Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.23 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 3001 869613 860167 2022-08-09T22:37:02Z Ciaran.london 79294 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Official Portrait of John Swinney.jpg|thumb|John Swinney, Deputy First Meenister]] '''John Ramsey Swinney''' (born 13 Aprile 1964), is a [[Scotland|Scots]] politeecian, an a [[Commissioners tae the Scots Pairlament|Commissioner tae the Scots Pairlament]], representin the [[Scots National Pairty]] (SNP). In baith 1999 an 2003, he wis waled for tae represent the consteetuency o Tayside North. He ance representit the consteetuency at Wastmeinster forbye, atween 1997 an 2001. He wis the SNP's Naitional Convener an aa, atween 2000 an 2004. He wis Deputy First Meenister an Secretar for Eddication in [[Nicola Sturgeon]]'s govrenment. Syne May 2021 election he is Deputy First Meenister an Cabinet Secretar fir [[COVID-19 pandemic|Covid]] Recovery.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Deputy First Minister - gov.scot|url=https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/deputy-first-minister/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.gov.scot|language=en}}</ref> {{DEFAULTSORT:Swinney, John}} [[Category:1964 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Members o the Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick for Scots constituencies]] [[Category:Leaders o the Scots National Pairty]] [[Category:Scots National Pairty MPs]] [[Category:Scots National Pairty MSPs]] [[Category:Fowk frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]] [[Category:UK MPs 1997–2001]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 1999–2003]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2003–07]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2007–11]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2011–16]] [[Category:Finance meenisters o Scotland]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Forrester High School]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]] {{Stub/scotpol}} 260mngfc0i151stl2cfj98q3dr8lxo9 0 7195 869627 866789 2022-08-10T07:54:25Z SamiKullström 75629 /* Singles & EPs */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:2018 Lordi - by 2eight - 8SC3389.jpg|300px|thumb|Lordi (2018)]] '''Lordi''' is a metal baund frae [[Finland]]. They are weel kent e'en ootwi the metal community for winnin the [[Euroveesion Sang Contest]] in 2006. == History == [[File:Lordi-show.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Lordi on stage at [[Ruisrock]]]] Efter wirkin on twa-three muisical projects in the airt o theatrical haurd rock, Mr. Lordi chuist tae form Lordi, gaitherin ither muisickers wi seemilar muisical interests. They darged awa in obscurity for a time, an gaun by Mr. Lordi the baund wis rejectit bi several record labels for their costumes an theatrical mainer (see ablow). They chyngedna their style, but, an in 2002 wis signed an pit furth their first album, ''Get Heavy''. This was successfu in Finland, winnin tae nummer three in the Finnish chairts. The single ''Would You Love A Monsterman'' buir the gree tae nummer ane in the Finnish chairts, an the seicont single, ''Devil Is A Loser'' won tae nummer nine. Baith sangs is still played at awmaist aw Lordi shaws the day. The baund's seicond album ''The Monsterican Dream'' wis pitten oot in 2004. The neist year, wi the baund pickin up a follaein in the Unitit Kinrick, the best sangs frae the twa albums wis waled an pitten thegither for tae mak ''The Monster Show''. Album nummer three, ''The Arockalypse'' (2006) wis weel kent for the hit single ''Hard Rock Hallelujah'', the sang that the baund became mair weel kent wi, bi playin it whan they won the Eurovision Sang Contest (see ablo). Sinsyne, the baund haes conteenad tae tour Europe an Americae baith heidlinin or supportin better kent baunds. At the stairt o 2008 a pictur cried ''Dark Floors - A Lordi Motion Picture'' wis setten furth, wi muckle involvement frae Lordi, an a single frae it, ''Beast Loose in Paradise'' wis setten furth for tae promote it. === Euroveesion Sang Constest === In 2006, Lordi won ''A Sang For Finland'' tae win throu tae the final o the [[Eurovision Sang Contest]] in [[Athens]], [[Greece]]. This cam as a suprise tae the baund - Mr. Lordi statit in an interview that they anerly entert thaimsels in "A Sang For Finland" for tae "get some free PR in [[Finland]]". The baund wis the first metal baund tae kythe at Eurovision that's for ordinar fou o saft pop an techno acts, (tho [[HammerFall]] o [[Swaden]] haed turned doun a speir tae gae for it bi the Swadish muisic industry), an there wis a stushie kickit up bi conservative bourachs in baith Finland an Greece for tae get them kickit oot the contest, threapin the baund wis Sautanist. This was denee'd bi the baund thaimsels, an nae mair cam o it. Lordi played ''Hard Rock Hallelujah'' for their sang, an wi the votin help o metal fans frae aw ower Europe, buir the gree an won - takkin 292 pynts, a record victory. It wis the first time Finland haed won the Contest efter ower fower yeir o tryin. Three times they haed come back wi nae pynts ava, an the win wis walcomed blythelike in Finland. A mercat square in the centre o Mr. Lordi's hame toun o Rovaniemi wis re-named "Lordi Square" an Finland pit oot a series o post staumps tae merk the win. == Costumes == Lordi is weel kent for buskin up in monster costumes, that they weir in aw videos, live shaws an photie-shuits. The costumes is maistly o latex, an taks aboot twinty meenit tae pit on - forby Mr. Lordi's ane, that's muckle aulder nor the ithers an taks aboot twa oor tae pit on. The baund aye helps ilk ithir wi pittin thaim on. The costumes got the baund muckle publeecity at the time o the Eurovision Sang Contest. A wheen papers pit oot picturs o whit they threapit wis Lordi unmaskit - the Daily Mail did sae wi a pictur that wis in fact a photograph o ''Children of Bodom'', anithir baund awthegither. The pictur did hae umwhile Lordi keybuirdist Erna Siikavirta in it, but she haed quat the baund an jyned wi ''Children of Bodom'' lang afore the Euroveesion shaw. == Line-up == === Current Memmers === * "Mr. Lordi" (Tomi Petteri Putaansuu) - Liltin (1996-) * "Amen" (Jussi Sydänmaa) - Guitar (1996-) * "Hiisi" - Bass Guitar (2019-) * "Mana" - Drums (2012-) * "Hella" - Keybuirds (2012-) === Umwhile Memmers === * "G-Stealer" (Sami Keinänen) - Bass Guitar (1996-1999) * "Magnum" (Sami Wolking) - Bass Guitar (1999-2002) * "Kalma" (Niko Hurme) - Bass Guitar (2002-2005) * "Enary" (Erna Siikavirta) - Keybuirds (1996-2005) * "Kita" (Sampsa Astala) - Drums (2000-2010) * "Otus" (Tonmi Lillman) - Drums (2010-2012) * "Awa" (Leena Peisa) - Keybuirds (2005-2012) * "OX" (Samer el Nahhal) - Bass Guitar (2019-) == Discography == === Albums === * ''[[Get Heavy]]'' (2002) FIN #3 * ''[[The Monsterican Dream]]'' (2004) FIN #4 * ''[[The Monster Show]]'' (Hybrid album o ''Get Heavy'' & ''Monsterican Dream'' fer merketing in UK) (2005) * ''[[The Arockalypse]]'' (2006) FIN #1 * ''[[Deadache]]'' (2008) FIN #5 * ''[[Zombilation – The Greatest Cuts]]'' (2009) * ''[[Babez For Breakfast]]'' (2010) * ''[[Scarchives Vol. 1]]'' (2012) * ''[[To Beast or Not To Beast]]'' (2013) FIN #8 * ''[[Scare Force One]]'' (2014) * ''[[Monstereophonic – Theaterror vs. Demonarchy]]'' (2016) * ''[[Sexorcism]]'' (2018) * ''[[Killection]]'' (2020) * ''[[Lordiversity]]'' (2021) === Singles & EPs === * ''Would You Love a Monsterman?'' (2002) FIN #1 * ''Devil is a Loser'' (2003) FIN #9 * ''Blood Red Sandman'' (2004) FIN #17 * ''My Heaven Is Your Hell'' (2004) * ''Hard Rock Hallelujah'' (2006) FIN #1, GER #5, UK #25, IRL #4 * ''Who's Your Daddy?'' (2006) FIN #1, GER #33 * ''Would You Love A Monsterman?'' (2006) * ''It Snows In Hell'' (2006) FIN #2 * ''They Only Come Out at Night'' (2007) FIN #6 * ''Beast Loose In Paradise'' (2008) FIN #3 * ''Bite It Like a Bulldog'' (2008) FIN #1 * ''Deadache'' (2008) * ''This Is Heavy Metal'' (2010) * ''Rock Police'' (2010) * ''The Riff'' (2013) * ''Hug You Hardcore'' (2016) * ''Your Tongue’s Got the Cat'' (2018) * ''Naked in My Cellar'' (2018) * ''Shake the Baby Silent'' (2019) * ''I Dug a Hole in the Yard for You'' (2019) * ''Like A Bee To The Honey'' (2020) * ''Believe Me'' (2021) * ''Abracadaver'' (2021) * ''Borderline'' (2021) * ''Merry Blah Blah Blah'' (2021) * ''Demon Supreme'' (2021) * ''Day Off Of The Devil'' (2022) * ''Spear Of The Romans'' (2022) * ''Reel Monsters'' (2022) === DVDs === * ''Market Square Massacre'' (2006) * ''Bringing Back The Balls To Stockholm'' (2007) * ''Recordead Live – Sextourcism in Z7'' (2018) == Film == * [[The Kin]] (2004) * [[Dark Floors]] (2008) == Comics == * Monster Magazine (2002) * Alkuperä (2006) * Verenjano (2007) * Verensininen (2008) == Fremmit airtins == * {{Offeecial wabsteid|http://www.lordi.fi/}} * [http://www.myspace.com/lordi Offeecial MySpace] * [http://www.metal-archives.com/ Encyclopaedia Metallum page anent Lordi] {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Finnish hivy metal muisical groups]] ghtj74ncs6h10t4wr9a17ilopkhzepp 0 13324 869624 823764 2022-08-10T03:40:18Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' Movimento_Popular_de_Libertação_de_Angola_(bandeira).svg wi' [[File:Flag_of_MPLA.svg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). wikitext text/x-wiki {| align=right |[[File:Flag of Angola.svg|thumb|[[File:FIAV 111111.svg|23px]] '''Banner of Angola''' syne 1975. Banner Ratio: 2:3]] |- |[[File:Flag of MPLA.svg|thumb|Banner o the umwhile movement an nou governing pairty [[Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola|MPLA]] ]] |} The '''naitional banner o [[Angolae]]''' came intae uise at unthirldom on November 11, 1975. It is split horizontally intae an upper reid hauf an a lawer black hauf. As in some ither African kintras, this banner is a modification o the rulin pairty's banner. The guerilla movement an later governin pairty, the [[Popular Movement for the Liberation o Angolae]] (MPLA), uised the same design wi a golden star in the center. Red stood for socialism an black for Africae. The star wis modeled efter the [[red star]] o the [[Soviet Union]], which sponsored the MPLA. Later the explanation wis made less pairty-specific: The reid is for the bluid spilt bi Angolans durin thair [[History o Angolae|unthirldom struggles]], while the black is for the continent o [[Africae]]. The seembol in the middle is o a crossed [[gear|cog wheel]] (representin wirkers an industry) an [[machete]] (representin the peasantry) wi a gowd star. It wis adoptit durin a time when Angolae haed a [[Marxism|Marxist]] govrenment, an thus wis supposed tae evoke the image o the [[hammer an sickle]] foond on the banner o the umwhile [[Soviet Union]], a common seembol o [[Communism]]. The banner is maist recently describit an explained in airticle 162 o the Constitutional Law o the Republic o Angolae (Constitution) o August 25, 1992. == 2003 proposal == [[File:Flag_of_Angola_(2003_proposal).svg|thumb|This banner wis proposed in 2003.]] In 2003, a new, mair "optimistic" banner wis proposed bi the Parliament's Constitutional Commission o the Naitional Assembly (Angolan Parliament), which sae far haes no been formally adoptit. The sun design in the middle is meant tae be reminiscent o [[cave paintin]]s foond in Tchitundo-Hulu cave. The banner, while radically different in design an seembolism, maintains the same banner proportions o 2:3.<ref>[http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/ao!.html Angola - proposal for a new flag<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} *{{FOTW|id=ao|title=Angola}} *http://www.angola.org/referenc/proposed_flag.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040622113124/http://www.angola.org/referenc/proposed_flag.html |date=2004-06-22 }} {{Africae topic|Flag of|title=[[Banners o Africae]]}} {{Angolae topics}} {{naitionalbanners}}<!-- to edit this table, go to [[Template:Naitionalbanners]] --> {{Commonscat|Flags of Angola}} [[Category:Naitional banners|Angolae]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o Angolae]] 3ak8vhk0kmp89c6ydjpuznn4rweu473 0 13357 869609 627696 2022-08-09T19:53:43Z 122.172.86.167 Change Indie to India wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Ford Figo''' is [[Ford India Private Limited|Ford's]] new [[subcompact]] [[automobile]] that went on sale on 10 Mairch 2010 in India for Rs 3.5 lakh (U$8400).<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_ford-launches-figo-at-killer-price-tag_1357348 DNA India - article]</ref> It is based on the fowert generation [[Ford Fiesta]] hatchback that wis phased oot in 2008. It is biggit ae in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], tae be sauld in developin kintras. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.fordfigo.in Ford Figo] *[http://www.india.ford.com Ford India Private Limited] {{Ford}} [[Category:Ford vehicles|Figo]] [[Category:2010s automobiles]] [[Category:Subcompact caurs]] [[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]] [[Category:Hatchbacks]] gpjlbc716zz9pik11xwietz5vz2vv6t 869610 869609 2022-08-09T19:55:34Z 122.172.86.167 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Ford Figo''' is [[Ford India Private Limited|Ford's]] new [[subcompact]] [[automobile]] that went on sale on 10 Mairch 2010 in India for Rs 3.5 lakh (U$8400).<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_ford-launches-figo-at-killer-price-tag_1357348 DNA India - article]</ref> It is based on the fourth generation [[Ford Fiesta]] hatchback that was phased out in 2008. It is manufactured in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], to be sold in developing countries. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.fordfigo.in Ford Figo] *[http://www.india.ford.com Ford India Private Limited] {{Ford}} [[Category:Ford vehicles|Figo]] [[Category:2010s automobiles]] [[Category:Subcompact caurs]] [[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]] [[Category:Hatchbacks]] jqql4x3g404qapvccrgkauhhx6d0njw 869611 869610 2022-08-09T19:56:26Z 122.172.86.167 wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Ford Figo''' is [[Ford India Private Limited|Ford's]] new [[subcompact]] [[automobile]] that went on sale on 10 March 2010 in India for Rs 3.5 lakh (U$8400).<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_ford-launches-figo-at-killer-price-tag_1357348 DNA India - article]</ref> It is based on the fourth generation [[Ford Fiesta]] hatchback that was phased out in 2008. It is manufactured in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], to be sold in developing countries. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.fordfigo.in Ford Figo] *[http://www.india.ford.com Ford India Private Limited] {{Ford}} [[Category:Ford vehicles|Figo]] [[Category:2010s automobiles]] [[Category:Subcompact caurs]] [[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]] [[Category:Hatchbacks]] pa86elyj3w2081godpabobd77kjbj6o 869615 869611 2022-08-09T23:29:29Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o 122.172.86.167, chynged back tae last version bi AmaryllisGardener wikitext text/x-wiki The '''Ford Figo''' is [[Ford India Private Limited|Ford's]] new [[subcompact]] [[automobile]] that went on sale on 10 Mairch 2010 in Indie for Rs 3.5 lakh (U$8400).<ref>[http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_ford-launches-figo-at-killer-price-tag_1357348 DNA India - article]</ref> It is based on the fowert generation [[Ford Fiesta]] hatchback that wis phased oot in 2008. It is biggit ae in [[Chennai]], [[Tamil Nadu]], tae be sauld in developin kintras. ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.fordfigo.in Ford Figo] *[http://www.india.ford.com Ford India Private Limited] {{Ford}} [[Category:Ford vehicles|Figo]] [[Category:2010s automobiles]] [[Category:Subcompact caurs]] [[Category:Front-wheel-drive vehicles]] [[Category:Hatchbacks]] ikonieh0fdi6jids9pyebzaqpme8y60 0 16079 869607 855963 2022-08-09T14:30:47Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' Tyto_alba_-British_Wildlife_Centre,_Surrey,_England-8a_(1).jpg wi' [[File:'Tutoke'_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2532332.jpg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[:c:: wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = White houlet | image = 'Tutoke' - geograph.org.uk - 2532332.jpg | image_caption = White houlet at the [[British Wildlife Centre]], Ingland [[File:Barn Owl (Tyto alba) (W TYTO ALBA R1 C16).ogg|thumb|White houlet screams recordit in Cardiganshire, Wales]] | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref>{{cite journal | author = BirdLife International | author-link = BirdLife International | title = ''Tyto alba'' | journal = [[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]] | volume = 2012 | page = e.T22688504A38682217 | publisher = [[IUCN]] | year = 2012| url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22688504/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T22688504A38682217.en | accessdate = 11 August 2016}}</ref> | taxon = Tyto alba | authority = ([[Giovanni Antonio Scopoli|Scopoli]], 1769) | range_map =Schleiereule-Tyto_alba-World.png | range_map_width = | range_map_caption = Global range in green | synonyms = ''Strix alba'' <small>Scopoli, 1769</small><br> ''Strix pratincola'' <small>[[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1838</small><br> ''Tyto delicatula'' <small>[[John Gould|Gould]], 1837</small> | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspecies]] | subdivision = mony, see [[#Subspecies|text]] }} [[File:Tyto alba guttata MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.154.8.jpg|thumb|''Tyto alba guttata'']] The '''White houlet''' (''Tyto alba'') is the maist widely distreebute speshie o [[houlet]], an ane o the maist widespread o aw birds. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Tyto alba}} [[Category:Houlets]] [[Category:Tyto|White Houlet]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1769]] 70xyzo2ma0b6pc78xddfv724syaehtb 0 16101 869629 857505 2022-08-10T07:58:06Z SamiKullström 75629 /* Discografie */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | name = Alestorm | image = Alestorm_01.jpeg | caption = L-R Dani Evans, Gareth Murdock, Peter Alcorn, Christopher Bowes | image_size = <!-- Only for images narrower than 220 pixels --> | background = group_or_band | origin = [[Pairth]], Scotland | instrument = | genre = [[Fowk metal]],<ref name="rateyourmusic.com">http://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/alestorm/captain_morgans_revenge/</ref> [[pouer metal]],<ref name="rateyourmusic.com"/><ref>http://www.metal-archives.com/bands/Alestorm/116989</ref> [[hivy metal]]<ref name="rateyourmusic.com"/> | occupation = | years_active = 2004–present | label = [[Napalm Records|Napalm]] | associated_acts = | website = {{URL|http://www.alestorm.net/}} | current_members = Christopher Bowes<br />Dani Evans<br />Gareth Murdock<br />Peter Alcorn | past_members = Gavin Harper<br />Doug Swierczek<br />Ian Wilson<br />Tim Shaw<br />Alex Tabisz<br />Robin Hellier }} '''Alestorm''' is a [[hivy metal]] baund frae [[Pairth]], [[Scotland]].<ref>[http://warmonkey.net/andy/2009/08/alestorm-interview-270409/ Interview with Alestorm in Glasgow on 2009 UK tour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724124042/http://warmonkey.net/andy/2009/08/alestorm-interview-270409/ |date=2011-07-24 }}</ref> Their muisic is characterized bi a [[Pirates in popular cultur|pirate theme]] an, wi that, haes been dubbed a "Pirate metal" baund<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicmight.com/artist/united+kingdom/perth+and+kinross/alestorm |publisher=[[MusicMight]] |title=ALESTORM |accessdate=30 June 2010 |archive-date=2012-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928091831/http://www.musicmight.com/artist/united+kingdom/perth+and+kinross/alestorm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Bowar, Chad |publisher=[[About.com]] |url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/cdreviews/fr/alestormcaptain.htm |title=Alestorm - Captain Morgan's Revenge review |accessdate=30 June 2010 |archive-date=2011-05-15 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fheavymetal.about.com%2Fod%2Fcdreviews%2Ffr%2Falestormcaptain.htm&date=2011-05-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at a popular hivy metal relatit wabsteid. The baund formed unner the name '''Battleheart''' in 2004. Efter releasin twa [[Extendit play|EPs]], they wur signed bi Napalm Records in 2007 an renamed thairsels Alestorm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/alestorm.htm |publisher=[[About.com]] |title=Alestorm Interview A Conversation With Vocalist/Keyboardist Christopher Bowes |accessdate=14 October 2010 |archive-date=2010-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104195759/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/alestorm.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Biografie == Oreeginally stairtin oot as a twa-member baund consistin o Gavin Harper an Christopher Bowes, Battleheart recordit an independent EP in early 2006. The baund wis complete wi the addition o bassist Dani Evans an drummer Doug Swierczek. Battleheart played their first live show anerlie five day efter the members haed met for the first time. A seicont EP wis recordit the same year, wi Evans nou featurin in the recordin line-up, though the drums wis programmed again. Later in the year, the sang "Set Sail And Conquer" frae the EP wis featured on ''[[Metal Hammer]]'''s "Battle Metal V" CD wi ither sic baunds as [[Týr]], [[Firewind]], [[HammerFall]] an [[Blind Guardian]].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Metal-Hammer-Battle-Final-Conflict/dp/B00161JNV4 Battle Metal V at Amazon.com] Retrieved 6 March 2011</ref> In early 2007, drummer Doug Swierczek left the baund an wis replaced bi Ian Wilson. Efter bein signed bi Napalm Records, the baund chynged their name tae Alestorm. The name chynge wis due tae similarities wi [[Battlelore]], wha wis signed tae the the same label. Their debut album, ''Captain Morgan's Revenge'', wis released in early 2008.<ref>[http://www.napalmrecords.com/hp_promo.php?bioID=89 Alestorm Biography at Napalm Records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509101338/http://www.napalmrecords.com/hp_promo.php?bioID=89 |date=2009-05-09 }} Retrieved 6 March 2011</ref> The sang "Captain Morgan's Revenge" wis an aa featured on ''Metal Hammer'''s "Battle Metal VI." In April 2008, the single "Heavy Metal Pirates" wis released as a [[muisic dounload|digital dounload]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Amazon.com]] |url=http://www.amazon.com/Heavy-Metal-Pirates/dp/B0017YR5H4 |title=Heavy Metal Pirates on Amazon MP3 |accessdate=12 October 2010}}</ref> Ian Wilson left Alestorm temporarly in Juin o that year acause he cudna commit fully tae the baund. He wis temporarly replaced bi [[Germany|German]] Alex Tabisz, afore rejynin the band in late August, in time for a show at Ivory Blacks in [[Glesga]] on August 29. In September 2008, Bowes annoonced on [[Bloodstock Open Air|Bloodstock]]'s offeecial forums that guitarist Gavin Harper haed left the baund. Tim Shaw wis annoonced as Harper's replacement but, efter a brief period o tourin, left the baund. Dani Evans switcht instruments frae bass tae guitar, an Gareth Murdock o [[Waylander (baund)|Waylander]] joined as the replacement bassist. In March 2010, Ian Wilson annoonced he haed left the band due tae wantin tae dae ither things. He wis replaced wi a new drummer named Peter Alcorn. == Baund memmers == ;<big>Current memmers </big> *Christopher Bowes – lead singin, [[keybuird]]s <small>(2004&ndash;present)</small> *Dani Evans – [[guitar]] <small>(2008&ndash;present)</small>, bass guitar <small>(2006&ndash;2008)</small>, backin vocals <small>(2006&ndash;present)</small> *Gareth Murdock – [[bass guitar]], backin vocals <small>(2008&ndash;present)</small> *Peter Alcorn - [[drums]] <small>(2010&ndash;present)</small> ;<big>Umwhile memmers </big> *Ian Wilson – drums, percussion <small>(2007&ndash;2008, 2008&ndash;2010)</small> *Gavin Harper – guitar, backin vocals <small>(2004&ndash;2008)</small> *Tim Shaw – guitar, backin vocals <small>(2008)</small> *Doug Swierczek – drums <small>(2006&ndash;2007)</small> *Alex Tabisz – drums <small>(2008)</small> == Discografie == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ;<big>Studio albums </big> *''[[Captain Morgan's Revenge]]'' (2008), Napalm Records *''[[Black Sails at Midnight]]'' (2009), Napalm Records *''[[Back Through Time]]'' (2011), Napalm Records *''[[Sunset on the Golden Age]]'' (2014), Napalm Records *''[[No Grave But the Sea]]'' (2020), Napalm Records *''Seventh Rum of a Seventh Rum]]'' (2022) ;<big>EPs</big> *''Battleheart'' (2006) *''Terror on the High Seas'' (2006) *''[[Leviathan (EP)|Leviathan]]'' (2009) {{col-2}} ;<big>Compilations</big> *''With Us or Against Us'' (2007) – free album sent wi Napalm Records merchandise *''Battle Metal V'' (2007), ''Metal Hammer'' *''Battle Metal VI'' (2008), ''Metal Hammer'' *''With Us or Against Us X'' (2008) – free album sent wi Napalm Records merchandise *''Battle Metal VIII'' (2009), ''Metal Hammer'' *''Black Sails Over Europe'' (2009) – split album wi [[Heidevolk]] an [[Týr]] {{col-end}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:2000s muisic groups]] [[Category:2010s muisic groups]] [[Category:Scots fowk metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Scots pouer metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Muisical groups established in 2004]] [[Category:Muisical quartets]] seow292r1hv5pef1eh77ga9rwckwd5q 869630 869629 2022-08-10T07:58:33Z SamiKullström 75629 /* Discografie */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | name = Alestorm | image = Alestorm_01.jpeg | caption = L-R Dani Evans, Gareth Murdock, Peter Alcorn, Christopher Bowes | image_size = <!-- Only for images narrower than 220 pixels --> | background = group_or_band | origin = [[Pairth]], Scotland | instrument = | genre = [[Fowk metal]],<ref name="rateyourmusic.com">http://rateyourmusic.com/release/album/alestorm/captain_morgans_revenge/</ref> [[pouer metal]],<ref name="rateyourmusic.com"/><ref>http://www.metal-archives.com/bands/Alestorm/116989</ref> [[hivy metal]]<ref name="rateyourmusic.com"/> | occupation = | years_active = 2004–present | label = [[Napalm Records|Napalm]] | associated_acts = | website = {{URL|http://www.alestorm.net/}} | current_members = Christopher Bowes<br />Dani Evans<br />Gareth Murdock<br />Peter Alcorn | past_members = Gavin Harper<br />Doug Swierczek<br />Ian Wilson<br />Tim Shaw<br />Alex Tabisz<br />Robin Hellier }} '''Alestorm''' is a [[hivy metal]] baund frae [[Pairth]], [[Scotland]].<ref>[http://warmonkey.net/andy/2009/08/alestorm-interview-270409/ Interview with Alestorm in Glasgow on 2009 UK tour] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724124042/http://warmonkey.net/andy/2009/08/alestorm-interview-270409/ |date=2011-07-24 }}</ref> Their muisic is characterized bi a [[Pirates in popular cultur|pirate theme]] an, wi that, haes been dubbed a "Pirate metal" baund<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.musicmight.com/artist/united+kingdom/perth+and+kinross/alestorm |publisher=[[MusicMight]] |title=ALESTORM |accessdate=30 June 2010 |archive-date=2012-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928091831/http://www.musicmight.com/artist/united+kingdom/perth+and+kinross/alestorm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Bowar, Chad |publisher=[[About.com]] |url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/cdreviews/fr/alestormcaptain.htm |title=Alestorm - Captain Morgan's Revenge review |accessdate=30 June 2010 |archive-date=2011-05-15 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fheavymetal.about.com%2Fod%2Fcdreviews%2Ffr%2Falestormcaptain.htm&date=2011-05-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> at a popular hivy metal relatit wabsteid. The baund formed unner the name '''Battleheart''' in 2004. Efter releasin twa [[Extendit play|EPs]], they wur signed bi Napalm Records in 2007 an renamed thairsels Alestorm.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/alestorm.htm |publisher=[[About.com]] |title=Alestorm Interview A Conversation With Vocalist/Keyboardist Christopher Bowes |accessdate=14 October 2010 |archive-date=2010-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100104195759/http://heavymetal.about.com/od/interviews/a/alestorm.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Biografie == Oreeginally stairtin oot as a twa-member baund consistin o Gavin Harper an Christopher Bowes, Battleheart recordit an independent EP in early 2006. The baund wis complete wi the addition o bassist Dani Evans an drummer Doug Swierczek. Battleheart played their first live show anerlie five day efter the members haed met for the first time. A seicont EP wis recordit the same year, wi Evans nou featurin in the recordin line-up, though the drums wis programmed again. Later in the year, the sang "Set Sail And Conquer" frae the EP wis featured on ''[[Metal Hammer]]'''s "Battle Metal V" CD wi ither sic baunds as [[Týr]], [[Firewind]], [[HammerFall]] an [[Blind Guardian]].<ref>[http://www.amazon.com/Metal-Hammer-Battle-Final-Conflict/dp/B00161JNV4 Battle Metal V at Amazon.com] Retrieved 6 March 2011</ref> In early 2007, drummer Doug Swierczek left the baund an wis replaced bi Ian Wilson. Efter bein signed bi Napalm Records, the baund chynged their name tae Alestorm. The name chynge wis due tae similarities wi [[Battlelore]], wha wis signed tae the the same label. Their debut album, ''Captain Morgan's Revenge'', wis released in early 2008.<ref>[http://www.napalmrecords.com/hp_promo.php?bioID=89 Alestorm Biography at Napalm Records] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090509101338/http://www.napalmrecords.com/hp_promo.php?bioID=89 |date=2009-05-09 }} Retrieved 6 March 2011</ref> The sang "Captain Morgan's Revenge" wis an aa featured on ''Metal Hammer'''s "Battle Metal VI." In April 2008, the single "Heavy Metal Pirates" wis released as a [[muisic dounload|digital dounload]].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Amazon.com]] |url=http://www.amazon.com/Heavy-Metal-Pirates/dp/B0017YR5H4 |title=Heavy Metal Pirates on Amazon MP3 |accessdate=12 October 2010}}</ref> Ian Wilson left Alestorm temporarly in Juin o that year acause he cudna commit fully tae the baund. He wis temporarly replaced bi [[Germany|German]] Alex Tabisz, afore rejynin the band in late August, in time for a show at Ivory Blacks in [[Glesga]] on August 29. In September 2008, Bowes annoonced on [[Bloodstock Open Air|Bloodstock]]'s offeecial forums that guitarist Gavin Harper haed left the baund. Tim Shaw wis annoonced as Harper's replacement but, efter a brief period o tourin, left the baund. Dani Evans switcht instruments frae bass tae guitar, an Gareth Murdock o [[Waylander (baund)|Waylander]] joined as the replacement bassist. In March 2010, Ian Wilson annoonced he haed left the band due tae wantin tae dae ither things. He wis replaced wi a new drummer named Peter Alcorn. == Baund memmers == ;<big>Current memmers </big> *Christopher Bowes – lead singin, [[keybuird]]s <small>(2004&ndash;present)</small> *Dani Evans – [[guitar]] <small>(2008&ndash;present)</small>, bass guitar <small>(2006&ndash;2008)</small>, backin vocals <small>(2006&ndash;present)</small> *Gareth Murdock – [[bass guitar]], backin vocals <small>(2008&ndash;present)</small> *Peter Alcorn - [[drums]] <small>(2010&ndash;present)</small> ;<big>Umwhile memmers </big> *Ian Wilson – drums, percussion <small>(2007&ndash;2008, 2008&ndash;2010)</small> *Gavin Harper – guitar, backin vocals <small>(2004&ndash;2008)</small> *Tim Shaw – guitar, backin vocals <small>(2008)</small> *Doug Swierczek – drums <small>(2006&ndash;2007)</small> *Alex Tabisz – drums <small>(2008)</small> == Discografie == {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} ;<big>Studio albums </big> *''[[Captain Morgan's Revenge]]'' (2008), Napalm Records *''[[Black Sails at Midnight]]'' (2009), Napalm Records *''[[Back Through Time]]'' (2011), Napalm Records *''[[Sunset on the Golden Age]]'' (2014), Napalm Records *''[[No Grave But the Sea]]'' (2020), Napalm Records *''[[Seventh Rum of a Seventh Rum]]'' (2022) ;<big>EPs</big> *''Battleheart'' (2006) *''Terror on the High Seas'' (2006) *''[[Leviathan (EP)|Leviathan]]'' (2009) {{col-2}} ;<big>Compilations</big> *''With Us or Against Us'' (2007) – free album sent wi Napalm Records merchandise *''Battle Metal V'' (2007), ''Metal Hammer'' *''Battle Metal VI'' (2008), ''Metal Hammer'' *''With Us or Against Us X'' (2008) – free album sent wi Napalm Records merchandise *''Battle Metal VIII'' (2009), ''Metal Hammer'' *''Black Sails Over Europe'' (2009) – split album wi [[Heidevolk]] an [[Týr]] {{col-end}} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:2000s muisic groups]] [[Category:2010s muisic groups]] [[Category:Scots fowk metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Scots pouer metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Muisical groups established in 2004]] [[Category:Muisical quartets]] 7sz7o7wx5bxlfmazh4we19354x8k27l 0 19547 869608 826249 2022-08-09T18:52:10Z 2001:14BB:A8:9CBB:171:CE1F:5D72:E124 Many typos fixed, still many left wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Helsingin seutu - Helsingforsregionen.svg|thumb|300px|Map o Greater Helsinki (licht green) an the Helsinki Metropolitan Aurie (daurk green).]] [[File:Central Helsinki from plane.jpg|thumb|250px|Central Helsinki, the focal point o the Caipital Region, frae the sky.]] '''Greater Helsinki''' ({{lang-fi|Helsingin seutu, Suur-Helsinki}}, [[Finland Swadish|Swadish]]: ''Helsingforsregionen'', ''Storhelsingfors'') an the smawer '''Helsinki Metropolitan Aurie''' or '''(Finnish) Caipital Region''' (''Pääkaupunkiseutu'', ''Huvudstadsregionen'') refer to two regions of different sizes surrounding [[Helsinki]], the [[Capital city|capital]] of [[Finland]]. Greater Helsinki is sometimes incorrectly cried (the) ''Helsinki Region'' due to an incorrect direct translation o the Finnish an Swadish terms ''Helsingin seutu'' an ''Helsingforsregionen''. (''Suur-Helsinki'' an ''Storhelsingfors'' are sometimes an aw uised tae refer tae the metropolitan aurie.) These regions are locatit in the south of Finland, on the coast of the [[Gulf of Finland]], which is part of the [[Baltic Sea]]. The smawer region includes Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo, an Kauniainen an has a population of about one million. The Helsinki region is the largest [[urbanised]] aurie in the kintra, and is by far the most important economic, cultural, as well as scientific region of Finland. Aicht oot o Finland's 20 [[Leet o universities in Finland|universities]] an maist o the heidquarters o notable companies an govrenmental institutions are locatit in Greater Helsinki, as is Finland's main aviation hub, [[Helsinki Airport]], which is locatit in [[Vantaa]]. ==Terminology== In the strictest sense, the Finnish Caipital Region consists o fower [[Municipalities o Finland|municipalities]] wi ceety status, [[Helsinki]], [[Vantaa]], [[Espoo]] an [[Kauniainen]], whose total population is aboot ane million (2007). This aurie is maist aften cried the ''Helsinki Metropolitan Aurie'' or ''Caipital region'' in Scots, ''Pääkaupunkiseutu'' in Finnish, an ''Huvudstadsregionen'' in Swadish, although the uise o the terms is no especially consistent. Sometimes it is cried the ''"YTV aurie"'', referrin tae YTV, or the [[Helsinki Metropolitan Aurie Cooncil]], which serves as a co-operation agency for the fower central municipalities, mainly providin for regional [[public transport]] an [[waste management]] services. The vast majority o the inhabitants live in the [[urban aurie]]s o the ceeties, but athin the bundaries o these ceeties there are an aw non-urban an suburban auries. Commonly aboot aicht mair municipalities are considered tae be pairt o Greater Helsinki, as they can be considered as [[commuter toun]]s an [[exurb]]s o Helsinki. When [[Hyvinkää]], [[Järvenpää]], [[Kerava]], [[Kirkkonummi]], [[Nurmijärvi]], [[Sipoo]], [[Tuusula]], and [[Vihti]] are includit, the number o inhabitants rises tae 1.2 million. Aw o the municipalities belang tae the [[Regions o Finland|region]] o [[Uusimaa]], includin Sipoo, locatit on the coast east o Vantaa, which belangit tae [[Eastren Uusimaa]]. [[Statistics Finland]] define the [[commuter belt]] o Helsinki (''Helsingin työssäkäyntialue'', ''Helsingfors pendlingsområde'') tae include a total o 24 municipalities, with a land aurie o 7,359.80&nbsp;km² an a population o 1,431,108 as o 31 December 2007.<ref name="StatFinComm2007">[http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/Varvalagg.asp?ma=010%5Fvaerak%5Ftau%5F123%5Fsv&ti=Folkm%E4ngd+efter+k%F6n+och+omr%E5de+samt+f%F6r%E4ndringen+av+folkm%E4ngden+31%2E12%2E2007&path=../Database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/&lang=2&xu=&yp=&nr=1&aggfile(1)=%2D+Pendlingsomr%E5der+och+kommuner+2008&prevagg=NNN&mapname=&multilang=sv Statistics Finland; Population by sex, area and change of population 31.12.2007; Commuter belts and municipalities 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323054815/http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/Varvalagg.asp?ma=010_vaerak_tau_123_sv&ti=Folkm%E4ngd+efter+k%F6n+och+omr%E5de+samt+f%F6r%E4ndringen+av+folkm%E4ngden+31.12.2007&path=..%2FDatabase%2FStatFin%2Fvrm%2Fvaerak%2F&lang=2&xu=&yp=&nr=1&aggfile%281%29=-+Pendlingsomr%E5der+och+kommuner+2008&prevagg=NNN&mapname=&multilang=sv |date=2015-03-23 }} In Swedish, table unavailable in English. Accessed on 2008-09-08.</ref><ref name="NLSF2006">[http://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/ru/default.asp?id=0&docid=3444 National Land Survey of Finland; pdf-file 'Pinta-alatilasto', downloadable from page.] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20110520060500/http://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/ru/default.asp?id=0&docid=3444 |date=2011-05-20 }} Areas of municipalities in Finland. Accessed on 2008-09-08.</ref> In addition tae that, there are fowk frae as far as [[Lahti]] an even [[Tampere]] commutin tae Helsinki daily. ==Statistics== The table belaw leets [[population]], [[aurie]], an [[population density]] for the lairgest municipalities o the Greater Helsinki aurie. (Note that "Helsinki Metropolitan Aurie" an the ither terms uised are no firmly established an mey vary in different contexts.) {|class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Municipality !! Aurie !! Population (2011) !! Population density |- | '''[[Helsinki]]''' || 213.75 km² || 584,420 || 2,755.28/km² |- | [[Espoo]] || 312,26 km² || 248,355 || 795.35/km² |- | [[Vantaa]] || 238.37 km² || 200,410 || 840.75/km² |- | [[Kauniainen]] || 5.88 km² || 8,649 || 1,470.92/km² |- | '''Helsinki metropolitan aurie''' || 770.26 km² || '''1,046,355''' || 1,358.44/km² |- | [[Hyvinkää]] || 322.62 km² || 45,518 || 141.09/km² |- | [[Järvenpää]] || 37.55 km² || 38,674 || 1,029.93/km² |- | [[Kerava]] || 30.62 km² || 34,333 || 1,121.26/km² |- | [[Kirkkonummi]] || 366.10 km² || 36,965 || 100.97/km² |- | [[Nurmijärvi]] || 361.84 km² || 40,061 || 110.71/km² |- | [[Sipoo]] || 339.62 km² || 18,279 || 53.82/km² |- | [[Tuusula]] || 219.51 km² || 37,233 || 169.62/km² |- | [[Vihti]] || 522.06 km² || 28,357 || 54.32/km² |- | [[Mäntsälä]] || 580.94 km² || 19,959 || 34.36/km² |- | '''Ooter municipalities''' || 2,780.76 km² || '''299,379''' || 107.66/km² |- | '''Total : Greater Helsinki''' || 3,551.02 km² || '''1,345,734''' || 378.97/km² |} == See an aw== * [[Metropolitan aurie]] * [[Leet o metropolitan auries in Europe]] * [[Lairgest urban auries o the European Union]] * [[Leet o metropolitan auries o Swaden]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://kartta.hel.fi/opas/main/default.asp?lang=en Guide map o the Helsinki Region] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130106161904/http://kartta.hel.fi/opas/main/default.asp?lang=en |date=2013-01-06 }} *[http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=160092&contentlan=2&culture=en-US ThisisFinland: Helsinki: A veritable mini-metropolis] *[http://www.ytv.fi/eng YTV, the Helsinki Metropolitan Aurie Cooncil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028221556/http://www.ytv.fi/eng |date=2005-10-28 }} *[http://www.helsinkiregion.com/ Mercatin steid for the Helsinki Region] *[http://www.helsinki.fi/en/ Helsinki region portal] {{coord missing|Finland}} [[Category:Metropolitan auries o Finland|Helsinki]] [[Category:Geografie o Helsinki]] [[Category:Sub-regions o Finland]] [[Category:Geografie o Uusimaa]] c02sks1sm8vr1qans0mo8t5wsm0kj9e 869614 869608 2022-08-09T23:29:16Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o 2001:14BB:A8:9CBB:171:CE1F:5D72:E124, chynged back tae last version bi InternetArchiveBot wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Helsingin seutu - Helsingforsregionen.svg|thumb|300px|Map o Greater Helsinki (licht green) an the Helsinki Metropolitan Aurie (daurk green).]] [[File:Central Helsinki from plane.jpg|thumb|250px|Central Helsinki, the focal point o the Caipital Region, frae the sky.]] '''Greater Helsinki''' ({{lang-fi|Helsingin seutu, Suur-Helsinki}}, [[Finland Swadish|Swadish]]: ''Helsingforsregionen'', ''Storhelsingfors'') an the smawer '''Helsinki Metropolitan Aurie''' or '''(Finnish) Caipital Region''' (''Pääkaupunkiseutu'', ''Huvudstadsregionen'') refer tae twa regions o different size surroondin [[Helsinki]], the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] o [[Finland]]. Greater Helsinki is sometimes incorrectly cried (the) ''Helsinki Region'' due tae an incorrect direct translation o the Finnish an Swadish terms ''Helsingin seutu'' an ''Helsingforsregionen''. (''Suur-Helsinki'' an ''Storhelsingfors'' are sometimes an aw uised tae refer tae the metropolitan aurie.) These regions are locatit in the sooth o Finland, on the coast o the [[Gulf o Finland]], which is pairt o the [[Baltic Sea]]. The smawer region includes Helsinki, Vantaa, Espoo, an Kauniainen an haes a population o aboot ane million. The Helsinki region is the lairgest [[urbanised]] aurie in the kintra, an is bi far the maist important economic, cultural, as well as scientific region of Finland. Aicht oot o Finland's 20 [[Leet o universities in Finland|universities]] an maist o the heidquarters o notable companies an govrenmental institutions are locatit in Greater Helsinki, as is Finland's main aviation hub, [[Helsinki Airport]], which is locatit in [[Vantaa]]. ==Terminology== In the strictest sense, the Finnish Caipital Region consists o fower [[Municipalities o Finland|municipalities]] wi ceety status, [[Helsinki]], [[Vantaa]], [[Espoo]] an [[Kauniainen]], whose total population is aboot ane million (2007). This aurie is maist aften cried the ''Helsinki Metropolitan Aurie'' or ''Caipital region'' in Scots, ''Pääkaupunkiseutu'' in Finnish, an ''Huvudstadsregionen'' in Swadish, although the uise o the terms is no especially consistent. Sometimes it is cried the ''"YTV aurie"'', referrin tae YTV, or the [[Helsinki Metropolitan Aurie Cooncil]], which serves as a co-operation agency for the fower central municipalities, mainly providin for regional [[public transport]] an [[waste management]] services. The vast majority o the inhabitants live in the [[urban aurie]]s o the ceeties, but athin the bundaries o these ceeties there are an aw non-urban an suburban auries. Commonly aboot aicht mair municipalities are considered tae be pairt o Greater Helsinki, as they can be considered as [[commuter toun]]s an [[exurb]]s o Helsinki. When [[Hyvinkää]], [[Järvenpää]], [[Kerava]], [[Kirkkonummi]], [[Nurmijärvi]], [[Sipoo]], [[Tuusula]], and [[Vihti]] are includit, the number o inhabitants rises tae 1.2 million. Aw o the municipalities belang tae the [[Regions o Finland|region]] o [[Uusimaa]], includin Sipoo, locatit on the coast east o Vantaa, which belangit tae [[Eastren Uusimaa]]. [[Statistics Finland]] define the [[commuter belt]] o Helsinki (''Helsingin työssäkäyntialue'', ''Helsingfors pendlingsområde'') tae include a total o 24 municipalities, with a land aurie o 7,359.80&nbsp;km² an a population o 1,431,108 as o 31 December 2007.<ref name="StatFinComm2007">[http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/Varvalagg.asp?ma=010%5Fvaerak%5Ftau%5F123%5Fsv&ti=Folkm%E4ngd+efter+k%F6n+och+omr%E5de+samt+f%F6r%E4ndringen+av+folkm%E4ngden+31%2E12%2E2007&path=../Database/StatFin/vrm/vaerak/&lang=2&xu=&yp=&nr=1&aggfile(1)=%2D+Pendlingsomr%E5der+och+kommuner+2008&prevagg=NNN&mapname=&multilang=sv Statistics Finland; Population by sex, area and change of population 31.12.2007; Commuter belts and municipalities 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150323054815/http://pxweb2.stat.fi/Dialog/Varvalagg.asp?ma=010_vaerak_tau_123_sv&ti=Folkm%E4ngd+efter+k%F6n+och+omr%E5de+samt+f%F6r%E4ndringen+av+folkm%E4ngden+31.12.2007&path=..%2FDatabase%2FStatFin%2Fvrm%2Fvaerak%2F&lang=2&xu=&yp=&nr=1&aggfile%281%29=-+Pendlingsomr%E5der+och+kommuner+2008&prevagg=NNN&mapname=&multilang=sv |date=2015-03-23 }} In Swedish, table unavailable in English. Accessed on 2008-09-08.</ref><ref name="NLSF2006">[http://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/ru/default.asp?id=0&docid=3444 National Land Survey of Finland; pdf-file 'Pinta-alatilasto', downloadable from page.] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20110520060500/http://www.maanmittauslaitos.fi/ru/default.asp?id=0&docid=3444 |date=2011-05-20 }} Areas of municipalities in Finland. Accessed on 2008-09-08.</ref> In addition tae that, there are fowk frae as far as [[Lahti]] an even [[Tampere]] commutin tae Helsinki daily. ==Statistics== The table belaw leets [[population]], [[aurie]], an [[population density]] for the lairgest municipalities o the Greater Helsinki aurie. (Note that "Helsinki Metropolitan Aurie" an the ither terms uised are no firmly established an mey vary in different contexts.) {|class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Municipality !! Aurie !! Population (2011) !! Population density |- | '''[[Helsinki]]''' || 213.75 km² || 584,420 || 2,755.28/km² |- | [[Espoo]] || 312,26 km² || 248,355 || 795.35/km² |- | [[Vantaa]] || 238.37 km² || 200,410 || 840.75/km² |- | [[Kauniainen]] || 5.88 km² || 8,649 || 1,470.92/km² |- | '''Helsinki metropolitan aurie''' || 770.26 km² || '''1,046,355''' || 1,358.44/km² |- | [[Hyvinkää]] || 322.62 km² || 45,518 || 141.09/km² |- | [[Järvenpää]] || 37.55 km² || 38,674 || 1,029.93/km² |- | [[Kerava]] || 30.62 km² || 34,333 || 1,121.26/km² |- | [[Kirkkonummi]] || 366.10 km² || 36,965 || 100.97/km² |- | [[Nurmijärvi]] || 361.84 km² || 40,061 || 110.71/km² |- | [[Sipoo]] || 339.62 km² || 18,279 || 53.82/km² |- | [[Tuusula]] || 219.51 km² || 37,233 || 169.62/km² |- | [[Vihti]] || 522.06 km² || 28,357 || 54.32/km² |- | [[Mäntsälä]] || 580.94 km² || 19,959 || 34.36/km² |- | '''Ooter municipalities''' || 2,780.76 km² || '''299,379''' || 107.66/km² |- | '''Total : Greater Helsinki''' || 3,551.02 km² || '''1,345,734''' || 378.97/km² |} == See an aw== * [[Metropolitan aurie]] * [[Leet o metropolitan auries in Europe]] * [[Lairgest urban auries o the European Union]] * [[Leet o metropolitan auries o Swaden]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://kartta.hel.fi/opas/main/default.asp?lang=en Guide map o the Helsinki Region] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20130106161904/http://kartta.hel.fi/opas/main/default.asp?lang=en |date=2013-01-06 }} *[http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=160092&contentlan=2&culture=en-US ThisisFinland: Helsinki: A veritable mini-metropolis] *[http://www.ytv.fi/eng YTV, the Helsinki Metropolitan Aurie Cooncil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051028221556/http://www.ytv.fi/eng |date=2005-10-28 }} *[http://www.helsinkiregion.com/ Mercatin steid for the Helsinki Region] *[http://www.helsinki.fi/en/ Helsinki region portal] {{coord missing|Finland}} [[Category:Metropolitan auries o Finland|Helsinki]] [[Category:Geografie o Helsinki]] [[Category:Sub-regions o Finland]] [[Category:Geografie o Uusimaa]] cfw8193fodkrs2jisdnosrloxmmtj48 0 22134 869628 781796 2022-08-10T07:56:37Z SamiKullström 75629 /* Discography */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --> | image = Bullet for my Valentine-Live-Norway Rock 2010.jpg | caption = Bullet for My Valentine performing at the 2010 [[Norway Rock Festival]]. | image_size = 240 | landscape = Yes | background = group_or_band | origin = [[Bridgend]], [[Wales]], [[Unitit Kinrick]] | genre = <!--All genres are sourced in the "musical style and influences" section DO NOT change, add or remove anything here, it will be reverted back quickly-->[[Hivy metal]], [[metalcore]], [[thrash metal]] |years_active = 1998–present | label = [[Columbia Records|Columbia]], [[Trustkill Records|Trustkill]], [[Gun Records|Gun]], [[Sony Music Entertainment|Sony Music]], [[Jive Records|Jive]], [[RCA Records|RCA]] | website = {{URL|http://bulletformyvalentine.com/}} | current_members = Matthew Tuck <br /> Michael Paget <br /> Michael Thomas <br /> Jason James | past_members = Nick Crandle }} '''Bullet for My Valentine''' <!-- Please do not change this to "is". -->are<!-- This article is written in UK English, which treats collective nouns as plurals. (i.e. Bullet for My Valentine ARE a band.) --> a Welsh [[hivy metal]] baund frae [[Bridgend]], formit in 1998. The baund is componed o Matt Tuck (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Michael Paget (lead guitar, backin vocals), Jason James (bass guitar, backin vocals), an Michael Thomas (drums). Thay wur formit unner the name Jeff Killed John an stairtit thair muisic career bi covering sangs bi [[Metallica]] an [[Nirvana (baund)|Nirvana]]. Jeff Killed John recordit sax sangs which wur no released; twa o thir tracks wur rewirkit later in thair career as Bullet for My Valentine. Financial difficulties dictatit the name chynge, which wis follaeed bi a chynge in muisic direction. In 2002, the baund secured a five-album deal wi [[Sony BMG]]. The baund haes statit that thair muisic is influencit bi classic hivy metal acts sic as Metallica, [[Iron Maiden]], an [[Slayer]]. The baind is pairt o the [[Muisic o Cairdiff|Cairdiff muisic scene]]. Bullet for My Valentine's debut album, ''[[The Poison]]'', wis released on 3 October 2005 in the Unitit Kinrick an on 14 Februar 2006 in the Unitit States tae coincide wi [[Valentine's Day]] hence thair baund name. The album entered the ''[[Billboard 200]]'' in the US at nummer 128. It wis certifeed [[Gowd album|Gowd]] bi the [[Recording Industry Association of America]]. The baund made appearances at the [[Download Festival]] an ''[[Kerrang!]]'' XXV, an unnertook a US tour wi [[Rob Zombie]]. Bullet for My Valentine's seicont studio album, ''[[Scream Aim Fire]]'', wis released on 29 Januar 2008 an debuted at nummer fower on the ''Billboard 200''. The baund's third album, ''[[Fever (Bullet for My Valentine album)|Fever]]'', wis released on 26 Aprile 2010 an debuted at nummer three on the ''Billboard 200''. The baund haes sauld ower ane million albums in the Unitit States an nearly 2,500,000 albums warldwide an are the maist-successfu act in the ''[[Kerrang! Awards]]'' category o "Best British Band" wi three wins. == Baund members == ;Current members * Michael Paget – lead guitar, backin vocals <small>(1998–present)</small> * Michael Thomas – drums <small>(1998–present)</small> * Matthew Tuck – lead vocals, rhythm guitar <small>(1998–present)</small> * Jason James – bass guitar, backin vocals <small>(2003–present)</small> ;Umwhile members * Nick Crandle – bass guitar <small>(1998–2003)</small> == Discography == {{Main|Bullet for My Valentine discography}} ;Studio albums * ''[[The Poison]]'' (2005) * ''[[Scream Aim Fire]]'' (2008) * ''[[Fever (Bullet for My Valentine album)|Fever]]'' (2010) * ''[[Temper Temper]]'' (2013) * ''[[Venom (Bullet for My Valentine album)|Venom]]'' (2015) * ''[[Gravity (Bullet for My Valentine album)|Gravity]]'' (2018) * ''[[Bullet for My Valentine (album)|Bullet for My Valentine]]'' (2021) == References == {{Reflist|2}} == Freemit airtins == <!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--> * [http://www.bulletformyvalentine.com/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{DEFAULTSORT:Bullet For My Valentine}} [[Category:Welsh hivy metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Welsh metalcore muisical groups]] [[Category:Welsh thrash metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Muisical groups established in 1998]] [[Category:Muisical quartets]] [[Category:Jive Records airtists]] [[Category:Kerrang! Awards winners]] [[Category:RCA Records airtists]] 0exkn2ie38ukxcsc0b54xuz69t2otot 0 36284 869606 823860 2022-08-09T14:16:32Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' Bedfordshire's_Flag.svg wi' [[File:Bedfordshire_County_Flag.svg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[:c::File:Bedfordshire County Flag.svg|]]). wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ingland coonty | name = Bedfordshire | image = [[File:Bedfordshire County Flag.svg|150px]]<br />Flag of Bedfordshire | motto = Constant Be | map = [[File:Bedfordshire UK locator map 2010.svg|200px|Bedfordshire within England]] | status = [[Ceremonial coonties o Ingland|Ceremonial]] coonty | origin = [[Historic coonties o Ingland|Historic]] | region = [[East o Ingland]] | arearank = [[Leet o ceremonial coonties o Ingland bi aurie|Rankit 41st]] | area_km2 = 1235 | iso = GB-BDF | ons = 09 | nutscode = <!-- NUTS x - (x = value entered, or leave blank | adminhq = [[Bedford]] for NUTS 3) - OPTIONAL --> | nuts3 = UKH22 | poprank = [[Leet o ceremonial coonties o Ingland bi population|Ranked {{English cerem counties|RNK=Bedfordshire}}]] | popestdate = {{English statistics year}} | pop = {{English cerem counties|POP=Bedfordshire}} | density_km2 = {{English cerem counties|DEN=Bedfordshire}} | ethnicity = 86.3% White<br />8.3% S.Asian<br />2.9% Black. | mps = * [[Alistair Burt]] [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|(C)]] * [[Nadine Dorries]] [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|(C)]] * [[Richard Fuller (politeecian)|Richard Fuller]] [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|(C)]] * [[Kelvin Hopkins]] [[Labour Pairty (UK)|(L)]] * [[Gavin Shuker]] [[Labour Pairty (UK)|(L)]] * [[Andrew Selous]] [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|(C)]] | subdivmap = [[Image:2009 Bedfordshire Ceremonial Numbered.png|150px|Bedfordshire's unitary authorities]] | subdivs = #[[Borough o Bedford|Bedford (Unitary)]] #[[Central Bedfordshire| Central Bedfordshire (Unitary)]] #[[Luton| Luton (Unitary)]] }} '''Bedfordshire''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|b|ɛ|d|f|ər|d|ʃ|ər}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɛ|d|f|ər|d|ʃ|ɪər}}; abbreviatit '''Beds.''') is a [[ceremonial coonties o Ingland|ceremonial coonty]] o [[historic coonties o Ingland|historic oreegin]] in [[Ingland]] that forms pairt o the [[East o Ingland]] [[Regions o Ingland|region]]. ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Fremmit airtins== *{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/Bedfordshire}} * [http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/results.aspx?index=0&mainQuery=&searchType=all&form=basic&theme=&county=BEDFORDSHIRE&district=&placeName= Images of Bedfordshire] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121223224035/http://viewfinder.english-heritage.org.uk/search/results.aspx?index=0&mainQuery=&searchType=all&form=basic&theme=&county=BEDFORDSHIRE&district=&placeName= |date=2012-12-23 }} at the [[National Monuments Record (England)|National Monuments Record]], [[English Heritage]] {{Geographic location |title = '''Neebourin coonties''' |Centre = Bedfordshire |North = [[Northamptonshire]], [[Cambridgeshire]] |Northeast = [[Cambridgeshire]] |East = [[Cambridgeshire]]<br>[[Hertfordshire]] |Southeast = [[Hertfordshire]] |South = [[Hertfordshire]] |Southwest = [[Buckinghamshire]] |West = [[Buckinghamshire]] |Northwest = [[Northamptonshire]] }} {{Bedfordshire}} {{Ingland coonties}} {{Unitary authorities o Ingland}} [[Category:Bedfordshire| ]] [[Category:Inglis unitary authorities creatit in 2009]] [[Category:Unitary authorities o Ingland]] [[Category:Umwhile nan-metropolitan coonties]] {{Stub/Ingland}} m7xj4w9i34y8e6nmitm1mpm9aj5sa93 0 44621 869603 832895 2022-08-09T13:47:11Z 2A00:23C8:7504:A01:EC51:5B33:47BE:31E /* Grand Slam tournaments */Fixed typo wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography |name= Serena Williams |image= Wimbledon 2012 Day 10 Cropped.jpg |caption= At the [[2012 Wimbledon Championships]] |country= {{flag|Unitit States}} |residence= [[Palm Beach Gardens, Florida]]<ref name="WTA profile">{{wta|id=9044|name=Serena Williams}}</ref> |birth_date= {{Birth date and age|1981|9|26}} |birth_place= [[Saginaw, Michigan]] |height= 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) |weight= 83 kg (183 lb) |turnedpro= 24 September 1995 |plays= Richt-haundit (twa-haundit<br> backhaund) |careerprizemoney= [[Unitit States dollar|$]] 41,960,896 <br/>(1st aw-time amang weemen athletes<br> an 4t aw-time amang tennis athletes) |singlesrecord= 558–108 (83.69%) |singlestitles= 47 WTA<ref name="WTA profile"/> ([[WTA Tour records#WTA Singles Titles an Finals|6t in oweraw rankins]]) |highestsinglesranking= No. '''1''' (8 Julie 2002) |currentsinglesranking = No. 22 (September 11, 2017) |AustralianOpenresult= '''W''' ([[2003 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2003]], [[2005 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2005]], [[2007 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2007]], [[2009 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2009]], [[2010 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2010]], [[2015 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2015]], [[2017 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2017]]) |FrenchOpenresult = '''W''' ([[2002 French Open – Weemen's Singles|2002]], [[2013 French Open – Weemen's Singles|2013]], [[2015 French Open – Weemen's Singles|2015]]) |Wimbledonresult= '''W''' ([[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2002]], [[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2003]], [[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|2009]], [[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2010]], [[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2012]], [[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2015]], [[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2016]]) |USOpenresult= '''W''' ([[1999 US Open – Weemen's Singles|1999]], [[2002 US Open – Weemen's Singles|2002]], [[2008 US Open – Weemen's Singles|2008]], [[2012 US Open – Weemen's Singles|2012]], [[2013 US Open – Weemen's Singles|2013]], [[2014 US Open – Weemen's Singles|2014]]) |Othertournaments = Yes |WTAChampionshipsresult= '''W''' ([[2001 WTA Tour Championships|2001]], [[2009 WTA Tour Championships – Singles|2009]], [[2012 WTA Tour Championships – Singles|2012]]) |Olympicsresult=[[Image:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gowd Medal''' ([[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Weemen's singles|2012]]) |doublesrecord= 166–21 (89.1%) |doublestitles= 22 |highestdoublesranking= No.&nbsp;'''1''' (7 Juin 2010) |currentdoublesranking = No. 34 (11 Julie 2016) |grandslamsdoublesresults = 12 | AustralianOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[2001 Australian Open – Weemen's Doubles|2001]], [[2003 Australian Open – Weemen's Doubles|2003]], [[2009 Australian Open – Women's Doubles|2009]], [[2010 Australian Open – Weemen's Doubles|2010]]) | AustralianOpenDoublesjuniorresult = | AustralianOpenDoublesseniorresult = | FrenchOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[1999 French Open – Weemen's Doubles|1999]], [[2010 French Open – Weemen's Doubles|2010]]) | FrenchOpenDoublesjuniorresult = | FrenchOpenDoublesseniorresult = | WimbledonDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[2000 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Doobles|2000]], [[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Doobles|2002]], [[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Doobles|2008]], [[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Doobles|2009]], [[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Doobles|2012]], [[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Doobles|2016]]) | WimbledonDoublejuniorresult = | WimbledonDoublesseniorresult = | USOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[1999 US Open – Weemen's Doubles|1999]], [[2009 US Open – Weemen's Doubles|2009]]) | USOpenDoublesjuniorresult = | USOpenDoublesseniorresult = |OthertournamentsDoubles = yes |OlympicsDoublesresult = [[Image:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gowd Medal''' ([[Tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Weemen's Doubles|2000]], [[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Weemen's doubles|2008]], [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Weemen's doubles|2012]]) | Mixed = yes | mixedtitles = 2 | mixedrecord = 27–3 (90%) | highestmixedranking = 1 (5 Aprile 1999) | AustralianOpenMixedresult = F ([[1999 Australian Open – Mixed Doubles|1999]]) | FrenchOpenMixedresult = F (1998) | WimbledonMixedresult = '''W''' ([[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles|1998]]) | USOpenMixedresult = '''W''' ([[1998 US Open – Mixed Doubles|1998]]) |updated= 14 Januar 2013 }} {{MedalTop}} {{MedalSport | Weemen's [[Tennis at the Simmer Olympics|tennis]]}} {{MedalCountry | the {{flag|Unitit States}} }} {{MedalGold | [[2000 Simmer Olympics|2000 Sydney]] | [[Tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Weemen's Doubles|Doubles]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] | [[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Weemen's doubles|Doubles]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 London]] | [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Weemen's singles|Singles]]}} {{MedalGold | 2012 London | [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Weemen's doubles|Doubles]]}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Serena Jameka Williams''' (born September 26, 1981) is a profeesional American tennis player. The [[Weemen's Tennis Association]] haes rankit her [[Leet o WTA nummer 1 rankit players|Warld No. 1]] in singles on five separate occasions. She became the Warld No. 1 for the first time on 8 Julie 2002, an regaithis rankin for the fift time on 2 November 2009. She is the anerlie female player tae hae wan ower $40 million in prize money. Her tot o 23 Grand Slam singles teetles merks the record for the maist Major wins bi a tennis player in the [[Open Era]],<ref name=AUSWIN10 /> an is [[Leet o Grand Slam weemen's singles champions#Most Grand Slam tournament singles titles|seicont on the aw-time]] leet behind [[Margaret Court]] (24).<ref name=AUSWIN10>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/craig-hickman/serena-williams-wins-aust_b_443115.html|last=Hickman | first=Craig|title=Serena Williams Wins Australian Open|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=January 30, 2010|accessdate=January 30, 2010}}</ref> Amang active players, male or female, she haulds the maist Major titles amid singles, doubles, an mixed doubles. She haes wan 13 Grand Slam doubles titles wi her sister [[Venus Williams]] an the pair is unbeaten in Grand Slam feenals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.10sballs.com/2012/09/10/almost-serene-serena-by-jack-neworth/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-18 |archive-date=2013-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508062539/http://www.10sballs.com/2012/09/10/almost-serene-serena-by-jack-neworth// |url-status=dead }}</ref> Serena Williams is an aa a three time winner o the [[WTA Tour Championships]]<ref>http://www.wtatennis.com/news/20120910/serena-liezel-lisa-andrea-lucie-qualify_2256076_2914805</ref> Williams haes wan fower [[Olympic Gold Medal|Olympic gowd medals]], ane in weemen's singles an three in weemen's doubles.<ref name="CBS-Olympic">{{cite news |location=London, Englad |agency=Associate Press |date= August 5, 2012|title=Venus and Serena Williams win Olympic gold |url= http://www.cbsnews.com/news/venus-and-serena-williams-win-olympic-gold/|location= London, England|publisher= CBS News|agency= Associated Press|access-date=April 24, 2017}}</ref> ==Grand Slam tournaments== ===Grand Slam tournaments performance timeline=== {{Performance key}} {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center; |- !Tournament!![[1998 WTA Tour|1998]]!![[1999 WTA Tour|1999]]!![[2000 WTA Tour|2000]]!![[2001 WTA Tour|2001]]!![[2002 WTA Tour|2002]]!![[2003 WTA Tour|2003]]!![[2004 WTA Tour|2004]]!![[2005 WTA Tour|2005]]!![[2006 WTA Tour|2006]]!![[2007 WTA Tour|2007]]!![[2008 WTA Tour|2008]]!![[2009 WTA Tour|2009]]!![[2010 WTA Tour|2010]]!![[2011 WTA Tour|2011]]!![[2012 WTA Tour|2012]]!![[2013 WTA Tour|2013]]!![[2014 WTA Tour|2014]]!![[2015 WTA Tour|2015]]!![[2016 WTA Tour|2016]]!![[2017 WTA Tour|2017]]!!{{Tooltip| SR | Strike Rate}} !! {{Tooltip| W–L | Win–Loss}} |- |align=left|{{nowrap|[[Australian Open]]}} | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[1998 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[1999 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2000 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2001 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |A |style="background:lime;"|[[2003 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |A |style="background:lime;"|[[2005 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2006 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2007 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2008 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2009 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:lime;"|[[2010 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |A | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2012 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2013 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2014 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2015 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:thistle;"|[[2016 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2017 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |7 / 17 |81–10 |- |align=left|[[French Open]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[1998 French Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[1999 French Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |A | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2001 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2002 French Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:yellow;"|[[2003 French Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2004 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |A |A | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2007 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2008 French Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2009 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2010 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |A | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2012 French Open – Weemen's Singles|1R]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2013 French Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2014 French Open – Weemen's Singles|2R]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2015 French Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:thistle;"|[[2016 French Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] |A |3 / 15 |60–12 |- |align=left|[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |A |style="background:yellow;"|[[2000 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|SF]] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2001 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:lime;"|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | style="background:thistle;"|[[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|F]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |A | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|QF]] | style="background:thistle;"|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|F]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:lime;"|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:lime;"|[[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |A |7 / 17 |86–10 |- |align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[1998 US Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |style="background:lime;"|[[1999 US Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2000 US Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |style="background:thistle;"|[[2001 US Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2002 US Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |A | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2004 US Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2005 US Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2006 US Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2007 US Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2008 US Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:yellow;"|[[2009 US Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |A | style="background:thistle;"|[[2011 US Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2012 US Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:lime;"|[[2013 US Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:lime;"|[[2014 US Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:yellow;"|[[2015 US Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |style="background:yellow;"|[[2016 US Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |A |6 / 17 |89–11 |- !style=text-align:left|Win–Loss !8–4 !11–2 !12–3 !18–4 !21–0 !19–1 !14–3 !12–2 !5–2 !19–3 !19–3 !23–2 !18–1 !9–2 !17–2 !21–2 !13–3 !26–1 !24–3 !7–0 !{{nowrap|23 / 66}} !{{nowrap|316–43}} |} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{navboxes|title=Serena Williams in the [[grand slam (tennis)|Grand Slam Toornaments]] |list1= {{navboxes|title=[[Leet o Grand Slam weemen's singles champions|Weemen's singles]] |list1= {{Australian Open women's singles champions}} {{French Open women's singles champions}} {{Wimbledon women's singles champions}} {{US Open women's singles champions}} }} {{navboxes|title=[[Leet o Grand Slam weemen's doobles champions|Weemen's doobles]] |list1= {{Australian Open women's doubles champions}} {{French Open women's doubles champions}} {{Wimbledon women's doubles champions}} {{US Open women's doubles champions}} }} {{navboxes|title=[[Leet o Grand Slam mixed doobles champions|Mixed doobles]] |list1= {{Wimbledon mixed doubles champions}} {{US Open mixed doubles champions}} }} {{navboxes|title=Ithers |list1= {{Tennis Career Grand Slam Champions}} {{Women's tennis players who won two or more Grand Slam singles titles in one calendar year}} {{Tennis women grand slam three and more}} }} }} {{navboxes|title=[[Serena Williams career stateestics|Serena Williams' achievements]] |list1= {{Top ten tennis players|wtasingles=y}} {{Top female singles tennis players from the Americas}} {{Top female doubles tennis players from the Americas}} {{Top American female tennis players}} {{Tennis World Number Ones (women)}} {{Footer Olympic Champions Tennis Women}} {{Footer Olympic Champions Tennis Women's Doubles}} {{WTA Year-End Championship winners}} {{SI Sportsman of the Year}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Persondata | NAME = Williams, Serena Jameka Ross Evelyn | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = American multi-champion tennis player | DATE OF BIRTH = September 26, 1981 | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Saginaw, Michigan]], Unitit States | DATE OF DEATH = | PLACE OF DEATH = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Serena}} [[Category:Serena Williams| ]] [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:African-American tennis players]] [[Category:American female tennis players]] [[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Laureus Warld Sports Awairds winners]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for the Unitit States]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Fowk frae Compton, Californie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Palm Beach Coonty, Florida]] <!--Palm Beach Gardens--> [[Category:Fowk frae Saginaw, Michigan]] [[Category:Fowk frae West Palm Beach, Florida]] [[Category:Tennis fowk frae Californie]] [[Category:Tennis fowk frae Florida]] [[Category:Tennis fowk frae Michigan]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2000 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:American Jehovah's Witnesses]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in tennis]] [[Category:African-American sportsweemen]] [[Category:Hopman Cup competitors]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's singles]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's doobles]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doobles]] [[Category:Sportsfowk wi attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] [[Category:Fowk wi attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2000 Simmer Olympics]] lm8uoajp23qiui2ke4x2l4uym7a0b1f 869604 869603 2022-08-09T13:47:53Z 2A00:23C8:7504:A01:EC51:5B33:47BE:31E /* Grand Slam toornaments */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox tennis biography |name= Serena Williams |image= Wimbledon 2012 Day 10 Cropped.jpg |caption= At the [[2012 Wimbledon Championships]] |country= {{flag|Unitit States}} |residence= [[Palm Beach Gardens, Florida]]<ref name="WTA profile">{{wta|id=9044|name=Serena Williams}}</ref> |birth_date= {{Birth date and age|1981|9|26}} |birth_place= [[Saginaw, Michigan]] |height= 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) |weight= 83 kg (183 lb) |turnedpro= 24 September 1995 |plays= Richt-haundit (twa-haundit<br> backhaund) |careerprizemoney= [[Unitit States dollar|$]] 41,960,896 <br/>(1st aw-time amang weemen athletes<br> an 4t aw-time amang tennis athletes) |singlesrecord= 558–108 (83.69%) |singlestitles= 47 WTA<ref name="WTA profile"/> ([[WTA Tour records#WTA Singles Titles an Finals|6t in oweraw rankins]]) |highestsinglesranking= No. '''1''' (8 Julie 2002) |currentsinglesranking = No. 22 (September 11, 2017) |AustralianOpenresult= '''W''' ([[2003 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2003]], [[2005 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2005]], [[2007 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2007]], [[2009 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2009]], [[2010 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2010]], [[2015 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2015]], [[2017 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2017]]) |FrenchOpenresult = '''W''' ([[2002 French Open – Weemen's Singles|2002]], [[2013 French Open – Weemen's Singles|2013]], [[2015 French Open – Weemen's Singles|2015]]) |Wimbledonresult= '''W''' ([[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2002]], [[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2003]], [[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Women's Singles|2009]], [[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2010]], [[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2012]], [[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2015]], [[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|2016]]) |USOpenresult= '''W''' ([[1999 US Open – Weemen's Singles|1999]], [[2002 US Open – Weemen's Singles|2002]], [[2008 US Open – Weemen's Singles|2008]], [[2012 US Open – Weemen's Singles|2012]], [[2013 US Open – Weemen's Singles|2013]], [[2014 US Open – Weemen's Singles|2014]]) |Othertournaments = Yes |WTAChampionshipsresult= '''W''' ([[2001 WTA Tour Championships|2001]], [[2009 WTA Tour Championships – Singles|2009]], [[2012 WTA Tour Championships – Singles|2012]]) |Olympicsresult=[[Image:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gowd Medal''' ([[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Weemen's singles|2012]]) |doublesrecord= 166–21 (89.1%) |doublestitles= 22 |highestdoublesranking= No.&nbsp;'''1''' (7 Juin 2010) |currentdoublesranking = No. 34 (11 Julie 2016) |grandslamsdoublesresults = 12 | AustralianOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[2001 Australian Open – Weemen's Doubles|2001]], [[2003 Australian Open – Weemen's Doubles|2003]], [[2009 Australian Open – Women's Doubles|2009]], [[2010 Australian Open – Weemen's Doubles|2010]]) | AustralianOpenDoublesjuniorresult = | AustralianOpenDoublesseniorresult = | FrenchOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[1999 French Open – Weemen's Doubles|1999]], [[2010 French Open – Weemen's Doubles|2010]]) | FrenchOpenDoublesjuniorresult = | FrenchOpenDoublesseniorresult = | WimbledonDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[2000 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Doobles|2000]], [[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Doobles|2002]], [[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Doobles|2008]], [[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Doobles|2009]], [[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Doobles|2012]], [[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Doobles|2016]]) | WimbledonDoublejuniorresult = | WimbledonDoublesseniorresult = | USOpenDoublesresult = '''W''' ([[1999 US Open – Weemen's Doubles|1999]], [[2009 US Open – Weemen's Doubles|2009]]) | USOpenDoublesjuniorresult = | USOpenDoublesseniorresult = |OthertournamentsDoubles = yes |OlympicsDoublesresult = [[Image:Gold medal.svg|20px]] '''Gowd Medal''' ([[Tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Weemen's Doubles|2000]], [[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Weemen's doubles|2008]], [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Weemen's doubles|2012]]) | Mixed = yes | mixedtitles = 2 | mixedrecord = 27–3 (90%) | highestmixedranking = 1 (5 Aprile 1999) | AustralianOpenMixedresult = F ([[1999 Australian Open – Mixed Doubles|1999]]) | FrenchOpenMixedresult = F (1998) | WimbledonMixedresult = '''W''' ([[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Mixed Doubles|1998]]) | USOpenMixedresult = '''W''' ([[1998 US Open – Mixed Doubles|1998]]) |updated= 14 Januar 2013 }} {{MedalTop}} {{MedalSport | Weemen's [[Tennis at the Simmer Olympics|tennis]]}} {{MedalCountry | the {{flag|Unitit States}} }} {{MedalGold | [[2000 Simmer Olympics|2000 Sydney]] | [[Tennis at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Weemen's Doubles|Doubles]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2008 Simmer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] | [[Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Weemen's doubles|Doubles]]}} {{MedalGold | [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012 London]] | [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Weemen's singles|Singles]]}} {{MedalGold | 2012 London | [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Weemen's doubles|Doubles]]}} {{MedalBottom}} '''Serena Jameka Williams''' (born September 26, 1981) is a profeesional American tennis player. The [[Weemen's Tennis Association]] haes rankit her [[Leet o WTA nummer 1 rankit players|Warld No. 1]] in singles on five separate occasions. She became the Warld No. 1 for the first time on 8 Julie 2002, an regaithis rankin for the fift time on 2 November 2009. She is the anerlie female player tae hae wan ower $40 million in prize money. Her tot o 23 Grand Slam singles teetles merks the record for the maist Major wins bi a tennis player in the [[Open Era]],<ref name=AUSWIN10 /> an is [[Leet o Grand Slam weemen's singles champions#Most Grand Slam tournament singles titles|seicont on the aw-time]] leet behind [[Margaret Court]] (24).<ref name=AUSWIN10>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/craig-hickman/serena-williams-wins-aust_b_443115.html|last=Hickman | first=Craig|title=Serena Williams Wins Australian Open|work=[[The Huffington Post]]|date=January 30, 2010|accessdate=January 30, 2010}}</ref> Amang active players, male or female, she haulds the maist Major titles amid singles, doubles, an mixed doubles. She haes wan 13 Grand Slam doubles titles wi her sister [[Venus Williams]] an the pair is unbeaten in Grand Slam feenals.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.10sballs.com/2012/09/10/almost-serene-serena-by-jack-neworth/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-01-18 |archive-date=2013-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508062539/http://www.10sballs.com/2012/09/10/almost-serene-serena-by-jack-neworth// |url-status=dead }}</ref> Serena Williams is an aa a three time winner o the [[WTA Tour Championships]]<ref>http://www.wtatennis.com/news/20120910/serena-liezel-lisa-andrea-lucie-qualify_2256076_2914805</ref> Williams haes wan fower [[Olympic Gold Medal|Olympic gowd medals]], ane in weemen's singles an three in weemen's doubles.<ref name="CBS-Olympic">{{cite news |location=London, Englad |agency=Associate Press |date= August 5, 2012|title=Venus and Serena Williams win Olympic gold |url= http://www.cbsnews.com/news/venus-and-serena-williams-win-olympic-gold/|location= London, England|publisher= CBS News|agency= Associated Press|access-date=April 24, 2017}}</ref> ==Grand Slam toornaments== ===Grand Slam toornaments performance timeline=== {{Performance key}} {|class=wikitable style=text-align:center; |- !Tournament!![[1998 WTA Tour|1998]]!![[1999 WTA Tour|1999]]!![[2000 WTA Tour|2000]]!![[2001 WTA Tour|2001]]!![[2002 WTA Tour|2002]]!![[2003 WTA Tour|2003]]!![[2004 WTA Tour|2004]]!![[2005 WTA Tour|2005]]!![[2006 WTA Tour|2006]]!![[2007 WTA Tour|2007]]!![[2008 WTA Tour|2008]]!![[2009 WTA Tour|2009]]!![[2010 WTA Tour|2010]]!![[2011 WTA Tour|2011]]!![[2012 WTA Tour|2012]]!![[2013 WTA Tour|2013]]!![[2014 WTA Tour|2014]]!![[2015 WTA Tour|2015]]!![[2016 WTA Tour|2016]]!![[2017 WTA Tour|2017]]!!{{Tooltip| SR | Strike Rate}} !! {{Tooltip| W–L | Win–Loss}} |- |align=left|{{nowrap|[[Australian Open]]}} | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[1998 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|2R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[1999 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2000 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2001 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |A |style="background:lime;"|[[2003 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |A |style="background:lime;"|[[2005 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2006 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2007 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2008 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2009 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:lime;"|[[2010 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |A | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2012 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2013 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2014 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2015 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:thistle;"|[[2016 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2017 Australian Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |7 / 17 |81–10 |- |align=left|[[French Open]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[1998 French Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[1999 French Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |A | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2001 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2002 French Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:yellow;"|[[2003 French Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2004 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |A |A | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2007 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2008 French Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2009 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2010 French Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |A | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2012 French Open – Weemen's Singles|1R]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2013 French Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2014 French Open – Weemen's Singles|2R]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2015 French Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:thistle;"|[[2016 French Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] |A |3 / 15 |60–12 |- |align=left|[[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[1998 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |A |style="background:yellow;"|[[2000 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|SF]] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2001 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2002 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:lime;"|[[2003 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | style="background:thistle;"|[[2004 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|F]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2005 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |A | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2007 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|QF]] | style="background:thistle;"|[[2008 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|F]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2009 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:lime;"|[[2010 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2011 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2012 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2013 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2014 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2015 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:lime;"|[[2016 Wimbledon Championships – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |A |7 / 17 |86–10 |- |align=left|[[US Open (tennis)|US Open]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[1998 US Open – Weemen's Singles|3R]] |style="background:lime;"|[[1999 US Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2000 US Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |style="background:thistle;"|[[2001 US Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2002 US Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |A | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2004 US Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2005 US Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | bgcolor="#afeeee" |[[2006 US Open – Weemen's Singles|4R]] | bgcolor="#ffebcd" |[[2007 US Open – Weemen's Singles|QF]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2008 US Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:yellow;"|[[2009 US Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |A | style="background:thistle;"|[[2011 US Open – Weemen's Singles|F]] |style="background:lime;"|[[2012 US Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:lime;"|[[2013 US Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:lime;"|[[2014 US Open – Weemen's Singles|'''W''']] |style="background:yellow;"|[[2015 US Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |style="background:yellow;"|[[2016 US Open – Weemen's Singles|SF]] |A |6 / 17 |89–11 |- !style=text-align:left|Win–Loss !8–4 !11–2 !12–3 !18–4 !21–0 !19–1 !14–3 !12–2 !5–2 !19–3 !19–3 !23–2 !18–1 !9–2 !17–2 !21–2 !13–3 !26–1 !24–3 !7–0 !{{nowrap|23 / 66}} !{{nowrap|316–43}} |} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} {{navboxes|title=Serena Williams in the [[grand slam (tennis)|Grand Slam Toornaments]] |list1= {{navboxes|title=[[Leet o Grand Slam weemen's singles champions|Weemen's singles]] |list1= {{Australian Open women's singles champions}} {{French Open women's singles champions}} {{Wimbledon women's singles champions}} {{US Open women's singles champions}} }} {{navboxes|title=[[Leet o Grand Slam weemen's doobles champions|Weemen's doobles]] |list1= {{Australian Open women's doubles champions}} {{French Open women's doubles champions}} {{Wimbledon women's doubles champions}} {{US Open women's doubles champions}} }} {{navboxes|title=[[Leet o Grand Slam mixed doobles champions|Mixed doobles]] |list1= {{Wimbledon mixed doubles champions}} {{US Open mixed doubles champions}} }} {{navboxes|title=Ithers |list1= {{Tennis Career Grand Slam Champions}} {{Women's tennis players who won two or more Grand Slam singles titles in one calendar year}} {{Tennis women grand slam three and more}} }} }} {{navboxes|title=[[Serena Williams career stateestics|Serena Williams' achievements]] |list1= {{Top ten tennis players|wtasingles=y}} {{Top female singles tennis players from the Americas}} {{Top female doubles tennis players from the Americas}} {{Top American female tennis players}} {{Tennis World Number Ones (women)}} {{Footer Olympic Champions Tennis Women}} {{Footer Olympic Champions Tennis Women's Doubles}} {{WTA Year-End Championship winners}} {{SI Sportsman of the Year}} }} {{Authority control}} {{Persondata | NAME = Williams, Serena Jameka Ross Evelyn | ALTERNATIVE NAMES = | SHORT DESCRIPTION = American multi-champion tennis player | DATE OF BIRTH = September 26, 1981 | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Saginaw, Michigan]], Unitit States | DATE OF DEATH = | PLACE OF DEATH = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Williams, Serena}} [[Category:Serena Williams| ]] [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:African-American tennis players]] [[Category:American female tennis players]] [[Category:Australian Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:French Open champions]] [[Category:Laureus Warld Sports Awairds winners]] [[Category:Olympic gowd medallists for the Unitit States]] [[Category:Olympic tennis players o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Fowk frae Compton, Californie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Palm Beach Coonty, Florida]] <!--Palm Beach Gardens--> [[Category:Fowk frae Saginaw, Michigan]] [[Category:Fowk frae West Palm Beach, Florida]] [[Category:Tennis fowk frae Californie]] [[Category:Tennis fowk frae Florida]] [[Category:Tennis fowk frae Michigan]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2000 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Tennis players at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:US Open (tennis) champions]] [[Category:Wimbledon champions]] [[Category:Warld No. 1 tennis players]] [[Category:American Jehovah's Witnesses]] [[Category:Olympic medallists in tennis]] [[Category:African-American sportsweemen]] [[Category:Hopman Cup competitors]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's singles]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in weemen's doobles]] [[Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doobles]] [[Category:Sportsfowk wi attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] [[Category:Fowk wi attention deficit hyperactivity disorder]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2012 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2008 Simmer Olympics]] [[Category:Medallists at the 2000 Simmer Olympics]] erp18o3iqztf6tnvhtslmgensaysy24 0 45400 869626 536099 2022-08-10T07:22:00Z Shirvaniankara 95698 Fix Cite Error wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Croats <br> ''Hrvati'' | image = | poptime = [[Circa|c.]] 7.5 - 8.4 million (est.) <!--4.0 mill inside croatia + 4.5 mill in diaspora--><ref name=diasporas /> | popplace = {{Flag|Croatie}} 3,874.321 (2011) census<ref>http://www.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/E01_01_04/e01_01_04_RH.html</ref><br>{{flag|Bosnie an Herzegovinae}} 485,000 (2011) est.<ref name=ciafactbook /><ref>http://www.poskok.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=27524</ref> | region1 = {{flag|Unitit States}} | pop1 = 411,427 (2012) | ref1 = <ref>http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table</ref> | region2 = {{flag|Chile}} | pop2 = 380,000 | ref2 = <ref name="croata" /> | region3 = {{flag|Argentinae}} | pop3 = 250,000 | ref3 = <ref name="croata"/> | region4 = {{flag|Germany}} | pop4 = 227,510 | ref4 = <ref name="croata"/> | region5 = {{flag|Austrick}} | pop5 = 150,719 | ref5 = <ref name=statistik.at /> | region6 = {{flag|Australie}} | pop6 = 126,264 (2011) | ref6 = <ref name=abs.gov.au /> | region7 = {{flag|Canadae}} | pop7 = 110,880 | ref7 = <ref name=statcan /> | region8 = {{flag|Serbie}} | pop8 = 57,900 (2011) | ref8 = <ref>[http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/userFiles/file/Aktuelnosti/Prezentacija_Knjiga1.pdf]</ref> | region9 = {{flag|Brazil}} | pop9 = 45,000 (est.) | ref9 = <ref name="croata"/> | region10 = {{flag|Swisserland}} | pop10 = 40,484 (2006) | ref10 = <ref name=admin.ch /> | region11 = {{flag|Slovenie}} | pop11 = 35,642 (2002) | ref11 = <ref name=stat.si /> | region13 = {{flag|Fraunce}} | pop13 = 30,000 (est.) | ref13 = <ref name="france embassy" /> | region14 = {{flag|Hungary}} | pop14 = 25,730 | ref14 = <ref name=nepszamlalas.hu /> | region15 = {{flag|Italy}} | pop15 = 21,360 | ref15 = <ref name=istat.it /> | region16 = {{flag|Sooth Africae}} | pop16 = 8,000 | ref16 = <ref name=hic.hr /> | region17 = {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} | pop17 = 6,992 | ref17 = <ref name=oecd.org /> | region18 = {{flag|Montenegro}} | pop18 = 6,811 (2000) | ref18 = <ref name=monstat.org /> | region19 = {{flag|Romanie}} | pop19 = 6,786 | ref19 = <ref name=mimmc.ro /> | region20 = {{flag|Swaden}} | pop20 = 6,063 | ref20 = <ref name=scb.se /> | region21 = {{flag|Peru}} | pop21 = 6,000 | ref21 = <ref name="croata" /> | region22 = {{flag|Denmark}} | pop22 = 5,400 | ref22 = <ref name=joshuaproject.net /> | region23 = {{flag|Norawa}} | pop23 = 3,909 | ref23 = <ref name=ssb.no /> | region24 = {{flag|New Zealand}} | pop24 = 2,700 | region25 = {{flaf|Czech Republic}} | pop25 = 850-2000 | ref25 = <ref>http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php?peo3=11437&rog3=EZ</ref><ref>http://www.croatianhistory.net/etf/cromor.html</ref> | region25 = {{flagcountry|Slovakia}} | pop25 = 2,600 | ref25 = <ref name="Glas Koncila" /> | region26 = {{flag|Belgium}} | pop26 = 810 | ref26 = <ref>{{Cite web|title=Bitmex Bot|url=https://playonbit.com/trading-bot-for-bitmex/|access-date=2018-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref> | region27 = {{flag|Roushie}} | pop27 = 400 | ref27 = <ref name="ReferenceA">http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-profile.php</ref> | region28 = {{flag|Ukraine}} | pop28 = 100 | ref28 = <ref name="ReferenceA"/> | langs = [[Croatie leid|Croatie]] | rels = Predominantly [[Roman Catholic]] | related = Ither [[Slavs]], especially ither [[Sooth Slavs]]<br>{{small|[[Serbs]], [[Bosniaks]], [[Montenegrins]], [[Slovenes]] an [[Macedonies (ethnic group)|Macedonies]] are the maist relatit}}<ref name=ethnologue.com /> }} '''Croats''' ([[WP:IPA|IPA]]: {{ipa|kroʊæt, kroʊɑt}}; {{lang-hr|Hrvati}}) are a [[naition]] an [[Sooth Slavs|Sooth Slavic]] [[ethnic group]] maistly livin in [[Croatie]], [[Croats o Bosnie an Herzegovine|Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] an nearbi kintras. Thare are aroond 4 million Croats livin inside Croatie an up tae 4.5 million throuoot the rest o the warld.<ref name=diasporas /><ref name="HWC" /> Respondin tae poleetical, social an economic pressur, mony Croats hae migratit throuoot the warld, an establisht a notable [[Croatie diaspora]]. Lairge Croat commonties exists in the Unitit States, Chile, Argentinae, Germany, Austrick, Australie, Peru, Canadae, Serbie, New Zealand an Sooth Africae. Croats are notit for thair cultur, which haes been influencit bi a nummer o ither neebourin culturs throu the ages. The strangest influences came frae Central Europe an the Mediterranean whaur, at the same time, Croats hae made thair awn contreibution. The Croats are predominantly [[Roman Catholicism|Catholic]] wi minor groups o [[Muslims]], [[Protestants]], [[Eastren Orthodoxy|Orthodox]], [[Jews]] an nan-releegious [[atheists]] an [[agnostics]]. Thair leid is [[Croatie leid|Croatie]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Croatie fowk| ]] [[Category:Croatie society]] [[Category:European fowk]] [[Category:Sooth Slavs]] ea0whk9d68ookxbl6xzl7aqvmzc10bb 0 64218 869625 714891 2022-08-10T03:40:29Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' Movimento_Popular_de_Libertação_de_Angola_(bandeira).svg wi' [[File:Flag_of_MPLA.svg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]] (harmonizing names of file set)). wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox poleetical pairty |country = Angola |name_english = Fowk's Movement for the Liberation o Angola – Labour Pairty |name_native = Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola – Partido do Trabalho |colorcode = #F0001C |logo = |leader = [[João Lourenço]] |president = [[João Lourenço]] |secretary_general = [[Julião Mateus Paulo]] |chairperson = |spokesperson = |leader1_name = |slogan = Peace, Work an Liberty |foundation = December 1, 1956 |dissolution = |headquarters = Av. Ho Chi Minh 34, [[Luanda]], [[Angolae]] |newspaper = Jornal Éme |youth_wing = [[Youth o MPLA]] |wing1_title = [[Weemen's wing]] |wing1 = Angolan Weemen's Organization |membership_year = |membership = |ideology = ''Currently:''<br>[[Social democracy]]<br>(self-declared)<ref name="Santos"/><br>''Formerly:''<br>[[Marxism–Leninism]]<br>(official)<ref name="Santos">{{Citation |first=Hélia |last=Santos |title=MPLA (Angola) |work=A Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures - Continental Europe and its Empires |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2008 |page=480 |url=http://books.google.fr/books?id=Ghah5S3usnsC&pg=PA480&lpg=PA480&dq=mpla+angola+social+democratic&source=bl&ots=hxfntx9_9y&sig=UJ_BPW5nx_wwFF7QrYxZtN1Q8uE&hl=en&sa=X&ei=aYwqT9TKL42YOpHK4ZcO&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=mpla%20angola%20social%20democratic&f=false}}</ref> |national = |international = [[Socialist International]] |colors = |seats1_title = [[Naitional Assembly o Angolae|Naitional Assembly]] |seats1 = {{Infobox poleetical pairty/seats|175|220|hex=#F0001C}} |website = [http://www.mpla.org/ http://www.mpla.org/] |flag = [[File:Flag of MPLA.svg|200px]] |footnotes = }} The '''Fowk's Movement for the Liberation o Angolae – Labour Pairty''' ({{lang-pt|Movimento Popular de Libertação de Angola – Partido do Trabalho}}) is a [[poleetical pairty]] that haes ruled [[Angolae]] syne the kintra's unthirldom frae [[Portugal]] in 1975. The MPLA foucht against the [[Portuguese airmy]] in the [[Angolan War o Unthirldom]] o 1961-74, an defeatit the Naitional Union for the Tot Unthirldom o Angolae ([[UNITA]]) an the [[Naitional Liberation Front o Angolae]] (FNLA) in the decolonization conflict o 1974-75 an the [[Angolan Civil War]] o 1975-2002. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rebel groups in Angolae]] [[Category:20t century in Angolae]] [[Category:African an Black naitionalism]] [[Category:Guerrilla organisations]] [[Category:History o Angolae]] [[Category:Labour parties]] [[Category:Militar history o Angolae]] [[Category:Poleetical pairties in Angolae]] [[Category:Pairties o ane-pairty seestems]] [[Category:Secession in Angolae]] [[Category:Secession in Portugal]] [[Category:Social democratic pairties]] [[Category:Socialist Internaitional]] [[Category:MPLA| ]] [[Category:Naitional liberation airmies]] dpx693nmv4ojb46cvswjxq3jcbyxbf5 0 81621 869605 863440 2022-08-09T14:11:44Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' Fox_study_6.jpg wi' [[File:Fox_at_the_British_Wildlife_Centre,_Newchapel,_Surrey_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2221750.jpg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[:c::Fi wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=September 2020}} {{speciesbox | name = Reid tod | fossil_range = {{Fossil range|0.7|0}} <small>Middle [[Pleistocene]] – present</small> | image = Fox - British Wildlife Centre (17429406401).jpg | image_caption = {{longitem|style=padding:0 0 0.6em;line-height:1.3em|European reid tod (''V. v. crucigera'') photographed at the [[Breetish Wildlife Centre]] in [[Surrey]], Ingland.}} [[File:Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) (W1CDR0001529 BD12).ogg|thumb|center|Tod berks]] | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name="IUCN"/> | genus = Vulpes | species = vulpes | authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]])<ref>{{cite book |last=Linnæus |first=Carl |title=Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I |year=1758 |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Holmiæ (Stockholm) |page=40 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/80764#page/50/mode/1up |edition=10th |language=Latin}}</ref> | subdivision_ranks = [[Subspeshies]] | subdivision = {{center|[[#Subspeshies|45 subspeshies]]}} | range_map = Wiki-Vulpes vulpes.png | range_map_caption = Distribution o the reid tod <div style="width:9em;margin:0 auto;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap;">{{legend2|#3c5604|native}}<br/>{{legend2|#491fbc|inbrocht}}<br/>{{legend2|#b46702|presence uncertaint}}</div> | synonyms = * ''Canis vulpes'' <small>Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758</small> * ''Canis alopex'' <small>Linnaeus,&nbsp;1758</small> }} The '''reid tod''' (''Vulpes vulpes'') is a [[mammal]] o the order [[Carnivora]]. Reid tods is the maist muckle species o tod in the warld, an the maist kenspeckle species o tod. Thay'r hamelt tae [[Europe]], the muckle feck o [[Aisie]] but Sootheast Aisie, northren [[Africae]] an the muckle feck o [[North Americae]]. Reid tods haes been inbrocht tae [[Austrailie]], whaur thay're an invasive species. Thare's 45 subspecies o reid tod. ==Description== [[File:Yawning red and corsac fox.jpg|thumb|Reid tod (left) an [[corsac tod]] (richt) yawnin]] The reid tod haes an elangatit bouk an relatively short limms. The tail, that is langer than hauf the bouk lenth<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> (70 per cent o heid an body lenth),<ref name="lariviere">{{cite book|last1=Larivière|first1=Serge|last2=Pasitschniak-Arts|first2=Maria|title=Vulpes vulpes|date=1996|publisher=American Society of Mammalogists|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-537-01-0001.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051031015804/http://www.science.smith.edu/departments/Biology/VHAYSSEN/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-537-01-0001.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2005-10-31|accessdate=9 July 2016}}</ref> is fluffy an reaches the grund when in a staundin poseetion. Thair pupils are oval an vertically oriented.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> [[Nictitating membrane]]s are present, but muive anly when the een are closed. The forepaws hae five deegits, while the hint feet hae anly fower an lack [[dewclaw]]s.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> Thay are very agile, bein capable o jimpin ower {{Convert|2|m||-high|adj=mid}} fences, an soum well.<ref name="z132">{{Harvnb|Sillero-Zubiri|Hoffman|MacDonald|2004|pp=132–133}}</ref> Vixens normally hae fower pairs o [[teat]]s,<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> tho vixens wi seiven, nine, or ten teats are nae uncommon.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> The [[testes]] o males are smawer than thae o Arctic tods.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thair [[skult]]s are fairly narrow an elangatit, wi smaw [[braincase]]s. Thair [[canine teeth]] are relatively lang. [[Sexual dimorphism]] o the skult is mair pronoonced than in corsac tods, wi female reid tods tendin tae hae smawer skults than males, wi wider nasal regions an haurd [[palate]]s, as well as haein lairger canines.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thair skults are distinguished frae thae o dugs bi thair narraer [[snoot|muzzles]], less croudit [[premolar]]s, mair slender canine teeth, an concave raither than convex profiles.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> ===Dimensions=== Reid tods are the lairgest species o the genus ''Vulpes''.<ref name="z129">{{Harvnb|Sillero-Zubiri|Hoffman|MacDonald|2004|p=129}}</ref> Houiver, relative tae dimensions, reid tods are much lighter than similarly sized dogs o the genus ''[[Canis]]''. Thair limm banes, for ensaumple, wecht 30 percent less per unit aurie o bane than expected for similarly sized dogs.<ref name="rwf1987">{{Cite book|url=|title=Running with the Fox|last=Macdonald|first=David|date=|publisher=Unwin Hyman, London|year=1987|isbn=|location=|pages=|language=English|asin=B00H1HVF8G}}</ref> Thay display significant individual, sexual, age an geographical variation in size. On average, adults meisur {{convert|35|–|50|cm|in|abbr=on}} heich at the shouder an {{convert|45|-|90|cm|abbr=on|in}} in body lenth wi tails meisurin {{convert|30|-|55.5|cm|abbr=on|in}}. The lugs meisur {{Convert|7.7|-|12.5|cm|abbr=on|0}} an the hint feet {{Convert|12|-|18.5|cm|abbr=on|0}}. Weights range frae {{convert|2.2|-|14|kg|abbr=on|lb|0}}, wi vixens teepically weighin 15–20% less nor males.<ref name=r10>{{cite book|author=Nowak, Ronald M|title=Walker's Mammals of the World|url=https://books.google.com/?id=T37sFCl43E8C&pg=PA806&lpg=PA806&dq=eurasian+lynx+38+kg#v=onepage&q&f=false|page=636|volume=2|publisher=JHU Press|year=1999|isbn=0-8018-5789-9}}</ref><ref name="Burnie">Burnie D and Wilson DE (eds.), ''Animal: The Definitive Visual Guide to the World's Wildlife''. DK Adult (2005), {{ISBN|0789477645}}</ref> Adult reid tods hae skults meisurin {{convert|129|–|167|mm|in|abbr=on}}, while thae o vixens meisur {{convert|128|–|159|mm|in|abbr=on}}.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> The forefoot prent measures {{convert|60|mm|in|abbr=on}} in lenth an {{convert|45|mm|in|abbr=on}} in weenth, while the hint fit prent measures {{convert|55|mm|in|abbr=on}} lang an {{convert|38|mm|in|abbr=on}} wide. Thay trot at a speed o {{Convert|6|-|13|km/h|abbr=on|0}}, an hae a maximum runnin speed o {{Convert|50|km/h||abbr=on|sigfig=1}}. Thay hae a stride o {{convert|25|–|35|cm|in|abbr=on}} when walkin at a normal pace.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|36}} North American reid tods are generally lightly biggit, wi comparatively lang bodies for thair mass an hae a heich degree o sexual dimorphism. British reid tods are heavily biggit, but short, while continental European reid tods are closer tae the general average amang reid tod populations.<ref name="z130">{{Harvnb|Sillero-Zubiri|Hoffman|MacDonald|2004|p=130}}</ref> The lairgest reid tod on record in Great Britain wis a {{Convert|17.2|kg||abbr=on|adj=on}}, {{convert|1.4|m|adj=on}} lang male, killed in [[Aberdeenshire]], [[Scotland]], in early 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-17259087 |title='Largest fox killed in UK' shot on Aberdeenshire farm |author=Wilkes, David |date=5 March 2012 |publisher=BBC News Online}}</ref> ===Fur=== The winter fur is dense, saft, silky an relatively lang. For the northren tods, the fur is verra lang, dense an fluffy, but is shorter, sparser an coarser in soothren forms.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Amang northren tods, the North American varieties generally hae the silkiest [[guard hair]]s,<ref name="bachrach"/>{{rp|231}} while maist Eurasian reid tods hae coarser fur.<ref name="bachrach"/>{{rp|235}} Thare are three main [[polymorphism (biology)|colour morphs]]; reid, siller/black an cross (see ''[[Reid tod#Mutations|Mutations]]'').<ref name="lariviere"/> In the teepical reid morph, thair coats are generally bricht reiddish-rusty wi yellowish tints. A stripe o waik, diffuse patterns o mony broun-reiddish-chestnut hairs occurs alang the spine. Twa additional stripes pass doun the shouder blades, which, thegither wi the spinal stripe, form a cross. The lawer back is eften a mottled sillery colour. The flanks are lighter coloured than the back, while the chin, lawer lips, throat an front o the chest are white. The remainin lawer surface o the bouk is daurk, broun or reiddish.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Durin lactation, the belly fur o vixens mey turn brick reid.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> The upper pairts o the limms are rusty reiddish, while the paws are black. The frontal pairt o the face an upper neck is bricht brounish-rusty reid, while the upper lips are white. The backs o the lugs are black or brounish-reiddish, while the inner surface is whitish. The tap o the tail is brounish-reiddish, but lichter in colour than the back an flanks. The unnerside o the tail is pale grey wi a strae-coloured tint. A black spot, the location o the [[supracaudal gland]], is uisually present at the base o the tail. The tip o the tail is white.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> ====Mutations==== [[File:Vulpes vulpes colour variations.jpg|thumb|Various reid fox colour mutations]] [[File:Beijingzoo white fox.jpg|thumb|White morph reid tods mey be distinguished frae Arctic tods bi thair 25% greater size, langer muzzles, an langer, pyntit lugs.<ref name="z131">{{Harvnb|Sillero-Zubiri|Hoffman|MacDonald|2004|p=131}}</ref> This captive ensaumple shows the dark pigment o the een, neb, an lips that wad nae occur in an albino. Complete [[albinism]] in reid tods is rare and primarily occurs in soothren forest zones. teepically, albinism is accompanied bi deformations an uisually develops in years o insufficient fuid.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/>]] Atypical colourations in reid tods uisually represent stages taewart fou [[melanism]],<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> an maistly occur in cauld regions.<ref name="mammals-of-na"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! width=150|Colour variant ! width=150|Image ! width=500|Description |- style="vertical-align: top;" ||'''Reid''' | |[[File:Red fox fur skin (Sweden).jpg|50 px]] ||The teepical colouration. See ''[[Reid fox#Fur|Fur]]'' |- style="vertical-align: top;" | style="font-style: bold;"|'''Grey''' | | ||The rump an spine is broun or grey wi licht yellaeish baunds on the gaird hairs. The cross on the shouders is broun, rusty broun or brounish-reiddish. The limms are broun<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> |- style="vertical-align: top;" | style="font-style: bold;"|'''[[Cross tod (ainimal)|Cross]]''' | |[[File:Vulpes vulpes (cross fox) Norway & Canada.jpg|50 px]] ||The fur haes a darker colouration tae the umwhile. The rump an lawer back are dark broun or dark grey, wi varyin degrees o siller on the guard hairs. The cross on the shouders is black or broun, whiles wi licht silvery fur. The feet an heid are broun<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> |- style="vertical-align: top;" | style="font-style: bold;"|'''Blackish-broun''' | | ||The melanistic form o the Eurasian reid fox. Has blackish-broun or black skin wi a licht-brounish tint. The skin uisually haes an admixture o various amoonts o siller. Reiddish hairs are aither completely absent or in smaw quantities<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> |- style="vertical-align: top;" | style="font-style: bold;"|'''[[Siller tod (ainimal)|Siller]]''' | |[[File:Vulpes vulpes - silver fox fur skin.jpg|50 px]] ||The melanistic form o the North American reid fox, but introduced tae the Auld Warld bi the fur tred. Chairacterised bi pure black colour wi a variable admixture o siller (coverin 25–100% o the skin aurie)<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> |- style="vertical-align: top;" | style="font-style: bold;"|'''Platinum''' | |[[File:Vulpes vulpes (Platinum fox) fur skin.jpg|50 px]] ||Distinguished frae the siller morph bi its late pale, awmaist siller-white fur wi a bluish cast<ref name="bachrach"/>{{rp|251}} |- style="vertical-align: top;" | style="font-style: bold;"|'''Amber''' | |[[File:Vulpes vulpes (Amber fox) fur skin.jpg|50 px]] | | |- style="vertical-align: top;" | style="font-style: bold;"|'''Samson''' | |[[File:Vulpes vulpes Mutation.jpg|50 px]] ||Distinguished bi its ooie pelt, which lacks guard hairs<ref name="bachrach"/>{{rp|230}} |} ===Senses=== Reid tods hae [[binocular veesion]],<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> but thair sicht reacts mainly tae muivement. Thair [[auditory perception]] is acute, bein able tae hear [[black grouse]] changin roosts at 600 paces, the flicht o [[craw]]s at {{convert|0.25|–|0.5|km}} an the squeakin o mice at aboot {{convert|100|m}}.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thay are capable o locatin sounds tae within ane degree at 700–3,000&nbsp;Hz, tho less accurately at higher frequencies.<ref name="z132"/> Thair sense o smell is guid, but waiker than that o specialised dogs.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> ===Scent glands=== Reid tods hae a pair o [[anal sac]]s lined bi sebaceous glands, baith o which open throu a single duct. The anal sacs act as fermentation chaumers in that [[aerobic bacteria|aerobic]] an [[anaerobic bacteria]] convert [[sebum]] intae odorous compounds, includin [[aliphatic]] acids. The oval-shaped [[caudal gland]] is {{convert|25|mm|in|1|abbr=on}} lang an {{convert|13|mm|in|abbr=on}} wide, an reportedly smells o [[violet (plant)|violet]]s.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> The presence o fit glands is equivocal. The interdigital cavities are deep, wi a reiddish tinge an smell strangly. Sebaceous glands are present on the angle o the jaw an mandible.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> ==Behaviour== [[File:Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) -British Wildlife Centre-8.jpg|thumb|A pair o European reid tods at the [[British Wildlife Centre]], Surrey, Ingland]] ===Social an territorial behaviour=== Reid tods aither establish stable hame ranges within parteecular auries or are itinerant wi no fixed abode.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|117}} Thay uise thair [[Sprayin (ainimal behaviour)#Canidae|urine tae merk thair territories]].<ref name="Fawcett 2012">{{cite journal |author1=Fawcett, John K. |author2=Fawcett, Jeanne M. |author3=Soulsbury, Carl D. |title=Seasonal and sex differences in urine marking rates of wild red foxes ''Vulpes vulpes'' |journal=Journal of Ethology |year=2012 |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=41–47 |doi=10.1007/s10164-012-0348-7}}</ref> A male tod raises ane hint leg an his urine is sprayed forrit in front o him, whauras a female tod squats doun sae that the urine is sprayed in the grund atween the hint legs.<ref>{{cite book |author1=Walters, Martin |author2=Bang, Preben |author3=Dahlstrøm, Preben |title=Animal tracks and signs |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6XwAAAAMAAJ |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2001 |pages=202–203 |isbn=0-19-850796-8}}</ref> Urine is an aw uised tae merk emptie cache steids, uised tae store foond fuid, as reminders nae tae waste time investigatin them.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|125}} <ref>{{cite journal|title=The use of urine marking in the scavenging behavior of the red fox (''Vulpes vulpes'')|author=Henry, J. David |journal=Behaviour |volume=61 |issue=1/2 |year=1977 |pages=82–106 |jstor=4533812 |doi=10.1163/156853977X00496}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Andersen | first1 = K. F. | last2 = Vulpius | first2 = T. | title = Urinary volatile constituents of the lion, ''Panthera leo''| doi = 10.1093/chemse/24.2.179 | journal = Chemical Senses | volume = 24 | issue = 2 | pages = 179–189 | year = 1999 | pmid = 10321819| pmc = }}</ref> The uise o up tae 12 different urination posturs allous them tae precisely control the poseetion o the scent merk.<ref name="ElbrochKresky2012">{{cite book |author1=Elbroch, Lawrence Mark |author2=Kresky, Michael Raymond |author3=Evans, Jonah Wy |title=Field Guide to Animal Tracks and Scat of California |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NGHgFgtJDQYC&pg=PA189 |year=2012 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-25378-0 |page=189}}</ref> Reid tods live in faimily groups sharin a jynt territory. In favourable habitats an/or auries wi law huntin pressur, subordinate tods mey be present in a range. Subordinate tods mey nummer ane or twa, whiles up tae aicht in ane territory. Thir subordinates coud be umwhile [[dominance (ethology)|dominant]] ainimals, but are maistly young frae the previous year, that act as helpers in rearin the breedin vixen's kits. Alternatively, thair presence haes been explained as bein in response tae temporary surpluses o fuid unrelated tae assistin reproductive success. Non-breedin vixens will guard, play, gruim, provision an retrieve kits,<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> an ensaumple o [[kin selection]]. Reid tods mey leave thair families ance thay reach adultheid if the chances o winnin a territory o thair ain are heich. If nae, thay will stay wi thair paurents, at the cost o postponin thair ain reproduction.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|140–141}} ===Reproduction an development=== [[File:Red foxes mating (2).jpg|thumb|left|A pair o Cascade reid tods (''V. v. cascadensis'') matin]] [[File:Red fox kit 3 (Vulpes vulpes).jpg|thumb|European reid tod kit in [[Oxfordshire]]]] [[File:Fox kits in front of fox hole.ogg|thumb|Kits comin oot o thair den]] Reid tods reproduce ance a year in ware. Twa month prior tae [[oestrus]] (teepically December), the reproductive organs o vixens chynge shape an size. Bi the time thay enter thair oestrus period, thair [[uterine horn]]s dooble in size, an thair [[ovaries]] grow 1.5–2 times lairger. [[Spermatogenesis|Sperm formation]] in males begins in August–September, wi the testicles attainin thair greatest wecht in December–Februar.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> The vixen's oestrus period lasts three weeks,<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> durin which the dog-tods mate wi the vixens for several days, eften in burraes. {{anchor|Copulation}} The male's [[bulbus glandis]] enlairges durin [[Copulation (zoology)|copulation]],<ref name="mammals-of-na"/> formin a [[copulatory tie]] which mey last for mair nor an oor.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> The [[gestation period]] lasts 49–58 days.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Tho tods are lairgely [[monogamous]],<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Iossa | first1 = Graziella | display-authors = 1 | last2 = et al | year = 2008 | title = Body mass, territory size, and life-history tactics in a socially monogamous canid, the red fox Vulpes vulpes | url = https://academic.oup.com/jmammal/article/89/6/1481/910541 | journal = Journal of Mammalogy | volume = 89 | issue = 6| pages = 1481–1490 | doi=10.1644/07-mamm-a-405.1}}</ref> DNA evidence frae ane population indicated lairge levels o [[polygyny]], [[incest]] an mixed paternity litters.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> Subordinate vixens mey acome pregnant, but uisually fail tae whelp, or hae thair kits killed postpartum bi aither the dominant female or ither subordinates.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> The average litter size conseests o fower tae sax kits, tho litters o up tae 13 kits hae occurred.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Lairge litters are teepical in auries whaur tod mortality is heich.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|93}} Kits are born blind, deif an tuithless, wi daurk broun fluffy fur. At birth, thay wecht {{convert|56|–|110|g|abbr=on}} an meisur {{convert|14.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in body lenth an {{convert|7.5|cm|in|abbr=on}} in tail lenth. At birth, thay are short-legged, lairge-heidit an hae braid chests.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Mothers remain wi the kits for 2–3 weeks, as thay are unable tae [[thermoregulation|thermoregulate]]. Durin this period, the faithers or barren vixens feed the mithers.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> Vixens are very protective o thair kits, an hae been kent tae even fecht off terriers in thair defence.<ref name="dale"/>{{rp|21–22}} If the mither dies afore the kits are independent, the faither taks ower as thair provider.<ref name="dale">{{cite book|last1=Dale|first1=Thomas Francis|authorlink1= Thomas Francis Dale|title=The fox|date=1906|publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co.|location=London, New York, Bombay|url=https://archive.org/details/foxdale00dale|accessdate=8 July 2016}}</ref>{{rp|13}} The kits' een open efter 13–15 days, durin which time thair ear canals open an thair upper teeth erupt, wi the lawer teeth emergin 3–4 days later.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thair een are initially blue, but chynge tae lammer at 4–5 weeks. Coat colour begins tae chynge at three weeks o age, whan the black ee streak appears. Bi ane month, reid an white patches are apparent on thair faces. Durin this time, thair lugs erect an thair muzzles elongate.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> Kits begin tae leave thair dens an experiment wi solit fuid brocht bi thair parents at the age o 3–4 weeks. The [[lactation]] period lasts 6–7 weeks.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thair ooie coats begin tae be coatit bi shiny guard hairs efter 8 weeks.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> Bi the age o 3–4 month, the kits are lang-legged, narrow-chested an sinewy. Thay reach adult proportions at the age o 6–7 month.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Some vixens mey reach [[sexual maturity]] at the age o 9–10 month, sicweys bearin thair first litters at ane year o age.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> In captivity, thair [[langevity]] can be as lang as 15 years, tho in the wild thay teepically dae nae survive past 5 years o age.<ref name="Hunter 2011"/> ===Denning behaviour=== [[File:Foxden.jpg|thumb|Side an abuin view o a reid tod den]] Ootside the [[breeding season]], maist reid tods favour livin in the open, in densely vegetated auries, tho thay mey enter burraes tae escape bad wather.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> Thair burraes are eften dug on hill or moontain slopes, ravines, bluffs, steep banks o watter bouks, ditches, depressions, gutters, in rock clefts an neglectur human environments. Reid tods prefer tae dig thair burraes on weel drained siles. Dens biggit amang tree ruits can last for decades, while thae dug on the steppes last anly several years.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thay mey permanently abandon thair dens durin mange ootbreaks, possibly as a defence mechanism against the spreid o disease.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> In the Eurasie desert regions, tods mey uise the [[Sexual behaviour o woufs|burraes o woufs]], porcupines an ither lairge mammals, as weel as thae dug bi gerbil colonies. Compared tae burraes biggit bi Arctic tods, badgers, marmots an corsac tods, reid tod dens are nae overly complex. Red tod burraes are dividit intae a den an temporary burraes, that conseest anly o a smaw passage or cave for concealment. The main entrance o the burrae leads dounwart (40–45°) an braidens intae a den, frae which numerous side tunnels brainch. Burrae deepth ranges frae {{convert|0.5|–|2.5|m}}, rarely extendin tae [[grund watter]]. The main passage can reach {{convert|17|m|abbr=on}} in lenth, staundin an average o {{convert|5|–|7|m|abbr=on}}. In spring, reid tods clear thair dens o excess sile throu rapid muivements, first wi the forepaws then wi kickin motions wi thair hint legs, throwin the discairdit sile ower {{convert|2|m|abbr=on}} frae the burrae. Whan kits are born, the discairdit debris is trampled, sicweys formin a spot whaur the kits can play an receive fuid.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thay mey share thair dens wi woodchucks<ref name="mammals-of-na"/> or badgers.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Unlik badgers, that fastidiously clean thair yirds an defecate in [[latrine (ainimal)|latrine]]s, reid tods habitually leave pieces o prey aroond thair dens.<ref name="dale"/>{{rp|15–17}}> The average sleep time o a captive reid tod is 9.8 oors per day.<ref name="Holland 2011">{{cite journal |author=Holland, Jennifer S. |title=40 winks? |journal=National Geographic |volume=220 |issue=1 |date=July 2011}}</ref> ==Communication== ===Body language=== [[File:Lis (Vulpes vulpes) WOB.JPG|thumb|left|A European reid fox (''V. vulpes crucigera'') in an inquisitive posture]] [[File:Fox at the British Wildlife Centre, Newchapel, Surrey - geograph.org.uk - 2221750.jpg|thumb|right|A European reid fox (''V. vulpes crucigera'') in an alert posture]] Red tod body leid conseests o movements o the lugs, tail an postures, wi thair body markings emphasisin certaint gestures. Postures can be dividit intae aggressive/dominant an fearful/submissive categories. Some postures mey blend the twa thegither.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|42–43}} [[File:Red foxes fighting.jpg|thumb|A pair of Wasatch moontain tods (''V. v. macroura'') squabblin]] Inquisitive tods will rotate an flick thair lugs whilst sniffin. Playfu individuals will perk thair lugs an rise on thair hind legs. Male tods courtin females, or efter successfully evictin intruders, will turn thair lugs outwardly, an raise thair tails in a horizontal poseetion, wi the tips raised upward. When afraid, reid tods grin in submission, archin thair backs, curvin thair bouks, crouchin thair legs an lashin thair tails back an forth wi thair lugs pyntin backwards an pressed against thair skults. When merely expressin submission tae a dominant ainimal, the postur is seemilar, but wioot archin the back or curvin the bouk. Submissive tods will approach dominant ainimals in a law posture, sae that thair muzzles reach up in greetin. Whan twa evenly matched tods confront each ither ower fuid, thay approach each ither sideways an push against each ither's flanks, betrayin a mixture o fear an aggression throu lashin tails an arched backs wioot crouchin an pullin thair lugs back wioot flattenin them against thair skults. When launchin an assertive attack, reid tods approach directly rather than sideways, wi thair tails aloft an thair lugs rotated sideways.<ref name=rwf1987/> Durin sic fechts, reid tods will staund on each ither's upper bodies wi thair forelegs, uisin open mouthed threats. Sic fights teepically anly occur amang juveniles or adults o the same sex.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> ===Vocalisations=== Reid tods hae a wide vocal range, an produce different soonds spannin five [[octave]]s, which grade intae each ither.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|28}} Recent analyses identify 12 different soonds produced bi adults an 8 bi kits.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> The majority o sounds can be dividit intae "contact" an "interaction" calls. The umwhile vary accordin tae the distance atween individuals, while the latter vary accordin tae the level o aggression.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|28}} *'''Contact calls:''' The maist commonly heard contact caw is a three tae five syllable berkin "''wow wow wow''" sound, which is eften made bi twa tods approachin ane anither. This caw is maist frequently heard frae December tae Februar (when thay can be confused wi the territorial calls o [[tawny oul]]s). The "''wow wow wow''" caw varies accordin tae individual; captive tods hae been recordit tae answer pre-recorded calls o thair pen-mates, but nae thae o strangers. Kits begin emittin the "''wow wow wow''" caw at the age o 19 days, when cravin attention. When reid tods draw close thegither, thay emit trisyllabic greetin warbles seemilar tae the cluckin o chickens. Adults greet thair kits wi gruff huffin noises.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|28}} *'''Interaction calls:''' When greetin ane anither, reid tods emit heich pitched whines, parteecularly submissive ainimals. A submissive tod approached bi a dominant ainimal will emit a ululatin siren-lik shriek. Durin aggressive encounters wi conspecifics, thay emit a throaty rattlin sound, seemilar tae a [[Ratchet (instrument)|ratchet]], cried "gekkering". Gekkerin occurs maistly durin the courtin season frae rival males or vixens rejectin advances.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|28}} [[File:Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes) (W1CDR0001529 BD12).ogg|thumb|left|Tod berks, UK, Januar 1977]] Anither caw that daes nae fit intae the twa categories is a lang, drawn oot, monosyllabic "''waaaaah''" sound. As it is commonly heard durin the breedin saison, it is thocht tae be emittit bi vixens summonin males. When danger is detectit, tods emit a monosyllabic berk. At close quarters, it is a muffled coch, while at lang distances it is shairper. Kits mak warblin whimpers when nouricin, thir calls bein espeicially lood whan thay are dissatisfied.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|28}} ==Ecology== ===Diet, huntin an feedin behaviour=== [[File:Red fox with nutria.jpg|thumb|Reid tod wi [[coypu]]]] Reid tods are [[omnivore]]s wi a heichly varied diet. Research conducted in the umwhile Soviet Union showed reid tods consuming ower 300 ainimal species an a few dozen species o plants.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thay primarily feed on smaw rodents lik [[vole]]s, [[moose|mice]], [[grund squirrel]]s, [[hamster]]s, [[gerbil]]s,<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> [[widchuck]]s, [[pocket gopher]]s an [[deer moose|deer mice]].<ref name="mammals-of-na"/> Seicontar prey species include birds (wi [[passeriformes]], [[galliformes]] an [[watterfoul]] predominatin), [[leporid]]s, [[porcupine]]s, [[raccoon]]s, [[opossum]]s, [[reptile]]s, insects, ither [[invertebrate]]s an [[flotsam]] ([[marine mammals]], fish an [[echinoderm]]s).<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/><ref name="mammals-of-na"/> On very rare occasions, tods mey attack young or smaw [[ungulate]]s.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thay teepically target mammals up tae aboot {{convert|3.5|kg|abbr=on}} in wecht, an thay require {{convert|500|g}} o fuid daily.<ref name="z132"/> Reid tods readily eat plant material, an in some auries fruit can amoont tae 100% o thair diet in hairst. Commonly consumed fruits include [[blueberries]], [[blackberries]], [[raspberries]], [[cherries]], [[persimmon]]s, [[mulberries]], aiples, [[ploum]]s, [[grapes]], an [[aicorn]]s. Ither plant material includes [[gress]]es, [[Cyperaceae|sedges]] an [[tuber]]s.<ref name="mammals-of-na"/> Reid tods are implicatit in the predation o [[gemme bird|gemme]] an [[sang bird]]s, hares, [[rabbit]]s, [[muskrat]]s, an young ungulates, parteecularly in [[Gemme preservation|preserve]]s, [[Gemme reserve|reserve]]s, an huntin farms whaur grund nestin birds are pertectit an raised, as weel as in [[Poutrie farming|poutrie ferm]]s.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> While the popular consensus is that [[olfaction]] is verra important for huntin,<ref>Asa C. S., Mech D. (1995). "A review of the sensory organs in wolves and their importance to life history," in Ecology and Conservation of Wolves in a Changing World eds. Carbyn L. D., Fritts S. H., Seip D. R., editors. (Edmonton: Canadian Circumpolar Institute; ) 287–291</ref> twa studies that experimentally investigated the role o olfactory, auditory, an visual cues foond that visual cues are the maist important ones for huntin in reid tods<ref>osterholm H. (1964). The significance of distance reception in the feeding behaviour of fox (Vulpes vulpes L.). Acta Zool. Fenn. 106 1–31</ref> an coyotes.<ref>Wells M. C. (1978). Coyote senses in predation – environmental influences on their relative use. Behav. Processes 3 149–158 10.1016/0376-6357(78)90041-4</ref><ref>Wells M. C., Lehner P. N. (1978). Relative importance of distance senses in Coyote predatory behavior. Anim. Behav. 26 251–258 10.1016/0003-3472(78)90025-8</ref> Reid tods prefer tae hunt in the early morn oors afore sunrise an late even.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Awtho thay teepically forage alone, thay mey aggregate in resoorce-rich environments.<ref name="Hunter 2011">{{cite book |author=Hunter, L. |title=Carnivores of the World |url=https://archive.org/details/carnivoresofworl0000hunt |year=2011 |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=[https://archive.org/details/carnivoresofworl0000hunt/page/106 106] |isbn=978-0-691-15227-1}}</ref> When huntin moose-lik prey, thay first pinpynt thair prey's location bi soond, then leap, sailin heich abuin thair quarry, steerin in mid-air wi thair tails, afore laundin on target up tae {{convert|5|m}} awey.<ref name="IUCN" /> Thay teepically anly feed on carrion in the late even oors an at nicht.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Thay are extremely possessive o thair fuid an will defend thair catches frae even dominant ainimals.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|58}} Reid tods mey occasionally commit acts o [[surplus killin]]; in ane breeding season, fower tods war recordit tae hae killed aroond 200 [[pirr-maw]]s ilk, wi peaks during dark, windy oors when fleein conditions war unfavorable. Losses tae poultry an penned gemme birds can be substantial acause o this.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/><ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|164}} Reid tods seem tae dislik the [[taste]] o [[Mole (ainimal)|mole]]s but will nanetheless catch them alive an present them tae thair kits as playthings.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|41}} A 2008–2010 study o 84 reid tods in the [[Czech Republic]] an [[Germany]] foond that successfu huntin in lang vegetation or unner snaw appeared tae involve an alignment o the tod wi the Yird's [[magnetic field]].<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yong|first1=Ed|title=Foxes use the Earth’s magnetic field as a targeting system - Not Exactly Rocket Science|url=http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/notrocketscience/2011/01/11/foxes-use-the-earths-magnetic-field-as-a-targeting-system/#.WYlL93eGOV4|work=Discover Magazine|date=11 January 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author1=Jaroslav Červený|author2=Sabine Begall|author3=Petr Koubek|author4=Petra Nováková |author5=Hynek Burda|title=''Directional preference may enhance hunting accuracy in foraging foxes''|date=12 January 2011|doi=10.1098/rsbl.2010.1145|journal=Biol. Lett.|volume=7|pages=355–357|url=http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/7/3/355.full|pmc=3097881}}</ref> ===Enemies an competitors=== [[File:Red Fox vs Grey Fox - San Joaquin National Wildlife Refuge.jpg|thumb|left|Reid tod confrontin a [[grey tod]]]] [[File:Aquila chrysaetos 1 (Bohuš Číčel).jpg|thumb|[[Gowden eagle]] feedin on reid tod]] [[File:Red fox & two badgers.jpg|thumb|Tod challengin twa badgers]] Reid tods teepically dominate ither tod species. Arctic tods generally escape competeetion frae reid tods bi leevin forder north, whaur fuid is too scarce tae support the lairger-bodied reid species. Awtho the reid species' northren leemit is linked tae the availability o fuid, the Arctic species' soothren range is leemitit bi the presence o the umwhile. Red an Arctic tods war baith introduced tae awmaist every island frae the [[Aleutian Islands]] tae the [[Alexander Archipelago]] during the 1830s–1930s bi fur companies. The reid tods invariably displaced the Arctic tods, wi ane male reid tod haein been reportit tae hae killed aff aw resident Arctic tods on a smaw island in 1866.<ref name=rwf1987/> Whaur thay are [[sympatry|sympatric]], Arctic tods mey an aw escape competeetion bi feedin on [[lemming]]s an flotsam, rather than voles, as favoured bi reid tods. Baith species will kill ilk ither's kits, gien the opportunity.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Reid tods are serious competitors o [[corsac tod]]s, as thay hunt the same prey aw year. The reid species is an aw stranger, is better adapted tae huntin in snaw deeper than {{convert|10|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} an is mair effective in huntin an catching medium tae lairge-sized rodents. Corsac tods seem tae anly outcompete reid tods in semi-desert an steppe auries.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Heptner|Naumov|1998|pp=453–454}}</ref> In Israel, Blanford's tods escape competeetion wi reid tods bi restricting themselves tae rocky cliffs an actively avoiding the open plains inhabited bi reid tods.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|84–85}} Reid tods dominate kit an [[swift tod]]s. Kit tods uisually avyde competeetion wi thair lairger cousins bi livin in mair arid environments, tho reid tods hae been increasin in ranges umwhile occupied bi kit tods due tae human-induced environmental changes. Reid tods will kill baith species, an compete for fuid an den sites.<ref name="mammals-of-na"/> [[Grey tod]]s are exceptional, as thay dominate reid tods whauriver thair ranges meet. Historically, interactions atween the twa species war rare, as grey tods favoured hivily widdit or semiarid habitats as opponed tae the open an mesic ones preferred bi reid tods. Houiver, interactions hae acome mair frequent due tae deforestation allouin reid tods tae colonise grey tod-inhabitit auries.<ref name="mammals-of-na"/> [[Gray wouf|Woufs]] mey kill an eat reid tods in disputes ower carcasses.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/><ref name="Mech 2003">{{cite book |author1=Mech, L. David |author2=Boitani, Luigi |year=2003 |title=Wolves: Behaviour, Ecology and Conservation |page=269 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=0-226-51696-2}}</ref> In auries in North America whaur reid tod an [[coyote]] populations are sympatric, tod ranges tend tae be locatit ootside coyote territories. The principal cause o this separation is believed tae be active avoidance o coyotes bi the tods. Interactions atween the twa species vary in naitur, ranging frae active antagonism tae indifference. The majority o aggressive encounters are initiated bi coyotes, an thare are few reports o reid tods actin aggressively toward coyotes except when attacked or when thair kits war approached. Tods an coyotes hae whiles been seen feedin thegither.<ref name="Sargeant 1989">{{cite journal |author1=Sargeant, Alan B |author2=Allen, Stephen H. |title=Observed interactions between coyotes and red foxes |journal=Journal of Mammalogy |year=1989 |issue=3 |pages=631–633 |url=http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/mammals/cfoxint/ |laysource=Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Online |volume=70 |jstor=1381437 |doi=10.2307/1381437 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114195545/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/mammals/cfoxint/ |archivedate=14 November 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In Israel, red tods share thair habitat wi [[golden jackal]]s. Whaur thair ranges meet, the twa canids compete due tae near identical diets. Tods ignore jackal scents or tracks in thair territories, an avyde close physical proximity wi jackals themselves. In auries whaur jackals acome very abundant, the population o tods decreases significantly, apparently acause o [[competitive exclusion principle|competitive exclusion]].<ref name="RF">{{cite journal |author1=Scheinin, Shani |author2=Yom-Tov, Yoram |author3=Motro, Uzi |author4=Geffen, Eli |title=Behavioural responses of red foxes to an increase in the presence of golden jackals: A field experiment |journal=Animal Behaviour |year=2006 |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=577–584|url=http://www.tau.ac.il/lifesci/zoology/members/yom-tov/articles/Behavioural_responses_of_red_foxes.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.05.022}}</ref> Reid tods dominate raccoon dogs, whiles killin thair kits or bitin adults tae daith. Cases are kent o tods killin raccoon dogs entering thair dens. Baith species compete for mouse-lik prey. This competeetion reaches a peak during early spring, when fuid is scarce. In [[Tartaria]], red tod predation accounted for 11.1% o daiths amang 54 raccoon dogs, an amounted tae 14.3% o 186 raccoon dog daiths in north-wastren Roushie.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Reid tods mey kill smaw [[mustelid]]s lik [[Least weasel|weasel]]s,<ref name="mammals-of-na"/> [[stone marten]]s,<ref name="z134">{{Harvnb|Sillero-Zubiri|Hoffman|MacDonald|2004|p=134}}</ref> [[pine marten]]s, [[stoat]]s, [[Siberian weasel|kolonok]]s, [[European polecat|polecats]] an young [[sable]]s. [[Eurasian badger]]s mey live alongside reid tods in isolated sections o lairge burrows.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> It is possible that the twa species tolerate each ither oot o [[Mutualism (biology)|mutualism]]; tods provide badgers wi fuid scraps, while badgers maintain the shared burrow's cleanliness.<ref name="dale"/>{{rp|15}} Houiver, cases are kent o badgers drivin vixens frae thair dens an destroying thair litters wioot eatin them. [[Wolverine]]s mey kill reid tods, eften while the latter are sleeping or near carrion. Tods in turn mey kill unattended young wolverines.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Reid tods mey compete wi [[striped hyena]]s on lairge carcasses. Reid tods mey gie wey tae hyenas on unopened carcasses, as the latter's stranger jaws can easy tear open flesh that is too tough for tods. Tods mey harass hyenas, uisin thair smawer size an greater speed tae avyde the hyena's attacks. Whiles, tods seem tae deliberately torment hyenas even when thare is no fuid at stake. Some tods mey mistime thair attacks, an are killed.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|77–79}} Fox remains are eften foond in hyena dens, an hyenas mey steal tods frae traps.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> In Eurasia, red tods mey be preyed upon bi [[leopard]]s, [[caracal]]s an [[Eurasian lynx]]es. The lynxes chase reid tods intae deep snaw, whaur thair langer legs an lairger paws gie them an advantage ower tods, especially when the depth o the snaw exceeds ane metre.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> In the Velikoluki district in Roushie, red tods are absent or are seen anly occasionally whaur lynxes establish permanent territories.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Researchers consider lynxes tae represent considerably less danger tae reid tods than wolves dae.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> North American felid predators o reid tods include [[cougar]]s, [[Canadian lynx]]es an [[bobcat]]s.<ref name="lariviere"/> Occasionally, lairge raptors sic as [[Eurasian eagle owl]]s will prey on young tods,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.owlpages.com/owls.php?genus=Bubo&species=bubo |title=Eurasian Eagle Owl (Bubo bubo) - Information, Pictures, Sounds |publisher=The Owl Pages |date=2015-10-23 |accessdate=2016-09-10}}</ref> while [[golden eagle]]s hae been kent tae kill adults.<ref name="Watson 2011">{{cite book |author=Watson, Jeff |title=The Golden Eagle |edition=2nd |year=2010 |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-1-4081-1420-9 |page=92 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aj5MNvCkun0C&pg=PA92}}</ref> ==Range== [[File:RedFox.png|thumbnail|right|Multicolored North American reid fox]] Reid tods are wide-rangin ainimals, whose range covers nearly {{Convert|70|e6km2||abbr=unit}}. Thay are distributed across the entire Northren Hemisphere frae the [[Arctic Circle]] tae [[North Africa]], [[Central America]], an Asia. Thay are absent in [[Iceland]], the Arctic islands, some pairts o [[Siberia]], an in extreme deserts.<ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN2008 |assessor=Macdonald, D. W. |assessor2=Reynolds, J. C. |year=2008 |title=''Vulpes vulpes'' |id=23062 |downloaded=20 September 2013}}</ref> Reid tods are nae present in [[New Zealand]] an are clessed as a "prohibited new organism" unner the [[Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996]], preventin them frae bein imported.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1996/0030/latest/DLM386556.html#DLM386556 |title=Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 – Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms |publisher=New Zealand Government |accessdate=26 January 2012}}</ref> ===Australie=== In Australie, 2012 estimates indicate that thare are mair nor 7.2&nbsp;million<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamecouncil.nsw.gov.au/portal.asp?p=Ferals1 |title=Impacts of Feral Animals |accessdate=29 May 2012 |publisher=Game Council of New South Wales |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418154902/http://www.gamecouncil.nsw.gov.au/portal.asp?p=Ferals1 |archivedate=18 April 2012 |df=dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418154902/http://www.gamecouncil.nsw.gov.au/portal.asp?p=Ferals1 |date=2012-04-18 }}</ref> reid tods wi a range extendin throughout maist o the continental mainland.<ref name=rwf1987/>{{rp|14}} The species became established in Australia throu successive introductions bi settlers in 1830s in the Breetish colonies o [[Van Diemen's Laund]] (as early as 1833) an the [[Port Phillip District]] o New South Wales (as early as 1845) for the purpose o the tradeetional Inglis sport o [[tod huntin]]. A permanent tod population wis nae established on the island o [[Tasmanie]] an it is widely held that thay war ootcompetit bi the [[Tasmanian deil]].<ref name=Bostanci2005>{{Cite journal | last1 = Bostanci | first1 = A. | title = Wildlife Biology: A Devil of a Disease | doi = 10.1126/science.307.5712.1035 | journal = Science | volume = 307 | issue = 5712 | page = 1035| year = 2005 | pmid = 15718445| pmc = }}</ref> On the mainland, houiver, the species wis successfu as an [[apex predator]]. It is generally less common in auries whaur the [[dingo]] is mair prevalent, houiver it haes, primarily throu its burraein behaviour, achieved [[niche differentiation]] wi baith the [[free-ranging dog|feral dog]] an the [[feral cat]]. As sic it haes acome ane o the continent's maist invasive species. The reid tod haes been implicated in the extinction an decline o several native Australian species, parteecularly thae o the faimily [[Potoroidae]] includin the [[desert rat-kangaroo]].<ref name='Biological Conservation 1998-09-13'>{{Cite journal | last1 = Short | first1 = J. | title = The extinction of rat-kangaroos (Marsupialia:Potoroidae) in New South Wales, Australia | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_biological-conservation_1998-12_86_3/page/365 | doi = 10.1016/S0006-3207(98)00026-3 | journal = Biological Conservation | volume = 86 | issue = 3 | pages = 365–377| year = 1998 | pmid = | pmc = }}</ref> The spread o reid tods across the soothren pairt o the continent haes coincided wi the spread o [[rabbits in Australia]] an corresponds wi declines in the distribution o several medium-sized grund-dwellin mammals, includin [[Woylie|brush-tailed bettong]]s, [[Boodie|burraein bettong]]s, [[rufous bettong]]s, [[bilby]]s, [[numbat]]s, [[bridled nail-tail wallaby|bridled nailtail wallaby]]s an [[quokka]]s.<ref>{{cite report |url=http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/resources/pestsweeds/RedfoxApproved.pdf |format=PDF |title=Threat Abatement Plan for Predation by the Red Fox (''Vulpes vulpes'') |year=2001 |publisher=NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service |isbn=0731364244}}</ref> Most o thir species are nou leemitit tae auries (sic as islands) whaur reid tods are absent or rare. Local eradication programs exist, awtho eradication haes proven difficult due tae the dennin behaviour an nocturnal huntin, sae the focus is on management wi the introduction o state bounties.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Millen, Tracey |date=Oct–Nov 2006 |title=Call for more dingoes to restore native species |journal=[[ECOS (CSIRO magazine)|ECOS]] |volume=133 |url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=EC133p5a.pdf |format=PDF}} (Refers to the book ''Australia's Mammal Extinctions: a 50,000 year history''. Christopher N. Johnson. {{ISBN|978-0-521-68660-0}}.)</ref> Accordin tae the Tasmanian govrenment, reid tods war introduced tae the previously fox-free island o Tasmania in 1999 or 2000, posin a significant threat tae native wildlife includin the [[eastern bettong]], an an eradication program conducted bi the Tasmanian [[Department of Primary Industries and Water]] haes been established.<ref>{{cite web |title=Latest Physical Evidence of Foxes in Tasmania |work=Department of Primary Industries and Water, Tasmania website |url=http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/inter.nsf/WebPages/LJEM-6SH7FX?open |date=July 18, 2013 |accessdate=20 September 2013}}</ref> ===Sardinie=== The oreegin o the Sardinian ''ichnusae'' subspecies is uncertaint, as it is absent frae Pleistocene deposits in thair current hqmeland. It is possible it oreeginatit durin the [[Neolithic]] follaein its introduction tae the island bi humans. It is likely then that Sardinian tod populations stem frae repeatit introductions o ainimals frae different localities in the Mediterranean. This latter theory mey expleen the subspecies' phenotypic diversity.<ref name="marinis222">{{Harvnb|Spagnesi|De Marina Marinis|2002|p=222}}</ref> ==Diseases and parasites== [[File:Vulpes vulpes, Red Fox, Zorro.jpg|left|thumb|European reid fox wi [[mange]]]] Reid tods are the maist important [[rabies]] vector in Europe. In [[Lunnon]], [[arthritis]] is nae uncommon in tods, bein parteecularly frequent in the spine.<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> Tods mey be infectit wi [[leptospirosis]] an [[tularemia]], tho thay are nae overly susceptible tae the latter. Thay mey an aw faw ill frae [[listeriosis]] an [[intestinal spirochetosis|spirochetosis]], as well as actin as [[Vector (epidemiology)|vectors]] in spreadin [[erysipelas]], [[brucellosis]] an tick-borne [[encephalitis]]. A mysterious fatal disease near [[Lake Sartlan]] in the [[Novosibirsk Oblast]] wis noted amang local reid tods, but the cause wis undetermined. The possibility wis considered that it wis caused bi an acute form o [[encephalomyelitis]], which wis first observed in captive bred siller tods. Individual cases o tods infected wi ''[[Yersinia pestis]]'' are kent.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Reid tods are nae readily prone tae infestation wi [[flech]]s. Species lik ''[[Spilopsyllus cuniculi]]'' are probably anly caught frae the tod's prey species, while others lik ''[[Archaeopsylla erinacei]]'' are catcht whilst traivellin. Flechs that feed on reid tods include ''[[Pulex irritans]]'', ''[[Ctenocephalides canis]]'' an ''[[Paraceras melis]]''. [[Tick]]s sic as ''[[Ixodes ricinus]]'' an ''[[Ixodes hexagonus|I.&nbsp;hexagonus]]'' are nae uncommon in tods, an are teepically foond on nouricin vixens an kits still in thair yirds. The [[louse]] ''[[Trichodectes vulpis]]'' specifically targets tods, but is foond infrequently. The [[mite]] ''[[Sarcoptes scabiei]]'' is the maist important cause o [[mange]] in reid tods. It causes extensive hair loss, stairtin frae the base o the tail an hindfeet, then the rump afore muivin on tae the rest o the body. In the feenal stages o the condeetion, tods can lose maist o thair fur, 50% o thair body wecht an mey gnaw at infected extremities. In the [[epizootic]] phase o the disease, it uisually takes tods fower month tae die efter infection. Ither endoparasites include ''[[Demodex folliculorum]]'', ''[[Notoderes]]'', ''[[Otodectes cynotis]]'' (which is frequently foond in the [[ear canal]]), ''[[Linguatula serrata]]'' (which infects the nasal passages) an [[ringworm]]s.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> Up tae 60 [[helminth]] species are kent tae infect tods in [[fur farm]]s, while 20 are kent in the wild. Several [[coccidia]]n species o the [[genera]] ''[[Isospora]]'' an ''[[Eimeria]]'' are an aw kent tae infect them.<ref name="mammals-of-ussr"/> The maist common [[nematode]] species foond in tod guts are ''[[Toxocara canis]]'' an ''[[Uncinaria stenocephala]]'', ''[[Capillaria aerophila]]''<ref name="Lalošević 2013">{{cite journal |author1=Lalošević, V. |author2=Lalošević, D. |author3=Čapo, I. |author4=Simin, V. |author5=Galfi, A. |author6=Traversa, D. |year=2013 |title=High infection rate of zoonotic ''Eucoleus aerophilus'' infection in foxes from Serbia |journal=Parasite |volume=20 |issue=3 |page=3 |doi=10.1051/parasite/2012003 |pmid=23340229 |pmc=3718516}} {{open access}}</ref> an ''[[Crenosoma vulpis]]'', the latter twa infect thair lungs. ''[[Capillaria plica]]'' infect the tod's bledder. ''[[Trichinella spiralis]]'' rarely affects them. The maist common [[tapeworm]] species in tods are ''[[Taenia spiralis]]'' an ''[[Taenia pisiformis|T.&nbsp;pisiformis]]''. Others include ''[[Echinococcus granulosus]]'' an ''[[Echinococcus multilocularis|E.&nbsp;multilocularis]]''. Eleven [[trematode]] species infect reid tods,<ref name="mammals-of-the-brit-isles"/> includin ''[[Metorchis conjunctus]].<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Smith | first1 = H. J. | year = 1978 | title = Parasites of red foxes in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia | url = | journal = [[Journal of Wildlife Diseases]] | volume = 14 | issue = 3| pages = 366–370 | pmid = 691132 | doi=10.7589/0090-3558-14.3.366}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q8332}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Tods]] [[Category:Invasive mammal species]] [[Category:Fauna o the Arctic|Tod, Reid]] [[Category:Arctic laund ainimals|Tod, Reid]] [[Category:Holarctic fauna]] [[Category:Mammals o Europe|Tod, Reid]] [[Category:Mammals o Australie|Tod, Reid]] [[Category:Mammals o Asia|Tod, Reid]] [[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1758]] 02lynmkw52gxualdyjkuxk4qcliyn3v 0 127143 869623 860344 2022-08-10T03:01:56Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' Flag_of_Anaheim,_California_(1967–2018).svg wi' [[File:Flag_of_Anaheim,_California_(1967–2018,_2019–present).svg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless o wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2021}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- See the table at Template:Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of their usage. --> |name = Anaheim, Californie |settlement_type = [[Chairter ceety]]<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.anaheim.net/articlenew2222.asp?id=5081 | title = Interim City Manager | publisher = City of Anaheim | accessdate = March 20, 2015 | archive-date = 2018-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224231142/http://www.anaheim.net/articlenew2222.asp?id=5081 | url-status = dead }}</ref> |official_name = Ceety o Anaheim <!-- Images and maps ------> |image_skyline = {{Photomontage | photo1a = Anaheimcityhall.jpg | photo2a = Sleeping Beauty Castle Disneyland Anaheim 2013.jpg | photo2b = Angel Stadium of Anaheim.jpg | photo3a = Honda-ext-arch.JPG | photo3b = | position = center | spacing = 2 | size = 250 | foot_montage = Frae left tae richt: Anaheim Ceety Haw, [[Sleepin Beauty Castle]] at the [[Disneyland Resort]], [[Angel Stadium o Anaheim|Angel Stadium]], [[Honda Center]], [[Anaheim Convention Center]] }} |image_flag = Flag of Anaheim, California (1967–2018, 2019–present).svg |image_seal = Seal of Anaheim, California.svg |nickname = |image_map = Orange County California Incorporated and Unincorporated areas Anaheim Highlighted.svg |map_caption = Location o Anaheim<br />in [[Californie]] an [[Orange Coonty, Californie|Orange Coonty]] | pushpin_map = USA | pushpin_map_caption = Location in the Unitit States <!-- Location -------------> |coordinates = {{coord|33|50|10|N|117|53|23|W|region:US-CA|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{USA}} |subdivision_type1 = [[U.S. state|State]] |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Californie}} |subdivision_type2 = [[Leet o coonties in Californie|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Orange_County,_California.svg}} [[Orange Coonty, Californie|Orange]] <!-- History --------------> |established_title = [[Municipal corporation|Incorporatit]] |established_date = Mairch 18, 1876<ref name=LAFC>{{Cite web | url = http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc | title = California Cities by Incorporation Date | format = Word | publisher = California Association of [[Local Agency Formation Commission]]s | accessdate = August 25, 2014 | archive-date = 2014-11-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141103002921/http://www.calafco.org/docs/Cities_by_incorp_date.doc | url-status = dead }}</ref> <!-- Government -----------> |government_type = |leader_title = [[Mayor o Anaheim, Californie|Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Tom Tait]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.anaheim.net/title/City+Council/Mayor+Tom+Tait/|accessdate=September 18, 2014|title=Anaheim Mayor Tom Tait|publisher=City of Anaheim|archive-date=2014-09-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140910164559/http://www.anaheim.net/title/City%2BCouncil/Mayor%2BTom%2BTait/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |leader_title1 = [[Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Unitit States representatives]]<ref name=cd_splits>{{Cite web | url = http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_cd_finaldraft_splits.zip | title = Communities of Interest - City | publisher = California Citizens Redistricting Commission | accessdate = September 24, 2014 | archive-date = 2013-09-30 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130930184128/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_cd_finaldraft_splits.zip | url-status = dead }}</ref> |leader_name1 = {{Representative|cacd|39|fmt=usleader}},<ref name=gt39>{{Cite GovTrack|CA|39}}</ref> <br/> {{Representative|cacd|45|fmt=usleader}},<ref name=gt45>{{Cite GovTrack|CA|45}}</ref> an <br/> {{Representative|cacd|46|fmt=usleader}}<ref name=gt46>{{Cite GovTrack|CA|46}}</ref> |leader_title2 = [[Californie State Senate|State senators]]<ref name=sd_splits>{{Cite web | url = http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip | title = Communities of Interest - City | publisher = California Citizens Redistricting Commission | accessdate = September 24, 2014 | archive-date = 2018-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181224235615/https://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_sd_finaldraft_splits.zip | url-status = dead }}</ref> |leader_name2 = {{Representative|casd|29|fmt=sleader}}, <br/> {{Representative|casd|34|fmt=sleader}}, an <br/> {{Representative|casd|37|fmt=sleader}} |leader_title3 = [[Californie State Assembly|Assemblymembers]]<ref name=ad_splits>{{Cite web | url = http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip | title = Communities of Interest - City | publisher = California Citizens Redistricting Commission | accessdate = September 24, 2014 | archive-date = 2015-10-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151023054757/http://wedrawthelines.ca.gov/downloads/meeting_handouts_072011/handouts_20110729_q2_ad_finaldraft_splits.zip | url-status = dead }}</ref> |leader_name3 = {{Representative|caad|65|fmt=sleader}}, <br/> {{Representative|caad|68|fmt=sleader}}, an <br/> {{Representative|caad|69|fmt=sleader}} <!-- Area -----------------> |unit_pref = US |area_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite US Gazetteer|2010|places|CA}}</ref> |area_total_sq_mi = 50.811 |area_total_km2 = 131.600 |area_land_sq_mi = 49.835 |area_land_km2 = 129.073 |area_water_sq_mi = 0.976 |area_water_km2 = 2.527 |area_water_percent = 1.92 <!-- Elevation ------------> |elevation_footnotes = <ref>{{Cite GNIS|1652663|Anaheim|accessdate=October 16, 2014}}</ref> |elevation_ft = 157 |elevation_m = 48 <!-- Population -----------> |population_as_of = [[2010 Unitit States Census|Aprile 1, 2010]] |population_footnotes = <ref name=quik>{{Cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0602000.html|title=Anaheim (city) QuickFacts|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=February 4, 2015|archive-date=2015-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201121920/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/06/0602000.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_total = 336265 |pop_est_as_of = 2013 |pop_est_footnotes = <ref name=quik/> |population_est = 345012 |population_rank = [[Orange Coonty, Californie|1st]] in Orange County<br />[[Leet o lairgest Californie ceeties bi population|10t]] in Californie<br />[[Leet o Unitit States ceeties bi population|56t]] in the Unitit States |population_density_km2 = auto <!-- Time zones -----------> |timezone = [[Paceefic Time Zone|Paceefic]] |utc_offset = &minus;8 |timezone_DST = [[Paceefic Daylicht Time|PDT]] |utc_offset_DST = &minus;7 <!-- Codes ----------------> |postal_code_type = [[ZIP code]]s<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://tools.usps.com/go/ZipLookupAction!input.action | title = ZIP Code(tm) Lookup | publisher = [[United States Postal Service]] | accessdate = November 18, 2014}}</ref> |postal_code = 92801–92809, 92812, 92814–92817, 92825, 92850, 92899 |area_code_type = [[North American Nummerin Plan|Aurie codes]] |area_code = [[Aurie codes 657 an 714|657/714]] |blank_name = [[Federal Information Processing Standard|FIPS]] code |blank_info = {{FIPS|06|02000}} |blank1_name = [[Geographic Names Information System|GNIS]] featur IDs |blank1_info = {{GNIS 4|1652663}}, {{GNIS 4|2409704}} |website = {{URL|www.anaheim.net}} }} '''Anaheim''' (pronoonced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|n|ə|h|aɪ|m}}) is a ceety in [[Orange Coonty, Californie]], pairt o the [[Los Angeles metropolitan aurie]]. ==Sister ceeties== * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Mito, Ibaraki|Mito]], Japan * {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Vitoria-Gasteiz]], Spain ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Anaheim, Californie| ]] [[Category:1857 establishments in Californie]] [[Category:1876 establishments in Californie]] [[Category:Ceeties in Orange Coonty, Californie]] [[Category:Ceeties in Soothren Californe]] [[Category:German-American history]] [[Category:Pols-American history]] [[Category:Incorporatit ceeties an touns in Californie]] [[Category:Populatit places on the Santa Ana River]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1857]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1876]] slvkseds9djr8jwej59y83fduhew6hd 0 139677 869617 790610 2022-08-10T01:33:05Z 2603:7080:104:90AC:2872:67BF:64B2:A7C5 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Gloria Swanson |image = Gloriaswanson1.jpg |image_size = |caption = Swanson in 1920 |birth_name = Gloria May Josephine Swanson |birth_date = March 27,1899 |birth_place = Chicago,Illinois,United States. |death_date = April 04,1983 (age:84) |death_place = New York Hospital, New York, United States. |death_cause = [[Cardiovascular disease|Heart ailment]] |resting_place = Church of the Heavenly Rest, New York, United States. |other_names = Gloria Mae, Miss Gloria Swanson |education = Hawthorne Scholastic Academy |occupation = Actress, producer |years_active = 1914–1981 |religion = [[Lutheran]] |spouse = Henry de La Falaise (m.1925-1931)Herbert K. Somborn (m. 1919–1925) {{!}} Wallace Beery (m.1916-1919) | children = Gloria Swanson Somborn (daughter) Michelle Bridget Farmer (daughter) Joseph Patrick Swanson (son) |parents=Adelaide Swanson (mother) Joseph Theodore Swanson (father)}} '''Gloria May Josephine Swanson''' (March 27, 1899 – April 04, 1983) wis an American actress an producer best lent for her role as Norma Desmond, a reclusive silent film star, in the critically acclaimed 1950 film ''[[Sunset Boulevard (film)|Sunset Boulevard]]''. '''Gloria Swanson''' was '''born Gloria''' May Josephine Svensson on March 27, 1899 to Joseph Svensson and Adelaide Klanowski in the Lake View district of Chicago. Her faither was employed by the U.S. Army transport service so the faimily moved frequently during her childhood. '''Gloria Swanson''', original name Gloria May Josephine Svensson, ('''born''' March 17,1899, Chicago, Ill., U.S.—died April 04,1983, New York, N.Y.), Gloria Swanson was born Gloria May Josephine Svensson in Chicago, Illinois. She was destined to be aiblins one of the biggest stars of the silent movie era. Her personality and antics in private definitely made her a favorite with America's movie-going public. Gloria certainly didn't intend on going into show business. After her formal education in the Chicago schuil system and elsewhere, she began work in a department store as a salesclerk. In 1915, at the age of 18, she decided to go to a Chicago movie studio with an aunt to see how motion pictures were made. She was plucked out of the crowd, because of her beauty, to be included as a bit player in the film The Fable of Elvira and Farina and the Meal Ticket (1915). In her next film, she was an extra also, when she appeared in At the End of a Perfect Day (1915). After another uncredited role, Gloria got a more substantial role in Sweedie Goes to College (1915). In 1916, she first appeared with future husband Wallace Beery. Once married, the two pulled up stakes in Chicago and moved to Los Angeles to the film colony of Hollywood. Once out west, Gloria continued her torrid pace in films. She seemed to be in hit after hit in such films as The Pullman Bride (1917), Shifting Sands (1918), and Don't Change Your Husband (1919). By the time of the latter, Gloria had divorced Beery and was remarried, but it was not to be her last marriage, as she collected a total of six husbands. By the middle 1920s, she was the highest-paid actress in Hollywood. It has been said that Gloria made and spent over $8 million in the '20s alone. That, along with the seven marriages she had, kept the fans spellbound with her escapades for over 60 years. They just couldn't get eneuch o her. Gloria was 30 when the sound revolution hit, and there was speculation as to whether she could adapt. She did. In 1928, she received an Oscar nomination for Best Actress for her role of Sadie Thompson in the film of the same name but lost to Janet Gaynor for 3 different films. The film is considered one of the best in the history of film and, on June 16, 1998, was named one of the top 100 films of all time by the American Film Institute, placing 12th. After a few more films in the 1950s, Gloria more or less retired. Throughout the 1960s, she appeared mostly on television. Her last fling with the silver screen was Airport 1975 (1974), wherein she played hersel. Gloria died on April 04, 1983, in New York City at the age of 84. There was never anyone like her, before or since. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Swanson, Gloria}} [[Category:1899 births]] [[Category:1983 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae Chicago]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American seelent film actresses]] [[Category:American radio actresses]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American heal activists]] [[Category:American Lutherans]] [[Category:American memoirists]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Pols strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Swadish strynd]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures contract players]] [[Category:Fowk frae Croton-on-Hudson, New York]] [[Category:Californie Republicans]] [[Category:New York Republicans]] [[Category:Illinois Republicans]] 9kv745n4qm0mrs8ixe4ebcnc5csz0hi 869618 869617 2022-08-10T01:35:26Z Praxidicae 39562 Revertit edit o 2603:7080:104:90AC:2872:67BF:64B2:A7C5, chynged back tae last version bi C1614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Gloria Swanson |image = Gloriaswanson1.jpg |image_size = |caption = Swanson in 1920 |birth_name = Gloria May Josephine Swanson |birth_date = March 27,1899 |birth_place = Chicago,Illinois,United States. |death_date = April 04,1983 (age:84) |death_place = New York Hospital, New York, United States. |death_cause = [[Cardiovascular disease|Hert ailment]] |resting_place = Church of the Heavenly Rest, New York, United States. |other_names = Gloria Mae, Miss Gloria Swanson |education = Hawthorne Scholastic Academy |occupation = Actress, producer |years_active = 1914–1981 |religion = [[Lutheran]] |spouse = Henry de La Falaise (m.1925-1931)Herbert K. Somborn (m. 1919–1925) {{!}} Wallace Beery (m.1916-1919) | children = Gloria Swanson Somborn (daughter) Michelle Bridget Farmer (daughter) Joseph Patrick Swanson (son) |parents=Adelaide Swanson (mother) Joseph Theodore Swanson (father)}} '''Gloria May Josephine Swanson''' (March 27, 1899 – April 04, 1983) wis an American actress an producer best lent for her role as Norma Desmond, a reclusive silent film star, in the critically acclaimed 1950 film ''[[Sunset Boulevard (film)|Sunset Boulevard]]''. '''Gloria Swanson''' was '''born Gloria''' May Josephine Svensson on March 27, 1899 to Joseph Svensson and Adelaide Klanowski in the Lake View district of Chicago. Her faither was employed by the U.S. Army transport service so the faimily moved frequently during her childhood. '''Gloria Swanson''', original name Gloria May Josephine Svensson, ('''born''' March 17,1899, Chicago, Ill., U.S.—died April 04,1983, New York, N.Y.), Gloria Swanson was born Gloria May Josephine Svensson in Chicago, Illinois. She was destined to be aiblins one of the biggest stars of the silent movie era. Her personality and antics in private definitely made her a favorite with America's movie-going public. Gloria certainly didn't intend on going into show business. After her formal education in the Chicago schuil system and elsewhere, she began work in a department store as a salesclerk. In 1915, at the age of 18, she decided to go to a Chicago movie studio with an aunt to see how motion pictures were made. She was plucked out of the crowd, because of her beauty, to be included as a bit player in the film The Fable of Elvira and Farina and the Meal Ticket (1915). In her next film, she was an extra also, when she appeared in At the End of a Perfect Day (1915). After another uncredited role, Gloria got a more substantial role in Sweedie Goes to College (1915). In 1916, she first appeared with future husband Wallace Beery. Once married, the two pulled up stakes in Chicago and moved to Los Angeles to the film colony of Hollywood. Once out west, Gloria continued her torrid pace in films. She seemed to be in hit after hit in such films as The Pullman Bride (1917), Shifting Sands (1918), and Don't Change Your Husband (1919). By the time of the latter, Gloria had divorced Beery and was remarried, but it was not to be her last marriage, as she collected a total of six husbands. By the middle 1920s, she was the highest-paid actress in Hollywood. It has been said that Gloria made and spent over $8 million in the '20s alone. That, along with the seven marriages she had, kept the fans spellbound with her escapades for over 60 years. They just couldn't get eneuch o her. Gloria was 30 when the sound revolution hit, and there was speculation as to whether she could adapt. She did. In 1928, she received an Oscar nomination for Best Actress for her role of Sadie Thompson in the film of the same name but lost to Janet Gaynor for 3 different films. The film is considered one of the best in the history of film and, on June 16, 1998, was named one of the top 100 films of all time by the American Film Institute, placing 12th. After a few more films in the 1950s, Gloria more or less retired. Throughout the 1960s, she appeared mostly on television. Her last fling with the silver screen was Airport 1975 (1974), wherein she played hersel. Gloria died on April 04, 1983, in New York City at the age of 84. There was never anyone like her, before or since. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Swanson, Gloria}} [[Category:1899 births]] [[Category:1983 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae Chicago]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American seelent film actresses]] [[Category:American radio actresses]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American heal activists]] [[Category:American Lutherans]] [[Category:American memoirists]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Pols strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Swadish strynd]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures contract players]] [[Category:Fowk frae Croton-on-Hudson, New York]] [[Category:Californie Republicans]] [[Category:New York Republicans]] [[Category:Illinois Republicans]] cxmvhrvccqad7653tnw6uwhpcutxps0 869619 869618 2022-08-10T01:40:19Z 2603:7080:104:90AC:2872:67BF:64B2:A7C5 Many, many typos. wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Gloria Swanson |image = Gloriaswanson1.jpg |image_size = |caption = Swanson in 1920 |birth_name = Gloria May Josephine Swanson |birth_date = March 27,1899 |birth_place = Chicago,Illinois,United States. |death_date = April 04,1983 (age:84) |death_place = New York Hospital, New York, United States. |death_cause = [[Cardiovascular disease|Hert ailment]] |resting_place = Church of the Heavenly Rest, New York, United States. |other_names = Gloria Mae, Miss Gloria Swanson |education = Hawthorne Scholastic Academy |occupation = Actress, producer |years_active = 1914–1981 |religion = [[Lutheran]] |spouse = Henry de La Falaise (m.1925-1931)Herbert K. Somborn (m. 1919–1925) {{!}} Wallace Beery (m.1916-1919) | children = Gloria Swanson Somborn (daughter) Michelle Bridget Farmer (daughter) Joseph Patrick Swanson (son) |parents=Adelaide Swanson (mother) Joseph Theodore Swanson (father)}} '''Gloria May Josephine Swanson''' (March 27, 1899 – April 04, 1983) was an American actress and producer best known for her role as Norma Desmond, a reclusive silent film star, in the critically acclaimed 1950 film ''[[Sunset Boulevard (film)|Sunset Boulevard]]''. '''Gloria Swanson''' was '''born Gloria''' May Josephine Svensson on March 27, 1899 to Joseph Svensson and Adelaide Klanowski in the Lake View district of Chicago. Her father was employed by the U.S. Army transport service so the family moved frequently during her childhood. '''Gloria Swanson''', original name Gloria May Josephine Svensson, ('''born''' March 17,1899, Chicago, Ill., U.S.—died April 04,1983, New York, N.Y.), Gloria Swanson was born Gloria May Josephine Svensson in Chicago, Illinois. She was destined to be one of the biggest stars of the silent movie era. Her personality and antics in private definitely made her a favorite with America's movie-going public. Gloria certainly didn't intend on going into show business. After her formal education in the Chicago school system and elsewhere, she began work in a department store as a salesclerk. In 1915, at the age of 18, she decided to go to a Chicago movie studio with an aunt to see how motion pictures were made. She was plucked out of the crowd, because of her beauty, to be included as a bit player in the film, The Fable of Elvira and Farina and the Meal Ticket (1915). In her next film, she was an extra also, when she appeared in At the End of a Perfect Day (1915). After another uncredited role, Gloria got a more substantial role in Sweedie Goes to College (1915). In 1916, she first appeared with future husband Wallace Beery. Once married, the two pulled up stakes in Chicago and moved to Los Angeles to the film colony of Hollywood. Once out west, Gloria continued her torrid pace in films. She seemed to be in hit after hit in such films as The Pullman Bride (1917), Shifting Sands (1918), and Don't Change Your Husband (1919). By the time of the latter, Gloria had divorced Beery and was remarried, but it was not to be her last marriage, as she collected a total of six husbands. By the middle 1920s, she was the highest-paid actress in Hollywood. It has been said that Gloria made and spent over $8 million in the '20s alone. That, along with the seven marriages she had, kept the fans spellbound with her escapades for over 60 years. They just couldn't get enough of her. Gloria was 30 when the sound revolution hit, and there was speculation as to whether she could adapt. She did. In 1928, she received an Oscar nomination for Best Actress for her role of Sadie Thompson in the film of the same name but lost to Janet Gaynor for 3 different films. The film is considered one of the best in the history of film and, on June 16, 1998, was named one of the top 100 films of all time by the American Film Institute, placing 12th. After a few more films in the 1950s, Gloria more or less retired. Throughout the 1960s, she appeared mostly on television. Her last fling with the silver screen was Airport 1975 (1974), wherein she played herself. Gloria died on April 04, 1983, in New York City at the age of 84. There was never anyone like her, before or since. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Swanson, Gloria}} [[Category:1899 births]] [[Category:1983 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae Chicago]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American seelent film actresses]] [[Category:American radio actresses]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American heal activists]] [[Category:American Lutherans]] [[Category:American memoirists]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Pols strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Swadish strynd]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures contract players]] [[Category:Fowk frae Croton-on-Hudson, New York]] [[Category:Californie Republicans]] [[Category:New York Republicans]] [[Category:Illinois Republicans]] ja3qdx47r40ufii098uo53thaex1nbu 869620 869619 2022-08-10T01:42:10Z Praxidicae 39562 Revertit edit o 2603:7080:104:90AC:2872:67BF:64B2:A7C5, chynged back tae last version bi Praxidicae wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Gloria Swanson |image = Gloriaswanson1.jpg |image_size = |caption = Swanson in 1920 |birth_name = Gloria May Josephine Swanson |birth_date = March 27,1899 |birth_place = Chicago,Illinois,United States. |death_date = April 04,1983 (age:84) |death_place = New York Hospital, New York, United States. |death_cause = [[Cardiovascular disease|Hert ailment]] |resting_place = Church of the Heavenly Rest, New York, United States. |other_names = Gloria Mae, Miss Gloria Swanson |education = Hawthorne Scholastic Academy |occupation = Actress, producer |years_active = 1914–1981 |religion = [[Lutheran]] |spouse = Henry de La Falaise (m.1925-1931)Herbert K. Somborn (m. 1919–1925) {{!}} Wallace Beery (m.1916-1919) | children = Gloria Swanson Somborn (daughter) Michelle Bridget Farmer (daughter) Joseph Patrick Swanson (son) |parents=Adelaide Swanson (mother) Joseph Theodore Swanson (father)}} '''Gloria May Josephine Swanson''' (March 27, 1899 – April 04, 1983) wis an American actress an producer best lent for her role as Norma Desmond, a reclusive silent film star, in the critically acclaimed 1950 film ''[[Sunset Boulevard (film)|Sunset Boulevard]]''. '''Gloria Swanson''' was '''born Gloria''' May Josephine Svensson on March 27, 1899 to Joseph Svensson and Adelaide Klanowski in the Lake View district of Chicago. Her faither was employed by the U.S. Army transport service so the faimily moved frequently during her childhood. '''Gloria Swanson''', original name Gloria May Josephine Svensson, ('''born''' March 17,1899, Chicago, Ill., U.S.—died April 04,1983, New York, N.Y.), Gloria Swanson was born Gloria May Josephine Svensson in Chicago, Illinois. She was destined to be aiblins one of the biggest stars of the silent movie era. Her personality and antics in private definitely made her a favorite with America's movie-going public. Gloria certainly didn't intend on going into show business. After her formal education in the Chicago schuil system and elsewhere, she began work in a department store as a salesclerk. In 1915, at the age of 18, she decided to go to a Chicago movie studio with an aunt to see how motion pictures were made. She was plucked out of the crowd, because of her beauty, to be included as a bit player in the film The Fable of Elvira and Farina and the Meal Ticket (1915). In her next film, she was an extra also, when she appeared in At the End of a Perfect Day (1915). After another uncredited role, Gloria got a more substantial role in Sweedie Goes to College (1915). In 1916, she first appeared with future husband Wallace Beery. Once married, the two pulled up stakes in Chicago and moved to Los Angeles to the film colony of Hollywood. Once out west, Gloria continued her torrid pace in films. She seemed to be in hit after hit in such films as The Pullman Bride (1917), Shifting Sands (1918), and Don't Change Your Husband (1919). By the time of the latter, Gloria had divorced Beery and was remarried, but it was not to be her last marriage, as she collected a total of six husbands. By the middle 1920s, she was the highest-paid actress in Hollywood. It has been said that Gloria made and spent over $8 million in the '20s alone. That, along with the seven marriages she had, kept the fans spellbound with her escapades for over 60 years. They just couldn't get eneuch o her. Gloria was 30 when the sound revolution hit, and there was speculation as to whether she could adapt. She did. In 1928, she received an Oscar nomination for Best Actress for her role of Sadie Thompson in the film of the same name but lost to Janet Gaynor for 3 different films. The film is considered one of the best in the history of film and, on June 16, 1998, was named one of the top 100 films of all time by the American Film Institute, placing 12th. After a few more films in the 1950s, Gloria more or less retired. Throughout the 1960s, she appeared mostly on television. Her last fling with the silver screen was Airport 1975 (1974), wherein she played hersel. Gloria died on April 04, 1983, in New York City at the age of 84. There was never anyone like her, before or since. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Swanson, Gloria}} [[Category:1899 births]] [[Category:1983 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae Chicago]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American seelent film actresses]] [[Category:American radio actresses]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:American film producers]] [[Category:American heal activists]] [[Category:American Lutherans]] [[Category:American memoirists]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Pols strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Swadish strynd]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures contract players]] [[Category:Fowk frae Croton-on-Hudson, New York]] [[Category:Californie Republicans]] [[Category:New York Republicans]] [[Category:Illinois Republicans]] cxmvhrvccqad7653tnw6uwhpcutxps0 0 143677 869632 619002 2022-08-10T10:05:54Z 2A02:C7F:5A65:8300:C11B:5A6B:873B:C974 Corrected spelling to arse ... correct from airse... incorrect wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox anatomy | Name = Intergluteal cleft | Latin = Crena interglutealis | Greek = | GraySubject = | GrayPage = | Image = Gluteal cleft.jpg | Caption = An intergluteal cleft | Width = | Image2 = | Caption2 = | ImageMap = | MapCaption = | Precursor = | System = | Artery = | Vein = | Nerve = | Lymph = | MeshName = | MeshNumber = | Code = | Dorlands = | DorlandsID = }} The '''intergluteal cleft''', an aa kent medically bi [[#Synonyms|various synonyms]] an colloquially as the "'''butt crack'''" or "'''arse crack'''", is the groove atween the [[buttocks]] that runs frae juist ablo the [[sacrum]] tae the [[perineum]], sae named acause it forms the veesible border atween the freemit roondit protrusions o the [[gluteus maximus muscle]]s. The intergluteal cleft is locatit superior tae the [[anus]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Cleft, Intergluteal}} [[Category:Human anatomy]] [[Category:Human surface anatomy]] [[Category:Buttocks]] qifrnoja76fyr4h1l7lhiq3de18ryla 0 204696 869622 855523 2022-08-10T02:57:52Z CommonsDelinker 411 Replacin' BBC_Scotland_2021.svg wi' [[File:BBC_Scotland_2021_(channel).svg]] (by [[commons:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] coz: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · To avoid confusion with the BBC Scotland div wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television channel | name = BBC Scotland | logofile =BBC Scotland 2021 (channel).svg | logosize =200px | launch = {{start date and age|2019|2|24|df=yes}} | closed date = | picture format = [[576i]] ([[16:9]] [[SDTV]])<br>[[1080i]] ([[HDTV]]) | share = | share as of = {{Start date|df=yes|2019|02}} | share source = [http://www.barb.co.uk/whats-new/monthly-viewing-summary?_s=4 BARB] | owner = [[BBC]] | country = Scotland | replaced names = [[BBC Two Scotland]] | replaced by names = | sister names = [[BBC One Scotland]]<br>[[BBC Alba]] | web = {{URL|www.bbc.co.uk/bbcscotland}} | availability note = |terr serv 1 = [[Freeview (UK)|Freeview]] <small>(Scotland anerly)</small> |terr chan 1 = Channel 9<br>Channel 115 (HD) |sat serv 1 = [[Freesat]] |sat chan 1 = Channel 106 (SD/HD: Scot)<br>Channel 108 (SD, Scot: SD/HD: Rest o UK)<br>Channel 174 (SD: Rest o UK) |sat serv 2 = [[Sky UK|Sky]] <small>(UK only)</small> |sat chan 2 = Channel 115 (SD/HD: Scot)<br>Channel 457 (SD/HD: Rest o UK)<br>Channel 876 (SD) |cable serv 1 = [[Virgin Media]] <small>(UK)</small> |cable chan 1 = Channel 108 (HD: Scot)<br>Channel 162 (HD: Rest o UK) |}} '''BBC Scotland''' is an [[Scotland|Scots]] Inglis-leid [[televeesion station]] that launch on 24 Februar 2019, unner the [[BBC Scotland]] diveesion o the [[BBC]]. [[Category:BBC televeesion channels in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion stations in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:BBC Scotland]] [[Category:2019 establishments]] 862lzz2ewtz18c57m5cdvpv5m4zckqa 0 222134 869631 869583 2022-08-10T09:36:37Z 65.95.172.135 /* Current strength */ wikitext text/x-wiki The [[Arab League]] as an organisation has nae militar force, like the [[Unitit Nations]] or the [[European Union]], but recently in the 2007 summit, the Leaders decidit tae reactivate thare jynt defence an establish a peacekeeping force to deploy in {{Flag|Lebanon}},{{Flag|Iraq}}, {{SSD}}, {{Flag|ETH}}, {{Flag|Somaliland}} an ither het spots. ==Histerie== The militar histerie o the Arab League is closely linked t the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]]. The 1950 Arab Jynt Security Pact set oot proveesions for [[collective security]] amang the Arab states, but anelie in 1961 wis the ''[[United Arab Command#Predecessors|Jynt Arab Command]]'' (JAC) proponed as a unified military [[Command (militar formation)|command]] for the Arab League first bi the [[Jynt Defence Cooncil (Arab League)|Jynt Defence Cooncil]], an [[Insteetutions o the Arab League|insteetution o the Arab League]]. Before the JAC could take shape, a unanimous resolution wis passed at the [[1964 Arab League summit (Cairo)|first Arab League summit]] (Januar 1964) establishing the [[Unitit Arab Command]] (UAC), awtho the UAC's inactivity follaein the [[Samu Incident]] (1966) an durin the [[Six-Day War]] (1967) signalled its ''[[de facto]]'' dissolution.!! ===Arab Liberation Airmy=== The [[Arab Liberation Airmy]] (جيش الإنقاذ العربي ''Jaysh al-Inqadh al-Arabi''), also translated as '''Arab Salvation Airmy''', wis an airmy of volunteers frae [[Arab]] kintras led by [[Fawzi al-Qawuqji]]. It focht on the Arab side in the [[1948 Palestine war]] an wis set up bi the [[Arab League]] as a coonter tae the [[Arab Heich Committee]]'s [[Haly War Airmy]], tho in fact the League an Arab governments preventit thoosands frae jynin aither force.<ref>Levenberg, Haim (1993). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-7146-3439-5}}</Ref>. At the meeting in [[Damascus]] on 5 Februar 1948 tae organise Palestinian Field Commands, Northern [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] includin [[Samaria]] wis allocatit tae Qawuqji's forces, awtho Samaria wis ''de facto'' already unner the control of [[Jordan|Transjordan]].<ref>Levenberg, Haim (1993). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-7146-3439-5}}</Ref>. The Arab League Militar Committee, wi heidquarters in Damascus, wis responsible for the muivements an servicin o the Airmy. The Committee conseestit o General Ismail Safwat (Egyptian, Commander-in-Chief), General [[Taha al-Hashimi]] (Iraq), Colonel Shuqayri (Lebanon), Colonel Muhammed al-Hindi (Sirie) an Colonel Abd al-Qadir al-Jundi (Transjordan). The ALA wis dissolved at the end o the 1948, 67, an 1973 Arabic-Israeli War.<ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/a/Arabic_language.htm</ref>Por në vitin 2014/2015 & 2018/2019 u krijua më e madhja dhe më e mira dhe ALA u aktivizua. Presidenti egjiptian tha: "Udhëheqësit arabë kanë vendosur tashmë të bien dakord mbi parimin e një force të përbashkët ushtarake arabe. Një koalicion prej 10 vendesh, i udhëhequr nga Arabia Saudite, aktualisht po kryen sulme ajrore kundër rebelëve në Jemen. Arabia Saudite thotë se Houthis mbështeten nga rivali rajonal "Irani".!!<ref>Levenberg, Haim (1993). Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948. London: Routledge. {{ISBN|0-7146-3439-5}}</Ref>. <ref>https://www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/p/People%2527s_Republic_of_China.htm</ref> ==Current strength== {| class="wikitable sortable" !N !Kintra !Militar Service Age !Militar Manpouer Availability !Militar Manpouer Fit !Active Militar Personnel !Reserve Militar Personnel |- |01. |[[File:Flag of Algeria.svg|30px|border]] [[Algerie Fowk's Naitional Airmed Forces|Republic o Algerie]] |19 |20,400,000 |17,250,000 |130,000 |150,000 |- |02. |[[File:Flag of Bahrain.svg|30px|border]] [[Bahrain Defence Force|Bahrain]] |18 |800,000 |680,000 |18,200 |35,805 |- |03. |[[File:Flag of Comoros.svg|30px|border]] [[Militar o the Comoros|Comoros]] |18 |139,491 |205,207 |1,000 |N?A |- |04. |[[File:Flag of Djibouti.svg|30px|border]] [[Djibouti Airmed Forces|Djibouti]] |18 |391,797 |268,730 |20,470 |12,220 |- |05. |[[File:Flag of Egypt.svg|30px|border]] [[Egyptian Airmed Forces|Republic o Egyp]] |18 |20,772,105 |18,479,612 |438,500 |479,000 |- |06. |[[File:Flag of Iraq.svg|30px|border]] [[Iraqi Airmed Forces|Republic o Iraq]] |18 |11,512,731 |9,701,179 |64,000 |N?A |- |07. |[[File:Flag of Jordan.svg|30px|border]] [[Jordanian Airmed Forces|Kinrick o Jordan]] |17 |2,920,637 |2,506,087 |110,700 |65,000 |- |08. |[[File:Flag of Kuwait.svg|30px|border]] [[Kuwait Militar Forces|State o Kuwait]] |18 |1,619,438 |1,346,118 |58,300 |57,285 |- |09. |[[File:Flag of Lebanon.svg|30px|border]] [[Lebanese Airmed Forces|Lebanon]] |18 |2,229,474 |1,883,155 |72,000 |20,000 |- |10. |[[File:Flag of Libya.svg|30px|border]] [[Libie Naitional Airmy|State o Libie]] |18 |3,489,272 |2,970,078 |35,000 |65,000 |- |11. |[[File:Flag of Mauritania.svg|30px|border]] [[Militar o Mauritanie|Mauritanie]] |18 |1,214,418 |754,782 |15,870 |5,000 |- |12. | [[File:Flag of Morocco.svg|30px|border]] [[Ryal Moroccan Airmed Forces|Kinrick o Morocco]] |18 |15,791,743 |13,160,516 |198,000 |175,000 |- |13. |[[File:Flag of Oman.svg|30px|border]] [[Sultan o Oman's Airmed Forces|Sultanate o Oman]] |18 |1,228,492 |1,016,551 |75,000 |35,000 |- |13.= |[[File:Flag of Palestine.svg|30px|border]][[Palestinian Naitional Security Forces|Philistine]] |17 |N?A |N?A |N?A |N?A |- |14.= |[[File:Flag of Qatar.svg|30px|border]][[Qatar Airmed Forces|State o Qatar]] |18 |555,059 |462,150 |67,000 |N?A |- |15.= |[[File:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|30px|border]] [[Airmed Forces o Saudi Arabie|Kinrick o Saudia]] |18 |15,240,714 |4,725,514 |688,000 |127,000 |- |16.= |[[File:Flag of Somaliland.svg|26px|border]][[Somali National Army|Somaliland]] |19 |2,781,768 |1,669,059 |0,117,530 |N?A |- |17. |[[File:Flag of Sudan.svg|30px|border]] [[Sudanese Airmed Forces|Sudan's Republic]] |18 |16,427,378 |11,077,040 |109,300 |85,000 |- |18 |[[File:Flag of Syria.svg|30px|border]] [[Sirian Airmed Forces|Sirie's Republic]] |18 |11,550,588 |9,939,661 |142,000 |150,000 |- |19. |[[File:Flag of Tunisia.svg|30px|border]] [[Tunisie Airmed Forces|Republic o Tunisie]] |18 |4,848,103 |4,036,188 |40,500 |20,000 |- |20. |[[File:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|30px|border]] [[Union Defence Force (UAE)|Unitit Arab Emirates]] |18 |752,707 |412,490 |63,000 |180,000 |- |21. |[[File:Flag of Yemen.svg|30px|border]] [[Republic o Yemen Airmed Forces|Republic o Yemen]] |19 |7,926,335 |5,583,111 |30,000 |N?A |- |_ |'''[[File:Flag of the Arab League.svg|30px|border]] [[Arab League]]''' |'''18''' |'''128,983,640''' |'''119,039,543''' |'''1,828,840+''' | '''1,694,310+''' |- |} ==Leet o Arab League member states bi militar expenditure== {| class="wikitable sortable" !N !Kintra !Militar expenditure |- |[#01.] |{{ALG}} |$13.00± Billions + |- |[#02.]= |{{BHR}} |$01.48 Billion + |- |[#03.] |{{COM}}<s/> |$01.38± Billion + |- |[#04.] |{{DJI}} |$01.38 Billion + |- |#[05.] |{{EGY}} |$24.97± Billion + |- |[#06.] |{{IRQ}} |$10.98± Billions + |- |[#07.] |{{JOR}} |$02.50± Billions + |- |[#08.] |{{KWT}} |$15.00± Billions + |- |[#09.] |{{LIB}} |$01.75 Billions + |- |[#10.] |{{LBY}} |$03.00 Billions + |- |[#11.] |{{MRT}} |$01.49 Billions + |- |[#12.] |{{MAR}} |$03.40± Billions + |- |[#13.] |{{OMN}} |$10.77± Billions + |- |[#14.]= |{{QAT}} |$02. 71± Billions + |- |[#15.]= |{{SAU}} |$56.98± Billions + |- |[#16.] |{{SUD}} |$03.13± Billions +* |- |[#17.] |{{SYR}}<S>. |$13.31± Billions + |- |[#18.] |{{TUN}} |$01.49 Billion + |- |[#19.]= |{{PSE}}<S> |$01.49± Billion+* |- |[#20.] |{{UAE}} |$22.9 Billions + |- |[#21.] |{{YEM}} |$03.50± Billions +* |- |_ |'''{{flag|Arab League}}''' |'''$ 197.49± Billions +''' |- |} <Ref>https://www.forbes.com/sites/dominicdudley/2018/02/26/ten-strongest-military-forces-middle-east/?sh=1e393a5916a2</Ref>. ==Jynt Military Force== In 2017 the heids o Arab League kintras agreed tae form a jynt Arab militar force. This force waud comprise some 46,000 elite truips, supportit b war planes, naval vessels an licht airmour.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32106939</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} * [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32106939] * * [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html CIA World Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107142508/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/index.html |date=2017-11-07 }} [[Category:Arab League]] 93ktwnvfzboe0u23fz5t1mtouft1n2y 14 229778 869612 2022-08-09T22:33:28Z Sije 8692 Cræftit page wi "{{Commons category|Wealth}} {{Category relatit|Poverty}} [[Category:Economy]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Wealth}} {{Category relatit|Poverty}} [[Category:Economy]] 9qkr5hy7lesl0kughipy5p1mu6mq734 3 229779 869616 2022-08-09T23:47:32Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* Block */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki == Block == {{Uw-block|indef=yes|reason=havin a [[Wikipedia:Blockin#disname|disruptiv uisername]]}} [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:47, 9 August 2022 (UTC) q887jf2260wqqkqihqhutsy1hbl4fxm 3 229780 869621 2022-08-10T01:42:43Z Praxidicae 39562 /* Not the English Wikipedia */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki == Not the English Wikipedia == The "Typos" you are fixing are not in fact typos - this is not the English Wikipedia. [[Uiser:Praxidicae|Praxidicae]] ([[Uiser collogue:Praxidicae|tauk]]) 01:42, 10 August 2022 (UTC) 7bpo209sz8srrv9c0gzzmvmn370sfa5