Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3922 148411 131425 2026-11-02T01:08:08Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 148411 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ibendera rya Shipure y’Amajyaruguru</span>]] [[File:Coat of arms of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta ya Shipure y’Amajyaruguru</span>]] [[File:Northern Cyprus in its region (de-facto).svg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Ikarita ya Shipure y’Amajyaruguru</span>]] '''Shipure y’Amajyaruguru''' cyangwa '''Shipure Nyaturukiya''' (izina mu [[gituruki]] : ''Kuzey Kıbrıs'' cyangwa ''Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti'' ) n’[[igihugu]] i [[Ikirwa cya Shipure]] muri [[Aziya]]. [[Umurwa]] mukuru wa Shipure y’Amajyaruguru witwa [[Nikosiya]]. == Abaperezida == * [[Abaperezida ba Shipure y’Amajyaruguru]] == Imisigiti == * [[Umusigiti wa Lala Mustafa Pasha]] * [[Umusigiti wa Selimiye (Shipure)|Umusigiti wa Selimiye]] == Imiyoboro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120404210705/http://www.kktcb.org/ Ubuperezida bwa Shipure y’Amajyaruguru] <span style="color:grey;">(mu gituruki, cyongereza, kigereki na kirusiya)</span> * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120328062304/http://www.zypern.cc/extras/annan-plan-for-cyprus-2004.pdf Annan Plan 2004 (eng)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20111028004049/http://www.zypern.cc/ Zypern Times] [[Dosiye:Apostle_Andreas_Orthodox_Church,_Polis,_Cyprus_02.jpg|thumb|Apostle Andreas Orthodox Church, Polis, Cyprus 02]] [[Category:Shipure y’Amajyaruguru| ]] [[Category:Aziya]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] 57ptc05gbnmw1u8jpwww424gx1c3uli 0 8471 148403 134896 2026-11-01T20:05:43Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 148403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer|name=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|period=2003–present|website={{url|https://www.chimamanda.com}}|module={{Listen| embed=yes |filename = Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie_bbc_radio4_front_row_03_05_2013.flac |title = Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's voice |type = speech |description = from the BBC programme ''[[Front Row (radio programme)|Front Row]]'', 3 May 2013.<ref>{{Cite episode | title= Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |series= Front Row |serieslink= Front Row (radio programme) |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01s4vfn |station= [[BBC Radio 4]] |date= 3 May 2013 |accessdate= 18 January 2014 }}</ref> }}|awards=[[MacArthur Fellowship]] (2008)|children=1|spouse={{marriage|Ivara Esege|2009}}<ref name=Brockes />|notableworks=''[[Purple Hibiscus]]'' (2003)<br />''[[Half of a Yellow Sun]]'' (2006)<br />''[[Americanah]]'' (2013) <br /> ''[[We Should All Be Feminists]]'' (2014)|movement=|genre=|alma_mater=[[Eastern Connecticut State University]] (BA) <br />[[Johns Hopkins University]] (MA) <br />[[Yale University]] (MA)|image=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 9374.JPG|nationality=[[Nigerian]]|occupation=[[Novelist]], short story writer, [[non-fiction|non-fiction writer]]|death_place=|death_date=|birth_place=[[Enugu]], [[Enugu State]], Nigeria|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1977|9|15}}|birth_name=<!--if different-->|pseudonym=|caption=Adichie in 2013|imagesize=}}{{Infobox writer|name=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie|period=2003–present|website={{url|https://www.chimamanda.com}}|module={{Listen| embed=yes |filename = Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie_bbc_radio4_front_row_03_05_2013.flac |title = Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's voice |type = speech |description = from the BBC programme ''[[Front Row (radio programme)|Front Row]]'', 3 May 2013.<ref>{{Cite episode | title= Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie |series= Front Row |serieslink= Front Row (radio programme) |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01s4vfn |station= [[BBC Radio 4]] |date= 3 May 2013 |accessdate= 18 January 2014 }}</ref> }}|awards=[[MacArthur Fellowship]] (2008)|children=1|spouse={{marriage|Ivara Esege|2009}}<ref name=Brockes />|notableworks=''[[Purple Hibiscus]]'' (2003)<br />''[[Half of a Yellow Sun]]'' (2006)<br />''[[Americanah]]'' (2013) <br /> ''[[We Should All Be Feminists]]'' (2014)|movement=|genre=|alma_mater=[[Eastern Connecticut State University]] (BA) <br />[[Johns Hopkins University]] (MA) <br />[[Yale University]] (MA)|image=Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 9374.JPG|nationality=[[Nigerian]]|occupation=[[Novelist]], short story writer, [[non-fiction|non-fiction writer]]|death_place=|death_date=|birth_place=[[Enugu]], [[Enugu State]], Nigeria|birth_date={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1977|9|15}}|birth_name=<!--if different-->|pseudonym=|caption=Adichie in 2013|imagesize=}}'''Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie''' ( /ˌ tʃ ɪ m ɑː m ɑː n d ə ə n ɡ oʊ z i ə d i tʃ eɪ / ([[null|link=|Ibyerekeye iri jwi]] / ) ; [note 1] yavutse 15 Nzeri 1977) ni umwanditsi Nigeria ufite ibikorwa kuva ku bitabo imigani gito birimo inkuru. Yavuzwe mu ''kinyamakuru The Times Literary Supplement'' nk '"icyamamare" mu "mutambagiro w’abanditsi b’ururimi rwa anglophone uzwi cyane [ukaba] urimo gukurura igisekuru gishya cy’abasomyi mu buvanganzo nyafurika". <ref>Copnall, James (16 December 2011), "Steak Knife", ''[[The Times Literary Supplement]]'', p. 20.</ref> [[Dosiye:SheSaid_campaign_quoting_Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie.jpg|thumb|Umwanditsi w'ibitabo ufite inkomoko muri Nigeria Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie]] == Ubuzima bwe nuburere == Adichie yavukiye mu mujyi wa Enugu muri [[Nijeriya]], akura ari umwana wa gatanu mu bana batandatu bo mu muryango wa Igbo mu mujyi wa Nsukka muri Leta ya Enugu . Igihe yari amaze gukura, se, James Nwoye Adichie, yakoraga ari umwarimu w’ibarurishamibare muri kaminuza ya Nijeriya . Nyina, Grace Ifeoma, yari muri kaminuza mbere yabagore ya Gerefiye . <ref name="NPR">[https://www.npr.org/2014/03/18/291133080/news-maker "Feminism Is Fashionable For Nigerian Writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie"]. NPR, 18 March 2014.</ref> Uyu muryango watakaje ibintu hafi ya byose mu gihe cy’intambara yo muri Nijeriya, harimo na ba sekuru. Umudugudu w'abasekuruza b'umuryango we uri i Abba muri Leta ya Anambra . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140830174744/http://www.l3.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnabio.html "Biography"], The Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie website.</ref> Yarangije amashuri yisumbuye muri kaminuza ya Nigeriya yisumbuye, Nsukka, aho yakuye ibihembo byinshi by'amasomo. Yize ubuvuzi na farumasi muri kaminuza ya Nijeriya umwaka nigice. Muri icyo gihe, yahinduye ''ikinyamakuru The Compass,'' ikinyamakuru kiyobowe n’abanyeshuri b’ubuvuzi gatolika bo muri kaminuza. Ku myaka 19, Adichie yavuye muri Nijeriya yerekeza muri Amerika kwiga itumanaho na siyanse ya politiki muri kaminuza ya Drexel muri Philadelphia . Bidatinze, yimukiye muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Eastern Connecticut kugira ngo abe hafi ya mushiki we Uche, <ref>[https://www.vanityfair.com/culture/2016/04/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-sisterhood "Why Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Considers Her Sister a 'Firm Cushion' at Her Back"], ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]'', May 2016.</ref> wari ufite ubuvuzi i Coventry, muri leta ya Connecticut . Mu gihe umwanditsi w'ibitabo yakuriye muri Nijeriya, ntabwo yari amenyereye kumenyekana n'ibara ry'uruhu rwe rwahindutse mu buryo butunguranye ageze muri Amerika muri kaminuza. Nkumunyamerika wumwirabura muri Amerika, Adichie yahise ahura nicyo bisobanura kuba umuntu wamabara muri Amerika. Irushanwa nkigitekerezo cyahindutse ikintu yagombaga kuyobora no kwiga. <ref>[https://www.npr.org/2013/06/27/195598496/americanah-author-explains-learning-to-be-black-in-the-u-s "'Americanah' Author Explains 'Learning' To Be Black In The U.S."], ''[[Fresh Air]]'', NPR, 27 June 2013.</ref> Yanditse kuri ibi mu gitabo cye cyitwa ''Americanah'' . Yabonye impamyabumenyi ihanitse muri kaminuza ya Leta ya Eastern Connecticut, itandukanya ''summa cum laude'' mu 2001. Adichie yari [https://web.archive.org/web/20200817192628/https://www.afterschoolafrica.com/22340/princeton-university-hodder-fellowship/ mugenzi wa Hodder] muri kaminuza ya Princeton mu mwaka w'amashuri wa 2005–2006. Muri 2008 yahawe igihembo cya MacArthur . Yahawe kandi ubusabane bwa 2011–2012 n'ikigo cya Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Universite ya Harvard . Adichie agabanya igihe cye hagati y’Amerika, na Nijeriya, aho yigisha amahugurwa yo kwandika. Muri 2016, yahawe impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro - Umuganga w’inyuguti za Humane, ''honouris causa'', na kaminuza ya Johns Hopkins . <ref>[http://hub.jhu.edu/2016/04/22/honorary-degrees-hopkins-commencement-2016/ "Eight to receive Johns Hopkins honorary degrees at commencement ceremony"], ''HUB'', Johns Hopkins University, 22 April 2016.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20181110040427/https://thisisafrica.me/18899-2/ "You can now call her Dr Adichie"], This Is Africa, 19 May 2016.</ref> Muri 2017, yahawe impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro - Dogiteri w'inzandiko za Humane, ''honoris causa'', na Haverford College <ref>[https://www.haverford.edu/commencement/honorary-degrees "Commencement 2017 Honorary Degrees"], Haverford College, 15 May 2017.</ref> na kaminuza ya Edinburgh . <ref>[http://www.ed.ac.uk/news/2017/acclaimed-author-receives-honorary-degree "Acclaimed author receives honorary degree"], The University of Edinburgh, 28 July 2017.</ref> Muri 2018, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro, Dogiteri w'Amabaruwa ya Humane, yakuye muri Amherst College . Yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro, umuganga ''honis causa'', yakuye muri Université de Friborg, mu [[Ubusuwisi|Busuwisi]], mu 2019. <ref>[https://www.unifr.ch/news/fr/22272/l-crivaine-nigriane-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-devient-docteure-honoris-causa-de-l-universit-de-fribourg?&p=1 "L'écrivaine nigériane Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie devient docteure honoris causa de l'Université de Fribourg"], Université de Fribourg, 15 November 2019.</ref> Mu kiganiro cyasohotse mu kinyamakuru cyitwa ''Financial Times'' muri Nyakanga 2016, Adichie yatangaje ko afite umwana w'umukobwa. Mu mwirondoro wa Adichie, wasohotse mu kinyamakuru ''The New Yorker'' muri Kamena 2018, Larissa MacFarquhar yaranditse ati: "umugabo yarangije gushaka mu 2009 yari akwiriye gusetsa: umuganga wo muri Nijeriya wakoraga imyitozo muri Amerika, se akaba yari umuganga akaba n'inshuti ya ababyeyi be. " Adichie ni Umugatolika kandi yakuze ari Umugatolika akiri umwana, nubwo abona ko ibitekerezo bye, cyane cyane ibyo ku gitsina gore, rimwe na rimwe bivuguruza idini rye. Mu birori byabereye muri kaminuza ya Georgetown mu 2017, yavuze ko idini "atari ikigo cyita ku bagore" kandi ko "ryakoreshejwe mu gutsindishiriza igitugu gishingiye ku gitekerezo cy'uko abagore batangana n'abantu." Yahamagariye abayobozi b'Abakristu n'Abayisilamu muri Nijeriya kwamamaza ubutumwa bw'amahoro n'ubumwe. [[Dosiye:Chimamanda_Ngozi_Adichie_9363.JPG|thumb|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 9363]] == Umwuga wo kwandika == Umwimerere wa Ngozi Adichie kandi wambere waturutse kuri Chinua Achebe, nyuma yo gusoma nyakwigendera Prof. "Ibintu Bitandukana" bya Chinua Achebe, afite imyaka 10. Adichie yatewe inkunga no kubona ubuzima bwe bugaragara kurupapuro. Adichie yasohoye icyegeranyo cy'imivugo mu 1997 ( ''Ibyemezo'' ) n'ikinamico ( ''Kubwurukundo rwa Biafra'' ) mu 1998. Yari yatoranyijwe mubazahabwa igihembo mu 2002 Caine Prize kubwigitabo cye "wowe muri Amerika", <ref>[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Y1Sv87gyGcoC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=%22You+in+America%22+Chimamanda+Adichie+2002&source=bl&ots=cEwCGo2K1H&sig=xk4zox809QBCm8AAeMXC0zo97cM&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjkje-FvP7VAhWrK8AKHSJ8BtcQ6AEIazAO#v=onepage&q=%22You%20in%20America%22%20Chimamanda%20Adichie%202002&f=false "You in America"], in ''Discovering Home: A selection of writings from the 2002 Caine Prize for African Writing'', Jacana, 2003, pp. 27–34.</ref> <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200727211613/http://kwani.org/publication/kwanini-series/3/you_in_america.htm "You in America"], Kwanini? Series, 2006.</ref> kandi inkuru ye "Uwo ibimutunga Morning" Byahiswemo ari wegukanye yahuje 2002 BBC World Service Short Story Ibihembo. <ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/arts/competition/story.shtml "Short Story Competition 2002"], BBC World Service.</ref> Mu 2003, yatsindiye igihembo cya O. Henry kubera "Ambasade y'Abanyamerika", na David T. Wong International Story Story Award 2002/2003 (Igihembo cya PEN Centre). <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140830173236/http://www.l3.ulg.ac.be/adichie/cnaawards.html "Awards & Nominations"], Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie website; [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924072414/http://www.pen.org/fiction/half-yellow-sun PEN.org "Half of a Yellow Sun"], full story.</ref> Inkuru ze nazo zasohotse muri ''Zoetrope: Byose-Inkuru'', ''n'ikinyamakuru Topic Magazine'' . <ref>[http://www.webdelsol.com/Topic/articles/03/adichie.html "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: Home is Where the Heart Was"], ''Topic Magazine'', Issue 3, Winter 2003.</ref> [[Igitabo]] cye cya mbere, ''Purple Hibiscus'' (2003), cyashimiwe cyane; yashyizwe ku rutonde rw'igihembo cya Orange kubera ibihimbano (2004) kandi gihabwa igihembo cy'abanditsi ba Commonwealth kubera igitabo cya mbere cyiza (2005). ''Purple Hibiscus'' atangiye afite quote wagutse kuva Chinua Achebe 's ''Ibintu Fall .'' [[File:Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a book signing in Berlin, Germany on 16 May 2014.jpg|thumb|Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at a book signing in Berlin, Germany on 16 May 2014]] Igitabo cye cya kabiri, ''Igice cya kabiri cy'izuba ry'umuhondo'' (2006), cyiswe ibendera ry'igihugu cya Biafra igihe gito, cyashyizwe mbere ndetse no mu gihe cy'intambara yo muri Nijeriya. Yakiriye igihembo cya Orange 2007 cyo guhimbano hamwe na Anisfield-Wolf Book Award . <ref>[http://www.anisfield-wolf.org/books/half-of-a-yellow-sun/ "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie | Half of a Yellow Sun"], Winners, The 82nd Annual Anisfield-Wolf Book Awards, 2007.</ref> ''Kimwe cya kabiri cy'izuba ry'umuhondo'' cyahinduwe muri filime yitiriwe izina rimwe iyobowe na Biyi Bandele, yakinnye na BAFTA wegukanye igihembo ndetse n'umukandida wahawe igihembo cya Akademiki Chiwetel Ejiofor na Thandie Newton wegukanye BAFTA, akaba yararekuwe mu 2014. <ref>Felperin, Leslie (10 November 2013), [http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/a-yellow-sun-london-review-647828 "Half of a Yellow Sun: London Review"], ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''.</ref> Igitabo cya gatatu cya Adichie, ''The Thing Around Your Neck'' (2009), ni icyegeranyo cy'inkuru 12 zerekana isano iri hagati y'abagabo n'abagore, ababyeyi n'abana, [[Afurika]] na Amerika. Mu mwaka wa 2010, yashyizwe ku rutonde rw'abanditsi ba ''New Yorker'' "20 munsi ya 40". Inkuru ya Adichie "Ceiling" yashyizwe mu gitabo cy’umwaka wa 2011 cyiza cyane cyo muri ''Amerika'' . Igitabo cye cya gatatu cyitwa ''Americanah'' (2013), ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’umusore ukomoka muri Nijeriya wahuye n’amoko muri Amerika cyatoranijwe na ''The New York Times'' nka kimwe mu "Ibitabo 10 byiza bya 2013". <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/books/review/the-10-best-books-of-2013.html?mcubz=3 "The 10 Best Books of 2013"], ''The New York Times'', 4 December 2013.</ref> Muri Mata 2014, yiswe umwe mu banditsi 39 bari munsi y’imyaka 40 <ref>[http://www.hayfestival.com/artistlist-a-d.aspx?skinid=27&festivalid=95&localesetting=en-GB List of artists], Africa39.</ref> mu iserukiramuco rya Hay na Rainbow Book Club umushinga wa Afurika39, bizihiza Port Harcourt UNESCO [[Umurwa]] mukuru w’ibitabo by’isi 2014. <ref>Attree, Lizzy (10 April 2014), [https://web.archive.org/web/20200727211752/http://caineprize.com/blog/2015/12/1/africa39-and-caine-prize-authors-by-lizzy-attree?rq=%22You%20In%20America%22 "Africa39 and Caine Prize authors"], The Caine Prize Blog.</ref> Amagambo magufi ya Adichie, "Mama, Umusazi nyafurika" araganira ku bibazo bivuka iyo uhuye n'imico ibiri itandukanye rwose. Ku ruhande rumwe, hari [[umuco gakondo]] wo muri Nijeriya ufite uruhare rugaragara rw'uburinganire, mu gihe muri Amerika hari umudendezo mwinshi mu buryo uburinganire bw'umugabo n'umugore bakora, kandi ntibibuza abakiri bato. Ralindu, nyamukuru, ahura niki kibazo nababyeyi be mugihe yakuriye i Philadelphia, mugihe bakuriye muri Nijeriya. Adichie yibira cyane mubikorwa byuburinganire nimigenzo nibibazo bishobora kubaho kubera iki. Muri 2015, [https://web.archive.org/web/20200925170555/https://pen.org/2020-world-voices-digital/ yayoboye iserukiramuco rya PEN World Voices Festival] . Mu 2014 kiganiro, Adichie yavuze feminism (uburinganire)no kwandika: "Nibaza ubwanjye ari storyteller ariko sinashatse bwenge Ku Byose NIBA umuntu bari gutekereza yanjye nk'uko umwanditsi gore. . . Ndi umunyarwandakazi cyane muburyo mbona isi, kandi uko isi ibona bigomba kuba bimwe mubikorwa byanjye. " Muri Werurwe 2017, ''Americanah'' yatowe nk'uwatsindiye gahunda ya "Igitabo kimwe, New York", <ref>Weller, Chris (16 March 2017), [https://web.archive.org/web/20180202071612/http://uk.businessinsider.com/one-book-one-new-york-book-club-2017-3?r=US&IR=T "New Yorkers just selected a book for the entire city to read in America's biggest book club"], ''Business Insider''.</ref> <ref>[http://www1.nyc.gov/site/mome/initiatives/1book1ny.page "One Book, One New York | And the winner is..."], NYC.</ref> muri gahunda yo gusoma abaturage bashishikariza abatuye umujyi bose gusoma igitabo kimwe . <ref>Williams, John (31 January 2017), [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/31/books/one-book-one-new-york-program-announced.html "One Book for Five Boroughs"], ''The New York Times''.</ref> Muri Mata 2017, hatangajwe ko Adichie yatorewe kuba mu cyiciro cya 237 cy'Ishuri Rikuru ry'Ubuhanzi n'Ubumenyi rya Amerika, kikaba ari kimwe mu byubahiro bihebuje abanyabwenge bo muri Amerika, nk'umwe mu banyamuryango 228 bashya bazinjizwa ku ya 7 Ukwakira 2017 . <ref>[https://www.amacad.org/content/news/pressReleases.aspx?pr=20274 "American Academy of Arts and Sciences Elects 228 National and International Scholars, Artists, Philanthropists, and Business Leaders"], American Academy of Arts and Sciences.</ref> Igitabo aheruka gukora, ''Nshuti Ijeawele, cyangwa Manifeste ya Feministi mu Cyifuzo Cumi na Gatanu'', cyasohowe muri Werurwe 2017, cyaturutse mu ibaruwa Adichie yandikiye inshuti yari yarasabye inama z'uburyo yarera umukobwa we nk'umugore. <ref>Allardice, Lisa (28 April 2018), [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2018/apr/28/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-feminism-racism-sexism-gender-metoo?subid=18198255&CMP=EMCNEWEML6619I2 "Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie: 'This could be the beginning of a revolution'"], ''The Guardian''.</ref> == Inyigisho == Adichie yavuze kuri "Akaga k'Inkuru imwe" ya TED mu 2009. Yabaye umwe mubantu icumi ba mbere bareba TED Ibiganiro byigihe cyose hamwe na miliyoni zirenga cumi neshanu. Ku ya 15 Werurwe 2012, yatanze ikiganiro "Guhuza imico" Inyigisho ya Commonwealth 2012 i Guildhall, London . Adichie yavuze kandi ku kuba umunyarwandakazi wa TEDxEuston mu Kuboza 2012, n'ijambo rye yise: "Twese tugomba kuba abategarugori". Yatangije ikiganiro ku isi hose ku gitsina gore kandi cyasohowe nk'igitabo mu 2014. Yatoranijwe ku ndirimbo " *** Flawless " ya 2013 n'umuhanzi w'umunyamerika Beyoncé, aho yakunze kwitabwaho. [[Dosiye:Chimamanda_creative_writing_workshop.JPG|thumb|Abanditsi bibitabo n'inkuru bakoranaga n'uyu mwanditsi w'umuhanga wo muri Nigeria ]] === "Akaga k'Inkuru imwe" === Adichie yavugiye mu kiganiro TED yise "Akaga k'Inkuru imwe" yashyizwe muri Nyakanga 2009. Muri yo, yagaragaje ko ahangayikishijwe no kudahagararira imico itandukanye. Yasobanuye ko akiri umwana muto, yakunze gusoma inkuru z'Abanyamerika n'Ubwongereza aho abantu bavugaga ahanini bakomoka muri Caucase. Muri iyo nyigisho, yavuze ko kutagaragaza imico itandukanye bishobora guteza akaga: "Ubu, nakunze ibyo bitabo by'Abanyamerika n'Abongereza nasomye. Banteye gutekereza no kumfungurira isi nshya. Ariko ingaruka zitagenderewe yari ko sinari nzi abantu ko nkanjye ashobora kubaho mu bitabo. " Mu nyigisho zose, yakoresheje anecdote kugiti cye kugirango yerekane akamaro ko gusangira inkuru zitandukanye. Yavuze muri make ibijyanye numuhungu wo murugo wakoreraga umuryango we witwa Fide avuga ko ikintu yamuziho ari ukuntu umuryango we wari umukene. Ariko, igihe umuryango wa Adichie wasuraga umudugudu wa Fide, nyina wa Fide yaberetse igitebo murumuna wa Fide yakoze, bituma amenya ko yatanze igitekerezo cye kuri Fide ashingiye kumateka imwe gusa. Adichie yagize ati: "Ntabwo nari natekereje ko umuntu uwo ari we wese mu muryango we ashobora gukora ikintu runaka. Ibyo numvise kuri bo nukuntu bakennye, kuburyo bitabaye ngombwa ko mbona ko ari ikindi kintu cyose uretse abakene. Ubukene bwabo ni yo nkuru yanjye yonyine kuri bo. " Yavuze kandi ko igihe yavaga muri Nijeriya akajya muri kaminuza ya Drexel, yahuye n'ingaruka z'umuco we bwite udahagarariwe. Umunyamerika babanaga yatunguwe no kubona Adichie azi [[icyongereza]] kandi ko atigeze yumva umuziki w'amoko. Yavuze kuri ibi: "Mugenzi wanjye twabanaga yari afite inkuru imwe ya Afurika: inkuru imwe y'ibiza. Muri iyi nkuru imwe, ntabwo bishoboka ko Abanyafurika basa na we mu buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose, nta byashobokaga ko ibyiyumvo bigoye kuruta impuhwe, nta nubwo bishoboka ko abantu bahuza. " Adichie yashoje inyigisho yerekana akamaro k'inkuru zitandukanye mumico itandukanye no guhagararirwa bikwiye. Yahamagariye kurushaho gusobanukirwa inkuru kuko abantu bigoye, avuga ko iyo usobanukiwe inkuru imwe gusa, umuntu asobanura nabi abantu, amateka yabo n'amateka yabo. === "Twese dukwiye kuba feministsn(abaharanira uburinganire)" === Mu mwaka wa 2012, Adichie yatanze ikiganiro cya TEDx yise: "Twese dukwiye kuba abategarugori", cyatangiwe kuri TedXEuston i Londres, kimaze kurebwa inshuro zirenga miliyoni eshanu. Yavuze ibyamubayeho byo kuba umunyafrica wigitsina gore, nigitekerezo cye kubijyanye no kubaka uburinganire nigitsina. Adichie yavuze ko ikibazo cyuburinganire ari uko gihindura abo turi bo. Yavuze kandi ati: “Ndarakaye. Uburinganire nkuko bukora muri iki gihe ni akarengane gakabije. Twese dukwiye kurakara. Uburakari bufite amateka maremare yo kuzana impinduka nziza, ariko usibye kurakara, nanjye mfite ibyiringiro kuko nizera cyane ubushobozi bwabantu bwo gukora no kwisubiraho neza. " <ref>[http://vialogue.wordpress.com/2013/12/30/ted-we-should-all-be-feminists-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-at-tedxeuston-transcript/ "TED | We should all be feminists&nbsp;– Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie at TEDxEuston (transcript)"]. Vialogue, 30 December 2013.</ref>{{Listen||pos=right|filename=Beyonce - Flawless.ogg|title="Flawless"|description="Flawless" contains samples of Beyoncé's song "Bow Down / I Been On", and Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie's speech "We should all be feminists".|format=[[Ogg]]}} Bimwe mu biganiro bya TEDx bya Adichie byatoranijwe mu ndirimbo ya Beyoncé " flawless " mu Kuboza 2013. <ref>Raymer, Miles (4 September 2014), [https://web.archive.org/web/20141019080037/http://music-mix.ew.com/2014/09/04/beyonce-flawless-billboard-hot-100/ "'Billboard' Hot 100 recap: Beyonce's 'Flawless' finally hits the chart"], ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''.</ref> Umutungo wa kane wasohoye inyandiko ishingiye ku mvugo nk'igitabo cyihariye, ''Twese Tugomba kuba Abagore'', muri 2014. Nyuma Adichie mu kiganiro NPR yavuze ko "ikintu cyose cyatuma urubyiruko ruvuga ku gitsina gore ari ikintu cyiza cyane." <ref name="NPR"/> Nyuma yaje kwemeza aya magambo mu kiganiro yagiranye n’ikinyamakuru cyo mu Buholandi ''De Volkskrant'' : "Ikindi nanze ni uko nasomye ahantu hose: ubu abantu barangije kumumenya, babikesha Beyoncé, cyangwa: agomba gushimira cyane. Nasanze ibyo bitantengushye. Natekereje nti: Ndi umwanditsi kandi maze igihe runaka kandi nanze kuririmbira muri iyi charade bigaragara ko ntegerejwe: 'Ndashimira Beyoncé, ubuzima bwanjye ntibuzongera kubaho ukundi.' Niyo mpamvu ntigeze mbivugaho byinshi. " Adichie yasobanuyeko ukuntu asobanura nukuntu ashimangira uburinganire bitandukanye n'uko Beyonce(umuhanzikazi) abikora, gusa yumvako bishimishije kuba umugore nkawe ahagarara mubya politiki n'imibereho y'abantu rusange mu myaka mike ishize. Ashimangirako umugore ushyira imbere umwuga we, ukora ibintu bye uko abyumva, afite imbaraga z'umwari. Ntwarwa cyane n'ibyo. == Ibihembo yakiriye == Ku ya 20 Gicurasi 2019, Ngozi Adichie yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyubahiro yakuye muri kaminuza ya Yale . [[File:Ms._magazine_Cover_-_Summer_2014.jpg|thumb|Adichie ku gifuniko cy'ikinyamakuru ''Madamu'' muri 2014]] == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] q48psyb4gcnowtrac6zccoivf6wza40 0 9010 148429 144983 2026-11-02T11:37:46Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|1 */ 148429 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Kwenga_umutobe.jpg|thumb|Kwenga umutobe]] == Kwenga == kwenga ni umwe mu mirimo ikorerwa mu bice by'icyaro.Ni igikorwa cyahozeho mu [[Umuco nyarwanda|umuco]] w'abanyarwanda kuva kera benga inzoga ndetse n' umutobe byo kwinywera<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rsb.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/files/pdf/new_stds/Inzoga_Ibitoki_Divayi.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-08-19 |archive-date=2021-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210820103841/https://www.rsb.gov.rw/fileadmin/user_upload/files/pdf/new_stds/Inzoga_Ibitoki_Divayi.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Umuntu ukora igikorwa cyo kwenga yitwa umwenzi. Akenshi na kenshi kwenga bikorwa ku musaruro w'insina ariwo twita ibitoki by'amoko atandukanye tuza gusanga muri iyi nkuru. IBIKORESHO BIKENERWA MU KWENGA[[File:Ibibindi.png|thumb|Ibibindi]] Mu gikorwa cyo kwenga hifashishwa ibikoresho bya ngombwa bikurikira 1.Umuvure: <nowiki>[[File:Umuvure.jpg|thumb|Umuvure]]</nowiki> Ni igikoresho kiramvuwe mu giti cy'umusave cywangwa se umuvumu.Mu muvure niho batonorera ibitoki ndetse bikanengerwamo.Ntushoshobora kwenga bya kinyarwanda udakoresheje umuvure. 2.Ubutanda: <nowiki>[[File:Umuvure n inshinge.jpg|Umuvure_n_inshinge]]</nowiki> Ni igikoresho kiboshywe mu biti bicagaguwemo kandi bicumwe neza, bikaboheshwa imigozi mu buryo bw'inyabubiri cyangwa inyabutatu.Ubutanda butambikwa hejuru y'umuvure mu gihe bagiye gukamura cyangwa gutandukanya ibikatsi n'umutobe. 3.Ibibindi [[Dosiye:Ibibindi.png|thumb|Ibibindi]] Ni ibikoresho bibumbye mu ibumba, byifashishwa mu kudahirwamo umutobe iyo bamaze gukamura umutobe mu bikatsi.Ibibindi binifashishwa kandi mu kuvunura (guhogorora) inzoga iyo yahiye.Ibi bikoresho bishobora kandi gukoreshwa mu gihe bavoma amazi yo gukamira. 4.Amashinge (ishinge) Ni ubwatsi bwabugenewe bwifashishwa mu gukandakanda ibitoki kugirango bitange umutobe.Amashinge azakoreshwa mu kwenga, arahirwa cyangwa se aracibwa, akanikwa ndetse byaba byiza akanozwa kugira ngo umutobe cyangwa inzoga izabe iryoshye kandi ifite isuku mu rwego rwo kwirinda indwara zikomoka ku mwanda. 5.Urusyo Urusyo ni ibuye ry'isarabwayi cyangwa se imonyi, ribajwe neza kuburyo ritagira uwo ryangiza ku mubiri mu gihe arimo kurikoresha.Urusyo rukoreshwa mu gusya amasaka yo kubetera inzoga mu gihe bashaka gukora inzoga y'ibitoki (URWAGWA).Iyo bategura [[urwagwa]], bakaranga amasaka ku muriro yamara guhindura ibara ahindutse umukara, nibwo bakoresha urusyo hamwe n'ingasire. Amasaka yasewe (ifu y'amasaka ariko itanoze cyane) ivangwa n'umutobe, bakabishyira ahantu hashyuha cyane nko : kurusenge, intabo, mu gitariro n'ahandi. Nyuma y'iminsi ibiri cyangwa itatu bitewe n'akarere, barahogorora (baravunura) maze abashoboye kunywa bakizihirwa. == <ref>https://www.jw.org/rw/inyigisho-bibiliya/ibibazo/ese-kunywa-inzoga-ni-icyaha/</ref> == [[File:Kwenga urwagwa mu muvure.jpg|thumb|Kwenga urwagwa mu muvure]] [[inzoga|AMOKO Y'IBITOKI BYENGWA]] Kwenga [[inzoga]] bikorwa mu moko atandukanye y'ibitoki muri yo twavuga nka: Intuntu, kayinja, gisubi, kamaramasenge, poyo, gisukari n'andi. Ubu bwoko bw'ibitoki buhabwa amazina bitewe n'akarere abantu batuyemo. AKAMARO KO KWENGA Kwenga bifite akamaro kanini cyane mu muco w'abanyarwanda.Abanyarwanda bagira bati" Inzoga ni gahuza miryango." Abanyarwanda bagira umuco mwiza wo guhana inzoga, abageni n'inka.Iyo mihango yose ikorwa barimo gusoma ku kinyobwa gituruka mu kwenga. Kwenga inzoga cyangwa umutobe ni bimwe mu bikorwa bitanga amafaranga nyuma yo kugurisha inzoga cyangwa umutobe.Ayo mafaranga avuyemo yifashishwa mu kwishyura amashuri y'abana, kubaka inzu nziza yo guturamo, kugura isambu yo guhingamo, guhahira urugo n'ibindi. == Rebara hano == {{Reflist}} gkrhmr2m8269k7u1h5y7z9sgi7491q1 0 9343 148424 142067 2026-11-02T11:35:36Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148424 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Love or Something Like That''''' ni film yo muri [[Gana]] no muri [[Nigeriya]] yasohotse muri 2014 iyobowe na Shirley Frimpong-Manso <ref>https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2015/05/love-or-something-like-that.html</ref>. Irimo John Dumelo, Joselyn Dumas na OC Ukeje. Iyi filime yerekanwe bwa mbere i Londres ku ya 28 Ugushyingo 2014 muri Odeon Sinema. Yakiriye nomination ebyiri muri 11 ya Afrika Movie Academy Awards<ref>https://www.binged.com/streaming-premiere-dates/love-or-something-like-that-movie-streaming-online-watch/</ref> . == Abakinnyi<ref>https://www.timeout.com/accra/film/love-or-something-like-that-2014</ref> == * John Dumelo nka Alex Walker * Joselyn Dumas nka Kwarley Mettle * OC Ukeje nka Henry Dominic * Nana Mensah nka Asantewaa * Christabel Ekeh nka Sonia * Eckow Smith-Asante nka psychologue == Umugambi == Filime ivuga inkuru ivuga ku bashakanye bashya no kurangaza bahuye nako mukazi nyuma gato y'ubukwe. Kwarley Mettle (Joselyn Dumas) yaryamanye n'umukunzi we, Henry Dominic (OC Ukeje) atabishaka, imyaka ibiri mbere yo gushaka<ref>https://ynaija.com/movie-review-love-something-like-makes-effort-doesnt-completely-fly/</ref>. Ibi byatumye asaba ko umugabo we, Alex Walker (John Dumelo) yakoresheje uburinzi igihe cyose baryamanye<ref>https://nollywoodobserver.wordpress.com/2016/09/05/movie-review-love-or-something-like-that/</ref>. Henry na Kwarley bongeye guhura nyuma yo kwinjira mu bitaro bye kwivuza<ref>https://www.talkafricanmovies.com/love-or-something-like-that/</ref>. Henry amaze kumenya uwahoze ari umukunzi we, yahise ava mu bitaro atamuvugishije. Kwarley yagiye muri dosiye ye y'abarwayi, kugira ngo arebe ko arwaye [[kanseri]] na AID. Yabonye aho atuye hanyuma amusura. Agezeyo, amubwira ibyamutengushye<ref>https://metro.co.uk/tag/love-or-something-like-it/</ref>. == Kwakira == Iyi filime yabonye ibitekerezo bibi kuri 360nobs.com, yashushanyije isano iri hagati ya film na ''Tango with Me'', indi film iyobowe na Shirley Frimpong-Manso <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2014/04/27/thoughts-shirley-frimpong-mansos-new-movie-love-something-like-failed-successful-attempt-telling-hivaids-story/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112172307/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2014/04/27/thoughts-shirley-frimpong-mansos-new-movie-love-something-like-failed-successful-attempt-telling-hivaids-story/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Yagaragaje ko muri filime zombi, abashakanye bibagora gukora imibonano mpuzabitsina kubera ikibazo cyo gufata ku ngufu. Yagaragaje kandi ibibazo bidasanzwe byo gushyingiranwa nk'ingaruka muri filime zombi<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/201506230082.html</ref>. ''Tango hamwe Nanjye'' Urukundo cyangwa Ikintu nkicyo byombi byarangiye abagabo bumva bafite icyaha cyo kutita cyane kubo bashakanye<ref>http://cypressgh.blogspot.com/2014/12/shirley-frimpong-mansos-film-love-or.html</ref>. Byongeye kandi, Devil in Details indi filime yakozwe nuyu muyobozi, yagaragajwe nkufite ibiganiro nka firime mugihe cyo kugisha inama abashakanye. Yanenze kandi Kwarley kuba yarakubiswe nyuma yo kubona Henry bwa mbere nubwo afite dosiye ku meza ye<ref>https://www.bellanaija.com/2014/04/joselyn-dumas-is-in-love-with-oc-ukeje-john-dumelo-in-love-or-something-like-that-watch-the-trailer/</ref>. Hanyuma, iyi filime yasobanuwe ko ifite ishingiro ridakwiriye kubera ko ubu ari ibisanzwe ko abashakanye bipimisha virusi itera [[SIDA|sida]] mbere yo gushyingirwa mu nsengero, tutibagiwe ko umugeni yari umuganga<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fmovie.watch/movie/love-or-something-like-that |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-12 |archive-date=2021-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112172310/https://fmovie.watch/movie/love-or-something-like-that |url-status=dead }}</ref>. {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi zo muri Gana]] e6pfqeezjstq5xrujl7ekrhdu3qena1 0 9721 148441 147387 2026-11-02T11:42:30Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148441 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Kenya in its region (de-facto).svg|thumb|igihugu peter yavukiyemo]] '''Peter King Nzioki Mwania''' (yavutse 25 Gicurasi 1978), uzwi cyane nka '''Peter King''', ni umukinnyi wa firime muri [[Kenya]] . <ref>http://www.spla.pro/en/file.person.peter-king-nzioki.35012.html</ref> <ref name=":0">https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-ceo-ive-been-an-actor-all-these-years-no-one-noticed-peter-king-says/36r7knj</ref> Azwi cyane ku ruhare rwe muri filime ''The Constant Gardener'',''The Fifth Estate'' and ''Sense8''. . <ref name=":0" /> == Ubuzima bwite == Nzioki yavutse ku ya 25 Gicurasi 1978 i [[Nairobi]], muri [[Kenya]]. Se wa Michael David Mwania, yakoraga mu gisirikare cya Kenya naho nyina akora mu bitaro bya gisirikare. Afite imyaka itandatu, yinjiye mu rusengero mu kigo cya Lang'ata. Amashuri ye yarangije ayisumbuye muri Lang'ata i Nairobi. <ref name="kenyabuzz">https://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/hot-peter-king-mwania/</ref> Yashakanye na mugenzi we bakina filime Tess King. <ref>https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10182-2638546/peter-king-nzioki-in-biographical-summaries-of-notable-people</ref> == Umwuga == Yatangiye gukina filime mu 2000 muri Theatre yigihugu ya Kenya imyaka itatu iyobowe na Joab Kanuka. Mu ikinamico, yakinnye 'Iago' muri Phoenix Players yerekana ibyago bya Shakespeare ''Othello'' . Muri 2005, yakinnye bwa mbere muri firime afite uruhare ruto muri ''[[The Constant Gardener (film)|The Constant Gardener]]'' iyobowe na Fernando Meirelles . Muri uwo mwaka, yagaragaye nka 'Barman' muri televiziyo ya ''Transit'' . Muri 2016, yagaragaye muri firime ishimishije ''Umuyobozi mukuru'' aho yakinnye nka 'Jomo'. Iyi filime yagaragaye bwa mbere ku ya 10 Nyakanga 2016, muri Eko Hotels & Suites, Ikirwa cya Victoria, Lagos <ref>http://thenet.ng/2016/07/kunle-afolayans-ceo-movie-to-premiere-in-lagos-today/</ref> nyuma iza gukundwa cyane. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/07/chioma-nnanna-reviews-kunle-afolayans-new-movie-the-c-e-o/</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-kunle-afolayans-the-ceo-isnt-a-conventional-nollywood-movie-id5302986.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-26 |archive-date=2017-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170804040041/http://www.pulse.ng/movies/pulse-movie-review-kunle-afolayans-the-ceo-isnt-a-conventional-nollywood-movie-id5302986.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yagaragaye cyane nka 'Mkwajo' muri muzika ''Mo Faya'' yatsindiye ibihembo iyobowe na Eric Wainaina; umugambi ''mubisha muri FaceBook'' numunyapolitiki ruswa 'Mzito' muri ''Ni Sisi'' . Nyuma yinshingano nyinshi zubugome, yahawe umwanya wo kuba papa muri ''serivise ya'' MTV Shuga 2, hanyuma aba umutoza [[Umupira w’amaguru|wumupira wamaguru]] muri ''The Inside Story'' yerekanwe kuri Discovery Channel; n'umuvugabutumwa mu ''Cyuma Cyuma Cyuma'' . <ref>https://www.kenyabuzz.com/lifestyle/hot-peter-king-mwania/</ref> Mu mwaka wa 2016, yatoranijwe kugira ngo azabe umuyobozi w’icyaha cya Kenya 'Silas Kabaka' muri Netflix ''Sense8'' . https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense8 Uruhare rwamuteye kuba umukinnyi wa tereviziyo uzwi cyane muri [[Kenya]]. == Amashusho == {| class="wikitable" !Umwaka ! Filime ! Uruhare ! Ubwoko ! Ref. |- | 2005 | ''[[The Constant Gardener (film)|Umurimyi uhoraho]]'' | Umupolisi 1 | Filime | |- | 2005 | ''Inzira'' | Barman | Filime ya TV | |- | 2007 | ''Umugani w'icyuma'' | Umubwiriza | Filime ngufi | |- | 2007 | ''Ihuriro rya Makutano'' | Albert Mukara | Urukurikirane rwa TV | |- | 2010 | ''Ndoto Za Elibidi'' | Umupolisi 1 | Filime | |- | 2013 | ''Umutungo wa gatanu'' | Oscar Kamau Kingara | Filime | |- | 2016 | ''Umuyobozi mukuru'' | Jomo | Filime | |- | 2016 | ''Kati Kati'' | Umwami | Filime | |- | 2016 | ''Sense8'' | Silas Kabaka | Urukurikirane rwa TV | |- | 2018 | ''Umuhigi'' | Kennedy | Filime ngufi | |} == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba firime]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] b9tsvh5ccu9w69a9qczd6on6hc6oxmd 0 9807 148440 146724 2026-11-02T11:42:11Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148440 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Togo - Location Map (2013) - TGO - UNOCHA.svg|thumb|igihugu marcelin bossou]] '''Marcelin Bossou''' (yavutse ku ya 3 Gicurasi 1984) ni umuyobozi wa firime muri [[Togo]], utunganya firime, akaba n'umwanditsi. == Ubuzima bwa Biografiya == Bossou yavukiye i Lomé, muri [[Togo]] mu 1984. <ref name="africine">http://africine.org/personne/marcelin-bossou/31294</ref> Yari umuhungu w'ababyeyi bo muri Bénin. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.style-evidence.com/pages/showcases/marcellin-bossou/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2021-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304025855/https://www.style-evidence.com/pages/showcases/marcellin-bossou/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Se wa Bossou yari umuyobozi w'ikigo cy'imikino. . Yakoraga kuri tereviziyo yigenga ya Radio Télévision Delta Santé nk'umutekinisiye nyuma aba umuyobozi. <ref name="courrier">https://blog.courrierinternational.com/l-afrique-en-films/2014/03/14/cineafriqua86-marcelin-bossou-parle-du-cinema-togolais/</ref> Muri 2008, yiyandikishije muri Ecole Supérieure des Arts Visuels i Marrakesh muri [[Maroc]] nyuma yo kubona buruse. Bossou yayoboye filime ye ya mbere ngufi, ''La Bourse ou la vie'' na ''L'inconnu'' mu 2010. <ref name="courrier" /> Yabonye uruhushya rwe muri Film Studies, Directory option, muri 2012. Filime ya Bossou yahawe impamyabumenyi, ''Nuit de Noces'', yinjiye mu birori byinshi bya firime nka Mediterranean Short Film Festival ya Tangier, Iserukiramuco rya Filime nyafurika rya Luxor, hamwe na Festival ya Afrika ya Poitiers. ''Nuit de Noces'' yakiriye Grand Prix mu iserukiramuco rya sinema rya Atakpamé i Togo ndetse nigihembo cyihariye cya René Monory mu Iserukiramuco rya Filime na Televiziyo bya Panafrican ya [[Wagadugu|Ouagadougou]] . Irasuzuma imitwaro [[Umugore|abagore]] bahura nazo iyo bashyingiranywe, harimo no kwerekana ubusugi bwabo. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africardv.com/societe/togo-marcellin-bossou-et-les-jeunes-de-lai-parlent-de-droits-sexuels/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2021-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211203223344/https://www.africardv.com/societe/togo-marcellin-bossou-et-les-jeunes-de-lai-parlent-de-droits-sexuels/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Nyuma yo guhabwa impamyabumenyi, Bossou yayoboye ''L'anniversaire'' . Yashinze isosiyete ikora amajwi n'amashusho Marbos Productions i Lomé muri 2015. Intego nyamukuru yaryo ni ugutanga inkunga kubanyeshuri biga muri firime ya Togoliya kugirango bakore film zabo za mbere. <ref>http://africultures.com/structures/?no=13345</ref> Muri 2015, yayoboye ''Les deux frères'' . Filime yahawe igihembo cyo gufotora neza mu iserukiramuco rya Clap Ivoire. Muri 2019, Bossou yakoze firime ''La vie de Daniel'' iyobowe na Gilbert Bararmna na ''Femme'' Ebène na Rachel Kpizing. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.africardv.com/culture/deux-films-togolais-recompenses-au-benin/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2020-08-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812050633/https://www.africardv.com/culture/deux-films-togolais-recompenses-au-benin/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kuri ubu Bossou arimo akora kuri firime ye ya mbere yerekana, ''Broken Drums'', biteganijwe ko izasohoka mu 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.scenarioaulongcourt.com/Marcelin-BOSSOU |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2021-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130074054/http://www.scenarioaulongcourt.com/Marcelin-BOSSOU |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yigisha isesengura rya firime, kwandika na tekinike mu Ishuri Rikuru rya Sinema i Lomé. == Amashusho == * 2010: ''La Bourse ou la vie'' * 2010: ''L'inconnu'' * 2012: ''Nuit de Noces'' * 2012: ''L'anniversaire'' * 2015: ''Les deux frères'' * 2017: ''Brigitte'' * 2017: ''Une famille pas comme les autres'' * 2019: ''Kuvunika-Ingoma'' * 2019: ''La vie de Daniel'' * 2019: ''Femme ébène'' == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] 5shq0yueb3qg05wubuqhgfeicrx7pex 0 9809 148446 135161 2026-11-02T11:44:10Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148446 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:World Flag Map "Angola".png|thumb|angola igihugu mel gamboa avukamo nicyo se umubyara nawe avukamo]] '''Mel Gambôa''' (yavutse ku ya 23 Gicurasi 1984) ni umukinnyi wa filime w’umunyaromaniya utuye muri [[Angola]], umunyamakuru, na producer wa televiziyo. == Ubuzima bwa Biografiya == Gambôa yavutse 1984 i Bucharest, muri Rumaniya. <ref name="voa">https://www.voaportugues.com/a/angola-fala-so-bilhete-identidade-mel-gamboa/3026186.html</ref> Umukobwa wa se wa Angola na nyina w’umuromaniya, yatangiye gutaramira mu ikinamico mu 1998, yinjira mu itsinda ry’ikinamico Horizonte Nzinga Mbandi nk'igikorwa kidasanzwe. Hagati ya 2001 na 2003, Gambôa yabaga i [[Madrid]] maze yinjira mu itsinda ry’ikinamico Los Sobrinos del Mago de Oz nk'umukinnyi wa filime akaba n’umuyobozi wungirije w’imikino y’abana "El Gnomo Jeromo" na "Los Evangelios Apócrifos" na Frank Huesca. <ref name="mindelact">https://expressodasilhas.cv/cultura/2014/09/25/mindelact-a-orfa-do-rei-em-cena-hoje-a-noite/43073</ref> Mu 2004, yasubiye i Luanda yitangira ikinamico, yitabira amahugurwa menshi kandi yiga amasomo y'ubuhanzi. Gambôa yinjiye muri societe yo muri iki gihe imbyino na percussion Manésema mu 2006 nk'umuyobozi ushinzwe imibanire rusange n’umuyobozi ushinzwe imihango. Mu 2007, yatangiye umwuga we kuri tereviziyo. Mu mwaka wa 2010, Gambôa yashinze isosiyete ikorana na Multimedia Together Now, usibye gutanga serivisi zo gufotora no gufata amashusho, yashyizeho gahunda zamahugurwa kubakinnyi n’amasomo ya "Photography Angola". <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.angop.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/lazer-e-cultura/2015/10/47/Angola-Aberto-curso-fotografia,01f00406-fa54-4564-9f69-163d8e8e8ba2.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627003100/http://www.angop.ao/angola/pt_pt/noticias/lazer-e-cultura/2015/10/47/Angola-Aberto-curso-fotografia,01f00406-fa54-4564-9f69-163d8e8e8ba2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gambôa yabaye umuyobozi wa gahunda yimyidagaduro ''Tchilar kumuyoboro'' wa 2 wa Televiziyo rusange muri Angola. Muri 2012, yatangiye kwakira ikiganiro cya radio cyitwa ''Show da Mel'' kuri Rádio Despertar 91.0 FM. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=http://www.angonoticias.com/Artigos/item/33308/mel-gamboa-na-despertar |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2017-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528152248/http://www.angonoticias.com/Artigos/item/33308/mel-gamboa-na-despertar |url-status=dead }}</ref> Muri 2017, Gambôa yimukiye i Los Angeles kugira ngo arangize amashuri ye muri sinema. Kubera ibibazo by'amafaranga, yahatiwe gukoresha imbuga nkoranyambaga kugira ngo yishakire inkunga. <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ongoma.news/artigo/dificuldades-financeiras-obrigam-mel-gamboa-a-pedir-ajuda-nas-redes-sociais |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-11-30 |archive-date=2021-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130075330/https://www.ongoma.news/artigo/dificuldades-financeiras-obrigam-mel-gamboa-a-pedir-ajuda-nas-redes-sociais |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gambôa ni umunyamurwango uharanira inyungu z'umugore kandi yavuze ko abaturage badashobora kumenya ibibera muri politiki ya Angola. <ref>https://www.voaportugues.com/a/angola-fala-so-mel-gamboa-feminista-louca-incomoda/3029446.html</ref> Yimenyereza tantra yoga no gufotora. Yize [[Igitabo|ibitabo]] bivuga ku idini ry'Ababuda. == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Abakinnyi ba firime]] 5uvxqqjjamjw3k87ned4pl8t3nzufv7 0 9854 148406 146796 2026-11-01T23:29:49Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 148406 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mushimiyimana Eugénie''' ni Umunyarwandakazi w’umucuruzi, rwiyemezamirimo akaba n'umuyobozi wa ba rwiyemezamirimo b'abagore mu [[Rwanda]] <ref>https://www.ktpress.rw/psf-chambers-get-new-representatives/</ref> . Azwi cyane ku nyubako 3 nini z'ubucuruzi afite i [[Kigali]] harimo M&M Plaza inyubako y'amagorofa 7 i Gishushu, Remera muri [[Kigali]] <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.igihe.com/mot/ubukungu |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206085919/http://www.igihe.com/mot/ubukungu |archive-date=2021-12-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>https://rushyashya.net/mushimiyimana-umugore-wiyubakiye-imiturirwa-irimo-nufite-amagorofa-arindwi-aravuga-imyato-ubuyobozi-bwiza/</ref> . == ubuzima bwo hambere == [[Dosiye:RuhangoDist.png|thumb|Ruhango aho Eugenie yavukiye]] '''Eugénie''' wavukiye mu Karere ka Ruhango, Intara y'Amajyepfo yakuriye iruhande rwa nyina byamuteye kuba umucuruzi. Nyuma yo gushyingirwa afite imyaka 27 yabuze umugabo we icyo gihe ubuzima buba bubi noneho ahitamo gukora no gutunga umuryango we. Mu ntangiriro yacuruzaga mu biribwa birimo ibishyimbo, umuceri, amavuta y'imikindo n'ibindi ubucuruzi bwe bwatangiye mu gihugu imbere nyuma bwambuka umupaka abukorera no hanze y'u [[Rwanda]] . nyuma yaje gucuruza peteroli na sima nyuma yimyaka 20 atekereza ku kiruhuko cyizabukuru nyuma yinjira mu mutungo utimukanwa kandi '''Eugénie''' yabaye umuyobozi wungirije wa kabiri w’ishyirahamwe ry’abikorera ku giti cyabo mu [[Rwanda]] (PSF) <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.igihe.com/bahagaze-gute/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2021-12-06 |archive-date=2021-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211206062314/https://www.igihe.com/bahagaze-gute/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>https://inyarwanda.com/inkuru/94462/yabuze-umugabo-akiri-muto-ubuzima-buramusharirira-ariko-ubu-afite-umuturirwa-wagaciro-kari-94462.html</ref> <ref>http://www.umuryango.rw/amakuru/mu-rwanda/ubukungu/article/umunyemari-watorewe-kuyobora-psf-yahize-kubaka-ahazajya-habera-imurikagurisha</ref> . == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Abagore mu bucuruzi]] [[Ikiciro:Abanyarwandakazi bari muri business]] [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] 5x1kpl3gztf4daz64uf5zxqqb1fc8fv 0 9997 148437 145182 2026-11-02T11:40:48Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148437 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Yoweri Kaguta Museveni with Obamas.jpg|thumb|Yoweri Kaguta Museveni with Obamas]] Janet Kainembabazi Museveni yavukiye muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]] mu ntara ya Kajara, mu akarere ka Ntungamo<ref name=":0">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntungamo_District</ref> kuwa 24 Kamena 1948 kwa Eduard Birori na Madam Mutesi. Yize amashuri abanza kuri Kyamate akomeza n'amashuri yisumbuye mu ikigo cy'abakobwa cya Bweranyange girl's school<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bweranyangi_Girls%27_Senior_Secondary_School</ref>muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]]. == Akazi yakoze == Janet ni umunyapolitiki muri Uganda wabaye Madamu wa mbere wa Uganda kuva mu 1986. yashakanye na Perezida wa [[Yoweri Museveni|Yoweri Kaguta Museveni]], babyaranye abana bane. Kuva kuwa 6 Kamena 2016 yabaye minisitiri w'uburezi na siporo mu nama y'abaminisitiri muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]]<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Uganda</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%2527s+cabinet.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-08 |archive-date=2016-10-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161007121926/http://www.monitor.co.ug/blob/view/-/3235304/data/1345443/-/3o16hn/-/Museveni%27s+cabinet.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education</ref>, yabanje kuba Minisitiri w'ibikorwa bya [[:en:Karamoja|karamoja]]<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamoja</ref> muri guverinoma ya Uganda kuva kuwa 27 Gicurasi 2011 kugeza kuwa 6 Kamena 2016<ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine</ref>. yabaye kandi umudepite watowe ahagarariye intara ya Ruhaama mu akarere ka [https://web.archive.org/web/20220208113557/https://www.ntungamo.go.ug/news Ntungamo]<ref name=":0" />hagati ya 2011 na 2016. yasohoye [[igitabo]] cyivuga k'ubuzima bwe cyitwa "urugendo rw'ubuzima bwanjye" (My life's Journey) muri 2011 <ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/Insight/-/688338/1226382/-/rn0jyf/-/index.html</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150225182721/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/26/759254</ref>. [[Dosiye:Janet Museveni.jpg|thumb|First Lady Janet Museveni of Uganda]] == Ubuzima bwe bwite == Janet Museveni yagiye mubuhungiro mu 1971, ubwo [[Idi Amin Dada|Idi Amin]] yahirikaga ubutegetsi bwa [[:en:Milton_Obote|Milton obote]] mu ubutegetsi bwa gisirikari. Yashakanye na Yoweri kaguta Museveni muri Kanama 1973<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201005240504.html</ref>. Igihe ingoma ya Idi Amin yavaga kubutegetsi muri Mata mu 1979, yasubiye muri Uganda ayuye muri [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] aho yari atuye m' ubuhungiro n'umugabo we. Muri Gashyantare 1981, ubwo Yoweri Museveni yatangizaga intambara y'inyeshyamba  kurwanya guvernoma ya perezida Obote, Janet Museveni n'abana be bongeye kuba i [[Nairobi]] muri [[Kenya]], aho babanaga n'incuti z'umuryango kugeza mu 1983, Mu 1983 bimukiye i [[:en:Gothenburg|Gothenburg]]<nowiki/>muri [[suwede]], yagumyeyo kugeza muri gicurasi 1986, hashize amezi ane Ingabo za [[:en:National_Resistance_Army|National Resistance Army]] [[Yoweri Museveni]] zimaze gufata ubutegetsi i [[Umujyi wa Kampara|Kampara]]. == Umwuga == [[Dosiye:The President, Smt. Pratibha Devisingh Patil and the Prime Minister, Dr. Manmohan Singh at the Ceremonial Reception of the President of Uganda, Mr. Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, in New Delhi on April 10, 2008.jpg|thumb|Janet Museveni in India]] Janet Museveni yashinze umuryango wa [[Ubugande|Uganda]] uharanira gukiza impfubyi (UWESO), ikigo cy'ubutabazi cyigenga mu mpera za 1986, avuga ko cyatewe n'ubunararibonye bwe nk'impunzi. Yinjiye mu bukangurambaga bwa virusi itera [[SIDA]] muri Uganda mu myaka ya za 1990, agirana umubano na Pasteri w'intagondwa [[:en:Martin_Ssempa|Martin Ssempa]] kubera uburere bwo kwirinda gusama muri [[Ubugande|Uganda]]<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstinence-only_sex_education_in_Uganda</ref>. Mu Gushyingo 2005, yatangaje ko azashaka icyicaro cy'inteko ishinga amategeko y'intara ya Ruhaama mu matora rusange yo muri Gashyantare 2006<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Ugandan_general_election</ref> . Yaharaniye uwo mwanya n'umukandida mu ihuriro ry’impinduka za demokarasi<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forum_for_Democratic_Change</ref> , Augustin Ruzindana, maze atsinda cyane. Yongeye gutorwa muri Werurwe 2011 indi manda y'imyaka itanu. Ku ya 16 Gashyantare 2009, Janet Museveni yagizwe Minisitiri w’ibikorwa bya Karamoja<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamoja</ref> , n’umugabo we, Perezida Yoweri Museveni<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.africanews.com/site/Uganda_First_lady_appointed_minister/list_messages/23249 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-02-08 |archive-date=2009-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222031330/http://www.africanews.com/site/Uganda_First_lady_appointed_minister/list_messages/23249 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Ku ya 27 Gicurasi 2011, yazamuwe kuba Minisitiri w’ibikorwa bya Karamoja<ref>http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/-/688334/1170806/-/c0y8sbz/-/index.html</ref>. Ku ya 6 Kamena 2016, nyuma y’uko umugabo we yongeye gutorerwa kuba Perezida, yagizwe Minisitiri w’uburezi na siporo. == Abana == * [[:en:Muhoozi_Kainerugaba|Muhoozi Kainerugaba]] - Yavutse 1974, ni Liyetona Jenerali<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Museveni#cite_note-12</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Museveni#cite_note-13</ref> muri [[:en:Uganda_People's_Defence_Force|UPDF]] akaba n'umuyobozi w'ingabo zidasanzwe.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201005240504.html</ref><ref>http://www.nation.co.ke/News/africa/-/1066/446200/-/14anqyoz/-/index.html</ref> * Natasha Karugire - Yavutse 1976, Umunyamideli numujyanama. Yashakanye na Edwin Karugire, Umunyamabanga wihariye wa Perezida wa Uganda.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Uganda</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Museveni#cite_note-15</ref> * Kwihangana Rwabwogo - Yavutse 1978, Umushumba w'Itorero ry'Amasezerano,<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Museveni#cite_note-16</ref> Buziga, [[Umujyi wa Kampara|Kampala]] . - Yashakanye na Odrek Rwabwogo<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Museveni#cite_note-17</ref> * Diana Kantu - Yavutse 1980, Yashakanye na Geoffrey Kantu.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Museveni#cite_note-18</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ubugande]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore ba abayobozi]] [[Ikiciro:Abaminisitiri]] [[Ikiciro:Uburezi]] 8ugv8j030bbbzzp6ddzsrytie0fk0jj 0 10407 148436 146734 2026-11-02T11:40:31Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148436 wikitext text/x-wiki Mukamurenzi Marcianne ni we Munyarwanda wa mbere wahagarariye [https://web.archive.org/web/20220508011643/https://igihe.com/imikino/article/bamwe-mu-banyarwandakazi-bamamaye-kubera-siporo-amafoto igihugu mu mikino Olempike]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imikino/article/bamwe-mu-banyarwandakazi-bamamaye-kubera-siporo-amafoto |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2022-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508011643/https://igihe.com/imikino/article/bamwe-mu-banyarwandakazi-bamamaye-kubera-siporo-amafoto |url-status=dead }}</ref> iba rimwe mu myaka ine (4) mu 1984 i Los angeles muri Leta zunzu ubumwe za amerika. Yahagaraniye u Rwanda mu mikino myinshi Ku [https://web.archive.org/web/20220508023430/https://igihe.com/abantu/biographies/umunyarwandakazi-mukamurenzi-waciye-agahigo-mu-kwiruka-nubu-aracyabikora Rwego rw'isi]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/abantu/biographies/umunyarwandakazi-mukamurenzi-waciye-agahigo-mu-kwiruka-nubu-aracyabikora |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2022-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508023430/https://igihe.com/abantu/biographies/umunyarwandakazi-mukamurenzi-waciye-agahigo-mu-kwiruka-nubu-aracyabikora |url-status=dead }}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwe bwite == Mukamurenzi [https://web.archive.org/web/20220508023430/https://igihe.com/abantu/biographies/umunyarwandakazi-mukamurenzi-waciye-agahigo-mu-kwiruka-nubu-aracyabikora Yavukiye ku gisenyi]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/abantu/biographies/umunyarwandakazi-mukamurenzi-waciye-agahigo-mu-kwiruka-nubu-aracyabikora |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2022-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508023430/https://igihe.com/abantu/biographies/umunyarwandakazi-mukamurenzi-waciye-agahigo-mu-kwiruka-nubu-aracyabikora |url-status=dead }}</ref> mu Rwanda kuwa 4 kamena 1959 avukira mu muryango w'abana icyenda, ubu afite imyaka 63. Yatangiye kwitoza ibyo gusiganwa ku maguru nk'umwuga mu mwaka wa1975, aho yari afite imyaka16. == Amarushanwa yagiyemo == Hashize imyaka 8 nyuma yaho,[https://web.archive.org/web/20220508023428/https://igihe.com/imikino/article/abahagarariye-u-rwanda-mu-mikino-olempike-bahuguwe-kuri-winter-olympic-games Yahagarariye u Rwanda]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imikino/article/abahagarariye-u-rwanda-mu-mikino-olempike-bahuguwe-kuri-winter-olympic-games |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2022-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508023428/https://igihe.com/imikino/article/abahagarariye-u-rwanda-mu-mikino-olempike-bahuguwe-kuri-winter-olympic-games |url-status=dead }}</ref> mu mikino Olempike mu mwaka w'1984 i Los angeles muri leta zunzu ubumwe za amerika, Yakinnye [https://web.archive.org/web/20220508011643/https://igihe.com/imikino/article/bamwe-mu-banyarwandakazi-bamamaye-kubera-siporo-amafoto n'imikino ya Seoul]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imikino/article/bamwe-mu-banyarwandakazi-bamamaye-kubera-siporo-amafoto |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2022-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508011643/https://igihe.com/imikino/article/bamwe-mu-banyarwandakazi-bamamaye-kubera-siporo-amafoto |url-status=dead }}</ref> 1988 na Barcelone 1992, Muri Shampiyona z'isi mu mokino ngororamubiri i [[Helsinki]] mu 1983, i Roma mu 1989, n'i [[Tokyo]] mu 1991. == Aho yabaye == Yaje kujya [https://web.archive.org/web/20220508023430/https://igihe.com/abantu/biographies/umunyarwandakazi-mukamurenzi-waciye-agahigo-mu-kwiruka-nubu-aracyabikora kwitoreza mu Bufaransa]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/abantu/biographies/umunyarwandakazi-mukamurenzi-waciye-agahigo-mu-kwiruka-nubu-aracyabikora |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2022-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508023430/https://igihe.com/abantu/biographies/umunyarwandakazi-mukamurenzi-waciye-agahigo-mu-kwiruka-nubu-aracyabikora |url-status=dead }}</ref> mu mwaka 1987, Aranahatura mu munjyi wa Bordeaux kugeza muri 1994 ubwo yagarutse mu Rwanda agiye kubana n'umugabo bari bararushinze mu mwaka 1993. Intambara yahise itera ahugira muri Congo. Nyuma yaje kunga muri Cameroun, abifashijwemo n'uwahoze ari umutoza we Roger Grange abafasha gusubira kwibwra kuba i Bordeaux mu Bufaransa mu mwaka 2003. == Ibihembo yakoreye == [https://web.archive.org/web/20220508011643/https://igihe.com/imikino/article/bamwe-mu-banyarwandakazi-bamamaye-kubera-siporo-amafoto Yegukanye]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://igihe.com/imikino/article/bamwe-mu-banyarwandakazi-bamamaye-kubera-siporo-amafoto |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-05-08 |archive-date=2022-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220508011643/https://igihe.com/imikino/article/bamwe-mu-banyarwandakazi-bamamaye-kubera-siporo-amafoto |url-status=dead }}</ref> umudali wa zahabu nuw'umuringa muri shampiyona ny'afurika yo gusiganwa metero ibihumbi cumi(10,000) ku maguru mu mwaka wa 1988 na 1989 == Reba aha == == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} 1xze7qq38wf8z2dogpgfr1enbfs7gqx 0 10626 148414 145833 2026-11-02T02:18:09Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 148414 wikitext text/x-wiki Umugezi wa Mwogo ni uruzi ruri mu majyepfo y'u [[Rwanda]], rubyara [[umugezi wa Nyabarongo]] iyo ruhuye na Mbirurume. Ruturuka m'umashyamba ya nyungwe mu majyepfo y’u [[Rwanda]] mu burasirazuba bwa Congo-Nile, aho runyura mumirenge ya ruramba wo mukarere ka Nyaruguru, rukomereza mumurenge wa Kitabi mu[[Akarere ka Nyamagabe|Karere ka Nyamagabe]] <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwogo_River#CITEREFNyamagabe_Administrative_Map</ref>,rugakomeza rujya kuri nyabukona aho intara y'iburasirazuba igabanira n'iyamajyepfo. Ruba rwanyuze Kandi Nyarusiza rwerekeza mu [[Akarere ka Huye|Karere ka Huye]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwogo_River#CITEREFHuye_Administrative_Map</ref> Rwerekeza mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba runyuze mu burengerazuba bw'aka karere, rwinjira mu [[Akarere ka Nyanza|karere ka Nyanza]].<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwogo_River#CITEREFHughesHughesBernacsek1992</ref> Mu [[Akarere ka Nyanza|karere ka Nyanza]] rukanyura mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, rukanyura Mweya aho uruzi rwa Gihimbi rwinjirira uhereye ibumoso. Munsi yiyi ngingo ihujwe nuruzi rwa Rukarara uhereye ibumoso. Hanyuma rugakora urubibi rw'iburengerazuba rw[[Akarere ka Ruhango|'akarere ka Ruhango]] <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwogo_River#CITEREFRuhango_Administrative_Map</ref>kugeza ruhujwe uhereye ibumoso nuruzi rwa Mbirurume mumajyepfo ya Bikwa Umugezi uhuriweho witwa uruzi rwa [[Nyabarongo]], rukomeza ruguru rujya I Kigali.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwogo_River</ref> '''IMIRIMO IKORERWA MUKIBAYA CYA MWOGO''' '''''K[[Ubuhinzi|UBUHINZI]] BW'[[Umuceli|UMUCERI]] N'IMBOGA''''' Iki kibaya kizwiho cyane gutunganywamo imihanda y'amazi ihingwamo [[Umuceli|umuceri]], aho abaturage bishyize hamwe mu m[[Amakoperative ya RWAMACU|akoperative]] bawuhinga ku bwinshi bakawurya mungo zabo ndetse bagasagurira namasoko. Mu bice biteramo [[Umuceli|umuceri]], hahingwa ibigori, [[Igishyimbo|ibishyimbo]], ibijumba, n[[Imboga za Kayote|'imboga]] zinyuranye bitandukanye nk'ubutaka bwo mu misozi.<ref name=":0">https://m.imvahonshya.co.rw/?p=181682</ref> Nanone haberamo byo kurinda igishamga no kuvomerera .Leta n'[[ABAHANZI|abahinzi]] bafatanya mu mirimo yo gukora imiringoti n'ingomero z'amazi kugira ngo ubuhinzi bukomeze mu bihe byose by'ihinga.<ref name=":2" /> '''''UBWOROZI''''' Kubera icyi gishanga kigira [[ubwatsi]] buhora buba bwinshi, abaturage bahororera [[inka]] n'amatungo magufi bakoresheje uburyo bwo kuhakura [[ubwatsi]] ( kwahira) cyangwa ubworozi bwa kijyambere<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.nyamagabe.gov.rw/default-title-9/minisitiri-mukeshimana-yasuye-ibikorwa-by-ubuhinzi-mu-karere-ka-nyamagabe |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-05-15 |archive-date=2022-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630040145/https://www.nyamagabe.gov.rw/default-title-9/minisitiri-mukeshimana-yasuye-ibikorwa-by-ubuhinzi-mu-karere-ka-nyamagabe |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Nanone bifashisha amwe mumazi areka hafi y[[Uruzi|'uruzi]] buhira [[Itungo|amatungo]].<ref name=":0" /> '''''IBIKORWA REMEZO''''' Kubera ko uyu [[Umugezi|mugezi]] n'ikibaya bya Mwogo bihuza uturere twinshi, harangwa imirimo ihoraho yo kubaka no gusana ibiraro<ref>https://rba.co.rw/post/Amajyepfo-Asaga-Miliyari-yashowe-mu-kubaka-ikiraro-cya-Mwogo</ref> bihuza imirenge n'uturere twa [[Nyanza, Rwanda|Nyanza]], [[Akarere ka Ruhango|Ruhango]] na Nyamagabe. '''''IBINDI''''' Nanone hakorerwamo imirimo y'uburobyi bw'amafi yo mubwoko bwa tilapiya. Ndetse no gucukura [[umucanga]] w'igihogo wifahishwa m[[Ubwatsi|ubwubatsi]]. '''''INGAMBA ZAFASHWE MUKUKIBUNGABUNGA.''''' Zimwe mungamba zafashwe harimo Gutera amashyamba y'[[imigano]] (bamboo) ku nkombe z'umugezi wa Mwogo n[[Imigezi y’u Rwanda|'imigezi]] iwushora bityo bigafata [[ubutaka]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.environment.gov.rw/news-detail/abanyarwanda-barakangurirwa-kubungabunga-urusobe-rw-ibinyabuzima |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126104953/https://www.environment.gov.rw/news-detail/abanyarwanda-barakangurirwa-kubungabunga-urusobe-rw-ibinyabuzima |archive-date=2025-01-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hari ingamba zo guca kandi imirwanyasuri kumisozi. Hashyizweho itegeko n'imipaka (buffer zone) ihagarika [[ubuhinzi]] n'ubwubatsi busatira neza inkombe z[[Umugezi|'umugezi]]. Tutibajyiwe ko [[Abahinzi mu gishanga cya Mwulire|Abahinzi]] bo mu kibaya no mu nkengero bafashwa gutera ibiti bivangwa n'imyaka (nk'iseti, Alnus, n'ibiti by'imbuto) kugira ngo [[Ubutaka mu Rwanda|ubutaka]] bukomeze kugira amahumbezi n'umuco wo gufata [[amazi]].<ref name=":1" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umugezi]] [[Ikiciro:Uruzi]] 4run4815rakseoihjb9gvng09meedtq 0 13010 148422 147684 2026-11-02T11:34:38Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148422 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:TB Culture.jpg|thumb|Virusi y'igituntu bari kuyihinga muri laboratwari bayishakira urukingo.|232x232px]] [[Dosiye:Depiction_of_a_tuberculosis_patient.png|thumb|Umuntu urwaye Igituntu|235x235px]] [[Dosiye:Tuberculosis-x-ray-1.jpg|thumb|igituntu|228x228px]] Igituntu ni indwara y’igikatu iterwa na [[bagiteri]] yitwa Mycobacterium tuberculosis<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://umutihealth.com/igituntu/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2022-09-23 |archive-date=2022-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923235154/https://umutihealth.com/igituntu/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Iyi bagiteri yibasira ubusanzwe ibihaha, ariko na none ishobora gukwirakwira mu mubiri inyuze mu maraso no mu yandi matembabuzi, ikaba yakwangiza izindi ngingo nk’impyiko, urutirigongo cyangwa [[ubwonko]].<ref name=":0" /> = amashakiro = == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Indwara]] [[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]] pvjpfajli9cykokglc5fa76tqfsnd3t 0 13242 148420 145081 2026-11-02T02:49:52Z ~2026-58349-13 19279 /* */ 148420 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:New Life Bible-Presbyterian Church, Queen's Park - geograph.org.uk - 4403726.jpg|thumb|Urusengero rwa New Life Bible Church Brenda Kayitesi abereye Church Administrator |331x331px]] [[Dosiye:University of Rwanda headquarters.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza y'Urwanda Brenda yizemo ]] Ni umuyobozi ushinzwe imiyoborere mu itorero rya [[New Life Bible Church]]. Afite umugabo witwa Albert, bafitanye abana batatu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://newlifekigali.org/church-representative/ |title=CHURCH LEADERSHIP - Newlifekigali.org |access-date=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929225435/https://newlifekigali.org/church-representative/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubuzima bw'ishuri == Afite impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya mbere cya kaminuza mu ishami ry'amategeko yakoreye muri [[kaminuza y'u Rwanda]]. <ref name=":0" /> == Ubuzima busanzwe == Brenda akunda kuririmba, gusenga ndetse yishimira no gutanga ubujyanama. <ref name=":0" /> == Reba Aha == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Iyobokamana]] 4c735qbyxvycs6ee25vprdlmng0qiv8 0 13245 148412 145108 2026-11-02T01:15:53Z ~2026-58349-13 19279 /* Ubuzima bw'ishuri */ 148412 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:New Life Bible-Presbyterian Church, Queen's Park - geograph.org.uk - 4403726.jpg|thumb|Urusengero rwa New Life Bible Frank Karemera abereye umushumba]] [[Dosiye:University of Rwanda, Remera Campus.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza y'Urwanda ishami rya Remera yahoze ari KIE Frank Karemera yizemo]] Ni umushumba wungirije mu itorero rya [[New Life Bible Church]]. Afite umugore witwa Janet KAREMERA, bafitanye abana batatu aribo Manzi, Shami na Gwiza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://newlifekigali.org/church-representative/ |title=CHURCH LEADERSHIP - Newlifekigali.org |access-date=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929225435/https://newlifekigali.org/church-representative/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubuzima bw'ishuri == Afite impamybumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza mu ishami rya Arts with Education yakoreye muri kaminuza ya KIE (Kigali Institute of Education).<ref name=":0" />Afite kandi impamyabumenyi y'ikiciro cya kabiri cya kaminuza muri Theology & Leadership yakuye muri Africa College of Theology(ACT) == Ubuzima busanzwe == Frank mu buzima busanzwe akunda kuririmba, kuyobora ndetse no gukorera Imana.<ref name=":0" /> == Reba Aha == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Iyobokamana]] e90dhv6nq6sdpdc1zsmxrd5a1by0z5c 148416 148412 2026-11-02T02:31:58Z ~2026-58349-13 19279 /* Ubuzima bw'ishuri */ 148416 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:New Life Bible-Presbyterian Church, Queen's Park - geograph.org.uk - 4403726.jpg|thumb|Urusengero rwa New Life Bible Frank Karemera abereye umushumba]] [[Dosiye:University of Rwanda, Remera Campus.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza y'Urwanda ishami rya Remera yahoze ari KIE Frank Karemera yizemo]] Ni umushumba wungirije mu itorero rya [[New Life Bible Church]]. Afite umugore witwa Janet KAREMERA, bafitanye abana batatu aribo Manzi, Shami na Gwiza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://newlifekigali.org/church-representative/ |title=CHURCH LEADERSHIP - Newlifekigali.org |access-date=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929225435/https://newlifekigali.org/church-representative/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubuzima bw'ishuri == Afite BA muri Arts with Education yakoreye muri kaminuza y'u Rwanda Remera Campus( KIE )(Kigali Institute of Education).<ref name=":0" />Afite kandi BA muri Theology & Leadership yakuye muri Africa College of Theology(ACT) == Ubuzima busanzwe == Frank mu buzima busanzwe akunda kuririmba, kuyobora ndetse no gukorera Imana.<ref name=":0" /> == Reba Aha == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Iyobokamana]] 75qgorb42u7mc35yu12kciuleqksbgp 148419 148416 2026-11-02T02:39:53Z ~2026-58349-13 19279 /* Ubuzima busanzwe */ 148419 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:New Life Bible-Presbyterian Church, Queen's Park - geograph.org.uk - 4403726.jpg|thumb|Urusengero rwa New Life Bible Frank Karemera abereye umushumba]] [[Dosiye:University of Rwanda, Remera Campus.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza y'Urwanda ishami rya Remera yahoze ari KIE Frank Karemera yizemo]] Ni umushumba wungirije mu itorero rya [[New Life Bible Church]]. Afite umugore witwa Janet KAREMERA, bafitanye abana batatu aribo Manzi, Shami na Gwiza.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://newlifekigali.org/church-representative/ |title=CHURCH LEADERSHIP - Newlifekigali.org |access-date=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929225435/https://newlifekigali.org/church-representative/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubuzima bw'ishuri == Afite BA muri Arts with Education yakoreye muri kaminuza y'u Rwanda Remera Campus( KIE )(Kigali Institute of Education).<ref name=":0" />Afite kandi BA muri Theology & Leadership yakuye muri Africa College of Theology(ACT) == Ubuzima busanzwe == Frank mu buzima busanzwe ni umunyarwanda ukunda Imana n'igihugu cye, akunda kuririmba indirimbo ziramya Imana, kuyobora abantu ku Mana binyuze mu gabura ijambo ry'Imana neza, Gutabara abantu bahuye n'ibyago,ndetse no gukorera Imana.<ref name=":0" />Ariko agakunda umuryango we cyane. == Reba Aha == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Iyobokamana]] 7cfjqcctm9diza465v1lv0ixk190u23 148421 148419 2026-11-02T02:58:04Z ~2026-58349-13 19279 /* */ 148421 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:New Life Bible-Presbyterian Church, Queen's Park - geograph.org.uk - 4403726.jpg|thumb|Urusengero rwa New Life Bible Frank Karemera abereye umushumba]] [[Dosiye:University of Rwanda, Remera Campus.jpg|thumb|Kaminuza y'Urwanda ishami rya Remera yahoze ari KIE Frank Karemera yizemo]] Ni umushumba wungirije mu itorero rya [[New Life Bible Church]]. Afite umugore witwa Janet KAREMERA, bafitanye abana batanu aribo Manzi, Shami, Gwiza, Mucyo na Ramya<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://newlifekigali.org/church-representative/ |title=CHURCH LEADERSHIP - Newlifekigali.org |access-date=2022-09-30 |archive-date=2022-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220929225435/https://newlifekigali.org/church-representative/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ubuzima bw'ishuri == Afite BA muri Arts with Education yakoreye muri kaminuza y'u Rwanda Remera Campus( KIE )(Kigali Institute of Education).<ref name=":0" />Afite kandi BA muri Theology & Leadership yakuye muri Africa College of Theology(ACT) == Ubuzima busanzwe == Frank mu buzima busanzwe ni umunyarwanda ukunda Imana n'igihugu cye, akunda kuririmba indirimbo ziramya Imana, kuyobora abantu ku Mana binyuze mu gabura ijambo ry'Imana neza, Gutabara abantu bahuye n'ibyago,ndetse no gukorera Imana.<ref name=":0" />Ariko agakunda umuryango we cyane. == Reba Aha == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Iyobokamana]] qji7zssl89hz0208ysy7nfukikxwism 0 13672 148430 146930 2026-11-02T11:38:28Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|1 */ 148430 wikitext text/x-wiki Akarere ka Rulindo ni kamwe mu Turere dutanu tugize Intara y’Amajyaruguru y’u Rwanda, gahana imbibi n'Uturere twa Nyarugenge na Gasabo two mu Mujyi wa Kigali; Akarere ka  Kamonyi mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|Ntara y'Amajyepfo]], Akarere ka Gakenke n'Akarere ka Burera two mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru. Akarere ka Rulindo gafite ubuso bungana na Km2 567, kakaba gafite [[Imirenge y’u Rwanda|Imirenge]] 17, utugari 71 n’imidugudu 494; gatuwe n’Abaturage 337,820 muri bo harimo abagore 207,830 n'abagabo 129,990. ubucucike bw’abaturage (Population density) ni 596 kuri  Km2 imwe.'''Akarere ka Rulindo kagizwe n'imirenge 17''' <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rulindo.gov.rw/about/menya-akarere |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-15 |archive-date=2023-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230215193230/https://www.rulindo.gov.rw/about/menya-akarere |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/rulindo-abasenyewe-n-ibiza-bafashijwe-amabati-ya-miliyoni-enye</ref> == Ibiza == * Imiryango 23, irimo 22 yo mu Murenge wa Cyinzuzi n’undi 1 wo mu Murenge wa Shyorongi yasenyewe n’imvura idasanzwe yaguye mu kwezi kwa Mutarama mu ijoro ryo kuwa 16 rishyira kuwa 17 mu 2016 , aho uwitwa Kambera Marisiyana yahasize ubuzima agwiriwe n’inzu.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/rulindo-abasenyewe-n-ibiza-bafashijwe-amabati-ya-miliyoni-enye</ref><ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/Rulindo-Abasenyewe-n-ibiza-bahawe-ubufasha-bw-ibanze</ref> == Inkunga == Kuwa 18/08/2016 Minisiteri ifite imicungire y’ibiza mu nshingano (MIDIMAR) yahaye inkunga y’amabati ya miliyoni enye imiryango 23 yasenyewe n’imvura idasanzwe.<ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/rulindo-abasenyewe-n-ibiza-bafashijwe-amabati-ya-miliyoni-enye</ref> ==== Inyandiko ==== {{Reflist}} fxgs7n0du00w05hwfsykjjyk9gljbwb 0 13960 148418 115426 2026-11-02T02:37:42Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 148418 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Map of India.svg|thumb|UbuhindeItariki: Nyakanga 2009 Ahantu: Ubuhinde: Karnataka, Orissa, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra Abapfuye: Nibura 299|308x308px]] [[Dosiye:Floods.jpg|thumb|314x314px| Itsinda ryabatabazi rya ODRAF mubikorwa]] '''Umwuzure w’Ubuhinde mu mwaka wa 2009''' wibasiye leta zitandukanye z’Ubuhinde muri Nyakanga 2009, uhitana byibuze abantu 36 muri Orissa na 13 muri Kerala . Leta zibasiwe cyane ni Karnataka , Orissa , <ref name="expressbuzz20jul2009">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2009 |title=Orissa Death toll in Orissa floods rises to 27 |url=http://www.expressbuzz.com/edition/story.aspx?Title=Death+toll+in+Orissa+floods+rises+to+27&artid=/ihpe1ckbnU=&SectionID=mvKkT3vj5ZA=&MainSectionID=mvKkT3vj5ZA=&SectionName=nUFeEOBkuKw=&SEO= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725210658/http://www.expressbuzz.com/edition/story.aspx?Title=Death+toll+in+Orissa+floods+rises+to+27&artid=%2Fihpe1ckbnU%3D&SectionID=mvKkT3vj5ZA%3D&MainSectionID=mvKkT3vj5ZA%3D&SectionName=nUFeEOBkuKw%3D&SEO= |archive-date=25 July 2009 |access-date=20 July 2009 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2009 |title=Monsoon floods displace 200,000 in north-east India |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/275970,monsoon-floods-displace-200000-in-north-east-india.html |access-date=20 July 2009 |publisher=Earthtimes.org |archive-date=13 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913010427/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/275970,monsoon-floods-displace-200000-in-north-east-india.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="reuters1">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2009 |title=Flash floods kill 36 in India, displace thousands |url=http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DEL395339.htm |access-date=20 July 2009 |website=[[Reuters]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620123917/http://alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/DEL395339.htm |archive-date=20 June 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="decheorissa1">{{Cite web |date=15 July 2009 |title=Death toll in Orissa floods rises to 15 |url=http://www.deccanherald.com/content/13850/death-toll-orissa-floods-rises.html |access-date=20 July 2009 |website=[[Deccan Herald]]}}</ref> Kerala,<ref name="ieorissa20july2008">{{Cite web |date=20 July 2009 |title=Flash floods kill 36 in Orissa, displace thousands |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/flash-floods-kill-36-in-orissa-displace-thousands/491692/ |access-date=20 July 2009 |website=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> Gujarat<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2009 |title=250 flood victims shifted to safety |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-19/rajkot/28209474_1_heavy-rains-incessant-rains-lalpur |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811033627/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-19/rajkot/28209474_1_heavy-rains-incessant-rains-lalpur |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=20 July 2009 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> na Amajyaruguru y'Uburasirazuba bw'ubuhinde<ref>{{Cite web |date=20 July 2009 |title=Rain weakens, loss put at Rs 224 crore |url=http://www.mathrubhumi.org/news.php?id=20495&cat=1&sub=14&subit=0 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726002633/http://www.mathrubhumi.org/news.php?id=20495&cat=1&sub=14&subit=0 |archive-date=26 July 2009 |access-date=20 July 2009 |website=[[Mathrubhumi]]}}</ref> Umwuzure watewe n’imvura nyinshi (umuyaga wiganje mu karere ka Amajyepfo na SE Aziya, uhuha uva mu majyepfo y’iburengerazuba hagati ya Gicurasi na Nzeri ukazana imvura (imvura itose), cyangwa uva mu majyaruguru y'iburasirazuba hagati y'Ukwakira na Mata (imvura yumye) yahitanye byibuze abantu 36 bo mu burasirazuba bw’Ubuhinde bwa Orissa honyine kandi inesha amazu igice cya miliyoni. <ref name="reuters1"/> Ku ya 13 Nyakanga, abantu barindwi barapfuye abandi benshi baburirwa irengero ubwo bisi yagwaga mu ruzi nyuma yo gutwarwa n’amazi y’umwuzure mu karere ka Nayagarh muri Orissa . Nayagarh ifite 87&nbsp;km uvuye mu murwa mukuru wa leta ya Orissa, Bhubaneswar . <ref name="theindian-nayagarh-bus14jul09">{{Cite web |date=14 July 2009 |title=Seven dead as bus swept away by flood waters in Orissa |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/seven-dead-as-bus-swept-away-by-flood-waters-in-orissa_100217550.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121007180553/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/uncategorized/seven-dead-as-bus-swept-away-by-flood-waters-in-orissa_100217550.html |archive-date=7 October 2012 |access-date=20 July 2009 |publisher=thaindian.com}}</ref> Urusengero rw'izuba ruzwi cyane ku isi ahitwa Konark narwo rwuzuye amazi, rutera ingorane ba mukerarugendo. <ref name="toi19july09">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2009 |title=Torrential rain triggers second flood in Orissa |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-19/bhubaneswar/28178451_1_orissa-bolangir-s-n-patro |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811033643/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-07-19/bhubaneswar/28178451_1_orissa-bolangir-s-n-patro |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=20 July 2009 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Uturere twibasiwe cyane n’umwuzure muri Orissa ni Nayagarh, Cuttack, Ganjam, <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2009 |title=Flood situation grim in Orissa, death toll rises to 33 |url=http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=13494 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725131316/http://www.orissadiary.com/CurrentNews.asp?id=13494 |archive-date=25 July 2009 |access-date=20 July 2009 |website=orissadiary.com}}</ref> Keonjhar, Koraput na Kandhamal . <ref name="expressbuzz20jul2009"/> Ibice byinshi bya Kerala byibasiwe n’imvura nyinshi yaguye igihombo kingana nka miliyoni . Nibura abantu 13 bo muri leta ya Kerala bapfuye bazize umwuzure muri leta. <ref name="decchrkerala13">{{Cite web |date=19 July 2009 |title=Rains claim 13 more lives in Kerala |url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/latest-news/rains-claim-13-more-lives-kerala-518 |access-date=20 July 2009 |website=[[The Deccan Chronicle]] |archive-date=25 July 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725214751/http://www.deccanchronicle.com/latest-news/rains-claim-13-more-lives-kerala-518 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Uturere twibasiwe cyane nka Kerala ni Kannur, Ernakulam, Kozhikode, Kollam Thrissur, Malappuram, Wayanad, Kasaragod na Alappuzha. Inkambi zitabara imbabare zafunguwe muri leta yose. <ref name="hinudu720-20jul09" /> Minisitiri w’imisoro muri leta ya Kerala, KP Rajendran i Kozhikode yatumije inama ku ya 20 Nyakanga 2009 yo gusuzuma ibyangijwe n’imvura. Abayobozi b'uturere n'abayobozi b'amashami atandukanye ya Kasaragod, Kannur, Wayanad, Kozhikode, Malappuram na Palakkad birashoboka ko bitabiriye iyo nama. Abantu barenga ibihumbi bitatu bakubiswe nyuma y'imvura idahwema muri Assam <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2009 |title=Over 3 lakh hit, Assam flood situation grim |url=http://news.rediff.com/report/2009/jul/03/assa-flood-sitaution-grim.htm |access-date=20 July 2009 |publisher=[[Rediff.com]]}}</ref> no mu zindi ntara z’amajyaruguru y’Ubuhinde. Nibura abantu 10, barimo abana bane n’abagore babiri, barapfuye abandi icyenda barakomereka ku ya 27 Nyakanga 2009 ubwo urukuta rwasenyutse kubera imvura nyinshi yaguye mu mujyi wa Noida wo mu murwa mukuru w’igihugu cya Delhi . <ref name="hindudelhi10">{{Cite web |date=28 July 2009 |title=Heavy rains lash Delhi; 10 killed in Noida |url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200907280376.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830214026/http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/holnus/000200907280376.htm |archive-date=30 August 2009 |access-date=28 July 2009 |website=[[The Hindu]]}}</ref> == Gutakaza no kwangirika == {| class="wikitable" border="1" !Leta ! Umubare wa bantu bapfuye ! Igihombo (mu mafaranga ) |- | Orissa | 36 <ref name="ieorissa20july2008"/> <ref name="ndtvvideo1">{{Cite web |title=Floods in Orissa claim 36 lives |url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/videos/video_player.php?id=1136746 |access-date=20 July 2009 |website=[[NDTV]]}}</ref> | |- |Kerala | 13 <ref name="decchrkerala13"/> | |- |Delhi | 10 <ref name="hindudelhi10"/> | |- |Karnataka | 178 | |- |Andhra | 37 <ref name="indexpkarapmhflood" /> | |- |Maharashtra | 25 <ref name="indexpkarapmhflood" /> | |} == Amashakiro == {{Reflist|30em}} m0nt2b9h3xpr0ac05crobm2g3tmxcrj 0 14039 148417 138568 2026-11-02T02:35:38Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 148417 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Ile aux Chevres et ile aux Herons.jpg|thumb|Urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima|145x145px]] [[Dosiye:Ikibumbano kwita kubinyabuzima.jpg|thumb|Ikibumbano kwita kubinyabuzima|143x143px]] [[Dosiye:Oriental Darter with fish, Nepal.jpg|thumb|141x141px]] == Urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima == Urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ni uruvange rw’amoko y’[[ubuzima]] n’imikoranire yayo n’iy’ibindi [[Ibidukikije|bidukikije]] byatumye [[isi]] iba ahantu honyine ho gutura ku bantu. [[Urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima|Urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima]] tubona none rukomoka ku mamiliyaridi y’imyaka y’ihindagurika ryakozwe n’imitere y’ibikorwa by’umwimerere, hanyuma umuntu abigira mo uruhare rwagiye rurushaho gukomera.<ref name=":0">https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/urusobe-rw-ibinyabuzima-rutabungabunzwe-uko-bikwiye-abantu-bashiraho-burundu-impuguke</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.environment.gov.rw/news-detail/abanyarwanda-barakangurirwa-kubungabunga-urusobe-rw-ibinyabuzima |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126104953/https://www.environment.gov.rw/news-detail/abanyarwanda-barakangurirwa-kubungabunga-urusobe-rw-ibinyabuzima |archive-date=2025-01-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/posters/5567-poster.pdf</ref><ref>https://igihe.com/ibidukikije/article/u-rwanda-rwashyizwe-mu-bihugu-bine-mu-isi-byita-ku-rusobe-rw-ibinyabuzima</ref> [[Dosiye:Gorilla gorilla gorilla4.ogv|thumb|Gorilla|152x152px]] == Akarere == Aka karere ni kamwe mu bihugu byo muri [[Afurika]] bifite ibinyabuzima binyuranye kurusha ibindi bihugu. Gacumbikiye hafi 40 ku ijana by’amoko y’[[inyamaswa]] zonsa z’umugabane (amoko 402), urusobe rwaguye rw’inyoni (amoko 1.061), [[inyamaswa]] zikururuka n’iziba mu mazi zikaza no hanze (amoko 293), n’ibimera bitumburuka (amoko 5,793).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umuseke.rw/2022/05/rubavu-barakataje-mu-bukerarugendo-barengera-urusobe-rwibinyabuzima/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-21 |archive-date=2023-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221124534/https://umuseke.rw/2022/05/rubavu-barakataje-mu-bukerarugendo-barengera-urusobe-rwibinyabuzima/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rwanda == N’ubwo u [[Rwanda]] ari agahugu gatoya, rufite urusobe rw’ibintu bihumeka n’ibidahumeka bikoze ireme n’umwimerere by’ahantu mu rwego rw’ibidukikije (écosystèmes), [[Ikimera|ibimera]] n’[[inyamaswa]]. Kuba ruri hagati mu rwunge rw’ibibaya bya Rift Albertine mu ishami ry’amajyaruguru rya Rift Valley yo muri Afurika ni ikintu gifite icyo kimaze.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20230221124530/http://www.rebero.co.rw/2022/08/24/urusobe-rwibinyabuzima-muri-pariki-yakagera-rwariyongereye/</ref> == Rift Albertine == [[Dosiye:Animal diversity.jpg|thumb|146x146px|Ibinyabuzima]] ’Rift Albertine’’ ifashwe nk’aho ari yo ifite umutungo w'amoko y’ibinyabuzima kurusha ahandi muri Afurika. Ibonwa nk’aho ari indiri y’urusobe rw’ibinyabuzima ifite inyamaswa zonsa zihakomoka kurusha ahandi hose muri Afurika : [[Inyoni|inyoni,]] ibinyugunyugu, amafi n’inyamaswa zo mu mazi ziza no ku butaka. Imiturire yo mu Rwanda iboneka rwagati muri ‘’Rift Albertine’’ na yo iranyuranye, uhereye ku rusobe rw’ibihumeka n’ibidahumeka bikoze ireme n’umwimerere by’ahantu byo mu misozi ya Afurika mu turere tw’amajyaruguru n’utw’uburenerazuba ukagera mu mashyamba yo mu mibande, ahantu h’ibiti bitatanye n’ahantu h’ubwatsi butoshye n’umukenke mu turere tw’amajyepfo n’utw’uburasirazuba.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://genesisbizz.com/u-Rwanda-rwashyizeho-ingamba-nshya-zo-kubungabunga-ibidukikije-n-urusobe-rw |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-02-21 |archive-date=2023-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230221124530/https://genesisbizz.com/u-Rwanda-rwashyizeho-ingamba-nshya-zo-kubungabunga-ibidukikije-n-urusobe-rw |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Imbuto]] [[Ikiciro:Ikirere]] [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] 07kaaldumvm1in89eu4hu0ovbd7ghow 0 14610 148432 138527 2026-11-02T11:39:20Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|1 */ 148432 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Combretum molle, loof en bloeisels, Jan Celliers Park.jpg|thumb|Umuranda|235x235px]] [[Dosiye:Dombeya burgessiae, droë blomme, Manie van der Schijff BT, a.jpg|thumb|227x227px]] '''Umuranda''' ni Igihingwa cyo mubwoko bwa aliana, ni [[igiti]] gikurira hamwe nibindi biti, kiba ahantu hubutumburuke kuva kuri metero 1300 kugeza kuri metero 2300. Umuranda ku mutwe hatwikiriwe n' indimu yumushatsi wijimye, indabyo zingirakamaro cyangwa mumoko yacyo atandukanye, igishyitsi gitandukanye, imbuto icyatsi, gihinduka umutuku werurutse iyo cyeze, gifashwe mumababi nkibice. umuzabibu utangaje ushobora kugera kuri m 9 z'uburebure. igishyitsi cyacyo, uruti rwacyo cyangwa ibyatsi byose ni ligneous. ibibabi bisobekeranye bifite metero 2 kugeza 4,5 z'uburebure, ikibabi cyibabi ndetse na metero 4 kugeza 13 z'ubugari .Umuranda ugira akamaro gakomeye mu muvuzuvi gakondo.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=274 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2023-03-03 |archive-date=2024-12-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241218022543/https://medicinalplantsofrwanda.ines.ac.rw/plant_details.php?id=274 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiti]] [[Ikiciro:Ibimera]] [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] lhy8z84whwvo06330jqw255ljzdw8or 0 15364 148439 145711 2026-11-02T11:41:41Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148439 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:North pare mountains.jpg|thumb|Imisozi ya Pare]] '''Imisozi ya Pare''' ni imisozi iri mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba [[Tanzaniya|bwa Tanzaniya]], mu majyaruguru y'imisozi ya Usambara . Iyo misozi iherereye mu gace gaherereyemo umusozi wa [[Umusozi wa Kilimanjaro|Kilimanjaro]], mu karere kamwe ka Mwanga . Umusozi wa Pare uherereye mu majyaruguru no mu majyepfo ugera ku burebure bwa metero 2,463 ku mpinga ya Shengena .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shengena Peak |url=https://peakvisor.com/range/pare-mountains.html |access-date=2022-06-14}}</ref> Imisozi yitiriwe abasangwabutaka ba Pare bahatuye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pare Mountains Profile |url=https://www.nhm.uio.no/english/research/projects/eastern-arc/Pare_Mts.pdf |access-date=2022-06-07}}</ref> [[Dosiye:View of Rwenzori mountain from Toro Semliki Wildlife Reserve.jpg|thumb|Umusozi]] Inyoni [[Ingagi zo mu birunga|zo mu misozi]] ya Pare zirimo amoko atandatukanye muri zo twavuga: South Pre White -eye ( ''Zosterops winifredae'' ), buzzard yo mu misozi ( ''Buteo oreophilus'' ), Olive woodpecker ( ''Mesopicos griseocephalus'' ), moustached tinkerbird ( ''Pogoniulus leucomystax'' ), hamwe na African hill babbler ( ''Pseudoalcippe abyssinica'' ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pare Mountains wildlife |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/north-pare-mountains-iba-tanzania |access-date=2022-06-07}}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Ibidukikije]] lafd1dnz1ctqzi6w58obifjhfka93py 0 16283 148404 139461 2026-11-01T23:08:41Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 148404 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Medina Eisa''' (yavutse 3 Mutarama 2005) <ref name="WAprofile">{{Cite web |title=Medina EISA – Athlete Profile |url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/ethiopia/medina-eisa-14985841 |access-date=20 February 2023 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref> ni umunyetiyopiya wiruka intera ndende. Yatsindiye umudari wa zahabu muri metero 5000 mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga y’imikino ngororamubiri y’abatarengeje imyaka 2022 na feza mu isiganwa ry’abato muri Shampiyona y’isi yo muri 2023 . [[Dosiye:WKBO4458_5000m_W_final_Kipyegon_Hassan_(53173531305).jpg|thumb|right|Medina Eissa ari inyuma yambaye numero 14.]] == Umwuga == Muri Kamena 2021, afite imyaka 16, Medina Eisa yegukanye umwanya wa cumi mu kwiruka metero 5000 mu bigeragezo by'imikino Olempike ya [[Etiyopiya]] mbere y’imikino Olempike yatinze yabereye i [[Tokyo|Tokiyo]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2021 |title=2021 Ethiopian Olympic Trials: Gudaf Tsegay (14:13) & Getnet Wale (12:53) Among Six World-Leading Times as New Stars Emerge |url=https://www.letsrun.com/news/2021/06/2021-ethiopian-olympic-trials-wins-for-getnet-wale-selemon-barega-in-new-events-as-new-contenders-emerge-fast-times-abound |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=[[LetsRun.com]]}}</ref> Muri Mata 2022, yaje ku mwanya wa kane mu birori mu marushanwa y’imikino ngororamubiri ya [[Etiyopiya]] yabereye Hawassa, akoresha igihe cya 15: 50.3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ethiopian championships, Hawassa 28/03-2/04/2022 |url=http://www.africathle.com/2022/03/28/ethiopian-championships-hawassa-28-03-2-04-2022 |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=Africathle.com |archive-date=25 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925210920/http://www.africathle.com/2022/03/28/ethiopian-championships-hawassa-28-03-2-04-2022/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yatwaye umudari wa zahabu ku [[Umugore|bagore]] muri metero 5000 mu marushanwa y’abatarengeje imyaka 20 yabereye i Cali, muri [[Kolombiya]] muri Kanama, isaha 15: 29.71 imbere ya mugenzi we Melknat Wudu hamwe na Prisca Chesang wa [[Uganda]] uri ku mwanya wa gatatu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 2022 |title=RESULTS 5000 Metres Women - Final |url=https://media.aws.iaaf.org/competitiondocuments/pdf/7163112/AT-5000-W-f----.RS6.pdf |access-date=19 February 2023 |publisher=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rowbottom |first=Mike |date=6 August 2022 |title=Hill sets World Athletics Under-20 Championships 100m hurdles record as Ethiopia dominate long distance on last day |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1126704/hill-ethiopia-world-under-20-cali |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=[[Inside the Games]]}}</ref> Mu Kwakira, Eisa yatsindiye Irilande y'Amajyaruguru Mpuzamahanga kilometero 6 kwiruka byabereye i Dundoland, Belfast m'ugihe cya 21:07. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 October 2022 |title=World U20 Champions Set for NI International Cross Country |url=https://athleticsni.org/News/Athletics-NI-News/World-U20-Champions-Set-for-NI-International-Cross-Country |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=AthleticsNI.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219130417/https://athleticsni.org/News/Athletics-NI-News/World-U20-Champions-Set-for-NI-International-Cross-Country |archive-date=19 February 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2022 |title=Northern Ireland International Cross Country Results |url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7187683?eventId=10229544&gender=W |access-date=10 February 2023 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref> Muri Gashyantare 2023, yegukanye umudari wa feza mu marushanwa y'[[Umugore|abagore]] bato mu marushanwa mpuzamahanga yakuzenguruka isi, yiruka amasaha 21:00 arangiza amasegonda arindwi inyuma ya mugenzi we Senayet Getachew. Hamwe na kimwe cya kabiri [[Etiyopiya]] yatwaye zahabu kurutonde rw'amakipe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Evans |first=Louise |date=18 February 2023 |title=Getachew grabs surprise U20 women’s gold in Bathurst |url=https://worldathletics.org/competitions/world-athletics-cross-country-championships/bathurst23/news/report/report-2023-u20-women-getachew |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=[[World Athletics]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Henderson |first=Jason |date=18 February 2023 |title=Senayet Getachew sprints to under-20 women’s world cross title |url=https://athleticsweekly.com/event-reports/senayet-getachew-sprints-to-under-20-womens-world-cross-title-1039965172 |access-date=19 February 2023 |website=[[Athletics Weekly|AW]]}}</ref> == Ibyiza byawe bwite == * Metero 3000 - 8: 41.42 ( [[Rabat]] 2022) * Metero 5000 - 14: 59.53 ( Hengelo 2021) * Ibirometero 5 - 14:53 ( Herzogenaurach 2022) AU18B AU20B == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Umukinnyi wa etiyopiya]] 644y9l11us3d8gzkdlhazp6ek3gt7tv 0 18095 148438 144281 2026-11-02T11:41:08Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|1 */ 148438 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Dosiye:Kivu,Goma and Rubavu On Rwanda Side.jpg|thumb|isaro numukobwa uvuka mumujyi wa kigali mugihugu cyurwanda]] '''Isaro Nadia''' ni umunyarwandakazi wavukiye i Gisenyi mu akarere ka Rubavu yavutse muri 2003'''.''' Yitabiriye amarushanwa y'ubwiza mu Rwanda ryabaye 16 Gashyantare 2022. <ref name=":0">https://mobile.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/bamwe-ni-ba-rwiyemezamirimo-aba-feministes-haraca-uwambaye-muri-pre-selection</ref><ref>https://www.igihe.com/imyidagaduro/article/uburanga-bw-abakobwa-70-batangiye-urugendo-rwo-gushakamo-nyampinga-w-u-rwanda</ref><ref>https://www.isimbi.rw/imyidagaduro/article/missrwanda2022-abakobwa-29-mu-190-nibo-bakomeje-mu-mujyi-wa-kigali</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://umuryango.rw/index.php?page=print&id_article=60842 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2024-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322152517/https://umuryango.rw/index.php?page=print&id_article=60842 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://genesisbizz.com/MissRwanda2022-Abakobwa-9-barimo-ufite-ubumuga-bukomatanyije-babonye-itike-mu |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-03-22 |archive-date=2024-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322152513/https://genesisbizz.com/MissRwanda2022-Abakobwa-9-barimo-ufite-ubumuga-bukomatanyije-babonye-itike-mu |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Dosiye:RubavuDist.png|center|thumb|Aho Isaro yavukiye]] == Umushinga we == Yamuritse umushinga wo gukangurira abantu gusoma. Yagite ati" [[Igitabo|ibitabo]] byihishemo ubumenyi bwinshi' bitwongera ubumenyi ndetse no gufasha kwiyungura ubumenyi mu itumanaho.” Muri uyu mushinga we yashaka gukora na Minisiteri y’uburezi, iy’umuco n’urubyiruko mu gikorwa cyo gukwirakwiza amasomero aho atari ariko cyane cyane mu cyaro no kongera ibitabo ku bafite ubumuga bwo kutabona.<ref name=":0" /> [[Dosiye:Woman_reading_a_book_on_lap_(Unsplash).jpg|thumb|gusoma ibitabo ]] == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Rwiyemezamirimo]] [[Ikiciro:Miss Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Abagore]] sq22i96l8mve3arxkcuzp9dxxedrb3d 0 18436 148443 147718 2026-11-02T11:43:07Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148443 wikitext text/x-wiki == Urubyiruko rwo muri Diaspora rwiyemeje kubumbatira umuco n’indangagaciro Nyarwanda == Abana bagera ku 140 baturutse mu bihugu by’u Busuwisi, u Bwongereza n’u Bubiligi basoje umwiherere w’imisni ine bakoreraga mu Rwanda wo kubigisha indangagacio n’[[umuco nyarwanda]] Uruzinduko rwabo barusoreje mu [[Intara y'amajyepfo|ntara y’Amajyepfo]] mu Rukari aho basuye inzu ndangamurage z’u Rwanda berekwa inka z’Inyambo ndetse batemberezwa ahantu hatandukanye haranze amateka yo hambere. Bimwe mu byashimishije uru rubyiruko ni ukumenya kubyina Kinyarwanda, Kwigishwa ku vuga ikinyarwanda, kwerekwa ibikoresho byo hambere n’amazina yabyo, guhamiriza, kuvuza ingoma, gusura ingoro ndangamateka y’urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu no kumenya andi mateka y’urugamba rwo kubohora igihugu aho aherereye mu Rwanda no gusura urwibutso rwa Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ruri ku Gisozi mu mujyi wa Kigali. Bamwe muri aba bana bavuze ko bishimiye kuba barigiye byinshi muru uyu mwiherero bagiriye mu Rwanda ko bazabikomeza kugira ngo basigasire umuco nyarwanda. Ni mu gihe ababyeyi babo bagaragaza ko iyi gahunda ari ingirakamaro kuko ifasha abana mu rwego rwo gusobanukirwa kurushaho inkomoko yabo n’umuco wabo. Ababyeyi basaba ko Leta yazajya igena igihe runaka bagategura itorero rimara igihe kinini abana baba bari kumwe bakagira amahirwe yo kubona amasomo nk’ayo bahawe abafasha kwiga amateka y’igihugu cyabo bikazabafasha gukura babisobanukiwe. Minisitiri w’urubyituko Dr Abdallah Utumatwishima avuga ko nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi abantu benshi bagiye hanze y’u Rwanda mu bindi bihugu bakumva ko batazongera kuhagaruka cyangwa kugira ibyo bahakenera kubera ibintu bibi bari barabonye icyo gihe. Avuga ko mu myaka 29 ishize Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi ihagaritswe u Rwanda rukeneye ko abanyarwanda cyane cyane urubyiruko rumenya amateka y’igihugu cyabo bakayiga bakayamenya kugira ngo bizajye bibaranga ndetse banabikoreshe mu buzima bwabo bwa buri munsi. Ati “ Ati turashimira ababyeyi bagize ubushake bwo kohereza abana bakaza mu Rwanda kwiga amateka y’igihugu cyabo n’ikintu cyiza cyizatuma dukomeza gusigasira umuco w’igihugu cyacu”. Minisitiri Dr Utumatwishima avuga ko akamaro ko kwigisha abana ikinywarwanda ari uburyo bwiza bwo guteganya gufasha uru rubyiruko kuzagikoresha igihe bizaba ari ngombwa ko baza gukorera mu Rwanda bakabasha kumvikana nabo basanze. Ati “ Mwabonye ko hano hari abana baturutse mu bihugu bitandukanye bamwe ntibabasha kumvikana ku ndimi zitandukanye bakoresha mu bihugu baturutsemo ariko ubu barumvikana kururimi rumwe rw’ikinyarwanda, ni ururimi bagomba kumenya, natwe bakuru tukarumenya neza kugira ngo rudufashe mu kazi ndetse rube ururimi rumwe ruduhuza”. Aimable Twahirwa umuyobozi wo guteza imbere umuco muri MINUBUMWE avuga ko ari byiza ko ababyeyi bakomeza gukundisha abana u Rwanda ndetse n’umuco w’igihugu cyabo. Ati “ Ababyei nibakomeze muri uyu mujyo wo gukundisha abana babo u Rwanda no kubigisha indagagaciro n’umuco wabo kugira ngo aho bari hose bakomeze kurangwa n’ izi ndangagaciro kuko umunyarwanda aho ari hose agomba kugira uko agomba kwitwara n’ibimuranga”. <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/urubyiruko-rwo-muri-diaspora-rwiyemeje-kubumbatira-umuco-n-indangagaciro-nyarwanda</ref> https://www.kigalitoday.com/ubukungu/ishoramari/article/urubyiruko-rwo-muri-diaspora-rurishimira-serivisi-rwafunguriwe-na-banki-ya-kigali-bk https://www.kigalitoday.com/amakuru/amakuru-mu-rwanda/article/urubyiruko-rwo-muri-diaspora-rwiyemeje-kubumbatira-umuco-n-indangagaciro-nyarwanda == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} 7vhfa00jm1xuv784syss89wvjk5f9f8 0 18477 148442 145679 2026-11-02T11:42:50Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148442 wikitext text/x-wiki Umurenge wa Munyiginya ni umurenge uherereye mu karere ka [[Rwamagana Solar Power Station|RWAMAGANA]] [[Intara]] y'IBURASIRAZUUmunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa w'Umurenge wa Munyiginya yitwa Ms .MUKANTAMBARA Brigitte.utugari tw'umurenge wa munyiginya: bwana,nkomangwa,nyarubuye, ndetse n'utundi Uyu murenge ninaho uruganda rukora ferabeto(stealrwa)ruherereye. = UTUGARI TUGIZE MUNYIGINYA UKO ARI DUTANDATU NI; = * Binunga * Bwana * Cyarukamba * Cyimbazi * Nkomangwa * Nyarubuye.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/akarere/abanyamabanga-nshingwabikorwa-bimirenge |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-20 |archive-date=2023-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616031406/https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/akarere/abanyamabanga-nshingwabikorwa-bimirenge |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abanyamabanga nshingwabikorwa b'utugari tugize umurenge wa munyiginya == Binunga Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa Mukamwiza Chantal 0787858246 Bwana Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa Shumbusho Emmanuel 0787858247 Cyarukamba Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa Rwiyegura Froduard 0787858248 Cyimbazi Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa Semana Emmanuel 0787858249 Nkomangwa Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa Nzimbirinda Theogene 0787858468 Nyarubuye Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa Mukashyaka Joseline 0787858469 == Amashakiro == Mu murenge wa MUNYIGINYA ahagana mu kagari ka cyarukamba . habamo ikigo cyitwa JETHA JOBANPUTRA SCHOOL, iki kigo cyubatswe n'umuhinde wavukiye i RWAMAGANA buswayilini yitwa KISHOR JOBANPUTRA . Ababahinde bageze mu RWANDA mu mwaka wa 1919 .Byashimishije abaturage baho kuko nta kigo cyabaga muri cyarukamba .bitewe nuko uyu muhinde yagihaye LETA bwana MBONYUMUVUNYI RADJAB wa karere ka RWAMAGANA.<ref>https://muhaziyacu.rw/ingenzi/umuhinde-rwamagana-yubatse-ikigo-cyishuri-agiha-akarere/</ref>uyu murenge ufite abaturage biteje imbere mu buhinzi n'ubworozi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/akarere/abanyamabanga-nshingwabikorwa-bimirenge |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-20 |archive-date=2023-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616031406/https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/akarere/abanyamabanga-nshingwabikorwa-bimirenge |url-status=dead }}</ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20230616031406/https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/akarere/abanyamabanga-nshingwabikorwa-bimirenge muri aka kagari Kari haruguru ka Binunga habamo ikigo cyamashuri kitwa GS /TSS MUNYIGINYA .<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/akarere/abanyamabanga-nshingwabikorwa-bimirenge |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-20 |archive-date=2023-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230616031406/https://www.rwamagana.gov.rw/akarere/abanyamabanga-nshingwabikorwa-bimirenge |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} 1gjb969u6aihddza0kvad659s6do88p 0 18521 148426 146680 2026-11-02T11:36:20Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148426 wikitext text/x-wiki 1.Producer Made Beats. Mucyo David wamamaye nka Made Beat, ni umwe mu bahanga mu gutunganya amajwi y’indirimbo ubikoze igihe kirekire. Uyu musore w’umunyarwanda ariko utuye i Manchester mu Bwongereza, yamamaye cyane kuva mu mwaka wa 2017 ubwo yabarizwaga munzu yakoreraga abahanzi indirimbo ya ‘Monster Records’ yari iya Zizou Alpacino. Uyu musore yakoze indirimbo zakunzwe mu Rwanda n’imahanga, zambukije izina rye [[Dosiye:Trompette_-_corps.JPG|thumb|Igikoresho cy'umuziki ]] rigatumbagira cyane. Yakoze indirimbo “Katerina’ ya Bruce Melodie, ‘Thank You’ ya [[The Ben]] na Tom Close, ‘Why’ ya The Ben, ‘Nyoola’ ya Bruce Melodie na Eddy Kenzo, ‘Totally Crazy’ ya Bruce Melodie na Harmonize’ super nature ya yvan buravn n’izindinyinshi zahinduye uyu musore umuhanga mu gutunanya amajwi uhenze kurusha abandi. [[Dosiye:Eddy_Kenzo_at_97.7_Record_FM.jpg|thumb|Eddy Kenzo ]] [[Dosiye:Bruce_melodie.jpg|thumb|Bruce melodie umuhanzi nyarwanda ]] Kugeza ubu nubwo atakiri mu matwi y’abanyarwanda cyane ko atakibarizwa mu Rwanda, niwe Producer uhenze gukorera indirimbo umuhanzi kuko igihe agukoreye indirimbo ukayitwara yose nta migabane afiteho, yishyurwa agera kuri Miliyoni n’ibihumbi magana atanu [1 500,000 Frw]. Ibi bimugira umunyarwanda wa mbere uhenze kugirango agukorere indirimbo irangire ibe yajya hanze. 2. Element [[Dosiye:Element_rw.jpg|thumb|Element producer ]] Mugisha Robnson Fred wamamaye nka Element si zina rishya mu matwi y’abanyarwanda yaba abakunda umuziki bakawimariramo ndetse n’abatawitaho cyane usanga iri zina ribaca kenshi mu matwi.Yewe hari n’abatazi iby’umuziki cyane baba bazi ko ‘Element’ ari akarango k’indirimbo nziza cyane ko kuva yatangira gukora umuziki, icyo akozeho, akenshi kiba zahabu. Ni mu gihe yaje neza, akora indirimbo ye yambere mu  2020 ubwo yakoraga indirimbo ‘Henzapu’ y’umuhanzi Bruce Melodie wari uri mu bihe bye byiza. Iyi ndirimbo yabaye ikiraro kuri Element wahise wigarurira imitima y’abahanzi hafi ya bose mu Rwanda ndetse bikajyana n’abakunzi babo. Yakoze indirimbo zitandukanye zirimo ‘Saa moya, Katapilla, Selebura, Abu dhabi  Ikinyafu n’izindi za Bruce Melodie. Yakoze kandi indirimbo ‘Amata, Bimpame, Termometa, Chakula, kugeza kuri ‘Jugumila’ za Dj Phil Peter bana ya shaffi n'a chriss easy. Element kandi yakoze indirimbo z’abahanzi nka [[Meddy]] yakoreye ‘Karolina, The Ben yakoreye ‘Kola’, Juno Kizigenza yakoreye ‘Solid, Mpa Formula, Urankunda, Ihoho, Igitangaza n’izindi za Juno Kizigenza. Element kandi yakoze indirimbo nka ‘Haso, Jolie, One more time za Kenny Sol n’izindi. Ntiwavuga indirimbo zakozwe na Element ngo usige indirimbo ‘Inana, Fasta, Amashu, Edeni, Basi Sori, Bana za Chriss Eazy n’izindi zakunzwe cyane kugeza kuzo yiririmbiye ubwe arizo ‘Kashe na Fou De Toi’ nazo zakunzwe cyane. Ugiye kubara indirimbo zakozwe Element kandi zakunzwe cyane ntiwazivamobwakirabugacya, ibi bimugira umuntu wa kabiri ukorera amafaranga menshi mu banyarwanda batunganya amajwi y’indirimbo zore ko agahaze ku giciro cya Miliyoni y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda. 3. Clement Ishimwe Uwavuga umuziki w’u [[Rwanda]] ngo ntatekereze ku izina rya IK [Ishimwe Clement] yaba akoze amakosa cyane ko ari umwe uri mu bakomeye muri uyu mwuga ndetse yahinduye ubuzima bwa benshi. Clement ari mu muziki nya[[rwanda]] kuva mu myaka ya 2009 kugeza ubu kandi ni ishyiga ry’inyuma  ryawo. [[Dosiye:Knowless_Butera.jpg|thumb|Knowless Butera]] Uyu mugabo uwajya kuvuga indirimbo yakoze zigakundwa, ntiyazirondora bitewe n’igihe kinini amaze akora indirimbo nziza, icyakora iyo uvuze Clement, mu mutwe hahita hazamo izina Kina Music. Kuvuga Kina Music kandi, uhita utekereza ku bahanzi nka King James, Christopher, Tom Close, Dream Boyz, Butera Knowless, Igor Mabano kugeza kuri Nel Ngabo uri ku ibere muri iki gihe. Aba bahanzi bose n’abandi tutarondoye, babaye ibitangaza kubera Clement. Icyakora nubwo yakoze indirimbo nyinshi, hari iziza mu mitwe y’abantu vuba nka ‘Te amo, Ko Nashize, Darling, Tobora’ za Butera Knowless n’izindi tutarondoye. Usibye Knowless batangiye gukorana kuva kera, hari n’ikiragano gishya aho yakoze indirimbo zirimo ‘Muzadukumbura, Nzahinduka, Zoli, Arampaguje, Mutuare n’izindi za Nel Ngabo tutavuze hano. Uyu mugabo kandi niwe ufite uruhare runini ku iterambere rya Igor Mabano cyane ko yamukoreye indirimbo nka “Back, Iyo Utegereza, Kabiri, Ntakosa, Energy, Gake n’izindi. Uku gukora ku [[ndirimbo]] zikaba ibitangaza, bimugira umuhanga mu gutunganya aamajwi y’indirimbo uhenze ku mwanya wa Gatatu aho igiciro cye ari ibihumbi Magana Atandatu by’Amafaranga y’u Rwanda (600,000 Frw) AMASHAKIRO<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://v8.inya.me/rw/amakuru/ninko-gutanga-inkwano-urutonde-rwaba-producers-bahenze-mu-rwanda-2024-140164 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-05-21 |archive-date=2024-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240521115144/https://v8.inya.me/rw/amakuru/ninko-gutanga-inkwano-urutonde-rwaba-producers-bahenze-mu-rwanda-2024-140164 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} 4cx3nmjzmfepgg2ie6exhzo81q5hmtd 0 18870 148423 146009 2026-11-02T11:35:07Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148423 wikitext text/x-wiki Ibyanya bikomye mu Rwanda kimwe nahandi ku isi ni indiri y' urusobe rw' ininyabuzima muri rusange ariko by' umwihariko ibinyabuzima bisigaye hake ku isi. [[Dosiye:Garou_at_Akagera.jpg|thumb|pariki y' Akagera]] [[Dosiye:Outside_of_Nyandungu_Eco_Tourism_Park.jpg|thumb|Outside of Nyandungu Eco Tourism Park]] == Ibyanya bikomye ku rwego rw' isi == Mu Rwanda hari ibyanya bikomye byamaze kwemerwa ku rwego rw' isi aha twavuga; pariki y' [[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|ibirunga]] na pariki ya Gishwati_Mukura, aya ma pariki niyo yemejwe ku rwego rw' isi nk' indiri y' urusobe rw' ibinyabuzima bisigaye hake bityo byemezwa nk' ibyanya bikomye. Ishyamba rya Gishwati_Mukura mu mwaka 2020 ryashyizwe ku rutonde rw' ibyanya kimeza byo kubungabunga urusobe rw' ibinyabuzima (''<span lang="en" dir="ltr">World Network of Biosphere Reserves</span>'') rukorwa n' umuryango mpuzamahanga ryita ku burezi n' umuco ('''''UNESCO'''''). iri shyamba riherereye mu ntara y' uburengerazuba mu turere twa [[Rubavu]], Rutsiro, Ngororero na Nyabihu. <ref>https://www.kigalitoday.com/ibidukikije/ibungabunga/article/abanyarwanda-barasabwa-kutangiza-ibyanya-bikomye-bibumbatiye-urusobe-rw-ibinyabuzima</ref> [[Dosiye:Waterfall_@Nyungwe_National_Park.jpg|thumb|Waterfall @Nyungwe National Park]] == Ibyanya bikomwe ku rwego rw' igihugu <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rema.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/Documents/Law_on_environment.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-14 |archive-date=2024-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240528101410/https://rema.gov.rw/fileadmin/templates/Documents/Law_on_environment.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == [[Dosiye:Rugezi wetland.jpg|thumb|284x284px|Rugezi]] Turetse ibyanya bikomye byashyizwe ku rutonde rw' isi mu Rwanda hari ibindi byanya bikomye kandi bibungabunzwe, kuko byagaragaye ko ari indiri y' urusobe rw' ibinyabuzima bisigaye hake ku isi. aha twavuga nka Nyandungu Eco park, Umusambi village n' Igishanga cya rugezi. muri ibi byanya haherereyemo ibinyabuzima nk' inyamanswa, inyoni n' inimera. == Pariki zo mu Rwanda <ref>https://mobile.igihe.com/ubukerarugendo/pariki-n-amashyamba/article/rambagira-ibyahoze-ari-ibyanya-bikomye-ubu-byabaye-isoko-y-amadovize</ref> == Mu Rwanda hari ibyanya biri ku rwego rwa pariki bibumbatiye ibinyabuzima ndetse biri ku isonga mu gukurura abakerarugendo no kwinjiza amadovize. * Pariki y' akagera[[Dosiye:Umusambi_Village.jpg|thumb|Umusambi Village icyanya gikomye ]][[Dosiye:Volcanoes_National_Park_Banner_Image.gif|thumb|Volcanoes National Park Banner Image]] * Pariki y' ibirunga[[Dosiye:The_scenery_of_Gahinga_volcano_in_Volcanoes_National_Park.jpg|thumb|Ibirunga National Park]] * Pariki ya nyungwe [[Dosiye:Nyungwe_canopywalk-way_View.jpg|thumb|Nyungwe park canopywalk-way View]]<br /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} qtihhhz5y3i25fovbbhkyxoe8xunf2f 0 18921 148435 138702 2026-11-02T11:40:13Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148435 wikitext text/x-wiki == Ibiheko == [[Dosiye:Bola de grossesse monpetitbola.fr.jpg|thumb|Ibiheko ku mugore utwite]] Umugore utwite, abona inda imaze kugaragara neza, imaze nk’amezi ane nuko agahekera umwana atwite, kugira ngo inda ijye yonka neza, ntarware, kandi ngo umwana azavuke ali muzima. Ibyo bakoresha ibiheko ni ibi . == Uko bakora Ibiheko == Bareba ubwoya bw’intama cyangwa agakoba ko ku mulizo w’intama y’insogotano; n’ubw’ingwe, n’ubw’inkomo n’imondo n’inzobe, n’inzibyi, n’igikoba cy’intare; bakareba n’ishyoza n’umurembe n’umuhire, n’umuzigagore, n’umutabataba, n’umuheha umaze iminsi, nk’imyaka ibili, uwo muheha witwa “umuhitira”. Uwo muheha iyo ubuze, bareba umuheha wanyoye [[ubuki]]; bakongera bakazona isimbi n’isaro ly’umusheshi n’umukipfu, n’igiti cyitwa “umuheka”, n’umuseke n’umuha, n’indibu, n’ikuta cyangwa isenge. Byose iyo bimaze kuboneka, babwira umugore w’isugi (ufite umugabo utigeze gupfusha umugore n’umwana, kandi utigeze kwahukana, ni we ubyambika abandi, ni we kandi uza kubibakuramo, iyo umugore yaramutswe no kubyara). Uwo mugore araza yamara kugera aho, bakamuha inkota, bitilira Lyangombe; umugore akagenda akareba agati bita “umuhanga”, akagatemesha ya nkota limwe gusa; bakakagegenamo uduce tubili bagatunga ku mugozi; hagati bagashyiramo icyerezwa cy’intembetembe (ikiliburibu); umuhanga ngo ni uwo guhanga umwana ngo azavuke ali muzima. Bakazana n’umwana w’umuhungu na we bakamuha inkota, akareba umuvumu w ‘umutabataba, akihanukira akawutema limwe, ukagwa ku ntara bawuteze. Umwana ujya gutema uwo muvumu, ni umwana w’isugi ufite se na nyina, kandi utigeze kurwara ibinyoro; [[intara]] batega na yo iba ali iy’isugi kandi ali umuvumu bawukokorera ku ntara, bakabigira bitonze, kugira ngo hatagira akababi kagwa iruhande rw’intara, ngo kaguye iruhande lyaba ali ishyano. Amababi bayosereza ku gicaniro (kuyatwika). Umuvumu barawushishura, akaba ali wo bakakiza bya bindi byose; ibindi bakabitunga ku buhivu cyangwa ku mulya w’inka itipfushije bishe. Nuko umugore utwite akabyambara, ngo ahekeye umwana. Agakoba k’inkomo ni ko gashyigikira impigi yo mu kanyamukika (ni ko bayambaza). Umugore bajya kwambika ibiheko yicara ku ntebe, umwana w’umuhungu w’isugi na we bakamuha intebe akicara. Kwicara kwabo ni uguterana imigongo. Nuko umwana bakamuhereza bya bindi byose, babitunze ku migozi; umwana akabyenda, maze agasubiza amaboko inyuma ayirengeje; umugozi akawunyuza mu ijosi ly ‘umugore utwite; nyuma bakabisubiramo neza, bakabimwambika. Ibiheko babicisha mu ijosi, bikanyuranira mu gituza no mu mugo-ngo. Ni byo bita '''guhekera umwana uli mu nda ya nyina'''<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://rw.amateka.net/ibiheko/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2024-07-19 |archive-date=2024-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240423153005/https://rw.amateka.net/ibiheko/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} s5aarrjbw40zwt5se50k2c3bsqndryx 0 19199 148444 142972 2026-11-02T11:43:25Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|1 */ 148444 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Uruganda rwa Umviriza ltd''' ni uruganda ruherereye mu Karere ka Rwamagana, mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|intara y'uburasirazuba]] bw'igihugu cyu [[Rwanda]] umurenge wa Karenge, aho rero rukaba rwenga inzoga, benshi kubera uburyo zengwamo ndetse no kuba ari ni uruganda rwujuje ubuziranenge aho rwahawe impapuro zirubyemerera .<ref name=":0">https://igisabo.rw/2020/08/10/rwamagana-karenge-uruganda-umviriza-ltd-rwiyemeje-kongerera-agaciro-urutoki/</ref> == Amoko bakora == Uruganda rwa Umviriza ltd rwenga amoko abiri y’inzoga ariyo: '''Agaciro''' ndetse n’Urukerereza. izi nzoga zose bazenga bakoresheje ibitoki, ubuyobozi bw’uru ruganda butangaza ko rwafashije abaruturiye kuko bamwe babonye akazi abandi babona isoko ry’umusaruro wabo ibitoki ibi bikaba byarafashije abatari bacye mu kwiteza imbere .<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}}Rukundo Willy Maxime [[Ikiciro:Icyaro]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Rwamagana]] mh8syyoyxjfluxkypw5mn5c9ncymbqe 0 19296 148431 138096 2026-11-02T11:38:58Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148431 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Umujyi wa Rwamagana''' ubarizwa mu [[Akarere ka Rwamagana|karere ka Rwamagana]] aho ugizwe ugizwe n’utugari aho tugiye dutandukanye two mu mirenge ine muri 14 igize akarere ka Rwamagana, aha twavuga nka Kigabiro, Muhazi, Gishari na Mwulire.<ref name=":0">https://muhaziyacu.rw/amakuru/politiki/satellite-rwamagana-umujyi-kigali-yagukiramo/</ref> == Rwamagana == akarere ka Rwamagana nikamwe mu karere kari muri Satellite City mu Rwanda , aho ari umugi wunganira [[umurwa]] mu ku wa [[Kigali]], rero Rwamagana ni kamwe mu turere dufite imijyi ifitweho gahunda yihariye igamije kuyiteza imbere kubera kwegerana n’Umujyi wa Kigali, mu rwego rwo kugabanya umubare w’abaturage baharenga bajya gushaka ubuzima muri Kigali, Bitandukanye n’imijyi itandatu isanzweho yunganira Umujyi wa Kigali yitwa secondary cities .<ref name=":0" /> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Icyaro]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Rwamagana]] 5wkeogko9m13gvkwyae1xi5vdv3v9uk 0 19418 148407 118791 2026-11-01T23:42:11Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 148407 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yves Montand Niyongabo''' ni umuyobozi wa firime mu Rwanda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-22 |title=Niyongabo quit law school for 'invincible' career in film making |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/91743 |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=The New Times {{!}} Rwanda |language=en}}</ref> == Amavu n'amavuko == Yves yavukiye kandi akurira mu [[Uburundi|Burundi]] . Nyuma yaje kwimukira mu Rwanda aho yaretse gukora filimi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-02 |title=Rwandan filmmakers paying tribute to a dark past |url=https://rwandatoday.africa/rwanda/lifestyle/rwandan-filmmakers-paying-tribute-to-a-dark-past-2469572 |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Rwanda Today |language=en}}</ref> Yakoze nk'umuhuzabikorwa wa firime [[Munyurangabo Filimi|Munyurangabo]] muri 2017. Muri 2010 Yves yatoranijwe mu mahugurwa ya firime yateguwe na CPH: Dox muri [[Danimarike]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yves Montand Niyongabo {{!}} IFFR |url=https://iffr.com/en/persons/yves-montand-niyongabo |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=iffr.com |archive-date=2024-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229121457/https://iffr.com/en/persons/yves-montand-niyongabo |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashusho == * ''Maibobo'' - 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maibobo {{!}} IFFR |url=https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2010/films/maibobo |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=iffr.com}}</ref> * ''Ubutaka buto'' - 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyman |first=Eric J. |date=2012-12-05 |title=Venice's Biennale College Filmlab Selects 15 Semi-Finalist Projects |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/venices-biennale-college-filmlab-selects-398152/ |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Giti - Iparadizo i kuzimu'' - 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Doc Society |url=https://docsociety.org/ |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Doc Society |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zim Film Fest {{!}} Screening - MAIBOBO |url=http://www.zimfilmfest.co.zw/screening/main/screening-maibobo.html |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=www.zimfilmfest.co.zw |archive-date=2019-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190918121703/http://www.zimfilmfest.co.zw/screening/main/screening-maibobo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * ''Abadatsindwa'' - 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tuyisenge |first=Espoir |title=Rethinking Reconciliation winners' Films Premiere & Award Gala at Kigali Serena Hotel, free entrance - Inyarwanda.com |url=https://eng.inyarwanda.com/inkuru/58583/rethinking-reconciliation-winners-films-premiere--58583.html |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=eng.inyarwanda.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Invincible {{!}} African Film |url=http://africa-archive.com/rw/the-invincible |access-date=2022-07-30 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260514192446/http://africa-archive.com/rw/the-invincible |archive-date=2026-05-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> * ''[[Munyurangabo Filimi|Munyurangabo]]'' - 2017 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yves Montand Niyongabo {{!}} IFFR |url=https://iffr.com/en/persons/yves-montand-niyongabo |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=iffr.com |archive-date=2024-02-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229121457/https://iffr.com/en/persons/yves-montand-niyongabo |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ibihembo == * Ishirahamwe internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) Igihembo, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Contributor |date=2013-08-14 |title=Winners at DFM |url=https://www.screenafrica.com/2013/08/14/film/winners-at-dfm/ |access-date=2022-07-30 |website=Screen Africa |language=en-US}}</ref> * Goethe Institut, Igihembo Cyiza Cyumwanditsi, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rwanda: Yves Montand Niyongabo Wins Goethe Institut Best Scriptwriter Award |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201306280348.html}}</ref> == Reba == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Ubu]] [[Ikiciro:Filimi]] [[Ikiciro:Filime nyarwanda]] 7dqxxair5efdrlwga0qemhiu9s09lhb 0 19770 148413 148047 2026-11-02T01:52:13Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 148413 wikitext text/x-wiki == Amateka y'Umwami Gihanga I Ngomijana<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://www.igihe.com/umuco/amateka/amateka-y-umwami-gihanga-i-ngomijana |title=Archive copy |access-date=2025-02-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626115040/http://igihe.com/umuco/amateka/amateka-y-umwami-gihanga-i-ngomijana |archive-date=2019-06-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == U Rwanda rwagiye rutegekwa n'abami batandukanye kuva rwabaho kugeza ubwo abanyamategeka babagabanyamo ibyiciro bitatu bakurikije ibihe aribyo: Abami b'ibimanuka, abami b'umushumi n' abami b'ibitekerezo.<ref name=":0" /> Abami b'ibimanuka ni abakomoka kuri Shyerezo, Abami b'umushumi ni abatazwi igihe bategekeye n'ibyabaye ku Ngoma zabo, naho Abami b'ibitekerezo ni abami bazwi neza igihe bategekeye n'ibyabaye ku ngoma zabo. Abami b'ibimanuka bahera kuri Shyerezo bakageza kuri Kazi. Naho Abami b'umushumi bahera kuri Gihanga cyahanze Inka n'Ingoma bakageza kuri Cylima I Rugwe. Abami b'ibitekerezo ari nabo ba nyuma bahera kuri Kigeli I Mukobanya bakageza ku Mwami wa nyuma w'u Rwanda ariwe Kigeli V Ndahindurwa. tukaba tugiye kubage amateka y'umwami wa mbere w'Umushumi, Gihanga I Ngomijana.<ref name=":0" /> === Gihanga Ngomijana(1091-1124)<ref name=":0" /> === Uyu mwami witwa Gihanga avugwaho byinshi kandi agafatwa nk'umuntu ngo wahanze u Rwanda. Gusa umuntu ashobora niba mbere yaho nta Rwanda rwabagaho.<ref name=":0" /> Iyo umuntu ahereye ku mateka y'abami b'ibimanuka bivugwa ko bakomoka mu ijuru, usanga bavugwa ko baba baramanukiye bwa mbere mu Mubari( mu Burasirazuba bw'u Rwanda ahitwa ku rutare rwa Kinani) aho baje basanga hatuwe kandi hategekwa muri icyo gihe n'uwitwaga Kabeja wo mu bwoko bw'abazigaba. Uyu Mwami witwa Gihanga niwe ntangiriro y'ubutegetsi bw'ingoma Nyiginya (fondateur de la Dynastie) ni nawe washyizeho gahunda y'Igihugu gitegekwa n'Abami.<ref name=":0" /> Mu ntangiriro z'ubutegetsi bwe, Gihanga nta ngoma yimanye, ahubwo yategekeshaga ibindi birango bibiri aribyo inyundo n'ikindi gikoresho cy'umuziki bita urusengo. Ibyo gushyiraho ingoma nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubwami ngo yaba yarabizaniwe n'uwitwa Rubunga nawe abikopeye mu bucurabwenge bwakoreshwaga n'abitwa Abarenge. Abarenge bari Abasinga, aribo bitwaga Abasangwabutaka (bivuga abo Abanyiginya basanze bategeka) ngo akaba ari bo barti mu gihugu mbere y'uko iriya ngoma Nyiginya iza kurutegeka. Ingoma ya mbere yakoreshejwe n'ubutegetsi bwa Gihanga yahawe izina rya Rwoga bituruka ku ijambo 'Kwogera' cyanggwa 'kwamamara'. <ref name=":0" /> Rubunga wayizaniye Gihanga ni we bakunze kwita Mwungura ari naho banakomerezaho bagira bati ni 'Mwungura wunguye ingoma ubwiru' akaba akomokwaho n'umuryango w'Abatege bituruka ku izina ry'umwe mu bakurambere baho witwaga Nyabutege. Ikoreshwa ry'ingoma nk'ikimenyetso cy'ubwami bwa Gihanga ngo ntiryakuyeho burundu ikoreshwa rya biriya bimenyetso bindi byakoreshwaga mbere ari byo urusengo n'inyundo nk'uko amateka akomeza kubigaragaza<ref name=":0" /> Urugero rwatangwa nuko iyo i bwami bamenyeshaga icibwa ry'umuntu runaka cyangwa se umuryango runaka ariko mu buryo butari burundu bakoreshaga umurishyo w'ingoma, mu gihe iyo iryo cibwa ryemezwaga mu buryo bwa burundu baritangazaga bakoresheje urusengo. N'ubwo hashidikanywa niba Gihanga ari we wahanze u Rwanda cyangwa atari we ngo ntibikuraho ko yaba yarabayeho kuko kubaho kwe kugaragarira ku kuntu uruhererekane rw'abamukurikiye mu butegetsi bamwubahiriza kandi ugasanga mu ntekerezo zose agarukamo nk'uko amateka abigaragaza. iyo umwami runaka yageraga ku butegetsi yubakishaga ingoma ye, ariko ku ruhande agashyiraho n'ahagenewe kubahiriza umukurambere Gihanga ariko bitaga urukamishirizo.<ref name=":0" /> Uretse n'ibyo kandi ngo aho umusezero(imva y'umwami) wa Gihanga wari ku gasozi ka Muganza ya Kayenzi ngo naho hakorerwaga imihango yo kumuterekera niba ari ko nabyita. Aha ngaha i bwami ngo bakaba barahoherezaga abiru bo kuhakorera imihango yabugenewe. Habga indi mihango yamukorerwaga yari ishingiye ku nka ikaba yarakorwaga n'abo mu muryango bita ABaheka: umutware wabo agatura i Runda ndetse akaba yarafatwaga nk'umwiru mukuru w'inka.<ref name=":0" /> Ntawakwirengagiza ubwoko bw'Abatsobe nabwo ngo bukomoka kuri Gihanga, kuko ngo uwo bakomokaho witwa Rutsobe ari umuhungu yabyaye hanze. Uyu muryango nawo ukaba waraje kubahwa ibwami kubera imihango y'ubwiru wakoraga, dore ko ngo banagiraga ingoma yabo yitwa Rwoma naho [[umurwa]] baturagaho ukaba wari i Kinyambi muri Runda. Umuryango w'Abatsobe wari ufite agaciro mu butegetsi bwite bw'igihugu kuko bari bashinzwe imihango y'ubwiru ijyanye n'umuganura bagatura mu karere k'u Bumbogo bakagira n'umutwe w'ingabo bayoboraga witwa Gakondo ukumoka kuri Gihanga. Ikindi kivugwa kuri Gihanga ni uko igihugu yategekaga cyarengaga imbibi z'U Rwanda tuzi ubu. Ibi bigashingirwa ku ntekerezo zigaragaza ko ubutegetsi bwe bwageraga hakurya mu burengerazuba bwa Congo aho bitaga mu Bunyabungo ndetse n'ahitwa Buhindangoma hakurya muri Rutshuru.<ref name=":0" /> Ahandi hagaragara ibirari by'amateka bishobora kwemeza ko Gihanga yabayeho ni mu majyaruguru y' u Rwanda ahitwa Buhanga hagati ya Nyamutera na Nyakinama ku bazi amazina y'uturere twa kera. Aha hagaragaraga ibigabiro by'aho uyu mwami yari atuye ariko umuntu akaba atakwemeza ko ibyo bigabiro bigihari magingo aya kubera ibikorwa by'ubuhinzi n'imiturire.<ref name=":0" /> Imwe mu mihango yakorerwaga muri aka gace ni iyakorwaga ku mfizi yitwa Rugira ngo yabanaga n'inka zitwa Ingizi nkuko uyu munyamategeka abivuga. Iyi mihango ngo yaba yaratangiye ku ngoma y'umwami Yuhi II Gahima ari nabwo umutwe w'ingabo zitwa Gakondo zatandukanaga n'izitwa Abangakungoma nyuma aba Bangakugoma bakoherezwa kuba hariya mu Buhanga. Undi murwa wa Gihanga uvugwa mu mateka, ni uwari ahitwa Nyamirembe cyangwa se Humure yo mu Mutara, aho uyu mwami ngo yaba yarageneye umuhungu we Kanyarwanda ngo azabe ari we umusimbura ku ngoma amaze gutanga.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Gihanga yarongoye Abagore benshi<ref name=":0" /> ==== Ikindi amateka agaragara, avuga ko Gihanga yagiye abyara abana batandukanye badahuje ba nyina kuko nawe yari afite [[Umugore|abagore]] benshi nk'uko byari bisanzwe bimenyerewe mu Rwanda rwo ha mbere.<ref name=":0" /> Umugore wa mbere wa Gihanga ari uwitwa Nyamususa akaba umukobwa wa Jeni uturuka mu bwoko bw'Abarenge akaba yarabyaranye n'uyu mugore Kanyarwanda Gahima( Wamusimbuye ku Ngoma), Kanyandorwa Sabugabo se wa Mushambo ukomokwaho n'ubwoko bw'Abashambo( Wabaye Umwami wo mu Ndorwa) ndetse n'uwitwa Kanyabugesera Mugondo se wa Muhondogo sekuruza w'ubwoko bwa Abahondogo( Bategetse u Bugesera), ndetse na Nyirarucyaba umukuramberekazi w'ubwoko bw'Abacyaba ( Bategetse Ingoma y'u Bugara).<ref name=":0" /> Gihanga yarongoye kandi Nyangobero ukomoka mu Bunyabungo( [[Intara]] ya kivu y'Amajyepfo) barabyarana Kanyabungo Ngabo waje gutegeka mu Bunyabungo ndetse arongora na Nyirampirangwe babyarana Gashubi se wa Gashingo ukomokwaho n'abitwa Abashingo ndetse ngo babyarana n'undi mwana witwa Gafomo. Gihanga yari afite undi mugore w'inshoreke witwaga Nyirarutsobe babyarana Rutsobe umukurambere w'abo mu bwoko bw'Abatsobe.<ref name=":0" /> '''AMASHAKIRO;''' == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Images from Wiki Loves Folklore 2025 in Rwanda]] trs27ldsiz8efsne25sm447ztnpwdej 0 19880 148434 120549 2026-11-02T11:39:58Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148434 wikitext text/x-wiki Umurenge wa ngarama n'umwe mumirenge igize [[akarere ka Gatsibo]] gaherereye mu ntara y' iburasirazuba ukaba uyoborwa nuwitwa NIYONZIZA FELICIEN . == Imiterere == Uyu murenge ugizwe n'utugari 5 aritwo * Akagali ka ngarama * Akagali ka kigasha * Akagali ka bugamba * Akagali ka karambi Uyu murenge kandi ufite ibuye([[Urutare rwa Ngarama|urutare]]) nyaburanga abantu bakunze kuhatemberera bakahifotoreza kandi uru rutare amateka atubwira ko ariho [[umwami]] ruganzu ndori yahagaze akarasa umwambi ukava i ngarama ugasatura umusozi wanyagahanga hakavuka ubuvumo bita" nyankokoma". kururwo rutare kandi hariho ikirenge cyuwo mwami,amajanja y'imbwa ye ndetse nahandi hantu hadasanze ufata ibuye wakomangaho hakavuga nkingoma. === Inkomoko === https://www.gatsibo.gov.rw/ Rwanda Cultural Sites - iRwanda p4oifkulpg0n0hr58aa25dku4ciyk6f 0 20289 148427 138343 2026-11-02T11:36:38Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 148427 wikitext text/x-wiki Ghadames, n'umujyi wa Oasis mu karere ka Nalut mu karere ka Tripolitania ukaba uherereye mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba [[Libiya|bwa Libiya]]. . Ghadames, uzwi ku izina ry'isaro ryo mu butayu, uhagarara muri oasisi. Ni umwe mu mijyi ya kera yabanjirije Sahara kandi ni urugero rwiza rwo gutura gakondo. Imyubakire y'imbere mu gihugu irangwa no kugabana ibikorwa bihagaritse hasi ikoreshwa mu bubiko,igorofa ya mbere ni iy'umuryango, hejuru y'inzira zitwikiriye zirema hafi ya rezo yo munsi y'ubutaka bw'inzira nyabagendwa; kandi, hejuru, amaterasi y'indinganire yagenewe [[Umugore|abagore]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Old Town of Ghadamès – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/362/ |access-date=2016-07-20 |website=whc.unesco.org |language=en}}</ref> == Ubumenyi bw'isi == Ghadames ireshya hafi {{Convert|462|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} mu majyepfo ashyira uburengerazuba bwa Tripoli, hafi y'umupaka wa Alijeriya na [[Tunisiya|Tuniziya]]. Ghadames ihana imbibi n'intara ya Illizi, Alijeriya na Guverineri wa Tataouine, Tuniziya. Oasisi ituwe n'abaturage bagera ku 10,000,cyane Berber . Igice cya kera cy'umujyi kizengurutswe n'urukuta rw'umujyi, cyatangajwe ko ari umurage w'isi wa UNESCO. Buri miryango irindwi yahoze ituye muri kariya gace k'umujyi yari ifite akarere kayo, buriwese ukaba wari ufite ahantu rusange hashobora kubera ibirori. == Amateka == Hasabwe ko hashingiwe ku bimenyetso by'ubucukuzi bw'ibyataburuwe mu matongo, ko ako gace katuwe kuva mu kinyagihumbi cya 4 mbere ya Yesu, kandi ko ari kamwe mu turere twa cyera cyane mbere ya Sahara. Ibihe byacyo hafi y'isoko y'amazi hagati y'ubutayu byari kuba ahantu h'ingenzi ku bantu bose bashaka gutura muri kariya gace. Inyandiko za mbere zanditswe zivuga kuri Ghadames zanditswe mu gihe cy’Abaroma, igihe gutura kwari kuzwi nka '''Cydamus''', aho Ghadames ya none yakomotse ku izina ryayo. Mu kinyejana cya mbere ya Yesu, umutware w’Abaroma Lucius Cornelius Balbus yateye Cydamus ku ngoma y'[[umwami]] Augustus . z’Abaroma zashinzwe ku ngoma ya Septimiyo Severus, kandi umwami w'abami ashobora kuba yarasuye uwo mudugudu ahagana mu mwaka wa 202 nyuma ya Yesu. Mu kinyejana cya 6,abaturage bamaze guhinduka abakirisitu n'abamisiyonari ba Byzantine . Yabaye igihome gikomeye cy'ubuyobe bwa Donatiste kugeza igihe yigaruriwe n'Abarabu b'Abayisilamu . Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 7,Ghadames yategekwaga n'abarabu b'Abayisilamu. Abaturage bahise bahindukirira [[Islamu|Islam]] kandi Ghadames bagize uruhare runini nk'ishingiro ry'ubucuruzi bwambukiranya muri Sahara kugeza mu kinyejana cya 19. Umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'isi mu kinyejana cya 12 Abu Hamid al-Gharnati yashyizemo Ghadam mu bihugu bya Sudani (ni ukuvuga ibihugu by'abirabura), hypothesis Saad ibona ko bishoboka, kubera ko Ghadamis yahoraga ifite abimukira bamuhagarariraga ITimbuktu . Ghadamis wari umujyi ukomeye mu bucuruzi bw'abacakara ba Sahara . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The trans-Saharan slave trade - clues from interpolation analyses and high-resolution characterization of mitochondrial DNA lineages (Harich et al. 2010) |url=https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-10-138 |website=BMC Evolutionary Biology}}</ref> === Etymology === Imyitwarire y'izina ''Ghadames'' ifitanye isano rya hafi n'inkomoko y'abasangwabutaka. iri zina ryakomotse ku moko yo mu bwoko bwa Garamantes ya kera, na bo ubwabo bakomoka kuri Tehenu abaturage ba kera bo muri Libiya ndetse n'abaturage ba mbere batuye ku nkombe za Afurika y'Amajyaruguru, kuva muri Maroc kugera i Levant (mbere yuko abateye binjira mu karere). Dazaga-Annaga-Tedaga n'izina ryabo rya kera ni Gara-umuryango wa Garamantes witwaga Tedamansi. Umuhanga mu bumenyi bw'isi mu Bugereki Ptolémée yasanze ubwoko bwa Tedamansi hagati y'uturere twa Tripolitania na Fezzan, agaragaza ko bahari muri ako gace kazahinduka Ghadames. Izina Tedamansi ryangijwe n’Abaroma cyangwa [https://ar.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%A9 Abadage] bateye kugira ngo bakore izina Cydamus, ari naryo ryahaye izina Ghadames. Ijambo '''''Amazagh''''' rikomoka kuri '''Toubou''', aho risobanura " '''abantu''' " naho ''" '''zagh''' "'' risobanura " '''inkambi''' ." Mu '''mvugo ya''' '''Toubou''' '''Dazaga''', ibi bisobanurwa mu buryo butaziguye '''“abantu-bakambitse''' ,” mu gihe mu '''mvugo ya''' '''Toubou''' '''Tedaga''' bigaragara ko ari '''''Zaghna''''' ( '''''zagh''''' = '''inkambi''', '''''na''''' = '''abantu''' ), bisobanura kandi ijambo “ '''abantu-nkambi''' ” kandi aya magambo yavuzwe mu bwami bwa Kanem-Borno bwatangiye mu kinyejana cya 7 nk'uko byavuzwe na Palmer. === 1900s - ubungubu === Mu Kwakira 1911, nyuma gato y'intambara yo mu Butaliyani na [[Turukiya]], Ghadames yigaruriwe n'abasirikare b'Abataliyani bavaga ITripoli. Icyakora Ubutaliyani bwafashe uyu mujyi bwahagaritswe inshuro nyinshi kugeza muri Kamena 1915, igihe umujenerali wazamutse muri Libiya yose yatumaga abapolisi bo mu Butaliyani basubira I Ghadames berekeza mu gihome cya Tripoli. Kugenzura neza umujyi byagarutsweho mu Kuboza 1918, ariko kwigomeka muri Fezzan byatumye Ghadames y'ihutirwa kugeza mu 1923. Mu mwaka wi 1943, ingabo z’Abafaransa zigenga zigaruriye Ghadames n’akarere kayikikije mu majyepfo y’icyahoze ari ubukoloni bw’Ubutaliyani bwa [[Libiya]], zishyiraho [[Intara]] ya gisirikare ya Fezzan-Ghadames kugeza igihe Libiya yigengaga mu mwaka wi 1951. Ghadames yagizwe [[umurwa]] mukuru w’icyo gihe. Mu mwaka wa 70, guverinoma yubatse amazu mashya hanze y’umujyi wa kera. nyamara, abaturage benshi basubira mu gice cya cyera cyumujyi mu gihe cy'izuba, kuko imyubakire yacyo itanga uburinzi bwiza k'ubushyuhe. Muri icyo gihe, umuyobozi Moustapha Akkad yahisemo Ghadames nk'ahantu hafatirwa amashusho y’imbere mu mujyi wa Medina muri the message na filime y’ikinamico y’ubuyisilamu. Mu ntambara yo muri Libiya , ingabo z'inama y'inzibacyuho zinjiye muri uyu mujyi ku ya 30 Kanama 2011, yari yagoswe n'ingabo za NTC kuva amakimbirane yatangira. Kugeza mu 2011, umujyi wagenzurwaga n'ingabo zigenga za Tuareg. Nyuma yo gufatwa n’ingabo z’igihugu cya Libiya, umuryango wa Tuareg wose wahatiwe guhunga mu gikorwa cyo guhanagura amoko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Libyan Tuaregs Flee to Algeria Amid Reports of Ethnic Cleansing |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/05/continuous-attacks-against-them.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018072443/http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/politics/2012/05/continuous-attacks-against-them.html |archive-date=2017-10-18 |access-date=2017-10-17}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marozzi |first=Justin |date=18 September 2011 |title=Libyan Tuareg face reprisals |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-14948319 |via=www.bbc.com}}</ref><ref>https://bmcecolevol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2148-10-138</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} [[Ikiciro:Pages with unreviewed translations]] p1msgafh2je6sm0nubc3yijp7o4llkn 0 20302 148433 144986 2026-11-02T11:39:38Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:1|0|1 */ 148433 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rugenge''' hazwi nko ku Kigabiro cya Rugenge, ni ahantu h’amateka haherereye mu [[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Ntara y’Uburasirazuba]], Akarere ka [[Akarere ka Bugesera|Bugesera]], Umurenge wa [[Gashora]], Akagari ka Ramiro, Umudugudu wa Kagasa. Aha ni ho honyine mu Bugesera hatuye umwami w’u Rwanda, ari we [[Kigeli IV Rwabugiri|Kigeri IV Rwabugiri]].<ref name=":0">https://www.rwandaheritage.gov.rw/index.php?eID=dumpFile&t=f&f=107508&token=094570bd10a5b80ae08bf2409b1cd97ce3a0f6c2</ref> == Amateka == Urugo rwa [[Kigeli IV Rwabugiri|Kigeri IV Rwabugiri]] rwari rwubatse i Rugenge, aho yatungiye umugore w’Umurundikazi witwaga Murerwa wa Ngwije. Murerwa yari yarahunze u Burundi hamwe na musaza we Cyoya, nyuma yo kwigomeka ku mwami w’u Burundi. Cyoya yazanye n’ingabo ze zitwaga Inyange, akimara kugera mu Rwanda, Umwami Rwabugiri yaramwakiriye amugira umutware ukomeye mu gihugu.<ref name=":0" /> Nyuma y’igihe, Rwabugiri yashyingiye Murerwa umuhungu we Sharangabo.<ref name=":0" /> == Ibisigaratongo == Ahahoze urugo rwa Rwabugiri i Rugenge hasigaye igiti cy’umuvumu cyari cyaratemwe ariko cyaje kongera gushibuka. Kuri ubu ahahoze urwo rugo hubatse uruganda rukora ibyuma (fer à béton).<ref name=":0" /> Hafi y’aho, mu bilometero bibiri, mu Murenge wa Rweru, Akagari ka Nemba, Umudugudu wa Rutete, hari ahitwa Ku Kavure ka Rwabugiri, ahari iriba rito ryitiriwe uwo mwami. Bivugwa ko ari Rwabugiri warifukuje, kandi n’ubu rikoreshwa n’aborozi bo muri ako gace buhira inka. Inka nkuru zashokaga ku rindi riba ryitwaga iriba rya Nyirarubomboza.<ref name=":0" /> == Kintambwe na Rwacyoya == Aho Cyoya yagabiwe n’Umwami Rwabugiri akahatura, haje kwitwa "''Kintambwe''" rikaba ari ijambo ry’Ikirundi risobanura ''Intare'', kubera ko ako gace kabagamo [[inyamaswa]] nyinshi zirimo n’intare. Ubu, Kintambwe ni Akagari ko mu Murenge wa Rweru, aho kandi habarizwa iriba rya Rwacyoya, rifatwa nk’iriba ryafukujwe na Cyoya.<ref name=":0" /> == Inyandiko zifashishijwe == {{Reflist}} p03xvm5qqvupktw02j2g2jp8u0jiipg 0 20362 148410 142216 2026-11-02T01:07:01Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 148410 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="font-size:115%; font-style:italic; color:#54595d; margin:-0.4em 0 0.8em;" lang="en">2025 UCI Road World Championships</div> {{Infobox | bodystyle = width:24em; font-size:90% | above = Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025 | abovestyle = background:#00A1DE; color:#fff; font-size:125% | subheader = ''2025 UCI Road World Championships'' | subheaderstyle = background:#FAD201; font-weight:bold | image = [[File:UCI 2025 in Kigali 01.jpg|frameless|upright=1.15|alt=Abasiganwa ku magare i Kigali]] | caption = Abasiganwa mu mihanda ya Kigali | headerstyle = background:#20603D; color:#fff | header1 = Amakuru rusange | label2 = Inshuro | data2 = Ya 98 | label3 = Itariki | data3 = 21–28 Nzeri 2025 | label4 = Aho yabereye | data4 = [[Kigali]], [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|22x15px|border|link=Rwanda|Rwanda]] [[Rwanda]] | label5 = Uwayiteguye | data5 = Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry'umukino w'amagare (UCI) | label6 = Amarushanwa | data6 = 13 | label7 = Uruziga | data7 = Ibilometero 15,1 | label8 = Isiganwa ry'abagabo | data8 = Ibilometero 267,5 | header10 = Abatsinze (umuhanda) | label11 = Abagabo | data11 = [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Siloveniya|Siloveniya]] Tadej Pogačar | label12 = Abagore | data12 = [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|22x15px|border|link=Kanada|Kanada]] Magdeleine Vallières | header13 = Abatsinze (gusiganwa n'igihe) | label14 = Abagabo | data14 = [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Remco Evenepoel | label15 = Abagore | data15 = [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]] Marlen Reusser | label16 = Amakipe avanze | data16 = [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ositaraliya|Ositaraliya]] [[Ositaraliya]] | header17 = Shampiyona y'isi | label18 = Ibanjirije | data18 = 2024 – Zurich ([[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]]) | label19 = Ikurikira | data19 = 2026 – Montréal ([[File:Flag of Canada.svg|22x15px|border|link=Kanada|Kanada]]) }} '''Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare yo mu muhanda 2025''' (mu Cyongereza: ''2025 UCI Road World Championships'') yabaye ku nshuro ya 98 y'iri rushanwa ngarukamwaka ritegurwa n'Ishyirahamwe mpuzamahanga ry'umukino w'amagare (UCI). Yabereye i [[Kigali]], mu [[Rwanda]], kuva ku ya 21 kugeza ku ya 28 Nzeri 2025, ikaba ari yo ya mbere yabereye muri [[Afurika]]. Hakinwe amarushanwa 13 ku muhanda uzenguruka umujyi wa Kigali, ufatwa nk'umwe mu mihanda igoye kurusha iyindi mu mateka y'iri rushanwa. Tadej Pogačar wo muri [[Siloveniya]] yegukanye isiganwa nyamukuru ry'abagabo, naho Magdeleine Vallières wo muri [[Kanada]] yegukana iry'abagore. == Amateka == Muri Nyakanga 2018, UCI yagaragaje ubushake bwo guha bwa mbere igihugu cyo muri Afurika kwakira iri rushanwa. U Rwanda, binyuze mu ishyirahamwe ryarwo ry'amagare ([[FERWACY]]), rwasabye kuryakira i Kigali, ruhatana n'umujyi wa Tangier wo muri [[Maroke]]. Muri Nzeri 2021, UCI yemeje ku mugaragaro ko Kigali ari yo izakira Shampiyona y'isi ya 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UCI Road World Championships: Rwanda selected as first African hosts in 2025 |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/cycling/58664176 |website=BBC Sport |date=2021-09-25 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Le Mondial ira au Rwanda |url=https://www.directvelo.com/actualite/77698/le-mondial-ira-au-rwanda |website=DirectVelo |date=2021-09-23 |language=fr}}</ref> U Rwanda rwari rusanzwe rutegura buri mwaka [[Tour du Rwanda]], rimwe mu masiganwa akomeye ya UCI Africa Tour. Ni ubwa mbere amarushanwa y'abagore batarengeje imyaka 23 yabaye ukwayo; mbere yaho, uwatsindaga muri iki cyiciro yabaga ari uwitwaye neza mu batarengeje imyaka 23 mu isiganwa ry'abagore bakuru.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UCI confirms U23 women's category for 2022 Road World Championships, with standalone races from 2025 |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/uci-confirms-u23-womens-category-for-2022-road-world-championships-with-standalone-races-from-2025/ |website=Cyclingnews |date=2022-02-12 |language=en}}</ref> == Inzira == [[File:Cycling World Championships 2025 circuits and routes.png|thumb|left|Ikarita y'inzira: uruziga rw'ibilometero 15,1 (umutuku) n'agace kongerewe ku isiganwa ry'abagabo (ubururu)]] Inzira y'amasiganwa yatangajwe muri Nzeri 2024, mu gihe cya Shampiyona y'isi yabereye i Zurich. Amasiganwa yo mu muhanda yakiniwe ku ruziga rw'ibilometero 15,1 ruzenguruka Kigali, rutangirira kandi rukarangirira kuri [[Kigali Convention Centre]]. Isiganwa ry'abagabo bakuru ryongerewemo agace k'ibilometero 42,5 kazamuka ''Mur de Kigali''. Kubera ko Kigali iri ku butumburuke bwa metero 1.850 kandi inzira ikaba yari ifite imisozi myinshi (metero zisaga 5.000 zo kuzamuka ku isiganwa ry'abagabo), ibinyamakuru by'umukino w'amagare byayise imwe mu nzira zigoye kurusha izindi mu mateka ya Shampiyona y'isi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=With 5,475m of climbing, 2025 Road World Championships in Rwanda to be one of hardest ever |url=https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/2025-road-world-championships-in-rwanda-to-be-one-of-hardest-ever/ |website=Cyclingnews |date=2024-09-26 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241010025004/https://www.cyclingnews.com/news/2025-road-world-championships-in-rwanda-to-be-one-of-hardest-ever/ |archive-date=2024-10-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Gahunda == [[File:UCI 2025 in Kigali 02.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Abasiganwa bo muri Siloveniya mu mihanda ya Kigali]] Amarushanwa 13 yari agizwe n'amasiganwa 6 yo mu muhanda, amasiganwa 6 yo gusiganwa n'igihe ku muntu ku giti cye, n'isiganwa rimwe ry'amakipe avanze (abagabo n'abagore).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Competition program |url=https://ucikigali2025.rw/competition-program/ |website=UCI Kigali 2025 |language=en}}</ref> * 21–23 Nzeri: gusiganwa n'igihe ku muntu ku giti cye (abakuru, abatarengeje imyaka 23, abato) * 24 Nzeri: isiganwa ry'amakipe avanze (''relais mixte'') * 25–28 Nzeri: amasiganwa yo mu muhanda, risozwa n'isiganwa ry'abagabo bakuru ku ya 28 Nzeri (ibilometero 267,5) Amasaha yose ni ay'i Kigali (UTC+02:00). == Abatsinze == [[File:Tadej Pogačar at 2025 UCI Road World Championships (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Tadej Pogačar, wegukanye isiganwa ry'abagabo]] Mu gusiganwa n'igihe, Umubiligi Remco Evenepoel yegukanye umudari wa zahabu ku nshuro ya gatatu yikurikiranya, naho Umusuwisi Marlen Reusser yegukana uw'abagore.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 UCI Road World Championships: a historic start powered by Reusser and Evenepoel |url=https://www.uci.org/article/2025-uci-road-world-championships-a-historic-start-powered-by-reusser-and/5hGLouyUEO8zQ7ImsYFYD4 |website=UCI |date=2025-09-21 |language=en}}</ref> Ku ya 27 Nzeri, Magdeleine Vallières yabaye Umunyakanada wa mbere wegukanye isiganwa ry'abakuru muri Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare yo mu muhanda.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Magdeleine Vallieres becomes 1st-ever Canadian to win elite race at road cycling worlds |url=https://www.cbc.ca/1.7645717 |website=CBC Sports |date=2025-09-27 |language=en}}</ref> Bukeye bwaho, Tadej Pogačar yisubiza umwambaro w'umukororombya w'umutsinzi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tadej Pogačar retains his world championship title with emphatic display |url=https://www.uaeteamemirates.com/tadej-pogacar-retains-his-world-championship-title-with-emphatic-display/ |website=UAE Team Emirates XRG |date=2025-09-28 |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Imidari ! Isiganwa !! style="background:#F9D84A" | [[File:Gold medal icon.svg|16px|link=]] Zahabu !! style="background:#D8D8D8" | [[File:Silver medal icon.svg|16px|link=]] Ifeza !! style="background:#E3B98A" | [[File:Bronze medal icon.svg|16px|link=]] Umuringa |- ! colspan="4" | Abagabo bakuru |- | Isiganwa ryo mu muhanda || [[File:Flag of Slovenia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Siloveniya|Siloveniya]] Tadej Pogačar || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Remco Evenepoel || [[File:Flag of Ireland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Irilande|Irilande]] Ben Healy |- | Gusiganwa n'igihe || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Remco Evenepoel || [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ositaraliya|Ositaraliya]] Jay Vine || [[File:Flag of Belgium.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ububiligi|Ububiligi]] Ilan Van Wilder |- ! colspan="4" | Abagore bakuru |- | Isiganwa ryo mu muhanda || [[File:Flag of Canada.svg|22x15px|border|link=Kanada|Kanada]] Magdeleine Vallières || [[File:Flag of New Zealand.svg|22x15px|border|link=Nuveli Zelande|Nuveli Zelande]] Niamh Fisher-Black || [[File:Flag of Spain.svg|22x15px|border|link=Esipanye|Esipanye]] Mavi García |- | Gusiganwa n'igihe || [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]] Marlen Reusser || [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubuholandi|Ubuholandi]] Anna van der Breggen || [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubuholandi|Ubuholandi]] Demi Vollering |- ! colspan="4" | Amakipe avanze |- | ''Relais mixte'' || [[File:Flag of Australia.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ositaraliya|Ositaraliya]] [[Ositaraliya]] || [[File:Flag of France.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubufaransa|Ubufaransa]] [[Ubufaransa]] || [[File:Flag of Switzerland.svg|22x15px|border|link=Ubusuwisi|Ubusuwisi]] [[Ubusuwisi]] |} == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Tour du Rwanda]] * [[FERWACY]] * [[Shemu Nsengiyumva]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=UCI Road World Championships Kigali 2025 |url=https://ucikigali2025.rw/ |website=UCI Kigali 2025 |language=en |access-date=2026-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251001120410/https://ucikigali2025.rw/ |archive-date=2025-10-01 |url-status=dead}} * {{Commonscat|2025 UCI Road World Championships}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shampiyona y'isi y'amagare 2025}} [[Ikiciro:Amagare mu Rwanda]] [[Ikiciro:Amagare]] [[Ikiciro:Siporo mu Rwanda]] ek4fq2r85flx7clxwqvuu8jjayn2c4t 0 20861 148402 135078 2026-11-01T19:24:59Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 148402 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu''' ( '''IHRL''' ) ni urwego rw’amategeko mpuzamahanga agamije guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu ku rwego rw’imibereho, uturere, ndetse n’imbere mu gihugu. Mu buryo bw’amategeko mpuzamahanga, amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu agizwe ahanini n’amasezerano, amasezerano hagati y’ibihugu [[Sovereign states|byigenga]] agamije kugira ingaruka zemewe n’amategeko hagati y’ababuranyi babyumvikanyeho; n'amategeko mpuzamahanga gakondo . Ibindi byemezo mpuzamahanga by’uburenganzira bwa muntu, nubwo bidakurikije amategeko, bigira uruhare mu ishyirwa mu bikorwa, kumva no guteza imbere amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu kandi bizwi ko ari isoko y’inshingano ''za politiki'' . <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=ucrXc2CaHDUC</ref> <ref>Human rights, A very short introduction replace this with a better reference later</ref> Amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, agenga imyitwarire y’igihugu ku baturage bayo mu gihe cy’amahoro asanzwe agaragara nkaho atandukanye n’amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu agenga imyitwarire y’ibihugu n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro itari iya Leta mu gihe cy’amakimbirane, <ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-additional-geneva-conventions-12-august-1949-and-0</ref> nubwo amashami yombi y’amategeko yuzuzanya kandi mu buryo bumwe aruzuzanya.<ref>https://www.icrc.org/en/document/ihl-human-rights-law</ref> <ref>https://www.icrc.org/en/document/ihl-human-rights-law</ref><ref>https://www.icrc.org/en/document/ihl-human-rights-law</ref> <ref>https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0922156502000262</ref> Uburyo bunoze busobanura ko amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu agaragaza imikorere y’amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera uburenganzira bwa muntu; ikubiyemo amahame rusange akoreshwa kuri buri gihe cyose kimwe n’amahame yihariye akoreshwa mu bihe bimwe na bimwe nk’intambara yitwaje intwaro hagati y’igihugu ndetse n’igisirikare (ni ukuvuga IHL) cyangwa ku matsinda amwe y’abantu barimo impunzi (urugero[[:en:1951_Refugee_Convention|:]]<ref>https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/protocol-additional-geneva-conventions-12-august-1949-and-0</ref>[[:en:1951_Refugee_Convention|1]] ), abana ( Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’umwana ), n’imfungwa z’intambara ( Amasezerano y’i Jeneve ya 1949). == Sisitemu y’umuryango w’abibumbye == Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye yemeje Itangazo na gahunda y'ibikorwa bya Vienne mu 1993, aho hashyizweho Komiseri mukuru w’umuryango w’abibumbye ushinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu . [[Dosiye:International Human Rights Day 2018 (45346105045).jpg|thumb|International Human Rights Day 2018 (45346105045)]] Mu 2006, [[:en:United_Nations_Commission_on_Human_Rights|Komisiyo y’umuryango w’abibumbye ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu yasimbuwe n’akanama k’umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu]] hagamijwe kubahiriza [[:en:United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council|amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu]]. Ihinduka ryahanuye umuryango wubatswe hamwe n’ibisabwa gusubiramo imanza z’uburenganzira bwa muntu buri myaka ine. [[:en:Sustainable_Development_Goal_10|Intego z'umuryango w’abibumbye]] zigamije iterambere rirambye kandi zigamije guteza imbere amategeko na politiki bigamije kugabanya ubusumbane<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20201127140337/https://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals/goal-10-reduced-inequalities/targets.html</ref>. == Umushinga mpuzamahanga w’uburenganzira bwa muntu == [[Dosiye:Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR.jpg|thumb|Eleanor Roosevelt UDHR]] === Itangazo mpuzamahanga ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu === [[:en:Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights|Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ry’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu]] (UDHR) ni itangazo ry’Inteko rusange y’umuryango w’abibumbye ridashingiye ku mategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Verdross |first=Alfred |date=2010 |title=Universelles Völkerrecht: Theorie und Praxis |last2=Simma |first2=Bruno |publisher=Duncker & Humblot |isbn=978-3-428-13296-6 |edition=3rd. |location=Berlin |page=822 |language=de |trans-title=Universal Public International Law |chapter=Der völkerrechltiche Schutz von Menschen |trans-chapter=The protection of humans in Public International Law |orig-date=1984}}</ref> Intiti nyinshi mu by'amategeko zivuga [[Itangazo Mpuzamahanga ryerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu|UDHR]] nk'ikimenyetso cy'amategeko mpuzamahanga gakondo . Muri rusange, UDHR yabaye uburenganzira bwemewe bwa muntu. Yatanze ishingiro ry’amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu akurikiza amategeko mpuzamahanga atubahiriza amategeko, ariko amaherezo yemewe == Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu == Usibye kwemezwa mu 1966 mu masezerano abiri yagutse agize umushinga [[:en:International_Bill_of_Human_Rights|w'itegeko mpuzamahanga ryita ku burenganzira bwa muntu]] (ni ukuvuga [[:en:International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights|Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu na politiki]] ndetse n’amasezerano [[:en:International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights|mpuzamahanga yerekeye uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco]] ), andi masezerano yemejwe ku rwego mpuzamahanga. Mubisanzwe bizwi nkibikoresho ''byuburenganzira bwa muntu'' . Bimwe mubyingenzi harimo ibi bikurikira: * [[Dosiye:Processes for becoming a state party to a treaty.svg|thumb|Processes for becoming a state party to a treaty]]ukurikizwa mu 2010).Amasezerano yerekeye gukumira no guhana icyaha cya jenoside (CPCG) (yemejwe 1948 atangira gukurikizwa mu 1951);Amasezerano ajyanye n’imiterere y’impunzi (CSR) (yemejwe mu 1951 atangira gukurikizwa mu 1954); * Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura rishingiye ku moko (CERD) (yemejwe mu 1965 atangira gukurikizwa mu 1969); <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 May 2008 |title=OHCHR |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/d_icerd.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080530072459/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/d_icerd.htm |archive-date=30 May 2008 |access-date=9 October 2011}}</ref> * Amasezerano yerekeye guca burundu ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose rikorerwa abagore (CEDAW) (ryatangiye gukurikizwa mu 1981); <ref>{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women |url=https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/index.html |access-date=9 October 2011 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> * amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye arwanya iyicarubozo (CAT) (yemejwe mu 1984 atangira gukurikizwa mu 1987); <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 March 2008 |title=OHCHR |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080309145458/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm |archive-date=9 March 2008 |access-date=9 October 2011}}</ref> * Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’umwana (CRC) (yemejwe mu 1989 atangira gukurikizwa mu 1990); <ref>{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |url=http://www.unicef.org/crc |access-date=9 October 2011 |publisher=UNICEF}}</ref> * Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yerekeye kurengera uburenganzira bw’abakozi bose bimukira n’abagize imiryango yabo (ICRMW) (yemejwe mu 1990 atangira gukurikizwa mu 2003); * Amasezerano yerekeye uburenganzira bw’abafite ubumuga (CRPD) (yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 3 Gicurasi 2008); <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 March 2007 |title=Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities |url=https://www.un.org/disabilities/convention/conventionfull.shtml |access-date=9 October 2011 |publisher=United Nations}}</ref> na * Amasezerano mpuzamahanga yo kurengera abantu bose kubura ku gahato (ICPPED) (yemejwe mu 2006 atangira g == Kurinda akarere ninzego == Sisitemu yo mu karere y’amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu yuzuza kandi yuzuza amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku rwego mpuzamahanga no kurengera no guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu mu bice bimwe by’isi. Hariho ingingo eshatu zingenzi z’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu karere zashyizeho amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku karere: * Amasezerano nyafurika yerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage kuri Afurika yo mu 1981, atangira gukurikizwa kuva 1986; * Amasezerano y'Abanyamerika yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu muri Amerika yo mu 1969, atangira gukurikizwa kuva mu 1978; na * Amasezerano y’[[Burayi|uburayi]] y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ku Burayi yo mu 1950, atangira gukurikizwa kuva 1953. == Amerika n'Uburayi == Umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika hamwe n’Inama y’Uburayi, kimwe na Loni, bemeje amasezerano (nubwo yaba afite uburyo buke bwo kuyashyira mu bikorwa) akubiyemo urutonde rw’uburenganzira bw’ubukungu, imibereho myiza n’umuco, hiyongereyeho ayo masezerano yavuzwe haruguru yerekeye ahanini uburenganzira bw’abaturage na politiki : * Amasezerano y’imibereho y’ibihugu by’i Burayi yo mu 1961, atangira gukurikizwa kuva mu 1965 (uburyo bwo kurega bwashyizweho mu 1995 hashingiwe ku masezerano y’inyongera, bwatangiye gukurikizwa kuva mu 1998); na * Porotokole ya San Salvador muri ACHR kuri Amerika yo mu 1988, ikurikizwa kuva 1999. == Afurika == Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika Yunze ubumwe (AU) n’ubumwe ndengakamere bugizwe n’ibihugu 5 bya Afurika. [1] AU yashinzwe mu 2001, intego ya AU ni ugufasha guharanira demokarasi ya Afurika, uburenganzira bwa muntu, ndetse n’ubukungu burambye, cyane cyane mu guca amakimbirane hagati y’Afurika no gushyiraho isoko rusange kandi ritanga umusaruro. [2] [[Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights|Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage]] n’igikoresho cy’ibanze cy’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu karere, cyagaragaye ku nkunga y’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika (OAU) (kuva cyasimbuwe n’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika ). Umugambi wo gutegura Amasezerano Nyafurika yerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage watangajwe mu 1979.Amasezerano yemejwe ku bwumvikane n’Inteko ya OAU yo mu 1981. Hashingiwe ku ngingo ya 63 (aho yagombaga "gukurikizwa nyuma y’amezi atatu nyuma y’iyakirwa n’umunyamabanga mukuru w’ibyemezo byo kwemeza cyangwa kubahiriza rubanda nyamwinshi" y’ibihugu bigize Umuryango wa OAU), Amasezerano nyafurika y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage yatangiye gukurikizwa ku ya 21 Ukwakira 1986, mu rwego rwo kubahiriza ku ya 21 Ukwakira umunsi w’uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Afurika. <ref>[[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights]].</ref> Komisiyo Nyafurika ishinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’abaturage (ACHPR) ni urwego rw’ubucamanza rw’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika, rufite inshingano zo guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu n’uburenganzira rusange (abaturage) ku mugabane wa Afurika, ndetse no gusobanura Amasezerano nyafurika y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage, no gusuzuma ibirego ku giti cyabo ku ihohoterwa ry’amasezerano. Komisiyo ifite ibintu bitatu byagutse: <ref name="mandate">{{Cite web |title=Mandate of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights |url=http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/mandate_en.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120104536/http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/mandate_en.html |archive-date=20 January 2008 |access-date=3 January 2008}}</ref> # guteza imbere uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage; # kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage; na # gusobanura Amasezerano nyafurika yerekeye uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage . Kugira ngo izo ntego zigerweho, komisiyo ishinzwe "gukusanya inyandiko, gukora ubushakashatsi n’ubushakashatsi ku bibazo bya Afurika mu bijyanye n’uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu n’abaturage, gutegura amahugurwa, ibiganiro nyunguranabitekerezo n’inama, gukwirakwiza amakuru, gushishikariza inzego z’igihugu n’inzego z’ibanze zita ku burengan<ref>Art. 45.</ref>zira bwa muntu n’abaturage kandi, nibiramuka bibaye, gutanga ibitekerezo cyangwa gutanga ibyifuzo kuri guverinoma." <ref name="mandate2">{{Cite web |title=Mandate of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights |url=http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/mandate_en.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080120104536/http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/mandate_en.html |archive-date=20 January 2008 |access-date=3 January 2008}}</ref> Hashyizweho Urukiko nyafurika rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage (hashingiwe ku masezerano y’amasezerano yemejwe mu 1998 atangira gukurikizwa muri Mutarama 2004), komisiyo izaba ifite inshingano z’inyongera zo gutegura imanza kugira ngo zishyikirizwe ububasha bw’urukiko. <ref name="court">{{Cite web |title=Protocol to the African Charter on human and peoples' rights on the establishment of an African court on human and peoples' rights |url=http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/court_en.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302212249/http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/court_en.html |archive-date=2 March 2012 |access-date=3 January 2008}}</ref> Mu cyemezo cyo muri Nyakanga 2004, Inteko ya AU yemeje ko Urukiko ruzaza ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage ruzahuzwa n’urukiko nyafurika. Urukiko rw’Ubutabera rw’Ubumwe bw’Afurika rugamije kuba "urwego rw’ubucamanza rw’Ubumwe". <ref>Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union, Article 2.2.</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union |url=http://www.africa-union.org/official_documents/Treaties_%20Conventions_%20Protocols/Protocol%20to%20the%20African%20Court%20of%20Justice%20-%20Maputo.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724225448/http://www.africa-union.org/official_documents/Treaties_%20Conventions_%20Protocols/Protocol%20to%20the%20African%20Court%20of%20Justice%20-%20Maputo.pdf |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=22 September 2010 |publisher=African Union}}</ref> N'ubwo itarashyirwaho, igamije gufata inshingano za komisiyo nyafurika ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage, ndetse no gukora nkurukiko rukuru rw’umuryango w’ubumwe bw’Afurika, isobanura amategeko n'amasezerano yose akenewe. Amasezerano ashyiraho Urukiko nyafurika ku burenganzira bwa muntu n’abaturage yatangiye gukurikizwa muri Mutarama 2004, <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2004 |title=Open Letter to the Chairman of the African Union (AU) seeking clarifications and assurances that the Establishment of an effective African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights will not be delayed or undermined |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/dc501e2c-a5f9-11dc-bc7d-3fb9ac69fcbb/ior630082004en.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080218001241/http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/dc501e2c-a5f9-11dc-bc7d-3fb9ac69fcbb/ior630082004en.pdf |archive-date=18 February 2008 |access-date=4 December 2016 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> ariko kwivanga n’urukiko rw’ubutabera byatinze gushingwa. Amasezerano ashyiraho Urukiko rw’Ubutabera azatangira gukurikizwa igihe yemejwe n’ibihugu cumi na bitanu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=African Court of Justice |url=http://www.aict-ctia.org/courts_conti/acj/acj_home.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726152112/http://aict-ctia.org/courts_conti/acj/acj_home.html |archive-date=26 July 2013 |access-date=3 January 2008 |publisher=African International Courts and Tribunals}}</ref> Hariho ibihugu byinshi muri Afurika biregwa ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'imiryango mpuzamahanga n'imiryango itegamiye kuri Leta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch Africa |url=http://hrw.org/doc/?t=africa |access-date=3 January 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080101031422/http://www.hrw.org/doc/?t=africa |archive-date=1 January 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sisitemu yo muri Amerika. == Umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika (OAS) ni umuryango mpuzamahanga ufite icyicaro i Washington, DC. Abanyamuryango bayo ni ibihugu mirongo itatu na bitanu byigenga-ibihugu bya Amerika Mu myaka ya za 90, Intambara y'ubutita irangiye, kugaruka muri demokarasi muri Amerika y'Epfo, hamwe n'intego iganisha ku isi, OAS yashyizeho ingufu nyinshi kugirango yongere kwiyubaka kugirango ihuze n'imiterere mishya. Ibyashyizwe imbere ubu birimo ibi bikurikira: <ref>{{Cite web |title=OAS Key Issues |url=http://www.oas.org/key_issues/eng/default.asp |access-date=3 January 2008}}</ref> * gushimangira demokarasi; * guharanira amahoro; * kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu; * kurwanya ruswa; * uburenganzira bw'abasangwabutaka; na * guteza imbere iterambere rirambye. Komisiyo mpuzamahanga y'Abanyamerika ishinzwe Uburenganzira bwa Muntu (IACHR) ni urwego rwigenga rw’umuryango w’ibihugu by’Amerika, rufite icyicaro i Washington, DC Hamwe n’urukiko mpuzamahanga rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu, rufite icyicaro i San José, muri Kosta Rika, ni rumwe mu nzego zigizwe na gahunda yo muri Amerika yo guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Directory of OAS Authorities |url=http://www.oas.org/documents/eng/biographies.asp?group=hhrr |access-date=3 January 2008 |publisher=Organization of American States}}</ref> IACHR ni urwego ruhoraho ruterana mu nama zisanzwe kandi zidasanzwe inshuro nyinshi mu mwaka kugira ngo zisuzume ibirego by’ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu mu gice cy’isi. Inshingano z’uburenganzira bwa muntu zikomoka ku nyandiko eshatu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the IACHR? |url=http://www.cidh.oas.org/what.htm |access-date=3 January 2008 |publisher=Inter-American Commission on Human Rights}}</ref> # Amasezerano ya OAS ; # Itangazo ry’Abanyamerika ryerekeye uburenganzira n’inshingano bya muntu ; na # Amasezerano y'Abanyamerika yerekeye Uburenganzira bwa Muntu . Urukiko mpuzamahanga rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu rwashinzwe mu 1979 hagamijwe kubahiriza no gusobanura ibivugwa mu Masezerano y'Abanyamerika y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Ibikorwa byayo bibiri byingenzi rero ni ugucira urubanza no gutanga inama: * Mubya mbere, irumva kandi igenga imanza zihariye zihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu zavuzwe. * Mugihe cyanyuma, itanga ibitekerezo kubibazo byo gusobanura amategeko yagejejweho nizindi nzego za OAS cyangwa ibihugu bigize uyu muryango. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Inter-American Court on Human Rights homepage |url=http://www.corteidh.or.cr/index.cfm?CFID=25331&CFTOKEN=36922058 |access-date=3 January 2008 |publisher=Inter-American Court on Human Rights}}</ref> Ibihugu byinshi byo muri Amerika, birimo [[Kolombiya]], Cuba, Mexico na Venezuwela, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Human rights in Venezuela |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/location/americas/south-america/venezuela/report-venezuela/ |access-date=2023-07-03 |website=Amnesty International |language=en}}</ref> byashinjwaga guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu. == Sisitemu y'Uburayi == Inama y’Uburayi yashinzwe mu 1949, n’umuryango ushaje cyane ukorera mu Burayi. Numuryango mpuzamahanga ufite ubuzimagatozi bwemewe namategeko mpuzamahanga, kandi ufite indorerezi mumuryango w’abibumbye. Icyicaro cy'inama ni i Strasbourg mu Bufaransa. Inama y’Uburayi ishinzwe amasezerano y’i Burayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’urukiko rw’uburayi rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu . <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=Gender and reproductive rights home page |url=http://who.int/reproductive-health/gender/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021221211348/http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/gender/index.html |archive-date=21 December 2002 |access-date=29 August 2010 |publisher=Who.int}}</ref> Izi nzego zihuza abagize akanama k’amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, nubwo akomeye, yoroheje kurusha ay’amasezerano y’umuryango w’abibumbye y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation ikenewe</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Iyi nama kandi iteza imbere Amasezerano y’i Burayi agenga indimi z’akarere cyangwa umubare muto n’amasezerano y’ibihugu by’i Burayi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Charter |url=http://www.coe.int/T/E/Human_Rights/Esc/ |access-date=4 January 2008 |publisher=Council of Europe}}</ref> Kuba umunyamuryango byugururiwe ibihugu byose by’Uburayi bishaka kwishyira hamwe kw’Uburayi, kwemera ihame ryo kugendera ku mategeko, kandi birashoboka kandi byiteguye guharanira demokarasi, uburenganzira bw’ibanze n’ubwisanzure . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Council of Europe in Brief |url=http://www.coe.int/T/e/Com/about_coe/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109045152/http://www.coe.int/T/e/Com/about_coe/ |archive-date=9 January 2008 |access-date=4 January 2008}}</ref> Akanama k’Uburayi gatandukanye n’umuryango [[:en:European_Union|w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi]], ariko biteganijwe ko ka nyuma kazinjira mu masezerano y’uburayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu. Akanama karimo ibihugu byose bigize Umuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi. Umuryango w'ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi kandi ufite inyandiko yihariye y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, Amasezerano y’uburenganzira bw’ibanze bw’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Juncker, Jean-Claude |date=11 April 2006 |title=Council of Europe – European Union: "A sole ambition for the European Continent" |url=http://www.gouvernement.lu/salle_presse/actualite/2006/04/11conseil_europe/english_mod.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501121011/http://www.gouvernement.lu/salle_presse/actualite/2006/04/11conseil_europe/english_mod.pdf |archive-date=1 May 2011 |access-date=4 January 2008 |publisher=Council of Europe}}</ref> Amasezerano y’uburayi y’uburenganzira bwa muntu kuva mu 1950 yasobanuye kandi yemeza uburenganzira bwa muntu n’ubwisanzure bw’ibanze mu Burayi. <ref name="EUCourt">{{Cite web |title=Historical Background to the European Court of Human Rights |url=http://www.echr.coe.int/ECHR/EN/Header/The+Court/The+Court/History+of+the+Court/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222001646/http://www.echr.coe.int/ECHR/EN/Header/The%20Court/The%20Court/History%20of%20the%20Court/ |archive-date=22 December 2007 |access-date=4 January 2008 |publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> Ibihugu 47 bigize Umuryango w’Inama y’Uburayi byashyize umukono kuri aya masezerano, bityo bikaba biri mu bubasha bw’urukiko rw’uburayi rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu i Strasbourg. <ref name="EUCourt" /> <ref>Article 3 of the Convention.</ref> rwo gukumira iyicarubozo n’imiti itagira ubumuntu cyangwa itesha agaciro, hashyizweho <ref>[[European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment]].</ref> gukumira iyicarubozo . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture |url=http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/about.htm |access-date=4 January 2008 |publisher=European Committee for the Prevention of Torture}}</ref> Inama y’Uburayi yemeje kandi Amasezerano yerekeye ibikorwa byo kurwanya icuruzwa ry’abantu muri Gicurasi 2005, mu rwego rwo kurinda icuruzwa ry’abantu n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina, Amasezerano y’Inama y’Uburayi yerekeye kurengera abana kwirinda ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina n’ihohoterwa rishingiye ku gitsina mu Kwakira 2007, n’amasezerano yerekeye gukumira no kurwanya ihohoterwa rikorerwa abagore n’ihohoterwa rikorerwa mu ngo muri Gicurasi 2011. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation ikenewe</span>'' &#x5D;</sup> Urukiko rw’uburenganzira bwa muntu n’urukiko mpuzamahanga rukumbi rufite ububasha bwo gukemura ibibazo byazanywe n’abantu ku giti cyabo aho kuba ibihugu. <ref name="EUCourt2">{{Cite web |title=Historical Background to the European Court of Human Rights |url=http://www.echr.coe.int/ECHR/EN/Header/The+Court/The+Court/History+of+the+Court/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222001646/http://www.echr.coe.int/ECHR/EN/Header/The%20Court/The%20Court/History%20of%20the%20Court/ |archive-date=22 December 2007 |access-date=4 January 2008 |publisher=European Court of Human Rights}}</ref> Mu ntangiriro za 2010, urukiko rwagize ibirarane by’imanza zirenga 120.000 n’urutonde rwategereje imyaka myinshi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 March 2008 |title=Virginia Law |url=http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2008_spr/roucounas.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511151905/http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2008_spr/roucounas.htm |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=29 August 2010 |publisher=Law.virginia.edu}}</ref> <ref>[[BBC]] article</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Swiss info article |url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/Push_for_reform_of_backlogged_rights_court.html?cid=8314824 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511180333/http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/Push_for_reform_of_backlogged_rights_court.html?cid=8314824 |archive-date=11 May 2011 |access-date=29 August 2010 |publisher=Swissinfo.ch}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2008 |title=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2009/apr/11/european-court-of-human-rights |access-date=29 August 2010 |website=[[TheGuardian.com]] |location=UK}}</ref> Mu 2007, urukiko rwatanze imyanzuro 1.503. Ku kigero kiriho cyiburanisha, byatwara imyaka 46 kugirango ibirarane bishoboke. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 January 2008 |title=Breaking news, Ireland |url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/archives/2008/0123/world/human-rights-cases-have-46-year-backlog-in-eu-345706.html |access-date=29 August 2010 |publisher=Breakingnews.ie}}</ref> == Gukurikirana, kubishyira mu bikorwa no kubishyira mu bikorwa == Kugeza ubu nta rukiko mpuzamahanga ruyobora amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu, ariko inzego z’ubutabera zibaho mu masezerano amwe n'amwe ya Loni (nka komite ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu muri ICCPR). Urukiko mpuzamahanga mpanabyaha (ICC) rufite ububasha ku cyaha cya jenoside, ibyaha by'intambara n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu . Urukiko rw’Uburayi rw’Uburenganzira bwa Muntu n’urukiko <ref>{{Cite web |title=How the Court works |url=https://www.icc-cpi.int/about/how-the-court-works/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161015175704/https://www.icc-cpi.int/about/how-the-court-works/Pages/default.aspx |archive-date=15 October 2016 |access-date=2021-09-17 |website=www.icc-cpi.int |language=en-GB}}</ref> bwa muntu rwubahiriza amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu mu karere. Nubwo izo nzego mpuzamahanga nazo zifite ububasha ku manza zerekeye amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu, ni ngombwa kumenya, nkuko byavuzwe haruguru, ko izo nzego zombi zigizwe n’ubutegetsi butandu<ref>The Program for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, "Brief Primer on IHL"</ref>kanye. Inzego z'umuryango w’abibumbye zita ku burenganzira bwa muntu zifite uburyo bumwe na bumwe bwo kubahiriza amategeko. Muri byo harimo inzego z’amasezerano zometse ku masezerano arindwi akoreshwa muri iki gihe, hamwe n’akanama gashinzwe uburenganzira bw’umuryango w’abibumbye gashinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu, hamwe na Universal Periodic Review hamwe n’Umuryango w’abibumbye wihariye (uzwi ku izina rya 1235 na 1503). <ref>{{Cite web |last=OHCHR |title=Human Rights Council Complaint Procedure |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/chr/complaints.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090308062731/http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/chr/complaints.htm |archive-date=8 March 2009 |access-date=6 February 2009}}</ref> Gushyira mu bikorwa amategeko mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu ni inshingano z’igihugu ; ni inshingano y'ibanze ya Leta kugira uburenganzira bw'ikiremwamuntu bw'abaturage. Mu bikorwa, uburenganzira bwa muntu bwinshi buragoye kubahiriza mu buryo bwemewe n’amategeko, kubera ko nta bwumvikane buke ku ikoreshwa ry’uburenganzira bumwe na bumwe, kutagira amategeko y’igihugu abigenga cyangwa inzego zahawe ububasha bwo gufata ibyemezo kugira ngo bishyirwe mu bikorwa. <ref>See, REDRESS, [http://www.redress.org/downloads/publications/master_enforcement%2030%20May%202006.pdf Enforcement of Awards for Victims of Torture and Other International Crimes] May, 2006</ref> Mu bihugu birenga 110, hashyizweho ibigo by’uburenganzira bwa muntu (NHRIs) mu rwego rwo kurengera, guteza imbere cyangwa kugenzura uburenganzira bwa muntu bifite ububasha mu gihugu runaka. <ref>{{usurped|[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020915131117/http://www.nhri.net/ National Human Rights Institutions Forum]}} is the official portal for the National Human Rights Institutions and show a list of 119 institutions that can be found at <sup class="noprint Inline-Template " style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[Wikipedia:Link rot/Usurpations|<span title="The original domain has been hijacked for the purposes of spam, etc. Nevertheless, the ARCHIVE URL is still a good copy of the original page. It is not usurped. It works and does not need to be deleted. The archive URL is encased in the usurped template only to mitigate accidentally re-activating the original usurped URL, such as by converting to a cite web without url-status=usurped. If you want to improve, convert it to a cite web with url-status=usurped. See template documentation.">usurped</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup></ref> Nubwo NHRIs zose zidakurikiza amahame ya [[Paris]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2007 |title=Chart of the Status of National Institutions |url=http://www.nhri.net/2007/List_Accredited_NIs_Nov_2007.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216052314/http://www.nhri.net/2007/List_Accredited_NIs_Nov_2007.pdf |archive-date=16 February 2008 |access-date=6 January 2008 |publisher=National Human Rights Institutions Forum |quote=ACCREDITED BY THE INTERNATIONAL COORDINATING COMMITTEE OF NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS<br />In accordance with the Paris Principles and the ICC Sub-Committee Rules of Procedure, the following classifications for accreditation are used by the ICC: A: Compliance with the Paris Principles;<br />A(R): Accreditation with reserve – granted where insufficient documentation is submitted to confer A status;<br />B: Observer Status – Not fully in compliance with the Paris Principles or insufficient information provided to make a determination;<br />C: Non-compliant with the Paris Principles.}}</ref> umubare ningaruka zibi bigo biriyongera. <ref>[http://www.huridocs.org/ HURIDOCS] has developed extensive methodologies for monitoring and documenting human rights violations, and more resources can be found at [https://web.archive.org/web/20120419034034/http://www.huridocs.org/research-development/ Human Rights Tools] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419034034/http://www.huridocs.org/research-development/|date=19 April 2012}}</ref> Amahame y'i Paris yasobanuwe mu mahugurwa ya mbere mpuzamahanga y’inzego z’igihugu zishinzwe guteza imbere no kurengera uburenganzira bwa muntu i Paris kuva ku ya 7 kugeza ku ya 9 Ukwakira 1991, kandi yemejwe n’icyemezo cya komisiyo ishinzwe uburenganzira bwa muntu y’umuryango w’abibumbye 1992/54 yo mu 1992 n’icyemezo rusange cy’Inteko rusange 48/134 yo mu 1993. Amahame ya Paris agaragaza inshingano nyinshi za NHRIs. <ref>"National Human Rights Institutions – Implementing Human Rights", Executive Director Morten Kjærum, The Danish Institute for Human Rights, 2003. {{ISBN|87-90744-72-1}}, page 6.</ref> == Ububasha rusange == Ububasha rusange ni ihame ritavugwaho rumwe mu mategeko mpuzamahanga, aho ibihugu bisaba ububasha bw’inshinjabyaha ku bantu bakekwaho ibyaha byakorewe hanze y’imbibi z’ubushinjacyaha, hatitawe ku bwenegihugu, igihugu batuyemo cyangwa indi mibanire iyo ari yo yose n’igihugu gikurikirana. Leta ishyigikiye ikirego cyayo hashingiwe ko icyaha cyakozwe gifatwa nk'icyaha kuri bose, igihugu icyo ari cyo cyose cyemerewe guhana. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Weiss |first=Peter |date=2008 |title=Universal Jurisdiction: Past, Present and Future |journal=Proceedings of the Asil Annual Meeting |volume=102 |pages=406–409 |doi=10.1017/S0272503700028032 |issn=0272-5037 |jstor=25660324 |s2cid=159412931}}</ref> Igitekerezo cyububasha rusange rero gifitanye isano rya bugufi nigitekerezo kivuga ko amahame mpuzamahanga ari ''erga omnes'', cyangwa abereyemo umuryango wisi yose, hamwe nigitekerezo cya ''jus cogens'' Mu 1993, [[:en:Belgium|Ububiligi]] bwatoye "itegeko ry’ububasha rusange" kugira ngo inkiko zazo zibone ububasha ku byaha byibasiye inyokomuntu mu bindi bihugu. Mu 1998, Augusto Pinochet yafatiwe i Londres nyuma y'ibirego n'umucamanza wo muri Esipanye Baltasar Garzón hashingiwe ku ihame ry'ububasha rusange. <ref>Ball, Gready (2007) p.70</ref> Adolf Eichmann wahoze ari umupolisi wungirije w’Abanazi SS yashinjwaga kugenzura iyimurwa ry’Abayahudi mu nkambi z’urupfu rwa jenoside yakorewe Abayahudi na we yatotejwe muri Isiraheli mu 1961. Adolf yari atuye muri Arijantine nyuma y’intambara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 1960 |title=Security Council resolution 138: Question relating to the case of Adolf Eichmann |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f1cc74.html |access-date=13 October 2022 |publisher=United Nations Security Council}}</ref> Ihame rishyigikiwe na Amnesty International n’indi miryango iharanira uburenganzira bwa muntu, bemeza ko ibyaha bimwe na bimwe bibangamira amahanga muri rusange, kandi ko abaturage bafite inshingano zo gukora. Abandi, kimwe na Henry Kissinger, <ref>Kissinger has himself been subject to calls for prosecution under universal jurisdiction. See Hitchens, Christopher, and David Rieff. "." ''Prospect'', 28 June 2001 (accessed 11 June 2013); Hitchens, Christopher. ''The Trial of Henry Kissinger''. London: Verso, 2001.</ref> bavuga ko "amasezerano akwiye avuga ko ihohoterwa ry'uburenganzira bwa muntu n'ibyaha byibasiye inyokomuntu bigomba gukurikiranwa byadindije gutekereza ku ruhare rukwiye rw'inkiko mpuzamahanga. Ububasha bw'isi yose bushobora guteza igitugu ku isi hose - cy'abacamanza". <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kissinger, Henry |date=July–August 2001 |title=The Pitfall of Universal Jurisdiction |url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html |url-status=dead |journal=Foreign Affairs |volume=80 |issue=4 |pages=86–96 |doi=10.2307/20050228 |jstor=20050228 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114024521/http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html |archive-date=14 January 2009}}</ref> == Reba kandi == * Itangazo ry'amahame ku buringanire * Uburenganzira ku isi * Uburenganzira bwa muntu * Amategeko mpuzamahanga * Amategeko mpuzamahanga arengera ikiremwamuntu * Amasezerano mpuzamahanga y’uburenganzira bwa muntu * Jus gentium * Byemewe n'amategeko * Amategeko karemano * Uburenganzira karemano n'amategeko * Amategeko y'impunzi * Uburenganzira bwo gutaha * Kugendera ku mategeko * Kugendera ku mategeko mu mushinga w'intambara * Amategeko Ukurikije Amategeko Makuru * Uburinganire bukomeye * Amategeko y'Ubwongereza == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} stcc50zp74n8wt9d7vnwc2fsaymmdf1 0 21822 148428 144891 2026-11-02T11:37:01Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148428 wikitext text/x-wiki Mutatsimpundu Denise Umunyarwanda ukina umukino wamaboko volleyball Yavutse ku itariki ya 27 Gicurasi 1993<ref><nowiki>https://beach.volleybox.net/denise-mutatsimpundu-p193683?utm_source=chatgpt.com</nowiki></ref> kandi ni umukinnyi wa volleyball / [[FRVB|beach volleyball]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/165299/Sports/beach-volleyball-rwanda-confirms-participation-at-african-champs?utm_source=chatgpt.com</nowiki></ref> Denise yatangiye gukina [[FRVB|volleyball]] akiri muto mu marushanwa y’amashuri no mu makipe y’abato mu [[FRVB|Rwanda]]. Uko yakomezaga kugaragaza impano, yaje kugera ku rwego rw’amakipe akina shampiyona y’igihugu. == Amakipe akomeye yakiniye == Yamenyekanye cyane akina muri [[Rwanda Revenue Authority]] Women Volleyball Club (RRA WVC), imwe mu makipe akomeye muri shampiyona ya volleyball mu [[FRVB|Rwanda]]. Denise yagiye ahamagarwa mu ikipe y’igihugu y’u Rwanda y’abagore muri volleyball. == Amarushanwa yegukanye == Yagize uruhare runini mu guhesha urwanda igikombe cy’Afurika cya beach volleyball hamwe na Charlotte Nzayisenga mu 2017 [[Maputo]], Mozambique.<ref><nowiki>https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/140609/Latest%20News/rwanda-women-win-gold-qualify-for-beach-v-ball-world-championships?utm_source=chatgpt.com</nowiki></ref> == Ubushakiro == {{Reflist}} ab7ej2nne35k9ep5egwj51glxtvpxiq 0 22474 148445 137034 2026-11-02T11:43:45Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:3|0|0 */ 148445 wikitext text/x-wiki Namahirwe Immaculee ni umunyarwandakazi ukora ibikorwa byindashyikirwa mu gihugu harimo gukora ubushakashatsi ku binyabuzima(biodiversity),kwigisha abaturage ibijyanye n'ihindagurika ry'ikirere no gukora ibijyanye no gutangaza amakuru(content creation),yamenyekanye kandi ubwo yitabiraga ibikorwa mpuzamahanga bitandukanye harimo Swiss-Africa Exchange Program 2025 yabereye muri Lucerne Univeristy of Applied Scienceas Arts,yibanda kuri hydrogen itangiza ibidukikije(green hydrogen)n'ingufu zirambye,niwe washinze ikigo cyitwa FROMGREEN Rwanda.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thenextafrica.com/fromgreen-rwanda-sets-new-standard-for-socio-environmental-impact/#:~:text=Immaculee%20joined%20The%20Restoration%20Factory,a%20simple%20act%20of%20hope. |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-04-03 |archive-date=2026-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429022303/https://thenextafrica.com/fromgreen-rwanda-sets-new-standard-for-socio-environmental-impact/#:~:text=Immaculee%20joined%20The%20Restoration%20Factory,a%20simple%20act%20of%20hope. |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Amashuri yize == Namahirwe Immaculee yize amashuri abanza nayisumbuye akomeza muri kaminuza ya African Leadership university(ALU) Barchelor in Entrepreneur Leadreship,Alx-Africa in Barchelor's degree in computer software engineering.<ref>https://rocketreach.co/immaculee-namahirwe-email_733819001</ref> == Ibihembo yahawe == M'ugushyingo 2025,FROMGREEN Rwanda yatsindiye igihembo cya Best Social Environmental Impact Project muri gahunda ya Restoration Factory Program.Muri 2026 yatoranijwe mubahatanira igihembo cya Queen of Green mu birori bya Women in Leadership Summit&Awards.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://thenextafrica.com/fromgreen-rwanda-sets-new-standard-for-socio-environmental-impact/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2026-04-03 |archive-date=2026-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260429022303/https://thenextafrica.com/fromgreen-rwanda-sets-new-standard-for-socio-environmental-impact/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ibyo akora == Namahirwe Immaculee yahinze ikigo cyitwa FROMGREEN Rwanda igamije gufasha abaturage batishoboye cyane cyane [[Umugore|abagore]] barera abana bonyine bo mu byaro byumwihariko mu karere ka Musanze binyuze mu buhinzi burambye.Nanone kandi yazanye umushinga witwa [[igiti]] kimwe cya [[Avoka]] kuri buri muryango(One avocado per family) aho uyu mushinga ugamije gutanga ingemwe z'ibiti za Avoka byatewe mu buryo bugezweho ku miryango,hagamijwe gusubiranya ubutaka bwangiritse,kongera imirire myiza mungo no kubafasha kubona amafaranga.<ref>https://www.goodwall.io/immacule%C3%A9-namahirwe-773d#work_education</ref> == Amashakiro == {{Reflist}} fep6avx1hhnq0oop9fxu58i6so521qf 3 22654 148415 143992 2026-11-02T02:18:29Z MediaWiki message delivery 4287 /* Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-45 */ new section 148415 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-21 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Stela of the cactus bearer]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:es:Estela del portador del cactus]])&#32;([[:ca:Estela del portador del cactus]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Estela Wachumero en Chavin.jpg|center|300px]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''stela of the cactus bearer''' is a monolith or stele of a single piece of granite, belonging to the Chavín culture of ancient Peru, which remains in its original location on the northwest side of the circular plaza at the archaeological site known as the ceremonial center of Chavín de Huántar in the Ancash region of Peru. It was discovered during the 1972 excavation season by Peruvian archaeologist Luis Guillermo Lumbreras. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 04:05, 21 Gicurasi 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30529698 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-22 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Griffith Hughes]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The Reverend '''Griffith Hughes''' (1707 – c.1758), FRS, was a Welsh naturalist, clergyman, and author. Hughes wrote The Natural History of Barbados, which included the first description of the grapefruit (also known as "The Forbidden Fruit"). His work was praised by Linnaeus, but it has also been considered a "scientific fraud". <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:32, 25 Gicurasi 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30529698 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-23 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Umuganda]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Umuganda"Rwandan community work".jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Umuganda''' is a national holiday in Rwanda taking place on the last Saturday of every month for mandatory nationwide community service from 08:00 to 11:00. Participation in Umuganda is required by law; failure to participate can result in a fine. The program was most recently re-established under President Paul Kagame in 2009, having resulted in a notable improvement in the cleanliness of Rwanda. Also, there are other informal Umuganda day activities that occur in the middle of the month. These activities are initiated by either society or the government. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:56, 1 Kamena 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30529698 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-24 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Juryeonggu]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:kr:주령구]])&#32;([[:ja:酒令具]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:주령구의 발굴 당시 사진.png|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> Il '''Juryeonggu''' (주령구?, 酒令具?, JuryeongguLR, ChuryŏngguMR) è un dado a 14 facce, risalente al periodo del Silla unificato (668-935 d.C.), ritrovato nel 1975 dopo alcuni scavi occorsi presso il Donggung e lo stagno Wolji di Gyeongju, in Corea del Sud. Le facce del dado mostravano inscrizioni recanti varie penalità o sfide, legate ad un gioco di bevute, dimostrando l'importanza dell'alcool e la raffinatezza con cui la sua assunzione veniva celebrata. L'artefatto originale è andato perduto, incendiato in un maldestro tentativo di preservazione: oggi ne esistono delle repliche, disponibili anche commercialmente. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:20, 8 Kamena 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30622359 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-25 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Cape Fiolent]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Beach of Cape Fiolent, Crimea.jpg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Cape Fiolent''' (Crimean Tatar: Felenk Burun; Ukrainian: Фіолент; Russian: Фиолент; Latin: Parthenium), also historically called Cape Fiolente, is a cape and nature reserve (zakaznik) located in southern Sevastopol, a city within Crimea that is internationally recognised as part of Ukraine but currently occupied by Russia since 2014. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:24, 15 Kamena 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30662919 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-26 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Renovating Action Party]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:es:Partido de Acción Renovadora]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Flag of the Renovating Action Party.svg|300px|center]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Renovating Action Party''' was a left-wing Salvadoran political party that existed from 1944 to 1967. The party had three distinct phases of its existence under the leaderships of Colonel José Asencio Menéndez (1944–1950), the old line (1950–1964), and the new line (1964–1967). <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:52, 22 Kamena 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30717601 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-27 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Facial age estimation]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Facial age estimation''' is the use of artificial intelligence to estimate the age of a person based on their facial features. Computer vision techniques are used to analyse the facial features in the images of millions of people whose age is known and then deep learning is used to create an algorithm that tries to predict the age of an unknown person. The key use of the technology is to prevent access to age-restricted goods and services. Examples include restricting children from accessing internet pornography, checking that they meet a mandatory minimum age when registering for an account on social media, or preventing adults from accessing websites, online chat or games designed only for use by children. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div>--[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 00:44, 29 Kamena 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30717601 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-28 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Paulo César Vinha State Park]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Capim dourado.jpg|300px|center|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Paulo César Vinha State Park''' (Portuguese: Parque Estadual Paulo César Vinha) is a state park in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. It protects an area of dunes, lagoons and marshes along the Atlantic shore. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:35, 6 Nyakanga 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30717601 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-29 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Caledonian MacBrayne]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Cal-Mac HQ2005.jpg|300px|center|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Caledonian MacBrayne''', in short form CalMac, is the trade name of CalMac Ferries Ltd, the major operator of passenger and vehicle ferries to the west coast of Scotland, serving ports on the mainland and 22 of the major islands. It is a subsidiary of holding company David MacBrayne, which is owned by the Scottish Government. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> -[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:20, 13 Nyakanga 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30717601 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-30 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Immigration to Switzerland]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> In 2023, resident foreigners made up 26.3% of Switzerland's population. Most of these (83%) were from European countries. Italy provided the largest single group of foreigners, accounting for 14.7% of total foreign population, followed closely by Germany (14.0%), Portugal (11.7%), France (6.6%), Kosovo (5.1%), Spain (3.9%), Turkey (3.1%), North Macedonia (3.1%), Serbia (2.8%), Austria (2.0%), United Kingdom (1.9%), Bosnia and Herzegovina (1.3%) and Croatia (1.3%). Immigrants from Sri Lanka (1.3%), most of them former Tamil refugees, were the largest group of Asian origin (7.9%). <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:18, 20 Nyakanga 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30717601 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-31 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:fr:Study of Man's Impact on Climate]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> La '''Study of Man's Impact on Climate''' (traduisible en français par « Étude de l'impact de l'homme sur le climat ») est une conférence scientifique internationale consacrée à l'influence humaine sur le climat qui s'est tenue à Stockholm, en Suède, du 28 juin au 16 juillet 1971. Elle aborde diverses hypothèses parmi lesquelles la destruction de la couche d'ozone et le réchauffement (ou refroidissement) climatique, établit l'état du savoir à leur sujet et, soulignant les nombreuses inconnues qui demeurent, appelle à consacrer davantage de fonds à la recherche scientifique sur le climat. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:00, 27 Nyakanga 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30849684 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-32 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Plot of Prats de Molló]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:ca:Fets de Prats de Molló]])&#32;([[:es:Complot de Prats de Molló]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''plot of Prats de Molló''' was an attempted military invasion of Catalonia carried out from France to achieve its independence planned by Francesc Macià and the leadership of the Estat Català party, discovered and aborted in 1926. The plan consisted of the penetration of two columns (one from Saint-Laurent-de-Cerdans, the other from Coll d'Ares), which were to occupy Olot and proclaim the Catalan Republic. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 03:11, 3 Kanama 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30879613 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-33 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Composizione VII]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Composition VII - Wassily Kandinsky, GAC.jpg|300px|center|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Composizione VII''' (Композиция VII o Zu Komposition 7) è un olio su tela del 1913, realizzato dal pittore russo Vasilij Vasil'evič Kandinskij e conservato nella Galleria Tret'jakov di Mosca. Prodotto centrale del pittore russo nel periodo 1910-1915, essa è considerata l'opera che certificò la raggiunta maturità creativa da parte di Kandinskij, rappresentando anche l'apice della sua energia creativa. È considerato il più rappresentativo tra i lavori completati durante l'anno del successo internazionale dell'artista, simboleggiando il punto di emancipazione definitivo dell'Astrattismo. Opera più grande mai realizzata dall'artista per dimensione, facente parte della serie denominata Composizioni, rappresenta un'allegoria dell'Apocalisse, di cui riprende il tema e lo propone in una versione astratta, trasfigurata dalla realtà in una forma composta da sole linee e colori. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:24, 10 Kanama 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30889664 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-34 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Divorce in Poland]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Divorce in Poland''' occurs at a rate slightly below that of the average for Europe. In the Polish legal system, divorce proceedings fall within the exclusive jurisdiction of the civil court; there is no legal basis for resolving a marriage through the agreement of the spouses or through administrative procedures. Divorce requests are assessed by the court, in accordance with the positive and negative prerequisites set in the relevant law. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:59, 17 Kanama 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30927700 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-35 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:mk:Ден на македонската револуционерна борба]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Day of the Macedonian Revolutionary Struggle''' (Macedonian: Ден на македонската револуционерна борба),[1] also known as Day of VMRO, is a national holiday which is celebrated on October 23 in North Macedonia. In 2007, the holiday was voted into law as a new national holiday. It is a non-working day. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:15, 24 Kanama 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30927700 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-36 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Wimmen's Comix]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''''Wimmen's Comix''''', later retitled (respelled) as Wimmin's Comix, is an influential all-female underground comics anthology published from 1972 to 1992. Though it covered a wide range of genres and subject matters, Wimmen's Comix focused more than other anthologies of the time on feminist concerns, homosexuality, sex and politics in general, and autobiographical comics. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:54, 31 Kanama 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30988228 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-37 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Paulet affair]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Paulet affair''', also known as British Hawaii, was the insubordinate five-month occupation of the Hawaiian Kingdom in 1843 by British naval officer Captain Lord George Paulet, of HMS Carysfort. It was ended by the arrival of American warships sent to defend Hawaii's independence. The British government in London did not authorise the move and it had no official status. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 01:59, 7 Nzeri 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=30993988 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-38 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:No-AI label]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:No AI Sign.svg|300px|center|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> A '''no-AI label''' is a label used on a product to signify that it was not made using generative AI. Phrases on the labels include but are not limited to "human-made", "proudly human" and "AI-free". Some organisations that provide the labels allow product creators to download and use their no-AI labels for free, while others charge creators for analysing the content and allowing the use of the labels if the organisation believes that no AI was used. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:43, 14 Nzeri 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=31028050 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-39 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Scotty (dinosaur)]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Scotty Tyrannosaurus.jpg|300px|center|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Scotty''' is the nickname for the Tyrannosaurus rex fossil, catalogued as RSM P2523.8, that was discovered in Saskatchewan, Canada in 1991.[3] The fossilised remains were painstakingly removed, almost completely by hand, over two decades from the rock in which they were embedded. When the preparation was complete in 2011, an around 65% complete T. rex skeleton was revealed. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:02, 21 Nzeri 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=31045260 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-40 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Descartes Highlands]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Apollo 16 landingsite.jpg|300px|center|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> The '''Descartes Highlands''' is an area of lunar highlands located on the near side that served as the landing site of the American Apollo 16 mission in early 1972. The Descartes Highlands is located in the area surrounding Descartes crater, after which the feature received its name <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:27, 28 Nzeri 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=31087748 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-41 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:it:Battaglia del pastificio]]'''<br /> <small>''([[:en:Battle of Checkpoint Pasta]])''</small> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:OTO Melara Somalia 1993.jpg|300px|center|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> La '''battaglia del pastificio''', talvolta chiamata anche battaglia del checkpoint Pasta, fu uno scontro a fuoco verificatosi a Mogadiscio tra le truppe italiane e le milizie Mooryaan somale del generale Aidid ed è ricordata per essere stata la prima battaglia che vide impiegati i militari dell'Esercito Italiano dalla fine della seconda guerra mondiale. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 12:39, 5 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=31108366 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-42 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Lineup.5.JPG|300px|center|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft''' is a transport museum which specialises in the preservation of trolleybuses. It is located by the village of Sandtoft, near Belton on the Isle of Axholme in the English county of Lincolnshire. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:09, 12 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=31131525 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-43 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:Jalapeño popper]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- [[File:Cooking-food-stuffed-jalapenos-peppers.jpg|300px|center|]] <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''Jalapeño poppers''', or jalapeño bites, are jalapeño peppers that have been hollowed out, stuffed with a mixture of cheese, spices, and sometimes ground meat, and breaded and deep-fried or wrapped with bacon and baked. They are a common dish on appetizer menus in chain restaurants in the United States. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 07:15, 19 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=31131525 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-44 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:National Day of Bhutan]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''National Day of Bhutan''' (Dzongkha: རྒྱལ་ཡོངས་དུས་ཆེན་; Wylie: rgyal yongs dus chen) known as Gyalyong Düchen is a major national event celebrated annually on 17 December in the Kingdom of Bhutan <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:05, 26 Ukwakira 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=31131525 --> == Wikipedia translation of the week: 2026-45 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" style="width:100%; margin:0; background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa); border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#BBBBBB); padding .4em;color: inherit;"> <div style="text-align:center;">The winner this [[m:Translation of the week/2026 translations|Translation of the week]] is <div style="font-size:140%;">'''[[:en:AI washing]]'''<br /> </div> Please be bold and help translate this article! </div> ---- <div style="text-align:left; padding: .4em;"> '''AI washing''' is a deceptive marketing tactic that consists of promoting a product or a service by overstating the role of artificial intelligence (AI) and the integration of it. Companies often involve in the practice to mislead customers to boost their offerings, and to secure funding from investors. The practice raises concerns regarding transparency, and legal issues. <small>(Please update the interwiki links on [[d:|Wikidata]] of your language version of the article after each week's translation is finished so that all languages are linked to each other.)</small> ---- [[File:TOTW.svg|24px|]] ''[[m:Translation of the week|About]] · '''[[m:Translation of the week/Translation candidates|Nominate/Review]]''' · [[m:Translation of the week/MassMessage|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]]'' </div> </div> --[[Umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 02:18, 2 Ugushyingo 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Shizhao@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Translation_of_the_week/MassMessage&oldid=31131525 --> 9i59ipst6sbe2xfhgn8pt2vce263bne 0 23205 148405 142818 2026-11-01T23:11:23Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 148405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Michaël Randrianirina | image = Michael Randrianirina (2026-02-19).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Michaël Randrianirina muri Gashyantare 2026 | birth_date = 1973 cyangwa 1974 | birth_place = Sevohipoty, Ambovombe, Androy, [[Madagasikari]] | nationality = Umunyamadagasikari | alma_mater = Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Antsirabe (ACMIL) | occupation = Umusirikare, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Umuyobozi w'umutwe w'ingabo CAPSAT | title = Perezida wa Madagasikari | term = Kuva ku wa 17 Ukwakira 2025 | predecessor = Andry Rajoelina | spouse = Elisa Randrianirina }} '''Michaël Randrianirina''' (yavukiye i Sevohipoty, hafi ya Ambovombe, mu karere ka Androy mu majyepfo ya [[Madagasikari]]) ni umusirikare mukuru n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyamadagasikari, akaba Perezida wa Madagasikari kuva mu Ukwakira 2025 n'umuyobozi w'Inama ya Perezidansi ishinzwe kongera kubaka Repubulika ya Madagasikari (''Refondation''). Itariki ye y'amavuko ntivugwaho rumwe: bimwe mu bitangazamakuru bivuga ku wa 23 Kanama 1973, abandi bakavuga mu 1974<ref name="E2">{{cite web |title=Who is Madagascar's new military ruler Michael Randrianirina? |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/who-is-madagascars-new-military-ruler-michael-randrianirina-2025-10-15/ |website=Reuters |date=2025-10-15}}</ref>. Yabaye guverineri w'akarere ka Androy kuva mu 2016 kugeza mu 2018, hanyuma aba umuyobozi w'umutwe w'intore z'ingabo CAPSAT. Nk'umuyobozi wa CAPSAT, yabaye umuntu w'ingenzi mu myigaragambyo y'urubyiruko ("Generation Z") yo mu Ukwakira 2025, yatumye Perezida Andry Rajoelina ahunga igihugu kandi Inteko Ishinga Amategeko ikamukura ku butegetsi. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida imbere y'Urukiko Rukuru rurinda Itegeko Nshinga ku wa 17 Ukwakira 2025, nubwo ahakana ko habayeho kudeta. == Ubuzima n'urugendo mu gisirikare == Michaël Randrianirina yahawe amahugurwa ya gisirikare mu Ishuri rikuru rya gisirikare rya Antsirabe (ACMIL)<ref name="E1">{{cite web |title=Military colonel announces that the armed forces are taking control in Madagascar |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/2025/10/military-colonel-announces-that-the-armed-forces-are-taking-control-in-madagascar/ |website=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |access-date=2025-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101215844/https://www.ajc.com/news/2025/10/military-colonel-announces-that-the-armed-forces-are-taking-control-in-madagascar/ |archive-date=2026-01-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Military has taken control of Madagascar, colonel who led mutiny says |url=https://globalnews.ca/news/11477140/military-coup-madagascar-colonel/ |website=Global News |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>. Kuva mu 2016 kugeza mu 2018, ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Hery Rajaonarimampianina, yabaye guverineri w'akarere ka Androy. Nyuma yaho, yabaye umuyobozi wa batayo y'ingabo zirwanira ku butaka i Toliara kugeza muri Nyakanga 2022, hanyuma ayobora umutwe w'intore CAPSAT (''Corps d'armée des personnels et des services administratifs et techniques'')<ref name="E2" />. Buhoro buhoro, yabaye umwe mu banenga Perezida Andry Rajoelina. Ku wa 27 Ugushyingo 2023, yafashwe ashinjwa "gushishikariza abasirikare kwigomeka no kugerageza gukora kudeta", ajyanwa muri gereza ya Tsiafahy<ref name="E3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Affaire D'Incarcération– Des Antandroy élèvent la voix sur le cas Randrianirina |url=https://www.lexpress.mg/2023/12/affaire-dincarceration-des-antandroy.html |website=L'Express de Madagascar |date=2023-12-05 |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Colonel Michael Randrianirina : l’ascension du nouvel homme fort de Madagascar après la chute de Rajoelina |url=https://www.afrik.com/colonel-michael-randrianirina-l-ascension-du-nouvel-homme-fort-de-madagascar-apres-la-chute-de-rajoelina/ |website=afrik.com |access-date=2025-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015140933/https://www.afrik.com/colonel-michael-randrianirina-l-ascension-du-nouvel-homme-fort-de-madagascar-apres-la-chute-de-rajoelina |archive-date=2025-10-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Gashyantare 2024, yararekuwe nyuma yo gukatirwa igihano gisubitse azira guhungabanya umutekano w'igihugu, maze asubira muri CAPSAT<ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Who is Michael Randrianirina, the colonel who toppled Madagascar's president? |url=https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20251015-who-is-colonel-michael-randrianirina-officer-toppled-madagascar-president-rajoelina |website=France 24 |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-15}}</ref><ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : « Pas de coup d'État » (Officier) |url=https://fr.apanews.net/news/madagascar-pas-de-coup-detat-officier/ |website=APAnews |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>. == Ikibazo cya politiki cyo mu 2025 == Kuva ku wa 25 Nzeri 2025, imyigaragambyo y'urubyiruko yiswe iya "Generation Z" yatangiriye i [[Antananarivo]], ibanza kwamagana ibura rya hato na hato ry'amashanyarazi n'amazi, hanyuma yamagana ruswa, ubuzima buhenze n'ubukene, isaba ko Perezida Rajoelina yegura<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Colonel Randrianirina du Capsat : “Il n'y a pas eu de coup d'État, l'armée a simplement répondu à l'appel du peuple malagasy” |url=https://neemamedia.com/ |website=neemamedia.com |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Military colonel announces that the armed forces are taking control in Madagascar |url=https://www.ajc.com/news/2025/10/military-colonel-announces-that-the-armed-forces-are-taking-control-in-madagascar/ |website=The Atlanta Journal-Constitution |access-date=2025-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101215844/https://www.ajc.com/news/2025/10/military-colonel-announces-that-the-armed-forces-are-taking-control-in-madagascar/ |archive-date=2026-01-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |language=en |author=Volana Razafimanantsoa |title=Madagascar's capital launches cable cars to ease traffic jam |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/06/23/madagascars-capital-launches-cable-cars-to-ease-traffic-jam/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-06-23 |access-date=2025-10-02}}</ref>. Mu mpera z'icyumweru cyo ku wa 11–12 Ukwakira 2025, Koloneli Randrianirina n'abasirikare ba CAPSAT bavuye mu bigo byabo bajya kwifatanya n'abigaragambya, batangaza ko banze kurasa abaturage<ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=L'armée prend le pouvoir à Madagascar |url=https://www.watson.ch/fr/international/afrique/530332869-l-armee-prend-le-pouvoir-a-madagascar |website=watson.ch |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref><ref name="F2" />. Uwo mutwe wari warigeze no kugira uruhare rukomeye muri kudeta yo mu 2009 yazanye Rajoelina ku butegetsi<ref name="F11" />. Ku wa 13 Ukwakira, CAPSAT yatangaje ko ifashe ubuyobozi bw'ingabo zose<ref name="E15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : le président Andry Rajoelina a quitté le pays |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20251013-madagascar-le-pr%C3%A9sident-andry-rajoelina-a-quitt%C3%A9-le-pays |website=France 24 |date=2025-10-13 |access-date=2025-10-13}}</ref>. Rajoelina yahunze igihugu ku wa 12 Ukwakira, bivugwa ko yatwawe n'indege ya gisirikare y'Abafaransa<ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=President of Madagascar flees to 'safe location' amid deadly protests |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/10/13/president-of-madagascar-flees-to-safe-location-amid-deadly-protests |website=Al Jazeera |date=2025-10-13 |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>, maze ku wa 14 Ukwakira Inteko Ishinga Amategeko imukura ku butegetsi ku majwi 130<ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Madagascar's National Assembly votes to impeach president |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/madagascar-president-andry-rajoelina-impeached-protests-5401501 |website=Channel News Asia |date=2025-10-14 |access-date=2025-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251016081354/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/world/madagascar-president-andry-rajoelina-impeached-protests-5401501 |archive-date=2025-10-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="F11" />. Randrianirina yahakanye ko habayeho kudeta, avuga ko ingabo "zasubije gusa ku guhamagarwa n'abaturage b'Abanyamadagasikari"<ref name="F3" /><ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Madagascar army installs new chief, president denounces power grab |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20251012-madagascar-army-unit-claims-control-president-says-power-grab-underway |website=France 24 |date=2025-10-13 |access-date=2025-10-13}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Madagasikari == === Gufata ubutegetsi === Ku wa 14 Ukwakira 2025, yatangaje ko ingabo zifashe ubutegetsi, zishyiraho Inama ya Perezidansi igizwe n'abasirikare n'abajandarume, zihagarika Itegeko Nshinga, Sena n'Urukiko Rukuru rurinda Itegeko Nshinga, ariko Inteko Ishinga Amategeko igakomeza imirimo<ref name="F11" /><ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Photos of a colonel announcing military takeover in Madagascar after president flees |url=https://apnews.com/photo-gallery/photos-madagascar-military-coup-8b6d5e995abccd49af1028b148d09812 |website=AP News |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-15}}</ref><ref name="E23">{{cite web |title=Madagascar military says it has seized power as president moves to 'safe place' |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cn8xjjdgl8vo |website=BBC News |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-15}}</ref>. Uwo munsi, Urukiko Rukuru rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwamusabye gukora imirimo y'umukuru w'igihugu<ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : la Haute Cour Constitutionnelle valide la destitution d'Andry Rajoelina |url=https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/reunion/madagascar-les-militaires-de-la-capsat-s-emparent-du-pouvoir-1632974.html |website=Réunion la 1ère |access-date=2025-10-15}}</ref><ref name="E28">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Décision n°10-HCC/D3 du 14 octobre 2025 concernant une requête aux fins de résolution sur une sortie de crise politique. |url=http://www.hcc.gov.mg/?p=9647 |date=2025-10-14 |access-date=2025-10-14}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Ukwakira, yisubiyeho ku iseswa rya Sena n'urwo Rukiko<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar: à la veille de son investiture, le colonel Michael Randrianirina clarifie sa position sur les institutions [Info RFI] |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20251016-madagascar-%C3%A0-la-veille-de-son-investiture-le-colonel-michael-randrianirina-clarifie-sa-position-sur-les-institutions}}</ref>, maze ku wa 17 Ukwakira 2025 ararahira nka "Perezida w'Ivugurura rya Repubulika ya Madagasikari"<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Décision n°10-HCC/D3 du 14 octobre 2025 concernant une requête aux fins de résolution sur une sortie de crise politique. |url=http://www.hcc.gov.mg/?p=9647 |date=2025-10-14 |access-date=2025-10-18}}</ref><ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Communiqué officiel |url=https://www.presidence.gov.mg/fic/communique_15oct25.jpeg |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106081846/https://www.presidence.gov.mg/fic/communique_15oct25.jpeg |archive-date=2026-01-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |title=Military leader sworn in as Madagascar's new president |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/video/newsfeed/2025/10/17/military-leader-sworn-in-as-madagascars-new-president |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref>. Mu ijambo rye, yavuze ko ari "ihinduka ry'amateka" kandi yiyemeje "gutandukana n'ibya kera"<ref name="E31">{{cite web |title=Michael Randrianirina sworn in as Madagascar's president |url=http://www.china.org.cn/2025-10/18/content_118130237.shtml |website=China.org |access-date=2025-10-18}}</ref>. Kubera umwanya we w'umukuru w'igihugu, yagombaga no kuyobora Umuryango w'Iterambere wa Afurika y'Amajyepfo (SADC), ariko ku wa 1 Ugushyingo 2025 guverinoma ye yatangaje ko iretse uwo mwanya; ku wa 7 Ugushyingo, Perezida wa [[Afurika y’Epfo]] Cyril Ramaphosa yawuhawe by'agateganyo<ref name="F21">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar: les autorités de transition annoncent leur retrait de la présidence de la SADC |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/en-bref/20251101-madagascar-les-autorit%C3%A9s-de-transition-annoncent-leur-retrait-de-la-pr%C3%A9sidence-de-la-sadc |website=RFI |date=2025-11-01 |access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=COMMUNIQUÉ DE LA RÉUNION EXTRAORDINAIRE DU SOMMET DES CHEFS D’ÉTAT ET DE GOUVERNEMENT DE LA SADC - SADC |url=https://www.sadc.int/fr/node/6252 |website=www.sadc.int |date=2025-11-07 |access-date=2025-11-07}}</ref>. === Ubuyobozi === Ku wa 20 Ukwakira 2025, yagize [[Ubucuruzi Mpuzamahanga bw’Ibinyabuzima Bwenda Gucika|umucuruzi]] Herintsalama Rajaonarivelo Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="E32">{{cite web |title=Madagascar coup leader names businessman as new prime minister |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/madagascar-names-new-prime-minister-2025-10-20/ |website=Reuters |date=2025-10-20 |access-date=2025-10-20}}</ref>. Mu kiganiro na ''Sky News'' ku wa 10 Ugushyingo, yasezeranyije amatora mu mezi 18 kugeza kuri 24 nyuma y'igihe cy'"ivugurura n'isanamitima", avuga ko azegura niba abaturage batakimushyigikiye<ref name="E33">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascar's new president Michael Randrianirina denies coup after taking office following Gen Z uprising |url=https://news.sky.com/story/madagascars-new-president-michael-randrianirina-denies-coup-after-taking-office-following-gen-z-uprising-13467553 |website=Sky News |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref><ref name="F23">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascar's new president Michael Randrianirina denies coup after taking office following Gen Z uprising |url=https://news.sky.com/story/madagascars-new-president-michael-randrianirina-denies-coup-after-taking-office-following-gen-z-uprising-13467553 |website=Sky News |access-date=2026-02-22}}</ref>. Ku wa 17 Ugushyingo 2025, yatangaje ibiganiro by'igihugu byose biyobowe n'Inama y'Amatorero ya Gikirisitu muri Madagasikari, kugira ngo hashyirweho uburyo bushya bw'imiyoborere, bikurikirwe na kamarampaka n'amatora ya perezida mu myaka ibiri; yasezeranyije kandi ishyirwaho ry'Inteko y'Urubyiruko<ref name="E34">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascar's New Leader Randrianirina outlines bold Roadmap in first national address |url=https://www.africanews.com/2025/11/17/madagascars-new-leader-randrianirina-outlines-bold-roadmap-in-first-national-address/ |website=Africanews |access-date=2026-03-05}}</ref>. Ku wa 12 Gashyantare 2026, yasuye Toamasina kureba ibyangijwe na serwakira Gezani<ref name="E35">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascan President Randrianirina visits city devastated by Cyclone Gezani |url=https://qiraatafrican.com/en/19787/madagascan-president-randrianirina-visits-city-devastated-by-cyclone-gezani/ |website=Qiraat Africa |date=2026-02-12 |access-date=2026-02-21}}</ref><ref name="F24">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascan President Randrianirina visits city devastated by Cyclone Gezani |url=https://qiraatafrican.com/en/19787/madagascan-president-randrianirina-visits-city-devastated-by-cyclone-gezani/ |website=Qiraat Africa |date=2026-02-12 |access-date=2026-02-21}}</ref>. Ku wa 9 Werurwe 2026, yasheshe guverinoma ya Rajaonarivelo, nyuma y'imyigaragambyo y'imiryango y'urubyiruko yasabaga ko Minisitiri w'Intebe agenda, maze ku wa 15 Werurwe agira Mamitiana Rajaonarison Minisitiri w'Intebe<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : la Présidence annonce la dissolution du gouvernement |url=https://2424.mg/madagascar-la-presidence-annonce-la-dissolution-du-gouvernement/ |website=2424.mg - L'actualité à Madagascar en temps réel |date=2026-03-09 |access-date=2026-03-09}}</ref><ref name="F26">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : les générations Y et Z exigent la démission du chef du gouvernement |url=https://www.linfo.re/ocean-indien/madagascar/madagascar-les-generations-y-et-z-exigent-la-demission-du-chef-du-gouvernement |website=www.linfo.re |access-date=2026-03-09}}</ref><ref name="E36">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascar anti-corruption chief Rajaonarison named prime minister |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/articles/madagascar-president-names-mamitiana-rajaonarison-173216757.html |website=Yahoo News |date=2026-03-15 |access-date=2026-03-16}}</ref>. Yatangaje ko abifuza kuba abaminisitiri bazajya babanza gupimwa n'imashini isuzuma ibinyoma kugira ngo harwanywe ruswa<ref name="E38">{{cite web |language=en |title=Madagascar's president orders lie detector tests for candidates applying to be government ministers |url=https://apnews.com/article/madagascar-lie-detector-tests-coup-politics-ac27f0fac3c812b56e6e233aaa173e0e |website=AP News |date=2026-03-19 |access-date=2026-03-20}}</ref>. === Ububanyi n'amahanga === Muri Mutarama 2026, yatangaje ko Madagasikari ishaka kuba umufatanyabikorwa w'ihuriro BRICS<ref name="E39">{{cite web |language=en |author=Chinedu Okafor |title=Africa's newest military leader intends to join BRICS |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/lifestyle/africas-newest-military-leader-intends-to-join-brics/d178ks6 |website=Business Insider Africa |date=2026-01-20 |access-date=2026-01-24}}</ref>. Ku wa 19 Gashyantare 2026, yahuriye i Kremlin na Perezida w'Uburusiya [[Vladimir Putin]], rukaba rwari urugendo rwe rwa mbere hanze y'Afurika<ref name="E41">{{cite web |language=en |title=Russian-Malagasy talks |url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/79182 |website=Kremlin |date=2026-02-19 |access-date=2026-02-21}}</ref>. Ku wa 24 Gashyantare 2026, yakiriwe na Perezida Emmanuel Macron mu ngoro y'Élysée i Paris<ref name="E43">{{cite web |language=en |title=President of Madagascar visits his French counterpart in Paris |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/02/24/president-of-madagascar-visits-his-french-counterpart-in-paris/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-02-24 |access-date=2026-02-25}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Ni umuyoboke ukomeye w'Itorero ry'Abaluteri rya Madagasikari, aho afite icyiciro cya "Mpiandry", umulayiki uhabwa inshingano z'ubudiyakoni<ref name="F6" /><ref name="E45">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Madagascar : qui est Michael Randrianirina, le nouvel homme fort de la Grande Île ? |url=https://www.france24.com/fr/afrique/20251015-madagascar-qui-est-michael-randrianirina-nouvel-homme-fort-de-la-grande-%C3%AEle-capsat-militaire |website=France 24 |date=2025-10-15 |access-date=2025-10-16}}</ref>. Yashakanye na Elisa Randrianirina<ref name="E46">{{cite web |title=An army colonel who led a lightning-fast coup takes over as Madagascar's president |url=https://apnews.com/article/madagascar-coup-president-oath-randrianirina-a484f9233876ef559af0c2e3029f1f7a |website=AP News |access-date=2025-10-17}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Michael Randrianirina}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Madagasikari]] 547bd4n38bcowgyyhrb74j8xfg1e6ny 0 23206 148425 142211 2026-11-02T11:35:58Z Baraka official 17008 /* growthexperiments-addlink-summary-summary:2|0|0 */ 148425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Peter Mutharika | image = Malawian President Peter Mutharika in 2020.jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Peter Mutharika mu 2020 | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1940|7|18|df=y}} | birth_place = Thyolo, [[Malawi]] | nationality = Umunyamalawi | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Londres<br />Kaminuza ya Yale | occupation = Umunyamategeko, umwarimu wa kaminuza, umunyapolitiki | known_for = Perezida wa Malawi (2014–2020) | title = Perezida wa Malawi | term = 2014–2020; kuva ku wa 4 Ukwakira 2025 | predecessor = Lazarus Chakwera | party = Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) | spouse = Christophine Mutharika († 1990)<br />Gertrude Maseko (kuva 2014) | children = 3 }} '''Arthur Peter Mutharika''' (wavutse ku wa 18 Nyakanga 1940) ni umunyamategeko n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyamalawi, akaba Perezida wa [[Malawi]] kuva mu 2025. Yari yarabaye Perezida wa gatanu wa Malawi kuva mu 2014 kugeza mu 2020. Ni murumuna wa Perezida wa gatatu wa Malawi, Bingu wa Mutharika, kandi ayobora ishyaka ''Democratic Progressive Party'' (DPP) kuva mu 2012. Ni umwarimu w'amategeko, inzobere mu mategeko mpuzamahanga y'ubukungu, amategeko mpuzamahanga n'amategeko nshinga agereranywa; yamaze imyaka igera kuri 30 aba muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]]. Yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo mu 2014, ariko mu 2020 atsindwa na Lazarus Chakwera nyuma y'iseswa ry'amatora yo mu 2019 kubera amakosa. Mu 2025, afite imyaka 85, yongeye gutsinda Chakwera, aba Perezida wa Malawi ukuze kurusha abandi wagiye ku butegetsi akaba n'uwa mbere wayoboye manda ebyiri zidakurikiranye. == Ubuzima n'amashuri == Peter Mutharika yavukiye mu karere ka Thyolo; ababyeyi be bari abarimu<ref name="E1">{{cite web |title=Index Mp-Mz |url=https://www.rulers.org/indexm6.html |website=www.rulers.org |access-date=2018-11-08}}</ref>. Ibindi bitangazamakuru bivuga ko yavukiye i Zomba. Yize mu ishuri ribanza rya Mulanje Mission no mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya Dedza<ref name="E1" />. Mu 1965, yabonye impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri mu mategeko muri Kaminuza ya Londres, hanyuma muri Kaminuza ya Yale abona iy'icyiciro cya gatatu mu 1966 n'impamyabumenyi y'ikirenga mu 1969<ref name="F3">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Washington University in St. Louis: Law School<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.wulaw.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/index.asp?id=301 |access-date=2010-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604233830/http://www.wulaw.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/index.asp?id=301 |archive-date=2010-06-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Washington University in St. Louis: Law School<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.wulaw.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/index.asp?id=301 |access-date=2010-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604233830/http://www.wulaw.wustl.edu/faculty_profiles/index.asp?id=301 |archive-date=2010-06-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Kuva mu 1971, yemerewe gukora umwuga w'ubwunganizi muri [[Tanzaniya]]. == Umwuga mu mategeko == Yigishije muri Kaminuza ya Dar es Salaam (Tanzaniya), Kaminuza ya Haile Selassie (Etiyopiya), Kaminuza ya Rutgers (Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika), muri Kaminuza ya Makerere (Uganda), ndetse amara imyaka 37 yigisha muri Kaminuza ya Washington i Saint-Louis<ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Lussenhop |title=A. Peter Mutharika, Former Wash. U. Law Professor, Charged with Treason in Malawi |url=http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2013/03/a_peter_mutharika_former_wash.php |website=Riverfront Times |date=2013-03-28 |access-date=2014-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602213303/http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2013/03/a_peter_mutharika_former_wash.php |archive-date=2014-06-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Jessica Lussenhop |title=A. Peter Mutharika, Former Wash. U. Law Professor, Charged with Treason in Malawi |url=http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2013/03/a_peter_mutharika_former_wash.php |website=Riverfront Times |date=2013-03-28 |access-date=2014-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602213303/http://blogs.riverfronttimes.com/dailyrft/2013/03/a_peter_mutharika_former_wash.php |archive-date=2014-06-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Yabaye kandi umushakashatsi watumiwe muri ''London School of Economics'' n'umujyanama mu gikorwa cy'Urugaga rw'Abavoka b'Abanyamerika ku butegetsi bugendera ku mategeko muri Afurika<ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Succession crisis looms in DPP |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/succession-crisis-looms-in-dpp.html |access-date=2010-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090809054114/http://www.nyasatimes.com/national/succession-crisis-looms-in-dpp.html |archive-date=2009-08-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://law.wustl.edu/magazine/Spring2005/05mutharika.pdf |access-date=2011-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114248/http://law.wustl.edu/magazine/Spring2005/05mutharika.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2011, yeguye ku mwanya w'umukemurampaka mu manza ebyiri z'Ikigo mpuzamahanga gishinzwe gukemura amakimbirane ajyanye n'ishoramari (ICSID) zerekeye Zimbabwe, kubera impungenge ku kutabogama kwe zatewe n'umubano wa hafi wa murumuna we Bingu na guverinoma ya Robert Mugabe<ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Bhebhe |title=Mutharika forced to quit Zim land trial |url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/human-rights/51960/mutharika-forced-to-quit-zim.html |website=The Zimbabwean |date=2010-07-08 |access-date=2011-08-21}}</ref><ref name="E9">{{cite web |author=Vusimusi Bhebhe |title=Mutharika forced to quit Zim land trial |url=http://www.thezimbabwean.co.uk/human-rights/51960/mutharika-forced-to-quit-zim.html |website=The Zimbabwean |date=2010-07-08 |access-date=2011-08-21}}</ref>. == Urugendo muri politiki == Kuva mu 2004, yabaye umujyanama wa mukuru we Perezida Bingu wa Mutharika ku bibazo by'ububanyi n'amahanga n'iby'imbere mu gihugu, kugeza apfuye ku wa 5 Mata 2012<ref name="F8">{{cite web |language=en |title=Building up Malawi |url=http://law.wustl.edu/magazine/Spring2005/05mutharika.pdf |website=Mutharika |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304114248/http://law.wustl.edu/magazine/Spring2005/05mutharika.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Gicurasi 2009, yatorewe kuba umudepite, maze aba Minisitiri w'Ubutabera, hanyuma Minisitiri w'Uburezi, Ubumenyi n'Ikoranabuhanga, naho kuva muri Nzeri 2011 aba Minisitiri w'Ububanyi n'Amahanga<ref name="F8" /><ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Clémence Njanjo |title=Malawi : l'alternance fonctionne finalement, Peter Mutharika succède à Joyce Banda |url=http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/malawi-l-alternance-fonctionne-finalement-peter-mutharika-succede-a-joyce-banda-19-08-2014-1858055_2365.php |website=Le Point |date=2014-08-19 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919025926/http://afrique.lepoint.fr/actualites/malawi-l-alternance-fonctionne-finalement-peter-mutharika-succede-a-joyce-banda-19-08-2014-1858055_2365.php |archive-date=2016-09-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="E9" />. Muri Kanama 2011, inama nkuru y'ishyaka DPP yamutoranyije kuba umukandida waryo mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2014<ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=DPP fires Secretary General and endorses Peter Mutharika for 2014 |url=http://www.malawitoday.com/news/1708-dpp-fires-secretary-general-and-endorses-peter-mutharika-2014 |website=www.malawitoday.com |date=2011-08-01 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326062552/http://www.malawitoday.com/news/1708-dpp-fires-secretary-general-and-endorses-peter-mutharika-2014 |archive-date=2012-03-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Nyuma y'urupfu rwa Bingu mu 2012, yashinjwe kugerageza guhisha urwo rupfu no kubuza Visi-perezida Joyce Banda kumusimbura nk'uko Itegeko Nshinga ribiteganya; Banda yabaye Perezida ashyigikiwe n'ingabo<ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Malawi : Peter Mutharika, le président anticorruption, pris la main dans le sac |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/05/28/malawi-peter-mutharika-le-president-anticorruption-pris-la-main-dans-le-sac_5468476_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2019-05-28}}</ref>. Habayeho kandi impaka ku bwenegihugu bwe, kuko Malawi itemera ubwenegihugu bubiri; ambasade ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika yemeje ko atari umwenegihugu w'Amerika, ahubwo afite gusa uruhushya rwo kuhatura (''Green card'')<ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Peter Mutharika is not an American citizen: US Embassy |url=http://mwnation.com/peter-mutharika-american-citizen-us-embassy/ |website=The Nation (Malawi) |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140605051332/http://mwnation.com/peter-mutharika-american-citizen-us-embassy/ |archive-date=2014-06-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Perezida wa Malawi == === Manda ya mbere (2014–2020) === Ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2014, Perezida Joyce Banda yashatse guhagarika amatora yo ku wa 20 Gicurasi, avuga ko habayemo uburiganya, ariko Urukiko rw'Ikirenga rumusaba kutivanga mu matora; ku wa 31 Gicurasi 2014, yemeye ko yatsinzwe, maze Mutharika ararahira uwo munsi i Blantyre<ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction Le Monde |title=Peter Mutharika remporte la présidentielle au Malawi |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2014/05/31/peter-mutharika-remporte-la-presidentielle-au-malawi-selon-la-commission-electorale_4429563_3212.html#wh4Yjdv3W8jS09IL.99 |website=Le Monde |date=2014-05-31}}</ref><ref name="F11">{{cite web |language=fr |title=La présidente du Malawi, au bord de la défaite, annule les élections |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/DEPAFP20140524160822/politique-joyce-banda-peter-mutharika-presidentielle-malawi-2014-malawi-la-presidente-du-malawi-au-bord-de-la-defaite-annule-les-elections.html |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2014-05-24}}</ref><ref name="F12">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Élections au Malawi : la présidente Joyce Banda reconnaît sa défaite |url=http://www.lesoir.be/559429/article/actualite/fil-info/fil-info-monde/2014-05-31/elections-au-malawi-presidente-joyce-banda-reconnait-sa-defaite |website=Le Soir |date=2014-05-31}}</ref>. Manda ye yaranzwe n'izamuka ry'ubukungu, aho izamuka ry'ibiciro ryavuye kuri 24 % mu 2014 rikagera munsi ya 10 % mu 2019, ariko kandi n'uburakari bw'abaturage kubera ruswa, ibura ry'ibiribwa n'ibura ry'amashanyarazi; mu 2018, abantu ibihumbi bigaragambije bamagana ruswa<ref name="F9" />. Ubwe yashinjwe kwakira amadolari arenga 200 000 y'umucuruzi wari watsindiye isoko rya polisi<ref name="F9" />. Mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2019, yatangajwe ko yatsinze ku majwi 38,6 %, imbere ya Lazarus Chakwera (35,4 %), wavuze ko habayeho uburiganya<ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Présidentielle au Malawi : l’opposition rejette la victoire de Peter Mutharika |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/782414/politique/presidentielle-au-malawi-lopposition-rejette-la-victoire-de-peter-mutharika/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-05-31}}</ref>. Ku wa 3 Gashyantare 2020, Urukiko rurinda Itegeko Nshinga rwasheshe ayo matora, rutegeka ko asubirwamo; abamurwanyaga bamwita "Perezida Tipp-Ex"<ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Malawi: la Cour constitutionnelle annule la présidentielle de 2019 |url=https://www.lepoint.fr/monde/malawi-la-cour-constitutionnelle-annule-la-presidentielle-de-2019--03-02-2020-2361056_24.php |website=Le Point |date=2020-02-03}}</ref><ref name="F22">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Au Malawi, une décision historique fait chuter « le président Tipp-Ex » |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/02/04/au-malawi-une-decision-historique-fait-chuter-le-president-tipp-ex_6028401_3212.html |website=Le Monde.fr |date=2020-02-04 |access-date=2020-03-14}}</ref>. Mu matora yasubiwemo ku wa 23 Kamena 2020, yatsinzwe na Chakwera washyigikiwe n'ihuriro ry'amashyaka icyenda (Tonse Alliance), wabonye 59,3 % kuri 39,9 %<ref name="F25">{{cite web |language=en |title=Elections May 19 – The Nation Online |url=https://mwnation.com/elections-may-19/ |website=mwnation.com |access-date=2020-02-28}}</ref>. === Hagati ya manda zombi === Muri Kanama 2020, Komisiyo yo kurwanya ruswa ya Malawi yafatiriye konti z'amabanki ze n'iz'umugore we, mu iperereza ku itumizwa rya sima ifite agaciro ka miliyari 5 za kwacha nta misoro<ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=Malawi freezes bank accounts of ex-president Mutharika, wife Gertrude |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/malawi-freezes-bank-accounts-of-ex-president-mutharika-wife-gertrude/ |website=Nyasa Times |date=2020-08-15}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2021, Urukiko Rukuru rwanze icyifuzo cye cyo gukuraho iryo fatira<ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=en |author=Wanga Gwede |title=Malawi: Court Says Mutharika Still Can't Access His Bank Accounts - Ex-Malawi Leader Slapped With Costs |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202101230038.html |website=allAfrica.com |date=2021-01-23 |access-date=2021-01-25}}</ref>. === Manda ya kabiri (kuva 2025) === Muri Kanama 2024, DPP yamutoranyije kuba umukandida mu matora ya perezida yo mu 2025<ref name="E29">{{cite web |language=en |title=Malawi's main opposition party endorses Peter Mutharika as its flag-bearer |url=https://www.africanews.com/2024/08/19/malawis-main-opposition-party-endorses-peter-mutharika-as-its-flag-bearer/ |website=Africanews |date=2024-08-19 |access-date=2024-08-19}}</ref>. Ku wa 16 Nzeri 2025, yatsinze ku majwi 56,8 %, imbere ya Perezida wari uriho Lazarus Chakwera (33 %)<ref name="F28">{{cite web |language=fr |author=bbc |title=Mutharika wins Malawi election, as it happened |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/live/cp3wdzdwzlkt |website=bbc.com |access-date=2025-09-24}}</ref><ref name="E30">{{cite web |author=Gregory Gondwe |title=Former President Mutharika wins Malawi election to oust longtime rival Chakwera |url=https://apnews.com/article/malawi-election-chakwera-07706188fde0f0314348e74919ee3e10 |website=AP News |date=2025-09-25 |access-date=2025-09-26}}</ref>. Ku wa 4 Ukwakira 2025, afite imyaka 85, yarahiriye manda ya kabiri muri sitade Kamuzu i Blantyre<ref name="F29">{{cite web |language=fr |title=courrierinternational.com |url=https://www.courrierinternational.com/article/elections-au-malawi-le-spectaculaire-come-back-de-l-ancien-president-peter-mutharika_235534}}</ref><ref name="E31">{{cite web |title=Peter Mutharika is sworn in as Malawi president in political comeback at the age of 85 |url=https://apnews.com/article/malawi-peter-mutharika-president-inauguration-23ca3ea49c9fce6f3564af5e2a86bb16 |website=AP News |access-date=2025-10-04}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Ukwakira 2025, yatangaje ko amafaranga y'ishuri mu mashuri abanza n'ayisumbuye azakurwaho guhera muri Mutarama 2026, uretse ku mashuri y'abacumbikirwa<ref name="E33">{{cite web |title=Mutharika pledges to end hunger, abolish school fees: Calls for unity, patriotism at Mulhakho wa Alhomwe Festival |url=https://malawi24.com/2025/10/20/mutharika-pledges-to-end-hunger-abolish-school-fees-calls-for-unity-patriotism-at-mulhakho-wa-alhomwe-festival/ |website=Malawi 24 |date=2025-10-21}}</ref><ref name="E34">{{cite web |title=DPP's free secondary education excludes boarding fees |url=https://www.nyasatimes.com/dpps-free-secondary-education-excludes-boarding-fees |website=Malawi Nyasa Times |date=2025-10-21}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yaguze toni 200 000 z'ibigori muri [[Zambiya]] kugira ngo igaburire abantu barenga miliyoni enye bafite ikibazo cy'inzara<ref name="E35">{{cite web |title=Malawian president abolishes school fees, pledges to end hunger |url=https://global.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202510/21/WS68f6e609a310f735438b6135.html |website=China Daily - Global Edition |date=2025-10-21}}</ref>, kandi ku wa 23 Ukwakira itangaza ko izabuza kohereza mu mahanga [[amabuye y'agaciro]] atatunganyijwe<ref name="E37">{{cite web |title=Malawi bans raw mineral exports to save $500m in wealth annually |url=https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/malawi-bans-raw-mineral-exports-to-save-dollar500m-in-wealth-annually/0psmpd7 |website=Business Insider Africa |date=2025-10-23 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260307025209/https://africa.businessinsider.com/local/markets/malawi-bans-raw-mineral-exports-to-save-dollar500m-in-wealth-annually/0psmpd7 |archive-date=2026-03-07 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Afite abakobwa babiri, Moyenda na Monique, n'umuhungu umwe, Mahopela, yabyaranye n'umugore we wa mbere, Christophine, wapfuye azize [[kanseri]] ku wa 1 Mutarama 1990<ref name="E38">{{cite web |author=Green Muheya |title=Peter Mutharika touted cultured character as widower for 30-years |url=http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/04/04/peter-mutharika-touted-cultured-character-as-widower-for-30-years/ |website=Nyasa Times |date=2014-04-04 |access-date=2026-10-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140602194926/http://www.nyasatimes.com/2014/04/04/peter-mutharika-touted-cultured-character-as-widower-for-30-years/ |archive-date=2014-06-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku wa 21 Kamena 2014, yashakanye na Gertrude Maseko, umudepite<ref name="F13">{{cite web |language=en |title=’Til death do us part!’…Malawi President weds |url=http://timesmediamw.com/til-death-do-us-partmalawi-president-weds/ |website=Bnl Times |date=2014-06-22}}</ref><ref name="E40">{{cite web |title=Mutharika weds partner in colourful ceremony |url=http://www.iol.co.za/news/africa/mutharika-weds-partner-in-colourful-ceremony-1.1706988#.U6WYm_RDuSo |website=Independent Online (South Africa) |date=2014-06-21 |access-date=2014-06-21}}</ref>. Ni umuyoboke w'Itorero rya Presbytériens<ref name="E41">{{cite web |title=Mutharika Shuns National Prayers, Opts For Labourers |url=http://www.faceofmalawi.com/2014/05/mutharika-shuns-national-prayers-opts-for-labourers/#sthash.cjApCTc1.dpbs |website=faceofmalawi.com |date=2014-05-01}}</ref>. == Aho byavuye == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro yo hanze == {{Commonscat|Peter Mutharika}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Malawi]] 27xy7af6t2y3kuswpw1hzca6lhvx1yv 0 23233 148409 141406 2026-11-02T00:33:29Z InternetArchiveBot 9716 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 148409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Roch Marc Christian Kaboré | image = Roch Marc Christian Kaboré (04-06-2018).jpg | image_size = 220px | caption = Roch Marc Christian Kaboré mu 2018 | birth_date = 25 Mata 1957 | birth_place = [[Ouagadougou]], Volta ya Ruguru (ubu ni [[Burukina Faso]]) | nationality = Umunyaburukina | alma_mater = Kaminuza ya Dijon | occupation = Umucungamari w'amabanki, umunyapolitiki | title = Perezida wa [[Burukina Faso]] | term = 29 Ukuboza 2015 – 24 Mutarama 2022 | predecessor = Michel Kafando | party = Mouvement du peuple pour le progrès (MPP) | spouse = Sika Bella Kaboré | children = 3 }} '''Roch Marc Christian Kaboré''' (yavutse ku ya 25 Mata 1957 i [[Ouagadougou]]) ni umucungamari w'amabanki akaba n'umunyapolitiki w'Umunyaburukina, wabaye Perezida wa [[Burukina Faso]] kuva ku ya 29 Ukuboza 2015 kugeza ahiritswe n'igisirikare ku ya 24 Mutarama 2022. Yize ubukungu mu Bufaransa, ayobora banki ya Banque internationale du Burkina (BIB), hanyuma aba minisitiri inshuro nyinshi ku butegetsi bwa Blaise Compaoré. Yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 1996, mu gihe cy'igabanywa ry'agaciro k'ifaranga rya CFA, hanyuma aba Perezida w'Inteko Ishinga Amategeko kuva mu 2002 kugeza mu 2012. Mu 2014, yavuye mu ishyaka rya Compaoré, ashinga ishyaka rya Mouvement du peuple pour le progrès (MPP). Yatsinze amatora ya perezida ya 2015 ku cyiciro cya mbere, aba perezida wa mbere mu myaka 49 utari ufitanye isano n'igisirikare, yongera gutorwa mu 2020. Ubutegetsi bwe bwaranzwe n'ibitero by'imitwe y'iterabwoba, maze muri Mutarama 2022 ahirikwa na kudeta iyobowe na Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba. == Ubuzima bwe bwa mbere n'amashuri == Kaboré yavukiye i Ouagadougou, mu muryango w'Abamosi b'Abakristo Gatolika. Se, Charles Bila Kaboré <ref name="F1">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaboré : "mettons nous au travail" |url=http://www.bbc.com/afrique/region/2015/12/151201_profile_roch |website=BBC News Afrique}}</ref>, yari umwarimu waje kuba Minisitiri w'Imari n'uw'Ubuzima ku butegetsi bwa Perezida Maurice Yaméogo, hanyuma visi-guverineri wa Banki Nkuru y'Ibihugu bya Afurika y'Iburengerazuba (BCEAO) <ref name="E7">{{cite web |title=Roch Marc Christian Kaboré |website=AllAfrica |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201512041786.html}}</ref>. Yize amashuri yisumbuye mu ishuri rya Saint-Jean-Baptiste-de-la-Salle i Ouagadougou, kuva mu 1968 kugeza mu 1975. Yize ubukungu muri Kaminuza ya Dijon, mu [[Ubufaransa]], ahabona impamyabumenyi y'icyiciro cya kabiri mu 1979 n'iy'icyiciro cya gatatu mu micungire mu 1980 <ref name="E5">{{cite web |title=Roch Marc Christian Kaboré |website=Assemblée nationale du Burkina Faso |url=http://www.an.bf/SiteAn/president/biographie.html |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628092420/http://www.an.bf/SiteAn/president/biographie.html |archive-date=2008-06-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri icyo gihe, yari umuyoboke w'ihuriro ry'abanyeshuri b'Abirabura b'Abanyafurika mu Bufaransa (FEANF). == Umwuga mu mabanki na politiki == Agarutse mu gihugu, mu gihe cy'impinduramatwara ya [[Thomas Sankara]], Kaboré yari umuyoboke w'umutwe wa politiki w'ibumoso, ULC-R. Mu 1984, afite imyaka 27, yagizwe umuyobozi mukuru wa Banque internationale du Burkina (BIB), imwe mu banki nkuru z'igihugu, kugeza muri Nzeri 1989 <ref name="E7" /><ref name="E8">{{cite web |title=Roch Marc Christian Kaboré |website=Petite Académie du Burkina Faso |url=http://www.petiteacademie.gov.bf/Personnalite/Personnalite.asp?CodePersonnalite=249 |access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref>. Muri uwo mwaka, Perezida Blaise Compaoré yamugize Minisitiri w'Ubwikorezi n'Itumanaho <ref name="F2">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina : ce qu’il faut savoir sur Roch Marc Christian Kaboré |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/282904/politique/burkina-quil-faut-savoir-roch-marc-christian-kabore/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Mu 1992, yatorewe kuba umudepite uhagarariye intara ya Kadiogo, hanyuma aba Minisitiri w'Imari n'Igenamigambi kuva mu 1992 kugeza mu 1993 <ref name="E11">{{cite web |title=Ministre |url=https://www.finances.gov.bf/ministere/ministre |website=Ministère de l'Économie et des Finances du Burkina Faso |date=2019-05-18 |access-date=2020-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804163142/https://www.finances.gov.bf/ministere/ministre |archive-date=2020-08-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ku ya 20 Werurwe 1994, nyuma y'igabanywa ry'agaciro k'ifaranga rya CFA ryateje izamuka rikabije ry'ibiciro, Compaoré yamugize Minisitiri w'Intebe. Muri Gashyantare 1996, ubwo ishyaka rishya rya Congrès pour la démocratie et le progrès (CDP) ryashingwaga, yeguye ku mwanya wa Minisitiri w'Intebe, aba visi-perezida wa mbere w'iryo shyaka n'umujyanama wihariye wa perezida <ref name="E9">{{cite web |title=Roch Marc Christian Kaboré |website=Africatime |url=http://www.africatime.com/burkina/nouvelle.asp?no_nouvelle=21588&no_categorie |access-date=2018-02-23}}</ref>. Ku ya 6 Kamena 2002, yatorewe kuyobora Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, asimbura Mélégué Traoré <ref name="E10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Rapport de la mission d'observation de l'élection présidentielle du 13 novembre 2005 |url=http://democratie.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/BURKINA_RMO13112005.pdf |website=Organisation internationale de la Francophonie}}</ref>, kandi yongera gutorerwa uwo mwanya mu 2007 <ref name="E12">{{cite web |title=List of candidates elected to the National Assembly in 2007 |website=Assemblée nationale du Burkina Faso |url=http://www.an.bf/SiteAn/afficher.jsp?code=140 |access-date=2026-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070810101731/http://www.an.bf/SiteAn/afficher.jsp?code=140 |archive-date=2007-08-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Muri Kanama 2003, yabaye perezida wa CDP. === Kuva muri CDP no gushinga MPP === Mu ntangiriro z'imyaka ya 2010, Kaboré yagiye ashyirwa ku ruhande muri CDP <ref name="F4">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Rédaction B24 |title=10 infos sur un candidat : Roch Marc Christian Kaboré. |website=Burkina 24 |url=https://burkina24.com/2020/11/04/10-infos-sur-un-candidat-roch-marc-christian-kabore/}}</ref><ref name="F5">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Guy Sana |title=Assimi Kouanda meurt en exil : Le meilleur islamologue du Burkina « tué » par la politique |url=https://lefaso.net/spip.php?article105181 |website=Lefaso.net}}</ref>. Ku ya 6 Mutarama 2014, we n'abandi bayobozi bakomeye b'ishyaka, Simon Compaoré na Salif Diallo, beguye muri CDP, bamagana imiyoborere idaha abandi ijambo n'umugambi wo guhindura Itegeko Nshinga kugira ngo Blaise Compaoré ashobore kongera kwiyamamaza mu 2015 <ref name="F6">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Christophe Boisbouvier |title=Roch Marc Christian Kaboré : «Une seule personne ne peut pas penser définitivement un pays» |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140108-burkina-faso-considerons-personne-penser-definitivement-pays-kabore-cdp-constitution |website=RFI |access-date=2015-12-02}}</ref><ref name="E13">{{cite web |title=Burkina: vague de démissions au sein du parti de Compaoré |website=AFP |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5i1g-5bKZWfeuMZjLsGjv9YJ-sIcA?docId=4e74958d-80ee-4bd4-b9b7-79784f3716fa&hl=en}}</ref>. Ku ya 25 Mutarama 2014, bashinze ishyaka rya Mouvement du peuple pour le progrès (MPP), riyoborwa na Kaboré <ref name="F7">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : le premier meeting du nouveau parti MPP à Bobo Dioulasso |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20140301-burkina-faso-le-premier-meeting-nouveau-parti-mpp-bobo-dioulasso-salif-diallo-roch-march-christian-kabore/ |website=RFI |access-date=2016-01-08}}</ref><ref name="E14">{{cite web |title=Roch Marc Christian Kaboré à la tête d'un nouveau parti d'opposition |website=Jeune Afrique |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/Article/ARTJAWEB20140126155330/salif-diallo-simon-compaore-congres-pour-la-democratie-et-le-progres-mouvement-du-peuple-burkina-faso-roch-marc-christian-kabore-a-la-tete-d-un-nouveau-parti-d-opposition.html}}</ref>. Mu mpera z'Ukwakira 2014, imyigaragambyo y'abaturage yahiritse Blaise Compaoré. == Perezida wa Burukina Faso == Mu matora ya perezida yo ku ya 29 Ugushyingo 2015, Kaboré yatsinze ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 53,49%, imbere ya Zéphirin Diabré <ref name="F9">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Kaboré élu président du Burkina Faso dès le premier tour |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20151201-kabore-elu-president-burkina-faso-premier-tour%20« |website=RFI |date=2015-12-01}}</ref><ref name="E18">{{cite web |title=Kabore wins Burkina Faso presidential election |website=Yahoo! News |url=https://news.yahoo.com/kabore-wins-burkina-faso-presidential-vote-electoral-commission-003634457.html}}</ref>. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida ku ya 29 Ukuboza 2015, asimbura Michel Kafando wari perezida w'inzibacyuho <ref name="F10">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Roch Marc Christian Kaboré prend les rênes du Burkina Faso |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20151229-roch-marc-christian-kabore-prend-renes-burkina-faso |website=RFI |access-date=2015-12-29}}</ref><ref name="E19">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso swears in new president, capping transition |website=Yahoo! News |url=https://news.yahoo.com/burkina-faso-swears-president-capping-transition-161614791.html}}</ref>. Yagize Paul Kaba Thiéba Minisitiri w'Intebe <ref name="F14">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Paul Kaba Thieba nommé au poste de Premier Ministre |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160107-burkina-faso-paul-kaba-thieba-est-nomme-poste-premier-ministre |website=RFI |access-date=2016-01-08}}</ref><ref name="E20">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso's president names economist as prime minister |website=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-burkina-politics-idUSKBN0UL0PC20160107}}</ref>, ndetse afata n'inshingano za Minisitiri w'Ingabo kugeza mu 2017 <ref name="E21">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso president takes defence portfolio in new cabinet |website=Yahoo! News |url=https://news.yahoo.com/burkina-faso-president-takes-defence-portfolio-cabinet-154652280.html}}</ref><ref name="E22">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso president steps down from defence portfolio |website=Africanews |url=http://www.africanews.com/2017/02/21/burkina-faso-president-names-steps-down-from-defence-portfolio/}}</ref>. Ibyumweru bibiri nyuma yo kurahira, ku ya 15 Mutarama 2016, igitero cy'iterabwoba cyagabwe kuri resitora na hoteli i Ouagadougou, cyigambwe n'umutwe wa Al-Qaïda mu Majyaruguru ya Afurika (AQMI), gihitana abantu mirongo itatu <ref name="F16">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Attaque de Ouagadougou: la faiblesse du renseignement en question? |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160118-burkina-attaque-ouagadougou-faiblesse-renseignement-question-compaore |website=RFI |date=2016 |access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref>. Ibindi bitero byakurikiyeho mu majyaruguru y'igihugu, hafi y'imipaka na [[Mali]] na [[Nigeri]] <ref name="F17">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: deux morts après l’attaque d’un poste de douane dans le Nord |url=http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20160902-burkina-faso-deux-morts-apres-attaque-poste-douane-le-nord |website=RFI |date=2016 |access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref><ref name="F18">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Attaque de Ouagadougou : qui sont les véritables commanditaires ? Par Leslie Varenne |url=http://www.ivoirebusiness.net/articles/attaque-de-ouagadougou-qui-sont-les-v%C3%A9ritables-commanditaires-par-leslie-varenne |website=Ivoirebusiness |date=2016-01-20 |access-date=2017-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810051025/http://www.ivoirebusiness.net/articles/attaque-de-ouagadougou-qui-sont-les-v%C3%A9ritables-commanditaires-par-leslie-varenne |archive-date=2017-08-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref>. Guverinoma ye yashyizeho ikigo cy'igihugu gishinzwe ubutasi, kandi Burukina Faso ifatanya n'ibihugu by'akarere mu itsinda rya G5 Sahel <ref name="F19">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina : objectif juin 2017 pour l'Agence nationale de renseignement |url=http://www.jeuneafrique.com/mag/336844/politique/burkina-objectif-juin-2017-lagence-nationale-de-renseignement/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2016-07-01 |access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref><ref name="F20">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : le bilan des cent jours de Roch Kaboré |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/04/06/burkina-faso-le-bilan-des-cent-jours-de-roch-kabore_4896633_3212.html |website=Le Monde |date=2016-04-06 |access-date=2017-01-31}}</ref>. Muri Mutarama 2019, Minisitiri w'Intebe Thiéba yeguye, asimburwa na Christophe Dabiré <ref name="F15">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : l’économiste Christophe Dabiré nommé Premier ministre |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/712238/politique/burkina-faso-christophe-dabire-nomme-premier-ministre/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2019-01-21 |access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>. Ku ya 22 Ugushyingo 2020, Kaboré yongeye gutorwa ku cyiciro cya mbere n'amajwi 57,87% <ref name="E24">{{cite web |language=en |author=AFP-Agence France Presse |title=Burkina President Vows Push For Security At Inauguration |url=https://www.barrons.com/news/burkina-president-vows-push-for-security-at-inauguration-01609173303 |website=Barron's |date=2020-12-28 |access-date=2021-01-06}}</ref>. === Ihirikwa ry'ubutegetsi === Ku ya 14 Ugushyingo 2021, abarwanyi b'imitwe ya kisilamu bateye ikigo cya gisirikare cya Inata, bica abasirikare 53 n'abasivili 4; ibyo byateje imyigaragambyo isaba ko Kaboré yegura, kubera ko ubutegetsi bwe bwananiwe kurinda abaturage <ref name="F64">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: le président rejette le rapport d’enquête de l’armée sur le drame d’Inata |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20211207-burkina-le-pr%C3%A9sident-rejette-le-rapport-d-enqu%C3%AAte-de-l-arm%C3%A9e-sur-le-drame-d-inata |website=RFI}}</ref><ref name="F65">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Nadoun Coulibaly |title=Burkina Faso : la grogne monte contre Roch Marc Christian Kaboré |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1267471/politique/burkina-faso-la-grogne-monte-contre-roch-marc-christian-kabore/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref>. Ku ya 23 Mutarama 2022, abasirikare bigometse, maze bukeye Kaboré afatwa, ahirikwa ku butegetsi, Itegeko Nshinga rihagarikwa, maze Liyetona-Koloneli Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba aba umukuru w'igihugu <ref name="F69">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'Etat au Burkina Faso |url=https://www.francetvinfo.fr/monde/afrique/societe-africaine/ce-que-l-on-sait-de-la-tentative-de-coup-d-etat-au-burkina-faso_4927939.html |website=Franceinfo |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref><ref name="F70">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso: des militaires annoncent à la télévision nationale la destitution du président Kaboré |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220124-burkina-faso-mutineries-arrestation-kabore-coup-etat-rumeurs |website=RFI |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref><ref name="E3">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso army says it has deposed President Kabore |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/24/burkina-faso-army-says-it-has-deposed-president-kabore |website=Al Jazeera |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref><ref name="E4">{{cite web |language=en |title=Burkina Faso military says it has seized power |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60118993 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-24}}</ref>. Umutwe wa gisirikare wakoze kudeta watangaje ibaruwa yanditswe n'intoki n'uwahoze ari perezida, yegura « ku bw'inyungu z'igihugu » <ref name="E25">{{cite web |language=en |author=Anne Mimault And Thiam Ndiaga |title=Burkina Faso crowd celebrates West Africa's latest coup |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/burkina-faso-crowd-celebrates-west-africas-latest-coup-2022-01-25/ |website=Reuters |date=2022-01-25 |access-date=2022-01-26}}</ref>. Nk'uko Perezida wa Kote Divuwari, [[Alassane Ouattara]], abivuga, Kaboré yahisemo kwegura kugira ngo yirinde imirwano hagati y'abasirikare <ref name="F74">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Ouattara pour un accompagnement du Burkina dans sa lutte contre le terrorisme |url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20220130-ouattara-pour-un-accompagnement-du-burkina-dans-sa-lutte-contre-le-terrorisme |website=RFI |date=2022-01-30 |access-date=2022-01-31}}</ref><ref name="F75">{{cite web |language=fr |title=Burkina Faso : Roch Marc Christian Kaboré, un président lassé du pouvoir |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1307929/politique/burkina-faso-roch-marc-christian-kabore-un-president-lasse-du-pouvoir/ |website=Jeune Afrique |access-date=2022-03-03}}</ref>. Yabanje gufungirwa mu kigo cya gisirikare, hanyuma iwe <ref name="E26">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso president reportedly detained by military |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-60109234 |website=BBC News |date=2022-01-24 |access-date=2022-01-05}}</ref><ref name="E27">{{cite web |language=en |title=Former ruling party demands release of Kabore from house arrest |url=https://www.africanews.com/2022/02/24/former-ruling-party-demands-release-of-kabore-from-house-arrest/ |website=Africanews |date=2022-02-24 |access-date=2022-02-24}}</ref>; nyuma y'igitutu cya CEDEAO, yararekuwe muri Mata 2022 <ref name="F77">{{cite web |language=fr |author=Benjamin Roger |title=Burkina Faso : Roch Marc Christian Kaboré a été libéré |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1336839/politique/burkina-faso-roch-marc-christian-kabore-libere/ |website=Jeune Afrique}}</ref><ref name="E29">{{cite web |title=Burkina Faso ex-President Roch Kabore allowed out of detention |website=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/burkina-faso-ex-president-roch-kabore-allowed-out-detention-2022-04-06/}}</ref>. == Ubuzima bwite == Kaboré yashakanye na Sika Bella Kaboré, bamenyaniye mu Bufaransa ari abanyeshuri; bashyingiranwe mu 1982, bafitanye abana batatu <ref name="E6">{{cite web |author=Benjamin Roger |title=Burkina : qui est Sika Bella Kaboré, la nouvelle première dame du Faso? |url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/285693/politique/burkina-sika-bella-kabore-nouvelle-premiere-dame-faso/ |website=Jeune Afrique |date=2015-12-09 |access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>. == Amashakiro == {{reflist}} [[Category:Abagabo]] [[Category:Abaperezida]] [[Category:Abanyapolitiki]] [[Category:Abantu bakiriho muri Afurika]] [[Category:Burukina Faso]] 46d8hyx28melkjxqaj18vthv3y9bkz2 0 23930 148408 148399 2026-11-02T00:11:47Z Score Beethoven 11559 148408 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Moi, le dernier Tutsi.jpg|thumb|upright|Igitabo ''[[Moi, le dernier Tutsi]]'' ku [[Urwibutso rwa Jenoside rwa Mayunzwe]]]] '''Bibliografiya na firime''' ni urutonde rw'ibitabo na filime bivuga kuri [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994|Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi]] mu 1994. Uru rutonde ntirwuzuye. Rugaragaza ibitabo na filime by'ingenzi. == Ibitabo == Mu 2024, ikinyamakuru ''Le Grand Continent'' cyasohoye urutonde rw'ibitabo byo gusoma kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. Ibitabo bikurikira biri kuri urwo rutonde.<ref name="gc2024">{{Cite web |url=https://legrandcontinent.eu/fr/2024/04/07/la-genocide-des-tutsi-au-rwanda-une-liste-de-lectures/ |title=Le génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda : une liste de lectures |website=Le Grand Continent |author1=Florian Louis |author2=Anthony Guyon |date=2024-04-07 |access-date=2026-11-02 |language=fr}}</ref> === Ubuhamya n'ubuvanganzo === * [[Charles Habonimana]], ''[[Moi, le dernier Tutsi]]'', Plon, 2019. * [[Scholastique Mukasonga]], ''Inyenzi ou les Cafards'', Gallimard, 2006. * Scholastique Mukasonga, ''L'Iguifou. Nouvelles rwandaises'', Gallimard, 2010. * Scholastique Mukasonga, ''Notre-Dame du Nil'', Gallimard, 2012. * [[Gaël Faye]], ''Petit pays'', Grasset, 2016. * Beata Umubyeyi Mairesse, ''Le convoi'', Flammarion, 2024. * [[Jean Hatzfeld]], ''Récits des marais rwandais'', Seuil, 2014. * Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, ''Une initiation. Rwanda (1994-2016)'', Seuil, 2017. * Guillaume Ancel, ''Rwanda, la fin du silence. Témoignage d'un officier français'', Les Belles Lettres, 2022. === Amateka n'ubushakashatsi === * Florent Piton, ''Le génocide des Tutsi du Rwanda'', La Découverte, 2018. * [[Vincent Duclert]] (dir.), ''Le Génocide des Tutsi au Rwanda (1959-2023). Devoir de recherche et droit à la vérité'', Seuil, 2023. * Vincent Duclert, ''La France face au génocide des Tutsi. Le grand scandale de la Ve République'', Tallandier, 2024. * Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, Annette Becker, Samuel Kuhn na Jean-Philippe Schreiber (dir.), ''Le choc. Rwanda 1994 : le génocide des Tutsi'', Gallimard, 2024. * Hélène Dumas, ''Le Génocide au village. Le massacre des Tutsi au Rwanda'', Seuil, 2014. * Hélène Dumas, ''Sans ciel ni terre. Paroles orphelines du génocide des Tutsi (1994-2006)'', La Découverte, 2019. * Jean-Paul Kimonyo, ''Rwanda. Un génocide populaire'', Karthala, 2008. * Jean-Pierre Chrétien (dir.), ''Rwanda. Les médias du génocide'', Karthala, 2002. * Jean-Pierre Chrétien na Marcel Kabanda, ''Rwanda. Racisme et génocide. L'idéologie hamitique'', Belin, 2013. * Philippe Denis, ''The Genocide against the Tutsi, and the Rwandan Churches. Between Grief and Denial'', 2022. * Timothy Longman, ''Memory and Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda'', Cambridge University Press, 2017. == Filime == Mu 2022, ikinyamakuru ''The New Times'' cyasohoye urutonde rwa filime 10 kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.<ref name="nt2022">{{Cite news |url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/194807/Entertainment/10-films-about-the-1994-genocide-against-the-tutsi |title=10 films about the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi |work=The New Times |author=Emmanuel Gatera |date=2022-04-06 |access-date=2026-11-02 |language=en}}</ref> Izo filime ni izi: * ''100 Days'' (2001), ya Nick Hughes. Yakozwe na Nick Hughes na [[Eric Kabera]]. Ni yo filime ya mbere y'inkuru yakozwe kuri Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi. * ''The 600''. Ivuga ku ruhare rw'abasirikare 600 b'Ingabo za FPR bari i [[Kigali]]. * ''The Day God Walked Away''. * ''Shake Hands with the Devil'', ya Roger Spottiswoode. Ishingiye ku gitabo cya [[Roméo Dallaire]]. * ''[[Sometimes in April]]'', ya Raoul Peck. * ''Trees of Peace''. Ivuga ku bagore bane bihishe mu cyumba cyo munsi y'ubutaka. * ''Shooting Dogs''. Ibera muri École Technique Officielle (ETO) i Kigali. * ''My Neighbour My Killer''. Ivuga ku nkiko Gacaca. * ''Munyurangabo'' (2007), ya Lee Isaac Chung. Ni yo filime ya mbere y'inkuru yakozwe mu Kinyarwanda. * ''Kinyarwanda''. Indi filime izwi cyane ni ''[[Hotel Rwanda]]'', ya Terry George.<ref name="aj">{{Cite news |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2006/4/18/survivors-pan-rwanda-war-films |title=Survivors pan Rwanda war films |work=Al Jazeera |agency=Reuters |date=2006-04-18 |access-date=2026-11-02 |language=en}}</ref> Abarokotse bamwe banenze ''Sometimes in April'', ''Shooting Dogs'' na ''Hotel Rwanda''. Bavuze ko izo filime zitavuga ukuri kose ku byabaye.<ref name="aj" /> Perezida [[Paul Kagame]] na we yanenze uko ''Hotel Rwanda'' igaragaza [[Paul Rusesabagina]].<ref name="aj" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == * [[Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi muri 1994]] * [[Uruhare rw'Ubufaransa muri jenoside y'Abatutsi mu Rwanda]] {{Palette Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu Rwanda}} [[Ikiciro:Ibitabo]] [[Ikiciro:Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994]] pj5obsczwjbjo9alwjhes4n5f4g3yo7