Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.22 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 3747 869210 863557 2022-07-30T10:37:07Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Religionsmajoritaries.png|thumb|380px|]] '''Releegion''' - whiles uised interchyngeably wi faith or belief seestem — is for ordinar defined as beliefs adae wi the supernaitural, saucrit, or divine; an the moral codes, practices, vailies, institutions an reetuals associate wi sic beliefs. In its braidest sense some fowk haes defined it as the hail tot o answers gien tae expoond humankynd's relationship wi the universe. In the coorse o the oncome o releegion, it haes taen mony forms in sindry culturs an bodies. Antrin times, the wird "releegion" is uised for tae designate whit wad be mair better describit as "organized releegion" – that is, an organisation o fowk uphaudin the exercise o some releegion, aften takkin the form o a legal entity. Thare's mony differin releegions in the warld the day. [[File:ReligijneSymbole.svg|thumb|Various [[List o seembols#Releegious, esoteric, metapheesical an meestical seembols|Releegious seembols]], includin (first raw) [[Christianity|Christian]], [[Judaism|Jewish]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Bahá'í Faith|Baha'i]], (seicont raw) [[Islam]]ic, tribal, [[Taoism|Taoist]], [[Shinto]] (third raw) [[Buddhism|Buddhist]], [[Sikhism|Sikh]], [[Hinduism|Hindu]], [[Jainism|Jain]], (fowert raw) [[Ayyavali]], [[Triple Goddess]], [[Maltese cross]], pre-Christian Slavonic]] Thir [[idea]]s anent the basic structur o the [[warld]] canna be studied uisin juist the [[scienteific method]]. Releegions ettles tae repone tae speirins lik "Whaur did the warld come frae?" an "Whit happens tae us efter we dee?" Whan answers tae thir speirins is fand, fowk sterts new releegions or eiks thair beliefs tae auld anes. Monie releegions believes in [[supernaitural]] beins sic as [[speerit]]s, [[deil]]s, [[angel]]s, gods or [[God]], that can influence fowk an the warld. Fowk that writes anent or teaches a releegion says thay gat thair ideas frae a supernaitural bein. Monie releegions is gey auld, but some fowk shapes new anes whan thay dinna lik the ideas o the auld anes. Things conseidert important bi releegions is cryed [[saucrit]] or [[halie]]. Monie o thaim haes saucrit [[beuk]]s (the [[Bible]] bein an exemplar) that tells o thair ain main beliefs an stories. Mony releegions believes that fowk will gae tae [[Heiven]] foriver efter thay dee, gin thay'r guid, or [[Hell]] gin thay are ill. <!-- ar ye shuir? e'en the non-Abrahamic anes? --> Releegions aften encourages fowk tae be guid, but thay aften causes problems an aw, acause a releegion's speirins is that important tae its follaers, an it's difficult tae ken whit answers is richt. Historically, whan fowk dinna accept ideas aboot ithers' releegions, or ithers micht cause problems for thair ain, confrontations an fechts arises atween thaim. Monie releegions haes [[biggin]]s for thair follaers tae meet. Dependin on the releegion, thay micht be cryed [[kirk]]s, [[chaipel]]s, [[temple]]s, [[mosque]]s, [[shrine]]s, or [[seenagogue]]s. Monie o the warld's auldest biggins is releegious. ==Table== {|style="width:100%;" class="wikitable sortable" |- !Seembol !! Religion !! Number ! Grouping !!class="unsortable"| Invented!!class="unsortable"| Source |- |[[File:Christian cross.svg|center|40x40px]] || Christianity || align="right" |2.2 || {{Sort|01|Abrahamic}} || Levant || <ref>[http://worldchristiandatabase.org/wcd/ World Christian Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304152957/http://worldchristiandatabase.org/wcd/ |date=2007-03-04 }} [[Gordon–Conwell Theological Seminary]] Centre for the Study of Global Christianity</ref> |- |[[File:IslamSymbol.svg|center|40x40px]] || Islam || align="right" |1.6 || {{Sort|02|Abrahamic}} || n/a || <ref name="mgmpPRC"> {{Kitap kaynağı | soyadı = Miller| ad = Tracy | ay = Ekim | yıl = 2009 | yayıncı = [[Pew Research Center]] | başlık = Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World’s Muslim Population | format = PDF | url=http://pewforum.org/Muslim/Mapping-the-Global-Muslim-Population.aspx | erişimtarihi = 2009-10-08 }}</ref><ref name="CIA Factbook">{{Web kaynağı | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html | başlık = The World Factbook | yayıncı = CIA Factbook | erişimtarihi = 2010-12-08 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20151218214908/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html | arşivtarihi = 18 Aralık 2015 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2010-01-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110515072953/http://www.pupr.edu/hkettani/papers/HICAH2010.pdf 2010 World Muslim Population pdf] Dr. Houssain Kettani January 2010</ref> |- |[[File:Dharmacakra.svg|center|40x40px]] || Buddhism || align="right" |1.0 || {{Sort|07|n/a}} || n/a|| <ref name="ciawf">"[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html World] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html |date=2010-01-05 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html |date=2010-01-05 }}". ''[[CIA World Factbook]]'', 2010</ref><ref>Fischer-Schreiber, Ingrid, et al. ''The Encyclopedia of Eastern Philosophy & Religion: Buddhism, Hinduism, Taoism, Zen''. [[Shambhala Publications|Shambhala]]: Boston (English: pub. 1994; orig. German: 1986); pg. 50.</ref><ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/vietnamese/forum/story/2008/03/080323_tibet_analysis.shtml a BBC News article]{{vi icon}}</ref> |- |[[File:Om.svg|center|40x40px]] || Hinduism || align="right" |0.5 || n/a || India|| <ref>[[Peter B. Clarke|Clarke, Peter B.]] (editor), The Religions of the World: Understanding the Living Faiths, [[Marshall Editions]] Limited: USA (1993); pg. 125</ref> |- | || Folk religion || align="right" |0.4 || n/a || n/a || <ref group="nb" name="varies">The number of people who consider themselves party to a "folk tradition" is impossible to determine.</ref> |- |[[File:Torii.svg|center|40x40px]] || Shinto || align=right| n/a || n/a || Japan || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_11.pdf |title=Japanese government |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-date=2009-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325031920/http://www.bunka.go.jp/english/pdf/chapter_11.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[File:Khanda.svg|center|40x40px]] || Sikhism || align=right| 27-65 || n/a || n/a || <ref name="ciawf"/><ref>Indian Registrar General & Census Commissioner. "[http://censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/India_at_glance/religion.aspx Religious Composition]". ''[[Census of India]]'', 2001</ref> |- |[[File:Star of David (bold).svg|center|40x40px]] || Judaism || align=right|{{Sort|10|14–18}} || {{Sort|03|n/a}} || n/a|| <ref name="ciawf"/> |- |[[File:Jainism barnstar award.png|center|40x40px]] || Jainism || align=right|{{Sort|11|8–12}} || {{Sort|09|n/a}} || n/a|| <ref group="nb">Figures for the population of Jains differ from just over six million to twelve million due to difficulties of Jain identity, with Jains in some areas counted as a Hindu sect. Many Jains do not return Jainism as their religion on census forms for various reasons such as certain Jain castes considering themselves both Hindu and Jain. Following a major advertising campaign urging Jains to register as such, the 1981 Census of India returned 3.19 million Jains. This was estimated at the time to still be half the true number. The 2001 Census of India had 8.4 million Jains.</ref> |- |[[File:Bahai star.svg|center|40x40px]] || Bahaism || align=right|{{Sort|12|7.6–7.9}} || {{Sort|04|n/a}} || Iran, 19t century || <ref name="ARDA05">{{Web kaynağı | başlık = World Religions (2005) | çalışma = QuickLists > The World > Religions | yayıncı = The [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] | yıl = 2005 | url = http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_125.asp | biçim = | doi = | erişimtarihi = 2009-07-04 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20150910141151/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_125.asp | arşivtarihi = 10 Eylül 2015 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2018-12-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181225045350/http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_125.asp%20 | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{Web kaynağı | başlık = World: People: Religions | çalışma = [[CIA World Factbook]] | yayıncı = [[Central Intelligence Agency]] | yıl = 2007 | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html#people | biçim = | doi = | ISSN = 1553-8133 | erişimtarihi = 2009-09-06 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20151218214908/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html | arşivtarihi = 18 Aralık 2015 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2010-01-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100105171656/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html#people | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |[[File:Cao Dai white.png|center|40x40px]] || Cao Dai || align=right|{{Sort|13|2–6}} || {{Sort|19|n/a}} || n/a || <ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.tuvy.com/Countries/vietnamese/people/cao_dai.htm | başlık = Cao Đài | yayıncı = tuvy.com | yer = http://www.tuvy.com | erişimtarihi = 4 January 2012 | alıntı = …by the early 1990s Cao Đài was reported to have some two million adherents in Vietnam, Cambodia, France, and the United States. Headquarters of the religion are at Tây Ninh, near Ho Chi Minh City…. | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20120510212455/http://tuvy.com/Countries/vietnamese/people/cao_dai.htm | arşivtarihi = 10 Mayıs 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/cao_dai.htm | başlık = Cao Đài Religion | yayıncı = ReligionFacts | yer = http://www.religionfacts.com | erişimtarihi = 4 January 2012 | alıntı = Adherents: 2-6 million | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20150320045355/http://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/cao_dai.htm | arşivtarihi = 20 Mart 2015 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2015-03-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150320045355/http://www.religionfacts.com/a-z-religion-index/cao_dai.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |[[File:Cheondoist flag.PNG|center|40x40px]] || Chendoism || align=right|{{Sort|14|3}} || {{Sort|18|n/a}} || n/a || <ref>Self-reported figures from 1999; North Korea only (South Korean followers are minimal according to self-reported figures). In ''The A to Z of New Religious Movements'' by George D. Chryssides. ISBN 0-8108-5588-7</ref> |- |[[File:Eckankar.svg|center|40x40px]] || Eckankar || align=right|0,5 - 3 || n/a || n/a || <ref>Petersen, William J. Those Curious New Cults in the 80s. New Canaan, Connecticut: Keats Publishing; pg. 286.</ref><ref>Godwin, John. Occult America; Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc.; pg. 114.</ref> |- |[[File:Tenrikyo emblem.svg|center|40x40px]] || [[Tenrikyo]] || align=right|{{Sort|15|2}} || {{Sort|15|n/a}} || Japan 19t century || |- |[[File:USVA headstone emb-37.svg|center|40x40px]] || Wicca || align=right|{{Sort|16|1-3}} || {{Sort|10|n/a}} || n/a || <ref>Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa (Detroit: Thompson Gale, 2004) p. 82</ref><ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.religionfacts.com/big_religion_chart.htm | başlık = The Big Religion Chart | erişimtarihi = 15 Ağustos 2013 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20150414025804/http://www.religionfacts.com/big_religion_chart.htm | arşivtarihi = 14 Nisan 2015 | title = Archived copy | access-date = 2016-12-13 | archive-date = 2015-04-14 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150414025804/http://www.religionfacts.com/big_religion_chart.htm | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |[[File:Flag of Ethiopia (1897-1936; 1941-1974).svg|center|40x40px]] || Rastafarianism || align=right|{{Sort|19|1}} || {{Sort|12|n/a}} || n/a || <ref>''Chanting Down Babylon'' p. 1</ref><ref> {{citation | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/rastafari/ataglance/glance.shtml |title=Rastafari at a glance | quote= There are approximately one million world wide adherents of Rastafari as a faith. | accessdate=24 Ağustos 2013}} </ref> |- |[[File:USVA headstone emb-23.svg|center|40x40px]] || Sekanova || align=right|{{Sort|18|1}} || {{Sort|17|n/a}} || n/a || <ref>{{Web kaynağı | url = http://www.seicho-no-ie.org/eng/whats_sni/index.html | başlık = What's SNI: Summary | yayıncı = EICHO-NO-IE International | tarih = December 31, 2010 | erişimtarihi = July 30, 2013 | arşivurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20150426074807/http://www.seicho-no-ie.org:80/eng/whats_sni/index.html | arşivtarihi = 26 Nisan 2015}}</ref> |- | [[File:USVA headstone emb-24.svg|center|40x40px]] || Kirk of World Messianity || align=right|{{Sort|17|1}} || {{Sort|16|n/a}} || n/a || <ref>Clarke, Peter B. (editor), The Religions of the World: Understanding the Living Faiths, Marshall Editions Limited: USA (1993); pg. 208. "Sekai Kyuseikyo has about one million members, a growing number of them in the west and the third world, especially Brazil and Thailand. "</ref> |-. |} '''Medium-sized religions''' {|style="width:100%;" class="wikitable sortable" |- !Seembol !! Religion !! Number !! Cultur !!class="unsortable"| Invented!!class="unsortable"| Source |- |[[File:Flaming Chalice.svg|center|40x40px]] || Unitarian Universalism || align=right|{{Sort|20|0.63}} || {{Sort|11|n/a}} || n/a || <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |title=American Religious Identification Survey |access-date=2016-12-13 |archive-date=2005-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024031359/http://www.gc.cuny.edu/faculty/research_briefs/aris/key_findings.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |N/A|| Scientology || align=right|500,000 || n/a || n/a || <ref name="Major religions ranked by size">[http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html Major religions ranked by size] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100129202506/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html |date=2010-01-29 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226054926/http://www.adherents.com/Religions_By_Adherents.html%20 |date=2018-12-26 }} retrieved 11 November 2012</ref><ref name="Major religions ranked by size"/> |- |[[File:Orkhon.svg|centre|frameless|59x59px]]|| Tengriism || align=right|500,000 || Neopaganism || 1990 || <ref name="Marlene Laruelle">[http://www.cacianalyst.org/issues/20060322Analyst.pdf?SMSESSION=NO Tengrismus:Auf der Suche nach den geistigen Wurzeln Zentralasiens/Marlene Laruelle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061207233331/http://www.cacianalyst.org/issues/20060322Analyst.pdf?SMSESSION=NO |date=2006-12-07 }}(ingilizce) Marlene Laruelle/ Tengricilik: Orta Asya ruhani köklerinin arayışında. PDF</ref> |- |[[File:Faravahar-BW.svg|center|40x40px]]||Zoroastrianism||align="right" |190.000||Persian||n/a||<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/zoroastrian/ataglance/glance.shtml</ref><ref>http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/middle_east_zoroastrians_in_iran/html/7.stm</ref><ref>[[Zerdüştlük]]</ref><ref>http://www.sacred-texts.com/zor/sbe04/sbe0404.htm</ref><ref>http://www.dunyadinleri.com/mazdaizm.html</ref><ref>http://www.avesta.org/</ref><ref>http://www.zoroastrianism.com/</ref><ref>http://www.sacred-texts.com/zor/</ref> |- |[[File:Baphosimb.gif|centre|frameless|54x54px]]|| Satanism || align=right|30,000 - 100,000 || n/a || 1966 || <ref>The Devil's Party: Satanism in Modernity - Page 5, Per Faxneld, Jesper Aa. Petersen - 2013</ref> |- |[[File:Raelian symbol.svg|center|40x40px]] || Raelism || align=right|80,000 - 85,000 || UFO religion || Fraunce, 1974 || <ref>[http://www.raelpress.org/news.php?item.248.1 Rael Press] retrieved 12 November 2012</ref><ref>Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: African diaspora traditions and other American innovations, Eugene V. Gallagher, W. Michael Ashcraft - 2006</ref> |- |[[File:Tribann.svg|center|40x40px]] || Druidism || align=right|50,000 || Neopaganism || England, 18t century || <ref>The Everything Paganism Book, Selene Silverwind - 2011</ref> |} == Leet o releegions o the warld == * [[Bahá'í|Bahá'í Faith]] * [[Buddhism]] * [[Christianity]] ** [[Catholicism]] ** [[Kirk o Scotland]] ** [[Baptists]] * [[Hinduism]] * [[Islam]] * [[Jainism]] * [[Judaism]] * [[Beuk o Mormon|Latter Day Saunt muivement]] * [[Scientology]] * [[Shinto]] * [[Sikhism]] * [[Sufism]] * [[Taoism]] * [[Unitarian Universalism]] * [[Voodoo]] * [[Wicca]] * [[Yoga]] * [[Zoroastrianism]] ==Notes== <references group="nb"/> ==References== {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == * [http://www.religionfacts.com ReligionFacts.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090628123654/http://www.religionfacts.com/ |date=2009-06-28 }} * [http://www.usome.com] * [http://www.thearda.com American Religion Data Archive] * [http://www.history-forum.com/index.php/board,13.0.html History of Religion] {{Commonscat|Religion}} [[Category:Releegion|*]] awanhs0nulhezl1fohjwm96hago5qg8 0 6884 869168 835088 2022-07-29T19:19:16Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in unsoorced banner wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}}[[Image:Onopordum acanthium.jpg|thumb|The Scots thristle]] A '''thristle''' is a bonny purpie flouer. It is the naitonal flouer an emblem o [[Scotland]], whaur it growes on the muirs, amang the [[heather]]. Houiver, it is raither pikit, an difficult tae crap. The inside o an thristle heid is aften cried ''breid an cheese''. Sindry thristles growes in Scotland: *The [[bog-thristle]] (''Carduus palustris'') *The [[bur-thristle|burr-thristle]] (''Cirsium vulgare'') *The [[horse-thristle]] (''Onopordum acanthium'') *The [[Queen Ann thristle]] (''Carduus nutans'') The '''Scots thristle''', for ordinar ''Onopordum Acanthium'', is the naitional flouer o Scotland. <!--According to legend, an invading Norse army was attempting to sneak up at night upon a Scottish army's encampment. During this operation one barefoot Norseman had the misfortune to step upon a thistle, causing him to cry out in pain, thus alerting Scots to the presence of the Norse invaders. Some sources suggest the specific occasion was the 1263 Battle of Largs, which marked the beginning of the departure of King Haakon IV (Haakon the Elder) of Norway who, having control of the Northern Isles and Hebrides, had harried the coast of the Kingdom of Scotland for some years. The thistle has been the national emblem of Scotland since the reign of King Alexander III (1249–1286).[citation needed] It is found in many Scottish symbols and was used on silver coins issued by King James III in 1474, the first coins to feature a thistle. In 1536, the bawbee, a sixpence in the pound Scots, was issued for the first time under King James V; it showed a crowned thistle. Thistles continued to appear regularly on Scottish and later British coinage until 2008, when a 5p coin design showing "The Badge of Scotland, a thistle royally crowned" ceased to be minted, though it remains in circulation. The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, the highest and oldest chivalric order of Scotland, has thistles on its insignia and a chapel in St Giles's Kirk, Edinburgh, dubbed the Thistle Chapel. The thistle is the main charge of the regimental badge of the Scots Guards, the oldest regiment in the British Army. Both the Order of the Thistle and the Scots Guards use the motto Nemo me impune lacessit, the motto of the House of Stuart and referring to the thistle's prickly nature. Pound coins with this motto and a thistle were minted in 1984, 1989, and 2014. The combination of thistle and motto first appeared on the bawbee issued by King Charles II. In 1826 the grant of arms to the new National Bank of Scotland stipulates that the shield be surrounded by thistles and "thistle" is used as the name of several Scottish football clubs. Since 2013 a stylised thistle, crowned with the Scottish crown, has been the emblem of Police Scotland, and had long featured in the arms of seven of the eight pre-2013 Scottish police services and constabularies, the sole exception being the Northern Constabulary. As part of the arms of the University of Edinburgh, the thistle appears together with a saltire on one of the escutcheons of the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh. The coat of arms and crest of Nova Scotia - "New Scotland" - briefly Scotland's colony, has since the 17th century featured thistles. Following his ascent to the English throne, King James VI of Scotland & I of England used a badge consisting of a Tudor rose "dimidiated" with a Scottish thistle and surmounted by a royal crown. As the floral emblem of Scotland it appears in the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom thereafter, and was included in the heraldry of various British institutions, such as the Badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom alongside the Tudor rose, Northern Irish flax, and Welsh leek. This floral combination appears on the present issues of the one pound coin. Beside the Tudor rose and Irish shamrock the thistle appears on the badge of the Yeomen of the Guard and the arms of the Canada Company. Issues of the historical florin showed the same flora, later including a leek. The thistle is also used to symbolise connection with Scotland overseas. For example, in Canada, it is one of the four floral emblems on the flag of Montreal; in the US, Carnegie Mellon University features the thistle in its crest in honour of the Scottish heritage of its founder, Andrew Carnegie, and Annapolis, Maryland features the thistle in its flag and seal. The thistle is also the emblem of the Encyclopædia Britannica, which originated in Edinburgh, Scotland. Which species of thistle is referred to in the original legend is disputed. Popular modern usage favours cotton thistle (Onopordum acanthium), perhaps because of its more imposing appearance, though it is unlikely to have occurred in Scotland in medieval times; the spear thistle (Cirsium vulgare), an abundant native species in Scotland, is a more likely candidate. Other species, including dwarf thistle (Cirsium acaule), musk thistle (Carduus nutans), and melancholy thistle (Cirsium heterophyllum) have also been suggested.--> {{Commonscat|Cirsium}} [[Category:Flouers]] {{Stub/Plaunt}} [[hu:Bogáncs]] [[it:Carduus]] [[ka:ნარშავი]] [[nl:Distels]] [[pl:Oset]] [[ru:Чертополох]] [[sv:Tistelsläktet]] kvbqt64qvrh8grntg18i8qkin7gga6y 0 22177 869217 826345 2022-07-30T11:45:43Z GiorgiXIII 25539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Gurie Region | native_name = გურიის მხარე | other_name = Guriis Mkhare | settlement_type = [[Region]] | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_map = Guria in Georgia (Georgian view).svg | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Georgie}} | subdivision_type1 = | subdivision_name1 = | seat = [[Ozurgeti]] | seat_type = Caipital | leader_party = | leader_title = Govrenor | leader_name = | area_total_km2 = 2033 | population_total = 113350 | population_as_of = 2014 | population_density_km2 = auto | parts_type = [[Destricts]] | parts_style = para | parts = | p1 = 3 | iso_code = GE-GU }} '''Gurie''' ({{lang-ka|გურია}}) is a region (''[[mkhare]]'') in [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]], in the wastren pairt o the kintra, bordered bi the eastren end o the [[Black Sea]]. The region haes a population o 113,350 (2014)<ref name="აღწერა 2014">{{cite web |url=http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=2152&lang=geo |title=მოსახლეობის საყოველთაო აღწერა 2014 |date=ნოემბერი 2014 |publisher=საქართველოს სტატისტიკის ეროვნული სამსახური |accessdate=26 ივლისი 2016}}</ref> an [[Ozurgeti]] is a regional caipital. ==Geography== Guria is bordered bi [[Samegrelo]] tae the north-wast, [[Imereti]] tae the north, [[Samtskhe-Javakheti]] tae the east, [[Ajaria]] tae the sooth, an the [[Black Sea]] tae the wast. The province haes an aurie o 2,033&nbsp;km². Guria is traversed bi the northeasterly line o equal latitude an langitude. Guria consists o three admeenistrative destricts: * [[Ozurgeti]] * [[Lanchkhuti]] * [[Chokhatauri]] ==Oreegin o the name "Guria"== As for the etymology o the name o Guria, some say that the ruit o the wird refers tae restlessness an the wird shoud mean “the land o the restless” an mey be associatit wi events durin the aicht an nint centuries when “[[Leon o Abkhazie|Leon]] became the Keeng o [[Egrisi|Abkhazeti]], Guruls refused tae obey the ruler o [[Odzrkhe|Odzrakho]], ceased their vassal relations wi Adarnase an [[Ashot I the Great|Ashot Bagrationi]] an unitit wi Leon” as it wis describit in [[Vakhushti Bagrationi]]’s historical wirks o the aichteent century. Accordin tae a later explanation, in the times o Georgie’s prosperity, when its borders stretched frae “[[Nikopsia]] tae [[Daruband]]”, Gurie wis situatit in the hert o the Georgie territory. The linguistic evidence for the abuin hypothesis is the [[Megrelian]] for “heart” – “guri”. ==Economy== Subtropic fermin an tourism is a mainstay o the region’s economy. Watter is ane o the Gurie’s main assets. The province is famous for the mineral watter o [[Nabeglavi]], which is seemilar tae [[Borjomi]] in its chemical composition an the [[Black Sea]] heal resort o [[Ureki]] rich in magnetic sand. Guria is an aw ane o the lairgest tea growin regions in Georgie.&nbsp;[http://www.tonus.ge/about.en.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930014937/http://www.tonus.ge/about.en.html |date=2007-09-30 }} ==Demographics== Gurians (Gurulebi) are ethnic [[Georgie fowk|Georgies]] who speak a local dialect o the [[Georgie leid]]. ==Notables== * [[Gabriel Kikodze]], the [[Bishop]] o [[Imereti]] (nineteent century). * [[Ekvtime Takaishvili]] (1862-1952), historian. * [[Kalistrate]], the [[Catholicos-Patriarch o Aw Georgie]] frae 1932 tae 1952. * [[Noe Zhordania]], Prime Meenister o the [[Democratic Republic o Georgie]] frae 1918 tae 1921. * [[Pavle Ingorokva]] (1893-1990), historian, philologist, an public benefactor. * [[Eduard Shevardnadze]], 2nt [[Preses o Georgie]]. * [[Nodar Dumbadze]], Writer. * [[Zviad Kvachantiradze]], (b. 1965) diplomat. ==References== {{Reflist}} <br/>{{Admeenistrative diveesions o Georgie}} {{coord|41|58|N|42|12|E|display=title|region:GE_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Gurie| ]] [[Category:Regions o Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Historical regions o Georgie]] <!--Other languages--> qjixe2p7jl72dg4b9tlgi0bhafd5rj1 0 32419 869208 820782 2022-07-30T10:23:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Senegal]] is subdividit intae 14 regions (''régions'', singular{{ndash}} ''région''), each o which is admeenistered bi a ''Conseil Régional'' (pl.: ''Conseils Régionaux'') electit bi population wicht at the [[Arrondissements o Senegal|Arrondissement]] level. Senegal is further subdividit bi 45 départements, 103 arrondissements (neither o which hae admeenistrative function) an bi ''collectivités locales'' (the 14 ''régions'', 110 ''communes'', an 320 ''communautés rurales'') which elect admeenistrative officers.<ref>[http://www.uael.sn/article.php3?id_article=32 List of current local elected officials] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819053719/http://www.uael.sn/article.php3?id_article=32 |date=2007-08-19 }} from Union des ''Associations d’ Elus Locaux (UAEL) du Sénégal''. See also the law creating current local government structures: {{fr icon}}[http://www.demarches.gouv.sn/collectivites-locales/pdf/code-collec-locales-sen.pdf Code des collectivités locales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511042009/http://www.demarches.gouv.sn/collectivites-locales/pdf/code-collec-locales-sen.pdf |date=2011-05-11 }}, Loi n° 96-06 du 22 mars 1996.</ref> Three o these regions wur creatit on 10 September 2008, when Kaffrine Region wis split frae Kaolack, Kédougou region wis split frae Tambacounda, an Sédhiou region wis split frae Kolda. [[Image:Regions of Senegal.svg|right|350px|Regions o Senegal]] Tae date, aw regions take their name frae their regional caipitals. *[[Dakar Region]] *[[Diourbel Region]] *[[Fatick Region]] *[[Kaffrine Region]] *[[Kaolack Region]] *[[Kédougou Region]] *[[Kolda Region]] *[[Louga Region]] *[[Matam Region]] *[[Saint-Louis Region]] *[[Sédhiou Region]] *[[Tambacounda Region]] *[[Thiès Region]] *[[Ziguinchor Region]] [[Image:Ziguinchor10.JPG|thumb|right|The ''Conseil Régional'' biggin in [[Ziguinchor]]. Regions, unlike Depairtments or Arrondissements (but like Communes), hae defined admeenistrative an poleetical pouer in Senegal.]] == See an aw == * [[Depairtments o Senegal]] * [[Arrondissements o Senegal]] * [[ISO 3166-2:SN]] ==References== {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == *{{fr icon}}[http://www.senegalaisement.com/senegal/decoupage_administratif_senegal.html Leet o admeenistrative diveesions in Senegal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522233228/http://www.senegalaisement.com/senegal/decoupage_administratif_senegal.html |date=2009-05-22 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090522233228/http://www.senegalaisement.com/senegal/decoupage_administratif_senegal.html |date=2009-05-22 }} {{Regions o Senegal}} {{Airticles on first-level admeenistrative diveesions o African kintras}} {{Africae topic|Leet o regions o}} [[Category:Regions o Senegal| ]] [[Category:Subdiveesions o Senegal]] [[Category:Leets o kintra subdiveesions|Senegal, Regions]] [[Category:Kintra subdiveesions o Africae|Senegal 1]] [[Category:First-level admeenistrative kintra subdiveesions|Regions, Senegal]] [[Category:Senegal-relatit leets]] 9zp2e9wpkkz6sfzc01733w28moxmtfp 0 47948 869213 859397 2022-07-30T11:12:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox album| | name = Ricky Martin | type = studio | artist = [[Ricky Martin]] | cover = | alt = | released = {{Start date|1999|05|11|df=yes}} | recorded = October 1998<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/SHOWBIZ/Music/9810/22/ricky.martin/ Remember Menudo? Ricky Martin still making music]. Retrieved January 28, 2011.</ref>-March 1999 | venue = | studio = | genre = [[Pop rock]], [[electronica]], [[Latin pop]] | length = 60:01 | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] | producer = [[Desmond Child]], [[Draco Rosa]], [[Jon Secada]], [[George Noriega]], [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[William Orbit]], Randall Barlow, Ian Blake, [[Walter Afanasieff]], Juan Vicente Zambrano | prev_title = [[Vuelve (album)|Vuelve]] | prev_year = 1998 | next_title = [[Sound Loaded]] | next_year = 2000 | misc = {{Singles | name = Ricky Martin | type = Studio album | single1 = [[Livin' la Vida Loca]] | single1date = 23 Mairch 1999 | single2 = [[She's All I Ever Had]] | single2date = 15 Juin 1999 | single3 = [[Shake Your Bon-Bon]] | single3date = 12 October 1999 | single4 = [[Private Emotion]] | single4date = 8 Februar 2000 }} }} {{Album reviews |rev1 = [[Allmusic]] |rev1score = {{rating|4|5}}<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=album|id=r417248|pure_url=yes}} Allmusic review]</ref> |rev2 = ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' |rev2score = {{rating|3|5}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/rickymartin/albums/album/133651/review/6213101/ricky_martin/ |title=Rolling Stone review |access-date=2013-03-19 |archive-date=2010-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412112131/http://www.rollingstone.com/artists/rickymartin/albums/album/133651/review/6213101/ricky_martin |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} '''''Ricky Martin''''' is the fift album bi the [[Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican]] sangster [[Ricky Martin]] released on [[Columbia Records]] on 11 Mey 1999. The album haes sauld 22 million copies, warldwide.<ref name="Martin wants to be a dad again">[http://jam.canoe.ca/Music/Artists/M/Martin_Ricky/2011/04/11/17949796.html Martin wants to be a dad again]. Retrieved July 16, 2011.</ref><ref name="amillionlives.net">[http://www.amillionlives.net/ricky-martin-biography-a-prominent-figure-from-latin-pop-music.html Ricky Martin Biography – A Prominent Figure from Latin Pop Music] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151030160418/http://www.amillionlives.net/ricky-martin-biography-a-prominent-figure-from-latin-pop-music.html |date=2015-10-30 }}. Retrieved July 16, 2011.</ref><ref name="entertainment-focus.com">[http://www.entertainment-focus.com/news/ricky-martin-to-release-greatest-hits Ricky Martin To Release Greatest Hits] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315085017/http://www.entertainment-focus.com/news/ricky-martin-to-release-greatest-hits |date=2012-03-15 }}. Retrieved July 16, 2011.</ref> This album is Martin's third which mercatit in the Unitit States and is his first album in Inglis. ''Ricky Martin'' includes sangster’s first US nummer ane hit "[[Livin' la Vida Loca]]." ==Chairt performance== ''Ricky Martin'' haes sauld 22 million copies warldwide, becomin Martin's best sellin album.<ref name="Martin wants to be a dad again"/><ref name="amillionlives.net"/><ref name="entertainment-focus.com"/> It peakit at nummer ane in the Unitit States, Canadae, Australie, New Zealand, Spain, Finland an Norawa, an reached top ten elsewhaur, includin nummer twa in the Unitit Kinrick. Whan ''Ricky Martin'' hit the record stores in the Unitit States, it sauld 661,000 copies in its first week in the Unitit States an debuted thare at nummer ane. The next week it sauld 458,000 copies.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=tQ0EAAAAMBAJ&pg=RA1-PA136&lpg=RA1-PA136&dq=Ricky+Martin+Billboard+200+661,000&source=bl&ots=OTwIIjUGxZ&sig=BURWc_YKLdSJiiAj5ARISIRdWic&hl=pl&ei=Zr1CTdDRK43rObv18NsB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBUQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Ricky%20Martin%20Billboard%20200%20661%2C000&f=false ''Billboard'' - Between the Bullets]. Retrieved January 28, 2011.</ref> Efter sellin 6,958,000 copies,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-what-the-forget-is-going-on-1005015692.story#/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-what-the-forget-is-going-on-1005015692.story?page=2|title=Ask Billboard - Viva la 'Vida' singer|date=2011-01-28|accessdate=2011-01-28|work=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|archive-date=2012-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110031926/http://www.billboard.com/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-what-the-forget-is-going-on-1005015692.story#/column/chartbeat/ask-billboard-what-the-forget-is-going-on-1005015692.story?page=2|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1431848/ricky-martin-get-loaded-on-new-album.jhtml Ricky Martin To Get "Loaded" On New Album]. Retrieved January 27, 2011.</ref> the album wis certifee'd 7&times; Platinum in the Unitit States. An aw, efter sellin ane million copies in Canadae an in Japan, it wis certifee'd wi Diamond an Million awairds, respectively. In Europe, ''Ricky Martin'' receivit 2&times; Platinum [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI]] awaird for sellin thare twa million copies. The album includes Martin's biggest warldwide hit, "[[Livin' la Vida Loca]]", which reached nummer ane on the [[Billboard Hot 100]], an toppit the chairts in Canadae, Unitit Kinrick, Ireland an New Zealand an aw. Seicont single, "[[She's All I Ever Had]]" peakit at nummer twa in the Unitit States. On the [[Hot Latin Songs]], "Livin' la Vida Loca" toppit the chairt for nine weeks, an "[[She's All I Ever Had|Bella]]" (Spainyie-leid version o "She's All I Ever Had") reached the top for three weeks. Warldwide it wis the fowert best sellin album wi 13.1 million copies sauld in 1999, its debut that week warldwide wis o nearly 1.7 million copies sauld, the third biggest ahint Backstreet Boys' 'Millennium' wi 2.2 million an Japanese Hikaru Utada's 'First Love' wi 2.1 million copies sauld in its first week ==Awairds== ''Ricky Martin'' wis nominatit for the [[Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album]] at the [[42nt Grammy Awards]]. It wan the [[American Music Award]] for Favorite Latin Artist an wis nominatit for the Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist. It wis nominatit for the [[Juno Award for International Album of the Year]] at the [[Juno Awards of 2000]] an aw. ==Track leetin== In North Americae, the album included twa previous hits an aw: "[[María (sang)|María]]" an "[[La Copa de la Vida]]". In Europe an Japan, "I'm on My Way" an "La Diosa del Carnaval" wur addit instead. ===North American version=== {{Track listing | extra_column = Producer(s) | writing_credits = yes | title1 = [[Livin' la Vida Loca]] | writer1 = Luis Gómez Escolar, [[Desmond Child]], [[Draco Rosa]] | extra1 = Child | length1 = 4:03 | title2 = Spanish Eyes | writer2 = Child, Rosa | extra2 = Child, Rosa | length2 = 4:05 | title3 = [[She's All I Ever Had]] | writer3 = [[Jon Secada]], Rosa, [[George Noriega]] | extra3 = Secada, Noriega | length3 = 4:55 | title4 = [[Shake Your Bon-Bon]] | writer4 = Child, Rosa, Noriega | extra4 = Rosa, Noriega | length4 = 3:12 | title5 = Be Careful (Cuidado Con Mi Corazón) | note5 = Ricky Martin & [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] | writer5 = [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]], [[William Orbit]] | extra5 = Madonna, Orbit | length5 = 4:02 | title6 = I Am Made of You | writer6 = Child, Rosa | extra6 = Child, Rosa | length6 = 4:39 | title7 = Love You for a Day | writer7 = Child, Rosa, Randall Barlow | extra7 = Barlow | length7 = 3:45 | title8 = [[Private Emotion]] | note8 = Ricky Martin & [[Meja]] | writer8 = [[Rob Hyman]], [[Eric Bazilian]] | extra8 = Blake | length8 = 4:01 | title9 = [[La Copa de la Vida]] | note9 = Spanglish Radio Edit | writer9 = Escolar, Child, Rosa | extra9 = Child, Rosa | length9 = 4:37 | title10 = You Stay With Me | writer10 = [[Diane Warren]] | extra10 = Child, Rosa | length10 = 4:12 | title11 = Livin' la Vida Loca | note11 = Spanish Version | writer11 = Escolar, Child, Rosa | extra11 = Child | length11 = 4:03 | title12 = I Count the Minutes | writer12 = Warren | extra12 = [[Walter Afanasieff]] | length12 = 4:17 | title13 = Bella | note13 = She's All I Ever Had | writer13 = Escolar, Secada, Rosa, Noriega | extra13 = Secada, Noriega | length13 = 4:54 | title14 = [[María (song)|María]] | note14 = Spanglish Radio Edit | writer14 = Escolar, [[K.C. Porter]], Ian Blake | extra14 = Porter, Rosa, [[Pablo Flores]], [[Javier Garza]] | length14 = 4:31 }} ===European/Japanese version=== {{Track listing | extra_column = Producer(s) | writing_credits = yes | title1 = Livin' la Vida Loca | writer1 = | length1 = 4:03 | title2 = Spanish Eyes | writer2 = | length2 = 3:58 | title3 = She's All I Ever Had | writer3 = | length3 = 4:55 | title4 = Shake Your Bon-Bon | writer4 = | length4 = 3:12 | title5 = Be Careful (Cuidado Con Mi Corazón) | note5 = Ricky Martin & Madonna | writer5 = | length5 = 4:02 | title6 = Love You for a Day | writer6 = | length6 = 3:43 | title7 = Private Emotion | note7 = Ricky Martin & Meja | writer7 = | length7 = 4:01 | title8 = I'm on My Way | writer8 = Child, Rosa, Juan Vicente Zambrano | extra8 = Zambrano | length8 = 4:36 | title9 = I Am Made of You | writer9 = | length9 = 4:32 | title10 = La Diosa del Carnaval | note10 = Spanish Eyes | writer10 = Escolar, Child, Rosa | extra10 = Child, Rosa | length10 = 3:58 | title11 = You Stay With Me | writer11 = | length11 = 4:14 | title12 = Livin' la Vida Loca | note12 = Spanish Version | writer12 = | length12 = 4:03 | title13 = Bella | note13 = She's All I Ever Had | writer13 = | length13 = 4:55 | title14 = I Count the Minutes | writer14 = | length14 = 4:17 }} {{track listing | extra_column = Producer(s) | headline = Spanish hidden bonus track | writing_credits = yes | title15 = [[Por Arriba, Por Abajo]] | note15 = Remix | writer15 = Escolar, Rosa, Cesar Lemos, Karla Aponte | extra15 = Porter, Rosa | length15 = 4:17 }} ==Chairts an certifications== {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ===Chairts=== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Chairt (1999) !Peak<br />position |- |align="left"|[[ARIA Charts|Australian Albums Chart]]<ref name="hung">[http://australian-charts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Ricky+Martin&titel=Ricky+Martin&cat=a Peak positions]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Ö3 Austria Top 40|Austrian Albums Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Ultratop|Belgian Flanders Albums Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> |align="center"|16 |- |align="left"|[[Ultratop|Belgian Wallonia Albums Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> |align="center"|21 |- |align="left"|[[Canadian Albums Chart]]<ref name="billboard">[http://www.billboard.com/album/ricky-martin/ricky-martin/364362#/album/ricky-martin/ricky-martin/364362 ''Billboard'' peak positions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110022014/http://www.billboard.com/album/ricky-martin/ricky-martin/364362#/album/ricky-martin/ricky-martin/364362 |date=2012-11-10 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Tracklisten|Danish Albums Chart]]<ref name="billboard"/> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|[[MegaCharts|Dutch Albums Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> |align="center"|18 |- |align="left"|[[Finland's Official List|Finnish Albums Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|French Albums Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> |align="center"|21 |- |align="left"|[[Media Control Charts|German Albums Chart]]<ref>[http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/MARTIN%2CRICKY/?type=longplay Longplay-Chartverfolgung] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922085046/http://www.musicline.de/de/chartverfolgung_summary/artist/MARTIN%2CRICKY/?type=longplay |date=2013-09-22 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|[[Mahasz|Hungarian Albums Chart]]<ref>[http://www.mahasz.hu/?menu=slagerlistak&menu2=archivum&lista=top40&ev=1999&het=28&submit_=Keresés Hungarian Albums Chart]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Federation of the Italian Music Industry|Italian Albums Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> |align="center"|20 |- |align="left"|[[Oricon|Japanese Albums Chart]]<ref>[http://www.oricon.co.jp/prof/artist/178059/ranking/cd_album/ Ricky Martin albums sales ranking]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |align="center"|5 |- |align="left"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand Albums Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[VG-lista|Norwegian Albums Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Productores de Música de España|Spanish Albums Chart]]<ref>[http://afyvecharts.blogspot.com/2007/08/1999-albumes-1-parte.html Spanish Albums Chart]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |align="center"|1 |- |align="left"|[[Sverigetopplistan|Swedish Albums Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> |align="center"|3 |- |align="left"|[[Swiss Music Charts|Swiss Albums Chart]]<ref name="hung"/> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|[[UK Albums Chart]]<ref>[http://www.theofficialcharts.com/artist/_/ricky%20martin/ Top 75 Releases]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |align="center"|2 |- |align="left"|[[Billboard 200|US ''Billboard'' 200]]<ref name="billboard"/> |align="center"|1 |} ===Certifications=== {| class="wikitable" |- !Kintra ![[Leet o muisic recordin certifications|Certification]] |- |align="left"|[[Argentine Chamber of Phonograms and Videograms Producers|Argentinae]] |align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://www.capif.org.ar/Default.asp?PerDesde_MM=0&PerDesde_AA=0&PerHasta_MM=0&PerHasta_AA=0&interprete=ricky+martin&album=&LanDesde_MM=0&LanDesde_AA=0&LanHasta_MM=0&LanHasta_AA=0&Galardon=O&Tipo=0&ACCION2=+Buscar+&ACCION=Buscar&CO=5&CODOP=ESOP Discos de oro y platino]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Australian Recording Industry Association|Australie]] |align="center"|3&times; Platinum<ref>[http://aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-accreditations-albums-1999.htm Accreditations]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |- |align="left"|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Austrick]] |align="center"|Gold<ref>[http://www.ifpi.at/?section=goldplatin Gold & Platin]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Associação Brasileira dos Produtores de Discos|Brazil]] |align="center"|Gold<ref>{{cite certification|region=Brazil|type=album|artist=Ricky Martin|accessdate=2012-06-15}}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Canadian Recording Industry Association|Canadae]] |align="center"|Diamond<ref>[http://cria.ca/goldplat.php Canadian Certifications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415122501/http://www.musiccanada.com/GoldPlatinum.aspx |date=2012-04-15 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |- |align="left"|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Europe]] |align="center"|2&times; Platinum<ref>[http://www.ifpi.com/content/section_news/plat1999.html IFPI Awards] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905113945/http://www.ifpi.com/content/section_news/plat1999.html |date=2008-09-05 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |- |align="left"|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Finland]] |align="center"|Gold<ref>[http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/kultalevyt/haku/?q=ricky%20martin&national=0&type=album Finnish certifications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005032602/http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/kultalevyt/haku/?q=ricky%20martin&national=0&type=album |date=2013-10-05 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |- |[[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|Fraunce]] |align="center"|Gold<ref>[http://www.disqueenfrance.com/fr/page-259165.xml?year=2000&type=8 Certifications Albums Or - année 2000]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |- |align="left"|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Germany]] |align="center"|Gold<ref>[http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/ Gold-/Platin-Datenbank]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Recording Industry Association of Japan|Japan]] |align="center"|Million<ref>[http://www18.ocn.ne.jp/~hbr/jp1mal_e.htm List of Million-certified albums by the RIAJ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216113029/http://www18.ocn.ne.jp/~hbr/jp1mal_e.htm |date=2015-02-16 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas|Mexico]] |align="center"|2&times; Platinum + Gold<ref>[http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?artista=ricky+martin&titulo=&disquera=&certificacion=todas&anio=todos&categoria=todas&Submitted=Buscar&item=menuCert&contenido=buscar Certificaciones] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309125154/http://www.amprofon.com.mx/certificaciones.php?artista=ricky+martin&titulo=&disquera=&certificacion=todas&anio=todos&categoria=todas&Submitted=Buscar&item=menuCert&contenido=buscar |date=2014-03-09 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |- |align="left"|[[NVPI|Netherlands]] |align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461 Goud/Platina Muziek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514050947/http://www.nvpi.nl/nvpi/pagina.asp?pagkey=60461 |date=2011-05-14 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand|New Zealand]] |align="center"|7&times; Platinum<ref>{{cite certification|region=New Zealand|type=album|artist=Ricky Martin|id=1201|accessdate=2012-06-15}}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Norawa]] |align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://www.ifpi.no/sok/index_trofe.htm Søk i troféer]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Polish Music Charts|Poland]] |align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/platynowe/index.php Polish certifications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140818055932/http://www.zpav.pl/rankingi/wyroznienia/platynowe/index.php |date=2014-08-18 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Productores de Música de España|Spain]] |align="center"|3&times; Platinum<ref>{{cite book |last=Salaverri|first=Fernando|title=Sólo éxitos: año a año, 1959–2002|accessdate=2011-01-26|edition=1st |year=2005|month=September|publisher=Fundación Autor-SGAE|location=Spain|isbn=84-8048-639-2}}</ref> |- |align="left"|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Swaden]] |align="center"|Platinum<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110616131100/http://www.ifpi.se/wp/wp-content/uploads/ar-20001.pdf År 2000]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |- |align="left"|[[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|Swisserland]] |align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://swisscharts.com/awards.asp?year=1999 Awards 1999]. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |- |align="left"|[[British Phonographic Industry|Unitit Kinrick]] |align="center"|Platinum<ref>[http://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx Certified awards search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006162141/https://www.bpi.co.uk/certifiedawards/search.aspx |date=2017-10-06 }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |- |align="left"|[[Recording Industry Association of America|Unitit States]] |align="center"|7&times; Platinum<ref>[http://riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?artist=%22Ricky+Martin%22 Gold & Platinum: Searchable Database]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Retrieved January 25, 2011.</ref> |} {{col-2}} ===Year-end chairts=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Chairt (1999) ! Position |- |Australian Albums Chart<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-albums-1999.htm|title=ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Albums 1999|accessdate=2011-04-19|publisher=[[Australian Recording Industry Association]]}}</ref> |align="center"|6 |- |Austrian Albums Chart<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://austriancharts.at/1999_album.asp|title=Jahreshitparade 1999|accessdate=2011-04-19|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref> |align="center"|17 |- |Belgian Flandres Albums Chart<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/annual.asp?year=1999&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzichten 1999|accessdate=2011-04-19|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref> |align="center"|73 |- |Belgian Wallonia Albums Chart<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ultratop.be/fr/annual.asp?year=1999&cat=a|title=Rapports Annuels 1999|accessdate=2011-04-19|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref> |align="center"|71 |- |Canadian RPM Top Albums<ref>[http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9954&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=4lb2f3212lul9fv87af0br49o5 Top Albums/CDs - Volume 70, No. 8, December 13 1999] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022101342/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9954&type=2&interval=24&PHPSESSID=4lb2f3212lul9fv87af0br49o5 |date=2012-10-22 }}. Retrieved January 21, 2011.</ref> |align="center"|4 |- |Dutch Albums Chart<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://dutchcharts.nl/jaaroverzichten.asp?year=1999&cat=a|title=Jaaroverzichten - Album 1999|accessdate=2011-04-19|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref> |align="center"|56 |- |Swiss Albums Chart<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://swisscharts.com/year.asp?key=1999|title=Swiss Year-end charts 1999|accessdate=2011-04-19|publisher=Hung Medien}}</ref> |align="center"|14 |- |US ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9w0EAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Year in Music 1999 |work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2011-04-19|date=1999-12-25}}</ref> |align="center"|5 |- ! Chairt (2000) ! Position |- |Australian Albums Chart<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/pages/aria-charts-end-of-year-charts-top-100-albums-2000.htm|title=ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Albums 2000|accessdate=2011-04-19|publisher=Australian Recording Industry Association}}</ref> |align="center"|72 |- |Finnish Albums Chart<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.fi/tilastot/myydyimmat/2000/ulkomaiset/albumit|title=Myydyimmät ulkomaiset albumit vuonna 2000|accessdate=2011-04-19|publisher=IFPI Finland}}</ref> |align="center"|41 |- |New Zealand Albums Chart<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_annual.asp|title=Annual Top 50 Albums Chart 2000|accessdate=2011-04-19|publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of New Zealand]]|archive-date=2005-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207183521/http://rianz.org.nz/rianz/chart_annual.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> |align="center"|46 |- |US ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=ehEEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Year in Music 2000 |work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2011-04-19|date=2000-12-30}}</ref> |align="center"|42 |} ===Decade-end chairts=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Chairt (1990s) ! Position |- |US ''Billboard'' 200<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=9w0EAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=pl&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Top Pop Albums of the '90's |work=Billboard|publisher=Nielsen Business Media, Inc|accessdate=2011-04-19|date=1999-12-25}}</ref> |align="center"|48 |} {{col-end}} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} {{Ricky Martin}} {{Ricky Martin singles}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ricky Martin (1999 Album)}} [[Category:1999 albums]] [[Category:Ricky Martin albums]] [[Category:Albums producit bi Emilio Estefan]] [[Category:Albums producit bi William Orbit]] [[Category:Columbia Records albums]] 55e8x7w3wzb2agetg52197hhhuaww5v 0 51005 869211 852086 2022-07-30T11:10:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Ricardo Arjona | image =Ricardo_Arjona_at_Managua,_Nicaragua_(2).jpg | caption = Ricardo Arjona in Nicaragua, 2012. | alt = | image_size = | background = solo_singer | birth_name = Edgar Ricardo Arjona Morales | alias = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|1|19|df=y}} | origin = [[Jocotenango]], [[Sacatepéquez Depairtment|Sacatepéquez]], [[Guatemala]] | genre = [[Latin pop]], [[Rock muisic|rock]] | instrument = Vocals, guitar, piano | occupation = Sangster-sangwriter, record producer,<br> muisicker | years_active = 1985–present | label = PolyGram <small>(1985–1989)</small><br/>[[Sony Music]] <small>(1991–2008)</small><br/>[[Warner Music Latina|Warner Latina]] <small>(2008–present)</small><br> [[Metamorfosis (label)|Metamorfosis]]<small>(2011–present)</small> | associated_acts = [[Gaby Moreno]], [[Intocable]], [[Chenoa]],<br> [[Marta Sánchez]], [[Marc Anthony]],<br> [[Tommy Torres]] | website = [http://www.ricardoarjona.com/ www.ricardoarjona.com] }} '''Edgar Ricardo Arjona Morales''', (born 19 Januar 1964), kent as '''Ricardo Arjona''' ({{IPA-es|arˈxona}}), is a Guatemalan [[sangster-sangwriter]]. Arjona is ane o the maist successful Laitin American airtists o aw time, wi mair nor 20 million albums sauld.<ref>(6 April 2012). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409035403/http://www.cadena3.com/contenido/2012/04/06/95001.asp |date=2012-04-09 }}(in Spanish). Cadena 3. Archived from [http://www.cadena3.com/contenido/2012/04/06/95001.asp the original]. Retrieved 7 April 2012. *{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121128022144/http://www.lacapital.com.ar/escenario/Ricardo-Arjona-sale-a-la-cancha-de-Newells-con-su-equipo-romantico-20120410-0009.html |date=2012-11-28 }}(in Spanish). La Capital (Argentina). Archived from [http://www.lacapital.com.ar/escenario/Ricardo-Arjona-sale-a-la-cancha-de-Newells-con-su-equipo-romantico-20120410-0009.htmlthe original]. Retrieved 18 April 2012.</ref> He is aften cried ''El Animal Nocturno'' (''The Nocturnal Animal''),<ref name="Moscatel">Moscatel, Susana (23 March 2012). {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401164913/http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/impreso/9134034 |date=2012-04-01 }}(in Spanish). Milenio. Archived from [http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/impreso/9134034 the original]. Retrieved 30 March 2012.</ref> thanks tae his breakthrou success wi his fowert studio album which [[Animal Nocturno|bears the same name]]. His muisic ranges frae [[ballad]]s tae [[Latin pop]], rock, [[pop rock]], [[Cuban muisic]], an mair recently [[A capella|a cappella performances]] an a mixtur o [[Tejano muisic]] an [[Norteño (muisic)|Norteño music]], an ither [[Afro-American muisic|Afro-American]] an [[Laitin muisic|Laitin soonds]]. Arjona is notit for his leerical style, an aften addresses topics such as luve, homosexuality, [[kidnappin]], [[rape]], [[racism]] an immigration. ==Early years an personal life== Edgar Ricardo Arjona Morales wis born on 19 Januar 1964 in [[Jocotenango]], [[Guatemala]], tae parents Ricardo Arjona Moscoso an Mimi Morales de Arjona. He spent maist o his bairnheid in [[Guatemala Ceety]], whaur he began his muisical instruction.<ref name=adnradio>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona|url=http://www.adnradio.cl/noticia/ricardo-arjona/20081023/nota/696478.aspx|work=ADN Radio|publisher=Grupo Prisa|accessdate=23 March 2012|location=Chile|language=Spanish|date=23 October 2008|archive-date=2013-01-01|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130101120301/http://www.adnradio.cl/noticia/ricardo-arjona/20081023/nota/696478.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> At age twal, he pairticipatit in the contest "Festival Infantil Juventud 74" wi "Gracias al Mundo", a sang componit bi his faither, feenally winnin the event.<ref>{{cite news|title=Los colapsos emocionales de Arjona|url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-686145|work=[[El Tiempo (Colombia)|El Tiempo]]|publisher=EL Tiempo Casa Editorial|accessdate=8 July 2012|location=Colombia|language=Spanish|date=31 October 2001}}</ref> Awtho he initially enrolled in airchitectur an ingineerin at the [[Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala]] (USAC), he graduatit wi a degree frae the Schuil o Communication Sciences.<ref name=cosme>Cosme, Hector. [http://www.periodicolaperla.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2150:ricardo-arjona-de-guatemala-para-el-mundo&catid=119:articulos&Itemid=342 "Arjona: de Guatemala para el mundo"] (in Spanish). Periodico La Perla. Retrieved 23 March 2012.</ref> Arjona wis a talentit basketbaw player who played for ''Leones de Marte'' an ''TRIAS''.<ref name=terra1>(12 October 2010). [http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloid=975400 "Biografía de Ricardo Arjona"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130507070155/http://www.terra.com.mx/articulo.aspx?articuloid=975400 |date=2013-05-07 }} (in Spanish). Terra. Retrieved 13 October 2011.</ref> He toured Central Americae as a member o the Guatemalan naitional team. Till recently, he held the record for the maist points scored (78) in a single gemme bi a Guatemalan.<ref name="B&T">{{cite news |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=TRMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA23&dq=Ricardo+Arjona#v=onepage&q=Ricardo%20Arjona&f=false |title=Arjona Innovates On CD/DVD Set|last=Cobo|first=Leiba |date=4 December 2004 |work=Billboard | volume=116 | number=49 | issn=0006-2510 |page=23 |accessdate=6 July 2011}} *[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/ricardo-arjona-p37108/biography "Ricardo Arjona >> Biography"]. ''[[AllMusic]]''. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 24 March 2012.</ref> He taucht at a primar schuil (cried ''Santa Elena III'') an aw,<ref name=cosme/> whaur he claimit tae hae spent sax oors givin lessons an the rest o the day playin soccer.<ref name="B&T"/> This earned him a visit frae a Meenistry o Education representative, who wis sent tae evaluate his pupils. The representative foond that the students' education wis actually abuin average.<ref name="Biografía de Ricardo Arjona"/> In the ceety o [[Buenos Aires]], Argentinae, he met [[Puerto Rican fowk|Puerto Rican]] Leslie Torres an haed twa childer wi her: Adria an Ricardo. They separatit in 2005. As o 2010, Arjona wis datin [[Venezuelan fowk|Venezuelan]] model Daisy Arvelo, wi whom he haes a son.<ref>{{cite web|title=La modelo venezolana Daisy Arvelo está embarazada de Ricardo Arjona|url=http://www.analitica.com/va/entretenimiento/quepasa/9652346.asp|publisher=Analitica.com|accessdate=23 March 2012|language=Spanish|date=9 April 2010|archive-date=2012-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121216165753/http://www.analitica.com/va/entretenimiento/quepasa/9652346.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Discografie== {{main|Ricardo Arjona discografie}} {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * ''[[Déjame Decir Que Te Amo]]'' (1985) * ''[[Jesús, Verbo No Sustantivo]]'' (1988) * ''[[Del Otro Lado del Sol]]'' (1991) * ''[[Animal Nocturno]]'' (1993) * ''[[Historias]]'' (1994) * ''[[Si El Norte Fuera El Sur]]'' (1996) * ''[[Sin Daños a Terceros]]'' (1998) * ''[[Galería Caribe]]'' (2000) * ''[[Santo Pecado]]'' (2002) * ''[[Adentro]]'' (2005) * ''[[5to Piso]]'' (2008) * ''[[Poquita Ropa]]'' (2010) * ''[[Independiente (Ricardo Arjona album)|Independiente]]'' (2011) * ''[[Viaje (Ricardo Arjona album)|Viaje]]'' (2014) {{col-end}} ==Awairds an nominations== {{main|Leet o awairds an nominations receivit bi Ricardo Arjona}} In 1993, he receivit the Rafael Álvarez Ovalle Order frae the then [[Preses o Guatemala]], [[Ramiro de León Carpio]], for his internaitional accomplishments.<ref name="Merit">{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419225507/http://www.oem.com.mx/eloccidental/notas/n2466002.htm |date=2014-04-19 }}. El Occidental. Archived from [http://www.oem.com.mx/eloccidental/notas/n2466002.htm the original]. Retrieved 29 April 2012.</ref> At USAC a librar haw bears his name.<ref name=cosme/> His birthplace, [[Jocotenango]], namit a street efter him.<ref name="Biografía de Ricardo Arjona">[http://www.ricardo-arjona.net/Biografia.aspx "Biografía de Ricardo Arjona"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615135007/http://www.ricardo-arjona.net/Biografia.aspx |date=2018-06-15 }}. Ricardo-Arjona.net. Retrieved 23 March 2012.</ref> === Grammy Awards === {{awards table}} |- | {{grammy|2007}} | ''[[Adentro]]'' |rowspan=""| [[Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album|Best Latin Pop Album]] | {{won}} |- {{end}} === Latin Grammy Awards === {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=""| [[Latin Grammy Awards of 2006|2006]] | ''[[Adentro]]'' | Best Male Pop Vocal Album | {{won}} |- {{end}} === Billboard Latin Music Awards === {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=""| [[2007 Latin Billboard Music Awards|2007]]|| "A Ti" || Male Latin Pop Airplay Song of the Year || {{won}} |- |rowspan=""| [[2010 Latin Billboard Music Awards|2010]]|| ''[[Quinto Piso Tour]]'' || Latin Tour of the Year || {{won}} |- {{end}} === Lo Nuestro Awards === {{awards table}} |- |rowspan=""| [[Premio Lo Nuestro 2004|2004]] | ''[[Santo Pecado]]'' | Pop Album of the Year | {{won}} |- {{end}} ==References== {{Reflist|3|refs= <ref name=BB200>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona Album & Songs Chart History – Billboard 200|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ricardo arjona|chart=Billboard 200}}|work=Billboard|accessdate=9 June 2012|location=United States}}</ref> <ref name=TLA>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona Album & Songs Chart History – Latin Albums|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ricardo arjona|chart=Latin Albums}}|work=Billboard|accessdate=9 June 2012|location=United States}}</ref> <ref name=LPA>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona Album & Songs Chart History – Latin Pop Albums|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ricardo arjona|chart=Latin Pop Albums C}}|work=Billboard|accessdate=9 June 2012|location=United States}}</ref> <ref name=TLS>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona Album & Songs Chart History – Latin Songs|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ricardo arjona|chart=Latin Songs C}}|work=Billboard|accessdate=25 March 2012|location=United States}}</ref> <ref name=LPS>{{cite news|title=Ricardo Arjona Album & Songs Chart History – Latin Pop Songs|url={{BillboardURLbyName|artist=ricardo arjona|chart=Latin Pop Songs C}}|work=Billboard|accessdate=25 March 2012|location=United States}}</ref> }} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.ricardoarjona.com/ Offeecial steid] {{Persondata | NAME =Arjona, Ricardo | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = | DATE OF BIRTH =19 Januar 1964 | PLACE OF BIRTH = | DATE OF DEATH = | PLACE OF DEATH = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Arjona, Ricardo}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sacatepéquez Depairtment]] [[Category:Guatemalan male sangsters]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Latin Grammy Award winners]] [[Category:Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala alumni]] [[Category:Guatemalan sangster-sangwriters]] 1etwyo9hlrrvreqzaje5shdjh8tnw9t 0 54106 869209 835718 2022-07-30T10:27:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Februar 2021}} {{speciesbox | name = Red panda | image = RedPandaFullBody.JPG | image_caption = A reid panda at the [[Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden|Cincinnati Zoo]] | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="iucn" /> | genus = Ailurus | parent_authority = [[Frédéric Cuvier|F. Cuvier]], 1825 | species = fulgens | authority = F. Cuvier, 1825 | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = ''A. f. fulgens'' <small>F. Cuvier, 1825</small><br> ''A. f. styani'' <small>[[Oldfield Thomas|Thomas]], 1902</small><ref name="thomas_1902">{{Cite news |author=Thomas, O. |year=1902 |title=On the Panda of Sze-chuen |periodical=Annals and Magazine of Natural History |publisher=Gunther, A.C.L.G., Carruthers, W., Francis, W. |location=London |series=Seventh Series |volume=X |pages=251–252 |url=https://archive.org/stream/s7annalsmagazine10londuoft#page/251/mode/1up |doi=10.1080/00222930208678667}}</ref><ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft|id=14001690}}</ref> | range_map = Ailurus fulgens distribution clipped.svg | range_map_alt = Map shawin the range o the reid pandas | range_map_caption = Range o the reid panda }} The '''reid panda''' (''Ailurus fulgens''), cried the ''lesser panda'' an ''reid cat-bear'' forby, is a smaw [[mammal]] hamelt in the eastren [[Himalayas]] an sooth-wast [[Cheenae]] that haes been classified as an [[endangered species|''Endangered'']] bi [[IUCN]] as its wild population is estimatit at less nor 10,000 mature individuals. The population continues tae decline an is threatened bi [[habitat loss]] an fragmentation, [[poachin]], an [[inbreedin depression]], altho reid pandas are protectit bi naitional laws in thair range kintras.<ref name="iucn" >{{cite iucn |author=Glatston, A. |author2=Wei, F. |author3=Than Zaw |author4=Sherpa, A. |last-author-amp=yes |title=''Ailurus fulgens'' |journal=[[The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] |publisher=[[IUCN]] |volume=2015 |page=e.T714A110023718 |date=2015 |url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/714/110023718 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T714A45195924.en |access-date=29 October 2018}}</ref> The reid panda is slichtly lairger than a [[domestic cat]]. It has reiddish-broun fur, a lang, shaggy tail, an a waddlin gait due tae its shorter front legs. It is [[arboreal]] an feeds mainly on [[Bamboo shuit|bamboo]], but is [[omnivorous]] an is kent tae eats eggs, [[bird|birds], [[insect|inssects]], an smaw [[mammal]]s. It is a [[solitary ainimal]], mainly [[Nocturnality|active frae dusk tae dawn]], an is lairgely [[Sedentary lifestyle|sedentary]] durin the day. The reid panda is the anely livin species o the [[Genus (biology)|genus]] ''Ailurus'' an the [[Faimily (biology)|faimily]] [[Ailuridae]]. It haes been previously placed in the [[Procyonidae|raccoon]] an [[Ursidae|beir]] faimilies, but results o [[phylogenetic]] research indicate strang support for its [[Taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] classification in its awn faimily [[Ailuridae]], which alang wi the [[Mustelidae|weasel faimily]] is pairt o the superfaimily [[Musteloidea]].<ref name="Flynn_2000">{{cite journal|last=Flynn |first=J. J. |last2=Nedbal |first2 = M. A. |last3=Dragoo |first3=J. W. |last4=Honeycutt |first4=R. L. |url=http://www.msb.unm.edu/mammals/publications/Flynn2000.pdf |title=Whence the Red Panda? |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=190–199 |year=2000 |accessdate=2009-09-23|pmid=11083933|doi=10.1006/mpev.2000.0819}}</ref> Traditionally it wis thoucht to hae twa [[subspecies]].<ref name=msw3>{{MSW3 Wozencraft |id=14001690 |heading=Species ''Ailurus fulgens''}}</ref> Houiver , [[genetic analysis]] indicates that thare are likly twa reid panda species, the Chinese reid panda and the Himalayan reid panda, that [[Genetic divergence|genetically diverged]] {{Mya|0.22}}.<ref name=Hu /> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.redpandanetwork.org Reid Panda Network, USA] – The warld's anly non-profit organization dedicated tae reid panda conservation. * [http://www.redpanda.org.np/ Reid Panda Network, Nepal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923213157/http://redpanda.org.np/ |date=2009-09-23 }} * [http://www.arkive.org/red-panda/ailurus-fulgens/ ARKive: ''Reid panda''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015030510/http://www.arkive.org/red-panda/ailurus-fulgens/ |date=2008-10-15 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015030510/http://www.arkive.org/red-panda/ailurus-fulgens/ |date=2008-10-15 }} * [http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Ailurus_fulgens.html Ainimal Diversity Wab] ''Ailurus fulgens''. Retrieved on 2009-11-26. * [http://www.animalinfo.org/species/carnivor/ailufulg.htm Ainimal Info: ''Reid Panda''] * [http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Parks-Ranger-Service%2FPageLayout&cid=1223092737539&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper Birmingham Nature Centre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150616071407/http://www.birmingham.gov.uk/cs/Satellite?c=Page&childpagename=Parks-Ranger-Service%2FPageLayout&cid=1223092737539&pagename=BCC%2FCommon%2FWrapper%2FWrapper |date=2015-06-16 }} – UK breedin program. Retrieved on 2009-11-26. {{Taxonbar|from=Q41960}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Reid Panda}} [[Category:Fauna o the Himalayas]] [[Category:Mammals o Indie]] [[Category:Fauna o Sooth Asie]] [[Category:Fauna o East Asie]] [[Category:Mammals o Nepal]] [[Category:Mammals o Bhutan]] [[Category:Mammals o Cheenae]] [[Category:Mammals o Laos]] [[Category:Mammals o Burma]] [[Category:Livin fossils]] [[Category:EDGE species]] [[Category:Wildlife o Yunnan]] [[Category:Monotypic mammal genera]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1825]] {{stub/Ainimal}} h78w5siv6710hozsrm4w55riqe9rb6n 0 56900 869215 832216 2022-07-30T11:25:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Rua do Cunha.jpg|thumb|View o Rua do Cunha at nicht.]] [[File:Macau street Rua Do Cunha 35.JPG|thumb|Rua do Cunha street sign.]] '''Rua do Cunha''' ([[Portuguese leid|Portuguese]] for ''Cunha Street''; [[Tradeetional Cheenese character|Cheenese]]: 官也街) is a narrae pedestrian street in [[Vila da Taipa]], the toun centre o [[Taipa]] island, in [[Macau]].<ref>''Taipa Rua da Cunha (Cunha Food Street), Macau'', China Travel. www.chinatravel.com/macau/restaurant/taipa-rua-da-cunha-%28cunha-food-street%29</ref> It is namit efter the Portuguese splorer [[Tristão da Cunha]]. It is kent for shops sellin [[almond cake]]s, [[phoenix egg roll]]s, [[coconut flakes]], [[cherikoff]] an [[peanut candy]], which travellers buy as "souvenirs", such as Choi Heong Yuen ([[Tradeetional Cheenese character|Chinese]]: 咀香園) an Koi Kei ([[Tradeetional Cheenese character|Cheenese]]: 鉅記).<ref>[http://www.funtouristattractions.com/a/rua-do-cunha-macau-china/226 Rua do Cunha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120521163505/http://www.funtouristattractions.com/a/rua-do-cunha-macau-china/226 |date=2012-05-21 }}, [http://www.funtouristattractions.com/ Fun Tourist Attractions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101218141831/http://www.funtouristattractions.com/ |date=2010-12-18 }}.</ref> It is kent for the various Portuguese restaurants an aw, includin 'O Santos', which haes been in business for 20 years, an 'O Galo'. ==See an aw== *[[Taipa Grande]] *[[Taipa Pequena]] ==References== {{reflist}} {{commons category|Rua do Cunha, Macau}} [[Category:Veesitor attractions in Macau]] [[Category:Geografie o Macau]] [[Category:Taipa]] [[Category:Shoppin destricts an streets in Cheenae]] [[Category:Restaurant destricts an streets]] [[Category:Restaurants in Cheenae|*Rua Do Cunha]] [[Category:Pedestrian maws]] jwv52pcl3zsaoin5kh8a6yy6fg8hda7 0 81367 869216 863929 2022-07-30T11:35:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{For|ither places namit Salamanca|Salamanca (disambiguation)}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Salamanca |settlement_type = [[Destricts o Madrid|Destrict o Madrid]] |image_map= Maps - ES - Madrid - Salamanca.PNG |image_skyline = Ambasciata d'Italia a Madrid (Spagna) 01b.jpg |image_caption = Palacio de Amboage |area_total_km2= 5.38 |population= 147,707 |population_density_km2= 27,418 |postal_code=28032 | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flagicon|Spain}} Spain | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Aut. commonty]] | subdivision_name1 = [[File:Flag of the Community of Madrid.svg|20px|border]] [[Commonty o Madrid|Madrid]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Municipalities o Spain|Municipality]] | subdivision_name2 = [[File:Escudo de Madrid.svg|15px]] [[Madrid]] | leader_title =Concejal | leader_name = | blank_name_sec1 = Madrid destrict nummer | blank_info_sec1 = 4 | blank_name_sec2 = Address o cooncil | blank_info_sec2 = |website= }} '''Salamanca''' is ane o the 21 [[Destricts o Madrid|destricts]] that shape the ceety o [[Madrid]], Spain. Salamanca is locatit tae the northeast o the historical centre o Madrid. <ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/greathomesanddestinations/21iht-remadrid21.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0] [[New York Times]] High-End Market in Madrid Aims to Ride Out Crisis, Salamanca (Madrid)</ref><ref>[http://travel.cnn.com/10-madrids-coolest-tapas-bars-372451] [[CNn]] 10 of Madrid’s best tapas bars, Salamanca (Madrid)</ref> <ref>[http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20120529-living-in-madrid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120211/http://www.bbc.com/travel/feature/20120529-living-in-madrid |date=2014-08-26 }} [[BBc]] Salamanca (Madrid)</ref> == Geografie == === Owerview === The limits o Salamanca destrict are defined bi the [[Paseo de Recoletos]] an the [[Paseo de la Castellana]] tae the wast, the [[Calle de Alcalá]] an [[Calle O'Donnell]] tae the sooth, the Avenida de la Paz ([[M30 motorway|M-30]]) tae the east an [[María de Molina]] Street an [[Avenida de América]] tae the north. It covers a aurie o 540.742 hectares. === Subdiveesion === The destrict is admeenistratively dividit intae 7 wairds (''Barrios''): *[[Castellana (Madrid)|Castellana]] *[[Fuente del Berro]] *[[Goya (Madrid)|Goya]] *[[Guindalera]] *[[Lista (Madrid)|Lista]] *[[Parque de las Avenidas]] *[[Recoletos (Madrid)|Recoletos]] == History == The population o Madrid at the beginnin o the 19t hunderyear wis aboot 220.000, increasin tae 300.000 inhabitants in the late 1850s. Housomeivver, the ceety wis still enclosed athin the defensive waw built in 1625 bi king [[Philip IV o Spain]], which blockit the ceety growthe. In 1857, govrenment alloued the then [[:en:Ministry of Public Works and Transport (Spain)|Meenister o Public Wirks an Transportation]] [[Claudio Moyano]] tae expand the ceety ([[Plan Castro]]). Queen [[Isabella II]] alloued so in 1860 an the defensive waws wur torn doun in order tae build the first Madrilian [[ensanche]]. Don José de Salamanca y Mayol, Marquis o Salamanca, gae his name tae the aurie acause o his involvement in the project. It wis completely urbanisit bi 1927. Syne then, the Salamanca destrict haes been ane o the maist representative auries for [[bourgeois]] ''[[madrileño]]s''. Salamanca is in the ooter aurie o the "Rondas", whaur the neebourheids o Guindalera an Fuente del Berro oreeginatit wi mair spontaneous urban development. ''Marqués de Salamanca'' Square separates the walthy aurie frae the mair popular pairts o the destrict. Nouadays, the Salamanca destrict is ane o the walthiest auries in Madrid an some o its streets, such as ''Goya'' or ''Serrano'' are pairt o the maist expensive streets in Spain. == Politics == The destrict o ''Salamanca'' haed mair nor 72% o its votes gien tae the [[Fowkpairty (Spain)|Fowkpairty]] (conservative) in the [[:en:Spanish regional elections, 2007|Spainyie regional elections o 2007]] as well as in 2003 in baith elections bein the candidates tae the Ceety Haw an the [[Commonty o Madrid|Autonomous Commonty]] [[Alberto Ruiz-Gallardón]] an [[Esperanza Aguirre]] respectively. The destrict haes votit strongly in favor o the Fowkpairty in all the recent Spainyie general elections an aw as well as the [[:en:European Parliament election, 2009 (Spain)|European Pairlament elections in 2009]] an afore. == Demographics == ''Salamanca'' haes aboot 150,775 inhabitants in 58.742 hooses, wi a density o 279 fowk per hectare. == Economy == ''Salamanca'' is weel kent for bein ane o the walthiest an expensive auries in Madrid, wi a heich livin cost an ane o the heichest real estate prices in the ceety. Serrano street is leetit as the third maist expensive street in Spain (wi [[Preciados street]], in Madrid an aw the first) accordin tae Cushman & Wakefield.<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.eleconomista.es/economia/noticias/91389/10/06/Las-cinco-calles-mas-caras-de-Espana-Preciados-se-lleva-la-palma.html Infos on www.economista.es]</ref> A significant nummer o diplomatic missions are set in ''Salamanca'' destrict, such as the [[Swisserland]] embassy at Nuñez de Balboa wi Goya street, the French embassy at Villalar Street, the Unitit States embassy at 74 Serrano street, an the Italian embassy in Juan Bravo Street. Salamanca is hame tae the [[IE Business School]] (previously Instituto de Empresa) an aw which is rankit amang the tap 10 business schuils in the warld.<ref>{{es icon}} [http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings-2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121213021750/http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings-2012/ |date=2012-12-13 }}</ref> == Photogallery == <gallery widths=225> File:Antiguas Escuelas Aguirre (Madrid) 05.jpg|''Arab House'' File:Calle de Alcalá 151 (Madrid) 01.jpg|Calle de Alcalá (street) File:Paseo de la Castellana (Madrid) 44.jpg|[[Paseo de la Castellana]] (avenue) </gallery> <gallery widths=225> File:Plaza de Toros de Las Ventas (Madrid) 02.jpg|[[Las Ventas|Las Ventas Bullring]] File:Casa-Palacio de Federico Ortiz (Madrid) 02.jpg|1903 hoose-palace File:Fundación Juan March (Madrid) 01.jpg|[[Juan March Institute]] </gallery> == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{commonscat-inline|Salamanca district, Madrid|Salamanca}} {{Destricts o Madrid}} {{coord|40|25|48|N|3|40|40|W|source:cawiki_region:ES_type:city(150000)|display=title}} [[Category:Destricts o Madrid]] texbx3wc315022wff74wxsnf0d3yssj 0 82277 869207 864751 2022-07-30T10:00:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2013}} {{Infobox football biography | name = Raúl Albiol | image = UEFA EURO qualifiers Sweden vs Spain 20191015 136 (cropped).jpg | caption = Albiol wi [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spain]] in 2019 | fullname = Raúl Albiol Tortajada<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|title=FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010: List of players|page=29|publisher=[[FIFA]]|date=4 June 2010|accessdate=13 September 2013|format=PDF|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517205300/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|9|4|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Vilamarxant]], Spain | height = {{height|m=1.90}} | position = [[Defender (association fitbaw)#Centre-back|Centre back]] | currentclub = [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]] | clubnumber = 3 | youthyears1 = 1994–1996 | youthclubs1 = [[Ribarroja CF|Ribarroja]] | youthyears2 = 1996–1997 | youthclubs2 = Vilamarxant | youthyears3 = 1997–2003 | youthclubs3 = [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] | years1 = 2003–2004 | clubs1 = [[Valencia CF Mestalla|Valencia B]] | caps1 = 35 | goals1 = 2 | years2 = 2004–2009 | clubs2 = [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] | caps2 = 131 | goals2 = 5 | years3 = 2004–2005 | clubs3 = → [[Getafe CF|Getafe]] (lent) | caps3 = 17 | goals3 = 1 | years4 = 2009–2013 | clubs4 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] | caps4 = 81 | goals4 = 1 | years5 = 2013–2019 | clubs5 = [[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]] | caps5 = 180 | goals5 = 6 | years6 = 2019– | clubs6 = [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]] | caps6 = 8 | goals6 = 0 | totalcaps = | totalgoals = | nationalyears1 = 2004 | nationalteam1 = [[Spain naitional unner-19 fitbaw team|Spain U19]] | nationalcaps1 = 7 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2003–2005 | nationalteam2 = [[Spain naitional unner-20 fitbaw team|Spain U20]] | nationalcaps2 = 4 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2005–2006 | nationalteam3 = [[Spain naitional unner-21 fitbaw team|Spain U21]] | nationalcaps3 = 7 | nationalgoals3 = 0 | nationalyears4 = 2007– | nationalteam4 = [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spain]] | nationalcaps4 = 54 | nationalgoals4 = 0 | club-update = 5 October 2019 | nationalteam-update = 15 October 2019 }} {{Spanish name|Albiol|Tortajada}} '''Raúl Albiol Tortajada''' ({{IPA-es|raˈul alˈβjol tortaˈxaða|lang}}, {{IPA-ca|raˈuɫ aɫβiˈɔɫ toɾtaˈdʒaða|langva}}; born 4 September 1985) is a Spaingie profeesional [[fitbaw]]er who plays for [[Villarreal CF|Villarreal]], an the [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spaingie naitional team]]. His main asset is his versatility, as he can play as a [[Defender (association fitbaw)#Centre-back|central defender]], [[Defender (association fitbaw)#Full-back|richt back]] or [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|defensive midfielder]]. He spent maist o his career wi [[Valencia CF|Valencia]] an [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]], winnin five major titles wi baith teams combined; ower the course o ten saisons he amassed [[La Liga]] totals o 229 gemmes an seiven goals. A [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spainyie internaitional]] syne 2007, Albiol representit the kintra in twa [[FIFA Warld Cup|Warld Cups]] an as mony [[UEFA European Championship|European Championships]], winnin three toornaments includin the [[2010 FIFA Warld Cup|2010 Warld Cup]]. ==Club career== ===Valencia=== Born in [[Vilamarxant]], [[Valencie Commonty]], Albiol stairtit playin fitbaw wi twa modest clubs in his native region, muivin tae local giants [[Valencia CF]] afore celebratin his 10t birthday. He made his first-team debut on 24 September 2003 in a [[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]] [[:en:2003–04 UEFA Cup|first-roond tee]] against [[AIK Fotboll]], at 18 years an 20 days,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://es.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=2003/matches/round=1718/match=73415/postmatch/report/index.html|title=El Valencia toma la iniciativa|trans_title=Valencia takes initiative|publisher=UEFA.com|language=Spanish|date=25 September 2003|accessdate=9 March 2014|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220053122/http://es.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=2003/matches/round=1718/match=73415/postmatch/report/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> but spent the first year still registered wi the [[Valencia CF Mestalla|B-side]]. In August 2004, whilst travelling tae sign a deal tae jyn [[Getafe CF]] on lend, Albiol wis involvit in a serious caur accident, bein put in [[Intensive-care medicine|intensive care]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundodeporte/2005/01/12/futbol/1105565585.html|title=Albiol reaparece tras su accidente|trans_title=Albiol reappears after accident|publisher=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|language=Spanish|date=12 January 2005|accessdate=}}</ref> He managit tae recover completely an, efter reappearin in Januar, played a vera important pairt in the [[Madrid]] side [[:en:2004–05 La Liga|survivin the relegation battle]]: he made his [[La Liga]] debut on 15 Januar 2005 in a 1–1 hame draw wi [[Atlético Madrid]], an scored against anither club frae the caipital, [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]], in a 2–1 hame triumph twa month later. Albiol then returned the follaein saison tae Valencia, an quickly established hissel as first-choice due tae his versatility. In the opening game o the [[:en:2006–07 La Liga|2006–07's league campaign]] he scored the winner (his anerly goal o the saison) against [[Real Betis]] in a 2–1 hame win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://espnfc.com/uk/en/report/203769/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=5739|title=Valencia 2–1 Real Betis|publisher=[[ESPN Soccernet]]|date=26 August 2006|accessdate=12 November 2012}}</ref> He nettit frae lang distance against [[Olympiacos F.C.]] on 12 September 2006 an aw, in [[2006–07 UEFA Champions League|that year]]'s [[UEFA Champions League]], which Valencia won 4–2 away;<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/matches/season=2007/round=2357/match=1116320/report=rp.html Olympiacos undone by magic Morientes]{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}; UEFA.com, 12 September 2006</ref> durin his fower-saison spell wi the first team, his smawest ootput consistit o 29 gemmes, an he helpit the ''Che'' tae the [[:en:2007–08 Copa del Rey|2007–08]] [[Copa del Rey]]. ===Real Madrid=== [[File:Albiol - Lucho (Real Madrid-Olympique de Marseille).jpg|thumb|Albiol takkin on [[Lucho González]] o [[Olympique Marseille|Marseille]] in the [[UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] in 2009]] On 25 Juin 2009 Albiol jyned Real Madrid, for a fee thocht to be in the region of [[Euro|€]]15&nbsp;million,<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/european/5634990/Real-Madrid-sign-Raul-Albiol-and-step-up-Karim-Benzema-chase.html Real Madrid sign Raul Albiol and step up Karim Benzema chase]; [[The Daily Telegraph]], 25 June 2009</ref> becomin the first Spainyie player signed bi [[Florentino Pérez]] upon his return tae the presidency. On 2 Julie, he wis offeecially presentit at the [[Santiago Bernabéu Stadium|Santiago Bernabéu]], receivin the No. 18 jersey frae [[Rubén de la Red]], who is absent for [[2009–10 La Liga|the saison]] due tae unresolvit hert problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://goal.com/en/news/12/spain/2009/07/03/1361474/de-la-red-will-get-his-number-back-when-he-returns-real|title=De la Red will get his number back when he returns – Real Madrid's Albiol|publisher=[[Goal.com]]|date=3 July 2009|accessdate=6 July 2009}}</ref> Albiol scored his first goal for the ''Merengues'' on 8 Dizember, in a 3–1 [[:en:2009–10 UEFA Champions League|Champions League]] win at [[Olympique de Marseille]]. Durin [[:en:2009–10 La Liga|the league campaign]] he wis a undisputit stairter for Real, mainly due tae [[Pepe (fitbawer, born 1983)|Pepe]]'s serious knee injury. In [[2010–11 La Liga|2010–11]], Albiol wis relegatit tae the bench as Real Madrid brocht in anither player for his poseetion, [[Ricardo Carvalho]] (a compatriot o newly appointed manager [[José Mourinho]]), anerly appearin in the league throu injury or suspension tae teammates (Pepe again missed several matches due tae pheesical problems). He did stairt, housomeivver, in the club's [[2010–11 Copa del Rey|domestic cup campaign]], helpin Real tae reach [[:en:2011 Copa del Rey Final|the feenal]]. On 26 Januar 2011, in the semi-feenal first leg against [[Sevilla FC]] (1–0 awa win), he cleared a [[Luís Fabiano]] shot juist afore it crossed the goal line.<ref>[http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/312248?cc=5739 Benzema advantage]; ESPN Soccernet, 26 January 2011.</ref> On 16 Apryle, he wis [[Ejection (sports)|sent aff]] for foulin umwhile Valencia teammate [[David Villa]] inside the box durin the ''[[El Clásico]]'', which resultit in the first goal in a 1–1 hame draw,<ref>[http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report/_/id/301944?cc=5739 Ronaldo earns draw in el clasico]; ESPN Soccernet, 16 April 2011</ref> goin on tae miss the Spainyie Cup feenal fower days later – throu suspension – a 1–0 win against the same opponent. On 6 August 2012, Albiol renewed his contract wi Real Madrid till Juin 2017.<ref>[http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/Actualidad_Primer_Equipo_en/1330112565763/noticia/ComunicadoOficial/Official_Announcement_2012-08-06.htm Official announcement]; Real Madrid's official website, 6 August 2012</ref> On 27 November, in his first game as [[Caiptain (association fitbaw)|team caiptain]], at hame against [[CD Alcoyano]] for the [[:en:2012–13 Copa del Rey|Spainyie Cup]], he haed tae be stretchered aff efter anerly ane minute, bein sidelined for approximately ane month wi a ankle injury.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marca.com/2012/11/27/futbol/equipos/real_madrid/1354049866.html|title=Albiol, de tres a cuatro semanas de baja|trans_title=Albiol, three to four weeks out|publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|language=Spanish|date=27 November 2012|accessdate=28 November 2012}}</ref> Albiol scored his seicont offeecial goal for Real Madrid on 8 Mey 2013, heidin frae a [[corner kick]] for his team's first in a eventual 6–2 hame win against [[Málaga CF]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://espnfc.com/uk/en/report/348184/report.html?soccernet=true&cc=5739|title=Madrid make Barca wait|publisher=ESPN FC|date=8 May 2013|accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref> ===Napoli=== [[File:Barça - Napoli - 20140806 - 36.jpg|thumb|left|Albiol on the baw in a friendly against [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] in 2014]] On 21 Julie 2013 Albiol wis sauld tae [[S.S.C. Napoli]] in [[Italy]] for €12 million, signin a fower-year contract wi the [[Rafael Benítez]]-led team.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sscnapoli.it/static/news/Il-Napoli-ufficializza-l-acquisto-di-Raul-Albiol-600.aspx|title=Il Napoli ufficializza l'acquisto di Raul Albiol|trans_title=Napoli makes signing of Raul Albiol official|publisher=Napoli's official website|language=Italian|date=21 July 2013|accessdate=21 July 2013}}</ref> He made his [[Serie A]] debut on 25 August, in a 3–0 hame win ower [[Bologna F.C. 1909]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Squadre/Napoli/25-08-2013/napoli-bologna-diretta-campionato-calcio-seriea-prima-giornata-201031849154.shtml|title=Napoli-Bologna 3–0: apre Callejon, poi la doppietta di super Hamsik|trans_title=Napoli-Bologna 3–0: Callejon starts it, then double by super Hamsik|publisher=[[La Gazzetta dello Sport]]|language=Italian|date=25 August 2013|accessdate=11 December 2013}}</ref> Albiol scored his first goal for his new team on 25 Januar 2014, an 88t-minute equaliser in a 1–1 hame draw against [[A.C. Chievo Verona]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/live/match/306630/report|title=Napoli held at home|publisher=[[Sky Sports]]|date=25 January 2014|accessdate=7 September 2014}}</ref> On 3 May, he played the entire [[:en:2014 Coppa Italia Final|feenal]] o the [[Coppa Italia]], helpin tae a [[:en:2013–14 Coppa Italia|3–1 success]] ower [[ACF Fiorentina]].<ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.goal.com/en-gb/match/130949/fiorentina-vs-napoli/report|title=Fiorentina 1–3 Napoli: Partenopei come out on top in Coppa Italia final|publisher=Goal.com|date=3 May 2014|accessdate=7 May 2014|archive-date=2014-05-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140507091024/http://www.goal.com/en-gb/match/130949/fiorentina-vs-napoli/report|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Internaitional career== [[File:Raúl Albiol 2009.jpg|thumb|Albiol linin up for Spain in 2009]] Efter haein represented [[Spain naitional unner-21 fitbaw team|Spain's U-21]], Albiol first appeared for the [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|main squad]] on 13 October 2007, in an [[UEFA Euro 2008]] [[UEFA Euro 2008 qualifyin|qualifier]] against [[Denmark naitional fitbaw team|Denmark]] (3–1 awa win). In the competeetion's feenal stages, he appeared twice for the eventual continental champions, against [[Swaden naitional fitbaw team|Swaden]] ([[Substitute (association fitbaw)|subbin]] in for the injured [[Carles Puyol]]) an [[Greece naitional fitbaw team|Greece]]. New naitional team coach [[Vicente Del Bosque]] included Albiol in the squad for the [[2009 FIFA Confederations Cup]] in [[Sooth Africae]]. He stairtit in Spain's first gemme, pairtnerin Puyol in central defence aheid o Valencia teammate [[Carlos Marchena]] an helpin defeat [[New Zealand naitional fitbaw team|New Zealand]] 5–0. Albiol wis pickit for the [[2010 FIFA Warld Cup]], but did no leave the bench for the eventual Warld champions efter haein suffered a injury in trainin.<ref>[http://spain.worldcupblog.org/world-cup-2010/breaking-ouch-news-raul-albiol-injured.html Breaking (ouch!) news: Raúl Albiol injured] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124231841/http://spain.worldcupblog.org/world-cup-2010/breaking-ouch-news-raul-albiol-injured.html |date=2010-11-24 }}; World Cup Blog, 26 June 2010</ref> Again as a unuised player, he wis in the squad for the [[UEFA Euro 2012|Euro 2012]] toornament in [[Poland]] an [[Ukraine]] an aw, which endit in the conquest o the trophy an aw. Albiol wis namit in Spain's 30-man proveesional squad for the Warld Cup,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27394287|title=World Cup 2014: Diego Costa and Fernando Torres in Spain squad|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=13 May 2014|accessdate=14 May 2014}}</ref> an wis includit in the feenal leet for the toornament an aw.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/27647635|title=World Cup 2014: Spain drop Alvaro Negredo and Jesus Navas|publisher=BBC Sport|date=31 May 2014|accessdate=31 May 2014}}</ref> He made his debut in a major feenals in the last group match against [[Australie naitional association fitbaw team|Australie]] wi the Spainyie awready eliminatit, playin the whole 90 minutes alangside [[Sergio Ramos]] in central defence in a 3–0 win.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/25285263|title=Australia 0–3 Spain|publisher=BBC Sport|last1=Chowdhury|first1=Saj|date=23 June 2014|accessdate=24 June 2014}}</ref> ==Honours== ===Club=== ;Valencia *[[UEFA Europa League|UEFA Cup]]: [[:en:2003–04 UEFA Cup|2003–04]] *[[Copa del Rey]]: [[:en:2007–08 Copa del Rey|2007–08]] ;Real Madrid *[[La Liga]]: [[:en:2011–12 La Liga|2011–12]] *[[Copa del Rey]]: [[:en:2010–11 Copa del Rey|2010–11]]; Runner-up [[:en:2012–13 Copa del Rey|2012–13]] *[[Supercopa de España]]: [[2012 Supercopa de España|2012]]; Runner-up [[2011 Supercopa de España|2011]] ;Napoli *[[Coppa Italia]]: [[:en:2013–14 Coppa Italia|2013–14]] ===Kintra=== [[File:2010 FIFA World Cup Spain with cup.JPG|thumb|Albiol (nummer 2) celebratin Spain's win in the [[2010 FIFA Warld Cup Feenal|2010 Warld Cup]]]] *[[FIFA Warld Cup]]: [[2010 FIFA Warld Cup|2010]] *[[UEFA European Championship]]: [[:en:UEFA Euro 2008|2008]], [[UEFA Euro 2012|2012]] *[[FIFA Confederations Cup]]: Runner-up [[:en:2013 FIFA Confederations Cup|2013]]; Third-place [[:en:2009 FIFA Confederations Cup|2009]] *[[UEFA European Unn:en:er-19 Championship]]: [[2004 UEFA European Under-19 Championship|2004]] ===Individual=== *[[Don Balón Award|La Liga Breakthrou Player o the Year]]: 2006 ==Club statistics== <!-- PLEASE CHANGE THE DATE OF THE UPDATE BELOW! Thank You!--> {{outdated|date=September 2014}} {{updated|18 March 2014}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://uk.soccerway.com/players/raul-albiol-tortajada/3017/|title=Albiol|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=15 January 2014}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |- !rowspan="2"|Club !rowspan="2"|Saison !colspan="2"|League !colspan="2"|Cup^{<span style="color:blue;">1</span>} !colspan="2"|[[UEFA#Club|Europe]] !colspan="2"|Total |- !Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals |- |rowspan="3" valign="center"|[[Valencia CF Mestalla|Valencia B]] |[[:en:2002–03 Segunda División B|2002–03]] |14||3||0||0||0||0||14||3 |- |[[:en:2003–04 Segunda División B|2003–04]] |35||2||0||0||0||0||37||2 |- !Total !35!!2!!0!!0!!0!!0!!49!!5 |- |rowspan="2" valign="center"|[[Getafe CF|Getafe]] |[[:en:2004–05 La Liga|2004–05]] |17||1||2||0||0||0||19||1 |- !Total !17!!1!!2!!0!!0!!0!!19!!1 |- |rowspan="5" valign="center"|[[Valencia CF|Valencia]] |[[:en:2005–06 La Liga|2005–06]] |29||1||0||0||0||0||29||1 |- |[[:en:2006–07 La Liga|2006–07]] |36||1||2||1||12||1||50||3 |- |[[:en:2007–08 La Liga|2007–08]] |32||1||3||0||7||0||42||1 |- |[[:en:2008–09 La Liga|2008–09]] |34||2||2||0||6||0||42||2 |- !Total !131!!5!!7!!1!!25!!1!!163!!7 |- |rowspan="5" valign="center"|[[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] |[[:en:2009–10 La Liga|2009–10]] |33||0||2||0||8||1||43||1 |- |[[:en:2010–11 La Liga|2010–11]] |20||0||6||0||6||0||32||0 |- |[[:en:2011–12 La Liga|2011–12]] |10||0||2||0||5||0||17||0 |- |[[:en:2012–13 La Liga|2012–13]] |18||1||5||0||3||0||26||1 |- !Total !81!!1!!15!!0!!22!!1!!118!!2 |- |rowspan="2" valign="center"|[[S.S.C. Napoli|Napoli]] |[[:en:2013–14 Serie A|2013–14]] |25||1||4||0||6+2||0||37||1 |- !Total !25!!1!!4!!0!!8!!0!!37!!1 |- !colspan="2"|Career total !303!!13!!37!!2!!59!!2!!402!!17 |} :<small>'''^{<span style="color:blue;">1</span>}Includes ither competitive competeetions, includin the [[Supercopa de España]].'''</small> ==Personal== Albiol's elkname is "El Chori".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.as.com/futbol/articulo/futbol-nos-vemos-fuerza-superar/20100106dasdaiftb_23/Tes|title=Nos vemos con fuerza para superar al Barça|trans_title=We can see ourselves beating Barça|publisher=[[Diario AS]]|language=Spanish|date=6 January 2010|accessdate=16 May 2012}}</ref> His aulder brither, [[Miguel Albiol|Miguel]], is a fitbawer an aw. A midfielder, he wis groomit at Valencia an aw, playin ane league match wi the first team, but mainly representit [[Rayo Vallecano]]. His faither, namit Miguel an aw, played lawer league fitbaw maistly wi [[Benidorm CF]], an appeared in twa [[Segunda División]] gemmes for [[CE Sabadell FC]] in [[:en:1979–80 Segunda División|1979–80]]; the youngest siblin, Brian, wis namit efter [[Brian Laudrup]], whom Raúl admired on accoont o his success wi the [[Denmark naitional fitbaw team|Dens naitional team]].<ref>[http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/es/Actualidad_Primer_Equipo/1330072821710/noticia/Entrevista/1330072821710.htm?idEsp=1330065768332 RealAlbiol: "Mourinho nos ha dado carácter. Día a día demuestra lo gran entrenador que es" (RealAlbiol: "Mourinho has built our character. Every day he shows the great manager he is")]; Real Madrid's official website, 17 November 2011 {{es icon}}</ref> Albiol an his wife Alicia hae twa dochters, Azahara (born 16 Mairch 2009) an Alma (7 Januar 2010).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/deportes/Acuerdo/Valencia/Madrid/Albiol/elpepidep/20090625elpepidep_3/Tes?print=1|title=Acuerdo entre el Valencia y el Madrid por Albiol|trans_title=Agreement between Valencia and Madrid for Albiol|publisher=[[El País]]|language=Spanish|date=25 June 2009|accessdate=15 July 2009}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat}} *[http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/1193041476158/1202774664377/jugador/Jugador/Albiol.htm Real Madrid official profile] *[http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j2290.html BDFutbol profile] *[http://www.bdfutbol.com/en/p/j2290.html?cat=SEL National team data] *{{NFT player|pid=23515}} *{{FIFA player|216820}} *[http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/players/player=216820/index.html 2010 FIFA World Cup profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826205448/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/players/player=216820/index.html |date=2012-08-26 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826205448/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/southafrica2010/players/player=216820/index.html |date=2012-08-26 }} {{Villarreal CF squad}} {{Navboxes colour |title = Spain squads |bg = #db000d |fg = #fbea0e |bordercolor = Black |list1 = {{Spain squad UEFA Euro 2008}} {{Spain squad 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{Spain squad 2010 FIFA World Cup}} {{Spain squad UEFA Euro 2012}} {{Spain squad 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{Spain squad 2014 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> | NAME = Albiol, Raúl | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = Spainyie fitbawer | DATE OF BIRTH = 4 September 1985 | PLACE OF BIRTH = Vilamarxant, Spain | DATE OF DEATH = | PLACE OF DEATH = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Albiol, Raul}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Camp de Túria]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbawers]] [[Category:Valencie fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw defenders]] [[Category:Association fitbaw midfielders]] [[Category:Association fitbaw utility players]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Segunda División B players]] [[Category:Valencia CF Mestalla fitbawers]] [[Category:Valencia CF players]] [[Category:Getafe CF fitbawers]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF players]] [[Category:Serie A players]] [[Category:S.S.C. Napoli players]] [[Category:Spain youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Spain unner-21 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Spain internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]] [[Category:2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2012 players]] [[Category:2013 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:2014 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin players]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Italy]] [[Category:Villarreal CF players]] heh3lbzfvyp2151g8lw301v0xios1cm 0 94067 869214 865440 2022-07-30T11:13:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=September 2020}} {{Speciesbox | name = Ring-tailed lemur | taxon = Lemur catta | parent authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758 | status = EN | status_system = iucn3.1 | status_ref = {{r|IUCN}} | status2 = CITES_A1 | status2_system = CITES | status2_ref = {{r|CITES}} | image = Lemur catta 001.jpg | image_width = 250px | range_map = Lemur catta range map.svg | range_map_caption = Distribution of ''Lemur catta''{{r|IUCN}} | range_map_alt = Cairt o Madagascar, aff the sootheast coast o Africae, wi a range kiverin maist o the soothwast portion o the island. | synonyms = Genus:{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}}{{Sfn|Tattersall|1982|pp=43–46}} *''Prosimia'' <small>Brisson, 1762</small>{{#tag:ref|The genus name ''Prosimia'' was declared unavailable by the [[International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature]] in 1998.{{R|2010Wilson&Hanlon}}|name="synonym:Prosimia"|group="N"}} *''Procebus'' <small>Storr, 1780</small> *''Catta'' <small>Link, 1806</small>{{#tag:ref|Type species wis designatit as ''Catta mococo'' (= ''Lemur catta'' Linnaeus, 1758).{{R|2010Wilson&Hanlon}}|name="synonym:Catta"|group="N"}} *''Maki'' <small>Muirhead, 1819</small>{{#tag:ref|Type species wis designatit as ''Maki mococo'' (= ''Lemur catta'' Linnaeus, 1758).{{R|2010Wilson&Hanlon}}{{Sfn|Tattersall|1982|pp=43–46}}|name="synonym:Maki"|group="N"}} *''Mococo'' <small>Trouessart, 1878</small>{{#tag:ref|The synonym ''Mococo'' is sometimes omittit acause it wis technically a vernacular term for the genus ''Prosimia''.{{Sfn|Tattersall|1982|pp=43–46}} [[René Primevère Lesson]] named the teep species for this genus as ''Prosimia catta'' (= ''Lemur catta'' Linnaeus, 1758) in the same year (1878).{{R|2010Wilson&Hanlon}}|name="synonym:Mococo"|group="N"}} *''Odorlemur'' <small>Bolwig, 1960</small> Species:{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}}{{Sfn|Tattersall|1982|pp=43–46}} *''Maki mococo'' <small>Muirhead, 1819</small>{{#tag:ref|Muirhead (1819) creditit the name ''Maki mococo'' tae [[Anselme Gaëtan Desmarest]] (1817), awtho it wis actually uised as a vernacular name.{{R|2010Wilson&Hanlon}}{{Sfn|Tattersall|1982|pp=43–46}}|name="synonym:Maki_mococo"|group="N"}} }} The '''ring-tailed lemur''' (''Lemur catta'') is a muckle [[Strepsirrhini|strepsirrhine]] [[primate]] an the maist recognised [[lemur]] due tae its lang, black an white ringed tail. It belangs [[Lemuridae]], ane o five lemur families, an is the anly member o the '''''Lemur''''' [[genus]]. Lik aw lemurs, it is endemic tae the island o [[Madagascar]]. Kent locally in [[Malagasy language|Malagasy]] as ''{{lang|mg|maky}}'' ({{IPA-mg|makʲ||Mg-maky.ogg}}, spelled ''{{lang|fr|maki}}'' in [[French leid|French]]) or ''{{lang|mg|hira}}'', it indwells [[gallery wid]]s tae jaggy [[scrubland|scrub]] in the soothren regions o the island. It is [[Omnivore|omnivorous]] an the maist [[Terrestrial animal|terrestrial]] o lemurs. The ainimal is [[Diurnality|diurnal]], bein active alanerly in daylicht oors. The ring-tailed lemur is heich social, livin in groups o up tae 30 individuals. It is female dominant an aa, a trait common amang lemurs. Tae keep warm an reaffirm social bonds, groups will crull thegether. The ring-tailed lemur will sunbathe an aa, sittin upricht facin its unnerside, wi its thinner white fur taewart the sun. Lik ither lemurs, this species lippens strang on its sense o smell an [[territorial markin|marks its territory]] wi scent glands. The males perform a unique [[Territorial marking|scent marking]] behavior cried ''spur marking'' an will participate in ''stink fights'' bi impregnatin thair tail wi thair scent an waftin it at opponents. As ane o the maist vocal primates, the ring-tailed lemur uises numerous [[ring-tailed lemur vocalisations|vocalisations]] includin group cohesion an [[alarm signal|alarm caas]]. Experiments hae shawn that the ring-tailed lemur, in maugre o the lack o a lairge harn (relative tae [[Simian|simiiform]] primates), can organise sequences, unnerstaun basic [[arithmetic operation]]s an preferentially select tuils based on functional qualities. In maugre o reproducin readily in captivity an bein the maist populous lemur in [[zoo]]s warldwide, numberin mair nor 2,000 individuals, the ring-tailed lemur is listed as [[endangered species|endangered]] bi the [[IUCN Red List]] due tae [[habitat destruction]] an huntin for [[bush meat]] an the [[exotic pet]] tred. == Etymology == Tho the term "lemur" wis first intendit for [[slender loris]]es, it wis suin leemitit tae the [[endemism|endemic]] Malagasy primates, that hae been kent as "lemurs" ever syne.{{Sfn|Tattersall|1982|pp=43–44}} The name derives frae the [[Latin]] term ''[[lemures]]'',{{R|2012Dunkel_et_al}} that refers tae specters or ghosts that wis [[exorcism|exorcised]] in the [[Lemuria (festival)|Lemuria festival]] o auncient Roum.{{R|2008Lux}} Accordin tae [[Carl Linnaeus]]' ain explanation, the name wis select acause o the nocturnal activity an slaw movements o the slender loris.{{R|2012Dunkel_et_al}} Bein fameiliar wi the wirks o [[Virgil]] an [[Ovid]] an seein an analogy that fit wi his naming scheme, Linnaeus adaptit the term "lemur" for thir nocturnal primates.{{Sfn|Blunt|Stearn|2002|p=252}} Housomiver, it haes been commonly an fausely assumed that Linnaeus wis referring tae the ghost-lik appearance, [[Tapetum lucidum|reflective een]], an ghostly cries o lemurs.{{R|2012Dunkel_et_al}} It haes been speculated that Linnaeus m hae kent that the some Malagasy fowk hae held legends that lemurs are the souls o thair ancestors,{{Sfn|Nield|2007|p=41}} but this isna lik as tae be, gien that the name wis selected for slender lorises frae Indie.{{R|2012Dunkel_et_al}} The species name, ''catta'', refers tae the ring-tailed lemur's cat-lik appearance. Its purrin vocalisation is seemilar tae that o the [[cat|domestic cat]].{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} Follaein Linnaeus' [[species description]], the [[Vernacular name|common name]] "ringtailed maucauco" wis first penned in 1771 bi Welsh naturalist [[Thomas Pennant]], wha made note o its characteristic lang, striped tail. (The term "maucauco" wis a common term for lemurs at this time.) The nou universal Inglis name "ring-tailed lemur" wis first uised bi [[George Shaw]] in his illustrated scienteefic publication kiverin the [[Leverian collection]] published atween 1792 an 1796.{{R|2012Dunkel_et_al}} == Anatomy an pheesiology == The ring-tailed lemur is a relatively muckle lemur. Its average wecht is {{convert|2.2|kg|lb}}.{{LoM3 Sfn|pp=358–375}} Its heid–body lenth ranges atween {{convert|39|and|46|cm|in|abbr=on}}, its tail lenth is {{convert|56|and|63|cm|in|abbr=on}}, an its tot lenth is {{convert|95|and|110|cm|in|abbr=on}}.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}}{{LoM3 Sfn|pp=358–375}} Ither measurements include a hind fit lenth o {{convert|102|and|113|mm|in|abbr=on}}, lug lenth o {{convert|40|and|48|mm|in|abbr=on}}, an cranium lenth o {{convert|78|an|88|mm|in|abbr=on}}.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} [[File:Lemur catta - tail length 01.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A ring-tailed lemur runs on the grund. Its lang tail trails behind it, demonstratin its lenth relative tae the body.|The ring-tailed lemur's tail is langer than its body.]] The species haes a slender frame an narra face, tod-lik muzzle.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} The ring-tailed lemur's trademark—a lang, bushy tail—is ringed in alternating black an white transverse stripes, numberin 12 or 13&nbsp;white rings an 13 or 14&nbsp;black rings, an aye endin in a black tip.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}}{{LoM2 Sfn|pp=246–249}} The tot nummer o rings nearly matches the approximate nummer o [[caudal vertebra]]e (~25).{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|p=294}} Its tail is langer than its body{{LoM2 Sfn|pp=246–249}} an is nae [[prehensile tail|prehensile]]. Instead, it is anly uised for balance, communication, an group cohesion.{{LoM3 Sfn|pp=358–375}} The [[pelage]] (fur) is sae dense that it can clog electric clippers.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} The [[Anatomical terms o location|ventral]] (chest) coat an thrapple are white or cream. The [[Anatomical terms o location|dorsal]] (back) coat varies frae gray tae rosy-broun, whiles wi a broun pygal patch aroond the tail region, whaur the fur grades tae fauch gray or grayish broun. The dorsal coloration is slichtly darker aroond the neck an crown. The hair on the throat, cheeks, an lugs is white or aff-white an less dense, allouin the dark skin unnerneath tae shaw throu.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}}{{Sfn|Tattersall|1982|pp=43–46}}{{LoM3 Sfn|pp=358–375}} The muzzle is dark grayish an the neb is black, an the een are encompassed bi black triangular patches.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}}{{LoM3 Sfn|pp=358–375}} Facial vibrissae ([[whiskers]]) are developed an foond abuin the lips (mystacal), on the cheeks (genal), an on the eyebrow (superciliary). Vibrissae are foond slichtly abuin the wrist on the unnerside o the foreairm an aa.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} The lugs is relatively muckle compared tae ither lemurs an are kivered in hair, which haes anly smaw tufts if ony.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}}{{Sfn|Tattersall|1982|pp=43–46}} Awtho slicht pattern variations in the facial region mey be seen atween individuals, thare are no obvious differences atween the sexes.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} Unalike maist diurnal primates, but lik aw strepsirhine primates, the ring-tailed lemur haes a [[tapetum lucidum]], or reflective layer ahint the [[retina]] o the ee, that enhances [[night vision]].{{Sfn|Rowe|1996|p=27}} The tapetum is heich visible in this species acause the pigmentation o the [[Fundus (eye)|ocular fundus]] (back surface o the eye), which is present in—but varies atween—aw lemurs, is vera spotty. The ring-tailed lemur haes a rudimentary [[Fovea centralis|foveal]] depression on the retina. Anither shared characteristic wi the ither strepsirrhine primates is the [[rhinarium]], a moist, naked, glandular neb supported bi the upper jaw an protruding awa fae the chin. The rhinarium continues doun whaur it divides the upper lip. The upper lip is attached tae the [[premaxilla]], preventin the lip frae protrudin an requirin the lemur tae lap watter rather than uisin suction.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} {{multiple image | footer = Scent glands on a male: the brachial glands on the upper chest (left), an antebrachial gland an spur on the foreairm (richt) | image1 = Lemur catta brachial glands.jpg | width1 = 145 | alt1 = Close-up o the chest o a male ring-tailed lemur shawin ane black scent gland abuin each airmpit | image2 = Lemur catta spur and antebrachial gland.jpg | width2 = 200 | alt2 = Close-up o a male ring-tailed lemur's wrist, shawin a black scent gland an a thorn-lik spur next tae it }} The skin o the ring-tailed lemur is dark gray or black in colour, even in places whaur the fur is white. It is exposed on the neb, palms, soles, eyelids, lips, an genitalia. The skin is smooth, but the leathery texture o the haunds an feet facilitate terrestrial movement. The [[anus]], locatit at the jynt o the tail, is covered when the tail is lowered. The aurie aroond the anus (circumanal aurie) an the [[perineum]] is kivered in fur. In males, the [[scrotum]] lacks fur, is covered in smaw, horny spines, an the twa sacs o the scrotum are dividit. The penis is near cylindrical in shape an [[penile spines|is covered in smaw spines]], as weel as haein twa pairs o lairger spines on baith sides. Males haes a relatively smaw [[baculum]] (penis bane) compared tae thair size. The scrotum, penis, an [[foreskin|prepuce]] is uisually coated wi a foul-smelling secretion. Females haes a thick, elangatit [[clitoris]] that protrudes frae the [[labium (genitalia)|labia]] o the [[vulva]]. The openin o the [[urethra]] is closer tae the clitoris than the [[vagina]], formin a "drip tip."{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} Females haes twa pairs o [[mammary gland]]s (fower nipples), but anly ane pair is functional.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}}{{Sfn|Tattersall|1982|pp=43–46}} The anterior pair (closest tae the heid) is vera close tae the [[axilla]]e (oxter).{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} Furless [[scent gland]]s are present on baith males an females. Baith genders hae wee, dark antebrachial (forearm) [[scent gland|glands]] meisurin 1&nbsp;cm lang an locate on the inner surface o the forearm nearly {{convert|25|cm|in|abbr=on}} abuin the wrist jynt.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}}{{Sfn|Tattersall|1982|pp=43–46}}{{LoM3 Sfn|pp=358–375}} (This trait is shared atween the ''Lemur'' an ''Hapalemur'' genera.{{LoM3 Sfn|pp=358–375}}) The gland is saft an compressible, bears fine dermal ridges (lik [[fingerprint]]s), an is connect tae the palm bi a fine, 2&nbsp;mm–heich, hairless strip.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} Housomiver, anly the male haes a horny spur that owerlays this scent gland.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}}{{Sfn|Tattersall|1982|pp=43–46}}{{LoM3 Sfn|pp=358–375}} The spur develops wi age throu the accumulation o secretions frae an unnerlyin gland that mey connect throu the skin throu sae mony as a thoosand minuscule [[Duct (anatomy)|ducts]]. The males hae brachial (arm) glands on the [[axilla]]ry surface o thair shouders (near the oxter) an aa. The brachial gland is lairger than the antebrachial gland, kivered in short hair aroond the periphery, an haes a naked crescent-shaped orifice near the centre. The gland secretes a foul-smelling, brown, sticky substance.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} The brachial gland is barely developed if present at aw in females.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}}{{Sfn|Tattersall|1982|pp=43–46}} Baith genders hae [[apocrine]] an [[sebaceous]] glands in thair genital or perianal regions an aa,{{r|2007Scordato}} which are covered in fur.{{Sfn|Tattersall|1982|pp=43–46}} Its fingers are slender, padded, maistly lackin wabbin, an semi-dexterous wi flat, human-lik [[finger nail|nails]]. The thumb is baith short an widely separated frae the ither fingers. In maugre o bein set at a richt angle tae the palm, the thumb is nae opposable syne the ball o the jynt is fixed in place. As wi aw strepsirrhines, the haund is ectaxonic (the axis passes throu the fowert deegit) rather than mesaxonic (the axis passin throu the third deegit) as seen in monkeys an apes. The fowert deegit is the langest, an anly slichtly langer than the seicont deegit. Likwise, the fift deegit is anly slichtly langer than the seicont. The palms are lang an leathery,{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} an lik ither primates, thay hae dermal ridges tae improve grip.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=391–505}} The feet are semi-[[digitigrade]] an mair specialised than the haunds. The muckle tae is opposable an is smawer than the muckle tae o ither lemurs, that is mair [[Arboreal locomotion|arboreal]]. The seicont toe is short, haes a wee terminal pad, an haes a [[toilet-claw]] (whiles referred tae as a ''gruimin claw'') specialised for [[personal gruimin]], specifically tae rake throu fur that is unreakable bi the mooth.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} The toilet-claw is a trait shared amang near aw livin strepsirrhine primates.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=47–160}} Unlik ither lemurs, the ring-tailed lemur's heel isnae covered bi fur.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} {{multiple image | footer = Lik ither lemurs, the ring-tailed lemur haes a claw-lik nail ([[toilet-claw]]) on its seicond tae (left) an dermal ridges on its haunds tae improve its grip (center). Unalike ither lemurs, it lacks fur on its heel (richt). | align = center | image1 = Lemur catta toilet claw.jpg | width1 = 195 | alt1 = Close-up o a ring-tailed lemur's taes, shawin a claw-lik nail on the seicont tae (compared tae the nail on the third tae next tae it) | image2 = Lemur catta hand 01.jpg | width2 = 260 | alt2 = Close-up o a ring-tailed lemur's haunds, shawin black skin an dermal ridges | image3 = Lemur catta foot 01.jpg | width3 = 300 | alt3 = Close-up o a ring-tailed lemur's fit, shawin black skin an a lack o fur on the heel }} === Denteetion === [[File:Lemur catta toothcomb.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Close-up o the front, bottom teeth o a ring-tailed lemur, shawin the first sax teeth pynt directly forward insteid o up-an-doun lik the canine-lik premolar behind them.|The front, lawer dentition includes a [[tuithcomb]] (4&nbsp;incisors an 2&nbsp;canine teeth), while the first premolars resemble canines.]] The ring-tailed lemur haes a [[denteetion]] o {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.3.3|lower=2.1.3.3|total=36}}, meanin that on ilka side o the jaw it haes twa [[incisor]]s, ane [[canine tuith]], three [[premolar]]s, an three [[molar (tuith)|molar teeth]].{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} Its [[Deciduous teeth|deciduous dentition]] is {{DentalFormula|upper=2.1.3|lower=2.1.3|total=24}}.{{Sfn|Ankel-Simons|2007|pp=224–283}} The [[permanent teeth]] [[Tuith eruption|erupt]] in the follaein order: m&nbsp;1/1 (first molars), i&nbsp;2/2 (first incisors), i&nbsp;3/3 (seicont incisors), C1 (upper canines), m&nbsp;2/2 (seicont molars), c1 (lawer canines), m&nbsp;3/3 (third molars), p&nbsp;4/4 (third premolars), p&nbsp;3/3 (seicont premolars), p&nbsp;2/2 (first premolars).{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} Its lawer incisors (i1 an i2) is lang, narra, an finely spaced while pynt naur straucht forwart in the mooth (procumbent). Thegether wi the incisor-shaped (incisiform) lawer canines (c1), that is slichtly lairger an procumbent, form a structur cried a [[tuithcomb]],{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} a trait unique tae near aw strepsirrhine primates.{{Sfn|Cuozzo|Yamashita|2006|pp=67–96}} The tuithcomb is uised in oral gruimin, that involves lickin an tuith-scrapin. It can be uised for graspin wee fruit, remuivin leafs frae the stem whan eatin, an possibly scrapin sap an gum frae tree bark. The tuithcomb is kept clean uisin a sublingual organ—a thin, flat, fibrous plate that kivers a lairge pairt o the base o the tongue. The first lawer premolar (p2) follaein the tuithcomb is shaped lik a canine (caniniform) an occludes the upper canine, essentially fillin the role o the incisiform lawer canine. Thare is a [[Diastema (dentistry)|diastema]] (gap) atween the seicont an third premolars (p2 an p3) an aa.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} The upper incisors is smaw, wi the first incisors (I1) space widely frae ilkane ither, yet closely tae the seicont incisors (I2). Baith o thaim is compressed buccolingually (atween the cheek an the tongue). The upper canines (C1) are lang, hae a braid base, an curve doun an back (recurved). The upper canines exhibit slicht [[sexual dimorphism]], wi males exhibitin slichtly lairger canines than females. Baith sexes uise them in combat bi sleeshin wi them. Thare is a wee diastema atween the upper canine an the first premolar (P2), that is smawer an mair caniniform than the ither premolars. Unalike ither lemurs, the first twa upper molars (M1 an M2) hae prominent lingual cingulae, yet dae nae hae a protostyle.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} == Ecology == [[File:Ring tail lemur leaping.JPG|thumb|The ring-tailed lemur can leap frae tree tae tree.]]The ring-tailed lemur is [[Diurnality|diurnal]] an semi-terrestrial.<ref name="1986 Howarth et al">{{cite doi |10.1159/000156262}}</ref> It is the maist terrestrial o lemur species, spendin as much as 33% o its time on the grund. Houiver it is still considerably [[arboreal]], spendin 23% o its time in the mid-level [[canopy (forest)|canopy]], 25% in the upper-level canopy, 6% in the emergent layer an 13% in smaw bushes. Troop traivel is 70% terrestrial.{{Sfn|Sussman|1999|pp=154–173}} Troop size, home range, an population density vary bi region an fuid availability. Troops teepically range in size frae 6 tae 25, tho troops wi ower 30&nbsp;individuals hae been recorded. The average troop contains 13 tae 15&nbsp;individuals.{{Sfn|Garbutt|2007|pp=146–148}} Hame range size varies atween {{convert|6|and|35|ha|acre|lk=on}}.{{Sfn|Gould|Sauther|2007|p=53}} Troops o the ring-tailed lemur will maintain a territory, but owerlap is aften heich. Whan encounters occur, thay are [[Agonistic behaviour|agonistic]], or hostile in naitur. A troop will uisually occupy the same pairt o its range for three or fower day afore flittin. Whan it flits, the average traivelin distance is {{convert|1|km|mi|2|abbr=on}}.{{Sfn|Sussman|1999|pp=154–173}} [[Population density]] ranges frae 100&nbsp;individuals per {{convert|1|km2|sqmi|2|abbr=on}} in dry forests tae 250–600&nbsp;individuals per km² in [[gallery forest|gallery]] an seicontar forests.{{LoM2 Sfn|pp=246–249}} The ring-tailed lemur haes baith native an [[introduced species|introduced]] predators. Native predators include the [[Fossa (animal)|fossa]] (''Cryptoprocta ferox''), the [[Madagascar harrier-hawk]] (''Polyboroides radiatus''), the [[Madagascar buzzard]] (''Buteo brachypterus'') an the [[Boa madagascariensis|Madagascar grund boa]] (''Boa madagascariensis''). Introduced predators include the [[small Indian civet]] (''Viverricula indica''), the [[domestic cat]] an the [[domestic dog]].{{LoM2 Sfn|pp=246–249}} === Geografic range an habitat === [[File:Lemur catta 1.jpg|thumb|upright|right|alt=Twa ring-tailed lemurs in thair naitural habitat, clingin vertically tae twa wee trees close tae the grund|The ring-tailed lemur can be foond in several pertectit auries, includin [[Isalo Naitional Pairk]] in Madagascar.]] [[Endemism|Endemic]] tae soothren an soothwastren [[Madagascar]], the ring-tailed lemur ranges further intae highland auries than ither lemurs. It indwells [[deciduous wid]]s, dry [[Shrubland|scrub]], [[Clood wid|montane humid wids]], an [[gallery wid]]s (wids alang riverbanks). It strangly favours gallery wids, but siclike fwids haes nou been cleared frae the feck o Madagascar in order tae creaut pastur for livestock.{{LoM2 Sfn|pp=246–249}}{{LoM3 Sfn|pp=358–375}} Dependin on location, temperaturesathin its geographic range can vary frae {{Convert|-12|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}}{{r|2000Yoder}} at [[Andringitra Massif]] tae {{Convert|48|°C|°F|0|abbr=on}} in the jaggy wids o [[Beza Mahafaly Reserve|Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve]].{{r|1991Sussman}} This species is foond sae far east as [[Tôlanaro]], inland taewart the mountains o [[Andringitra National Park|Andringitra]] on the sootheastren plateau, amang the spiny forests o the soothren pairt o the island,{{LoM2 Sfn|pp=246–249}}{{LoM3 Sfn|pp=358–375}} an north alang the wast coast tae the toun o [[Belo sur Mer]].{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} Historically, the northren leemits o its range in the wast stendit tae the [[Morondava River]] near [[Morondava]]. It can still be foond in [[Kirindy Mitea National Park]], juist sooth o Morondava, tho at very law densities. It disnae occur in [[Kirindy Forest Reserve]], north o Morondava. Its distribution outower the rest o its range is vera spotty, wi population densities varyin widely.{{LoM3 Sfn|pp=358–375}} The ring-tailed lemur can be easy seen in five [[Leet o naitional pairks o Madagascar|naitional pairks in Madagascar]]: [[Andohahela Naitional Pairk]], [[Andringitra Naitional Park]], [[Isalo National Park]], [[Tsimanampetsotse National Park]], an [[Zombitse-Vohibasia Naitional Pairk]]. It can be foond in [[Beza Mahafaly Reserve|Beza-Mahafaly Special Reserve]], [[Kalambatritra Reserve|Kalambatritra Special Reserve]], [[Pic d'Ivohibe Reserve|Pic d'Ivohibe Special Reserve]], [[Amboasary Sud]], [[Berenty Reserve|Berenty Private Reserve]], [[Anja Community Reserve]], an marginally at Kirindy Mitea Naitional Park. Unpertected forests that the species haes been reportit in include [[Ankoba]], [[Ankodida]], [[Anjatsikolo]], [[Anbatotsilongolongo]], [[Bereny]], [[Mahazoarivo]], [[Masiabiby]], an [[Mikea]].{{LoM3 Sfn|pp=358–375}} Athin the pertected regions, it is kent tae inhabit, the ring-tailed lemur is [[sympatry|sympatric]] (shares its range) wi as mony as 24 [[Leet o lemur species|species o lemur]], kivering ilka livin genus cep ''[[Allocebus]]'', ''[[Indri]]'', an ''Varecia''. Historically, the species uised tae be sympatric wi the critically endangered soothren black-an-white ruffed lemur (''Varecia variegata editorum''), whilk wis ance foond at Andringitra National Park; housomiver, nae sichtins o the ruffed lemur hae been reportit in recent years.{{LoM3 Sfn|loc=Appendix C}} {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto" border="1" width="750pt" |+ Leet o species sympatric wi the ring-tailed lemur{{LoM3 Sfn|loc=Appendix C}} |- | valign=top | * [[Verreaux's sifaka]]<br />(''Propithecus verreauxi'') * [[Milne-Edwards' sifaka]]<br />(''Propithecus edwardsi'') * [[Peyrieras' woolly lemur]]<br />(''Avahi peyrierasi'') * [[Gray mouse lemur]]<br />(''Microcebus murinus'') * [[Brown mouse lemur]]<br />(''Microcebus rufus'') * [[Reddish-gray mouse lemur]]<br />(''Microcebus griseorufus'') * [[Aye-aye]]<br />(''Daubentonia madagascariensis'') * [[Fat-tailed dwarf lemur]]<br />(''Cheirogaleus medius'') | valign=top | * [[Greater dwarf lemur]]<br />(''Cheirogaleus major'') * [[White-footed sportive lemur]]<br />(''Lepilemur leucopus'') * [[Small-toothed sportive lemur]]<br />(''Lepilemur microdon'') * [[Petter's sportive lemur]]<br />(''Lepilemur petteri'') * [[Red-tailed sportive lemur]]<br />(''Lepilemur ruficaudatus'') * [[Wright's sportive lemur]]<br />(''Lepilemur wrightae'') * [[Hubbard's sportive lemur]]<br />(''Lepilemur hubbardorum'') * [[Golden bamboo lemur]]<br />(''Hapalemur aureus'') | valign=top | * [[Southern lesser bamboo lemur]]<br />(''Hapalemur meridionalis'') * [[Greater bamboo lemur]]<br />(''Prolemur simus'') * [[Common brown lemur]]<br />(''Eulemur fulvus'') * [[Red-fronted lemur]]<br />(''Eulemur rufifrons'') * [[Red-bellied lemur]]<br />(''Eulemur rubriventer'') * [[Collared brown lemur]]<br />(''Eulemur collaris'') * [[Coquerel's giant mouse lemur]]<br />(''Mirza coquereli'') * [[Pale fork-marked lemur]]<br />(''Phaner pallescens''){{#tag:ref|The pale fork-marked lemur found at Zombitse-Vohibasia National Park may instead be a new species.{{LoM3 Sfn|loc=Appendix C}}|name="sypatric:Phaner"|group="N"}} |} In wastren Madagascar, sympatric ring-tailed lemurs an [[red-fronted lemur]]s (''Eulemur rufifrons'') hae been studied thegether. Little interaction taks place atween the twa species. While the diets o the twa species owerlap, thay eat in different proportions syne the ring-tailed lemur haes a mair varied diet an spends mair time on the grund.{{Sfn|Sussman|1999|pp=154–173}} == Behaviour == === Diet === The ring-tailed lemur is an opportunistic [[omnivore]] primarily eatin fruits an leafs, parteecularly thaim o the [[tamarind]] tree (''Tamarindus indica''), kent natively as ''kily''.{{LoM2 Sfn|pp=246–249}}{{Sfn|Sussman|1999|pp=154–173}} Whan available, tamarind maks up 50% o the diet, enspecially throu the dry, winter saison.{{LoM2 Sfn|pp=246–249}} The ring-tailed lemur eats frae sae mony as three dozen different plant species, an its diet includes flouers, yerbs, bark an sap. It haes been observed eatin decayed wid, [[geophagy|earth]], speeder webs, insect cocoons, [[arthropod]]s (spiders, caterpillars, cicadas an grasshoppers) an smaw [[vertebrate]]s (birds an chameleons).{{LoM2 Sfn|pp=246–249}} In the dry saison, it becomes increasingly opportunistic.{{Sfn|Gould|2007|p=263}} === Social seestems === Troops are classifee'd as [[multi-male group]]s, wi a [[matriline]] as the core group.{{r|PrimateInfoNet2}} As wi maist lemurs, females socially dominate males in aw circumstances, includin feedin priority. Dominance is enforced bi lunging, chasin, cuffin, grabbin an bitin. Young females dinnae aye inherit thair mither's rank an young males leave the troop atween three an five year o age.{{Sfn|Sussman|1999|pp=154–173}}{{r|PrimateInfoNet2}} Baith sexes hae separate dominance hierarchies; females hae a distinct hierarchy while male rank is correlatit wi age. Ilka troop haes ane tae three central, heich-ranking adult males wha interact wi females mair nor ither group males an lead the troop procession wi heich-ranking females. Recently transferred males, auld males or young adult males that hinnae yet left thair natal group is aften lawer rankin. Stayin at the periphery o the group, thay tend tae be marginalised frae group activity.{{r|PrimateInfoNet2}} [[File:Ringtailed lemurs.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A group o three ring-tailed lemurs rest in the sun, wi twa sittin upricht, facin the sun, wi thair arms tae thair sides.|The ring-tailed lemur will sit facing the sun tae warm itsel in the mornins.]] For males, social structur chynges can be seasonal. Throu the sax-month period atween December an Mey, a few males immigrate atween groups. Established males transfer on average ilka 3.5&nbsp;year,{{Sfn|Sussman|1999|pp=154–173}} tho young males mey transfer thareby ilka 1.4 year. Group fission occurs whan groups get too lairge an resoorces acome scarce.{{r|PrimateInfoNet2}} In the mornings, the ring-tailed lemur sunbathes tae warm itsel. It faces the sun sitting in what is frequently describit as a "sun-worshipping" posture or [[lotus position]]. Housomiver, it sits wi its legs extendit outward, nae cross-leggit, an will aften support itsel on nearby branches. Sunnin is aften a group activity, parteecularly in the cauld mornings. At nicht, troops will split intae sleepin parties huddlin close thegether tae keep warm.{{r|PrimateInfoNet2}} Despite bein [[quadruped]]al the ring-tailed lemur can rear up an balance on its hind legs, uisually for aggressive displays. When threatened the ring-tailed lemur mey jump in the air an strike oot wi its short nails an sharp upper [[Canine tooth|canine teeth]] in a behaviour termed ''jump fighting''. This is extremely rare ootside o the breedin saison when tensions are heich an competeetion for mates is intense. Ither aggressive behaviours include a ''threat-stare'', uised tae intimidate or stairt a fecht, an a submissive gesture kent as ''pulled-back lips''.{{r|PrimateInfoNet2}} Border disputes wi rival troops occur occasionally an it is the dominant female's responsibility tae defend the troop's home range. Agonistic encounters include staring, lunging approaches an occasional physical aggression, an conclude wi troop members retreating toward the centre o the home range.{{r|PrimateInfoNet2}} {{clear}} ==== Olfactory communication ==== [[File:Lemur catta - scent marking 01.ogv|thumbtime=2|thumb|right|300px|Male ring-tailed lemurs will scent-merk saplings an branches bi spur-merkin.]] [[Olfaction|Olfactory]] communication is critically important for strepsirrhines lik the ring-tailed lemur. Males an females [[territorial merkin|scent merk]] baith vertical an horizontal surfaces at the owerlaps in thair home ranges uisin thair [[scent gland|anogenital scent glands]]. The ring-tailed lemur will perform a haundstaund tae merk vertical surfaces, graspin the heichest pynt wi its feet while it applies its scent.{{r|PrimateInfoNet2}} Uise o scent marking varies bi age, sex an social status.{{Sfn|Gouzoules|Gouzoules|2007|p=624}} Male lemurs uise thair antebrachial an brachial glands tae demarcate territories an maintain intragroup dominance hierarchies. The thorny spur that overlays the antebrachial gland on ilka wrist is scraped against tree trunks tae creaut grooves anointed wi thair scent. This is kent as ''spur-marking''.{{r|PrimateInfoNet2}} In displays o aggression, males engages in a social display behaviour cried ''stink fichtin'', whilk involves impregnating thair tails wi secretions frae the antebrachial an brachial glands an wavin the scented tail at male rivals.{{Sfn|Rowe|1996|p=38}} Ring-tailed lemurs haes been shawn tae [[sprayin (ainimal behavior)|merk uisin urine]]. Behaviorally, thare is a difference atween regular urination, whaur the tail is slichtly raised an a stream o urine is produced, an the urine marking behaviour, whaur the tail is held up in display an anly a few draps o urine are uised.{{r|2005Palagi_etal|2006Palagi_etal}} The urine-marking behavior is teepically uised bi females tae merk territory, an haes been observed primarily at the edges o the troop's territory an in auries whaur ither troops mey frequent.{{r|2005Palagi_Norscia}} The urine marking behavior is maist frequent in the matein saison, an mey play a role in reproductive communication atween groups.{{r|2005Palagi_etal}} ==== Auditory communication ==== {{main|ring-tailed lemur vocalisations}} [[File:Ring-Tailed Lemur Calling, Anja Reserve (3953855032).jpg|thumb|upright|Ring-tailed lemurs are some o the maist vocal primates.]] The ring-tailed lemur is ane o the maist vocal primates an haes a complex array o distinct [[animal communication|vocalisations]] uised tae maintain group cohesion in foragin an alert group members tae the presence o a predator. Caas range frae semple tae complex. An ensaumple o a semple caw is the purr ({{Audio|Lemur catta--purr1.ogg|listen}}), which expresses contentment. A complex caw is the sequence o clicks, close-mooth click series (CMCS), open-mooth click series (OMCS) an yaps ({{Audio|Lemur catta--click series & yaps.ogg|listen}}) uised during [[mobbing behaviour|predator mobbing]]. Some caws haes variants an unnergang transitions atween variants, lik an infant "whit" (distress caw) transitionin frae ane variant tae anither ({{Audio|Lemur catta--infant whits transition var1-var2.ogg|listen}}).{{r|1993Macedonia}} The maist common heard vocalisations is the moan ({{Audio|Lemur catta--moan1.ogg|listen}}) (law-tae-moderate arousal, group cohesion), early-heich wail ({{Audio|Lemur catta--early-high wails1.ogg|listen}}) (moderate-tae-heich arousal, group cohesion), an clicks ({{Audio|Lemur catta--clicks1.ogg|listen}}) ("location marker" tae draw attention).{{r|1993Macedonia}} === Breedin an reproduction === [[File:Ringtailed Lemurs in Berenty.jpg|right|thumb|In the wild, females teepically gie birth tae a single affspring.]] The ring-tailed lemur is [[polygynandrous]],{{Sfn|Sussman|1999|pp=154–173}} tho the dominant male in the troop teepically breeds wi mair females than ither males. Fighting is maist common during the breedin saison.{{r|AnimalDiversity}} A receptive female mey initiate matein bi presenting her backside, liftin her tail an leukin at the desired male ower her shouther. Males mey inspect the female's genitals tae determine receptiveness. Females teepically mate athin thair troop, but mey seek males fae ootwi the troop.{{Sfn|Sussman|1999|pp=154–173}} The breedin saison rins frae mid-Aprile tae mid-Mey. [[Estrus]] lests 4 tae 6&nbsp;oors,{{Sfn|Garbutt|2007|pp=146–148}} an females mate wi multiple males in this period.{{Sfn|Sussman|1999|pp=154–173}} Athin a troop, females stagger thair receptivity sae that ilka female comes intae saison on a different day in the breedin saison, reducin competeetion for male attention.{{r|LemurStreet_1_6}} [[Gestation]] lests for aboot 135&nbsp;days, an [[childbirth|parturition]] occurs in September or occasionally October. In the wild, ane affspring is the norm, awtho twins mey occur. Ring-tailed lemur infants hae a birth wecht o {{Convert|70|g|oz|abbr=on}} an are carried ventrally (on the chest) for the first 1 tae 2&nbsp;weeks, then dorsally (on the back).{{Sfn|Garbutt|2007|pp=146–148}} The young lemurs begin tae eat solit fuid efter twa month an is fou weaned efter five month. Sexual maturity is reakit atween 2.5 an 3 year.{{r|AnimalDiversity}} Male involvement in infant rearin is leemit, awtho the entire troop, regairdless o age or sex, can be seen carin for the young. [[Alloparenting]] atween troop females haes been reportit. Kidnappin bi females an [[Infanticide (zoology)|infanticide]] bi males occurs occasionally.{{r|PrimateInfoNet2}} Due tae harsh environmental conditions, predation an accidents lik faws, infant mortality can be sae heich as 50% athin the first year an sae few as 30% mey reach adulthuid.{{Sfn|Garbutt|2007|pp=146–148}} The langest-lived ring-tailed lemur in the wild wis a female at the Berenty Reserve wha lived for 20&nbsp;year.{{LoM2 Sfn|pp=246–249}} In the wild, females rarely live past the age o 16, whaur the life expectancy o males isnae kent due tae thair social structur. The langest-lived male wis reportit tae be 15&nbsp;year auld. The maximum lifespan reportit in captivity wis 27&nbsp;years.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} === Cognitive abilities an tuil uise === Historically, the studies o [[learnin]] an [[cogneetion]] in non-human primates hae focused on [[simian]]s (monkeys an apes), while strepsirrhine primates, lik the ring-tailed lemur an its allies, haes been owerleuked an popularly dismissed as unintelligent.{{r|1976Ehrlich}} A couple o factors stemmin frae early experiments hae played a role in the development o this assumption. First, the [[design o experiments|experimental design]] o aulder tests mey hae favoured the naitural behaviour an ecology o simians ower that o strepsirrhines, makin the experimental tasks inappropriate for lemurs. For ensample, simians is kent for thair manipulative play wi non-fuid objects, whauras lemurs is anly kent tae manipulate non-fuid objects in captivity.{{r|1964Jolly}} This behaviour is uisually connected wi fuid association. Lemurs is kent for displacin objects wi thair neb or mooth mair sae than wi thair haunds.{{r|1976Ehrlich}} Therefore, an experiment requirin a lemur tae manipulate an object wioot prior training wad favor simians ower strepsirrhines. Seicont, individual ring-tailed lemurs accustomed tae livin in a troop mey nae respond well tae isolation for laboratory testin. Past studies hae reportit hysterical behaviour in siclike scenarios.{{r|2000Hosey}} The notion that lemurs isna intelligent haes been perpetuate bi the view that the [[neocortex#Neocortex ratio|neocortex ratio]] (as a meisur o harn size) indicates intelligence.{{r|1998Dunbar}} In fact, [[primatology|primatologist]] [[Alison Jolly]] noted early in her academic career that some lemur species, lik the ring-tailed lemur, hae evolved a social complexity seemilar tae that o [[Cercopithecinae|cercopithecine]] monkeys, but nae the correspondin intelligence.{{r|1966Jolly}} Efter years o observations o wild ring-tailed lemur populations at the [[Berenty Reserve]] in Madagascar as weel as baboons in Africae, she mair recently concluded that this heich social lemur species disnae demonstrate the equivalent social complexity o cercopithecine monkeys, in maugre o the general appearances.{{r|1998Jolly}} Regairdless, research haes continued tae illuminate the complexity o the lemur mind, wi emphasis on the cognitive abilities o the ring-tailed lemur. Sae early as the mid-1970s, studies haed demonstrated that thay coud be trained throu [[operant conditioning]] uisin standard [[reinforcement#Schedules|schedules o reinforcement]]. The species haes been shawn tae be capable o learnin pattern, brightness an object discrimination, skills common amang [[vertebrate]]s. The ring-tailed lemur haes been shawn tae lear a variety o complex tasks eften equaling, if nae exceedin, the performance o simians an aa.{{r|1976Ehrlich}} Mair recently, research at the [[Duke Lemur Center]] haes shawn that the ring-tailed lemur can organize sequences in memory an retrieve ordered sequences wioot language.{{r|2007Merritt}} The experimental design demonstrated that the lemurs war uisin internal representation o the sequence tae guide thair responses an nae simply follaein a trained sequence, whaur ane item in the sequence cues the selection o the next.{{r|2007Merritt}} But this isnae the leemit o the ring-tailed lemur's reasoning skills. Anither study, performed at the [[Lemur Conservation Foundation#Myakka City Lemur Reserve|Myakka City Lemur Reserve]], suggests that this species alang wi several ither closely relatit lemur species unnerstaun semple arithmetic operations.{{r|2005aSantos}} Syne tuil uise is considered tae be a key featur o primate intelligence, the apparent lack o this behaviour in wild lemurs, as weel as the lack o non-fuid object play, haes helped reinforce the perception that lemurs is less intelligent than thair simian cousins.{{r|1964Jolly}} Housomiver, anither study at the Myakka City Lemur Reserve examined the representation o tuil functionality in baith the ring-tailed lemur an the [[common brown lemur]] an diskivered that, lik monkeys, thay uised tuils wi functional properties (e.g., tuil orientation or ease o uise) instead o tuils wi nonfunctional features (e.g., colour or texture). Tho the ring-tailed lemur dinnae aye uise tuils in the wild, it cannae jist be trained tae uise a tuil, but will preferentially select tuils based on thair functional qualities. The conceptual competence tae uise a tuil mey hae been present in the common primate ancestor, even tho the uise o tuils mey nae hae appeared til a while later.{{r|2005bSantos}} == Conservation status == In addition tae bein listed as ''endangered'' in 2014 bi the IUCN,{{r|IUCN}} the ring-tailed lemur haes been listed syne 1977 bi [[CITES]] unner [[CITES#Appendix I|Appendix I]],{{r|CITES}} that maks tred o wild-caught specimens illegal. Tho thare mair endangered species o lemur, the ring-tailed lemur is considered a [[flagship species]] due tae its recognisability.{{r|PrimateInfoNet3}} [[File:Lemur catta 003.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A wee group o five ring-tailed lemurs walks as a group alang a dirt road|Ring-tailed lemurs are a common sicht at Berenty Private Reserve in soothren Madagascar.]] Three factors threaten ring-tailed lemurs. First an foremost is [[habitat destruction]]. Stairtin nearly 2,000&nbsp;years ago wi the introduction o humans tae the island, wids hae been cleared tae produce pastur an agricultural land.{{r|PrimateInfoNet3}} Extraction o haurdwids for fuel an lummer, as weel as minin an [[owergrazin]], hae takken thair toll. Thir days, it is estimatit that 90% o Madagascar's oreeginal forest civer haes been lost.{{LoM2 Sfn|p=57}} Rising populations hae creaut even greater demand in the southwest portion o the island for fuel wid, [[charcoal]], an lummer. Fires frae the clearin o grasslands, as weel as sleesh-an-burn agriculture destroy wids. Anither threat tae the species is hairstin aither for fuid ([[bush meat]]) or [[exotic pet|pets]]. Finally, periodic drocht common tae soothren Madagascar can impact populations awready in decline. In 1991 an 1992, for ensample, a severe drocht caused an abnormally heich mortality rate amang infants an females at the [[Beza Mahafaly Reserve|Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve]]. Twa year later, the population haed declined bi 31% an teuk near fower year tae stairt tae rekiver.{{r|PrimateInfoNet3}} The ring-tailed lemur bides in several pertected auries athin its range, ilkane o thaim offerin varyin levels o pertection. At the Beza Mahafaly Special Reserve, a holistic approach tae [[in-situ conservation]] haes been takken. No anly daes field research an resoorce management involve international students an local fowk (includin schuil childer), livestock management is uised at the peripheral zones o the reserve an [[ecotourism]] benefits the local fowk.{{r|PrimateInfoNet3}} Ootwi its diminishin habitat an ither threats, the ring-tailed lemur reproduces readily an haes fared weel in captivity. For this reason, alang wi its popularity, it haes acome the maist populous lemur in [[zoo]]s warldwide, wi mair nor 2500 in captivity as o 2009. It is the maist common o aw captive primates.{{LoM3 Sfn|pp=358–375}} [[Ex-situ conservation|Ex situ]] facilities actively involved in the conservation o the ring-tailed lemur include the [[Duke Lemur Center]] in [[Durham, NC]], the [[Lemur Conservation Foundation]] in Myakka City, FL an the [[Madagascar Fauna Group]] headquartered at the [[Saint Louis Zoo]]. Due tae the heich success o captive breedin, reintroduction is a possibility if wild populations war tae crash. Tho experimental releases hae met success on [[St. Catherines Island]] in Georgia, demonstratin that captive lemurs can readily adapt tae thair environment an exhibit a fou range o naitural behaviours, captive release isnae currently bein considered.{{r|PrimateInfoNet3}} Ring-tailed lemur populations can benefit frae drocht intervention, due tae the availability o watterin troughs an introduced fruit trees, as seen at the [[Berenty Reserve|Berenty Private Reserve]] in soothren Madagascar.{{r|PrimateInfoNet3}} Housomiver, thir interventions arenae ay seen favorably, syne naitural population fluctuations are nae permitted. The species is thocht tae hae evolved its heich [[fecundity]] due tae its harsh environment.{{r|PrimateInfoNet3}} == Cultural references == The ring-tailed lemur is kent locally in Malagasy as ''{{lang|mg|maky}}'' (pronoonced {{IPA-mg|ˈmakʲi̥|}}, an spelled ''maki'' in French) or ''{{lang|mg|hira}}'' (pronoonced {{IPA-mg|ˈhirə|}} or colloquially {{IPA-mg|ˈir|}}). Bein the maist widely recognised endemic primate on the island, it haes been selected as the seembol for [[Madagascar National Parks]] (formerly kent as ANGAP).{{LoM3 Sfn|pp=358–375}} The ''Maki'' brand, which stairtit bi selling T-shirts in Madagascar an nou sells claedin across the Indian Ocean islands, is named efter this lemur due tae its popularity, despite the fact that the company's logo portrays the face o a [[sifaka]] an its name uses the French spelling.{{LoM3 Sfn|loc=Chapter 5}} The first mention o the ring-tailed lemur in Western literature came in 1625 whan Inglis traiveler an writer [[Samuel Purchas]] descrivit them as bein comparable in size tae a monkey an haein a tod-lik lang heich wi black an white rings.{{r|2010Wilson&Hanlon}} It haes been popularized in [[Western culture]] bi the [[Animal Planet]] televeesion series ''[[Lemur Street]]'',{{r|SSG|OvGuide}} as weel as bi the character [[King Julien]] in the animatit [[Madagascar (franchise)|''Madagascar'' film an TV franchise]].{{LoM3 Sfn|pp=93–95}} The ring-tailed lemur wis the focus o the 1996 ''[[Nature (TV series)|Nature]]'' documentary ''A Lemur's Tale'', whilk wis filmed at the Berenty Reserve an follaed a troop o lemurs. The troop included a special infant named Sapphire, wha wis near [[albino]], wi white fur, bricht blue een, an the characteristic ringed tail.{{r|Lemurs_Tale}} This species played a role in the 1997 comedy film ''[[Fierce Creatures]]'', starring [[John Cleese]], who haes a passion for lemurs.{{r|2002DailyLlama|PBS_InTheWild}} Cleese later hosted the 1998 [[BBC]] documentary ''In t tracked the progress o a [[reintroduction]] o [[black-an-white ruffed lemur]]s back intae the [[Betampona Reserve]] in Madagascar. The project haed been partly funded bi Cleese's donation o the proceeds frae the Lunnon premier o ''Fierce Creatures''.{{r|PBS_InTheWild|1998ScienceDaily}} == Notes == {{reflist|group="N"}} == References == <!------------------------------------------------------------ This article uses list-defined references in conjunction with the {{r}} and {{Sfn}} templates to keep the body text clean. Please follow existing examples within the text and refer to the following documentation pages if needed: List-defined references: [[:en:Wikipedia:LDR]] Template {{r}}: [[:en:Template:R]] Template {{Sfn}}: [[:en:Template:Sfn]] See [[:en:Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for a discussion of different citation methods and how to generate footnotes using the <ref>tags. -------------------------------------------------------------> {{reflist|colwidth=30em|refs= <!-- Web & video refs – please place them here for organizational purposes --> <ref name="AnimalDiversity">{{cite web |last=Anderson |first=R. |year=1999 |title=Lemur catta |publisher=Animal Diversity Web |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Lemur_catta.html |access-date=2008-04-18}}</ref> <ref name="PBS_InTheWild">{{cite video | people = John Cleese (host) | date = 1998 | title = In the Wild: Operation Lemur with John Cleese | url = http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/inthewild/cleese.html | medium = DVD | publisher 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Research |year=2000 |pages=5–10 |url=http://www.biaza.org.uk/resources/library/images/ARSP2.pdf#page=11 |format=PDF |access-date=2015-06-03 |archive-date=2006-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060423184132/http://www.biaza.org.uk/resources/library/images/ARSP2.pdf#page=11 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="2000Yoder">{{cite journal |last1=Yoder |first1=A.D. |last2=Irwin |first2=J.A. |last3=Goodman |first3=S.M. |last4=Rakotoarisoa |first4=S.V. |title=Genetic tests of the taxonomic status of the ring-tailed lemur (''Lemur catta'') from the high mountain zone of the Andringitra Massif, Madagascar |journal=Journal of Zoology |year=2000 |volume=252 |issue=1 |pages=1–9 |url=http://biology.duke.edu/yoderlab/reprints/2000YoderIrwinJZool.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1111/j.1469-7998.2000.tb00814.x}}</ref> <ref name="1998Dunbar">{{cite journal |last=Dunbar |first=R.I.M. |authorlink=Robin Dunbar |title=The social brain hypothesis |journal=Evolutionary Anthropology |volume=6 |year=1998 |issue=4 |pages=178–190 |url=http://eebweb.arizona.edu/Faculty/Dornhaus/courses/materials/papers/Dunbar%20social%20brain%20size%20group%20review.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1998)6:5<178::AID-EVAN5>3.0.CO;2-8}}</ref> <ref name="1998Jolly">{{cite journal |last=Jolly |first=A. |authorlink=Alison Jolly |title=Pair-bonding, female aggression and the evolution of lemur societies |journal=Folia Primatologica |volume=69 (Suppl. 1) |year=1998 |pages=1–13 |doi=10.1159/000052693 |pmid=9595685}}</ref> <!--ref name="1995Groves">{{cite journal |last1=Groves |first1=C.P. |last2=Trueman |first2=J.W.H. |authorlink=Colin Groves |year=1995 |title=Lemurid systematics revisited |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=427–437 |doi=10.1006/jhev.1995.1033}}</ref--> <ref name="1993Macedonia">{{cite journal |last=Macedonia |first=J.M. |year=1993 |title=The vocal repertoire of the ring-tailed lemur (''Lemur catta'') |journal=Folia Primatologica |volume=61 |pages=186–217 |doi=10.1159/000156749 |pmid=7959437}}</ref> <ref name="1991Sussman">{{cite journal |last=Sussman |first=R.W. |title=Demography and social organization of free-ranging ''Lemur catta'' in the Beza Mahafaly Reserve, Madagascar |journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology |year=1991 |volume=84 |issue=1 |pages=43–58 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.1330840105}}</ref> <ref name="1976Ehrlich">{{cite journal |last1=Ehrlich |first1=E. |last2=Fobes |first2=J.L. |last3=King |first3=J.E. |title=Prosimian learning capacities |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=5 |year=1976 |pages=599–617 |doi=10.1016/0047-2484(76)90005-1}}</ref> <ref name="1966Jolly">{{cite journal |last=Jolly |first=A. |authorlink=Alison Jolly |title=Lemur social behavior and primate intelligence |journal=Science |volume=153 |year=1966 |issue=3735 |pages=501–506 |doi=10.1126/science.153.3735.501 |pmid=5938775 |bibcode=1966Sci...153..501J}}</ref> <ref name="1964Jolly">{{cite journal |last=Jolly |first=A. |authorlink=Alison Jolly |title=Prosimians' manipulation of simple object problems |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_animal-behaviour_1964-10_12_4/page/560 |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=12 |year=1964 |issue=4 |pages=560–570 |doi=10.1016/0003-3472(64)90080-6}}</ref> }} === Leeteratur citit === {{Refbegin}} * {{cite book |last=Ankel-Simons |first=F. |title=Primate Anatomy |edition=3rd |publisher=Academic Press |year=2007 |isbn=0-12-372576-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Blunt |first1=W. |last2=Stearn |first2=W.T. |title=Linnaeus: the compleat naturalist |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2002 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=m6lsDLevuJ4C&pg=PA252&dq=Linnaeus+from+his+general+reading+of+Virgil+and+Ovid&q=Linnaeus%20from%20his%20general%20reading%20of%20Virgil%20and%20Ovid |isbn=978-0-691-09636-0 |ref=harv}} *{{cite book |last1=Cuozzo |first1=F.P. |last2=Yamashita |first2=N. |chapter=Chapter 4: Impact of Ecology on the Teeth of Extant Lemurs: A Review of Dental Adaptations, Function, and Life History |pages=67–96 |year=2006 |editor1-last=Gould |editor1-first=L. |editor2-last=Sauther |editor2-first=M.L. |title=Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation |url=http://books.google.com/?id=nsBtrhsMU5EC&printsec=frontcover&q |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-34585-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Garbutt |first=N. |title=Mammals of Madagascar: A Complete Guide |publisher=A&C Black Publishers |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-300-12550-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Gould |first1=L. |chapter=Chapter 12: ''Lemur catta'' ecology: What we know and what we need to know |year=2007 |pages=255–274 |editor1-last=Gould |editor1-first=L. |editor2-last=Sauther |editor2-first=M.L. |title=Lemurs: Ecology and Adaptation |url=http://books.google.com/?id=nsBtrhsMU5EC&printsec=frontcover&q |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-0-387-34585-7 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Gould |first1=L. |last2=Sauther |first2=M. |chapter=Lemuriformes |year=2007 |page=53 |editor1-last=Campbell |editor1-first=C. |editor2-last=Fuentes |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=MacKinnon |editor3-first=K. |editor4-last=Stumpf |editor4-first=R.M. |editor5-last=Bearder |editor5-first=S. |title=Primates in Perspective |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517133-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Gouzoules |first1=H. |last2=Gouzoules |first2=S. |chapter=The Conundrum of Communication |year=2007 |page=624 |editor1-last=Campbell |editor1-first=C. |editor2-last=Fuentes |editor2-first=A. |editor3-last=MacKinnon |editor3-first=K. |editor4-last=Stumpf |editor4-first=R.M. |editor5-last=Bearder |editor5-first=S. |title=Primates in Perspective |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-517133-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last1=Goodman |first1=S.M. |last2=Rakotoarisoa |first2=S.V. |last3=Wilmé |first3=L. |chapter=The Distribution and Biogeography of the Ringtailed Lemur ( Lemur catta ) in Madagascar |year=2006 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/ringtailedlemurb0000unse/page/3 3]–15 |editor1-last=Jolly |editor1-first=A. |editor2-last=Sussman |editor2-first=R.W. |editor3-last=Koyama |editor3-first=N. |editor4-last=Rasamimanana |editor4-first=H. |displayeditors=4 |title=Ringtailed Lemur Biology |url=https://archive.org/details/ringtailedlemurb0000unse |publisher=Springer |isbn=0-387-32669-3 |ref=harv}} * {{MSW3 Primates}} * {{LoM3}} * {{LoM2}} * {{cite book |last=Nield |first=T. |title=Supercontinent: Ten Billion Years in the Life of Our Planet |year=2007 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-02659-9 |url=http://books.google.com/?id=If3wYQtpECkC&pg=PA41 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Rowe |first=N. |title=The Pictorial Guide to the Living Primates |year=1996 |isbn=0-9648825-0-7 |publisher=Pogonias Press |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Sussman |first=R.W. |title=Primate Ecology and Social Structure |volume=Volume 1: Lorises, Lemurs and Tarsiers |pages=154–173 |year=1999 |publisher=Pearson Custom Pub. |isbn=0-536-02256-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book |last=Tattersall |first=I. |title=The Primates of Madagascar |url=https://archive.org/details/primatesofmadaga0000tatt |year=1982 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-04704-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/primatesofmadaga0000tatt/page/43 43]–46 |ref=harv}} {{Refend}} == Freemit airtins == {{TaxonIds |ncbi=9447 |eol=326533 |itis=572872 }} * [http://www.ringtailedlemurssp.org/ Official ring-tailed lemur species survival plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203052539/http://www.ringtailedlemurssp.org/ |date=2011-02-03 }} * [http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=4730 Ring-tailed Lemur: ''Lemur catta''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503101920/http://tolweb.org/treehouses/?treehouse_id=4730 |date=2015-05-03 }} – Tree o Life Project * ARKive – [http://www.arkive.org/ring-tailed-lemur/lemur-catta/ images and movies o the ring-tailed lemur] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212190951/http://www.arkive.org/ring-tailed-lemur/lemur-catta/ |date=2009-02-12 }} * [http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/ring-tailed_lemur Primate Info Net ''Lemur catta'' Factsheet] * [http://www.lemurreserve.org/ringtailedlemur.html Lemur Conservation Foundation: ring-tailed lemurs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726221826/http://www.lemurreserve.org/ringtailedlemur.html |date=2011-07-26 }} * [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/a-lemurs-tale-introduction/2306/ Nature: ''A Lemur's Tale''] * [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/inthewild/cleese.html PBS: ''In the Wild: Operation Lemur with John Cleese''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605033531/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/inthewild/cleese.html |date=2010-06-05 }} {{Subject bar |portal1= Primates |portal2= Madagascar |commons= y |commons-search= Category:Lemur catta |species= y |species-search= Lemur catta |wikt= y |wikt-search= Lemur |s= y |s-search=Lemur catta}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ring-Tailed Lemur}} [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]] [[Category:Lemurs]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Madagascar]] [[Category:Airticles containin video clips]] 8rjenv7xuii92dxkx4nus6y98q9puug 0 135567 869205 868981 2022-07-30T01:27:30Z Stephan1000000 59533 episodes wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced|date=September 2019|name=Unsourced}} {{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}} {{Infobox animanga/Header | name = Case Closed | image = [[File:Case Closed Volume 36.png|230px]] | caption = ''Case Closed'' volume 36 bo [[Viz Media]] | ja_kanji = 名探偵コナン | ja_romaji = Meitantei Conan | genre = [[Detective feection]] }} {{Infobox animanga/Print | type = manga | author = [[Gosho Aoyama]] | publisher = [[Shogakukan]] | publisher_en = {{English manga publishers | NA = [[Viz Media]] | UK = [[Victor Gollancz Ltd]] | SG = [[Shogakukan Asia]] }} | demographic = ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]'' | magazine = [[Weekly Shōnen Sunday]] | first = Januar 19, 1994 | last = | volumes = 101 | volume_list = Leet o Case Closed volumes }} {{Infobox animanga/Video | type = tv series | director = [[Kenji Kodama]] <small>(#1-118)</small><br /> [[Yasuichiro Yamamoto]] <small>(#119-332, #667-currently)</small><br> Masato Satō <small>(#333-504)</small><br>Kōjin Ochi <small>(#505-666)</small> | producer = Michihiko Suwa<br /> Masahito Yoshioka | writer = Jun'ichi Ii'oka <small>(Story Eeditor)</small> | music = Katsuo Ono | studio = [[TMS Entertainment]] | licensee = {{English anime licensees | AUS = Hanabee Entertainment | NA = [[Funimation]], [[Crunchyroll]] }} | network = [[Nippon Television Network System|NNS]] ([[Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation|ytv]]) | network_en = {{English anime networks | CA = [[YTV (TV channel)|YTV]] | PH = [[Animax Asia]], [[GMA Network]] | US = [[Cartoon Network]], [[Funimation Channel]], [[Colours TV]] | NA = [[Crunchyroll]] }} | first = Januar 8, 1996 | last = | episodes = 1052+ | episode_list = Leet o Case Closed episodes (saisons 16–current) }} {{Infobox animanga/Other | title = Related media | content = * [[Leet o Case Closed films|''Case Closed'' films]] * [[Leet o Case Closed OVAs|''Case Closed'' OVAs]] * ''[[Lupin the 3rd vs. Detective Conan]]'' * [[Case Closed discografie|''Case Closed'' discografie]] * [[Leet o Case Closed live action drama episodes|''Case Closed'' live action drama]] * [[Leet o Case Closed video gemmes|''Case Closed'' video gemmes]] }} {{Infobox animanga/Footer}} '''''Case Closed''''', kent as {{Nihongo|'''''Detective Conan'''''|名探偵コナン|Meitantei Conan}} forby, is a Japanese [[detective feection|detective]] [[manga]] series written an illustratit bi [[Gosho Aoyama]]. [[Category:Case Closed| ]] [[Category:1994 manga]] [[Category:Meestery televeesion series]] [[Category:1996 anime televeesion series]] [[Category:2011 Japanese televeesion series debuts]] [[Category:Comedy-drama anime an manga]] [[Category:Comic beuk leemitit series]] [[Category:Detective anime an manga]] [[Category:Funimation Entertainment]] [[Category:Anime series based on manga]] [[Category:Japanese televeesion dramas based on manga]] [[Category:Manga adaptit intae films]] [[Category:Programmes acquired bi GMA Network]] [[Category:Shogakukan manga]] [[Category:Shōnen manga]] [[Category:Size chynge in feection]] [[Category:TMS Entertainment]] [[Category:Viz Media manga]] [[Category:Winners o the Shogakukan Manga Awaird for shōnen manga]] [[Category:Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation shaws]] {{stub/Japan}} d9mvt06mi1x1h9nei18hmmq862nu2yh 0 154936 869206 781093 2022-07-30T05:41:00Z Minorax 59670 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:OrderStGeorge4cl rib.png]] → [[File:RUS Order of Saint George 4th class ribbon 2000.svg]] vva wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Mstislav Rostropovich | image = RIAN archive 438589 Mstislav Rostropovich.jpg | caption = | birthname = Mstislav Leopoldovich "Slava" Rostropovich | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1927|03|27}} | birth_place = [[Baku]], [[Transcaucasian SSR]], [[Soviet Union]] | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|2007|04|27|1927|03|27}} | death_place = [[Moscow]], [[Roushie]] | occupation = [[cellist]], [[conductin|conductor]] | years_active = | spouse = | website = | awards = [[File:Orden for Service I.png|70 px|link=Order "For Merit tae the Faitherland"]] [[File:Orden for Service II.png|50 px|link=Order "For Merit tae the Faitherland"]] <br> [[File:Ribbon Medal For the Defence of Free Russia.png|40 px|link=Medal Defender o a Free Roushie]] [[File:Ribbon Medal 850 Moscow.png|40 px|link=Medal "In Commemoration o the 850t Anniversary o Moscow"]] [[File:60 victory rib.png|40 px|link=Jubilee Medal "60 Years o Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]] [[File:100 lenin rib.png|40 px|link=Jubilee Medal "In Commemoration o the 100t Anniversary o the Birth o Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"]] <br> [[File:RUS Order of Saint George 4th class ribbon 2000.svg|40 px|link=Medal "For the Victory ower Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]] [[File:RibbonLabourDuringWar.png|40 px|link=Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]] [[File:Reclamining the virgin lands rib.png|40 px|link=Medal "For the Development o Virgin Launds"]] <br> [[File:AZ Geyidar Aliyev Order rib.png|50 px|link=Heydar Aliyev Order]] [[File:İstiqlal ordeni-lent.png|40 px|link=Istiglal Order]] [[File:Şöhrət ordeni (Azərbaycan)-lent.svg|40 px|link=Shohrat Order]] <br> [[File:Presidential Medal of Freedom (ribbon).png|50 px|link=Presidential Medal o Freedom]] [[File:Gedimino didysis kryzius juostele.gif|50 px|link=Order o the Lithuanie Grand Duke Gediminas]] [[File:JPN Kyokujitsu-sho 2Class BAR.svg|50 px|link=Order o the Risin Sun]] <br> [[File:Ordre des Arts et des Lettres Commandeur ribbon.svg|50 px|link=Ordre des Arts et des Lettres]] [[File:Grand Crest Ordre de Leopold.png|50 px|link=Order o Leopold (Belgium)]] [[File:FIN Order of the Lion of Finland 5Class BAR.png|50 px|link=Order o the Lion o Finland]] <br> [[File:VEN Order Francisco de Miranda - Grand Cross BAR.png|50 px|link=Order o Francisco de Miranda]] [[File:Order of the British Empire (Civil) Ribbon.png|50 px|link=Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[File:Grande ufficiale OMRI BAR.svg|50 px|link=Order o Meerit o the Italian Republic]] <br> [[File:Sausio 13-osios atminimo medalis1.gif|50 px|link=Memory Medal Januar 13 (Lithuanie)]] [[File:POL Order Zaslugi RP kl1 BAR.png|50 px|link=Order o Meerit o the Republic o Poland]] [[File:DNK Order of Danebrog Commander BAR.png|50 px|link=Order of the Dannebrog]] <br> [[File:HUN Order of Merit of the Hungarian Rep (civil) 1class BAR.svg|50 px|link=Order o Meerit (Hungary)]] [[File:ESP Charles III Order CROSS.svg|50 px|link=Order o Charles III]] [[File:GRE Order of the Phoenix - Commander BAR.png|50 px|link=Order o the Phoenix (Greece)]] <br> [[File:LBN National Order of the Cedar - Grand Officer BAR.png|50 px|link=Naitional Order o the Cedar]] [[File:ARG Order of the Liberator San Martin - Knight BAR.png|50 px|link=Order o the Liberator General San Martín]] [[File:ARG Order of May - Knight BAR.png|50 px|link=Order o Mey]] <br> [[File:ESP Isabella Catholic Order CROSS.svg|50 px|link=Order o Isabella the Catholic]] [[File:LUX Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg - Commander BAR.png|50 px|link=Order o Meerit o the Grand Duchy o Luxembourg]] [[File:LUX Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg - Knight BAR.png|50 px|link=Order o Meerit o the Grand Duchy o Luxembourg]] <br> [[File:LUX Order of Adolphe Nassau Knight BAR.png|50 px|link=Order o Adolphe o Nassau]] [[File:Legion Honneur GO ribbon.svg|50 px|link=Legion o Honour]] [[File:Legion Honneur Commandeur ribbon.svg|50 px|link=Legion o Honour]] <br> [[File:Legion Honneur Officier ribbon.svg|50 px|link=Legion of Honour]] [[File:PRT Order of Saint James of the Sword - Knight BAR.png|50 px|link=Order o Saint James o the Swuird]] [[File:MCO Order of Saint-Charles - Commander BAR.png|50 px|link=Order of Saint-Charles]] <br> [[File:MON Ordre du Merite Culturel Commandeur BAR.svg|50 px|link=Order o Cultural Merit (Monaco)]] [[File:GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 4 GrVK.svg|50 px|link=Order o Meerit o the Federal Republic o Germany]] [[File:NLD Order of the Dutch Lion - Commander BAR.png|50 px|link=Order o the Netherlands Lion]] <br> [[File:GER Bundesverdienstkreuz 7 Grosskreuz.svg|50 px|link=Order o Meerit o the Federal Republic o Germany]] [[File:National Order of Merit (Ecuador) - ribbon bar.gif|50 px|link=National Order o Meerit (Ecuador)]] [[File:Order of Honour for Science and Art Rib.png|50 px|link=Austrick Decoration for Science an Airt]] <br> [[File:People Artist of the USSR1.jpg|20 px|link=Fowk's Airtist o the USSR]] [[File:Narodny artist RSFSR.png|20 px|link=Fowk's Airtist o Roushie]][[File:RusStatePrize.jpg|30 px|link=State Prize of the Roushie Federation]] [[File:Medal State Prize Soviet Union.png|20 px|link=USSR State Prize]] [[File:Lenin Prize Medal.JPG|30 px|link=Lenin Prize]] }} '''Mstislav Leopoldovich "Slava" Rostropovich''' ({{lang-ru|Мстисла́в Леопо́льдович Ростропо́вич}}, ''Mstislav Leopol'dovič Rostropovič'', {{IPA-ru|rəstrɐˈpovʲɪtɕ|pron}}; 27&nbsp;Mairch 1927{{snd}}27 Aprile 2007) wis a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] an [[Roushies|Roushie]] [[cellist]] an [[conductin|conductor]]. He is conseedert tae be ane o the great cellists o the 20t century. In addeetion tae his interpretations an technique, he wis weel kent for baith inspirin an commissionin new wirks, which enlairged the cello repertoire mair nor ony cellist afore or syne. He gae the premieres o ower 100 pieces,<ref name="Olga Sobolevskaya">{{cite news | url=http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20070427/64560235.html | title=Mstislav Rostropovich: musician of genius, man of honor | publisher=RIA Novosti | author=Olga Sobolevskaya | date=27 April 2007 | accessdate=2007-04-30}}</ref> formin lang-staundin friendships an airteestic pairtnerships wi componers includin [[Dmitri Shostakovich]], [[Sergei Prokofiev]], [[Henri Dutilleux]], [[Witold Lutosławski]], [[Olivier Messiaen]], [[Luciano Berio]], [[Krzysztof Penderecki]], [[Alfred Schnittke]], [[Norbert Moret]], [[Andreas Makris]] an [[Benjamin Britten]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rostropovich, Mstislav}} [[Category:1927 births]] [[Category:2007 daiths]] [[Category:HIV/AIDS activists]] [[Category:American fowk o Roushie strynd]] [[Category:Roushie fowk o Pols strynd]] [[Category:Buirials at Novodevichy Seemetry]] [[Category:Daiths frae cancer in Roushie]] [[Category:Daiths frae colorectal cancer]] [[Category:Fowk frae Baku]] [[Category:Moscow Conservatory alumni]] [[Category:Roushie muisic eddicators]] [[Category:Muisickers awairdit knichtheids]] [[Category:Conductors (muisic) awairdit knichtheids]] [[Category:20t-century conductors (muisic)]] [[Category:Grammy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Honorary Members o the Ryal Academy o Muisic]] [[Category:Kennedy Center honourees]] [[Category:Ryal Philharmonic Society Gowd Medallists]] [[Category:Fowk's Airtists o Roushie]] [[Category:Lenin Prize winners]] [[Category:EMI Classics and Virgin Classics airtists]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order "For Merit tae the Faitherland", 1st cless]] [[Category:Fowk's Airtists o the USSR]] [[Category:Officers Crosses o the Order o Meerit o the Federal Republic o Germany]] [[Category:Stalin Prize winners]] [[Category:Wolf Prize in Airts laureates]] [[Category:Honored Airtists o RSFSR]] [[Category:State Prize o the Roushie Federation laureates]] [[Category:Grand Officiers o the 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[[Category:Recipients o the Léonie Sonning Muisic Prize]] [[Category:Fowk forcibly stripped o Soviet ceetizenship]] a0n417owgd4dhez5gknh8y22c5v5rdx 0 161251 869167 869165 2022-07-29T18:22:45Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o 2402:8100:3852:870F:1:0:9D88:5EC4, chynged back tae last version bi InternetArchiveBot wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox software |title = Instagram |name = Instagram |logo = [[File:instagram logo 2016.svg|100px]]<br />[[File:Instagram logo.svg|150px]] |author = [[Kevin Systrom]], [[Mike Krieger]] (Burbn, Inc.) |developer = [[Facebook]] |released = {{Start date and age|2010|10|6}} |ver layout = stacked | key_people = Adam Mosseri ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]]) |status = Active |operating system = [[iOS]], [[Android (operatin seestem)|Android]], [[Windows 10 Mobile]], [[Windows 10]] | size = 123.8 [[Megabyte|MB]] (iOS)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/instagram/id389801252|title=Instagram|website=App 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tae share picturs an [[video]]s aither publicly or privately on the service, as well as throu a variety o ither social networkin platforms, sic as [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], [[Tumblr]], an [[Flickr]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:2010 saftware]] [[Category:Android (operatin seestem) saftware]] [[Category:Companies based in San Francisco]] [[Category:Facebook acquiseetions]] [[Category:Internet properties established in 2010]] [[Category:IOS saftware]] [[Category:Photo saftware]] [[Category:Photo sharin]] [[Category:Social media]] [[Category:Social netwarkin services]] [[Category:Facebook applications]] [[Category:Windows Phone saftware]] [[Category:Video saftware]] [[Category:BlackBerry saftware]] [[Category:Mobile saftware]] [[Category:Symbian saftware]] [[Category:WatchOS saftware]] [[Category:Proprietary cross-platform saftware]] 0errdj9kfr4j9wdbgvruehbgwyrf9dd 0 229510 869212 866729 2022-07-30T11:11:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Rick Moranis | image = Rick Moranis at the 62nd Academy Awards (cropped).jpg | caption = Moranis in March 1990 | birth_name = Frederick Allan Moranis | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1953|4|18}} | birth_place = [[Toronto]], [[Ontario]], [[Canadae]] | occupation = {{hlist|Actor|comedian|muisicker|sangwriter|writer|producer}} | years_active = 1976–1997<br> 2001–2013<br>2018–present | spouse = {{marriage|Ann Belsky|1986|1991|reason={{abbr|d.}}}} | records = Warner Bros. Records | children = 2 | website = www.rickmoranis.com }} '''Frederick Allan Moranis''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|r|æ|n|ɪ|s}}; born 18 Aprile 1953) is a Canadian actor, comedian, muisicker, sangwriter, writer an producer. He appearit in the sketch comedy series ''[[Second City Television]]'' (''SCTV'') in the 1980s<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-09|title=Rick Moranis, going from ‘Ghostbusters’ to mom’s brisket, draws on Jewish roots in new album — JNS.org|url=http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2013/6/24/rick-moranis-going-from-ghostbusters-to-moms-brisket-draws-on-jewish-roots-in-new-album|access-date=2022-05-18|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2015-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209190841/http://www.jns.org/latest-articles/2013/6/24/rick-moranis-going-from-ghostbusters-to-moms-brisket-draws-on-jewish-roots-in-new-album|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> an several [[Hollywood (film industry)|Hollywood]] films, includin ''[[Strange Brew]]'' (1983), ''[[Ghostbusters]]'' (1984) an ''[[Ghostbusters II]]'' (1989),'' [[Little Shop of Horrors]]'' (1986), ''[[Spaceballs]]'' (1987), ''[[Honey, I Shrunk the Kids]]'' (1989, an eits [[Honey, I Blew Up the Kid|1992]] an [[Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves|1997]] sequels), ''[[Parenthood]]'' (1989), ''[[My Blue Heaven (1990 film)|My Blue Heaven]]'' (1990), an ''[[The Flintstones (film)|The Flintstones]]'' (1994).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2011-07-06|title="Second City or Second Country?" by Erin Hanna|url=http://www.cineaction.ca/issue78sample.htm|access-date=2022-05-18|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2011-07-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706173415/http://www.cineaction.ca/issue78sample.htm|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> In 1997, Moranis began a lang break frae actin tae dedicate his time tae his twa bairns as a widower. He did nae appear in a leeve-action film for tairmit 20 years,<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-06-07|title=Martin Short On The Differences Between 'SNL' & 'SCTV'|url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/martin-short-sctv-snl_n_1577805|access-date=2022-05-18|website=HuffPost|language=en}}</ref> awtho he providit vyce-tairm wirk efter a few animated films, includin [[Walt Disney Animation Studios|Disney's]] ''[[Brother Bear]]'' (2003). He alswa releaseit comedy albums an mad appearances at fan conventions. In 2020, eftir a hiatus o naur 23-years frae leeve-action films, Moranis signit tae appear in a new sequel to ''Honey, I Shrunk the Kids'', callit ''[[Shrunk (film)|Shrunk]]''. == References == {{reflist}} {{commons category}} * {{IMDb name|0001548}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Moranis, Rick}} [[Category:1953 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Audiobook narrators]] [[Category:Canadian emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian male comedians]] [[Category:Canadian male film actors]] [[Category:Canadian male televeesion actors]] [[Category:Canadian male vyce actors]] [[Category:Canadian radio personalities]] [[Category:Canadian sketch comedians]] [[Category:Canadian televeesion personalities]] [[Category:Comedians frae Toronto]] [[Category:Jewish Canadian comedians]] [[Category:Jewish Canadian male actors]] [[Category:Male actors frae Toronto]] [[Category:Primetime Emmy Award winners]] [[Category:Warner Records artists]] [[Category:20th-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian male actors]] [[Category:ArtistShare artists]] dvq6239wjuxyipt55l5ztayqapxxmba 14 229715 869169 2022-07-29T20:54:37Z Sije 8692 Cræftit page wi "{{Cat main|Hypothesis}} {{Commons category}} [[Category:Open problems]] [[Category:Scienteefic method]] [[Category:Scienteefic theories]] [[Category:Statements]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cat main|Hypothesis}} {{Commons category}} [[Category:Open problems]] [[Category:Scienteefic method]] [[Category:Scienteefic theories]] [[Category:Statements]] d64xr6y3dd0abqll1tlqj724p1mg62i