 2021 election]].

The Wikimedia movement has the opportunity to vote for the selection of community-and-affiliate trustees. By voting, you will help to identify those people who have the qualities to best serve the needs of the movement for the next several years. The Board is expected to select the four most voted candidates to serve as trustees. Voting closes 31 August 2021.

The [[:meta:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's operations. The Board wants to improve their competences and diversity as a team. They have shared the [[:meta:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Candidates#Skills|areas of expertise]] that they are currently missing and hope to cover with new trustees.

[[:meta:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Candidates#Candidate_Table|Learn more about candidates]]. [[:meta:File:Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_of_Trustees.webm|Learn about the Board of Trustees]]. [[:meta:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Voting|Vote]].

Read the [[:meta:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/2021-08-18/2021_Voting_Opens|full announcement]].

Best, [[Umukoresha:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Zuz (WMF)|talk]]) 17:16, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

== Universal Code of Conduct - Enforcement draft guideline reviews ==

The [[:meta:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee#Phase_2|Universal Code of Conduct Phase 2 drafting committee]] would like comments about the [[:meta:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_draft_guidelines_review|enforcement draft guidelines]] for the [[:meta:Universal_Code_of_Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC). This review period is planned for 17 August 2021 through 17 October 2021.

These guidelines are not final but you can help move the progress forward. The committee will revise the guidelines based upon community input.

Comments can be shared in any language on the [[:meta:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_draft_guidelines_review|draft review talk page]] and [[:meta:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Discussions|multiple other venues]]. Community members are encouraged to organize conversations in their communities.

There are planned live discussions about the UCoC enforcement draft guidelines:

[[:Wikimania:2021:Submissions/Universal_Code_of_Conduct_Roundtable|Wikimania 2021 session]] - 16 August @ 11:00 UTC - 11:45 UTC

[[:meta:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions#Conversation_hours|Conversation hours]] - 24 August, 31 August, 7 September @ 03:00 UTC &amp; 14:00 UTC

[[:meta:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2021_consultations/Roundtable_discussions|Roundtable calls]] - 18 September @ 03:00 UTC &amp; 15:00 UTC
Summaries of discussions will be posted every two weeks [[:meta:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee/Digests|here]].

Please let me know if you have any questions. Best, [[Umukoresha:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Zuz (WMF)|talk]]) 17:43, 23 August 2021 (UTC)

== Movement Charter Drafting Committee - Community Elections to take place October 11 - 24 ==

This is a short message with an update from the Movement Charter process. The call for candidates for the Drafting Committee closed September 14, and we got a diverse range of candidates. The committee will consist of 15 members, and those will be (s)elected via three different ways.

The 15 member committee will be selected with a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Set Up Process|3-step process]]:

*Election process for project communities to elect 7 members of the committee.
*Selection process for affiliates to select 6 members of the committee.
*Wikimedia Foundation process to appoint 2 members of the committee.

The community elections will take place between October 11 and October 24. The other process will take place in parallel, so that all processes will be concluded by November 1.

We are very happy about the wide range of diverse Wikimedians that are running for the election and selection processes for the drafting committee of the Movement Charter! As the number of candidates is quite large and thus informing yourself about them might be a bit more complicated, we want to try something different this time: We want to organize a so-called “Voting Advice Application'' (or “Election Compass'') with statements related to the Movement Charter. All candidates can propose their statements [[:m:Special:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Election Compass Statements|here]].

For the full context of the Movement Charter, its role, as well the process for its creation, please [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|have a look at Meta]]. You can also contact us at any time on Telegram or via email (wikimedia2030@wikimedia.org).
Best, [[Umukoresha:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Zuz (WMF)|talk]]) 10:53, 21 September 2021 (UTC)

== Learn how Movement Strategy Implementation Grants can support your Movement Strategy plans ==

Movement Strategy Implementation grants now provide more than $2,000 USD to put Movement Strategy plans into action. Find out more about Movement Strategy Implementation grants, the criteria, and how to apply [[Grants:MSIG/About|here]].

Also, the Movement Charter Drafting Committee election is still ongoing. It would be great to increase community participation. If you haven't voted now is the time. Please [[Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections|vote here]] before October 24. Regards, [[Umukoresha:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Zuz (WMF)|talk]]) 15:46, 20 October 2021 (UTC)

== The Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open ==

The Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections is now open and will close on 7 February 2022.

With this Call for Feedback, the Movement Strategy and Governance team is taking a different approach. This approach incorporates community feedback from 2021. Instead of leading with proposals, the Call is framed around key questions from the Board of Trustees. The key questions came from the feedback about the 2021 Board of Trustees election. The intention is to inspire collective conversation and collaborative proposal development about these key questions.

There are two confirmed questions that will be asked during this Call for Feedback:

#What is the best way to ensure more diverse representation among elected candidates? The Board of Trustees noted the importance of selecting candidates who represent the full diversity of the Wikimedia movement. The current processes have favored volunteers from North America and Europe.
#What are the expectations for the candidates during the election? Board candidates have traditionally completed applications and answered community questions. How can an election provide appropriate insight into candidates while also appreciating candidates’ status as volunteers?
There is one additional question that may be presented during the Call about selection processes. This question is still under discussion, but the Board wanted to give insight into the confirmed questions as soon as possible. Hopefully if an additional question is going to be asked, it will be ready during the first week of the Call for Feedback.

[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections|Join the conversation.]]

Best, 

Movement Strategy and Governance, [[Umukoresha:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Zuz (WMF)|talk]]) 09:48, 12 January 2022 (UTC)

== Wikipedia: Admin request ==

 hello [[User:Minorax]] and [[User:Kmoksy]]:
I would like to be granted the administrative rights on the rw Wikipedia. My native language is Kinyarwanda. I understand Wikipedia policies, and I would like to be granted this right so as to be able to effectively ad deliberately maintain rw Wikipedia.

I've made over [[Ibidasanzwe:CentralAuth?target=Ndahiro+derrick|2000 contributions]] to both English and rw Wikipedia and have trained more than 40 newbies who are active contributors as of May.2022.

Given this right, my contributions will extend but are not limited to : cleaning backlog, protecting pages, dealing with disputes, maintaining content, creating project pages and categories, and provision of quick and understandable feedback to newbies.

Currently, there is a lack of regular administrator Maintainance of rw Wikipedia, which has led to multiple Wikipedia policy violations.

Hoping my request will be considered.[[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]])
:Just a comment: you are not supposed to ask Minorax and Kmoksy about this. They are users from other wikis. The most important responses here are supposed to be from other editors in the Kinyarwanda Wikipedia. --[[Umukoresha:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Amire80|talk]]) 16:37, 9 Gicurasi 2022 (UTC)

:Nkumunyarwanda uzi neza ubushobozi bwa derrick ndahiro inshingano zo kuba admin kuri wikipedia y'ikinyarwanda yazikora neza kdi arazishoboye  [[Umukoresha:Philemon Niyomwungeli|Philemon Niyomwungeli]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Philemon Niyomwungeli|talk]]) 22:18, 28 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

==== (+) Support ====
*'''support'''Birakwiyeko tugira umucungarubuga rwa Wikipedia mu Ikinyarwanda kuko usanga haramakosa abarimo ntibayakosore kuko abacunga urubuga bashobora kuba batumvaneza ikinyarwanda byabari byiza mugihe twagira umuyobozi wurubuga nukuvuga ngo birakwiye ko Ndahiro Derrick yaba Admin nubusa twasabaga.                 
*'''support'''it will be our pleasure to have an administrator who knows very well kinyarwanda language both written and speaking so that he may collect easily and effectively'''Bold text''' the mistakes which appear in more articles on wikipedia kinyarwanda. I support Derrick because he is able, smart and  always courgeous. [[Umukoresha:Giseletuy|Giseletuy]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Giseletuy|talk]])
*'''support''' we are very kindly appreciating for having Wikipedia in Kinyarwanda language because it help our community for being served with many article in Kinyarwanda and it increase Wikipedia users. that is why we are asking for support of having system Administrator who knows Kinyarwanda for collecting some mistakes found in same articles on Kinyarwanda Wikipedia. And i Believe that Derrick will serve it professionally. thank you[[Umukoresha:Nishimirwe|Nishimirwe]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Nishimirwe|talk]]) 
*'''support'''There are so many Mistakes in Kinyarwanda Articles. We hope you can understand us on this inquiry due to language barriers.[[Umukoresha:Rosine Igirimpuhwe|Rosine Igirimpuhwe]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Rosine Igirimpuhwe|talk]])
*'''support'''Here we need your contribution to correct some mistakes made in the kinyarwanda articles. In this regard we wish to have admin who will be responsible to correct that mistakes[[Umukoresha:Endikuemmy|Endikuemmy]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Endikuemmy|talk]])
*'''support''' the best thing which can happen to Kinyarwanda Users or rw.Wikipedia.org consumers is having an admin who can correct and verify the articles regularly before it reaches in article space. Derrick is a Rwandan, he loves sharing free knowledge, he understand the target of movement than any other volunteer I know so he is a perfect choice.[[Umukoresha:MrTallBoy|MrTallBoy]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MrTallBoy|talk]]) 22:30, 18 Gicurasi 2022 (UTC)
*'''support''' ,Ningombwa kandi birakwiye ko Wikipedia yacu igira umuyobozi wunvaneza urururimi rwacu for that reason  I believe that Derrick Ndahiro  deserves that privilege to Admin Kinyarwanda Wikipedia together we can make difference and help to correct some mistakes on rw.wikipedia.org.~*'''support''' [[Umukoresha:Germain92|Germain92]]. community user group Rwanda --[[Umukoresha:Germain92|Germain92]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Germain92|talk]]) 09:15, 21 Gicurasi 2022 (UTC)
*'''support''' Wikimedia Rwanda needs a Kinyarwanda language administrator, I support Ndahiro Derrick for being an administrator who understands those responsibilities. .[[Umukoresha:Nkurudeo|Nkurudeo]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Nkurudeo|talk]])

*'''support''' Having an admin from Rwanda who well understand Kinyarwanda (all vocabulary, ...) to rw.Wikipedia.org it is really a big pleasure, I wish to Support Ndahiro Derrick, he is a Rwanda, speaks well Kinyarwanda and I know that he has the full capacity to take Kinyarwanda's admin  responsibilities because he has a lot of vocabulary, hardiworking one, best editor, ..., I am sure that supporting him  is the greatest thing I can't regreat. [[Umukoresha:Cnyirahabihirwe123|Cnyirahabihirwe123]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Cnyirahabihirwe123|talk]]) 14:05, 21 Gicurasi 2022 (UTC)

*'''support''' I support the idea of having WP Kinyarwanda admins to improve the quality of articles and [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] has been doing a good job, thus giving him admin rights would be a great steps for the Kinyarwanda speaking community. [[Umukoresha:Mrbobax|Mrbobax]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Mrbobax|talk]]) 11:12, 2 Kamena 2022 (UTC)

*'''support''' Wikipediya yikinyarwanda ikeneye Umucungarubuga kugirango hanozwe imikorere yayo mu buryo buhwitse. Ndagushyigikiye [[Umukoresha:Adygrafix250|Adygrafix250]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Adygrafix250|talk]]) 09:25, 29 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

* '''Support''' I strongly support Ndahiro Derrick for adminship on Kinyarwanda Wikipedia. He has consistently demonstrated commitment to growing our community and improving the quality of content on the platform. Derrick is active, collaborative, and responsive to community needs, always encouraging new contributors and helping them understand Wikipedia policies. His technical skills, combined with his passion for free knowledge in Kinyarwanda, make him well-suited for administrative responsibilities. I am confident that he will use the admin tools with fairness, transparency, and in the best interest of our community. --[[Umukoresha:TheJackNation|TheJackNation]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:TheJackNation|talk]]) 10:16, 29 Kanama 2025 (UTC)
*:Nahyigikuye ko Ndahiro agirwa umucungarubuga mu Rwanda kuberako arabishoboye, afite umutima, ubushake n’umuhati. [[Umukoresha:Jeanpaul.yeswecan|Jeanpaul.yeswecan]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Jeanpaul.yeswecan|talk]]) 11:26, 31 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

==== (-) Oppose ==== 


==== (0) Neutral ====

== Gusaba kugirwa Umucungarubuga ==

Muraho[[User:Minorax]] na[[User:Kmoksy]]:
Nifuzaga kugirwa umucungarubuga kuri wikipediya y'ikinyarwanda. Ikinyarwanda ni ururimi rwanjye kavukire ,kandi nkivuga ndetse nkanacyandika neza. Nsobanukiwe amategeko agenga urubuga rwa wikipediya,bityo mpawe uburenganzira bwo kuba umucungarubuga ,byatuma imikoreshereze ya wikipediya y'ikinyarwanda irushaho kuba mwiza ndetse n'inyandindiko zandikwaho zikagira ireme birushijeho.

Manze kwandika inyandiko zirenga 2000 kuei wikipediya y'icyongereza ndetse n'ikinyarwanda,kandi nanahuguye abandi barenga 40 uko bikorwa ndetse bamwe muri bo ubu ni abakoresha bahoraho ba wikipediya mu ndimi zitandukanye.

Nimpabwa uburenganzira bwo kuba umucungarubuga zakora byinshi bitandukanye harimo: kurinda inyandiko zisanzwe zanditse kuri urubuga,inshya zizandikwaho ndetse no guhugura abanditsi bashya hagamijwe kwirinda kwica amahamwe agenda wikipediya ndetse no gukemura kutumvikana bishobora kuba hagati y'abanditsi uko ari kwose kandi zafatanya n'abandi muri ibi bikorwa.

Kuri ubu, ntago gucunga uru rubuga bikorwa mu buryo buhoraho, bityo hari amahame agenga urubuga rwa wikipediya adakurizwa rimwe na rimwe bityo ugansaga ,urubugu ruriho inyandiko zifite imwandikire itariyo cyangwa hari n'inyandiko zitujuje amabwiriza y'imwandikire yemewe mu rurimi rw'ikinyarwanda. 

Ndizerako ubusabawe buzasubizwa,MURAKOZE. [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]])

== Common.css/.js ==

Greats, I asking in hope common.css and common.js could be added to MediyaWiki for use of Infobox, Navbox and other useful tools (such as use of flatlist, etc....).

The main two I think are need added are [[MediyaWiki:Common.css]], [[MediyaWiki:Common.js]]. It seems common.css was deleted in 2007, and common.js was never added. Both can be found on en or sw wikis. (en.WP links [[en:MediaWiki:Common.css]], [[en:MediaWiki:Common.js]]). Or Swahili if you prefer, or as reference, can be found on Sw.WP MediaWiki: [https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:KurasaZote?from=&amp;to=&amp;namespace=8][Https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:KurasaZote?from=&amp;to=&amp;namespace=8 https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maalum:KurasaZote?from=&amp;to=&amp;namespace=8]. Thank you. [[Umukoresha:BevoLJ|BevoLJ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:BevoLJ|talk]]) 04:34, 21 Gicurasi 2022 (UTC)

:well noted , i will look into it shortly,Thanks a lot [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 11:29, 4 Kamena 2022 (UTC)

== Gusaba kuba umucungarubuga kuri wikipediya y'ikinyarwanda  ==

As a native Kinyarwanda speaker with over 2,000 edits across English and Kinyarwanda Wikipedia and experience training 100+ active contributors, I seek administrator rights to enhance rw.wikipedia.org. With admin tools, I will clear backlogs, protect pages, resolve disputes, maintain content, create project pages, and support new editors. The current lack of active admins has led to policy violations and neglect. My role as an admin would ensure better maintenance, policy compliance, and growth of quality Kinyarwanda content, significantly benefiting kinyarwanda contributing community. [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 09:41, 28 Kanama 2025 (UTC)


==== (+) Support ====
*'''support''' Dushyigikiye ko Ndahiro Derreck aba admin wa Wikipedia y'ikinyarwanda kugirango abashe gufasha abatanga umusanzu wabo ku bibazo bagenda bahura nabyo. Nk'umunyamuryango wa Wikipedia ndasaba ko byakorwa vuba kugirango inyandiko zibashe gucungwa neza.
Murakoz


*'''support''' Njyewe nkumunyaryango wa Wikipedia nshyikiyeko  Derrick ndahiro yaba admin kurivwikipedia y'ikinyarwanda kubera ubushobozi nubushake afite ndahamya neza ko azabishobora 
:[[Umukoresha:Philemon Niyomwungeli|Philemon Niyomwungeli]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Philemon Niyomwungeli|talk]]) 07:49, 29 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

*'''support''' Njyewe Umukorerabushake wa Wikipedia nshyikiyeko Derrick ndahiro yaba admin kurivwikipedia y'ikinyarwanda kuberako ni umuyobozi ugira umwete kandi uteza imbere communotte yacu muri rusange rero kubera ibyo yaba aruwuje gutuma wikimedia yikinyarwanda rwose igira umusaruro mwinshii :[[Umukoresha:Rosine Igirimpuhwe|Rosine Igirimpuhwe]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Rosine Igirimpuhwe|talk]]) 09:20, 29 Kanama 2025 

*'''support''' Njyewe nkumunyamuryango wa Wikipedia nshigikiye ko Ndahiro Derrick yaba umuyobozi wa Wikipedia y’Ikinyarwanda kubera hari ibibazo duhura nabyo yafasha mugukosora ndetse Namakosa usanga agaragara kubayikoresha yakosora kuko tubona afite ubushobozi bwo kubikora kandi byarushaho guteza imbere Wikipedia y’Ikinyarwanda: [[Umukoresha:Camilopiz|Camilopiz]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Camilopiz|talk]]) 10:01, 29 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

*'''support''':Njyewe Mutijima Germain nshyigikiye ko Ndahiro Derrick aba Admin wa Wikipedia y Ikinyarwanda kuko ni umwe mubagize uruhare rukomeye mu iterambere ryayo mu Rwanda 🇷🇼  [[Umukoresha:Germain92|Germain92]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Germain92|talk]]) 10:40, 29 Kanama 2025 (UTC)
*'''support'''Njyewe Roger Irakoze umukorerabushake wa Wikimedia Rwanda,nshyigikiye ko Ndahiro Derrick aba admin kuri Wikipedia y' ikinyarwanda kuko hakenewe kuyiteza imbere no no kugenzura ireme ry' ibyandikwaho[[Umukoresha:Rogerirakoze|Rogerirakoze]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Rogerirakoze|talk]]) 11:05, 29 Kanama 2025 (UTC)
*'''support'''Njyewe Roger Irakoze umukorerabushake wa Wikimedia Rwanda,nshyigikiye ko Ndahiro Derrick aba admin kuri Wikipedia y' ikinyarwanda kuko hakenewe kuyiteza imbere no kugenzura ireme ry' ibyandikwaho.Murakoze[[Umukoresha:Rogerirakoze|Rogerirakoze]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Rogerirakoze|talk]]) 11:12, 29 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

*'''support''' As a volunteer of Wikipedia, I strongly support the addition of an admin with the leadership qualities demonstrated by Derrick Ndahiro. These include integrity, dedication, and the ability to inspire others to contribute meaningfully to Kinyarwanda Wikipedia. Such qualities set a strong example of commitment and excellence, fostering a spirit of teamwork among volunteers. With this kind of dedication, the Kinyarwanda Wikimedia community can continue to grow, achieve greater impact, and reach even more people [[Umukoresha:Alice.Mukesh|Alice.Mukesh]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Alice.Mukesh|talk]]) 11:26, 29 Kanama 2025 (UTC)
*'''Support''' I am Peace Batuma, a member of wikimedia user group Rwanda. I support Derrick Ndahiro as the admin of the Rwandan wikipedia so that he can help us to correct the mistakes we make when we contribute to wikipedia and he is capable. Thank you [[Umukoresha:Peace Batuma|Peace Batuma]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Peace Batuma|talk]]) 12:20, 29 Kanama 2025 (UTC)
*'''support''' Njyewe umukorerabushake wa Wikimedia users group Rwanda, nshyigikiye ko Ndahiro Derrick @[[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|Ndahiro derrick]] aba admin wa page ya Wikipedia y’ikinyarwanda. N’umuyobozi ndetse n’umwanditsi ushoboye, ugira umwete mu kwigisha abandi ndetse no guharanira ko kinyarwanda page itera imbere ikamenywa na Bose ndetse ikagira n’amakuru ahagije.@[[Umukoresha:Ange Dusabe|Ange Dusabe]]. [[Umukoresha:Ange Dusabe|Ange Dusabe]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ange Dusabe|talk]]) 09:52, 29 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

*'''support''' Nshyigikiye ubusabe bwa NDAHIRO Derick Nka Admim wa Wikpedia y'ikinyarwanda  [[Umukoresha:Irafasha Jean de Dieu|Irafasha Jean de Dieu]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Irafasha Jean de Dieu|talk]]) 10:31, 29 Kanama 2025 (UT

*'''support'''nshyigikiye ko Ndahiro Derrick aba admin kuri Wikipedia y' ikinyarwanda kuko hakenewe kuyiteza imbere no no kugenzura ireme ry' ibyandikwaho.Murakoze[[Umukoresha:Annick green|Annick green]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Annick green|talk]]) 10:38, 29 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

*'''support''' nkajye nkumunyamuryango wa wikipedia nshyigikiye ko ndahiro derrick aba umuyobozi wa wikipedia y'ikinyarwanda kuberako abifitiye ubushacye ndetse nubushobozi[[Umukoresha:Miami B|Miami B]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Miami B|talk]]) 11:03, 29 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

*'''support''' Njyewe Roger Irakoze umukorerabushake wa Wikimedia Rwanda,nshyigikiye ko Ndahiro Derrick aba admin kuri Wikipedia y' ikinyarwanda kuko hakenewe kuyiteza imbere no no kugenzura ireme ry ibyandikwaho. [[Umukoresha:Rogerirakoze|Rogerirakoze]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Rogerirakoze|talk]]) 10:51, 29 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

*'''support''' Here voting for Derrick Ndahiro on an Admin support post to correct mistakes made in the Kinyarwanda language Wikipedia, Mr Derrick has dynamic skills in editing and writing articles in Kinyarwanda and English. Actually, as a member of the Wikimedia user group Rwanda (OSK-Rwanda), I truly vote for him in this critical role. I hope he will fulfill the responsibilities well --[[Umukoresha:Endikuemmy|Endikuemmy]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Endikuemmy|talk]]) 11:19, 29 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

*'''support''' Moi Celestin KANUMA entant que membre utilisateur de Wikimedia Rwanda, je soutiens avec toute conviction que Mr Derrick NDAHIRO sois l'administrareur et aie le pouvoir de mener, gérer, corriger et modifier les écritures en Kinyarwanda, car il est dynamique, courageux et capable de le faire. 
[[Umukoresha:Celestin KANUMA|Celestin KANUMA]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Celestin KANUMA|talk]]) 13:27, 29 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

*'''support''' i support derrick to be the admin of Wikipedia for kinyarwanda. [[Umukoresha:Valens Muvunyi|Valens Muvunyi]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Valens Muvunyi|talk]]) 16:27, 30 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' Nabishima cyane derrick Ndahiro abaye umuyobozi wa wikipedia y'ikinyarwanda kuko abifitiye ubushobozi kandi biracyenewe. [[Umukoresha:Alain N Simplice|Alain N Simplice]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Alain N Simplice|talk]]) 16:49, 30 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support''' Je souhaite apporter mon soutien à la nomination de Derric Ndahiro au poste d'administrateur de Wikipédia en kinyarwanda. Il sera chargé de corriger et de contrôler toutes les activités de cette plateforme. Cordialement, Eugénie de Wikimedia Rwanda. [[Umukoresha:IGANZE|IGANZE]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:IGANZE|talk]]) 20:59, 30 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

* '''I strongly support''' and  recommend [[user:Ndahiro derrick]] to become an administrator  on Kinyarwanda Wikipedia. Derrick has consistently demonstrated dedication to the Wikimedia Movement, with active contributions (rw/en. wikipedia) that reflect both quality and reliability. He has shown strong commitment and knowledge of Wikipedia’s policies and guidelines, and he applies them fairly to improve content and foster collaboration. Beyond editing, Derrick is a good leader and He has strong communication skills and the ability to collaborate effectively with others, which makes him well suited to take on responsibilities as an administrator. In additional, he is a person who engaged in community discussions with maturity and respect, helping to resolve conflicts and support newer editors in learning best practices. His sense of responsibility, technical skills, and commitment to knowledge equity make him well suited to take on the additional tools and responsibilities of an administrator. I am confident that he will use this role to strengthen the growth of Kinyarwanda Wikipedia and to continue serving the community with integrity and openness.[[Umukoresha:Cnyirahabihirwe12345|Cnyirahabihirwe12345]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Cnyirahabihirwe12345|talk]]) 08:43, 31 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

*'''Support'''  I'm Alexia Rubuga,A Volunteer of Wikipedia and a Member of wikimedia user group Rwanda. I really want to  support Ndahiro Derrick for the position of admin on Kinyarwanda Wikipedia because he has the required skills and it is evident that there is a need for someone to help correct mistakes written on the platform. I believe he can do this very well. He is also a wise and responsible leader, which makes him a suitable candidate for this role. Thank you.[[Umukoresha:Alexa-Nicky|Alexa-Nicky]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Alexa-Nicky|talk]]) 12:45, 31 Kanama 2025 (UTC)  

*'''Support''' I,Rebecca Jeannette Nyinawumuntu, serving as Community Engagement Responsible with the Wikimedia User Group Rwanda (OSK-Rwanda), would like to strongly support the nomination of Mr. Derrick Ndahiro for the Admin support role on Kinyarwanda Wikipedia. Derrick has demonstrated dynamic skills in editing and writing articles both in Kinyarwanda and English, and his consistent contributions show his deep commitment to improving the quality of our projects. I am confident that his experience, attention to detail, and sense of responsibility will be invaluable in addressing mistakes and maintaining high standards on the Kinyarwanda Wikipedia. For these reasons, I fully endorse him for this important role. --[[Umukoresha:RebeccaRwanda|RebeccaRwanda]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:RebeccaRwanda|talk]]) 18:18, 31 Kanama 2025 (UTC)

  [[Umukoresha:Alexa-Nicky|Alexa-Nicky]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Alexa-Nicky|talk]]) 12:45, 31 Kanama 2025 (UTC)  

Dushyigikiye ko Ndahiro Derreck aba admin wa Wikipedia y'ikinyarwanda kugirango abashe gufasha abatanga umusanzu wabo ku bibazo bagenda bahura nabyo. Nk'umunyamuryango wa Wikipedia ndasaba ko byakorwa vuba kugirango inyandiko zibashe gucungwa neza.
Murakozeee.


Support Ngewe Barayata Jean Claude ( umutaramyi) ndasaba ko Ndahiro Derreck yagirwa umuyobozi ( Admin) wa wikipedia y'ikinyarwanda kugira ngo abashe gukurikirana no gufasha abanyamuryango bose bakoresha uru rubuga.Turasaba ubuyobozi kumugirira icyizere.

Jean Claude Barayata
12:59, 31 Kanama 2025 (UTC)[[Umukoresha:Umutaramyi|Umutaramyi]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Umutaramyi|talk]])

==== Neutral ====

== BUJYAKERA Jean Paul ==

BUJYAKERA Jean Paul [[Umukoresha:Gatoya jean|Gatoya jean]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Gatoya jean|talk]]) 09:18, 9 Nzeri 2025 (UTC)

== Edit Wikidata Items on mobile devices ==
''(Apologies for typing in English)''

Did you know that you can edit any Wikidata statement directly from your mobile device, just like on desktop?

Since October 2026 all datatypes are now supported for mobile editing. This feature is automatically available to all users.

Visit any Item on your mobile and try it out. If you run into issues or have feedback, share it on the project talk page: [[d:Wikidata talk:Usability and usefulness/Item editing experience/Mobile editing of statements|Mobile editing of statements]].

Happy editing on mobile.
-[[Umukoresha:Zita Zage (WMDE)|Zita Zage (WMDE)]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Zita Zage (WMDE)|talk]]) 11:51, 23 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks dear Zita, [[Umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|ɴᴅᴀʜɪʀᴏ ᴅᴇʀʀɪᴄᴋ ]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:Ndahiro derrick|talk]]) 13:08, 31 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>mt1sa7byg4rlos6nshp0cbm5nxoej3v</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Intangiriro</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>9002</id>
    <revision>
      <id>148375</id>
      <parentid>144113</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-31T13:05:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ndahiro derrick</username>
        <id>8075</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>corrected grammar</comment>
      <origin>148375</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38327" sha1="i3x1bbjvyre2s0etq13i2fhdj9x62z4" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
&lt;!-- ==== IKAZE (HERO) ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;overflow:hidden;border-radius:16px;padding:28px 24px 22px;color:#fff;background:linear-gradient(135deg,#0b5f8f 0%,#00A1DE 45%,#20603D 100%);box-shadow:0 4px 14px rgba(0,0,0,0.15)&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:1.05em;opacity:0.95&quot;&gt;Murakaza neza kuri&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-family:Georgia,'Linux Libertine','Times New Roman',serif;font-size:2.6em;line-height:1.15;font-weight:700;margin:4px 0&quot;&gt;Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:1.08em;max-width:46em&quot;&gt;Inkoranyabumenyi yubakwa n'abayikoresha, mu rurimi rwacu. Buri wese ashobora kuyisoma no kuyandikaho ku buntu.&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:14px;padding:8px 16px;border-radius:10px;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.22);font-size:1.05em&quot;&gt;Ubu ifite ingingo '''[[Special:Statistics|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}&lt;/span&gt;]]''' zanditswe mu Kinyarwanda&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:14px&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:Random|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🎲 Ingingo zidasanzwe&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:NewPages|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🆕 Ingingo nshya&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:Categories|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;🗂️ Ibyiciro&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:4px 3px;padding:5px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:rgba(255,255,255,0.18);border:1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.45)&quot;&gt;[[Special:CreateAccount|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#fff&quot;&gt;✍️ Fungura konti&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute;right:-30px;top:-30px;width:150px;height:150px;border-radius:50%;background:radial-gradient(circle,#FAD201 0%,rgba(250,210,1,0.55) 45%,rgba(250,210,1,0) 70%)&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;height:6px;border-radius:3px;margin-top:6px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#00A1DE 0%,#00A1DE {{#expr:(5+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#FAD201 {{#expr:(12+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#FAD201 {{#expr:(17+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#20603D {{#expr:(22+({{#time:N|||1}}-1)*70/6) round 0}}%,#20603D 100%)&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== IMBUGA (PORTAILS) ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-brush-pencil.svg|48px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu|alt=Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu|Ubugeni n'Ubumenyamuntu]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubuhanzi, amateka, indimi&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-genius.svg|48px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubumenyi|alt=Ubumenyi]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubumenyi|Ubumenyi]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubumenyi bwimbitse n’ibintu karemano&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-news.svg|48px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Umuryango w'abantu|alt=Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Umuryango w'abantu|Umuryango w'abantu]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Politiki, ubukungu, idini&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Circle-icons-gear.svg|48px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ikoranabuhanga|alt=Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ikoranabuhanga|Ikoranabuhanga]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Mudasobwa, ubwubatsi, inganda&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 115px;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center;padding:12px 6px;border-radius:12px;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3)&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Noto Emoji Oreo 1f3c0.svg|48px|link=Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro|alt=Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;div style=&quot;font-weight:700;margin-top:6px&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Irembo/Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro|Ubuzima n'imyidagaduro]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.85em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Siporo, ibiryo, umuziki&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO Y'ICYUMWERU + ISHUSHO ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:2 1 440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;display:flex;flex-direction:column;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #00A1DE;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;div&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#00A1DE&quot;&gt;📖 Ingingo yatoranyijwe&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;!-- Ingingo zihinduka buri masaha 12 (ibiyaga by'u Rwanda byongewemo) --&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: floor({{#time:U}} / 43200) mod 27 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki ya Nyungwe]]
'''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Pariki y'Igihugu ya Nyungwe]]''' (izwi kandi nka Ishyamba rya Nyungwe) ni pariki iherereye mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka w'u Burundi, aho ikomereza muri Pariki ya Kibira. Ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019, ikaba ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, kandi ni rimwe mu mashyamba y'imvura ya kera kurusha ayandi muri Afurika. Kuva muri Nzeri 2023, iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:View of burera lake.jpg|right|180x140px|link=Ikiyaga cya Burera]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Burera]]''' ni ikiyaga cyo mu majyaruguru y’u [[Rwanda]]. Kiri mu [[Akarere ka Burera]], hafi y’umupaka n’[[Ubugande]]. Ikiyaga cya Burera kiri hejuru y’[[Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo]]. Ibyo biyaga byombi byitwa ibiyaga by’impanga.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Burera|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|right|180x140px|link=Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ni kimwe mu biyaga bigari bya Afurika. Giherereye ku mupaka uhuza [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], muri Albertine Rift, ishami ry'iburengerazuba rya Rift ya Afurika. Amazi yacyo asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, rutemba rugana mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika. Uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku kiyaga ni Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Lake Ruhondo exotic view 01.jpg|right|180x140px|link=Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo]]''' ni ikiyaga cyo mu majyaruguru y'u [[Rwanda]]. Kiri mu [[Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda|Ntara y'Amajyaruguru]], hafi y'umujyi wa Musanze. Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo n'[[Ikiyaga cya Burera]] byitwa «ibiyaga by'impanga».
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|right|180px|link=Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
'''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y'Igihugu y'Ibirunga]]''' ni pariki iherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]], ku mupaka wa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] n'Ubugande. Irinda igice cy'u Rwanda cy'urunigi rw'ibirunga rwa Virunga, harimo ibirunga bitanu birimo [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]] na Sabyinyo. Izwi cyane ku isi kubera [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|ingagi zo mu birunga]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Lake Ihema.jpg|right|180x140px|link=Ikiyaga cy'Ihema]]
'''Ikiyaga cy'Ihema''' ni ikiyaga cyo mu burasirazuba bw'u [[Rwanda]]. Kiri mu [[Akarere ka Kayonza]], mu majyepfo ya [[Pariki y'Akagera]]. Inkombe yacyo y'iburasirazuba ni umupaka w'u Rwanda na [[Tanzaniya]]. Ikiyaga cy'Ihema ni cyo kiyaga kinini muri Pariki y'Akagera.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cy'Ihema|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Flag of Rwanda.svg|right|180px|link=Ikinyarwanda]]
'''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' ni ururimi gakondo rw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ijambo « ikinyarwanda » rishobora kandi gusobanura umuco n'imico ikomoka mu Rwanda. Kivugwa mu Rwanda no mu nkengero zarwo, cyane cyane mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] no mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'Ubugande. Gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:ISS006-E-24705 - View of Rwanda (cropped).jpg|right|180x140px|link=Ikiyaga cya Mugesera]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Mugesera]]''' ni ikiyaga cyo mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba]] y'u [[Rwanda]]. Kiri mu [[Akarere ka Ngoma]], mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba bwa [[Kigali]]. Gihana imbibi kandi n'[[Akarere ka Rwamagana]]. Ikiyaga cya Mugesera gifite ubuso bwa km² 39.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Mugesera|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 8 = [[Dosiye:Traditional food from Rwanda.jpg|right|180px|link=Umuganura]]
'''[[Umuganura]]''' ni umuhango nyarwanda wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama, aho Abanyarwanda bizihiza ibyo bagezeho mu buhinzi, mu bworozi no mu burumbuke. Gukomera kuri uyu muhango ni ugusigasira umurage w'u Rwanda, kuko umuganura ukubiyemo indangagaciro zirimo kwishimira umusaruro, gukunda umurimo n'igihugu.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Umuganura|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 9 = [[Dosiye:ISS006-E-24705 - View of Rwanda (cropped Lake Sake).jpg|right|180x140px|link=Ikiyaga cya Sake]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Sake]]''' ni ikiyaga cyo mu [[Rwanda]]. Giherereye mu [[Akarere ka Ngoma]], mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba]]. Iki kiyaga gihana imbibi n'imirenge itatu: Sake, Jarama na Rukumberi. Ni ikiyaga gito kandi kidafite ubujyakuzimu burebure.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Sake|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 10 = [[Dosiye:Honeybee landing on milkthistle02.jpg|right|180px|link=Uruyuki]]
'''[[Uruyuki]]''' (ubuke: inzuki; mu kilatini: ''Apis'') ni agasimba k'inigwahabiri kadafite amagufwa, gafite umubiri ugizwe n'ibice bitatu: umutwe, igituza n'inda. Ku mutwe hariho uduhembe tubiri tuzifasha kumenya ibizikikije n'amaso manini abiri. Mu muzinga umwe hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Uruyuki|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 11 = [[Dosiye:Lakes of Burundi.jpg|right|180x140px|link=Ikiyaga cya Rweru]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Rweru]]''' ni ikiyaga gihuriweho n'u [[Rwanda]] n'[[Uburundi|u Burundi]]. Kiri ku mupaka w'ibihugu byombi, muri [[Afurika]] yo hagati. Igice kinini cy'ikiyaga kiri mu Burundi. Amazi y'ikiyaga si maremare. Ikiyaga cya Rweru kiri mu biyaga byo mu kibaya cy'[[Umugezi wa Kagera|Akagera]] yo haruguru.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Rweru|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 12 = [[Dosiye:Muhazi Lake.jpg|right|180x140px|link=Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ni ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Igice kinini cyacyo kiri mu Ntara y'Iburasirazuba, naho impera yacyo y'iburengerazuba igakora umupaka hagati y'Intara y'Amajyaruguru na [[Kigali]]. Ni ikibaya cyuzuyemo amazi kiryamye kuva iburasirazuba ugana iburengerazuba.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 13 = [[Dosiye:ISS012-E-17845 - View of Rwanda (cropped Lakes Nasho Cyambwe Mpanga).jpg|right|180x140px|link=Ikiyaga cya Nasho]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Nasho]]''' ni ikiyaga cyo mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Giherereye mu [[Umurenge wa Ndego|Murenge wa Ndego]], mu [[Akarere ka Kayonza]], mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Ntara y'Iburasirazuba]]. Ikiyaga cya Nasho gifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 13,7.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Nasho|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 14 = [[Dosiye:Maasai boys in hunting gear.jpg|right|180px|link=Abamasayi]]
'''[[Abamasayi]]''' ni ubwoko bw'abantu batuye mu majyaruguru, hagati no mu majyepfo ya Kenya, no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya. Bari mu baturage bazwi cyane ku rwego mpuzamahanga, bitewe n'aho batuye hafi ya pariki nyinshi zo mu karere k'Ibiyaga Bigari bya Afurika, n'imigenzo yabo, imyambarire n'imitako byabo bwite.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Abamasayi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 15 = [[Dosiye:Lac Cohoha (redressé et recadré).jpg|right|180x140px|link=Ikiyaga cya Cohoha]]
'''Ikiyaga cya Cyohoha y'Amajyepfo''' (mu Burundi: Cohoha) ni ikiyaga gihuriweho n'u [[Rwanda]] n'[[Uburundi|u Burundi]]. Kiri ku mupaka uhuza amajyepfo y'u Rwanda n'amajyaruguru y'u Burundi, mu gace ka Bugesera. Ikiyaga kigenda kigabanuka.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Cohoha|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 16 = [[Dosiye:ISS012-E-17842 - View of Burundi (cropped Lake Cyohoha North).jpg|right|180x140px|link=Ikiyaga cya Cyohoha y'amajyaruguru]]
'''Ikiyaga cya Cyohoha y'amajyaruguru''' ni ikiyaga cyo mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba]] y'u [[Rwanda]]. Kiri mu [[Akarere ka Bugesera]]. Kiri mu majyaruguru y'[[Ikiyaga cya Cohoha|Ikiyaga cya Cyohoha y'amajyepfo]]. Ikiyaga cya Cyohoha y'amajyaruguru cyakamye hafi ya cyose mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2000.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Cyohoha y'amajyaruguru|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 17 = [[Dosiye:The Mihindi Lake - Flickr - askmeaks.jpg|right|180x140px|link=Ikiyaga cya Mihindi]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Mihindi]]''' ni ikiyaga cyo mu burasirazuba bw'u [[Rwanda]]. Kiri muri [[Pariki y'Akagera|Pariki y'Igihugu y'Akagera]], mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Ntara y'Iburasirazuba]]. Kiri hafi y'umupaka wa [[Tanzaniya]]. Ikiyaga cya Mihindi gifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 10,9.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Mihindi|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 18 = '''[[Ikiyaga cya Rwanyakazinga]]''' ni ikiyaga cyo mu [[Rwanda]]. Kiri muri [[Pariki y'Akagera|Pariki y'Igihugu y'Akagera]], mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Ntara y'Iburasirazuba]]. Ni ikiyaga cya kabiri kinini muri pariki, nyuma y'Ikiyaga cya Ihema.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Rwanyakazinga|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 19 = '''[[Ikiyaga cya Nyirakigugu]]''' ni ikiyaga gito cyo mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]] y'u [[Rwanda]]. Kiri mu Murenge wa Jenda, mu [[Akarere ka Nyabihu]]. Kiri hafi y'umuhanda wa kaburimbo uva i [[Akarere ka Musanze|Musanze]] ujya i [[Akarere ka Rubavu|Rubavu]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Nyirakigugu|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 20 = '''[[Ikiyaga cya cyabayaga|Ikiyaga cya Cyabayaga]]''' ni ikiyaga gihangano cyo mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba]] y'u [[Rwanda]]. Kiri mu [[Akarere ka Nyagatare]]. Cyashyizweho mu mwaka wa 2004. Amazi y'Ikiyaga cya Cyabayaga yuhira [[Umuceli|umuceri]]. Ikiyaga kirororerwamo [[amafi]].
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya cyabayaga|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 21 = '''[[Ikiyaga cya Cyambwe]]''' ni ikiyaga cyo mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Giherereye mu [[Akarere ka Kirehe]], mu Murenge wa Nasho. Ikiyaga cya Cyambwe kiri hafi y'[[Ikiyaga cya Nasho]]. Kibamo amafi, imvubu n'ingona. Amazi yacyo akoreshwa mu kuhira imyaka.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Cyambwe|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 22 = [[Dosiye:Bisoke Crater View.jpg|right|180x140px|link=Ikiyaga cya Bisoke]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Bisoke]]''' ni ikiyaga kiri ku gasongero k'[[Ikirunga cya Bisoke]], mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Ni ikiyaga kiri mu mwobo w'ikirunga (''crater lake''). Ikiyaga cya Bisoke ni hamwe mu hantu nyaburanga mu Rwanda. Ba mukerarugendo benshi barakizamuka kugira ngo bakirebe.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Bisoke|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 23 = [[Dosiye:ISS006-E-24705 - View of Rwanda (cropped Lake Birira).jpg|right|180x140px|link=Ikiyaga cya Birira]]
'''[[Ikiyaga cya Birira]]''' ni ikiyaga cyo mu [[Rwanda]]. Giherereye mu [[Akarere ka Ngoma]], mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba]]. Ikiyaga cya Birira kiri mu biyaga byo mu kibaya cy'[[Umugezi wa Kagera|Akagera]] yo haruguru.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Birira|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 24 = '''[[Ikiyaga cya Hago]]''' ni ikiyaga cyo mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Kiri muri [[Pariki y'Akagera]], mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Ntara y'Iburasirazuba]]. Ikiyaga cya Hago gifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 16,1. Ubujyakuzimu bwacyo ntiburenga metero 5,8.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Hago|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 25 = '''[[Ikiyaga cya Karago]]''' ni ikiyaga gito cyo mu [[Rwanda]]. Giherereye mu [[Akarere ka Nyabihu]], mu [[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]]. Ikiyaga cya Karago kiri ku butumburuke burenga m 2 300. Mu mwaka wa 2022, bashyizemo amagi y'amafi kugira ngo umusaruro wiyongere.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Karago|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 26 = '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivumba]]''' ni ikiyaga cyo mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]. Kiri muri [[Pariki y'Akagera]]. Ikiyaga cya Kivumba kiri mu biyaga byo mu kibaya cyo hasi cy'[[Umugezi wa Akagera|umugezi w'Akagera]]. Ntikigira ubujyakuzimu bunini.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivumba|Soma byinshi →]]&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.9em;font-weight:700;color:#20603D;margin-bottom:0.4em&quot;&gt;🌺 Ibimera n'indabo byo mu Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- Ibindi bimera: byuzuza umwanya usigaye iruhande rw'ishusho; ibitagiramo umwanya birahishwa --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 0;min-height:0;display:flex;flex-direction:column;flex-wrap:wrap;align-content:flex-start;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo|1}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo|2}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo|3}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box;overflow:hidden;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ingingo|4}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 260px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #C99A00;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#C99A00&quot;&gt;📷 Ishusho y'icyumweru&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;overflow:hidden&quot;&gt;
{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 8 }}
| 0 = [[Dosiye:NYUNGWE CLOUDS.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ibicu hejuru y'ishyamba rya Nyungwe]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ibicu hejuru y'ishyamba rya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 1 = [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) female 2.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ingagi y'ingore yo mu birunga (Gorilla beringei beringei) — reba Ingagi zo mu birunga]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ingagi y'ingore yo mu birunga (''Gorilla beringei beringei'') — reba [[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 2 = [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Umuseke ku Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Umuseke ku [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 3 = [[Dosiye:Golden monkey (Cercopithecus kandti) eating.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Inkende y'izahabu (Cercopithecus kandti) irya]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Inkende y'izahabu (''Cercopithecus kandti'') irya&lt;/div&gt;
| 4 = [[Dosiye:Mountain Sabyinyo.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo muri Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ikirunga cya Sabyinyo muri [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 5 = [[Dosiye:Rough chameleon (Trioceros rudis).jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Uruvu (Trioceros rudis) rwo mu Rwanda]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Uruvu (''Trioceros rudis'') rwo mu Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
| 6 = [[Dosiye:Where tea meets primary rainforest in Nyungwe.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Aho imirima y'icyayi ihurira n'ishyamba rya Nyungwe]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Aho imirima y'icyayi ihurira n'ishyamba rya [[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]&lt;/div&gt;
| 7 = [[Dosiye:Mountain gorilla (Gorilla beringei beringei) yawn.jpg|center|frameless|upright=1.6|alt=Ingagi yo mu birunga yasamye]]
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;font-size:0.95em;margin-top:0.5em&quot;&gt;Ingagi yo mu birunga yasamye&lt;/div&gt;
}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);margin-top:1em;padding-top:0.9em&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:0.9em;font-weight:700;color:#20603D;margin-bottom:0.4em;text-align:center&quot;&gt;🌺 Ibimera n'indabo byo mu Rwanda&lt;/div&gt;
{{Intangiriro/Ibimera|ishusho}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== WARI UZI KO + FASHA ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:16px;margin:16px 0&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 440px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #20603D;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#20603D&quot;&gt;💡 Wari uzi ko…&lt;/h2&gt;
{{#ifexpr: {{#expr: {{CURRENTWEEK}} mod 2 }} = 0
|
* … ko '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]''' ari ryo shyamba rinini risigaye mu Rwanda, rifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 019?
* … ko '''[[Umuganura]]''' wizihizwa ku wa Gatanu wa mbere w'ukwezi kwa Kanama?
* … ko '''[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]''' irinda ibirunga bitanu by'urunigi rwa Virunga?
* … ko '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' kivugwa no mu burasirazuba bwa [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]?
* … ko '''[[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]]''' ari cyo kirunga kirekire kurusha ibindi mu birunga bya Virunga, gifite metero 4 507?
* … ko '''[[Ikinyarwanda]]''' gifitanye isano ya hafi n'[[Ikirundi]]?
* … ko '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' kiri ku mupaka uhuza [[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]?
|
* … ko kuva muri Nzeri 2023 '''[[Pariki ya Nyungwe|Nyungwe]]''' iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO?
* … ko amazi y''''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' asohoka mu ruzi rwa Ruzizi, akajya mu kiyaga cya Tanganyika?
* … ko mu muzinga umwe w''''[[Uruyuki|inzuki]]''' hashobora kubamo ingabo zigera ku 1 500 zigaburirwa n'intazi?
* … ko '''[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]''' ziri mu bwoko bw'inyamaswa buri gucika cyane ku isi?
* … ko '''[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]''' ari ikiyaga kirekire giherereye mu burasirazuba bw'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]]?
* … ko '''[[Abamasayi]]''' batuye muri Kenya no mu majyaruguru ya Tanzaniya?
* … ko uturere tw'u Rwanda dukora ku '''[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]''' ari Rubavu, Rusizi, Ngororero, Karongi na Nyamasheke?
}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 320px;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #7A4BB0;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#7A4BB0&quot;&gt;🤝 Fasha Wikipediya&lt;/h2&gt;
Wikipediya mu Kinyarwanda ikeneye abanditsi! Ushobora gutangira uyu munsi:
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;[[Special:CreateAccount|Fungura konti]] ku buntu (si itegeko, ariko birafasha).&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kosora amakosa, wongere amakuru n'[[Ubufasha:Footnotes|inkomoko]] mu ngingo zisanzwe.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Hindura ingingo ziva mu zindi ndimi ukoresheje [[Special:ContentTranslation|igikoresho cyo guhindura]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;gap:10px;align-items:flex-start;margin:8px 0&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;flex:0 0 26px;height:26px;line-height:26px;text-align:center;border-radius:50%;background:#20603D;color:#fff;font-weight:700&quot;&gt;4&lt;/span&gt;&lt;div&gt;Kwitoza mbere: gerageza ku [[Wikipedia:About the sandbox|rupapuro rw'igerageza]].&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px;font-size:0.92em&quot;&gt;[[Wikipedia:Community Portal|Urubuga rw'abanditsi]] · [[Special:RecentChanges|Impinduka ziheruka]] · [[Special:WantedPages|Ingingo zikenewe]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO ZIKUNZWE ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #00A1DE;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#00A1DE&quot;&gt;⭐ Ingingo zasomye cyane&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;line-height:2.1&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Rwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imirenge y’u Rwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Burundi]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Nijeriya]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Afurika y’Epfo]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ingagi zo mu birunga]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikawa]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikinyarwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ikirundi]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imigani migufi y’Ikinyarwanda]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Fred Rwigema]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Imihindagurikire y’ibihe]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[SIDA]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Ubukirisitu]]&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin:2px 3px;padding:2px 12px;border-radius:999px;background:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-progressive--hover,#a3c4f5)&quot;&gt;[[Islamu]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== INGINGO ZIHERUTSE ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #3366CC;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06)&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#3366CC&quot;&gt;✨ Ingingo ziherutse &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;font-size:0.7em;font-weight:normal&quot;&gt;([{{fullurl:Intangiriro|action=purge}} &lt;span style=&quot;color:#C99700;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;⟳ Vugurura&lt;/span&gt;])&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/h2&gt;
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Inyandikorugero:Ingingo ziherutse/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;ingingo-ziherutse&quot; style=&quot;max-height:11em;overflow-y:auto;column-width:18em;column-gap:2em;column-rule:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);font-size:0.9em;line-height:1.5&quot;&gt;
{{Special:NewPages|limit=30|namespace=0|hideredirs=1}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:right;font-size:0.92em;margin-top:0.6em;font-weight:600&quot;&gt;[[Special:NewPages|Reba izindi ngingo ziherutse →]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== IMISHINGA YA WIKIMEDIA ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 100%;min-width:0;box-sizing:border-box;background:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#202122);border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle,#dadde3);border-top:4px solid #72777d;border-radius:12px;padding:0.4em 1.2em 1em;box-shadow:0 2px 6px rgba(0,0,0,0.06);margin-top:16px&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;font-family:sans-serif;font-size:1.25em;font-weight:700;border-bottom:none;margin:0.5em 0 0.6em;padding:0;color:#54595d&quot;&gt;🌐 Imishinga ifitanye isano na Wikipediya&lt;/h2&gt;
Wikipediya icungwa na [[Wikimedia Foundation|Fondasiyo ya Wikimediya]], umuryango udaharanira inyungu unacunga n'indi mishinga y'ubuntu:
&lt;div style=&quot;display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:4px 12px;margin-top:8px&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Commons-logo.svg|36px|link=commons:|alt=Commons]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[commons:|Commons]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amafoto n’amajwi by’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikidata-logo.svg|36px|link=d:|alt=Wikidata]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[d:|Wikidata]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ububiko bw’amakuru&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wiktionary-logo.svg|36px|link=wikt:|alt=Wiktionary]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[wikt:|Wiktionary]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Inkoranyamagambo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikiquote-logo.svg|36px|link=q:|alt=Wikiquote]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[q:|Wikiquote]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amagambo yavuzwe&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikibooks-logo.svg|36px|link=b:|alt=Wikibooks]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[b:|Wikibooks]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ibitabo by’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikisource-logo.svg|36px|link=s:|alt=Wikisource]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[s:|Wikisource]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Inyandiko z’umwimerere&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikispecies-logo.svg|36px|link=species:|alt=Wikispecies]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[species:|Wikispecies]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubwoko bw’ibinyabuzima&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikiversity logo 2017.svg|36px|link=v:|alt=Wikiversity]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[v:|Wikiversity]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Kwiga ku buntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg|36px|link=voy:|alt=Wikivoyage]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[voy:|Wikivoyage]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Ubuyobozi bw’ingendo&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikinews-logo.svg|36px|link=n:|alt=Wikinews]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[n:|Wikinews]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Amakuru y’ubuntu&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:Wikimedia Community Logo.svg|36px|link=m:|alt=Meta-Wiki]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[m:|Meta-Wiki]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Guhuza imishinga&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;flex:1 1 210px;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:10px;padding:6px 4px&quot;&gt;[[Dosiye:MediaWiki-2020-icon.svg|36px|link=mw:|alt=MediaWiki]]&lt;div&gt;'''[[mw:|MediaWiki]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:0.88em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;Porogaramu ya wiki&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;!-- ==== MU ZINDI NDIMI ==== --&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align:center;margin:18px 0 6px;font-size:0.95em;color:var(--color-subtle,#54595d)&quot;&gt;'''Wikipediya mu zindi ndimi:'''&lt;br /&gt;[[:rn:|Ikirundi]] · [[:sw:|Igiswahili]] · [[:lg:|Luganda]] · [[:ln:|Lingala]] · [[:af:|Icyafurikansi]] · [[:ha:|Igihawusa]] · [[:ig:|Icyigibo]] · [[:wo:|Ikiwolofu]] · [[:ar:|Icyarabu]]&lt;br /&gt;[[:fr:|Igifaransa]] · [[:en:|Icyongereza]] · [[:de:|Ikidage]] · [[:es:|Icyesipanyolo]] · [[:nl:|Igiholandi]]&lt;/div&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i3x1bbjvyre2s0etq13i2fhdj9x62z4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Paracetamol</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>12836</id>
    <revision>
      <id>148377</id>
      <parentid>141468</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-31T14:11:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stevenndori289</username>
        <id>10902</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Paracetamol</comment>
      <origin>148377</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10737" sha1="q1xi5o3bt5ilz7cqt4h2aub8jw3sme8" xml:space="preserve">[[Dosiye:M&amp;B paracetamol.jpg|thumb|Umuti wa Paracetamol]]
'''Paracetamol''', izwi kandi nka '''acetaminophen''', ni umuti ukoreshwa cyane mu kugabanya ububabare n'umuriro. Ufatwa mu kanwa, mu kibuno cyangwa mu rushinge mu mutsi.

Wakozwe bwa mbere mu 1877, kandi uri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima.

== Ikoreshwa mu buvuzi ==
Paracetamol, izwi kandi nka acetaminofeni, ni imiti ikoreshwa mu kuvura ububabare n'umuriro.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Acetaminophen|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/acetaminophen.html|publisher=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=16 September 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605063136/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/acetaminophen.html|archive-date=5 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid28734939&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=WM|title=Acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity-Isn't it time for APAP to go away?|journal=Journal of Hepatology|date=December 2017|volume=67|issue=6|pages=1324–1331|doi=10.1016/j.jhep.2017.07.005|pmid=28734939|pmc=5696016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe ikoreshwa muburyo bworoshye bwo kugabanya ububabare.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Ibimenyetso bivanze kubikoresha kugirango bigabanye umuriro mubana.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Meremikwu M, Oyo-Ita A|title=Paracetamol for treating fever in children|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=2002|issue=2|pages=CD003676|pmid=12076499|pmc=6532671|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD003676}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=de Martino M, Chiarugi A|title=Recent Advances in Pediatric Use of Oral Paracetamol in Fever and Pain Management|journal=Pain and Therapy|date=2015|volume=4|issue=2|pages=149–168|doi=10.1007/s40122-015-0040-z|pmid=26518691|pmc=4676765}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bikunze kugurishwa bifatanije nindi miti, nko mumiti myinshi ikonje.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Paracetamol ikoreshwa kandi mububabare bukabije, nk'ububabare bwa [[kanseri]] n'ububabare nyuma yo kubagwa, bufatanije n'imiti y'ububabare bwa opioid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN106.pdf|title=Guideline 106: Control of pain in adults with cancer|last=Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN)|publisher=National Health Service (NHS)|location=Scotland|year=2008|isbn=9781905813384|chapter=6.1 and 7.1.1|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220061154/http://sign.ac.uk/pdf/SIGN106.pdf|archive-date=20 December 2010|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ubusanzwe ikoreshwa haba kumunwa cyangwa kugororoka, ariko iraboneka no guterwa mumitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoch2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|first=Daniel|last=Hochhauser|title=Cancer and its Management|date=2014|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=9781118468715|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CXjDBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA119|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185107/https://books.google.com/books?id=CXjDBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA119|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka zimara hagati yamasaha abiri nane.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoch2014&quot; /&gt;

== Ingaruka mbi n'uko ikora ==
Paracetamol muri rusange ifite umutekano mugihe gikenewe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rus2003&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Russell FM, Shann F, Curtis N, Mulholland K|title=Evidence on the use of paracetamol in febrile children|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_world-health-organization-bulletin_2003_81_5/page/367|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|date=2003|volume=81|issue=5|pages=367–72|pmid=12856055|pmc=2572451|hdl=10665/268935|issn=0042-9686}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Machado GC, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, Pinheiro MB, Lin CW, Day RO, McLachlan AJ, Ferreira ML|title=Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials.|journal=BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)|date=31 March 2015|volume=350|pages=h1225|pmid=25828856|doi=10.1136/bmj.h1225|pmc=4381278}}&lt;/ref&gt; Icyifuzo ntarengwa cya buri munsi kumuntu mukuru ni garama eshatu kugeza enye.&lt;ref name=&quot;UK2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nhs.uk/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults/|title=Paracetamol for adults: painkiller to treat aches, pains and fever|website=National Health Service|access-date=22 August 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822174155/https://beta.nhs.uk/medicines/paracetamol-for-adults|archive-date=22 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Med2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What are the recommended maximum daily dosages of acetaminophen in adults and children?|url=https://www.medscape.com/answers/820200-27207/what-are-the-recommended-maximum-daily-dosages-of-acetaminophen-in-adults-and-children|website=Medscape|access-date=19 December 2018|archive-date=21 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041534/https://www.medscape.com/answers/820200-27207/what-are-the-recommended-maximum-daily-dosages-of-acetaminophen-in-adults-and-children|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BMJ2015&quot; /&gt; Umubare munini urashobora gutera uburozi, harimo no kunanirwa kwumwijima.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Ni gake cyane ibisebe byuruhu bishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Bigaragara ko bifite umutekano mugihe cyo gutwita no konsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2016&quot; /&gt; Ku bafite uburwayi bwumwijima, irashobora gukoreshwa, ariko mukigero cyo hasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lewis JH, Stine JG|title=Review article: prescribing medications in patients with cirrhosis - a practical guide|journal=Alimentary Pharmacology &amp; Therapeutics|date=June 2013|volume=37|issue=12|pages=1132–56|pmid=23638982|doi=10.1111/apt.12324}}&lt;/ref&gt; Byashyizwe mubikorwa byo gusesengura byoroheje.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hoch2014&quot; /&gt; Ntabwo ifite ibikorwa byingenzi byo kurwanya inflammatory.&lt;ref name=&quot;McK2013&quot; /&gt; Uburyo ikora ntabwo isobanutse neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;McK2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=McKay|first=Gerard A.|last2=Walters|first2=Matthew R.|title=Lecture Notes Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics|date=2013|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken|isbn=9781118344897|edition=9th|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGOqcfN_Cc8C&amp;pg=PT353|chapter=Non-Opioid Analgesics|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185108/https://books.google.com/books?id=OGOqcfN_Cc8C&amp;pg=PT353|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghanem2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ghanem CI, Pérez MJ, Manautou JE, Mottino AD|title=Acetaminophen from liver to brain: New insights into drug pharmacological action and toxicity.|journal=Pharmacological Research|date=July 2016|volume=109|pages=119–31|doi=10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.020|pmid=26921661|pmc=4912877}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid18381460&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Viswanathan AN, Feskanich D, Schernhammer ES, Hankinson SE|title=Aspirin, NSAID, and Acetaminophen Use and the Risk of Endometrial Cancer|doi=10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6257|journal=Cancer Research|volume=68|issue=7|pages=2507–2513|year=2008|pmid=18381460|pmc=2857531}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amateka n'igiciro ==
Paracetamol yakozwe bwa mbere mu 1877.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Mangus|first=Brent C.|first2=Michael G.|last2=Miller|title=Pharmacology application in athletic training|date=2005|publisher=F.A. Davis|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|isbn=9780803620278|page=39|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tV72AAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA39|access-date=5 August 2020|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185108/https://books.google.com/books?id=tV72AAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA39|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Niwo muti ukoreshwa cyane mu kubabara no kugira umuriro muri Amerika ndetse n'Uburayi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Aghababian|first=Richard V.|title=Essentials of emergency medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnbKaRQAXOIC&amp;pg=PA814|date=22 October 2010|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Publishers|isbn=978-1-4496-1846-9|page=814|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160817202827/https://books.google.com/books?id=HnbKaRQAXOIC&amp;pg=PA814|archive-date=17 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ari kurutonde rwumuryango wubuzima ku isi urutonde rwimiti yingenzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=WHO|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Paracetamol iraboneka nkumuti rusange, hamwe namazina yikirango arimo Tylenol na Panadol nibindi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hamilton|first=Richard J.|title=Tarascon pocket pharmacopoeia : 2013 classic shirt-pocket edition|date=2013|publisher=Jones &amp; Bartlett Learning|location=Burlington, Massachusetts|isbn=9781449665869|page=12|edition=27th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lwueJ4IAl4oC&amp;pg=PA12|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908185107/https://books.google.com/books?id=lwueJ4IAl4oC&amp;pg=PA12|archive-date=8 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igiciro cyinshi mugihugu kiri mu nzira y'amajyambere kiri munsi ya {{US$|0.01}} kuri dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;MSH2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Paracetamol|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=592&amp;searchYear=2014|access-date=11 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072745/http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=592&amp;searchYear=2014|archive-date=22 January 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri Amerika, igura {{US$|0.04}} kuri dose.&lt;ref name=&quot;USA2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Acetaminophen prices, coupons and patient assistance programs|url=https://www.drugs.com/price-guide/acetaminophen|access-date=19 February 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216211627/http://www.drugs.com/price-guide/acetaminophen|archive-date=16 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muri 2017, yari imiti ya 25 ikunze gutangwa muri Amerika, hamwe na miliyoni zirenga 24 zandikiwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|publisher=ClinCalc|access-date=25 February 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Acetaminophen Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Acetaminophen|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412005634/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Acetaminophen|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}

== Reba kandi ==

=== Ingingo zijyanye ===
* [[Ibuprofen]]
* [[Morphine]]

=== Ihuza ryo hanze ===
* {{Cite web |title=Acetaminophen |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a681004.html |website=MedlinePlus |language=en}}

[[Ikiciro:Imiti]]
[[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]]</text>
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Remy Credo
&lt;/hiero&gt;Remy Credo is two names among four names of city radio journalists ,His full names are CYEMEZO MUCYO REMY CREDO and he is very intelligent sport journalist with more knowledge about science mostly towards injuries,mechanism behind tools used in sports and others,he uses social media with his into known as &quot;VAR Irahamagaye &quot; in his content and He previously worked at city radio[./[Https://www.instagram.com/remy_credo%3Fstkn=ejZvNXQzMWpsMzFk Https://www.instagram.com/remy_credo%3Fstkn=&lt;span lang=&quot;en-gb&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ejZvNXQzMWpsMzFk&lt;/span&gt;] Remy credo]&lt;ref&gt;Ni amakuru twavanye kuri Social media ze&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <text bytes="633" sha1="hj0r1xcqjkl8utabx4xsf38perzbnq3" xml:space="preserve">Remy Credo is two names among four names of city radio journalists ,His full names are CYEMEZO MUCYO REMY CREDO and he is very intelligent sport journalist with more knowledge about science mostly towards injuries,mechanism behind tools used in sports and others,he uses social media with his into known as &quot;VAR Irahamagaye &quot; in his content and He previously worked at city radio[./[Https://www.instagram.com/remy_credo%3Fstkn=ejZvNXQzMWpsMzFk Https://www.instagram.com/remy_credo%3Fstkn=&lt;span lang=&quot;en-gb&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ejZvNXQzMWpsMzFk&lt;/span&gt;] Remy credo]&lt;ref&gt;Ni amakuru twavanye kuri Social media ze&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <comment>Raxy Razeh moved page [[Umujyi]] to [[Remy Credo CYEMEZO MUCYO]]: Misspelled title: Not matching Title</comment>
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      <text bytes="633" sha1="hj0r1xcqjkl8utabx4xsf38perzbnq3" xml:space="preserve">Remy Credo is two names among four names of city radio journalists ,His full names are CYEMEZO MUCYO REMY CREDO and he is very intelligent sport journalist with more knowledge about science mostly towards injuries,mechanism behind tools used in sports and others,he uses social media with his into known as &quot;VAR Irahamagaye &quot; in his content and He previously worked at city radio[./[Https://www.instagram.com/remy_credo%3Fstkn=ejZvNXQzMWpsMzFk Https://www.instagram.com/remy_credo%3Fstkn=&lt;span lang=&quot;en-gb&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;ejZvNXQzMWpsMzFk&lt;/span&gt;] Remy credo]&lt;ref&gt;Ni amakuru twavanye kuri Social media ze&lt;/ref&gt;

== Inyandiko ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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      <text bytes="5811" sha1="efzl0xx4dog4q6rhg9uqxfy0tdup7lp" xml:space="preserve">'''Karbamazepini''' , igurishwa ku izina ry'ubucuruzi '''rya Tegretol''' n'andi, ni umuti ugabanya ububabare bw'imitsi ukoreshwa cyane cyane mu kuvura igicuri n'ububabare bw'imitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/carbamazepine.html|title=Carbamazepine|website=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=28 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227213125/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/carbamazepine.html|archive-date=27 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikoreshwa mu ndwara ya schizophrenia hamwe n'indi miti ndetse n'umuti wa kabiri mu ndwara ya bipolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nevitt SJ, Marson AG, Weston J, Tudur Smith C|title=Sodium valproate versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=8|pages=CD001769|date=August 2018|pmid=30091458|pmc=6513104|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001769.pub4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AHFS2015&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/carbamazepine.html|title=Carbamazepine|work=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=28 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227213125/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/carbamazepine.html|archive-date=27 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Carbamazepine isa nkaho ikora neza nka phenytoin na valproate mu kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe n’izisanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nevitt SJ, Marson AG, Tudur Smith C|title=Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=7|pages=CD001911|date=July 2019|pmid=31318037|pmc=6637502|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001911.pub4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntabwo bigira ingaruka nziza ku ndwara yo kubura cyangwa indwara yo mu mutwe.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo isesemi no gusinzira.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot; /&gt; Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo uduheri ku ruhu, kugabanuka k'umusemburo w'amagufwa, gutekereza kwiyahura, cyangwa urujijo.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Ntibikwiye gukoreshwa ku bantu bafite amateka yo kugira ibibazo by'umusemburo w'amagufwa.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Gukoresha imiti mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|utwite]] bishobora kwangiza umwana; icyakora, guhagarika imiti ku bagore batwite bafite igicuri ntibyemewe.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu gihe [[Konsa|cyo konsa]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Abafite ibibazo by'impyiko cyangwa umwijima bagomba kwitonda.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;

'''Karbamazepini''' yavumbuwe mu 1953 n'umuhanga mu bya shimi w'Umusuwisi witwa Walter Schindler.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Howard S.|title=Current therapy in pain|date=2009|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781416048367|page=460|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTgy62MWnK4C&amp;pg=PA460|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305032812/https://books.google.ca/books?id=iTgy62MWnK4C&amp;pg=PA460|archive-date=5 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yatangiye kugurishwa mu 1962.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Moshé|first=Solomon|title=The treatment of epilepsy|date=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, UK|isbn=9781444316674|page=xxix|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rFFzFzZJtasC&amp;pg=PR29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024852/https://books.google.ca/books?id=rFFzFzZJtasC&amp;pg=PR29|archive-date=5 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe, kandi nta na kimwe muri byo gihembeye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=102-103|language=en|access-date=9 November 2021|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igiciro cy’igurishwa ry’ibicuruzwa mu bihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere kiri hagati y’amadolari y’Amerika 0.07 na 0.24 ku munsi guhera mu 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Carbamazepine|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=117&amp;searchYear=2015|website=International Medical Products Price Guide|access-date=26 November 2019|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729183548/https://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=117&amp;searchYear=2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 176 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni eshatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Carbamazepine - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Carbamazepine|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228053532/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Carbamazepine|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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      <sha1>efzl0xx4dog4q6rhg9uqxfy0tdup7lp</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>148388</id>
      <parentid>148378</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-01T04:05:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr. Ibrahem</username>
        <id>5728</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fix references, Expand infobox #mdwiki .toolforge.org.</comment>
      <origin>148388</origin>
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      <text bytes="5486" sha1="ghdwygbdnq6gz2gv3n3lum1sav3735h" xml:space="preserve">'''Karbamazepini''' , igurishwa ku izina ry'ubucuruzi '''rya Tegretol''' n'andi, ni umuti ugabanya ububabare bw'imitsi ukoreshwa cyane cyane mu kuvura igicuri n'ububabare bw'imitsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;AHFS2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/carbamazepine.html|title=Carbamazepine|website=The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|access-date=28 March 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150227213125/http://www.drugs.com/monograph/carbamazepine.html|archive-date=27 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikoreshwa mu ndwara ya schizophrenia hamwe n'indi miti ndetse n'umuti wa kabiri mu ndwara ya bipolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nevitt SJ, Marson AG, Weston J, Tudur Smith C|title=Sodium valproate versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=8|pages=CD001769|date=August 2018|pmid=30091458|pmc=6513104|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001769.pub4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Carbamazepine isa nkaho ikora neza nka phenytoin na valproate mu kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe n’izisanzwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nevitt SJ, Marson AG, Tudur Smith C|title=Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=7|pages=CD001911|date=July 2019|pmid=31318037|pmc=6637502|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001911.pub4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntabwo bigira ingaruka nziza ku ndwara yo kubura cyangwa indwara yo mu mutwe.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;

Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara zirimo isesemi no gusinzira.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Ingaruka mbi zishobora kuba zirimo uduheri ku ruhu, kugabanuka k'umusemburo w'amagufwa, gutekereza kwiyahura, cyangwa urujijo.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Ntibikwiye gukoreshwa ku bantu bafite amateka yo kugira ibibazo by'umusemburo w'amagufwa.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Gukoresha imiti mu gihe [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|utwite]] bishobora kwangiza umwana; icyakora, guhagarika imiti ku bagore batwite bafite igicuri ntibyemewe.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Ntibyemewe kuyikoresha mu gihe [[Konsa|cyo konsa]].&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt; Abafite ibibazo by'impyiko cyangwa umwijima bagomba kwitonda.&lt;ref name=AHFS2015 /&gt;

'''Karbamazepini''' yavumbuwe mu 1953 n'umuhanga mu bya shimi w'Umusuwisi witwa Walter Schindler.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Howard S.|title=Current therapy in pain|date=2009|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781416048367|page=460|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTgy62MWnK4C&amp;pg=PA460|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305032812/https://books.google.ca/books?id=iTgy62MWnK4C&amp;pg=PA460|archive-date=5 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Yatangiye kugurishwa mu 1962.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Moshé|first=Solomon|title=The treatment of epilepsy|date=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, UK|isbn=9781444316674|page=xxix|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rFFzFzZJtasC&amp;pg=PR29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024852/https://books.google.ca/books?id=rFFzFzZJtasC&amp;pg=PR29|archive-date=5 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iraboneka nk'umuti usanzwe, kandi nta na kimwe muri byo gihembeye.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hitch2019&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=102-103|language=en|access-date=9 November 2021|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi y'Umuryango w'Abibumbye wita ku Buzima.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO21st&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|author-link=World Health Organization|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igiciro cy’igurishwa ry’ibicuruzwa mu bihugu biri mu nzira y’amajyambere kiri hagati y’amadolari y’Amerika 0.07 na 0.24 ku munsi guhera mu 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Carbamazepine|url=http://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=117&amp;searchYear=2015|website=International Medical Products Price Guide|access-date=26 November 2019|archive-date=29 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729183548/https://mshpriceguide.org/en/single-drug-information/?DMFId=117&amp;searchYear=2015|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 2017, wari umuti wa 176 ukunze kwandikirwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, aho wanditswe n'abaganga barenga miliyoni eshatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ref1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Top 300 of 2020|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|website=ClinCalc|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=12 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210212142534/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Top300Drugs.aspx|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Carbamazepine - Drug Usage Statistics|website=ClinCalc|url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Carbamazepine|access-date=11 April 2020|archive-date=28 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200228053532/https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Carbamazepine|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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  <page>
    <title>Kolera</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23925</id>
    <revision>
      <id>148379</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-31T15:44:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ndahiro derrick</username>
        <id>8075</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501180|Cholera]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="15176" sha1="2kmeto1g4vnfci5u1xg42bpzoqfq0lr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Cholera|synonym=Asiatic cholera, epidemic cholera&lt;ref name=textbook&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html|title=''Vibrio cholerae'' and Asiatic Cholera|publisher=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology|author=Todar K|access-date=2010-12-20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228115128/http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html|archive-date=2010-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=PHIL 1939 lores.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A person with severe [[dehydration]] due to cholera causing sunken eyes and wrinkled hands and skin.|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Large amounts of watery [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]], [[muscle cramps]]&lt;ref name=Jong2022&gt;{{cite book |last1=Weil |first1=Ana A. |last2=Ryan |first2=Edward T. |editor1-last=Jong |editor1-first=Elaine C. |editor2-last=Stevens |editor2-first=Dennis L. |title=Netter's Infectious Diseases |date=2022 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-71159-3 |pages=384-389 |edition=2nd |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA384 |language=en |chapter=66. Cholera |access-date=2023-05-08 |archive-date=2023-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630080819/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA384 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|complications=[[Dehydration]], [[electrolyte imbalance]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017&gt;{{cite journal |title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper – August 2017. |journal=Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire |date=25 August 2017 |volume=92 |issue=34 |pages=477-98 |pmid=28845659 |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/258763/WER9234.pdf;jsessionid=D2901DAA743145CB4317D1642A44E82A?sequence=1 |accessdate=30 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=2 hours to 5 days after exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2015Pro&gt;{{cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health &amp; Medical Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=January 6, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|archive-date=20 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;|duration=A few days&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|types=|causes=''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' spread by [[fecal-oral route]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|risks=Poor [[sanitation]], not enough clean [[drinking water]], [[poverty]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|diagnosis=[[Stool test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|differential=|prevention=Improved sanitation, [[drinking water|clean water]], [[hand washing]], [[cholera vaccine]]s&lt;ref name=WHO2010&gt;{{cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec.|date=March 26, 2010|volume=85|issue=13|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020218/http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|archive-date=April 13, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2012&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=JB|last2=LaRocque|first2=RC|last3=Qadri|first3=F|last4=Ryan|first4=ET|last5=Calderwood|first5=SB|title=Cholera.|journal=Lancet|date=30 June 2012|volume=379|issue=9835|pages=2466–76|pmid=22748592|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x|pmc=3761070}}&lt;/ref&gt;|treatment=[[Oral rehydration therapy]], [[zinc supplementation]], [[intravenous fluids]], [[antibiotics]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2014Zinc&gt;{{cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042338/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|archive-date=11 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1.3–4&amp;nbsp;million people a year&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|deaths=28,800 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De &gt;{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt;|named after=|video1=}}{{Infobox medical condition|name=Cholera|synonym=Asiatic cholera, epidemic cholera&lt;ref name=textbook /&gt;|image=PHIL 1939 lores.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A person with severe [[dehydration]] due to cholera causing sunken eyes and wrinkled hands and skin.|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Large amounts of watery [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]], [[muscle cramps]]&lt;ref name=Jong2022 /&gt;|complications=[[Dehydration]], [[electrolyte imbalance]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|onset=2 hours to 5 days after exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2015Pro /&gt;|duration=A few days&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|types=|causes=''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' spread by [[fecal-oral route]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|risks=Poor [[sanitation]], not enough clean [[drinking water]], [[poverty]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|diagnosis=[[Stool test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|differential=|prevention=Improved sanitation, [[drinking water|clean water]], [[hand washing]], [[cholera vaccine]]s&lt;ref name=WHO2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2012 /&gt;|treatment=[[Oral rehydration therapy]], [[zinc supplementation]], [[intravenous fluids]], [[antibiotics]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2014Zinc /&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1.3–4&amp;nbsp;million people a year&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|deaths=28,800 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De /&gt;|named after=|video1=}}
'''Kolera''' ni indwara iterwa n'udukoko tumwe na tumwe twa bagiteri [[Bagiteri|ya]] ''Vibrio cholerae''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jong2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Weil|first=Ana A.|last2=Ryan|first2=Edward T.|editor-last=Jong|editor-first=Elaine C.|editor-last2=Stevens|editor-first2=Dennis L.|title=Netter's Infectious Diseases|date=2022|publisher=Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-323-71159-3|pages=384-389|edition=2nd|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA384|language=en|chapter=66. Cholera|access-date=2023-05-08|archive-date=2023-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630080819/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA384|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2015Pro /&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kuva kuri nta na kimwe, kugeza ku byoroheje cyangwa bikomeye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health &amp; Medical Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=January 6, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|archive-date=20 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikimenyetso gisanzwe ni [[impiswi]] nyinshi y'amazi imara iminsi mike.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper – August 2017.|journal=Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire|date=25 August 2017|volume=92|issue=34|pages=477-98|pmid=28845659|url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/258763/WER9234.pdf;jsessionid=D2901DAA743145CB4317D1642A44E82A?sequence=1|access-date=30 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kuruka]] no kuribwa mu mitsi nabyo bishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=CDC2015Pro /&gt; Impiswi ishobora kuba mbi cyane ku buryo mu masaha make ishobora gutuma umuntu abura amazi menshi kandi akagira ikibazo cy’amashanyarazi adahagije.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ibi bishobora gutuma amaso agwa, uruhu rukonje, uruhu rugabanuka, ndetse n'amaboko n'ibirenge bikagira iminkanyari.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=JB|last2=LaRocque|first2=RC|last3=Qadri|first3=F|last4=Ryan|first4=ET|last5=Calderwood|first5=SB|title=Cholera.|journal=Lancet|date=30 June 2012|volume=379|issue=9835|pages=2466–76|pmid=22748592|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x|pmc=3761070}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubura amazi mu mubiri bishobora gutuma uruhu ruhinduka ibara ry'umukara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bailey|first=Diane|title=Cholera|date=2011|publisher=Rosen Pub.|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4358-9437-2|page=7|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&amp;pg=PA7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190215/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&amp;pg=PA7|archive-date=2016-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bitangira nyuma y'amasaha abiri kugeza ku minsi itanu nyuma yo guhura n'iki cyorezo.&lt;ref name=CDC2015Pro /&gt;

Kolera iterwa n'ubwoko butandukanye bwa ''Vibrio cholerae'', hamwe n'ubwoko bumwe butera indwara zikomeye kurusha ubundi.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ikwirakwizwa ahanini n'amazi mabi n'ibiribwa bibi byandujwe n'imyanda y'abantu irimo bagiteri.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ibiryo byo mu nyanja bidatetse neza ni isoko ikunze kuboneka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sources of Infection &amp; Risk Factors|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312223337/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|archive-date=12 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu ni bo nyamaswa bonyine bahura n’iki kibazo.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera iyi ndwara birimo isuku nke, [[Kunywa amazi|amazi meza yo kunywa]] adahagije, n'ubukene.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt; Hari impungenge ko kwiyongera k'amazi yo mu nyanja bizatuma indwara ziyongera.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec.|date=March 26, 2010|volume=85|issue=13|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020218/http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|archive-date=April 13, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kolera ishobora gupimwa hakoreshejwe ikizamini cy'umwanda.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ikizamini cyihuse cyo gupima amaraso kirahari ariko ntabwo ari cyo cy’ukuri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis and Detection|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=February 10, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315041832/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html|archive-date=15 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uburyo bwo kwirinda kolera burimo kunoza isuku no kubona [[Kunywa amazi|amazi meza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt; Urukingo rwa kolera bitangwa mu kanwa bitanga uburinzi bukwiye mu gihe cy'amezi atandatu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt; Bafite inyungu yo kurinda ubundi bwoko bw'impiswi buterwa na ''E.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwqQ&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;coli''.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Uburyo bw'ibanze bwo kuvura ni ukuvura amazi mu kanwa —gusimbuza ibinyobwa n'ibinyabutabire biryoshye kandi biryoshye gato.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ibisubizo bishingiye ku muceri ni byo byiza cyane.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2010&quot; /&gt; Inyongeramusaruro ya zinc ingirakamaro ku bana.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2014Zinc&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042338/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|archive-date=11 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bihe bikomeye, hashobora kuba ngombwa ko umuntu ahabwa amazi yo mu mitsi, nka Ringer's lactate, kandi imiti yica udukoko nka doxycycline ishobora kuba ingirakamaro.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CMP2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Changing the game for Acute Infectious Diarrhea — IDP for the win! {{!}} This Changed My Practice|url=https://thischangedmypractice.com/acute-infectious-diarrhea-idp/|website=thischangedmypractice.com|access-date=29 September 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019223715/https://thischangedmypractice.com/acute-infectious-diarrhea-idp/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma kugira ngo harebwe antibiyotike Kolera ishobora kwibasirwa n’indwara ishobora gufasha mu guhitamo.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro&quot; /&gt;

Kolera yibasira abantu bagera kuri 1.3 kugeza kuri 4&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu ku isi yose kandi bigatuma abantu 21.000–143.000&amp;nbsp;impfu ku mwaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2017&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo byashyizwe mu cyiciro cy'icyorezo {{as of|2017|lc=y}} , ni gake cyane mu bihugu byateye imbere.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Abana ni bo bibasirwa cyane.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=October 27, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031930/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|archive-date=17 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kolera igaragara haba mu bice bimwe na bimwe by’umubiri ndetse no mu bice bimwe na bimwe by’umubiri.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Uduce dufite ibyago bikomeje kurwara harimo [[Afurika]] n'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba bwa Aziya.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ingaruka z'urupfu mu bahuye n'iki kibazo akenshi ziba ziri munsi ya 1% ariko zishobora kugera kuri 5%.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Kutabona uburyo bwo kuvurwa bitera impfu nyinshi.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ibisobanuro bya kolera biboneka mu kinyejana cya 5 mbere ya Yesu mu [[Igisansikiriti|rurimi rw'Abasanskriti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Lancet2012&quot; /&gt; Inyigo ya kolera mu Bwongereza yakozwe na John Snow hagati ya 1849 na 1854 yatumye habaho iterambere rikomeye mu bijyanye n'ibyorezo.&lt;ref name=Lancet2012 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Timmreck|first=Thomas C.|title=An introduction to epidemiology|date=2002|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|location=Sudbury, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-0060-7|page=77|edition=3.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&amp;pg=PA77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190442/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&amp;pg=PA77|archive-date=2016-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Icyorezo kinini cy'indwara zirindwi byabayeho mu myaka 200 ishize, abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni bapfuye.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Cholera's seven pandemics|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504|access-date=15 July 2018|work=CBC|date=9 May 2008|archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302113041/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amareferensi ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2kmeto1g4vnfci5u1xg42bpzoqfq0lr</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>148389</id>
      <parentid>148379</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-01T04:06:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr. Ibrahem</username>
        <id>5728</id>
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      <comment>Fix references, Expand infobox #mdwiki .toolforge.org.</comment>
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      <text bytes="12398" sha1="amec3kwarff7nlwctwxl9ngfx7nb0dn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Cholera|synonym=Asiatic cholera, epidemic cholera&lt;ref name=textbook&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html|title=''Vibrio cholerae'' and Asiatic Cholera|publisher=Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology|author=Todar K|access-date=2010-12-20|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101228115128/http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html|archive-date=2010-12-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=PHIL 1939 lores.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A person with severe [[dehydration]] due to cholera causing sunken eyes and wrinkled hands and skin.|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Large amounts of watery [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]], [[muscle cramps]]&lt;ref name=Jong2022 /&gt;|complications=[[Dehydration]], [[electrolyte imbalance]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|onset=2 hours to 5 days after exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2015Pro /&gt;|duration=A few days&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|types=|causes=''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' spread by [[fecal-oral route]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|risks=Poor [[sanitation]], not enough clean [[drinking water]], [[poverty]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|diagnosis=[[Stool test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|differential=|prevention=Improved sanitation, [[drinking water|clean water]], [[hand washing]], [[cholera vaccine]]s&lt;ref name=WHO2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2012 /&gt;|treatment=[[Oral rehydration therapy]], [[zinc supplementation]], [[intravenous fluids]], [[antibiotics]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2014Zinc /&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1.3–4&amp;nbsp;million people a year&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|deaths=28,800 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De  /&gt;|named after=|video1=}}{{Infobox medical condition|name=Cholera|synonym=Asiatic cholera, epidemic cholera&lt;ref name=textbook /&gt;|image=PHIL 1939 lores.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A person with severe [[dehydration]] due to cholera causing sunken eyes and wrinkled hands and skin.|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious diseases (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms=Large amounts of watery [[diarrhea]], [[vomiting]], [[muscle cramps]]&lt;ref name=Jong2022 /&gt;|complications=[[Dehydration]], [[electrolyte imbalance]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|onset=2 hours to 5 days after exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2015Pro /&gt;|duration=A few days&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|types=|causes=''[[Vibrio cholerae]]'' spread by [[fecal-oral route]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|risks=Poor [[sanitation]], not enough clean [[drinking water]], [[poverty]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|diagnosis=[[Stool test]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|differential=|prevention=Improved sanitation, [[drinking water|clean water]], [[hand washing]], [[cholera vaccine]]s&lt;ref name=WHO2010 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Lancet2012 /&gt;|treatment=[[Oral rehydration therapy]], [[zinc supplementation]], [[intravenous fluids]], [[antibiotics]]&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2014Zinc /&gt;|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=1.3–4&amp;nbsp;million people a year&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;|deaths=28,800 (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015De  /&gt;|named after=|video1=}}
'''Kolera''' ni indwara iterwa n'udukoko tumwe na tumwe twa bagiteri [[Bagiteri|ya]] ''Vibrio cholerae''.&lt;ref name=Jong2022&gt;{{cite book |last1=Weil |first1=Ana A. |last2=Ryan |first2=Edward T. |editor1-last=Jong |editor1-first=Elaine C. |editor2-last=Stevens |editor2-first=Dennis L. |title=Netter's Infectious Diseases |date=2022 |publisher=Elsevier |location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-323-71159-3 |pages=384-389 |edition=2nd |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA384 |language=en |chapter=66. Cholera |access-date=2023-05-08 |archive-date=2023-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630080819/https://books.google.com/books?id=l8skEAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA384 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=CDC2015Pro&gt;{{cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health &amp; Medical Professionals|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=January 6, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html|archive-date=20 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bishobora kuva kuri nta na kimwe, kugeza ku byoroheje cyangwa bikomeye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2015Pro&quot; /&gt; Ikimenyetso gisanzwe ni [[impiswi]] nyinshi y'amazi imara iminsi mike.&lt;ref name=WHO2017&gt;{{cite journal |title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper – August 2017. |journal=Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire |date=25 August 2017 |volume=92 |issue=34 |pages=477-98 |pmid=28845659 |url=https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/258763/WER9234.pdf;jsessionid=D2901DAA743145CB4317D1642A44E82A?sequence=1 |accessdate=30 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Kuruka]] no kuribwa mu mitsi nabyo bishobora kubaho.&lt;ref name=CDC2015Pro /&gt; Impiswi ishobora kuba mbi cyane ku buryo mu masaha make ishobora gutuma umuntu abura amazi menshi kandi akagira ikibazo cy’amashanyarazi adahagije.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ibi bishobora gutuma amaso agwa, uruhu rukonje, uruhu rugabanuka, ndetse n'amaboko n'ibirenge bikagira iminkanyari.&lt;ref name=Lancet2012&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Harris|first1=JB|last2=LaRocque|first2=RC|last3=Qadri|first3=F|last4=Ryan|first4=ET|last5=Calderwood|first5=SB|title=Cholera.|journal=Lancet|date=30 June 2012|volume=379|issue=9835|pages=2466–76|pmid=22748592|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x|pmc=3761070}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kubura amazi mu mubiri bishobora gutuma uruhu ruhinduka ibara ry'umukara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Bailey|first=Diane|title=Cholera|date=2011|publisher=Rosen Pub.|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4358-9437-2|page=7|edition=1st|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&amp;pg=PA7|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190215/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&amp;pg=PA7|archive-date=2016-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bitangira nyuma y'amasaha abiri kugeza ku minsi itanu nyuma yo guhura n'iki cyorezo.&lt;ref name=CDC2015Pro /&gt;

Kolera iterwa n'ubwoko butandukanye bwa ''Vibrio cholerae'', hamwe n'ubwoko bumwe butera indwara zikomeye kurusha ubundi.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ikwirakwizwa ahanini n'amazi mabi n'ibiribwa bibi byandujwe n'imyanda y'abantu irimo bagiteri.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ibiryo byo mu nyanja bidatetse neza ni isoko ikunze kuboneka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sources of Infection &amp; Risk Factors|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150312223337/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html|archive-date=12 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abantu ni bo nyamaswa bonyine bahura n’iki kibazo.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera iyi ndwara birimo isuku nke, [[Kunywa amazi|amazi meza yo kunywa]] adahagije, n'ubukene.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Hari impungenge ko kwiyongera k'amazi yo mu nyanja bizatuma indwara ziyongera.&lt;ref name=WHO2010&gt;{{cite journal|title=Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper|journal=Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec.|date=March 26, 2010|volume=85|issue=13|pages=117–128|pmid=20349546|url=http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020218/http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf|archive-date=April 13, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kolera ishobora gupimwa hakoreshejwe ikizamini cy'umwanda.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ikizamini cyihuse cyo gupima amaraso kirahari ariko ntabwo ari cyo cy’ukuri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Diagnosis and Detection|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=February 10, 2015|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315041832/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html|archive-date=15 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uburyo bwo kwirinda kolera burimo kunoza isuku no kubona [[Kunywa amazi|amazi meza]].&lt;ref name=Lancet2012 /&gt; Urukingo rwa kolera bitangwa mu kanwa bitanga uburinzi bukwiye mu gihe cy'amezi atandatu.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Bafite inyungu yo kurinda ubundi bwoko bw'impiswi buterwa na ''E.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot; id=&quot;mwqQ&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;coli''.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Uburyo bw'ibanze bwo kuvura ni ukuvura amazi mu kanwa —gusimbuza ibinyobwa n'ibinyabutabire biryoshye kandi biryoshye gato.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ibisubizo bishingiye ku muceri ni byo byiza cyane.&lt;ref name=WHO2010 /&gt; Inyongeramusaruro ya zinc ingirakamaro ku bana.&lt;ref name=CDC2014Zinc&gt;{{cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=November 7, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042338/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html|archive-date=11 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bihe bikomeye, hashobora kuba ngombwa ko umuntu ahabwa amazi yo mu mitsi, nka Ringer's lactate, kandi imiti yica udukoko nka doxycycline ishobora kuba ingirakamaro.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CMP2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Changing the game for Acute Infectious Diarrhea — IDP for the win! {{!}} This Changed My Practice|url=https://thischangedmypractice.com/acute-infectious-diarrhea-idp/|website=thischangedmypractice.com|access-date=29 September 2023|archive-date=19 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231019223715/https://thischangedmypractice.com/acute-infectious-diarrhea-idp/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gusuzuma kugira ngo harebwe antibiyotike Kolera ishobora kwibasirwa n’indwara ishobora gufasha mu guhitamo.&lt;ref name=CDC2015Pro /&gt;

Kolera yibasira abantu bagera kuri 1.3 kugeza kuri 4&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu ku isi yose kandi bigatuma abantu 21.000–143.000&amp;nbsp;impfu ku mwaka.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;&lt;ref name=GBD2015De &gt;{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo byashyizwe mu cyiciro cy'icyorezo {{as of|2017|lc=y}} , ni gake cyane mu bihugu byateye imbere.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Abana ni bo bibasirwa cyane.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection|url=https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|access-date=17 March 2015|date=October 27, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031930/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html|archive-date=17 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kolera igaragara haba mu bice bimwe na bimwe by’umubiri ndetse no mu bice bimwe na bimwe by’umubiri.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Uduce dufite ibyago bikomeje kurwara harimo [[Afurika]] n'Amajyepfo y'Uburasirazuba bwa Aziya.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ingaruka z'urupfu mu bahuye n'iki kibazo akenshi ziba ziri munsi ya 1% ariko zishobora kugera kuri 5%.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Kutabona uburyo bwo kuvurwa bitera impfu nyinshi.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt; Ibisobanuro bya kolera biboneka mu kinyejana cya 5 mbere ya Yesu mu [[Igisansikiriti|rurimi rw'Abasanskriti]].&lt;ref name=Lancet2012 /&gt; Inyigo ya kolera mu Bwongereza yakozwe na John Snow hagati ya 1849 na 1854 yatumye habaho iterambere rikomeye mu bijyanye n'ibyorezo.&lt;ref name=Lancet2012 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Timmreck|first=Thomas C.|title=An introduction to epidemiology|date=2002|publisher=Jones and Bartlett Publishers|location=Sudbury, MA|isbn=978-0-7637-0060-7|page=77|edition=3.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&amp;pg=PA77|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190442/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&amp;pg=PA77|archive-date=2016-12-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Icyorezo kinini cy'indwara zirindwi byabayeho mu myaka 200 ishize, abantu babarirwa muri za miriyoni bapfuye.&lt;ref name=WHO2017 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Cholera's seven pandemics|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504|access-date=15 July 2018|work=CBC|date=9 May 2008|archive-date=2 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160302113041/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amareferensi ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ubushobozi bwo kwifata mu mutwe (autism)</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1500542|Autism]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="19597" sha1="bzg0tum8nu2jtxt2brcxajou7z3m2h2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Autism|synonym=|image=Autism-stacking-cans 2nd edit.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=Boy stacking cans|caption=Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism.|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=Trouble with [[Interpersonal relationship|social interaction]], impaired [[communication]], restricted interests, repetitive behavior&lt;ref name=&quot;Land2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors= Landa RJ |title= Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life |journal= Nat Clin Pract Neurol | volume= 4 |issue=3 |pages=138–147 |year=2008 |pmid= 18253102 |doi= 10.1038/ncpneuro0731 | doi-access= free}}&lt;/ref&gt;|complications=Social isolation, employment problems, family stress, [[bullying]], [[self-harm]], [[suicide]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=13 July 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714024941/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruggieri V | title = [Autism, depression and risk of suicide] | journal = Medicina | volume = 80 Suppl 2 | pages = 12–16 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32150706 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B | title = Suicide in autism spectrum disorders | journal = Archives of Suicide Research | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–39 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24713024 | doi = 10.1080/13811118.2013.824834 | s2cid = 25741716 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=By age two or three&lt;ref name=NIH2016&gt;{{cite web |title= NIMH &quot; Autism Spectrum Disorder |url= https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |website= nimh.nih.gov |access-date= 20 April 2017 |date= October 2016 |archive-date= 21 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093226/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5&gt;{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition | chapter = Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0) | editor = American Psychiatric Association | year = 2013 | publisher = American Psychiatric Publishing | pagex = 50–59}}&lt;/ref&gt;|duration=[[Chronic condition|Long term]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;|types=|causes=[[Heritability of autism|Genetic]] and environmental factors&lt;ref name=Ch2012&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chaste P, Leboyer M |title=Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=281–292 |year=2012 |pmid=23226953 |pmc=3513682}}&lt;/ref&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on behavior and developmental history&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;|differential=[[Reactive attachment disorder]], [[intellectual disability]], [[schizophrenia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Corcoran J, Walsh J |title=Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice |url={{Google books|y28kokLoe78C|page=72|plainurl=yes}}
|publisher        =Oxford University Press, New York
|date             =9 February 2006
|isbn             =978-0-19-516830-3
|oclc             =466433183
|lccn             =2005027740
|page             =72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=|treatment=[[Behaviour therapy|Behavioral therapy]], [[speech therapy]], [[psychotropic medication]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Myers SM, Johnson CP | title = Management of children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 120 | issue = 5 | pages = 1162–1182 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17967921 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2007-2362 | url = https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162 | doi-access = free | access-date = 2020-08-06 | archive-date = 2019-03-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190323092305/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=San2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanchack KE, Thomas CA | title = Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 94 | issue = 12 | pages = 972–979 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 28075089 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = e1341-50 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24167175 | pmc = 3813396 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2013-1193 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=[[Atypical antipsychotic|Antipsychotics]], [[antidepressants]], [[stimulants]] (associated symptoms)&lt;ref name=Ji2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ji N, Findling RL | title = An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–101 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25602248 | doi = 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oswald DP 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA | title = Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 348–355 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17630868 | doi = 10.1089/cap.2006.17303 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Doyle CA, McDougle CJ | title = Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–279 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23226952 | pmc = 3513681 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|prognosis=Frequently poor&lt;ref name=Ste106&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Steinhausen HC, Mohr Jensen C, Lauritsen MB | title = A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | volume = 133 | issue = 6 | pages = 445–452 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 26763353 | doi = 10.1111/acps.12559 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|frequency=24.8 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre&gt;{{cite journal| author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}{{:Inyandikorugero:Databox|excludeProperties=Q206901}}
{{Infobox medical condition|name=Autism|synonym=|image=Autism-stacking-cans 2nd edit.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=Boy stacking cans|caption=Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism.|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=Trouble with [[Interpersonal relationship|social interaction]], impaired [[communication]], restricted interests, repetitive behavior&lt;ref name=&quot;Land2008&quot; /&gt;|complications=Social isolation, employment problems, family stress, [[bullying]], [[self-harm]], [[suicide]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=13 July 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714024941/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruggieri V | title = [Autism, depression and risk of suicide] | journal = Medicina | volume = 80 Suppl 2 | pages = 12–16 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32150706 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B | title = Suicide in autism spectrum disorders | journal = Archives of Suicide Research | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–39 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24713024 | doi = 10.1080/13811118.2013.824834 | s2cid = 25741716 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=By age two or three&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;|duration=[[Chronic condition|Long term]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;|types=|causes=[[Heritability of autism|Genetic]] and environmental factors&lt;ref name=Ch2012 /&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on behavior and developmental history&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;|differential=[[Reactive attachment disorder]], [[intellectual disability]], [[schizophrenia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Corcoran J, Walsh J |title=Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice |url={{Google books|y28kokLoe78C|page=72|plainurl=yes}}
|publisher        =Oxford University Press, New York
|date             =9 February 2006
|isbn             =978-0-19-516830-3
|oclc             =466433183
|lccn             =2005027740
|page             =72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=|treatment=[[Behaviour therapy|Behavioral therapy]], [[speech therapy]], [[psychotropic medication]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=San2016 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = e1341-50 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24167175 | pmc = 3813396 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2013-1193 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=[[Atypical antipsychotic|Antipsychotics]], [[antidepressants]], [[stimulants]] (associated symptoms)&lt;ref name=Ji2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oswald DP 2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;|prognosis=Frequently poor&lt;ref name=Ste106 /&gt;|frequency=24.8 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre /&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}
'''Autism''' is a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior.&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt; Parents often notice signs during the first three years of their child's life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Land2008&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition|chapter=Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0)|editor-last=American Psychiatric Association|year=2013|publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing}}&lt;/ref&gt; These signs often develop gradually, though some children with autism experience worsening in their communication and social skills after reaching developmental milestones at a normal pace.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stef2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stefanatos GA|s2cid=34658024|title=Regression in autistic spectrum disorders|journal=Neuropsychol Rev|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–319|year=2008|pmid=18956241|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Indwara ya Autism ifitanye isano n'uruvange rw'ibintu bigize imiterere y'umubiri n'ibidukikije.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ch2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chaste P, Leboyer M|title=Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions|journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience|volume=14|issue=3|pages=281–292|year=2012|pmid=23226953|pmc=3513682}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago mu gihe cyo gutwita birimo indwara zimwe na zimwe, nka rubela, uburozi burimo aside valproic, inzoga, [[kokayine]], imiti yica udukoko, lisansi, n'ihumana [[Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere|ry'ikirere]], kugabanya imikurire y'umwana uri mu nda, hamwe [[Indwara y'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri|n'indwara ziterwa n'ubwiyongere bw'umubiri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)|vauthors=Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z|journal=Reproductive Toxicology|volume=56|year=2015|pages=155–169|doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007|pmid=26021712}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VohrPoggiDavis2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vohr BR, Poggi Davis E, Wanke CA, Krebs NF|title=Neurodevelopment: The Impact of Nutrition and Inflammation During Preconception and Pregnancy in Low-Resource Settings|journal=Pediatrics|year=2017|volume=139|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S38–S49|pmid=28562247|doi=10.1542/peds.2016-2828F|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SamsamAhangari2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA|title=Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance.|journal=World J Gastroenterol|year=2014|volume=20|issue=29|pages=9942–9951|pmid=25110424|doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9942|pmc=4123375|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Impaka zishingiye ku zindi mpamvu zishingiye ku bidukikije zivugwa; urugero, igitekerezo cy’urukingo, cyamaze kwemezwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rut2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rutter M|title=Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning|journal=Acta Paediatr|volume=94|issue=1|pages=2–15|year=2005|pmid=15858952|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara ya Autism igira ingaruka ku itunganywa ry'amakuru mu bwonko n'uburyo uturemangingo tw'imitsi n'imiyoboro ya synapse bihurira kandi bigatunganywa; uburyo ibi bibaho ntabwo bwumvikana neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lev2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Levy SE, Mandell DS, Schultz RT|title=Autism|journal=Lancet|volume=374|issue=9701|pages=1627–1638|year=2009|pmid=19819542|pmc=2863325|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igitabo cy’Isuzuma n’Ibarurishamibare ku ndwara zo mu mutwe (DSM-5), gihuza autisme n’ubwoko budakomeye bw’iyi ndwara, harimo [[Indwara ya Asperger|Asperger syndrome]] n’indwara y’iterambere ikwirakwira idasobanuwe ukundi (PDD-NOS) mu gusuzuma indwara ya autism spectrum disorder (ASD).&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;John2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Johnson CP, Myers SM|title=Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1183–1215|year=2007|pmid=17967920|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2361|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208013449/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-date=8 February 2009|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuvura imyitwarire hakiri kare cyangwa uburyo bwo kuvuga bushobora gufasha abana bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe kwiyitaho, kubana neza n'abandi, no kuvugana n'abandi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;San2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sanchack KE, Thomas CA|title=Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles|journal=American Family Physician|volume=94|issue=12|pages=972–979|date=December 2016|pmid=28075089}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo nta muti uzwi uhari,&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot; /&gt; habayeho abana bakize.&lt;ref name=&quot;Helt2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Helt M, Kelley E, Kinsbourne M, Pandey J, Boorstein H, Herbert M, Fein D|s2cid=4317267|title=Can children with autism recover? If so, how?|journal=Neuropsychology Review|volume=18|issue=4|pages=339–366|date=December 2008|pmid=19009353|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9|url=https://www.academia.edu/16961306|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.2995|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017031345/https://www.academia.edu/16961306/Can_Children_with_Autism_Recover_If_So_How|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bamwe mu bantu bakuru bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe ntibashobora kubaho bigenga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ste106&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Steinhausen HC, Mohr Jensen C, Lauritsen MB|title=A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood|journal=Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica|volume=133|issue=6|pages=445–452|date=June 2016|pmid=26763353|doi=10.1111/acps.12559}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuco w’indwara ya autisme warateye imbere, aho bamwe bashaka ubuvuzi abandi bakemera ko autisme ikwiye kwemerwa nk'itandukaniro rigomba kwitabwaho aho gukira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sil2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=BioSocieties|year=2008|volume=3|issue=3|pages=325–341|title=Fieldwork on another planet: social science perspectives on the autism spectrum|vauthors=Silverman C|s2cid=145379758|doi=10.1017/S1745855208006236}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frith2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Frith|first=Uta|title=Autism – are we any closer to explaining the enigma?|url=https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma|work=[[The Psychologist (magazine)|The Psychologist]]|publisher=[[British Psychological Society]]|date=October 2014|volume=27|pages=744–745|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510154825/https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku isi yose, autisme ivugwa ko yibasira abantu miliyoni 24.8 {{as of|2015|lc=y}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu myaka ya 2000, umubare w’abantu banduye wabarirwaga kuri 1-2 ku bantu 1.000 ku isi yose.&lt;ref name=News2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Reaven J, Reynolds AM, Rice CE, Schendel D, Windham GC | title = The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders | journal = Annual Review of Public Health | volume = 28 | pages = 235–258 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17367287 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bihugu byateye imbere, abana bagera kuri 1.5% basanzwe barwaye ASD {{as of|2017|lc=y}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lyall K, Croen L, Daniels J, Fallin MD, Ladd-Acosta C, Lee BK, Park BY, Snyder NW, Schendel D, Volk H, Windham GC, Newschaffer C|title=The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=38|pages=81–102|date=March 2017|pmid=28068486|pmc=6566093|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318}}&lt;/ref&gt; uvuye kuri 0.7% mu 2000 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.&lt;ref name=ASD2016&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html |title = ASD data and statistics |publisher = CDC.gov |access-date= 11 July 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140418153648/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html |archive-date = 18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikunze kugaragara inshuro enye kugeza kuri eshanu ku bagabo kurusha abagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASD2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html|title=ASD data and statistics|publisher=CDC.gov|access-date=11 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418153648/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html|archive-date=18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umubare w'abantu banduye wariyongereye cyane kuva mu myaka ya 1960, ibi bikaba bishobora kuba byaratewe n'impinduka mu mikorere yo gusuzuma indwara.&lt;ref name=News2007 /&gt; Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba ibiciro nyabyo byiyongereye ntikirakemuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Reaven J, Reynolds AM, Rice CE, Schendel D, Windham GC|title=The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=28|pages=235–258|year=2007|pmid=17367287|doi=10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <id>148390</id>
      <parentid>148380</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-01T04:06:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr. Ibrahem</username>
        <id>5728</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fix references, Expand infobox #mdwiki .toolforge.org.</comment>
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      <text bytes="17488" sha1="0c4eijxvfsojv2ohjcd6ve3u6nx8n9t" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Autism|synonym=|image=Autism-stacking-cans 2nd edit.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=Boy stacking cans|caption=Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism.|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=Trouble with [[Interpersonal relationship|social interaction]], impaired [[communication]], restricted interests, repetitive behavior&lt;ref name=&quot;Land2008&quot; /&gt;|complications=Social isolation, employment problems, family stress, [[bullying]], [[self-harm]], [[suicide]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=13 July 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714024941/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruggieri V | title = [Autism, depression and risk of suicide] | journal = Medicina | volume = 80 Suppl 2 | pages = 12–16 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32150706 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B | title = Suicide in autism spectrum disorders | journal = Archives of Suicide Research | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–39 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24713024 | doi = 10.1080/13811118.2013.824834 | s2cid = 25741716 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=By age two or three&lt;ref name=NIH2016&gt;{{cite web |title= NIMH &quot; Autism Spectrum Disorder |url= https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |website= nimh.nih.gov |access-date= 20 April 2017 |date= October 2016 |archive-date= 21 April 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170421093226/https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/autism-spectrum-disorders-asd/index.shtml |url-status= live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;|duration=[[Chronic condition|Long term]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;|types=|causes=[[Heritability of autism|Genetic]] and environmental factors&lt;ref name=Ch2012 /&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on behavior and developmental history&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;|differential=[[Reactive attachment disorder]], [[intellectual disability]], [[schizophrenia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Corcoran J, Walsh J |title=Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice |url={{Google books|y28kokLoe78C|page=72|plainurl=yes}}
|publisher        =Oxford University Press, New York
|date             =9 February 2006
|isbn             =978-0-19-516830-3
|oclc             =466433183
|lccn             =2005027740
|page             =72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=|treatment=[[Behaviour therapy|Behavioral therapy]], [[speech therapy]], [[psychotropic medication]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=San2016 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = e1341-50 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24167175 | pmc = 3813396 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2013-1193 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=[[Atypical antipsychotic|Antipsychotics]], [[antidepressants]], [[stimulants]] (associated symptoms)&lt;ref name=Ji2015&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ji N, Findling RL | title = An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents | journal = Current Opinion in Psychiatry | volume = 28 | issue = 2 | pages = 91–101 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25602248 | doi = 10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oswald DP 2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Oswald DP, Sonenklar NA | title = Medication use among children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology | volume = 17 | issue = 3 | pages = 348–355 | date = June 2007 | pmid = 17630868 | doi = 10.1089/cap.2006.17303 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Doyle CA, McDougle CJ | title = Pharmacologic treatments for the behavioral symptoms associated with autism spectrum disorders across the lifespan | journal = Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience | volume = 14 | issue = 3 | pages = 263–279 | date = September 2012 | pmid = 23226952 | pmc = 3513681 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|prognosis=Frequently poor&lt;ref name=Ste106 /&gt;|frequency=24.8 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre /&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}{{:Inyandikorugero:Databox|excludeProperties=Q206901}}
{{Infobox medical condition|name=Autism|synonym=|image=Autism-stacking-cans 2nd edit.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=Boy stacking cans|caption=Repetitively stacking or lining up objects is commonly associated with autism.|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=Trouble with [[Interpersonal relationship|social interaction]], impaired [[communication]], restricted interests, repetitive behavior&lt;ref name=&quot;Land2008&quot; /&gt;|complications=Social isolation, employment problems, family stress, [[bullying]], [[self-harm]], [[suicide]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Autism spectrum disorder - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=13 July 2019 |archive-date=14 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714024941/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20352928 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ruggieri V | title = [Autism, depression and risk of suicide] | journal = Medicina | volume = 80 Suppl 2 | pages = 12–16 | year = 2020 | pmid = 32150706 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B | title = Suicide in autism spectrum disorders | journal = Archives of Suicide Research | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–39 | year = 2014 | pmid = 24713024 | doi = 10.1080/13811118.2013.824834 | s2cid = 25741716 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=By age two or three&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;|duration=[[Chronic condition|Long term]]&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;|types=|causes=[[Heritability of autism|Genetic]] and environmental factors&lt;ref name=Ch2012 /&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on behavior and developmental history&lt;ref name=NIH2016 /&gt;|differential=[[Reactive attachment disorder]], [[intellectual disability]], [[schizophrenia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Corcoran J, Walsh J |title=Clinical Assessment and Diagnosis in Social Work Practice |url={{Google books|y28kokLoe78C|page=72|plainurl=yes}}
|publisher        =Oxford University Press, New York
|date             =9 February 2006
|isbn             =978-0-19-516830-3
|oclc             =466433183
|lccn             =2005027740
|page             =72 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|prevention=|treatment=[[Behaviour therapy|Behavioral therapy]], [[speech therapy]], [[psychotropic medication]]&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=San2016 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sukhodolsky DG, Bloch MH, Panza KE, Reichow B | title = Cognitive-behavioral therapy for anxiety in children with high-functioning autism: a meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 132 | issue = 5 | pages = e1341-50 | date = November 2013 | pmid = 24167175 | pmc = 3813396 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2013-1193 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=[[Atypical antipsychotic|Antipsychotics]], [[antidepressants]], [[stimulants]] (associated symptoms)&lt;ref name=Ji2015 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oswald DP 2006&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;|prognosis=Frequently poor&lt;ref name=Ste106 /&gt;|frequency=24.8 million (2015)&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre /&gt;|deaths=|video1=|named after=}}
'''Autism''' is a developmental disorder characterized by difficulties with social interaction and communication, and by restricted and repetitive behavior.&lt;ref name=DSM5&gt;{{cite book | title = Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition | chapter = Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0) | editor = American Psychiatric Association | year = 2013 | publisher = American Psychiatric Publishing | pagex = 50–59}}&lt;/ref&gt; Parents often notice signs during the first three years of their child's life.&lt;ref name=&quot;Land2008&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors= Landa RJ |title= Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life |journal= Nat Clin Pract Neurol | volume= 4 |issue=3 |pages=138–147 |year=2008 |pmid= 18253102 |doi= 10.1038/ncpneuro0731 | doi-access= free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DSM5&quot; /&gt; These signs often develop gradually, though some children with autism experience worsening in their communication and social skills after reaching developmental milestones at a normal pace.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stef2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Stefanatos GA|s2cid=34658024|title=Regression in autistic spectrum disorders|journal=Neuropsychol Rev|volume=18|issue=4|pages=305–319|year=2008|pmid=18956241|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Indwara ya Autism ifitanye isano n'uruvange rw'ibintu bigize imiterere y'umubiri n'ibidukikije.&lt;ref name=Ch2012&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Chaste P, Leboyer M |title=Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=281–292 |year=2012 |pmid=23226953 |pmc=3513682}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago mu gihe cyo gutwita birimo indwara zimwe na zimwe, nka rubela, uburozi burimo aside valproic, inzoga, [[kokayine]], imiti yica udukoko, lisansi, n'ihumana [[Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere|ry'ikirere]], kugabanya imikurire y'umwana uri mu nda, hamwe [[Indwara y'ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri|n'indwara ziterwa n'ubwiyongere bw'umubiri]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Prenatal factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD)|vauthors=Ornoy A, Weinstein-Fudim L, Ergaz Z|journal=Reproductive Toxicology|volume=56|year=2015|pages=155–169|doi=10.1016/j.reprotox.2015.05.007|pmid=26021712}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VohrPoggiDavis2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Vohr BR, Poggi Davis E, Wanke CA, Krebs NF|title=Neurodevelopment: The Impact of Nutrition and Inflammation During Preconception and Pregnancy in Low-Resource Settings|journal=Pediatrics|year=2017|volume=139|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S38–S49|pmid=28562247|doi=10.1542/peds.2016-2828F|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SamsamAhangari2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Samsam M, Ahangari R, Naser SA|title=Pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders: revisiting gastrointestinal involvement and immune imbalance.|journal=World J Gastroenterol|year=2014|volume=20|issue=29|pages=9942–9951|pmid=25110424|doi=10.3748/wjg.v20.i29.9942|pmc=4123375|type=Review}}&lt;/ref&gt; Impaka zishingiye ku zindi mpamvu zishingiye ku bidukikije zivugwa; urugero, igitekerezo cy’urukingo, cyamaze kwemezwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rut2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Rutter M|title=Incidence of autism spectrum disorders: changes over time and their meaning|journal=Acta Paediatr|volume=94|issue=1|pages=2–15|year=2005|pmid=15858952|doi=10.1111/j.1651-2227.2005.tb01779.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara ya Autism igira ingaruka ku itunganywa ry'amakuru mu bwonko n'uburyo uturemangingo tw'imitsi n'imiyoboro ya synapse bihurira kandi bigatunganywa; uburyo ibi bibaho ntabwo bwumvikana neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lev2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Levy SE, Mandell DS, Schultz RT|title=Autism|journal=Lancet|volume=374|issue=9701|pages=1627–1638|year=2009|pmid=19819542|pmc=2863325|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Igitabo cy’Isuzuma n’Ibarurishamibare ku ndwara zo mu mutwe (DSM-5), gihuza autisme n’ubwoko budakomeye bw’iyi ndwara, harimo [[Indwara ya Asperger|Asperger syndrome]] n’indwara y’iterambere ikwirakwira idasobanuwe ukundi (PDD-NOS) mu gusuzuma indwara ya autism spectrum disorder (ASD).&lt;ref name=DSM5 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;John2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Johnson CP, Myers SM|title=Identification and evaluation of children with autism spectrum disorders|journal=Pediatrics|volume=120|issue=5|pages=1183–1215|year=2007|pmid=17967920|doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2361|url=http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208013449/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/120/5/1183|archive-date=8 February 2009|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uburyo bwo kuvura imyitwarire hakiri kare cyangwa uburyo bwo kuvuga bushobora gufasha abana bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe kwiyitaho, kubana neza n'abandi, no kuvugana n'abandi.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Myers SM, Johnson CP | title = Management of children with autism spectrum disorders | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 120 | issue = 5 | pages = 1162–1182 | date = November 2007 | pmid = 17967921 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2007-2362 | url = https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162 | doi-access = free | access-date = 2020-08-06 | archive-date = 2019-03-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190323092305/https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/120/5/1162 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=San2016&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Sanchack KE, Thomas CA | title = Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles | journal = American Family Physician | volume = 94 | issue = 12 | pages = 972–979 | date = December 2016 | pmid = 28075089 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo nta muti uzwi uhari,&lt;ref name=&quot;CCD2007&quot; /&gt; habayeho abana bakize.&lt;ref name=&quot;Helt2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Helt M, Kelley E, Kinsbourne M, Pandey J, Boorstein H, Herbert M, Fein D|s2cid=4317267|title=Can children with autism recover? If so, how?|journal=Neuropsychology Review|volume=18|issue=4|pages=339–366|date=December 2008|pmid=19009353|doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9075-9|url=https://www.academia.edu/16961306|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.2995|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-10-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191017031345/https://www.academia.edu/16961306/Can_Children_with_Autism_Recover_If_So_How|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bamwe mu bantu bakuru bafite ubumuga bwo mu mutwe ntibashobora kubaho bigenga.&lt;ref name=Ste106&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Steinhausen HC, Mohr Jensen C, Lauritsen MB | title = A systematic review and meta-analysis of the long-term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood | journal = Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica | volume = 133 | issue = 6 | pages = 445–452 | date = June 2016 | pmid = 26763353 | doi = 10.1111/acps.12559 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Umuco w’indwara ya autisme warateye imbere, aho bamwe bashaka ubuvuzi abandi bakemera ko autisme ikwiye kwemerwa nk'itandukaniro rigomba kwitabwaho aho gukira.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sil2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|journal=BioSocieties|year=2008|volume=3|issue=3|pages=325–341|title=Fieldwork on another planet: social science perspectives on the autism spectrum|vauthors=Silverman C|s2cid=145379758|doi=10.1017/S1745855208006236}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frith2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Frith|first=Uta|title=Autism – are we any closer to explaining the enigma?|url=https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma|work=[[The Psychologist (magazine)|The Psychologist]]|publisher=[[British Psychological Society]]|date=October 2014|volume=27|pages=744–745|access-date=2020-08-06|archive-date=2019-05-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510154825/https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-27/edition-10/autism-are-we-any-closer-explaining-enigma|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ku isi yose, autisme ivugwa ko yibasira abantu miliyoni 24.8 {{as of|2015|lc=y}}.&lt;ref name=GBD2015Pre&gt;{{cite journal| author = GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators |title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu myaka ya 2000, umubare w’abantu banduye wabarirwaga kuri 1-2 ku bantu 1.000 ku isi yose.&lt;ref name=News2007&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Newschaffer CJ, Croen LA, Daniels J, Giarelli E, Grether JK, Levy SE, Mandell DS, Miller LA, Pinto-Martin J, Reaven J, Reynolds AM, Rice CE, Schendel D, Windham GC | title = The epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders | journal = Annual Review of Public Health | volume = 28 | pages = 235–258 | year = 2007 | pmid = 17367287 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bihugu byateye imbere, abana bagera kuri 1.5% basanzwe barwaye ASD {{as of|2017|lc=y}},&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lyall K, Croen L, Daniels J, Fallin MD, Ladd-Acosta C, Lee BK, Park BY, Snyder NW, Schendel D, Volk H, Windham GC, Newschaffer C|title=The changing epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders|journal=Annual Review of Public Health|volume=38|pages=81–102|date=March 2017|pmid=28068486|pmc=6566093|doi=10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044318}}&lt;/ref&gt; uvuye kuri 0.7% mu 2000 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.&lt;ref name=ASD2016&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html |title = ASD data and statistics |publisher = CDC.gov |access-date= 11 July 2016 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140418153648/http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html |archive-date = 18 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ikunze kugaragara inshuro enye kugeza kuri eshanu ku bagabo kurusha abagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASD2016&quot; /&gt; Umubare w'abantu banduye wariyongereye cyane kuva mu myaka ya 1960, ibi bikaba bishobora kuba byaratewe n'impinduka mu mikorere yo gusuzuma indwara.&lt;ref name=News2007 /&gt; Ikibazo cyo kumenya niba ibiciro nyabyo byiyongereye ntikirakemuka.&lt;ref name=&quot;News2007&quot; /&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
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  <page>
    <title>Indwara y'ibihaha</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1511227|Smallpox]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="19118" sha1="5infiqz4hwmxjo4b57pptmvjzoaz9i5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Smallpox|synonym=Variola,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Leslie L.|last2=Friedman|first2=Neil R.|title=The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-391-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041212/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; variola vera,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Schaller|first1=Karl F.|title=Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-76200-0|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pox,&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID |chapter=The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World |title=Smallpox and its eradication |series=History of International Public Health |volume=6 |date=1988 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-156110-5 |hdl=10665/39485 |pages=209–44 |chapter-url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf |access-date=14 December 2017 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212171449/https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; red plague&lt;ref name=Peg2017&gt;{{cite book |title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History |date=2016 |publisher=Pengui |isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A child with smallpox in [[Bangladesh]] in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms={{plainlist
|* '''Early''': [[Fever]], [[vomiting]], mouth sores&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Later''': Fluid filled [[blisters]] which [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scab]] over&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;}}|complications=[[Scar]]ring of the skin, [[blindness]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016What&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=1 to 3 weeks following exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|duration=About 4 weeks&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|types=|causes=''Variola major'', ''Variola minor'' (spread between people)&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;&lt;ref name=She2004&gt;{{cite book | veditors = Ryan KJ, Ray CG | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 525–28 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-8385-8529-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and confirmed by [[PCR]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag&gt;{{cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Evaluation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185420/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|differential=[[Chickenpox]], [[impetigo]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[monkeypox]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag /&gt;|prevention=[[Smallpox vaccine]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx&gt;{{cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|treatment=[[Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact&gt;{{cite web | title=Smallpox | work=WHO Factsheet | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ | archive-date = 21 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=[[Tecovirimat]], [[brincidofovir]], [[cidofovir]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx /&gt;|prognosis=30% risk of death&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|frequency=[[Eradication of infectious diseases|Eradicated]] (last wild case in 1977)|deaths=|named after=}}{{Infobox medical condition|name=Smallpox|synonym=Variola,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Leslie L.|last2=Friedman|first2=Neil R.|title=The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-391-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041212/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; variola vera,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Schaller|first1=Karl F.|title=Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-76200-0|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pox,&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot; /&gt; red plague&lt;ref name=Peg2017 /&gt;|image=Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A child with smallpox in [[Bangladesh]] in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms={{plainlist
|* '''Early''': [[Fever]], [[vomiting]], mouth sores&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;
* '''Later''': Fluid filled [[blisters]] which [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scab]] over&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;}}|complications=[[Scar]]ring of the skin, [[blindness]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;|onset=1 to 3 weeks following exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|duration=About 4 weeks&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|types=|causes=''Variola major'', ''Variola minor'' (spread between people)&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;&lt;ref name=She2004 /&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and confirmed by [[PCR]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag /&gt;|differential=[[Chickenpox]], [[impetigo]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[monkeypox]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag /&gt;|prevention=[[Smallpox vaccine]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx /&gt;|treatment=[[Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;|medication=[[Tecovirimat]], [[brincidofovir]], [[cidofovir]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx /&gt;|prognosis=30% risk of death&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|frequency=[[Eradication of infectious diseases|Eradicated]] (last wild case in 1977)|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara y'ibihaha''' yari indwara yandura iterwa n'imwe muri virusi ebyiri, ''Variola major'' na ''Variola minor''.&lt;ref name=&quot;She2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Ryan KJ, Ray CG|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|edition=4th|pages=525–28|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umurwayi wa nyuma usanzwe yagaragaye mu Ukwakira 1977, maze [[WHO|Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima]] (OMS) wemeza ko iyi ndwara yaciwe burundu ku isi mu 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox|website=WHO Factsheet|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-date=21 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka z'urupfu nyuma yo kwandura iyi ndwara zari hafi 30%, aho umubare w'abana bato wari uri hejuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rie2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel S|title=Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination|journal=Proceedings|volume=18|issue=1|pages=21–5|date=January 2005|pmid=16200144|pmc=1200696|doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi abarokotse bari bafite inkovu nyinshi ku ruhu rwabo, kandi bamwe basigaranye impumyi.&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;

Ibimenyetso bya mbere by’iyi ndwara byari birimo umuriro no kuruka.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Ibi byakurikiwe no kugaragara kw'ibisebe mu kanwa no gucika uduheri ku ruhu.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Mu minsi myinshi, ibibyimba byo ku ruhu byahindutse utubyimba twuzuye amazi hamwe n'aho hagati hapfutse.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Hanyuma ibibyimba byaracitse biragwa, bisiga inkovu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara yakwirakwijwe hagati y'abantu cyangwa binyuze mu bintu byanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leb2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA89|title=Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies|last=Lebwohl|first=Mark G.|last2=Heymann|first2=Warren R.|last3=Berth-Jones|first3=John|last4=Coulson|first4=Ian|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5236-1|page=89|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225170712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwirinda byakorwaga ahanini n'urukingo rwa smallpox.&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx /&gt; Iyo indwara imaze kugaragara, imiti imwe n'imwe igabanya ubukana bw'imiti ishobora kuba yarafashije.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inkomoko y'indwara y'ingutu ntabwo izwi.&lt;ref name=CDC2017His&gt;{{cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bya mbere by'iyi ndwara ni ibyo mu kinyejana cya 3 mbere ya Yesu mu maremare yo mu Misiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017His&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara yakunze kubaho mu bihe byashize.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Mu Burayi bwo mu kinyejana cya 18, bivugwa ko abantu 400.000 bapfaga buri mwaka bazize iyi ndwara, kandi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abayirwaye cyabaviriyemo ubuhumyi.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hays2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Hays JN|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aba bapfuye barimo abami batandatu.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hays2005&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Hays JN |title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara y'ibicurane iravugwa ko yahitanye abantu bagera kuri 300&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni mu kinyejana cya 20 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Hilary|last=Koprowski|first2=Michael B. A.|last2=Oldstone|title=Microbe hunters, then and now|publisher=Medi-Ed Press|date=January 1996|isbn=978-0-936741-11-6|page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henderson DA|title=The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future|journal=Vaccine|volume=29 Suppl 4|pages=D7-9|date=December 2011|pmid=22188929|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'abagera kuri 500&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu mu myaka 100 ishize imaze ibayeho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&amp;pg=PA12|title=Smallpox : the death of a disease|vauthors=Henderson D|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-61592-230-7|page=12|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217120015/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vuba aha mu 1967, 15&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni banduye buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;

Gutera indwara y'inkorora bisa nkaho byatangiye mu [[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]] ahagana mu myaka ya 1500.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63262-1|page=134|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|access-date=30 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132507/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M.|last=Silverstein|pages=293|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293|isbn=9780080919461|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005080731/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293%2F|url-status=live}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Uburayi bwafashe uyu muco ukomoka muri Aziya mu gice cya mbere cy'ikinyejana cya 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;strathern179&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Strathern|first=Paul|year=2005|title=A Brief History of Medicine|publisher=Robinson|location=London|isbn=978-1-84529-155-6|page=179}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1796, Edward Jenner yatangije urukingo rugezweho rwa smallpox.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolfe2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wolfe RM, Sharp LK|title=Anti-vaccinationists past and present|journal=BMJ|volume=325|issue=7361|pages=430–2|date=August 2002|pmid=12193361|pmc=1123944|doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119014617/http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|website=WHO|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930033132/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1967, OMS yongereye imbaraga mu kurandura iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Indwara y'inkorora ni imwe mu ndwara ebyiri zandura zaranduwe burundu, indi ikaba ari indwara y'inkorora mu 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Guidotti|first=Tee L.|title=Health and Sustainability: An Introduction|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932568-9|page=T290|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT290|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226075257/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roossinck|first=Marilyn J.|title=Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8325-7|page=126|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA126|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222014051/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo &quot;inkongoro&quot; ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu Bwongereza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 16 kugira ngo ritandukanye indwara na [[Mburugu|syphilis]], icyo gihe izwi nka &quot;inkongoro nini&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=smallpox {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of smallpox by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Smallpox|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=8 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009132808/https://www.etymonline.com/word/smallpox|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bar1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barquet N, Domingo P|title=Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=127|issue=8 Pt 1|pages=635–42|date=October 1997|pmid=9341063|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.883}}&lt;/ref&gt; Andi mazina y’amateka y’iyi ndwara arimo pox, smallled monster, na red plague.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peg2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History|date=2016|publisher=Pengui|isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3|page=100|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Bar1997&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Barquet N, Domingo P | title = Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 127 | issue = 8 Pt 1 | pages = 635–42 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9341063 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.695.883 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amareferensi ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <id>148382</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-31T16:02:27Z</timestamp>
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        <id>18645</id>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1511227|Smallpox]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="16657" sha1="pjs8eyknx7xpnl5bynb1f0370ckokay" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Smallpox|synonym=Variola,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Leslie L.|last2=Friedman|first2=Neil R.|title=The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-391-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041212/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; variola vera,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Schaller|first1=Karl F.|title=Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-76200-0|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pox,&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID |chapter=The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World |title=Smallpox and its eradication |series=History of International Public Health |volume=6 |date=1988 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-156110-5 |hdl=10665/39485 |pages=209–44 |chapter-url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf |access-date=14 December 2017 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212171449/https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; red plague&lt;ref name=Peg2017&gt;{{cite book |title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History |date=2016 |publisher=Pengui |isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A child with smallpox in [[Bangladesh]] in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms={{plainlist
|* '''Early''': [[Fever]], [[vomiting]], mouth sores&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Later''': Fluid filled [[blisters]] which [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scab]] over&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;}}|complications=[[Scar]]ring of the skin, [[blindness]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016What&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=1 to 3 weeks following exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|duration=About 4 weeks&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|types=|causes=''Variola major'', ''Variola minor'' (spread between people)&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;&lt;ref name=She2004&gt;{{cite book | veditors = Ryan KJ, Ray CG | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 525–28 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-8385-8529-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and confirmed by [[PCR]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag&gt;{{cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Evaluation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185420/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|differential=[[Chickenpox]], [[impetigo]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[monkeypox]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag /&gt;|prevention=[[Smallpox vaccine]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx&gt;{{cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|treatment=[[Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact&gt;{{cite web | title=Smallpox | work=WHO Factsheet | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ | archive-date = 21 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=[[Tecovirimat]], [[brincidofovir]], [[cidofovir]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx /&gt;|prognosis=30% risk of death&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|frequency=[[Eradication of infectious diseases|Eradicated]] (last wild case in 1977)|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara y'ibihaha''' yari indwara yandura iterwa n'imwe muri virusi ebyiri, ''Variola major'' na ''Variola minor''.&lt;ref name=&quot;She2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Ryan KJ, Ray CG|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|edition=4th|pages=525–28|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umurwayi wa nyuma usanzwe yagaragaye mu Ukwakira 1977, maze [[WHO|Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima]] (OMS) wemeza ko iyi ndwara yaciwe burundu ku isi mu 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox|website=WHO Factsheet|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-date=21 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka z'urupfu nyuma yo kwandura iyi ndwara zari hafi 30%, aho umubare w'abana bato wari uri hejuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rie2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel S|title=Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination|journal=Proceedings|volume=18|issue=1|pages=21–5|date=January 2005|pmid=16200144|pmc=1200696|doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi abarokotse bari bafite inkovu nyinshi ku ruhu rwabo, kandi bamwe basigaranye impumyi.&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;

Ibimenyetso bya mbere by’iyi ndwara byari birimo umuriro no kuruka.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Ibi byakurikiwe no kugaragara kw'ibisebe mu kanwa no gucika uduheri ku ruhu.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Mu minsi myinshi, ibibyimba byo ku ruhu byahindutse utubyimba twuzuye amazi hamwe n'aho hagati hapfutse.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Hanyuma ibibyimba byaracitse biragwa, bisiga inkovu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara yakwirakwijwe hagati y'abantu cyangwa binyuze mu bintu byanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leb2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA89|title=Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies|last=Lebwohl|first=Mark G.|last2=Heymann|first2=Warren R.|last3=Berth-Jones|first3=John|last4=Coulson|first4=Ian|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5236-1|page=89|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225170712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwirinda byakorwaga ahanini n'urukingo rwa smallpox.&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx /&gt; Iyo indwara imaze kugaragara, imiti imwe n'imwe igabanya ubukana bw'imiti ishobora kuba yarafashije.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inkomoko y'indwara y'ingutu ntabwo izwi.&lt;ref name=CDC2017His&gt;{{cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bya mbere by'iyi ndwara ni ibyo mu kinyejana cya 3 mbere ya Yesu mu maremare yo mu Misiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017His&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara yakunze kubaho mu bihe by’icyorezo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Mu Burayi bwo mu kinyejana cya 18, bivugwa ko abantu 400.000 bapfaga buri mwaka bazize iyi ndwara, kandi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abarwayi barwaye indwara yavuyemo ubuhumyi.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hays2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Hays JN|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aba bapfuye barimo abami batandatu.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hays2005&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Hays JN |title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara y'ibicurane iravugwa ko yahitanye abantu bagera kuri 300&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni mu kinyejana cya 20 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Hilary|last=Koprowski|first2=Michael B. A.|last2=Oldstone|title=Microbe hunters, then and now|publisher=Medi-Ed Press|date=January 1996|isbn=978-0-936741-11-6|page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henderson DA|title=The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future|journal=Vaccine|volume=29 Suppl 4|pages=D7-9|date=December 2011|pmid=22188929|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'abagera kuri 500&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu mu myaka 100 ishize imaze ibayeho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&amp;pg=PA12|title=Smallpox : the death of a disease|vauthors=Henderson D|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-61592-230-7|page=12|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217120015/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vuba aha mu 1967, 15&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni banduye buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;

Gutera indwara y'inkorora bisa nkaho byatangiye mu [[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]] ahagana mu myaka ya 1500.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63262-1|page=134|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|access-date=30 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132507/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M.|last=Silverstein|pages=293|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293|isbn=9780080919461|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005080731/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293%2F|url-status=live}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Uburayi bwafashe uyu muco ukomoka muri Aziya mu gice cya mbere cy'ikinyejana cya 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;strathern179&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Strathern|first=Paul|year=2005|title=A Brief History of Medicine|publisher=Robinson|location=London|isbn=978-1-84529-155-6|page=179}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1796, Edward Jenner yatangije urukingo rugezweho rwa smallpox.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolfe2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wolfe RM, Sharp LK|title=Anti-vaccinationists past and present|journal=BMJ|volume=325|issue=7361|pages=430–2|date=August 2002|pmid=12193361|pmc=1123944|doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119014617/http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|website=WHO|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930033132/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1967, OMS yongereye imbaraga mu kurandura iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Indwara y'inkorora ni imwe mu ndwara ebyiri zandura zaranduwe burundu, indi ikaba ari indwara y'inkorora mu 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Guidotti|first=Tee L.|title=Health and Sustainability: An Introduction|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932568-9|page=T290|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT290|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226075257/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roossinck|first=Marilyn J.|title=Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8325-7|page=126|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA126|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222014051/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo &quot;inkongoro&quot; ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu Bwongereza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 16 kugira ngo ritandukanye indwara na [[Mburugu|syphilis]], icyo gihe izwi nka &quot;inkongoro nini&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=smallpox {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of smallpox by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Smallpox|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=8 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009132808/https://www.etymonline.com/word/smallpox|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bar1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barquet N, Domingo P|title=Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=127|issue=8 Pt 1|pages=635–42|date=October 1997|pmid=9341063|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.883}}&lt;/ref&gt; Andi mazina y’amateka y’iyi ndwara arimo pox, smallled monster, na red plague.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peg2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History|date=2016|publisher=Pengui|isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3|page=100|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Bar1997&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Barquet N, Domingo P | title = Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 127 | issue = 8 Pt 1 | pages = 635–42 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9341063 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.695.883 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amareferensi ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pjs8eyknx7xpnl5bynb1f0370ckokay</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>148384</id>
      <parentid>148382</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-31T16:11:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Winner Homes</username>
        <id>18645</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>kunoza gusoma</comment>
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      <text bytes="16676" sha1="eq03n5hz24rla4tnr4in1c0btb8cphg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Smallpox|synonym=Variola,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Leslie L.|last2=Friedman|first2=Neil R.|title=The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-391-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041212/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; variola vera,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Schaller|first1=Karl F.|title=Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-76200-0|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pox,&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID |chapter=The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World |title=Smallpox and its eradication |series=History of International Public Health |volume=6 |date=1988 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-156110-5 |hdl=10665/39485 |pages=209–44 |chapter-url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf |access-date=14 December 2017 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212171449/https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; red plague&lt;ref name=Peg2017&gt;{{cite book |title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History |date=2016 |publisher=Pengui |isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A child with smallpox in [[Bangladesh]] in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms={{plainlist
|* '''Early''': [[Fever]], [[vomiting]], mouth sores&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Later''': Fluid filled [[blisters]] which [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scab]] over&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;}}|complications=[[Scar]]ring of the skin, [[blindness]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016What&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=1 to 3 weeks following exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|duration=About 4 weeks&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|types=|causes=''Variola major'', ''Variola minor'' (spread between people)&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;&lt;ref name=She2004&gt;{{cite book | veditors = Ryan KJ, Ray CG | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 525–28 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-8385-8529-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and confirmed by [[PCR]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag&gt;{{cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Evaluation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185420/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|differential=[[Chickenpox]], [[impetigo]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[monkeypox]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag /&gt;|prevention=[[Smallpox vaccine]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx&gt;{{cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|treatment=[[Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact&gt;{{cite web | title=Smallpox | work=WHO Factsheet | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ | archive-date = 21 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=[[Tecovirimat]], [[brincidofovir]], [[cidofovir]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx /&gt;|prognosis=30% risk of death&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|frequency=[[Eradication of infectious diseases|Eradicated]] (last wild case in 1977)|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara y'ibihaha''' yari indwara yandura iterwa n'imwe muri virusi ebyiri,  imwe  nkuru yitwa variyola na nindi yitwa variyola ntoya.&lt;ref name=&quot;She2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Ryan KJ, Ray CG|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|edition=4th|pages=525–28|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umurwayi wa nyuma usanzwe yagaragaye mu Ukwakira 1977, maze [[WHO|Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima]] (OMS) wemeza ko iyi ndwara yaciwe burundu ku isi mu 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox|website=WHO Factsheet|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-date=21 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka z'urupfu nyuma yo kwandura iyi ndwara zari hafi 30%, aho umubare w'abana bato wari uri hejuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rie2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel S|title=Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination|journal=Proceedings|volume=18|issue=1|pages=21–5|date=January 2005|pmid=16200144|pmc=1200696|doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi abarokotse bari bafite inkovu nyinshi ku ruhu rwabo, kandi bamwe basigaranye impumyi.&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;

Ibimenyetso bya mbere by’iyi ndwara byari birimo umuriro no kuruka.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Ibi byakurikiwe no kugaragara kw'ibisebe mu kanwa no gucika uduheri ku ruhu.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Mu minsi myinshi, ibibyimba byo ku ruhu byahindutse utubyimba twuzuye amazi hamwe n'aho hagati hapfutse.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Hanyuma ibibyimba byaracitse biragwa, bisiga inkovu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara yakwirakwijwe hagati y'abantu cyangwa binyuze mu bintu byanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leb2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA89|title=Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies|last=Lebwohl|first=Mark G.|last2=Heymann|first2=Warren R.|last3=Berth-Jones|first3=John|last4=Coulson|first4=Ian|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5236-1|page=89|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225170712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwirinda byakorwaga ahanini n'urukingo rwa smallpox.&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx /&gt; Iyo indwara imaze kugaragara, imiti imwe n'imwe igabanya ubukana bw'imiti ishobora kuba yarafashije.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inkomoko y'indwara y'ingutu ntabwo izwi.&lt;ref name=CDC2017His&gt;{{cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bya mbere by'iyi ndwara ni ibyo mu kinyejana cya 3 mbere ya Yesu mu maremare yo mu Misiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017His&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara yakunze kubaho mu bihe by’icyorezo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Mu Burayi bwo mu kinyejana cya 18, bivugwa ko abantu 400.000 bapfaga buri mwaka bazize iyi ndwara, kandi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abarwayi barwaye indwara yavuyemo ubuhumyi.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hays2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Hays JN|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aba bapfuye barimo abami batandatu.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hays2005&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Hays JN |title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara y'ibicurane iravugwa ko yahitanye abantu bagera kuri 300&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni mu kinyejana cya 20 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Hilary|last=Koprowski|first2=Michael B. A.|last2=Oldstone|title=Microbe hunters, then and now|publisher=Medi-Ed Press|date=January 1996|isbn=978-0-936741-11-6|page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henderson DA|title=The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future|journal=Vaccine|volume=29 Suppl 4|pages=D7-9|date=December 2011|pmid=22188929|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'abagera kuri 500&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu mu myaka 100 ishize imaze ibayeho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&amp;pg=PA12|title=Smallpox : the death of a disease|vauthors=Henderson D|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-61592-230-7|page=12|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217120015/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vuba aha mu 1967, 15&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni banduye buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;

Gutera indwara y'inkorora bisa nkaho byatangiye mu [[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]] ahagana mu myaka ya 1500.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63262-1|page=134|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|access-date=30 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132507/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M.|last=Silverstein|pages=293|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293|isbn=9780080919461|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005080731/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293%2F|url-status=live}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Uburayi bwafashe uyu muco ukomoka muri Aziya mu gice cya mbere cy'ikinyejana cya 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;strathern179&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Strathern|first=Paul|year=2005|title=A Brief History of Medicine|publisher=Robinson|location=London|isbn=978-1-84529-155-6|page=179}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1796, Edward Jenner yatangije urukingo rugezweho rwa smallpox.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolfe2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wolfe RM, Sharp LK|title=Anti-vaccinationists past and present|journal=BMJ|volume=325|issue=7361|pages=430–2|date=August 2002|pmid=12193361|pmc=1123944|doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119014617/http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|website=WHO|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930033132/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1967, OMS yongereye imbaraga mu kurandura iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Indwara y'inkorora ni imwe mu ndwara ebyiri zandura zaranduwe burundu, indi ikaba ari indwara y'inkorora mu 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Guidotti|first=Tee L.|title=Health and Sustainability: An Introduction|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932568-9|page=T290|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT290|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226075257/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roossinck|first=Marilyn J.|title=Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8325-7|page=126|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA126|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222014051/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo &quot;inkongoro&quot; ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu Bwongereza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 16 kugira ngo ritandukanye indwara na [[Mburugu|syphilis]], icyo gihe izwi nka &quot;inkongoro nini&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=smallpox {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of smallpox by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Smallpox|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=8 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009132808/https://www.etymonline.com/word/smallpox|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bar1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barquet N, Domingo P|title=Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=127|issue=8 Pt 1|pages=635–42|date=October 1997|pmid=9341063|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.883}}&lt;/ref&gt; Andi mazina y’amateka y’iyi ndwara arimo pox, smallled monster, na red plague.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peg2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History|date=2016|publisher=Pengui|isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3|page=100|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Bar1997&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Barquet N, Domingo P | title = Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 127 | issue = 8 Pt 1 | pages = 635–42 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9341063 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.695.883 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amareferensi ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="16703" sha1="9jq0ijnnbnpqjve7sx8xifbkz6l8qrw" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Smallpox|synonym=Variola,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Leslie L.|last2=Friedman|first2=Neil R.|title=The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-391-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041212/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; variola vera,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Schaller|first1=Karl F.|title=Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-76200-0|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pox,&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID |chapter=The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World |title=Smallpox and its eradication |series=History of International Public Health |volume=6 |date=1988 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-156110-5 |hdl=10665/39485 |pages=209–44 |chapter-url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf |access-date=14 December 2017 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212171449/https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; red plague&lt;ref name=Peg2017&gt;{{cite book |title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History |date=2016 |publisher=Pengui |isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A child with smallpox in [[Bangladesh]] in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms={{plainlist
|* '''Early''': [[Fever]], [[vomiting]], mouth sores&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Later''': Fluid filled [[blisters]] which [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scab]] over&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;}}|complications=[[Scar]]ring of the skin, [[blindness]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016What&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=1 to 3 weeks following exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|duration=About 4 weeks&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|types=|causes=''Variola major'', ''Variola minor'' (spread between people)&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;&lt;ref name=She2004&gt;{{cite book | veditors = Ryan KJ, Ray CG | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 525–28 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-8385-8529-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and confirmed by [[PCR]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag&gt;{{cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Evaluation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185420/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|differential=[[Chickenpox]], [[impetigo]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[monkeypox]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag /&gt;|prevention=[[Smallpox vaccine]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx&gt;{{cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|treatment=[[Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact&gt;{{cite web | title=Smallpox | work=WHO Factsheet | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ | archive-date = 21 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=[[Tecovirimat]], [[brincidofovir]], [[cidofovir]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx /&gt;|prognosis=30% risk of death&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|frequency=[[Eradication of infectious diseases|Eradicated]] (last wild case in 1977)|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara y'ibihaha''' yari indwara yandura iterwa n'imwe muri virusi ebyiri,  imwe  nkuru yitwa variyola na nindi yitwa variyola ntoya.&lt;ref name=&quot;She2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Ryan KJ, Ray CG|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|edition=4th|pages=525–28|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umurwayi wa nyuma usanzwe yagaragaye mu Ukwakira 1977, maze [[WHO|Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima]] (OMS) wemeza ko iyi ndwara yaciwe burundu ku isi mu 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox|website=WHO Factsheet|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-date=21 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka z'urupfu nyuma yo kwandura iyi ndwara zari hafi 30%, aho umubare w'abana bato wari uri hejuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rie2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel S|title=Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination|journal=Proceedings|volume=18|issue=1|pages=21–5|date=January 2005|pmid=16200144|pmc=1200696|doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi abarokotse  iyi ndwara wasangaga bafite inkovu nyinshi ku ruhu rwabo, ikindi bamwe  muri bo basigaranye impumyi.&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;

Ibimenyetso bya mbere by’iyi ndwara byari birimo umuriro no kuruka.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Ibi byakurikiwe no kugaragara kw'ibisebe mu kanwa no gucika uduheri ku ruhu.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Mu minsi myinshi, ibibyimba byo ku ruhu byahindutse utubyimba twuzuye amazi hamwe n'aho hagati hapfutse.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Hanyuma ibibyimba byaracitse biragwa, bisiga inkovu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara yakwirakwijwe hagati y'abantu cyangwa binyuze mu bintu byanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leb2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA89|title=Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies|last=Lebwohl|first=Mark G.|last2=Heymann|first2=Warren R.|last3=Berth-Jones|first3=John|last4=Coulson|first4=Ian|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5236-1|page=89|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225170712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwirinda byakorwaga ahanini n'urukingo rwa smallpox.&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx /&gt; Iyo indwara imaze kugaragara, imiti imwe n'imwe igabanya ubukana bw'imiti ishobora kuba yarafashije.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inkomoko y'indwara y'ingutu ntabwo izwi.&lt;ref name=CDC2017His&gt;{{cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bya mbere by'iyi ndwara ni ibyo mu kinyejana cya 3 mbere ya Yesu mu maremare yo mu Misiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017His&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara yakunze kubaho mu bihe by’icyorezo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Mu Burayi bwo mu kinyejana cya 18, bivugwa ko abantu 400.000 bapfaga buri mwaka bazize iyi ndwara, kandi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abarwayi barwaye indwara yavuyemo ubuhumyi.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hays2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Hays JN|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aba bapfuye barimo abami batandatu.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hays2005&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Hays JN |title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara y'ibicurane iravugwa ko yahitanye abantu bagera kuri 300&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni mu kinyejana cya 20 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Hilary|last=Koprowski|first2=Michael B. A.|last2=Oldstone|title=Microbe hunters, then and now|publisher=Medi-Ed Press|date=January 1996|isbn=978-0-936741-11-6|page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henderson DA|title=The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future|journal=Vaccine|volume=29 Suppl 4|pages=D7-9|date=December 2011|pmid=22188929|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'abagera kuri 500&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu mu myaka 100 ishize imaze ibayeho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&amp;pg=PA12|title=Smallpox : the death of a disease|vauthors=Henderson D|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-61592-230-7|page=12|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217120015/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vuba aha mu 1967, 15&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni banduye buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;

Gutera indwara y'inkorora bisa nkaho byatangiye mu [[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]] ahagana mu myaka ya 1500.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63262-1|page=134|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|access-date=30 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132507/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M.|last=Silverstein|pages=293|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293|isbn=9780080919461|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005080731/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293%2F|url-status=live}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Uburayi bwafashe uyu muco ukomoka muri Aziya mu gice cya mbere cy'ikinyejana cya 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;strathern179&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Strathern|first=Paul|year=2005|title=A Brief History of Medicine|publisher=Robinson|location=London|isbn=978-1-84529-155-6|page=179}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1796, Edward Jenner yatangije urukingo rugezweho rwa smallpox.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolfe2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wolfe RM, Sharp LK|title=Anti-vaccinationists past and present|journal=BMJ|volume=325|issue=7361|pages=430–2|date=August 2002|pmid=12193361|pmc=1123944|doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119014617/http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|website=WHO|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930033132/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1967, OMS yongereye imbaraga mu kurandura iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Indwara y'inkorora ni imwe mu ndwara ebyiri zandura zaranduwe burundu, indi ikaba ari indwara y'inkorora mu 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Guidotti|first=Tee L.|title=Health and Sustainability: An Introduction|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932568-9|page=T290|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT290|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226075257/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roossinck|first=Marilyn J.|title=Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8325-7|page=126|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA126|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222014051/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo &quot;inkongoro&quot; ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu Bwongereza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 16 kugira ngo ritandukanye indwara na [[Mburugu|syphilis]], icyo gihe izwi nka &quot;inkongoro nini&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=smallpox {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of smallpox by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Smallpox|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=8 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009132808/https://www.etymonline.com/word/smallpox|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bar1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barquet N, Domingo P|title=Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=127|issue=8 Pt 1|pages=635–42|date=October 1997|pmid=9341063|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.883}}&lt;/ref&gt; Andi mazina y’amateka y’iyi ndwara arimo pox, smallled monster, na red plague.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peg2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History|date=2016|publisher=Pengui|isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3|page=100|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Bar1997&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Barquet N, Domingo P | title = Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 127 | issue = 8 Pt 1 | pages = 635–42 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9341063 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.695.883 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amareferensi ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-31T16:15:50Z</timestamp>
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        <id>18645</id>
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      <comment>Gukosora imyandikire</comment>
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      <text bytes="16702" sha1="1qju3aq3xitfvraxmk7bkuvw2rlb0nj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Smallpox|synonym=Variola,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Leslie L.|last2=Friedman|first2=Neil R.|title=The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-391-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041212/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; variola vera,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Schaller|first1=Karl F.|title=Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-76200-0|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pox,&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID |chapter=The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World |title=Smallpox and its eradication |series=History of International Public Health |volume=6 |date=1988 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-156110-5 |hdl=10665/39485 |pages=209–44 |chapter-url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf |access-date=14 December 2017 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212171449/https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; red plague&lt;ref name=Peg2017&gt;{{cite book |title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History |date=2016 |publisher=Pengui |isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A child with smallpox in [[Bangladesh]] in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms={{plainlist
|* '''Early''': [[Fever]], [[vomiting]], mouth sores&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Later''': Fluid filled [[blisters]] which [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scab]] over&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;}}|complications=[[Scar]]ring of the skin, [[blindness]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016What&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=1 to 3 weeks following exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|duration=About 4 weeks&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|types=|causes=''Variola major'', ''Variola minor'' (spread between people)&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;&lt;ref name=She2004&gt;{{cite book | veditors = Ryan KJ, Ray CG | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 525–28 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-8385-8529-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and confirmed by [[PCR]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag&gt;{{cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Evaluation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185420/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|differential=[[Chickenpox]], [[impetigo]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[monkeypox]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag /&gt;|prevention=[[Smallpox vaccine]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx&gt;{{cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|treatment=[[Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact&gt;{{cite web | title=Smallpox | work=WHO Factsheet | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ | archive-date = 21 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=[[Tecovirimat]], [[brincidofovir]], [[cidofovir]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx /&gt;|prognosis=30% risk of death&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|frequency=[[Eradication of infectious diseases|Eradicated]] (last wild case in 1977)|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara y'ibihaha''' yari indwara yandura iterwa n'imwe muri virusi ebyiri,  imwe  nkuru yitwa variyola na nindi yitwa variyola ntoya.&lt;ref name=&quot;She2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Ryan KJ, Ray CG|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|edition=4th|pages=525–28|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umurwayi wa nyuma usanzwe yagaragaye mu Ukwakira 1977, maze [[WHO|Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima]] (OMS) wemeza ko iyi ndwara yaciwe burundu ku isi mu 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox|website=WHO Factsheet|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-date=21 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka z'urupfu nyuma yo kwandura iyi ndwara zari hafi 30%, aho umubare w'abana bato wari uri hejuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rie2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel S|title=Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination|journal=Proceedings|volume=18|issue=1|pages=21–5|date=January 2005|pmid=16200144|pmc=1200696|doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi abarokotse iyi ndwara wasangaga bafite inkovu nyinshi ku ruhu rwabo, ikindi bamwe muri bo basigaranye ubuhumyi.&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;

Ibimenyetso bya mbere by’iyi ndwara byari birimo umuriro no kuruka.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Ibi byakurikiwe no kugaragara kw'ibisebe mu kanwa no gucika uduheri ku ruhu.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Mu minsi myinshi, ibibyimba byo ku ruhu byahindutse utubyimba twuzuye amazi hamwe n'aho hagati hapfutse.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Hanyuma ibibyimba byaracitse biragwa, bisiga inkovu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara yakwirakwijwe hagati y'abantu cyangwa binyuze mu bintu byanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leb2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA89|title=Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies|last=Lebwohl|first=Mark G.|last2=Heymann|first2=Warren R.|last3=Berth-Jones|first3=John|last4=Coulson|first4=Ian|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5236-1|page=89|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225170712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwirinda byakorwaga ahanini n'urukingo rwa smallpox.&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx /&gt; Iyo indwara imaze kugaragara, imiti imwe n'imwe igabanya ubukana bw'imiti ishobora kuba yarafashije.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inkomoko y'indwara y'ingutu ntabwo izwi.&lt;ref name=CDC2017His&gt;{{cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bya mbere by'iyi ndwara ni ibyo mu kinyejana cya 3 mbere ya Yesu mu maremare yo mu Misiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017His&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara yakunze kubaho mu bihe by’icyorezo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Mu Burayi bwo mu kinyejana cya 18, bivugwa ko abantu 400.000 bapfaga buri mwaka bazize iyi ndwara, kandi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abarwayi barwaye indwara yavuyemo ubuhumyi.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hays2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Hays JN|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aba bapfuye barimo abami batandatu.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hays2005&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Hays JN |title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara y'ibicurane iravugwa ko yahitanye abantu bagera kuri 300&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni mu kinyejana cya 20 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Hilary|last=Koprowski|first2=Michael B. A.|last2=Oldstone|title=Microbe hunters, then and now|publisher=Medi-Ed Press|date=January 1996|isbn=978-0-936741-11-6|page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henderson DA|title=The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future|journal=Vaccine|volume=29 Suppl 4|pages=D7-9|date=December 2011|pmid=22188929|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'abagera kuri 500&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu mu myaka 100 ishize imaze ibayeho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&amp;pg=PA12|title=Smallpox : the death of a disease|vauthors=Henderson D|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-61592-230-7|page=12|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217120015/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vuba aha mu 1967, 15&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni banduye buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;

Gutera indwara y'inkorora bisa nkaho byatangiye mu [[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]] ahagana mu myaka ya 1500.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63262-1|page=134|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|access-date=30 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132507/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M.|last=Silverstein|pages=293|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293|isbn=9780080919461|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005080731/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293%2F|url-status=live}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Uburayi bwafashe uyu muco ukomoka muri Aziya mu gice cya mbere cy'ikinyejana cya 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;strathern179&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Strathern|first=Paul|year=2005|title=A Brief History of Medicine|publisher=Robinson|location=London|isbn=978-1-84529-155-6|page=179}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1796, Edward Jenner yatangije urukingo rugezweho rwa smallpox.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolfe2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wolfe RM, Sharp LK|title=Anti-vaccinationists past and present|journal=BMJ|volume=325|issue=7361|pages=430–2|date=August 2002|pmid=12193361|pmc=1123944|doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119014617/http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|website=WHO|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930033132/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1967, OMS yongereye imbaraga mu kurandura iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Indwara y'inkorora ni imwe mu ndwara ebyiri zandura zaranduwe burundu, indi ikaba ari indwara y'inkorora mu 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Guidotti|first=Tee L.|title=Health and Sustainability: An Introduction|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932568-9|page=T290|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT290|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226075257/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roossinck|first=Marilyn J.|title=Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8325-7|page=126|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA126|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222014051/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo &quot;inkongoro&quot; ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu Bwongereza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 16 kugira ngo ritandukanye indwara na [[Mburugu|syphilis]], icyo gihe izwi nka &quot;inkongoro nini&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=smallpox {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of smallpox by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Smallpox|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=8 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009132808/https://www.etymonline.com/word/smallpox|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bar1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barquet N, Domingo P|title=Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=127|issue=8 Pt 1|pages=635–42|date=October 1997|pmid=9341063|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.883}}&lt;/ref&gt; Andi mazina y’amateka y’iyi ndwara arimo pox, smallled monster, na red plague.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peg2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History|date=2016|publisher=Pengui|isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3|page=100|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Bar1997&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Barquet N, Domingo P | title = Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 127 | issue = 8 Pt 1 | pages = 635–42 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9341063 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.695.883 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amareferensi ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>148387</id>
      <parentid>148386</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-31T16:19:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Winner Homes</username>
        <id>18645</id>
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      <comment>Gukosora imyandikire</comment>
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      <text bytes="16701" sha1="878t41j4o6bh21jg6gcqpr2daznawj2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Smallpox|synonym=Variola,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Leslie L.|last2=Friedman|first2=Neil R.|title=The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-391-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041212/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; variola vera,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Schaller|first1=Karl F.|title=Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-76200-0|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pox,&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID |chapter=The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World |title=Smallpox and its eradication |series=History of International Public Health |volume=6 |date=1988 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-156110-5 |hdl=10665/39485 |pages=209–44 |chapter-url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf |access-date=14 December 2017 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212171449/https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; red plague&lt;ref name=Peg2017&gt;{{cite book |title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History |date=2016 |publisher=Pengui |isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;|image=Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A child with smallpox in [[Bangladesh]] in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms={{plainlist
|* '''Early''': [[Fever]], [[vomiting]], mouth sores&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Later''': Fluid filled [[blisters]] which [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scab]] over&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;}}|complications=[[Scar]]ring of the skin, [[blindness]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016What&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|onset=1 to 3 weeks following exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|duration=About 4 weeks&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|types=|causes=''Variola major'', ''Variola minor'' (spread between people)&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;&lt;ref name=She2004&gt;{{cite book | veditors = Ryan KJ, Ray CG | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 525–28 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-8385-8529-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and confirmed by [[PCR]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag&gt;{{cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Evaluation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185420/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|differential=[[Chickenpox]], [[impetigo]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[monkeypox]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag /&gt;|prevention=[[Smallpox vaccine]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx&gt;{{cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|treatment=[[Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact&gt;{{cite web | title=Smallpox | work=WHO Factsheet | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ | archive-date = 21 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|medication=[[Tecovirimat]], [[brincidofovir]], [[cidofovir]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx /&gt;|prognosis=30% risk of death&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|frequency=[[Eradication of infectious diseases|Eradicated]] (last wild case in 1977)|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara y'ibihaha''' yari indwara yandura iterwa n'imwe muri virusi ebyiri,  imwe  nkuru yitwa variyola na nindi yitwa variyola ntoya.&lt;ref name=&quot;She2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|veditors=Ryan KJ, Ray CG|title=Sherris Medical Microbiology|edition=4th|pages=525–28|publisher=McGraw Hill|year=2004|isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umurwayi wa nyuma usanzwe yagaragaye mu Ukwakira 1977, maze [[WHO|Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima]] (OMS) wemeza ko iyi ndwara yaciwe burundu ku isi mu 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox|website=WHO Factsheet|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/|archive-date=21 September 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka z'urupfu nyuma yo kwandura iyi ndwara zari hafi 30%, aho umubare w'abana bato wari uri hejuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rie2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel S|title=Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination|journal=Proceedings|volume=18|issue=1|pages=21–5|date=January 2005|pmid=16200144|pmc=1200696|doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi abarokotse iyi ndwara wasangaga bafite inkovu nyinshi ku ruhu rwabo, ikindi bamwe muri bo basigaranye ubuhumyi.&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;

Ibimenyetso bya mbere by’iyi ndwara byari birimo umuriro no kuruka.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Ibi  bigakurwa no kugaragara kw'ibisebe mu kanwa no kuzana uduheri ku ruhu.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Mu minsi myinshi, ibibyimba byo ku ruhu byahindutse utubyimba twuzuye amazi hamwe n'aho hagati hapfutse.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Hanyuma ibibyimba byaracitse biragwa, bisiga inkovu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara yakwirakwijwe hagati y'abantu cyangwa binyuze mu bintu byanduye.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016What&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leb2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA89|title=Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies|last=Lebwohl|first=Mark G.|last2=Heymann|first2=Warren R.|last3=Berth-Jones|first3=John|last4=Coulson|first4=Ian|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5236-1|page=89|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225170712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwirinda byakorwaga ahanini n'urukingo rwa smallpox.&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx /&gt; Iyo indwara imaze kugaragara, imiti imwe n'imwe igabanya ubukana bw'imiti ishobora kuba yarafashije.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Tx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Inkomoko y'indwara y'ingutu ntabwo izwi.&lt;ref name=CDC2017His&gt;{{cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bya mbere by'iyi ndwara ni ibyo mu kinyejana cya 3 mbere ya Yesu mu maremare yo mu Misiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017His&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyi ndwara yakunze kubaho mu bihe by’icyorezo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Mu Burayi bwo mu kinyejana cya 18, bivugwa ko abantu 400.000 bapfaga buri mwaka bazize iyi ndwara, kandi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abarwayi barwaye indwara yavuyemo ubuhumyi.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hays2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Hays JN|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aba bapfuye barimo abami batandatu.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hays2005&gt;{{cite book| vauthors = Hays JN |title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Indwara y'ibicurane iravugwa ko yahitanye abantu bagera kuri 300&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni mu kinyejana cya 20 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Hilary|last=Koprowski|first2=Michael B. A.|last2=Oldstone|title=Microbe hunters, then and now|publisher=Medi-Ed Press|date=January 1996|isbn=978-0-936741-11-6|page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henderson DA|title=The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future|journal=Vaccine|volume=29 Suppl 4|pages=D7-9|date=December 2011|pmid=22188929|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'abagera kuri 500&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu mu myaka 100 ishize imaze ibayeho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&amp;pg=PA12|title=Smallpox : the death of a disease|vauthors=Henderson D|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-61592-230-7|page=12|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217120015/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vuba aha mu 1967, 15&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni banduye buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;

Gutera indwara y'inkorora bisa nkaho byatangiye mu [[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]] ahagana mu myaka ya 1500.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63262-1|page=134|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|access-date=30 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132507/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M.|last=Silverstein|pages=293|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293|isbn=9780080919461|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005080731/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293%2F|url-status=live}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Uburayi bwafashe uyu muco ukomoka muri Aziya mu gice cya mbere cy'ikinyejana cya 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;strathern179&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Strathern|first=Paul|year=2005|title=A Brief History of Medicine|publisher=Robinson|location=London|isbn=978-1-84529-155-6|page=179}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1796, Edward Jenner yatangije urukingo rugezweho rwa smallpox.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolfe2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wolfe RM, Sharp LK|title=Anti-vaccinationists past and present|journal=BMJ|volume=325|issue=7361|pages=430–2|date=August 2002|pmid=12193361|pmc=1123944|doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119014617/http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|website=WHO|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930033132/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1967, OMS yongereye imbaraga mu kurandura iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2007Fact&quot; /&gt; Indwara y'inkorora ni imwe mu ndwara ebyiri zandura zaranduwe burundu, indi ikaba ari indwara y'inkorora mu 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Guidotti|first=Tee L.|title=Health and Sustainability: An Introduction|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932568-9|page=T290|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT290|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226075257/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roossinck|first=Marilyn J.|title=Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8325-7|page=126|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA126|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222014051/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo &quot;inkongoro&quot; ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu Bwongereza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 16 kugira ngo ritandukanye indwara na [[Mburugu|syphilis]], icyo gihe izwi nka &quot;inkongoro nini&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=smallpox {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of smallpox by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Smallpox|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=8 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009132808/https://www.etymonline.com/word/smallpox|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bar1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barquet N, Domingo P|title=Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=127|issue=8 Pt 1|pages=635–42|date=October 1997|pmid=9341063|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.883}}&lt;/ref&gt; Andi mazina y’amateka y’iyi ndwara arimo pox, smallled monster, na red plague.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Peg2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History|date=2016|publisher=Pengui|isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3|page=100|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Bar1997&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Barquet N, Domingo P | title = Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death | journal = Annals of Internal Medicine | volume = 127 | issue = 8 Pt 1 | pages = 635–42 | date = October 1997 | pmid = 9341063 | doi = 10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010 | citeseerx = 10.1.1.695.883 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amareferensi ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>878t41j4o6bh21jg6gcqpr2daznawj2</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>148391</id>
      <parentid>148387</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-01T04:07:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr. Ibrahem</username>
        <id>5728</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fix references, Expand infobox #mdwiki .toolforge.org.</comment>
      <origin>148391</origin>
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      <text bytes="13960" sha1="mscimdoqr8696d5y4z6amijklm73042" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Smallpox|synonym=Variola,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Barton|first1=Leslie L.|last2=Friedman|first2=Neil R.|title=The Neurological Manifestations of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunodeficiency Syndromes|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-1-59745-391-2|page=151|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807041212/https://books.google.ca/books?id=GaIyKkRBqIQC&amp;pg=PA151|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; variola vera,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Schaller|first1=Karl F.|title=Colour Atlas of Tropical Dermatology and Venerology|date=2012|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-3-642-76200-0|page=Chapter 1|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807163309/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Bw8yBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PP21|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; pox,&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot; /&gt; red plague&lt;ref name=Peg2017 /&gt;|image=Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=A child with smallpox in [[Bangladesh]] in 1973. The bumps filled with thick fluid and a depression or dimple in the center are characteristic.|pronounce=|field=[[Infectious disease (medical specialty)|Infectious disease]]|symptoms={{plainlist
|* '''Early''': [[Fever]], [[vomiting]], mouth sores&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;
* '''Later''': Fluid filled [[blisters]] which [[Wound healing#Proliferative phase|scab]] over&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;}}|complications=[[Scar]]ring of the skin, [[blindness]]&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;|onset=1 to 3 weeks following exposure&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|duration=About 4 weeks&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|types=|causes=''Variola major'', ''Variola minor'' (spread between people)&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;&lt;ref name=She2004 /&gt;|risks=|diagnosis=Based on symptoms and confirmed by [[PCR]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag&gt;{{cite web|title=Diagnosis &amp; Evaluation|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=9 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171209185420/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/clinicians/diagnosis-evaluation.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;|differential=[[Chickenpox]], [[impetigo]], [[molluscum contagiosum]], [[monkeypox]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Diag /&gt;|prevention=[[Smallpox vaccine]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx /&gt;|treatment=[[Supportive care]]&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;|medication=[[Tecovirimat]], [[brincidofovir]], [[cidofovir]]&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx /&gt;|prognosis=30% risk of death&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt;|frequency=[[Eradication of infectious diseases|Eradicated]] (last wild case in 1977)|deaths=|named after=}}'''Indwara y'ibihaha''' yari indwara yandura iterwa n'imwe muri virusi ebyiri,  imwe  nkuru yitwa variyola na nindi yitwa variyola ntoya.&lt;ref name=She2004&gt;{{cite book | veditors = Ryan KJ, Ray CG | title = Sherris Medical Microbiology | edition = 4th | pages = 525–28 | publisher = McGraw Hill | year = 2004 |isbn = 978-0-8385-8529-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Umurwayi wa nyuma usanzwe yagaragaye mu Ukwakira 1977, maze [[WHO|Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima]] (OMS) wemeza ko iyi ndwara yaciwe burundu ku isi mu 1980.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact&gt;{{cite web | title=Smallpox | work=WHO Factsheet | url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070921235036/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/smallpox/en/ | archive-date = 21 September 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ingaruka z'urupfu nyuma yo kwandura iyi ndwara zari hafi 30%, aho umubare w'abana bato wari uri hejuru.&lt;ref name=CDC2016What&gt;{{cite web|title=What is Smallpox?|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607000819/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/about/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rie2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Riedel S|title=Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination|journal=Proceedings|volume=18|issue=1|pages=21–5|date=January 2005|pmid=16200144|pmc=1200696|doi=10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akenshi abarokotse iyi ndwara wasangaga bafite inkovu nyinshi ku ruhu rwabo, ikindi bamwe muri bo basigaranye ubuhumyi.&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;

Ibimenyetso bya mbere by’iyi ndwara byari birimo umuriro no kuruka.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym&gt;{{cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=7 June 2016|archive-date=7 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607083501/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/symptoms/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi  bigakurwa no kugaragara kw'ibisebe mu kanwa no kuzana uduheri ku ruhu.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Mu minsi myinshi, ibibyimba byo ku ruhu byahindutse utubyimba twuzuye amazi hamwe n'aho hagati hapfutse.&lt;ref name=CDC2016Sym /&gt; Hanyuma ibibyimba byaracitse biragwa, bisiga inkovu.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2016Sym&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara yakwirakwijwe hagati y'abantu cyangwa binyuze mu bintu byanduye.&lt;ref name=CDC2016What /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Leb2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA89|title=Treatment of Skin Disease E-Book: Comprehensive Therapeutic Strategies|last=Lebwohl|first=Mark G.|last2=Heymann|first2=Warren R.|last3=Berth-Jones|first3=John|last4=Coulson|first4=Ian|date=2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-5236-1|page=89|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=25 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200225170712/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hRryAAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwirinda byakorwaga ahanini n'urukingo rwa smallpox.&lt;ref name=CDC2017Tx&gt;{{cite web|title=Prevention and Treatment|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=13 December 2017|archive-date=15 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215110657/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iyo indwara imaze kugaragara, imiti imwe n'imwe igabanya ubukana bw'imiti ishobora kuba yarafashije.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017Tx&quot; /&gt;

Inkomoko y'indwara y'ingutu ntabwo izwi.&lt;ref name=CDC2017His&gt;{{cite web|title=History of Smallpox|url=https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|website=CDC|access-date=14 December 2017|language=en-us|date=25 July 2017|archive-date=14 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614213232/https://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/history/history.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibimenyetso bya mbere by'iyi ndwara ni ibyo mu kinyejana cya 3 mbere ya Yesu mu maremare yo mu Misiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC2017His&quot; /&gt; Iyi ndwara yakunze kubaho mu bihe by’icyorezo.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt; Mu Burayi bwo mu kinyejana cya 18, bivugwa ko abantu 400.000 bapfaga buri mwaka bazize iyi ndwara, kandi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abarwayi barwaye indwara yavuyemo ubuhumyi.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hays2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|vauthors=Hays JN|title=Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History|date=2005|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-85109-658-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays/page/151 151]–52|url=https://archive.org/details/epidemicspandemi0000hays|url-access=registration|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aba bapfuye barimo abami batandatu.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hays2005 /&gt; Indwara y'ibicurane iravugwa ko yahitanye abantu bagera kuri 300&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni mu kinyejana cya 20 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Hilary|last=Koprowski|first2=Michael B. A.|last2=Oldstone|title=Microbe hunters, then and now|publisher=Medi-Ed Press|date=January 1996|isbn=978-0-936741-11-6|page=23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Henderson DA|title=The eradication of smallpox--an overview of the past, present, and future|journal=Vaccine|volume=29 Suppl 4|pages=D7-9|date=December 2011|pmid=22188929|doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.080}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'abagera kuri 500&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z'abantu mu myaka 100 ishize imaze ibayeho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C&amp;pg=PA12|title=Smallpox : the death of a disease|vauthors=Henderson D|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-61592-230-7|page=12|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=17 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217120015/https://books.google.ca/books?id=1u7Xw5i7Ky0C|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vuba aha mu 1967, 15&amp;nbsp;abantu miliyoni banduye buri mwaka.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt;

Gutera indwara y'inkorora bisa nkaho byatangiye mu [[Ubushinwa|Bushinwa]] ahagana mu myaka ya 1500.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Needham|first=Joseph|title=Science and Civilisation in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 6, Medicine|date=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-63262-1|page=134|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|access-date=30 March 2020|language=en|archive-date=11 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200611132507/https://books.google.ca/books?id=6bEZ8Hp8h5sC&amp;lpg=PA259&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA134|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=A History of Immunology|first=Arthur M.|last=Silverstein|pages=293|publisher=Academic Press|year=2009|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293|isbn=9780080919461|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=5 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201005080731/https://books.google.ca/books?id=2xNYjigte14C&amp;lpg=PA10&amp;vq=Smallpox&amp;pg=PA293%2F|url-status=live}}.&lt;/ref&gt; Uburayi bwafashe uyu muco ukomoka muri Aziya mu gice cya mbere cy'ikinyejana cya 18.&lt;ref name=&quot;strathern179&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Strathern|first=Paul|year=2005|title=A Brief History of Medicine|publisher=Robinson|location=London|isbn=978-1-84529-155-6|page=179}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1796, Edward Jenner yatangije urukingo rugezweho rwa smallpox.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wolfe2002&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wolfe RM, Sharp LK|title=Anti-vaccinationists past and present|journal=BMJ|volume=325|issue=7361|pages=430–2|date=August 2002|pmid=12193361|pmc=1123944|doi=10.1136/bmj.325.7361.430|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=19 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119014617/http://www.bmj.com/content/325/7361/430.full.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Smallpox vaccines|url=https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|website=WHO|access-date=27 March 2020|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930033132/https://www.who.int/csr/disease/smallpox/vaccines/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu 1967, OMS yongereye imbaraga mu kurandura iyi ndwara.&lt;ref name=WHO2007Fact /&gt; Indwara y'inkorora ni imwe mu ndwara ebyiri zandura zaranduwe burundu, indi ikaba ari indwara y'inkorora mu 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Guidotti|first=Tee L.|title=Health and Sustainability: An Introduction|date=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932568-9|page=T290|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT290|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=26 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200226075257/https://books.google.ca/books?id=hPRgBwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Roossinck|first=Marilyn J.|title=Virus: An Illustrated Guide to 101 Incredible Microbes|date=2016|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-1-4008-8325-7|page=126|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA126|language=en|access-date=23 July 2020|archive-date=22 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222014051/https://books.google.ca/books?id=gTH9CwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ijambo &quot;inkongoro&quot; ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu Bwongereza mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya 16 kugira ngo ritandukanye indwara na [[Mburugu|syphilis]], icyo gihe izwi nka &quot;inkongoro nini&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=smallpox {{!}} Etymology, origin and meaning of smallpox by etymonline|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/Smallpox|website=www.etymonline.com|access-date=8 February 2023|language=en|archive-date=9 October 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221009132808/https://www.etymonline.com/word/smallpox|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bar1997&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Barquet N, Domingo P|title=Smallpox: the triumph over the most terrible of the ministers of death|journal=Annals of Internal Medicine|volume=127|issue=8 Pt 1|pages=635–42|date=October 1997|pmid=9341063|doi=10.7326/0003-4819-127-8_Part_1-199710150-00010|citeseerx=10.1.1.695.883}}&lt;/ref&gt; Andi mazina y’amateka y’iyi ndwara arimo pox, smallled monster, na red plague.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fenner_1988&quot;&gt;{{cite book |vauthors=Fenner F, Henderson DA, Arita I, Ježek Z, Ladnyi ID |chapter=The History of Smallpox and its Spread Around the World |title=Smallpox and its eradication |series=History of International Public Health |volume=6 |date=1988 |publisher=World Health Organization |location=Geneva |isbn=978-92-4-156110-5 |hdl=10665/39485 |pages=209–44 |chapter-url=https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf |access-date=14 December 2017 |archive-date=12 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212171449/https://biotech.law.lsu.edu/blaw/bt/smallpox/who/red-book/9241561106_chp5.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Peg2017&gt;{{cite book |title=Medicine: The Definitive Illustrated History |date=2016 |publisher=Pengui |isbn=978-1-4654-5893-3 |page=100 |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA100 |access-date=23 July 2020 |archive-date=22 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200422033415/https://books.google.ca/books?id=dicCDQAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Bar1997 /&gt;

== Amareferensi ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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    <title>Kwiyahura</title>
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      <comment>Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1513449|Suicide]] to:rw #mdwikicx</comment>
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      <text bytes="18942" sha1="ih5pgml3nt8hep636pgfrtkypdl1qri" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Suicide|synonym=|image=Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=''[[Le Suicidé|The Suicide]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]]|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=|complications=|onset=&gt;70 and 15–30 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2014Pre&gt;{{cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}&lt;/ref&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=[[Hanging]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[gun|firearms]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016&gt;{{cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Aj2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W | title = Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 86 | issue = 9 | pages = 726–32 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18797649 | pmc = 2649482 | doi = 10.2471/BLT.07.043489 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|risks=[[Major depressive disorder|Depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[autism]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[alcoholism]], [[substance abuse]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hawton2009&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hawton K, van Heeringen K | s2cid = 208790312 | title = Suicide | journal = Lancet | volume = 373 | issue = 9672 | pages = 1372–81 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19376453 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P| s2cid = 4549236 | title = Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 26 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29594718 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Autism2014&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B | s2cid = 25741716 | title = Suicide in autism spectrum disorders | journal = Archives of Suicide Research | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–39 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24713024 | doi = 10.1080/13811118.2013.824834 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful [[Mass media|media]] reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=12 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Var2012&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Värnik P | title = Suicide in the world | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 760–71 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22690161 | pmc = 3367275 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph9030760 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|deaths=793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Epi&gt;{{cite web | title=Suicide across the world (2016) | website=World Health Organization | date=2019-09-27 | url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | access-date=2019-10-16 | archive-date=2004-07-01 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040701084208/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2020&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B |s2cid=210332277 |title=Suicide |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=January 2020 |volume=382 |issue=3 |pages=266–74 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700 }}&lt;/ref&gt;|named after=}}{{Infobox medical condition|name=Suicide|synonym=|image=Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=''[[Le Suicidé|The Suicide]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]]|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=|complications=|onset=&gt;70 and 15–30 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2014Pre /&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=[[Hanging]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[gun|firearms]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Aj2008 /&gt;|risks=[[Major depressive disorder|Depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[autism]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[alcoholism]], [[substance abuse]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hawton2009 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P| s2cid = 4549236 | title = Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 26 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29594718 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Autism2014 /&gt;|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful [[Mass media|media]] reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=12 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Var2012 /&gt;|deaths=793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Epi /&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2020 /&gt;|named after=}}
'''Kwiyahura''' ni igikorwa cyo kwiyahura ukiyambura  ubuzima nkana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sted2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8|edition=28th}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Indwara zo mu mutwe]] harimo kwiheba, indwara ya bipolar, autism, schizophrenia, indwara zo mu mutwe, indwara zo guhangayika, no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge - harimo n'inzoga n'ikoreshwa rya benzodiazepine - ni ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Hawton K, van Heeringen K|s2cid=208790312|title=Suicide|journal=Lancet|volume=373|issue=9672|pages=1372–81|date=April 2009|pmid=19376453|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dod2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Autism2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B|s2cid=25741716|title=Suicide in autism spectrum disorders|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=18|issue=4|pages=327–39|date=2014|pmid=24713024|doi=10.1080/13811118.2013.824834}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwiyahura bimwe na bimwe ni ibikorwa bitunguranye bitewe n'imihangayiko, urugero nk'ibibazo by'amafaranga, ibibazo by'imibanire nko gutandukana, cyangwa gutotezwa.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS|title=Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=31|issue=3|pages=463–75|date=March 2015|pmid=25859714|doi=10.1590/0102-311x00036114|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide rates rising across the U.S. {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=19 September 2019|language=en-us|date=11 April 2019|quote=Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013348/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abagerageje kwiyahura mbere bari mu kaga gakomeye ko kugerageza kwiyahura mu gihe kizaza.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt; Ibikorwa byiza byo gukumira kwiyahura birimo kugabanya uburyo bwo kwiyahura— nk'imbunda, ibiyobyabwenge n'uburozi; kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe n'ikoreshwa nabi ry'ibiyobyabwenge; gutangaza amakuru yitonze ku bijyanye no kwiyahura; no kunoza ubukungu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|title=Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals|last=|first=|year=2008|isbn=978-92-4-159707-4|location=|pages=|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829073711/https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo imirongo yo gusaba ubufasha ku bibazo by’ihungabana ikunze kugaragara, ntabwo yigwa neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sak2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sakinofsky I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|date=June 2007|pmid=17824349|quote=Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zal2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|display-authors=6|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|date=July 2016|pmid=27289303|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uburyo bukunze gukoreshwa mu kwiyahura buratandukanye bitewe n'ibihugu, kandi bufitanye isano n'uko hari uburyo bufatika bwo kubikora.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yip2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–9|date=June 2012|pmid=22726520|pmc=6191653|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uburyo busanzwe bwo kwiyahura burimo kumanika, uburozi bw'imiti yica udukoko, n'imbunda.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aj2008&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W|title=Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=86|issue=9|pages=726–32|date=September 2008|pmid=18797649|pmc=2649482|doi=10.2471/BLT.07.043489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwiyahura byagize ingaruka ku rupfu rw’abantu 828.000 ku isi mu 2015, ubwiyongere buvuye ku rupfu rw’abantu 712.000 mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bituma kwiyahura ari byo bituma habaho impfu za 10 ku isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hawton2009&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Värnik P|title=Suicide in the world|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=9|issue=3|pages=760–71|date=March 2012|pmid=22690161|pmc=3367275|doi=10.3390/ijerph9030760}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abantu bagera kuri 1.5% bapfa biyahuye.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJM2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B|s2cid=210332277|title=Suicide|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|date=January 2020|volume=382|issue=3|pages=266–74|doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mwaka runaka, ibi biba hafi 12 kuri buri bantu 100.000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Var2012&quot; /&gt; Igipimo cy’ubwiyahuzi bumaze kurangira muri rusange kiri hejuru mu bagabo kurusha mu bagore, kuva ku nshuro 1.5 kurusha mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere kugeza ku nshuro 3.5 mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere.&lt;ref name=WHO2014Pre /&gt; Kwiyahura muri rusange bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bantu barengeje imyaka 70; icyakora, mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, abafite hagati y'imyaka 15 na 30 ni bo bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwiyahura.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uburayi bwagize igipimo cyo hejuru cy’ubwiyahuzi ukurikije akarere mu 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174425/http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hari abantu babarirwa muri 10 kugeza kuri 20&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z’abantu bagerageza kwiyahura badapfa buri mwaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A|title=Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=3|pages=181–5|date=October 2002|pmid=16946849|pmc=1489848}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kugerageza kwiyahura bidahitana umuntu bishobora gutera imvune n'ubumuga bw'igihe kirekire.&lt;ref name=EB2011&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R | title = The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies | journal = Emergency Medicine Practice | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages = 1–23; quiz 23–4 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 22164363 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bihugu by'Iburengerazuba bw'Isi, kugerageza ni ibintu bikunze kugaragara mu rubyiruko no mu bagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R|title=The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies|journal=Emergency Medicine Practice|volume=13|issue=9|pages=1–23; quiz 23–4|date=September 2011|pmid=22164363}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ibitekerezo byo kwiyahura byagizweho ingaruka n'ingingo zagutse z'ubuzima nko idini, icyubahiro, n'icyo ubuzima buvuze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tomer|first=Adrian|title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-67690-1|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060929/https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=Ritzer|editor-first=George|editor-last2=Stepnisky|editor-first2=Jeffrey|title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4443-9660-7|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amadini ya Aburahamu asanzwe abona kwiyahura nk'icyaha ku Mana, bitewe n'uko yemera ko ubuzima ari ubwera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1-4808-1124-9|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060814/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu gihe cy'ubutegetsi bwa samurai mu Buyapani, ubwoko bw'ubwiyahuzi buzwi nka seppuku ( ''harakiri'' ) bwubahwaga nk'uburyo bwo guhomba cyangwa nk'uburyo bwo kwigaragambya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Colt|first=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-76071-7|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060811/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sati, imigenzo yabujijwe n'Umwongereza Raj, yiteze ko umupfakazi w'Umuhinde yiyahura mu gihe umugabo we yari ashyinguwe n'umuriro, yaba abishaka cyangwa ashyizweho igitutu n'umuryango we ndetse n'umuryango we.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|title=Indian woman commits sati suicide|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|date=2002-08-07|access-date=2010-08-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|archive-date=2011-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwiyahura no kugerageza kwiyahura, nubwo mbere byari bitemewe n'amategeko, ntibikibaho mu bihugu byinshi by'Iburengerazuba bw'Isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;White2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=White|first=Tony|title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013414/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biracyari icyaha gihanwa n'amategeko mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Islam2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lester D|s2cid=35754641|title=Suicide and islam|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–97|year=2006|pmid=16287698|doi=10.1080/13811110500318489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu kinyejana cya 20 n'icya 21, kwiyahura byakoreshejwe mu bihe bidasanzwe nk'uburyo bwo kwigaragambya, naho ibisasu bya kamikaze n'ibisasu by'abiyahuzi byakoreshejwe nk'amayeri ya gisirikare cyangwa iterabwoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aggarwal N|s2cid=35560934|title=Rethinking suicide bombing|journal=Crisis|volume=30|issue=2|pages=94–7|year=2009|pmid=19525169|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
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      <id>148392</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-01T04:07:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr. Ibrahem</username>
        <id>5728</id>
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      <comment>Fix references, Expand infobox #mdwiki .toolforge.org.</comment>
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      <text bytes="16934" sha1="8pxf6hsn8znnqc37z8x1i9u0da6bqvh" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox medical condition|name=Suicide|synonym=|image=Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=''[[Le Suicidé|The Suicide]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]]|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=|complications=|onset=&gt;70 and 15–30 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2014Pre /&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=[[Hanging]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[gun|firearms]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Aj2008 /&gt;|risks=[[Major depressive disorder|Depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[autism]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[alcoholism]], [[substance abuse]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hawton2009 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P| s2cid = 4549236 | title = Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 26 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29594718 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Autism2014 /&gt;|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful [[Mass media|media]] reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=12 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Var2012 /&gt;|deaths=793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Epi&gt;{{cite web | title=Suicide across the world (2016) | website=World Health Organization | date=2019-09-27 | url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | access-date=2019-10-16 | archive-date=2004-07-01 | archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040701084208/http://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/suicideprevent/en/ | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2020 /&gt;|named after=}}{{Infobox medical condition|name=Suicide|synonym=|image=Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg|image_size=|image_thumbtime=|alt=|caption=''[[Le Suicidé|The Suicide]]'' by [[Édouard Manet]]|pronounce=|field=[[Psychiatry]]|symptoms=|complications=|onset=&gt;70 and 15–30 years old&lt;ref name=WHO2014Pre /&gt;|duration=|types=|causes=[[Hanging]], [[pesticide poisoning]], [[gun|firearms]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Aj2008 /&gt;|risks=[[Major depressive disorder|Depression]], [[bipolar disorder]], [[autism]], [[schizophrenia]], [[personality disorder]]s, [[anxiety disorder]]s, [[alcoholism]], [[substance abuse]]&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Hawton2009 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = De La Vega D, Giner L, Courtet P| s2cid = 4549236 | title = Suicidality in Subjects With Anxiety or Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders: Recent Advances | journal = Current Psychiatry Reports | volume = 20 | issue = 4 | pages = 26 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29594718 | doi = 10.1007/s11920-018-0885-z }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Autism2014 /&gt;|diagnosis=|differential=|prevention=Limiting access to methods of suicide, treating mental disorders and substance misuse, careful [[Mass media|media]] reporting about suicide, improving social and economic conditions&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;|treatment=|medication=|prognosis=|frequency=12 per 100,000 per year&lt;ref name=Var2012 /&gt;|deaths=793,000 / 1.5% of deaths (2016)&lt;ref name=WHO2019Epi /&gt;&lt;ref name=NEJM2020 /&gt;|named after=}}
'''Kwiyahura''' ni igikorwa cyo kwiyahura ukiyambura  ubuzima nkana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sted2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Stedman's Medical Dictionary|url=https://archive.org/details/stedmansmedicald00sted_3|url-access=registration|year=2006|publisher=Lippincott Williams &amp; Wilkins|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-0-7817-3390-8|edition=28th}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Indwara zo mu mutwe]] harimo kwiheba, indwara ya bipolar, autism, schizophrenia, indwara zo mu mutwe, indwara zo guhangayika, no gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge - harimo n'inzoga n'ikoreshwa rya benzodiazepine - ni ibintu bishobora gutera ibyago.&lt;ref name=WHO2016&gt;{{cite web|title=Suicide Fact sheet N°398|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|website=WHO|access-date=3 March 2016|date=April 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192347/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs398/en/|archive-date=4 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Hawton2009&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Hawton K, van Heeringen K | s2cid = 208790312 | title = Suicide | journal = Lancet | volume = 373 | issue = 9672 | pages = 1372–81 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19376453 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dod2017&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Dodds TJ|title=Prescribed Benzodiazepines and Suicide Risk: A Review of the Literature|journal=The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders|volume=19|issue=2|date=March 2017|pmid=28257172|doi=10.4088/PCC.16r02037|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Autism2014&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B | s2cid = 25741716 | title = Suicide in autism spectrum disorders | journal = Archives of Suicide Research | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–39 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24713024 | doi = 10.1080/13811118.2013.824834 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwiyahura bimwe na bimwe ni ibikorwa bitunguranye bitewe n'imihangayiko, urugero nk'ibibazo by'amafaranga, ibibazo by'imibanire nko gutandukana, cyangwa gutotezwa.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS|title=Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=31|issue=3|pages=463–75|date=March 2015|pmid=25859714|doi=10.1590/0102-311x00036114|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Suicide rates rising across the U.S. {{!}} CDC Online Newsroom {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|website=www.cdc.gov|access-date=19 September 2019|language=en-us|date=11 April 2019|quote=Relationship problems or loss, substance misuse; physical health problems; and job, money, legal or housing stress often contributed to risk for suicide.|archive-date=9 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013348/https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2018/p0607-suicide-prevention.html|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Abagerageje kwiyahura mbere bari mu kaga gakomeye ko kugerageza kwiyahura mu gihe kizaza.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt; Ibikorwa byiza byo gukumira kwiyahura birimo kugabanya uburyo bwo kwiyahura— nk'imbunda, ibiyobyabwenge n'uburozi; kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe n'ikoreshwa nabi ry'ibiyobyabwenge; gutangaza amakuru yitonze ku bijyanye no kwiyahura; no kunoza ubukungu.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|title=Preventing Suicide A Resource for Media Professionals|last=|first=|year=2008|isbn=978-92-4-159707-4|location=|pages=|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-08-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829073711/https://www.who.int/mental_health/prevention/suicide/resource_media.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nubwo imirongo yo gusaba ubufasha ku bibazo by’ihungabana ikunze kugaragara, ntabwo yigwa neza.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sak2011&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sakinofsky I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|date=June 2007|pmid=17824349|quote=Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Zal2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|display-authors=6|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|date=July 2016|pmid=27289303|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uburyo bukunze gukoreshwa mu kwiyahura buratandukanye bitewe n'ibihugu, kandi bufitanye isano n'uko hari uburyo bufatika bwo kubikora.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yip2012&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–9|date=June 2012|pmid=22726520|pmc=6191653|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uburyo busanzwe bwo kwiyahura burimo kumanika, uburozi bw'imiti yica udukoko, n'imbunda.&lt;ref name=WHO2016 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Aj2008&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Ajdacic-Gross V, Weiss MG, Ring M, Hepp U, Bopp M, Gutzwiller F, Rössler W | title = Methods of suicide: international suicide patterns derived from the WHO mortality database | journal = Bulletin of the World Health Organization | volume = 86 | issue = 9 | pages = 726–32 | date = September 2008 | pmid = 18797649 | pmc = 2649482 | doi = 10.2471/BLT.07.043489 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwiyahura byagize ingaruka ku rupfu rw’abantu 828.000 ku isi mu 2015, ubwiyongere buvuye ku rupfu rw’abantu 712.000 mu 1990.&lt;ref name=&quot;GBD2015De&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, etal|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015|journal=Lancet|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|date=October 2016|pmid=27733281|pmc=5388903|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GDB2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, etal|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|date=January 2015|pmid=25530442|pmc=4340604|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ibi bituma kwiyahura ari byo bituma habaho impfu za 10 ku isi.&lt;ref name=Hawton2009 /&gt;&lt;ref name=Var2012&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Värnik P | title = Suicide in the world | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 760–71 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22690161 | pmc = 3367275 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph9030760 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abantu bagera kuri 1.5% bapfa biyahuye.&lt;ref name=NEJM2020&gt;{{cite journal |vauthors=Fazel S, Runeson B |s2cid=210332277 |title=Suicide |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=January 2020 |volume=382 |issue=3 |pages=266–74 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra1902944|pmid=31940700 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu mwaka runaka, ibi biba hafi 12 kuri buri bantu 100.000.&lt;ref name=Var2012 /&gt; Igipimo cy’ubwiyahuzi bumaze kurangira muri rusange kiri hejuru mu bagabo kurusha mu bagore, kuva ku nshuro 1.5 kurusha mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere kugeza ku nshuro 3.5 mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y’amajyambere.&lt;ref name=WHO2014Pre&gt;{{cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwiyahura muri rusange bikunze kugaragara cyane mu bantu barengeje imyaka 70; icyakora, mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, abafite hagati y'imyaka 15 na 30 ni bo bafite ibyago byinshi byo kwiyahura.&lt;ref name=&quot;WHO2014Pre&quot; /&gt; Uburayi bwagize igipimo cyo hejuru cy’ubwiyahuzi ukurikije akarere mu 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|title=Suicide rates per (100 000 population)|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2018-09-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919174425/http://www.who.int/gho/mental_health/suicide_rates_crude/en/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hari abantu babarirwa muri 10 kugeza kuri 20&amp;nbsp;miliyoni z’abantu bagerageza kwiyahura badapfa buri mwaka.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bertolote JM, Fleischmann A|title=Suicide and psychiatric diagnosis: a worldwide perspective|journal=World Psychiatry|volume=1|issue=3|pages=181–5|date=October 2002|pmid=16946849|pmc=1489848}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kugerageza kwiyahura bidahitana umuntu bishobora gutera imvune n'ubumuga bw'igihe kirekire.&lt;ref name=EB2011&gt;{{cite journal | vauthors = Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R | title = The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies | journal = Emergency Medicine Practice | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages = 1–23; quiz 23–4 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 22164363 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu bihugu by'Iburengerazuba bw'Isi, kugerageza ni ibintu bikunze kugaragara mu rubyiruko no mu bagore.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB2011&quot; /&gt;

Ibitekerezo byo kwiyahura byagizweho ingaruka n'ingingo zagutse z'ubuzima nko idini, icyubahiro, n'icyo ubuzima buvuze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Tomer|first=Adrian|title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-67690-1|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060929/https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&amp;pg=PA282|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor-last=Ritzer|editor-first=George|editor-last2=Stepnisky|editor-first2=Jeffrey|title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4443-9660-7|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&amp;pg=PA65|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amadini ya Aburahamu asanzwe abona kwiyahura nk'icyaha ku Mana, bitewe n'uko yemera ko ubuzima ari ubwera.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1-4808-1124-9|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060814/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA254|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu gihe cy'ubutegetsi bwa samurai mu Buyapani, ubwoko bw'ubwiyahuzi buzwi nka seppuku ( ''harakiri'' ) bwubahwaga nk'uburyo bwo guhomba cyangwa nk'uburyo bwo kwigaragambya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Colt|first=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon &amp; Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-76071-7|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060811/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&amp;pg=PA139|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sati, imigenzo yabujijwe n'Umwongereza Raj, yiteze ko umupfakazi w'Umuhinde yiyahura mu gihe umugabo we yari ashyinguwe n'umuriro, yaba abishaka cyangwa ashyizweho igitutu n'umuryango we ndetse n'umuryango we.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|title=Indian woman commits sati suicide|publisher=Bbc.co.uk|date=2002-08-07|access-date=2010-08-26|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110202101233/http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/learningenglish/news/words/general/020807_witn.shtml|archive-date=2011-02-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kwiyahura no kugerageza kwiyahura, nubwo mbere byari bitemewe n'amategeko, ntibikibaho mu bihugu byinshi by'Iburengerazuba bw'Isi.&lt;ref name=&quot;White2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=White|first=Tony|title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013414/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&amp;pg=PT12|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Biracyari icyaha gihanwa n'amategeko mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Islam2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lester D|s2cid=35754641|title=Suicide and islam|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–97|year=2006|pmid=16287698|doi=10.1080/13811110500318489}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mu kinyejana cya 20 n'icya 21, kwiyahura byakoreshejwe mu bihe bidasanzwe nk'uburyo bwo kwigaragambya, naho ibisasu bya kamikaze n'ibisasu by'abiyahuzi byakoreshejwe nk'amayeri ya gisirikare cyangwa iterabwoba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|vauthors=Aggarwal N|s2cid=35560934|title=Rethinking suicide bombing|journal=Crisis|volume=30|issue=2|pages=94–7|year=2009|pmid=19525169|doi=10.1027/0227-5910.30.2.94}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amashakiro ==
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    <title>Remy Credo</title>
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      <text bytes="401" sha1="nnmr0qir7mrs6j8oqx6oz5dizh1j1yt" xml:space="preserve">Remy Credo ni amwe mu mazina yose yumunyamakuru wa siporo witwa CYEMEZO MUCYO Remy Credo akaba akoresha imbugankoranyambaga mu bijyanye na sport akaba azwi cyane mu kuyobora ibiganiro bya siporo ndetse nubusesenguzi cyane cyane bushingiye kuri science kuko ari nabyo yize .Yabaye umunyamakuru wa City radio mu kiganiro city sports. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.instagram.com/remy_credo?mdxt=ejZvNXQzMWpsMzFk&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="418" sha1="crsmqtdnv9ww5ojk4btxgkft2trux0a" xml:space="preserve">[[Umujyi|Remy credo]] Credo ni amwe mu mazina yose yumunyamakuru wa siporo witwa CYEMEZO MUCYO Remy Credo akaba akoresha imbugankoranyambaga mu bijyanye na sport akaba azwi cyane mu kuyobora ibiganiro bya siporo ndetse nubusesenguzi cyane cyane bushingiye kuri science kuko ari nabyo yize .Yabaye umunyamakuru wa City radio mu kiganiro city sports. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.instagram.com/remy_credo?mdxt=ejZvNXQzMWpsMzFk&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <title>Bibliografiya na firime</title>
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      <comment>Tuyizere Mubaraka</comment>
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      <text bytes="118" sha1="0aqxav1bokknesdw53y31m8yngxbvmc" xml:space="preserve">Tuyizere Mubaraka ni Umunyamakuru w’imikino kuri B plus tv ndetse na City radio&lt;ref&gt;from pesonal social medias&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-01T11:18:15Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Raxy Razeh moved page [[Umujyi]] to [[Remy Credo CYEMEZO MUCYO]]: Misspelled title: Not matching Title</comment>
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