Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk Unitit States 0 1690 869572 868136 2022-08-07T13:19:18Z 84.65.124.94 I corrected a spelling mistake wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2021}} {{hatnote|For the landmass comprisin North an Sooth Americae, see [[America]]. For ither uisses, see [[America (disambiguation)]].}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Unitit States o Americae |common_name = the Unitit States |native_name = {{lang-en|the United States}} |image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg |image_coat = Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg |symbol_type = Great Seal |national_motto = <div style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">"[[In God we trust]]" {{small|(offeecial)}}<ref>{{USC|36|302}} ''National motto''</ref><ref>[[#Simonson|Simonson, 2010]]</ref><ref>[[#God|Dept. of Treasury, 2011]]</ref></div> <div style="line-height:1.15em;">{{native phrase|la|"[[E pluribus unum]]"|italics=off}} {{small|(tradeetional)}} <br />{{small|"Oot o mony, ane"}} </div> |national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<br /><center>[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = USA orthographic.svg |alt_map = Projection o North Americae wi the Unitit States in green |map_width = 220px |capital = [[Washington, D.C.]] |coordinates = {{Coord|38|53|N|77|01|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[New York Ceety]] |official_languages = {{nowrap|None at [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal level]]{{ref label|engoffbox|a|}}}} |languages_type = [[Naitional leid]] |languages = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]{{ref label|engfactobox|b|}}<!---NOTE: Just English, don't add "American English"---> |official_religion = none |demonym = [[America]]n |government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] |leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Joe Biden]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]])}} |leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]] |leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[Kamala Harris]] (D)}} |leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Speaker o the Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Speaker o the Hoose]]}} |leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[Nancy Pelosi]] (D)}} |leader_title4 = [[Chief Juistice o the Unitit States|Chief Juistice]] |leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]] |legislature = [[Unitit States Congress|Congress]] |upper_house = [[Senate (Unitit States)|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Hoose o Representatives (Unitit States)|Hoose o Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[American Revolution|Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = from [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] |established_event1 = [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declared]] |established_date1 = Julie 4, 1776 |established_event2 = [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|Recognized]] |established_date2 = September 3, 1783 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution]]}} |established_date3 = Juin 21, 1788 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_sq_mi = 3794101 |area_km2 = 9826675 |area_rank = 3rd/4th |area_footnote = <ref name="WF">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=United States |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=September 30, 2009 |accessdate=January 5, 2010 (area given in square kilometers) |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{ref label|areabox|c|}} |percent_water = 6.76 | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 331,449,281<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |url-status=dead |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.</ref> | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census_rank = 3rd | population_density_sq_mi = 87<!-- Figure uses (population/land + water area) as of July 2019. --> | population_density_rank = 146t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 2nt | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=October 13, 2021}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 8t | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 1st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 5t | Gini = 48.5<!-- Number only. --> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show/ |title=Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.926<!-- Number only. --> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020: The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=December 15, 2020|access-date=December 15, 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 17t |EF_year = 2007 |EF = {{decrease}} 8.0 gha<ref name="EF">{{cite web |url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |title=Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 |publisher=Global Footprint Network |accessdate=July 11, 2011}}</ref> |EF_rank = 6t |currency = [[{{#property:p38}}]] ($) |currency_code = USD |country_code = USA |utc_offset = −5 to −10 |utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{ref label|UTCbox|e|}} |calling_code = [[North American Nummerin Plan|+1]] |iso3166code = US |drives_on = richt{{ref label|driving|g|}} |cctld = {{nowrap|[[.us]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.gov]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.mil]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.edu]]}} |footnote_a = {{note|engoffbox}} Inglish is the [[Offeecial leid o the Unitit States|offeecial leid]] o at least 28 states; some soorces gie heicher figurs, based on differin defineetions o "offeecial".{{big|<ref name=ILW>{{cite web |author=Feder, Jody |url= http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf |title= English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress |date=January 25, 2007 |publisher= Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service) |accessdate= June 19, 2007}}</ref>}} Inglish an [[Hawaiian leid|Hawaiian]] are baith offeecial leids in the state o [[Hawaii]]. |footnote_b = {{note|engfactobox}} Inglis is the ''[[de facto]]'' leid o American govrenment an the sole leid spoken at home bi 80 percent o Americans aged five an aulder. [[Spainyie leid in the Unitit States|Spainyie is the seicont maist commonly spoken leid]]. |footnote_c = {{note|areabox}} Whether the Unitit States or [[Cheenae]] is lairger haes been [[Leet o kintras bi aurie|disputit]]. The figur gien is frae the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''[[The Warld Factbeuk]]''. Ither soorces gie smawer figurs. Aw authoritative calculations o the kintra's size include anly the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, nae the [[Territories o the Unitit States|territories]]. |footnote_d = {{note|popbox}} The population estimate is o fowk whose uisual residence is within the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, regardless o naitionality. It daes nae include those livin in the territories (ower 4&nbsp;million fowk, maistly in [[Puerto Rico]]). |footnote_e = {{note|UTCbox}} See [[Time in the Unitit States]] for details aboot laws govrenin time zones in the Unitit States. |footnote_f = {{note|ISO3166box}} Daes nae include [[insular aurie]]s an [[Unitit States Minor Ootlyin Islands]], which hae thair ain [[ISO 3166]] codes. |footnote_g = {{note|driving}} Except [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]. }} [[File:ReliefUSA map.gif|thumb|right|280px|A pictur o the lawer 48 states Americae.]] The '''Unitit States o Americae''' ({{lang-en|United States of America}}), commonly referred tae as the '''Unitit States''' ({{lang-en|United States}}, '''U.S.''') or '''Americae''' ({{lang-en|America}}) or in navajo ([[Navajo leid]] Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí), is a [[Constitution|constitutional]] [[federal republic]] componed o 50 [[U.S. state|states]], a [[Washington, D.C.|federal destrict]], five main sel-govrening territories, an ither possessions.{{refn|group=fn|The five major territories are [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northren Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], an the [[Unitit States Virgin Islands]]. Thare are eleven smawer island auries withoot permanent populations: [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], an [[Palmyra Atoll]]. U.S. sovereignty ower [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]], [[Navassa Island]], [[Serranilla Bank]], an [[Wake Island]] is disputit.<ref>U.S. State Department, [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights], December 30, 2011, Item 22, 27, 80.— an U.S. General Accounting Office Report, [http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229153648/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |date=2020-02-29 }}, November 1997, p. 1, 6, 39n. Both viewed April 6, 2016.</ref>}} Forty-aicht o the fifty states an the federal destrict border each ither an locatit in [[North Americae]] atween [[Canadae]] an [[Mexico]]. The [[Alaska|state o Alaska]] is in the northwast neuk o North Americae, bordered bi Canadae tae the east an athort the [[Bering Strait]] frae [[Roushie]] tae the wast. The [[Hawaii|state o Hawaii]] is an [[airchipelago]] in the mid-[[Pacific Ocean]]. The U.S. territories are scattered aboot the Paceefic Ocean an the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Nine time zones are covered. The geografie, climate an wildlife o the kintra are extremely diverse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwf.org/wildlife.aspx|title=Wildlife Library|publisher=National Wildlife Federation|accessdate= December 23, 2014}}</ref> At 3.8&nbsp;million squerr miles (9.8&nbsp;million km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="State and other areas">"[https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html State and other areas]", U.S. Census Bureau, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620155719/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/solutions/products/census/maf-tiger.asp MAF/TIGER] database as of August 2010, excluding the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. viewed October 22, 2014.</ref> an wi ower 324 million fowk, the Unitit States is the warld's [[Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi aurie|fowert-lairgest kintra bi tot aurie]] (an fowerth-mucklest bi laund aurie){{refn|group=fn|The follaein twa primary soorces (non-mirrored) represent the range (min./max.) o tot aurie for Cheenae an the Unitit States. Baith soorces ''exclude'' Taiwan frae the aurie o Cheenae. {{ordered list |1= The Encyclopædia Britannica lets Cheenae as warld's third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi a tot aurie o 9,572,900 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/111803/China-quick-facts|title=China|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> an the Unitit States as fowert-lairgest at 9,526,468 sq km. The figur for the Unitit States is less nor in the CIA Factbook acause it ''excludes'' coastal an territorial watters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts|title=United States|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> |2= The CIA World Factbook leets the Unitit States as the third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi tot aurie o 9,833,517 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|title=United States|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Cheenae as fowert-lairgest at 9,596,960 sq km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|title=China|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This figur for the Unitit States is greater nor in the Encyclopædia Britannica acause it ''includes'' coastal an territorial watters.}}}} an the [[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population|third-maist populous]]. It is ane o the warld's maist ethnically diverse an [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] naitions, an is hame tae the warld's mucklest nummer o immigrant fowk.<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref> Urbanisation climbed tae oweer 80% in 2010 an leads tae growin megaregions. The kintra's caipital is [[Washington, D.C.]] an its mucklest ceety is [[New York Ceety]]; the ither major metropolitan auries, aw wi aroond five million or mair indwallers, are [[Greater Los Angeles Aurie|Los Angeles]], [[Chicago metropolitan aurie|Chicago]], [[San Francisco Bay Aurie|San Francisco]], [[Greater Boston|Boston]], [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas]], [[Delaware Valley|Philadelphia]], [[Greater Houston|Houston]], [[Miami metropolitan aurie|Miami]], an [[Atlanta metropolitan aurie|Atlanta]]. Paleo-Indians migrated frae Asie tae the North American mainland at least 15,000 year ago.<ref name=earliest>{{cite news|title=Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/12/science/la-sci-sn-paisley-caves-20120712|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles County, California|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=July 12, 2012|first=Thomas H.|last=Maugh II|accessdate=February 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web |url= http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archivedate=November 28, 2007 |ref=HumanOrigins |title=What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America? |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |date=June 2004 |accessdate=June 19, 2007}}<br />{{cite web |first=Nicolas |last=Kudeba |url=http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |title=Chapter 1&nbsp;– The First Big Steppe&nbsp;– Aboriginal Canadian History |website=The History of Canada Podcast |date=February 28, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301013552/http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |archivedate=March 1, 2014 |deadurl=no}}<br />{{cite journal |author=Guy Gugliotta |title=When Did Humans Come to the Americas? |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-did-humans-come-to-the-americas-4209273/?all |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |date=February 2013 |access-date=June 25, 2015 }}</ref> [[European colonisation o the Americas|European colonisation]] began in the 16t century. The Unitit States emerged frae [[Thirteen Colonies|13 Breetish colonies]] alang the [[East Coast o the Unitit States|East Coast]]. Mony disputes atween [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] an the colonies in the eftermath o the [[Seiven Years' War]] led tae the [[American Revolution]], whilk began in 1775. On Julie 4, 1776, as the colonies war fichtin Great Breetain in the [[American Revolutionary War]], delegates frae the 13 colonies unanimously adoptit the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declaration o Unthirldom]]. The war endit in 1783 wi [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|recogneetion o the unthirldom o the Unitit States]] bi [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]], an wis the first successfu war o unthirldom against a European colonial empire.<ref>Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., eds. (2008). ''A Companion to the American Revolution''. pp. 352–361.<br />{{cite book |author=Bender, Thomas |title=A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wQHlrIz4gpYC&pg=PA61 |year=2006 |publisher=Hill & Wang |location=New York |page=61 |isbn=978-0-8090-7235-4}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=4&smtid=1 |title=Overview of the Early National Period |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> The [[Unitit States Constitution|current constitution]] wis adoptit in 1788, efter the [[Airticles o Confederation]], adoptit in 1781, war felt tae hae providit inadequate federal pouers. The first ten amendments, collectively named the [[Unitit States Bill o Richts|Bill o Richts]], war ratified in 1791 an designed tae guarantee mony fundamental ceevil liberties.यूरोपियन उपनिवेशीकरण के बाद अमेरिका में, तेरहवें दिन ग्रेट ब्रीटेन के अमेरिकी उपनिवेशों ने यूनिटिट स्टेट्स, दुनिया का पहला संवैधानिक एक लोकतांत्रिक संघीय गणराज्य, 1776 में एक वीर ओ अनथर्डम (1775- 1775- 1783)। ग्रेट ब्रीटेन ने 1783 में संधि ओ पैरिस के साथ विद्रोहियों के साथ शांति बनाई। ताई मेक ए स्टूट कर्नल शासन के लिए, 1787 में फिलाडेल्फिया कन्वेंशन ने 1788 में एक संविधान, एक सबसे दूर यूनिटिट स्टेट्स सीनेट, हूज ओ रिप्रेजेंटेटिव्स, और राष्ट्रपति ने 1789 में पदभार ग्रहण किया। जॉर्ज वाशिंगटन पहले राष्ट्रपति थे। The Unitit States gaed on a vigorous expansion athort North Americae throuoot the 19t century,<ref name="MD2007" /> displacin American Indian tribes, acquirin new territories, an gradually admittin new states till it spanned the continent in 1848.<ref name="MD2007">{{cite book |last=Carlisle |first=Rodney P. |first2=J. Geoffrey |last2=Golson |title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America |series=Turning Points in History Series |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ka6LxulZaEwC&vq=annexation&dq=territorial+expansion+United+States+%22manifest+destiny%22 |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-833-0 |page=238}}</ref> During the seicont hauf o the 19t century, the [[American Ceevil War]] led tae the end o legal slavery in the kintra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html|title=The Civil War and emancipation 1861–1865 |work=Africans in America |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|location=Boston, Massachusetts|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012054217/http://pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html |archivedate=October 12, 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Jeffrey H. |editor1-last=Wallenfeldt |author=Britannica Educational Publishing |series=America at War |title=The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power |url=https://books.google.com/?id=T_0TrXXiDbUC&dq=slavery+%22American+Civil+War%22 |year=2009 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-045-7 |page=264}}</ref> Bi the end o that century, the Unitit States extendit intae the Pacific Ocean,<ref name="AmCentNYT">{{cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/white-century.html |title=The American Century |author=White, Donald W. |year=1996 |isbn=0-300-05721-0 |publisher=Yale University Press |chapter=1: The Frontiers |accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> an its economy, driven in muckle pairt bi the [[Industrial Revolution]], began tae growe a lot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Work in the Late 19th Century|url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/|website=Library of Congress|accessdate=January 16, 2015}}</ref> The [[Spaingie–American War]] an {{nowrap|[[Warld War I]]}} confirmed the kintra's status as a global militar pouer. The Unitit States emerged frae {{nowrap|[[Warld War II]]}} as a global [[superpouer]], the first kintra tae develop nuclear wappens, the anly kintra tae [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|uise them]] in warfare, an a permanent member o the [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]]. It is a foondin member o the [[Organisation o American States]] (OAS) an various ither [[Pan-Americanism|Pan-American]] an internaitional organisations. The end o the [[Cauld War]] an the [[dissolution o the Soviet Union|end o the Soviet Union]] in 1991 left the Unitit States as the warld's sole superpouer.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tony Judt|author2=Denis Lacorne|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=June 4, 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}<br />{{cite book|author=Richard J. Samuels|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666|date=December 21, 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}<br />{{cite book|author=Paul R. Pillar|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GYklwy6booC&pg=PA57|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-0004-0|page=57}}<br />{{cite book|author=Gabe T. Wang|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179|date=January 1, 2006|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}<br />{{cite book|title=Understanding the "Victory Disease," From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}</ref> The Unitit States is a heichly developed kintra, wi the warld's mucklest [[Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal)|economy bi nominal GDP]]. It ranks heichly in several meisurs o socioeconomic performance, includin average wage,<ref>{{cite web|title=Average annual wages, 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices|url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=64115|website=OECD|accessdate=April 30, 2016}}</ref> [[Human Development Index|human development]], per capita GDP, an productivity per person.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500395_162-3228735.html |title=U.S. Workers World's Most Productive |publisher=CBS News |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref> While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, chairacterised bi the dominance o [[Service (economics)|services]] an knawledge economy, the manufacturin sector remains the seicont-mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$)|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD|website=World Bank Open Data|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref> Tho its population is anly 4.3% o the warld tot,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. and World Population Clock|url=http://www.census.gov/popclock/|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> the Unitit States accoonts for nearly a quarter o warld GDP<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=23&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title = World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = }}</ref> an ower a third o global militar spendin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |title=Trends in world military expenditure, 2013 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=April 2014 |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104033821/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |url-status=dead }}</ref> makkin it the warld's foremaist economic an [[Unitit States Airmed Forces|militar]] pouer. The Unitit States is a prominent poleetical an cultural force internaitionally, an a leader in scienteefic resairch an technological innovations.<ref>[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]<br />[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|title=Geographical trends of research output|publisher=Research Trends|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317092424/http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|title=The top 20 countries for scientific output|publisher=Open Access Week|accessdate=March 16, 2014}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|title=Granted patents|publisher=European Patent Office|accessdate=March 16, 2014}}</ref> == History == Follaein the European colonisation o the Americaes, aw thirteen o [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]'s American colonies spleet frae the mither kintra an formit the Unitit States, the warld's first [[constitution]]al an [[democracy|democratic]] [[federation|federal]] [[republic]], efter thair [[American Declaration o Unthirldom|declaration o unthirldom]] in [[1776]] an the [[American Weir o Unthirldom|Weir o Unthirldom]] ([[1775]]–[[1783]]). Great Breetain made peace wi the rebols an wi the [[Treaty o Pairis (1783)|Treaty o Pairis]] in 1783. For tae mak a stoot colonol govrenment, the [[Philadelphia Convention]] wis foondit in 1787 an raitifeet a [[Constitution o the Unitit States|constitution]] in 1788, an the farst Unitit States Senate, Hoose o Representatives, an preses tak office in 1789. [[George Washington]] wis the first preses. Differences o opinion an social order atween northren an soothern states in early Unitit States society, pairteecularly regairdin Black sclavery, ultimately led tae the American Ceevil War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stuart Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76|accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book|author=Harold T. Lewis|title=Christian Social Witness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-56101-188-9|page=53}}</ref> Follaein the Union victory in 1865, three amendments war addit tae the U.S. Constitution: the [[Thirteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Thirteent Amendment]] prohibitit sclavery, the [[Fowerteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fowerteent Amendment]] providit ceetizenship tae the nearly fower million [[African American]]s wha haed been sclaves,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf |title=1860 Census |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 10, 2007}} Page 7 leets a tot sclave population o 3,953,760.</ref> an the [[Fifteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fifteent Amendment]] ensured that thay haed the richt tae vote. The Unitit States remained neutral frae the ootbreak o [[Warld War I]], in 1914, till 1917 whan it jyned the war as an "associatit pouer", alangside the formal [[Allies o Warld War I]], helpin tae turn the tide against the [[Central Pouers]]. In 1920, the weemen's richts muivement wan passage o a constitutional amendment grantin weemen's suffrage.<ref name="voris">{{cite book |last1=Voris |first1=Jacqueline Van |title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life |url=https://archive.org/details/carriechapmancat0000vanv |series=Women and Peace Series |year=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |location=New York City |isbn=1-55861-139-8 |page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920.&nbsp;... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}}</ref> The 1920s an 1930s saw the rise o [[radio]] for mass communication an the invention o early [[televeesion]].<ref>Winchester pp. 410–411</ref> The prosperity o the Roaring Twenties endit wi the [[Wall Street Crash o 1929]] an the onset o the [[Great Depression]]. Efter his election as preses in 1932, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] respondit wi the [[New Deal]], whit included the establishment o the [[Social Security (Unitit States)|Social Security]] seestem.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |first1=June |last1=Axinn |first2=Mark J. |last2=Stern |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |location=Boston |year=2007}}</ref> At first effectively neutral during [[Warld War II]] while Germany conquered much o continental Europe, the Unitit States began supplyin material tae the [[Allies o Warld War II|Allies]] in Mairch 1941 throu the Lend-Lease programme. On December 7, 1941, the [[Empire o Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], promptin the Unitit States tae jyn the Allies against the [[Axis pouers]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor">{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|accessdate=January 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archivedate=December 13, 2014 }}</ref> The Unitit States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear wappens]] an uised them on Japan [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|in the ceeties o Hiroshima an Nagasaki]]; causin the Japanese tae surrender on September 2, endin Warld War II.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? {{!}} The Japan Times|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=2017-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.</ref> Efter Warld War II the Unitit States an the [[Soviet Union]] jockeyed for pouer during whit acame kent as the [[Cauld War]], driven bi an ideological divide atween [[caipitalism]] an [[communism]]<ref name="WaggAndrews2012">{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}}</ref> an, accordin tae the schuil o [[geopolitics]], a divide atween the maritime Atlantic an the continental Eurasian camps. American truips focht communist [[Fowk's Liberation Airmy|Cheenese]] an [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] o 1950–53.<ref name="Proxy" /> The Soviet Union's 1957 launch o the [[Sputnik 1|first airtifeecial satellite]] an its 1961 launch o the [[Vostok 1|first manned spaceflicht]] ineetiatit a "[[Space Race]]" in whit the Unitit States acame the first naition tae [[Apollo 11|laund a man on the muin]] in 1969.<ref name="Proxy">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}}</ref> A proxy war in Sootheast Asie eventually evolved intae full American pairteecipation, as the [[Vietnam War]]. At hame in the 1960s, the growin [[African-American Ceevil Richts Muivement (1954–68)|Ceevil Richts Muivement]] uised nonviolence tae confront segregation an discrimination, wi [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] acomin a prominent leader an figurheid. The late 1980s, unner the presidency o [[Ronald Reagan]], brocht a "thowe" in relations wi the USSR, an [[Dissolution o the Soviet Union|its collapse]] in 1991 finally endit the Cauld War.<ref>{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rhetoric_of_Presidential_Summit_Dipl.html?id=LctvjhxJ-bsC |year=2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Kissinger |title=Diplomacy |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0IZboamhb5EC&lpg=PA731 |year=2011 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12|year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}<br /></ref><ref>[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref><ref>[[#ushistory13|US History.org, 2013]]</ref> On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists struck the [[Warld Trade Center (1973–2001)|Warld Trade Center]] in New York Ceety an [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killin nearly 3,000 fowk.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened |url=http://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/ |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |publisher=Fox News}}<br />{{cite news |title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |publisher=CBS News |date=September 11, 2012 |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215138/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html |title=Day of Terror Video Archive |year=2005 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=March 6, 2013 }}</ref> In response, the Unitit States launched the [[War on Terror]], whilk included [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] an the 2003–11 [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy |author=Walsh, Kenneth T. |url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |date=December 9, 2008 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}<br />{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-921-9 |page=872 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Overview: The Iraq War |last=Wong |first=Edward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 15, 2008 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&dq=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |accessdate=October 25, 2015 }}<br />{{cite news |title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War |author=Durando, Jessica |author2=Green, Shannon Rae |agency=Associated Press |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=December 21, 2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 |archive-date=2020-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unner Preses [[Barack Obama]], American forces in Iraq war widrawn in muckle nummers in 2009 an 2010, an the war in the region wis declared formally ower in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/world/middleeast/panetta-in-baghdad-for-iraq-military-handover-ceremony.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Thom | last1=Shanker | first2=Michael S. | last2=Schmidt | first3=Robert F. | last3=Worth | title=In Baghdad, Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict | date=December 15, 2011}}</ref> The widrawal caused [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)|an escalation o sectarian insurgency]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |title=The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency &#124; Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |publisher=[[United States Military Academy]] |accessdate=January 26, 2017 |archive-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043422/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |url-status=dead }}</ref> leadin tae the rise o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]], the successor o al-Qaeda in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|title=Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests|publisher=U.S Department of State|accessdate=November 26, 2010|date=January 26, 2017|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141714/https://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Geografie, climate, an environs == The laund aurie o the [[contiguous Unitit States]] is {{convert|2959064|sqmi|km2|1}}. Alaska, separatit frae the contiguous Unitit States bi Canadae, is the mucklest state at {{convert|663268|sqmi|km2|1}}. [[Hawaii]], occupyin an airchipelago in the central [[Paceefic Ocean|Paceefic]], soothwast o North Americae, is {{convert|10931|sqmi|km2|0}} in aurie. The populatit territories o [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northren Mariana Islands]], an [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] thegither civer {{convert|9185|sqmi|km2|0}}.<ref name="Land Area of US and states">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|page=41|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}</ref> The Unitit States, wi its muckle size an geografic variety, includes maist climate teepes. Tae the east o the 100t meridian, the climate ranges frae humid continental in the north tae humid subtropical in the sooth.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 24, 2014}}</ref> The Great Plains wast o the 100t meridian are semi-arid. Much o the Wastren moontains hae an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Soothwast, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in coastal Californie, an [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] an [[Washington (state)|Washington]] an soothren Alaska. Maist o Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii an the soothren tip o [[Florida]] are tropical, as are the populatit territories in the Caribbean an the Paceefic.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> === Wildlife === The U.S. ecology is megadiverse: aboot 17,000 species o [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous Unitit States an Alaska, an ower 1,800 species o flouering plants are foond in Hawaii, few o whit occur on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |url=http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |publisher=National Biological Service |work=Plants |accessdate=October 27, 2008 |archivedate=July 24, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |date=2013-07-24 }}</ref> The Unitit States is hame tae 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, an 295 amphibian species.<ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Aboot 91,000 insect species hae been describit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref> The [[bauld eagle]] is baith the naitional bird an naitional ainimal o the Unitit States, an is an endurin seembol o the kintra itsel.<ref name=j23>{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=E.A. |year=1990 |title=Symbol of a Nation: The Bald Eagle in American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-culture_spring-1990_13_1/page/63 |journal=The Journal of American Culture |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=63–69|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.1990.1301_63.x }}</ref> == Cultur == The Unitit States is hame tae [[Multiculturalism|mony culturs]] an a wide variety o ethnic groups, tradeetions, an values.<ref name="DD" /><ref name="Society in Focus">Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.</ref> Aside frae the [[Hamespun Americans in the Unitit States|Hamespun American]], [[Hamespun Hawaiians|Hamespun Hawaiian]], an [[Alaska Hamespuns|Hamespun Alaskan]] populations, nearly aw Americans or thair ancestors settled or emigratit within the past five centuries.<ref>Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E. (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.</ref> Mainstream American cultur is a Wastren cultur mucklely derived frae the tradeetions o European emigrants wi influences frae mony ither soorces, sic as tradeetions brocht bi slaves frae Africae.<ref name="DD" /><ref>Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.</ref> ===Cuisine=== Mainstream American cuisine is seemilar tae that in ither Wastren kintras. Chairactereestic dishes sic as aiple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, an het dogs derive frae the recipes o various emigrants. French fries, [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] dishes sic as burritos an tacos, an pasta dishes freely adaptit frae Italian soorces are widely consumed.<ref name="IFT">{{cite web |url=http://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N. |title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003 |publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists |date=August 23, 2003|accessdate=June 19, 2007}}</ref> Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea.<ref name=coffeeandtea>{{cite news|last1=H|first1=D|title=The coffee insurgency|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/12/daily-chart-17|website=The Economist|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Mercatin bi U.S. industries is mucklely responsible for makkin orange juice an milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages.<ref>[[#Smith2004|Smith, 2004]], pp. 131–132</ref><ref>[[#Levenstein|Levenstein, 2003]], pp. 154–55</ref> ===Airts=== In leeturatur, [[Edgar Allen Poe]], [[Emily Dickenson]], [[Mark Twain]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], [[Herman Melville]], an [[John Steinbeck]] are amang the maist weel kent Americans, while [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Georgia O'Keefe]], an [[Andy Warhol]] are some o the maist weel kent American painters. [[Hollywood]], a northren destrict o [[Los Angeles]], Californie, is ane o the leaders in motion pictur production.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 |title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer |publisher=United Nations |date=May 5, 2009 |accessdate=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Syne the early 20t century, the U.S. film industry haes mucklely been based in an aroond Hollywood, awtho in the 21st century an increasin nummer o films are nae made thare, an film companies hae been subject tae the forces o globalisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|publisher=''The Hollywood Reporter''|accessdate=January 24, 2015}}</ref> Muisic in Americae haes been influenced bi [[African-American]] cultur, wi [[Duke Ellington]] an [[Louis Armstrong]] pioneerin the [[Jazz]] genre. [[Elvis Presley]] an [[Buddy Holly]] war leadin airtists in pioneerin popular muisic in the 1950s. Syne then, the Unitit States haes produced mony popular airtists, includin [[Michael Jackson]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Madonna]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Taylor Swift]], an [[Beyoncé]], amang mony ithers. ==Sport== [[American fitbaa]] is the maist popular sport in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web |author=Krane, David K. |title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |publisher=Harris Interactive |date=October 30, 2002 |accessdate=September 14, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |archivedate=July 9, 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |date=2010-07-09 }} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0.</ref> The [[National Football League]] (NFL) haes the heichest average attendance o ony sports league in the warld, an the [[Super Bowl]] is watched bi millions globally. [[Basebaw]] haes been regairdit as the U.S. [[naitional sport]] syne the late 19t century, wi [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) bein the tap league. [[Basketbaw]] an [[ice hockey]] are the kintra's next twa [[Major professional sports leagues in the Unitit States an Canadae|leadin professional team sports]], wi the tap leagues bein the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) an the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). Aight [[Olympic Gemmes]] hae taken place in the Unitit States. As o 2014, the Unitit States haes wan 2,400 medals at the [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]], mair nor ony ither kintra, an 281 in the [[Winter Olympic Gemmes]], the seicont maist behind Norawa.<ref>{{cite news |title= The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings |first= Chris |last= Chase |date= February 7, 2014 |work= [[USA Today]] |url= http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/ |accessdate= February 28, 2014}} {{cite news |title= With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals |date= February 6, 2014 |first= Dan |last= Loumena |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206 |accessdate= February 28, 2014}}</ref> == States o the Unitit States == {{main|U.S. state}} {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * [[Alabama]] * [[Alaska]] * [[Arizona]] * [[Arkansas]] * [[Californie]] * [[Colorado]] * [[Connecticut]] * [[Delaware]] * [[Florida]] * [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] | valign="top" | * [[Hawaii]] * [[Idaho]] * [[Illinois]] * [[Indiana]] * [[Iowa]] * [[Kansas]] * [[Kentucky]] * [[Louisiana]] * [[Maine]] * [[Maryland]] | valign="top" | * [[Massachusetts]] * [[Michigan]] * [[Minnesota]] * [[Mississippi]] * [[Missouri]] * [[Montana]] * [[Nebraska]] * [[Nevada]] * [[New Hampshire]] * [[New Jersey]] | valign="top" | * [[New Mexico]] * [[New York]] * [[North Carolina]] * [[North Dakota]] * [[Ohio]] * [[Oklahoma]] * [[Oregon]] * [[Pennsylvanie]] * [[Rhode Island]] * [[Sooth Carolina]] | valign="top" | * [[Sooth Dakota]] * [[Tennessee]] * [[Texas]] * [[Utah]] * [[Vermont]] * [[Wast Virginie]] * [[Virginie]] * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] * [[Wisconsin]] * [[Wyoming]] |} ==Notes== <references group="fn"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Soorces=== {{Commonscat|United States}} * {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book] * {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}} * {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}} * {{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1}} {{Unitit States topics}} [[Category:Unitit States| ]] [[Category:1776 establishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile confederations]] [[Category:G8 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1776]] bs8e2l8zj27mqh1mlt7pf681kgo18m8 869574 869572 2022-08-07T13:22:56Z WikiBayer 53790 Revertit edit o 84.65.124.94, chynged back tae last version bi InternetArchiveBot wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2021}} {{hatnote|For the landmass comprisin North an Sooth Americae, see [[America]]. For ither uisses, see [[America (disambiguation)]].}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Unitit States o Americae |common_name = the Unitit States |native_name = {{lang-en|the United States}} |image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg |image_coat = Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg |symbol_type = Great Seal |national_motto = <div style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">"[[In God we trust]]" {{small|(offeecial)}}<ref>{{USC|36|302}} ''National motto''</ref><ref>[[#Simonson|Simonson, 2010]]</ref><ref>[[#God|Dept. of Treasury, 2011]]</ref></div> <div style="line-height:1.15em;">{{native phrase|la|"[[E pluribus unum]]"|italics=off}} {{small|(tradeetional)}} <br />{{small|"Oot o mony, ane"}} </div> |national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<br /><center>[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = USA orthographic.svg |alt_map = Projection o North Americae wi the Unitit States in green |map_width = 220px |capital = [[Washington, D.C.]] |coordinates = {{Coord|38|53|N|77|01|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[New York Ceety]] |official_languages = {{nowrap|None at [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal level]]{{ref label|engoffbox|a|}}}} |languages_type = [[Naitional leid]] |languages = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]{{ref label|engfactobox|b|}}<!---NOTE: Just English, don't add "American English"---> |official_religion = none |demonym = [[America]]n |government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] |leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Joe Biden]] ([[Democratic Pairty (Unitit States)|D]])}} |leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]] |leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[Kamala Harris]] (D)}} |leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Speaker o the Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Speaker o the Hoose]]}} |leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[Nancy Pelosi]] (D)}} |leader_title4 = [[Chief Juistice o the Unitit States|Chief Juistice]] |leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]] |legislature = [[Unitit States Congress|Congress]] |upper_house = [[Senate (Unitit States)|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Hoose o Representatives (Unitit States)|Hoose o Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[American Revolution|Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = from [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] |established_event1 = [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declared]] |established_date1 = Julie 4, 1776 |established_event2 = [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|Recognized]] |established_date2 = September 3, 1783 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution]]}} |established_date3 = Juin 21, 1788 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_sq_mi = 3794101 |area_km2 = 9826675 |area_rank = 3rd/4th |area_footnote = <ref name="WF">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=United States |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=September 30, 2009 |accessdate=January 5, 2010 (area given in square kilometers) |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{ref label|areabox|c|}} |percent_water = 6.76 | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 331,449,281<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |url-status=dead |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.</ref> | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census_rank = 3rd | population_density_sq_mi = 87<!-- Figure uses (population/land + water area) as of July 2019. --> | population_density_rank = 146t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 2nt | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=October 13, 2021}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 8t | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 1st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 5t | Gini = 48.5<!-- Number only. --> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show/ |title=Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.926<!-- Number only. --> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020: The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=December 15, 2020|access-date=December 15, 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 17t |EF_year = 2007 |EF = {{decrease}} 8.0 gha<ref name="EF">{{cite web |url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |title=Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 |publisher=Global Footprint Network |accessdate=July 11, 2011}}</ref> |EF_rank = 6t |currency = [[{{#property:p38}}]] ($) |currency_code = USD |country_code = USA |utc_offset = −5 to −10 |utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{ref label|UTCbox|e|}} |calling_code = [[North American Nummerin Plan|+1]] |iso3166code = US |drives_on = richt{{ref label|driving|g|}} |cctld = {{nowrap|[[.us]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.gov]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.mil]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.edu]]}} |footnote_a = {{note|engoffbox}} Inglish is the [[Offeecial leid o the Unitit States|offeecial leid]] o at least 28 states; some soorces gie heicher figurs, based on differin defineetions o "offeecial".{{big|<ref name=ILW>{{cite web |author=Feder, Jody |url= http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf |title= English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress |date=January 25, 2007 |publisher= Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service) |accessdate= June 19, 2007}}</ref>}} Inglish an [[Hawaiian leid|Hawaiian]] are baith offeecial leids in the state o [[Hawaii]]. |footnote_b = {{note|engfactobox}} Inglis is the ''[[de facto]]'' leid o American govrenment an the sole leid spoken at home bi 80 percent o Americans aged five an aulder. [[Spainyie leid in the Unitit States|Spainyie is the seicont maist commonly spoken leid]]. |footnote_c = {{note|areabox}} Whether the Unitit States or [[Cheenae]] is lairger haes been [[Leet o kintras bi aurie|disputit]]. The figur gien is frae the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''[[The Warld Factbeuk]]''. Ither soorces gie smawer figurs. Aw authoritative calculations o the kintra's size include anly the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, nae the [[Territories o the Unitit States|territories]]. |footnote_d = {{note|popbox}} The population estimate is o fowk whose uisual residence is within the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, regardless o naitionality. It daes nae include those livin in the territories (ower 4&nbsp;million fowk, maistly in [[Puerto Rico]]). |footnote_e = {{note|UTCbox}} See [[Time in the Unitit States]] for details aboot laws govrenin time zones in the Unitit States. |footnote_f = {{note|ISO3166box}} Daes nae include [[insular aurie]]s an [[Unitit States Minor Ootlyin Islands]], which hae thair ain [[ISO 3166]] codes. |footnote_g = {{note|driving}} Except [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]. }} [[File:ReliefUSA map.gif|thumb|right|280px|A pictur o the lawer 48 states Americae.]] The '''Unitit States o Americae''' ({{lang-en|United States of America}}), commonly referred tae as the '''Unitit States''' ({{lang-en|United States}}, '''U.S.''') or '''Americae''' ({{lang-en|America}}) or in navajo ([[Navajo leid]] Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí), is a [[Constitution|constitutional]] [[federal republic]] componed o 50 [[U.S. state|states]], a [[Washington, D.C.|federal destrict]], five main sel-govrening territories, an ither possessions.{{refn|group=fn|The five major territories are [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northren Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], an the [[Unitit States Virgin Islands]]. Thare are eleven smawer island auries withoot permanent populations: [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], an [[Palmyra Atoll]]. U.S. sovereignty ower [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]], [[Navassa Island]], [[Serranilla Bank]], an [[Wake Island]] is disputit.<ref>U.S. State Department, [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights], December 30, 2011, Item 22, 27, 80.— an U.S. General Accounting Office Report, [http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229153648/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |date=2020-02-29 }}, November 1997, p. 1, 6, 39n. Both viewed April 6, 2016.</ref>}} Forty-aicht o the fifty states an the federal destrict border each ither an locatit in [[North Americae]] atween [[Canadae]] an [[Mexico]]. The [[Alaska|state o Alaska]] is in the northwast neuk o North Americae, bordered bi Canadae tae the east an athort the [[Bering Strait]] frae [[Roushie]] tae the wast. The [[Hawaii|state o Hawaii]] is an [[airchipelago]] in the mid-[[Pacific Ocean]]. The U.S. territories are scattered aboot the Paceefic Ocean an the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Nine time zones are covered. The geografie, climate an wildlife o the kintra are extremely diverse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwf.org/wildlife.aspx|title=Wildlife Library|publisher=National Wildlife Federation|accessdate= December 23, 2014}}</ref> At 3.8&nbsp;million squerr miles (9.8&nbsp;million km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="State and other areas">"[https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html State and other areas]", U.S. Census Bureau, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620155719/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/solutions/products/census/maf-tiger.asp MAF/TIGER] database as of August 2010, excluding the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. viewed October 22, 2014.</ref> an wi ower 324 million fowk, the Unitit States is the warld's [[Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi aurie|fowert-lairgest kintra bi tot aurie]] (an fowerth-mucklest bi laund aurie){{refn|group=fn|The follaein twa primary soorces (non-mirrored) represent the range (min./max.) o tot aurie for Cheenae an the Unitit States. Baith soorces ''exclude'' Taiwan frae the aurie o Cheenae. {{ordered list |1= The Encyclopædia Britannica lets Cheenae as warld's third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi a tot aurie o 9,572,900 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/111803/China-quick-facts|title=China|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> an the Unitit States as fowert-lairgest at 9,526,468 sq km. The figur for the Unitit States is less nor in the CIA Factbook acause it ''excludes'' coastal an territorial watters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts|title=United States|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> |2= The CIA World Factbook leets the Unitit States as the third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi tot aurie o 9,833,517 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|title=United States|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Cheenae as fowert-lairgest at 9,596,960 sq km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|title=China|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This figur for the Unitit States is greater nor in the Encyclopædia Britannica acause it ''includes'' coastal an territorial watters.}}}} an the [[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population|third-maist populous]]. It is ane o the warld's maist ethnically diverse an [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] naitions, an is hame tae the warld's mucklest nummer o immigrant fowk.<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref> Urbanisation climbed tae oweer 80% in 2010 an leads tae growin megaregions. The kintra's caipital is [[Washington, D.C.]] an its mucklest ceety is [[New York Ceety]]; the ither major metropolitan auries, aw wi aroond five million or mair indwallers, are [[Greater Los Angeles Aurie|Los Angeles]], [[Chicago metropolitan aurie|Chicago]], [[San Francisco Bay Aurie|San Francisco]], [[Greater Boston|Boston]], [[Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex|Dallas]], [[Delaware Valley|Philadelphia]], [[Greater Houston|Houston]], [[Miami metropolitan aurie|Miami]], an [[Atlanta metropolitan aurie|Atlanta]]. Paleo-Indians migrated frae Asie tae the North American mainland at least 15,000 year ago.<ref name=earliest>{{cite news|title=Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/12/science/la-sci-sn-paisley-caves-20120712|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles County, California|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=July 12, 2012|first=Thomas H.|last=Maugh II|accessdate=February 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web |url= http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archivedate=November 28, 2007 |ref=HumanOrigins |title=What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America? |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |date=June 2004 |accessdate=June 19, 2007}}<br />{{cite web |first=Nicolas |last=Kudeba |url=http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |title=Chapter 1&nbsp;– The First Big Steppe&nbsp;– Aboriginal Canadian History |website=The History of Canada Podcast |date=February 28, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301013552/http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |archivedate=March 1, 2014 |deadurl=no}}<br />{{cite journal |author=Guy Gugliotta |title=When Did Humans Come to the Americas? |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-did-humans-come-to-the-americas-4209273/?all |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |date=February 2013 |access-date=June 25, 2015 }}</ref> [[European colonisation o the Americas|European colonisation]] began in the 16t century. The Unitit States emerged frae [[Thirteen Colonies|13 Breetish colonies]] alang the [[East Coast o the Unitit States|East Coast]]. Mony disputes atween [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] an the colonies in the eftermath o the [[Seiven Years' War]] led tae the [[American Revolution]], whilk began in 1775. On Julie 4, 1776, as the colonies war fichtin Great Breetain in the [[American Revolutionary War]], delegates frae the 13 colonies unanimously adoptit the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declaration o Unthirldom]]. The war endit in 1783 wi [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|recogneetion o the unthirldom o the Unitit States]] bi [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]], an wis the first successfu war o unthirldom against a European colonial empire.<ref>Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., eds. (2008). ''A Companion to the American Revolution''. pp. 352–361.<br />{{cite book |author=Bender, Thomas |title=A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wQHlrIz4gpYC&pg=PA61 |year=2006 |publisher=Hill & Wang |location=New York |page=61 |isbn=978-0-8090-7235-4}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=4&smtid=1 |title=Overview of the Early National Period |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> The [[Unitit States Constitution|current constitution]] wis adoptit in 1788, efter the [[Airticles o Confederation]], adoptit in 1781, war felt tae hae providit inadequate federal pouers. The first ten amendments, collectively named the [[Unitit States Bill o Richts|Bill o Richts]], war ratified in 1791 an designed tae guarantee mony fundamental ceevil liberties. The Unitit States gaed on a vigorous expansion athort North Americae throuoot the 19t century,<ref name="MD2007" /> displacin American Indian tribes, acquirin new territories, an gradually admittin new states till it spanned the continent in 1848.<ref name="MD2007">{{cite book |last=Carlisle |first=Rodney P. |first2=J. Geoffrey |last2=Golson |title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America |series=Turning Points in History Series |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ka6LxulZaEwC&vq=annexation&dq=territorial+expansion+United+States+%22manifest+destiny%22 |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-833-0 |page=238}}</ref> During the seicont hauf o the 19t century, the [[American Ceevil War]] led tae the end o legal slavery in the kintra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html|title=The Civil War and emancipation 1861–1865 |work=Africans in America |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|location=Boston, Massachusetts|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012054217/http://pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html |archivedate=October 12, 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Jeffrey H. |editor1-last=Wallenfeldt |author=Britannica Educational Publishing |series=America at War |title=The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power |url=https://books.google.com/?id=T_0TrXXiDbUC&dq=slavery+%22American+Civil+War%22 |year=2009 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-045-7 |page=264}}</ref> Bi the end o that century, the Unitit States extendit intae the Pacific Ocean,<ref name="AmCentNYT">{{cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/white-century.html |title=The American Century |author=White, Donald W. |year=1996 |isbn=0-300-05721-0 |publisher=Yale University Press |chapter=1: The Frontiers |accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> an its economy, driven in muckle pairt bi the [[Industrial Revolution]], began tae growe a lot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Work in the Late 19th Century|url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/|website=Library of Congress|accessdate=January 16, 2015}}</ref> The [[Spaingie–American War]] an {{nowrap|[[Warld War I]]}} confirmed the kintra's status as a global militar pouer. The Unitit States emerged frae {{nowrap|[[Warld War II]]}} as a global [[superpouer]], the first kintra tae develop nuclear wappens, the anly kintra tae [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|uise them]] in warfare, an a permanent member o the [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]]. It is a foondin member o the [[Organisation o American States]] (OAS) an various ither [[Pan-Americanism|Pan-American]] an internaitional organisations. The end o the [[Cauld War]] an the [[dissolution o the Soviet Union|end o the Soviet Union]] in 1991 left the Unitit States as the warld's sole superpouer.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tony Judt|author2=Denis Lacorne|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=June 4, 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}<br />{{cite book|author=Richard J. Samuels|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666|date=December 21, 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}<br />{{cite book|author=Paul R. Pillar|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GYklwy6booC&pg=PA57|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-0004-0|page=57}}<br />{{cite book|author=Gabe T. Wang|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179|date=January 1, 2006|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}<br />{{cite book|title=Understanding the "Victory Disease," From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}</ref> The Unitit States is a heichly developed kintra, wi the warld's mucklest [[Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal)|economy bi nominal GDP]]. It ranks heichly in several meisurs o socioeconomic performance, includin average wage,<ref>{{cite web|title=Average annual wages, 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices|url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=64115|website=OECD|accessdate=April 30, 2016}}</ref> [[Human Development Index|human development]], per capita GDP, an productivity per person.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500395_162-3228735.html |title=U.S. Workers World's Most Productive |publisher=CBS News |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref> While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, chairacterised bi the dominance o [[Service (economics)|services]] an knawledge economy, the manufacturin sector remains the seicont-mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$)|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD|website=World Bank Open Data|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref> Tho its population is anly 4.3% o the warld tot,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. and World Population Clock|url=http://www.census.gov/popclock/|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> the Unitit States accoonts for nearly a quarter o warld GDP<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=23&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title = World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = }}</ref> an ower a third o global militar spendin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |title=Trends in world military expenditure, 2013 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=April 2014 |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104033821/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |url-status=dead }}</ref> makkin it the warld's foremaist economic an [[Unitit States Airmed Forces|militar]] pouer. The Unitit States is a prominent poleetical an cultural force internaitionally, an a leader in scienteefic resairch an technological innovations.<ref>[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]<br />[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|title=Geographical trends of research output|publisher=Research Trends|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317092424/http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|title=The top 20 countries for scientific output|publisher=Open Access Week|accessdate=March 16, 2014}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|title=Granted patents|publisher=European Patent Office|accessdate=March 16, 2014}}</ref> == History == Follaein the European colonisation o the Americaes, aw thirteen o [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]'s American colonies spleet frae the mither kintra an formit the Unitit States, the warld's first [[constitution]]al an [[democracy|democratic]] [[federation|federal]] [[republic]], efter thair [[American Declaration o Unthirldom|declaration o unthirldom]] in [[1776]] an the [[American Weir o Unthirldom|Weir o Unthirldom]] ([[1775]]–[[1783]]). Great Breetain made peace wi the rebols an wi the [[Treaty o Pairis (1783)|Treaty o Pairis]] in 1783. For tae mak a stoot colonol govrenment, the [[Philadelphia Convention]] wis foondit in 1787 an raitifeet a [[Constitution o the Unitit States|constitution]] in 1788, an the farst Unitit States Senate, Hoose o Representatives, an preses tak office in 1789. [[George Washington]] wis the first preses. Differences o opinion an social order atween northren an soothern states in early Unitit States society, pairteecularly regairdin Black sclavery, ultimately led tae the American Ceevil War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stuart Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76|accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book|author=Harold T. Lewis|title=Christian Social Witness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-56101-188-9|page=53}}</ref> Follaein the Union victory in 1865, three amendments war addit tae the U.S. Constitution: the [[Thirteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Thirteent Amendment]] prohibitit sclavery, the [[Fowerteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fowerteent Amendment]] providit ceetizenship tae the nearly fower million [[African American]]s wha haed been sclaves,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf |title=1860 Census |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 10, 2007}} Page 7 leets a tot sclave population o 3,953,760.</ref> an the [[Fifteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fifteent Amendment]] ensured that thay haed the richt tae vote. The Unitit States remained neutral frae the ootbreak o [[Warld War I]], in 1914, till 1917 whan it jyned the war as an "associatit pouer", alangside the formal [[Allies o Warld War I]], helpin tae turn the tide against the [[Central Pouers]]. In 1920, the weemen's richts muivement wan passage o a constitutional amendment grantin weemen's suffrage.<ref name="voris">{{cite book |last1=Voris |first1=Jacqueline Van |title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life |url=https://archive.org/details/carriechapmancat0000vanv |series=Women and Peace Series |year=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |location=New York City |isbn=1-55861-139-8 |page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920.&nbsp;... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}}</ref> The 1920s an 1930s saw the rise o [[radio]] for mass communication an the invention o early [[televeesion]].<ref>Winchester pp. 410–411</ref> The prosperity o the Roaring Twenties endit wi the [[Wall Street Crash o 1929]] an the onset o the [[Great Depression]]. Efter his election as preses in 1932, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] respondit wi the [[New Deal]], whit included the establishment o the [[Social Security (Unitit States)|Social Security]] seestem.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |first1=June |last1=Axinn |first2=Mark J. |last2=Stern |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |location=Boston |year=2007}}</ref> At first effectively neutral during [[Warld War II]] while Germany conquered much o continental Europe, the Unitit States began supplyin material tae the [[Allies o Warld War II|Allies]] in Mairch 1941 throu the Lend-Lease programme. On December 7, 1941, the [[Empire o Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], promptin the Unitit States tae jyn the Allies against the [[Axis pouers]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor">{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|accessdate=January 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archivedate=December 13, 2014 }}</ref> The Unitit States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear wappens]] an uised them on Japan [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|in the ceeties o Hiroshima an Nagasaki]]; causin the Japanese tae surrender on September 2, endin Warld War II.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? {{!}} The Japan Times|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=2017-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.</ref> Efter Warld War II the Unitit States an the [[Soviet Union]] jockeyed for pouer during whit acame kent as the [[Cauld War]], driven bi an ideological divide atween [[caipitalism]] an [[communism]]<ref name="WaggAndrews2012">{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}}</ref> an, accordin tae the schuil o [[geopolitics]], a divide atween the maritime Atlantic an the continental Eurasian camps. American truips focht communist [[Fowk's Liberation Airmy|Cheenese]] an [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] o 1950–53.<ref name="Proxy" /> The Soviet Union's 1957 launch o the [[Sputnik 1|first airtifeecial satellite]] an its 1961 launch o the [[Vostok 1|first manned spaceflicht]] ineetiatit a "[[Space Race]]" in whit the Unitit States acame the first naition tae [[Apollo 11|laund a man on the muin]] in 1969.<ref name="Proxy">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}}</ref> A proxy war in Sootheast Asie eventually evolved intae full American pairteecipation, as the [[Vietnam War]]. At hame in the 1960s, the growin [[African-American Ceevil Richts Muivement (1954–68)|Ceevil Richts Muivement]] uised nonviolence tae confront segregation an discrimination, wi [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] acomin a prominent leader an figurheid. The late 1980s, unner the presidency o [[Ronald Reagan]], brocht a "thowe" in relations wi the USSR, an [[Dissolution o the Soviet Union|its collapse]] in 1991 finally endit the Cauld War.<ref>{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rhetoric_of_Presidential_Summit_Dipl.html?id=LctvjhxJ-bsC |year=2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Kissinger |title=Diplomacy |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0IZboamhb5EC&lpg=PA731 |year=2011 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12|year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}<br /></ref><ref>[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref><ref>[[#ushistory13|US History.org, 2013]]</ref> On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists struck the [[Warld Trade Center (1973–2001)|Warld Trade Center]] in New York Ceety an [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killin nearly 3,000 fowk.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened |url=http://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/ |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |publisher=Fox News}}<br />{{cite news |title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |publisher=CBS News |date=September 11, 2012 |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215138/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html |title=Day of Terror Video Archive |year=2005 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=March 6, 2013 }}</ref> In response, the Unitit States launched the [[War on Terror]], whilk included [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] an the 2003–11 [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy |author=Walsh, Kenneth T. |url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |date=December 9, 2008 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}<br />{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-921-9 |page=872 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Overview: The Iraq War |last=Wong |first=Edward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 15, 2008 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&dq=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |accessdate=October 25, 2015 }}<br />{{cite news |title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War |author=Durando, Jessica |author2=Green, Shannon Rae |agency=Associated Press |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=December 21, 2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 |archive-date=2020-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unner Preses [[Barack Obama]], American forces in Iraq war widrawn in muckle nummers in 2009 an 2010, an the war in the region wis declared formally ower in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/world/middleeast/panetta-in-baghdad-for-iraq-military-handover-ceremony.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Thom | last1=Shanker | first2=Michael S. | last2=Schmidt | first3=Robert F. | last3=Worth | title=In Baghdad, Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict | date=December 15, 2011}}</ref> The widrawal caused [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)|an escalation o sectarian insurgency]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |title=The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency &#124; Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |publisher=[[United States Military Academy]] |accessdate=January 26, 2017 |archive-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043422/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |url-status=dead }}</ref> leadin tae the rise o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]], the successor o al-Qaeda in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|title=Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests|publisher=U.S Department of State|accessdate=November 26, 2010|date=January 26, 2017|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141714/https://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Geografie, climate, an environs == The laund aurie o the [[contiguous Unitit States]] is {{convert|2959064|sqmi|km2|1}}. Alaska, separatit frae the contiguous Unitit States bi Canadae, is the mucklest state at {{convert|663268|sqmi|km2|1}}. [[Hawaii]], occupyin an airchipelago in the central [[Paceefic Ocean|Paceefic]], soothwast o North Americae, is {{convert|10931|sqmi|km2|0}} in aurie. The populatit territories o [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northren Mariana Islands]], an [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] thegither civer {{convert|9185|sqmi|km2|0}}.<ref name="Land Area of US and states">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|page=41|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}</ref> The Unitit States, wi its muckle size an geografic variety, includes maist climate teepes. Tae the east o the 100t meridian, the climate ranges frae humid continental in the north tae humid subtropical in the sooth.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 24, 2014}}</ref> The Great Plains wast o the 100t meridian are semi-arid. Much o the Wastren moontains hae an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Soothwast, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in coastal Californie, an [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] an [[Washington (state)|Washington]] an soothren Alaska. Maist o Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii an the soothren tip o [[Florida]] are tropical, as are the populatit territories in the Caribbean an the Paceefic.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> === Wildlife === The U.S. ecology is megadiverse: aboot 17,000 species o [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous Unitit States an Alaska, an ower 1,800 species o flouering plants are foond in Hawaii, few o whit occur on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |url=http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |publisher=National Biological Service |work=Plants |accessdate=October 27, 2008 |archivedate=July 24, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |date=2013-07-24 }}</ref> The Unitit States is hame tae 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, an 295 amphibian species.<ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Aboot 91,000 insect species hae been describit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref> The [[bauld eagle]] is baith the naitional bird an naitional ainimal o the Unitit States, an is an endurin seembol o the kintra itsel.<ref name=j23>{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=E.A. |year=1990 |title=Symbol of a Nation: The Bald Eagle in American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-culture_spring-1990_13_1/page/63 |journal=The Journal of American Culture |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=63–69|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.1990.1301_63.x }}</ref> == Cultur == The Unitit States is hame tae [[Multiculturalism|mony culturs]] an a wide variety o ethnic groups, tradeetions, an values.<ref name="DD" /><ref name="Society in Focus">Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.</ref> Aside frae the [[Hamespun Americans in the Unitit States|Hamespun American]], [[Hamespun Hawaiians|Hamespun Hawaiian]], an [[Alaska Hamespuns|Hamespun Alaskan]] populations, nearly aw Americans or thair ancestors settled or emigratit within the past five centuries.<ref>Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E. (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.</ref> Mainstream American cultur is a Wastren cultur mucklely derived frae the tradeetions o European emigrants wi influences frae mony ither soorces, sic as tradeetions brocht bi slaves frae Africae.<ref name="DD" /><ref>Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.</ref> ===Cuisine=== Mainstream American cuisine is seemilar tae that in ither Wastren kintras. Chairactereestic dishes sic as aiple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, an het dogs derive frae the recipes o various emigrants. French fries, [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] dishes sic as burritos an tacos, an pasta dishes freely adaptit frae Italian soorces are widely consumed.<ref name="IFT">{{cite web |url=http://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N. |title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003 |publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists |date=August 23, 2003|accessdate=June 19, 2007}}</ref> Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea.<ref name=coffeeandtea>{{cite news|last1=H|first1=D|title=The coffee insurgency|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/12/daily-chart-17|website=The Economist|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Mercatin bi U.S. industries is mucklely responsible for makkin orange juice an milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages.<ref>[[#Smith2004|Smith, 2004]], pp. 131–132</ref><ref>[[#Levenstein|Levenstein, 2003]], pp. 154–55</ref> ===Airts=== In leeturatur, [[Edgar Allen Poe]], [[Emily Dickenson]], [[Mark Twain]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], [[Herman Melville]], an [[John Steinbeck]] are amang the maist weel kent Americans, while [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Georgia O'Keefe]], an [[Andy Warhol]] are some o the maist weel kent American painters. [[Hollywood]], a northren destrict o [[Los Angeles]], Californie, is ane o the leaders in motion pictur production.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 |title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer |publisher=United Nations |date=May 5, 2009 |accessdate=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Syne the early 20t century, the U.S. film industry haes mucklely been based in an aroond Hollywood, awtho in the 21st century an increasin nummer o films are nae made thare, an film companies hae been subject tae the forces o globalisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|publisher=''The Hollywood Reporter''|accessdate=January 24, 2015}}</ref> Muisic in Americae haes been influenced bi [[African-American]] cultur, wi [[Duke Ellington]] an [[Louis Armstrong]] pioneerin the [[Jazz]] genre. [[Elvis Presley]] an [[Buddy Holly]] war leadin airtists in pioneerin popular muisic in the 1950s. Syne then, the Unitit States haes produced mony popular airtists, includin [[Michael Jackson]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Madonna]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Taylor Swift]], an [[Beyoncé]], amang mony ithers. ==Sport== [[American fitbaa]] is the maist popular sport in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web |author=Krane, David K. |title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |publisher=Harris Interactive |date=October 30, 2002 |accessdate=September 14, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |archivedate=July 9, 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |date=2010-07-09 }} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0.</ref> The [[National Football League]] (NFL) haes the heichest average attendance o ony sports league in the warld, an the [[Super Bowl]] is watched bi millions globally. [[Basebaw]] haes been regairdit as the U.S. [[naitional sport]] syne the late 19t century, wi [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) bein the tap league. [[Basketbaw]] an [[ice hockey]] are the kintra's next twa [[Major professional sports leagues in the Unitit States an Canadae|leadin professional team sports]], wi the tap leagues bein the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) an the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). Aight [[Olympic Gemmes]] hae taken place in the Unitit States. As o 2014, the Unitit States haes wan 2,400 medals at the [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]], mair nor ony ither kintra, an 281 in the [[Winter Olympic Gemmes]], the seicont maist behind Norawa.<ref>{{cite news |title= The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings |first= Chris |last= Chase |date= February 7, 2014 |work= [[USA Today]] |url= http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/ |accessdate= February 28, 2014}} {{cite news |title= With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals |date= February 6, 2014 |first= Dan |last= Loumena |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206 |accessdate= February 28, 2014}}</ref> == States o the Unitit States == {{main|U.S. state}} {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * [[Alabama]] * [[Alaska]] * [[Arizona]] * [[Arkansas]] * [[Californie]] * [[Colorado]] * [[Connecticut]] * [[Delaware]] * [[Florida]] * [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] | valign="top" | * [[Hawaii]] * [[Idaho]] * [[Illinois]] * [[Indiana]] * [[Iowa]] * [[Kansas]] * [[Kentucky]] * [[Louisiana]] * [[Maine]] * [[Maryland]] | valign="top" | * [[Massachusetts]] * [[Michigan]] * [[Minnesota]] * [[Mississippi]] * [[Missouri]] * [[Montana]] * [[Nebraska]] * [[Nevada]] * [[New Hampshire]] * [[New Jersey]] | valign="top" | * [[New Mexico]] * [[New York]] * [[North Carolina]] * [[North Dakota]] * [[Ohio]] * [[Oklahoma]] * [[Oregon]] * [[Pennsylvanie]] * [[Rhode Island]] * [[Sooth Carolina]] | valign="top" | * [[Sooth Dakota]] * [[Tennessee]] * [[Texas]] * [[Utah]] * [[Vermont]] * [[Wast Virginie]] * [[Virginie]] * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] * [[Wisconsin]] * [[Wyoming]] |} ==Notes== <references group="fn"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Soorces=== {{Commonscat|United States}} * {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book] * {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}} * {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}} * {{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1}} {{Unitit States topics}} [[Category:Unitit States| ]] [[Category:1776 establishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile confederations]] [[Category:G8 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1776]] rl42mkgbfhr5wl3pbv8ltzoe5we6k8i J. K. Rowling 0 5109 869587 862666 2022-08-08T00:33:12Z 109.180.207.11 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Jk-rowling-crop.JPG|thumb|200px|right|J. K. Rowling (2006)]] '''Joanne "Jo" Rowling''' is the author o the series o novelles aboot [[Harry Potter]]. Whan she scrives, she uises the name '''J. K. Rowling'''. Joanne Rowling wis born in [[Yate]], [[Gloucestershire|Sooth Gloucestershire]], [[Ingland]] on [[31 Julie]], [[1965]], 12 mile noreast o [[Bristol]].<ref name="rowling-bio"><span class="plainlinks"> [http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/ J.K. Rowling's Official Site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051230024256/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/ |date=2005-12-30 }}. [http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/biography.cfm "J. K. Rowling's biography"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217022342/http://www.jkrowling.com/textonly/en/biography.cfm |date=2008-12-17 }}. Accessed [[17 Mairch]] [[2006]]. </span></ref> She bides in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]] the nou.<ref>{{Cite web|title=J.K. Rowling|url=https://www.jkrowling.com/about/|access-date=2021-03-11|website=J.K. Rowling|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2012, she had a novelle called [[The Casual Vacancy]] published. In 2020, she had a novelle called The Ickabog published.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Ickabog book is here!|url=https://www.theickabog.com/info/the-ickabog-book-is-here/|access-date=2021-03-11|website=The Ickabog|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-05-26|title=JK Rowling unveils The Ickabog, her first non-Harry Potter children's book|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-52809600|access-date=2021-03-11}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Rowling, J. K.}} [[Category:J. K. Rowling| ]] [[Category:1965 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis novelists]] [[Category:20t-century Breetish weemen writers]] [[Category:21st-century Breetish novelists]] [[Category:21st-century weemen writers]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Exeter]] [[Category:Anthony Awaird winners]] [[Category:Anti-poverty advocates]] [[Category:Breetish Beuk Awaird winners]] [[Category:Breetish expatriates in Portugal]] [[Category:Breetish weemen short story writers]] [[Category:Breetish writers o young adult leeteratur]] [[Category:Chevaliers o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:Christian writers]] [[Category:Inglis Anglicans]] [[Category:Inglis billionaires]] [[Category:Inglis childer's writers]] [[Category:Inglis eddicators]] [[Category:Inglis fantasie writers]] [[Category:Inglis film producers]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:Inglis fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Inglis philanthropists]] [[Category:Inglis weemen novelists]] [[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]] [[Category:Female billionaires]] [[Category:Freemen o the Ceety o Lunnon]] [[Category:Harry Potter]] [[Category:Hugo Awaird-winnin writers]] [[Category:Labour Pairty (UK) fowk]] [[Category:Members o the Order o the Companions o Honour]] [[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi Edinburgh]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi Perth an Kinross]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tidenham]] [[Category:Fowk frae Winterbourne, Gloucestershire]] [[Category:Fowk frae Yate]] [[Category:Pseudonymous writers]] [[Category:Scots Episcopalians]] [[Category:Teachers o Inglis as a seicont or foreign leid]] [[Category:Weemen science feection an fantasie writers]] [[Category:Weemen writers o young adult leeteratur]] {{Stub/Ingland}} {{Stub/Scotland}} t1ity3zgv9km4t33ubiummprpd9ovuw Gulsoch 0 7115 869578 603144 2022-08-07T16:23:41Z 185.69.145.95 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Jandies | synonyms = Gulsoch, Gulsa, Icterus | image = Jaundice08.jpg | caption = Steven hid a case o the jandies when he wis visitin his tidy pal, Rebecca. She telt him fucjin straight Jandies o the skin caused bi [[hepatic failyie]] | field = [[Gastroenterology]], [[hepatology]], [[general surgery]] | pronounce = | symptoms = [[Yellae]]ish coloration o skin an [[sclera|whites o the een]], pruritis<ref name=Bas2015>{{cite journal|last1=Bassari|first1=R|last2=Koea|first2=JB|title=Jaundice associated pruritis: a review of pathophysiology and treatment.|journal=World journal of gastroenterology|date=7 February 2015|volume=21|issue=5|pages=1404–13|pmid=25663760|doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1404|pmc=4316083}}</ref><ref name=NIH2016/> | complications = | onset = | duration = | causes = [[hyperbilirubinemia|Heich bilirubin levels]]<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web|title=Jaundice|url=https://medlineplus.gov/jaundice.html|website=MedlinePlus|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> | risks = | diagnosis = Bluid bilirubin, [[liver panel]]<ref name=NIH2016/> | differential = [[Carotenemia]], takkin [[rifampin]]<ref name=Rog2004>{{cite book|last1=(Prof.)|first1=Roger Jones|title=Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198567820|page=758|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2LB0PC17uFsC&pg=PA758|language=en}}</ref> | prevention = | treatment = Based on the unnerleein cause<ref name=Fer2014>{{cite book |last1= Ferri |first1=Fred F. |title= Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015: 5 Books in 1 |date=2014 |publisher= Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn= 9780323084307 |page=672 |url= https://books.google.ca/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672 |language=en}}</ref> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} The '''gulsoch''', '''gulsa''', or '''jandies''' is a [[illness]]. It kythes as a yellaein o the [[skin]]. Fowk that haes it haes a problem wi the richt disposin o deid [[reid bluid cell]]s. The disease is common in newly-born [[babbie]]s. It for ordinar stairts on the seicont day efter birth. The gulsoch can be a eftercast o ither illnesses, lik [[Malaria]], [[Hepatitis]], or [[gawstane]]s an aw. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Illnesses]] pyjmjixu6aiu97wze3ihpzvvn14aie9 869579 869578 2022-08-07T16:25:35Z 185.69.145.95 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Jandies | synonyms = Gulsoch, Gulsa, Icterus | image = Jaundice08.jpg | caption = Steven hid a case o the jandies when he wis visitin his tidy pal, Rebecca. She telt him fuckin straight Jandies o the skin caused bi [[hepatic failyie]] | field = [[Gastroenterology]], [[hepatology]], [[general surgery]] | pronounce = | symptoms = [[Yellae]]ish coloration o skin an [[sclera|whites o the een]], pruritis<ref name=Bas2015>{{cite journal|last1=Bassari|first1=R|last2=Koea|first2=JB|title=Jaundice associated pruritis: a review of pathophysiology and treatment.|journal=World journal of gastroenterology|date=7 February 2015|volume=21|issue=5|pages=1404–13|pmid=25663760|doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1404|pmc=4316083}}</ref><ref name=NIH2016/> | complications = | onset = | duration = | causes = [[hyperbilirubinemia|Heich bilirubin levels]]<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web|title=Jaundice|url=https://medlineplus.gov/jaundice.html|website=MedlinePlus|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> | risks = | diagnosis = Bluid bilirubin, [[liver panel]]<ref name=NIH2016/> | differential = [[Carotenemia]], takkin [[rifampin]]<ref name=Rog2004>{{cite book|last1=(Prof.)|first1=Roger Jones|title=Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198567820|page=758|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2LB0PC17uFsC&pg=PA758|language=en}}</ref> | prevention = | treatment = Based on the unnerleein cause<ref name=Fer2014>{{cite book |last1= Ferri |first1=Fred F. |title= Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015: 5 Books in 1 |date=2014 |publisher= Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn= 9780323084307 |page=672 |url= https://books.google.ca/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672 |language=en}}</ref> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} The '''gulsoch''', '''gulsa''', or '''jandies''' is a [[illness]]. It kythes as a yellaein o the [[skin]]. Fowk that haes it haes a problem wi the richt disposin o deid [[reid bluid cell]]s. The disease is common in newly-born [[babbie]]s. It for ordinar stairts on the seicont day efter birth. The gulsoch can be a eftercast o ither illnesses, lik [[Malaria]], [[Hepatitis]], or [[gawstane]]s an aw. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Illnesses]] 6mct9i5d676aazpt06lyqgwc88dihit 869580 869579 2022-08-07T16:26:23Z 185.69.145.95 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Jandies | synonyms = Gulsoch, Gulsa, Icterus | image = Jaundice08.jpg | caption = Steven hid a case o the jandies when he wis visitin his tidy pal, Rebecca. She telt him fuckin straight. She telt him, "keep yer dandies tae yersel, ye fuckin panny min!!" Jandies o the skin caused bi [[hepatic failyie]] | field = [[Gastroenterology]], [[hepatology]], [[general surgery]] | pronounce = | symptoms = [[Yellae]]ish coloration o skin an [[sclera|whites o the een]], pruritis<ref name=Bas2015>{{cite journal|last1=Bassari|first1=R|last2=Koea|first2=JB|title=Jaundice associated pruritis: a review of pathophysiology and treatment.|journal=World journal of gastroenterology|date=7 February 2015|volume=21|issue=5|pages=1404–13|pmid=25663760|doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1404|pmc=4316083}}</ref><ref name=NIH2016/> | complications = | onset = | duration = | causes = [[hyperbilirubinemia|Heich bilirubin levels]]<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web|title=Jaundice|url=https://medlineplus.gov/jaundice.html|website=MedlinePlus|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> | risks = | diagnosis = Bluid bilirubin, [[liver panel]]<ref name=NIH2016/> | differential = [[Carotenemia]], takkin [[rifampin]]<ref name=Rog2004>{{cite book|last1=(Prof.)|first1=Roger Jones|title=Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198567820|page=758|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2LB0PC17uFsC&pg=PA758|language=en}}</ref> | prevention = | treatment = Based on the unnerleein cause<ref name=Fer2014>{{cite book |last1= Ferri |first1=Fred F. |title= Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015: 5 Books in 1 |date=2014 |publisher= Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn= 9780323084307 |page=672 |url= https://books.google.ca/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672 |language=en}}</ref> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} The '''gulsoch''', '''gulsa''', or '''jandies''' is a [[illness]]. It kythes as a yellaein o the [[skin]]. Fowk that haes it haes a problem wi the richt disposin o deid [[reid bluid cell]]s. The disease is common in newly-born [[babbie]]s. It for ordinar stairts on the seicont day efter birth. The gulsoch can be a eftercast o ither illnesses, lik [[Malaria]], [[Hepatitis]], or [[gawstane]]s an aw. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Illnesses]] 0c9ori9fveaz2h4b0nl3sw3hrrj31a3 869581 869580 2022-08-07T16:31:42Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o 185.69.145.95, chynged back tae last version bi AmaryllisGardener wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition (new) | name = Jandies | synonyms = Gulsoch, Gulsa, Icterus | image = Jaundice08.jpg | caption = Jandies o the skin caused bi [[hepatic failyie]] | field = [[Gastroenterology]], [[hepatology]], [[general surgery]] | pronounce = | symptoms = [[Yellae]]ish coloration o skin an [[sclera|whites o the een]], pruritis<ref name=Bas2015>{{cite journal|last1=Bassari|first1=R|last2=Koea|first2=JB|title=Jaundice associated pruritis: a review of pathophysiology and treatment.|journal=World journal of gastroenterology|date=7 February 2015|volume=21|issue=5|pages=1404–13|pmid=25663760|doi=10.3748/wjg.v21.i5.1404|pmc=4316083}}</ref><ref name=NIH2016/> | complications = | onset = | duration = | causes = [[hyperbilirubinemia|Heich bilirubin levels]]<ref name=NIH2016>{{cite web|title=Jaundice|url=https://medlineplus.gov/jaundice.html|website=MedlinePlus|accessdate=13 August 2016}}</ref> | risks = | diagnosis = Bluid bilirubin, [[liver panel]]<ref name=NIH2016/> | differential = [[Carotenemia]], takkin [[rifampin]]<ref name=Rog2004>{{cite book|last1=(Prof.)|first1=Roger Jones|title=Oxford Textbook of Primary Medical Care|date=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780198567820|page=758|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=2LB0PC17uFsC&pg=PA758|language=en}}</ref> | prevention = | treatment = Based on the unnerleein cause<ref name=Fer2014>{{cite book |last1= Ferri |first1=Fred F. |title= Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015: 5 Books in 1 |date=2014 |publisher= Elsevier Health Sciences |isbn= 9780323084307 |page=672 |url= https://books.google.ca/books?id=icTsAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA672 |language=en}}</ref> | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} The '''gulsoch''', '''gulsa''', or '''jandies''' is a [[illness]]. It kythes as a yellaein o the [[skin]]. Fowk that haes it haes a problem wi the richt disposin o deid [[reid bluid cell]]s. The disease is common in newly-born [[babbie]]s. It for ordinar stairts on the seicont day efter birth. The gulsoch can be a eftercast o ither illnesses, lik [[Malaria]], [[Hepatitis]], or [[gawstane]]s an aw. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Illnesses]] pnmmij8nbluca563dloxalwrgxtus6z São Paulo 0 13249 869585 852372 2022-08-07T20:22:27Z 23.227.145.51 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{itheruises}} {{Infobox settlement |name=Cracolândia |settlement_type=[[Municipalities o Brazil|Municipality]] |official_name=''Município de São Paulo e Cracolândia''<br />Municipality o São Paulo ||image_skyline=São Paulo Poster.jpg |image_caption=Photo montage o the ceety o São Paulo. Frae the top, left tae richt: [[São Paulo Cathedral]]; [[Torre Norte|Unitit Naitions Business Center]]; [[São Paulo Museum o Airt]] on [[Paulista Avenue]]; [[Museu Paulista|Paulista Museum]]; Bandeiras Monument; [[Octávio Frias de Oliveira Brig]]; an owerview o the historic dountoun frae [[Altino Arantes Biggin]]. |nickname=''Terra da Garoa'' (Land o [[Drizzle]]) an ''Sampa'' |image_flag=São Paulo City flag.svg |image_seal=Brasao SaoPaulo SaoPaulo Brasil.svg |image_map=SaoPaulo Municip SaoPaulo.svg |mapsize=250px |motto="[[Non ducor, duco]]"{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Laitin]])<br />"A am no led, A lead"</small> |pushpin_map=Brazil |pushpin_map_size=250 |pushpin_map_caption=Location in Brazil |subdivision_type=Kintra |subdivision_type1=[[Regions o Brazil|Region]] |subdivision_type2=[[States o Brazil|State]] |subdivision_name={{Flag|Brazil}} |subdivision_name1=[[Sootheast Region, Brazil|Sootheast]] |subdivision_name2=[[File:Bandeira do Estado de São Paulo.svg|border|22px]] [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] |leader_title=Mayor |leader_name=[[Gilberto Kassab]] ([[Democrats (Brazil)|Democrats]]) |established_title=Foondit |established_date=1554 |area_note= |area_magnitude=1 E9 |area_total_km2=1522.986 |population_as_of=2011 |population_metro=19,889,559 |area_metro_km2=7943.818 | population_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1766&id_pagina=1 Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas]</ref><ref>url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2009/POP2009_DOU.pdf IBGE</ref> |population_total=11,316,149([[Leet o lairgest ceeties in Brazil|1st]]) |population_note= |population_density_km2=7216.3 |population_density_metro_km2=2469.35 |population_demonym_title=[[Demonym]] |population_demonym=[[Paulistano]] |timezone=[[UTC-3]] |utc_offset=-3 |timezone_DST=[[UTC-2]] |utc_offset_DST=-2 |coordinates = {{coord|23|33|S|46|38|W|type:city|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m=760 |elevation_ft=2493.4 |postal_code_type=Postal Code (CEP) |postal_code=01000-000 |website=[http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/ Ceety o São Paulo] | maxtemp = 24 | mintemp = 15 | rainfall = 1486 |footnotes=}} '''São Paulo''' is the lairgest ceety o [[Brazil]], the lairgest ceety in the [[soothren hemisphere]], an the warld's [[Leet o metropolitan auries bi population|7t lairgest metropolitan aurie]]. The ceety is the caipital o the [[São Paulo (state)|state o São Paulo]], the maist populous Brazilian state. The name o the ceety honors [[Saunt Paul]]. São Paulo exerts strang regional influence in commerce an finance as well as airts an entertainment. São Paulo is considered an [[Global ceety|Alpha - Warld Ceety]].<ref>[http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html www.lboro.ac.uk] The World According to GaWC 2008&nbsp;– Retrieved on 2009-07-06</ref> The ceety haes mony laundmerks, sic as the Paulista Museum, the neo-gothic Metropolitan Sé Cathedral, the [[São Paulo Museum o Airt]] (MASP), the Monumento às Bandeiras (Portuguese for Monument tae the Banner) an Niemeyer's Ibirapuera Bienal Complex; an mair recently the [[Octávio Frias de Oliveira Bridge]] (Estaiada Bridge) in the Sooth Side. [[Paulista Avenue]], in Midtoun, is the ceety´s maist important [[financial center]]. The ceety is hame tae the [[BM&F Bovespa|São Paulo Stock Exchynge]], or BOVESPA, the Future Markets, an the Cereal Market Stock Exchynges, the seicont lairgest stock exchynge in the Americas. São Paulo haes been hame tae several o the [[Leet o tallest buildins in Brazil|tallest buildins in Brazil]], includin the [[Mirante do Vale|Mirante do Vale Building]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=mirantedovale-saopaulo-brazil |title=Mirante do Vale, São Paulo |publisher=Emporis.com |accessdate=2009-05-06}}</ref> an [[Edifício Itália|Itália Building]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidadedesaopaulo.com/sp/o-que-visitar/pontos-turisticos/185-edificio-italia|title=Edifício Itália, São Paulo|publisher=Cidade de São Paulo|accessdate=2009-11-01|archive-date=2009-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324043327/http://www.cidadedesaopaulo.com/sp/o-que-visitar/pontos-turisticos/185-edificio-italia|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wi an estimatit population o 11,037,593 residents<ref name="IBGEMunPop2008">[ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_Projecoes_Populacao/Estimativas_2008/UF_Municipio.zip Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; Estimativas das Populações Residentes, em 1o. De Julho de 2008.]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Zip-file from ftp-archive. Estimated population of municipalities in Brazil on 2008-07-01. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.</ref> athin an aurie o 1,523 square kilometers (588.0 sq mi),<ref name="IBGESaoPauloArea">[ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/documentos/cartografia/areaterritorial/pdf/areas_2001_35.pdf Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; Resolução No. 05, de 10 de Outubro de 2002, Área Territorial: UF&nbsp;– São Paulo&nbsp;– SP - 35]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Pdf-file from ftp-archive. Areas of municipalities in São Paulo state. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.</ref> São Paulo is the maist populous ceety proper in the Americas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/features/largest_cities1.html |title=Citimayors website&nbsp;— Largest cities |publisher=Citymayors.com |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> The ceety an aa lies at the centre o the hivily urbanized [[Greater São Paulo|São Paulo metropolitan aurie]], wi an estimatit 19,889,559 fowk in 2009<ref name="IBGEMAPop2008">[ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_Projecoes_Populacao/Estimativas_2008/UF_Municipio.zip Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; Estimativas das Populações Residentes, em 1o. De Julho de 2008.]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Zip-file from ftp-archive. Estimated population of municipalities in Brazil on 2008-07-01. 22,105,060 is the total population of the 39 municipalities within the official metropolitan area of São Paulo. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.</ref> ower 7,944 square kilometers (3,067.2 sq mi),<ref name="IBGESaoPauloMAArea">[ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/documentos/cartografia/areaterritorial/pdf/areas_2001_35.pdf Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; Resolução No. 05, de 10 de Outubro de 2002, Área Territorial: UF&nbsp;– São Paulo&nbsp;– SP - 35]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Pdf-file from ftp-archive. Areas of municipalities in São Paulo state. Total area of the 39 municipalities within the official metropolitan area of São Paulo. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.</ref> is the lairgest [[metropolitan aurie]] in the naition. São Paulo metropolitan aurie is ranked as the [[Leet o metropolitan auries in the Americas bi population|seicont maist populous]] in the [[Americas]].<ref name="CONAPOProy2">[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Proyecciones de la Población de México 2005-2050] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012092602/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm |date=2007-10-12 }} The total population o ''Zona metropolitana del Valle de México'' (Distrito Federal plus 60 ither municipalities) wis estimatit tae 19,826,918 in 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-14.</ref> Fowk frae the ceety o São Paulo are kent as ''paulistanos'', while ''paulistas'' designates onyane frae the whole o São Paulo state, includin the ''paulistanos''. The ceety's [[Latin]] motto, which it haes shared wi [[Brazilian battleship São Paulo|the battleship]] an [[Brazilian aircraft carrier São Paulo (A12)|the aircraft carrier]] named efter it, is ''Non dvcor, dvco'', which translates as "A am no led, I lead."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naval.com.br/NGB/S/S031/S031.htm |title=E São Paulo |work=Navios De Guerra Brasileiros |publisher=Brazilian Navy |accessdate=2009-05-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703230813/http://www.naval.com.br/NGB/S/S031/S031.htm |archivedate=2008-07-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> A famous nickname for the ceety is "Sampa." São Paulo is kent for its unreliable wather, the size o its helicopter fleet, [[airchitectur]], gastronomy, an multitude o [[skyscraper]]s an aw.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6738905.stm São Paulo holds Gay Pride parade]," ''[[BBC]]''</ref> [[File:São Paulo City.jpg|thumb|right|São Paulo at nicht]] == Twin touns an sister ceeties == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Brazil}} <!--ONLY OFFICIAL SISTER CITIES ARE LISTED HERE. SEE http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml --> São Paulo is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066 |title=International Relations – São Paulo City Hall – Official Sister Cities |publisher=Prefeitura.sp.gov.br |accessdate=April 17, 2010}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="background:#ffffef; float:left;" |- ! style="background:#811541"|&nbsp; ! style="background:#811541"|<span style="color:white;">Americas</span> ! style="background:#811541"|&nbsp; ! style="background:#811541"|<span style="color:white;">Europe</span> ! style="background:#811541"|&nbsp; ! style="background:#811541"|<span style="color:white;">Asie</span> ! style="background:#811541"|&nbsp; ! style="background:#811541"|<span style="color:white;">Africae</span> |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Argentina}} |'''[[Buenos Aires]]''', Argentinae |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|France}} |'''[[Paris]]''', Fraunce<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |publisher=Paris.fr |date=March 17, 2010 |accessdate=August 4, 2010 |archive-date=2010-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718050920/http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Armenia}} |'''[[Yerevan]]''', Armenie |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Angola}} |'''[[Luanda]]''', Angolae |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Bolivia}} |'''[[La Paz]]''', Bolivie |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Portugal}} |'''[[Coimbra]]''', Portugal |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|China}} |'''[[Beijing]]''', Cheenae<ref name="Beijing">{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government|accessdate=June 23, 2009|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Mali}} |'''[[Bamako]]''', Mali |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Canada}} |'''[[Toronto]]''', Canadae |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Italy}} |'''[[Milan]]''', Italy<ref name="Milan">{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/In%20Comune/In%20Comune/Citt%20Gemellate|title=''Milano – Città Gemellate''|publisher=2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano)|accessdate=July 17, 2009|archive-date=2014-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410020744/http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FContentLibrary%2FIn%20Comune%2FIn%20Comune%2FCitt%20Gemellate|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|South Korea}} |'''[[Seoul]]''', Sooth Korea<ref name="Seoul">{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|author=Seul Metropolitan Government|title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities|access-date=2012-04-17|archive-date=2007-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|South Africa}} |'''[[Johannesburg]]''', Sooth Africae |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Mexico}} |'''[[Mexico Ceety]]''', México |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Portugal}} |'''[[Funchal]]''', Portugal |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Israel}} |'''[[Tel Aviv]]''', Israel<ref name="Tel Aviv">{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/Cityhall/TwinCities/Index.asp |title=Tel Aviv sister cities |accessdate=July 14, 2009 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |language=Hebrew |archive-date=2009-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214183503/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/Cityhall/TwinCities/Index.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|United States}} |'''[[Chicago]]''', Unitit States |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Portugal}} |'''[[Lisbon]]''', Portugal |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Jordan}} |'''[[Amman]]''', Jordan |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Paraguay}} |'''[[Asunción]]''', Paraguay |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Portugal}} |'''[[Porto]]''', Portugal |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Syria}} |'''[[Damascus]]''', Sirie |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Uruguay}} |'''[[Montevideo]]''', Uruguay |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Romanie}} |'''[[Bucharest]]''', Romanie |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Japan}} |'''[[Osaka]]''', Japan |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Peru}} |'''[[Lima]]''', Peru |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Romanie}} |'''[[Cluj-Napoca]]''', Romanie |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|China}} |'''[[Ningbo]]''', Cheenae |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Argentina}} |'''[[Mendoza, Argentinae|Mendoza]]''', Argentinae |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Spain}} |'''[[Barcelona]]''', Spain<ref name="Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|title=Barcelona internacional – Ciutats agermanades|publisher=2006–2009 [http://www.bcn.es/catala/copyright/welcome2.htm Ajuntament de Barcelona]|language=Catalan|accessdate=July 13, 2009|archive-date=2012-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127043638/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Macau}} |'''[[Macau]]''' |- | | |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Spain}} |'''[[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]''', Spain<ref name="Córdoba">{{cite web |url=http://www.netlegis.com.br/indexRJ.jsp?arquivo=%2FdetalhesNoticia.jsp&cod=41796 |title=Os contatos internacionais do município de Limeira: pautas para o intercâmbio e o desenvolvimento |publisher=Revista Jurídica Netlegis |accessdate=March 24, 2010 |language=portuguese |archive-date=2012-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517032850/http://www.netlegis.com.br/indexRJ.jsp?arquivo=%2FdetalhesNoticia.jsp&cod=41796 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|India}} |'''[[New Delhi]]''', Indie |- | | |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Spain}} |'''[[Santiago de Compostela]]''', Spain |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Japan}} |'''[[Naha, Okinawa|Naha]]''', Japan<ref name="Naha">{{cite web |url=http://www.city.naha.okinawa.jp/special/benri/jiti2_1.htm |title=Naha Sister Cities |publisher=City.naha.okinawa.jp |accessdate=April 17, 2010 |archive-date=2007-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509020028/http://www.city.naha.okinawa.jp/special/benri/jiti2_1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{-}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|São Paulo City}} {{Geographic location |Centre=São Paulo |North= [[Caieiras]], [[Guarulhos]] an [[Mairiporã]] |Northeast= |East= [[Ferraz de Vasconcelos]], [[Itaquaquecetuba]] an [[Poá]] |Sootheast= [[Diadema, São Paulo|Diadema]], [[Mauá]], [[Santo André, São Paulo|Santo André]], [[São Bernardo do Campo]] an [[São Caetano do Sul]] |Sooth= [[Itanhaém]] an [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]] |Soothwast= |Wast= [[Cajamar]], [[Cotia]], [[Embu das Artes|Embu]], [[Embu-Guaçu]], [[Itapecerica da Serra]], [[Juquitiba]], [[Osasco]], [[Santana de Parnaíba]] an [[Taboão da Serra]] |Northwast= }} {{Municipalities o São Paulo}} [[Category:São Paulo (ceety)| ]] [[Category:Municipalities in São Paulo (state)]] [[Category:State caipitals in Brazil]] {{Stub/Brazil}} {{Stub/Ceity}} 4930rg0jgl3dz8nwsytcm67u6ox2tl7 869586 869585 2022-08-07T20:32:42Z FlyingAce 43878 Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/23.227.145.51|23.227.145.51]] ([[User talk:23.227.145.51|talk]]) (TwinkleGlobal) wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{itheruises}} {{Infobox settlement |name=São Paulo |settlement_type=[[Municipalities o Brazil|Municipality]] |official_name=''Município de São Paulo''<br />Municipality o São Paulo ||image_skyline=São Paulo Poster.jpg |image_caption=Photo montage o the ceety o São Paulo. Frae the top, left tae richt: [[São Paulo Cathedral]]; [[Torre Norte|Unitit Naitions Business Center]]; [[São Paulo Museum o Airt]] on [[Paulista Avenue]]; [[Museu Paulista|Paulista Museum]]; Bandeiras Monument; [[Octávio Frias de Oliveira Brig]]; an owerview o the historic dountoun frae [[Altino Arantes Biggin]]. |nickname=''Terra da Garoa'' (Land o [[Drizzle]]) an ''Sampa'' |image_flag=São Paulo City flag.svg |image_seal=Brasao SaoPaulo SaoPaulo Brasil.svg |image_map=SaoPaulo Municip SaoPaulo.svg |mapsize=250px |motto="[[Non ducor, duco]]"{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Laitin]])<br />"A am no led, A lead"</small> |pushpin_map=Brazil |pushpin_map_size=250 |pushpin_map_caption=Location in Brazil |subdivision_type=Kintra |subdivision_type1=[[Regions o Brazil|Region]] |subdivision_type2=[[States o Brazil|State]] |subdivision_name={{Flag|Brazil}} |subdivision_name1=[[Sootheast Region, Brazil|Sootheast]] |subdivision_name2=[[File:Bandeira do Estado de São Paulo.svg|border|22px]] [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] |leader_title=Mayor |leader_name=[[Gilberto Kassab]] ([[Democrats (Brazil)|Democrats]]) |established_title=Foondit |established_date=1554 |area_note= |area_magnitude=1 E9 |area_total_km2=1522.986 |population_as_of=2011 |population_metro=19,889,559 |area_metro_km2=7943.818 | population_footnotes = <ref>[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=1766&id_pagina=1 Censo 2010: população do Brasil é de 190.732.694 pessoas]</ref><ref>url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2009/POP2009_DOU.pdf IBGE</ref> |population_total=11,316,149([[Leet o lairgest ceeties in Brazil|1st]]) |population_note= |population_density_km2=7216.3 |population_density_metro_km2=2469.35 |population_demonym_title=[[Demonym]] |population_demonym=[[Paulistano]] |timezone=[[UTC-3]] |utc_offset=-3 |timezone_DST=[[UTC-2]] |utc_offset_DST=-2 |coordinates = {{coord|23|33|S|46|38|W|type:city|display=inline,title}} |elevation_m=760 |elevation_ft=2493.4 |postal_code_type=Postal Code (CEP) |postal_code=01000-000 |website=[http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/ Ceety o São Paulo] | maxtemp = 24 | mintemp = 15 | rainfall = 1486 |footnotes=}} '''São Paulo''' is the lairgest ceety o [[Brazil]], the lairgest ceety in the [[soothren hemisphere]], an the warld's [[Leet o metropolitan auries bi population|7t lairgest metropolitan aurie]]. The ceety is the caipital o the [[São Paulo (state)|state o São Paulo]], the maist populous Brazilian state. The name o the ceety honors [[Saunt Paul]]. São Paulo exerts strang regional influence in commerce an finance as well as airts an entertainment. São Paulo is considered an [[Global ceety|Alpha - Warld Ceety]].<ref>[http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2008t.html www.lboro.ac.uk] The World According to GaWC 2008&nbsp;– Retrieved on 2009-07-06</ref> The ceety haes mony laundmerks, sic as the Paulista Museum, the neo-gothic Metropolitan Sé Cathedral, the [[São Paulo Museum o Airt]] (MASP), the Monumento às Bandeiras (Portuguese for Monument tae the Banner) an Niemeyer's Ibirapuera Bienal Complex; an mair recently the [[Octávio Frias de Oliveira Bridge]] (Estaiada Bridge) in the Sooth Side. [[Paulista Avenue]], in Midtoun, is the ceety´s maist important [[financial center]]. The ceety is hame tae the [[BM&F Bovespa|São Paulo Stock Exchynge]], or BOVESPA, the Future Markets, an the Cereal Market Stock Exchynges, the seicont lairgest stock exchynge in the Americas. São Paulo haes been hame tae several o the [[Leet o tallest buildins in Brazil|tallest buildins in Brazil]], includin the [[Mirante do Vale|Mirante do Vale Building]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/bu/?id=mirantedovale-saopaulo-brazil |title=Mirante do Vale, São Paulo |publisher=Emporis.com |accessdate=2009-05-06}}</ref> an [[Edifício Itália|Itália Building]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidadedesaopaulo.com/sp/o-que-visitar/pontos-turisticos/185-edificio-italia|title=Edifício Itália, São Paulo|publisher=Cidade de São Paulo|accessdate=2009-11-01|archive-date=2009-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090324043327/http://www.cidadedesaopaulo.com/sp/o-que-visitar/pontos-turisticos/185-edificio-italia|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wi an estimatit population o 11,037,593 residents<ref name="IBGEMunPop2008">[ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_Projecoes_Populacao/Estimativas_2008/UF_Municipio.zip Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; Estimativas das Populações Residentes, em 1o. De Julho de 2008.]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Zip-file from ftp-archive. Estimated population of municipalities in Brazil on 2008-07-01. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.</ref> athin an aurie o 1,523 square kilometers (588.0 sq mi),<ref name="IBGESaoPauloArea">[ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/documentos/cartografia/areaterritorial/pdf/areas_2001_35.pdf Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; Resolução No. 05, de 10 de Outubro de 2002, Área Territorial: UF&nbsp;– São Paulo&nbsp;– SP - 35]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Pdf-file from ftp-archive. Areas of municipalities in São Paulo state. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.</ref> São Paulo is the maist populous ceety proper in the Americas.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/features/largest_cities1.html |title=Citimayors website&nbsp;— Largest cities |publisher=Citymayors.com |accessdate=2010-04-17}}</ref> The ceety an aa lies at the centre o the hivily urbanized [[Greater São Paulo|São Paulo metropolitan aurie]], wi an estimatit 19,889,559 fowk in 2009<ref name="IBGEMAPop2008">[ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_Projecoes_Populacao/Estimativas_2008/UF_Municipio.zip Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; Estimativas das Populações Residentes, em 1o. De Julho de 2008.]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Zip-file from ftp-archive. Estimated population of municipalities in Brazil on 2008-07-01. 22,105,060 is the total population of the 39 municipalities within the official metropolitan area of São Paulo. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.</ref> ower 7,944 square kilometers (3,067.2 sq mi),<ref name="IBGESaoPauloMAArea">[ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/documentos/cartografia/areaterritorial/pdf/areas_2001_35.pdf Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística; Resolução No. 05, de 10 de Outubro de 2002, Área Territorial: UF&nbsp;– São Paulo&nbsp;– SP - 35]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Pdf-file from ftp-archive. Areas of municipalities in São Paulo state. Total area of the 39 municipalities within the official metropolitan area of São Paulo. Retrieved on 2008-10-14.</ref> is the lairgest [[metropolitan aurie]] in the naition. São Paulo metropolitan aurie is ranked as the [[Leet o metropolitan auries in the Americas bi population|seicont maist populous]] in the [[Americas]].<ref name="CONAPOProy2">[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Proyecciones de la Población de México 2005-2050] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012092602/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/00cifras/5.htm |date=2007-10-12 }} The total population o ''Zona metropolitana del Valle de México'' (Distrito Federal plus 60 ither municipalities) wis estimatit tae 19,826,918 in 2008. Retrieved 2008-10-14.</ref> Fowk frae the ceety o São Paulo are kent as ''paulistanos'', while ''paulistas'' designates onyane frae the whole o São Paulo state, includin the ''paulistanos''. The ceety's [[Latin]] motto, which it haes shared wi [[Brazilian battleship São Paulo|the battleship]] an [[Brazilian aircraft carrier São Paulo (A12)|the aircraft carrier]] named efter it, is ''Non dvcor, dvco'', which translates as "A am no led, I lead."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naval.com.br/NGB/S/S031/S031.htm |title=E São Paulo |work=Navios De Guerra Brasileiros |publisher=Brazilian Navy |accessdate=2009-05-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703230813/http://www.naval.com.br/NGB/S/S031/S031.htm |archivedate=2008-07-03 |url-status=live }}</ref> A famous nickname for the ceety is "Sampa." São Paulo is kent for its unreliable wather, the size o its helicopter fleet, [[airchitectur]], gastronomy, an multitude o [[skyscraper]]s an aw.<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/6738905.stm São Paulo holds Gay Pride parade]," ''[[BBC]]''</ref> [[File:São Paulo City.jpg|thumb|right|São Paulo at nicht]] == Twin touns an sister ceeties == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Brazil}} <!--ONLY OFFICIAL SISTER CITIES ARE LISTED HERE. SEE http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml --> São Paulo is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prefeitura.sp.gov.br/cidade/secretarias/relacoes_internacionais/cidadesirmas/index.php?p=1066 |title=International Relations – São Paulo City Hall – Official Sister Cities |publisher=Prefeitura.sp.gov.br |accessdate=April 17, 2010}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" style="background:#ffffef; float:left;" |- ! style="background:#811541"|&nbsp; ! style="background:#811541"|<span style="color:white;">Americas</span> ! style="background:#811541"|&nbsp; ! style="background:#811541"|<span style="color:white;">Europe</span> ! style="background:#811541"|&nbsp; ! style="background:#811541"|<span style="color:white;">Asie</span> ! style="background:#811541"|&nbsp; ! style="background:#811541"|<span style="color:white;">Africae</span> |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Argentina}} |'''[[Buenos Aires]]''', Argentinae |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|France}} |'''[[Paris]]''', Fraunce<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |title=Les pactes d'amitié et de coopération |publisher=Paris.fr |date=March 17, 2010 |accessdate=August 4, 2010 |archive-date=2010-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100718050920/http://www.paris.fr/portail/politiques/Portal.lut?page_id=6587&document_type_id=5&document_id=16468&portlet_id=14974 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Armenia}} |'''[[Yerevan]]''', Armenie |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Angola}} |'''[[Luanda]]''', Angolae |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Bolivia}} |'''[[La Paz]]''', Bolivie |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Portugal}} |'''[[Coimbra]]''', Portugal |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|China}} |'''[[Beijing]]''', Cheenae<ref name="Beijing">{{cite web|url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|title=Sister Cities|publisher=Beijing Municipal Government|accessdate=June 23, 2009|archive-date=2010-01-17|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq6B2fdq?url=http://www.ebeijing.gov.cn/Sister_Cities/Sister_City/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Mali}} |'''[[Bamako]]''', Mali |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Canada}} |'''[[Toronto]]''', Canadae |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Italy}} |'''[[Milan]]''', Italy<ref name="Milan">{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/In%20Comune/In%20Comune/Citt%20Gemellate|title=''Milano – Città Gemellate''|publisher=2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano)|accessdate=July 17, 2009|archive-date=2014-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410020744/http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2FContentLibrary%2FIn%20Comune%2FIn%20Comune%2FCitt%20Gemellate|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|South Korea}} |'''[[Seoul]]''', Sooth Korea<ref name="Seoul">{{cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|author=Seul Metropolitan Government|title=International Cooperation: Sister Cities|access-date=2012-04-17|archive-date=2007-12-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210175055/http://english.seoul.go.kr/gover/cooper/coo_02sis.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|South Africa}} |'''[[Johannesburg]]''', Sooth Africae |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Mexico}} |'''[[Mexico Ceety]]''', México |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Portugal}} |'''[[Funchal]]''', Portugal |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Israel}} |'''[[Tel Aviv]]''', Israel<ref name="Tel Aviv">{{cite web |url=http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/Cityhall/TwinCities/Index.asp |title=Tel Aviv sister cities |accessdate=July 14, 2009 |publisher=Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality |language=Hebrew |archive-date=2009-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090214183503/http://www.tel-aviv.gov.il/Hebrew/Cityhall/TwinCities/Index.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|United States}} |'''[[Chicago]]''', Unitit States |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Portugal}} |'''[[Lisbon]]''', Portugal |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Jordan}} |'''[[Amman]]''', Jordan |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Paraguay}} |'''[[Asunción]]''', Paraguay |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Portugal}} |'''[[Porto]]''', Portugal |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Syria}} |'''[[Damascus]]''', Sirie |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Uruguay}} |'''[[Montevideo]]''', Uruguay |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Romanie}} |'''[[Bucharest]]''', Romanie |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Japan}} |'''[[Osaka]]''', Japan |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Peru}} |'''[[Lima]]''', Peru |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Romanie}} |'''[[Cluj-Napoca]]''', Romanie |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|China}} |'''[[Ningbo]]''', Cheenae |- |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Argentina}} |'''[[Mendoza, Argentinae|Mendoza]]''', Argentinae |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Spain}} |'''[[Barcelona]]''', Spain<ref name="Barcelona">{{cite web|url=http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|title=Barcelona internacional – Ciutats agermanades|publisher=2006–2009 [http://www.bcn.es/catala/copyright/welcome2.htm Ajuntament de Barcelona]|language=Catalan|accessdate=July 13, 2009|archive-date=2012-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121127043638/http://w3.bcn.es/XMLServeis/XMLHomeLinkPl/0,4022,229724149_257215678_1,00.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Macau}} |'''[[Macau]]''' |- | | |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Spain}} |'''[[Córdoba, Spain|Córdoba]]''', Spain<ref name="Córdoba">{{cite web |url=http://www.netlegis.com.br/indexRJ.jsp?arquivo=%2FdetalhesNoticia.jsp&cod=41796 |title=Os contatos internacionais do município de Limeira: pautas para o intercâmbio e o desenvolvimento |publisher=Revista Jurídica Netlegis |accessdate=March 24, 2010 |language=portuguese |archive-date=2012-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517032850/http://www.netlegis.com.br/indexRJ.jsp?arquivo=%2FdetalhesNoticia.jsp&cod=41796 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|India}} |'''[[New Delhi]]''', Indie |- | | |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Spain}} |'''[[Santiago de Compostela]]''', Spain |style="background:#ffffcf;"|{{flagicon|Japan}} |'''[[Naha, Okinawa|Naha]]''', Japan<ref name="Naha">{{cite web |url=http://www.city.naha.okinawa.jp/special/benri/jiti2_1.htm |title=Naha Sister Cities |publisher=City.naha.okinawa.jp |accessdate=April 17, 2010 |archive-date=2007-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070509020028/http://www.city.naha.okinawa.jp/special/benri/jiti2_1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} {{-}} == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|São Paulo City}} {{Geographic location |Centre=São Paulo |North= [[Caieiras]], [[Guarulhos]] an [[Mairiporã]] |Northeast= |East= [[Ferraz de Vasconcelos]], [[Itaquaquecetuba]] an [[Poá]] |Sootheast= [[Diadema, São Paulo|Diadema]], [[Mauá]], [[Santo André, São Paulo|Santo André]], [[São Bernardo do Campo]] an [[São Caetano do Sul]] |Sooth= [[Itanhaém]] an [[São Vicente, São Paulo|São Vicente]] |Soothwast= |Wast= [[Cajamar]], [[Cotia]], [[Embu das Artes|Embu]], [[Embu-Guaçu]], [[Itapecerica da Serra]], [[Juquitiba]], [[Osasco]], [[Santana de Parnaíba]] an [[Taboão da Serra]] |Northwast= }} {{Municipalities o São Paulo}} [[Category:São Paulo (ceety)| ]] [[Category:Municipalities in São Paulo (state)]] [[Category:State caipitals in Brazil]] {{Stub/Brazil}} {{Stub/Ceity}} t6tqgj3mqn9nqq8lu798udef5feal8a Ukrainian leid 0 13802 869588 822116 2022-08-08T05:11:58Z Mashkawat.ahsan 84765 Video #WPWP wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Ukrainian | nativename = {{lang|uk|українська мова}}<br>{{transl|uk|''ukrajinśka mova''}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-uk|ukrɑˈjinʲsʲkɑ ˈmɔwɑ|}} | states = [[Ukraine]] | ethnicity = [[Ukrainians]] | speakers = 35 million (2000)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.forost.lmu.de/sprachdatenbank/sprachdatenbank.php?display=Ukrainisch:sprachdaten:verbreitung | publisher = Forschungsverbund Ost- und Südosteuropa|accessdate=3 December 2018|title=Ukrainisch}}</ref> | speakers2 = Speakers: aroond 40 million (estimatit)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://aboutworldlanguages.com/ukrainian|publisher=About World Languages|title=Ukrainian|date=18 February 2016|accessdate=14 March 2019}}</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Balto-Slavic leids|Balto-Slavic]] | fam3 = [[Slavic leids|Slavic]] | fam4 = [[East Slavic leids|East Slavic]] | ancestor = [[Auld East Slavic]] | script = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] ([[Ukrainian alphabet]])<br>[[Ukrainian Braille]] | nation = {{UKR}} *{{flagicon image|Flag of Crimea.svg}} ''[[Crimea]]''<ref name="CrimeaAnnex">The status o [[Crimea]] an of the ceety o [[Sevastopol]] is syne March 2014 [[Annexation o Crimea bi the Roushie Federation|unner dispute atween Roushie an Ukraine]]; Ukraine an the majority o the internaitional commonty conseeder Crimea tae be an [[autonomous region]] o Ukraine an Sevastopol tae be ane o Ukraine's [[ceeties wi special status]], whauras Roushie conseeders Crimea tae be a [[federal subject o Roushie]] an Sevastopol tae be ane o Roushie's three [[federal ceeties o Roushie|federal ceeties]].</ref><br>Transnistria, ''{{flag|Moldovae}}'' | minority = {{flag|Belaroushie}}<br>{{BIH}}<ref name="treaty"/><br>{{CRO}}<ref name="treaty"/><br>{{flag|Czech Republic}}<ref name="languages">{{cite web|url=http://www.vlada.cz/en/pracovni-a-poradni-organy-vlady/rnm/historie-a-soucasnost-rady-en-16666/|title=National Minorities Policy of the Government of the Czech Republic|publisher=Vlada.cz|accessdate=2012-05-22}}</ref> *{{flag|Hungary}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm|title=Implementation of the Charter in Hungary|work=Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages|publisher=Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research|accessdate=16 June 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227004902/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm|archivedate=27 February 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227004902/http://languagecharter.eokik.hu/sites/StatesParties/Hungary.htm |date=2014-02-27 }}</ref><br>{{MLD}}{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}<br>{{POL}}<ref name="treaty"/><br>{{ROU}}<ref name="treaty"/><br>{{SRB}}<ref name="treaty">{{cite web|url=http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/ListeDeclarations.asp?NT=148&CM=8&DF=23/01/05&CL=ENG&VL=1|title=List of declarations made with respect to treaty No. 148 (Status as of: 21/9/2011)|publisher=[[Council of Europe]]|accessdate=2012-05-22}}</ref><br>{{SVK}}<ref name="treaty"/> | agency = [[National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine]]: [[Institute for the Ukrainian Language]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110926095038/http://www.ulif.com.ua/UMIF/ Ukrainian language-information fund], [http://www.inmo.org.ua/ Potebnya Institute of Language Studies] | iso1 = uk | iso2 = ukr | iso3 = ukr | lingua = 53-AAA-ed < [[East Slavic leids|53-AAA-e]]<br>(varieties: 53-AAA-eda to 53-AAA-edq) | map = Ukrainian in the world.svg | mapcaption = Ukrainian-speakin warld | map2 = Ukrainians en.svg | mapcaption2 = Ukrainian leid an [[Ukrainians]] wi their neebours in the early 20t century. | notice = IPA | glotto = ukra1253 | glottoname = Ukrainian }} '''Ukrainian''' ({{lang-uk|украї́нська мо́ва}} ''ukrayins'ka mova'', {{IPA|[ukrɑˈjınʲsʲkɑ ˈmɔwɑ]}}) is a leid o the [[East Slavic leids|East Slavic subgroup]] o the [[Slavic leids]]. It is the [[offeecial leid|offeecial state leid]] o [[Ukraine]]. Written Ukrainian uises a variant o the [[Cyrillic alphabet]]. [[File:WIKITONGUES- Vira speaking Ukrainian.webm|thumb|250px|Ukrainian leid]] The Ukrainian leid traces its oreegins tae the [[Auld East Slavic]] o the early medieval state o [[Kievan Rus']]. In its earlier stages it wis kent as [[Ruthenian leid|Ruthenian]]. Ukrainian is a lineal descendant o the colloquial leid used in [[Kievan Rus]] (10t–13t century).<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074133 Ukrainian language], ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''</ref> Despite active discouragement the Ukrainian leid haes continued tae exist an be uised bi Ukrainians. It haes aaways maintained a sufficient base amang the Ukrainian fowk in its fowklore sangs, [[kobzar|itinerant muisickers]], an prominent authors. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|Ukrainian language}} [[Category:Ukrainian leid| ]] [[Category:East Slavic leids]] [[Category:Leids o Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Leids o Kazakhstan]] [[Category:Leids o Hungary]] [[Category:Leids o Ukraine]] [[Category:Leids o Roushie]] [[Category:Leids o Poland]] [[Category:Leids o Transnistrie]] [[Category:Leids o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Leids o Canadae]] [[Category:Ukrainian-speakin kintras an territories| ]] [[Category:Fusional leids]] [[Category:SVO leids]] {{Stub/Ukraine}} {{Stub/Leid}} 9ntnf5v58fwnovv3sxe1zuwbb2j26tj Elon Musk 0 135675 869589 869064 2022-08-08T05:31:50Z Minorax 59670 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[File:Elon Musk Signature.png]] → [[File:Elon Musk Signature.svg]] vva wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox person |name = Elon Musk |image = Elon Musk 2015.jpg |caption = Musk at the 2015 Tesla Motors Annual Sharehaulder Meetin | size = |birth_name=Elon Reeve Musk |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1971|6|28}} |birth_place = [[Pretoria]], [[Transvaal Province|Transvaal]], South Africa |nationality = South African, Canadian, American |residence = [[Bel Air, Los Angeles|Bel Air]], Los Angeles, California, United States<ref name=forbesbuyshome.com>{{cite news|title=Billionaire Tesla CEO Elon Musk Buys Neighbor's Home in Bel Air For $6.75 Million|work=[[Forbes]]|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/trulia/2013/11/01/billionaire-tesla-ceo-elon-musk-buys-home/|accessdate=November 1, 2013}}</ref><ref name=bloombergbuyshome>{{cite news|title=Inside Elon Musk's $17M Bel Air Mansion|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/videos/b/6e27fcba-309d-494e-b87d-c73fb8bb1750|accessdate=August 21, 2013}}</ref> |known_for = [[SpaceX]], [[PayPal]], [[Tesla Motors]], [[Hyperloop]], [[SolarCity]], [[OpenAI]] |education = [[Waterkloof House Preparatory School]]<br/> [[Pretoria Boys Heich Schuil]] |alma mater = [[Queen's Varsity]]<br/>[[Varsity o Pennsylvanie]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/business/ci_25541448/timeline-elon-musk-accomplishments|title=Timeline: Elon Musk's accomplishments|last=Hull|first=Dana|date=April 11, 2014|accessdate=June 11, 2015|via=[[Mercury News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csq.com/2013/01/elon-musk-patriarchs-and-prodigies/#|title=Elon Musk: Patriarchs and Prodigies|year=2013|accessdate=June 11, 2015|website=CSQ|publisher=C-Suite Quarterly|last=Zanerhaft|first=Jaron}}http://www.csq.com/2013/01/elon-musk-patriarchs-and-prodigies/</ref> |occupation = Entrepreneur, ingineer, inventor, Memelord |title = CEO an [[Chief technology officer|CTO]] o [[SpaceX]]<br/> CEO an Product airchitect o [[Tesla Motors]]<br/> Chairman o [[SolarCity]]<br/> Co-chairman o [[OpenAI]] |salary = '''Tesla Motors'''<ref name=bloomberg140424>{{Cite news|url = http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-04-24/musk-s-tesla-income-plummets-99-9-to-less-than-70-000|title=Tesla Pays CEO Musk $70,000 Following $78 Million Year|date=April 25, 2014|accessdate=June 11, 2015|website=Bloomberg Business|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]|last=Ohnsman|first=Alan}}</ref><br/>$78.2 million (2012)<br/>$69,989 (2013)<br/> [[Ane-dollar salary|$1]] (2014) |networth = US$12.2&nbsp;billion (December 2015)<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/billionaires/profile/elon-r-musk|title=Profile: Elon Musk|accessdate=December 11, 2015|website = Bloomberg Billionaires|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]}}</ref> |spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|[[Justine Musk]]|2000|2008|reason=divorced}} * {{Marriage|[[Talulah Riley]]|2010|2012|reason=divorced}} * {{Marriage|Talulah Riley|2013|}} }} |children = 6 sons (1 deceased)<ref name=Starter>{{cite journal|last=Musk|first=Justine|date=September 10, 2010|title='I Was a Starter Wife': Inside America's Messiest Divorce|magazine=[[Marie Claire]]|url=http://www.marieclaire.com/sex-love/relationship-issues/millionaire-starter-wife|accessdate=November 28, 2012}}</ref> |signature = Elon Musk Signature.svg |signature_alt = Elon Musk |website = {{official website}} |parents = Maye Musk <small>(mither)</small><br/>Errol Musk <small>(faither)</small> |relatives = [[Tosca Musk]] <small>(sister)</small><br/>[[Kimbal Musk]] <small>(brither)</small> }} '''Elon Reeve Musk''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|iː|l|ɒ|n|_|ˈ|m|ʌ|s|k}}; born June 28, 1971) is a South African-born Canadian-American [[business magnet|business magnate]],<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/11220326/Elon-Musk-to-launch-fleet-of-internet-satellites.html|title=Elon Musk 'to launch fleet of internet satellites'|date=November 10, 2014|accessdate=June 23, 2015|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|last=Curtis|first=Sophie|quote="Elon Musk, inventor, business magnate"|location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/71590-elon-musk-the-21st-century-industrialist|title=Elon Musk, the 21st Century Industrialist|date=September 13, 2012|accessdate=June 23, 2015|website=Bloomberg BusinessWeek|last=Vance|first=Ashlee}}</ref> engineer,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.asme.org/career-education/early-career-engineers/me-today/engineer-in-focus-elon-musk|title=Early Career Engineers, Conferences and Careers|publisher=asme.org|accessdate=2015-11-04}}</ref> inventor<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/od/mstartinventions/p/Elon-Musk.htm|title=Biography of Elon Musk|accessdate=June 10, 2015|website=inventors.about.com|publisher=About.com|last=Bellis|first=Mary}}</ref>.He is the CEO a CTO o [[SpaceX]], CEO a product architect o [[Tesla Motors]], a chairman o [[SolarCity]] as well as co-chairman o [[OpenAI]] and Memelord.{{cn}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Musk, Elon}} [[Category:Elon Musk| ]] [[Category:1971 births]] [[Category:20t-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:Alumni o Pretoria Boys Heich Schuil]] [[Category:American aerospace businessfowk]] [[Category:American aerospace designers]] [[Category:American aerospace ingineers]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American chairmen o corporations]] [[Category:American computer businessfowk]] [[Category:American computer programmers]] [[Category:American foonders o automobile manufacturers]] [[Category:American inventors]] [[Category:American investors]] [[Category:American libertarians]] [[Category:American nonprofit executives]] [[Category:American fowk o Breetish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Canadian strynd]] [[Category:American filanthropists]] [[Category:American saftware ingineers]] [[Category:American technology chief executives]] [[Category:American technology company foonders]] [[Category:Automotive pioneers]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae Los Angeles, Californie]] [[Category:Businessfowk in information technology]] [[Category:Californie Institute o Technology trustees]] [[Category:Chief technology officers]] [[Category:Ingineers frae Californie]] [[Category:Foonders o companies o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Givin Pledgers]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:PayPal fowk]] [[Category:Pennsylvanie Dutch fowk]] [[Category:Fowk associatit wi solar pouer]] [[Category:Fowk frae Pretoria]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired Canadian ceetizenship]] [[Category:Pioneers o rail transport]] [[Category:Royal Aeronautical Society Gowd Medal winners]] [[Category:Sooth African emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Sooth African fowk o Canadian strynd]] [[Category:Sooth African fowk o Breetish strynd]] [[Category:Sooth African fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:Space advocates]] [[Category:SpaceX fowk]] [[Category:Stanford Varsity fowk]] [[Category:Sustainable transport pioneers]] [[Category:Tesla Motors fowk]] [[Category:Wharton School o the Varsity o Pennsylvanie alumni]] [[Category:White Sooth African fowk]] jc1mnttdca4kq2v4yzvzf5zivn76k95 Nicole Richie 0 141459 869575 789106 2022-08-07T13:57:42Z MiaXAH 95608 Fixed typos wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nicole Richie | image = Nicole Richie at the 82nd Academy Awards (cropped).jpg | caption = Richie at the [[82nt Academy Awards]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1981|9|21}}<ref name="californiabirthindex"/> | birth_place = [[Berkeley, Californie]], U.S. | residence = | birth_name = Nicole Camille Escovedo | occupation = Television personality, actress, fashion designer, author | known_for = | years_active = 1996–present | education = [[Montclair College Preparatory School|Montclair Preparatory School]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Joel Madden]]|2010}} | children = 2 | parents = [[Lionel Richie]] {{small|(father)}}<br>Brenda Harvey Richie {{small|(mother)}} | relatives = Miles Richie {{small|(brither)}}<br>Sofia Richie {{small|(sister)}}<br>[[Benji Madden]] {{small|(brother-in-law)}}<br>[[Cameron Diaz]] {{small|(sister-in-law)}} | website = {{URL|http://www.nicolerichie.com}} }} '''Nicole Camille Richie''' (born '''Nicole Camille Escovedo'''; September 21, 1981) is an American fashion designer, author, actress an telly personality. Richie rose tae prominence for her role in the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] reality telly series, ''[[The Simple Life]]'', alangside her bairnheid best friend an fellae socialite [[Paris Hilton]], which lastit five series. ''The Simple Life'' wis a hit for the Fox netwirk, premierin wi 13 million viewers,<ref name="ratingssuccess">{{cite news|title=FOX's 'The Simple Life' premiere draws 13 million viewers and the night's highest Adults 18-49 rating|url=http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/fox-the-simple-life-premiere-draws-13-million-viewers-and-night-highest-adults-18-49-rating-2050.php|accessdate=August 15, 2013|newspaper=Reality TV World|date=December 3, 2003}}</ref> an brocht Richie an Hilton tae internaitional recognition. Richie's personal life attractit significant media attention durin ''The Simple Life's'' five-year run an she wis a constant fixtur o [[tabloid journalism]] afore an efter her appearance. Hilton an Richie are aften gien the distinction o bein the first pair o socialites tae acome "[[famous for bein famous]]" throu reality telly.<ref name=llog>{{cite web |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004066.html |title=Celeb-u-rama |first=Ben |last=Zimmer |publisher=[[Language Log]] |date=January 20, 2007|accessdate=July 27, 2014}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== <!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--> {{Commons category|Nicole Richie}} {{wikiquote}} * {{Official website|http://nicolerichie.com/}} * [http://www.richiemaddenfoundation.org/ Offeecial wabsteid o The Richie-Madden Foundation] * {{IMDb name|1421588}} * [http://www.youtube.com/nicolerichieverified/ Nicole Richie on YouTube] {{s-start}} {{succession box|before=[[David Spade]] an [[Justin Timberlake]]| title=[[Teen Choice Awards]] host| years=2004 (wi [[Paris Hilton]])| after=[[Hilary Duff]] an [[Rob Schneider]]}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Richie, Nicole}} [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Actresses frae the San Francisco Bay Area]] [[Category:American adoptees]] [[Category:American socialites]] [[Category:American jewelry designers]] [[Category:American fowk o Mexican strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o African strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Creole strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Spaingie strynd]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Berkeley, Californie]] [[Category:Pairteecipants in American reality televeesion series]] [[Category:Actresses frae Berkeley, Californie]] [[Category:Writers frae Berkeley, Californie]] [[Category:Varsity o Arizona alumni]] [[Category:Lionel Richie]] ahdtlonhzfkt082vwpnorvebl1btcuf 869576 869575 2022-08-07T13:59:09Z MiaXAH 95608 Fixed typo wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nicole Richie | image = Nicole Richie at the 82nd Academy Awards (cropped).jpg | caption = Richie at the [[82nt Academy Awards]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1981|9|21}}<ref name="californiabirthindex"/> | birth_place = [[Berkeley, Californie]], U.S. | residence = | birth_name = Nicole Camille Escovedo | occupation = Television personality, actress, fashion designer, author | known_for = | years_active = 1996–present | education = [[Montclair College Preparatory School|Montclair Preparatory School]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Joel Madden]]|2010}} | children = 2 | parents = [[Lionel Richie]] {{small|(father)}}<br>Brenda Harvey Richie {{small|(mother)}} | relatives = Miles Richie {{small|(brother)}}<br>Sofia Richie {{small|(sister)}}<br>[[Benji Madden]] {{small|(brother-in-law)}}<br>[[Cameron Diaz]] {{small|(sister-in-law)}} | website = {{URL|http://www.nicolerichie.com}} }} '''Nicole Camille Richie''' (born '''Nicole Camille Escovedo'''; September 21, 1981) is an American fashion designer, author, actress an telly personality. Richie rose tae prominence for her role in the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] reality telly series, ''[[The Simple Life]]'', alangside her bairnheid best friend an fellae socialite [[Paris Hilton]], which lastit five series. ''The Simple Life'' wis a hit for the Fox netwirk, premierin wi 13 million viewers,<ref name="ratingssuccess">{{cite news|title=FOX's 'The Simple Life' premiere draws 13 million viewers and the night's highest Adults 18-49 rating|url=http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/fox-the-simple-life-premiere-draws-13-million-viewers-and-night-highest-adults-18-49-rating-2050.php|accessdate=August 15, 2013|newspaper=Reality TV World|date=December 3, 2003}}</ref> an brocht Richie an Hilton tae internaitional recognition. Richie's personal life attractit significant media attention durin ''The Simple Life's'' five-year run an she wis a constant fixtur o [[tabloid journalism]] afore an efter her appearance. Hilton an Richie are aften gien the distinction o bein the first pair o socialites tae acome "[[famous for bein famous]]" throu reality telly.<ref name=llog>{{cite web |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004066.html |title=Celeb-u-rama |first=Ben |last=Zimmer |publisher=[[Language Log]] |date=January 20, 2007|accessdate=July 27, 2014}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== <!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--> {{Commons category|Nicole Richie}} {{wikiquote}} * {{Official website|http://nicolerichie.com/}} * [http://www.richiemaddenfoundation.org/ Offeecial wabsteid o The Richie-Madden Foundation] * {{IMDb name|1421588}} * [http://www.youtube.com/nicolerichieverified/ Nicole Richie on YouTube] {{s-start}} {{succession box|before=[[David Spade]] an [[Justin Timberlake]]| title=[[Teen Choice Awards]] host| years=2004 (wi [[Paris Hilton]])| after=[[Hilary Duff]] an [[Rob Schneider]]}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Richie, Nicole}} [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Actresses frae the San Francisco Bay Area]] [[Category:American adoptees]] [[Category:American socialites]] [[Category:American jewelry designers]] [[Category:American fowk o Mexican strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o African strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Creole strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Spaingie strynd]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Berkeley, Californie]] [[Category:Pairteecipants in American reality televeesion series]] [[Category:Actresses frae Berkeley, Californie]] [[Category:Writers frae Berkeley, Californie]] [[Category:Varsity o Arizona alumni]] [[Category:Lionel Richie]] ooj50u8qblbmkl2lf09ovi0frqzldbo 869577 869576 2022-08-07T14:45:09Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o MiaXAH, chynged back tae last version bi C1614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Nicole Richie | image = Nicole Richie at the 82nd Academy Awards (cropped).jpg | caption = Richie at the [[82nt Academy Awards]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1981|9|21}}<ref name="californiabirthindex"/> | birth_place = [[Berkeley, Californie]], U.S. | residence = | birth_name = Nicole Camille Escovedo | occupation = Televeesion personality, actress, fashion designer, author | known_for = | years_active = 1996–present | education = [[Montclair College Preparatory School|Montclair Preparatory School]] | spouse = {{marriage|[[Joel Madden]]|2010}} | children = 2 | parents = [[Lionel Richie]] {{small|(father)}}<br>Brenda Harvey Richie {{small|(mother)}} | relatives = Miles Richie {{small|(brither)}}<br>Sofia Richie {{small|(sister)}}<br>[[Benji Madden]] {{small|(brither-in-law)}}<br>[[Cameron Diaz]] {{small|(sister-in-law)}} | website = {{URL|http://www.nicolerichie.com}} }} '''Nicole Camille Richie''' (born '''Nicole Camille Escovedo'''; September 21, 1981) is an American fashion designer, author, actress an telly personality. Richie rose tae prominence for her role in the [[Fox Broadcasting Company|Fox]] reality telly series, ''[[The Simple Life]]'', alangside her bairnheid best friend an fellae socialite [[Paris Hilton]], which lastit five series. ''The Simple Life'' wis a hit for the Fox netwirk, premierin wi 13 million viewers,<ref name="ratingssuccess">{{cite news|title=FOX's 'The Simple Life' premiere draws 13 million viewers and the night's highest Adults 18-49 rating|url=http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/fox-the-simple-life-premiere-draws-13-million-viewers-and-night-highest-adults-18-49-rating-2050.php|accessdate=August 15, 2013|newspaper=Reality TV World|date=December 3, 2003}}</ref> an brocht Richie an Hilton tae internaitional recognition. Richie's personal life attractit significant media attention durin ''The Simple Life's'' five-year run an she wis a constant fixtur o [[tabloid journalism]] afore an efter her appearance. Hilton an Richie are aften gien the distinction o bein the first pair o socialites tae acome "[[famous for bein famous]]" throu reality telly.<ref name=llog>{{cite web |url=http://itre.cis.upenn.edu/~myl/languagelog/archives/004066.html |title=Celeb-u-rama |first=Ben |last=Zimmer |publisher=[[Language Log]] |date=January 20, 2007|accessdate=July 27, 2014}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== <!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--> {{Commons category|Nicole Richie}} {{wikiquote}} * {{Official website|http://nicolerichie.com/}} * [http://www.richiemaddenfoundation.org/ Offeecial wabsteid o The Richie-Madden Foundation] * {{IMDb name|1421588}} * [http://www.youtube.com/nicolerichieverified/ Nicole Richie on YouTube] {{s-start}} {{succession box|before=[[David Spade]] an [[Justin Timberlake]]| title=[[Teen Choice Awards]] host| years=2004 (wi [[Paris Hilton]])| after=[[Hilary Duff]] an [[Rob Schneider]]}} {{s-end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Richie, Nicole}} [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Actresses frae the San Francisco Bay Area]] [[Category:American adoptees]] [[Category:American socialites]] [[Category:American jewelry designers]] [[Category:American fowk o Mexican strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o African strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Creole strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Spaingie strynd]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Berkeley, Californie]] [[Category:Pairteecipants in American reality televeesion series]] [[Category:Actresses frae Berkeley, Californie]] [[Category:Writers frae Berkeley, Californie]] [[Category:Varsity o Arizona alumni]] [[Category:Lionel Richie]] kjsxds2c8jomhiu2o2bjr56u9u7u1yc Denise Mina 0 173205 869584 785305 2022-08-07T20:00:33Z TimDuncan 3044 Updated photo wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox writer | name = Denise Mina | image = DeniseMina2018.png | imagesize = | caption = | pseudonym = | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1966}} | birth_place = [[Glesga]], Scotland | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = | nationality = Scots | period = | genre = [[Crime feection]] | subject = | movement = | debut_works = ''Garnethill'' | influences = | influenced = | signature = | website = {{URL|http://www.denisemina.co.uk/}} | footnotes = }} '''Denise Mina''' (born 1966) is a Scots [[crime writer]] an playwricht. Outwith her usual scrieven in 2007 she scriptit the ''Red Right Hand'' story in the [[Hellblazer]] comic book, set in Glesga. {{Authority control}} {{Stub/Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mina, Denise}} [[Category:1966 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Scots crime feection writers]] [[Category:Scots meestery writers]] [[Category:Fowk frae Glesga]] [[Category:Scots weemen novelists]] [[Category:Scots comics writers]] [[Category:Female comics writers]] [[Category:Barry Awaird winners]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Strathclyde]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Glesga]] [[Category:20t-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:21st-century Scots novelists]] [[Category:20t-century weemen writers]] [[Category:21st-century weemen writers]] [[Category:Scots dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:Weemen meestery writers]] [[Category:Weemen dramatists an playwrichts]] [[Category:Members o the Detection Club]] sydk776yoyncvry6qrimw0md9jy4ptt Militar o the Arab League 0 222134 869582 869432 2022-08-07T18:26:15Z 70.51.121.89 /* Jynt Military Force */ wikitext text/x-wiki The [[Arab League]] as an organisation has nae militar force, like the [[Unitit Nations]] or the [[European Union]], but recently in the 2007 summit, the Leaders decidit tae reactivate thare jynt defence an establish a peacekeeping force to deploy in {{Flag|Lebanon}},{{Flag|Iraq}}, {{SSD}}, {{Flag|ETH}}, {{Flag|Somaliland}} an ither het spots. ==Histerie== The militar histerie o the Arab League is closely linked t the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]. The 1950 Arab Jynt Security Pact set oot proveesions for [[collective security]] amang the Arab states, but anelie in 1961 wis the ''[[United Arab Command#Predecessors|Jynt Arab Command]]'' (JAC) proponed as a unified military [[Command (militar formation)|command]] for the Arab League first bi the [[Jynt Defence Cooncil (Arab League)|Jynt Defence Cooncil]], an [[Insteetutions o the Arab League|insteetution o the Arab League]]. Before the JAC could take shape, a unanimous resolution wis passed at the [[1964 Arab League summit (Cairo)|first Arab League summit]] (Januar 1964) establishing the [[Unitit Arab Command]] (UAC), awtho the UAC's inactivity follaein the [[Samu Incident]] (1966) an durin the [[Six-Day War]] (1967) signalled its ''[[de facto]]'' dissolution.!! ===Arab Liberation Airmy=== The [[Arab Liberation Airmy]] (جيش الإنقاذ العربي ''Jaysh al-Inqadh al-Arabi''), also translated as '''Arab Salvation Airmy''', wis an airmy of volunteers frae [[Arab]] kintras led by [[Fawzi al-Qawuqji]]. It focht on the Arab side in the [[1948 Palestine war]] an wis set up bi the [[Arab League]] as a coonter tae the [[Arab Heich Committee]]'s [[Haly War Airmy]], tho in fact the League an Arab governments preventit thoosands frae jynin aither force.<ref>Levenberg, Haim (1993). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-7146-3439-5}}</Ref>. At the meeting in [[Damascus]] on 5 Februar 1948 tae organise Palestinian Field Commands, Northern [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] includin [[Samaria]] wis allocatit tae Qawuqji's forces, awtho Samaria wis ''de facto'' already unner the control of [[Jordan|Transjordan]].<ref>Levenberg, Haim (1993). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-7146-3439-5}}</Ref>. The Arab League Militar Committee, wi heidquarters in Damascus, wis responsible for the muivements an servicin o the Airmy. The Committee conseestit o General Ismail Safwat (Egyptian, Commander-in-Chief), General [[Taha al-Hashimi]] (Iraq), Colonel Shuqayri (Lebanon), Colonel Muhammed al-Hindi (Sirie) an Colonel Abd al-Qadir al-Jundi (Transjordan). The ALA wis dissolved at the end o the 1948, 67, an 1973 Arabic-Israeli War.Por në vitin 2014/2015 & 2018/2019 u krijua më e madhja dhe më e mira dhe ALA u aktivizua. Presidenti egjiptian tha: "Udhëheqësit arabë kanë vendosur tashmë të bien dakord mbi parimin e një force të përbashkët ushtarake arabe. Një koalicion prej 10 vendesh, i udhëhequr nga Arabia Saudite, aktualisht po kryen sulme ajrore kundër rebelëve në Jemen. Arabia Saudite thotë se Houthis mbështeten nga rivali rajonal "Irani".!!<ref>Levenberg, Haim (1993). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-7146-3439-5}}</Ref>. ==Current strength== {| class="wikitable sortable" !N !Kintra !Militar Service Age !Militar Manpouer Availability !Militar Manpouer Fit !Active Militar Personnel !Reserve Militar Personnel |- |01. |[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|30px|border]] [[Algerie Fowk's Naitional Airmed Forces|Republic o Algerie]] |19 |20,400,000 |17,250,000 |130,000 |150,000 |- |02. |[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|30px|border]] [[Bahrain Defence Force|Bahrain]] |18 |800,000 |680,000 |18,200 |35,805 |- |03. |[[File:Flag of Comoros.svg|30px|border]] [[Militar o the Comoros|Comoros]] |18 |139,491 |205,207 |1,000 |N?A |- |04. |[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|30px|border]] [[Djibouti Airmed Forces|Djibouti]] |18 |391,797 |268,730 |20,470 |12,220 |- |05. |[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|30px|border]] [[Egyptian Airmed Forces|Republic o Egyp]] |18 |20,772,105 |18,479,612 |438,500 |479,000 |- |06. |[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|30px|border]] [[Iraqi Airmed Forces|Republic o Iraq]] |18 |11,512,731 |9,701,179 |64,000 |N?A |- |07. |[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|30px|border]] [[Jordanian Airmed Forces|Kinrick o Jordan]] |17 |2,920,637 |2,506,087 |110,700 |65,000 |- |08. |[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|30px|border]] [[Kuwait Militar Forces|State o Kuwait]] |18 |1,619,438 |1,346,118 |58,300 |57,285 |- |09. |[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|30px|border]] [[Lebanese Airmed Forces|Lebanon]] |18 |2,229,474 |1,883,155 |72,000 |20,000 |- |10. |[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|30px|border]] [[Libie Naitional Airmy|State o Libie]] |18 |3,489,272 |2,970,078 |35,000 |65,000 |- |11. |[[File:Flag of Mauritania.svg|30px|border]] [[Militar o Mauritanie|Mauritanie]] |18 |1,214,418 |754,782 |15,870 |5,000 |- |12. | [[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|30px|border]] [[Ryal Moroccan Airmed Forces|Kinrick o Morocco]] |18 |15,791,743 |13,160,516 |198,000 |175,000 |- |13. |[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|30px|border]] [[Sultan o Oman's Airmed Forces|Sultanate o Oman]] |18 |1,228,492 |1,016,551 |75,000 |35,000 |- |13.= |[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|30px|border]][[Palestinian Naitional Security Forces|Philistine]] |17 |N?A |N?A |N?A |N?A |- |14.= |[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|30px|border]][[Qatar Airmed Forces|State o Qatar]] |18 |555,059 |462,150 |67,000 |N?A |- |15.= |[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|30px|border]] [[Airmed Forces o Saudi Arabie|Kinrick o Saudia]] |18 |15,240,714 |4,725,514 |688,000 |127,000 |- |16.= |[[File:Flag of Somaliland.svg|26px|border]][[Somali National Army|Somalia]] |19 |2,781,768 |1,669,059 |0,117,530 |N?A |- |17. |[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|30px|border]] [[Sudanese Airmed Forces|Sudan's Republic]] |18 |16,427,378 |11,077,040 |109,300 |85,000 |- |18 |[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|30px|border]] [[Sirian Airmed Forces|Sirie's Republic]] |18 |11,550,588 |9,939,661 |142,000 |150,000 |- |19. |[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|30px|border]] [[Tunisie Airmed Forces|Republic o Tunisie]] |18 |4,848,103 |4,036,188 |40,500 |20,000 |- |20. |[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|30px|border]] [[Union Defence Force (UAE)|Unitit Arab Emirates]] |18 |752,707 |412,490 |63,000 |180,000 |- |21. |[[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|30px|border]] [[Republic o Yemen Airmed Forces|Republic o Yemen]] |19 |7,926,335 |5,583,111 |30,000 |N?A |- |_ |'''[[File:Flag of the Arab League.svg|30px|border]] [[Arab League]]''' |'''18''' |'''128,983,640''' |'''119,039,543''' |'''1,828,840+''' | '''1,694,310+''' |- |} ==Leet o Arab League member states bi militar expenditure== {| class="wikitable sortable" !N !Kintra !Militar expenditure |- |[#01.] |{{ALG}} |$13.00± Billions + |- |[#02.]= |{{BHR}} |$01.48 Billion + |- |[#03.] |{{COM}}<s/> |$01.38± Billion + |- |[#04.] |{{DJI}} |$01.38 Billion + |- |#[05.] |{{EGY}} |$24.97± Billion + |- |[#06.] |{{IRQ}} |$10.98± Billions + |- |[#07.] |{{JOR}} |$02.50± Billions + |- |[#08.] |{{KWT}} |$15.00± Billions + |- |[#09.] |{{LIB}} |$01.75 Billions + |- |[#10.] |{{LBY}} |$03.00 Billions + |- |[#11.] |{{MRT}} |$01.49 Billions + |- |[#12.] |{{MAR}} |$03.40± Billions + |- |[#13.] |{{OMN}} |$10.77± Billions + |- |[#14.]= |{{QAT}} |$02. 71± Billions + |- |[#15.]= |{{SAU}} |$56.98± Billions + |- |[#16.] |{{SUD}} |$03.13± Billions +* |- |[#17.] |{{SYR}}<S>. |$13.31± Billions + |- |[#18.] |{{TUN}} |$01.49 Billion + |- |[#19.]= |{{PSE}}<S> |$01.49± Billion+* |- |[#20.] |{{UAE}} |$22.9 Billions + |- |[#21.] |{{YEM}} |$03.50± Billions +* |- |_ |'''{{flag|Arab League}}''' |'''$ 197.49± Billions +''' |- |} <Ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2018/02/26/ten-strongest-military-forces-middle-east/?sh=1e393a5916a2</Ref>. ==Jynt Military Force== In 2017 the heids o Arab League kintras agreed tae form a jynt Arab militar force. This force waud comprise some 46,000 elite truips, supportit b war planes, naval vessels an licht airmour.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32106939</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32106939] * * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html CIA World Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107142508/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html |date=2017-11-07 }} [[Category:Arab League]] 9shntsxbepc7852p8qc8akhm73w2ppc 869583 869582 2022-08-07T18:31:33Z 70.51.121.89 /* Arab Liberation Airmy */ wikitext text/x-wiki The [[Arab League]] as an organisation has nae militar force, like the [[Unitit Nations]] or the [[European Union]], but recently in the 2007 summit, the Leaders decidit tae reactivate thare jynt defence an establish a peacekeeping force to deploy in {{Flag|Lebanon}},{{Flag|Iraq}}, {{SSD}}, {{Flag|ETH}}, {{Flag|Somaliland}} an ither het spots. ==Histerie== The militar histerie o the Arab League is closely linked t the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]. The 1950 Arab Jynt Security Pact set oot proveesions for [[collective security]] amang the Arab states, but anelie in 1961 wis the ''[[United Arab Command#Predecessors|Jynt Arab Command]]'' (JAC) proponed as a unified military [[Command (militar formation)|command]] for the Arab League first bi the [[Jynt Defence Cooncil (Arab League)|Jynt Defence Cooncil]], an [[Insteetutions o the Arab League|insteetution o the Arab League]]. Before the JAC could take shape, a unanimous resolution wis passed at the [[1964 Arab League summit (Cairo)|first Arab League summit]] (Januar 1964) establishing the [[Unitit Arab Command]] (UAC), awtho the UAC's inactivity follaein the [[Samu Incident]] (1966) an durin the [[Six-Day War]] (1967) signalled its ''[[de facto]]'' dissolution.!! ===Arab Liberation Airmy=== The [[Arab Liberation Airmy]] (جيش الإنقاذ العربي ''Jaysh al-Inqadh al-Arabi''), also translated as '''Arab Salvation Airmy''', wis an airmy of volunteers frae [[Arab]] kintras led by [[Fawzi al-Qawuqji]]. It focht on the Arab side in the [[1948 Palestine war]] an wis set up bi the [[Arab League]] as a coonter tae the [[Arab Heich Committee]]'s [[Haly War Airmy]], tho in fact the League an Arab governments preventit thoosands frae jynin aither force.<ref>Levenberg, Haim (1993). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-7146-3439-5}}</Ref>. At the meeting in [[Damascus]] on 5 Februar 1948 tae organise Palestinian Field Commands, Northern [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] includin [[Samaria]] wis allocatit tae Qawuqji's forces, awtho Samaria wis ''de facto'' already unner the control of [[Jordan|Transjordan]].<ref>Levenberg, Haim (1993). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-7146-3439-5}}</Ref>. The Arab League Militar Committee, wi heidquarters in Damascus, wis responsible for the muivements an servicin o the Airmy. The Committee conseestit o General Ismail Safwat (Egyptian, Commander-in-Chief), General [[Taha al-Hashimi]] (Iraq), Colonel Shuqayri (Lebanon), Colonel Muhammed al-Hindi (Sirie) an Colonel Abd al-Qadir al-Jundi (Transjordan). The ALA wis dissolved at the end o the 1948, 67, an 1973 Arabic-Israeli War.<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm</ref>Por në vitin 2014/2015 & 2018/2019 u krijua më e madhja dhe më e mira dhe ALA u aktivizua. Presidenti egjiptian tha: "Udhëheqësit arabë kanë vendosur tashmë të bien dakord mbi parimin e një force të përbashkët ushtarake arabe. Një koalicion prej 10 vendesh, i udhëhequr nga Arabia Saudite, aktualisht po kryen sulme ajrore kundër rebelëve në Jemen. Arabia Saudite thotë se Houthis mbështeten nga rivali rajonal "Irani".!!<ref>Levenberg, Haim (1993). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-7146-3439-5}}</Ref>. <ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref> ==Current strength== {| class="wikitable sortable" !N !Kintra !Militar Service Age !Militar Manpouer Availability !Militar Manpouer Fit !Active Militar Personnel !Reserve Militar Personnel |- |01. |[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|30px|border]] [[Algerie Fowk's Naitional Airmed Forces|Republic o Algerie]] |19 |20,400,000 |17,250,000 |130,000 |150,000 |- |02. |[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|30px|border]] [[Bahrain Defence Force|Bahrain]] |18 |800,000 |680,000 |18,200 |35,805 |- |03. |[[File:Flag of Comoros.svg|30px|border]] [[Militar o the Comoros|Comoros]] |18 |139,491 |205,207 |1,000 |N?A |- |04. |[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|30px|border]] [[Djibouti Airmed Forces|Djibouti]] |18 |391,797 |268,730 |20,470 |12,220 |- |05. |[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|30px|border]] [[Egyptian Airmed Forces|Republic o Egyp]] |18 |20,772,105 |18,479,612 |438,500 |479,000 |- |06. |[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|30px|border]] [[Iraqi Airmed Forces|Republic o Iraq]] |18 |11,512,731 |9,701,179 |64,000 |N?A |- |07. |[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|30px|border]] [[Jordanian Airmed Forces|Kinrick o Jordan]] |17 |2,920,637 |2,506,087 |110,700 |65,000 |- |08. |[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|30px|border]] [[Kuwait Militar Forces|State o Kuwait]] |18 |1,619,438 |1,346,118 |58,300 |57,285 |- |09. |[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|30px|border]] [[Lebanese Airmed Forces|Lebanon]] |18 |2,229,474 |1,883,155 |72,000 |20,000 |- |10. |[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|30px|border]] [[Libie Naitional Airmy|State o Libie]] |18 |3,489,272 |2,970,078 |35,000 |65,000 |- |11. |[[File:Flag of Mauritania.svg|30px|border]] [[Militar o Mauritanie|Mauritanie]] |18 |1,214,418 |754,782 |15,870 |5,000 |- |12. | [[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|30px|border]] [[Ryal Moroccan Airmed Forces|Kinrick o Morocco]] |18 |15,791,743 |13,160,516 |198,000 |175,000 |- |13. |[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|30px|border]] [[Sultan o Oman's Airmed Forces|Sultanate o Oman]] |18 |1,228,492 |1,016,551 |75,000 |35,000 |- |13.= |[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|30px|border]][[Palestinian Naitional Security Forces|Philistine]] |17 |N?A |N?A |N?A |N?A |- |14.= |[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|30px|border]][[Qatar Airmed Forces|State o Qatar]] |18 |555,059 |462,150 |67,000 |N?A |- |15.= |[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|30px|border]] [[Airmed Forces o Saudi Arabie|Kinrick o Saudia]] |18 |15,240,714 |4,725,514 |688,000 |127,000 |- |16.= |[[File:Flag of Somaliland.svg|26px|border]][[Somali National Army|Somalia]] |19 |2,781,768 |1,669,059 |0,117,530 |N?A |- |17. |[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|30px|border]] [[Sudanese Airmed Forces|Sudan's Republic]] |18 |16,427,378 |11,077,040 |109,300 |85,000 |- |18 |[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|30px|border]] [[Sirian Airmed Forces|Sirie's Republic]] |18 |11,550,588 |9,939,661 |142,000 |150,000 |- |19. |[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|30px|border]] [[Tunisie Airmed Forces|Republic o Tunisie]] |18 |4,848,103 |4,036,188 |40,500 |20,000 |- |20. |[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|30px|border]] [[Union Defence Force (UAE)|Unitit Arab Emirates]] |18 |752,707 |412,490 |63,000 |180,000 |- |21. |[[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|30px|border]] [[Republic o Yemen Airmed Forces|Republic o Yemen]] |19 |7,926,335 |5,583,111 |30,000 |N?A |- |_ |'''[[File:Flag of the Arab League.svg|30px|border]] [[Arab League]]''' |'''18''' |'''128,983,640''' |'''119,039,543''' |'''1,828,840+''' | '''1,694,310+''' |- |} ==Leet o Arab League member states bi militar expenditure== {| class="wikitable sortable" !N !Kintra !Militar expenditure |- |[#01.] |{{ALG}} |$13.00± Billions + |- |[#02.]= |{{BHR}} |$01.48 Billion + |- |[#03.] |{{COM}}<s/> |$01.38± Billion + |- |[#04.] |{{DJI}} |$01.38 Billion + |- |#[05.] |{{EGY}} |$24.97± Billion + |- |[#06.] |{{IRQ}} |$10.98± Billions + |- |[#07.] |{{JOR}} |$02.50± Billions + |- |[#08.] |{{KWT}} |$15.00± Billions + |- |[#09.] |{{LIB}} |$01.75 Billions + |- |[#10.] |{{LBY}} |$03.00 Billions + |- |[#11.] |{{MRT}} |$01.49 Billions + |- |[#12.] |{{MAR}} |$03.40± Billions + |- |[#13.] |{{OMN}} |$10.77± Billions + |- |[#14.]= |{{QAT}} |$02. 71± Billions + |- |[#15.]= |{{SAU}} |$56.98± Billions + |- |[#16.] |{{SUD}} |$03.13± Billions +* |- |[#17.] |{{SYR}}<S>. |$13.31± Billions + |- |[#18.] |{{TUN}} |$01.49 Billion + |- |[#19.]= |{{PSE}}<S> |$01.49± Billion+* |- |[#20.] |{{UAE}} |$22.9 Billions + |- |[#21.] |{{YEM}} |$03.50± Billions +* |- |_ |'''{{flag|Arab League}}''' |'''$ 197.49± Billions +''' |- |} <Ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2018/02/26/ten-strongest-military-forces-middle-east/?sh=1e393a5916a2</Ref>. ==Jynt Military Force== In 2017 the heids o Arab League kintras agreed tae form a jynt Arab militar force. This force waud comprise some 46,000 elite truips, supportit b war planes, naval vessels an licht airmour.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32106939</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32106939] * * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html CIA World Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107142508/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html |date=2017-11-07 }} [[Category:Arab League]] c50cuccx9u7xsyqvf62bsexshsgcr0p