Wikipedia scnwiki https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A0ggina_principali MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.21 first-letter Mèdia Spiciali Discussioni Utenti Discussioni utenti Wikipedia Discussioni Wikipedia File Discussioni file MediaWiki Discussioni MediaWiki Template Discussioni template Aiutu Discussioni aiutu Catigurìa Discussioni catigurìa Purtali Discussioni purtali Pruggettu Discussioni pruggettu TimedText TimedText talk Mòdulu Discussioni mòdulu Accessorio Discussioni accessorio Definizione accessorio Discussioni definizione accessorio 0 5479 734620 656604 2022-07-23T05:43:01Z Catonif 39829 wikitext text/x-wiki ''Pi na trattazzioni di st'argumentu dû puntu di vista chìmicu, viditi [[Àlcoli]]''. {{Disclaimer droghe}} Spissu cu stu tèrmini cci si rifirisci a l''''àlcool''' prisenti ntê vìppiti alcòlichi (comu la [[birra]] o lu [[vinu]]) zoè l'àlcol etìlicu o [[etanolu]]. <br /> == Chimica e tossiculoggìa == L' '''Etanolu''' (CH₃CH₂OH), l'ingridienti "attivu" nta vìppiti alcòlichi, ppi scopa di cunzumu eni sempri li prudiciutu dâ firmintazzioni ri parti ri certi speci di lievitu in assenza d'[[ussigginu]].<br /> Lu prucessu appruduci diossidu ri carboniu, e chissu poti essiri utilizzatu ppi renniri "frizzanti" a vìppita.<br /> Nta ogni casu, stu mètudu lassa risidua di lièvitu e nta na scala 'ndustriali, a carbunazzioni (lu prucessu ppi rènniri a vìppita frizzanti) eni fatta siparatamenti.<br /> <br /> Li vìppiti cu na cuncintrazzioni di cchiu ssai di lu 50% d'etanolu ppi vulumi sunu liquida [['nfiammabbili]] e s'addumunu fàcili fàcili.<br /> Certi vìppiti isotichi pigghianu lu gustu isòticu distintivu attraversu n'addumata 'ntinziunali.<br /> <!---- sta bivanna nun eni canusciuta in Sicilia tantu assai *************** --> Vìppiti alcolichi ccu nu cuntinutu d'itanolu cchiu gghiautu ponu ssiri incindiati sulu sulu cauriànnuli tanticcedda: ppa isempiu mintinnuli nta nu biccheri bullenti.<br /> Nta a [chimica]], l' '''[[alcool]]''' eni nu tèrmini ginirali ppi nu [[cumpostu urgànicu]] unni lu gruppu idròssili (-[[ossigginu|O]][[itrocinu|H]]) eni liatu all'[[atumu]] ri [[carboniu]], ca in canciu ppo ssiri liàtu a autri atuma di carboniu e autri itroceni.<br /> <!-- Putroppu aju n'appuntamentu a pranzu e agghiu a scappari, viriemu so puozzu cuntinuòri a bèspiri... ***************** Autri alcool comu lu [[propylene glycol]] and the [[sugar alcohol]]s may appear in food or beverages regularly, but these alcohols do not make them "alcoholic". [[Methanol]] (one carbon), the [[propanol]]s (three carbons giving two isomers), and the [[butanol]]s (four carbons, four isomers) are all commonly found alcohols, and none of these three should ever be consumed in any form. Alcohols are [[Toxication|toxicated]] into the corresponding [[aldehyde]]s and then into the corresponding [[carboxylic acid]]s. These metabolic products cause a poisoning and [[acidosis]]. In the case of other alcohols than ethanol, the aldehydes and carboxylic acids are poisonous and the acidosis can be lethal. In contrast, fatalities from ethanol are mainly found in extreme doses and related to induction of unconsciousness or chronic addiction (alcoholism). Humans can metabolize ethanol as an energy-providing nutrient. Ethanol is metabolized into [[acetaldehyde]] and then into [[acetic acid]]. Acetic acid is esterified with coenzyme A to produce [[acetyl CoA]]. Acetyl CoA carries the acetyl [[moiety]] into the [[citric acid cycle]], which produces energy by oxidizing the acetyl moiety into [[carbon dioxide]]. Acetyl CoA can also be used for biosynthesis. Acetyl CoA is an intermediate common with the metabolism of sugars and fats, and it is the product of [[glycolysis]], the breakdown of glucose. When compared to other [[alcohol]]s, ethanol is only slightly toxic, with a lowest known lethal dose in humans of 1400&nbsp;mg/kg (about 15 shots for a 100&nbsp;kg person), and a [[LD50|LD₅₀]] of 9000&nbsp;mg/kg (oral, rat). Nevertheless, accidental overdosing of alcoholic drinks, especially those of concentrated variety, is a risk, especially for women, lightweight persons and children. These people have a smaller quantity of water in their bodies, so that alcohol is diluted less. A [[blood alcohol concentration]] of 50 to 100&nbsp;mg/dL may be considered legal [[drunkenness]] (laws vary by jurisdiction). The threshold of effects is at 22&nbsp;mg/dL.<ref>http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/reprint/28/4/570.pdf</ref> Alcohol affects the [[gamma-aminobutyric acid]] (GABA) receptors, to produce a depressant (neurochemical inhibitory) effect. Other psychoactives affecting the GABA receptor include [[gamma-hydroxybutyric acid]], [[barbiturate]]s and [[benzodiazepine]]s. Excessive consumption of alcohol leads to a toxication-induced delayed poisoning called [[hangover]] (in [[Latin language|Latin]], ''crapula'' refers to intoxication and hangover). Various factors contribute, including the toxication of ethanol itself to [[acetaldehyde]], the direct toxic effects and toxication of impurities called [[congener]]s, and [[dehydration]]. The hangover starts after the euphoric effects of alcohol itself have subsided, typically in the night and morning after alcoholic drinks were consumed. However, the blood alcohol concentration may still be substantial and above the limits imposed for drivers and operators of other dangerous equipment. The effects of a hangover subside over time. Various treatments to cure hangover have been suggested, many of them pseudoscientific. ************************** --> N [[lingua siciliana|sicilianu]] l'alcool usatu nta midicina si chiama [[spiritu (alcool)|spiritu]]. == Vuci currilati == * [[Alcolismu]] [[Catigurìa:Vìppiti]] 5mkh44xudiznp74btktewugiupg3e5k 734621 734620 2022-07-23T06:03:09Z Catonif 39829 /* Chìmica e tossiculoggìa */ wikitext text/x-wiki ''Pi na trattazzioni di st'argumentu dû puntu di vista chìmicu, viditi [[Àlcoli]]''. {{Disclaimer droghe}} Spissu cu stu tèrmini cci si rifirisci a l''''àlcool''' prisenti ntê vìppiti alcòlichi (comu la [[birra]] o lu [[vinu]]) zoè l'àlcol etìlicu o [[etanolu]]. <br /> == Chìmica e tossiculoggìa == L''''itanolu''' (CH₃CH₂OH), l'ingridienti "attivu" nta vìppiti alcòlichi, pi scopa di cunzumu eni sempri li prudiciutu dâ firmintazzioni di parti di certi speci di lièvitu in assenza d'[[ussìgginu]].<br /> Lu prucessu appruduci diòssidu di carboniu, e chissu poti èssiri utilizzatu pi rènniri "frizzanti" la vìppita.<br /> Nta ogni casu, stu mètudu lassa risìdua di lièvitu e nta na scala nnustriali, la carbunazzioni (lu prucessu pi rènniri a vìppita frizzanti) eni fatta siparatamenti.<br /> <br /> Li vìppiti cu na cuncintrazzioni di cchiù assai dû 50% d'itanolu pi vulumi sunu lìquida [[nciammabbili]] e s'addùmunu fàcili fàcili.<br /> Certi vìppiti isòtichi pìgghianu lu gustu isòticu distintivu attraversu n'addumata ntinziunali.<br /> <!---- sta bivanna nun eni canusciuta in Sicilia tantu assai *************** --> Vìppiti alcòlichi cu nu cuntinutu d'itanolu cchiù àutu ponnu èssiri ncinniati sulu sulu cauriànnuli tanticcedda: pa isempiu mittinnuli nta nu biccheri buddenti.<br /> Nta a [[chìmica]], l''''[[alcool]]''' eni nu tèrmini ginirali pi nu [[cumpostu urgànicu]] unni lu gruppu idròssili (-[[ossìgginu|O]][[idrògginu|H]]) eni lijatu all'[[àtumu]] di [[carboniu]], ca in canciu po èssiri lijàtu a àutri àtuma di carboniu e àutri àtuma d'idrògginu.<br /> <!-- Putroppu aju n'appuntamentu a pranzu e agghiu a scappari, viriemu so puozzu cuntinuòri a bèspiri... ***************** Autri alcool comu lu [[propylene glycol]] and the [[sugar alcohol]]s may appear in food or beverages regularly, but these alcohols do not make them "alcoholic". [[Methanol]] (one carbon), the [[propanol]]s (three carbons giving two isomers), and the [[butanol]]s (four carbons, four isomers) are all commonly found alcohols, and none of these three should ever be consumed in any form. Alcohols are [[Toxication|toxicated]] into the corresponding [[aldehyde]]s and then into the corresponding [[carboxylic acid]]s. These metabolic products cause a poisoning and [[acidosis]]. In the case of other alcohols than ethanol, the aldehydes and carboxylic acids are poisonous and the acidosis can be lethal. In contrast, fatalities from ethanol are mainly found in extreme doses and related to induction of unconsciousness or chronic addiction (alcoholism). Humans can metabolize ethanol as an energy-providing nutrient. Ethanol is metabolized into [[acetaldehyde]] and then into [[acetic acid]]. Acetic acid is esterified with coenzyme A to produce [[acetyl CoA]]. Acetyl CoA carries the acetyl [[moiety]] into the [[citric acid cycle]], which produces energy by oxidizing the acetyl moiety into [[carbon dioxide]]. Acetyl CoA can also be used for biosynthesis. Acetyl CoA is an intermediate common with the metabolism of sugars and fats, and it is the product of [[glycolysis]], the breakdown of glucose. When compared to other [[alcohol]]s, ethanol is only slightly toxic, with a lowest known lethal dose in humans of 1400&nbsp;mg/kg (about 15 shots for a 100&nbsp;kg person), and a [[LD50|LD₅₀]] of 9000&nbsp;mg/kg (oral, rat). Nevertheless, accidental overdosing of alcoholic drinks, especially those of concentrated variety, is a risk, especially for women, lightweight persons and children. These people have a smaller quantity of water in their bodies, so that alcohol is diluted less. A [[blood alcohol concentration]] of 50 to 100&nbsp;mg/dL may be considered legal [[drunkenness]] (laws vary by jurisdiction). The threshold of effects is at 22&nbsp;mg/dL.<ref>http://www.psychosomaticmedicine.org/cgi/reprint/28/4/570.pdf</ref> Alcohol affects the [[gamma-aminobutyric acid]] (GABA) receptors, to produce a depressant (neurochemical inhibitory) effect. Other psychoactives affecting the GABA receptor include [[gamma-hydroxybutyric acid]], [[barbiturate]]s and [[benzodiazepine]]s. Excessive consumption of alcohol leads to a toxication-induced delayed poisoning called [[hangover]] (in [[Latin language|Latin]], ''crapula'' refers to intoxication and hangover). Various factors contribute, including the toxication of ethanol itself to [[acetaldehyde]], the direct toxic effects and toxication of impurities called [[congener]]s, and [[dehydration]]. The hangover starts after the euphoric effects of alcohol itself have subsided, typically in the night and morning after alcoholic drinks were consumed. However, the blood alcohol concentration may still be substantial and above the limits imposed for drivers and operators of other dangerous equipment. The effects of a hangover subside over time. Various treatments to cure hangover have been suggested, many of them pseudoscientific. ************************** --> N [[lingua siciliana|sicilianu]] l'alcool usatu nta midicina si chiama [[spiritu (alcool)|spiritu]]. == Vuci currilati == * [[Alcolismu]] [[Catigurìa:Vìppiti]] o1qch8vw4tzfn7o9dsrte9y0ri8yeep 0 63484 734619 733494 2022-07-23T05:09:41Z Catonif 39829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Partitu puliticu |culuri = red |nomu = Partitu dî Cumunisti Taliani |nomu2 = {{it}} ''Partito dei Comunisti Italiani'' |logu = PdCI 2004.png |leader = |sicritariu = |prisirenti = [[Armando Cossutta]]<br /><small>(1998-2006)</small><br />[[Antonino Cuffaro]]<br /><small>(2007-2013)</small><br />[[Manuela Palermi]]<br /><small>(2013-2014)</small> |vicisicritariu = |viciprisirenti = |cuurdinaturi = |purtavuci = |funnaturi = |statu = ITA |funnazioni = 11 di uttùviru [[1998]] |dissuluzioni = 23 di nuvèmmiru [[2014]] |sidi = Via Del Pozzetto, 122 - 00189 [[Roma]] |partitu = |idiolugìa = [[Cumunismu]]<br />[[Eurucumunismu]]<br />[[Anticapitalismu]]<br />[[Ecusucialisimu]]<br />[[Ecusucialisimu]] |ntirnazzionali = |cullucazioni = [[Estrema Sinista|Sinistra Radicali]] |cualizzioni = [[L'Ulivu]] <small>([[1998]]-[[2005]])</small><br />[[L'Unioni]] <small>([[2005]]-[[2008]])</small><br />[[A Sinistra l'Arcubalenu]] <small>([[2008]])</small><br />[[Fidirazzioni dâ Sinistra]] <small>([[2009]]-[[2012]])</small><br />[[Rivoluzioni Civili (lista elitturali)|Rivoluzioni Civili]] <small>([[2013]])</small> |partitu eurupeu = |ruppu parramintari eurupeu = |siggi1 = {{Siggi|21|630|red}} <small>([[Elizzioni pulitichi taliani dû 1998|1998]])</small> |siggi2 = {{Siggi|6|315|red}} <small>([[Elizzioni pulitichi taliani dû 1998|1998]])</small> |siggi3 = {{Siggi|2|78|red}} <small>([[Elizzioni eurupiì dû 2004 (Italia)|2004]])</small> |siggi4 = |tistata = [[A Rinascita dâ sinistra]] |Jiuvanili = [[Fidirazzioni juvanili Cumunisti Italiani]] |iscritti = |annu iscritti = |culura = |situ = http://www.comunisti-italiani.it |cunfluitu 'n = [[Partitu Cumunista d'Italia (2014)|Partitu Cumunista d'Italia]] }} Lu '''Partitu dî Cumunisti Taliani''' ('n [[Lingua taliana|italianu]] ''Partito dei Comunisti Italiani'', '''PdCI'''), ha statu nu partitu italianu di sinistra radicali, idiuluggicamenti lijata a la cultura e a li valuri di lu cumunismu italianu. Lu PdCI vinni funnatu l'11 di uttùviru [[1998]], 'n seguitu a la divisioni 'nterna a [[Rifunnazzioni Cumunista]]. Comu da statutu, lu partitu si prupunìa di: trasfurmari l'Italia 'nta na sucitati sucialista funnata 'n capu a la Dimucrazzìa pulìtica, affirmari li idiali di la paci e di lu sucialismo 'n Europa e nni lu munnu e adupirarisi pi la 'nnipinnenza, l'unitati e la suvranitati di lu paisi. Lu rifirimentu è a la cultura [[Marxismu|marxista]] e a li so' sviluppi. Si pruponi lu supiramentu di lu [[capitalismu]]. Lu so' simmulu è la [[bannera russa]] cu [[fàuci e marteddu]] cu la junta di la [[Bannera di l'Italia]], ripigghiannu quinni lu stòricu simmulu di lu PCI, mentri l'inni sunnu [[Bannera russa (canzuni)|Bannera russa]] e [[L'Intirnazziunali]]. A la fini di lu [[2014]] lu cumitatu cintrali di lu partitu dicisi la so' trasfurmazzioni nni lu [[Partitu Cumunista d'Italia (2014)|Partitu Cumunista d'Italia]]. ==Risurtati== {| class="wikitable" width=50%| |- bgcolor="red" |colspan=2; width=50%; align=center|[[File:PdCI 2004.png|20px]] !width=20%|Vuti !width=15%|% !width=15%|Siggi |- !rowspan=1; align=left|[[Elizzioni eurupiì dû 1999 (Italia)|Eurupiì 1999]] !align=left|<small>Parramentu <br>eurupeu</br></small> |align=center|622.261 |align=center|2,0 |align=center|{{Siggi|2|73|red}} |- !rowspan=2; align=left|[[Elizzioni pulitichi taliani dû 2001|Pulitichi 2001]] !align=left|<small>Cammara</small> |align=center|620.859 |align=center|1,67 |align=center|{{Siggi|9|630|red}} |- !align=left|<small>Sinatu</small> |colspan=2; align=center|<small>nna l'[[L'Ulivu|Ulivu]]</small> |align=center|{{Siggi|2|315|red}} |- !rowspan=1; align=left|[[Elizzioni eurupiì dû 2004 (Italia)|Eurupiì 2004]] !align=left|<small>Parramentu <br>eurupeu</br></small> |align=center|783.710 |align=center|2,42 |align=center|{{Siggi|2|73|red}} |- !rowspan=2; align=left|[[Elizzioni pulitichi taliani dû 2006|Pulitichi 2006]] !align=left|<small>Cammara</small> |align=center|884.912 |align=center|2,32 |align=center|{{Siggi|16|630|red}} |- !align=left|<small>Sinatu</small> |colspan=2; align=center|<small>nta la lista [[Nzemi cu l'Unioni]]</small> |align=center|{{Siggi|5|315|red}} |- !rowspan=2; align=left|[[Elizzioni pulitichi taliani dû 2008|Pulitichi 2008]] !align=left|<small>Cammara</small> |colspan=2; align=center|<small>nta [[A Sinistra l'Arcubalenu]]</small> |align=center|{{Siggi|0|630|red}} |- !align=left|<small>Sinatu</small> |colspan=2; align=center|<small>nta [[A Sinistra l'Arcubalenu]]</small> |align=center|{{Siggi|0|315|red}} |- !rowspan=1; align=left|[[Elizzioni eurupiì dû 2009 (Italia)|Eurupiì 2009]] !align=left|<small>Parramentu <br>eurupeu</br></small> |colspan=2; align=center|<small>nta la lista [[Fidirazzioni dâ Sinistra]]</small> |align=center|{{Siggi|0|73|red}} |- !rowspan=2; align=left|[[Elizzioni pulitichi taliani dû 2013|Pulitichi 2013]] !align=left|<small>Cammara</small> |colspan=2; align=center|<small>nta [[Rivoluzioni Civili]]</small> |align=center|{{Siggi|0|630|red}} |- !align=left|<small>Sinatu</small> |colspan=2; align=center|<small>nta [[Rivoluzioni Civili]]</small> |align=center|{{Siggi|0|315|red}} |- |} [[Catigurìa:Partiti italiani]] [[Catigurìa:Pulìtica]] 9f9edpco0ivt9fwek18dhmda33psbul 0 64561 734622 2022-07-23T11:18:59Z 79.7.168.7 Pàggina nova: Salve wikitext text/x-wiki Salve 9yiv3rx7ejozah3ufhmve4qn2itb4mh