Wikipedia rwwiki https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangiriro MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.1 first-letter Itangazamakuru Ibidasanzwe Ibiganiro Umukoresha Ibiganiro by'umukoresha Wikipedia Ibiganiro kuri Wikipedia Dosiye Ibiganiro kuri dosiye MediyaWiki Ibiganiro kuri MediyaWiki Inyandikorugero Ibiganiro ku nyandikorugero Ubufasha Ibiganiro ku bufasha Ikiciro Ibiganiro ku byiciro TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 775 148474 144114 2026-11-03T06:35:39Z Score Beethoven 11559 148474 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=300 style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big>'''Repubulika y'u Rwanda<br />Republic of Rwanda<br />République du Rwanda<br />Jamhuri ya Rwanda'''</big> |- | style="background:#efefef;" align="center" colspan=2 | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[File:Flag of Rwanda.svg|125px]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[File:Coat of arms of Rwanda.svg|125px]] |- | align="center" width="140px" | [[Ibendera rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda|<span style="color:grey">Ibendera rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda</span>]] | align="center" width="140px" | [[Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta y’u Rwanda|<span style="color:grey">Ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko za Leta y’u Rwanda</span>]] |} |- | align=center colspan=2 | [[File:Rwanda (orthographic projection with locator).svg|300px]] |} '''U Rwanda''' ni igihugu giherereye muri Afurika y'uburasirazuba, mu karere k’[[Ibiyaga Bigari|ibiyaga bigari]]. Umurwa mukuru wacyo ni [[Kigali]]. U Rwanda rufite ubuso bwa km² 26 338. Rutuwe n’abaturage barenga miliyoni 14 (2024). U Rwanda ni kimwe mu bihugu bifite ubucucike bw’abaturage buri hejuru muri [[Afurika]]. U Rwanda rugizwe n'uturere 30 n'imirenge 416. == Imiterere n’Imipaka == U Rwanda ntirukora ku nyanja. Ruhana imbibi n'ibihugu bine: * [[Uburundi|Burundi]] mu majyepfo, * [[Tanzaniya]] mu burasirazuba, * [[Uganda]] mu majyaruguru, * [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] mu burengerazuba. Igihugu gifite [[Ibirunga byu Rwanda|ibirunga]], ibiyaga (nk’[[ikiyaga cya Kivu]], [[Ikiyaga cya Rweru|Rweru]], [[Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo|Ruhondo]], [[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Muhazi]],...) n’imigezi myinshi. Umwe muri iyo migezi ni isoko y’uruzi rwa [[Nili]]. Umusozi muremure kurusha indi ni [[Umusozi wa kalisimbi|Kalisimbi]], ufite ubutumburuke bwa m 4 519. Ahantu hari hasi cyane ni mu kibaya cya Rusizi (m 950). == Ubuyobozi == U Rwanda ni Repubulika. Iyoborwa na Perezida utorwa n'abaturage mu [[Amatora|matora]]. Ubuyobozi bugendera ku Itegeko Nshinga ryatowe mu 2003. Igihugu kigizwe n’intara enye n’Umujyi wa Kigali. Kigizwe kandi n'[[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|uturere]] 30, imirenge 416, [[Akagari|utugari]] 2 148 n'[[imidugudu]] 14 837.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.westernprovince.gov.rw/en/intara-1/uturere |title=Uturere |website=Intara y'Iburengerazuba (Western Province) |access-date=2025-11-11 |archive-date=2024-11-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241103205840/https://www.westernprovince.gov.rw/en/intara-1/uturere |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ururimi == Abanyarwanda bose bavuga ururimi rumwe. Urwo rurimi rurabahuza kandi rukabaranga aho bari hose. Mu Rwanda hemewe indimi enye: * [[Ikinyarwanda]] (ururimi gakondo), * [[Icyongereza]], * [[Igifaransa]], * [[Igiswahili|Igiswayire]]. == Ibimenyetso by’Igihugu == U Rwanda rufite ibirango bitatu biruranga mu ruhando rw'ibindi bihugu. Ibyo birango (ibimenyetso) ni ibi bikurikira:<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://x.com/lyvine_rwanda/status/1854124418471256089 |title=Lyvine Rwanda (@lyvine_rwanda) |website=X (Twitter) |date=2024-11-06 |language=rw}}</ref> * Ibendera: Ibendera ry'u Rwanda rifite amabara atatu. Uhereye hejuru ugana hasi, ni ubururu, umuhondo n'icyatsi kibisi. Mu ibara ry'ubururu harimo ishusho y'izuba. Iryo zuba rifite imirasire 24 y'ibara rya zahabu. Iyo mirasire isobanura urumuri rumurikira Abanyarwanda, abaturarwanda n'inshuti z'u Rwanda. Isobanura kandi gukorera hamwe nta vangura no kurwanya ubujiji. Ibara ry'ubururu risobanura amahoro n'umutekano urambye by'Abanyarwanda. Ibara ry'umuhondo risobanura iterambere ry'ubukungu rishingiye ku mbaraga z'Abanyarwanda. Ibara ry'icyatsi kibisi risobanura icyizere kirambye cy'Abanyarwanda. * Ikirangantego: Ku kirangantego cy'u Rwanda handitseho intego y'igihugu: « Ubumwe, Umurimo, Gukunda Igihugu ». * Indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu: Indirimbo yubahiriza igihugu cy'u Rwanda yitwa ''[[Rwanda Nziza]]''. Iyi ndirimbo igizwe n'ibitero bine. == Ubukungu == Ubukungu bushingiye ku buhinzi, cyane cyane [[ikawa]] n’[[icyayi]]. Ibindi bihingwa ni [[Igitoki|ibitoki]], [[imyumbati]], [[amasaka]] n’[[Ikirayi|ibirayi]]. Amatungo ([[inka]], [[ihene]], [[intama]]) na yo ni ingenzi mu mibereho y’abaturage. == Ubukerarugendo == U Rwanda rwamenyekanye cyane ku bukerarugendo bushingiye ku nyamaswa n’umurage w’umuco. Pariki zikomeye ni: * [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga|Pariki y’Ibirunga]], * [[Pariki ya Nyungwe]], * [[Pariki y'Akagera|Pariki y’Akagera]]. == Idini == Abaturage benshi ni [[Ubukirisitu|Abakirisitu]] ([[Kiliziya Gatolika|Abagatolika]], Abangilikani, Abaporotesitanti). Hari kandi [[Islamu|Abayisilamu]] n’abayoboke b'amadini mato atandukanye.[[Dosiye:View from Virunga Lodge in Rwanda of Mount Muhavura.jpg|thumb|281x281px|Imisozi y'u Rwanda n'ikirunga cya Muhabura]] [[File:Rwanda (rw) pronunciation.ogg|thumb|Rwanda (rw) pronunciation]] [[Dosiye:Kigali Arena|thumb|Aho u Rwanda rugeze mu iterambere]] U Rwanda ni [[igihugu]] giherereye muri [[Afurika]] y'uburasirazuba, mu karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari. Ruri munsi y'umurongo wa Koma y'Isi. [[Dosiye:Communes_of_Rwanda_in_1994.svg|thumb|Komini z'u Rwanda mu 1994]] [[Umurwa]] mukuru w’u Rwanda ni [[Kigali]]. Iki gihugu gikunze kwitwa « igihugu cy'imisozi igihumbi ». Gikoresha indimi enye: [[Ikinyarwanda]], [[Icyongereza]], [[Igifaransa]] n'[[igiswahili|Igiswayire]]. Ururimi gakondo rw'Abanyarwanda ni Ikinyarwanda. Ubutegetsi bw'u Rwanda burigenga. Ubuyobozi bufite intego yo guteza imbere abaturage. Imiyoborere y'igihugu ntishingiye ku idini. [[Ibirango by’igihugu]] cy’u Rwanda ni [[ibendera]], ikimenyetso mpamo cy’inyandiko z'ubuyobozi, intego n’indirimbo y’igihugu. [[Intego ya Repubulika]] ni [[Ubumwe]], [[Umurimo]], [[Gukunda Igihugu]]. [[Indirimbo y’Igihugu]] ni [[Rwanda Nziza]]. U Rwanda rugizwe n'intara 4 n'Umujyi wa Kigali, uturere 30 n'imirenge 416. Rufite abaturage barenga miliyoni 14. == [[Amateka y'u Rwanda|Amateka]] == U Rwanda ruri mu bihugu 10 bya mbere bikungahaye ku [[ubukerarugendo|bukerarugendo]] bushingiye ku muco n'umurage ndangamateka. == Ubumenyi bw'isi == [[File:Map of Rwanda.png|300px|Map of Rwanda]] U Rwanda ni igihugu kidakora ku nyanja. Kiri muri Afurika y'uburasirazuba, mu karere k’Ibiyaga Bigari. Rufite [[Ikirunga|ibirunga]] bitanu, ibiyaga 23 n’imigezi myinshi. Umwe muri iyo migezi ni isoko y’uruzi rwa [[Nili]]. U Rwanda rufite ubuso bwa km² 26 338. Ubutaka bufite km² 24 948, amazi agafite km² 1 390. Mu 2016, abaturage babarirwaga hafi 11 533 446 (National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda). Ni ukuvuga abantu 438 kuri km². U Rwanda ruri mu bihugu bituwe cyane muri Afurika. [[File:Rwanda Gitarama landscape.JPG|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;"></span>]] Imipaka y'u Rwanda n'ibihugu bituranye na rwo ireshya na km 893: [[Uburundi]] mu majyepfo (km 290), [[Tanzaniya]] mu burasirazuba (km 217), [[Ubugande]] mu majyaruguru (km 169) na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] mu burengerazuba (km 217). U Rwanda rufite ibihe bibiri by’imvura. [[Itumba]] riva muri Gashyantare rikageza muri Gicurasi. Umuhindo uva muri Nzeri ukageza muri Mutarama. Mu misozi, ikirere kiba gikonje gato. Rimwe na rimwe hagwa urubura. Imiterere y’ubutaka bw'igihugu iratandukanye. Mu majyaruguru higanje ibirunga. Mu burengerazuba hari [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]. Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga iri mu misozi miremire n’amashyamba yo mu majyaruguru. Iyo pariki ibamo [[ingagi]] zizwi cyane ku Isi. Ingagi ni [[inyamaswa]] nini zizwiho kwita ku miryango yazo. Ikiyaga cya Kivu gifite umusenyi mwiza ku nkengero zacyo, cyane cyane ku [[Akarere ka Karongi|Kibuye]]. Kivu irimo kandi uturwa twinshi. Ahantu hari hasi cyane mu Rwanda ni mu kibaya cya Rusizi, ku butumburuke bwa m 950. Ahantu harehare cyane ni ikirunga cya Kalisimbi, gifite ubutumburuke bwa m 4 519. Pariki z’igihugu ni izi: * [[Pariki ya Nyungwe]] * [[Pariki y'Akagera]] * [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]] [[File:Tour_du_Rwanda_2020.png|thumb|Tour du Rwanda 2020]] == Intara == Igihugu cy’u Rwanda kigabanyijemo intara 4 n’Umujyi wa Kigali. Intara zigabanyijemo uturere, imirenge, utugari n'imidugudu. Igihugu cyose gifite uturere 30 n'imirenge 416. Kugeza mu 2005, u Rwanda rwari rugabanyijemo intara 12 na komini 116. Izo ntara zari: Umujyi wa Kigali, intara ya Kigali Ngali, intara ya Gitarama, intara ya [[Butare]], intara ya Gikongoro, [[Cyangugu|intara ya Cyangugu]], intara ya Kibuye, intara ya Gisenyi, intara ya Ruhengeri, intara ya [[Byumba]], intara y’Umutara, intara ya Kibungo. Ibi byahindutse ku wa 1 Mutarama 2006. Byakozwe muri gahunda yo kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage no kuvugurura ubutegetsi. U Rwanda rwagabanyijwemo intara enye n’Umujyi wa Kigali. Izo nzego zigabanyijemo [[Uturere tw’u Rwanda|uturere]] 30. Uturere tugabanyijemo imirenge 416 n’[[Akagari|utugari]] 2 148. Amazina, umubare n’ibyicaro by’intara n’iby’Umujyi wa Kigali bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ikurikira: [[Dosiye:RwandaGeoProvinces.png|thumb|200px|<span style="color:grey;">Intara n’Uturere</span>]] {| border="0" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="5" |- bgcolor="#aaaaaa" |N° |Izina |Icyicaro |Akarere karimo icyicaro |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |1 |[[Intara y’Amajyaruguru]] |[[Kinihira]] |[[Akarere ka Rulindo]] |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |2 |[[Intara y’Amajyepfo]] |[[Busasamana]] |[[Akarere ka Nyanza]] |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |3 |[[Intara y'Iburasirazuba|Intara y'Uburasirazuba]] |[[Kigabiro]] |[[Akarere ka Rwamagana]] |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |4 |[[Intara y'Uburengerazuba]] |[[Bwishyura]] |[[Akarere ka Karongi]] |- bgcolor="#dddddd" |5 |[[Umujyi wa Kigali]] |[[Nyarugenge]] |[[Akarere ka Nyarugenge]] |} == [[Idini|Iyobokamana]] == [[Dosiye:RwamaganaChurch.jpg|thumb|left|100px|]] [[Abanyarwanda]] benshi ni abayoboke b'amadini abiri akomeye: [[Ubukirisitu]] ([[Kiliziya Gatolika|Abagatolika]], [[Abaporoso]], [[Abapresibuteliyani]] n’[[abangilikani]]) n’[[Islamu|Ubuyisilamu]]. Hari kandi [[Abahamya ba Yehova]]. [[Kiliziya Gatolika]] ni yo yashinze imizi cyane mu Rwanda. Abanyarwanda benshi ni Abagatolika. Kiliziya rero ifite uruhare runini mu buzima bwa buri munsi. Hari n'andi madini y’Abakirisitu mu Rwanda, ariko ntakomeye nka Kiliziya Gatolika. Kiliziya Gatolika ni yo dini rya mbere ryinjiye mu Rwanda, mu 1900. Yari iyobowe na Musenyeri Hirth wo mu muryango w’Abapadiri Bera. Abapadiri Bera bazanywe mu Rwanda n’[[Ubudage|Abadage]]. Icyo gihe Abadage bategekaga u Rwanda, u Burundi na Tanzaniya. Abadage barindaga Abapadiri Bera. Bizeraga ko na bo bazashyigikira ubutegetsi bw’Abadage mu Rwanda. Ibarura ry’abaturage rya 2002 ryagaragaje uko amadini ahagaze: Abagatolika (49.5%), Abaporotesitanti bo mu madini atandukanye (27.2%), Abadivantisiti (12.2%), Abahamya ba Yehova n'andi madini ya gikirisitu (4%), abatagira idini (3.6%), Abayisilamu (1.8%) n'indi myemerere (1.7%). Iri barura ryagaragaje ko 98.3% by’abatuye u Rwanda bavuga ko bafite idini. Amadini rero ahuza abantu benshi. Atandukanye n’idini gakondo kuko ahuza abayoboke bayo. Abaha kandi gahunda y’imitekerereze n’imyitwarire. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ishami Rishinzwe Uburere Mboneragihugu, Ukwakire, 2006 |url=http://www.nurc.gov.rw/documents/researches/Syllabus_Ingando.pdf |access-date=2010-12-25 |archive-date=2012-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029113019/http://www.nurc.gov.rw/documents/researches/Syllabus_Ingando.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ibendera rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda == [[Dosiye:Secretary Kerry and Rwandan President Kagame Pose for A Photo With Rwandan Foreign Minister Musikiwabo and U.S. Ambassador Barks-Ruggles in Kigali (30326383225).jpg|center|thumb|480x480px|Paul Kagame, Perezida wa Repubulika y'u Rwanda (uwa kabiri uhereye iburyo)]] [[Ibendera]] ry’igihugu rigizwe n’amabara atatu: ubururu, umuhondo n’icyatsi kibisi. == [[Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda]] == Ubukungu bw’u Rwanda bushingiye ahanini ku [[ubuhinzi|buhinzi]]. Abahinzi benshi batunzwe n’ibyo bahinga. Ubukungu buhura n’ikibazo cy’uko abantu ari benshi kurusha ubutaka buhari. Kuba u Rwanda rudakora ku nyanja byongera icyo kibazo. Bituma igihugu kigera ku masoko mpuzamahanga bigoranye. Ibihingwa ngengabukungu by'ingenzi ni [[ikawa]], [[icyayi]] n’ibireti. Byoherezwa ku masoko mpuzamahanga. Mu gihugu hahingwa ibitoki, imyumbati, amasaka, [[imboga]] n’ibirayi. Ariko ntibihagije ku isoko ryo mu Rwanda, ibindi bigatumizwa mu mahanga. Amatungo ([[inka]], ihene n’intama) na yo atunga Abanyarwanda.<ref name="KituoChaKatiba">{{Cite report |url=http://www.kituochakatiba.org/index2.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_view&gid=1199&Itemid=36 |title=Ugushakisha Ukuri n’Ubumuntu |publisher=Kituo Cha Katiba |date=2006 |type=Raporo (Nyakanga 2004 – Gashyantare 2006) |language=rw}}</ref> === Aho u Rwanda rugeze mu iterambere === Iterambere ry'u Rwanda rirebwa mu bihe bibiri: hagati ya 1962 na 1994, n'imyaka 30 iri hagati ya 1995 na 2025. Ubukungu bwavuye ku gusabiriza bugera ku bukungu bugabye amashami. Mu 1989, [[amabuye y'agaciro]] u Rwanda rwohereje mu mahanga yinjije amadovize angana na miliyoni 2.5 z'amadolari. Mu 2023, yinjije miliyari 1.1 y'amadolari. Uwo musaruro wikubye inshuro amagana. Iterambere nk'iri rigaragaza ko [[Ubukungu bw'U Rwanda|ubukungu bw'u Rwanda]] bwagabye amashami. Mu burezi, abasoza kaminuza bari bake. Mu 1994, abari barasoje kaminuza bari 2 870. Mu 2022, uwo mubare wageze ku 431 606. Imihanda myiza ifasha iterambere ry'igihugu. Mu 1993, u Rwanda rwari rufite km 530 z’imihanda ya kaburimbo. Uyu munsi, iyo mihanda igera kuri km 2 652. Ibi byoroshya ubuhahirane n'iterambere. Kugeza mu 1994, [[ubuvuzi]] mu Rwanda bwari ku rwego rwo hasi. Abaturage 2.6% gusa ni bo bari bafite ubwishingizi mu kwivuza. Iyo umuntu yarwaraga indwara ikomeye, umuryango we washoboraga gukena cyane. Rimwe na rimwe ntiyabonaga ubuvuzi ku gihe, akaba yapfa. Uyu munsi, Abanyarwanda 97.3% bafite ubwishingizi mu kwivuza. Serivisi z'ubuvuzi zariyongereye kandi zegerejwe abaturage.<ref>{{Cite report |title=Raporo z’Ikigega cy’Isi cy’Imari |publisher=Ikigega Mpuzamahanga cy’Imari (IMF) |language=rw}}</ref> == Amashyaka ya Politiki == [[Dosiye:Kagame.jpg|thumb|250px|<span style="color:grey;">Paul Kagame</span>]] U Rwanda ni igihugu kigendera kuri [[demokarasi]] y’amashyaka menshi. Amashyaka ya politiki n’abayayobora ni aya: [[Parti Démocratique Chrétien]] (PDC) iyobowe na [[Alfred Mukezamfura]] ; [[Parti Social Démocratique]] (PSD) iyobowe na [[Vincent Biruta]] ; [[Union Démocratique du Peuple Rwandais]] (UDPR) iyobowe na [[Adrien Rangira]] ; [[Mouvement Démocratique Républicain]] (MDR) yasheshwe ikaba yarayoborwaga na [[Kabanda Célestin]] ; [[Parti Démocratique Islamique]] (PDI) iyobowe na [[André Bumaya]] ; [[Parti Libéral]] (PL) iyobowe na [[Prosper Higiro]] ; na [[Ishyaka FPR - Inkotanyi|Front Patriotique Rwandais]] (FPR) iyobowe na [[Paul Kagame]]. Hari n’andi mashyaka yahagaritswe kubera ko atemewe n’amategeko. Ayo ni [[Parti Socialiste Rwandais]] (PSR), [[Parti pour le Progres et la Concorde]] (PPC) na Parti pour le Renouveau Démocratique. === Amashyaka yo mu wa 1959 === Amashyaka yo mu 1959 ari mu byiciro bibiri. Icya mbere ni ayo bamwe bita "partis nationaux". Ayo mashyaka yari afite abayoboke benshi kandi yari asakaye mu gihugu cyangwa mu duce tunini. Yari afite uburyo bugaragara bwo kwamamaza ibitekerezo byayo n'abayobozi bazwi. Ayo mashyaka n'igihe yavukiye ni aya: <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.grandslacs.net/doc/2529.pdf |title=Ubumwe bw'Abanyarwanda, Kigali, Kanama 1999 |access-date=2010-12-24 |archive-date=2010-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100704012542/http://www.grandslacs.net/doc/2529.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> :1. APROSOMA [[Association pour la Promotion Sociale de la Masse]] 15/02/1959 :2. UNAR [[Union Nationale Rwandaise]] 13/09/1959 :3. RADER [[Rassemblement Democratique Rwandaise]] 14/09/1959 :4. PARMEHUTU [[Parti du Mouvement de l’Emancipation des Bahutu]] 09/10/1959 Hari n'andi mashyaka agera hafi kuri makumyabiri atari afite uburemere nk'ayo ane. Amwe muri ayo mashyaka mato yari yegamiye ku mashyaka ane manini. Ayo mashyaka mato ni aya: :1) ABAKI [[Alliance des Bakiga]] :2) ABESC [[Association des Bahutu evuluant pour la suppression des castes]] :3) ACR [[Association des Cultivateurs du Rwanda]] :4) APADEC [[Association du Parti Democrate Chretien]] :5) APROCOMIN [[Association des Commerçants Indigenes]] :6) AREDETWA [[Association pour le Relevement Democratique des Batwa]] :7) ARUCO [[Alliance du Ruanda - Urundi et du Congo]] :8) ASSERU [[Association des Eleveurs du Rwanda]] :9) MOMOR [[Mouvement Monarchiste Rwandais]] :10) MUR [[Mouvement pour 1'Union Rwandaise]] :11) PAMOPRO [[Parti Monarchiste Progressiste]] :12) PSCR [[Parti Social Chrétien du Rwanda]] :13) UAARU [[Union des Aborozi Africains du Rwanda]] :14) UMAR [[Union des Masses Rwandaises]] :15) UNAFREUROP [[Union Afro-Europeenne]] :16) UNINTERCOKI [[Union des Intérêts Communs du Kinyaga]] == Ibigo n'inzego == * [[Banki Nkuru y'u Rwanda|Banki y’Amajyamabere y’u Rwanda]] (BRD) * [[Ofisi y’Ubukerarugendo na Pariki Nasiyonali mu Rwanda]] (ORTPN) * [[Perezidansi ya Repubulika]] * [[Ibiro Bikuru by’Ishoramari rya Leta n’Inkunga Ituruka Hanze y’Igihugu]] (CEPEX) * [[Ikigo cy’Igihugu gishinzwe Guteza Imbere Ishoramari n'Ibicuruzwa byoherezwa mu Mahanga]] (RIEPA) * [[Urugaga Nyarwanda rw’Abikorera ku Giti cyabo]] (RPSF) [[Dosiye:I&M Bank Rwanda plc logo.png|thumb|Ikirango cya I&M Bank Rwanda]] == Amabanki == * [[Banki ya Kigali|Banque de Kigali]] (BK) * Banque Rwandaise de Développement (BRD) * I&M bank Rwanda * Compagnie Générale de Banque (COGEBANQUE) * Banque Commerciale du Rwanda (BCR) * Ecobank Rwanda * Banque de l'Habitat du Rwanda (BHR) * Banque Populaire du Rwanda (BPR) * Urwego Opportunity Microfinance Bank (UOMB) * BANCOR SA * Banque Populaire du Rwanda SA *[[Kenya]] commercial bank (KCB) *Equity bank *Urwego Opportunity Bank(UOB) *Zigama CSS *Co-operative Bank Rwanda == Sosiyete Sivile mu Rwanda == [[File:OLPC classroom teaching.JPG|thumbnail|[[:en:One Laptop per Child|OLPC]] classroom teaching]] Sosiyete sivile yo mu Rwanda ifite amateka yayo, imiterere yayo n’amashami menshi. Ifitanye imikoranire na Leta y'u Rwanda n’abaterankunga. Ihura kandi n’imbogamizi zitandukanye. Sosiyete sivile ni urwego rw’ubukorerabushake ruri hagati y’abaturage na Leta. Igizwe n'amashyirahamwe yigenga. Ayo mashyirahamwe yashinzwe n’abantu ku giti cyabo kugira ngo barengere amahame n’indangagaciro zabo. Sosiyete sivile ihuza amashyirahamwe y’abakozi bo mu nzego zose: abunganizi mu mategeko (avocats), amadini, amakoperative, amashyirahamwe y’abana n’ay’abagore, n’andi mashyirahamwe ashinzwe imibereho myiza y’abaturage. <ref name="KituoChaKatiba" /> * [[Kituo Cha Katiba]] * [[Avega Agahozo]] * [[Haguruka]] == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Imiyoboro == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260616092247/http://presidency.gov.rw/ Perezidansi ya Repubulika y'u Rwanda] – urubuga rwemewe * [https://www.livinginkigali.com/ Living in Kigali] – amakuru ku buzima i Kigali * [https://web.archive.org/web/20230113062710/https://discover.rw/ Discover Rwanda] (archive, 13 Mutarama 2023) {{Afurika}} {{Commonscat|Rwanda}} [[Category:Rwanda]] [[Category:Ibihugu]] [[Category:Afurika]] a0kud80jfgxhmbn7udl5jgha061gmjk 0 1651 148463 139093 2026-11-03T05:57:28Z Score Beethoven 11559 148463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Afurika''' ni umugabane wa kabiri munini ku [[Isi]], nyuma ya [[Aziya]]. Afurika ni na wo mugabane wa kabiri ufite abaturage benshi. Afurika ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare zigera kuri miliyoni 30. Mu mwaka wa 2024, abaturage ba Afurika barenze miliyari 1,5. Umuryango w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika ugizwe n'ibihugu 55. [[Aligeriya]] ni cyo gihugu kinini muri Afurika. [[Nijeriya]] ni cyo gihugu gifite abaturage benshi. Abantu ba none (''Homo sapiens'') bakomotse muri Afurika. == Izina == Abanyaroma bise uyu mugabane « Africa ». Mbere, iri zina ryerekezaga ku nkombe y'amajyaruguru gusa. Abagereki ba kera bawitaga « Libya ». Inkomoko y'izina « Africa » ntizwi neza. Rishobora guturuka ku ijambo ry'ikilatini « aprica », risobanura « hari izuba ».<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Africa |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Africa |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Imiterere == [[File:Physical Map of Africa.jpg|thumb|left|Ikarita y'imiterere ya Afurika]] Afurika ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 30 365 000. Ubu buso ni hafi kimwe cya gatanu cy'ubutaka bwose bw'Isi.<ref name="britannica" /> Mu majyaruguru, Afurika ikora ku Nyanja ya Mediterane. Mu burasirazuba, ikora ku Nyanja Itukura no ku Nyanja y'Ubuhinde. Mu burengerazuba, ikora ku Nyanja ya Atalantika.<ref name="britannica" /> [[Umusozi wa Kilimanjaro]] uri muri [[Tanzaniya]]. Ni wo musozi muremure muri Afurika. Ufite uburebure bwa metero 5 895.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kilimanjaro National Park |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/403/ |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> [[Nili]] ni wo mugezi muremure ku Isi. Ufite uburebure bwa kilometero zigera ku 6 650.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nile River |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nile-River |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> [[Ubutayu bwa sahara|Ubutayu bwa Sahara]] buri mu majyaruguru ya Afurika. Bufite ubuso bwa kilometero kare zigera kuri miliyoni 8,6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sahara |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Sahara-desert-Africa |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Abaturage == Mu mwaka wa 2024, abaturage ba Afurika barenze miliyari 1,5. Umubare wabo wiyongera vuba. Mu mwaka wa 1960, Afurika yari ifite hafi 10% by'abatuye Isi. Mu mwaka wa 2050, Afurika izaba ifite hafi 28% by'abatuye Isi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=As Africa's population crosses 1.5 billion, the demographic window is opening |url=https://www.uneca.org/stories/%28blog%29-as-africa%E2%80%99s-population-crosses-1.5-billion%2C-the-demographic-window-is-opening-getting |website=United Nations Economic Commission for Africa |date=2024-07-12 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> [[Nijeriya]] ni cyo gihugu cya Afurika gifite abaturage benshi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nigeria |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Amateka == Abantu ba none (''Homo sapiens'') bakomotse muri Afurika. Ibi byabaye hashize imyaka igera ku 300 000.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homo sapiens |url=https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/species/homo-sapiens |website=Smithsonian Institution's Human Origins Program |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Kuva ku wa 15 Ugushyingo 1884 kugeza ku wa 26 Gashyantare 1885, ibihugu by'i [[Burayi]] byakoreye inama i [[Berlin]]. Iyi nama yigaga ku kibaya cy'[[Umugezi wa Congo]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Berlin West Africa Conference |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Berlin-West-Africa-Conference |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Hagati ya 1945 na 1960, ibihugu byinshi bya Aziya na Afurika byabonye ubwigenge. Byari bikolonijwe n'ibihugu by'i Burayi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Decolonization of Asia and Africa, 1945–1960 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1945-1952/asia-and-africa |website=Office of the Historian |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Ibihugu == Umuryango w'Ubumwe bwa Afurika ugizwe n'ibihugu 55. Ibi bihugu ni ibihugu byose byo ku mugabane wa Afurika. Icyicaro cy'uyu muryango kiri i [[Addis Ababa|Addis Abeba]] muri [[Etiyopiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Member States |url=https://au.int/en/member_states/countryprofiles2 |website=African Union |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> [[Aligeriya]] ni cyo gihugu kinini muri Afurika.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Algeria |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Algeria |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Africa|Amafoto ya Afurika]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Imigabane y’Isi]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika| ]] 0zksg256nuu9y0c58v3hcw0lde06rjz 0 3671 148478 144116 2026-11-03T06:43:02Z Score Beethoven 11559 148478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Angola | conventional_long_name = Repubulika ya Angola | native_name = República de Angola | image_flag = Flag of Angola.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Angola.svg | image_map = Angola (orthographic projection).svg | capital = Luanda | official_languages = [[Igiporutigali]] | leader_title1 = Perezida | leader_name1 = [[João Lourenço]] | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Kuri [[Porutigali]] | established_date1 = 1975 | area_km2 = 1246700 | population_census = 36 600 000 | population_census_year = 2024 | iso3166code = omit }} '''Angola''' (izina ryemewe: Repubulika ya Angola; mu [[Igiporutigali]]: ''República de Angola'') ni igihugu cyo muri [[Afurika]]. Angola ikora ku Nyanja ya Atalantika. Umurwa mukuru wayo ni Luanda. Ururimi rwemewe ni Igiporutigali. Angola yabonye ubwigenge mu 1975. Mbere, yari ikolonijwe na [[Porutigali]]. Nyuma y'ubwigenge, igihugu cyagize intambara y'abenegihugu kugeza mu 2002. Perezida wa Angola ni [[João Lourenço]] kuva mu 2017. == Imiterere == [[File:Morro do Moco, Huambo, Angola.jpg|thumb|left|Umusozi wa Moco mu ntara ya Huambo]] Angola ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare zigera kuri 1 246 700.<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |title=Angola: Facts & Stats |url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Angola |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Angola ihana imbibi na [[Namibiya]], [[Zambiya]], [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]], [[Kongo|Repubulika ya Kongo]] na [[Botswana]]. Mu burengerazuba, Angola ikora ku Nyanja ya Atalantika. Umurwa mukuru Luanda uri ku nkombe y'iyi nyanja. Angola ifite ibisi n'ibibaya binini. Inzuzi zayo zirimo Cuanza na Cubango.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Angola |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Angola |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Abaturage == Ibarura rusange ry'abaturage ryatangiye ku wa 19 Nzeri 2024. Ryagaragaje ko Angola ifite abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 36,6. Intara ya Luanda ni yo ifite abaturage benshi, bagera kuri miliyoni 8,8.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Government releases census results: Angola has more than 36 million inhabitants |url=https://www.verangola.net/va/en/112025/Society/46813/Government-releases-census-results-Angola-has-more-than-36-million-inhabitants.htm |website=Ver Angola |date=2025-11-20 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ururimi rwemewe ni Igiporutigali.<ref name="facts" /> == Amateka n'ubutegetsi == Angola yabonye ubwigenge kuri Porutigali mu 1975. Nyuma y'ubwigenge, habaye intambara y'abenegihugu. Iyi ntambara yarangiye mu 2002. João Lourenço yatorewe kuba Perezida mu 2017.<ref name="state">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Relations With Angola |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-angola |website=U.S. Department of State |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Ubukungu == Angola ni kimwe mu bihugu byo muri Afurika bicukura peteroli nyinshi. Peteroli ni cyo kintu cy'ingenzi Angola yohereza mu mahanga.<ref name="state" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Angola|Amafoto ya Angola]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Angola| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] 6y4ut5t0eqp1c28g3z3kwdrlh5myr4g 0 3697 148476 144118 2026-11-03T06:40:46Z Score Beethoven 11559 148476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Bene | conventional_long_name = Repubulika ya Bene | native_name = République du Bénin | image_flag = Flag of Benin.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Benin.svg | image_map = BEN orthographic.svg | capital = Porto-Novo | official_languages = [[Igifaransa]] | leader_title1 = Perezida | leader_name1 = Romuald Wadagni | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Ku [[Ubufaransa]] | established_date1 = 1960 | area_km2 = 114763 | population_estimate = 13 844 000 | population_estimate_year = 2024 | iso3166code = omit }} '''Bene''' (izina ryemewe: Repubulika ya Bene; mu [[Igifaransa]]: ''Bénin'') ni igihugu cyo muri [[Afurika]] y'Iburengerazuba. Mbere y'umwaka wa 1975, Bene yitwaga Dahomey. Umurwa mukuru ni Porto-Novo. Icyicaro cya guverinoma kiri i Cotonou. Bene yabonye ubwigenge mu 1960. Mbere, yari ikolonijwe n'[[Ubufaransa]]. Ubukungu bwa Bene bushingiye cyane ku buhinzi. Perezida wa Bene ni Romuald Wadagni kuva muri Gicurasi 2026. == Imiterere == Bene ihana imbibi na [[Togo]] mu burengerazuba. Mu burasirazuba, ihana imbibi na [[Nijeriya]]. Mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, ihana imbibi na [[Burukina Faso]]. Mu majyaruguru, ihana imbibi na [[Nigeri]]. Mu majyepfo, Bene ikora ku Kigobe cya Gineya, mu Nyanja ya Atalantika. Inkombe yayo ifite uburebure bwa kilometero zigera ku 120.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Benin |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Benin |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Bene ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 114 763.<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |title=Benin: Facts & Stats |url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Benin |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Abaturage == Mu mwaka wa 2024, Bene yari ifite abaturage bagera kuri 13 844 000. Ururimi rwemewe ni Igifaransa.<ref name="facts" /> Abaturage benshi batuye ku nkombe y'amajyepfo.<ref name="wetlands">{{cite book |last1=Hughes |first1=R. H. |last2=Hughes |first2=J. S. |title=A Directory of African Wetlands |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC |year=1992 |publisher=IUCN |isbn=978-2-88032-949-5 |page=301 |access-date=12 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508163425/https://books.google.com/books?id=VLjafeXa3gMC |archive-date=8 May 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref> Cotonou ni wo mujyi munini wa Bene. Uyu mujyi ufite uruhare rukomeye mu bukungu bw'igihugu.<ref name="cotonou">{{cite journal |last1=Dossou |first1=Krystel M.R. |last2=Gléhouenou-Dossou |first2=Bernadette |date=2007 |title=The vulnerability to climate change of Cotonou (Benin): the rise in sea level |journal=Environment and Urbanization |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=65–79 |doi=10.1177/0956247807077149 |bibcode=2007EnUrb..19...65D |doi-access=free}}; {{cite journal |title=Mapping a slum: learning from participatory mapping and digital innovation in Cotonou (Benin) |translator=Alvin Harberts |doi=10.4000/cybergeo.32949 |date=2019 |journal=Cybergeo |first1=Armelle |last1=Choplin |first2=Martin |last2=Lozivit |trans-title=Mettre un quartier sur la carte: Cartographie participative et innovation numérique à Cotonou (Bénin) |doi-access=free}} </ref> Mu mwaka wa 2020, Bene yari mu bihugu 10 bifite amadini atandukanye kurusha ibindi ku isi.<ref name="pew1">{{Cite web |last=Tong|first=Yunping|date=12 February 2026|title=Religious Diversity Around the World|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2026/02/12/religious-diversity-around-the-world/|access-date=16 July 2026|website=Pew Research Center|language=en-US}}</ref> == Amateka n'ubutegetsi == Kuva mu kinyejana cya 17 kugeza mu cya 19, muri aka karere habayeho ubwami butandukanye. Muri bwo harimo Ubwami bwa Dahomey. Mu mpera z'ikinyejana cya 19, Ubufaransa bwakolonije aka karere. Abafaransa bise igihugu cyose Dahomey. Dahomey yabonye ubwigenge mu 1960.<ref name="britannica" /> Mu 1975, Dahomey yahinduye izina iba Bene.<ref name="dahomey">{{Cite news |date=1 December 1975 |title=Dahomey Announces Its Name Will Be Benin |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/01/archives/dahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html |access-date=16 September 2020 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=16 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916200353/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/01/archives/dahomey-announces-its-name-will-be-benin.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Hagati ya 1975 na 1990, igihugu cyitwaga Repubulika y'Abaturage ya Bene. Ubutegetsi bwacyo bwari bushingiye ku mahame ya Marxisme-Léninisme. Mu 1991, Bene yemeje demokarasi y'amashyaka menshi.<ref name="multiparty">{{cite book |title=Global Logistics Assessments Reports Handbook |volume=1 |publisher=International Business Publications USA |date=2008 |orig-date=2015 |isbn=978-0-7397-6603-3 |page=85 }}</ref> Ku wa 12 Mata 2026, Romuald Wadagni yatsinze amatora ya perezida. Yabonye amajwi agera kuri 94%. Ku wa 24 Gicurasi 2026, Wadagni yarahiriye kuyobora Bene. Yasimbuye Patrice Talon.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former finance minister Romuald Wadagni sworn in as Benin's new president |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/05/24/former-finance-minister-romuald-wadagni-sworn-is-as-benins-new-president/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-05-24 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Ubukungu == [[File:Des barques au port de pêche de Cotonou au Bénin.jpg|thumb|left|Amato ku cyambu cy'uburobyi cya Cotonou]] Bene ifite ikirere gishyushye cyo mu turere dushyuha. Ubukungu bwayo bushingiye cyane ku [[ubuhinzi]]. Bene yohereza mu mahanga amavuta y'imitende n'ipamba.<ref name="fao">{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/benin/en/ |title=FAO Initiative on Soaring Food Prices |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024021730/http://www.fao.org/isfp/country-information/benin/en/ |archive-date=24 October 2012 |website=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations |access-date=29 June 2010 }}</ref><ref name="industries">{{Cite web |title=Major Industries in Benin |url=https://www.ariseiip.com/homepage/major-industries-in-benin/ |access-date=23 June 2024 |website=Arise IIP }}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Benin|Amafoto ya Bene]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Bene| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] 3lcpzpa9j1n4x6iecmh3y8wz9oosnus 0 3701 148472 97419 2026-11-03T06:17:44Z Score Beethoven 11559 148472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Botswana | conventional_long_name = Repubulika ya Botswana | native_name = Lefatshe la Botswana | image_flag = Flag of Botswana.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Botswana.svg | image_map = Botswana (orthographic projection).svg | capital = [[Gaborone]] | official_languages = [[Icyongereza]] | leader_title1 = Perezida | leader_name1 = [[Duma Boko]] | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Ku [[Ubwongereza]] | established_date1 = 1966 | area_km2 = 570162 | population_estimate = 2 471 000 | population_estimate_year = 2025 | iso3166code = omit }} '''Botswana''' (izina ryemewe: Repubulika ya Botswana; mu Gitswana: ''Lefatshe la Botswana'') ni igihugu cyo muri Afurika y'Amajyepfo. Botswana ntikora ku nyanja. Umurwa mukuru wayo ni [[Gaborone]]. Botswana yabonye ubwigenge mu 1966. Mbere, yari iyoborwa n'[[Ubwongereza]]. Icyo gihe yitwaga Bechuanaland. Perezida wa Botswana ni [[Duma Boko]] kuva mu 2024. == Imiterere == [[File:Okavango Delta, Botswana (2674364913).jpg|thumb|left|Delta ya Okavango]] Botswana ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 570 162.<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |title=Botswana Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Botswana |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Botswana iri hagati muri Afurika y'Amajyepfo. Ntikora ku nyanja. Mu burengerazuba no mu majyaruguru, ihana imbibi na [[Namibiya]]. Mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, ihana imbibi na [[Zambiya]] na [[Zimbabwe]]. Mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba no mu majyepfo, ihana imbibi na [[Afurika y’Epfo]].<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Botswana |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Botswana |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Igice kinini cy'igihugu gitwikiriwe n'umusenyi w'ubutayu bwa Kalahari. Mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba hari Delta ya Okavango. Ni igishanga kinini gifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare zigera ku 10 000. Amazi yacyo aturuka ku mugezi wa Okavango. Uyu mugezi uva muri [[Angola]].<ref name="britannica" /> == Abaturage == Mu mwaka wa 2025, Botswana yari ifite abaturage bagera kuri 2 471 000. Ururimi rwemewe ni Icyongereza. Ururimi rw'igihugu ni Igitswana.<ref name="facts" /> Ubwoko bunini ni Abatswana. Izina ry'igihugu ryitiriwe ubu bwoko.<ref name="britannica" /> == Amateka n'ubutegetsi == Mbere y'ubwigenge, Botswana yari mu maboko y'Ubwongereza. Yitwaga Bechuanaland. Botswana yabonye ubwigenge mu 1966.<ref name="britannica" /> Ku wa 30 Ukwakira 2024, habaye amatora rusange. Ishyaka Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC) ryaratsinze. Ni ubwa mbere mu myaka 58 ishyaka riyobora ryahindutse. Duma Boko yabaye Perezida wa gatandatu wa Botswana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Batswana bear witness to history in the making |url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/83015 |website=Daily News |publisher=Guverinoma ya Botswana |date=2024-11-09 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Botswana|Amafoto ya Botswana]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Botswana| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] 3od7940vke4g4tmvnuln87lu5e3m4py 0 3703 148471 89873 2026-11-03T06:13:54Z Score Beethoven 11559 148471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Burukina Faso | conventional_long_name = Burukina Faso | image_flag = Flag of Burkina Faso.svg | image_map = BFA orthographic.svg | capital = [[Wagadugu]] | official_languages = Indimi z'igihugu | leader_title1 = Perezida w'inzibacyuho | leader_name1 = [[Ibrahim Traoré]] | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Ku Bufaransa | established_date1 = 1960 | area_km2 = 270764 | population_estimate = 23 409 000 | population_estimate_year = 2024 }} '''Burukina Faso''' (mu [[Igifaransa]]: ''Burkina Faso'') ni igihugu cyo muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba. Burukina Faso ntikora ku nyanja. Umurwa mukuru wayo ni [[Wagadugu]]. Mbere y'umwaka wa 1984, iki gihugu cyitwaga Volta y'Haruguru. Burukina Faso yabonye ubwigenge mu 1960. Mbere, yari ikolonijwe n'[[Ubufaransa]]. Kuva muri Nzeri 2022, igihugu kiyoborwa na Kapiteni [[Ibrahim Traoré]]. == Imiterere == [[File:Tiebele village in Burkina Faso 04.jpg|thumb|left|Umudugudu wa Tiébélé]] Burukina Faso ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 270 764.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burkina Faso: Facts & Stats |url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Burkina-Faso |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Burukina Faso iri muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba. Ntikora ku nyanja. Mu majyaruguru no mu burengerazuba, ihana imbibi na [[Mali]]. Mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, ihana imbibi na [[Nigeri]]. Mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba, ihana imbibi na [[Bene]]. Mu majyepfo, ihana imbibi na [[Kote Divuwari]], [[Gana]] na [[Togo]].<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Burkina Faso |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Burkina-Faso |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Igihugu kiri ku kibaya kinini. Mu majyaruguru hari ibyatsi bya savane. Mu majyepfo hari amashyamba make. Inzuzi nyamukuru ni Volta y'Umukara, Volta y'Umutuku na Volta y'Umweru.<ref name="britannica" /> == Abaturage == Mu mwaka wa 2024, Burukina Faso yari ifite abaturage bagera kuri 23 409 000. Ubwoko bunini ni Abamosi. Abamosi bavuga ururimi rw'Ikimore.<ref name="britannica" /> Mu Ukuboza 2023, guverinoma yemeje umushinga wo guhindura Itegeko Nshinga. Indimi z'igihugu zabaye indimi zemewe. Igifaransa cyabaye ururimi rw'akazi gusa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burkina abandons French as an official language |url=https://www.africanews.com/2023/12/07/burkina-abandons-french-as-an-official-language/ |website=Africanews |date=2023-12-07 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Amateka n'ubutegetsi == Burukina Faso yahoze ari ubukoloni bw'Ubufaransa. Yabonye ubwigenge mu 1960. Icyo gihe yitwaga Volta y'Haruguru. Mu 1984, izina ryahindutse Burukina Faso.<ref name="britannica" /> Muri Mutarama 2022, Paul-Henri Damiba yafashe ubutegetsi ku ngufu. Muri Nzeri 2022, Kapiteni Ibrahim Traoré na we yahiritse Damiba. Burukina Faso, [[Mali]] na [[Nigeri]] byavuye mu muryango wa CEDEAO. Ibi bihugu bitatu byashinze Ihuriro ry'Ibihugu bya Sahel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Burkina Faso's Ibrahim Traoré is making waves in west Africa. Who is he? |url=https://theconversation.com/burkina-fasos-ibrahim-traore-is-making-waves-in-west-africa-who-is-he-249875 |website=The Conversation |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Burkina Faso|Amafoto ya Burukina Faso]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Burukina Faso| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] c78b6uswdyeijd4jwusirv34ufocwom 0 3738 148492 97933 2026-11-03T07:32:51Z Score Beethoven 11559 148492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Gineya-Biso | conventional_long_name = Repubulika ya Gineya-Biso | native_name = República da Guiné-Bissau | image_flag = Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Guinea-Bissau.svg | image_map = Guinea-Bissau on the globe (Africa centered).svg | capital = [[Biso]] | official_languages = [[Igiporutigali]] | leader_title1 = Perezida w'inzibacyuho | leader_name1 = Horta N'Tam | leader_title2 = Minisitiri w'Intebe | leader_name2 = Ilídio Vieira Té | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Kuri [[Porutigali]] | established_date1 = 1974 | area_km2 = 36125 | population_estimate = 1 890 000 | population_estimate_year = 2026 | iso3166code = omit }} '''Gineya-Biso''' (izina ryemewe: Repubulika ya Gineya-Biso; mu [[Igiporutigali]]: ''República da Guiné-Bissau'') ni igihugu cyo muri [[Afurika]] y'Iburengerazuba. Gikora ku Nyanja ya Atalantika. Umurwa mukuru wacyo ni [[Biso]]. Ururimi rwemewe ni Igiporutigali. Gineya-Biso yarwaniye ubwigenge kuri [[Porutigali]] kuva mu 1963 kugeza mu 1974. Mu Ugushyingo 2025, igisirikare cyafashe ubutegetsi. Kuva icyo gihe, igihugu kiyoborwa na Jenerali Horta N'Tam. == Imiterere == [[File:Biso kotuwa.jpg|thumb|left|Umujyi wa Biso]] Gineya-Biso ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 36 125.<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Guinea-Bissau |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Gineya-Biso iri muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba. Mu majyaruguru, ihana imbibi na [[Senegali]]. Mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo, ihana imbibi na [[Gineya]]. Mu burengerazuba, ikora ku Nyanja ya Atalantika. Igihugu kirimo n'ibirwa bya Bijagós.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Guinea-Bissau |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Abahinzi bahinga umuceri mu bishanga byuhirwa n'amazi y'inyanja.<ref name="britannica" /> == Abaturage == Mu mwaka wa 2026, Gineya-Biso yari ifite abaturage bagera kuri 1 890 000. Ururimi rwemewe ni Igiporutigali.<ref name="facts" /> == Amateka n'ubutegetsi == Kuva mu 1963 kugeza mu 1974, habaye intambara yo kurwanira ubwigenge kuri Porutigali. Muri iyo ntambara, hafi kimwe cya gatatu cy'abatuye mu cyaro bahungiye mu bihugu bituranyi. Mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1990, habaye indi mirwano.<ref name="britannica" /> Mu mpera z'Ugushyingo 2025, igisirikare cyafashe ubutegetsi. Ku wa 27 Ugushyingo 2025, Jenerali Horta N'Tam yarahiriye kuba Perezida w'inzibacyuho mu gihe cy'umwaka umwe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau Installs Horta N’Tam as One-Year Transition Leader |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news/2811-50935-guinea-bissau-installs-horta-n-tam-as-one-year-transition-leader |website=Ecofin Agency |date=2025-11-28 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Uwahoze ari Perezida Umaro Sissoco Embaló yavanywe ku butegetsi. Amatora ya perezida n'ay'abadepite ateganyijwe ku wa 6 Ukuboza 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Guinea-Bissau Junta Sets Elections for December 6 |url=https://newscentraltv.com/?p=380388 |website=News Central TV |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Minisitiri w'Intebe ni Ilídio Vieira Té.<ref name="facts" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Guinea-Bissau|Amafoto ya Gineya-Biso]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Gineya-Biso| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] cw8pn1to39v47fjvcfer9jvoyq1mgdp 0 3739 148499 81777 2026-11-03T10:58:55Z Score Beethoven 11559 148499 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Gineya Ekwatoriyale | conventional_long_name = Repubulika ya Gineya Ekwatoriyale | native_name = República de Guinea Ecuatorial<br />République de Guinée équatoriale | image_flag = Flag of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Equatorial Guinea.svg | image_map = GNQ orthographic.svg | capital = Ciudad de la Paz | official_languages = [[Icyesipanyole]] n'[[Igifaransa]] | leader_title1 = Perezida | leader_name1 = [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] | leader_title2 = Minisitiri w'Intebe | leader_name2 = Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Kuri [[Esipanye]] | established_date1 = 12 Ukwakira 1968 | area_km2 = 28052 | population_estimate = 1 669 000 | population_estimate_year = 2024 | currency = Ifaranga rya CFA | iso3166code = omit }} '''Gineya Ekwatoriyale''' (izina ryemewe: Repubulika ya Gineya Ekwatoriyale; mu [[Icyesipanyole]]: ''Guinea Ecuatorial''; mu [[Igifaransa]]: ''Guinée équatoriale'') ni igihugu cyo muri [[Afurika]]. Kiri ku nkombe y'iburengerazuba bwa Afurika. Kigizwe n'igice kiri ku mugabane n'ibirwa bitanu. Umurwa mukuru ni Ciudad de la Paz kuva mu 2026. Mbere, umurwa mukuru wari [[Malabo]]. Gineya Ekwatoriyale yabonye ubwigenge kuri [[Esipanye]] mu 1968. Perezida wayo ni [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]] kuva mu 1979. Ubukungu bwayo bushingiye cyane kuri peteroli. == Imiterere == [[File:Port of Malabo 1.jpg|thumb|left|Icyambu cya Malabo]] Igice cya Gineya Ekwatoriyale kiri ku mugabane cyitwa Río Muni. Gihana imbibi na [[Kameruni]] mu majyaruguru. Mu burasirazuba no mu majyepfo, gihana imbibi na [[Gabon]].<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Equatorial-Guinea |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Igihugu gifite kandi ibirwa bitanu: Bioko, Corisco, Elobey Grande, Elobey Chico na Annobón. Bioko ni cyo kirwa kinini. Kiri hafi y'inkombe ya Kameruni. Annobón kiri mu majyepfo ya Ekwateri.<ref name="britannica" /> Umusozi muremure kurusha iyindi ni Pico Basilé. Ni ikirunga kitagikora kiri mu majyaruguru ya Bioko. Ufite ubutumburuke bwa metero 3 008.<ref name="britannica" /> Gineya Ekwatoriyale ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 28 052.<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea: Facts & Stats |url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Equatorial-Guinea |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Amateka == Mbere y'ubwigenge, igihugu cyitwaga Gineya y'Abesipanyole. Cyabonye ubwigenge kuri Esipanye ku wa 12 Ukwakira 1968.<ref name="britannica" /> Mu 1979, Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo yafashe ubutegetsi akoresheje kudeta. Yakuyeho nyirarume wari perezida.<ref name="obiang">{{Cite web |title=Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Teodoro-Obiang-Nguema-Mbasogo |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ku wa 2 Mutarama 2026, Perezida Obiang yasinye iteka rihindura umurwa mukuru. Umurwa mukuru wavuye i Malabo ujya i Ciudad de la Paz. Ciudad de la Paz iri mu Ntara ya Djibloho, ku mugabane.<ref name="archdaily">{{Cite web |title=Equatorial Guinea Relocates Its Capital From Malabo to Ciudad de la Paz on Central Africa's Mainland |url=https://www.archdaily.com/1037773/equatorial-guinea-relocates-its-capital-from-malabo-to-ciudad-de-la-paz-on-central-africas-mainland |website=ArchDaily |last=Piñeiro |first=Antonia |date=2026-01-13 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Politiki == Perezida wa Gineya Ekwatoriyale ni Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo. Minisitiri w'Intebe ni Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua.<ref name="facts" /> Muri Kamena 2026, guverinoma yose yareguye. Yari yagezeho hafi 10 % gusa by'intego zayo.<ref name="citi">{{Cite news |title=Equatorial Guinea government resigns after failing to meet targets |url=https://www.citinewsroom.com/?p=1361924 |work=Citi Newsroom |date=2026-06-17 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Nyuma y'iminsi mike, Perezida yongeye kugira Manuel Osa Nsue Nsua Minisitiri w'Intebe.<ref name="ecofin">{{Cite news |title=Equatorial Guinea Appoints New 58-Member Cabinet, Most Ministers Retain Portfolios |url=https://www.ecofinagency.com/news/2506-56827-equatorial-guinea-appoints-new-58-member-cabinet-most-ministers-retain-portfolios |work=Ecofin Agency |date=2026-06-25 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Abaturage == Mu mwaka wa 2024, Gineya Ekwatoriyale yari ifite abaturage bagera kuri 1 669 000 (ikigereranyo). Indimi zemewe zirimo Icyesipanyole n'Igifaransa.<ref name="facts" /> == Ubukungu == Ubukungu bwa Gineya Ekwatoriyale bushingiye cyane kuri peteroli. Peteroli na gaze ni byo byinshi mu byoherezwa mu mahanga. Ni na byo bizana amafaranga menshi mu isanduku ya Leta.<ref name="citi" /> Ifaranga rikoreshwa ni Ifaranga rya CFA.<ref name="facts" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Equatorial Guinea|Amafoto ya Gineya Ekwatoriyale]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Gineya Ekwatoriyale| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] 8566dvy0fxa643np4l1n8v2b0j9a6l5 0 3814 148464 102535 2026-11-03T06:05:41Z Score Beethoven 11559 148464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Jibuti | conventional_long_name = Jibuti | image_flag = Flag of Djibouti.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Djibouti.svg | image_map = Djibouti (orthographic projection).svg | capital = Umujyi wa Jibuti | official_languages = Icyarabu, Igifaransa | religion = Isilamu | leader_title1 = Perezida | leader_name1 = [[Ismaïl Omar Guelleh]] | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Ku Bufaransa | established_date1 = 27 Kamena 1977 | area_km2 = 23000 | population_estimate = 1 052 000 | population_estimate_year = 2024 | currency = Ifaranga rya Jibuti | currency_code = DJF | calling_code = +253 }} '''Jibuti''' (mu [[Igifaransa]]: ''Djibouti''; mu [[Icyarabu]]: جيبوتي) ni igihugu cyo mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bwa [[Afurika]]. Jibuti ihana imbibi na [[Eritereya]], [[Etiyopiya]] na [[Somaliya]]. Jibuti ikora ku Kigobe cya Aden. Umurwa mukuru wayo ni umujyi wa Jibuti. Jibuti yabonye ubwigenge mu 1977. Mbere, yategekwaga n'[[Ubufaransa]]. Indimi zemewe ni Icyarabu n'Igifaransa. Perezida wa Jibuti ni [[Ismaïl Omar Guelleh]] kuva mu 1999. == Imiterere == [[File:Lake Assal 1-Djibouti.jpg|thumb|left|Ikiyaga cya Assal]] Jibuti ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 23 000. Mu majyaruguru, Jibuti ihana imbibi na Eritereya. Mu burengerazuba, ihana imbibi na Etiyopiya. Mu majyepfo, ihana imbibi na Somaliya. Mu burasirazuba, Jibuti ikora ku Kigobe cya Aden. Inkombe yayo ifite uburebure bwa kilometero 370.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Djibouti |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Djibouti |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Jibuti iri hafi y'umuhora wa Bab el-Mandeb. Uyu muhora utandukanya Inyanja Itukura n'Ikigobe cya Aden.<ref name="britannica" /> Ikiyaga cya Assal kiri muri Jibuti. Kiri kuri metero 155 munsi y'urwego rw'inyanja.<ref name="britannica" /> == Abaturage == Mu mwaka wa 2024, Jibuti yari ifite abaturage bagera kuri 1 052 000. Amoko abiri y'ingenzi ni Abasomali n'Abafari. Idini ryemewe ni Isilamu. Indimi zemewe ni Icyarabu n'Igifaransa.<ref name="britannica" /> == Amateka n'ubutegetsi == Jibuti yabonye ubwigenge ku wa 27 Kamena 1977. Mbere, yategekwaga n'Ubufaransa. Umurwa mukuru wa Jibuti ni umujyi wa Jibuti.<ref name="britannica" /> Ismaïl Omar Guelleh ni Perezida wa Jibuti kuva mu 1999. Ku wa 10 Mata 2026, yongeye gutorwa ku nshuro ya gatandatu. Yabonye amajwi 97,81%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibouti's President Guelleh wins sixth straight term in office |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/4/11/djiboutis-president-guelleh-claims-sixth-straight-term-in-office |website=Al Jazeera |date=2026-04-11 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Djibouti|Amafoto ya Jibuti]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Jibuti| ]] [[Ikiciro:Ihembe ry’Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] cqt951ra08p5r8ljk7sun9huvifim7j 0 3816 148497 107327 2026-11-03T10:30:20Z Score Beethoven 11559 148497 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Kameruni | conventional_long_name = Repubulika ya Kameruni | native_name = République du Cameroun<br />Republic of Cameroon | image_flag = Flag of Cameroon.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Cameroon.svg | image_map = CMR orthographic.svg | capital = Yaoundé | official_languages = [[Igifaransa]] na [[Icyongereza]] | leader_title1 = Perezida | leader_name1 = [[Paul Biya]] | leader_title2 = Minisitiri w'Intebe | leader_name2 = Joseph Dion Ngute | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Ku [[Ubufaransa]] | established_date1 = 1960 | area_km2 = 466050 | population_estimate = 28 629 000 | population_estimate_year = 2026 | currency = Ifaranga rya CFA | iso3166code = omit }} '''Kameruni''' (izina ryemewe: Repubulika ya Kameruni; mu [[Igifaransa]]: ''Cameroun''; mu [[Icyongereza]]: ''Cameroon'') ni igihugu cyo muri [[Afurika]]. Umurwa mukuru ni Yaoundé. Indimi zemewe ni Igifaransa n'Icyongereza. Kameruni yabonye ubwigenge mu 1960. Mbere, yategekwaga n'[[Ubufaransa]] n'[[Ubwongereza]]. Perezida wa Kameruni ni [[Paul Biya]] kuva mu 1982. == Imiterere == [[File:Mount Cameroon, Buea in the wee hours of a clear morning.jpg|thumb|left|Umusozi wa Kameruni urebewe i Buea]] Kameruni ihana imbibi na [[Nijeriya]] mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba. Mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba, ihana imbibi na [[Cade]]. Mu burasirazuba, ihana imbibi na [[Repubulika ya Santara Afurika]]. Mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba, ihana imbibi na [[Kongo|Repubulika ya Kongo]]. Mu majyepfo, ihana imbibi na [[Gabon]] na [[Gineya Ekwatoriyale]]. Mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba, Kameruni ikora ku Nyanja ya Atalantika.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Cameroon |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cameroon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Kameruni ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 466 050.<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |title=Cameroon: Facts & Stats |url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Cameroon |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Umusozi wa Kameruni ni ikirunga kigikora. Uri mu burengerazuba bw'igihugu. Ufite ubutumburuke bwa metero 4 095. Ni wo musozi muremure kurusha indi muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba.<ref name="britannica" /> Mu majyaruguru, hari ikibaya cy'ibyatsi kimanuka kigana ku Kiyaga cya Cade. Hagati mu gihugu, hari ubutaka buri hejuru bwitwa Adamawa. Mu majyepfo, hari amashyamba menshi.<ref name="britannica" /> == Amateka == Mu 1884, [[Ubudage|Abadage]] bigaruriye inkombe ya Douala. Bise ako karere Kamerun.<ref name="kamerun">{{Cite web |title=German Kamerun (1884–1916) |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cameroon/German-Kamerun-1884-1916 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Mu gihe cy'Intambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose, ingabo z'Abongereza, iz'Abafaransa n'iz'Ababiligi zirukanye Abadage. Nyuma yaho, Ubwongereza n'Ubufaransa byagabanye icyo gihugu. Ubwongereza bwategetse uduce tubiri duto two ku mupaka wa Nijeriya. Ubufaransa bwategetse igice gisigaye.<ref name="mandats">{{Cite web |title=British Cameroons (1916–61) and French Cameroun (1916–60) |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cameroon/British-Cameroons-1916-61-and-French-Cameroun-1916-60 |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Kameruni y'Abafaransa yabonye ubwigenge mu 1960. Ahmadou Ahidjo yabaye perezida wa mbere. Mu 1961, nyuma ya kamarampaka, igice cy'amajyepfo cya Kameruni y'Abongereza cyiyunze na Kameruni.<ref name="ahidjo">{{Cite web |title=Ahmadou Ahidjo |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ahmadou-Ahidjo |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ku wa 4 Ugushyingo 1982, Ahidjo yeguye. Paul Biya wari Minisitiri w'Intebe yamusimbuye. Mu mpera za 1990, hemejwe itegeko ryemerera amashyaka menshi.<ref name="biya">{{Cite web |title=Cameroon under Biya (1982– ) |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cameroon/Cameroon-under-Biya |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Kuva mu 2013, Kameruni irwana n'umutwe wa Boko Haram. Mu Kwakira 2016, imyigaragambyo yatangiye mu turere tuvuga Icyongereza.<ref name="biya" /> == Politiki == Ku wa 12 Ukwakira 2025, habaye amatora ya perezida. Ku wa 27 Ukwakira 2025, ibyayavuyemo byaratangajwe. Paul Biya yatsinze n'amajwi 53,66 %. Issa Tchiroma Bakary yabaye uwa kabiri n'amajwi 35,19 %.<ref name="tribune">{{Cite news |title=Presidential Election: Paul Biya Triumphs Again |url=https://cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/73546/fr.html/details_2 |work=Cameroon Tribune |last=Amabo |first=Eulalia |date=2025-10-28 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Minisitiri w'Intebe ni Joseph Dion Ngute.<ref name="facts" /> == Abaturage == Mu mwaka wa 2026, Kameruni yari ifite abaturage bagera kuri 28 629 000 (ikigereranyo). Indimi zemewe ni Igifaransa n'Icyongereza.<ref name="facts" /> == Ubukungu == Ubukungu bwa Kameruni bushingiye cyane kuri peteroli, kakawo n'[[ikawa]]. Ibiciro by'ibyo bicuruzwa birahindagurika ku isoko mpuzamahanga. Ibyo bituma ubukungu bwa Kameruni budahamye.<ref name="econ">{{Cite web |title=Cameroon – Economy |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Cameroon/Economy |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ifaranga rikoreshwa ni Ifaranga rya CFA.<ref name="facts" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Cameroon|Amafoto ya Kameruni]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Kameruni| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] irkz2qcjlp6uieor91mo6sxcklevhxm 0 3817 148479 133905 2026-11-03T06:46:29Z Score Beethoven 11559 148479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Kapu Veri | conventional_long_name = Repubulika ya Kapu Veri | native_name = República de Cabo Verde | image_flag = Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Cape Verde.svg | image_map = CPV orthographic NaturalEarth.svg | capital = Praia | official_languages = [[Igiporutigali]] | national_languages = Igikerewole cya Kapu Veri | leader_title1 = Perezida | leader_name1 = [[José Maria Neves]] | leader_title2 = Minisitiri w'Intebe | leader_name2 = Francisco Carvalho | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Kuri [[Porutigali]] | established_date1 = 1975 | area_km2 = 4033 | population_estimate = 491 200 | population_estimate_year = 2026 | iso3166code = omit }} '''Kapu Veri''' (izina ryemewe: Repubulika ya Kapu Veri; mu [[Igiporutigali]]: ''Cabo Verde''; mu Gikerewole: ''Kabu Verdi'') ni igihugu kigizwe n'ibirwa mu Nyanja ya Atalantika. Kiri ku kilometero bigera kuri 600 uvuye ku nkombe ya [[Senegali]]. Umurwa mukuru wacyo ni Praia. Kapu Veri yari ubukoloni bwa [[Porutigali]] kugeza mu 1975. Ururimi rwemewe ni Igiporutigali. Perezida wa Kapu Veri ni [[José Maria Neves]] kuva mu 2021. == Imiterere == [[File:Satellite image of Cape Verde in December 2002.jpg|thumb|left|Ibirwa bya Kapu Veri bibonwa n'icyogajuru]] Kapu Veri ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 4 033.<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |title=Cabo Verde Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Cabo-Verde |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Kapu Veri iri mu Nyanja ya Atalantika. Iri ku kilometero bigera kuri 600 uvuye ku nkombe ya Senegali.<ref name="africanews">{{Cite web |title=Cape Verde's president Neves to run for re-election in November |url=https://www.africanews.com/2026/09/15/cape-verdes-president-neves-to-run-for-re-election-in-november/ |website=Africanews |date=2026-09-15 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Igihugu kigizwe n'ibirwa icyenda bituwe.<ref name="state">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Relations With Cabo Verde |url=https://www.state.gov/u-s-relations-with-cabo-verde |website=U.S. Department of State |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Abaturage == Mu mwaka wa 2026, Kapu Veri yari ifite abaturage bagera kuri 491 200. Ururimi rwemewe ni Igiporutigali. Ururimi rw'igihugu ni Igikerewole cya Kapu Veri.<ref name="facts" /> == Amateka n'ubutegetsi == Kapu Veri yari ubukoloni bwa Porutigali kugeza mu 1975. Ubu, Kapu Veri ifatwa nk'urugero rwa demokarasi muri Afurika.<ref name="africanews" /> José Maria Neves yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe kuva mu 2001 kugeza mu 2016. Yatorewe kuba Perezida mu 2021. Amatora ya perezida ateganyijwe ku wa 15 Ugushyingo 2026. Neves yiyamamarije manda ya kabiri.<ref name="africanews" /> Minisitiri w'Intebe ni Francisco Carvalho.<ref name="facts" /> == Ubukungu == Ubukungu bwa Kapu Veri bushingiye cyane kuri serivisi. [[Ubukerarugendo]] ni bwo bufite uruhare runini mu musaruro w'igihugu. Igihugu gifite umutungo kamere muke, ariko gifite amafi menshi.<ref name="state" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Cape Verde|Amafoto ya Kapu Veri]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] cm7chuhlj0t3y2wl73a3rn6euhzc833 0 3820 148501 136221 2026-11-03T11:03:32Z Score Beethoven 11559 148501 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Kenya | conventional_long_name = Repubulika ya Kenya | native_name = Jamhuri ya Kenya<br />Republic of Kenya | image_flag = Flag of Kenya.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Kenya.svg | image_map = Kenya (orthographic projection).svg | capital = [[Nairobi]] | official_languages = [[Igiswahili]] n'[[Icyongereza]] | leader_title1 = Perezida | leader_name1 = [[William Ruto]] | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Ku [[Ubwongereza]] | established_date1 = 1963 | area_km2 = 582646 | population_estimate = 51 563 000 | population_estimate_year = 2024 | currency = Ishilingi rya Kenya | iso3166code = omit }} '''Kenya''' (izina ryemewe: Repubulika ya Kenya; mu [[Igiswahili]]: ''Jamhuri ya Kenya''; mu [[Icyongereza]]: ''Republic of Kenya'') ni igihugu cyo muri [[Afurika]] y'Iburasirazuba. Umurwa mukuru ni [[Nairobi]]. Indimi zemewe ni Igiswahili n'Icyongereza. Kenya yabonye ubwigenge kuri [[Ubwongereza]] mu 1963. Jomo Kenyatta yabaye perezida wa mbere. Perezida wa Kenya ni [[William Ruto]] kuva mu 2022. == Imiterere == [[File:Mount Kenya.jpg|thumb|left|Umusozi wa Kenya]] Kenya ihana imbibi na [[Sudani y’Amajyepfo]] na [[Etiyopiya]] mu majyaruguru. Mu burasirazuba, ihana imbibi na [[Somaliya]] n'Inyanja y'Abahinde. Mu majyepfo, ihana imbibi na [[Tanzaniya]]. Mu burengerazuba, ihana imbibi na [[Ubugande]] n'[[Ikiyaga cya Victoriya]].<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Kenya |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kenya |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Kenya ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 582 646.<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Facts & Stats |url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Kenya |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ekwateri ica hagati mu gihugu.<ref name="britannica" /> Umusozi wa Kenya ni wo muremure kurusha iyindi mu gihugu. Ufite ubutumburuke bwa metero 5 199. Ikibaya cy'Ubutaka Bwasadutse (''Rift Valley'') kigabanya imisozi miremire yo hagati mu gihugu. Ikiyaga cya Victoriya kiri mu burengerazuba, ahantu hari hasi kurusha ahandi.<ref name="britannica" /> == Amateka == Mbere y'ubwigenge, Kenya yari ikolonijwe n'Ubwongereza.<ref name="britannica" /> Jomo Kenyatta yabaye Minisitiri w'Intebe wa mbere wa Kenya yigenga, kuva mu 1963 kugeza mu 1964. Nyuma, yabaye perezida wa mbere wa Kenya, kuva mu 1964 kugeza mu 1978.<ref name="kenyatta">{{Cite web |title=Jomo Kenyatta |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jomo-Kenyatta |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> William Ruto yatsinze amatora ya perezida yo muri Kanama 2022. Yarahiriye kuba perezida ku wa 13 Nzeri 2022.<ref name="ruto">{{Cite web |title=William Ruto |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/William-Ruto |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Abaturage n'imijyi == Mu mwaka wa 2024, Kenya yari ifite abaturage bagera kuri 51 563 000 (ikigereranyo). Indimi zemewe ni Igiswahili n'Icyongereza.<ref name="facts" /> Umurwa mukuru ni Nairobi. Mombasa ni umujyi w'icyambu uri ku nkombe. Ifite kimwe mu byambu byiza kurusha ibindi muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba.<ref name="britannica" /> == Ubukungu == Ubukerarugendo ni ingenzi mu bukungu bwa Kenya. Ba mukerarugendo baza kureba inyamaswa n'ibyiza nyaburanga. Kenya ihinga kandi [[icyayi]] n'[[ikawa]].<ref name="britannica" /> Ifaranga rikoreshwa ni Ishilingi rya Kenya.<ref name="facts" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Kenya|Amafoto ya Kenya]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Kenya| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] 1qz10t12b1128ghnfo5jecnbm1w4dno 0 3825 148485 102582 2026-11-03T07:15:26Z Score Beethoven 11559 148485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Komore | conventional_long_name = Ubumwe bwa Komore | native_name = Union des Comores | image_flag = Flag of the Comoros.svg | image_coat = Seal of the Comoros.svg | image_map = Comoros (orthographic projection).svg | capital = [[Moroni]] | official_languages = Igikomore, [[Icyarabu]], [[Igifaransa]] | leader_title1 = Perezida | leader_name1 = [[Azali Assoumani]] | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Ku [[Ubufaransa]] | established_date1 = 1975 | area_km2 = 1861 | population_estimate = 937 300 | population_estimate_year = 2026 | iso3166code = omit }} '''Komore''' (izina ryemewe: Ubumwe bwa Komore; mu Gikomore: ''Komori''; mu [[Icyarabu]]: الاتحاد القمري; mu [[Igifaransa]]: ''Union des Comores'') ni igihugu kigizwe n'ibirwa mu Nyanja y'Ubuhinde. Kiri hagati ya [[Madagasikari]] na [[Mozambike]]. Umurwa mukuru wacyo ni [[Moroni]]. Komore yabonye ubwigenge ku [[Ubufaransa]] mu 1975. Indimi zemewe ni Igikomore, Icyarabu n'Igifaransa. Perezida wa Komore ni [[Azali Assoumani]]. == Imiterere == [[File:Shores Moroni.jpg|thumb|left|Inkombe y'inyanja i Moroni]] Komore ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 861.<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |title=Comoros Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Comoros |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Komore iri mu majyaruguru y'umuhora wa Mozambike, mu Nyanja y'Ubuhinde. Iri ku kilometero zigera kuri 290 uvuye ku nkombe y'iburasirazuba bwa Afurika. Ibirwa bitatu by'ingenzi ni Grande Comore (Ngazidja), Mohéli (Mwali) na Anjouan (Ndzuwani).<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Comoros |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Comoros |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ibirwa bya Komore byavutse ku birunga. Ikirunga cya Karthala kiri ku kirwa cya Grande Comore. Ni ho hantu hirengeye kurusha ahandi muri Komore. Gifite ubutumburuke bwa metero 2 361.<ref name="britannica" /> Mayotte ni ikirwa cya kane cy'aka karere. Komore ivuga ko Mayotte ari iyayo. Ariko Ubufaransa ni bwo bukiyobora Mayotte.<ref name="britannica" /> == Abaturage == Mu mwaka wa 2026, Komore yari ifite abaturage bagera kuri 937 300. Indimi zemewe ni Igikomore, Icyarabu n'Igifaransa.<ref name="facts" /> Idini ry'Isilamu ni ryo rifite abayoboke benshi. Abaturage benshi batunzwe n'ubuhinzi.<ref name="britannica" /> == Amateka n'ubutegetsi == Ibirwa bitatu bya Komore byabonye ubwigenge ku Bufaransa mu 1975.<ref name="britannica" /> Kuva icyo gihe, igihugu cyagize kudeta cyangwa ibigerageza bya kudeta bigera kuri 20.<ref name="aljazeera">{{Cite web |title=Comoros President Assoumani seeks fourth term in January 13 election |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2024/1/11/comoros-president-assoumani-seeks-fourth-term-in-january-13-election |website=Al Jazeera |date=2024-01-11 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Azali Assoumani yafashe ubutegetsi bwa mbere mu 1999, binyuze muri kudeta. Yavuye ku butegetsi mu 2002. Mu 2016, yongeye gutorwa kuba Perezida. Mu matora yo muri Mutarama 2024, yiyamamarije manda ya kane.<ref name="aljazeera" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Comoros|Amafoto ya Komore]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Komore| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] c8nwcucpv59wvovn7mfkxjspfpk1etc 0 3838 148500 102601 2026-11-03T11:03:16Z Score Beethoven 11559 148500 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Lesoto | conventional_long_name = Ubwami bwa Lesoto | native_name = 'Muso oa Lesotho<br />Kingdom of Lesotho | image_flag = Flag of Lesotho.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Lesotho.svg | image_map = Lesotho (orthographic projection).svg | capital = [[Maseru]] | official_languages = Igisotho n'[[Icyongereza]] | leader_title1 = Umwami | leader_name1 = Letsie III | leader_title2 = Minisitiri w'Intebe | leader_name2 = Sam Matekane | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Ku [[Ubwongereza]] | established_date1 = 1966 | area_km2 = 30355 | population_estimate = 2 120 000 | population_estimate_year = 2024 | currency = Loti | iso3166code = omit }} '''Lesoto''' (izina ryemewe: Ubwami bwa Lesoto; mu Gisotho: ''&#39;Muso oa Lesotho''; mu [[Icyongereza]]: ''Kingdom of Lesotho'') ni igihugu cyo muri [[Afurika]] y'Amajyepfo. Kizengurutswe na [[Afurika y’Epfo]] impande zose. Umurwa mukuru ni [[Maseru]]. Lesoto yabonye ubwigenge ku [[Ubwongereza]] mu 1966. Ni ubwami bugendera ku itegeko nshinga. Umwami ni Letsie III. Minisitiri w'Intebe ni Sam Matekane. == Imiterere == [[File:Katse Dam.jpg|thumb|left|Urugomero rwa Katse]] Lesoto ntikora ku nyanja. Igihugu cyose kizengurutswe na Afurika y'Epfo.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Lesotho |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lesotho |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Lesoto ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 30 355.<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |title=Lesotho: Facts & Stats |url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Lesotho |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ibice bibiri bya gatatu by'igihugu ni imisozi. Umusozi muremure kurusha iyindi ni Ntlenyana. Ufite ubutumburuke bwa metero 3 482. Imisozi ya [[Drakensberg]] iri ku mupaka w'iburasirazuba. Uruzi rwa Orange rutangirira muri Lesoto.<ref name="britannica" /> == Amateka == Mbere y'ubwigenge, igihugu cyitwaga Basutoland.<ref name="britannica" /> Mu kinyejana cya 19, Moshoeshoe I yashinze ubwoko bw'Abasotho.<ref name="britannica" /> Lesoto yabonye ubwigenge ku Bwongereza mu 1966.<ref name="britannica" /> == Politiki == Lesoto ni ubwami bugendera ku itegeko nshinga. Inteko ishinga amategeko ifite imitwe ibiri. Umwami Letsie III ni we mukuru w'igihugu. Sam Matekane ni Minisitiri w'Intebe.<ref name="britannica" /><ref name="facts" /> == Abaturage == Mu mwaka wa 2024, Lesoto yari ifite abaturage bagera kuri 2 120 000 (ikigereranyo). Indimi zemewe ni Igisotho n'Icyongereza.<ref name="facts" /> == Ubukungu == Ubukerarugendo na diyama bizanira Lesoto amafaranga.<ref name="britannica" /> Ifaranga rikoreshwa ni Loti.<ref name="facts" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Lesotho|Amafoto ya Lesoto]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Lesoto| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] dvbhmtfc3ygodjvlyb3cloytvmpt6f9 0 3841 148502 102605 2026-11-03T11:08:15Z Score Beethoven 11559 148502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Liberiya | conventional_long_name = Repubulika ya Liberiya | native_name = Republic of Liberia | image_flag = Flag of Liberia.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Liberia.svg | image_map = Liberia (orthographic projection).svg | capital = Monrovia | official_languages = [[Icyongereza]] | leader_title1 = Perezida | leader_name1 = [[Joseph Boakai]] | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Itangazwa ry'ubwigenge | established_date1 = 1847 | iso3166code = omit }} '''Liberiya''' (izina ryemewe: Repubulika ya Liberiya; mu [[Icyongereza]]: ''Republic of Liberia'') ni igihugu cyo muri [[Afurika]] y'Iburengerazuba. Umurwa mukuru ni Monrovia. Ururimi rwemewe ni Icyongereza. Liberiya yatangiye ari koloni y'abahoze ari abacakara bavuye muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]]. Yabaye igihugu cyigenga mu 1847. Ni yo repubulika ya kera kurusha izindi muri Afurika. Perezida wa Liberiya ni [[Joseph Boakai]]. == Imiterere == [[File:Downtown Monrovia 3348917715 67a2002529.jpg|thumb|left|Hagati mu mujyi wa Monrovia]] Liberiya ihana imbibi na [[Siyera Lewone]] mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba. Mu majyaruguru, ihana imbibi na [[Gineya]]. Mu burasirazuba, ihana imbibi na [[Kote Divuwari]]. Mu majyepfo no mu burengerazuba, Liberiya ikora ku Nyanja ya Atalantika.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Liberia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Liberia |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ikibaya cy'inkombe gifite uburebure bwa kilometero zigera kuri 560. Umusozi wa Nimba uri mu misozi miremire yo mu majyaruguru.<ref name="britannica" /> == Amateka == Umuryango witwa ''American Colonization Society'' washinze koloni ku Mutwe wa Mesurado mu 1821. Iyo koloni yari iy'abahoze ari abacakara muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe z'Amerika.<ref name="britannica" /> Umurwa mukuru Monrovia witiriwe Perezida w'Amerika [[James Monroe]].<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |title=Liberia: Facts & Stats |url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Liberia |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Liberiya yabaye igihugu cyigenga mu 1847. Ni cyo gihugu cyonyine cy'Abirabura muri Afurika kitigeze gikolonizwa. Ni na yo repubulika ya kera kurusha izindi muri Afurika.<ref name="britannica" /> Mu 1989, habaye inyeshyamba. Byavuyemo intambara y'abenegihugu mu myaka ya 1990. Iyo ntambara yarangiye burundu mu 2003. Mu 2005, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf yatorewe kuba perezida. Ni we mugore wa mbere watorewe kuyobora igihugu muri Afurika.<ref name="britannica" /> == Politiki == Perezida wa Liberiya ni Joseph Nyuma Boakai.<ref name="lina">{{Cite news |title=Pres. Boakai Heads To U.S. For Peace Award, High-Level Engagements |url=https://lina.micat.gov.lr/?p=339 |work=Liberia News Agency |date=2026-04-23 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Abaturage == Abaturage benshi ni abasangwabutaka. Hari kandi Abanyamerika-Liberiya, bakomoka ku bimukira baturutse muri Amerika. Ururimi rwemewe ni Icyongereza. Muri Liberiya havugwa indimi zirenga makumyabiri.<ref name="people">{{Cite web |title=Liberia – People |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Liberia/People |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Ubukungu == Ubukungu bwa Liberiya bushingiye cyane ku [[ubuhinzi]]. Kawucu ni cyo gihingwa cy'ubucuruzi gifite agaciro kurusha ibindi. Liberiya ihinga kandi [[ikawa]], kakawo n'imikindo y'amavuta. Igihugu gifite amabuye y'agaciro arimo ubutare, zahabu na diyama.<ref name="economy">{{Cite web |title=Liberia – Economy |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Liberia/Economy |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Amato menshi y'amahanga yandikwa muri Liberiya. Ibyo bituma Liberiya iba mu bihugu bifite amato menshi yanditswe ku isi.<ref name="economy" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Liberia|Amafoto ya Liberiya]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Liberiya| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] cjgtjup4f0qu1pj8l8n316wwtdileli 0 3842 148503 125158 2026-11-03T11:57:20Z Score Beethoven 11559 148503 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Libiya | conventional_long_name = Leta ya Libiya | native_name = الجمهورية الليبية | image_flag = Flag of Libya.svg | image_map = Libya (orthographic projection).svg | capital = Tripoli | official_languages = [[Icyarabu]] | leader_title1 = Perezida w'Inama ya Perezidansi | leader_name1 = Mohamed al-Menfi | leader_title2 = Minisitiri w'Intebe | leader_name2 = Abdul Hamid Dbeibah | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Itangazwa ry'ubwigenge | established_date1 = 24 Ukuboza 1951 | area_km2 = 1676198 | population_estimate = 7 351 000 | population_estimate_year = 2026 | currency = Dinari ya Libiya | iso3166code = omit }} '''Libiya''' (mu [[Icyarabu]]: ''ليبيا'') ni igihugu cyo muri [[Afurika]] y'Amajyaruguru. Umurwa mukuru ni Tripoli. Ururimi rwemewe ni Icyarabu. Igice kinini cy'igihugu kiri mu butayu bwa Sahara. Libiya yabonye ubwigenge mu 1951. Muammar al-Qaddafi yayoboye igihugu kuva mu 1969 kugeza mu 2011. Ubukungu bwa Libiya bushingiye kuri peteroli. == Imiterere == [[File:Tripoli Skyline edit.jpg|thumb|left|Umujyi wa Tripoli]] Libiya ikora ku Nyanja ya Mediterane mu majyaruguru. Mu burasirazuba, ihana imbibi na [[Misiri]]. Mu majyepfo y'uburasirazuba, ihana imbibi na [[Sudani]]. Mu majyepfo, ihana imbibi na [[Nigeri]] na [[Cade]]. Mu burengerazuba, ihana imbibi na [[Tunisiya]] na [[Aligeriya]].<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Libya |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Libya |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Libiya ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 676 198.<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |title=Libya: Facts & Stats |url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Libya |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Igice kinini cy'igihugu kiri mu butayu bwa Sahara. Ikibaya cyo hejuru cya Sahara gifata hafi ibice icyenda bya cumi by'igihugu.<ref name="britannica" /> Libiya ifite uturere dutatu tw'amateka: Tripolitaniya mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba, Sirenayika mu burasirazuba, na Fezzan mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba.<ref name="britannica" /> == Amateka == Mu gihe cy'ubukoloni bw'[[Ubutaliyani]], utwo turere dutatu twahurijwe hamwe tuba koloni imwe.<ref name="britannica" /> Libiya yabonye ubwigenge ku wa 24 Ukuboza 1951. Idris I yabaye umwami wa mbere wa Libiya. Yategetse kuva mu 1951 kugeza mu 1969.<ref name="idris">{{Cite web |title=Idris I |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Idris-I-king-of-Libya |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ku wa 1 Nzeri 1969, Muammar al-Qaddafi yahiritse Umwami Idris I akoresheje kudeta. Qaddafi yategetse imyaka irenga mirongo ine. Mu Kanama 2011, imyivumbagatanyo yamukuye ku butegetsi. Ku wa 20 Ukwakira 2011, yiciwe i Sirte n'inyeshyamba.<ref name="qaddafi">{{Cite web |title=Muammar al-Qaddafi |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muammar-al-Qaddafi |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Politiki == Mohamed al-Menfi ni Perezida w'Inama ya Perezidansi. Abdul Hamid Dbeibah ni Minisitiri w'Intebe.<ref name="facts" /> == Abaturage == Mu mwaka wa 2026, Libiya yari ifite abaturage bagera kuri 7 351 000 (ikigereranyo). Ururimi rwemewe ni Icyarabu.<ref name="facts" /> Abaturage benshi batuye ku nkombe. Benghazi ni undi mujyi munini.<ref name="britannica" /> == Ubukungu == Mbere, Libiya yari igihugu gikennye. Yari ishingiye ku mfashanyo n'ibitumizwa mu mahanga. Peteroli yavumbuwe mu mpera z'imyaka ya 1950. Amafaranga ya peteroli yatumye Leta itanga ubuvuzi n'uburezi ku giciro gito.<ref name="britannica" /> Ifaranga rikoreshwa ni Dinari ya Libiya.<ref name="facts" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Libya|Amafoto ya Libiya]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Libiya| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] pae7znzydeachpptjvzow60w5lvf8rv 0 3853 148494 102624 2026-11-03T08:32:47Z Score Beethoven 11559 148494 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Mali | conventional_long_name = Repubulika ya Mali | native_name = République du Mali | image_flag = Flag of Mali.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Mali.svg | image_map = Mali (orthographic projection).svg | capital = [[Bamako]] | largest_city = capital | official_languages = Indimi 13 z'igihugu<ref name="pcgn" /> | languages_type = Ururimi rw'akazi | languages = [[Igifaransa]] | admin_center_type = Inzego z'ubutegetsi | admin_center = Intara 19 n'Akarere ka Bamako<ref name="pcgn" /> | leader_title1 = Perezida | leader_name1 = [[Assimi Goïta]] | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Ku [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]] | established_date1 = 1960 | area_km2 = 1240192 | area_footnote = <ref name="pcgn" /> | currency = Ifaranga rya CFA<ref name="bceao" /> | currency_code = XOF | population_census = 22 395 489 | population_census_year = 2022 | iso3166code = omit }} '''Mali''' (izina ryemewe: Repubulika ya Mali; mu [[Igifaransa]]: ''République du Mali''; mu Kibambara: ''Mali ka Fasojamana'') ni igihugu cyo muri [[Afurika]] y'Iburengerazuba. Mali ntikora ku nyanja. Umurwa mukuru wayo ni [[Bamako]]. Mali yabonye ubwigenge ku [[Ubufaransa|Bufaransa]] mu 1960. Kuva mu 2020, igihugu kiyoborwa n'igisirikare. Perezida wa Mali ni Jenerali [[Assimi Goïta]]. == Imiterere == [[File:MaliDjennéMosquée.JPG|thumb|left|Umusigiti munini wa Djenné]] Mali ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 1 240 192. Igabanyijemo intara 19 n'Akarere ka Bamako.<ref name="pcgn">{{Cite web |title=Toponymic Factfile: Mali |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/67eaae97070b3238cf7f27b8/Mali_toponymic_factfile.pdf |website=GOV.UK |publisher=Permanent Committee on Geographical Names |date=2025-03-01 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Mali ntikora ku nyanja. Igice kinini cyayo kiri mu turere twa Sahara na Sahel. Mu majyaruguru hari [[Ubutayu bwa sahara|ubutayu bwa Sahara]]. Umugezi wa Nigeri uca muri Mali. Umurwa mukuru Bamako uri mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Mali |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mali |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Abaturage == Ibarura rusange ryo mu 2022 ryabaruye abaturage 22 395 489. Bamako ni wo mujyi munini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali: Regions, Cities & Localities |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/mali/cities |website=City Population |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Kuva mu 2023, Itegeko Nshinga ryemera indimi 13 z'igihugu nk'indimi zemewe. Muri zo harimo Ikibambara, Igifulani, Igisonghay n'Igitamasheq. Ikibambara cyumvwa n'abaturage hafi 80%. Igifaransa cyabaye ururimi rw'akazi.<ref name="pcgn" /> == Amateka n'ubutegetsi == Kera, ku butaka bwa Mali habayeho ubwami bukomeye. Muri bwo harimo ubwami bwa Ghana, ubwa Mali n'ubwa Songhai. Imijyi ya Timbuktu na Djenné izwi cyane mu mateka. Mali yabonye ubwigenge ku Bufaransa mu 1960. Habaye kudeta mu 2012, mu 2020 no mu 2021. Mu majyaruguru habayeho n'inyeshyamba z'Abatuwaregi.<ref name="britannica" /> Muri Gicurasi 2025, igisirikare cyasheshe amashyaka yose ya politiki. Muri Nyakanga 2025, Assimi Goïta yemeje itegeko rimuha manda y'imyaka itanu. Iyo manda ishobora kongerwa nta matora.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali junta chief approves law giving him unlimited mandate |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2025/07/10/mali-junta-chief-approves-law-giving-him-unlimited-mandate |website=Eyewitness News |agency=AFP |date=2025-07-10 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ku wa 25 Mata 2026, inyeshyamba z'abajihadisti n'Abatuwaregi zagabye ibitero bikomeye. Minisitiri w'Ingabo Sadio Camara yaguye muri ibyo bitero. Nyuma, Goïta yafashe n'umwanya wa Minisitiri w'Ingabo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mali: le président Assimi Goïta va cumuler ses fonctions avec celles de ministre de la Défense |url=https://afrique.le360.ma/politique/mali-le-president-assimi-goita-va-cumuler-ses-fonctions-avec-celles-de-ministre-de-la-defense_MLDXF7O4XVCQNIBTL7HGHDPGBE/ |website=Le360 Afrique |date=2026-05-04 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Ubukungu == Ubukungu bwa Mali bushingiye cyane kuri zahabu n'ipamba.<ref name="britannica" /> Mali ikoresha ifaranga rya CFA, kimwe n'ibindi bihugu birindwi byo muri Afurika y'Iburengerazuba.<ref name="bceao">{{Cite web |title=Présentation de la BCEAO |url=https://www.bceao.int/fr/content/presentation-de-la-bceao |website=Banque Centrale des États de l'Afrique de l'Ouest |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Mali|Amafoto ya Mali]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Mali| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] ehsjhfegiqv8c1nni3upxa94fkpxgay 0 3877 148493 102665 2026-11-03T08:07:24Z Score Beethoven 11559 148493 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Morise | conventional_long_name = Repubulika ya Morise | native_name = Republic of Mauritius | image_flag = Flag of Mauritius.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Mauritius.svg | image_map = Mauritius (orthographic projection with inset).svg | capital = [[Port Louis]] | official_languages = [[Icyongereza]] | leader_title1 = Perezida | leader_name1 = [[Dharam Gokhool]] | leader_title2 = Minisitiri w'Intebe | leader_name2 = Navin Ramgoolam | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Ku [[Ubwongereza]] | established_date1 = 1968 | area_km2 = 2007 | population_estimate = 1 235 000 | population_estimate_year = 2024 | iso3166code = omit }} '''Morise''' (izina ryemewe: Repubulika ya Morise; mu [[Icyongereza]]: ''Republic of Mauritius''; mu Gikerewole cya Morise: ''Republik Moris''; mu [[Igifaransa]]: ''République de Maurice'') ni igihugu kigizwe n'ibirwa mu Nyanja y'Ubuhinde. Kiri mu burasirazuba bwa [[Madagasikari]]. Umurwa mukuru wacyo ni [[Port Louis]]. Morise yabonye ubwigenge ku [[Ubwongereza]] mu 1968. Perezida wayo ni [[Dharam Gokhool]]. Minisitiri w'Intebe ni Navin Ramgoolam. == Imiterere == [[File:Mauritius 23.08.2009 11-42-31.jpg|thumb|left|Inkombe ya Morise]] Morise ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 2 007.<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |title=Mauritius: Facts & Stats |url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Mauritius |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ikirwa kinini cya Morise kiri ku kilometero zigera kuri 800 mu burasirazuba bwa Madagasikari. Cyavutse ku birunga. Hafi ya cyose kizengurutswe n'amabuye ya korali. Igihugu kirimo n'ibindi birwa, nka Rodrigues n'ibirwa bya Agaléga. Morise ivuga ko ibirwa bya Chagos ari ibyayo.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Mauritius |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Mauritius |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Mbere, kuri iki kirwa habaga inyoni yitwa dodo. Iyo nyoni yazimye burundu mu 1681.<ref name="britannica" /> == Abaturage == Mu mwaka wa 2024, Morise yari ifite abaturage bagera kuri 1 235 000. Ururimi rwemewe ni Icyongereza.<ref name="facts" /> Hafi bibiri bya gatatu by'abaturage bakomoka mu Buhinde no muri Pakisitani. Abenshi muri bo bakomoka ku bakozi bazanywe gukora mu nganda z'isukari. Hafi kimwe cya kane cy'abaturage ni Abakerewole. Igikerewole ni ururimi ruvugwa n'abaturage hafi bane kuri batanu.<ref name="britannica" /> == Amateka n'ubutegetsi == Morise yari ubukoloni bw'[[Ubufaransa]] kugeza mu 1814. Nyuma, yategekwaga n'Ubwongereza. Morise yabonye ubwigenge mu 1968.<ref name="chatham">{{Cite web |title=UK ratification of the Chagos Archipelago treaty will not violate international law |url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/2026/01/uk-ratification-chagos-archipelago-treaty-will-not-violate-international-law |website=Chatham House |date=2026-01-26 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Mu 2019, Urukiko Mpuzamahanga rw'Ubutabera rwavuze ko gutandukanya ibirwa bya Chagos na Morise bitari byemewe n'amategeko. Muri Gicurasi 2025, Ubwongereza na Morise byasinye amasezerano yo guha Morise ibirwa bya Chagos. Muri Mutarama 2026, aya masezerano yari ataremezwa n'Ubwongereza.<ref name="chatham" /> Perezida wa Morise ni Dharam Gokhool. Minisitiri w'Intebe ni Navin Ramgoolam.<ref name="dfat">{{Cite web |title=Mauritius – Heads of government |url=https://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/heads-of-government/mauritius |website=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia) |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Ubukungu == Ubukungu bwa Morise bushingiye ku bicuruzwa by'inganda byoherezwa mu mahanga, ku buhinzi, ku [[ubukerarugendo]] no kuri serivisi z'imari. Kera, [[isukari]] ni yo yari ifite uruhare runini.<ref name="britannica" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Mauritius|Amafoto ya Morise]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Morise| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] imcujae1tlv8xrza0826225r434eal1 0 3913 148496 113446 2026-11-03T08:39:08Z Score Beethoven 11559 148496 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Senegali''' (mu [[Igifaransa]]: ''République du Sénégal''; mu Igiwolof: ''Réewum Senegaal'') ni [[igihugu]] cyo muri [[Afurika]] y'Iburengerazuba. Umurwa mukuru wacyo ni Dakar. Senegali ihana imbibi na [[Moritaniya]], [[Mali]], [[Gineya]], [[Gineya-Biso]] n'Inyanja ya Atalantika. Igihugu cya [[Gambiya]] kiri hafi ya cyose imbere muri Senegali. Senegali yabonye ubwigenge ku wa 20 Kanama 1960. Ifite abaturage barenga miliyoni 18. Ururimi rwemewe ni Igifaransa. == Amateka == [[File:Saint-Louis-du-Sénégal.JPG|thumb|left|Umujyi wa Saint-Louis]] Senegali yari ikoloni y'[[Ubufaransa]]. Senegali n'Isudani y'Abafaransa (ubu ni Mali) bari bagize Ishyirahamwe rya Mali (''Fédération du Mali''). Ku wa 20 Kanama 1960, Senegali yavuye muri iryo shyirahamwe. Uwo munsi, Senegali yatangaje ubwigenge bwayo.<ref name="uca">{{Cite web |url=https://uca.edu/politicalscience/dadm-project/sub-saharan-africa-region/senegal-1960-present/ |title=Senegal (1960-present) |website=University of Central Arkansas |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Umunsi w'ubwigenge wizihizwa ku wa 4 Mata.<ref name="am">{{Cite web |url=https://independance.africamuseum.be/en/node/182 |title=République du Sénégal |website=AfricaMuseum |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Léopold Sédar Senghor yabaye Perezida wa mbere wa Senegali.<ref name="uca"/><ref name="am"/> Senegali ntiyigeze igira ihirikwa ry'ubutegetsi.<ref name="am"/> == Imiterere y'igihugu == Senegali iri ku nkombe y'Inyanja ya Atalantika. Ihana imbibi na Moritaniya, Mali, Gineya na Gineya-Biso. Gambiya iri hafi ya yose imbere muri Senegali.<ref name="br">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Senegal |title=Senegal |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Senegali ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 196 722. Igihugu kigabanyijemo uturere 14 twitwa ''régions''.<ref name="ses">{{Cite web |url=https://www.vie-publique.sn/documents/9943/situation-economique-et-sociale-senegal-territoire-population-2022-2023-ansd |title=Situation économique et sociale du Sénégal (SES) : territoire et population, édition 2022-2023 – ANSD |website=Vie publique Sénégal |date=2025-01-01 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Umurwa mukuru ni Dakar.<ref name="co">{{Cite web |url=https://primature.sn/publications/lois-et-reglements/loi-ndeg-2001-03-du-22-janvier-2001-portant-constitution-modifiee |title=Loi n° 2001-03 du 22 janvier 2001 portant Constitution, modifiée |website=Gouvernement du Sénégal |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Ubutegetsi == Senegali ni repubulika. Itegeko Nshinga rivuga ko Senegali ari repubulika ya demokarasi, itagira idini rya Leta.<ref name="co"/> Perezida wa Repubulika ni [[Bassirou Diomaye Faye]]. Yarahiriye kuba Perezida muri Mata 2024.<ref name="ec">{{Cite web |url=https://ecofinagency.com/public-management/0304-45336-bassirou-diomaye-faye-sworn-in-as-senegals-president-appoints-ousmane-sonko-as-prime-minister |title=Bassirou Diomaye Faye sworn in as Senegal's President, appoints Ousmane Sonko as Prime Minister |website=Agence Ecofin |date=2024-04-03 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Minisitiri w'Intebe ni Ahmadou Al Aminou Lo. Guverinoma ye yashyizweho ku wa 1 Kamena 2026.<ref name="pm">{{Cite web |url=https://www.primature.sn/publications/actualites/composition-du-nouveau-gouvernement-3 |title=Composition du nouveau Gouvernement |website=Gouvernement du Sénégal |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Abaturage n'indimi == Mu ibarura rusange ryo mu 2023, Senegali yari ifite abaturage 18 126 390.<ref name="ses"/> Ururimi rwemewe ni Igifaransa. Indimi z'igihugu zirimo Diola, Malinké, Pular, Sérère, Soninké na Wolof.<ref name="co"/> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Senegal|Amafoto ya Senegali]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Senegali| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] 4vhrr938s0yc0wglukaqjqnyidb1oh6 0 7185 148491 128963 2026-11-03T07:20:04Z Score Beethoven 11559 148491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox igihugu | common_name = Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo | conventional_long_name = Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo | native_name = République démocratique du Congo | image_flag = Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (grey spear).svg | image_map = COD orthographic.svg | capital = [[Kinshasa]] | official_languages = [[Igifaransa]] | national_languages = [[Igiswahili]], [[Ilingala]], Igikongo, Igiciluba | leader_title1 = Perezida | leader_name1 = [[Félix Tshisekedi]] | leader_title2 = Minisitiri w'Intebe | leader_name2 = Judith Suminwa Tuluka | sovereignty_type = Ubwigenge | established_event1 = Ku [[Ububiligi]] | established_date1 = 30 Kamena 1960 | area_km2 = 2345000 | population_estimate = 115 403 000 | population_estimate_year = 2024 | iso3166code = omit }} '''Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo''' (mu [[Igifaransa]]: ''République démocratique du Congo'') ni igihugu cyo muri [[Afurika]] yo Hagati. Kizwi kandi ku izina rya Kongo-Kinshasa. Umurwa mukuru wacyo ni [[Kinshasa]]. Iki gihugu cyabonye ubwigenge ku [[Ububiligi]] mu 1960. Ururimi rwemewe ni Igifaransa. Perezida wacyo ni [[Félix Tshisekedi]]. == Imiterere == [[File:Vue Kinshasa.jpg|thumb|left|Umujyi wa Kinshasa]] Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare zigera kuri 2 345 000.<ref name="facts">{{Cite web |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo: Facts & Stats |url=https://www.britannica.com/facts/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Igihugu kiri muri Afurika yo Hagati. Gifite inkombe ngufi ku Nyanja ya Atalantika, ifite uburebure bwa kilometero 40. Ahandi hose ntigikora ku nyanja. Ihana imbibi na [[Kongo|Repubulika ya Kongo]], [[Repubulika ya Santara Afurika]], [[Sudani y’Amajyepfo]], [[Ubugande]], [[Rwanda]], [[Uburundi]], [[Tanzaniya]], [[Zambiya]] na [[Angola]]. Igice kinini cy'igihugu kiri mu kibaya cy'[[Umugezi wa Congo]]. Iki kibaya gitwikiriwe n'ishyamba ry'inzitane.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |title=Democratic Republic of the Congo |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Democratic-Republic-of-the-Congo |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Abaturage == Mu mwaka wa 2024, igihugu cyari gifite abaturage bagera kuri 115 403 000. Ururimi rwemewe ni Igifaransa. Indimi z'igihugu ni Igikongo, [[Ilingala]], [[Igiswahili]] n'Igiciluba.<ref name="facts" /> == Amateka n'ubutegetsi == Mbere y'ubwigenge, igihugu cyategekwaga n'Ububiligi. Ku wa 30 Kamena 2026, igihugu cyizihije isabukuru y'imyaka 66 y'ubwigenge.<ref>{{Cite web |title=66ème anniversaire de l’indépendance : le Président Tshisekedi appelle au sursaut pour préparer le Congo de 2050 |url=https://acp.cd/nation/66eme-anniversaire-de-lindependance-le-president-tshisekedi-appelle-au-sursaut-pour-preparer-le-congo-de-2050/ |website=Agence Congolaise de Presse |date=2026-06-30 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] yafashe ubutegetsi mu 1965, binyuze muri kudeta. Ku butegetsi bwe, igihugu cyitwaga Zayire. Mu 1997, Mobutu yakuweho n'inyeshyamba. Yapfiriye i Rabat muri [[Maroke]] ku wa 7 Nzeri 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mobutu Sese Seko |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mobutu-Sese-Seko |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Félix Tshisekedi ni Perezida w'igihugu. Manda ye ya kabiri irangira mu Ukuboza 2028. Mu burasirazuba bw'igihugu hari intambara. Umutwe witwaje intwaro wa M23 wafashe imijyi ikomeye muri ako karere.<ref>{{Cite web |title=DR Congo president sets stage to stay in power |url=https://www.ewn.co.za/2026/06/23/dr-congo-president-sets-stage-to-stay-in-power |website=Eyewitness News |agency=AFP |date=2026-06-23 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Minisitiri w'Intebe ni Judith Suminwa Tuluka.<ref name="facts" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo|Amafoto ya Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Afurika}} [[Ikiciro:Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo| ]] [[Ikiciro:Afurika]] [[Ikiciro:Ibihugu]] tph55p0dt9lq687c7fozdmezehzupzc 0 8689 148495 122085 2026-11-03T08:32:56Z Score Beethoven 11559 148495 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | above = Imiterere y'u Rwanda | image = [[File:Rwanda Topography.png|260px]] | caption = Ikarita y'imiterere y'ubutaka bw'u Rwanda | label1 = Umugabane | data1 = [[Afurika]] | label2 = Aho ruherereye | data2 = 2°00′S 30°00′E | label3 = Ubuso | data3 = 26 338 km² (ku mwanya wa 148 ku isi) | label4 = Ubutaka | data4 = 24 668 km² | label5 = Amazi | data5 = 1 670 km² | label6 = Imbibi | data6 = 930 km | label7 = Inkombe z'inyanja | data7 = 0 km | label8 = Ahantu harehare | data8 = [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi|Karisimbi]] (4 507 m) | label9 = Ahantu hasi | data9 = [[Umugezi wa Rusizi]] (950 m) | label10 = Ikiyaga kinini | data10 = [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] }} '''Imiterere y'u Rwanda''' ivuga uko ubutaka, amazi n'ikirere by'[[Rwanda|u Rwanda]] biteye. U Rwanda ni igihugu gito kiri muri [[Afurika]] yo hagati n'iburasirazuba. Nta nyanja rufite. Ruri mu majyepfo ya ekwateri, hafi yayo. Ruhana imbibi na [[Ubugande]], [[Tanzaniya]], [[Uburundi]] na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. U Rwanda ni igihugu cy'imisozi myinshi. Ahantu harehare ni [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi]]. Ahantu hasi ni ku [[Umugezi wa Rusizi|mugezi wa Rusizi]]. Ikirere cy'u Rwanda ntigishyuha cyane kandi ntigikonja cyane. Mu mwaka habamo ibihe bibiri by'imvura. == Aho ruherereye n'imbibi == U Rwanda rufite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 26 338. Ubutaka bufite kilometero kare 24 668. Amazi afite kilometero kare 1 670.<ref name="CIA">{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda/ |title=The World Factbook – Rwanda |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251227151133/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/rwanda/ |archive-date=2025-12-27 |url-status=dead |access-date=2026-11-03 |language=en}}</ref> Umurwa mukuru, [[Kigali]], uri hagati mu gihugu.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Rwanda |title=Rwanda |website=Encyclopaedia Britannica |access-date=2026-11-03 |language=en}}</ref> U Rwanda ruhana imbibi na [[Ubugande]] mu majyaruguru. Ruhana imbibi na [[Tanzaniya]] mu burasirazuba. Ruhana imbibi n'[[Uburundi]] mu majyepfo. Ruhana imbibi na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]] mu burengerazuba.<ref name="Britannica" /> Imbibi zose zifite kilometero 930. Umupaka n'Uburundi ufite kilometero 315. Umupaka na Tanzaniya ufite kilometero 222. Umupaka na Kongo ufite kilometero 221. Umupaka n'Ubugande ufite kilometero 172.<ref name="CIA" /> == Imiterere y'ubutaka == Urukurikirane rw'imisozi rwambukiranya igihugu kuva mu majyaruguru kugera mu majyepfo. Iyo misozi itandukanya amazi ajya muri [[Nili]] n'ajya mu mugezi wa Kongo. Ahantu harehare ni [[Ikirunga cya Karisimbi]]. Gifite metero 4 507. Kiri mu [[Imisozi ya Virunga|misozi ya Virunga]], mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba. Hagati mu gihugu hari imisozi miremire n'ibibaya. Mu burasirazuba, ubutaka buramanuka bukagera kuri metero 1 220 mu kibaya cy'[[Umugezi wa Akagera|Akagera]]. Icyo kibaya kirimo ibishanga.<ref name="Britannica" /> Ahantu hasi mu gihugu ni ku [[Umugezi wa Rusizi|mugezi wa Rusizi]], kuri metero 950. Ubutumburuke mpuzandengo bw'u Rwanda ni metero 1 598.<ref name="CIA" /> == Imigezi n'ibiyaga == [[File:Lake Kivu in rwanda.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]]] Imigezi myinshi iri mu burasirazuba bw'imisozi itandukanya Kongo na Nili. [[Umugezi wa Akagera|Akagera]] ni wo mugezi munini wo mu burasirazuba. Ugize igice kinini cy'umupaka n'Uburundi na Tanzaniya. Umugezi wa Rusizi ujyana amazi y'Ikiyaga cya Kivu mu [[Ikiyaga cya Tanganyika]].<ref name="Britannica" /> Umugezi muremure mu gihugu ni [[Umugezi wa Nyabarongo|Nyabarongo]]. Ikiyaga kinini ni [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]]. Kiri ku mupaka w'iburengerazuba.<ref name="Britannica" /> U Rwanda rugisangiye na Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo. Gifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 2 220.<ref name="CIA" /> Ubujyakuzimu bwacyo bugera kuri metero 480.<ref name="Jorgensen">{{Cite book |last=Jørgensen |first=Sven Erik |year=2005 |title=Lake and reservoir management |location=Amsterdam |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-0-444-51678-7 |page=93 |language=en}}</ref> Ibindi biyaga birimo [[Ikiyaga cya Burera|Burera]], [[Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo|Ruhondo]], [[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi|Muhazi]], [[Ikiyaga cya Rweru|Rweru]] n'[[Ikiyaga cy'Ihema|Ihema]]. == Ikirere == Ikirere cy'u Rwanda ntigishyuha cyane kandi ntigikonja cyane.<ref name="CIA" /> I Kigali, ubushyuhe mpuzandengo ni dogere 21 °C mu mwaka wose. Imisozi yo hagati mu gihugu ibona imvura ingana na milimetero 1 140 ku mwaka. Hari ibihe bibiri by'imvura. Icya mbere kiva muri Gashyantare kugera muri Gicurasi. Icya kabiri kiva mu Ukwakira kugera mu Ukuboza. Agace k'ibirunga mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba kabona imvura nyinshi. Ako gace gakonja kurusha hagati mu gihugu.<ref name="Britannica" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" |+ Ikirere cya Kigali ! Ukwezi !! Mut !! Gas !! Wer !! Mat !! Gic !! Kam !! Nya !! Kan !! Nze !! Ukw !! Ugu !! Uku !! Umwaka |- ! Ubushyuhe bwo hejuru (°C) | 26.9 || 27.4 || 26.9 || 26.2 || 25.9 || 26.4 || 27.1 || 28.0 || 28.2 || 27.2 || 26.1 || 26.4 || 26.9 |- ! Ubushyuhe bwo hasi (°C) | 15.6 || 15.8 || 15.7 || 16.1 || 16.2 || 15.3 || 15.0 || 16.0 || 16.0 || 15.9 || 15.5 || 15.6 || 15.7 |- ! Imvura (mm) | 76.9 || 91.0 || 114.2 || 154.2 || 88.1 || 18.6 || 11.4 || 31.1 || 69.6 || 105.7 || 112.7 || 77.4 || 950.9 |- ! Iminsi y'imvura (≥ 0.1 mm) | 11 || 11 || 15 || 18 || 13 || 2 || 1 || 4 || 10 || 17 || 17 || 14 || 133 |} == Umutungo kamere n'imikoreshereze y'ubutaka == U Rwanda rufite umutungo kamere ukurikira: zahabu, gasegereti, wolframu, [[Ingufu za Gaz methani|gaz metani]], ingufu z'amazi n'ubutaka bwo guhinga.<ref name="CIA" /> Imbonerahamwe ikurikira yerekana imikoreshereze y'ubutaka mu 2023.<ref name="CIA" /> Muri 2012, ubutaka buhirwa bwari kilometero kare 96.<ref name="CIA" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ Imikoreshereze y'ubutaka (2023) ! Ubwoko !! Ijanisha |- | Ubutaka buhingwa || 47 % |- | Ibihingwa bihoraho || 13,7 % |- | Inzuri || 15,6 % |- | Amashyamba || 24,5 % |} == Ibidukikije == U Rwanda rugira amapfa rimwe na rimwe. [[Ikirunga cya Bisoke|Bisoke]] (metero 3 711) kiri ku mupaka na Kongo. Ni cyo kirunga cyonyine cyarutse mu mateka y'u Rwanda.<ref name="CIA" /> Amashyamba kimeza asigaye ari make.<ref name="Britannica" /> Ibibazo by'ibidukikije birimo gutema amashyamba no kurisha cyane. Harimo kandi isuri, kugabanuka k'uburumbuke bw'ubutaka no kwangirika kw'[[ibishanga]]. Harimo no gutakaza urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima no guhiga bitemewe.<ref name="CIA" /> Isuri iterwa n'imisozi ihanamye, imvura nyinshi, gutema amashyamba n'ubuhinzi bukabije.<ref name="Britannica" /> Pariki z'igihugu zirimo [[Pariki y'Akagera]], [[Pariki y’Igihugu y’Ibirunga]] na [[Pariki ya Nyungwe]]. U Rwanda ruri mu masezerano mpuzamahanga menshi yerekeye ibidukikije. Muri yo harimo ayerekeye urusobe rw'ibinyabuzima, imihindagurikire y'ibihe, ubutayu, ibishanga no kurinda ozone. U Rwanda rwashyize umukono ku masezerano yerekeye amategeko y'inyanja, ariko ntirurayemeza.<ref name="CIA" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Geography of Rwanda|Amafoto y'imiterere y'u Rwanda]] kuri Wikimedia Commons [[Ikiciro:Rwanda]] ogy04q20g24ttxlr7noizu4vto4isf5 10 9001 148450 77577 2026-11-02T19:46:05Z Maintenance script 5108 Use thumb.wikimedia.org for thumbnails ([[phab:T427465]], Operator: Ladsgroup) 148450 sanitized-css text/css .main_box { width: 100%; font-family:"Raleway", sans-serif; font-weight: 500; line-height: 2em; color: #535353; } h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6 { font-family: "Raleway", sans-serif; font-weight: 600; border: 0; } #header1, #header2, .content, .meta { width: 100%; } #header1, #header2 { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: flex-start; background-color: #d1d0f5; grid-row: 1; } #header1 .large { font-size: 200%; font-weight: bold; } #header2 { position: relative; } #header2 div { margin: 0 auto; font-size: smaller; } #header2 div::before { content: ""; position: absolute; border-left: 2px solid #fff; height: 40%; top: 30%; left: 0; } #header2 a { color: #000; } .meta { background-color: #e5e4f9; background-repeat: repeat-x; background-position: bottom center; padding-bottom: 4vw; background-size: 4vw; border-bottom: 1vw solid #fff; } .content_box, .meta_box { padding: 1vw 2vw 0 2vw; } #community .text { padding-left: 4vw; } #community .text.ii_picture { padding-left: 0; } #did_you_know .text { padding-right: 4vw; } #did_you_know ul, #did_you_know ul li { list-style-type: none; list-style-image: none; position: relative; } #did_you_know ul li::before { content: "… "; position: absolute; left: -1em; } #community .picture, #did_you_know .picture { flex-basis: auto; width: 300px; } .picture img { max-width: 300px; max-height: 300px; width: 15vw; height: 15vw; object-fit: cover; border: 1px solid #ccc; } .circlepicture img { border-radius: 50%; } .squarepicture img { border-radius: 1vw; } .rectanglepicture img, body.skin-minerva .circlepicture img, body.skin-minerva .squarepicture img { border-radius: 1vw; width: auto; height: auto; } #community, #did_you_know { align-items: center; } #community { flex-direction: row; } #community ul, #eara_language > ul { list-style-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/%C3%81rvu-ruon%C3%A1-njuolla-o.svg"); margin-left: 16px; } #community ul li, #community ul li, #eara_language > ul li { padding-left: 1vw; } #did_you_know { flex-direction: row-reverse; } #big_image { margin-top: 4vw; position: relative; } #big_image .h2 { padding: 0 2vw; } #big_image img { width: 100%; max-height: 15vw; transition: all 0.6s ease; object-fit: cover; } #big_image:hover img { max-height: 32vw; } #big_image .image_text { position: absolute; left: 0.5vw; bottom: 0.5vw; padding: 0.5vw 1vw; background: rgba(255,255,255,0.7); border-radius: 0.1vw; max-width: 35vw; } body.skin-minerva #big_image .image_text { position: relative; padding: 0 4vw; background: none; border-radius: 0; max-width: none; left: 0; bottom: 0; } #eara_language div { font-family: sans-serif; } #community ul { list-style-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/24/%C3%81rvu-r%C3%A1nes-njuolla-o.svg"); margin-left: 16px; } #veahkehit ul { font-size: smaller; } .logo { background-color: transparent; transition: background-color 200ms; max-width: 25em; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0.5rem 0; } .logo:hover { background-color: #d1d0f5; } .logo a, .logo a.extiw, .logo a.external { color: #000; display: block; text-decoration: none; padding-left:70px; background-position: left center; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 50px; font-weight: 500; } .logo a b, .logo a:hover b { text-decoration: none; } .commons a, .commons a.external { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/76/Notification-icon-Commons-logo.svg"); } .wikidata a, .wikidata a.external { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Notification-icon-Wikidata-logo.svg"); } .incubator a, .incubator a.external { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Notification-icon-Incubator-logo.svg"); } .metawiki a, .metawiki a.external { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/Notification-icon-Meta-logo.svg"); } .wikibooks a, .wikibooks a.external { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Notification-icon-Wikibooks-logo.svg"); } .wikinews a, .wikinews a.external { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Notification-icon-Wikinews-logo.svg"); } .wikiquote a, .wikiquote a.external { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Notification-icon-Wikiquote.svg"); } .wikisource a, .wikisource a.external { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Notification-icon-Wikisource-logo.svg"); } .wikispecies a, .wikispecies a.external { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Notification-icon-Wikispecies-logo.svg"); } .wikiversity a, .wikiversity a.external { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Notification-icon-Wikiversity-logo.svg"); } .wikivoyage a, .wikivoyage a.external { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Notification-icon-Wikivoyage-logo.svg"); } .wiktionary a, .wiktionary a.external { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Notification-icon-Wiktionary-logo.svg"); } #wikimedia-proseavttat .mw-collapsible-toggle { float: none; text-align: center; color: #000; margin:1vw auto; max-width: 15em; box-shadow: 0 0 1em #ccc; border-radius: 1em; } #wikimedia-proseavttat .mw-collapsible-toggle:focus { outline: none; } body.skin-minerva .mw-collapsible-toggle { display: none; } #wikimedia-proseavttat .mw-collapsible-toggle .vulos, #wikimedia-proseavttat .mw-collapsed .mw-collapsible-toggle .bajas { display: none; } #wikimedia-proseavttat .mw-collapsible-toggle .bajas, #wikimedia-proseavttat .mw-collapsed .mw-collapsible-toggle .vulos { display: block; margin-left: 20px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: left center; background-size: 13px; } .bajas { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/%C3%81rvu-r%C3%A1nes-njuolla-b.svg"); } .vulos { background-image: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/%C3%81rvu-r%C3%A1nes-njuolla-v.svg"); } @media (max-width:1200px) { .main_box { display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-size: 100%; } #header1 { background-image: url("//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Imigongo_traditional_patterns_%286%29.jpg/60px-Imigongo_traditional_patterns_%286%29.jpg"); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-position: top center; padding-top: 20px; background-size: 60px; background-attachment: scroll; } #header1 div { margin: 1em auto; } #header2 { display: none; } .meta { background-image: url("//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Imigongo_traditional_patterns_%285%29.jpg/60px-Imigongo_traditional_patterns_%285%29.jpg"); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-position: top center; padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 10px; background-size: 60px; } .content_box, .meta_box { padding: 2vw 2vw 0 2vw; } #community .text { padding-left: 2vw; } #did_you_know .text { padding-right: 2vw; } #community .picture, #did_you_know .picture { width: 190px; } .circlepicture img { width: 170px; height: 170px; } .rectanglepicture img { width: 170px; height: auto; } #big_image .image_text { position: relative; padding: 0 2vw; background: none; border-radius: 0; max-width: none; left: 0; bottom: 0; } } @media (min-width:1200px) { .main_box { display: grid; grid-template-columns: auto 35%; grid-template-rows: 15em auto; flex-direction: column; font-size: 11pt; } #header1 { background-image: url("//thumb.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Imigongo_traditional_patterns_%282%29.jpg/60px-Imigongo_traditional_patterns_%282%29.jpg"); background-repeat: repeat-y; background-position: 2rem; background-size: 60px; } body.skin-vector #header1 { background-position: 14.5rem, 16.5rem, 19.5rem, 22rem; background-attachment: fixed; } #header1 div { margin-left: 8em; margin-right: 2em; } #header1, .content { grid-column: 1; } #header2, .meta { grid-column: 2; } #eara_language { display: grid; grid-template-columns: 49% auto 49%; } #eara_language h2 { grid-column: span 3; } #eara_language #same_language { grid-column: 1; } #eara_language #rannja_language { grid-column: 3; } #eara_language ul { grid-column: span 3; margin: 0 auto; } } /* This template is loaded on the main page to address T32405 Please feel free to adapt the code, translate this message. Updates can be found in https://gist.github.com/jdlrobson/dbb124296ed2a1fc7242018c7b589059 */ @media screen and ( max-width: 720px ) { body.skin-minerva td, body.skin-minerva tr, body.skin-minerva .mp-column, body.skin-minerva .floatleft, body.skin-minerva .floatright, body.skin-minerva #mp-sister tbody, body.skin-minerva #mp-sister table { display: block !important; float: none !important; width: 100% !important; height: auto !important; box-sizing: border-box; } } 7ch3k00f1bylo1dl67hbjzxwejy04p8 0 13543 148461 97808 2026-11-03T05:51:15Z Score Beethoven 11559 148461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | above = Ikiyaga | image = [[Dosiye:Gentau Pic du Midi Ossau.jpg|frameless|upright=1.15]] | caption = Ikiyaga cya Gentau mu [[Ubufaransa]] | label1 = Ni iki | data1 = Amazi akikijwe n'ubutaka | label2 = Ubwoko bw'amazi | data2 = Amazi meza cyangwa amazi y'umunyu | label3 = Kinini ku Isi | data3 = Inyanja ya Kaspiya | label4 = Kirekire mu bujyakuzimu | data4 = Ikiyaga cya Baikal | label5 = Kinini muri Afurika | data5 = [[Ikiyaga cya Victoriya]] }} '''Ikiyaga''' ni amazi akikijwe n'ubutaka impande zose. Ibiyaga byinshi bifite amazi meza. Ibindi bifite amazi y'umunyu. Ku [[Isi]] hari ibiyaga byinshi cyane. Ikiyaga kinini ku Isi ni Inyanja ya Kaspiya. Ikiyaga gifite ubujyakuzimu burebure ni Ikiyaga cya Baikal. Mu [[Rwanda]] hari ibiyaga byinshi, nk'[[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] n'[[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]]. == Ibisobanuro == Ikiyaga ni [[amazi]] akikijwe n'[[ubutaka]].<ref name="natgeo">{{Cite web |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/lake/ |title=Lake |website=National Geographic Education |date=2026-09-01 |access-date=2026-11-03 |language=en}}</ref> Amazi y'ikiyaga arahagaze, cyangwa agenda buhoro.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/lake |title=Lake |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=2026-09-09 |access-date=2026-11-03 |language=en}}</ref> Ikiyaga gito cyane bakunze kucyita icyuzi.<ref name="natgeo" /> == Uko ibiyaga bivuka == Ikiyaga kivuka iyo amazi yuzuye mu kinogo cy'ubutaka. Ibyo binogo bivuka mu buryo butandukanye:<ref name="natgeo" /> * Ubutaka bw'Isi buranyeganyega bugacikamo ibice. Inyanja ya Kaspiya n'Ikiyaga cya Baikal byavutse gutyo. * Ikirunga gisiga umwobo munini. Amazi y'imvura arawuzuza. * Urubura rwinshi rwo mu bihe bya kera rwacukuye ibinogo. Amazi yarwo yarabyuzuje. * [[Inkangu]] ifunga [[umugezi]]. Amazi y'umugezi arahagarara. * Abantu bubaka ingomero ku nzuzi. Bityo bagakora ibiyaga by'abantu. == Amazi meza n'amazi y'umunyu == Ibiyaga byinshi bifite [[amazi meza]]. Ibyo biyaga bifite aho amazi asohokera, nk'[[uruzi]].<ref name="natgeo" /> Ibindi biyaga nta ho amazi asohokera. Amazi yabyo agabanuka gusa iyo ahindutse [[umwuka]]. [[Umunyu]] usigara mu kiyaga. Ni yo mpamvu ibyo biyaga bigira amazi y'umunyu.<ref name="natgeo" /> == Ibiyaga binini ku Isi == * Inyanja ya Kaspiya ni cyo kiyaga kinini ku Isi. Iri mu [[Burayi]] no muri [[Aziya]]. Ifite ubuso burenga km² 370 000. Kubera ubunini bwayo, bayita inyanja.<ref name="natgeo" /> * Ikiyaga cya Baikal kiri mu [[Uburusiya]]. Ahantu hamwe, ubujyakuzimu bwacyo bugera hafi kuri km 2.<ref name="natgeo" /> * [[Ikiyaga cya Victoriya]] ni cyo kiyaga kinini muri [[Afurika]]. Gifite ubuso bwa km² 69 484. Ni icya kabiri mu biyaga by'amazi meza ku Isi.<ref name="victoria">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Victoria |title=Lake Victoria |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2026-11-03 |language=en}}</ref> == Akamaro k'ibiyaga == Ibiyaga bifite akamaro kanini ku bantu no ku nyamaswa.<ref name="natgeo" /> * Abantu bakuramo amazi yo gukoresha mu ngo. * Abahinzi bakuramo amazi yo kuhira imyaka. * Bimwe bitanga amashanyarazi. * Abantu barobamo [[amafi]]. * Ubwato butwara abantu n'ibintu. * Ni ahantu h'[[ubukerarugendo]] no kwidagadura. * Ni aho amafi, [[inyoni]] n'izindi [[inyamaswa]] ziba. == Ibiyaga byo mu Rwanda == [[Dosiye:Lake Kivu at dawn.jpg|thumb|left|Ikiyaga cya Kivu mu museke]] Mu Rwanda hari ibiyaga byinshi. [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] kiri hagati y'u Rwanda na [[Repubulika Iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo]]. Gifite ubuso bwa km² 2 700. Ubujyakuzimu bwacyo bugera kuri m 475.<ref name="kivu">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Kivu |title=Lake Kivu |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2026-11-03 |language=en}}</ref> Ibindi biyaga by'u Rwanda ni nka [[Ikiyaga cya Burera]], [[Ikiyaga cya Ruhondo]], [[Ikiyaga cya Muhazi]], [[Ikiyaga cya Mugesera]], [[Ikiyaga cya Rweru]] na [[Ikiyaga cy'Ihema]]. == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Lakes|Amafoto y'ibiyaga]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga by'u Rwanda}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Amazi]] 7cyplz33je3rjqeacq4gg9hhdxjhmpm 0 21231 148458 125754 2026-11-02T22:43:20Z Andre Engels 106 Redirected page to [[Florida Kwiyandikisha kubasobanuzi ku ababana n'ubumuga byo kutumva]] 148458 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Florida Kwiyandikisha kubasobanuzi ku ababana n'ubumuga byo kutumva]] rm73u32anjz4jsx64n81bll63xp2gdt 0 23924 148451 148388 2026-11-02T20:36:30Z Score Beethoven 11559 148451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox drug | drug_name = Karbamazepini | image = Carbamazepine.svg | tradename = Tegretol, n'indi | MedlinePlus = a682237 | routes_of_administration = Mu kanwa, mu rushinge mu mutsi | ATC_prefix = N03 | ATC_suffix = AF01 | CAS_number = 298-46-4 | PubChem = 2554 | DrugBank = DB00564 | UNII = 33CM23913M | KEGG = D00252 | ChEMBL = 108 | C=15 | H=12 | N=2 | O=1 }} '''Karbamazepini''' (mu cyongereza: ''carbamazepine''), igurishwa cyane ku izina rya Tegretol, ni umuti urwanya igicuri. Ikoreshwa mu kuvura igicuri n'ububabare buturuka ku myakura. Ikoreshwa kandi ku ndwara ya bipolar no kuri [[schizophrenia]]. Karbamazepini yavumbuwe mu 1953 mu [[Ubusuwisi]]. Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi rw'[[WHO|Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima]]. == Ikoreshwa mu buvuzi == [[Dosiye:Tegretol.jpg|thumb|left|Ibinini bya Tegretol]] Karbamazepini ikoreshwa mu kuvura igicuri.<ref name="AHFS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.drugs.com/monograph/carbamazepine.html |title=Carbamazepine Monograph for Professionals |website=Drugs.com |publisher=American Society of Health-System Pharmacists |language=en |access-date=2026-11-02}}</ref> Ivura ubwoko bwinshi bw'igicuri. Ntivura ubwoko bw'igicuri bwitwa ''absence'' na ''myoclonic''.<ref name="AHFS"/> Ku gicuri, ikora neza nka phenytoin na valproate.<ref name="Nevitt2019">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Nevitt SJ, Marson AG, Tudur Smith C|title=Carbamazepine versus phenytoin monotherapy for epilepsy: an individual participant data review|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=7|pages=CD001911|date=July 2019|pmid=31318037|pmc=6637502|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001911.pub4}}</ref> Karbamazepini ikoreshwa kandi mu kuvura ububabare buturuka ku myakura. Ivura cyane cyane ububabare bukabije bwo mu maso bwitwa ''trigeminal neuralgia''.<ref name="AHFS"/> Karbamazepini ikoreshwa ku ndwara ya bipolar iyo indi miti itagize icyo imara. Ku barwayi ba [[schizophrenia]], ishobora gukoreshwa hamwe n'indi miti.<ref name="AHFS"/> == Ingaruka mbi == Ingaruka mbi zikunze kugaragara ni isereri, ibitotsi, iseseme no kuruka. Ingaruka zikomeye zishobora kuba ibibazo bikomeye by'uruhu, kugabanuka k'uturemangingo tw'amaraso, cyangwa ibitekerezo byo [[Kwiyahura|kwiyahura]]. Ntigomba guhabwa umuntu wigeze kugira ikibazo cy'umusokoro w'amagufwa.<ref name="AHFS"/> Gukoresha karbamazepini mu gihe cyo [[Imihango y'umugore utwite|gutwita]] bishobora kugira ingaruka ku mwana. Icyakora, umugore utwite uyikoresha ku gicuri ntagomba kuyihagarika. Karbamazepini igera mu mashereka. Umubyeyi agomba guhagarika [[Konsa|konsa]] cyangwa uyu muti. Abafite indwara z'[[impyiko]] cyangwa z'[[umwijima]] bagomba kwitonda.<ref name="AHFS"/> == Amateka == Karbamazepini yavumbuwe mu 1953 n'umuhanga mu bya shimi w'Umusuwisi witwa Walter Schindler.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Howard S.|title=Current therapy in pain|date=2009|publisher=Saunders/Elsevier|location=Philadelphia|isbn=9781416048367|page=460|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTgy62MWnK4C&pg=PA460|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305032812/https://books.google.ca/books?id=iTgy62MWnK4C&pg=PA460|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Yatangiye kugurishwa mu 1962.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moshé|first=Solomon|title=The treatment of epilepsy|date=2009|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Chichester, UK|isbn=9781444316674|page=xxix|edition=3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rFFzFzZJtasC&pg=PR29|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305024852/https://books.google.ca/books?id=rFFzFzZJtasC&pg=PR29|archive-date=5 March 2016}}</ref> Iboneka nk'umuti rusange (''generic'').<ref name="Hitch2019">{{Cite book|last=Hitchings|first=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|title=The Top 100 Drugs: Clinical Pharmacology and Practical Prescribing|last2=Lonsdale|first2=Dagan|last3=Burrage|first3=Daniel|last4=Baker|first4=Emma|date=2019|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-7020-7442-4|edition=2nd|pages=102-103|language=en|access-date=9 November 2021|archive-date=22 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210522175005/https://books.google.com/books?id=FPx0DwAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Iri ku rutonde rw'imiti y'ingenzi rw'Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima.<ref name="WHO21st">{{Cite book|vauthors=((World Health Organization))|title=World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019|year=2019|hdl=10665/325771|publisher=World Health Organization|location=Geneva|id=WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Mu 2023, karbamazepini yari ku mwanya wa 185 mu miti yandikwa cyane n'abaganga muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]]. Yanditswe inshuro zirenga miliyoni 2,6.<ref name="ClinCalc">{{Cite web |url=https://clincalc.com/DrugStats/Drugs/Carbamazepine |title=Carbamazepine - Drug Usage Statistics, United States, 2014 - 2023 |website=ClinCalc |language=en |access-date=2026-11-02}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Clonazepam]] * [[Haloperidol]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * {{Cite web |title=Carbamazepine |url=https://medlineplus.gov/druginfo/meds/a682237.html |website=MedlinePlus |language=en}} * [[commons:Category:Carbamazepine|Amafoto ya karbamazepini]] kuri Wikimedia Commons [[Ikiciro:Imiti]] [[Ikiciro:Translated from MDWiki]] iqiii86cmh2s540h4fd6rgi0s9cza0q 0 23925 148456 148389 2026-11-02T21:25:35Z Score Beethoven 11559 148456 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Kolera | image = PHIL 1939 lores.jpg | caption = Umuntu wabuze amazi menshi mu mubiri kubera kolera. | field = Indwara zandura | symptoms = [[Impiswi]] y'amazi | complications = Kubura amazi mu mubiri | onset = Amasaha 12 kugeza ku minsi 5 nyuma yo kwandura | causes = Bagiteri ''Vibrio cholerae'' | risks = Amazi mabi, isuku nke | diagnosis = Ikizamini cya laboratwari | prevention = [[Isuku]], [[Kunywa amazi|amazi meza]], urukingo | treatment = Umuti wo gusubiza amazi mu mubiri (ORS), serumu, antibiyotike | frequency = Miliyoni 1,3 kugeza kuri 4 ku mwaka | deaths = 21.000 kugeza kuri 143.000 ku mwaka }} '''Kolera''' (mu [[Icyongereza]]: ''cholera''; mu [[Igifaransa]]: ''choléra'') ni indwara iterwa na [[bagiteri]] yitwa ''Vibrio cholerae''. Umuntu ayandura iyo ariye ibiryo cyangwa anyoye amazi birimo iyo bagiteri. Kolera itera [[impiswi]] y'amazi menshi. Iyo itavuwe vuba, ishobora kwica umuntu mu masaha make. Abarwayi benshi ba kolera bavurwa n'umuti wo gusubiza amazi mu mubiri. Kwirinda kolera bisaba [[Kunywa amazi|amazi meza]], ubwiherero n'[[isuku]]. Hari kandi urukingo rwa kolera rufatwa mu kanwa. == Impamvu n'ikwirakwira == [[Dosiye:Cholera bacteria SEM.jpg|thumb|left|Bagiteri ''Vibrio cholerae'' ku ifoto ya mikorosikopi.]] Kolera iterwa na bagiteri ''Vibrio cholerae''.<ref name="OMS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera |title=Cholera |website=World Health Organization |date=2026-09-29 |access-date=2026-11-02 |language=en}}</ref> Ubwoko bubiri gusa bw'iyo bagiteri ni bwo butera ibyorezo bya kolera: O1 na O139. Ubwoko O1 ni bwo bwateye ibyorezo byose bya vuba.<ref name="OMS" /> Kolera yandurira mu biryo cyangwa mu mazi byanduye. Ifitanye isano n'ibura ry'amazi meza, ibura ry'ubwiherero n'isuku nke. Intambara, guhunga, imyuzure n'amapfa bishobora kongera ibyago byo kuyandura.<ref name="OMS" /> == Ibimenyetso == Abantu benshi banduye ''Vibrio cholerae'' ntibagaragaza ibimenyetso. Nyamara bashobora gukwirakwiza bagiteri binyuze mu mwanda wabo, mu gihe cy'iminsi 1 kugeza ku 10. Ibimenyetso bigaragara nyuma y'amasaha 12 kugeza ku minsi 5 nyuma yo kwandura.<ref name="OMS" /> Abarwayi benshi bagira impiswi yoroheje cyangwa iringaniye. Bake ni bo bagira impiswi ikomeye y'amazi. Iyo mpiswi ituma umubiri ubura amazi menshi. Kubura amazi bishobora kwica umuntu mu masaha make.<ref name="OMS" /> == Gusuzuma no kuvura == Ibizamini byihuse bifasha kumenya hakiri kare ko hashobora kuba icyorezo cya kolera. Ariko kwemeza indwara bisaba ikizamini cya laboratwari.<ref name="OMS" /> Kolera ivurwa byoroshye. Abarwayi benshi bakira iyo bahawe vuba umuti wo gusubiza amazi mu mubiri (ORS). Abarwayi babuze amazi menshi bahabwa amazi mu mitsi (serumu), ORS na antibiyotike. Mu bigo bivura kolera, umubare w'abapfa ugomba kuguma munsi ya 1% by'abarwayi.<ref name="OMS" /> == Kwirinda == Igisubizo kirambye ni uko buri wese abona amazi meza yo kunywa, ubwiherero n'isuku. Ibikorwa by'ingenzi ni ugukaraba intoki n'[[isabune]] n'amazi, gutegura no kubika neza ibiryo n'amazi, no kujugunya umwanda ahabugenewe.<ref name="OMS" /> Hari inkingo eshatu za kolera zemewe na [[WHO|Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima]] (OMS). Izo nkingo zifatwa mu kanwa. Doze ebyiri zirinda umuntu mukuru nibura imyaka itatu.<ref name="OMS" /> == Ikwirakwira ku isi == Abashakashatsi bagereranya ko kolera ifata abantu hagati ya miliyoni 1,3 na miliyoni 4 buri mwaka. Ihitana abantu hagati ya 21.000 na 143.000 buri mwaka.<ref name="OMS" /> Mu mwaka wa 2025, ibihugu 47 byamenyesheje OMS abarwayi 451.499 n'abapfuye 7.870. Uwo mubare w'abapfuye ni wo munini kuva mu 1999.<ref name="OMS" /> == Amateka == Kolera imaze ibinyejana byinshi izwi. Icyorezo cya mbere cyageze ku isi yose cyanditswe mu kinyejana cya 19. Kuva icyo gihe, ibyorezo bitandatu nk'ibyo byahitanye abantu babarirwa muri miliyoni. Icyorezo cya karindwi cyatangiriye mu majyepfo ya [[Aziya]] mu 1961. Kiracyakomeje.<ref name="OMS" /> Mu 1854, i Londres, umuganga w'Umwongereza John Snow yerekanye ko amazi yanduye akwirakwiza kolera.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Snow-British-physician |title=John Snow |author=Ralph Frerichs |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=2026-11-02 |language=en}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Cholera|Amafoto ya kolera]] kuri Wikimedia Commons [[Ikiciro:Indwara]] [[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]] 10gu6fezm1ojr5brselwy4w4j1pmoox 0 23926 148455 148390 2026-11-02T21:25:18Z Score Beethoven 11559 148455 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Autisme | image = Autism-stacking-cans 2nd edit.jpg | alt = Umwana utondeka ibintu | caption = Gutondeka cyangwa kurondora ibintu kenshi bikunze kugaragara ku bantu bafite autisme. | field = [[Indwara zo mu mutwe]] | symptoms = Ingorane mu kubana n'abandi no mu itumanaho, imyitwarire isubirwamo | onset = Mu bwana | duration = Ubuzima bwose | causes = Ibikomoka ku babyeyi n'ibidukikije | diagnosis = Imyitwarire n'amateka y'imikurire | treatment = Ubuvuzi bw'imyitwarire n'ubwo kuvuga | frequency = Abantu miliyoni 61.8 (2021) }} '''Autisme''' (mu Cyongereza: ''autism'') ni imiterere ijyanye n'imikurire y'[[ubwonko]]. Umuntu ufite autisme agira ingorane mu kubana n'abandi no mu itumanaho. Akunda kandi gusubiramo ibikorwa bimwe. Ibimenyetso bigaragara mu bwana. Ariko kenshi autisme isuzumwa itinze. Autisme iterwa n'uruvange rw'ibikomoka ku babyeyi n'ibidukikije. Inkingo ntizitera autisme. Nta muti ukiza autisme. Ariko ubuvuzi butangiye kare bufasha abana kuvugana n'abandi no kubana na bo. Mu 2021, ku isi hari abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 61.8 bafite autisme. == Ibimenyetso == Umuntu ufite autisme agira ingorane mu kubana n'abandi.<ref name="DSM5">{{Cite book |author=American Psychiatric Association |title=Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition |chapter=Autism Spectrum Disorder, 299.00 (F84.0) |year=2013 |publisher=American Psychiatric Publishing |pages=50–59 |language=en}}</ref> Agira kandi ingorane mu itumanaho.<ref name="DSM5" /> Akunda gusubiramo ibikorwa bimwe, kandi agira ibyo akunda bike.<ref name="DSM5" /> Bamwe bagira ingorane zo kuva ku gikorwa kimwe bajya ku kindi.<ref name="OMS">{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disorders |title=Autism |website=World Health Organization |date=2025-09-17 |access-date=2026-11-02 |language=en}}</ref> Abandi bitwara mu buryo budasanzwe ku byo bumva, babona cyangwa bakoraho.<ref name="OMS" /> Ababyeyi bakunze kubona ibimenyetso mu myaka itatu ya mbere y'ubuzima bw'umwana.<ref name="Land2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Landa RJ |title=Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in the first 3 years of life |journal=Nat Clin Pract Neurol |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=138–147 |year=2008 |pmid=18253102 |doi=10.1038/ncpneuro0731 |language=en}}</ref> Ku bana bamwe, ibimenyetso biza buhoro buhoro.<ref name="Stef2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Stefanatos GA |title=Regression in autistic spectrum disorders |journal=Neuropsychol Rev |volume=18 |issue=4 |pages=305–319 |year=2008 |pmid=18956241 |doi=10.1007/s11065-008-9073-y |language=en}}</ref> Abandi bana babanza gukura neza. Nyuma bagatakaza ubumenyi bwo kuvuga no kubana n'abandi.<ref name="Stef2008" /> Kenshi autisme isuzumwa itinze.<ref name="OMS" /> Ubushobozi bw'abantu bafite autisme buratandukanye.<ref name="OMS" /> Bamwe babaho bigenga. Abandi bakenera ubufasha ubuzima bwabo bwose.<ref name="OMS" /> Abantu bafite autisme bakunze kugira n'izindi ndwara. Muri zo harimo igicuri, agahinda gakabije, impungenge zikabije na ADHD.<ref name="OMS" /> == Impamvu == Autisme ifitanye isano n'uruvange rw'ibikomoka ku babyeyi n'ibidukikije.<ref name="Ch2012">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chaste P, Leboyer M |title=Autism risk factors: genes, environment, and gene-environment interactions |journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=281–292 |year=2012 |pmid=23226953 |pmc=3513682 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="OMS" /> Ibintu bimwe byongera ibyago. Muri byo harimo imyaka myinshi y'ababyeyi na diyabete y'umubyeyi utwite.<ref name="OMS" /> Harimo kandi [[Imyuka Ihumanya Ikirere|ihumana ry'ikirere]] mu gihe cyo gutwita.<ref name="OMS" /> Kuvuka imburagihe n'ibiro bike umwana avukana na byo byongera ibyago.<ref name="OMS" /> Imiti imwe ivura igicuri, nka valproate, yongera ibyago iyo umubyeyi ayifashe atwite.<ref name="OMS" /> Ubushakashatsi bwinshi bwerekanye ko urukingo rwa MMR rudatera autisme. Uru rukingo rurinda iseru n'izindi ndwara ebyiri.<ref name="OMS" /><ref name="Taylor2014">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Taylor LE, Swerdfeger AL, Eslick GD |title=Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies |journal=Vaccine |volume=32 |issue=29 |pages=3623–3629 |year=2014 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085 |language=en}}</ref> Ubushakashatsi bwavugaga ko urwo rukingo rutera autisme bwari ubw'uburiganya. Ikinyamakuru cyabusohoye cyarabukuyeho.<ref name="OMS" /> Izindi nkingo z'abana na zo ntizitera autisme.<ref name="OMS" /> Autisme igira ingaruka ku buryo ubwonko butunganya amakuru. Uburyo ibi bibaho ntiburasobanuka neza.<ref name="Lev2009">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Levy SE, Mandell DS, Schultz RT |title=Autism |journal=Lancet |volume=374 |issue=9701 |pages=1627–1638 |year=2009 |pmid=19819542 |pmc=2863325 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61376-3 |language=en}}</ref> == Isuzuma == Isuzuma rishingira ku myitwarire y'umuntu n'amateka y'imikurire ye.<ref name="DSM5" /> Mu 2013, igitabo DSM-5 cyahurije hamwe autisme, [[Indwara ya Asperger|syndrome ya Asperger]] na PDD-NOS. Ubu byose byitwa ''autism spectrum disorder'' (ASD).<ref name="DSM5" /> Ishami ry'Umuryango w'Abibumbye ryita ku Buzima (OMS) rirasaba gukurikirana imikurire y'abana mu [[ubuvuzi]] busanzwe.<ref name="OMS" /> == Ubuvuzi == Nta muti ukiza autisme.<ref name="CCD2007">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Myers SM, Johnson CP |title=Management of children with autism spectrum disorders |journal=Pediatrics |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=1162–1182 |date=2007-11-01 |pmid=17967921 |doi=10.1542/peds.2007-2362 |language=en}}</ref> Ubuvuzi bw'imyitwarire n'ubwo kuvuga bufasha abana, cyane cyane iyo butangiye kare.<ref name="CCD2007" /><ref name="San2016">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sanchack KE, Thomas CA |title=Autism Spectrum Disorder: Primary Care Principles |journal=American Family Physician |volume=94 |issue=12 |pages=972–979 |year=2016 |pmid=28075089 |language=en}}</ref> Bubafasha kwiyitaho, kubana n'abandi no kuvugana n'abandi.<ref name="CCD2007" /> Imiti imwe ikoreshwa ku bimenyetso biherekeza autisme.<ref name="Ji2015">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ji N, Findling RL |title=An update on pharmacotherapy for autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents |journal=Current Opinion in Psychiatry |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=91–101 |year=2015 |pmid=25602248 |doi=10.1097/YCO.0000000000000132 |language=en}}</ref> Ubuvuzi bugomba gufatanya n'[[uburezi]], akazi n'imibereho myiza.<ref name="OMS" /> Abantu bafite autisme bakunze guhezwa no kuvangurwa.<ref name="OMS" /> Bamwe bashaka uburyo bwo kuvura autisme. Abandi babona autisme nk'itandukaniro rigomba kwemerwa, aho kuba indwara yo gukiza.<ref name="Sil2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Silverman C |title=Fieldwork on another planet: social science perspectives on the autism spectrum |journal=BioSocieties |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=325–341 |year=2008 |doi=10.1017/S1745855208006236 |language=en}}</ref> == Umubare w'abantu bafite autisme == Mu 2021, ku isi hari abantu bagera kuri miliyoni 61.8 bafite autisme. Ni ukuvuga umuntu umwe ku bantu 127.<ref name="GBD2021">{{Cite journal |author=((GBD 2021 Autism Spectrum Collaborators)) |title=The global epidemiology and health burden of the autism spectrum: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 |journal=The Lancet Psychiatry |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=111–121 |year=2025 |doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(24)00363-8 |pmid=39709974 |language=en}}</ref> Autisme igaragara ku bahungu n'abagabo inshuro zigera kuri ebyiri kurusha ku bakobwa n'abagore.<ref name="GBD2021" /> Mu bihugu byinshi bikennye, umubare w'abantu bafite autisme ntuzwi.<ref name="OMS" /> Muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], umwana umwe ku bana 31 bafite imyaka 8 yari afite autisme mu 2022.<ref name="CDC2025">{{Cite journal |last1=Shaw |first1=Kelly A. |display-authors=etal |title=Prevalence and Early Identification of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 4 and 8 Years — Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 16 Sites, United States, 2022 |journal=MMWR Surveillance Summaries |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=1–22 |year=2025 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.ss7402a1 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/74/ss/ss7402a1.htm |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2000, yari umwana umwe ku bana 150.<ref name="CDC2025" /> Iyi mibare iratandukanye bitewe n'uburyo autisme isuzumwa.<ref name="CDC2025" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Autism|Amafoto ajyanye na autisme]] kuri Wikimedia Commons [[Ikiciro:Indwara]] [[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]] riy7my5ok1r1apfzjssvmacn7pgr2bl 0 23927 148452 148391 2026-11-02T21:22:57Z Score Beethoven 11559 148452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Ubushita | synonyms = Variola, ''smallpox'' (Icyongereza), ''variole'' (Igifaransa) | image = Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg | caption = Umwana urwaye ubushita muri Bangaladeshi mu 1973 | symptoms = Umuriro mwinshi, umunaniro, uburibwe bw'umugongo, uduheri ku ruhu | causes = Virusi ya variola | prevention = Urukingo }} '''Ubushita''' (mu Cyongereza: ''smallpox'', mu Gifaransa: ''variole'') ni indwara yandura. Iterwa na [[virusi]] yitwa variola. Ubushita bwishe abantu benshi cyane ku isi. Urukingo rw'ubushita rwakozwe na Edward Jenner mu 1796. Mu 1980, [[WHO|Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima]] (OMS) watangaje ko ubushita bwaranduwe ku isi. == Ibimenyetso == Ibimenyetso bya mbere ni umuriro mwinshi, umunaniro n'uburibwe bukabije bw'umugongo. Hari ubwo umurwayi agira uburibwe bw'inda akanaruka. Nyuma y'iminsi 2 cyangwa 3, uruhu ruzana uduheri twuzuye amazi. Nyuma, utwo duheri tuzamo amashyira. Hanyuma uduheri turuma tukavaho. Uduheri dutangirira ku maso no ku biganza. Hanyuma tukwira umubiri wose. Ibisebe bijya no mu mazuru no mu kanwa.<ref name="who">{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox |title=Smallpox |website=World Health Organization |language=en |access-date=2026-11-02}}</ref> == Uko bwandura == [[File:Smallpox virus virions TEM PHIL 1849.JPG|thumb|left|Virusi ya variola, irebewe muri mikorosikopi]] Ubushita bwandura iyo umuntu ari hafi y'umurwayi. Bwandurira mu dutonyanga duturuka ku murwayi. Hari ubwo bwandurira mu myenda cyangwa mu buriri by'umurwayi. Ibimenyetso bigaragara hagati y'iminsi 7 n'iminsi 17 nyuma yo kwandura. Umurwayi atangira kwanduza abandi iyo agize umuriro. Akomeza kwanduza kugeza ubwo uduheri twose tuvuyeho.<ref name="who" /> Ubushita bwicaga abarwayi bagera kuri 30%.<ref name="who" /> == Amateka == Ubushita bumaze nibura imyaka 3 000 ku isi.<ref name="who" /> Mu 1796, Edward Jenner yakoze urukingo rw'ubushita. Jenner yabonye ko abagore bakama [[inka]] bari bararwaye ubushita bw'inka batarwaraga ubushita. Urwo rukingo ni rwo rukingo rwa mbere rwagize icyo rugeraho.<ref name="who" /> Mu 1967, OMS yatangije gahunda ikomeye yo kurandura ubushita. Abantu benshi barakingiwe ku isi hose. Umurwayi wa nyuma wanduye mu buryo busanzwe yabonetse muri [[Somaliya]] mu 1977. Mu 1980, OMS yatangaje ko ubushita bwaranduwe. Ubushita ni yo ndwara yandura yonyine yaranduwe ku isi.<ref name="who" /> Virusi ya variola isigaye gusa muri laboratwari ebyiri. Imwe iri muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], indi iri mu [[Uburusiya|Burusiya]].<ref name="who" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Smallpox|Amafoto y'ubushita]] kuri Wikimedia Commons [[Ikiciro:Indwara]] eopx5mlsye50qrzie6yq64eaxmsoms3 148453 148452 2026-11-02T21:23:27Z Score Beethoven 11559 Score Beethoven moved page [[Indwara y'ibihaha]] to [[Ubushita]] without leaving a redirect 148452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Ubushita | synonyms = Variola, ''smallpox'' (Icyongereza), ''variole'' (Igifaransa) | image = Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg | caption = Umwana urwaye ubushita muri Bangaladeshi mu 1973 | symptoms = Umuriro mwinshi, umunaniro, uburibwe bw'umugongo, uduheri ku ruhu | causes = Virusi ya variola | prevention = Urukingo }} '''Ubushita''' (mu Cyongereza: ''smallpox'', mu Gifaransa: ''variole'') ni indwara yandura. Iterwa na [[virusi]] yitwa variola. Ubushita bwishe abantu benshi cyane ku isi. Urukingo rw'ubushita rwakozwe na Edward Jenner mu 1796. Mu 1980, [[WHO|Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima]] (OMS) watangaje ko ubushita bwaranduwe ku isi. == Ibimenyetso == Ibimenyetso bya mbere ni umuriro mwinshi, umunaniro n'uburibwe bukabije bw'umugongo. Hari ubwo umurwayi agira uburibwe bw'inda akanaruka. Nyuma y'iminsi 2 cyangwa 3, uruhu ruzana uduheri twuzuye amazi. Nyuma, utwo duheri tuzamo amashyira. Hanyuma uduheri turuma tukavaho. Uduheri dutangirira ku maso no ku biganza. Hanyuma tukwira umubiri wose. Ibisebe bijya no mu mazuru no mu kanwa.<ref name="who">{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox |title=Smallpox |website=World Health Organization |language=en |access-date=2026-11-02}}</ref> == Uko bwandura == [[File:Smallpox virus virions TEM PHIL 1849.JPG|thumb|left|Virusi ya variola, irebewe muri mikorosikopi]] Ubushita bwandura iyo umuntu ari hafi y'umurwayi. Bwandurira mu dutonyanga duturuka ku murwayi. Hari ubwo bwandurira mu myenda cyangwa mu buriri by'umurwayi. Ibimenyetso bigaragara hagati y'iminsi 7 n'iminsi 17 nyuma yo kwandura. Umurwayi atangira kwanduza abandi iyo agize umuriro. Akomeza kwanduza kugeza ubwo uduheri twose tuvuyeho.<ref name="who" /> Ubushita bwicaga abarwayi bagera kuri 30%.<ref name="who" /> == Amateka == Ubushita bumaze nibura imyaka 3 000 ku isi.<ref name="who" /> Mu 1796, Edward Jenner yakoze urukingo rw'ubushita. Jenner yabonye ko abagore bakama [[inka]] bari bararwaye ubushita bw'inka batarwaraga ubushita. Urwo rukingo ni rwo rukingo rwa mbere rwagize icyo rugeraho.<ref name="who" /> Mu 1967, OMS yatangije gahunda ikomeye yo kurandura ubushita. Abantu benshi barakingiwe ku isi hose. Umurwayi wa nyuma wanduye mu buryo busanzwe yabonetse muri [[Somaliya]] mu 1977. Mu 1980, OMS yatangaje ko ubushita bwaranduwe. Ubushita ni yo ndwara yandura yonyine yaranduwe ku isi.<ref name="who" /> Virusi ya variola isigaye gusa muri laboratwari ebyiri. Imwe iri muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], indi iri mu [[Uburusiya|Burusiya]].<ref name="who" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Smallpox|Amafoto y'ubushita]] kuri Wikimedia Commons [[Ikiciro:Indwara]] eopx5mlsye50qrzie6yq64eaxmsoms3 148457 148453 2026-11-02T22:36:32Z Winner Homes 18645 improved transl.. to match the original txt 148457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Ubushita | synonyms = Variola, ''smallpox'' (Icyongereza), ''variole'' (Igifaransa) | image = Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg | caption = Umwana urwaye ubushita muri Bangaladeshi mu 1973 | symptoms = Umuriro mwinshi, umunaniro, uburibwe bw'umugongo, uduheri ku ruhu | causes = Virusi ya variola | prevention = Urukingo }} '''Ubushita''' (mu Cyongereza: ''smallpox'', mu Gifaransa: ''variole'') bwari indwara yandura yaterwaga na [[virusi]] ya variola ikaba iri mu bwoko bwa za virusi zizwi nka Orthopoxvirus. Ubushita bwishe abantu benshi cyane ku isi. Urukingo rw'ubushita rwakozwe na Edward Jenner mu 1796. Mu 1980, [[WHO|Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima]] (OMS) watangaje ko ubushita bwaranduwe ku isi. == Ibimenyetso == Ibimenyetso bya mbere ni umuriro mwinshi, umunaniro n'uburibwe bukabije bw'umugongo. Hari ubwo umurwayi agira uburibwe bw'inda akanaruka. Nyuma y'iminsi 2 cyangwa 3, uruhu ruzana uduheri twuzuye amazi. Nyuma, utwo duheri tuzamo amashyira. Hanyuma uduheri turuma tukavaho. Uduheri dutangirira ku maso no ku biganza. Hanyuma tukwira umubiri wose. Ibisebe bijya no mu mazuru no mu kanwa.<ref name="who">{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox |title=Smallpox |website=World Health Organization |language=en |access-date=2026-11-02}}</ref> == Uko bwandura == [[File:Smallpox virus virions TEM PHIL 1849.JPG|thumb|left|Virusi ya variola, irebewe muri mikorosikopi]] Ubushita bwandura iyo umuntu ari hafi y'umurwayi. Bwandurira mu dutonyanga duturuka ku murwayi. Hari ubwo bwandurira mu myenda cyangwa mu buriri by'umurwayi. Ibimenyetso bigaragara hagati y'iminsi 7 n'iminsi 17 nyuma yo kwandura. Umurwayi atangira kwanduza abandi iyo agize umuriro. Akomeza kwanduza kugeza ubwo uduheri twose tuvuyeho.<ref name="who" /> Ubushita bwicaga abarwayi bagera kuri 30%.<ref name="who" /> == Amateka == Ubushita bumaze nibura imyaka 3 000 ku isi.<ref name="who" /> Mu 1796, Edward Jenner yakoze urukingo rw'ubushita. Jenner yabonye ko abagore bakama [[inka]] bari bararwaye ubushita bw'inka batarwaraga ubushita. Urwo rukingo ni rwo rukingo rwa mbere rwagize icyo rugeraho.<ref name="who" /> Mu 1967, OMS yatangije gahunda ikomeye yo kurandura ubushita. Abantu benshi barakingiwe ku isi hose. Umurwayi wa nyuma wanduye mu buryo busanzwe yabonetse muri [[Somaliya]] mu 1977. Mu 1980, OMS yatangaje ko ubushita bwaranduwe. Ubushita ni yo ndwara yandura yonyine yaranduwe ku isi.<ref name="who" /> Virusi ya variola isigaye gusa muri laboratwari ebyiri. Imwe iri muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], indi iri mu [[Uburusiya|Burusiya]].<ref name="who" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Smallpox|Amafoto y'ubushita]] kuri Wikimedia Commons [[Ikiciro:Indwara]] h79es7x9ki6grrwm36o9oy64eapq97y 148459 148457 2026-11-02T22:43:47Z Winner Homes 18645 updated the txt 148459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Ubushita | synonyms = Variola, ''smallpox'' (Icyongereza), ''variole'' (Igifaransa) | image = Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg | caption = Umwana urwaye ubushita muri Bangaladeshi mu 1973 | symptoms = Umuriro mwinshi, umunaniro, uburibwe bw'umugongo, uduheri ku ruhu | causes = Virusi ya variola | prevention = Urukingo }} '''Ubushita''' (mu Cyongereza: ''smallpox'', mu Gifaransa: ''variole'') bwari indwara yandura yaterwaga na [[virusi]] ya variola ikaba iri mu bwoko bwa za virusi zizwi nka Orthopoxvirus. Umuntu wanyuma wanduye iyindwara mu buryo busanzwe (atayitewe na virusi yakorewe muri laoratwari), yasuzumwe mu kwakira 1977. Mu mwaka 1980, ishami ry'umuryango w'abimye ryita kuuzima (OMS/WHO) ryemeje ko iyi indwara yari yararanduwe ku isi hose, bituma iba ari yo ndwara yonyine mu ndwara z'abantu yashoboye kurandurwa urundu. Urukingo rw'ubushita rwakozwe na Edward Jenner mu 1796. Mu 1980, [[WHO|Umuryango Mpuzamahanga wita ku Buzima]] (OMS) watangaje ko ubushita bwaranduwe ku isi. == Ibimenyetso == Ibimenyetso bya mbere ni umuriro mwinshi, umunaniro n'uburibwe bukabije bw'umugongo. Hari ubwo umurwayi agira uburibwe bw'inda akanaruka. Nyuma y'iminsi 2 cyangwa 3, uruhu ruzana uduheri twuzuye amazi. Nyuma, utwo duheri tuzamo amashyira. Hanyuma uduheri turuma tukavaho. Uduheri dutangirira ku maso no ku biganza. Hanyuma tukwira umubiri wose. Ibisebe bijya no mu mazuru no mu kanwa.<ref name="who">{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox |title=Smallpox |website=World Health Organization |language=en |access-date=2026-11-02}}</ref> == Uko bwandura == [[File:Smallpox virus virions TEM PHIL 1849.JPG|thumb|left|Virusi ya variola, irebewe muri mikorosikopi]] Ubushita bwandura iyo umuntu ari hafi y'umurwayi. Bwandurira mu dutonyanga duturuka ku murwayi. Hari ubwo bwandurira mu myenda cyangwa mu buriri by'umurwayi. Ibimenyetso bigaragara hagati y'iminsi 7 n'iminsi 17 nyuma yo kwandura. Umurwayi atangira kwanduza abandi iyo agize umuriro. Akomeza kwanduza kugeza ubwo uduheri twose tuvuyeho.<ref name="who" /> Ubushita bwicaga abarwayi bagera kuri 30%.<ref name="who" /> == Amateka == Ubushita bumaze nibura imyaka 3 000 ku isi.<ref name="who" /> Mu 1796, Edward Jenner yakoze urukingo rw'ubushita. Jenner yabonye ko abagore bakama [[inka]] bari bararwaye ubushita bw'inka batarwaraga ubushita. Urwo rukingo ni rwo rukingo rwa mbere rwagize icyo rugeraho.<ref name="who" /> Mu 1967, OMS yatangije gahunda ikomeye yo kurandura ubushita. Abantu benshi barakingiwe ku isi hose. Umurwayi wa nyuma wanduye mu buryo busanzwe yabonetse muri [[Somaliya]] mu 1977. Mu 1980, OMS yatangaje ko ubushita bwaranduwe. Ubushita ni yo ndwara yandura yonyine yaranduwe ku isi.<ref name="who" /> Virusi ya variola isigaye gusa muri laboratwari ebyiri. Imwe iri muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], indi iri mu [[Uburusiya|Burusiya]].<ref name="who" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Smallpox|Amafoto y'ubushita]] kuri Wikimedia Commons [[Ikiciro:Indwara]] c4uaagkccoruhjhgavr7fefbjhbpone 148460 148459 2026-11-02T22:44:50Z Winner Homes 18645 removed duplc from the txt 148460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Ubushita | synonyms = Variola, ''smallpox'' (Icyongereza), ''variole'' (Igifaransa) | image = Child with Smallpox Bangladesh.jpg | caption = Umwana urwaye ubushita muri Bangaladeshi mu 1973 | symptoms = Umuriro mwinshi, umunaniro, uburibwe bw'umugongo, uduheri ku ruhu | causes = Virusi ya variola | prevention = Urukingo }} '''Ubushita''' (mu Cyongereza: ''smallpox'', mu Gifaransa: ''variole'') bwari indwara yandura yaterwaga na [[virusi]] ya variola ikaba iri mu bwoko bwa za virusi zizwi nka Orthopoxvirus. Umuntu wanyuma wanduye iyindwara mu buryo busanzwe (atayitewe na virusi yakorewe muri laoratwari), yasuzumwe mu kwakira 1977. Mu mwaka 1980, ishami ry'umuryango w'abimye ryita kuuzima (OMS/WHO) ryemeje ko iyi indwara yari yararanduwe ku isi hose, bituma iba ari yo ndwara yonyine mu ndwara z'abantu yashoboye kurandurwa urundu. == Ibimenyetso == Ibimenyetso bya mbere ni umuriro mwinshi, umunaniro n'uburibwe bukabije bw'umugongo. Hari ubwo umurwayi agira uburibwe bw'inda akanaruka. Nyuma y'iminsi 2 cyangwa 3, uruhu ruzana uduheri twuzuye amazi. Nyuma, utwo duheri tuzamo amashyira. Hanyuma uduheri turuma tukavaho. Uduheri dutangirira ku maso no ku biganza. Hanyuma tukwira umubiri wose. Ibisebe bijya no mu mazuru no mu kanwa.<ref name="who">{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/health-topics/smallpox |title=Smallpox |website=World Health Organization |language=en |access-date=2026-11-02}}</ref> == Uko bwandura == [[File:Smallpox virus virions TEM PHIL 1849.JPG|thumb|left|Virusi ya variola, irebewe muri mikorosikopi]] Ubushita bwandura iyo umuntu ari hafi y'umurwayi. Bwandurira mu dutonyanga duturuka ku murwayi. Hari ubwo bwandurira mu myenda cyangwa mu buriri by'umurwayi. Ibimenyetso bigaragara hagati y'iminsi 7 n'iminsi 17 nyuma yo kwandura. Umurwayi atangira kwanduza abandi iyo agize umuriro. Akomeza kwanduza kugeza ubwo uduheri twose tuvuyeho.<ref name="who" /> Ubushita bwicaga abarwayi bagera kuri 30%.<ref name="who" /> == Amateka == Ubushita bumaze nibura imyaka 3 000 ku isi.<ref name="who" /> Mu 1796, Edward Jenner yakoze urukingo rw'ubushita. Jenner yabonye ko abagore bakama [[inka]] bari bararwaye ubushita bw'inka batarwaraga ubushita. Urwo rukingo ni rwo rukingo rwa mbere rwagize icyo rugeraho.<ref name="who" /> Mu 1967, OMS yatangije gahunda ikomeye yo kurandura ubushita. Abantu benshi barakingiwe ku isi hose. Umurwayi wa nyuma wanduye mu buryo busanzwe yabonetse muri [[Somaliya]] mu 1977. Mu 1980, OMS yatangaje ko ubushita bwaranduwe. Ubushita ni yo ndwara yandura yonyine yaranduwe ku isi.<ref name="who" /> Virusi ya variola isigaye gusa muri laboratwari ebyiri. Imwe iri muri [[Leta Zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika]], indi iri mu [[Uburusiya|Burusiya]].<ref name="who" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Smallpox|Amafoto y'ubushita]] kuri Wikimedia Commons [[Ikiciro:Indwara]] d4wjcrkcggo237w6bzqw1lrlnze62ve 0 23928 148454 148392 2026-11-02T21:24:45Z Score Beethoven 11559 148454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Kwiyahura | image = Édouard Manet - Le Suicidé (ca. 1877).jpg | caption = ''Le Suicidé'', igishushanyo cya Édouard Manet (ahagana mu 1877) | risks = [[Indwara zo mu mutwe]], [[inzoga]], [[ibiyobyabwenge]] | prevention = Kugabanya uburyo bwo kwiyahura, kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe | deaths = Abarenga 720.000 buri mwaka (2021) }} '''Kwiyahura''' ni igikorwa cy'umuntu wiyambura ubuzima ku bushake. Ku isi, abantu barenga 720.000 bapfa biyahuye buri mwaka. Indwara zo mu mutwe, inzoga n'ibiyobyabwenge byongera ibyago byo kwiyahura. Ibibazo bikomeye by'ubuzima nabyo byongera ibyago. Kwiyahura gushobora gukumirwa. == Ibyongera ibyago == [[Indwara zo mu mutwe]] zongera ibyago byo kwiyahura.<ref name="WHO2025">{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide |title=Suicide |website=World Health Organization |language=en |access-date=2026-11-02}}</ref><ref name="Hawton2009">{{cite journal | vauthors = Hawton K, van Heeringen K | s2cid = 208790312 | title = Suicide | journal = Lancet | volume = 373 | issue = 9672 | pages = 1372–81 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19376453 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60372-X }}</ref> Muri izo ndwara harimo [[Indwara y'agahinda|agahinda gakabije]], indwara ya bipolar, [[schizophrenia]] n'indwara zo guhangayika.<ref name="Hawton2009" /> Gukoresha nabi [[inzoga]] n'[[ibiyobyabwenge]] nabyo byongera ibyago.<ref name="WHO2025" /><ref name="Hawton2009" /> Abantu bafite autism nabo bafite ibyago byinshi.<ref name="Autism2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Richa S, Fahed M, Khoury E, Mishara B | s2cid = 25741716 | title = Suicide in autism spectrum disorders | journal = Archives of Suicide Research | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 327–39 | date = 2014 | pmid = 24713024 | doi = 10.1080/13811118.2013.824834 }}</ref> Kwiyahura bimwe biba bitunguranye mu gihe cy'ibibazo bikomeye.<ref name="WHO2025" /> Urugero ni ibibazo by'amafaranga, amakimbirane mu muryango, cyangwa uburwayi budakira.<ref name="WHO2025" /> Gutotezwa nabyo bishobora kongera ibyago.<ref name="U2">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Bottino SM, Bottino CM, Regina CG, Correia AV, Ribeiro WS|title=Cyberbullying and adolescent mental health: systematic review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=31|issue=3|pages=463–75|date=March 2015|pmid=25859714|doi=10.1590/0102-311x00036114|doi-access=free}}</ref> Intambara, ibiza, ihohoterwa, kubura uwo ukunda n'ubwigunge nabyo bifitanye isano no kwiyahura.<ref name="WHO2025" /> Kuba umuntu yaragerageje kwiyahura mbere ni impamvu ikomeye y'ibyago.<ref name="WHO2025" /> == Imibare == Mu 2021, abantu bagera ku 727.000 bapfuye biyahuye ku isi.<ref name="WHO2025" /> Kwiyahura ni impamvu ya gatatu y'impfu mu rubyiruko rufite hagati y'imyaka 15 na 29.<ref name="WHO2025" /> Hafi 73% by'abiyahuye babaga mu bihugu bikennye cyangwa bifite ubukungu buciriritse.<ref name="WHO2025" /> Abagabo biyahura kurusha abagore. Mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere, abagabo biyahura inshuro 1,5 kurusha abagore. Mu bihugu byateye imbere, abagabo biyahura inshuro 3,5 kurusha abagore.<ref name="Var2012">{{cite journal | vauthors = Värnik P | title = Suicide in the world | journal = International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health | volume = 9 | issue = 3 | pages = 760–71 | date = March 2012 | pmid = 22690161 | pmc = 3367275 | doi = 10.3390/ijerph9030760 }}</ref> Kwiyahura gukunze kugaragara mu bantu barengeje imyaka 70. Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, abafite hagati y'imyaka 15 na 30 ni bo bafite ibyago byinshi.<ref name="WHO2014Pre">{{cite book|title=Preventing suicide: a global imperative|date=2014|publisher=WHO|isbn=978-92-4-156477-9|pages=7, 20, 40}}</ref> Kugerageza kwiyahura bidahitana umuntu bishobora gutera imvune n'ubumuga bw'igihe kirekire.<ref name="EB2011">{{cite journal | vauthors = Chang B, Gitlin D, Patel R | title = The depressed patient and suicidal patient in the emergency department: evidence-based management and treatment strategies | journal = Emergency Medicine Practice | volume = 13 | issue = 9 | pages = 1–23; quiz 23–4 | date = September 2011 | pmid = 22164363 }}</ref> == Gukumira == Kwiyahura gushobora gukumirwa.<ref name="WHO2025" /> [[WHO]] isaba ibikorwa bine by'ingenzi.<ref name="WHO2025" /> Icya mbere ni ukugabanya uburyo bwo kwiyahura, nk'imiti yica udukoko, [[imbunda]] n'imiti imwe n'imwe.<ref name="WHO2025" /><ref name="Yip2012">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Yip PS, Caine E, Yousuf S, Chang SS, Wu KC, Chen YY|title=Means restriction for suicide prevention|journal=Lancet|volume=379|issue=9834|pages=2393–9|date=June 2012|pmid=22726520|pmc=6191653|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60521-2}}</ref> Icya kabiri ni ugukorana n'itangazamakuru kugira ngo ryandike neza ku kwiyahura.<ref name="WHO2025" /> Icya gatatu ni ukwigisha urubyiruko kwita ku marangamutima no ku mibanire.<ref name="WHO2025" /> Icya kane ni ukumenya hakiri kare abafite ibitekerezo byo kwiyahura no kubakurikirana.<ref name="WHO2025" /> Kuvura indwara zo mu mutwe n'ikoreshwa nabi ry'ibiyobyabwenge nabyo bigabanya ibyago.<ref name="Zal2016">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Zalsman G, Hawton K, Wasserman D, van Heeringen K, Arensman E, Sarchiapone M, Carli V, Höschl C, Barzilay R, Balazs J, Purebl G, Kahn JP, Sáiz PA, Lipsicas CB, Bobes J, Cozman D, Hegerl U, Zohar J|display-authors=6|title=Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review|journal=The Lancet. Psychiatry|volume=3|issue=7|pages=646–59|date=July 2016|pmid=27289303|doi=10.1016/S2215-0366(16)30030-X|quote=Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support.}}</ref> Ipfunwe rijyanye n'indwara zo mu mutwe n'ukwiyahura ribuza abantu benshi gushaka ubufasha.<ref name="WHO2025" /> Imirongo ya telefoni yo gufasha abari mu bibazo irakoreshwa cyane. Ariko ingaruka zayo ntizigwa neza.<ref name="Sak2011">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Sakinofsky I|title=The current evidence base for the clinical care of suicidal patients: strengths and weaknesses|journal=Canadian Journal of Psychiatry|volume=52|issue=6 Suppl 1|pages=7S–20S|date=June 2007|pmid=17824349|quote=Other suicide prevention strategies that have been considered are crisis centres and hotlines, method control, and media education... There is minimal research on these strategies. Even though crisis centres and hotlines are used by suicidal youth, information about their impact on suicidal behaviour is lacking.}}</ref><ref name="Zal2016" /> == Amateka n'umuco == Uko abantu babona kwiyahura bifitanye isano n'[[idini]], icyubahiro n'icyo ubuzima buvuze.<ref name="U7">{{Cite book|last=Tomer|first=Adrian|title=Existential and Spiritual Issues in Death Attitudes|date=2013|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-136-67690-1|page=282|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&pg=PA282|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060929/https://books.google.com/books?id=hJTruwsicuoC&pg=PA282|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="U8">{{Cite book|editor-last=Ritzer|editor-first=George|editor-last2=Stepnisky|editor-first2=Jeffrey|title=The Wiley-Blackwell companion to major social theorists|date=2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell|location=Malden, MA|isbn=978-1-4443-9660-7|page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&pg=PA65|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=MDwdmVUMIh8C&pg=PA65|url-status=live}}</ref> Amadini ya Aburahamu afata kwiyahura nk'icyaha ku Mana. Ayo madini yemera ko ubuzima ari ubwera.<ref name="U9">{{Cite book|title=God, Religion, Science, Nature, Culture, and Morality|date=2014|publisher=Archway Publishing|isbn=978-1-4808-1124-9|page=254|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA254|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060814/https://books.google.com/books?id=xGGVBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA254|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu [[Ubuyapani]], mu gihe cy'abasamurai, ubwoko bwo kwiyahura bwitwa seppuku (''harakiri'') bwarubahwaga.<ref name="U10">{{Cite book|last=Colt|first=George Howe|title=The enigma of suicide|date=1992|publisher=Simon & Schuster|location=New York|isbn=978-0-671-76071-7|page=139|edition=1st Touchstone|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&pg=PA139|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2020-05-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523060811/https://books.google.com/books?id=DOz3hStePfYC&pg=PA139|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu bihugu byinshi by'Iburengerazuba, kwiyahura ntibikiri icyaha.<ref name="White2010">{{Cite book|last=White|first=Tony|title=Working with suicidal individuals : a guide to providing understanding, assessment and support|year=2010|publisher=Jessica Kingsley Publishers|location=London|isbn=978-1-84905-115-6|page=12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&pg=PT12|access-date=2020-08-08|archive-date=2021-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210509013414/https://books.google.com/books?id=p_ZvK-DBYfIC&pg=PT12|url-status=live}}</ref> Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe, biracyari icyaha gihanwa n'amategeko.<ref name="Islam2006">{{Cite journal|vauthors=Lester D|s2cid=35754641|title=Suicide and islam|journal=Archives of Suicide Research|volume=10|issue=1|pages=77–97|year=2006|pmid=16287698|doi=10.1080/13811110500318489}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Suicide|Amafoto ajyanye no kwiyahura]] kuri Wikimedia Commons [[Ikiciro:Ubuzima]] melud3khrc3v7sqt3oaibjpsd39cvyg 2 23933 148447 2026-11-02T12:11:54Z MC RWAMASIMBI 19283 MC RWAMASIMBI ni Umushyushyarugamba Wamamaye mu Rwanda mu kuyobora ubukwe, isabukuru, n’ibindi birori nk’inama zikomeye. Amazina ye bwite ni Emmanuel NSANZIMANA. Yavutse Tariki ya 23 Nyakanga 1995, avukira muri Repuburika Iharanira demokarasi ya Congo, mu cyahoze ari zaire, mu gice cya Masisi. Yakuriye mu karere ka Nyamagabe. Amashuri abanza yayize ku ishuri ribanza rya Kiyumba, Amashuri yisumbuye yayize mu Rwunge rw’amashuri rwitiriwe mutagatifu Nikora Cyanika. Ahakura impamyabumenyi mu ndimi 148447 wikitext text/x-wiki MC RWAMASIMBI ni Umushyushyarugamba Wamamaye mu Rwanda mu kuyobora ubukwe, isabukuru, n’ibindi birori nk’inama zikomeye. Amazina ye bwite ni Emmanuel NSANZIMANA. Yavutse Tariki ya 23 Nyakanga 1995, avukira muri Repuburika Iharanira demokarasi ya Congo, mu cyahoze ari zaire, mu gice cya Masisi. Yakuriye mu karere ka Nyamagabe. Amashuri abanza yayize ku ishuri ribanza rya Kiyumba, Amashuri yisumbuye yayize mu Rwunge rw’amashuri rwitiriwe mutagatifu Nikora Cyanika. Ahakura impamyabumenyi mu ndimi (A2) Nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye, mu 2019 yokomeje amashuri yisumbuye muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda, Ishami rya Huye. Aha yahakuye Impamyabumenyi y’ikiciro cya Kabiri cya Kaminuza mu Iyigandimi n’Ubuvanganzo (A0 Linguistics and Literature) Mu kazi akora; ni Umunyamakuru kuri Radio Salus kuva mu 2021 kugeza ubu. MC RWAMASIMBI ni umuhanga mu birebana n’amazina y’inka ndetse no kuyobora ubukwe. Iyo ayobora ubukwe akoresha indimi 3; Ikinyarwanda, Icyongereza n’Igiswahili. 4c4gesu6qroklpnp7cl3mtvsyr4th00 148448 148447 2026-11-02T12:14:13Z MC RWAMASIMBI 19283 MC RWAMASIMBI ni Umushyushyarugamba Wamamaye mu Rwanda mu kuyobora ubukwe, isabukuru, n’ibindi birori nk’inama zikomeye. Amazina ye bwite ni Emmanuel NSANZIMANA. Yavutse Tariki ya 23 Nyakanga 1995, avukira muri Repuburika Iharanira demokarasi ya Congo, mu cyahoze ari zaire, mu gice cya Masisi. Yakuriye mu karere ka Nyamagabe. Amashuri abanza yayize ku ishuri ribanza rya Kiyumba, Amashuri yisumbuye yayize mu Rwunge rw’amashuri rwitiriwe mutagatifu Nikora Cyanika. Ahakura impamyabumenyi mu ndimi 148448 wikitext text/x-wiki MC RWAMASIMBI ni Umushyushyarugamba Wamamaye mu Rwanda mu kuyobora ubukwe, isabukuru, n’ibindi birori nk’inama zikomeye. Amazina ye bwite ni Emmanuel NSANZIMANA. Yavutse Tariki ya 23 Nyakanga 1995, avukira muri Repuburika Iharanira demokarasi ya Congo, mu cyahoze ari zaire, mu gice cya Masisi. Yakuriye mu karere ka Nyamagabe. Amashuri abanza yayize ku ishuri ribanza rya Kiyumba, Amashuri yisumbuye yayize mu Rwunge rw’amashuri rwitiriwe mutagatifu Nikora Cyanika. Ahakura impamyabumenyi mu ndimi (A2) Nyuma yo kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye, mu 2019 yokomeje amashuri ye muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda, Ishami rya Huye. Aha yahakuye Impamyabumenyi y’ikiciro cya Kabiri cya Kaminuza mu Iyigandimi n’Ubuvanganzo (A0 Linguistics and Literature) Mu kazi akora; ni Umunyamakuru kuri Radio Salus kuva mu 2021 kugeza ubu. MC RWAMASIMBI ni umuhanga mu birebana n’amazina y’inka ndetse no kuyobora ubukwe. Iyo ayobora ubukwe akoresha indimi 3; Ikinyarwanda, Icyongereza n’Igiswahili. pc1jrflzly9x4rxvj1reemgx3meem39 0 23934 148449 2026-11-02T19:45:15Z ~2026-58362-86 19286 https://www.instagram.com/austinmorisho/ 148449 wikitext text/x-wiki https://www.instagram.com/austinmorisho/ cr1d6sey55hax62ihf0dx9ewn8svk2q 0 23935 148462 2026-11-03T05:51:53Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q5532 | zoom = 5 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Malawi | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Malawi giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Malawi''' (nanone cyitwa Ikiyaga cya Nyasa) ni kimwe mu [[Ibiyaga Bigari]] bya [[Afurika]]. Ni cyo kiri kure mu majyepfo mu biyaga byo mu Kibaya cya Rift cyo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. Ni icya gatatu mu bunini muri ibyo biyaga. Ikiyaga gisangiwe n'ibihugu bitatu: [[Malawi]], [[Tanzaniya]] na [..." 148462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q5532 | zoom = 5 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Malawi | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Malawi giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Malawi''' (nanone cyitwa Ikiyaga cya Nyasa) ni kimwe mu [[Ibiyaga Bigari]] bya [[Afurika]]. Ni cyo kiri kure mu majyepfo mu biyaga byo mu Kibaya cya Rift cyo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. Ni icya gatatu mu bunini muri ibyo biyaga. Ikiyaga gisangiwe n'ibihugu bitatu: [[Malawi]], [[Tanzaniya]] na [[Mozambike]]. Amazi yacyo asohoka anyuze mu mugezi wa Shire. Uwo mugezi ujya mu [[Umugezi wa Zambezi|mugezi wa Zambezi]]. Ikiyaga gifite amoko menshi y'amafi. == Izina == Izina « Nyasa » risobanura « ikiyaga » mu rurimi rwaho. Muri Mozambike, ikiyaga cyitwa « Lago Niassa ».<ref name="brit">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Lake-Nyasa |title=Lake Nyasa |website=Encyclopædia Britannica |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Imiterere == [[File:Canoes on Lake Malawi.jpg|thumb|left|Amato ku Kiyaga cya Malawi]] Ikiyaga cya Malawi kiri mu Kibaya cya Rift cyo muri Afurika y'Iburasirazuba. Ni cyo kiri kure mu majyepfo mu biyaga by'icyo kibaya. Ni icya gatatu mu bunini muri byo.<ref name="brit" /> Uburebure bw'ikiyaga ni kilometero zigera kuri 584, kuva mu majyaruguru kugera mu majyepfo. Ubugari bwacyo buri hagati ya kilometero 16 na 80. Ubuso bwacyo ni kilometero kare zigera ku 29 604. Ikiyaga kiri ku butumburuke bwa metero 472. Ubujyakuzimu bunini ni metero 704. Buri mu gice cy'amajyaruguru.<ref name="brit" /> Igice kinini cy'ikiyaga kiri muri Malawi. Imipaka ya Malawi na Tanzaniya na Mozambike inyura mu kiyaga no ku nkombe zacyo.<ref name="brit" /> == Imigezi == Imigezi 14 itemba umwaka wose yinjira mu kiyaga. Umugezi munini muri yo ni Ruhuhu. Umugezi wa Shire ni wo wonyine usohora amazi y'ikiyaga. Ujya mu mugezi wa Zambezi.<ref name="brit" /> == Amateka == Umunyaporutugali Caspar Boccaro yavuze iby'ikiyaga mu 1616. David Livingstone yakigezeho mu 1859. Yaturutse mu majyepfo.<ref name="brit" /> == Ibinyabuzima == Ikiyaga gishobora kugira amoko y'amafi agera ku 1 000. Amoko arenga 350 ni ay'umuryango wa ''Cichlidae''. Abaturage bayita « mbuna ». Ayo moko yose, uretse atanu, aboneka muri iki kiyaga gusa.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/289/ |title=Lake Malawi National Park |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Pariki y'Igihugu y'Ikiyaga cya Malawi iri mu majyepfo y'ikiyaga. Ubuso bwayo ni kilometero kare 94,1. Iri ku rutonde rw'Umurage w'Isi wa UNESCO.<ref name="unesco" /> [[Uburobyi]] bw'amafi ya tilapia ni ingenzi mu majyepfo y'ikiyaga. Uburobyi bukabije n'imitego ifite imyobo mito byangiza amafi.<ref name="brit" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Ibiyaga Bigari]] * [[Ikiyaga cya Tanganyika]] * [[Ikiyaga cya Victoriya]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [[commons:Category:Lake Malawi|Amafoto y'Ikiyaga cya Malawi]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Malawi|state=collapsed}} {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Tanzaniya|state=collapsed}} {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Mozambike|state=collapsed}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Malawi]] g54o1sfvh1axv8zcy76dpadi9ycihk3 0 23936 148465 2026-11-03T06:07:27Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q19972176 | zoom = 7 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Mbakaou | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Mbakaou giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Mbakaou''' ni ikiyaga cy'ubukorano kiri muri [[Kameruni]]. Cyabayeho nyuma yo kubaka urugomero ku mugezi wa Djérem. Umugezi wa Djérem wisuka mu mugezi wa Sanaga. Ikiyaga kiri mu Ntara ya Adamawa, hafi y'umudugudu wa Mbakaou. Ikiyaga gikoreshwa mu kubika amazi no mu [[Uburobyi|burobyi]]...." 148465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q19972176 | zoom = 7 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Mbakaou | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Mbakaou giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Mbakaou''' ni ikiyaga cy'ubukorano kiri muri [[Kameruni]]. Cyabayeho nyuma yo kubaka urugomero ku mugezi wa Djérem. Umugezi wa Djérem wisuka mu mugezi wa Sanaga. Ikiyaga kiri mu Ntara ya Adamawa, hafi y'umudugudu wa Mbakaou. Ikiyaga gikoreshwa mu kubika amazi no mu [[Uburobyi|burobyi]]. == Imiterere == Ikiyaga cya Mbakaou kiri mu Ntara ya Adamawa. Kiri hafi y'umudugudu wa Mbakaou n'umujyi wa Tibati.<ref name="em">{{Cite web |url=https://energies-media.com/cameroun-petite-centrale-hydroelect-mbakaou-inauguree/ |title=Cameroun : la petite centrale hydroélectrique de Mbakaou inaugurée |website=Energies Media |date=2022-04-18 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ikiyaga cyakozwe n'amazi y'umugezi wa Djérem. Djérem ni umugezi wisuka mu mugezi wa Sanaga. Uburebure bw'ikiyaga bugera kuri kilometero 50. Ubugari bwacyo bugera kuri kilometero 16. Ubuso bwacyo bugereranyije ni kilometero kare 500. Gishobora kubika amazi agera kuri miliyari 2,6 za metero kibe.<ref name="fao">{{Cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/3/V4110E/V4110E02.htm |title=Status of fish stocks and fisheries of thirteen medium-sized African reservoirs |website=FAO |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Urugero rw'amazi ruhinduka cyane buri mwaka. Rushobora kumanuka metero 28. Rimwe na rimwe ikiyaga gishobora gukama burundu.<ref name="fao" /> == Amateka == Urugomero rwa Mbakaou rwubatswe ku mugezi wa Djérem. Rwafunzwe mu mwaka wa 1968. Uburebure bwarwo ni metero 19.<ref name="fao" /> Mu mwaka wa 2022, uruganda ruto rutanga amashanyarazi rwatashywe ku mugezi wa Djérem, hafi ya Mbakaou. Rwatashywe ku wa 14 Mata 2022. Rufite ingufu za megawati 1,4.<ref name="em" /> == Uburobyi == Ikiyaga gikoreshwa mu [[Uburobyi|burobyi]]. Abashakashatsi bagereranyije ko gishobora gutanga toni ziri hagati ya 2 530 na 3 500 z'amafi buri mwaka.<ref name="fao" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] mcwnsol6z6qvptttuj640vd6vdy70x7 0 23937 148466 2026-11-03T06:09:41Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox}} '''Ikiyaga cya Bamendjing''' ni ikiyaga cyakozwe n'abantu muri [[Kameruni]]. Kiri ku [[umugezi]] wa Noun, mu kibaya cy'[[uruzi]] rwa Sanaga. Cyavutse ku rugomero rwa Bamendjing, rwubatswe mu myaka ya 1970. Ikiyaga cya Bamendjing kibika amazi menshi. Ayo mazi afasha kugenzura uruzi rwa Sanaga. Bityo, ingomero zitanga amashanyarazi za Song Loulou na Edéa zibona amazi ahagije. == Aho giherereye == Ikiyaga cya Bamendjing kiri mu kibaya cyo haruguru cy'umugezi..." 148466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ikiyaga cya Bamendjing''' ni ikiyaga cyakozwe n'abantu muri [[Kameruni]]. Kiri ku [[umugezi]] wa Noun, mu kibaya cy'[[uruzi]] rwa Sanaga. Cyavutse ku rugomero rwa Bamendjing, rwubatswe mu myaka ya 1970. Ikiyaga cya Bamendjing kibika amazi menshi. Ayo mazi afasha kugenzura uruzi rwa Sanaga. Bityo, ingomero zitanga amashanyarazi za Song Loulou na Edéa zibona amazi ahagije. == Aho giherereye == Ikiyaga cya Bamendjing kiri mu kibaya cyo haruguru cy'umugezi wa Noun.<ref name="mbih">{{Cite journal |last1=Mbih |first1=Richard |last2=Ndzeidze |first2=Stephen |last3=Driever |first3=Steven |last4=Bamboye |first4=Gilbert |title=The Bamendjin Dam and Its Implications in the Upper Noun Valley, Northwest Cameroon |journal=Journal of Sustainable Development |volume=7 |issue=6 |year=2014 |page=123 |url=https://ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/jsd/article/view/41075 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Uyu mugezi uri mu kibaya cy'uruzi rwa Sanaga.<ref name="larhyss">{{Cite journal |last1=Ajeagah |first1=G. |last2=Bissaya |first2=R. |title=Disponibilités des ressources hydriques au Cameroun : potentialités éco-environnementales et gestion durable par la population |journal=Larhyss Journal |issue=32 |year=2017 |pages=7–22 |url=https://larhyss.net/ojs/index.php/larhyss/article/download/547/556 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Igice kimwe cy'ikiyaga kiri mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru y'Iburengerazuba ya Kameruni.<ref name="mbih" /> == Amateka == Urugomero rwa Bamendjing rwubatswe ku mugezi wa Noun.<ref name="ecomatin">{{Cite web |title=Production d'électricité : EDC garant des quatre barrages réservoirs du Cameroun |url=https://ecomatin.net/production-delectricite-edc-garant-des-quatre-barrages-reservoirs-du-cameroun |website=EcoMatin |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Urugomero rwuzuye mu 1974.<ref name="larhyss" /> Andi masoko avuga umwaka wa 1975.<ref name="mbih" /> Amazi y'urugomero yahise akora ikiyaga.<ref name="larhyss" /> Kuva ku wa 7 Nzeri 2020, ikigo Electricity Development Corporation (EDC) ni cyo gicunga ikiyaga cya Bamendjing.<ref name="ecomatin" /> EDC icunga kandi ibindi bigega by'amazi bitatu: Mapé, Mbakaou na Lom Pangar.<ref name="ecomatin" /> == Ibiranga ikiyaga == Ubuso bw'ikiyaga buhinduka bitewe n'ibihe by'umwaka. Buri hagati ya hegitari 25 500 na 33 300, ni ukuvuga hagati ya kilometero kare 255 na 333.<ref name="larhyss" /> Ikiyaga kibika amazi agera kuri miliyari 1,85 za metero kibe.<ref name="larhyss" /><ref name="ecomatin" /> == Akamaro == Ikiyaga cya Bamendjing gifasha kugenzura amazi y'uruzi rwa Sanaga.<ref name="larhyss" /> Mu gihe cy'izuba, amazi yacyo yongera amazi agera ku ngomero za Song Loulou na Edéa. Izo ngomero zitanga amashanyarazi.<ref name="ecomatin" /> Urugomero rwari rugamije kandi gufasha [[ubuhinzi]] bw'[[umuceli]] wuhirwa.<ref name="mbih" /> == Ingaruka ku baturage == Ikiyaga cyarengeye imirima myinshi. Imiryango myinshi yatakaje amasambu yayo.<ref name="ecomatin" /> Abaturage bavuga ko amazi yo kunywa atakiri meza.<ref name="mbih" /> Imibu yariyongereye. [[Marariya]] ni yo ndwara ivurwa cyane ku kigo nderabuzima cya Bamendjing.<ref name="ecomatin" /> Hari kandi amakimbirane hagati y'abahinzi n'aborozi.<ref name="mbih" /> Muri Kamena 2020, urubyiruko rw'i Bamendjing rwakoze imyigaragambyo. Rwasabaga ko [[uburobyi]] bucungwa neza.<ref name="ecomatin" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Ikiyaga]] * [[Kameruni]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [[commons:Category:Bamendjing Reservoir|Amafoto y’Ikiyaga cya Bamendjing kuri Wikimedia Commons]] {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] 3d99bb1kzt0f7ft2zd8p0rp024phskq 0 23938 148467 2026-11-03T06:10:04Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q30743859 | zoom = 13 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Baleng | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Baleng giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Baleng''' ni ikiyaga cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Ni ikiyaga cyo mu kanwa k'ikirunga. Kiri mu burengerazuba bwa Kameruni, hafi y'umujyi wa Bafoussam. Ikiyaga cya Baleng kitwa kandi Neheu Long. Ni ahantu hatagatifu ha gakondo. Kuva mu 2020, kiri ku rutonde rw'umurage w'igihugu cya Kameruni. == Aho giherereye..." 148467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q30743859 | zoom = 13 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Baleng | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Baleng giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Baleng''' ni ikiyaga cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Ni ikiyaga cyo mu kanwa k'ikirunga. Kiri mu burengerazuba bwa Kameruni, hafi y'umujyi wa Bafoussam. Ikiyaga cya Baleng kitwa kandi Neheu Long. Ni ahantu hatagatifu ha gakondo. Kuva mu 2020, kiri ku rutonde rw'umurage w'igihugu cya Kameruni. == Aho giherereye == Ikiyaga cya Baleng kiri mu Ntara y'Iburengerazuba ya Kameruni. Kiri mu ishami rya Mifi, mu karere ka Bafoussam II, mu mudugudu wa Baleng.<ref name="unesco" /> Ikiyaga kiri nko ku birometero 10 uvuye mu mujyi wa Bafoussam. Igice kinini cy'umuhanda ujyayo si kaburimbo. Hubatswe amadarajya kugira ngo abasura bagere ku mazi.<ref name="medium" /> == Imiterere == Ikiyaga cya Baleng ni ikiyaga cyo mu kanwa k'ikirunga.<ref name="medium" /> Kiri mu biyaga byinshi by'ibirunga byo mu burengerazuba bwa Kameruni. Ikiyaga cya Baleng kizwiho kugira amafi menshi. Ikinyamakuru Le Medium kivuga ko ari cyo kiyaga gifite amafi menshi mu ishami rya Mifi.<ref name="medium" /> == Umuco == [[File:Lieu sacré du lac Baleng.jpg|thumb|left|Ahantu hatagatifu ku Kiyaga cya Baleng]] Ikiyaga cya Baleng ni ahantu hatagatifu ku baturage. Amabuye n'ibiti biri hafi y'ikiyaga bifatwa nk'ibitagatifu. Abaturage bahazana amaturo, nk'amavuta y'imikindo n'umunyu. Abaturage bemera ko abakurambere baba mu mazi y'ikiyaga. Abavuzi ba gakondo bohereza abarwayi ku kiyaga kugira ngo basukurwe. Kuroba birabujijwe ku munsi w'isoko witwa Fèssa.<ref name="medium">{{Cite web |last=Mba |first=Stéphane |title=Les multiples facettes du lac Baleng |url=https://www.journallemedium.net/2020/08/26/les-multiples-facettes-du-lac-baleng/ |website=Le Medium |date=2020-08-26 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ku wa 21 Gashyantare 2020, Leta ya Kameruni yashyize Ikiyaga cya Baleng ku rutonde rw'umurage ndangamuco udafatika w'igihugu. Cyanditswe nk'ahantu hatagatifu ha gakondo.<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |title=Arrêté portant classement des éléments du patrimoine culturel immatériel au patrimoine national |url=https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/49219-FR.pdf |website=UNESCO |date=2020-02-21 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == * [[Ikiyaga]] * [[commons:Category:Lac Baleng|Amafoto y'Ikiyaga cya Baleng]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] tw5uquy267orvffd1giiv8fejo4ddst 0 23939 148468 2026-11-03T06:12:25Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q56247560 }} '''Ikiyaga cya Tison''' (cyitwa kandi Tizong cyangwa Tyson) ni [[ikiyaga]] cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Giherereye mu Ntara ya Adamawa, hafi y'umujyi wa Ngaoundéré. Ni ikiyaga kiri mu mwobo w'ikirunga. Ikiyaga cya Tison ni gito. Gifite ubujyakuzimu buringaniye bwa metero 48. Ni ahantu h'[[ubukerarugendo]]. == Imiterere == [[File:LAC TISON.jpg|thumb|left|Ikiyaga cya Tison]] Ikiyaga cya Tison kiri nko ku birometero 10 mu majyepfo y'iburasirazu..." 148468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q56247560 }} '''Ikiyaga cya Tison''' (cyitwa kandi Tizong cyangwa Tyson) ni [[ikiyaga]] cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Giherereye mu Ntara ya Adamawa, hafi y'umujyi wa Ngaoundéré. Ni ikiyaga kiri mu mwobo w'ikirunga. Ikiyaga cya Tison ni gito. Gifite ubujyakuzimu buringaniye bwa metero 48. Ni ahantu h'[[ubukerarugendo]]. == Imiterere == [[File:LAC TISON.jpg|thumb|left|Ikiyaga cya Tison]] Ikiyaga cya Tison kiri nko ku birometero 10 mu majyepfo y'iburasirazuba bw'umujyi wa Ngaoundéré.<ref name="Bouyo">{{Cite web |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/05/17/9913/m_Dynamique-et-perception-de-la-biodiversite-dans-la-ville-de-Ngaoundere18.html |title=Dynamique et perception de la biodiversité dans la ville de Ngaoundéré |author=Félix Bouyo Ndolédjé |website=Mémoire Online |publisher=Université de Ngaoundéré |date=2015 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Kiri mu kibaya cy'uruzi rwa Sanaga.<ref name="PANGIRE">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/gwp-caf-files/eau-et-environnement.pdf |title=Plan d'action national de gestion intégrée des ressources en eau (PANGIRE). État des lieux du secteur : eau et environnement |publisher=Ministère de l'Énergie et de l'Eau (MINEE) ; Global Water Partnership Cameroon |date=December 2009 |page=30 |language=fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412000000/https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/gwp-caf-files/eau-et-environnement.pdf |archive-date=2019-04-12 |url-status=dead |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ikiyaga cyavutse mu mwobo w'ikirunga. Uwo mwobo waturutse ku iturika ry'ibirunga mu gihe cya Pleistocène.<ref name="Bouyo"/> Nta mugezi usohoka muri iki kiyaga.<ref name="Bouyo"/> Ikiyaga gifite ubujyakuzimu buringaniye bwa metero 48. Umurambararo wacyo ni nka metero 300.<ref name="PANGIRE"/> Ubuso bwacyo ni nka metero kare 44 000.<ref name="PANGIRE"/> == Ubukerarugendo == Ikiyaga cya Tison ni ahantu heza ho kuruhukira. Ariko mu mazi yacyo harimo indwara ya bilariziyoze.<ref name="PANGIRE"/> Inzu yo kuruhukiramo abashyitsi yubatswe hafi y'ikiyaga kera.<ref name="PANGIRE"/> Umugani uvuga ko amazi y'iki kiyaga ahindura ibara.<ref name="PANGIRE"/> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Ikiyaga]] * [[Kameruni]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [[commons:Category:Lac Tison|Amafoto y'Ikiyaga cya Tison]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] klc7zua16ov9h47kpf8g6zpb539z9ow 0 23940 148469 2026-11-03T06:12:37Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q30744303 | zoom = 12 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Petponoun | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Petponoun giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Petponoun''' (nanone cyandikwa Petpenoun, Pètponoun cyangwa Paponoun) ni ikiyaga gito cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Giherereye mu Ntara y'Iburengerazuba, mu Karere ka Noun. Ikiyaga cya Petponoun kiri ku butumburuke bwa metero 1 120. Ubuso bwacyo ni hegitari 30. Ni ahantu nyaburanga hasurwa na ba Ubuke..." 148469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q30744303 | zoom = 12 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Petponoun | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Petponoun giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Petponoun''' (nanone cyandikwa Petpenoun, Pètponoun cyangwa Paponoun) ni ikiyaga gito cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Giherereye mu Ntara y'Iburengerazuba, mu Karere ka Noun. Ikiyaga cya Petponoun kiri ku butumburuke bwa metero 1 120. Ubuso bwacyo ni hegitari 30. Ni ahantu nyaburanga hasurwa na ba [[Ubukerarugendo|mukerarugendo]]. == Imiterere == [[File:Lac Petpenoun25.jpg|thumb|left|Inka ku nkombe y'Ikiyaga cya Petponoun]] Ikiyaga cya Petponoun giherereye i Kouoptamo, mu Karere ka Noun.<ref name="messager" /> Kiri mu majyaruguru y'umujyi wa Foumbot.<ref name="geoview">{{Cite web |url=http://cm.geoview.info/lacs_petponoun,2222672 |title=Pètponoun (Pond) near West, Cameroon |website=GeoView.info |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ikiyaga kiri ku butumburuke bwa metero 1 120. Gifite ubuso bwa hegitari 30. Ni ukuvuga kilometero kare 0,3. Ubujyakuzimu bunini bwacyo ni metero 12.<ref name="wotchoko">{{Cite journal |last1=Wotchoko |first1=Pierre |display-authors=etal |title=The Twin Bambili Maars (Bamenda Mountains, Cameroon Volcanic Line): Simulative Model of Formation |journal=Open Journal of Geology |volume=7 |year=2017 |page=445 |url=http://file.scirp.org/pdf/OJG_2017041711370949.pdf |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Ubukerarugendo == Ikiyaga cya Petponoun ni kimwe mu hantu nyaburanga ho mu Burengerazuba bwa Kameruni. Mu mwaka wa 2009, ikinyamakuru ''Le Messager'' cyanditse ko gisurwa cyane na ba mukerarugendo.<ref name="messager">{{Cite web |url=https://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200905140643.html |title=Cameroun: Lieux touristiques - Une mine inexploitée |website=AllAfrica |publisher=Le Messager |date=2009-05-14 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Kameruni]] * [[Ikiyaga]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [[commons:Category:Lac Petpenoun|Amafoto y'Ikiyaga cya Petponoun]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] 9hvy1upqnfyx6o1fsd3y4prqvsggz65 0 23941 148470 2026-11-03T06:13:18Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q1891077 | zoom = 7 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Monoun | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Monoun giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Monoun''' ni ikiyaga gito cyo mu burengerazuba bwa [[Kameruni]]. Kiri mu rwobo rw'ikirunga. Amazi yacyo maremare abitse dioxyde de carbone (CO₂) nyinshi. Ku itariki ya 15 Kanama 1984, ikiyaga cyasohoye igicu cya CO₂. Icyo gicu cyahitanye abantu 37. Kuva mu 2003, umuyoboro ukura gaze mu maz..." 148470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q1891077 | zoom = 7 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Monoun | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Monoun giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Monoun''' ni ikiyaga gito cyo mu burengerazuba bwa [[Kameruni]]. Kiri mu rwobo rw'ikirunga. Amazi yacyo maremare abitse dioxyde de carbone (CO₂) nyinshi. Ku itariki ya 15 Kanama 1984, ikiyaga cyasohoye igicu cya CO₂. Icyo gicu cyahitanye abantu 37. Kuva mu 2003, umuyoboro ukura gaze mu mazi maremare y'ikiyaga. == Imiterere == [[File:Monoun.jpg|thumb|left|Ikiyaga cya Monoun]] Ikiyaga cya Monoun kiri mu karere k'ibirunga ka Oku. Kiri nko ku kilometero 7 uvuye ku mujyi wa Foumbot.<ref name="gvp">{{Cite web |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=224030 |title=Oku Volcanic Field |website=Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Uburebure bw'ikiyaga ni nka kilometero 1,5. Ubugari bwacyo ni nka kilometero 0,5. Ikiyaga gifite inyobo ebyiri. Urw'iburengerazuba rufite ubujyakuzimu bwa metero 50. Urw'iburasirazuba rufite ubujyakuzimu bwa metero 96.<ref name="eby">{{Cite journal |last1=Eby |first1=G. Nelson |last2=Evans |first2=William C. |title=Taming the killer lakes of Cameroon |journal=Geology Today |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=18–22 |year=2006 |url=https://web.natur.cuni.cz/IGP/main/staff/martinek/PCzpracGeoDat/cvika-Corel/GeologyToday--Eby-Evans2006volcanicLakesCameroon.pdf |language=en}}</ref> Amazi ari munsi ya metero 50 nta ogisijeni afite. Abitse dioxyde de carbone na metani.<ref name="sig">{{Cite journal |last1=Sigurdsson |first1=Haraldur |display-authors=etal |title=Origin of the lethal gas burst from Lake Monoun, Cameroun |journal=Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research |volume=31 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–16 |year=1987 |url=https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70015194 |language=en}}</ref> Dioxyde de carbone ni hafi 97 % bya gaze ziri mu mazi.<ref name="eby" /> == Impanuka yo mu 1984 == Ku itariki ya 15 Kanama 1984, nka saa tanu n'igice z'ijoro, abantu bumvise urusaku rukomeye. Igicu cya gaze cyaturutse mu burasirazuba bw'ikiyaga.<ref name="gvp" /> Abantu 37 bapfuye bazize kubura umwuka.<ref name="sig" /> Bapfuye hagati ya saa cyenda z'ijoro n'umuseke.<ref name="gvp" /> Abahanga bavuga ko umutingito w'isi n'inkangu byabaye uwo munsi. Byatumye amazi yo hasi azamuka. Nuko CO₂ irekurwa ku bwinshi. Umuraba ufite uburebure bugera kuri metero 5 wageze ku nkombe y'iburasirazuba.<ref name="sig" /> Ku itariki ya 21 Kanama 1986, impanuka nk'iyo yabereye ku Kiyaga cya Nyos, na cyo cyo muri Kameruni. Yahitanye abantu barenga 1 700.<ref name="eby" /> == Gukura gaze mu kiyaga == Mu 2003, hashyizwe umuyoboro mu kiyaga. Uwo muyoboro uzamura amazi ava ku bujyakuzimu bwa metero 73. Bityo, gaze isohoka buhoro buhoro.<ref name="kling">{{Cite journal |last1=Kling |first1=George W. |display-authors=etal |title=Degassing Lakes Nyos and Monoun: Defusing certain disaster |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=102 |issue=40 |pages=14185–14190 |date=2005-10-04 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0502274102 |pmc=1242283 |pmid=16186504 |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2005, abahanga basabye kongeramo umuyoboro wa kabiri. Basabye kandi ko imiyoboro yamanurwa kugeza kuri metero 97.<ref name="kling" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [[commons:Category:Lake Monoun|Amafoto y'Ikiyaga cya Monoun]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] pyetuh5pm72fmjknckvhmahnnf4frnm 0 23942 148473 2026-11-03T06:19:03Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q130746886 | zoom = 13 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Mfou | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Mfou giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Mfou''' (nanone cyitwa Ikiyaga cya Mbapit cyangwa Ikiyaga cya Nfou) ni ikiyaga cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Kiri mu Ntara y'Iburengerazuba ya Kameruni. Ikiyaga cya Mfou kiri mu kanwa k'Umusozi wa Mbapit. Uwo musozi ni [[ikirunga]] cya kera. Abaturage bavuga ko ari ikiyaga cy'amayobera. == Imiterere..." 148473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q130746886 | zoom = 13 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Mfou | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Mfou giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Mfou''' (nanone cyitwa Ikiyaga cya Mbapit cyangwa Ikiyaga cya Nfou) ni ikiyaga cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Kiri mu Ntara y'Iburengerazuba ya Kameruni. Ikiyaga cya Mfou kiri mu kanwa k'Umusozi wa Mbapit. Uwo musozi ni [[ikirunga]] cya kera. Abaturage bavuga ko ari ikiyaga cy'amayobera. == Imiterere == [[File:Mont Mbapit-Lac de cratère.jpg|thumb|left|Ikiyaga cya Mfou kibonwe uhereye ku nkombe y'akanwa k'ikirunga]] Ikiyaga cya Mfou kiri mu Ntara y'Iburengerazuba ya Kameruni. Giherereye hagati y'imijyi ya Foumbot na Foumban.<ref name="Ayilaa">{{Cite web |url=https://ayilaa.com/fr/mont/3574-le-mont-mbapit |title=Le mont Mbapit |website=Ayilaa |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Kiri mu kanwa k'Umusozi wa Mbapit. Uwo musozi ni ikirunga cya kera. Ufite ubutumburuke bwa hafi m 2 000.<ref name="Ayilaa" /><ref name="TOC">{{Cite web |url=https://tourismeouestcameroun.com/nature_paysage/mont-bapit/ |title=Mont Mbapit et son lac mystique |website=Tourisme Ouest Cameroun |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ikiyaga gikikijwe n'inkuta ndende. Izo nkuta zifite uburebure bwa hafi m 200.<ref name="TOC" /> == Imigani == Ikiyaga cya Mfou cyitwa « ikiyaga cy'amayobera ». Umugani uvuga ko ibuye ritewe mu kanwa k'ikirunga ritagera ku mazi.<ref name="TOC" /> == Ubukerarugendo == Kugera ku kiyaga bisaba kuzamuka umusozi. Urugendo rumara iminota igera kuri 45. Hari ingendo ziyoborwa n'umuyobozi w'abakerarugendo. Zitegurwa n'ibigo by'ubukerarugendo.<ref name="Ayilaa" /> == Ibidukikije == Ikiyaga cya Mfou kiri mu misozi ya Mbapit na Nkogham. Iyo misozi irangirika. Impamvu ni itemwa ry'amashyamba n'inkongi z'ibihuru.<ref name="ERuDeF">{{Cite web |url=https://erudef.org/why-mbapit-nkogham-mountains-need-urgent-restoration/ |title=Why Mbapit-Nkogham Mountains need urgent restoration |website=ERuDeF |date=2022-03-30 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Umuryango ERuDeF wateguye umushinga wo kubungabunga iyo misozi. Intego yawo ni gutera ibiti miliyoni 10.<ref name="ERuDeF" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Kameruni]] * [[Ikiyaga]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [[commons:Category:Mont Mbapit|Amafoto y'Umusozi wa Mbapit]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] s1qhfnx3lje0eofv7141wjdo6kua1qc 0 23943 148475 2026-11-03T06:37:04Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q17361978 | zoom = 14 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Dschang | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Dschang giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Dschang''' (mu Gifaransa: ''Lac municipal de Dschang'') ni ikiyaga cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Ni ikiyaga cy'ubukorano. Kiri mu mujyi wa Dschang, mu burengerazuba bwa Kameruni. Ikiyaga cya Dschang cyakozwe mu myaka ya 1960. Gifite ubuso bwa hegitari 40. Ni ahantu ho gutemberera no kuruhukira. Kiri hafi y'I..." 148475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q17361978 | zoom = 14 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Dschang | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Dschang giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Dschang''' (mu Gifaransa: ''Lac municipal de Dschang'') ni ikiyaga cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Ni ikiyaga cy'ubukorano. Kiri mu mujyi wa Dschang, mu burengerazuba bwa Kameruni. Ikiyaga cya Dschang cyakozwe mu myaka ya 1960. Gifite ubuso bwa hegitari 40. Ni ahantu ho gutemberera no kuruhukira. Kiri hafi y'Inzu Ndangamurage y'Imico ya Dschang. == Aho giherereye == Ikiyaga cya Dschang kiri mu Ntara y'Iburengerazuba ya Kameruni. Kiri mu ishami rya Menoua, mu mujyi wa Dschang.<ref name="camer">{{Cite web |url=https://www.camer.be/88112/11:1/cameroun-decouverte-dun-corps-sans-vie-au-lac-municipal-de-dschang-cameroon.html |title=Cameroun - Découverte d'un corps sans vie au lac municipal de Dschang |website=Camer.be |author=Toto Jacques |date=2025-01-28 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Imiterere == [[File:Lac municipal de Dschang par temps ensoleillé.jpg|thumb|left|Ikiyaga cya Dschang ku munsi w'izuba]] Ikiyaga cya Dschang ni ikiyaga cy'ubukorano. Cyakozwe mu myaka ya 1960. Gifite ubuso bwa hegitari 40.<ref name="momaa">{{Cite web |url=https://momaa.org/directory/musee-des-civilisations-de-dschang/ |title=Musée des civilisations de Dschang |website=MOMAA |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Abantu bakora uburobyi muri iki kiyaga.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dicames.online/jspui/bitstream/20.500.12177/4632/1/ENS_2016_mem_0410.pdf |title=Sites, édifices touristiques et développement économique, socioculturel de l'arrondissement de Dschang |author=Tsafack Sonkeng Gaius |publisher=École normale supérieure, Université de Yaoundé I |date=2016 |page=14 |format=PDF |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Ubukerarugendo == Ikiyaga cya Dschang ni ahantu ho gutemberera no kuruhukira.<ref name="camer" /> Mu mwaka wa 2011, Inzu Ndangamurage y'Imico ya Dschang yubatswe hafi y'iki kiyaga.<ref name="momaa" /> Ku kiyaga hari Base nautique de Dschang. Ni ikigo cy'imyidagaduro yo mu mazi. Kiri iruhande rw'Inzu Ndangamurage y'Imico ya Dschang. Abantu bahatwara amato mato, nka kayak n'ubwato bw'ingashya. Hari kandi imikino y'abana.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tourismeouestcameroun.com/en/categorie_site_naturel/sport-sport |title=Sport & Sport |website=Tourisme Ouest Cameroun |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ikiraro cyitwa Pont du Plaisir kireba ku kiyaga no ku mujyi. Ni ikiraro cya beto. Gifite uburebure bwa m 100 n'ubugari bwa m 5. Gisize irangi ry'umweru n'umutuku. Abantu bakijyaho gutembera no gufata amafoto.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ayilaa.com/fr/sites-touristiques/3524-pont-du-plaisir-du-lac-municipal |title=Pont du Plaisir du lac municipal |website=Ayila'a |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == * [[Ikiyaga]] * [[commons:Category:Lac municipal de Dschang|Amafoto y'Ikiyaga cya Dschang]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] 26u6ux89phwvk0aniv5gkhjiew12rvi 0 23944 148477 2026-11-03T06:41:25Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Infobox | title = Ibiyaga bya Manengouba | image = [[File:Manegouba.jpg|260px]] | caption = Ikiyaga cy'Igitsinagore (ibumoso) n'Ikiyaga cy'Igitsinagabo (iburyo) | header1 = Aho biherereye | label2 = Igihugu | data2 = [[Kameruni]] | label3 = Umusozi | data3 = Manengouba (m 2 411) | label4 = Urwobo rw'ikirunga | data4 = Eboga (km 4) | label5 = Umujyi uri hafi | data5 = Nkongsamba | label6 = Ibipimo by'aho biri | data6 = 5°02′05″ N, 9°49′41″ E | header7 = Imiter..." 148477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = Ibiyaga bya Manengouba | image = [[File:Manegouba.jpg|260px]] | caption = Ikiyaga cy'Igitsinagore (ibumoso) n'Ikiyaga cy'Igitsinagabo (iburyo) | header1 = Aho biherereye | label2 = Igihugu | data2 = [[Kameruni]] | label3 = Umusozi | data3 = Manengouba (m 2 411) | label4 = Urwobo rw'ikirunga | data4 = Eboga (km 4) | label5 = Umujyi uri hafi | data5 = Nkongsamba | label6 = Ibipimo by'aho biri | data6 = 5°02′05″ N, 9°49′41″ E | header7 = Imiterere | label8 = Ubwoko | data8 = Ibiyaga byo mu rwobo rw'ikirunga | label9 = Umubare | data9 = Ibiyaga 2 | label10 = Ubutumburuke | data10 = m 1 920 | label11 = Ikiyaga kinini | data11 = Ikiyaga cy'Igitsinagore (amazi y'ubururu) | label12 = Ikiyaga gito | data12 = Ikiyaga cy'Igitsinagabo (amazi y'icyatsi) | header13 = Ibidukikije | label14 = Agace k'ibinyabuzima | data14 = km² 87 | label15 = Ibikeri byihariye | data15 = Amoko 5 }} '''Ibiyaga bya Manengouba''' ni ibiyaga bibiri by'impanga byo muri [[Kameruni]]. Biri mu rwobo rw'ikirunga cya Manengouba, ku butumburuke bwa m 1 920. Ikiyaga kimwe gifite amazi y'ubururu. Ikindi gifite amazi y'icyatsi. Ibyo biyaga bitandukanywa n'agace gato k'ubutaka. == Aho biherereye == Umusozi wa Manengouba uri mu burengerazuba bwa Kameruni. Uri mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'umujyi wa Nkongsamba.<ref name="kba">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/factsheet/6124 |title=Mont Manengouba |website=Key Biodiversity Areas |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Uri hafi y'umupaka uri hagati y'agace kavuga Igifaransa n'agace kavuga Icyongereza.<ref name="randonnee">{{Cite web |url=https://www.partirvoirlemonde.com/faire-une-randonnee-au-mont-manengouba-au-cameroun/ |title=Faire une randonnée au Mont Manengouba au Cameroun |website=Partir voir le monde |date=2021-03-31 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Umusozi wa Manengouba ni ikirunga. Impinga yawo ifite ubutumburuke bwa m 2 411.<ref name="gvp">{{Cite web |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=224020 |title=Manengouba |website=Global Volcanism Program |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Hejuru y'umusozi hari urwobo runini rw'ikirunga rwitwa Eboga. Ubugari bwarwo ni km 4.<ref name="gvp" /> Hasi muri urwo rwobo hari ikibaya cy'ibyatsi. Icyo kibaya kiri ku butumburuke bwa m 1 950.<ref name="kba" /> Ibiyaga bya Manengouba biri muri icyo kibaya. Ni ibiyaga bito, ariko bifite ubujyakuzimu bunini.<ref name="kba" /> Biri ku butumburuke bwa m 1 920.<ref name="natgeo">{{Cite web |last=Cutler |first=Joe |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/destinations/africa/cameroon-volcanic-crater-lake-fish/ |title=Fishing for Signs of Evolution in Mysterious Volcanic Lakes |website=National Geographic |date=2016-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804111009/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/destinations/africa/cameroon-volcanic-crater-lake-fish/ |archive-date=2020-08-04 |url-status=dead |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Ibiyaga byombi == [[File:Manengouba- Lac mâle.jpg|thumb|left|Ikiyaga cy'Igitsinagabo]] Ikiyaga kimwe cyitwa Ikiyaga cy'Igitsinagore (mu Gifaransa: ''Lac Femelle''). Ni cyo kinini. Amazi yacyo ni ubururu. Kukigeraho biroroshye. Hari amadarajya amanuka akagera ku nkombe yacyo.<ref name="randonnee" /> Ikindi kiyaga cyitwa Ikiyaga cy'Igitsinagabo (mu Gifaransa: ''Lac Mâle''). Amazi yacyo ni icyatsi. Kukigeraho biragoye.<ref name="randonnee" /> Kugera ku biyaga n'amaguru bifata amasaha agera kuri ane.<ref name="randonnee" /> == Ibidukikije == Umusozi wa Manengouba ni agace k'ingenzi ku rusobe rw'ibinyabuzima. Ako gace gafite ubuso bwa km² 87.<ref name="kba" /> Amoko atanu y'ibikeri aboneka gusa kuri uwo musozi.<ref name="kba" /> Muri urwo rwobo, ishyamba rito rikura ku nkombe z'ibiyaga. Abashumba bake b'Abafulani baragiramo inka zabo.<ref name="kba" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Lake Manengouba|Amafoto y'Ibiyaga bya Manengouba]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] 04o96s3wc71hfrk54t25z54th8idj0m 0 23945 148480 2026-11-03T06:47:54Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q131548001 }} '''Ikiyaga cya Ngaoundaba''' (cyitwa kandi N'Gaoundaba) ni [[ikiyaga]] cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Giherereye mu Ntara ya Adamawa, hafi y'umujyi wa Ngaoundéré. Ni ikiyaga kiri mu mwobo w'ikirunga. Ikiyaga cya Ngaoundaba kiri mu isambu yitwa Ranch de Ngaoundaba. Ni ahantu hazwi cyane mu kureba [[inyoni]]. Ni n'ahantu h'[[ubukerarugendo]]. == Imiterere == [[File:Vue du lac de Ngaoundaba.jpg|thumb|left|Ikiyaga cya Ngaoundaba]] Ikiyaga cya Nga..." 148480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q131548001 }} '''Ikiyaga cya Ngaoundaba''' (cyitwa kandi N'Gaoundaba) ni [[ikiyaga]] cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Giherereye mu Ntara ya Adamawa, hafi y'umujyi wa Ngaoundéré. Ni ikiyaga kiri mu mwobo w'ikirunga. Ikiyaga cya Ngaoundaba kiri mu isambu yitwa Ranch de Ngaoundaba. Ni ahantu hazwi cyane mu kureba [[inyoni]]. Ni n'ahantu h'[[ubukerarugendo]]. == Imiterere == [[File:Vue du lac de Ngaoundaba.jpg|thumb|left|Ikiyaga cya Ngaoundaba]] Ikiyaga cya Ngaoundaba kiri nko ku birometero 35 mu majyepfo y'iburasirazuba bw'umujyi wa Ngaoundéré.<ref name="KBA">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/factsheet/6113 |title=Ngaoundaba Ranch |website=Key Biodiversity Areas |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ubutumburuke bw'aho kiri ni nka metero 1 220 kugeza kuri metero 1 240.<ref name="KBA"/> Ikiyaga gifite ubuso bwa hegitari nka 2.<ref name="Fopa">{{Cite web |url=https://www.memoireonline.com/05/20/11825/m_Le-tourisme-dans-le-departement-de-la-vina-adamaoua-cameroun--mythe-ou-realite-78.html |title=Le tourisme dans le département de la Vina (Adamaoua-Cameroun) : mythe ou réalité ? |author=Harry Sadio Fopa |website=Mémoire Online |publisher=Université de Ngaoundéré |date=2012 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ikiyaga kiri mu mwobo w'ikirunga.<ref name="ABC">{{Cite web |url=https://archive.org/download/biostor-262271/biostor-262271.pdf |title=Birding Cameroon, part 1 |author=Michael Mills, Callan Cohen |website=Bulletin of the African Bird Club, vol. 10, no 2 |page=111 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Hafi yacyo hari ikindi kiyaga gito cyo mu mwobo w'ikirunga.<ref name="KBA"/> == Ranch de Ngaoundaba == Ikiyaga kiri mu isambu y'umuntu ku giti cye. Iyo sambu yitwa Ranch de Ngaoundaba. Iororerwamo [[inka]].<ref name="KBA"/> Iyo sambu ifite ubuso bwa kilometero kare nka 15.<ref name="KBA"/> Ibimera byaho ni ibyatsi, ibiti n'amashyamba ari ku nkombe z'imigezi.<ref name="KBA"/> Ranch de Ngaoundaba yahoze ari inzu y'abahigi.<ref name="BE">{{Cite web |url=https://www.birdingecotours.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Cameroon-Itinerary.pdf |title=Cameroon Itinerary |website=Birding Ecotours |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ubu yakira abashyitsi n'abakerarugendo.<ref name="KBA"/> Abashyitsi bashobora gutembera mu bwato ku kiyaga.<ref name="Fopa"/> Mu kiyaga harimo [[amafi]] menshi.<ref name="Fopa"/> == Inyoni == Muri Ranch de Ngaoundaba habonetse amoko y'inyoni arenga 300.<ref name="KBA"/> Mu 2001, BirdLife International yashyize aha hantu ku rutonde rw'ahantu h'ingenzi ku nyoni (IBA).<ref name="BirdLife">{{Cite web |url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/ngaoundaba-ranch-iba-cameroon |title=Important Bird Area factsheet: Ngaoundaba Ranch (Cameroon) |publisher=BirdLife International |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Inyoni nyinshi zirara ku kiyaga kimwe muri ibyo biyaga bibiri. Muri zo harimo inyoni yitwa ''Creatophora cinerea''. Ngaoundaba ni ho hantu honyine hazwi muri Kameruni haboneka iyo nyoni.<ref name="KBA"/> Aha hantu hazwi kandi kubera inyoni yitwa ''Apalis bamendae''.<ref name="KBA"/> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Ikiyaga]] * [[Kameruni]] * [[Ikiyaga cya Tison]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [[commons:Category:Lake Ngaoundaba|Amafoto y'Ikiyaga cya Ngaoundaba]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] dx5ws2z292jp1ib3tj1qkyckzz8z1k1 0 23946 148481 2026-11-03T06:49:21Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q6477236 }} '''Ikiyaga cya Ossa''' ni ikiyaga cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Giherereye mu Ntara ya Littoral, hafi y'umujyi wa Dizangué. Ni kimwe mu biyaga binini byo muri Kameruni. Ikiyaga cya Ossa kiri mu gace karinzwe k'inyamaswa. Kizwi cyane kubera manati yo muri Afurika. Abaturage benshi bagituriye batunzwe n'[[uburobyi]]. == Imiterere == Ikiyaga cya Ossa kiri mu karere ka Dizangué, mu Ntara ya Littoral. Kiri ku isohoko ry'ikibaya cy'uruzi rwa Sanaga...." 148481 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q6477236 }} '''Ikiyaga cya Ossa''' ni ikiyaga cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Giherereye mu Ntara ya Littoral, hafi y'umujyi wa Dizangué. Ni kimwe mu biyaga binini byo muri Kameruni. Ikiyaga cya Ossa kiri mu gace karinzwe k'inyamaswa. Kizwi cyane kubera manati yo muri Afurika. Abaturage benshi bagituriye batunzwe n'[[uburobyi]]. == Imiterere == Ikiyaga cya Ossa kiri mu karere ka Dizangué, mu Ntara ya Littoral. Kiri ku isohoko ry'ikibaya cy'uruzi rwa Sanaga.<ref name="gwp" /> Ni kimwe mu biyaga binini byo muri Kameruni.<ref name="dw" /> Ubuso bwacyo bungana na hegitari 4 000.<ref name="herbert" /> Ikiyaga cya Ossa n'ibindi biyaga bito bigikikije bigize itsinda rimwe. Iri tsinda ririmo ibiyaga 9 n'ibirwa birenga 20.<ref name="gwp">{{Cite web |url=https://www.gwp.org/globalassets/global/toolbox/case-studies/africa/cs_363_cameroon_ossa_lake_full.pdf |title=Cameroon: Local initiative to protect Lake Ossa (#363) |website=Global Water Partnership |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Ibidukikije == [[File:Une île du Lac Ossa.jpg|thumb|left|Ikirwa cyo mu Kiyaga cya Ossa]] Ikiyaga cya Ossa ni ahantu h'ingenzi kuri manati yo muri Afurika (''Trichechus senegalensis''). Ihuriro Mpuzamahanga ryita ku Kubungabunga Ibidukikije (IUCN) rishyira iyi nyamaswa mu zishobora kuzimira.<ref name="whitley">{{Cite web |url=https://whitleyaward.org/winners/restoring-lake-ossa-improving-management-of-water-resources-to-protect-african-manatees |title=Restoring Lake Ossa: improving management of water resources to protect African manatees |website=Whitley Fund for Nature |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Mu kiyaga harimo kandi ingona n'utunyamasyo two mu mazi.<ref name="press">{{Cite web |url=https://whitleyaward.org/2024/05/02/cameroons-aristide-kamla-wins-2024-whitley-award-for-pioneering-work-to-save-african-manatee-habitat-from-invasive-species/ |title=Cameroon's Aristide Kamla wins 2024 Whitley Award for pioneering work to save African manatee habitat from invasive species |website=Whitley Fund for Nature |date=2024-05-02 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Mu mwaka wa 2016, igihingwa cyo mu mazi cyitwa ''Salvinia molesta'' cyagaragaye mu kiyaga. Mu 2021, cyari gitwikiriye hafi 49 % by'ubuso bw'ikiyaga.<ref name="herbert" /> Iki gihingwa cyabuzaga manati kuzamuka hejuru y'amazi ngo zihumeke.<ref name="press" /> Mu 2021, abashakashatsi bashyize mu kiyaga udukoko twitwa ''Cyrtobagous salviniae''. Utu dukoko turya icyo gihingwa. Mu myaka itatu, ubuso cyari gitwikiriye bwagabanutseho 80 %. Mu mpera za 2023, uburobyi n'ubwikorezi byongeye gukorwa. Manati nazo zagarutse mu kiyaga.<ref name="herbert">{{Cite journal |last1=Herbert |first1=Logan |last2=Zanga |first2=Annick |last3=Kinsler |first3=David |last4=Ayala |first4=Victoria |last5=Takoukam Kamla |first5=Aristide |last6=Diaz |first6=Rodrigo |title=Optimizing aquatic weed management in Lake Ossa, Cameroon: Harnessing the power of biological control and real-time satellite monitoring |journal=Biological Control |volume=199 |year=2024 |doi=10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105650 |doi-access=free |language=en}}</ref> == Abaturage n'ubukungu == Abantu bagera ku 17 000 batuye hafi y'Ikiyaga cya Ossa. Abenshi muri bo batunzwe n'umutungo w'ikiyaga. Abarobyi barenga 300 bakorera kuri iki kiyaga.<ref name="whitley" /> == Agace karinzwe == Ikiyaga cya Ossa kiri mu gace karinzwe k'inyamaswa kitwa ''Réserve de faune du Lac Ossa''.<ref name="dw">{{Cite web |url=https://www.discoverwildlife.com/environment/weevils-used-to-save-manatees-in-lake-ossa-cameroon |title=Cameroon's manatees were suffocating beneath a blanket of deadly weed, before a troop of weevils was sent in to save them |last=Graham |first=Daniel |website=Discover Wildlife |date=2024-05-01 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Aka gace gafite ubuso bwa kilometero kare 40.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/1628 |title=Lac Ossa |website=Protected Planet |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Lake Ossa|Amafoto y’Ikiyaga cya Ossa]] kuri Wikimedia Commons [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] 89d59prsgafuraf7idkx0jw6sn9i97n 148483 148481 2026-11-03T06:53:16Z Score Beethoven 11559 148483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q6477236 | zoom = 11 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Ossa | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Ossa giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Ossa''' ni ikiyaga cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Kiri mu Ntara ya Littoral, hafi y'umujyi wa Edéa. Ikiyaga cya Ossa ni kimwe mu biyaga binini bya Kameruni. Gihujwe n'uruzi rwa Sanaga n'umuyoboro muto. Kiri ahantu harinzwe h'inyamaswa. Kizwiho manati yo muri Afurika. == Imiterere == [[File:Une île du Lac ossa en vue aerienne - Réserve de faune du lac ossa.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.7|Kimwe mu birwa by'Ikiyaga cya Ossa]] Ikiyaga cya Ossa kiri mu Karere ka Sanaga-Maritime, muri Komine ya Dizangue.<ref name="AMMCO">{{Cite web |url=https://www.ammco.org/ecotourisme |title=Vers un habitat plus sain pour la mégafaune aquatique d'Afrique |website=AMMCO |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Kiri nko ku birometero 12 mu burengerazuba bwa Edéa. Kiri nko ku birometero 50 uvuye ku nyanja.<ref name="LL">{{Cite web |url=https://livinglakes.org/lake-ossa/ |title=Lake Ossa |website=Living Lakes Network |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ikiyaga gifite ubuso bwa hegitari zigera ku 4 000.<ref name="AMMCO" /> Kigizwe n'ibice bitatu. Ibyo bice ni Ikiyaga cya Mwembé, Ikiyaga cya Ossa kinini n'Ikiyaga cya Mévia.<ref name="AMMCO" /> Mu kiyaga harimo [[ibirwa]] bito 22.<ref name="AMMCO" /> Ubugari bwacyo bugera kuri kilometero 7. Mu gihe cy'imvura, ubujyakuzimu bwacyo bugera kuri metero 7.<ref name="LL" /> Ikiyaga gihujwe n'[[uruzi]] rwa Sanaga n'umuyoboro wa kilometero 3. Sanaga ni rwo ruzi runini kandi rurerure kurusha izindi muri Kameruni. Amazi y'uruzi ni yo agena urugero rw'amazi mu kiyaga.<ref name="LL" /> == Ibinyabuzima == Ikiyaga cya Ossa gituwe n'[[inyamaswa]] nyinshi. Harimo manati, ingona, inzoka n'[[inyoni]] nyinshi zo mu mazi.<ref name="LL" /> Manati yo muri Afurika (''Trichechus senegalensis'') ni yo nyamaswa izwi cyane muri icyo kiyaga. Irya cyane cyane ibimera byo mu mazi.<ref name="LL" /> Mu kiyaga harimo imiryango irenga 18 y'[[amafi]].<ref name="LL" /> [[Ikimera]] cyitwa ''Salvinia molesta'' cyagaragaye mu kiyaga bwa mbere mu 2016. Mu 2021, cyari gitwikiriye hafi 49 % by'ubuso bw'ikiyaga.<ref name="Herbert2024">{{Cite journal |last1=Herbert |first1=Logan |last2=Zanga |first2=Annick |last3=Kinsler |first3=David |last4=Ayala |first4=Victoria |last5=Takoukam Kamla |first5=Aristide |last6=Diaz |first6=Rodrigo |title=Optimizing aquatic weed management in Lake Ossa, Cameroon: Harnessing the power of biological control and real-time satellite monitoring |journal=Biological Control |volume=199 |year=2024 |at=105650 |doi=10.1016/j.biocontrol.2024.105650 |language=en}}</ref> Mu 2021, abashakashatsi barekuye mu kiyaga udukoko twitwa ''Cyrtobagous salviniae''. Utwo dukoko turya icyo kimera. Mu myaka itatu, ubuso icyo kimera cyari gitwikiriye bwagabanutseho 80 %. Mu mpera za 2023, manati zagarutse mu kiyaga.<ref name="Herbert2024" /> == Abaturage n'ubukungu == Abaturage benshi baturiye ikiyaga batunzwe n'[[uburobyi]]. Amafi y'ikiyaga ni yo bakuramo ibyo kurya n'amafaranga.<ref name="LL" /> Ikiyaga gisurwa kandi na ba mukerarugendo. Bashobora gutembera mu bwato no koga ku nkombe z'ibirwa.<ref name="AMMCO" /> == Kurinda ikiyaga == Ikiyaga kiri mu gace karinzwe kitwa ''Réserve de faune du lac Ossa''. Gicungwa na Minisiteri y'Amashyamba n'Inyamaswa ya Kameruni.<ref name="AMMCO" /> Ako gace kari mu cyiciro cya IV cya [[Abishyize Hamwe Bashinzwe Kubungabunga Isi|IUCN]].<ref name="LL" /> Ikiyaga gifite ibibazo byinshi. Muri byo harimo uburobyi bukabije, guhiga, gutema amashyamba n'isuri.<ref name="LL" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Kameruni]] * [[Ikiyaga]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [[commons:Category:Lake Ossa|Amafoto y'Ikiyaga cya Ossa]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] 28nv9pn58scqfyxk0nag8nte34lubzf 0 23947 148482 2026-11-03T06:50:56Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q6478049 }} '''Ikiyaga cya Tissongo''' ni [[ikiyaga]] cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Giherereye mu Ntara ya Littoral, mu burengerazuba bw'igihugu. Kiri muri [[Pariki|pariki]] y'igihugu ya Douala-Edéa. Ikiyaga cya Tissongo gihujwe n'uruzi rwa Sanaga n'umuyoboro w'amazi. Agace k'iki kiyaga gakungahaye ku [[ibinyabuzima]]. Abaturage bo muri ako gace batunzwe ahanini no [[guhiga]]. == Imiterere == Ikiyaga cya Tissongo kiri mu majyepfo y'[[uruzi]] rwa Sanaga.<re..." 148482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q6478049 }} '''Ikiyaga cya Tissongo''' ni [[ikiyaga]] cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Giherereye mu Ntara ya Littoral, mu burengerazuba bw'igihugu. Kiri muri [[Pariki|pariki]] y'igihugu ya Douala-Edéa. Ikiyaga cya Tissongo gihujwe n'uruzi rwa Sanaga n'umuyoboro w'amazi. Agace k'iki kiyaga gakungahaye ku [[ibinyabuzima]]. Abaturage bo muri ako gace batunzwe ahanini no [[guhiga]]. == Imiterere == Ikiyaga cya Tissongo kiri mu majyepfo y'[[uruzi]] rwa Sanaga.<ref name="Kew">{{Cite web |url=https://tipas.kew.org/?p=2457 |title=Douala-Edea (Cameroon) |website=Tropical Important Plant Areas Explorer |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Gihujwe n'inkombe y'amajyepfo y'uruzi rwa Sanaga n'umuyoboro w'amazi. Uwo muyoboro ufite uburebure bwa kilometero 5.<ref name="IUCN">{{Cite book |author1=IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre |author2=IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas |title=IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lbEmjKZh4Q0C |publisher=IUCN |year=1987 |page=91 |isbn=978-2-88032-804-7 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Amazi y'ikiyaga yisuka mu ruzi rwa Sanaga. Aho yisukira ni nko ku birometero 40 uvuye ku mujyi wa Edéa, ugana ku nyanja.<ref name="IUCN"/> == Pariki ya Douala-Edéa == Ikiyaga cya Tissongo kiri mu gice cy'amajyepfo cya pariki ya Douala-Edéa.<ref name="Kew"/> Mbere, iyo pariki yari icyanya cyo kurinda inyamaswa. Mu mwaka wa 2018, Leta ya Kameruni yayigize pariki y'igihugu.<ref name="Iteka2018">{{Cite web |url=https://www.spm.gov.cm/site/sites/default/files/mutation%20de%20la%20reserve%20de%20la%20faune.pdf |title=Décret portant mutation de la Réserve de Faune de Douala-Edéa en Parc National de Douala-Edéa |publisher=Services du Premier Ministre du Cameroun |year=2018 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Iyo pariki ifite ubuso bwa hegitari 262 935.<ref name="Iteka2018"/> Agace k'ikiyaga cya Tissongo gakungahaye ku binyabuzima.<ref name="West">{{Cite book |last=West |first=Ben |title=Cameroon |edition=3rd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2WvdPfMrrY0C&pg=PA117 |publisher=Bradt Travel Guides |date=2011-10-18 |page=117 |isbn=978-1-84162-353-5 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Ibikorwa by'abantu == Abaturage b'imidugudu itanu yo muri ako gace batunzwe no guhiga [[inyamaswa]].<ref name="Primate">{{Cite book |author=IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group |title=Primate Conservation: The Newsletter and Journal of the IUCN/SSC Primate Specialist Group |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZjwAAAAMAAJ |publisher=World Wildlife Fund |year=1990 |page=10 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ubushakashatsi bwo mu mwaka wa 1990 bwabaruye [[imbunda]] nka 50 mu gace k'ikiyaga cya Tissongo.<ref name="Primate"/> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Ikiyaga]] * [[Kameruni]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [[commons:Category:Lake Tissongo|Amafoto y'Ikiyaga cya Tissongo]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] obzs321j09savk86fv9card1t7y0z60 0 23948 148484 2026-11-03T06:54:34Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q332628 | zoom = 7 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Nyos | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Nyos giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Nyos''' ni ikiyaga cyo mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa [[Kameruni]]. Kiri mu rwobo rw'ikirunga. Amazi yacyo maremare abitse dioxyde de carbone (CO₂) nyinshi. Ku itariki ya 21 Kanama 1986, ikiyaga cyasohoye igicu kinini cya CO₂. Icyo gicu cyahitanye abantu 1 746. Kuva mu 2001, imiyoboro ikur..." 148484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q332628 | zoom = 7 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Nyos | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Nyos giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Nyos''' ni ikiyaga cyo mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bwa [[Kameruni]]. Kiri mu rwobo rw'ikirunga. Amazi yacyo maremare abitse dioxyde de carbone (CO₂) nyinshi. Ku itariki ya 21 Kanama 1986, ikiyaga cyasohoye igicu kinini cya CO₂. Icyo gicu cyahitanye abantu 1 746. Kuva mu 2001, imiyoboro ikura gaze mu mazi maremare y'ikiyaga. == Imiterere == Ikiyaga cya Nyos kiri mu karere k'ibirunga ka Oku. Kiri mu rwobo rwatewe n'iruka ry'ikirunga.<ref name="gvp">{{Cite web |url=https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=224030 |title=Oku Volcanic Field |website=Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ubuso bwacyo ni nka kilometero kare 1,58.<ref name="kling">{{Cite journal |last1=Kling |first1=George W. |display-authors=etal |title=Degassing Lakes Nyos and Monoun: Defusing certain disaster |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=102 |issue=40 |pages=14185–14190 |date=2005-10-04 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0502274102 |pmc=1242283 |pmid=16186504 |language=en}}</ref> Ubujyakuzimu bwacyo burenga metero 200.<ref name="gvp" /> Munsi y'ikiyaga hari ibirunga bigisohora gaze. Buri mwaka, toni nka 5 500 za CO₂ zinjira mu kiyaga.<ref name="smith">{{Cite web |last=Krajick |first=Kevin |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/defusing-africas-killer-lakes-88765263/ |title=Defusing Africa's Killer Lakes |website=Smithsonian Magazine |date=September 2003 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Impanuka yo mu 1986 == Ku itariki ya 21 Kanama 1986, ikiyaga cyasohoye igicu kinini cya CO₂.<ref name="eos">{{Cite web |last1=Rouwet |first1=Dmitri |last2=Tanyileke |first2=Gregory |last3=Costa |first3=Antonio |url=https://eos.org/science-updates/cameroons-lake-nyos-gas-burst-30-years-later |title=Cameroon's Lake Nyos Gas Burst: 30 Years Later |website=Eos |date=2016-07-12 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Icyo gicu cyamanutse mu mibande iri hafi y'ikiyaga.<ref name="gvp" /> Abantu 1 746 bapfuye bazize kubura umwuka. Amatungo arenga 3 000 na yo yarapfuye.<ref name="eos" /> Umudugudu wa Nyos wari utuwe n'abantu nka 1 000. Hafi ya bose barapfuye. Igicu cyageze no mu midugudu ya Cha, Fang, Subum na Mashi.<ref name="smith" /> Nyuma y'impanuka, amazi y'ikiyaga yagabanutseho nka metero 1.<ref name="gvp" /> Abahanga bamwe bavuga ko inkangu ishobora kuba ari yo yateye impanuka.<ref name="smith" /> Mu 1984, impanuka nk'iyo yari yabereye ku [[Ikiyaga cya Monoun|Kiyaga cya Monoun]], na cyo cyo muri Kameruni.<ref name="gvp" /> Mu 2003, imiryango imwe yari yaragarutse gutura ku misozi iri hafi y'Ikiyaga cya Nyos.<ref name="smith" /> == Gukura gaze mu kiyaga == [[File:Lake nyos co2 vent (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|Umuyoboro ukura gaze mu Kiyaga cya Nyos]] Muri Mutarama 2001, hashyizwe umuyoboro mu kiyaga.<ref name="smith" /> Uwo muyoboro uzamura amazi ava ku bujyakuzimu bwa metero 203. Bityo, gaze isohoka buhoro buhoro.<ref name="kling" /> Amafaranga y'uwo mushinga yatanzwe na Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika.<ref name="smith" /> Muri Werurwe 2011, itsinda ry'Abafaransa n'Abanyakameruni ryagiye gukomeza uwo murimo.<ref name="blob">{{Cite web |url=https://leblob.fr/terre/le-degazage-du-lac-nyos |title=Le dégazage du lac Nyos |website=Le Blob |date=2019-03-14 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Mu 2016, abahanga bavuze ko ikiyaga gisigaye gifite umutekano ugereranyije.<ref name="eos" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Ikiyaga cya Monoun]] * [[Ikiyaga cya Kivu]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [[commons:Category:Lake Nyos|Amafoto y'Ikiyaga cya Nyos]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] bg2zwcktkz7fu513ad6pio6hr58o7gk 0 23949 148486 2026-11-03T07:15:37Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q17632366 | zoom = 14 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Yaoundé | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Yaoundé giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Yaoundé''' (mu Gifaransa: ''Lac municipal de Yaoundé'') ni [[ikiyaga]] cy'ubukorano cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Kiri mu mujyi wa Yaoundé, umurwa mukuru wa Kameruni. Kiri hafi y'ibiro bikuru bya Leta. Ikiyaga cyakozwe mu 1951 na 1952. Cyabaye ahantu ho kwidagadurira. Nyuma cyaje gutereranwa..." 148486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q17632366 | zoom = 14 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Yaoundé | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Yaoundé giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Yaoundé''' (mu Gifaransa: ''Lac municipal de Yaoundé'') ni [[ikiyaga]] cy'ubukorano cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Kiri mu mujyi wa Yaoundé, umurwa mukuru wa Kameruni. Kiri hafi y'ibiro bikuru bya Leta. Ikiyaga cyakozwe mu 1951 na 1952. Cyabaye ahantu ho kwidagadurira. Nyuma cyaje gutereranwa. Kuva mu 2016, Leta ya Kameruni ifite umushinga wo kugitunganya. == Imiterere == Ikiyaga cya Yaoundé kiri mu kibaya cy'umusozi wa Atemengue. Kiri hagati y'agace k'ibiro bya Leta n'agace k'imiturire ka kera.<ref name="Balisto">{{Cite web |url=http://balistobleu.blogspot.com/2012/10/le-lac-municipal-de-yaounde.html |title=Le lac municipal de Yaoundé |website=Balisto Bleu |date=2012-10-01 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Gifite uburebure bwa hafi m 800. Ubugari bwacyo ni hafi m 300.<ref name="Balisto" /> Ikiyaga gikikijwe n'inyubako za minisiteri nyinshi.<ref name="Balisto" /> == Amateka == [[File:Centre Nautique Kyriakidès, Yaoundé 01.jpg|thumb|left|Ikiyaga cya Yaoundé kibonwe uhereye ku kigo cy'imikino yo mu mazi cya Kyriakidès]] Igitekerezo cyo gukora ikiyaga cyatanzwe na Georges Kyriakidès. Yari umucuruzi ukomoka mu [[Ubugereki]]. Yari yarahawe ubwato bwa moteri nk'impano. Yemeje abayobozi b'icyo gihe gukora ikiyaga mu mujyi.<ref name="Balisto" /> Icyemezo cyafashwe ku wa 15 Nyakanga 1951. Imirimo yamaze umwaka umwe. Ikiyaga cyari cyuzuye muri Mata 1952. Muri Nzeri 1952, ubwato bwa Kyriakidès bwagenze bwa mbere ku kiyaga.<ref name="Balisto" /> Mu 1953 hashinzwe ikipe y'imikino yo mu mazi.<ref name="Balisto" /> Ikiyaga cyatereranywe kuva mu ntangiriro y'imyaka ya 1980.<ref name="Ecomatin">{{Cite web |url=https://ecomatin.net/yaounde-ou-est-passe-le-projet-damenagement-du-lac-municipal/ |title=Yaoundé : où est passé le projet d'aménagement du lac municipal ? |website=EcoMatin |date=2019-02-21 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Umushinga wo kugitunganya == Ku wa 13 Nzeri 2016, Leta ya Kameruni yasinyanye amasezerano y'inguzanyo na Deutsche Bank yo muri [[Esipanye]]. Izo nguzanyo zari miliyari 21 z'amafaranga ya CFA.<ref name="Ecofin">{{Cite web |url=https://www.agenceecofin.com/economie/0611-70831-lac-municipal-de-yaounde-un-nouvel-accord-de-pret-de-12-milliards-fcfa-entre-le-cameroun-et-la-deutsche-bank-d-espagne-pour-sa-valorisation |title=Lac municipal de Yaoundé : un nouvel accord de prêt de 12 milliards FCFA entre le Cameroun et la Deutsche Bank d'Espagne pour sa valorisation |author=Sylvain Andzongo |website=Agence Ecofin |date=2019-11-06 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Umushinga ugamije gusukura amazi y'ikiyaga. Uteganya kandi ibikoresho by'imikino yo mu mazi no gutunganya inkombe. Uteganya no kubaka hoteli, resitora n'amaduka.<ref name="Ecofin" /> Imirimo yatinze gutangira.<ref name="Ecomatin" /> Ku wa 4 Ugushyingo 2019, Perezida [[Paul Biya]] yemeye izindi nguzanyo ebyiri. Zose hamwe zari miliyari 12,6 z'amafaranga ya CFA.<ref name="Ecofin" /> Icyiciro cya mbere cy'imirimo cyarangiye mu 2024. Imirimo yakiriwe ku wa 12 Mata 2024. Muri icyo cyiciro, ikiyaga cyarasukuwe. Hubatswe kandi umuhanda ukizengurutse, amatara yo ku muhanda na resitora.<ref name="CT2024">{{Cite web |url=https://cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/64852/fr.html/amenagement-du-lac-municipal-de-yaounde-phase-1-bientot-lexploitation |title=Aménagement du Lac municipal de Yaoundé (Phase 1) : bientôt l'exploitation |author=Aïcha Nsangou N. |website=Cameroon Tribune |date=2024-05-10 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Muri Mutarama 2025, Leta yagaragaje inyigo y'icyiciro cya kabiri. Icyo cyiciro kigamije gufungurira ikiyaga abaturage. Giteganya uruzitiro, amasoko y'amazi amurika n'ikibuga cy'imikino y'abana.<ref name="CT2025">{{Cite web |url=https://cameroon-tribune.cm/article.html/68856/fr.html/details_2 |title=Aménagement du lac municipal de Yaoundé phase II : ça se précise |author=Junior Matock |website=Cameroon Tribune |date=2025-01-22 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Kameruni]] * [[Ikiyaga]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [[commons:Category:Lac Municipal de Yaounde|Amafoto y'Ikiyaga cya Yaoundé]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] 4kl39nzn3we3psuz8jagtulsoibs95t 0 23950 148487 2026-11-03T07:15:44Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q1375368 | zoom = 8 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Lagdo | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Lagdo giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Lagdo''' ni ikiyaga cy'ubukorano kiri mu majyaruguru ya [[Kameruni]]. Cyabayeho nyuma yo kubaka urugomero rwa Lagdo ku mugezi wa Benue. Ubuso bwacyo ni kilometero kare 586. Urugomero rwa Lagdo rutanga amashanyarazi mu majyaruguru ya Kameruni. Iyo amazi y'ikiyaga arekuwe, ashobora gutera imyuzure..." 148487 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q1375368 | zoom = 8 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Lagdo | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Lagdo giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Lagdo''' ni ikiyaga cy'ubukorano kiri mu majyaruguru ya [[Kameruni]]. Cyabayeho nyuma yo kubaka urugomero rwa Lagdo ku mugezi wa Benue. Ubuso bwacyo ni kilometero kare 586. Urugomero rwa Lagdo rutanga amashanyarazi mu majyaruguru ya Kameruni. Iyo amazi y'ikiyaga arekuwe, ashobora gutera imyuzure muri [[Nijeriya]]. == Imiterere == Ikiyaga cya Lagdo kiri mu Ntara y'Amajyaruguru ya Kameruni. Kiri nko muri kilometero 50 mu majyepfo y'iburasirazuba bw'umujyi wa Garoua.<ref name="bre">{{Cite web |url=https://bigenc.ru/c/lagdo-65e0a1 |title=Лагдо |website=Большая российская энциклопедия |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ubuso bw'ikiyaga ni kilometero kare 586.<ref name="piahs">{{Cite journal |last1=Nonki |first1=Rodric M. |display-authors=etal |title=Impact of climate change on hydropower potential of the Lagdo dam, Benue River Basin, Northern Cameroon |journal=Proceedings of IAHS |volume=384 |pages=337–342 |date=2021-11-16 |doi=10.5194/piahs-384-337-2021 |url=https://piahs.copernicus.org/articles/384/337/2021/ |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Gishobora kubika amazi agera kuri miliyari 7,7 za metero kibe.<ref name="ird">{{Cite book |last1=Ngounou Ngatcha |first1=Benjamin |last2=Njitchoua |first2=Roger |last3=Naah |first3=Emmanuel |chapter=Le barrage de Lagdo (Nord-Cameroun) : impact sur les plaines d'inondation de la Bénoué |chapter-url=https://books.openedition.org/irdeditions/8583 |title=Gestion intégrée des ressources naturelles en zones inondables tropicales |publisher=IRD Éditions |place=Marseille |date=2017-01-17 |pages=455–474 |isbn=978-2-7099-1817-6 |doi=10.4000/books.irdeditions.8583 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Amateka == Urugomero rwa Lagdo rwubatswe hagati ya Kanama 1977 na Nyakanga 1982.<ref name="ird" /> Urugomero rureshya na metero 308. Rufite ubuhagarike bwa metero 40. Rufite ingufu za megawati 72.<ref name="piahs" /> Uko imyaka ishira, umucanga wagiye wuzura mu kiyaga. Ibi byagabanyije amazi ikiyaga gishobora kubika. Iyo amazi y'ikiyaga agabanutse, urugomero rutanga amashanyarazi make. Muri Nzeri 2026, abayobozi bavuze ko urugomero rushobora gusenyuka kubera uyu mucanga.<ref name="ecomatin">{{Cite web |url=https://ecomatin.net/cameroun-lensablement-menace-la-production-du-barrage-de-lagdo-selon-les-autorites |title=Cameroun : l'ensablement menace la production du barrage de Lagdo selon les autorités |author=Albert Amougou |website=Ecomatin |date=2026-09-16 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Imyuzure muri Nijeriya == [[File:Water Submerged settlement.jpg|thumb|left|Amazu yarengewe n'amazi i Makurdi muri Nijeriya, mu mwaka wa 2012]] Amazi arekurwa mu kiyaga cya Lagdo atembera mu mugezi wa Benue. Uyu mugezi winjira muri Nijeriya. Mu mwaka wa 2012, amazi yarekuwe yateje [[Umwuzure|imyuzure]] muri Kameruni no muri Nijeriya.<ref name="vanguard">{{Cite news |last=Omigbodun |first=Akintola |title=Cameroon, the River Benue and Nigeria |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/cameroon-the-river-benue-and-nigeria/ |newspaper=Vanguard |date=2013-07-02 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Muri Nzeri 2022, Kameruni yongeye kurekura amazi y'ikiyaga. Ikigo cya Nijeriya gishinzwe ibiza (NEMA) cyatangaje ko intara 13 za Nijeriya zishobora kwibasirwa n'imyuzure.<ref name="cable">{{Cite web |url=https://www.thecable.ng/nema-13-states-to-record-heavy-flooding-as-cameroon-opens-lagdo-dam |title=NEMA: 13 states to record heavy flooding as Cameroon opens Lagdo dam |website=TheCable |date=2022-09-20 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Lagdo Reservoir|Amafoto y'Ikiyaga cya Lagdo]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] qm5r5tbxi0iehdh3ot44y5revlykuqj 0 23951 148488 2026-11-03T07:15:58Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q130746877 }} '''Ikiyaga cya Mbalang''' (cyandikwa kandi Mballang) ni [[ikiyaga]] cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Giherereye mu Ntara ya Adamawa, hafi y'umujyi wa Ngaoundéré. Ni ikiyaga kiri mu mwobo w'ikirunga. Ibyondo byo mu ndiba y'iki kiyaga byizweho n'abahanga. Bigaragaza uko ibimera n'ikirere byahindutse mu myaka 7 000 ishize. == Imiterere == [[File:Lac Mbalang.jpg|thumb|left|Ikiyaga cya Mbalang]] Ikiyaga cya Mbalang kiri nko ku birometero 15 mu buras..." 148488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q130746877 }} '''Ikiyaga cya Mbalang''' (cyandikwa kandi Mballang) ni [[ikiyaga]] cyo muri [[Kameruni]]. Giherereye mu Ntara ya Adamawa, hafi y'umujyi wa Ngaoundéré. Ni ikiyaga kiri mu mwobo w'ikirunga. Ibyondo byo mu ndiba y'iki kiyaga byizweho n'abahanga. Bigaragaza uko ibimera n'ikirere byahindutse mu myaka 7 000 ishize. == Imiterere == [[File:Lac Mbalang.jpg|thumb|left|Ikiyaga cya Mbalang]] Ikiyaga cya Mbalang kiri nko ku birometero 15 mu burasirazuba bw'umujyi wa Ngaoundéré.<ref name="Vincens">{{Cite journal |last1=Vincens |first1=A. |last2=Buchet |first2=G. |last3=Servant |first3=M. |title=Vegetation response to the "African Humid Period" termination in Central Cameroon (7° N) – new pollen insight from Lake Mbalang |journal=Climate of the Past |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=281–294 |date=2010-05-04 |doi=10.5194/cp-6-281-2010 |url=https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/6/281/2010/ |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Kiri mu misozi ya Adamawa, ku butumburuke bwa metero 1 110.<ref name="Vincens"/> Ikiyaga cyavutse mu mwobo w'ikirunga cya kera. Nta mugezi winjira muri iki kiyaga.<ref name="Vincens"/> Ubuso bwacyo ni nka kilometero kare 0,5. Ubujyakuzimu bwacyo bugera kuri metero 52.<ref name="Vincens"/> == Ikirere n'ibimera == Mu karere k'iki kiyaga, imvura igwa ni milimetero 1 500 kugeza 1 600 ku mwaka. Igihe cy'imvura ni kuva muri Mata kugeza mu Ukwakira. Ubushyuhe buringaniye ni dogere 22 kugeza 23.<ref name="Vincens"/> Ikiyaga gikikijwe na savane irimo ibiti. Muri ibyo biti harimo ''Daniellia oliveri'' na ''Lophira lanceolata''.<ref name="Vincens"/> == Ubushakashatsi == Mu mwaka wa 1998, abahanga bakuye ibyondo mu ndiba y'ikiyaga. Bize ifu y'indabo (''pollen'') ibitswe muri ibyo byondo.<ref name="Vincens"/> Ubwo bushakashatsi bwerekana ko amashyamba yatangiye kugabanuka mu myaka 6 100 ishize. Savane y'ubu yatangiye nko mu myaka 3 000 ishize. Impamvu nyamukuru ni uko igihe cy'izuba cyagiye kiba kirekire.<ref name="Vincens"/> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Ikiyaga]] * [[Kameruni]] * [[Ikiyaga cya Tison]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [[commons:Category:Lac Mbalang|Amafoto y'Ikiyaga cya Mbalang]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] jrex4g4cfqzvug27e2p73sq2t43yn0z 0 23952 148489 2026-11-03T07:16:10Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q1883691 | zoom = 7 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Maga | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Maga giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Maga''' ni ikiyaga cy'ubukorano kiri muri [[Kameruni]]. Kiri mu Ntara ya Extrême-Nord, hafi y'umujyi wa Maga. Cyabayeho mu mwaka wa 1979, nyuma yo kubaka urugomero rw'itaka. Ikiyaga gitanga amazi yo kuhira imirima y'[[Umuceli|umuceli]]. Gikoreshwa kandi mu [[Uburobyi|burobyi]]. == Imiterere == I..." 148489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q1883691 | zoom = 7 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Maga | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Maga giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Maga''' ni ikiyaga cy'ubukorano kiri muri [[Kameruni]]. Kiri mu Ntara ya Extrême-Nord, hafi y'umujyi wa Maga. Cyabayeho mu mwaka wa 1979, nyuma yo kubaka urugomero rw'itaka. Ikiyaga gitanga amazi yo kuhira imirima y'[[Umuceli|umuceli]]. Gikoreshwa kandi mu [[Uburobyi|burobyi]]. == Imiterere == Ikiyaga cya Maga kiri mu Ntara ya Extrême-Nord muri Kameruni. Kiri mu kibaya cy'Ikiyaga cya Tchad.<ref name="fao2">{{Cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/3/V4110E/V4110E02.htm |title=Status of fish stocks and fisheries of thirteen medium-sized African reservoirs |website=FAO |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Amazi y'ikiyaga ava cyane cyane mu muyoboro uzana amazi y'umugezi wa Logone. Ubuso bw'ikiyaga bushobora kugera kuri kilometero kare 360.<ref name="fao1">{{Cite web |url=https://www.fao.org/docrep/005/T0360E/T0360E04.htm |title=Source book for the inland fishery resources of Africa Vol. 2 |website=FAO |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ikiyaga gishobora kubika amazi agera kuri miliyoni 620 za metero kibe.<ref name="wb2013">{{Cite web |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2013/06/11/world-bank-help-cameroon-recover-major-floods-resume-rice-production |title=World Bank to Help Cameroon Recover from Major Floods and Resume Rice Production |website=Banki y'Isi |date=2013-06-11 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Amateka == Urugomero rwa Maga rwubatswe mu mwaka wa 1979. Rwubatswe mu mushinga wa kabiri wa SEMRY. SEMRY ni sosiyete iteza imbere ubuhinzi bw'umuceli. Intego yari kuhira hegitari 7 000 z'umuceli. Urugomero n'inkuta zarwo byarindaga kandi imirima imyuzure y'umugezi wa Logone.<ref name="iwlearn">{{Cite web |url=https://iwlearn.net/documents/6669 |title=Appraisal of the Safety of Maga Dam, Cameroon (March 2002) |website=IW:LEARN |date=March 2002 |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Urugomero ni urw'itaka. Uburebure bwarwo ni kilometero 27.<ref name="wb2013" /> Mu mwaka wa 2012, [[Umwuzure|imyuzure]] yangije urugomero. Abantu bagera ku 120 000 bari mu kaga ko gusenyuka kwarwo.<ref name="wb2013" /> Hagati ya 2014 na 2020, umushinga wateweho inkunga na [[Banki y'Isi]] wasannye kilometero 27 z'urugomero.<ref name="wb2020">{{Cite web |url=https://www.banquemondiale.org/fr/results/2020/11/10/flood-management-in-the-far-north-of-cameroon |title=Gestion des inondations dans la région de l'Extrême-Nord au Cameroun |website=Banki y'Isi |date=2020-11-10 |language=fr |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Ingaruka ku bidukikije == Urugomero rwagabanyije imyuzure yabaga buri mwaka mu kibaya cya Logone. Ibimera by'icyo kibaya byarangiritse. Inyamaswa zo muri Pariki y'Igihugu ya Waza zaragabanutse cyane.<ref name="kba">{{Cite web |url=https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/site/factsheet/6106 |title=Waza National Park (6106) |website=Key Biodiversity Areas |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Uburobyi == [[File:Lac de Maga dans l'extrême nord1.jpg|thumb|left|Amato y'abarobyi ku Kiyaga cya Maga]] Ikiyaga gikoreshwa mu [[Uburobyi|burobyi]]. Mu mwaka wa 1984, abarobyi bari bagera ku 3 000. Abashakashatsi bagereranyije ko ikiyaga gishobora gutanga toni 1 500 z'amafi buri mwaka.<ref name="fao1" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Ihuza ryo hanze == * [[commons:Category:Maga Dam|Amafoto y'Ikiyaga cya Maga]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] nn01sp286micdjnxwmnmk9wpjjvxfcl 0 23953 148490 2026-11-03T07:17:12Z Score Beethoven 11559 Created page with "{{Databox | item = Q808581 | zoom = 11 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Barombi Mbo | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Barombi Mbo giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Barombi Mbo''' ni [[ikiyaga]] cyo mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa [[Kameruni]]. Kiri hafi y'umujyi wa Kumba. Kiri mu rwobo rw'ikirunga. Ni cyo kiyaga kinini cy'ikirunga muri ako karere. Ikiyaga cya Barombi Mbo kibamo amoko 12 y'[[amafi]] ataboneka ahandi ku isi. Kuva mu 2006, ni aha..." 148490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox | item = Q808581 | zoom = 11 | ikarita = Africa | ikarita_label = Ikiyaga cya Barombi Mbo | ikarita_caption = Aho Ikiyaga cya Barombi Mbo giherereye muri Afurika }} '''Ikiyaga cya Barombi Mbo''' ni [[ikiyaga]] cyo mu majyepfo y'uburengerazuba bwa [[Kameruni]]. Kiri hafi y'umujyi wa Kumba. Kiri mu rwobo rw'ikirunga. Ni cyo kiyaga kinini cy'ikirunga muri ako karere. Ikiyaga cya Barombi Mbo kibamo amoko 12 y'[[amafi]] ataboneka ahandi ku isi. Kuva mu 2006, ni ahantu harinzwe n'Amasezerano ya Ramsar. == Imiterere == Ikiyaga cya Barombi Mbo kiri ku butumburuke bwa metero 300. Ubuso bwacyo ni nka kilometero kare 5. Ubujyakuzimu bwacyo buringaniye ni metero 69. Ahantu harehare cyane ni metero 111. Ikiyaga kimaze nibura imyaka miliyoni imwe.<ref name="feow">{{Cite web |url=https://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/519 |title=Western Equatorial Crater Lakes |website=Freshwater Ecoregions of the World |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ikiyaga kiri hejuru y'umujyi wa Kumba. Cyigeze kwitwa Elefanten See, bisobanura « Ikiyaga cy'[[Inzovu]] ». Amazi yacyo asohokera mu mugezi wa Kaké. Uwo mugezi ni wo uha umujyi wa Kumba amazi meza.<ref name="kew">{{Cite web |url=https://tipas.kew.org/?p=2319 |title=Lake Barombi Mbo Forest Reserve |website=Tropical Important Plant Areas, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> == Ibinyabuzima == [[File:Fishing Vessels, Lake Barombi.jpg|thumb|left|Amato y'abarobyi ku Kiyaga cya Barombi Mbo]] Mu kiyaga habonetse amoko 15 y'amafi. Amoko 12 muri yo ntaboneka ahandi ku isi. Uretse ifi imwe yitwa ''Clarias maclareni'', ayo moko yose ni aya tilapia.<ref name="feow" /> Abahanga bavuga ko ayo moko yavukiye muri iki kiyaga ubwacyo.<ref name="ramsar">{{Cite web |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1643 |title=Barombi Mbo Crater Lake |website=Ramsar Sites Information Service |language=en |access-date=2026-11-03}}</ref> Ikiyaga kibamo kandi eponje yo mu mazi meza itaboneka ahandi. Yitwa ''Corvospongilla thysi''.<ref name="ramsar" /> == Kurinda ikiyaga == Ku itariki ya 8 Ukwakira 2006, ikiyaga cyashyizwe ku rutonde rw'ahantu h'agaciro mpuzamahanga rw'Amasezerano ya Ramsar. Ubuso burinzwe ni hegitari 415.<ref name="ramsar" /> Ikiyaga gifite ibikibangamiye. Abarobyi baroba amafi menshi cyane. Hari amafi y'ahandi ashobora kuzanwa mu kiyaga. Imiti yica udukoko ikoreshwa mu mirima ya kakao. Amashyamba yo ku nkengero z'urwobo aratemwa.<ref name="ramsar" /> == Inyandiko == {{Reflist}} == Reba kandi == === Ingingo zijyanye === * [[Ikiyaga cya Nyos]] * [[Ikiyaga cya Monoun]] === Ihuza ryo hanze === * [[commons:Category:Lake Barombi Mbo|Amafoto y'Ikiyaga cya Barombi Mbo]] kuri Wikimedia Commons {{Palette Ibiyaga bya Kameruni}} [[Ikiciro:Ibiyaga]] [[Ikiciro:Kameruni]] 2wy33phpwcs12lw9v0vr1kuqca6q00e 1 23954 148498 2026-11-03T10:50:13Z ~2026-58182-53 19292 Created page with "gaceze uzi ubwenge ~~~~" 148498 wikitext text/x-wiki gaceze uzi ubwenge [[Ibidasanzwe:Contributions/~2026-58182-53|~2026-58182-53]] ([[Ibiganiro by'umukoresha:~2026-58182-53|talk]]) 10:50, 3 Ugushyingo 2026 (UTC) 8v9i0g2ep7jhx8r43z8si8lz1brrre2