Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.46.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 2825 915827 915816 2026-04-28T13:18:52Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-25812-06, chynged back tae last version bi CiphriusKane 624771 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Herbs.jpg|thumb|[[Basil]], a common culinar yerb]] An '''yerb''' is a plant growed for culinary, [[heal]], or in some cases e'en speeritual vailyie. The green, leafy pairt o the plant is for ordinar uised. Ordinar uiss differs atween eatin yerbs an leiche's <!-- A medincenar, surgeon, or een - yett no foremaist - a barber gin yer in Alberdeenshire. --> yerbs. A leiche's yerb micht be a buss or ither widden plant, whan <!-- A meant whereas...hit wisna richt a chynged hit back. Sorry gin A'm hard tae wark wi. Truelly A am... -->an eatin yerb isna the widden pairt o a plant. *[[Botany]] {{Commonscat|Herbs}} [[Category:Yerbs]] 1k96779wb8as03w97le5jbk4j2ucqfg 0 6726 915874 909817 2026-04-29T05:32:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox planet | name = Muin | apsis = gee | symbol = [[file:Moon decrescent symbol (bold).svg|20px|☾]] | image = FullMoon2010.jpg | caption = [[Full muin]] as seen frae Yird's [[Northren Hemisphere]] | background = #ddd | adjectives = {{hlist |[[wikt:lunar|Lunar]] |[[wikt:selenic|selenic]]}} | periapsis = {{gaps |362 |600}}&nbsp;km<br />({{gaps |356 |400}}–{{gaps |370 |400}}&nbsp;km) | apoapsis = {{gaps |405 |400}}&nbsp;km<br />({{gaps |404 |000}}–{{gaps |406 |700}}&nbsp;km) | semimajor = {{val |384399 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}({{val |0.00257 |u=AU}})<ref name="W06"/> | eccentricity = {{val |0.0549}}<ref name="W06"/> | period = {{longitem |class=nowrap |{{val |27.321661 |ul=d}}<br />{{smaller |(27&thinsp;d 7&thinsp;h 43&thinsp;min 11.5&thinsp;s<ref name="W06"/>)}}}} | synodic_period = {{longitem |class=nowrap |{{val |29.530589 |u=d}}<br />{{smaller |(29&thinsp;d 12&thinsp;h 44&thinsp;min 2.9&thinsp;s)}}}} | avg_speed = {{val |1.022 |ul=km/s}} | inclination = {{nowrap |5.145° tae the [[ecliptic]]<ref name="Lang2011"/>{{efn|name=inclination}}}} | asc_node = {{longitem |Regressin bi ane [[orbit|revolution]] in 18.61&nbsp;years}} | arg_peri = {{longitem |Progressin bi ane revolution in 8.85&nbsp;years}} | satellite_of = [[Yird]]{{efn|name=near-Earth asteroids}}<ref name="Morais2002"/> | flattening = {{val |0.0012}}<ref name="NSSDC"/> | equatorial_radius = {{nowrap |{{val |1738.1 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.273 o Yird's)}}<ref name="NSSDC"/>}} | polar_radius = {{nowrap |{{val |1736.0 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.273 o Yird's)}}<ref name="NSSDC"/>}} | mean_radius = {{nowrap |{{val |1737.1 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.273 o Yird's)}}<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=David E. |last2=Zuber |first2=Maria T. |last3=Neumann |first3=Gregory A. |last4=Lemoine|first4=Frank G. |title=Topography of the Moon from the Clementine lidar |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |date=1 January 1997 |volume=102 |issue=E1 |page=1601 |doi=10.1029/96JE02940 |bibcode=1997JGR...102.1591S}}</ref>}} | circumference = {{nowrap |{{val |10921 |u=km}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |([[equator]]ial)}}}} | surface_area = {{nowrap |{{val |3.793 |e=7 |u=km2}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.074 o Yird's)}}}} | volume = {{nowrap |{{val |2.1958 |e=10 |u=km3}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(0.020 o Yird's)<ref name="NSSDC"/>}}}} | mass = {{nowrap |{{val |7.342 |e=22 |u=kg}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |({{val |0.012300}} o Yird's)<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/>}}}} | density = {{val |3.344 |ul=g/cm3}}<ref name="W06"/><ref name="NSSDC"/><br /><small>{{val |0.606}} × Yird</small> | surface_grav = {{nowrap |{{val |1.62 |ul=m/s2}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |({{val |0.1654 |u=[[G-force|g]]}})<ref name="NSSDC"/>}}}} | moment_of_inertia_factor = {{val |0.3929 |0.0009}}<ref name="Williams1996" /> | escape_velocity = {{val |2.38 |ul=km/s}} | sidereal_day = {{nowrap |{{val |27.321661 |u=d}}{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |([[tidal lockin|synchronous]])}}}} <!-- Wieczorek et al. 2006 --> | rot_velocity = {{nowrap |4.627 m/s}} | axial_tilt = {{ublist |class=nowrap |1.5424° tae [[ecliptic]]<!--1.533° according to Conn 2007-->|6.687° tae [[Orbital plane (astronomy)|orbit plane]]<ref name="Lang2011"/><!--6.4° according to Grego;<ref name="Grego2005">Grego, Peter, [https://books.google.com/books?id=z6Pgt9xEW9gC&pg=PA48 ''The Moon and How to Observe It''], Springer, 2005</ref> 6.6783° according to Conn.<ref name="Conn2007">Conn, David (2007); ''Lednorf's Dilemma'', AuthorHouse, Bloomington (IN)</ref>-->}} | albedo = 0.136<ref name="Saari"/> | temp_name1 = Equator | min_temp_1 = 100 [[Kelvin|K]] | mean_temp_1 = 220 K | max_temp_1 = 390 K | temp_name2 = 85°N&nbsp; | min_temp_2 = | mean_temp_2 = 150 K | max_temp_2 = 230 K<ref name="Vasavada1999"/> | magnitude = {{ublist |class=nowrap |−2.5 tae −12.9{{efn |name=maxval}} |−12.74{{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(mean [[full muin]])}}<ref name="NSSDC"/>}} | angular_size = {{nowrap |29.3 tae 34.1 [[meenit an seicont o arc|arcmeenits]]<ref name="NSSDC"/>{{efn |name=angular size}}}} | atmosphere = yes | atmosphere_ref = <ref name="L06"/> | surface_pressure = {{ublist |class=nowrap |10{{sup |−7}} [[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] (1 [[bar (unit)|picobar]]){{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(day)}} |10{{sup |−10}} Pa (1 femtobar) {{nbsp |2}}{{smaller |(nicht)}}{{efn |name=pressure explanation}}}} | atmosphere_composition = {{hlist |[[Helium|He]] |[[Argon|Ar]] |[[Neon|Ne]] |[[Sodium|Na]] |[[Potassium|K]] |[[Hydrogen|H]] |[[Radon|Rn]]}} }} The '''Muin''' is an [[Astronomical object|astronomical bouk]] that [[orbit]]s [[planet]] [[Yird]], bein Yird's anerly permanent [[naitural satellite]]. It is [[Leet o Solar Seestem objects bi size#Leet o objects bi radius|the fift-lairgest]] naitural satellite in the [[Solar Seestem]], an the lairgest amang planetar satellites relative tae the size o the planet that it orbits (its [[Primar (astronomy)|primar]]). Follaein [[Jupiter]]'s satellite [[Io (muin)|Io]], the Muin is seicond-[[Density|densest]] satellite amang thae whase densities are kent. The Muin is thocht tae hae formed aboot 4.51 billion year ago, [[Age o the Yird|nae lang efter Yird]]. The maist widely acceptit explanation is that the Muin formed frae the debris left ower efter a [[giant impact hypothesis|giant impact]] atween Yird an a [[Maurs]]-sized bouk cried [[Theia (planet)|Theia]]. The Muin is in [[tidal lockin|synchronous rotation]] wi Yird, ayeweys shawin the same face, wi its [[near side o the Muin|near side]] merked bi daurk volcanic [[lunar mare|maria]] that fill the spaces atween the bricht auncient crustal hielands an the prominent [[impact crater]]s. As seen frae the Yird, it is the seicont-brichtest regularly veesible [[celestial object]] in Yird's sky, efter the Sun. Its surface is actually daurk, awtho compared tae the nicht sky it appears verra bricht, wi a [[reflectance]] juist slichtly heicher nor that o worn [[Asphalt concrete|asphalt]]. Its gravitational influence produces the [[tide|ocean tides]], [[Yird tide|bouk tides]], an the [[tidal acceleration|slicht lenthenin]] o the day. The Muin's current [[Lunar distance (astronomy)|orbital distance]] is {{convert|384400|km|abbr=on}},<ref>{{cite web |url=http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/moon-distance/en/ |title=How far away is the moon? :: NASA Space Place |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006220531/http://spaceplace.nasa.gov/moon-distance/en/ |archivedate=6 October 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>Scott, Elaine. ''Our Moon: New Discoveries About Earth's Closest Companion''. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt (2016) {{ISBN|9780544750586}}. page 7.</ref> or 1.28 licht-seiconts. This is aboot thirty times the diameter o Yird, wi its [[Angular diameter|apparent size]] in the sky awmaist the same as that o the Sun, resultin in the Muin coverin the Sun nearly precisely in tot [[solar eclipse]]. This matchin o apparent veesual size will nae conteena in the faur futur, acause the Muin's distance frae Yird is slawly increasin. The [[Soviet Union]]'s [[Luna programme]] wis the first tae reach the Muin wi [[unmanned spacecraft|uncrewed spacecraft]] in 1959; the Unitit States' [[NASA]] [[Apollo program]] achieved the anerly crewed missions tae date, beginnin wi the first crewed lunar orbitin mission bi [[Apollo 8]] in 1968, an sax crewed lunar laundins atween 1969 an 1972, wi the first bein [[Apollo 11]]. Thir missions returned [[Muin rock|lunar rocks]] that hae been uised tae develop a [[Geology o the Muin|geological]] unnerstaundin o the Muin's oreegin, [[internal structure o the Moon|internal structur]], an [[geology o the Muin|later history]]. Syne the [[Apollo 17]] mission in 1972, the Muin haes been veesitit anerly bi uncrewed spacecraft. Athin human cultur, baith the Muin's naitural prominence in the yirdly sky, an its regular cycle o [[lunar phases|phases]] as seen frae the Yird hae providit cultural references an influences for human societies an culturs syne time immemorial. Sic cultural influences can be foond in [[leid]], [[Lunar calendar|lunar based calendar seestems]], [[Muin in feection|airt]], an [[Lunar deity|meethologie]]. ==Pheesical chairactereestics== ===Internal structur=== [[File:Moon diagram.svg|thumb|left |Structur o the Muin]] {|class="wikitable floatright" style="margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;" |+ Chemical composeetion o the lunar surface regolith (derived frae crustal rocks)<ref>{{cite book |author=Taylor, Stuart Ross |title=Lunar science: A post-Apollo view |date=1975 |page=64 |publisher=[[Pergamon Press]] |url=http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1975lspa.book.....T/0000064.000.html |access-date=2017-08-22 |archive-date=2021-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217153346/http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu//full/1975lspa.book.....T/0000064.000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><!-- After Turkevich, A.L. (1973) PLC 4:1159; Moon. 8:365. --> ! rowspan="2" |Compoond ! rowspan="2" |Formula ! colspan="2" |Composeetion (wt %) |- ! style="font-size: smaller;" |Maria ! style="font-size: smaller;" |Hielands |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[Seelicon dioxide|seelicae]] |SiO₂ |45.4% |45.5% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[Alumeenium oxide|alumina]] |Al₂O₃ |14.9% |24.0% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[Calcium oxide|lime]] |CaO |11.8% |15.9% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[airn(II) oxide]] |FeO |14.1% |5.9% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[Magnesium oxide|magnesia]] |MgO |9.2% |7.5% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[titanium dioxide]] |TiO₂ |3.9% |0.6% |- |style="text-align: left;" |[[sodium oxide]] |Na₂O |0.6% |0.6% |- ! colspan="2" |Tot ! 99.9% ! 100.0% |} The Muin is a [[planetar differentiation|differentiatit]] bouk: it haes a [[Geochemistry|geochemically]] distinct [[Crust (geology)|crust]], [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]], an [[Planetar core|core]]. The Muin haes a solit airn-rich inner core wi a radius o {{Convert |240 |km |abbr=on}} an a fluid ooter core primarily made o liquid iron wi a radius o aboot {{Convert |300 |km |abbr=on}}. Aroond the core is a pairtially mowten boondary layer wi a radius o aboot {{Convert |500 |km |abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|last1= Brown|first1= D.|last2= Anderson|first2= J.|website= NASA|url= http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/lunar_core.html|title= NASA Research Team Reveals Moon Has Earth-Like Core|publisher= [[NASA]] via Web Citation.org|date= 6 January 2011|access-date= 2017-08-22|archive-date= 2012-01-11|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120111112210/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/lunar_core.html|url-status= dead}}</ref><ref name="Weber2011">{{cite journal|last1= Weber|first1= R. C.|last2= Lin|first2= P.-Y.|last3= Garnero|first3= E. J.|last4= Williams|first4= Q.|last5= Lognonne|first5= P.|title= Seismic Detection of the Lunar Core|journal= Science|volume= 331|issue= 6015|date= 2011-01-21|pages= 309–312|url= http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/seth/351/lunarcore.2011.pdf|doi= 10.1126/science.1199375|pmid= 21212323|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20151015035756/http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/people/seth/351/lunarcore.2011.pdf|archivedate= 15 October 2015|df= dmy-all}}</ref> This structur is thocht tae hae developed throu the [[Fractional creestallisation (geology)|fractional creestallisation]] o a global [[lunar magma ocean|magma ocean]] shortly efter the Muin's formation 4.5&nbsp;billion year ago.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/ngeo417 |title=Timing of crystallization of the lunar magma ocean constrained by the oldest zircon |date=2009 |last1=Nemchin |first1=A. |last2=Timms |first2=N. |last3=Pidgeon |first3=R. |last4=Geisler |first4=T. |last5=Reddy |first5=S. |last6=Meyer |first6=C. |journal=[[Nature Geoscience]] |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=133–136 |bibcode=2009NatGe...2..133N}}</ref> Creestallisation o this magma ocean wad hae creatit a [[mafic]] mantle frae the [[Precipitation (chemistry)|precipitation]] an sinkin o the minerals [[olivine]], [[clinopyroxene]], an [[orthopyroxene]]; efter aboot three-quarters o the magma ocean haed creestallised, lawer-density [[plagioclase]] meenerals coud form an fleet intae a crust atap.<ref name="S06" /> The feenal liquids tae crystallise wad hae been ineetially sandwiched atween the crust an mantle, wi a heich abundance o [[Compatibility (geochemistry)|incompatible]] an heat-producin elements.<ref name="W06" /> Conseestent wi this perspective, geochemical mappin made frae orbit suggests the crust o maistly [[anorthosite]].<ref name="L06" /> The [[Muin rock]] samples o the fluid lavas that erupted ontae the surface frae pairtial meltin in the mantle confirm the mafic mantle composeetion, that is mair airn rich nor that o Yird.<ref name="W06" /> The crust is on average aboot {{Convert|50 |km |abbr=on}} thick.<ref name="W06" /> The Muin is the seicont-densest satellite in the Solar Seestem, efter [[Io (muin)|Io]].<ref name="Schubert2004" /> Houiver, the inner core o the Muin is smaw, wi a radius o aboot {{Convert |350 |km |abbr=on}} or less,<ref name="W06" /> aroond 20% o the radius o the Muin. Its composeetion is nae well defined, but is probably metallic airn alloyed wi a smaw amoont o [[sulfur]] an nickel; analyses o the Muin's time-variable rotation suggest that it is at least pairtly mowten.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Williams |first=J. G. |last2=Turyshev |first2=S. G. |last3=Boggs |first3=D. H. |last4=Ratcliff |first4=J. T. |title=Lunar laser ranging science: Gravitational physics and lunar interior and geodesy |journal=[[Advances in Space Research]] |date=2006 |volume=37 |issue=1 |pages=67–71 |bibcode=2006AdSpR..37...67W |doi=10.1016/j.asr.2005.05.013 |arxiv=gr-qc/0412049}}</ref> ===Surface geology=== [[File:MoonTopoLOLA.png|thumb|alt=Topografie o the Moon meisurt frae the Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter on the mission [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]], referenced tae a sphere o radius 1737.4&nbsp;km|Topografie o the Muin]] The [[topografie o the Muin]] haes been meisurt wi [[laser altimetry]] an [[stereoscopy|stereo eemage analysis]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Topography of the South Polar Region from Clementine Stereo Imaging |author1=Spudis, Paul D.|author2=Cook, A.|author3=Robinson, M.|author4=Bussey, B.|author5=Fessler, B. |bibcode=1998nvmi.conf...69S |journal=Workshop on New Views of the Moon: Integrated Remotely Sensed, Geophysical, and Sample Datasets |page=69 |date=January 1998}}</ref> Its maist veesible [[Leet o featurs on the Muin|topografic featur]] is the giant far-side [[Sooth Pole–Aitken basin]], some {{Convert|2240 |km |abbr=on}} in diameter, the lairgest crater on the Muin an the seicont-lairgest confirmed impact [[Leet o lairgest craters in the Solar Seestem|crater in the Solar Seestem]].<ref name="Spudis1994" /><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1029/97GL01718 |first1=C.M. |last1=Pieters |first2=S. |last2=Tompkins |first3=J.W. |last3=Head |first4=P.C. |last4=Hess |title=Mineralogy of the Mafic Anomaly in the South Pole‐Aitken Basin: Implications for excavation of the lunar mantle |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=24 |issue=15 |pages=1903–1906 |date=1997 |bibcode=1997GeoRL..24.1903P}}</ref> At {{Convert |13 |km |abbr=on}} deep, its fluir is the lawest pynt on the surface o the Muin.<ref name="Spudis1994" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/July98/spa.html |title=The Biggest Hole in the Solar System |last=Taylor |first=G.J. |date=17 July 1998 |work=Planetary Science Research Discoveries |publisher=[[Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology]] |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070820042129/http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/July98/spa.html |archivedate=20 August 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The heichest elevations o the Muin's surface are locatit directly tae the northeast, an it haes been suggestit micht hae been thickened bi the oblique formation impact o the Sooth Pole–Aitken basin.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Schultz |first=P. H. |date=March 1997 |page=1259 |volume=28 |title=Forming the south-pole Aitken basin – The extreme games |journal=Conference Paper, 28th Annual Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |bibcode=1997LPI....28.1259S}}</ref> Ither lairge impact basins, sic as [[Mare Imbrium|Imbrium]], [[Mare Serenitatis|Serenitatis]], [[Mare Crisium|Crisium]], [[Mare Smythii|Smythii]], an [[Mare Orientale|Orientale]], an aa possess regionally law elevations an elevatit rims.<ref name="Spudis1994" /> The faur side o the lunar surface is on average aboot {{Convert |1.9 |km |abbr=on}} heicher nor that o the near side.<ref name="W06" /> The discovery o [[faut scarp]] cliffs bi the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] suggest that the Muin haes scrinkit athin the past billion year, bi aboot 90 metres (300&nbsp;ft).<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[NASA]]|title=NASA's LRO Reveals 'Incredible Shrinking Moon'|date=19 August 2010|url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/shrinking-moon.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100821124252/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/LRO/news/shrinking-moon.html|archivedate=21 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Seemilar scrinkage featurs exist on [[Mercur (planet)|Mercur]]. ====Volcanic featurs==== [[File:Moon names.svg|thumb |[[Near side of the Moon|Lunar nearside]] wi [[Lunar mare|major maria]] an [[Lunar craters|craters]] labeled |alt=Lunar nearside wi major maria an craters labeled]] The daurk an relatively featurless lunar plains, clearly seen wi the nakit ee, are cried ''[[lunar mare|maria]]'' ([[Laitin leid|Latiin]] for "seas"; seengular ''mare''), as thay war ance believed tae be filled wi watter;<ref>{{cite book |author=Wlasuk, Peter |title=Observing the Moon |url=https://books.google.com/?id=TWtLIOlPwS4C |date=2000 |publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] |isbn=978-1-85233-193-1 |page=19}}</ref> thay are nou kent tae be vast solitifee'd puils o auncient [[basalt]]ic lava. Awtho seemilar tae terrestrial basalts, lunar basalts hae mair airn an no minerals altered bi watter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html |title=The Oldest Moon Rocks |last=Norman |first=M. |work=Planetary Science Research Discoveries |publisher=[[Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology]] |date=21 April 2004 |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418152325/http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html |archivedate=18 April 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Varricchio |first=L. |title=Inconstant Moon |date=2006 |publisher=[[Xlibris Books]] |isbn=978-1-59926-393-9}}</ref> The majority o thir lavas eruptit or flawed intae the depressions associatit wi [[impact crater|impact basins]]. Several [[geologic province]]s conteenin [[shield volcano]]es an volcanic [[lunar dome|domes]] are foond within the near side "maria".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Head |first=L.W.J.W. |title=Lunar Gruithuisen and Mairan domes: Rheology and mode of emplacement |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |date=2003 |volume=108 |url=http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001909.shtml |accessdate=12 April 2007 |issue=E2 |doi=10.1029/2002JE001909 |page=5012 |bibcode=2003JGRE..108.5012W |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312071105/http://www.agu.org/pubs/crossref/2003/2002JE001909.shtml |archivedate=12 March 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[File:14284-Moon-Maskelyne-LRO-20141012.jpg|thumb |150px |left |Evidence of [[Irregular mare patch|young lunar volcanism]]]] Awmaist aw maria are on the near side o the Muin, an civer 31% o the surface o the near side,<ref name="worldbook" /> compared wi 2% o the faur side.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gillis |first1=J.J. |last2=Spudis |first2=P.D. |title=The Composition and Geologic Setting of Lunar Far Side Maria |journal=[[Lunar and Planetary Science]] |date=1996 |volume=27 |pages=413 |bibcode=1996LPI....27..413G}}</ref> This is thocht tae be due tae a [[KREEP|concentration o heat-producin elements]] unner the crust on the near side, seen on geochemical maps obteened bi ''[[Lunar Prospector]]'''s gamma-ray spectrometer, that wad hae caused the unnerleein mantle tae heat up, pairtially melt, rise tae the surface an erupt.<ref name="S06" /><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/281/5382/1484 |title=Global Elemental Maps of the Moon: The Lunar Prospector Gamma-Ray Spectrometer |author=Lawrence |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |volume=281 |issue=5382 |pages=1484–1489 |doi=10.1126/science.281.5382.1484 |date=11 August 1998 |accessdate=29 August 2009 |pmid=9727970 |bibcode=1998Sci...281.1484L |name-list-format=vanc |author2=D. J. |display-authors=2 |last3=Barraclough |first3=BL |last4=Binder |first4=AB |last5=Elphic |first5=RC |last6=Maurice |first6=S |last7=Thomsen |first7=DR|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090516065007/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/281/5382/1484 |archivedate=16 May 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug00/newMoon.html |title=A New Moon for the Twenty-First Century |last=Taylor |first=G.J. |work=Planetary Science Research Discoveries |publisher=[[Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology]] |date=31 August 2000 |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/66BdZ4zPb?url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Aug00/newMoon.html |archivedate=2012-03-15 |df=dmy-all |url-status=live }}</ref> Maist o the Muin's [[lunar mare|mare basalts]] eruptit in the Imbrian period, 3.0–3.5&nbsp;billion year aby, awtho some radiometrically datit samples are as auld as 4.2&nbsp;billion year.<ref name="Papike" /> Till recently, the youngest eruptions, datit bi [[crater coontin]], appeared tae hae been anly 1.2&nbsp;billion year aby.<ref name="Hiesinger" /> In 2006, a study o [[Ina (crater)|Ina]], a tottie depression in [[Lacus Felicitatis]], foond jagged, relatively dust-free featurs that, due tae the lack o erosion bi infawin debris, appeared tae be anly 2 million year auld.<ref name=Berardelli>{{cite web |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/2006/11/long-live-moon |title=Long Live the Moon! |publisher=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |date=9 November 2006 |author=Phil Berardelli|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018153016/http://news.sciencemag.org/2006/11/long-live-moon |archivedate=18 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Muinquake]]s an releases o gas an aa indicate some continued lunar acteevity.<ref name=Berardelli /> In 2014 NASA annoonced "widespread evidence o young lunar volcanism" at 70 [[irregular mare patch]]es identifee'd bi the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]], some less nor 50 million year auld. This raises the possibeelity o a muckle wairmer lunar mantle nor previously believed, at least on the near side whaur the deep crust is substantially waurmer due tae the greater concentration o radioactive elements.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/imps-reveal-volcanoes-erupted-recently-on-the-moon-141014.htm |title=Volcanoes Erupted 'Recently' on the Moon |publisher=[[Discovery News]] |date=14 October 2014 |author=Jason Major|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016190653/http://news.discovery.com/space/imps-reveal-volcanoes-erupted-recently-on-the-moon-141014.htm |archivedate=16 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/october/nasa-mission-finds-widespread-evidence-of-young-lunar-volcanism/#.VDxNw0t3uxo |title=NASA Mission Finds Widespread Evidence of Young Lunar Volcanism |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=12 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103095208/http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/october/nasa-mission-finds-widespread-evidence-of-young-lunar-volcanism/#.VDxNw0t3uxo |archivedate=3 January 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/space/2014/10/recent-volcanic-eruptions-moon |title=Recent volcanic eruptions on the moon |publisher=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |date=12 October 2014 |author=Eric Hand|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014092239/http://news.sciencemag.org/space/2014/10/recent-volcanic-eruptions-moon |archivedate=14 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| url = http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v7/n11/full/ngeo2252.html| title = Evidence for basaltic volcanism on the Moon within the past 100 million years| journal = [[Nature Geoscience]]| last1 = Braden| first1 = S. E.| last2 = Stopar| first2 = J. D.| last3 = Robinson| first3 = M. S.| last4 = Lawrence| first4 = S. J.| last5 = van der Bogert| first5 = C. H.| last6 = Hiesinger| first6 = H.doi=10.1038/ngeo2252| volume = 7| pages = 787–791| bibcode = 2014NatGe...7..787B| doi = 10.1038/ngeo2252| access-date = 2025-10-09| archive-date = 2014-11-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141105124314/http://www.nature.com/ngeo/journal/v7/n11/full/ngeo2252.html| url-status = bot: unknown}}</ref> Juist prior tae this, evidence haes been presentit for 2–10 million years younger basaltic volcanism inside Lowell crater,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Srivastava |first1=N. |last2=Gupta |first2=R.P. |year=2013 |title=Young viscous flows in the Lowell crater of Orientale basin, Moon: Impact melts or volcanic eruptions? |url= |journal=[[Planetary and Space Science]] |volume=87 |issue= |pages=37–45 |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2013.09.001 |bibcode=2013P&SS...87...37S}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gupta |first1=R.P. |last2=Srivastava |first2=N. |last3=Tiwari |first3=R.K. |year=2014 |title=Evidences of relatively new volcanic flows on the Moon |url= |journal=[[Current Science]] |volume=107 |issue=3 |pages=454–460}}</ref> Orientale basin, locatit in the transeetion zone atween the near an faur sides o the Muin. An ineetially hetter mantle and/or local enrichment o heat-producin elements in the mantle coud be responsible for prolanged acteevities an aa on the faur side in the Orientale basin.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Whitten |first1=J. |display-authors=etal |year=2011 |title=Lunar mare deposits associated with the Orientale impact basin: New insights into mineralogy, history, mode of emplacement, and relation to Orientale Basin evolution from Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) data from Chandrayaan-1 |url= |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=116 |issue= |page=E00G09 |doi=10.1029/2010JE003736 |bibcode=2011JGRE..116.0G09W}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cho |first1=Y. |display-authors=etal |year=2012 |title=Young mare volcanism in the Orientale region contemporary with the Procellarum KREEP Terrane (PKT) volcanism peak period 2 b. y. ago |url= |journal=[[Geophysical Research Letters]] |volume=39 |issue= |page=L11203}}</ref> The lichter-coloured regions o the Muin are cried ''terrae'', or mair commonly ''highlands'', acause thay are heicher nor maist maria. Thay hae been radiometrically datit tae haein formed 4.4&nbsp;billion year aby, an mey represent [[plagioclase]] [[Cumulate rock|cumulates]] o the [[lunar magma ocean]].<ref name="Papike" /><ref name="Hiesinger" /> In contrast tae Yird, na major lunar moontains are believed tae hae formed as a result o tectonic events.<ref>{{cite web|last=Munsell |first=K. |publisher=[[NASA]] |work=Solar System Exploration |title=Majestic Mountains |url=http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/educ/themes/display.cfm?Item=mountains |date=4 December 2006 |accessdate=12 April 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917055643/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/educ/themes/display.cfm?Item=mountains |archivedate=17 September 2008 |df= }}</ref> The concentration o maria on the Near Side likely reflects the substantially thicker crust o the helands o the Faur Side, that mey hae formed in a slaw-velocity impact o a seicont muin o Yird a few tens o millions o years efter thair formation.<ref>{{cite web |author=Richard Lovett |url=http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110803/full/news.2011.456.html#B1 |title=Early Earth may have had two moons : Nature News |publisher=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |accessdate=1 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103145236/http://www.nature.com/news/2011/110803/full/news.2011.456.html#B1 |archivedate=3 November 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://theconversation.edu.au/was-our-two-faced-moon-in-a-small-collision-2659 |title=Was our two-faced moon in a small collision? |publisher=Theconversation.edu.au |accessdate=1 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130004522/http://theconversation.edu.au/was-our-two-faced-moon-in-a-small-collision-2659 |archivedate=30 January 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ====Impact craters==== [[File:Moon-craters.jpg|thumb|right|alt=A gray, mony-ridged surface frae heich abuin. The lairgest featur is a circular rainged structur wi heich wawed sides an a lawer central peak: the entire surface oot tae the horizon is filled wi seemilar structurs that are smawer an owerlappin.|Lunar crater [[Daedalus (crater)|Daedalus]] on the [[Faur side o the Muin|Muin's faur side]]]] The ither major geologic process that haes affectit the Muin's surface is [[impact crater]]in,<ref>{{cite book|last=Melosh |first=H. J. |title=Impact cratering: A geologic process |url=https://archive.org/details/impactcrateringg0000melo |date=1989 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-504284-9}}</ref> wi craters formed whan asteroids an comets collide wi the lunar surface. Thare are estimatit tae be aboot 300,000 craters wider nor {{Convert |1 |km |4=1 |abbr=on}} on the Muin's near side alane.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moon Facts |url=http://planck.esa.int/science-e/www/object/index.cfm?fobjectid=31412 |work=SMART-1 |publisher=[[European Space Agency]] |date=2010 |accessdate=12 May 2010}}</ref> The [[lunar geologic timescale]] is based on the maist prominent impact events, includin [[Nectarian|Nectaris]], [[Lower Imbrian|Imbrium]], an [[Mare Orientale|Orientale]], structurs chairacterised bi multiple raings o upliftit material, atween hunders an thoosands o kilometres in diameter an associatit wi a braid apron o ejecta deposits that form a regional [[stratigraphy|stratigraphic horizon]].<ref name="geologic" /> The lack o an atmosphere, wather an recent geological processes mean that mony o thir craters are well-preserved. Awtho anly a few multi-raing basins hae been definitively datit, thay are uisefu for assignin relative ages. Acause impact craters accumulate at a nearly constant rate, coontin the nummer o craters per unit area can be uised tae estimate the age o the surface.<ref name="geologic" /> The radiometric ages o impact-meltit rocks collectit in the [[Apollo missions]] cluster atween 3.8 an 4.1&nbsp;billion year auld: this haes been uised tae propone a [[Late Heavy Bombardment]] o impacts.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hartmann |first=William K. |last2=Quantin |first2=Cathy |last3=Mangold |first3=Nicolas |date=2007 |volume=186 |issue=1 |pages=11–23 |journal=[[Icarus (jurnal)|Icarus]] |title=Possible long-term decline in impact rates: 2. Lunar impact-melt data regarding impact history |doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2006.09.009 |postscript=<!--None--> |bibcode=2007Icar..186...11H}}</ref> Blanketit on tap o the Muin's crust is a heichly [[Comminution|comminutit]] (breuken intae ever smawer particles) an [[impact gairdenin|impact gairdened]] surface layer cried [[regolith]], formed bi impact processes. The finer regolith, the [[lunar sile]] o [[seelicon dioxide]] gless, haes a textur resemblin snaw an a scent resemblin spent [[gunpouder]].<ref>{{cite web |date=30 January 2006 |accessdate=15 March 2010 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm |title=The Smell of Moondust |publisher=[[NASA]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100308112332/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2006/30jan_smellofmoondust.htm |archivedate=8 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The regolith o aulder surfaces is generally thicker than for younger surfaces: it varies in thickness frae {{Convert|10 |- |20 |km |abbr=on}} in the hielands an {{Convert |3 |- |5 |km |abbr=on}} in the maria.<ref>{{cite book |last=Heiken |first=G. |editor1-last=Vaniman |editor1-first=D. |editor2-last=French |editor2-first=B. |title=Lunar Sourcebook, a user's guide to the Moon |url=https://www.lpi.usra.edu/publications/books/lunar_sourcebook/|date=1991 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=New York |isbn=978-0-521-33444-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/lunarsourcebooku00heik/page/n774 736]}}</ref> Beneath the finely comminuted regolith layer is the ''megaregolith'', a layer o heichly fractured bedrock mony kilometres thick.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Rasmussen |first=K.L. |author2=Warren, P.H. |title=Megaregolith thickness, heat flow, and the bulk composition of the Moon |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_1985-01-10_313_5998/page/n53 |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |date=1985 |volume=313 |issue=5998 |pages=121–124 |bibcode=1985Natur.313..121R |doi=10.1038/313121a0}}</ref> Comparison o heich-resolution eemages obteened bi the [[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]] haes shawn a contemporary crater-production rate signeeficantly heicher nor previously estimatit. A seicontar craterin process caused bi [[Ejecta blanket|distal ejecta]] is thocht tae churn the tap twa centimetres o regolith a hunder times mair quickly nor previous models suggestit{{ndash}}on a timescale o 81,000 year.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2108929-the-moon-has-hundreds-more-craters-than-we-thought/ |title=The moon has hundreds more craters than we thought |first=Rebecca |last=Boyle |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013143743/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2108929-the-moon-has-hundreds-more-craters-than-we-thought/ |archivedate=13 October 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v538/n7624/full/nature19829.html |title=Quantifying crater production and regolith overturn on the Moon with temporal imaging |first1=Emerson J. |last1=Speyerer |first2=Reinhold Z. |last2=Povilaitis |first3=Mark S. |last3=Robinson |first4=Peter C. |last4=Thomas |first5=Robert V. |last5=Wagner |date=13 October 2016 |publisher= |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |volume=538 |issue=7624 |pages=215–218 |via=www.nature.com |doi=10.1038/nature19829 |pmid=27734864}}</ref> [[File:Reiner-gamma-clem1.jpg|thumb|200px|Lunar swirls at [[Reiner Gamma]]]] ====Lunar swirls==== Lunar swirls are enigmatic featurs foond across the Muin's surface, which are chairacterised bi a heich albedo, appearin optically immatur (i.e. the optical chairactereestics o a relatively young regolith), an eften displayin a sinuous shape. Thair curvilinear shape is eften accentuated bi law albedo regions that wind atween the bricht swirls. ==== Albedo an true colour o the Moon ==== The sicht o the Moon is shapit bi its reflectin propertie an the composition o its surface. The Moon’s albedo is aboot 0.12<ref>{{Cite web|title=Moon Albedo|url=https://www.universetoday.com/articles/moon-albedo|access-date=2025-10-04|website=Universe Today|language=en}}</ref>, compairable tae worn asphalt. Sae, altho it appears bricht in the nicht sky, it is realie relativel dark. This low albedo comes fae the lunar regolith, a layer o fine rock fragments formit bi meteorite impacts. Licht scatterin bi the regolith maks the phenomenon kent as the opposition surge, makin the Moon appear muckle brichter at fu Moon than at quarter phases. The Moon’s true colour, wi nae atmospheric effects, is a mutit bruunish-gray<ref>{{Cite web|last=Sayyad|first=Nihal|date=2024-10-08|title=What Is The Colour Of The Moon?|url=https://www.wondersinspace.com/what-is-the-colour-of-the-moon/|access-date=2025-10-04|language=en-US}}</ref>. This comes fae silicate minerals in the regolith, wi darker basaltic plains (maria) an lighter feldspar-rich highlands. The maria, formit bi auld volcanic flows, hae mair iron an titanium, giein them a darker tone. Frae Earth, the Moon’s colour can be altert bi the atmosphere, appearin red durin lunar eclipses or occasionallie blue due tae volcanic particles. The Moon alsa shows retro-reflection, scatterin licht back til its source an creatin a uniform brichtness across its disc wi nae significant limb darkenin. Its apparent size an brichtness vary due tae its elliptical orbit, appearin up tae 30% brichter an 14% lairger at perigee compairit tae apogee, a phenomenon kent as a "Supermoon". At times, the Moon can appear red or blue. It may appear red durin a lunar eclipse, because o the red spectrum o the Sun's licht bein refracted on the Moon bi Earth’s atmosphere. Because o this red colour, lunar eclipses are soms ca’d blood moons. The Moon can alsa seem red whan it appears at low angles an thru a thick atmosphere. The Moon may appear blue dependin on the presence o certain particles in the air, sic as volcanic particles, in which case it is ca’d a blue moon. Sin the words "red moon" an "blue moon" can alsa be used tae refer tae specific fu moons o the year, they dae nae alwais refer tae the presence o red or blue moonlicht. ====Presence o watter==== Liquid watter canna persist on the lunar surface. Whan exposed tae solar radiation, watter quickly decompones throu a process kent as [[photodissociation]] an is lost tae space. Houiver, syne the 1960s, scientists hae hypothesized that watter ice mey be depositit bi impactin [[comets]] or possibly produced bi the reaction o oxygen-rich lunar rocks, an hydrogen frae [[solar wind]], leavin traces o watter that coud possibly survive in cauld, permanently shaidaed craters at aither pole on the Muin.<ref name="Margot1999" /><ref> {{cite journal |first=William R. |last=Ward |title=Past Orientation of the Lunar Spin Axis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1975-08-01_189_4200/page/377 |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |date=1 August 1975 |volume=189 |issue=4200 |pages=377–379 |doi=10.1126/science.189.4200.377 |pmid=17840827 |bibcode=1975Sci...189..377W}} </ref> Computer simulations suggest that up tae {{Convert |14000 |km2 |abbr=on}} o the surface mey be in permanent shaidae.<ref name="M03" /> The presence o uisable quantities o watter on the Muin is an important factor in renderin [[Colonisation o the Moon|lunar habitation]] as a cost-effective plan; the alternative o transportin watter frae Yird wad be prohibitively expensive.<ref name="seedhouse2009" /> In years syne, seegnaturs o watter hae been foond tae exeest on the lunar surface.<ref name="moonwater_18032010" /> In 1994, the [[Clementine mission#Bistatic Radar Experiment|bistatic radar experiment]] locatit on the ''[[Clementine (spacecraft)|Clementine]]'' spacecraft, indicatit the existence o smaw, frozen pockets o watter close tae the surface. Houiver, later radar observations bi [[Arecibo Observatory|Arecibo]], suggest thir findings mey rather be rocks ejectit frae young impact craters.<ref>{{cite web |last=Spudis |first=P. |title=Ice on the Moon |url=http://www.thespacereview.com/article/740/1 |publisher=[[The Space Review]] |date=6 November 2006 |accessdate=12 April 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222083000/http://www.thespacereview.com/article/740/1 |archivedate=22 February 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 1998, the [[Lunar Prospector#Neutron Spectrometer (NS)|neutron spectrometer]] on the ''Lunar Prospector'' spacecraft shawed that heich concentrations o hydrogen are present in the first meter o deepth in the regolith near the polar regions.<ref name="Feldman1998" /> Volcanic lava beads, brocht back tae Yird abuird Apollo 15, shawed smaw amounts o watter in thair interior.<ref name="Saal2008" /> The 2008 ''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'' spacecraft haes syne confirmed the existence o surface watter ice, uisin the on-buird [[Moon Mineralogy Mapper]]. The spectrometer observed absorption lines common tae [[hydroxyl]], in reflected sunlicht, providin evidence o lairge quantities o watter ice, on the lunar surface. The spacecraft shawed that concentrations mey possibly be as heich as 1,000&nbsp;[[pairts per million|ppm]].<ref name="Pieters2009" /> In 2009, ''[[LCROSS]]'' sent a {{Convert|2300 |kg |abbr=on}} impactor intae a permanently shaidaed polar crater, an detectit at least {{Convert |100 |kg |abbr=on}} o watter in a plume o ejectit material.<ref name="Planetary" /><ref name="Colaprete" /> Anither examination o the LCROSS data shawed the amoont o detectit watter tae be closer tae {{Convert |155 |± |12 |kg |abbr=on}}.<ref name="Colaprete2010" /> In Mey 2011, 615–1410 ppm watter in [[melt inclusions]] in lunar saumple 74220 wis reportit,<ref name="hauri" /> the famous heich-titanium "orange gless sile" o volcanic oreegin collectit during the [[Apollo 17]] mission in 1972. The inclusions war formed in explosive eruptions on the Muin approximately 3.7 billion year aby. This concentration is comparable wi that o magma in Yird's [[upper mantle]]. Awtho o considerable selenological interest, this announcement affords little comfort tae wad-be lunar colonists—the sample oreeginatit mony kilometres ablo the surface, an the inclusions are sae difficult tae access that it teuk 39 year tae find them wi a state-o-the-airt ion microprobe instrument. ===Gravitational field=== The gravitational field o the Muin haes been meisurt throu trackin the [[Doppler effect|Doppler shift]] o radio signals emittit bi orbitin spacecraft. The main lunar gravity featurs are [[mass concentration (astronomy)|mascons]], lairge positive gravitational anomalies associatit wi some o the giant [[impact crater|impact basins]], partly caused bi the dense mare basaltic lava flaws that fill thae basins.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Muller |first=P. |author2=Sjogren, W. |title=Mascons: lunar mass concentrations |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1968-08-16_161_3842/page/680 |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |volume=161 |pages=680–684 |date=1968 |doi=10.1126/science.161.3842.680 |pmid=17801458 |issue=3842 |bibcode=1968Sci...161..680M}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |author=Richard A. Kerr |title=The Mystery of Our Moon's Gravitational Bumps Solved? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2013-04-12_340_6129/page/138 |volume=340 |pages=138–139 |date=12 April 2013 |doi=10.1126/science.340.6129.138-a |pmid=23580504}}</ref> The anomalies greatly influence the orbit o spacecraft aboot the Muin. Thare are some puzzles: lava flaws bi themsels canna expleen aw o the gravitational signatur, an some mascons exist that are nae linked tae mare volcanism.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Konopliv |first=A. |author2=Asmar, S. |author3=Carranza, E. |author4=Sjogren, W. |author5=Yuan, D. |title=Recent gravity models as a result of the Lunar Prospector mission |journal=[[Icarus (jurnal)|Icarus]] |volume=50 |issue=1 |pages=1–18 |date=2001 |doi=10.1006/icar.2000.6573 |bibcode=2001Icar..150....1K}}</ref> ===Magnetic field=== The Muin haes a freemit [[magnetic field]] o aboot 1–100 [[Tesla (unit)|nanoteslas]], less nor ane-hundert [[Yird's magnetic field|that o Yird]]. It daes nae currently hae a global [[dipole|dipolar]] magnetic field an anly haes crustal magnetisation, probably acquired early in lunar history whan a dynamo wis still operatin.<ref name="GB2009" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/magelres.htm |publisher=[[Lunar Prospector]] (NASA) |title=Magnetometer / Electron Reflectometer Results |date=2001 |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527121330/http://lunar.arc.nasa.gov/results/magelres.htm |archivedate=27 May 2010 |df= }}</ref> Alternatively, some o the remnant magnetization mey be frae transient magnetic fields generatit in lairge impact events throu the expansion o an impact-generatit plasma clood in the presence o an ambient magnetic field. This is supportit bi the apparent location o the lairgest crustal magnetisations near the [[antipodes]] o the giant impact basins.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hood |first=L.L. |author2=Huang, Z. |title=Formation of magnetic anomalies antipodal to lunar impact basins: Two-dimensional model calculations |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=96 |issue=B6 |pages=9837–9846 |date=1991 |doi=10.1029/91JB00308 |bibcode=1991JGR....96.9837H}}</ref> ===Atmosphere=== [[File:Apollo 17 twilight ray sketch.jpg|thumb|upright |Sketch bi the Apollo 17 astronauts. The lunar atmosphere wis later studied bi [[LADEE]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/07dec_moonstorms/ |title=Moon Storms |publisher=[[NASA]] |date=27 September 2013 |accessdate=3 October 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130912092057/http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2005/07dec_moonstorms/ |archivedate=12 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/main/#.VXCc0vBdiM8 |title=LADEE - Lunar Atmosphere Dust and Environment Explorer |first=Jessica |last=Culler |date=16 June 2015 |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408015242/http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/ladee/main/#.VXCc0vBdiM8 |archivedate=8 April 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>]] The Muin haes an atmosphere sae tenuous as tae be nearly [[vacuum]], wi a tot mass o less nor {{Convert|10 |MT}}.<ref>{{cite book |editor=Richard D. Johnson & Charles Holbrow |last=Globus |first=Ruth |title=Space Settlements: A Design Study |chapter=Chapter 5, Appendix J: Impact Upon Lunar Atmosphere |publisher=[[NASA]] |url=http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html |date=1977 |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100531205037/http://settlement.arc.nasa.gov/75SummerStudy/5appendJ.html |archivedate=31 May 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The surface pressur o this smaw mass is aroond 3 × 10⁻¹⁵&nbsp;[[Atmosphere (unit)|atm]] (0.3&nbsp;[[nanopascal|nPa]]); it varies wi the lunar day. Its soorces include [[ootgassin]] an [[sputterin]], a product o the bombardment o lunar sile bi [[solar wind]] ions.<ref name="L06" /><ref>{{cite journal |last=Crotts |first=Arlin P.S. |title=Lunar Outgassing, Transient Phenomena and The Return to The Moon, I: Existing Data |date=2008 |url=http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~arlin/TLP/paper1.pdf |bibcode=2008ApJ...687..692C |volume=687 |pages=692–705 |journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]] |doi=10.1086/591634 |arxiv=0706.3949 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220081142/http://www.astro.columbia.edu/~arlin/TLP/paper1.pdf |archivedate=20 February 2009 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Elements that hae been detectit include [[sodium]] an [[potassium]], produced bi sputterin (an aa foond in the atmospheres o [[Mercur (planet)|Mercur]] an [[Io (muin)|Io]]); [[helium-4]] an [[neon]]<ref name="NASA-20150817">{{cite web |last=Steigerwald |first=William |title=NASA's LADEE Spacecraft Finds Neon in Lunar Atmosphere |url=http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon |date=17 August 2015 |work=[[NASA]] |accessdate=18 August 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150819035151/http://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/ladee-lunar-neon/ |archivedate=19 August 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> frae the solar wind; an [[Argon|argon-40]], [[Radon|radon-222]], an [[polonium-210]], ootgassed efter thair creaution bi [[radioactive decay]] within the crust an mantle.<ref name="Stern1999" /><ref>{{cite journal|last=Lawson |first=S. |author2=Feldman, W. |author3=Lawrence, D. |author4=Moore, K. |author5=Elphic, R. |author6=Belian, R. |title=Recent outgassing from the lunar surface: the Lunar Prospector alpha particle spectrometer |journal=[[Journal of Geophysical Research]] |volume=110 |issue=E9 |page=1029 |date=2005 |doi=10.1029/2005JE002433 |bibcode=2005JGRE..11009009L}}</ref> The absence o sic neutral species (atoms or molecules) as [[oxygen]], [[nitrogen]], [[carbon]], [[hydrogen]] an [[magnesium]], that are present in the [[regolith]], is nae unnerstuid.<ref name="Stern1999" /> Watter vapour haes been detectit bi ''[[Chandrayaan-1]]'' an foond tae vary wi latitude, wi a maximum at ~60–70&nbsp;degrees; it is possibly generatit frae the [[sublimation (chemistry)|sublimation]] o watter ice in the regolith.<ref name="Sridharan2010" /> Thir gases aither return intae the regolith due tae the Muin's gravity or are lost tae space, aither throu solar radiation pressur or, if thay are ionized, bi bein swept awey bi the solar wind's magnetic field.<ref name="Stern1999" /> ====Dist==== A permanent asymmetric [[muin dist]] clood exists aroond the Muin, creatit bi smaw particles frae [[comets]]. Estimates are 5 tons o comet pairticles strike the Muin's surface ilk 24 oors. The pairticles strike the Muin's surface ejectin muin dist abuin the Muin. The dist stays abuin the Muin approximately 10 meenits, takkin 5 minutes tae rise, an 5 minutes tae faw. On average, 120 kilogrammes o dist are present abuin the Muin, rising tae 100 kilometers abuin the surface. The dist meisurments war made bi [[Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer|LADEE]]'s Lunar Dust EXperiment (LDEX), atween 20 an 100 kilometres abuin the surface, in a sax-month period. LDEX detectit an average o ane 0.3 micrometer muin dist pairticle ilk meenit. Dist pairticle coonts peaked during the [[Geminids|Geminid]], [[Quadrantids|Quadrantid]], [[Taurids|Northren Taurid]], an [[Omicron Centaurids|Omicron Centaurid]] [[meteor shawer]]s, whan the Yird, an Muin, pass throu comet debris. The clood is asymmetric, mair dense near the boondary atween the Muin's dayside an nichtside.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lopsided Cloud of Dust Discovered Around the Moon |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150617-moon-dust-cloud-comet-space |website=National Geographic News |accessdate=20 June 2015 |first=Nadia |last=Drake |first2=National Geographic PUBLISHED June |last2=17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150619052915/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2015/06/150617-moon-dust-cloud-comet-space/ |archivedate=19 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |title=A permanent, asymmetric dust cloud around the Moon |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v522/n7556/full/nature14479.html |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |date=18 June 2015 |pages=324–326 |volume=522 |issue=7556 |doi=10.1038/nature14479 |first=M. |last=Horányi |first2=J. R. |last2=Szalay |first3=S. |last3=Kempf |first4=J. |last4=Schmidt |first5=E. |last5=Grün |first6=R. |last6=Srama |first7=Z. |last7=Sternovsky |bibcode=2015Natur.522..324H |pmid=26085272}}</ref> ===Saisons=== The Muin's [[axial tilt]] wi respect tae the [[ecliptic]] is anly 1.5424°,<ref name="SolarViews" /> muckle less nor the 23.44° o Yird. Acause o this, the Muin's solar illumination varies muckle less wi saison, an topografical details play a crucial role in saisonal effects.<ref name="bbc" /> Frae eemages taken bi ''[[Clementine (spacecraft)|Clementine]]'' in 1994, it appears that fower moontainous regions on the rim o [[Peary (crater)|Peary Crater]] at the Muin's north pole mey remeen illuminatit for the entire [[lunar day]], creautin [[Peak o Eternal Licht|peaks o eternal licht]]. No sic regions exist at the sooth pole. Seemilarly, thare are places that remeen in permanent shaidae at the bottoms o mony polar craters,<ref name="M03" /> an thir dark craters are extremely cauld: ''[[Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'' meisurt the lawest simmer temperaturs in craters at the soothren pole at {{Convert|35 |K |4=0 |abbr=on}}<ref>{{cite web|date=17 September 2009 |url=http://www.diviner.ucla.edu/blog/?p=123 |title=Diviner News |publisher=[[UCLA]] |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307031354/http://www.diviner.ucla.edu/blog/?p=123 |archivedate=7 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> an juist {{Convert |26 |K |4=0 |abbr=on}} close tae the winter solstice in north polar [[Hermite (crater)|Hermite Crater]]. This is the cauldest temperatur in the Solar Seestem iver meosurt bi a spacecraft, caulder oven than the surface o [[Pluto]].<ref name="bbc" /> Average temperaturs o the Muin's surface are reportit, but temperaturs o different areas will vary greatly dependin upon whether thay are in sunlicht or shaidae.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://planetfacts.org/temperature-on-the-moon/ |title=Temperature on the Moon – Surface Temperature of the Moon – PlanetFacts.org |first=Jake |last=Rocheleau |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150527194737/http://planetfacts.org/temperature-on-the-moon/ |archivedate=27 May 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> =={{anchor |Orbit an relationship tae Yird}} Relationship tae Yird== ===Orbit=== [[File:Earth-Moon.PNG|thumb|alt=Yird haes a pronoonced axial tilt; the Muin's orbit is nae perpendicular tae Yird's axis, but lees close tae Yird's orbital plane. |Yird–Muin seestem (schematic)]] [[File:Dscovrepicmoontransitfull.gif|thumb |[[DSCOVR|DSCOVR satellite]] sees the Muin passin in front o Yird]] The Muin maks a complete orbit aroond Yird wi respect tae the fixed starns aboot ance ivery 27.3&nbsp;days{{efn |name=orbpd}} (its [[sidereal period]]). Houiver, acause Yird is muivin in its orbit aroond the Sun at the same time, it takes slichtly langer for the Muin tae shaw the same [[lunar phase|phase]] tae Yird, which is aboot 29.5&nbsp;days{{efn |name=synpd}} (its [[synodic period]]).<ref name="worldbook"/> Unlik maist satellites o ither planets, the Muin orbits closer tae the [[ecliptic plane]] nor tae the planet's [[equatorial plane]]. The Muin's orbit is subtly [[perturbation (astronomy)|perturbed]] bi the Sun an Yird in mony smaw, complex an interactin weys. For ensaumple, the plane o the Muin's orbit [[lunar staundstill|gradually rotates]] ance ivery 18.61<ref>[http://research-repository.uwa.edu.au/en/publications/global-influences-of-the-1861-year-nodal-cycle-and-885-year-cycle-of-lunar-perigee-on-high-tidal-levels(54ec1689-b2b0-472f-a717-2019f2c6f2b9)/export.html Global influences of the 18.61 year nodal cycle and 8.85 year cycle of lunar perigee on high tidal levels, U. of Western Australia]</ref> years, that affects ither aspects o lunar motion. Thir follae-on effects are mathematically describit bi [[Cassini's Laws|Cassini's laws]].<ref name="Beletskii2" /> ===Relative size=== The Muin is exceptionally lairge relative tae Yird: a quarter its diameter an 1/81 its mass.<ref name="worldbook" /> It is the lairgest muin in the Solar Seestem relative tae the size o its planet,{{efn |Thare is no strang correlation atween the sizes o planets an the sizes o thair satellites. Lairger planets tend tae hae mair satellites, baith lairge an smaw, than smawer planets.}} tho [[Charon (muin)|Charon]] is lairger relative tae the dwarf planet [[Pluto]], at 1/9 Pluto's mass.{{efn|name=Moon vs. Charon}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/pluto/|title=Space Topics: Pluto and Charon|publisher=[[The Planetary Society]] via Web Citation.org|accessdate=6 April 2010|archive-date=2012-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218223842/http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/pluto/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yird an the Muin are nivertheless still conseederit a planet–satellite seestem, raither nor a [[dooble planet]], acause thair [[barycentre]], the common centre o mass, is locatit {{Convert|1700 |km |abbr=on}} (aboot a quarter o Yird's radius) aneath Yird's surface.<ref>{{cite web |title=Planet Definition Questions & Answers Sheet |publisher=[[International Astronomical Union]] |date=2006 |url=http://www.iau.org/static/archives/releases/doc/iau0601_q_answers.doc |format=DOC |accessdate=24 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140429052436/http://www.iau.org/static/archives/releases/doc/iau0601_q_answers.doc |archivedate=29 April 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> ==={{anchor |Observation |Appearance frae Yird}} Appearance frae Yird=== [[File:Western Moon setting over the San Bernardino Mountains, High Desert, California.jpg|thumb |left |Muin settin in wastren sky ower the [[High Desert (Californie)|High Desert]] in Californie]] The Muin is in [[synchronous rotation]]: it rotates aboot its axis in aboot the same time it takes tae [[orbit]] Yird. This results in it ayeweys keepin nearly the same face turned taewart Yird. Houiver, due tae the effect o [[libration#Lunar libration|libration]], aboot 59% o the Muin's surface can actually be seen frae Yird. The Muin uised tae rotate at a fester rate, but early in its history, its rotation slawed an becam [[Tidal lockin|tidally locked]] in this orientation as a result o [[freection]]al effects associatit wi [[tidal force|tidal]] deformations caused bi Yird.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Alexander |first=M. E. |title=The Weak Friction Approximation and Tidal Evolution in Close Binary Systems |journal=[[Astrophysics and Space Science]] |date=1973 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=459–508 |bibcode=1973Ap&SS..23..459A |doi=10.1007/BF00645172}}</ref> Wi time, the energy o rotation o the Muin on its axis wis dissipatit as heat, till thare wis no rotation o the Muin relative tae the Yird. The side o the Muin that faces Yird is cried the [[Near side o the Muin|near side]], an the opposite the [[Faur side o the Muin|faur side]]. The far side is eften inaccurately cried the "daurk side", but it is in fact illuminatit as eften as the near side: ance per lunar day, in the new muin phase we observe on Yird whan the near side is daurk.<ref>{{cite web |title=Dark Side of the Moon |author=[[Phil Plait]] |publisher=[[Bad Astronomy]]: Misconceptions |url=http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/dark_side.html |accessdate=15 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412192834/http://www.badastronomy.com/bad/misc/dark_side.html |archivedate=12 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> In 2016, planetary scientists, uisin data collectit on the muckle earlier Nasa [[Lunar Prospector]] mission, foond twa hydrogen-rich areas on opposite sides o the Muin, probably in the form o watter ice. It is speculatit that thir patches war the poles o the Muin billions o years aby, afore it wis tidally locked tae Yird.<ref>{{cite web |title=Moon used to spin 'on different axis' |publisher=BBC |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35883576 |accessdate=23 March 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323203442/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35883576 |archivedate=23 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Muin haes an exceptionally law [[albedo]], giein it a reflectance that is slichtly brichter nor that o worn asphalt. Despite this, it is the brichtest object in the sky efter the [[Sun]].<ref name="worldbook" />{{efn|name=brightness}} This is pairtly due tae the brichtness enhancement o the [[opposeetion effect]]; at quarter phase, the Muin is anly ane-tent as bricht, raither nor hauf as bricht, as at full muin.<ref name="Moon" /> Addeetionally, [[colour constancy]] in the [[visual seestem]] recalibrates the relations atween the colours o an object an its surroondins, an acause the surroondin sky is comparatively daurk, the sunlit Muin is perceived as a bricht object. The edges o the full muin seem as bricht as the centre, wi no [[limm daurkenin]], due tae the [[Lambert's cosine law#Lambertian scatterers|reflective properties]] o [[lunar sile]], that reflects mair licht back taewart the Sun nor in ither directions. The Muin daes appear lairger whan close tae the horizon, but this is a purely psychological effect, kent as the [[Muin illusion]], first descrived in the 7t century BC.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hershenson |first=Maurice |title=The Moon illusion |date=1989 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |isbn=978-0-8058-0121-7 |page=5}}</ref> The full muin subtends an arc o aboot 0.52° (on average) in the sky, aboot the same apparent size as the Sun (see {{section link | |Eclipses}}). The heichest [[altitude (astronomy)|altitude]] o the Muin in the sky varies wi the lunar phase an the saison o the year. The full muin is heichest in winter. The 18.61-year [[lunar node|nodes cycle]] an aa haes an influence: whan the [[orbital node|ascendin node]] o the lunar orbit is in the [[vernal equinox]], the lunar [[declination]] can gae as far as 28° ilk month. This means the Muin can gang owerheid at latitudes up tae 28° frae the equator, insteid o anerly 18°. The orientation o the Muin's crescent an aa depends on the latitude o the observation steid: close tae the equator, an observer can see a smile-shaped crescent muin.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/our-solar-system/46-our-solar-system/the-moon/observing-the-moon/124-is-the-moon-seen-as-a-crescent-and-not-a-boat-all-over-the-world-is-the-same-phase-of-the-moon-visible-from-the-northern-and-southern-hemispheres-advanced |publisher=[[Curious About Astronomy]] |title=Is the Moon seen as a crescent (and not a "boat") all over the world? |date=18 October 2002 |first=K. |last=Spekkens |accessdate=28 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016011356/http://curious.astro.cornell.edu/our-solar-system/46-our-solar-system/the-moon/observing-the-moon/124-is-the-moon-seen-as-a-crescent-and-not-a-boat-all-over-the-world-is-the-same-phase-of-the-moon-visible-from-the-northern-and-southern-hemispheres-advanced |archivedate=16 October 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> The Muin is veesible for twa weeks ivery 27.3 days at the [[North Pole|North]] an [[Sooth Pole]]. The Muin's licht is uised bi [[zooplankton]] in the Arctic whan the sun is ablo the horizon for months on end.<ref>{{cite magazine |title=Moonlight helps plankton escape predators during Arctic winters |magazine=[[New Scientist]] |date=16 January 2016 |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22930562-500-moonlight-helps-plankton-escape-predators-during-arctic-winters/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130112225/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22930562-500-moonlight-helps-plankton-escape-predators-during-arctic-winters/ |archivedate=30 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[File:Supermoon Nov-14-2016-minneapolis.jpg|thumb|The 14 November 2016 [[supermuin]] wis {{convert|356511|km|mi}} awey<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sivertimes.com/super-moon-exceptional-brightest-moon-in-the-sky-of-normandy-Monday-November-14/1872|title="Super Moon" exceptional. Brightest moon in the sky of Normandy, Monday, November 14 - The Siver Times|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114232404/http://sivertimes.com/super-moon-exceptional-brightest-moon-in-the-sky-of-normandy-monday-november-14/1872|archivedate=14 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> frae the centre of Earth, the closest occurrence syne 26 Januar 1948. It will nae be closer until 25 November 2034.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2016/11/10/moongazers-delight-biggest-supermoon-in-decades-looms-large-sunday-night/|title=Moongazers Delight — Biggest Supermoon In Decades Looms Large Sunday Night|date=10 November 2016|publisher=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114170208/http://astrobob.areavoices.com/2016/11/10/moongazers-delight-biggest-supermoon-in-decades-looms-large-sunday-night/|archivedate=14 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref>]] The distance atween the Muin an Yird varies frae aroond {{convert |356,400 |km |mi |abbr=on}} tae {{convert |406,700 |km |mi |abbr=on}} at [[Apsis|perigees]] (closest) an apogees (faurthest), respectively. On 14 November 2016, it wis closer tae Yird whan at full phase than it haes been syne 1948, 14% closer than its faurthest poseetion in apogee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/34515-supermoon-guide.html|title=Supermoon November 2016|date=13 November 2016|accessdate=14 November 2016|publisher=Space.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114220725/http://www.space.com/34515-supermoon-guide.html|archivedate=14 November 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> Reportit as a "[[Supermoon|super muin]]", this closest pynt coincides within an oor o a [[full muin]], an it wis 30% mair luminous than whan at its greatest distance due tae its angular diameter bein 14% greater, acause <math>\scriptstyle1.14^2\approx1.30</math>.<ref> {{cite web |title=Super Full Moon |date=16 March 2011 |author=Tony Phillips |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=19 March 2011 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16mar_supermoon/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507035348/https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2011/16mar_supermoon/ |archivedate=7 May 2012 |df= }} </ref><ref> {{cite web|title=Full moon tonight is as close as it gets |date=18 March 2011 |author=Richard K. De Atley |publisher=[[The Press-Enterprise]] |accessdate=19 March 2011 |url=http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322161600/http://www.pe.com/localnews/stories/PE_News_Local_D_moon19.23a6364.html |archivedate=22 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref> {{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/mar/19/super-moon-closest-point-years |title='Super moon' to reach closest point for almost 20 years |work=The Guardian |date=19 March 2011 |accessdate=19 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225175506/http://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/mar/19/super-moon-closest-point-years |archivedate=25 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> At lower levels, the human perception o reduced brightness as a percentage is providit bi the follaein formula:<ref> {{cite web |last=Georgia State University, Dept. of Physics (Astronomy) |title=Perceived Brightness |url=http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/bright.html |work=Brightnes and Night/Day Sensitivity |publisher=[[Georgia State University]] |accessdate=25 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221094605/http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/vision/bright.html |archivedate=21 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref> {{cite web |last=Lutron |title=Measured light vs. perceived light |url=http://www.lutron.com/TechnicalDocumentLibrary/Measured_vs_Perceived.pdf |work=From IES Lighting Handbook 2000, 27-4 |publisher=[[Lutron]] |accessdate=25 January 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205204351/http://www.lutron.com/TechnicalDocumentLibrary/Measured_vs_Perceived.pdf |archivedate=5 February 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> <math>\text{perceived reduction}\%=100 \times \sqrt{\text{actual reduction}\% \over 100}</math> Whan the actual reduction is 1.00 / 1.30, or about 0.770, the perceived reduction is aboot 0.877, or 1.00 / 1.14. This gies a maximum perceived increase o 14% atween apogee an perigee muins o the same phase.<ref> {{cite web |last=Walker |first=John |title=Inconstant Moon |url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/moon_ap_per.html |work=Earth and Moon Viewer |publisher=[[Fourmilab]] |accessdate=23 January 2014 |location=Fourth paragraph of "How Bright the Moonlight" |date=May 1997 |quote=14% [...] due to the logarithmic response of the human eye. |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214123836/https://www.fourmilab.ch/earthview/moon_ap_per.html |archivedate=14 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Thare haes been historical controversy ower whether featurs on the Muin's surface chynge ower time. The day, mony o thir claims are thocht tae be illusory, resultin frae observation unner different lichtin condeetions, puir [[astronomical seein]], or inadequate drawins. Houiver, [[ootgassin]] daes occasionally occur, an coud be responsible for a minor percentage o the reportit [[transient lunar phenomenon|lunar transient phenomena]]. Recently, it haes been suggestit that aboot a {{Convert |3 |km |abbr=on}} diameter region o the lunar surface wis modified bi a gas release event aboot a million years aby.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Nov06/MoonGas.html |last=Taylor |first=G.J. |title=Recent Gas Escape from the Moon |work=Planetary Science Research Discoveries |publisher=[[Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology]] |date=8 November 2006 |accessdate=4 April 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304055515/http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/Nov06/MoonGas.html |archivedate=4 March 2007 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Schultz |first=P. H. |author2=Staid, M. I. |author3=Pieters, C. M. |date=2006 |title=Lunar activity from recent gas release |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-11-09_444_7116/page/184 |journal=[[Nature (jurnal)|Nature]] |volume=444 |pages=184–186 |doi=10.1038/nature05303 |pmid=17093445 |issue=7116 |bibcode=2006Natur.444..184S}}</ref> The Muin's appearance, lik that o the Sun, can be affectit bi Yird's atmosphere: common effects are a 22° [[Halo (optical phenomenon)|halo ring]] formed whan the Muin's licht is refractit throu the ice creestals o heich [[cirrostratus]] cloud, an smawer [[Corona (meteorology)|coronal rings]] whan the Muin is seen throu thin cloods.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/%28Gh%29/guides/mtr/opt/ice/halo/22.rxml |title=22 Degree Halo: a ring of light 22 degrees from the sun or moon |publisher=Department of Atmospheric Sciences, [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] |accessdate=13 April 2010 |archive-date=2010-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100405070654/http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/opt/ice/halo/22.rxml |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{wide image |Moon_phases_en.jpg |550px |The monthly cheenges o angle between the direction o illumination bi the Sun an viewin frae Yird, an the [[Lunar phase|phases o the Muin]] that result as viewed frae the northren hemisphere. Yird–Muin distance is nae tae scale.}} The illuminatit area o the veesible sphere (degree o illumination) is gien bi <math>(1-\cos e)/2=\sin^2(e/2)</math>, whaur <math>e</math> is the [[elongation (astronomy)|elongation]] (i.e., the angle atween Muin, the observer (on Yird) an the Sun). ===Tidal effects=== {{main article |Tide}} [[File:Lunar libration with phase Oct 2007 (continuous loop).gif|thumb |alt=Ower ane lunar month mair nor hauf o the Muin's surface can be seen frae Yird's surface. |The [[libration]] o the Muin ower a single lunar month. An aa veesible is the slicht variation in the Muin's veesual size frae Yird.]] The gravitational attraction that masses hae for ane anither decreases inversely wi the square o the distance o thae masses frae ilk ither. As a result, the slichtly greater attraction that the Muin haes for the side o Yird closest tae the Muin, as compared tae the pairt o the Yird opposite the Muin, results in [[tidal forces]]. Tidal forces affect baith the Yird's crust an oceans. The maist obvious effect o tidal forces is tae cause twa bulges in the Yird's oceans, ane on the side facin the Muin an the ither on the side opposite. This results in elevatit sea levels cried [[tide|ocean tides]].<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> As the Yird spins on its axis, ane o the ocean bulges (heich tide) is held in place "unner" the Muin, while anither sic tide is opposite. As a result, thare are twa heich tides, an twa law tides in aboot 24 oors.<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> Syne the Muin is orbitin the Yird in the same direction o the Yird's rotation, the heich tides occur aboot ivery 12 oors an 25 minutes; the 25 minutes is due tae the Muin's time tae orbit the Yird. The Sun haes the same tidal effect on the Yird, but its forces o attraction are anerly 40% that o the Muin's; the Sun's an Muin's interplay is responsible for [[Ware tide|ware an neap tides]].<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> If the Yird war a watter warld (ane wi no continents) it wad produce a tide o anly ane meter, an that tide wad be verra predictable, but the ocean tides are greatly modified bi ither effects: the freectional cooplin o watter tae Yird's rotation throu the ocean fluirs, the [[inertia]] o watter's muivement, ocean basins that graw shallaer near laund, the sloshin o watter atween different ocean basins.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Le Provost |first=C. |author2=Bennett, A. F. |author3=Cartwright, D. E. |date=1995 |title=Ocean Tides for and from TOPEX/POSEIDON |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1995-02-03_267_5198/page/638 |pages=639–42 |journal=[[Science (jurnal)|Science]] |pmid=17745840 |volume=267 |issue=5198 |bibcode=1995Sci...267..639L |doi=10.1126/science.267.5198.639}}</ref> As a result, the timing o the tides at maist pynts on the Yird is a product o observations that are explained, incidentally, bi theory. While gravitation causes acceleration an movement o the Yird's fluid oceans, gravitational cooplin atween the Muin an Yird's solit bouk is maistly elastic an plastic. The result is a forder tidal effect o the Muin on the Yird that causes a bulge o the solit portion o the Yird nearest the Muin that acts as a [[torque]] in opposeetion tae the Yird's rotation. This "drains" [[angular momentum]] an rotational [[kinetic energy]] frae Yird's spin, slowing the Yird's rotation.<ref name="Lambeck1977" /><ref name="touma1994" /> That angular momentum, lost frae the Yird, is transferred tae the Muin in a process (confusingly kent as [[tidal acceleration]]), that lifts the Muin intae a heicher orbit an results in its lawer orbital speed aboot the Yird. Sicweys the distance atween Yird an Muin is [[tidal acceleration|increasin]], an the Yird's spin is slawin in reaction.<ref name="touma1994" /> Measurements frae laser reflectors left in the Apollo missions ([[lunar laser rangin experiment|lunar rangin experiments]]) hae foond that the Muin's distance increases bi {{Convert |38 |mm |abbr=on}} per year<ref>{{cite journal |last=Chapront |first=J. |author2=Chapront-Touzé, M. |author3=Francou, G. |date=2002 |title=A new determination of lunar orbital parameters, precession constant and tidal acceleration from LLR measurements |journal=[[Astronomy and Astrophysics]] |volume=387 |issue=2 |pages=700–709 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20020420 |bibcode=2002A&A...387..700C}}</ref> (aboot the rate at that human fingernails growe).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12311119 |title=Why the Moon is getting further away from Earth |work=BBC News |date=1 February 2011 |accessdate=18 September 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925185706/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-12311119 |archivedate=25 September 2015 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Atomic clock]]s an aa shaw that Yird's day lenthens bi aboot 15&nbsp;[[microseicont]]s ivery year,<ref>{{cite web |last=Ray |first=R. |date=15 May 2001 |url=http://bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov/ggfc/tides/intro.html |title=Ocean Tides and the Earth's Rotation |publisher=[[IERS Special Bureau for Tides]] |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100327084125/http://bowie.gsfc.nasa.gov/ggfc/tides/intro.html |archivedate=27 March 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> slawly increasin the rate at that [[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]] is adjuistit bi [[leap seicont]]s. Left tae run its coorse, this tidal drag wad continue till the spin o Yird an the orbital period o the Muin matched, creautin mutual tidal lockin atween the twa. As a result, the Muin wad be suspendit in the sky ower ane meridian, as is awreidy currently the case wi [[Pluto]] an its muin [[Charon (muin)|Charon]]. Houiver, the Sun will become a [[reid giant#The Sun as a reid giant|reid giant]] engulfin the Yird-Muin seestem lang afore this occurrence.<ref>{{cite book |author=Murray, C.D. |author2=Dermott, Stanley F. |title=Solar System Dynamics |date=1999 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=978-0-521-57295-8 |page=184}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Dickinson |first=Terence |authorlink=Terence Dickinson |title=From the Big Bang to Planet X |url=https://archive.org/details/frombigbangtopla00unse |date=1993 |publisher=[[Camden House]] |location=Camden East, Ontario |isbn=978-0-921820-71-0 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/frombigbangtopla00unse/page/79 79]–81}} </ref> In a lik manner, the lunar surface experiences tides o aroond {{Convert |10 |cm |4=0 |abbr=on}} amplitude ower 27&nbsp;days, wi twa components: a fixed ane due tae Yird, acause thay are in [[synchronous rotation]], an a varyin component frae the Sun.<ref name="touma1994"/> The Yird-induced component arises frae [[libration]], a result o the Muin's orbital eccentricity (if the Muin's orbit war perfectly circular, thare wad anerly be solar tides).<ref name="touma1994" /> Libration an aa cheenges the angle frae that the Muin is seen, allouin a tot o aboot 59% o its surface tae be seen frae Yird ower time.<ref name="worldbook" /> The cumulative effects o stress biggit up bi thir tidal forces produces [[muinquauks]]. Muinquakes are muckle less common an waiker nor are yirdquauks, awtho muin quauks can last for up tae an oor—a signeeficantly langer time than terrestrial quauks—acause o the absence o watter tae damp oot the seismic vibrations. The existence o muinquauks wis an unexpectit discovery frae [[seismometer]]s placed on the Muin bi [[Apollo program|Apollo]] [[astronaut]]s frae 1969 throu 1972.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Latham |first1=Gary |date=1972 |last2=Ewing |first2=Maurice |last3=Dorman |first3=James |last4=Lammlein |first4=David |last5=Press |first5=Frank |last6=Toksőz |first6=Naft |last7=Sutton |first7=George |last8=Duennebier |first8=Fred |last9=Nakamura |first9=Yosio |title=Moonquakes and lunar tectonism |journal=[[Earth, Moon, and Planets]] |volume=4 |issue=3–4 |pages=373–382 |doi=10.1007/BF00562004 |bibcode=1972Moon....4..373L}}</ref> ===Eclipses=== {{main article |Solar eclipse |Lunar eclipse}} {{multiple image |width1=152 |width2=150 |image1=Solar_eclipse_1999_4_NR.jpg |alt1=The fiercely bright disk o the Sun is completely obscured bi the exact fit o the disk o the daurk, non-illuminatit Moon, leavin anerly the radial, fuzzy, glawin coronal filaments o the Sun aroond the edge. |image2=STEREO-B solar eclipse.jpg |alt2=The bricht disk o the Sun, shawin mony coronal filaments, flares an grainy patches in the wavelenth o this eemage, is pairtly obscured bi a smaw dark disk: here, the Muin covers less than a fifteent o the Sun. |footer=Frae Yird, the Muin an the Sun appear the same size, as seen in the [[Solar eclipse o August 11, 1999|1999 solar eclipse]] (left), whauras frae the ''[[Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory|STEREO-B]]'' spacecraft in an Yird-trailin orbit, the Muin appears mukle smawer than the Sun (richt).<ref>{{cite web|author=Phillips, Tony |work=Science@NASA |title=Stereo Eclipse |date=12 March 2007 |accessdate=17 March 2010 |url=https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610082213/https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2007/12mar_stereoeclipse.htm |archivedate=10 June 2008 |df= }}</ref> }} Eclipses can anerly occur whan the Sun, Yird, an Muin are aw in a straucht line (termed "[[Syzygy (astronomy)|syzygy]]"). [[Solar eclipse]]s occur at [[new muin]], whan the Muin is atween the Sun an Yird. In contrast, [[lunar eclipse]]s occur at [[full muin]], whan Yird is atween the Sun an Muin. The apparent size o the Muin is aboot the same as that o the Sun, wi baith bein viewed at close tae ane-hauf a degree wide. The Sun is muckle lairger nor the Muin but it is the precise vastly greater distance that gies it the same apparent size as the muckle closer an much smawer Muin frae the perspective o Yird. The variations in apparent size, due tae the non-circular orbits, are nearly the same as well, tho occurrin in different cycles. This maks possible baith [[total eclipse|total]] (wi the Muin appearin lairger than the Sun) an [[annular eclipse|annular]] (wi the Muin appearin smawer than the Sun) solar eclipses.<ref>{{cite web |first=F. |last=Espenak |date=2000 |url=http://www.mreclipse.com/Special/SEprimer.html |title=Solar Eclipses for Beginners |publisher=MrEclip]] |accessdate=17 March 2010}}</ref> In a tot eclipse, the Muin completely covers the disc o the Sun an the solar [[corona]] becomes vrrsible tae the [[nakit ee]]. Acause the distance atween the Muin an Yird is verra slawly increasin ower time,<ref name="Lambeck1977" /> the angular diameter o the Muin is decreasin. An aa, as it evolves thewarts becomin a [[reid giant]], the size o the Sun, an its apparent diameter in the sky, are slawly increasin.{{efn|name=size changes}} The combination o thir twa cheenges means that hunders o millions o years ago, the Muin wad alyeweys completely civer the Sun on solar eclipses, an no annular eclipses war possible. Likwise, hunders o millions o years in the futur, the Muin will no langer civer the Sun completely, an tot solar eclipses will nae occur.<ref name=fourmilab>{{cite web |last=Walker |first=John |url=http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/peri_apo/ |title=Moon near Perigee, Earth near Aphelion |publisher=[[Fourmilab]] |date=10 July 2004 |accessdate=25 December 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208153430/http://www.fourmilab.ch/images/peri_apo/ |archivedate=8 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Acause the Muin's orbit aroond Yird is inclined bi aboot 5.145° (5° 9') tae the [[ecliptic|orbit o Yird aroond the Sun]], eclipses dae nae occur at ivery full an new muin. For an eclipse tae occur, the Muin must be near the intersection o the twa orbital planes.<ref name="eclipse" /> The periodicity an recurrence o eclipses o the Sun bi the Muin, an o the Muin bi Yird, is describit bi the [[Saros (astronomy)|saros]], that haes a period o approximately 18&nbsp;years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros.html |last=Espenak |first=F. |title=Saros Cycle |publisher=[[NASA]] |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120524183445/sunearth.gsfc.nasa.gov/eclipse/SEsaros/SEsaros.html |archivedate=24 May 2012 |df= }}</ref> Acause the Muin is continuously blockin oor view o a hauf-degree-wide circular area o the sky,{{efn |name=area}}<ref>{{cite magazine |title=The Square Degree as a Unit of Celestial Area |author=Guthrie, D.V. |date=1947 |magazine=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] |volume=55 |pages=200–203 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1947PA.....55..200G/abstract|bibcode=1947PA.....55..200G}}</ref> the relatit phenomenon o [[occultation]] occurs whan a bricht starn or planet passes ahint the Muin an is occultit: hidden frae view. In this wey, a solar eclipse is an occultation o the Sun. Because the Muin is comparatively close tae Yird, occultations o individual starns are nae veesible iverywhaur on the planet, nor at the same time. Acause o the [[precession]] o the lunar orbit, ilk year different stars are occulted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://occsec.wellington.net.nz/total/totoccs.htm |title=Total Lunar Occultations |publisher=[[Royal Astronomical Society of New Zealand]] |accessdate=17 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223022627/http://occsec.wellington.net.nz/total/totoccs.htm |archivedate=23 February 2010 |df= }}</ref> ==References== ===Notes=== {{notes |notes= {{efn |name=inclination |Atween 18.29° an 28.58° tae Yird's [[equator]].<ref name="W06"/> }} {{efn|name=maxval |The ''maximum vailyie'' is gien based on scalin o the brichtness frae the vailyie o −12.74 gien for an equator tae Muin-centre distance o 378&nbsp;000&nbsp;km in the NASA factsheet reference tae the meenimum Yird–Muin distance gien thare, efter the latter is correctit for Yird's equatorial radius o 6&nbsp;378&nbsp;km, giein 350&nbsp;600&nbsp;km. The ''meenimum vailyie'' (for a distant [[new muin]]) is based on a seemilar scalin uisin the maximum Yird–Muin distance o 407&nbsp;000&nbsp;km (gien in the factsheet) an bi calculatin the brichtness o the [[yirdshine]] ontae sic a new muin. The brichtness o the yirdshine is {{nowrap|[ Yird [[albedo]] ×}} {{nowrap|([[Yird radius]] /}} Radius o [[Orbit o the Muin|Muin's orbit]])²&nbsp;] relative tae the direct solar illumination that occurs for a full muin. ({{nowrap |Earth albedo {{=}} 0.367}}; {{nowrap |Yird radius {{=}} (polar}} radius&nbsp;× equatorial {{nowrap |radius)^½ {{=}} 6 367 km}}.) }} {{efn |name=angular size |The range o angular size vailyies gien are based on semple scalin o the follaein vailyies gien in the fact sheet reference: at an Yird-equator tae Muin-centre distance o 378&nbsp;000&nbsp;km, the [[Angular diameter|angular size]] is 1896&nbsp;[[arcseicont]]s. The same fact sheet gies extreme Yird–Muin distances o 407&nbsp;000&nbsp;km an 357&nbsp;000&nbsp;km. For the maximum angular size, the meenimum distance haes ae be correctit for Yird's equatorial radius o 6&nbsp;378&nbsp;km, giein 350&nbsp;600&nbsp;km. }} {{efn|name=pressure explanation |Lucey et al. (2006) gie {{nowrap |10⁷ particles cm⁻³}} bi day an {{nowrap |10⁵ pairticles cm⁻³}} bi nicht. Alang wi equatorial surface temperaturs o 390&nbsp;[[Kelvin|K]] bi day an 100&nbsp;K bi nicht, the [[ideal gas law]] yields the pressurs gien in the infobox (roondit tae the nearest [[order o magnitude]]): 10⁻⁷&nbsp;[[Pascal (unit)|Pa]] bi day an 10⁻¹⁰&nbsp;Pa bi nicht. }} {{efn |name=near-Earth asteroids |Thare are a nummer o [[near-Yird asteroid]]s, includin [[3753 Cruithne]], that are [[co-orbital]] wi Yird: thair orbits bring them close tae Yird for periods o time but then alter in the lang term (Morais et al, 2002). Thir are [[quasi-satellite]]s&nbsp;– thay are not muins as thay dae nae orbit Yird. For mair information, see [[Ither muins o Yird]]. }} {{efn|name=Moon vs. Charon |Wi 27% the diameter an 60% the density o Yird, the Muin haes 1.23% o the mass o Yird. The muin [[Charon (muin)|Charon]] is lairger relative tae its primar [[Pluto]], but Pluto is nou conseedert tae be a [[dwarf planet]]. }} {{efn |name=orbpd |Mair accurately, the Muin's mean sidereal period (fixed starn tae fixed starn) is 27.321661&nbsp;days {{nowrap |(27 d 07 o 43 meen 11.5 s)}}, an its mean tropical orbital period (frae equinox tae equinox) is 27.321582&nbsp;days {{nowrap |(27 d 07 o 43 meen 04.7 s)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, at p.107). }} {{efn |name=synpd |Mair accurately, the Muin's mean synodic period (atween mean solar conjunctions) is 29.530589&nbsp;days {{nowrap |(29 d 12 h 44 min 02.9 s)}} (''Explanatory Supplement to the Astronomical Ephemeris'', 1961, at p.107). }} {{efn |name=brightness |The Sun's [[apparent magnitude]] is −26.7, while the full muin's apparent magnitude is −12.7. }} {{efn|name=area |On average, the Muin covers an area o {{nowrap |0.21078 square degrees}} on the nicht sky. }} {{efn |name=size changes |See graph in [[Sun#Life phases]]. At present, the diameter o the Sun is increasin at a rate o aboot five percent per billion years. This is verra seemilar tae the rate at that the apparent angular diameter o the Muin is decreasin as it recedes frae Yird. }} }} ===Citations=== {{Reflist|30em |refs= <ref name="W06"> {{cite journal | last1 = Wieczorek| first1 = Mark A.| last2 = Jolliff| first2 = Bradley L.| last3 = Khan| first3 = Amir| last4 = Pritchard| first4 = Matthew E.| last5 = Weiss| first5 = Benjamin P.| last6 = Williams| first6 = James G.| last7 = Hood| first7 = Lon L.| last8 = Righter| first8 = Kevin| last9 = Neal| first9 = Clive R.| last10 = Shearer| first10 = Charles K.| last11 = McCallum| first11 = I. Stewart| last12 = Tompkins| first12 = Stephanie| last13 = Hawke| first13 = B. 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LUNAR IMPACT: A History of Project Ranger. |publisher=[[Scientific and Technical Information Office]], [[NASA]] |accessdate=13 April 2010 |location=Washington, D.C. |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100410085526/http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4210/pages/App_A.htm |archivedate=10 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="CNN"> {{cite news |last=Coren |first=M. |title='Giant leap' opens world of possibility |publisher=CNN |date=26 July 2004 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/07/16/moon.landing/index.html |accessdate=16 March 2010|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/66CTOLNBW?url=http://edition.cnn.com/2004/TECH/space/07/16/moon.landing/index.html |archivedate=16 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="xinhua_20090301"> {{cite news |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-03/01/content_7523687.htm |title=China's first lunar probe ends mission |date=1 March 2009 |publisher=[[Xinhua]] |accessdate=29 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304124614/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2009-03/01/content_7523687.htm |archivedate=4 March 2009 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q6"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q6 |title=Can any State claim a part of outer space as its own? |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q6 |archivedate=21 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q4"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q4 |title=How many States have signed and ratified the five international treaties governing outer space? |date=1 January 2006 |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q4 |archivedate=21 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q5"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q5 |title=Do the five international treaties regulate military activities in outer space? |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q5 |archivedate=21 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_moon"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/moon.html |title=Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809072447/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/moon.html |archivedate=9 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="unoosa_q7"> {{cite web |url=http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q7 |title=The treaties control space-related activities of States. What about non-governmental entities active in outer space, like companies and even individuals? |publisher=[[United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs]] |accessdate=28 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100421232450/http://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/FAQ/splawfaq.html#Q7 |archivedate=21 April 2010 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="iisl_2004"> {{cite web |url=http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf |title=Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Property Rights Regarding The Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (2004) |date=2004 |publisher=[[International Institute of Space Law]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222021426/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/IISL_Outer_Space_Treaty_Statement.pdf |archivedate=22 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="iisl_2009"> {{cite web |url=http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf |title=Further Statement by the Board of Directors of the IISL On Claims to Lunar Property Rights (2009) |date=22 March 2009 |publisher=[[International Institute of Space Law]] |accessdate=28 March 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222022107/http://www.iislweb.org/docs/Statement%20BoD.pdf |archivedate=22 December 2009 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> <ref name="Marshack"> Marshack, Alexander (1991), ''The Roots of Civilization'', Colonial Hill, Mount Kisco, NY. </ref> <ref name="barnhart-and-germania"> For etymology, see {{cite book |last=Barnhart |first=Robert K. |title=The Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology |url=https://archive.org/details/barnhartconcised0000unse |date=1995 |publisher=[[Harper Collins]] |isbn=978-0-06-270084-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/barnhartconcised0000unse/page/487 487]}}. For the lunar calendar of the Germanic peoples, see {{cite book |last=Birley |first=A. R. (Trans.) |title=Agricola and Germany |url=https://archive.org/details/agricolagermanyo00taci_678 |series=Oxford World's Classics |date=1999 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |location=USA |isbn=978-0-19-283300-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/agricolagermanyo00taci_678/page/n164 108]}} </ref> <ref name="spacetoday"> {{cite web |url=http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html |title=Carved and Drawn Prehistoric Maps of the Cosmos |publisher=[[Space Today]] |date=2006 |accessdate=12 April 2007 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/66Bhc1WIC?url=http://www.spacetoday.org/SolSys/Earth/OldStarCharts.html |archivedate=15 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> <ref name="sciam"> {{cite web |title=Lunacy and the Full Moon |publisher=Scientific American |date=2009 |first1=Scott O. |last1=Lilienfeld |first2=Hal |last2=Arkowitz |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=lunacy-and-the-full-moon |accessdate=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016163312/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=lunacy-and-the-full-moon |archivedate=16 October 2009 |df=dmy-all }} </ref> --> <ref name="Williams1996">{{cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=James G. |last2=Newhall |first2=XX |last3=Dickey |first3=Jean O. |title=Lunar moments, tides, orientation, and coordinate frames |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_planetary-and-space-science_1996-10_44_10/page/1077 |journal=[[Planetary and Space Science]] |volume=44 |issue=10 |date=1996 |pages=1077–1080 |doi=10.1016/0032-0633(95)00154-9 |bibcode=1996P&SS...44.1077W}}</ref> <!-- <ref name="MartensKelly1988">{{cite journal |last1=Martens |first1=R. |last2=Kelly |first2=I. W. |last3=Saklofske |first3=D. H. |title=Lunar Phase and Birthrate: A 50-year Critical Review |journal=[[Psychological Reports]] |volume=63 |issue=3 |date=1988 |pages=923–934 |doi=10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.923}}</ref> <ref name="RottonKelly1985">{{cite journal |last1=Rotton |first1=James |last2=Kelly |first2=I. W. |title=Much ado about the full moon: A meta-analysis of lunar-lunacy research. |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_psychological-bulletin_1985-03_97_2/page/286 |journal=[[Psychological Bulletin]] |volume=97 |issue=2 |date=1985 |pages=286–306 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.97.2.286}}</ref> <ref name="FosterRoenneberg2008">{{cite journal |last1=Foster |first1=Russell G. |last2=Roenneberg |first2=Till |title=Human Responses to the Geophysical Daily, Annual and Lunar Cycles |journal=[[Current Biology]] |volume=18 |issue=17 |date=2008 |pages=R784–R794 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.07.003 |pmid=18786384}}</ref> <ref name="kelly">{{Citation |last=Kelly |first=Ivan |last2=Rotton |first2=James |last3=Culver |first3=Roger |date=1986 |title=The Moon Was Full and Nothing Happened: A Review of Studies on the Moon and Human Behavior |journal=[[Skeptical Inquirer]] |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=129–43 |url= }}. Reprinted in ''The Hundredth Monkey - and other paradigms of the paranormal'', edited by Kendrick Frazier, Prometheus Books. Revised and updated in ''The Outer Edge: Classic Investigations of the Paranormal'', edited by [[Joe Nickell]], [[Barry Karr]], and [[Tom Genoni]], 1996, [[CSICOP]].</ref> --> }}<!--(end {{notes}})--> ===Bibliography=== {{refbegin}} * {{anchor|CITEREFNeedham1986}}{{cite book |last=Needham |first=Joseph |title=Science and Civilization in China, Volume III: Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and Earth |url=https://books.google.com/?id=jfQ9E0u4pLAC |date=1986 |publisher=[[Caves Books]] |isbn=978-0-521-05801-8 |place=Taipei}} {{refend}} [[Category:Muin| ]] iaysyy7p9f7q7731x2hq78vrqvm29fg 0 7077 915825 915809 2026-04-28T12:51:45Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 915825 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{stub}} [[image:Barn-southern-ontario.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A ferm in Canadae]] A '''ferm''' (whiles cried a ‘toun’ forbye) is a designit track o [[laund]] uised for growin [[plaunt]]s an/or feshin up [[Animals|beasts]] for [[Fuid|meat]]. The word is uised for mony sindry kinds o ferms, siclike as lawbourage ferms, fruit an vegetable ferms, milk ferms, swine ferms an chookie/pootrie ferms, an laund uised for makin naitral feebers, biofuel an ither waarin. The term 'ferm' taks in the [[Fermhoose|haa]] an [[Steading|steidin]] alang wi the [[laund]]. Nooadays, things siclike as wind ferms an fish ferms can be cried ferms as weel, the baith o whilk can be on laund or at sea. There is aboot 570 million ferms in the [[warld]], maistly guided bi faimilies. Smaw ferms wi less nor 2 hectares o laund mak up 12% o the warld’s fermin laund, an faimilie ferms mak up the ither 75%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lowder|first=Sarah K.|last2=Skoet|first2=Jakob|last3=Raney|first3=Terri|date=2016-11-01|title=The Number, Size, and Distribution o Farms, Smallholder Farms, and Family Farms Worldwide|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X15002703?via=ihub|journal=World Development|volume=87|pages=16–29|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.041|issn=0305-750X}}</ref> Ferms in developed [[Kintra|kintras]] are aftentimes run wi graith. In the [[Unitit States]], ferm-stockin can be feshed up on girsin laund an fed in cattle-closes, an modren graith haes reducit the feck o ferm-wirkers nott for growin craps. In [[Europe]], aulder faimilie ferms are giein wey tae muckler throu-pit units.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why European Farming Faces a Demographic Crisis|url=https://www.foodunfolded.com/article/european-farming-is-facing-a-demographic-crisis-what-is-being-done-about-it|access-date=2026-04-28|website=www.foodunfolded.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=3 million European farms disappeared in the last decade|url=https://wikifarmer.com/library/en/article/3-million-european-farms-disappeared-in-the-last-decade|access-date=2026-04-28|website=Wikifarmer|language=en}}</ref> In [[Austrailie]], a puckle o ferms are unco muckle, because the laund cannae uphaud muckle fecks o beasts ower the heids o the [[climate]] an condeetions. In less developed kintras, smaw ferms are common, an the feck o laundwart fowk are peasant fermers, meatin their faimilies an sellin ony orra ootcome at the local [[Mercat|mairket]]. Fowk that growes [[Plant|plaunts]] or feshes up beasts on a ferm is cried [[fermer]]s. This kind o thrift is cried fermin. == References == <references /> [[Category:Ferms]] [[Category:Human habitats]] [[Category:Landwart geografie]] eeyxflhk0n9s4lup8sybj987ygrszjc 915836 915825 2026-04-28T17:41:31Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 915836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{stub}} [[image:Barn-southern-ontario.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A ferm in Canadae]] A '''ferm''' (whiles cried a ‘toun’ forbye) is a designit track o [[laund]] uised for growin [[plaunt]]s an/or feshin up [[Animals|beasts]] for [[Fuid|meat]]. The word is uised for mony sindry kinds o ferms, siclike as lawbourage ferms, fruit an vegetable ferms, milk ferms, swine ferms an chookie/pootrie ferms, an laund uised for makin naitral feebers, biofuel an ither waarin. The term taks in the [[Fermhoose|haa]] an [[Steading|steidin]] alang wi the [[laund]]. Thir days, the term haes been raxed tae tak in siclike industrial operations as wind ferms an fish ferms, the baith o whilk can be on laund or at sea. There is aboot 570 million ferms in the [[warld]], maistly guided bi faimilies. Smaw ferms wi less nor 2 hectares o laund mak up 12% o the warld’s fermin laund, an faimilie ferms mak up the ither 75%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lowder|first=Sarah K.|last2=Skoet|first2=Jakob|last3=Raney|first3=Terri|date=2016-11-01|title=The Number, Size, and Distribution o Farms, Smallholder Farms, and Family Farms Worldwide|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X15002703?via=ihub|journal=World Development|volume=87|pages=16–29|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.041|issn=0305-750X}}</ref> Ferms in developed [[Kintra|kintras]] are aftentimes run wi graith. In the [[Unitit States]], ferm-stockin can be feshed up on girsin laund an fed in cattle-closes, an modren graith haes reducit the feck o ferm-wirkers nott for growin craps. In [[Europe]], aulder faimilie ferms are giein wey tae muckler throu-pit units.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why European Farming Faces a Demographic Crisis|url=https://www.foodunfolded.com/article/european-farming-is-facing-a-demographic-crisis-what-is-being-done-about-it|access-date=2026-04-28|website=www.foodunfolded.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=3 million European farms disappeared in the last decade|url=https://wikifarmer.com/library/en/article/3-million-european-farms-disappeared-in-the-last-decade|access-date=2026-04-28|website=Wikifarmer|language=en}}</ref> In [[Austrailie]], a puckle o ferms are unco muckle, because the laund cannae uphaud muckle fecks o beasts ower the heids o the [[climate]] an condeetions. In less developed kintras, smaw ferms are common, an the feck o laundwart fowk are peasant fermers, meatin their faimilies an sellin ony orra ootcome at the local [[Mercat|mairket]]. Fowk that growes [[Plant|plaunts]] or feshes up beasts on a ferm is cried [[fermer]]s. This kind o thrift is cried fermin. == References == <references /> [[Category:Ferms]] [[Category:Human habitats]] [[Category:Landwart geografie]] nwyzoc34clq7kriacrbaj0oul5aobtu 915837 915836 2026-04-28T17:41:52Z PurpleDinosaur585 129975 915837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{stub}} [[image:Barn-southern-ontario.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A ferm in Canadae]] A '''ferm''' (whiles cried a ‘toun’ forbye) is a designit track o [[laund]] uised for growin [[plaunt]]s an/or feshin up [[Animals|beasts]] for [[Fuid|meat]]. The wird is uised for mony sindry kinds o ferms, siclike as lawbourage ferms, fruit an vegetable ferms, milk ferms, swine ferms an chookie/pootrie ferms, an laund uised for makin naitral feebers, biofuel an ither waarin. The term taks in the [[Fermhoose|haa]] an [[Steading|steidin]] alang wi the [[laund]]. Thir days, the term haes been raxed tae tak in siclike industrial operations as wind ferms an fish ferms, the baith o whilk can be on laund or at sea. There is aboot 570 million ferms in the [[warld]], maistly guided bi faimilies. Smaw ferms wi less nor 2 hectares o laund mak up 12% o the warld’s fermin laund, an faimilie ferms mak up the ither 75%.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lowder|first=Sarah K.|last2=Skoet|first2=Jakob|last3=Raney|first3=Terri|date=2016-11-01|title=The Number, Size, and Distribution o Farms, Smallholder Farms, and Family Farms Worldwide|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X15002703?via=ihub|journal=World Development|volume=87|pages=16–29|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.041|issn=0305-750X}}</ref> Ferms in developed [[Kintra|kintras]] are aftentimes run wi graith. In the [[Unitit States]], ferm-stockin can be feshed up on girsin laund an fed in cattle-closes, an modren graith haes reducit the feck o ferm-wirkers nott for growin craps. In [[Europe]], aulder faimilie ferms are giein wey tae muckler throu-pit units.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why European Farming Faces a Demographic Crisis|url=https://www.foodunfolded.com/article/european-farming-is-facing-a-demographic-crisis-what-is-being-done-about-it|access-date=2026-04-28|website=www.foodunfolded.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=3 million European farms disappeared in the last decade|url=https://wikifarmer.com/library/en/article/3-million-european-farms-disappeared-in-the-last-decade|access-date=2026-04-28|website=Wikifarmer|language=en}}</ref> In [[Austrailie]], a puckle o ferms are unco muckle, because the laund cannae uphaud muckle fecks o beasts ower the heids o the [[climate]] an condeetions. In less developed kintras, smaw ferms are common, an the feck o laundwart fowk are peasant fermers, meatin their faimilies an sellin ony orra ootcome at the local [[Mercat|mairket]]. Fowk that growes [[Plant|plaunts]] or feshes up beasts on a ferm is cried [[fermer]]s. This kind o thrift is cried fermin. == References == <references /> [[Category:Ferms]] [[Category:Human habitats]] [[Category:Landwart geografie]] ts77w09n23zg5ewp1123rxpsz5jpd83 0 11745 915877 902414 2026-04-29T06:04:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{redirect|Mandela}} {{Infobox officeholder |honorific-prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]] |name = Nelson Mandela |honorific-suffix = [[Order o Meerit|OM]] [[Order o Australie|AC]] [[Order o Canadae|CC]] [[Order o Jamaica|OJ]] [[Venerable Order o Saunt John|OSJ]] [[Queen's Counsel|QC]] [[Order o Prince Henry|GCH]] [[Bharat Ratna|BR]] [[Ryal Order o the Seraphim|RSO]] [[Nishan-e-Pakistan|NPK]] |image = Nelson Mandela 1994 (2).jpg |caption = Mandela in 1994 |alt = Nelson Mandela, in 1994 |office = [[Preses o Sooth Africae]] |deputy = [[Thabo Mbeki]]<br/>[[F. W. de Klerk]] |term_start = 10 Mey 1994 |term_end = 14 Juin 1999 |predecessor = [[F. W. de Klerk]] |successor = [[Thabo Mbeki]] |birth_date = {{Birth date|1918|7|18|df=y}} |birth_place = [[Mvezo]], [[Union o Sooth Africae|Sooth Africae]] |death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2013|12|05|1918|7|18}} |death_place = [[Johannesburg]], [[Gauteng]], [[Sooth Africae]] |birthname = Rolihlahla Mandela |party = [[African Naitional Congress]] |nationality = [[Sooth Africae|Sooth African]] |spouse = [[Evelyn Mase|Evelyn Ntoko Mase]] <small>(1944–1957)</small><br>[[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|Winnie Madikizela]] <small>(1958–1996)</small><br>[[Graça Machel]] <small>(1998–present)</small> |children = Madiba Thembekile <br> [[Makgatho Mandela|Makgatho Lewanika]] <br> Makaziwe <br> [[Makaziwe Mandela|Maki]] <br> Zenani <br>Zindziswa <br> Josina Z. Machel (step dauchter) <br> Malengani Machel (step son) |residence = [[Houghton Estate, Gauteng|Houghton Estate]], [[Johannesburg]], Gauteng, Sooth Africae |religion = Christianity ([[Methodism]]) |alma_mater = [[Varsity o Fort Hare]]<br>[[Varsity o Lunnon Freemit Seestem]]<br>[[Varsity o Sooth Africae]]<br>[[Varsity o the Witwatersrand]] |signature = Nelson Mandela Signature.svg |signature_alt = Signature o Nelson Mandela |website = {{url|www.nelsonmandela.org/}} }} {{Nobel}}'''Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela''' ({{IPA-xh|xoˈliːɬaɬa manˈdeːla|[[Xhosa leid|Xhosa]] pronunciation:}}) (18 Julie 1918 − 5 December 2013)<ref name=death>{{cite web |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/world/nelson-mandela-hero-of-south-africa-dies-at-95-1.1576465 |title=Nelson Mandela, hero of South Africa, dies at 95 |publisher=ctvnews.ca |date=5 December 2013 |accessdate=5 December 2013 |archive-date=2020-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200710043310/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/nelson-mandela-south-africa-loses-its-greatest-son-at-age-95-1.1576465 |url-status=dead }}</ref> servit as [[Preses o Sooth Africae]] frae 1994 tae 1999, an wis the first Sooth African preses tae be electit in a [[universal suffrage|fully representative]] democratic election. Mandela wis born in Mvezo, Sooth Africae tae a ryal Thembu clan. Afore his presidency, Mandela wis an anti-[[apartheid]] activist, an the leader o [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]], the airmed weeng o the [[African Naitional Congress]] (ANC). In 1962 he wis arrestit an convictit o [[sabotage]] an ither chairges, an sentenced tae life in preeson. Mandela served 27 years in preeson, spendin mony o thir years on [[Robben Island]]. Follaein his release frae prison on 11 Februar 1990, Mandela led his pairty in the negotiations that led tae multi-racial democracy in 1994. In 1993, Mandela wis awaidit the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] wi [[F. W. de Klerk]]. As preses frae 1994 tae 1999, he frequently gae priority tae reconciliation. Mandela acame heid o the Govrenment o Naitional Unity which wis unner controllit bi the African Naitional Congress (or ANC). Mandela haed never plannit on servin a seicont term in office. Mandela gae his farwell speech on 29 Mairch 1999, efter which he retirit. In Sooth Africae, Mandela is eften kent as Madiba, an [[Isibongo|honorary teetle]] adoptit bi elders o Mandela's clan. Mandela deit frae buff infection in [[Johannesburg]], agit 95. ==Early life== '''Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela''' wis born on Julie 18, 1918 in Mvezo, Umtata (nou [[Mthatha]]), [[Transkei]], Sooth Africae. He wis a member o the [[Thembu]] Ryal Faimily. Mandela's faither dee'd whan he wis nine. He wis eddicatit at [[Fort Hare Varsity]]. ==Anti-apartheid activity== In 1944, Mandela helpit stairt the [[African Naitional Congress Youth League]].<ref name="NMANC">{{cite web|url=http://www.anc.org.za/showpeople.php?p=19|title=African National Congress Home Page|publisher=ANC.org.za|accessdate=21 August 2013|archive-date=2014-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427234903/http://www.anc.org.za/showpeople.php?p=19|url-status=dead}}</ref> He wis suin a heich-rankit leader o the group.<ref name="NMANC" /> He wantit tae free [[Sooth Africae]] withoot veeolence, but the govrenment stairtit killin an hurtin [[protest]]ers. He then stairtit [[Umkhonto we Sizwe]] wi [[Walter Sisulu]] an ither fowk in the African Naitional Congress that he admirit, sic as [[Mahatma Gandhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sa-venues.com/nelson_mandela.htm|title=Nelson Mandela Tribute|publisher=Sa-Venues.com|accessdate=13 August 2013}}</ref>. A trial wis later held an acame kent as the [[Rivonia Trial]]. Mandela wis on trial acause o his involvement in [[w:sabotage|sabotage]] an [[veeolence]] in 1962.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/mandela/indictment.html |title= Nelson Mandela |work= Law2.com |accessdate= 4 July 2013 }}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He wis sentencit tae life in preeson,<ref name="NMANC" /> an wis sent tae [[Robben Island]], but wis transferrit tae Victor Verster Prison in 1988. In 1990, he wis let oot o Victor Verster Prison efter 26.5 years. He left preeson efter de Klerk removit a ban on the [[African Naitional Congress]]. He orderit Mandela's release. He then receivit the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] in 1993, wi umwhile State Preses o Sooth Africae, [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]].<ref name="Prize" /> ==Preses o Sooth Africae== Mandela won the [[election|general election]] in Aprile 1994. His [[inauguration]] wis in [[Pretoria]] on 10 Mey 1994. Mony fowk aroond the warld saw his inauguration on [[televeesion]]. Mandela wis the first [[Sooth Africae]]n [[Preses o Sooth Africae|Preses]] electit in a completely [[democratic]] election.<ref name="CNNMandela">{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/03/28/world/africa/soujth-africa-mandela-hospitalized |title= Mandela 'responding positively' to medical treatment| work= [[CNN]].com| accessdate= 4 July 2013}}</ref> Mandela acame heid o the Govrenment o Naitional Unity which wis unner controllit bi the African Naitional Congress (or ANC). Mandela haed never plannit on servin a seicont term in office. Mandela gae his farwell [[speech]] on 29 Mairch 1999, efter which he retirit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldhistoryproject.org/1999/6/nelson-mandela-retires|title=Nelson Mandel retires|publisher=World History Project|accessdate=1 August 2013|archive-date=2014-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140723195154/http://worldhistoryproject.org/1999/6/nelson-mandela-retires|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mandela's term endit on 14 Juin 1999. [[Thabo Mbeki]] succeedit Mandela as [[Preses o Sooth Africae]]. ==Personal life== Mandela haed been mairit three times an haes sax childer. He haed seventeen [[grandchilder]],<ref>{{cite web|author=Geoffrey York |url=http://m.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/south-africans-express-disgust-as-mandela-family-members-cash-in-on-icons-name/article11299841/?service=mobile |title=South Africans express disgust as Mandela family members cash in on icon’s name |publisher=The Globe and Mail |date=2013-04-16 |accessdate=28 June 2006}}</ref> an a growin nummer o great-grandchilder.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-590332.html |title=In S. Africa, a President Replaces an Icon; Mbeki Takes Over From Mandela, Nation's 'Saintly Man' |author=Jon Jeter |date=17 June 1999 |work=The Washington Post |publisher={{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}} |accessdate=3 February 2013 |archive-date=2013-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502034120/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-590332.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Juin 2004, Mandela announcit that he wis reteerin frae public life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/mandela/mandela-retirement.htm|title='I'll call you' – Nelson Mandela|publisher=South African.info|date=2 June 2004|accessdate=10 August 2013|archive-date=2013-02-25|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6EhSNBc53?url=http://www.southafrica.info/mandela/mandela-retirement.htm#.UgXG1U7n_IU|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Awairds== Mandela haes received mair nor 250 awairds ower fower decades, includin the 1993 [[Nobel Peace Prize]].<ref name="Prize">{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/mandela-bio.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 Nelson Mandela, F.W. de Klerk |work=nobelprize.org |accessdate=14 January 2011}}</ref> ==Daith== Mandela deit on 5 December 2013 at his home at [[Houghton Estate]], Johannesburg frae complications o a buff infection, agit 95.<ref name="NMD"/> He wis surroundit bi his faimily when he deit. His daith wis announcit bi Preses [[Jacob Zuma]].<ref name="NMD">{{cite web|title=Nelson Mandela, father of a nation, dies aged 95|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/nelson-mandela-dies-dead-madiba-south-africa-president|accessdate=5 December 2013|date=5 December 2013}}</ref> He wis buiried in [[Qunu]], Sooth Africae. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Ither wabsteids== {{commons}} *[http://www.nelsonmandela.org/ Nelson Mandela Centre of Memory] *[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1851882 Mandela: An Audio History] *[http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/politics/international-politics/nelson-mandela-prisoner-president-peacemaker/nelson-mandela-addresses-canadian-parliament.html CBC Digital Archives&nbsp;– Nelson Mandela: Prisoner, president, peacemaker] *[http://www.mandeladay.com/ Nelson Mandela Day – official site] {{DEFAULTSORT:Mandela, Nelson}} [[Category:1918 births]] [[Category:2013 daiths]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Lunnon Freemit Seestem]] [[Category:Anti-apartheid activists]] [[Category:Congressional Gowd Medal recipients]] [[Category:The Elders (organization)]] [[Category:Inmates o Robben Island]] [[Category:Lenin Peace Prize recipients]] [[Category:Marxist writers]] [[Category:Members o the Naitional Assembly o Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Nelson Mandela|*]] [[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]] [[Category:Fowk acquittit o treason]] [[Category:Fowk frae the Eastren Cape]] [[Category:Presidential Medal o Freedom recipients]] [[Category:Preses o Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Preses o the African Naitional Congress]] [[Category:Saboteurs]] [[Category:Sooth African humanitarians]] [[Category:Sooth African lawyers]] [[Category:Sooth African memoirists]] [[Category:Sooth African Methodists]] [[Category:Sooth African Nobel laureates]] [[Category:Sooth African politeecians convictit o crimes]] [[Category:Sooth African prisoners an detainees]] [[Category:Sooth African revolutionaries]] [[Category:Sooth African socialists]] [[Category:Varsity o Sooth Africae alumni]] [[Category:Xhosa fowk]] <!-- Honours --> [[Category:Bailiffs Grand Cross o the Order o St John]] [[Category:Honorar Companions o the Order o Australie]] [[Category:Bands o the Order o the Aztec Eagle]] [[Category:Companions o the Order o Canadae]] [[Category:Honorar Companions o the Order o the Starn o Ghana]] [[Category:Honorar Members o the Order o Meerit]] [[Category:Knichts Grand Cross o the Order o St. Olav]] [[Category:Recipients o the Bharat Ratna]] [[Category:Recipients o the Gandhi Peace Prize]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o Friendship]] [[Category:Recipients o the Order o the Nile]] [[Category:Recipients o the Sakharov Prize]] [[Category:Recipients o the Nishan-e-Pakistan]] 6h301x94129qv040ha8qc6dayl9m5kp 0 12912 915885 857173 2026-04-29T11:07:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox information appliance | logo = PlayStation 2 logo.svg | image = PS2-Versions.jpg | caption = '''Left:''' Original PlayStation&nbsp;2, with vertical stand<br/>'''Right:''' Slimline PlayStation&nbsp;2, with vertical stand, 8&nbsp;MB memory card and [[DualShock&nbsp;2]] controller | aka = PS2 | developer = [[Sony Computer Entertainment]] | manufacturer = [[Sony]] | family = [[PlayStation]] | type = [[Hame video gemme console]] | generation = [[Saxt generation o video gemme consoles|Saxt generation]] | lifespan = 2000&ndash;2013 | discontinued = {{vgrelease|JP|December 28, 2012<ref name="famitsu">{{cite web|url=http://www.famitsu.com/news/201212/28026636.html|script-title=ja:プレイステーション2の日本国内での出荷が本日（2012年12月28日）で完了|work=[[Famitsu]]|publisher=[[Enterbrain]]|language=Japanese|date=December 28, 2012|accessdate=December 28, 2012}}</ref>}} {{vgrelease|WW|January 4, 2013<ref name="Guardian end">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2013/jan/04/playstation-2-manufacture-ends-years?INTCMP=SRCH|title=PlayStation 2 manufacture ends after 12 years|date=January 4, 2013|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=January 4, 2013}}</ref>}} | media = [[DVD]], [[CD]] | cpu = "[[Emotion Engine]]"<ref name="MPR">{{cite journal|url=http://docencia.ac.upc.edu/ETSETB/SEGPAR/microprocessors/emotionengine%20(mpr).pdf|first=Keith|last=Diefendorff|author-link=Keith Diefendorff|title=Sony's Emotionally Charged Chip|journal=[[Microprocessor Report]]|volume=13|number=5|date=April 19, 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/multimedia/display/20070226073502.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026081956/http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/multimedia/display/20070226073502.html|title=Sony Removes Emotion Engine, Graphics Synthesizer from PAL PlayStation 3|last=Shiloy|first=Anton|date=February 26, 2007|archivedate=October 26, 2016|publisher=X-bit labs|accessdate=May 7, 2014}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161026081956/http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/multimedia/display/20070226073502.html |date=2016-10-26 }}</ref> | CPUspeed = 300&nbsp;MHz<ref name="MPR" /> | memory = 32&nbsp;MB of [[RDRAM]] system memory<ref name="anand_rdram"/><br />4&nbsp;MB of [[eDRAM]] [[video RAM]]<ref name="ign_untapped_power"/><ref name="vram_edram"/> | storage = 40&nbsp;GB [[hard drive]] <small>(add-on)</small> | memory card = {{ubl|8&nbsp;MB PlayStation&nbsp;2 [[Memory cards in video game consoles|memory card]]|128&nbsp;KB PlayStation memory card}} | display = {{Collapsible list|title= Video output formats| *[[Composite video]] *[[S-Video]] *[[SCART#RGB overlays .28fast switching.29|SCART/JP21 RGB]] *[[VGA connector|VGA]] <small>(progressive scan capable software only)</small> *[[YPbPr|{{YPbPr}}]] [[component video]]/[[D-Terminal]] }} | sound = [[Dolby Digital]] 5.1 and [[DTS (sound system)|DTS]] 5.1 | controllers = [[DualShock 2]], [[DualShock]], [[EyeToy]] | connectivity = 100&nbsp;Mbit [[Ethernet]]/[[modem]] <small>(requires adapter on SCPH-10000-500xx models)</small>, 2 × [[USB 1.1]], 1 × [[IEEE 1394 interface]] | compatibility= [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] | predecessor = [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]] | successor = [[PlayStation 3]] | title = PlayStation 2 | releasedate = '''PlayStation 2'''{{vgrelease|JP|March 4, 2000|NA|October 26, 2000|EU|November 24, 2000|AUS|November 30, 2000}}'''PlayStation 2 Slimline'''{{vgrelease|EU|October 29, 2004|JP|November 3, 2004|NA|November 25, 2004|AUS|December 2, 2004}} | price = | unitssold = Approximately 155&nbsp;million <small>(as of March 31, 2012)</small><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rappler.com/life-and-style/technology/18779-sony-stops-shipping-playstation-2-units-in-japan|title=Sony stops shipping PlayStation 2 units in Japan|accessdate=August 4, 2013|date=December 29, 2012|publisher=Rappler}}</ref> | unitsshipped = | GPU = 150&nbsp;MHz "[[Graphics Synthesizer]]"<ref name="MPR" /> | onlineservice= [[DNAS|Dynamic Network Authentication System]] <!-- ============================================================ --> <!-- Do not change the top game without using the talk page first --> <!-- ============================================================ --> | topgame = ''[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]'': 17.33 million sold <small>(as of February 2009)</small><ref name="Guinness 2009">{{cite book|title=Guinness World Records 2009 Gamer's Edition|pages=108–109|isbn=1-904994-45-8|quote=''GTA: San Andreas'' is the best-selling PlayStation 2 game, with a massive 17.33 million copies sold.}}</ref> }} The '''PlayStation 2''' ''(プレイステーション2; Pureisutēshon Tsū)'', abbreviatit '''PS2''' official-like, is a [[History o video gemme consoles (saxt generation)|saxt-generation]] [[video gemme console]] pit oot bi [[Sony]]. The successor tae the [[PlayStation (console)|PlayStation]], an the predecessor tae the [[PlayStation 3]], the PlayStation 2 is pairt o the [[PlayStation|PlayStation series]] o video gemme consoles. Its development wis annooncit in Mairch 1999 an it wis pit oot a year later in [[Video gemme industry#Japanese video gemme industry practices|Japan]]. Its primary competitors war [[Sega]]'s [[Dreamcast]], [[VM Labs]]'s [[Nuon]], [[Microsoft]]'s [[Xbox]], an [[Nintendo]]'s [[Nintendo GameCube|GameCube]]. The PS2 is the [[Leet o best-sellin gemme consoles|best-sellin console]] tae date, haein raxit ower 140 mulȝeon units selt fae 30 September 2009.<ref name="SonyPress">{{cite web|url=http://www.scei.co.jp/corporate/release/100118e.html|title=SONY COMPUTER ENTERTAINMENT ASIA STARTS ITS PLAYSTATION® BUSINESS IN REPUBLIC OF INDONESIA|date=2010-01-08|publisher=[[SCEI]]|accessdate=2010-02-13|archive-date=2011-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703164006/http://scei.co.jp/corporate/release/100118e.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> In late 2009, wi developers pittin thegither new gemmes an the console still sellin steady-like awmaist a decade efter its original oot-date, Sony stappit supportin the PS2 on Januar 3rd, 2013.<ref name="engadget.com">https://www.engadget.com/2013-01-07-playstation-2-is-now-discontinued-worldwide-confirms-sony.html</ref> In 2009, [[IGN]] cried the PlayStation 2 as the third best video gemme console o aw time, oot o a field o 25.<ref>http://www.ign.com/top-25-consoles/3.html{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|25em|refs= <ref name="ign_untapped_power">{{cite web|last1=Perry|first1=Douglass C.|title=The Untapped Power of PlayStation 2|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/03/10/the-untapped-power-of-playstation-2|website=IGN|accessdate=February 18, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218182930/http://www.ign.com/articles/2000/03/10/the-untapped-power-of-playstation-2|archivedate=February 18, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="anand_rdram">{{cite web|last1=Shimpi|first1=Anand|title=Rambus DRAM: Uncovering Facts & Burying Rumors|url=http://www.anandtech.com/show/545/7|website=AnandTech|accessdate=February 19, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170219132345/http://www.anandtech.com/show/545/7|archivedate=February 19, 2017}}</ref> <ref name="vram_edram">{{cite web|last1=Leadbetter|first1=Richard|title=Digital Foundry vs. PS2 Classics on PlayStation 3|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-vs-ps2-classics-on-ps3|accessdate=February 19, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120806194433/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/digitalfoundry-vs-ps2-classics-on-ps3|archivedate=August 6, 2012|date=July 21, 2012}}</ref> }} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:PlayStation 2| ]] a9qt3nxfvkox4rv9b847q3kmg8gvo67 0 21326 915866 914879 2026-04-29T00:09:37Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Infobox F1 driver| name = James Hunt | image = James Hunt 1978.jpg | caption = Hunt in the at Brands Hatch wi [[McLaren M26]] | nationality = {{flagicon|UK}} [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] | birth_date = {{birth date|1947|8|29|df=y}} | death_date = {{death date and age|1993|6|15|1947|8|29|df=y}} | Years = {{F1|1973}}-{{F1|1979}} | Team(s) = [[Hesketh Racing|Hesketh]], [[McLaren]], [[Walter Wolf Racing|Wolf]] | Races = 93 (92 starts) | Championships = 1 ([[:en:1976 Formula One season|1976]])| Wins = 10 | Podiums = 23 | Poles = 14 | Fastest laps = 8 | Points = 179 | First race = [[1973 Monaco Grand Prix]] | First win = [[1975 Dutch Grand Prix]] | Last win = [[1977 Japanese Grand Prix]] | Last race = [[1979 Monaco Grand Prix]] | }} '''James Simon Wallis Hunt''' (29 August 1947 &ndash; 15 Juin 1993)<ref name=autocourse>{{cite web |title= DRIVER: Hunt, James |url= http://www.autocoursegpa.com/driver~driver_id~11822.htm |work= Autocourse Grand Prix Archive |accessdate= 2007-10-14 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071104012818/http://www.autocoursegpa.com/driver~driver_id~11822.htm |archivedate= 2007-11-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> wis a [[Unitit Kinrick|Breetish]] racin driver frae [[England]] who wan the [[Formula One]] Warld Championship in {{F1|1976}}. Hunt's aften action packit exploits on track earned him the nickname "Hunt the Shunt." Efter retirin frae drivin, Hunt became a media [[Pundit (expert)|commentator]] an businessman. Niver ane tae tak hissel too seriously, Hunt endeared hissel tae the Breetish public wi his charisma an chairm an in the process brought a whole new fanbase tae the sport o Formula One. Beginnin his racin career in [[tourin caur racin]], Hunt progressed intae [[Formula Three]] where he attractit the attention o the [[Hesketh Racing]] team an wis suin taken unner their wing. Hunt entered Formula One in {{F1|1973}}, drivin a [[March 731]] entered bi the [[Hesketh Racing]] team. He went on tae win for Hesketh, drivin their own [[Hesketh 308]] caur, in baith Warld Championship an non-Championship races, afore joinin the [[McLaren]] team at the end o {{F1|1975}}. In his first year wi McLaren, Hunt wan the Warld Drivers' Championship, an he remained wi the team for a further twa years, although wi less success, afore muivin tae the [[Walter Wolf Racing|Wolf]] team in early {{F1|1979}}. Housomeivver, follaein a string o races in which he failed tae finish, Hunt retired frae drivin hauf wey through the 1979 saison. He is latterly remembered for his commentary career for the [[BBC]], which he teuk up follaein his retirement an maintained till his daith in 1993. ==Complete Formula One Warld Championship results== ([[:Template:F1 driver results legend 2|key]]) (Races in '''bauld''' indicate pole position, races in ''italics'' indicate fastest lap) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" ! Year ! Entrant ! Chassis ! Ingine ! 1 ! 2 ! 3 ! 4 ! 5 ! 6 ! 7 ! 8 ! 9 ! 10 ! 11 ! 12 ! 13 ! 14 ! 15 ! 16 ! 17 ! WDC ! [[:en:List of Formula One World Championship points scoring systems|Pts.]] |- | [[:en:1973 Formula One season|1973]] ! [[Hesketh Racing]] ! [[March Engineering|March]] [[March 731|731]] ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[V8]] || [[:en:1973 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]] || [[:en:1973 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]] || [[:en:1973 South African Grand Prix|RSA]] || [[:en:1973 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]] || [[:en:1973 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]] |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1973 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>9</small> || [[:en:1973 Swedish Grand Prix|SWE]] |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1973 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>6</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| ''[[:en:1973 British Grand Prix|GBR]]''<br /><small>4</small> |bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| [[:en:1973 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]]<br /><small>3</small> || [[:en:1973 German Grand Prix|GER]] |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1973 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFFF"| [[:en:1973 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>DNS</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1973 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]<br /><small>7</small> |bgcolor="#DFDFDF"| ''[[:en:1973 United States Grand Prix|USA]]''<br /><small>2</small> | | ! 8t ! 14 |- |rowspan="2"| [[:en:1974 Formula One season|1974]] !rowspan="2"| [[Hesketh Racing]] ! [[March Engineering|March]] [[March 731|731]] ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[V8]] |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]<br /><small>9</small> | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan="2"| 8t !rowspan="2"| 15 |- ! [[Hesketh Racing|Hesketh]] [[Hesketh 308|308]] ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[V8]] | | |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]<br /><small>10</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| [[:en:1974 Swedish Grand Prix|SWE]]<br /><small>3</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| [[:en:1974 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]]<br /><small>3</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1974 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1974 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]<br /><small>4</small> |bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| [[:en:1974 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small>3</small> | | |- |rowspan="2"| [[:en:1975 Formula One season|1975]] !rowspan="2"| [[Hesketh Racing]] ! [[Hesketh Racing|Hesketh]] [[Hesketh 308|308B]] ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[V8]] |bgcolor="#DFDFDF"| ''[[:en:1975 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]]''<br /><small>2</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1975 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]<br /><small>6</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1975 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1975 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1975 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1975 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1975 Swedish Grand Prix|SWE]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| [[:en:1975 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]]<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#DFDFDF"| [[:en:1975 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>2</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1975 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>4</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1975 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#DFDFDF"| [[:en:1975 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]]<br /><small>2</small> | | | | | !rowspan="2"| 4t !rowspan="2"| 33 |- ! [[Hesketh Racing|Hesketh]] [[Hesketh 308C|308C]] ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[V8]] | | | | | | | | | | | | |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1975 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>5</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1975 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small>4</small> | | | |- | [[:en:1976 Formula One season|1976]] ! [[Marlboro (cigarette)|Marlboro]] [[McLaren|Team McLaren]] ! [[McLaren]] [[McLaren M23|M23]] ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[V8]] |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| '''[[:en:1976 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#DFDFDF"| '''[[:en:1976 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]'''<br /><small>2</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1976 United States Grand Prix West|USW]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''[[:en:1976 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1976 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1976 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1976 Swedish Grand Prix|SWE]]<br /><small>5</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''[[:en:1976 French Grand Prix|FRA]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#000000" style="color:#FFFFFF"| [[:en:1976 British Grand Prix|<font color=white>GBR</font>]]<br /><small>DSQ</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''[[:en:1976 German Grand Prix|GER]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| '''''[[:en:1976 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]]'''''<br /><small>4</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| [[:en:1976 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]]<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1976 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''[[:en:1976 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''''[[:en:1976 United States Grand Prix|USA]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| [[:en:1976 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>3</small> | |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''1st''' |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''69''' |- |rowspan="2"| [[:en:1977 Formula One season|1977]] !rowspan="2"| [[Marlboro (cigarette)|Marlboro]] [[McLaren|Team McLaren]] ! [[McLaren]] [[McLaren M23|M23]] ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[V8]] |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| '''''[[:en:1977 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]]'''''<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#DFDFDF"| '''''[[:en:1977 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]'''''<br /><small>2</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| '''[[:en:1977 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]'''<br /><small>4</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 United States Grand Prix West|USA]]<br /><small>7</small> | |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>Ret</small> | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan="2"| 5t !rowspan="2"| 40 |- ! [[McLaren]] [[McLaren M26|M26]] ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[V8]] | | | | |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]<br /><small>Ret</small> | |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br /><small>7</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 Swedish Grand Prix|SWE]]<br /><small>12</small> |bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| [[:en:1977 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>3</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''''[[:en:1977 British Grand Prix|GBR]]'''''<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 German Grand Prix|GER]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| '''[[:en:1977 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]'''<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| '''[[:en:1977 United States Grand Prix|USA]]'''<br /><small>1</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1977 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#FFFFBF"| [[:en:1977 Japanese Grand Prix|JPN]]<br /><small>1</small> |- | [[:en:1978 Formula One season|1978]] ! [[Marlboro (cigarette)|Marlboro]] [[McLaren|Team McLaren]] ! [[McLaren]] [[McLaren M26|M26]] ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[V8]] |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1978 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]]<br /><small>4</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 United States Grand Prix West|USW]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#DFFFDF"| [[:en:1978 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]<br /><small>6</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 Swedish Grand Prix|SWE]]<br /><small>8</small> |bgcolor="#FFDF9F"| [[:en:1978 French Grand Prix|FRA]]<br /><small>3</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 British Grand Prix|GBR]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#000000" style="color:#FFFFFF"| [[:en:1978 German Grand Prix|<font color=white>GER</font>]]<br /><small>DSQ</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]]<br /><small>10</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 United States Grand Prix|USA]]<br /><small>7</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1978 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]]<br /><small>Ret</small> | ! 13t ! 8 |- |rowspan="2"| [[:en:1979 Formula One season|1979]] !rowspan="2"| [[Olympus Corporation|Olympus Cameras]] [[Walter Wolf Racing|Wolf Racing]] ! [[Walter Wolf Racing|Wolf]] [[Wolf WR7|WR7]] ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[V8]] |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1979 Argentine Grand Prix|ARG]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1979 Brazilian Grand Prix|BRA]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#CFCFFF"| [[:en:1979 South African Grand Prix|RSA]]<br /><small>8</small> | |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1979 Spanish Grand Prix|ESP]]<br /><small>Ret</small> | | | | | | | | | | | | !rowspan="2"| NC !rowspan="2"| 0 |- ! [[Walter Wolf Racing|Wolf]] [[Wolf WR8|WR8]] ! [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] [[V8]] | | | |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1979 United States Grand Prix West|USW]]<br /><small>Ret</small> | |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1979 Belgian Grand Prix|BEL]]<br /><small>Ret</small> |bgcolor="#EFCFFF"| [[:en:1979 Monaco Grand Prix|MON]]<br /><small>Ret</small> | [[:en:1979 French Grand Prix|FRA]] | [[:en:1979 British Grand Prix|GBR]] | [[:en:1979 German Grand Prix|GER]] | [[:en:1979 Austrian Grand Prix|AUT]] | [[:en:1979 Dutch Grand Prix|NED]] | [[:en:1979 Italian Grand Prix|ITA]] | [[:en:1979 Canadian Grand Prix|CAN]] | [[:en:1979 United States Grand Prix|USA]] | | |} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.grandprix.com/gpe/drv-hunjam.html GrandPrix.com biography] *[http://www.connectingrod.it/Glories/Hunt/jameshunt_eng.html ConnectingRod airticle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722031200/http://www.connectingrod.it/Glories/Hunt/jameshunt_eng.html |date=2011-07-22 }} *[http://bodieofci5.tripod.com/jameshunt/ James Hunt appreciation wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717102400/http://bodieofci5.tripod.com/jameshunt/ |date=2011-07-17 }} *[http://www.champ76.co.uk/ Fan website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912045527/http://www.champ76.co.uk/ |date=2011-09-12 }} *[http://www.4mula1.ro/history/driver/James_Hunt James Hunt statistics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226222234/http://www.4mula1.ro/history/driver/James_Hunt |date=2010-12-26 }} *[http://www.f1video.tv/2008/07/14/james-hunt-9-points-and-a-lot-fo-happiness/ Video of James Hunt just after he won the 1976 British Grand Prix]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{s-start}} {{s-sports}} {{succession box|title=[[:en:BRDC International Trophy|BRDC International Trophy winner]] |before=[[Jackie Stewart]]|after=[[Niki Lauda]]|years=1974}} {{succession box|title=[[:en:BRDC International Trophy|BRDC International Trophy winner]] |before=[[Niki Lauda]]|after=[[Keke Rosberg]]|years=1976}} {{succession box|title=[[:en:List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions|Formula Ane Warld Champion]] |before=[[Niki Lauda]]|after=[[Niki Lauda]]|years={{F1|1976}}}} {{succession box|title=[[:en:Race of Champions (Brands Hatch)|Brands Hatch Race o Champions winner]] |before=[[Tom Pryce]]|after=[[Gilles Villeneuve]]|years=1976-1977}} {{s-ach}} {{succession box | title=[[:en:Hawthorn Memorial Trophy]] | before=[[Denny Hulme]] | after=[[John Watson (racin driver)|John Watson]]| years=1975-1977}} {{s-end}} {{Formula Ane Warld Drivers' Champions}} {{McLaren}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hunt, James}} [[Category:1947 births]] [[Category:1993 daiths]] [[Category:BRDC Gold Star winners]] [[Category:Breetish Formula Three Championship drivers]] [[Category:Burials at Putney Vale Cemetery]] [[Category:Daiths frae myocardial infarction]] [[Category:Inglis Formula Ane drivers]] [[Category:McLaren Formula Ane drivers]] [[Category:Formula Ane Warld Drivers' Champions]] [[Category:Inglis racin drivers]] [[Category:European Formula Twa Championship drivers]] [[Category:International Race o Champions drivers]] [[Category:Old Wellingtonians]] [[Category:Fowk frae Sutton, Lunnon]] [[Category:Sports commentators]] [[Category:Motorsport announcers]] rw189d2kmtnh7mvyjit97l56l4hr74q 0 21684 915882 851965 2026-04-29T07:56:15Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|42|35|N|23|0|E|region:BG|display=title}} {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Перник | image_map = Pernik Province location map.svg | capital = [[Pernik]] | population_total = 133750 | population_as_of = | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_total_km2 = 2390.5 | municipalities = 6 | license_plate = PK | governor = Ivo Petrov | website = }} '''Pernik Province''' is a [[provinces o Bulgarie|province]] in wastren [[Bulgarie]], neighbourin [[Serbie]]. Its main ceety is [[Pernik]], an ither municipalities are [[Breznik]], [[Kovachevtsi]], [[Radomir (toun)|Radomir]], [[Tran, Bulgarie|Tran]], an [[Zemen]]. ==Demographics== Pernik province haed a [[population]] o 133,750 accordin tae the 2011 [[census]], o which {{pct|65358|133750|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|68392|133750|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="divisions">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=39 Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - 2011 census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714103411/http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=39 |date=2011-07-14 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-01-23 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NSI Census 2011 preliminary">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=43 Population by 01.02.2011 by Area and Sex] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408064700/http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=43 |date=2011-04-08 }} frae [http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/index.php Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Preliminary results of Census 2011]</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Pernik | 1946 = 172,389 | 1956 = 180,228 | 1965 = 180,883 | 1975 = 174,624 | 1985 = 174,044 | 1992 = 163,307 | 2001 = 149,832 | 2005 = 140,981 | 2007 = 138,773 | 2009 = 136,249 | 2011 = 133,750 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 146 141 | align="middle" | {{pct|146141|149832|1}} |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 178 | align="middle" | {{pct|178|149832|1}} |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 92 | align="middle" | {{pct|92|149832|1}} |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 356 | align="middle" | {{pct|356|149832|1}} |- | Ither | align="middle" | 496 | align="middle" | {{pct|496|149832|1}} |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 2 569 | align="middle" | {{pct|2569|149832|1}} |- | '''total''' | align="middle" | '''149 832''' | align="middle" |100% |} ===Ethnic groups=== Ethnic groups in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref name="NSI Census 2001 Ethnicity">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by District and Ethnic Group] frae [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> 145 642 [[Bulgaries]] ({{pct|145642|149832|1}}),<br> 3 035 [[Romani fowk|Roma&nbsp;(Gypsy)]] ({{pct|3035|149832|1}}) an 1155 ithers an unspecifeed ({{pct|1155|149832|1}}). ==Economy== Industry is o vital importance for the economy o the province. Pernik is the major manufacturin centre, ane o the lairgest in the kintra wi the "Stomana" steel complex; hivy machinery (minin an industrial equipment); biggin materials an textiles being the maist important. There is an enormous plant for hivy machinery in [[Radomir (toun)|Radomir]] which produces excavators an industrial equipment, but is currently no wirkin at full capacity. ==See an aw== *[[Provinces o Bulgarie]] *[[Leet of veelages in Pernik Province]] == References == <references/> ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.pk.government.bg/ Ceety hamepage] {{bg icon}} *[http://www.pernikrss.com/ Pernik ceety information portal] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100209220246/http://www.pernikrss.com/ |date=2010-02-09 }} {{bg icon}} *[http://www.zonapernik.info/ Information steid for Pernik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090531090926/http://zonapernik.info/ |date=2009-05-31 }} {{bg icon}} {{Geographic Location |Centre = Pernik Province |North = [[Sofia Province]] |Northeast = [[Sofia Province]] |East = [[Sofia]]-Caipital |Southeast = [[Sofia Province]] |South = [[Kyustendil Province]] |Southwest = [[Kyustendil Province]] |West = [[Kyustendil Province]] |Northwest = {{flag|Serbie}} }} {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} {{Commonscat|Pernik Province}} [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Pernik Province| ]] 3dw2tga5ox2npc8904slrr99jivthy2 0 32191 915869 851503 2026-04-29T02:12:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Кюстендил | image_map = Kyustendil Province location map.svg | capital = [[Kyustendil]] | population_total = 135,664 | population_as_of = 2011 | area_total_km2 = 3084 | municipalities = 9 | license_plate = KH | governor = Lyubomir Anchev | website = [http://www.kn.government.bg/ kn.government.bg] }} [[Image:Bulgarien 0907.JPG|thumb|250px|The Rila monastery]] '''Kyustendil Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Кюстендил}}, [[transliteratit]] ''Oblast Kyustendil'') is a [[provinces of Bulgaria|province]] in soothwastren [[Bulgarie]], extendin ower an aurie o 3084.3&nbsp;km² (constitutin 2.7% o the tot territory o the Republic o Bulgarie), an haes a population o 163,889. It borders on the provinces o [[Sofia Province|Sofia]], [[Pernik Province|Pernik]] an [[Blagoevgrad Province|Blagoevgrad]], while tae the wast, its leemits coincide wi the state borders atween [[Bulgarie]] an the [[Republic o Macedonie]], an Bulgarie an [[Serbie]]. The admeenistrative centre o the Ceety o [[Kyustendil]]. ==Municipalities== [[File:Kyustendil Oblast map.png|thumb|Municipalities in Kyustendil province]] The Kyustendil province (област, ''oblast'') contains nine municipalities (singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: общини, ''obshtini''). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Inglis an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun (in bauld) or veelage, an the population as o 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop. ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop. |- | [[Boboshevo Municipality|Boboshevo]] | [[:bg:Община Бобошево|Бобошево]] | align="right" | 3,016 | '''[[Boboshevo]]''' | align="right" | 1,383 |- | [[Bobov dol Municipality|Bobov dol]] | [[:bg:Община Бобов дол|Бобов дол]] | align="right" | 10,266 | '''[[Bobov Dol|Bobov dol]]''' | align="right" | 6,664 |- | [[Dupnitsa Municipality|Dupnitsa]] | [[:bg:Община Дупница|Дупница]] | align="right" | 44,988 | '''[[Dupnitsa]]''' | align="right" | 33,519 |- | [[Kocherinovo Municipality|Kocherinovo]] | [[:bg:Община Кочериново|Кочериново]] | align="right" | 4,506 | '''[[Kocherinovo]]''' | align="right" | 2,190 |- | [[Kyustendil Municipality|Kyustendil]] | [[:bg:Община Кюстендил|Кюстендил]] | align="right" | 60,681 | '''[[Kyustendil]]''' | align="right" | 44,532 |- | [[Nevestino Municipality|Nevestino]] | [[:bg:Община Невестино|Невестино]] | align="right" | 2,738 | [[Nevestino, Kyustendil Province|Nevestino]] | align="right" | 629 |- | [[Rila Municipality|Rila]] | [[:bg:Община Рила|Рила]] | align="right" | 3,424 | '''[[Rila (toun)|Rila]]''' | align="right" | 2,937 |- | [[Sapareva banya Municipality|Sapareva banya]] | [[:bg:Община Сапарева баня|Сапарева баня]] | align="right" | 8,165 | '''[[Sapareva Banya|Sapareva banya]]''' | align="right" | 4,326 |- | [[Treklyano Municipality|Treklyano]] | [[:bg:Община Трекляно|Трекляно]] | align="right" | 547 | [[Treklyano]] | align="right" | 226 |} ==Demographics== Kyustendil province haed a [[population]] o 135,664 accordin tae the 2011 [[census]], o which {{pct|66324|135664|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|69340|135664|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="divisions">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=39 Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - 2011 census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714103411/http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=39 |date=2011-07-14 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-02-23 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="NSI Census 2011 preliminary">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=43 Population by 01.02.2011 by Area and Sex] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408064700/http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=43 |date=2011-04-08 }} from [http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/index.php Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Preliminary results of Census 2011]</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Kyustendil | 1946 = 199,936 | 1956 = 193,571 | 1965 = 197,096 | 1975 = 198,876 | 1985 = 190,714 | 1992 = 181,347 | 2001 = 162,534 | 2005 = 152,714 | 2007 = 149,187 | 2009 = 145,577 | 2011 = 135,664 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 154 637 | align="middle" | {{pct|154637|162534|1}} |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 231 | align="middle" | {{pct|231|162534|1}} |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 76 | align="middle" | {{pct|76|162534|1}} |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 928 | align="middle" | {{pct|928|162534|1}} |- | Ither | align="middle" | 1 013 | align="middle" | {{pct|1013|162534|1}} |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 5 649 | align="middle" | {{pct|5649|162534|1}} |- | '''tot''' | align="middle" | '''162 534''' | align="middle" |100% |} ===Leid=== Mither tongues in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref name="NSI Census 2001 Language">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by District and Mother Tongue] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> * 153,242 [[Bulgarie leid|Bulgarie]] ({{pct|153242|162534|1}}) * 7,929 [[Romani leid|Roma&nbsp;(Gypsy)]] ({{pct|7929|162534|1}}) * 1363 others an unspecified ({{pct|1363|162534|1}}) ===Ethnic groups=== Ethnic groups in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref name="NSI Census 2001 Ethnicity">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by District and Ethnic Group] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> *152,644 [[Bulgarians]] ({{pct|152644|162534|1}}) *8 294 [[Romani people|Roma&nbsp;(Gypsy)]] ({{pct|8294|162534|1}}) *1596 others an unspecified ({{pct|1596|162534|1}}) ==See an aw== *[http://visit-kyustendil.eu Kyustendil tourist destination - tourism opportunities in the Kyustendil region] *[http://www.kn.government.bg/kn/index-bg.html Kyustendil Province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090422051011/http://www.kn.government.bg/kn/index-bg.html |date=2009-04-22 }} *[[Provinces o Bulgarie]] *[[Municipalities o Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o ceeties an touns in Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o veelages in Kyustendil Province]] ==References== <references /> {{Geographic Location |Centre = Kyustendil Province |North = [[Pernik Province]] |Northeast = |East = [[Sofia Province]] |Southeast = |South = [[Blagoevgrad Province]] |Southwest = {{flag|Republic o Macedonie}} |West = |Northwest = {{flag|Serbie}} }} {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} {{Commonscat|Kyustendil Province}} [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Kyustendil Province| ]] 9c2cfxhy75m640huekyre93pa79j9g9 0 32192 915887 915583 2026-04-29T11:09:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Пловдив | image_map = Plovdiv Province location map.svg | capital = [[Plovdiv]] | population_total = 671,918 | population_footnotes = <ref name="divisions"/> | population_as_of = February 2011 | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_footnotes = <ref name="phare"/> | area_total_km2 = 5,972.9 | municipalities = 18 | license_plate = PB | governor = Ivan Totev | website = [http://www.pd.government.bg/ pd.government.bg] }} '''Plovdiv Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Пловдив}} - ''Oblast Plovdiv'', umwhile name [[okrug|Plovdiv okrug]]) is a [[provinces o Bulgarie|province]] in central soothren [[Bulgarie]]. It comprises 18 municipalities (общини, ''obshtini'', sing. община, ''obshtina'') on a territory o 5,972.9&nbsp;km²<ref name="phare">{{en icon}} [http://www.zei.de/download/Phare/bulgaria.pdf Bulgarian Provinces area and population 1999 — National Center for Regional Development — page 90-91]</ref> wi a tot population, as o December 2009, o 701,684 indwallers.<ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-02-23 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The province is namit efter its admeenistrative an industrial centre - the ceety o [[Plovdiv]]. == Geography == [[Image:SeloVrata.jpg|left|thumb|210px|View o the Rhodopes near the veelage o Vrata in the sooth o the province]] It includes pairts o the [[Upper Thracie Plain]], the [[Rhodopes]], [[Sredna Gora]], the [[Sub-Balkan valleys]] an [[Stara Planina]], includin its heichest peak Botev (2, 376m). The main rivers in the province are Maritsa, Stryama, Pyasachnik. Thare are numerous dams, the maist important o which is Pyasachnik. Mineral springs are abundant, thare are several major [[spa resort]]s- [[Hisarya]], [[Narechen]], [[Banya, Plovdiv Province|Banya]] an minor spas at [[Klisura]], [[Asenovgrad]], [[Kuklen]], [[Rosino]], [[Krasnovo]], [[Stoletovo]] an ithers. Thare are mony naitural laundmerks, especially in the [[Central Balkan National Park]], includin the spectacular watterfaw [[Raysko Praskalo]], the heichest in the [[Balkans]]. ==Municipalities== [[Image:Plovdiv Oblast map.png|thumb|260px|Municipalities o Plovdiv province]] The Plovdiv province (Област, ''oblast'') contains 18 municipalities<ref>[http://www.hs.government.bg/hs/index.html Oblast Haskovo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605022021/http://www.hs.government.bg/hs/index.html |date=2009-06-05 }}, official website</ref> (singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: Общини, ''obshtini''). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Inglis an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun or veelage (touns are shawn in bauld), an the population o each as o December 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-02-23 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="villages under 1000">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=en&f=8&s=1&date=29.12.2010&e=1&s1=4&c1=2&a1=1000&c=0 Bulgarian National Statistical Institute – Bulgarian villages under 1000 inhabitants – December 2009]</ref><ref name="Settlements 1000-5000">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=en&f=8&s=1&date=29.12.2010&e=1&s1=4&c1=3&a1=1000&c=1&s2=4&c2=2&a2=5000 Bulgarian National Statistical Institute – Bulgarian Settlements 1000–5000 inhabitants – December 2009]</ref> |- | [[Asenovgrad Municipality, Bulgaria|Asenovgrad]] | [[:bg:Община Асеновград|Асеновград]] | align="right" | 65,222 | '''[[Asenovgrad]]''' | align="right" | 51,499 |- | [[Brezovo Municipality|Brezovo]] | [[:bg:Община Брезово|Брезово]] | align="right" | 7,943 | '''[[Brezovo]]''' | align="right" | 1,886 |- | [[Hisarya Municipality|Hisarya]] | [[:bg:Община Хисаря|Хисаря]] | align="right" | 13,113 | '''[[Hisarya]]''' | align="right" | 7,410 |- | [[Kaloyanovo Municipality|Kaloyanovo]] | [[:bg:Община Калояново|Калояново]] | align="right" | 12,402 | [[Kaloyanovo]] | align="right" | 2,417 |- | [[Karlovo Municipality|Karlovo]] | [[:bg:Община Карлово|Карлово]] | align="right" | 54,925 | '''[[Karlovo]]''' | align="right" | 25,149 |- | [[Krichim Municipality|Krichim]] | [[:bg:Община Кричим|Кричим]] | align="right" | 8,590 | '''[[Krichim]]''' | align="right" | 8,590 |- | [[Kuklen Municipality|Kuklen]] | [[:bg:Община Куклен|Куклен]] | align="right" | 6,540 | '''[[Kuklen]]''' | align="right" | 5,896 |- | [[Laki Municipality|Laki]] | [[:bg:Община Лъки|Лъки]] | align="right" | 3,387 | '''[[Laki, Bulgarie|Laki]]''' | align="right" | 2,491 |- | [[Maritsa Municipality|Maritsa]] (Plovdiv rural) | [[:bg:Община Марица|Марица]] | align="right" | 31,447 | '''[[Plovdiv]]''' | align="right" | see ablo |- | [[Perushtitsa Municipality|Perushtitsa]] | [[:bg:Община Перущица|Перущица]] | align="right" | 5,194 | '''[[Perushtitsa]]''' | align="right" | 5,194 |- | [[Plovdiv Municipality|Plovdiv]] (ceety) | [[:bg:Община Пловдив|Пловдив]] | align="right" | 348,465 | '''[[Plovdiv]]''' | align="right" | 348,465 |- | [[Parvomay Municipality|Parvomay]] | [[:bg:Община Първомай|Първомай]] | align="right" | 27,813 | '''[[Parvomay]]''' | align="right" | 13,984 |- | [[Rakovski Municipality|Rakovski]] | [[:bg:Община Раковски|Раковски]] | align="right" | 26,683 | '''[[Rakovski (toun)|Rakovski]]''' | align="right" | 15,265 |- | [[Rodopi Municipality|Rodopi]] (Plovdiv rural) | [[:bg:Община Родопи|Родопи]] | align="right" | 32,286 | '''[[Plovdiv]]''' | align="right" | see abuin |- | [[Sadovo Municipality|Sadovo]] | [[:bg:Община Садово|Садово]] | align="right" | 15,714 | '''[[Sadovo]]''' | align="right" | 2,507 |- | [[Sopot Municipality|Sopot]] | [[:bg:Община Сопот|Сопот]] | align="right" | 10,354 | '''[[Sopot, Plovdiv Province|Sopot]]''' | align="right" | 9,299 |- | [[Stamboliyski Municipality|Stamboliyski]] | [[:bg:Община Стамболийски|Стамболийски]] | align="right" | 20,879 | '''[[Stamboliyski]]''' | align="right" | 11,721 |- | [[Saedinenie Municipality|Saedinenie]] | [[:bg:Община Съединение|Съединение]] | align="right" | 11,193 | '''[[Saedinenie, Plovdiv Province|Saedinenie]]''' | align="right" | 6,050 |} == Touns == The province's caipital is the ceety o [[lovdiv]], ither touns include [[Karlovo]], [[Sopot, Bulgarie|Sopot]], [[Klisura]], [[Kalofer]], [[Hisarya]], [[Saedinenie]], [[Rakovski (town)|Rakovski]], [[Brezovo]], [[Stamboliyski]], [[Krichim]], [[Perushtitsa]], [[Sadovo]], [[Parvomay]], [[Asenovgrad]], [[Laki, Bulgarie|Laki]], [[Katunica]], [[Yiagodovo]]. ==Demografie== The Plovdiv province haed a [[population]] o 715,904 (715,816 an aw gien) accordin tae a 2001 [[census]], o which {{pct|346431|715904|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|369385|715904|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="NSI Census 2001">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/PopObl.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by Area and Sex] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> As o the end o 2009, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarian National Statistical Institute, numbered 701,684<ref name="divisions"/> o which {{pct|168908|701684|1}} are indwallers aged ower 60 years.<ref name="NSI age">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Population by age in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121908/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |date=2012-05-13 }}</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Plovdiv | 1946 = 515,887 | 1956 = 564,910 | 1965 = 647,653 | 1975 = 725,452 | 1985 = 760,076 | 1992 = 734,495 | 2001 = 715,904 | 2005 = 707,570 | 2007 = 705,121 | 2009 = 701,684 | 2011 = 671,918 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 608,226 | align="middle" |84.97% |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 62,595 | align="middle" |8.74% |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 23,122 | align="middle" |3.23% |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 3,913 | align="middle" |0.55% |- | Ither | align="middle" | 4,412 | align="middle" |0.62% |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 13,548 | align="middle" |1.89% |- | '''tot''' | align="middle" | '''715,816''' | align="middle" |100% |} == Economy == [[Image:Roman-fortress-Hissarya-Walls.jpg|left|thumb|210px|Walls o the Hissarya fortress]] The economy o the province is o great importance. The agricultural production is intensive an efficient wi heich levels o irrigation. The major crops are fruit (aiples, ploums, peirs, cherries), grapes, melons an watermelons, vegetables (tomataes, peppers, carrots, cabbitch, potatoes), wheat, rice, baurley an others. The industry is verra well developed: ferrous metallurgy near [[Plovdiv]]; thriving electronics industry in [[Plovdiv]], [[Saedinenie]], [[Voivodinovo]], [[Radinovo]] an ither villages in the aurie; agricultural machinery (tractors) in [[Karlovo]], wappen an military plants in [[Sopot, Bulgaria|Sopot]], [[Karlovo]], [[Plovdiv]]; chemical industry in [[Plovdiv]], [[Asenovgrad]]; fuid industry is developed awmaist awplace, maist notably in [[Plovdiv]] an [[Asenovgrad]] (wines). Tourism is a growin industry wi the rich cultural heritage o the province an the mony [[mineral springs]] which are o internaitional importance. ==See an aw== *[[Provinces o Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o veelages in Plovdiv Province]] ==References== <references /> {{Geographic Location |Centre = Plovdiv Province |North = [[Lovech Province]] |Northeast = [[Gabrovo Province]] |East = [[Stara Zagora Province]] |Southeast = [[Haskovo Province]]<br>[[Kardzhali Province]] |South = [[Smolyan Province]] |Southwest = |West = [[Pazardzhik Province]] |Northwest = [[Sofia Province]] }} {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Plovdiv Province| ]] 7g7rjzs6rltkz6vush2dkmj1ma5agb9 0 37667 915854 915722 2026-04-28T22:32:10Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | name = Haskovo Province | native_name = Област Хасково | image_map = Haskovo Province location map.svg | capital = [[Haskovo]] | population_total = 246,238 | population_footnotes = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> | population_as_of = February 2011 | area_footnotes = <ref name="phare"/> | area_total_km2 = 5,533.3 | municipalities = 11 | license_plate = X | governor = Rumen Danov | website = [http://www.hs.government.bg/ hs.government.bg] }} '''Haskovo Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Хасково}} - ''Oblast Haskovo'', umwhile name [[okrug|Haskovo okrug]]) is a [[provinces o Bulgarie|province]] in soothren [[Bulgarie]], neebourin [[Greece]] an [[Turkey]] tae the sootheast, comprisin pairts o the Thracian valley alang the river [[Maritsa]]. It is namit efter its admeenistrative an industrial centre - the ceety o [[Haskovo]]. The province embraces a territory o 5,533.3&nbsp;km²<ref name="phare">{{en icon}} [http://www.zei.de/download/Phare/bulgaria.pdf Bulgarian Provinces area and population 1999 — National Center for Regional Development — page 90-91]</ref> that is dividit intae 11 municipalities wi a tot population, as o December 2009, o 256,408 indwallers.<ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref> ==Municipalities== [[Image:Haskovo Oblast map.png|thumb|260px|Municipalities o Haskovo province]] The Haskovo province (Област, ''oblast'') conteens 11 municipalities<ref>[http://www.hs.government.bg/hs/index.html Oblast Haskovo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090605022021/http://www.hs.government.bg/hs/index.html |date=2009-06-05 }}, official website</ref> (singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: Общини, ''obshtini''). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun or veelage (touns are shawn in bauld), an the population o each as o December 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/><ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="villages under 1000">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=en&f=8&s=1&date=29.12.2010&e=1&s1=4&c1=2&a1=1000&c=0 Bulgarian National Statistical Institute – Bulgarian villages under 1000 inhabitants – December 2009]</ref><ref name="Settlements 1000-5000">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=en&f=8&s=1&date=29.12.2010&e=1&s1=4&c1=3&a1=1000&c=1&s2=4&c2=2&a2=5000 Bulgarian National Statistical Institute – Bulgarian Settlements 1000–5000 inhabitants – December 2009]</ref> |- | [[Dimitrovgrad Municipality, Bulgarie|Dimitrovgrad]] | [[:bg:Община Димитровград|Димитровград]] | align="right" | 56,882 | '''[[Dimitrovgrad, Bulgarie|Dimitrovgrad]]''' | align="right" | 39,510 |- | [[Harmanli Municipality|Harmanli]] | [[:bg:Община Харманли|Харманли]] | align="right" | 25,711 | '''[[Harmanli]]''' | align="right" | 18,557 |- | [[Haskovo Municipality|Haskovo]] | [[:bg:Община Хасково|Хасково]] | align="right" | 96,499 | '''[[Haskovo]]''' | align="right" | 77,050 |- | [[Ivaylovgrad Municipality|Ivaylovgrad]] | [[:bg:Община Ивайловград|Ивайловград]] | align="right" | 6,761 | '''[[Ivaylovgrad]]''' | align="right" | 3,756 |- | [[Lyubimets Municipality|Lyubimets]] | [[:bg:Община Любимец|Любимец]] | align="right" | 10,400 | '''[[Lyubimets]]''' | align="right" | 7,670 |- | [[Madzharovo Municipality|Madzharovo]] | [[:bg:Община Маджарово|Маджарово]] | align="right" | 1,800 | '''[[Madzharovo]]''' | align="right" | 590 |- | [[Mineralni bani Municipality|Mineralni bani]] | [[:bg:Община Минерални бани|Минерални бани]] | align="right" | 6,542 | [[Mineralni bani]] | align="right" | 1,303 |- | [[Simeonovgrad Municipality|Simeonovgrad]] | [[:bg:Община Симеоновград|Симеоновград]] | align="right" | 9,371 | '''[[Simeonovgrad]]''' | align="right" | 7,049 |- | [[Stambolovo Municipality|Stambolovo]] | [[:bg:Община Стамболово|Стамболово]] | align="right" | 6,122 | [[Stambolovo, Haskovo Province|Stambolovo]] | align="right" | 609 |- | [[Svilengrad Municipality|Svilengrad]] | [[:bg:Община Свиленград|Свиленград]] | align="right" | 24,142 | '''[[Svilengrad]]''' | align="right" | 18,132 |- | [[Topolovgrad Municipality|Topolovgrad]] | [[:bg:Община Тополовград|Тополовград]] | align="right" | 12,178 | '''[[Topolovgrad]]''' | align="right" | 5,730 |} ==Demografie== The Haskovo province haed a [[population]] o 277,483 (277,478 an aw gien) accordin tae a 2001 [[census]], o which {{pct|135583|277483|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|141895|277483|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="NSI Census 2001">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/PopObl.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by Area and Sex] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> As o the end o 2009, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarie Naitional Statistical Institute, numbered 256,408<ref name="divisions"/> o which {{pct|66239|256408|1}} are indwallers agit ower 60 years.<ref name="NSI age">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Population by age in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121908/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |date=2012-05-13 }}</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Haskovo | 1946 = 235,248 | 1956 = 272,100 | 1965 = 287,996 | 1975 = 330,132 | 1985 = 334,584 | 1992 = 295,503 | 2001 = 277,483 | 2005 = 267,204 | 2007 = 263,019 | 2009 = 256,408 | 2011 = 242,030 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 227,593 | align="middle" |82.03% |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 33,780 | align="middle" |12.17% |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 426 | align="middle" |0.15% |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 1,846 | align="middle" |0.67% |- | Ither | align="middle" | 1,833 | align="middle" |0.66% |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 12,000 | align="middle" |4.32% |- | '''tot''' | align="middle" | '''277,478''' | align="middle" |100% |} ==See an aw== *[[Provinces o Bulgarie]] *[[Municipalities o Bulgare]] *[[Leet o ceeties an touns in Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o veelages in Haskovo Province]] ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.hs.government.bg/ hs.government.bg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060617022146/http://www.hs.government.bg/ |date=2006-06-17 }} {{Geographic location |Centre = Haskovo Province |North = [[Stara Zagora Province]] |Northeast = [[Yambol Province]] |East = {{flag|Turkey}} |Southeast = |South = {{flag|Greece}} |Southwest = [[Kardzhali Province]] |West = [[Plovdiv Province]] |Northwest = }} <!--Navigation boxes--><br /> {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Haskovo Province| ]] 9r4d6hgqr0albol8rwkvzv56mvf3nws 0 37669 915832 915711 2026-04-28T15:42:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915832 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | name = Burgas Province | native_name = Област Бургас | image_map = Burgas Province location map.svg | capital = [[Burgas]] | municipalities = 13 | area_footnotes = <ref name="phare"/> | area_total_km2 = 7,748.1 | population_total = 415,817 | population_footnotes = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> | population_as_of = February 2011 | license_plate = A<br />AA <small>(since 2008)</small> | governor = Konstantin Grebenarov | website = [http://www.bsregion.org/ www.bsregion.org] }} '''Burgas Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Бургас}} - ''Oblast Burgas'', umwhile name [[okrug|Burgas okrug]]) is a province in sootheastren [[Bulgarie]], includin soothren [[Bulgarie Black Sea Coast]]. It is boondit on the sooth bi [[Turkey]]. The province is namit efter its admeenistrative an industrial centre - the ceety o [[Burgas]] - the fowert biggest toun in the kintra. It is the lairgest province bi aurie, embracin a territory o 7,748.1&nbsp;km²<ref name="phare">[http://www.zei.de/download/Phare/bulgaria.pdf Bulgarian Provinces area and population 1999 — National Center for Regional Development — page 90-91]</ref> that is dividit intae 13 municipalities wi a tot population, as o December 2009, o 422,319 indwallers.<ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |title=Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009 |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2010-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="population">[http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref> {{stack|clear=true| [[Image:Lake-mandrensko-dinev.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lake Mandrensko]] near [[Burgas]]]] [[Image:Malko Turnovo Museum.JPG|right|thumb|Auld hooses in Malko Tarnovo, Strandzha region]] [[Image:Sozopol-dinev-1.jpg|right|thumb|View o [[Sozopol]]]] [[Image:Nessebar St Jean-Baptiste.jpg|right|thumb|Kirk o St John the Baptist (11t century) in [[Nessebar]]]] }} ==Municipalities== [[Image:Burgas Oblast map EN.png|thumb|left|300px|The municipalities o Burgas Province]] The Burgas province (област, ''oblast'') conteens 13 municipalities (singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: общини, ''obshtini''). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun or veelage (touns are shawn in bauld), an the population o each as o 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/><ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |title=Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009 |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2010-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Settlements 1000-5000">[http://www.nsi.bg/nrnm/index.php?ezik=en&f=8&s=1&date=29.12.2010&e=1&s1=4&c1=3&a1=1000&c=1&s2=4&c2=2&a2=5000 Bulgarian National Statistical Institute – Bulgarian Settlements 1000–5000 inhabitants – December 2009]</ref> |- | [[Aytos Municipality|Aytos]] | [[:bg:Община Айтос|Айтос]] | align="right" | 30,450 | '''[[Aytos]]''' | align="right" | 21,067 |- | [[Burgas Municipality|Burgas]] | [[:bg:Община Бургас|Бургас]] | align="right" | 206,343 | '''[[Burgas]]''' | align="right" | 193,765 |- | [[Kameno Municipality|Kameno]] | [[:bg:Община Камено|Камено]] | align="right" | 12,395 | '''[[Kameno]]''' | align="right" | 4,848 |- | [[Karnobat Municipality|Karnobat]] | [[:bg:Община Карнобат|Карнобат]] | align="right" | 26,576 | '''[[Karnobat]]''' | align="right" | 18,480 |- | [[Malko Tarnovo Municipality|Malko Tarnovo]] | [[:bg:Община Малко Търново|Малко Търново]] | align="right" | 3,807 | '''[[Malko Tarnovo]]''' | align="right" | 2,449 |- | [[Nesebar Municipality|Nesebar]] | [[:bg:Община Несебър|Несебър]] | align="right" | 25,311 | '''[[Nesebar]]''' | align="right" | 11,626 |- | [[Pomorie Municipality|Pomorie]] | [[:bg:Община Поморие|Поморие]] | align="right" | 27,557 | '''[[Pomorie]]''' | align="right" | 13,569 |- | [[Primorsko Municipality|Primorsko]] | [[:bg:Община Приморско|Приморско]] | align="right" | 7,332 | '''[[Primorsko]]''' | align="right" | 3,340 |- | [[Ruen Municipality|Ruen]] | [[:bg:Община Руен|Руен]] | align="right" | 28,217 | [[Ruen]] | align="right" | 2,282 |- | [[Sozopol Municipality|Sozopol]] | [[:bg:Община Созопол|Созопол]] | align="right" | 15,578 | '''[[Sozopol]]''' | align="right" | 5,410 |- | [[Sredets Municipality|Sredets]] | [[:bg:Община Средец|Средец]] | align="right" | 16,261 | '''[[Sredets]]''' | align="right" | 9,238 |- | [[Sungurlare Municipality|Sungurlare]] | [[:bg:Община Сунгурларе|Сунгурларе]] | align="right" | 13,079 | '''[[Sungurlare]]''' | align="right" | 3,416 |- | [[Tsarevo Municipality|Tsarevo]] | [[:bg:Община Царево|Царево]] | align="right" | 9,413 | '''[[Tsarevo]]''' | align="right" | 5,884 |} ==Demography== The Burgas province haed a [[population]] o 423,608 (423,547 an aw gien) accordin tae a 2001 [[census]], o which {{pct|207371|423608|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|216175|423608|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="NSI Census 2001">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/PopObl.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by Area and Sex] frae [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> As o the end o 2009, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarie Naitional Statistical Institute, numbered 422,319<ref name="divisions"/> o which {{pct|92253|422319|1}} are indwallers aged ower 60 years.<ref name="NSI age">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |title=Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Population by age in 2009 |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2012-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121908/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |url-status=dead }}</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Burgas | 1946 = 317,156 | 1956 = 352,812 | 1965 = 387,252 | 1975 = 420,268 | 1985 = 449,237 | 1992 = 440,372 | 2001 = 423,608 | 2005 = 418,750 | 2007 = 420,095 | 2009 = 422,319 | 2011 = 409,018 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 339,653 | align="middle" |80.19% |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 64,568 | align="middle" |15.24% |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 452 | align="middle" |0.11% |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 2,339 | align="middle" |0.55% |- | Ither | align="middle" | 1,937 | align="middle" |0.46% |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 14,598 | align="middle" |3.45% |- | '''tot''' | align="middle" | '''423,547''' | align="middle" |100% |} == Touns an veelages == The place names in bauld hae the status o [[toun]] (in Bulgarie: град, transliteratit as ''grad''). Ither localities hae the status o [[veelage]] (in Bulgarie: село, transliteratit as ''selo''). === Aytos municipality === '''[[Aytos]]''', [[Cherna Mogila, Burgas Province|Cherna Mogila]], [[Chernograd]], [[Chukarka]], [[Dryankovets]], [[Karageorgievo]], [[Karanovo, Burgas Province|Karanovo]], [[Lyaskovo, Burgas Province|Lyaskovo]], [[Malka polyana]], [[Maglen]], [[Peshtersko]], [[Pirne]], [[Polyanovo, Burgas Province|Polyanovo]], [[Raklinovo]], [[Sadievo, Burgas Province|Sadievo]], [[Topolitsa]], [[Zetyovo, Burgas Province|Zetyovo]] === Burgas municipality === '''[[Balgarovo]]''', [[Banevo]], [[Bratovo, Burgas Province|Bratovo]], [[Bryastovets]], '''[[Burgas]]''', [[Cherno more (veelage)|Cherno more]] [[Dimchevo]], [[Draganovo, Burgas Province|Draganovo]], [[Izvorishte]], [[Marinka, Bulgarie|Marinka]], [[Mirolyubovo]], [[Ravnets, Burgas Province|Ravnets]], [[Rudnik, Burgas Province|Rudnik]], [[Tvarditsa, Burgas Province|Tvarditsa]], [[Vetren, Burgas Province|Vetren]] === Kameno municipality === '''[[Kameno]]''', [[Krastina]], [[Livada, Bulgarie|Livada]], [[Konstantinovo]], [[Polski izvor]], [[Rusokastro]], [[Svoboda, Burgas Province|Svoboda]], [[Troyanovo]], [[Trastikovo]], [[Cherni vrah (veelage)|Cherni vrah]] [[Vinarsko]], [[Vratitsa]], [[Zhelyazovo]] === Karnobat municipality === [[Asparuhovo, Burgas Province|Asparuhovo]], [[Cherkovo]], [[Detelina, Burgas Province|Detelina]], [[Devetak]], [[Devetintsi]], [[Dobrinovo (Karnobat)|Dobrinovo]], [[Dragantsi]], [[Dragovo, Bulgarie|Dragovo]], [[Ekzarh Antimovo]], [[Glumche]], [[Hadzhiite]], [[Iskra, Burgas Province|Iskra]], '''[[Karnobat]]''', [[Klikach]], [[Kozare, Bulgarie|Kozare]], [[Krumovo gradishte]], [[Krushovo]], [[Madrino]], [[Nevestino, Burgas Province|Nevestino]], [[Ognen]], [[Raklitsa]], [[San-Stefano, Bulgarie|San-Stefano]], [[Sigmen]], [[Sokolovo]], [[Sarnevo]], [[Smolnik, Bulgarie|Smolnik]], [[Tserkovski]], [[Venets, Burgas Province|Venets]], [[Zheleznik, Burgas Province|Zheleznik]], [[Zhitosvyat]], [[Zimen]] === Malko Tarnovo municipality === [[Bliznak, Malko Tarnovo|Bliznak]], [[Brashlyan]], [[Byala voda]], [[Evrenozovo]], [[Gramatikovo]], [[Kalovo]], '''[[Malko Tarnovo]]''', [[Mladezhko]], [[Slivarovo]], [[Stoilovo]] [[Vizitsa]], [[Zabernovo]], [[Zvezdets]] === Nesebar municipality === [[Banya, Burgas Province|Banya]], [[Emona, Burgas Province|Emona]], [[Gyulyovtsa]], [[Koznitsa]], [[Kosharitsa]], '''[[Nesebar]]''', '''[[Obzor]]''', [[Orizare]], [[Panitsovo]], [[Priseltsi]], [[Rakovskovo]], [[Ravda]], '''[[Sveti Vlas]]''', [[Tankovo]] === Pomorie municipality === [[Aheloy]], [[Belodol]], [[Aleksandrovo, Burgas Province|Aleksandrovo]], [[Bata, Burgas Province|Bata]], [[Dabnik]], [[Gaberovo]], [[Goritsa]], [[Galabets, Burgas Province|Galabets]], '''[[Kableshkovo]]''', [[Kamenar]], [[Kozichino]], [[Kosovets, Bulgarie|Kosovets]], [[Laka, Bulgarie|Laka]], [[Medovo]], '''[[Pomorie]]''', [[Poroy, Burgas Province|Poroy]], [[Stratsin]] === Primorsko municipality === '''[[Kiten, Burgas Province|Kiten]]''', [[Novo Panicharevo]], [[Pismenovo]], '''[[Primorsko]]''', [[Veselie (veelage)|Veselie]], [[Yasna polyana]], === Ruen municipality === [[Bilka, Bulgarie|Bilka]], [[Cheresha]], [[Dobra polyana]], [[Dobromir, Bulgarie|Dobromir]], [[Dropla]], [[Daskotna]], [[Dyulya]], [[Kamenyak]], [[Karavelyovo]], [[Listets]], [[Lyulyakovo]], [[Pripek]], [[Mrezhichko]], [[Podgorets]], [[Preobrazhentsi]], [[Planinitsa]], [[Prosenik]], [[Rechitsa, Bulgarie|Rechitsa]], [[Razboyna, Burgas Province|Razboyna]], [[Razhitsa]], [[Rozhden]], [[Rudina, Burgas Province|Rudina]], [[Ruen (veelage)|Ruen]], [[Rupcha]], [[Shivarovo]], [[Skalak]], [[Snezha]], [[Snyagovo]], [[Sokolets]], [[Sredna mahala]], [[Struya]], [[Sini rid]], [[Topchiysko]], [[Tranak]], [[Vishna]], [[Vresovo]], [[Yabalchevo]], [[Yasenovo, Burgas Province|Yasenovo]], [[Zaimchevo]], [[Zaychar]], [[Zvezda, Bulgarie|Zvezda]] === Sozopol municipality === [[Atiya]], [[Chernomorets]], [[Gabar, Bulgaria|Gabar]], [[Indzhe Voivoda (veelage)|Indzhe voyvoda]], [[Izvor, Burgas Province|Izvor]], [[Krushevets]], [[Prisad, Burgas Province|Prisad]], [[Ravadinovo]], [[Ravna Gora, Burgas Province|Ravna gora]], [[Rosen, Burgas Province|Rosen]], '''[[Sozopol]]''', [[Varshilo]], [[Zidarovo]] === Sredets municipality === [[Belevren]], [[Belila]], [[Bistrets]], [[Bogdanovo]], [[Debelt]], [[Dolno Yabalkovo]], [[Draka, Bulgarie|Draka]], [[Drachevo]], [[Dyulevo]], [[Fakiya]], [[Golyamo Bukovo]], [[Gorno Yabalkovo]], [[Granitets]], [[Granichar, Burgas Province|Granichar]], '''[[Sredets]]''', [[Kirovo, Bulgarie|Kirovo]], [[Kubadin]], [[Momina tsarkva]], [[Malina, Burgas Province|Malina]], [[Orlintsi]], [[Prohod]], [[Panchevo, Burgas Province|Panchevo]], [[Radoynovo]], [[Rosenovo]], [[Svetlina, Burgas Province|Svetlina]], [[Sinyo kamene]], [[Slivovo, Bulgarie|Slivovo]], [[Suhodol]], [[Trakiytsi]], [[Varovnik]], [[Zagortsi]], [[Zornitsa, Burgas Province|Zornitsa]], === Sungurlare municipality === [[Balabanchevo]], [[Beronovo]], [[Bosilkovo]], [[Chernitsa, Burgas Province|Chernitsa]], [[Chubra]], [[Dabovitsa]] [[Gorovo]], [[Esen, Bulgarie|Esen]], [[Grozden]], [[Kamensko]], [[Kamchiya (veelage)|Kamchiya]], [[Klimash]], [[Kosten, Bulgarie|Kosten]], [[Lozarevo]], [[Lozitsa]], [[Manolich]], [[Pchelin]], [[Podvis]], [[Prilep, Bulgarie|Prilep]], [[Sadovo, Burgas Province|Sadovo]], [[Skala, Burgas Province|Skala]], [[Slavyantsi]], '''[[Sungurlare]]''', [[Terziysko]], [[Valchin]], [[Vedrovo]], [[Velislav]], [[Vezenkovo]], [[Zavet, Burgas Province|Zavet]] === Tsarevo municipality === '''[[Ahtopol]]''', [[Brodilovo]], [[Balgari]], [[Fazanovo]], [[Izgrev, Burgas Province|Izgrev]], [[Kondolovo]], [[Kosti, Bulgarie|Kosti]], [[Lozenets, Burgas Province|Lozenets]], [[Rezovo]], [[Sinemorets]], '''[[Tsarevo]]''', [[Varvara, Burgas Province|Varvara]], [[Velika, Bulgarie|Velika]] ==See an aw== *[[Provinces o Bulgarie]] *[[Municipalities o Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o ceeties an touns in Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o veelages in Burgas Province]] ==References== <references /> {{Commons category|Burgas Province|Burgas Province (former District)}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.burgas.bg/en/ Burgas Municipality offeecial wabsteid] *[http://www.guide-bulgaria.com/SE/Bourgas/ Burgas Province - Municipalities, postal an phone codes, population, maps, hotels] *[http://www.port-burgas.com Port o Burgas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207024208/http://www.port-burgas.com/ |date=2016-02-07 }} *[http://www.blackseaestates.net/myfolder/towns/RegionBourgas.mht, Region o Burgas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211110535/http://www.blackseaestates.net/myfolder/towns/RegionBourgas.mht |date=2006-02-11 }} *[http://www.bulgariagazette.com/tag/burgas News frae Burgas] {{Geographic Location |Centre = Burgas Province |North = [[Shumen Province]] / [[Varna Province]] |Northeast = |East = [[Black Sea]] |Southeast = |South = {{flag|Turkey}} |Southwest = |West = [[Sliven Province]]<br>[[Yambol Province]] |Northwest = }} <!--Navigation boxes--><br /> {{Provinces of Bulgaria}} {{Bulgaria topics}} [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Burgas Province| ]] 0yyp0ysgfnqiuqqv4p8v996bfcppwho 0 37682 915881 907696 2026-04-29T07:49:48Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Пазарджик | image_map = Pazardzhik Province location map.svg | capital = [[Pazardzhik]] | population_total = 271,273 | population_footnotes = <ref name="divisions"/> | population_as_of = Februar 2011 | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_footnotes = <ref name="phare"/> | area_total_km2 = 4,456.9 | municipalities = 11 | license_plate = PA | governor = Angel Cholakov | website = }} '''Pazardzhik Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Пазарджик}} ''Oblast Pazardzhik'', umwhile name [[Okrug|Pazardzhik okrug]]) is a [[province]] in soothren [[Bulgarie]], cried efter its admeenistrative an industrial centre - the city o [[Pazardzhik]]. It embraces a territory o 4,456.9&nbsp;km²<ref name="phare">{{en icon}} [http://www.zei.de/download/Phare/bulgaria.pdf Bulgarian Provinces area and population 1999 — National Center for Regional Development — page 90-91]</ref> that is dealt intae 11 municipalities wi a total population o 290,614 inhabitants, as o December 2009.<ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Fuitnotes== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.pz.government.bg/news.php Offeecial steid o the Pazardzhik Province] {{Geographic Location |Centre = Pazardzhik Province |North = [[Sofia Province]] |Northeast = |East = [[Plovdiv Province]] |Southeast = [[Smolyan Province]] |South = |Southwest = [[Blagoevgrad Province]] |West = |Northwest = [[Sofia Province]] }} <br/>{{Provinces o Bulgarie}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Pazardzhik Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] <!--Other languages--> qawvo6lnxgn62v0fr4jcglvc9ee989i 0 37684 915867 851426 2026-04-29T01:13:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | name = Kardzhali Province | native_name = Област Кърджали | image_map = Kardzhali Province location map.svg | capital = [[Kardzhali]] | area_total_km2 = 3,209 | population_total = 152,808 | population_as_of = February 2011 | population_footnotes = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> | municipalities = 7 | license_plate = K | governor = Ivanka Taushanova | website = [http://www.kj.government.bg/, kj.government.bg] }} '''Kardzhali Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Кърджали}}, [[transliteratit]] ''Oblast Kardjali'') is a [[Provinces o Bulgarie|province]] o soothren [[Bulgarie]], neebourin [[Greece]] wi the Greek regional units o [[Xanthi (regional unit)|Xanthi]], [[Rhodope (regional unit)|Rhodope]] an [[Evros (regional unit)|Evros]] tae the sooth an east. Kardzhali Province aurie is 3209.1&nbsp;km². Its main ceety is [[Kardzhali]]. ==History== The territory o Kardzhali province wis acquired bi Bulgarie durin the [[First Balkan War]] in 1912. In 1913 the region wis organizit as the destrict (окръг, ''okrag'' in Bulgarie) o [[Momchilgrad|Mestanli]]. This destrict wis pairt o Stara Zagora province frae 1934 till 1949,<ref>http://www.visittobulgaria.com/visit/dir.asp?d=0-8-Ardino History of Ardino</ref> then it wis transferred tae the newly formit Haskovo destrict. In 1959 Kardzhali became the centre o a new destrict wi seemilar borders tae the current province. Atween 1987 an 1999, the region wis pairt o Haskovo Province, efter which it wis restored, nou as a province an wi slichtly chyngit borders. ==Municipalities== [[File:Kardzali Oblast map.png|thumb|Municipalities in Kardzhali province]] The Kardzhali province (област, ''oblast'') contains seiven municipalities (singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: общини, ''obshtini''). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun (in bauld) or veelage, an the population as o 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="grao.bg">{{bg icon}} [http://grao.bg/tna/tab02.txt Population Chart, 15.03.2009] from [http://grao.bg/ Bulgarian ''Directorate General: Civil Registration and Administrative Services'']</ref> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="grao.bg" /> |- | [[Ardino Municipality|Ardino]] | [[:bg:Община Ардино|Ардино]] | align="right" | 13,766 | '''[[Ardino]]''' | align="right" | 4,368 |- | [[Chernoochene Municipality|Chernoochene]] | [[:bg:Община Черноочене|Черноочене]] | align="right" | 10,132 | [[Chernoochene]] | align="right" | 335 |- | [[Dzhebel Municipality|Dzhebel]] | [[:bg:Община Джебел|Джебел]] | align="right" | 9,012 | '''[[Dzhebel]]''' | align="right" | 3,288 |- | [[Kardzhali Municipality|Kardzhali]] | [[:bg:Община Кърджали|Кърджали]] | align="right" | 75,525 | '''[[Kardzhali]]''' | align="right" | 50,482 |- | [[Kirkovo Municipality|Kirkovo]] | [[:bg:Община Кирково|Кирково]] | align="right" | 22,833 | [[Kirkovo]] | align="right" | 719 |- | [[Krumovgrad Municipality|Krumovgrad]] | [[:bg:Община Крумовград|Крумовград]] | align="right" | 20,517 | '''[[Krumovgrad]]''' | align="right" | 5,475 |- | [[Momchilgrad Municipality|Momchilgrad]] | [[:bg:Община Момчилград|Момчилград]] | align="right" | 19,327 | '''[[Momchilgrad]]''' | align="right" | 9,187 |} ==Touns an veelages== The population data an figurs are o [[December 2004|December 15]], 2004 *[[Abramovo]] (pop: 94) *[[Ahrisko]] (pop: 127, elev: 680 m, postal code: 6761) ==Demographics== The Kardzhali province haed a [[population]] o 149,661 accordin tae the 2011 [[census]], o which {{pct|74588|149661|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|75073|149661|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-13 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="divisions">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=39 Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - 2011 census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714103411/http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=39 |date=2011-07-14 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="NSI Census 2011 preliminary">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=43 Population by 01.02.2011 by Area and Sex] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110408064700/http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=43 |date=2011-04-08 }} from [http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/index.php Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Preliminary results of Census 2011]</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Kardzhali | 1946 = 218,686 | 1956 = 246,761 | 1965 = 283,758 | 1975 = 273,906 | 1985 = 290,254 | 1992 = 203,251 | 2001 = 164,019 | 2005 = 158,541 | 2007 = 156,652 | 2009 = 154,719 | 2011 = 149,661 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== In the 2001 census, 149,839 fowk frae Kardzhali province identifee'd ane o the follaein as thair [[releegion]] (wi percentage o tot population): 35,265 [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christian]] ({{pct|35265|164019|1}}), 114,217 [[Muslim]] ({{pct|114217|164019|1}}), 197 [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]] ({{pct|197|164019|1}}), 89 [[Protestant]] ({{pct|89|164019|2}}), an 71 ither ({{pct|71|164019|2}}).<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by Region and Religion] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> ===Leid=== In the 2001 census, 160,167 fowk frae Kardzhali province identifee'd ane o the follaein as thair [[mither tongue]] (wi percentage o tot population): 101,548 [[Turkis leid|Turkis]] ({{pct|101548|164019|1}}), 57,046 [[Bulgarie leid|Bulgarie]] ({{pct|57046|164019|1}}), 1,171 [[Romani leid|Roma&nbsp;(Gypsy)]] ({{pct|1171|164019|1}}), an 402 ither ({{pct|402|164019|1}}).<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by District and Mother Tongue] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== In the 2001 census, 158,704 fowk frae Kardzhali province identifee'd thairsels as belangin tae ane o the follaein ethnic groups (wi percentage o tot population):<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by District and Ethnic Group] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Ethnic group !! Population !! Percentage |- | [[Bulgaries]] ||align="right"| 55,939 ||align="right"| {{pct|55939|164019|3}} |- | [[Turks in Bulgarie|Turks]] ||align="right"| 101,116 ||align="right"| {{pct|101116|164019|3}} |- | [[Romani fowk|Roma&nbsp;(Gypsy)]] ||align="right"| 1,264 ||align="right"| {{pct|1264|164019|3}} |- | [[Roushies]] ||align="right"| 234 ||align="right"| {{pct|234|164019|3}} |- | [[Armenies]] ||align="right"| 41 ||align="right"| {{pct|41|164019|3}} |- | [[Vlachs]] ||align="right"| - ||align="right"| 0.000% |- | [[Macedonies (Bulgaries)|Macedonies]] ||align="right"| 7 ||align="right"| {{pct|7|164019|3}} |- | [[Greeks]] ||align="right"| 21 ||align="right"| {{pct|21|164019|3}} |- | [[Ukrainians]] ||align="right"| 20 ||align="right"| {{pct|20|164019|3}} |- | [[Jews]] ||align="right"| 1 ||align="right"| {{pct|1|164019|3}} |- | [[Romanies]] ||align="right"| 1 ||align="right"| {{pct|1|164019|3}} |- | Ither ||align="right"| 60 ||align="right"| {{pct|60|164019|3}} |} ==References== <references /> ==See an aw== *[[Provinces o Bulgarie]] *[[Municipalities o Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o ceeties an touns in Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o veelages in Kardzhali Province]] {{Geographic Location |Centre = Kardzhali Province |North = [[Plovdiv Province]] |Northeast = |East = [[Haskovo Province]] |Southeast = |South = {{flag|Greece}} |Southwest = |West = [[Smolyan Province]] |Northwest = }} <!--Navigation boxes--><br /> {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} <!--Interwiki (other languages)--> <!--Categories--> [[Category:Kardzhali Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] e4c7tqtprzw6zrq30lomq7u8xosh6d8 0 37843 915872 915731 2026-04-29T03:24:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | name = Lovech Province | native_name = Област Ловеч | image_map = Lovech Province location map.svg | capital = [[Lovech]] | population_total = 141,422 | population_as_of = Februar 2011 | population_footnote = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> | pop_est_as_of = | area_total_km2 = 4,128 | municipalities = 8 | license_plate = OB | governor = Vanya Sabcheva | website = [http://oblastlovech.org/ oblastlovech.org] }} {{Lovech Province Labelled Map|float=right}} '''Lovech Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Ловеч}}, [[transliteratit]] ''Oblast Lovech'', umwhile name [[Okrug|Lovech okrug]]) is ane o the 28 [[Provinces o Bulgarie|provinces]] o [[Bulgaria]], lyin at the northren centre o the kintra. It is namit efter its main ceety - [[Lovech]]. As o December 2009, the population o the aurie is 151,153.<ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-21 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Municipalities== The Lovech province (област, ''oblast'') contains aicht municipalities (singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: общини, ''obshtini''). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun or veelage (in bauld), an the population as o December 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-21 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Apriltsi Municipality|Apriltsi]] | [[:bg:Община Априлци|Априлци]] | align="right" | 3,554 | '''[[Apriltsi]]''' | align="right" | 3,207 |- | [[Letnitsa Municipality|Letnitsa]] | [[:bg:Община Летница|Летница]] | align="right" | 5,101 | '''[[Letnitsa]]''' | align="right" | 3,739 |- | [[Lovech Municipality|Lovech]] | [[:bg:Община Ловеч|Ловеч]] | align="right" | 53,578 | '''[[Lovech]]''' | align="right" | 38,579 |- | [[Lukovit Municipality|Lukovit]] | [[:bg:Община Луковит|Луковит]] | align="right" | 19,469 | '''[[Lukovit]]''' | align="right" | 9,630 |- | [[Teteven Municipality|Teteven]] | [[:bg:Община Тетевен|Тетевен]] | align="right" | 22,016 | '''[[Teteven]]''' | align="right" | 10,613 |- | [[Troyan Municipality|Troyan]] | [[:bg:Община Троян|Троян]] | align="right" | 33,827 | '''[[Troyan]]''' | align="right" | 21,997 |- | [[Ugarchin Municipality|Ugarchin]] | [[:bg:Община Угърчин|Угърчин]] | align="right" | 7,181 | '''[[Ugarchin]]''' | align="right" | 2,832 |- | [[Yablanitsa Municipality|Yablanitsa]] | [[:bg:Община Ябланица|Ябланица]] | align="right" | 6,427 | '''[[Yablanitsa]]''' | align="right" | 2,896 |} ==Demografics== The Lovech province haed a [[population]] o 169,951 accordin tae a 2001 [[census]], o which {{pct|83460|169951|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|86488|169951|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="NSI Census 2001">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/PopObl.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by Area and Sex] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> As o the end o 2009, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarie Naitional Statistical Institute, numbered 151,153<ref name="divisions"/> o which {{pct|44380|151153|1}} are inhabitants agit ower 60 years.<ref name="NSI age">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Population by age in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121908/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |date=2012-05-13 }}</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Lovech | 1946 = 217,203 | 1956 = 214,213 | 1965 = 217,342 | 1975 = 216,844 | 1985 = 202,968 | 1992 = 190,262 | 2001 = 169,951 | 2005 = 160,202 | 2007 = 156,437 | 2009 = 151,153 | 2011 = 139,896 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== [[Image:Lovech-fortress-imagesfrombulgaria.JPG|thumb|Lovech's ruined fortress.]] Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 146,778 | align="middle" |86.36% |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 10,501 | align="middle" |6.18% |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 366 | align="middle" |0.22% |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 879 | align="middle" |0.52% |- | Ither | align="middle" | 688 | align="middle" |0.40% |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 10,739 | align="middle" |6.32% |- | '''total''' | align="middle" | '''169,951''' | align="middle" |100% |} ===Leid=== [[Image:Glozhene-monastery-imagesfrombg.JPG|thumb|The Glozhene Monastery near Teteven.]] In the 2001 census, 168,307 fowk identified ane o the follaein as their [[mither tongue]] (wi percentage o total population): 154,157 [[Bulgarie leid|Bulgarie]] ({{pct|154157|169951|1}}), 6,994 [[Turkis leid|Turkis]] ({{pct|6994|169951|1}}), 6,033 [[Romani leid|Roma&nbsp;(Gypsy)]] ({{pct|6033|169951|1}}), an 1,123 ither ({{pct|1123|169951|1}}).<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by District and Mother Tongue] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== In the 2001 census, 167,877 fowk frae Lovech province identifee'd thairsels as belangin tae ane o the follaein ethnic groups (wi percentage o total population):<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by District and Ethnic Group] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Ethnic group !! Population !! Percentage |- | [[Bulgaries|Bulgarie]] ||align="right"| 152,194 ||align="right"| {{pct|152194|169951|3}} |- | [[Turkic fowks|Turkis]] ||align="right"| 8,476 ||align="right"| {{pct|8476|169951|3}} |- | [[Romani fowk|Roma&nbsp;(Gypsy)]] ||align="right"| 6,316 ||align="right"| {{pct|6316|169951|3}} |- | [[Roushies|Roushie]] ||align="right"| 269 ||align="right"| {{pct|269|169951|3}} |- | [[Armenies|Armenie]] ||align="right"| 12 ||align="right"| {{pct|12|169951|3}} |- | [[Vlachs]] ||align="right"| 458 ||align="right"| {{pct|458|169951|3}} |- | [[Macedonies (Bulgaries)|Macedonie]] ||align="right"| 7 ||align="right"| {{pct|7|169951|3}} |- | [[Greeks|Greek]] ||align="right"| 21 ||align="right"| {{pct|21|169951|3}} |- | [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] ||align="right"| 29 ||align="right"| {{pct|29|169951|3}} |- | [[Jews|Jewish]] ||align="right"| 1 ||align="right"| {{pct|1|169951|3}} |- | [[Romanies|Romanie]] ||align="right"| 3 ||align="right"| {{pct|3|169951|3}} |- | Ither ||align="right"| 91 ||align="right"| {{pct|91|169951|3}} |} ==References== <references /> ==See an aw== *[[Provinces o Bulgarie]] *[[Municipalities o Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o ceeties an touns in Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o veelages in Lovech Province]] {{Geographic Location |Centre = Lovech Province |North = [[Pleven Province]] |Northeast = [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] |East = [[Gabrovo Province]] |Southeast = [[Stara Zagora Province]] |South = [[Plovdiv Province]] |Southwest = |West = [[Sofia Province]] |Northwest = [[Vratsa Province]] }} <!--Navigation boxes--><br /> {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} <!--Categories--> [[Category:Lovech Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] <!--Interwiki (other languages)--> [[ckb:لۆڤێچ]] ip3222zf1sfet74j67zphg8do5e787d 0 37844 915886 915582 2026-04-29T11:07:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Плевен | image_map = Pleven Province location map.svg | capital = [[Pleven]] | population_total = 269,752 | population_as_of = 01.02.2011 Census <ref name="population2011"/> | area_total_km2 = 4334 | municipalities = Belene, Gulyantsi, Dolna Mitropoliya, Dolni Dabnik,<br/>Levski, Nikopol, Iskar,<br/>Pleven, Pordim,<br/>Cherven Bryag, Knezha | license_plate = EH | governor = Tsvetko Tsvetkov | website = [http://www.pleven-oblast.bg/ pleven-oblast.bg] }} '''Pleven Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Плевен}} or '''Plevenska Oblast''' {{lang-bg|Плевенска Област}}, umwhile name [[Okrug|Pleven okrug]]) is a province locatit in central northren [[Bulgarie]], borderin the [[Danube]] river, [[Romania]] an the [[Provinces o Bulgarie|Bulgarie provinces]] o [[Vratsa Province|Vratsa]], [[Veliko Tarnovo Province|Veliko Tarnovo]] an [[Lovech Province|Lovech]]. It is dividit intae 11 subdiveesions, cried municipalities, that embrace a territory o 4,333.54&nbsp;km² wi a population, as o Februar 2011, o 269 752 indwallers.<ref name="population2011">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=39 Census 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714103411/http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=39 |date=2011-07-14 }}</ref><ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-02 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The province's caipital is the ceety o [[Pleven]]. {{Pleven Province Labelled Map|float=right}} ==Namin== The follaein [[Bulgarie leid|Bulgarie]] terms mey be uised: * Плевенска област (''Plevenska oblast'') * Област Плевен (''Oblast Pleven'') * Плевенски окръг (''Plevenski okrag''), obsolete * Окръг Плевен (''Okrag Pleven''), obsolete ==Geografie== The province is pairt o the central [[Danubian Plain (Bulgarie)|Danubian Plain]]. It is crossed frae sooth tae north bi the rivers [[Iskar (river)|Iskar]], [[Vit]] an [[Osam]] (in wast-east order); the river valleys are separatit bi limestane plateaus. ==Municipalities== The Pleven province (област, ''oblast'') contains 11 municipalities ({{lang-bg|singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: общини, ''obshtini''}}). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun (in bauld) or veelage, an the population o each as o December 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/><ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-02 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Belene Municipality|Belene]] | [[:bg:Община Белене|Белене]] | align="right" | 10,908 | '''[[Belene]]''' | align="right" | 8,905 |- | [[Gulyantsi Municipality|Gulyantsi]] | [[:bg:Община Гулянци|Гулянци]] | align="right" | 13,561 | '''[[Gulyantsi]]''' | align="right" | 3,432 |- | [[Dolna Mitropoliya Municipality|Dolna Mitropoliya]] | [[:bg:Община Долна Митрополия|Долна Митрополия]] | align="right" | 21,304 | '''[[Dolna Mitropoliya]]''' | align="right" | 3,303 |- | [[Dolni Dabnik Municipality|Dolni Dabnik]] | [[:bg:Община Долни Дъбник|Долни Дъбник]] | align="right" | 14,438 | '''[[Dolni Dabnik]]''' | align="right" | 4,761 |- | [[Levski Municipality|Levski]] | [[:bg:Община Левски|Левски]] | align="right" | 21,487 | '''[[Levski, Pleven Province|Levski]]''' | align="right" | 10,571 |- | [[Nikopol Municipality|Nikopol]] | [[:bg:Община Никопол|Никопол]] | align="right" | 10,602 | '''[[Nikopol, Bulgarie|Nikopol]]''' | align="right" | 3,892 |- | [[Iskar Municipality|Iskar]] | [[:bg:Община Искър|Искър]] | align="right" | 7,717 | '''[[Iskar, Pleven Province|Iskar]]''' | align="right" | 3,622 |- | [[Pleven Municipality|Pleven]] | [[:bg:Община Плевен|Плевен]] | align="right" | 138,095 | '''[[Pleven]]''' | align="right" | 111,426 |- | [[Pordim Municipality|Pordim]] | [[:bg:Община Пордим|Пордим]] | align="right" | 7,114 | '''[[Pordim]]''' | align="right" | 2,117 |- | [[Cherven Bryag Municipality|Cherven Bryag]] | [[:bg:Община Червен бряг|Червен бряг]] | align="right" | 30,524 | '''[[Cherven Bryag]]''' | align="right" | 13,856 |- | [[Knezha Municipality|Knezha]] | [[:bg:Община Кнежа|Кнежа]] | align="right" | 14,839 | '''[[Knezha]]''' | align="right" | 11,191 |} ==Demografie== Accordin tae the 2001 census, the population o the province wis 311,985 (312,018 an aa gien) o which [[Bulgaries]] constitute an overwhelming majority o 280,475. 16,931 signed as [[Turks in Bulgarie|Turks]] (tho this nummer vera likely includes mony [[Roma in Bulgarie|Roma]]) an 9,777 as Roma an aw. 283,626 fowk specifee'd Bulgarie as thair mither tongue, 14,947 declared tae speak [[Turkis leid|Turkis]] at hame, while the native speakers o [[Roma leid|Roma]] are 8,861. As o Februar 2011, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarie Naitional Statistical Institute, numbered 266 144 <ref name="population2011"/> o which {{pct|82455|290589|1}} are indwallers agit ower 60 years.<ref name="NSI age">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Population by age in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121908/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |date=2012-05-13 }}</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Pleven | 1946 = 347,299 | 1956 = 358,270 | 1965 = 366,347 | 1975 = 394,734 | 1985 = 382,634 | 1992 = 365,254 | 2001 = 311,985 | 2005 = 305,025 | 2007 = 297,928 | 2009 = 290,589 | 2011 = 269 752 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="population2011"/> | ref 4 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 275,112 | align="middle" |88.18% |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 15,681 | align="middle" |5.03% |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 7,065 | align="middle" |2.26% |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 548 | align="middle" |0.18% |- | Ither | align="middle" | 1,301 | align="middle" |0.42% |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 12,278 | align="middle" |3.93% |- | '''tot''' | align="middle" | '''311,985''' | align="middle" |100% |} ==See an aw== *[[Provinces o Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o veelages in Pleven Province]] ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.pleven-oblast.bg/ Pleven Province] {{Geographic location |Centre = Pleven Province |North = {{flag|Romanie}} |Northeast = |East = [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] |Southeast = |South = [[Lovech Province]] |Southwest = |West = [[Vratsa Province]] |Northwest = }} {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} [[Category:Pleven Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] 48a7ktwgd5uwu8qzym4ylgcc41e5yw3 0 37845 915851 915720 2026-04-28T20:27:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | name = Gabrovo Province | native_name = Област Габрово | image_map = Gabrovo Province location map.svg | capital = [[Gabrovo]] | population_total = 122,702 | population_as_of = February 2011 | population_footnotes = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_total_km2 = 2023 | municipalities = 4 | license_plate = EB | governor = Mariyan Kostadinov | website = [http://www.gb.government.bg/ gb.government.bg] }} '''Gabrovo Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Габрово}} (Oblast Gabrovo), umwhile name [[Okrug|Gabrovo okrug]]) is a sma [[province]] lyin at the geografical centre o [[Bulgarie]]. It is namit efter its main toun - [[Gabrovo]]. In 2009 the tot population o the aurie is 130,001.<ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-02 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="divisions">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=39 Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - 2011 census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714103411/http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=37&SSPP2=39 |date=2011-07-14 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref> {{Gabrovo Province Labelled Map|float=right}} ==Municipalities== The Gabrovo province (област, ''oblast'') contains fower municipalities (singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: общини, ''obshtini''). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun (in bauld) or veelage, an the population o each as o 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/><ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-02 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | align="center" |[[Dryanovo Municipality|Dryanovo]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Дряново|Дряново]] | align="center" | 10,502 | align="center" |'''[[Dryanovo]]''' | align="center" | 8,043 |- | align="center" |[[Gabrovo Municipality|Gabrovo]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Габрово|Габрово]] | align="center" | 67,501 | align="center" |'''[[Gabrovo]]''' | align="center" | 60,281 |- | align="center" |[[Sevlievo Municipality|Sevlievo]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Севлиево|Севлиево]] | align="center" | 39,537 | align="center" |'''[[Sevlievo]]''' | align="center" | 24,065 |- | align="center" |[[Tryavna Municipality|Tryavna]] | align="center" |[[:bg:Община Трявна|Трявна]] | align="center" | 12,461 | align="center" |'''[[Tryavna]]''' | align="center" | 9,831 |} ==Demografie== The Gabrovo province haed a [[population]] o 144,150 (144,125 gien an aw) accordin tae a 2001 [[census]], o which {{pct|69783|144150|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|74345|144150|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="NSI Census 2001">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/PopObl.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by Area and Sex] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> As o the end o 2009, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarie Naitional Statistical Institute, numbered 130,001<ref name="divisions"/> o which {{pct|39468|130001|1}} are indwallers aged ower 60 years.<ref name="NSI age">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Population by age in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121908/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |date=2012-05-13 }}</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Gabrovo | 1946 = 151,209 | 1956 = 154,864 | 1965 = 168,629 | 1975 = 175,933 | 1985 = 174,681 | 1992 = 161,987 | 2001 = 144,125 | 2005 = 136,621 | 2007 = 133,854 | 2009 = 130,001 | 2011 = 122,702 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions"/> | ref 2 = <ref name="population"/> | ref 3 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} Releegious adherence in the province accordin tae 2001 census:<ref>{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2001</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 131&nbsp;325 | align="middle" |91.12% |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 8&nbsp;860 | align="middle" |6.15% |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 432 | align="middle" |0.30% |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 270 | align="middle" |0.19% |- | Ither | align="middle" | 534 | align="middle" |0.36% |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 2&nbsp;704 | align="middle" |1.88% |- | '''tot''' | align="middle" | '''144&nbsp;125''' | align="middle" |100% |} ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.gb.government.bg/ gb.government.bg] {{Geographic Location |Centre = Gabrovo Province |North = |Northeast = |East = [[Veliko Tarnovo Province]] |Southeast = |South = [[Stara Zagora Province]] |Southwest = [[Plovdiv Province]] |West = [[Lovech Province]] |Northwest = }} <!--Navigation boxes--><br /> {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Gabrovo Province| ]] i8cq3ao4c7817gtxmirubkmwwop2or3 0 37852 915841 915719 2026-04-28T18:51:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915841 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Добрич | image_map = Dobrich Province location map.svg | capital = [[Dobrich]] | population_total = 189,677 | population_footnotes = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> | population_as_of = Februar 2011 | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_footnotes = <ref name="phare">{{en icon}} [http://www.zei.de/download/Phare/bulgaria.pdf Bulgarian Provinces area and population 1999 — National Center for Regional Development — page 90-91]</ref> | area_total_km2 = 4,720 | municipalities = 8 | license_plate = TX | governor = Zhelyazko Zhelyazkov | website = [http://www.dobrich-governor.org/ www.dobrich-governor.org] }} '''Dobrich Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Добрич, ''Oblast Dobrich}}, umwhile name [[Okrug|Dobrich okrug]]) is a [[province]] in northeastren [[Bulgarie]], pairt o [[Soothren Dobruja]] geographical region. It is dividit intae 8 municipalities wi a tot population, as o December 2009, o 199,705 indwallers.<ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian provinces and municipalities in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165626/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref> ==Municipalities== {{Dobrich Province Labelled Map|float=right}} The Dobrich province (област, ''oblast'') contains aicht municipalities ({{lang-bg|singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: общини, ''obshtini}}). The follaein table shows the names o ilka municipality in Scots an [[Cyrillic]], the main toun (in bauld) or veelage, an the population o ilka ane as o December 2009. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/><ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population"/> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-10-04 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Balchik Municipality|Balchik]] | [[:bg:Община Балчик|Балчик]] | align="right" | 21,832 | '''[[Balchik]]''' | align="right" | 12,196 |- | [[Dobrich Municipality|Dobrich]] (ceety) | [[:bg:Община Добрич|Добрич-Град]] | align="right" | 92,672 | '''[[Dobrich]]''' | align="right" | 92,672 |- | [[Dobrichka Municipality|Dobrichka]] (rural) | [[:bg:Община Добричка|Добричка]] | align="right" | 24,292 | '''[[Dobrich]]''' | align="right" | (abuin) |- | [[General Toshevo Municipality|General Toshevo]] | [[:bg:Община Генерал Тошево|Генерал Тошево]] | align="right" | 16,714 | '''[[General Toshevo]]''' | align="right" | 7,130 |- | [[Kavarna Municipality|Kavarna]] | [[:bg:Община Каварна|Каварна]] | align="right" | 15,861 | '''[[Kavarna]]''' | align="right" | 11,397 |- | [[Krushari Municipality|Krushari]] | [[:bg:Община Крушари|Крушари]] | align="right" | 5,296 | [[Krushari]] | align="right" | 1,619 |- | [[Shabla Municipality|Shabla]] | [[:bg:Община Шабла|Шабла]] | align="right" | 5,580 | '''[[Shabla]]''' | align="right" | 3,586 |- | [[Tervel Municipality|Tervel]] | [[:bg:Община Тервел|Тервел]] | align="right" | 17,458 | '''[[Tervel (toun)|Tervel]]''' | align="right" | 6,667 |} ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.dobrich-governor.org/ Dobrich province] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111144854/http://www.dobrich-governor.org/ |date=2010-01-11 }} * [http://www.dobrich.bg/ Dobrich municipality] * [http://www.dobrichka.bg/ Dobrichka municipality] {{Geographic location |Centre = Dobrich Province |North = {{flag|Romanie}} |Northeast = |East = [[Black Sea]] |Southeast = |South = [[Varna Province]] |Southwest = |West = [[Shumen Province]] |Northwest = [[Silistra Province]] }} {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} [[Category:Dobrich Province| ]] [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] slxn47gbdgw4j80e7qsy73523r8egqd 0 37853 915873 915735 2026-04-29T05:18:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Bulgarian province | native_name = Област Монтана | image_map = Montana Province location map.svg | capital = [[Montana, Bulgarie|Montana]] | population_total = 148,098 | population_as_of = <small>Census February 2011</small><ref name="montana province census 2011"/> | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | area_total_km2 = 3,635.5 | municipalities = 11 | license_plate = M | governor = Ivaylo Petrov | website = [http://www.montanabg.org/ www.MontanaBG.org] }} '''Montana Province''' ({{lang-bg|Област Монтана}}, [[transliteratit]]: ''Oblast Montana'') is a [[Provinces o Bulgarie|province]] in northwastren [[Bulgarie]], borderin [[Serbie]] in the soothwast an [[Romanie]] in the north. It spreads its aurie atween the [[Danube river]] an [[Balkan muntain]]. As o Februar 2011, the province haes a population o 148,098 inhabitants,<ref name="montana province census 2011">{{bg icon}}[http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=91&SSPP2=92 National Statistical Institute - Census 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410214655/http://www.nsi.bg/census2011/pagebg2.php?p2=36&sp2=91&SSPP2=92 |date=2011-04-10 }}</ref> on territory of 3,635.5&nbsp;km². It wis namit efter its admeenistrative centre the ceety o [[Montana, Bulgarie|Montana]]. ==Municipalities== [[File:Montana Oblast map.png|thumb|Municipalities in Montana province]] The Montana province (Област, ''oblast'') contains 11 municipalities (singular: община, ''obshtina'' - plural: Общини, ''obshtini''). The follaein table shows the names o each municipality in Inglis an in [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], the main toun (in bauld) or veelage, an the population as o 2011. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Municipality ! Cyrillic ! Pop.<ref name="divisions"/><ref name="population">{{en icon}} [http://www.citypopulation.de/Bulgaria-Cities.html „WorldCityPopulation“]</ref><ref name="pop-stat-divisions">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-17 |archive-date=2017-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113015521/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-division.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! Toun/Veelage ! Pop.<ref name="population"/><ref name="statistika">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Bulgarian towns in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113165731/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1588#cont |date=2010-11-13 }}</ref><ref name="pop-stat">{{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |title=„pop-stat.mashke.org“ |access-date=2012-09-17 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016140135/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/bulgaria-cities.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Berkovitsa Municipality|Berkovitsa]] | [[:bg:Община Берковица|Берковица]] | align="right" | 19,587 | '''[[Berkovitsa]]''' | align="right" | 14,124 |- | [[Boychinovtsi Municipality|Boychinovtsi]] | [[:bg:Община Бойчиновци|Бойчиновци]] | align="right" | 9,611 | '''[[Boychinovtsi]]''' | align="right" | 1,588 |- | [[Brusartsi Municipality|Brusartsi]] | [[:bg:Община Брусарци|Брусарци]] | align="right" | 5,140 | '''[[Brusartsi]]''' | align="right" | 1,277 |- | [[Chiprovtsi Municipality|Chiprovtsi]] | [[:bg:Община Чипровци|Чипровци]] | align="right" | 3,773 | '''[[Chiprovtsi]]''' | align="right" | 1,937 |- | [[Georgi Damyanovo Municipality|Georgi Damyanovo]] | [[:bg:Община Георги Дамяново|Георги Дамяново]] | align="right" | 2,867 | [[Georgi Damyanovo]] | align="right" | 494 |- | [[Lom Municipality|Lom]] | [[:bg:Община Лом|Лом]] | align="right" | 31,064 | '''[[Lom, Bulgaria|Lom]]''' | align="right" | 25,321 |- | [[Medkovets Municipality|Medkovets]] | [[:bg:Община Медковец|Медковец]] | align="right" | 4,103 | [[Medkovets]] | align="right" | 1,866 |- | [[Montana Municipality|Montana]] | [[:bg:Община Монтана|Монтана]] | align="right" | 57,064 | '''[[Montana, Bulgaria|Montana]]''' | align="right" | 46,574 |- | [[Valchedram Municipality|Valchedram]] | [[:bg:Община Вълчедръм|Вълчедръм]] | align="right" | 9,988 | '''[[Valchedram]]''' | align="right" | 3,748 |- | [[Varshets Municipality|Varshets]] | [[:bg:Община Вършец|Вършец]] | align="right" | 8,424 | '''[[Varshets]]''' | align="right" | 6,439 |- | [[Yakimovo Municipality|Yakimovo]] | [[:bg:Община Якимово|Якимово]] | align="right" | 4,481 | [[Yakimovo]] | align="right" | 1,711 |} ==Demography== The Montana province haed a [[population]] o 148,098 accordin tae a 2011 [[census]], o which {{pct|72841|148098|1}} wur [[male]] an {{pct|75257|148098|1}} wur [[female]].<ref name="NSI Census 2001">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/PopObl.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by Area and Sex] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> As o the end o 2009, the population o the province, annooncit bi the Bulgarie Naitional Statistical Institute, numbered 155,899<ref name="divisions"/> of which {{pct|47523|155899|1}} are inhabitants aged over 60 years.<ref name="NSI age">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - Population by age in 2009] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513121908/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1587#cont |date=2012-05-13 }}</ref> <!--THIS TABLE IS STANDARD TO ALL BULGARIAN PROVINCE'S ARTICLES. PLEASE LEAVE --> The follaein table represents the chynge o the population in the province efter [[Warld War II]]: {{Table BG Province population | province = Montana | 1946 = 242,073 | 1956 = 243,431 | 1965 = 241,200 | 1975 = 235,800 | 1985 = 222,632 | 1992 = 208,128 | 2001 = 182,258 | 2005 = 166,775 | 2007 = 161,161 | 2009 = 155,899 | 2011 = 148,098 | ref 1 = <ref name="divisions">{{en icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/otrasalen.php?otr=53&a1=1583&a2=1584&a3=1585#cont Bulgarian National Statistical Institute - provinces and municipalities in 2009]</ref><ref name="pop1965">{{bg icon}}[http://statlib.nsi.bg:8181/isisbgstat/ssp/lister.asp?content=/Fullt/extpages/DN_21_1_1965_1966/DN_21_1_1965_1966_P*.pdf&from=1&to=268&index=&cont=/Fullt/extpages/DN_21_1_1965_1966/DN_21_1_1965_1966_content.pdf&type=%F1%F2%F0%E0%ED%E8%F6%E8 National Statistical Institute - Population 1965] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320152547/http://statlib.nsi.bg:8181/isisbgstat/ssp/lister.asp?content=%2FFullt%2Fextpages%2FDN_21_1_1965_1966%2FDN_21_1_1965_1966_P%2A.pdf&from=1&to=268&index=&cont=%2FFullt%2Fextpages%2FDN_21_1_1965_1966%2FDN_21_1_1965_1966_content.pdf&type=%F1%F2%F0%E0%ED%E8%F6%E8 |date=2012-03-20 }}</ref><ref name="pop1975">{{bg icon}}[http://statlib.nsi.bg:8181/isisbgstat/ssp/lister.asp?content=/Fullt/extpages/DN_21_2_1975_1977/DN_21_2_1975_1977_P*.pdf&from=1&to=315&index=&cont=/Fullt/extpages/DN_21_2_1975_1977/DN_21_2_1975_1977_content.pdf&type=%F1%F2%F0%E0%ED%E8%F6%E8 National Statistical Institute - Population 1975] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320152629/http://statlib.nsi.bg:8181/isisbgstat/ssp/lister.asp?content=%2FFullt%2Fextpages%2FDN_21_2_1975_1977%2FDN_21_2_1975_1977_P%2A.pdf&from=1&to=315&index=&cont=%2FFullt%2Fextpages%2FDN_21_2_1975_1977%2FDN_21_2_1975_1977_content.pdf&type=%F1%F2%F0%E0%ED%E8%F6%E8 |date=2012-03-20 }}</ref><ref name="pop1985">{{bg icon}}[http://statlib.nsi.bg:8181/isisbgstat/ssp/lister.asp?content=/Fullt/extpages/DN_21_2_1985_1988/DN_21_2_1985_1988_P*.pdf&from=1&to=464&index=&cont=/Fullt/extpages/DN_21_2_1985_1988/DN_21_2_1985_1988_content.pdf&type=%F1%F2%F0%E0%ED%E8%F6%E8 National Statistical Institute - Population 1985]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="pop1992">{{bg icon}}[http://statlib.nsi.bg:8181/isisbgstat/ssp/lister.asp?content=/Fullt/extpages/DN_21_2_1992_1994/DN_21_2_1992_1994_P*.pdf&from=1&to=282&index=&cont=/Fullt/extpages/DN_21_2_1992_1994/DN_21_2_1992_1994_content.pdf&type=%F1%F2%F0%E0%ED%E8%F6%E8 National Statistical Institute - Population 1992]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> | ref 2 = <ref name="divisions census 2001">{{en icon}}[http://www.nsi.bg/Census_e/Census_e.htm National Statistical Institute - Census 2001]</ref> | ref 3 = <ref name="montana province census 2011"/> | ref 4 = <ref name="pop-stat-divisions"/> }} ===Releegion=== In the 2011 census, 136,175 fowk frae Montana province identifee'd ane o the follaein as their [[releegion]] (wi percentage o total population):<ref name="religion 2001">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Religion.htm Religious adherence in Bulgaria - census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable" |- ! colspan=3| <small>Census 2011</small> |- ! <small>'''releegious adherence'''</small> ! <small>'''population'''</small> ! % |- | [[Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christians]] | align="middle" | 100,571 | align="middle" |73.86% |- | [[Muslim]]s | align="middle" | 94 | align="middle" |0.07% |- | [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholics]] | align="middle" | 438 | align="middle" |0.32% |- | [[Protestantism|Protestants]] | align="middle" | 2,740 | align="middle" |2.01% |- | Ither | align="middle" | 163 | align="middle" |0.12% |- | Releegion no mentioned | align="middle" | 17,323 | align="middle" |12,72% |- | Releegion nane | align="middle" | 14,842 | align="middle" |10,9% |- | '''total''' | align="middle" | '''136,175''' | align="middle" |100% |} ===Leid=== In the 2001 census, 181,208 fowk frae Montana province identifee'd ane o the follaein as their [[mither tongue]] (wi percentage o total population): 160,494 [[Bulgarie leid|Bulgarie]] ({{pct|160494|182258|1}}), 19,849 [[Romani leid|Roma&nbsp;(Gypsy)]] ({{pct|19849|182258|1}}), 220 [[Turkis leid|Turkis]] ({{pct|220|182258|1}}), and 645 other ({{pct|645|182258|1}}).<ref name="NSI Census 2001 Language">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by District and Mother Tongue] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== Tot population (2011 census): 148 098<ref>{{bg icon}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20120422120842/http://www.nsi.bg/ORPDOCS/Census2011_1.pop_by_age.xls Population on 01.02.2011 by provinces, municipalities, settlements and age; National Statistical Institute]</ref> Ethnic groups (2011 census):<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120422120657/http://www.nsi.bg/ORPDOCS/Census2011_4.pop_by_ethnos.xls Population by province, municipality, settlement and ethnic identification, by 01.02.2011; Bulgarian National Statistical Institute] {{bg icon}}</ref> Identified themselves: 143 467 persons: *[[Bulgarians]]: 123 820 (86,31%) *[[Roma in Bulgarie|Gypsies]]: 18 228 (12,71%) *Ithers an indefinable: 1 248 (0,87%) In the 2001 census, 181,175 fowk o the population o 182,258 o Montana Province identified themselves as belangin tae ane o the follaein ethnic groups (wi percentage o tot population):<ref name="NSI Census 2001 Ethnicity">{{bg icon}} [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/Ethnos.htm Population to 01.03.2001 by District and Ethnic Group] from [http://www.nsi.bg/Census/nav.htm Bulgarian ''National Statistical Institute'': Census 2001]</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Ethnic group !! Population !! Percentage |- | [[Bulgaries|Bulgarie]] ||align="right"| 157,507 ||align="right"| {{pct|157507|182258|3}} |- | [[Turks in Bulgarie|Turkis]] ||align="right"| 235 ||align="right"| {{pct|235|182258|3}} |- | [[Romani fowk|Roma (Gypsy)]] ||align="right"| 22,784 ||align="right"| {{pct|22784|182258|3}} |- | [[Roushies|Roushie]] ||align="right"| 272 ||align="right"| {{pct|272|182258|3}} |- | [[Armenies|Armenie]] ||align="right"| 19 ||align="right"| {{pct|19|182258|3}} |- | [[Vlachs]] ||align="right"| 19 ||align="right"| {{pct|19|182258|3}} |- | [[Macedonies (Bulgaries)|Macedonie]] ||align="right"| 16 ||align="right"| {{pct|16|182258|3}} |- | [[Greeks|Greek]] ||align="right"| 24 ||align="right"| {{pct|24|182258|3}} |- | [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] ||align="right"| 46 ||align="right"| {{pct|46|182258|3}} |- | [[Jew]]ish ||align="right"| 3 ||align="right"| {{pct|3|182258|3}} |- | [[Romanies|Romanie]] ||align="right"| - ||align="right"| 0.000% |- | Ither ||align="right"| 250 ||align="right"| {{pct|250|182258|3}} |} == Touns an veelages == The place names in bauld hae the status o [[toun]] (in Bulgarie: град, transliteratit as ''grad''). Ither localities hae the status o [[veelage]] (in Bulgarie: село, transliteratit as ''selo''). The names o localities are transliteratit in [[Laitin alphabet]],<ref>[http://geonames.nga.mil/ggmaviewer/MainFrameSet.asp Geonames Search] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100307030359/http://geonames.nga.mil/ggmaviewer/MainFrameSet.asp |date=2010-03-07 }} at [[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]] (NGA) - reference for location names</ref><ref>[http://www.guide-bulgaria.com/NW/Montana Montana Region/District] at Guide-Bulgaria.com - reference for location names</ref> follaeed in parentheses bi the oreeginal name in Bulgarie [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic alphabet]] which links taethe correspondin Bulgarie Wikipedia airticle). === Berkovitsa (Берковица) === The Berkovitsa municipality haes ane toun (in bauld) an 19 veelages: {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Balyuvitsa]] ([[:bg:Балювица|Балювица]]) * [[Barzia]] ([[:bg:Бързия|Бързия]]) * '''[[Berkovitsa]]''' ([[:bg:Берковица|Берковица]]) * [[Bistrilitsa]] ([[:bg:Бистрилица|Бистрилица]]) * [[Bokilovtsi]] ([[:bg:Бокиловци|Бокиловци]]) * [[Borovtsi]] ([[:bg:Боровци|Боровци]]) * [[Gaganitsa]] ([[:bg:Гаганица|Гаганица]]) * [[Komarevo, Montana Province|Komarevo]] ([[:bg:Комарево (Област Монтана)|Комарево]]) * [[Kostentsi]] ([[:bg:Костенци|Костенци]]) * [[Kotenovtsi]] ([[:bg:Котеновци|Котеновци]]) {{col-2}} * [[Leskovets, Montana Province|Leskovets]] ([[:bg:Лесковец (Област Монтана)|Лесковец]]) * [[Mezdreya]] ([[:bg:Мездрея|Мездрея]]) * [[Parlichevo]] ([[:bg:Пърличево|Пърличево]]) * [[Pesochnitsa]] ([[:bg:Песочница (Област Монтана)|Песочница]]) * [[Rashovitsa]] ([[:bg:Рашовица|Рашовица]]) * [[Slatina, Montana Province|Slatina]] ([[:bg:Слатина (Област Монтана)|Слатина]]) * [[Chereshovitsa]] ([[:bg:Черешовица|Черешовица]]) * [[Tsvetkova bara]] ([[:bg:Цветкова бара|Цветкова бара]]) * [[Yagodovo, Montana Province|Yagodovo]] ([[:bg:Ягодово (Област Монтана)|Ягодово]]) * [[Zamfirovo]] ([[:bg:Замфирово|Замфирово]]) {{col-end}} === Boychinovtsi (Бойчиновци) === The Boychinovtsi municipality haes ane toun (in bauld) an 12 veelages: {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Beli breg]] ([[:bg:Бели брег|Бели брег]]) * [[Beli brod]] ([[:bg:Бели брод|Бели брод]]) * '''[[Boychinovtsi]]''' ([[:bg:Бойчиновци|Бойчиновци]]) * [[Erden, Bulgaria|Erden]] ([[:bg:Ерден|Ерден]]) * [[Gromshin]] ([[:bg:Громшин|Громшин]]) * [[Kobilyak]] ([[:bg:Кобиляк|Кобиляк]]) * [[Lehchevo]] ([[:bg:Лехчево|Лехчево]]) {{col-2}} * [[Madan, Montana Province|Madan]] ([[:bg:Мадан (село)|Мадан]]) * [[Marchevo]] ([[:bg:Мърчево|Мърчево]]) * [[Ohrid, Bulgarie|Ohrid]] ([[:bg:Охрид (село)|Охрид]]) * [[Palilula, Bulgarie|Palilula]] ([[:bg:Палилула|Палилула]]) * [[Portitovtsi]] ([[:bg:Портитовци|Портитовци]]) * [[Vladimirovo, Montana Province|Vladimirovo]] ([[:bg:Владимирово (Област Монтана)|Владимирово]]) {{col-end}} === Brusartsi (Брусарци) === The Brusartsi municipality haes ane toun (in bauld) an nine veelages: {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Bukovets, Montana Province|Bukovets]] ([[:bg:Буковец (Област Монтана)|Буковец]]) * '''[[Brusartsi]]''' ([[:bg:Брусарци|Брусарци]]) * [[Dabova mahala]] ([[:bg:Дъбова махала|Дъбова махала]]) * [[Dondukovo]] ([[:bg:Дондуково|Дондуково]]) * [[Kiselevo]] ([[:bg:Киселево|Киселево]]) {{col-2}} * [[Knyazheva mahala]] ([[:bg:Княжева махала|Княжева махала]]) * [[Kriva bara, Montana Province|Kriva bara]] ([[:bg:Крива бара (Област Монтана)|Крива бара]]) * [[Odorovtsi]] ([[:bg:Одоровци|Одоровци]]) * [[Smirnenski, Montana Province|Smirnenski]] ([[:bg:Смирненски (Област Монтана)|Смирненски]]) * [[Vasilovtsi, Montana Province|Vasilovtsi]] ([[:bg:Василовци (Област Монтана)|Василовци]]) {{col-end}} === Chiprovtsi (Чипровци) === The Chiprovtsi municipality haes ane toun (in bauld) an nine veelages: {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Belimel]] ([[:bg:Белимел|Белимел]]) * [[Chelyustnitsa]] ([[:bg:Челюстница|Челюстница]]) * '''[[Chiprovtsi]]''' ([[:bg:Чипровци|Чипровци]]) * [[Gorna Kovachitsa]] ([[:bg:Горна Ковачица|Горна Ковачица]]) * [[Gorna Luka]] ([[:bg:Горна Лука|Горна Лука]]) {{col-2}} * [[Martinovo]] ([[:bg:Мартиново|Мартиново]]) * [[Mitrovtsi]] ([[:bg:Митровци|Митровци]]) * [[Prevala]] ([[:bg:Превала|Превала]]) * [[Ravna, Montana Province|Ravna]] ([[:bg:Равна (Област Монтана)|Равна]]) * [[Zhelezna]] ([[:bg:Железна|Железна]]) {{col-end}} === Georgi Damyanovo (Георги Дамяново) === The Georgi Damyanovo municipality haes 13 veelages: {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Chemish (veelage)|Chemish]] ([[:bg:Чемиш|Чемиш]]) * [[Dalgi del]] ([[:bg:Дълги дел|Дълги дел]]) * [[Diva Slatina]] ([[:bg:Дива Слатина|Дива Слатина]]) * [[Elovitsa, Montana Province|Elovitsa]] ([[:bg:Еловица (Област Монтана)|Еловица]]) * [[Gavril Genovo]] ([[:bg:Гаврил Геново|Гаврил Геново]]) * [[Georgi Damyanovo]] ([[:bg:Георги Дамяново|Георги Дамяново]]) * [[Glavanovtsi, Montana Province|Glavanovtsi]] ([[:bg:Главановци (Област Монтана)|Главановци]]) {{col-2}} * [[Govezhda]] ([[:bg:Говежда|Говежда]]) * [[Kamenna Riksa]] ([[:bg:Каменна Рикса|Каменна Рикса]]) * [[Kopilovtsi, Montana Province|Kopilovtsi]] ([[:bg:Копиловци (Област Монтана)|Копиловци]]) * [[Melyane]] ([[:bg:Меляне|Меляне]]) * [[Pomezhdin]] ([[:bg:Помеждин|Помеждин]]) * [[Vidlitsa]] ([[:bg:Видлица|Видлица]]) {{col-end}} === Lom (Лом) === The Lom municipality haes ane toun (in bauld) an nine veelages: {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Dobri dol, Montana Province|Dobri dol]] ([[:bg:Добри дол (Област Монтана)|Добри дол]]) * [[Dolno Linevo]] ([[:bg:Долно Линево|Долно Линево]]) * [[Kovachitsa]] ([[:bg:Ковачица (България)|Ковачица]]) * '''[[Lom, Bulgaria|Lom]]''' ([[:bg:Лом|Лом]]) * [[Orsoya]] ([[:bg:Орсоя|Орсоя]]) {{col-2}} * [[Slivata]] ([[:bg:Сливата|Сливата]]) * [[Staliyska mahala]] ([[:bg:Сталийска махала|Сталийска махала]]) * [[Stanevo]] ([[:bg:Станево|Станево]]) * [[Traykovo]] ([[:bg:Трайково|Трайково]]) * [[Zamfir, Bulgaria|Zamfir]] ([[:bg:Замфир|Замфир]]) {{col-end}} === Medkovets (Медковец) === The Medkovets municipality haes five veelages: {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Asparuhovo, Montana Province|Asparuhovo]] ([[:bg:Аспарухово (Област Монтана)|Аспарухово]]) * [[Medkovets]] ([[:bg:Медковец|Медковец]]) * [[Pishurka]] ([[:bg:Пишурка|Пишурка]]) {{col-2}} * [[Rasovo]] ([[:bg:Расово|Расово]]) * [[Slivovik]] ([[:bg:Сливовик|Сливовик]]) {{col-end}} === Montana (Монтана) === The Montana municipality haes ane toun (in bauld) an 23 veelages: {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Belotintsi]] ([[:bg:Белотинци|Белотинци]]) * [[Bezdenitsa]] ([[:bg:Безденица|Безденица]]) * [[Blagovo, Montana Province|Blagovo]] ([[:bg:Благово (Област Монтана)|Благово]]) * [[Doktor Yosifovo]] ([[:bg:Доктор Йосифово|Доктор Йосифово]]) * [[Dolna Riksa]] ([[:bg:Долна Рикса|Долна Рикса]]) * [[Dolna Verenitsa]] ([[:bg:Долна Вереница|Долна Вереница]]) * [[Dolno Belotintsi]] ([[:bg:Долно Белотинци|Долно Белотинци]]) * [[Gabrovnitsa, Montana Province|Gabrovnitsa]] ([[:bg:Габровница (Област Монтана)|Габровница]]) * [[Gorna Verenitsa]] ([[:bg:Горна Вереница|Горна Вереница]]) * [[Gorno Tserovene]] ([[:bg:Горно Церовене|Горно Церовене]]) * [[Klisuritsa]] ([[:bg:Клисурица|Клисурица]]) * [[Krapchene]] ([[:bg:Крапчене|Крапчене]]) {{col-2}} * [[Lipen]] ([[:bg:Липен|Липен]]) * '''[[Montana, Bulgaria|Montana]]''' ([[:bg:Монтана|Монтана]]) * [[Nikolovo, Montana Province|Nikolovo]] ([[:bg:Николово (Област Монтана)|Николово]]) * [[Slavotin]] ([[:bg:Славотин|Славотин]]) * [[Smolyanovtsi]] ([[:bg:Смоляновци|Смоляновци]]) * [[Stubel]] ([[:bg:Стубел|Стубел]]) * [[Studeno buche]] ([[:bg:Студено буче|Студено буче]]) * [[Sumer, Bulgarie|Sumer]] ([[:bg:Сумер|Сумер]]) * [[Trifonovo]] ([[:bg:Трифоново|Трифоново]]) * [[Vinište]] ([[:bg:Винище|Винище]]) * [[Virove]] ([[:bg:Вирове|Вирове]]) * [[Voynitsi]] ([[:bg:Войници|Войници]]) {{col-end}} === Valchedram (Вълчедръм) === The Valchedram municipality haes ane toun (in bauld) an ten veelages: {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Botevo, Montana Province|Botevo]] ([[:bg:Ботево (Област Монтана)|Ботево]]) * [[Buzovets, Montana Province|Buzovets]] ([[:bg:Бъзовец (Област Монтана)|Бъзовец]]) * [[Cherni vrakh]] ([[:bg:Черни връх|Черни връх]]) * [[Dolni Tsibar]] ([[:bg:Долни Цибър|Долни Цибър]]) * [[Gorni Tsibar]] ([[:bg:Горни Цибър|Горни Цибър]]) * [[Ignatovo]] ([[:bg:Игнатово|Игнатово]]) {{col-2}} * [[Mokresh, Montana Province|Mokresh]] ([[:bg:Мокреш (Област Монтана)|Мокреш]]) * [[Razgrad, Montana Province|Razgrad]] ([[:bg:Разград (село)|Разград]]) * [[Septemvriytsi, Montana Province|Septemvriytsi]] ([[:bg:Септемврийци (Област Монтана)|Септемврийци]]) * '''[[Valchedram]]''' ([[:bg:Вълчедръм|Вълчедръм]]) * [[Zlatiya, Montana Province|Zlatiya]] ([[:bg:Златия (Област Монтана)|Златия]]) {{col-end}} === Varshets (Вършец) === {{Main|Varshets Municipality}} The Varshets municipality haes ane toun (in bauld), aicht veelages an ane monastery (which haes offeecial status as a locality<ref name="grao.bg">{{bg icon}} [http://grao.bg/tna/tab02.txt Population Chart, 15.03.2009] from [http://grao.bg/ Bulgarian ''Directorate General: Civil Registration and Administrative Services'']</ref>): {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Cherkaski]] ([[:bg:Черкаски|Черкаски]]) * [[Dolna Bela rechka]] ([[:bg:Долна Бела речка|Долна Бела речка]]) * [[Dolno Ozirovo]] ([[:bg:Долно Озирово|Долно Озирово]]) * [[Draganitsa]] ([[:bg:Драганица|Драганица]]) * ''[[Klisurski Monastery (Montana Province)|Klisurski Monastery]]'' ([[:bg:Клисурски манастир (Монтанско)|Клисурски манастир]]) {{col-2}} * [[Gorna Bela rechka]] ([[:bg:Горна Бела речка|Горна Бела речка]]) * [[Gorno Ozirovo]] ([[:bg:Горно Озирово|Горно Озирово]]) * [[Spanchevtsi]] ([[:bg:Спанчевци|Спанчевци]]) * [[Stoyanovo, Montana Province|Stoyanovo]] ([[:bg:Стояново (Област Монтана)|Стояново]]) * '''[[Varshets]]''' ([[:bg:Вършец|Вършец]]) {{col-end}} === Yakimovo (Якимово) === The Yakimovo municipality haes fower veelages: {{col-begin}} {{col-2}} * [[Dalgodeltsi]] ([[:bg:Дългоделци|Дългоделци]]) * [[Dolno Tserovene]] ([[:bg:Долно Церовене|Долно Церовене]]) {{col-2}} * [[Komoshtitsa]] ([[:bg:Комощица|Комощица]]) * [[Yakimovo]] ([[:bg:Якимово|Якимово]]) {{col-end}} ==See an aw== *[[Provinces o Bulgarie]] *[[Municipalities o Bulgarie]] *[[Leet o ceeties an touns in Bulgarie]] *[[Leet of touns an veelages in Montana Province]] ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=35em}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.guide-bulgaria.com/NW/Montana Information an map] {{Geographic location |Centre = Montana Province |North = {{flag|Romanie}} |Northeast = |East = [[Vratsa Province]] |Southeast = [[Vratsa Province]] |South = [[Sofia Province]] |Southwest = {{flag|Serbie}} |West = [[Vidin Province]] |Northwest = [[Vidin Province]] }} {{Provinces o Bulgarie}} {{commons category|Montana Province}} [[Category:Provinces o Bulgarie]] [[Category:Montana Province| ]] 4qhxkhawkumz175pzj5oepcm0btm8y8 0 45643 915834 898955 2026-04-28T17:09:10Z ~2026-26044-88 130467 n 915834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox deity | type = Greek | name = Zeus | image = Jupiter Smyrna Louvre Ma13.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = The ''Jupiter de Smyrne'', discovered in [[Smyrna]] in 1680<ref>The sculpture was presented to [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] as [[Aesculapius]] but restored as Zeus, ca. 1686, by [[Pierre Granier]], who added the upraised right arm brandishing the [[thunderbolt]]. Marble, middle 2nd century CE. Formerly in the 'Allée Royale', (Tapis Vert) in the [[Gardens of Versailles]], now conserved in the [[Louvre Museum]] ([http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=27483 official on-line catalog])</ref> | god_of = God o the sky, lichtnin, thunder, law, orner, juistice | abode = [[Moont Olympus]] | symbol = | consort = [[Hera]] an various [[Zeus#Consorts an childer|ithers]] | parents = [[Cronus]] an [[Rhea (meethologie)|Rhea]] | siblings = [[Hestia]], [[Hades]], [[Hera]],<br> [[Poseidon]], [[Demeter]] | children = [[Ares]], [[Athena]], [[Apollo]],<br> [[Artemis]], [[Aphrodite]],{{refn|name="aphrodite"|Thare are twa major conflictin stories for Aphrodite's oreegins: [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' claims that she wis born frae the foam o the sea after Cronos castratit Uranus, makkin her Uranus's dauchter but [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'' haes Aphrodite as the dauchter o Zeus an Dione.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad|Il]].'', Beuk V.</ref> A speaker in [[Plato]]'s ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' offers that thay war separate feegurs: [[Aphrodite#Aphrodite Ourania an Aphrodite Pandemos|Aphrodite Ourania an Aphrodite Pandemos]].<ref>[[Plato]], ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symp.]]'', 180e.</ref>}} [[Dionysus]],<br> [[Hebe (meethologie)|Hebe]], [[Hermes]], [[Heracles]],<br> [[Helen o Troy]], [[Hephaestus]], [[Perseus]],<br> [[Minos]], the [[Muse]]s, the [[Graces]] | mount = | Roman_equivalent = [[Jupiter (meethologie)|Jupiter]] }} In the [[Auncient Greece|auncient Greek]] [[Releegion in Ancient Greece|releegion]], '''Zeus''' ([[Auncient Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Ζεύς}}, ''Zeús''; [[Modren Greek]]: Δίας, ''Días'') is the "Faither o Gods an men" ({{lang|grc|πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε}}, ''patḕr andrōn te theōn te'')<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' 542 and other sources.</ref> who rules the Olympians o [[Moont Olympus]] as a faither rules the faimily. He is the [[sky faither|god o sky]] an [[Leet o thunner gods|thunner]] in [[Greek meethologie]]. His [[Roman meethologie|Roman]] coonterpairt is [[Jupiter (meethologie)|Jupiter]], [[Hindu meethologie|Hindu]] coonterpairt is [[Indra]] an [[Etruscan meethologie|Etruscan]] coonterpairt is [[Tinia]]. ==Name== The god's name in the nominative is {{lang|grc|Ζεύς}} ''Zeús'' {{IPA|/zdeús/}}. It is inflected as follows: [[vocative]]: {{lang|grc|Ζεῦ}} / {{Lang|grc-Latn|Zeû}}; [[accusative]]: {{lang|grc|Δία}} / {{Lang|grc-Latn|Día}}; [[genitive]]: {{lang|grc|Διός}} / {{Lang|grc-Latn|Diós}}; [[dative]]: {{lang|grc|Διί}} / {{Lang|grc-Latn|Dií}}. The name ''Zeus'' is the Greek continuation o *[[Dyeus|{{PIE|Di̯ēus}}]], the [[Proto-Indo-European religion|Proto-Indo-European]] god o the daytime sky, cried *{{PIE|Dyeus ph₂tēr}} an aw ("Sky Father").<ref name="Zeus">{{cite web| url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/25/Z0012500.html| title=American Heritage Dictionary: Zeus| accessdate=2006-07-03| archive-date=2007-01-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113013626/http://www.bartleby.com/61/25/Z0012500.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> The god is kent unner this name in the [[Rigvedic deities|Rigveda]] ([[Vedic Sanskrit]] ''[[Dyaus Pita|Dyaus/Dyaus Pita]]''), [[Laitin]] (compare ''[[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]]'', frae ''Iuppiter'', derivin frae the [[Proto-Indo-European]] vocative *{{PIE|dyeu-ph₂tēr}}<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Jupiter| title=Online Etymology Dictionary: Jupiter| accessdate=2006-07-03}}</ref>), comin' fae the [[PIE ruit|ruit]] *''dyeu''- ("tae shine", an in its mony derivatives, "moon heiven, godds).<ref name="Zeus"/> Zeus is the anly deity in the Olympic [[pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] whose name haes such a transparent Indo-European etymology.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burkert|title=Greek Religion| year=1985| page= 321|isbn=0-674-36280-2}}</ref> The earliest attested forms o the name are the [[Mycenaean Greek]] ''di-we'' an ''di-wo'', written in [[Linear b]] syllabic script.<ref>[http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ Palaeolexicon], Word study tool of ancient languages</ref> [[Plato]], in his ''[[Cratylus]]'', gies a folk etymology o' Zeus meaning "cause o' life always to all things", because o' puns atween alternate titles of Zeus (''Zen'' and ''Dia'') wi tha Greek wirds fae life an' "because of". This etymology, wi Plato's entire method o' deriving etymologies, is'nay supported by modern scholarship. Diodorus Siculus wrote that Zeus wis called Zen an aw, because the humans believed that he wis the cause o' life (zen). While Lactantius wrote that he was called Zeus an' Zen, no because he wis the giver of life, but because he wis the first who lived o' the children of Cronus. == Mythology == === Birth === Cronus sired several children by Rheug7869o88g7ia: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, an Poseidon, but swallowed them aw as soon as they were born, since he had learnt fae Gjhbuibaia an' Uranus that he wis destined tae be overthrown by his son as he had previously overthrown Uranus, his ain faither, an oracle that Rhea heard and wished tae avert. When Zeus wis about tae be born, Rhea sought Gaia tae devise a plan tae save him, so that Cronus would get his retribution for his acts against Uranus an' his ain wanes. Rhea gave birth tae Zeus in Crete, handing Cronus a rock wrapped in swaddling clothes, which he promptly swallowed. === Infancy === Varying versions of the story exist: # According tae Hyginus (Fabulae, 139)) Zeus wis raised by a nymph named Amalthea. Since Saturn (Cronus) ruled aver the Earth, the heavens an' the sea, she hid him by dangling him on a rope fae a tree so he wis suspended atween earth, sea and sky and thus, invisible tae his faither. # According to Pseudo-Apollodorus (Bibliotheca, 1.1.5-7)) Zeus wis raised by a goat named Amalthea in a cave called Dictaeon Antron (Psychro Cave). A company of soldiers called Kouretes danced, shouted and clashed their spears against their shields so that Cronus would'nay hear the greeting wane. ==Zeus in meeth== ===Consorts an childer=== {{MultiCol}} ====Divine affspring==== {| border="1" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; width:350px; height:200px" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | <center>'''Mither''' || <center>'''Childer''' |- style="height:60px" |[[Aega (goddess)|Aega]] | [[Aegipan]]<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' 155</ref> |- | [[Ananke (meethologie)|Ananke]] or [[Themis]] | [[Moirai]]/Fates¹ # [[Atropos]] # [[Clotho]] # [[Lachesis (meethologie)|Lachesis]] |- | [[Demeter]] | # [[Persephone]] # [[Zagreus]] |- | [[Dione (meethologie)|Dione]] or [[Thalassa (meethologie)|Thalassa]] | [[Aphrodite]] |- | [[Eos]] | #[[Ersa]] # Carae |- | [[Eris (meethologie)|Eris]] | [[Limos (meethologie)|Limos]] |- | [[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]]/[[Eurydome]]/<br>Eurymedusa/Euanthe | [[Charites]]/[[Graces]]² # [[Aglaea]] # [[Euphrosyne (meethologie)|Euphrosyne]] # [[Thalia (grace)|Thalia]] |- | [[Gaia (meethologie)|Gaia]] | # [[Orion (meethologie)|Orion]] # [[Manes (keeng)|Manes]] |- | [[Hera]] | # [[Ares]]³ # [[Eileithyia]] # [[Eris (meethologie)|Eris]] # [[Hebe (meethologie)|Hebe]]³ # [[Hephaestus]]³ # [[Angelos (Greek meethologit)|Angelos]] |- | [[Leto]] | # [[Apollo]] # [[Artemis]] |- | [[Maia (meethologie)|Maia]] | [[Hermes]] |- | [[Metis (meethologie)|Metis]] | [[Athena]]⁴ |- | [[Mnemosyne]] | # [[Muses]] (Oreeginal three) ## [[Aoide]] ## [[Melete]] ## [[Mneme]] # [[Muses]] (Later nine) ## [[Calliope]] ## [[Clio]] ## [[Erato]] ## [[Euterpe (meethologie)|Euterpe]] ## [[Melpomene]] ## [[Polyhymnia]] ## [[Terpsichore]] ## [[Thalia (muse)|Thalia]] ## [[Urania]] |- |[[Nemesis (meethologie)|Nemesis]] |[[Helen o Troy]] (possibly) |- | [[Persephone]] | # [[Zagreus]] # [[Melinoe]] |- | [[Selene]] | # [[Ersa]] # [[Nemean lion|Nemean Lion]] # [[Pandia]] |- | [[Thalia (nymph)|Thalia]] | [[Palici]] |- | [[Themis]] | # [[Astraea (meethologie)|Astraea]] # [[Nymphs o Eridanos]] # [[Nemesis (meethologie)|Nemesis]] # [[Horae]] ## First Generation ### [[Auxo]] ### [[Horae|Carpo]] ### [[Thallo]] ## Seicont Generation ### [[Dike (goddess)|Dike]] ### [[Eirene (Greek goddess)|Eirene]] ### [[Eunomia (goddess)|Eunomia]] ## Third generation ### [[Pherusa]] ### [[Euporie]] ### [[Horae|Orthosie]] |- | Unkent mither | [[Aletheia (mythology)|Aletheia]] |- | Unkent mither | [[Atë|Ate]] |- | Unkent mither | [[Caerus]] |- | Unkent mither | [[Litae]] |- | Unkent mither | [[Tyche]] |} {{ColBreak}} ====Semi-divine/mortal affspring==== {| border="1" style="margin:1em 1em 1em 0; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%; width:350px; height:200px;" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | <center>'''Mither''' || <center>'''Childer''' |- | [[Aegina (meethologie)|Aegina]] | # [[Aeacus]] # Damocrateia<ref>[[Scholia]] on [[Pindar]], Olympian Ode 9, 107</ref> |- | [[Alcmene]] | [[Heracles]] |- | [[Antiope (mither o Amphion)|Antiope]] | # [[Amphion]] # [[Zethus]] |- | Anaxithea | [[Olenus]] |- | Asterope, [[Leet o Oceanids|Oceanid]] | Acragas |- | [[Callisto the Greek meeth|Callisto]] | [[Arcas]] |- | [[Calyce (meethologie)|Calyce]] | [[Aethlius]] (possibly) |- | Callirhoe (dochter o [[Achelous]]) | nae kent affspring |- | [[Carme (meethologie)|Carme]] | [[Britomartis]] |- | [[Cassiopeia (meethologie)#Wife o Phoenix|Cassiopeia]] | [[Atymnius]] |- |Chaldene | # [[Solymus]] # Milye |- | [[Danaë]] | [[Perseus]] |- | [[Dia (meethologie)|Dia]] | [[Pirithous]] |- | [[Elara (meethologie)|Elara]] | # [[Tityos]] |- | [[Electra (Pleiad)|Electra]] | # [[Dardanus]] # [[Iasion]] # [[Harmonia (meethologie)|Harmonia]] |- | [[Europa (meethologie)|Europa]] | # [[Minos]] # [[Rhadamanthus]] # [[Sarpedon]] # [[Alagonia]] # [[Carnus]] # Dodon<ref>[[Stephanus o Byzantium]], s. v. ''Dōdōne'', wi a reference tae [[Acestodorus]]</ref> |- | [[Eurymedousa]] | [[Myrmidon (hero)|Myrmidon]] |- | Euryodeia | [[Arcesius]] |- | [[Himalia (meethologie)|Himalia]] | # Kronios # Spartaios # Kytos |- |Idaea, nymph |[[Cres (meethologie)|Cres]] |- | [[Iodame]] | [[Thebe (meethologie)|Thebe]] |- | [[Io (meethologie)|Io]] | # [[Epaphus]] # [[Keroessa]] |- | Isonoe | Orchomenus |- | [[Lamia (meethologie)|Lamia]] | #[[Akheilos]] #[[Sibyl|Herophile]] |- | [[Laodamia]] | [[Sarpedon]] |- | [[Leda (meethologie)|Leda]] | # [[Castor an Pollux|Pollux]] # [[Castor an Pollux|Castor]] # [[Helen o Troy]]⁵ |- | Maera | [[Locrus]] |- | [[Niobe]] | # [[Argus (keeng o Argos)|Argus]] # [[Pelasgus]] |- | [[Othreis]] | Meliteus |- |[[Pandora II|Pandora]] | #[[Graecus]] #[[Latinus]] |- | Phthia (dochter o [[Phoroneus]]) | [[Achaeus (son o Xuthus)|Achaeus]] (possibly) |- | [[Plouto]] | [[Tantalus]] |- | [[Podarge]] | # [[Balius]] # [[Balius an Xanthus|Xanthus]] |- | [[Protogeneia]] | #[[Aethlius]] (possibly) #[[Opus (meethologie)|Opus]] |- | [[Pyrrha]] | [[Hellen]] |- | [[Semele]] | [[Dionysus]] |- | [[Taygete]] | [[Lacedaemon]] |- | [[Thyia]] | #[[Magnes (meethologie)|Magnes]] #[[Makednos]] |- | Torrhebia | [[Carius]] |- | Nymph African | [[Iarbas]] |- | Nymph Samothracian | [[Saon (meethologie)|Saon]] (possibly) |- | Nymph Sithnid | [[Ancient Greek flood meeths#Deucalion|Megarus]] |- | Unkent mither | #Calabrus #Geraestus #[[Taenarus (meethologie)|Taenarus]] |- | Unkent mither | [[Corinthus]] |- | Unkent mither | [[Crinacus]] |} {{EndMultiCol}} ¹The Greeks variously claimit that the Moires/Fates wur the dochters o Zeus an the Titaness [[Themis]] or o primordial beins like [[Chaos (meethologie)|Chaos]], [[Nyx (meethologie)|Nyx]], or [[Ananke (meethologie)|Ananke]]. ²The Charites/Graces wur usually considered the dochters o Zeus an Eurynome but they wur said tae be dochters o Dionysus an Aphrodite or of Helios an the naiad Aegle an aw. ³Some accoonts say that Ares, Hebe an Hephaestus wur born parthenogenetically. ⁴Accordin tae ane version, Athena is said tae be born parthenogenetically. ⁵Helen wis either the dochter o Leda or Nemesis. ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons|Zeus}} {{Greek meethologie (deities)}} {{Greek meeth (Olympian)}} [[Category:Zeus| ]] [[Category:Deities in the Iliad]] [[Category:Greek gods]] [[Category:Greek meethologie]] [[Category:Twal Olympians]] [[Category:Meethological keengs]] [[Category:Savior gods]] [[Category:Sky an wather gods]] [[Category:Thunner gods]] [[Category:Juistice gods]] [[Category:Oracular gods]] [[Category:Names o God]] sluomlk986piou23x4ztkvok12cqz8d 915835 915834 2026-04-28T17:20:11Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-26044-88, chynged back tae last version bi Richard Nevell 898955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox deity | type = Greek | name = Zeus | image = Jupiter Smyrna Louvre Ma13.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = The ''Jupiter de Smyrne'', discovered in [[Smyrna]] in 1680<ref>The sculpture was presented to [[Louis XIV of France|Louis XIV]] as [[Aesculapius]] but restored as Zeus, ca. 1686, by [[Pierre Granier]], who added the upraised right arm brandishing the [[thunderbolt]]. Marble, middle 2nd century CE. Formerly in the 'Allée Royale', (Tapis Vert) in the [[Gardens of Versailles]], now conserved in the [[Louvre Museum]] ([http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=27483 official on-line catalog])</ref> | god_of = God o the sky, lichtnin, thunder, law, orner, juistice | abode = [[Moont Olympus]] | symbol = | consort = [[Hera]] an various [[Zeus#Consorts an childer|ithers]] | parents = [[Cronus]] an [[Rhea (meethologie)|Rhea]] | siblings = [[Hestia]], [[Hades]], [[Hera]],<br> [[Poseidon]], [[Demeter]] | children = [[Ares]], [[Athena]], [[Apollo]],<br> [[Artemis]], [[Aphrodite]],{{refn|name="aphrodite"|Thare are twa major conflictin stories for Aphrodite's oreegins: [[Hesiod]]'s ''[[Theogony]]'' claims that she wis born frae the foam o the sea after Cronos castratit Uranus, makkin her Uranus's dauchter but [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'' haes Aphrodite as the dauchter o Zeus an Dione.<ref>[[Homer]], ''[[Iliad|Il]].'', Beuk V.</ref> A speaker in [[Plato]]'s ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symposium]]'' offers that thay war separate feegurs: [[Aphrodite#Aphrodite Ourania an Aphrodite Pandemos|Aphrodite Ourania an Aphrodite Pandemos]].<ref>[[Plato]], ''[[Symposium (Plato)|Symp.]]'', 180e.</ref>}} [[Dionysus]],<br> [[Hebe (meethologie)|Hebe]], [[Hermes]], [[Heracles]],<br> [[Helen o Troy]], [[Hephaestus]], [[Perseus]],<br> [[Minos]], the [[Muse]]s, the [[Graces]] | mount = | Roman_equivalent = [[Jupiter (meethologie)|Jupiter]] }} In the [[Auncient Greece|auncient Greek]] [[Releegion in Ancient Greece|releegion]], '''Zeus''' ([[Auncient Greek]]: {{lang|grc|Ζεύς}}, ''Zeús''; [[Modren Greek]]: Δίας, ''Días'') is the "Faither o Gods an men" ({{lang|grc|πατὴρ ἀνδρῶν τε θεῶν τε}}, ''patḕr andrōn te theōn te'')<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' 542 and other sources.</ref> who rules the Olympians o [[Moont Olympus]] as a faither rules the faimily. He is the [[sky faither|god o sky]] an [[Leet o thunner gods|thunner]] in [[Greek meethologie]]. His [[Roman meethologie|Roman]] coonterpairt is [[Jupiter (meethologie)|Jupiter]], [[Hindu meethologie|Hindu]] coonterpairt is [[Indra]] an [[Etruscan meethologie|Etruscan]] coonterpairt is [[Tinia]]. ==Name== The god's name in the nominative is {{lang|grc|Ζεύς}} ''Zeús'' {{IPA|/zdeús/}}. It is inflected as follows: [[vocative]]: {{lang|grc|Ζεῦ}} / {{Lang|grc-Latn|Zeû}}; [[accusative]]: {{lang|grc|Δία}} / {{Lang|grc-Latn|Día}}; [[genitive]]: {{lang|grc|Διός}} / {{Lang|grc-Latn|Diós}}; [[dative]]: {{lang|grc|Διί}} / {{Lang|grc-Latn|Dií}}. The name ''Zeus'' is the Greek continuation o *[[Dyeus|{{PIE|Di̯ēus}}]], the [[Proto-Indo-European religion|Proto-Indo-European]] god o the daytime sky, cried *{{PIE|Dyeus ph₂tēr}} an aw ("Sky Father").<ref name="Zeus">{{cite web| url=http://www.bartleby.com/61/25/Z0012500.html| title=American Heritage Dictionary: Zeus| accessdate=2006-07-03| archive-date=2007-01-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113013626/http://www.bartleby.com/61/25/Z0012500.html| url-status=dead}}</ref> The god is kent unner this name in the [[Rigvedic deities|Rigveda]] ([[Vedic Sanskrit]] ''[[Dyaus Pita|Dyaus/Dyaus Pita]]''), [[Laitin]] (compare ''[[Jupiter (god)|Jupiter]]'', frae ''Iuppiter'', derivin frae the [[Proto-Indo-European]] vocative *{{PIE|dyeu-ph₂tēr}}<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Jupiter| title=Online Etymology Dictionary: Jupiter| accessdate=2006-07-03}}</ref>), comin' fae the [[PIE ruit|ruit]] *''dyeu''- ("tae shine", an in its mony derivatives, "sky, heiven, god").<ref name="Zeus"/> Zeus is the anly deity in the Olympic [[pantheon (gods)|pantheon]] whose name haes such a transparent Indo-European etymology.<ref>{{cite book|last=Burkert|title=Greek Religion| year=1985| page= 321|isbn=0-674-36280-2}}</ref> The earliest attested forms o the name are the [[Mycenaean Greek]] ''di-we'' an ''di-wo'', written in [[Linear b]] syllabic script.<ref>[http://www.palaeolexicon.com/ Palaeolexicon], Word study tool of ancient languages</ref> [[Plato]], in his ''[[Cratylus]]'', gies a folk etymology o' Zeus meaning "cause o' life always to all things", because o' puns atween alternate titles of Zeus (''Zen'' and ''Dia'') wi tha Greek wirds fae life an' "because of". This etymology, wi Plato's entire method o' deriving etymologies, is'nay supported by modern scholarship. Diodorus Siculus wrote that Zeus wis called Zen an aw, because the humans believed that he wis the cause o' life (zen). While Lactantius wrote that he was called Zeus an' Zen, no because he wis the giver of life, but because he wis the first who lived o' the children of Cronus. == Mythology == === Birth === Cronus sired several children by Rhea: Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, an Poseidon, but swallowed them aw as soon as they were born, since he had learnt fae Gaia an' Uranus that he wis destined tae be overthrown by his son as he had previously overthrown Uranus, his ain faither, an oracle that Rhea heard and wished tae avert. When Zeus wis about tae be born, Rhea sought Gaia tae devise a plan tae save him, so that Cronus would get his retribution for his acts against Uranus an' his ain wanes. Rhea gave birth tae Zeus in Crete, handing Cronus a rock wrapped in swaddling clothes, which he promptly swallowed. === Infancy === Varying versions of the story exist: # According tae Hyginus (Fabulae, 139)) Zeus wis raised by a nymph named Amalthea. Since Saturn (Cronus) ruled aver the Earth, the heavens an' the sea, she hid him by dangling him on a rope fae a tree so he wis suspended atween earth, sea and sky and thus, invisible tae his faither. # According to Pseudo-Apollodorus (Bibliotheca, 1.1.5-7)) Zeus wis raised by a goat named Amalthea in a cave called Dictaeon Antron (Psychro Cave). A company of soldiers called Kouretes danced, shouted and clashed their spears against their shields so that Cronus would'nay hear the greeting wane. ==Zeus in meeth== ===Consorts an childer=== {{MultiCol}} ====Divine affspring==== {| border="1" style="margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%; width:350px; height:200px" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | <center>'''Mither''' || <center>'''Childer''' |- style="height:60px" |[[Aega (goddess)|Aega]] | [[Aegipan]]<ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''Fabulae'' 155</ref> |- | [[Ananke (meethologie)|Ananke]] or [[Themis]] | [[Moirai]]/Fates¹ # [[Atropos]] # [[Clotho]] # [[Lachesis (meethologie)|Lachesis]] |- | [[Demeter]] | # [[Persephone]] # [[Zagreus]] |- | [[Dione (meethologie)|Dione]] or [[Thalassa (meethologie)|Thalassa]] | [[Aphrodite]] |- | [[Eos]] | #[[Ersa]] # Carae |- | [[Eris (meethologie)|Eris]] | [[Limos (meethologie)|Limos]] |- | [[Eurynome (Oceanid)|Eurynome]]/[[Eurydome]]/<br>Eurymedusa/Euanthe | [[Charites]]/[[Graces]]² # [[Aglaea]] # [[Euphrosyne (meethologie)|Euphrosyne]] # [[Thalia (grace)|Thalia]] |- | [[Gaia (meethologie)|Gaia]] | # [[Orion (meethologie)|Orion]] # [[Manes (keeng)|Manes]] |- | [[Hera]] | # [[Ares]]³ # [[Eileithyia]] # [[Eris (meethologie)|Eris]] # [[Hebe (meethologie)|Hebe]]³ # [[Hephaestus]]³ # [[Angelos (Greek meethologit)|Angelos]] |- | [[Leto]] | # [[Apollo]] # [[Artemis]] |- | [[Maia (meethologie)|Maia]] | [[Hermes]] |- | [[Metis (meethologie)|Metis]] | [[Athena]]⁴ |- | [[Mnemosyne]] | # [[Muses]] (Oreeginal three) ## [[Aoide]] ## [[Melete]] ## [[Mneme]] # [[Muses]] (Later nine) ## [[Calliope]] ## [[Clio]] ## [[Erato]] ## [[Euterpe (meethologie)|Euterpe]] ## [[Melpomene]] ## [[Polyhymnia]] ## [[Terpsichore]] ## [[Thalia (muse)|Thalia]] ## [[Urania]] |- |[[Nemesis (meethologie)|Nemesis]] |[[Helen o Troy]] (possibly) |- | [[Persephone]] | # [[Zagreus]] # [[Melinoe]] |- | [[Selene]] | # [[Ersa]] # [[Nemean lion|Nemean Lion]] # [[Pandia]] |- | [[Thalia (nymph)|Thalia]] | [[Palici]] |- | [[Themis]] | # [[Astraea (meethologie)|Astraea]] # [[Nymphs o Eridanos]] # [[Nemesis (meethologie)|Nemesis]] # [[Horae]] ## First Generation ### [[Auxo]] ### [[Horae|Carpo]] ### [[Thallo]] ## Seicont Generation ### [[Dike (goddess)|Dike]] ### [[Eirene (Greek goddess)|Eirene]] ### [[Eunomia (goddess)|Eunomia]] ## Third generation ### [[Pherusa]] ### [[Euporie]] ### [[Horae|Orthosie]] |- | Unkent mither | [[Aletheia (mythology)|Aletheia]] |- | Unkent mither | [[Atë|Ate]] |- | Unkent mither | [[Caerus]] |- | Unkent mither | [[Litae]] |- | Unkent mither | [[Tyche]] |} {{ColBreak}} ====Semi-divine/mortal affspring==== {| border="1" style="margin:1em 1em 1em 0; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%; width:350px; height:200px;" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" | <center>'''Mither''' || <center>'''Childer''' |- | [[Aegina (meethologie)|Aegina]] | # [[Aeacus]] # Damocrateia<ref>[[Scholia]] on [[Pindar]], Olympian Ode 9, 107</ref> |- | [[Alcmene]] | [[Heracles]] |- | [[Antiope (mither o Amphion)|Antiope]] | # [[Amphion]] # [[Zethus]] |- | Anaxithea | [[Olenus]] |- | Asterope, [[Leet o Oceanids|Oceanid]] | Acragas |- | [[Callisto the Greek meeth|Callisto]] | [[Arcas]] |- | [[Calyce (meethologie)|Calyce]] | [[Aethlius]] (possibly) |- | Callirhoe (dochter o [[Achelous]]) | nae kent affspring |- | [[Carme (meethologie)|Carme]] | [[Britomartis]] |- | [[Cassiopeia (meethologie)#Wife o Phoenix|Cassiopeia]] | [[Atymnius]] |- |Chaldene | # [[Solymus]] # Milye |- | [[Danaë]] | [[Perseus]] |- | [[Dia (meethologie)|Dia]] | [[Pirithous]] |- | [[Elara (meethologie)|Elara]] | # [[Tityos]] |- | [[Electra (Pleiad)|Electra]] | # [[Dardanus]] # [[Iasion]] # [[Harmonia (meethologie)|Harmonia]] |- | [[Europa (meethologie)|Europa]] | # [[Minos]] # [[Rhadamanthus]] # [[Sarpedon]] # [[Alagonia]] # [[Carnus]] # Dodon<ref>[[Stephanus o Byzantium]], s. v. ''Dōdōne'', wi a reference tae [[Acestodorus]]</ref> |- | [[Eurymedousa]] | [[Myrmidon (hero)|Myrmidon]] |- | Euryodeia | [[Arcesius]] |- | [[Himalia (meethologie)|Himalia]] | # Kronios # Spartaios # Kytos |- |Idaea, nymph |[[Cres (meethologie)|Cres]] |- | [[Iodame]] | [[Thebe (meethologie)|Thebe]] |- | [[Io (meethologie)|Io]] | # [[Epaphus]] # [[Keroessa]] |- | Isonoe | Orchomenus |- | [[Lamia (meethologie)|Lamia]] | #[[Akheilos]] #[[Sibyl|Herophile]] |- | [[Laodamia]] | [[Sarpedon]] |- | [[Leda (meethologie)|Leda]] | # [[Castor an Pollux|Pollux]] # [[Castor an Pollux|Castor]] # [[Helen o Troy]]⁵ |- | Maera | [[Locrus]] |- | [[Niobe]] | # [[Argus (keeng o Argos)|Argus]] # [[Pelasgus]] |- | [[Othreis]] | Meliteus |- |[[Pandora II|Pandora]] | #[[Graecus]] #[[Latinus]] |- | Phthia (dochter o [[Phoroneus]]) | [[Achaeus (son o Xuthus)|Achaeus]] (possibly) |- | [[Plouto]] | [[Tantalus]] |- | [[Podarge]] | # [[Balius]] # [[Balius an Xanthus|Xanthus]] |- | [[Protogeneia]] | #[[Aethlius]] (possibly) #[[Opus (meethologie)|Opus]] |- | [[Pyrrha]] | [[Hellen]] |- | [[Semele]] | [[Dionysus]] |- | [[Taygete]] | [[Lacedaemon]] |- | [[Thyia]] | #[[Magnes (meethologie)|Magnes]] #[[Makednos]] |- | Torrhebia | [[Carius]] |- | Nymph African | [[Iarbas]] |- | Nymph Samothracian | [[Saon (meethologie)|Saon]] (possibly) |- | Nymph Sithnid | [[Ancient Greek flood meeths#Deucalion|Megarus]] |- | Unkent mither | #Calabrus #Geraestus #[[Taenarus (meethologie)|Taenarus]] |- | Unkent mither | [[Corinthus]] |- | Unkent mither | [[Crinacus]] |} {{EndMultiCol}} ¹The Greeks variously claimit that the Moires/Fates wur the dochters o Zeus an the Titaness [[Themis]] or o primordial beins like [[Chaos (meethologie)|Chaos]], [[Nyx (meethologie)|Nyx]], or [[Ananke (meethologie)|Ananke]]. ²The Charites/Graces wur usually considered the dochters o Zeus an Eurynome but they wur said tae be dochters o Dionysus an Aphrodite or of Helios an the naiad Aegle an aw. ³Some accoonts say that Ares, Hebe an Hephaestus wur born parthenogenetically. ⁴Accordin tae ane version, Athena is said tae be born parthenogenetically. ⁵Helen wis either the dochter o Leda or Nemesis. ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons|Zeus}} {{Greek meethologie (deities)}} {{Greek meeth (Olympian)}} [[Category:Zeus| ]] [[Category:Deities in the Iliad]] [[Category:Greek gods]] [[Category:Greek meethologie]] [[Category:Twal Olympians]] [[Category:Meethological keengs]] [[Category:Savior gods]] [[Category:Sky an wather gods]] [[Category:Thunner gods]] [[Category:Juistice gods]] [[Category:Oracular gods]] [[Category:Names o God]] 9ha1g79pw9dbzesg1v48qxj8d2mxbpk 0 60741 915853 857664 2026-04-28T21:51:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist |birth_name = Johann Mendel | image = Gregor Mendel.png | image_size = | birth_date = {{birth date|mf=yes|1822|7|20}} | birth_place = [[Hynčice (Vražné)|Heinzendorf bei Odrau]], [[Austrian Empire]] (nou [[Hynčice (Vražné)|Hynčice]], [[Czech Republic]]) | death_date = {{death date and age|mf=yes|1884|1|6|1822|7|20}} | death_place = [[Brno]] (Brünn), [[Austrick-Hungary]] (nou [[Czech Republic]]) | nationality = Empire o Austrick-Hungary | ethnicity = Silesian-German | field = [[Genetics]] | work_institutions = [[St Thomas's Abbey, Brno|St Thomas's Abbey]] | alma_mater = [[Varsity o Olomouc]]<br>[[Varsity o Vienna]] | doctoral_advisor = <!--Please insert--> | doctoral_students = <!--Please insert--> | known_for = Creatin the science o [[genetics]] | prizes = <!--Please insert--> | religion = Roman Catholic }} <!-- Please DO NOT change this date. July 20 is correct; see talk page. --> '''Gregor Johann Mendel''' (Julie 20, 1822<ref>July 20 is his birthday; often mentioned is July 22, the date of his baptism. [http://www.mendel-museum.com/eng/1online/room1.htm Biography of Mendel at the Mendel Museum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021181054/http://www.mendel-museum.com/eng/1online/room1.htm |date=2014-10-21 }}</ref> – Januar 6, 1884) wis a [[German leid|German-speakin]] [[Silesians|Silesian]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gregor Mendel|url=http://www.mendelweb.org/MWolby.html}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Mendel, Mendelism and Genetics|url=http://science.jrank.org/pages/9480/History-Genetics-Gregor-Johann-Mendel.html|access-date=2013-10-22|archive-date=2021-11-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104122859/https://science.jrank.org/pages/9480/History-Genetics-Gregor-Johann-Mendel.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> scientist an [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] [[friar]] who gained posthumous fame as the foonder o the new [[science]] o [[genetics]]. Mendel demonstratit that the [[biological inheritance|inheritance]] o certain [[trait (biological)|trait]]s in [[pease]] plants follaes particular patterns, nou referred tae as the laws o [[Mendelian inheritance]]. The profoond signeeficance o Mendel's wirk wis nae recognized till the turn o the 20t century, when the independent rediscovery o these laws initiatit the modren science o genetics.<ref name=pb>{{cite book |author=Bowler, Peter J. |title=Evolution: the history of an idea |url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionhistory0000bowl_n7y8 |publisher=University of California Press |location=Berkeley |year=2003 |pages= |isbn=0-520-23693-9 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref> As a choiald he worked on tha mendel family farm. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mendel, Gregor}} [[Category:Augustinian friars]] [[Category:Austrick biologists]] [[Category:Austrick botanists]] [[Category:Austrick Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Botanists wi author abbreviations]] [[Category:Czech biologists]] [[Category:Czech botanists]] [[Category:Czech Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Daiths frae nephritis]] [[Category:Geneticists]] [[Category:Moravian-German fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Austrick Silesie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Brno]] [[Category:Roman Catholic cleric–scientists]] [[Category:Roman Catholic filosofers]] [[Category:Silesian-German fowk]] [[Category:1822 births]] [[Category:1884 daiths]] [[Category:Disease-relatit daiths in Austrick-Hungary]] a2u5m90119zmgylgfyrq8tuhi4cenv3 0 61175 915848 904544 2026-04-28T20:16:52Z LivMaddieFan2026 130475 915848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox film | name = Charlotte's Web | director = {{Plainlist| * [[Charles August Nichols|Charles A. Nichols]] * [[Iwao Takamoto]] }} | producer = {{Plainlist| * [[Joseph Barbera]] * [[William Hanna]] }} | story = [[Earl Hamner Jr.]] | based on = {{based on|''[[Charlotte's Web]]''|[[E. B. White]]}} | narrator = [[Rex Allen]] | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Debbie Reynolds]] * [[Paul Lynde]] * [[Henry Gibson]] }} | music = [[Irwin Kostal]] | cinematography = {{Plainlist| * Dick Blundell * Ralph Migliori * Roy Wade * Dennis Weaver }} | editing = {{Plainlist| * Larry C. Cowan * Pat Foley }} | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Hanna-Barbera|Hanna-Barbera Productions]] * Sagittarius Productions }} | distributor = [[Paramount Pictures]] | released = {{Film date|1973|2|22|Premiere-New York Ceety|1973|3|1|Unitit States}} | runtime = 94 meenits | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | gross = $2.4 million <small>(rentals)</small><ref>"Big [[Gross rental|Rental]] Films of 1973", ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', Januar 9, 1974, pg 19.</ref> }} '''''Charlotte's Web''''' is a 1973 American [[animation|animatit]] [[muisical film|muisical]] [[drama film]] produced bi [[Hanna-Barbera]] Productions an Sagittarius Productions an based upon the 1952 [[bairns' literatur|bairns' beuk]] [[Charlotte's Web|o the same name]] bi [[E. B. White]]. The film, lik the book, is aboot a pig named Wilbur that befriends an intelligent speeder named Charlotte that saufs him frae bein slaughtered. Released tae theaters bi [[Paramount Pictures]], ''Charlotte's Web'' featurs a sang score o muisic an lyrics written bi the [[Sherman Brothers]], that haed previously written muisic for faimily films lik ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964), ''[[The Jungle Book (1967 film)|The Jungle Book]]'' (1967), an ''[[Chitty Chitty Bang Bang]]'' (1968). It is the first o anly three Hanna-Barbera featurs nae tae be based upon ane o thair famous telly cartoons, ''[[Heidi's Song]]'' (1982) an ''[[Once Upon a Forest]]'' (1993) bein the ither twa. ''Charlotte's Web'' wis released on Februar&nbsp;22, 1973, tae moderate critical an commercial success. The film haes developed a devoted follaein ower the follaein years due tae telly an [[VHS]]; in 1994 it surprised the marketplace bi becomin ane o the best-selling titles o the year, 21&nbsp;years efter its first premiere. No ither non-Disney muisical animatit film haes enjoyed sic a comeback in popularity, prompting a [[direct-tae-video]] [[sequel]], ''[[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]]'', which Paramount released in the US on Mairch&nbsp;18, 2003 (Universal released it internationally), followed bi a [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|live-action film version]] o the oreeginal story, which wis released on December&nbsp;15, 2006. ==Plot== When farmer John Arable decides tae "do away wi" the runt o a litter o piglets, his dochter, Fern, intervenes, telling him that it is absurd tae kill the piglet juist acause he is smawer than the ithers. John decides tae spare the piglet an let Fern raise him as a pet. She nurtures him lovingly, naming him Wilbur. Sax weeks later, Wilbur, due tae bein a spring pig, haes matured, an John tells Fern that Wilbur haes tae be sauld (his siblings war already sauld). Fern sadly says good-bye tae Wilbur as he is sauld doun the street tae her uncle, Homer Zuckerman. At Homer's farm, a goose coaxes a sullen Wilbur tae speak his first words. Awtho delighted at this new ability, Wilbur still yearns for companionship. He attempts tae get the goose tae play wi him, but she declines on the condeetion that she haes tae hatch her goslings. Wilbur an aw tries asking a rat named Templeton tae play wi him, but Templeton's anly interests are spying, hiding, an eatin. Wilbur then wants tae play wi a lamb, but the lamb's faither that sheep dae nae play wi pigs acause it is anly a matter o time afore thay are slaughtered an turned intae smoked bacon an ham. Scunnert at this depressing discovery, Wilbur reduces himsel tae tears until a mysterious vyce tells him tae "chin up", an wait until morning tae reveal hersel tae him. The follaein morning, she reveals hersel tae be a speeder named Charlotte A. Cavatica, livin on a web overlooking Wilbur's pig pen. She tells him that she will come up wi a plan guaranteed tae spare his life. Later, the goose's goslings hatch. Ane o them, named Jeffrey, befriends Wilbur. Eventually, Charlotte reveals her plan tae "play a trick on Zuckerman", an consoles Wilbur tae sleep. The next morning, Homer's farm assistant, Lurvy, sees the words, SOME PIG, spun within Charlotte's web. The incident attracts publicity amang Homer's neighbors wha deem the praise tae be a [[miracle]]. The publicity eventually dies doun, an Charlotte requests the barn ainimals tae devise a new wird tae spin within her web. Efter several suggestions, the goose suggests the phrase, TERRIFIC! TERRIFIC! TERRIFIC!, tho Charlotte decides tae shorten it tae ane TERRIFIC. The incident becomes anither media sensation, tho Homer still desires tae slaughter Wilbur. For the next message, Charlotte then employs Templeton tae pull a wird frae a magazine clipping at the dump for inspiration, in which he returns the wird, RADIANT, ripped frae a soap box tae spin within her web. Follaein this, Homer decides tae enter Wilbur in the coonty fair for the simmer. Charlotte reluctantly decides tae accompany him, tho Templeton at first haes no interest in daein sae until the goose tells him aboot aw the fuid thare. Efter ane nicht thare, Charlotte sends Templeton tae the trash pile on anither errand tae gather anither wird for her next message, in which he returns wi the wird, HUMBLE. The next morning, Wilbur awakens tae find Charlotte haes spun an egg sac containing her unborn affspring, an the follaein afternoon, the wird, HUMBLE, is spun. Houiver, Fern's brither, Avery, discovers anither pig named Uncle haes won first place, tho the coonty fair staff decides tae haud a celebration in honour of Homer's miraculous pig, an rewards him [[Dollar sign|$]]25 an a gowd medal. He then announces that he will allou Wilbur tae "live to a ripe old age". Exhausted frae laying eggs an writin words, Charlotte tells Wilbur she will remain at the fair tae die. Not willin tae let her bairns be abandoned, Wilbur haes Templeton retrieve Charlotte's egg sac tae tak back tae the farm, juist afore she dies. Once he returns tae Homer's farm, he guards the egg sac until the winter. The next spring, Charlotte's 514 bairns are hatched, but leave the farm, causin Wilbur tae become saddened tae the pynt o wantin to run away. Juist as he is aboot tae dae sae, the ram pynts oot that three o them didnae flee away. Pleased at findin new friends, Wilbur names them Joy, Nellie, an Aranea, but as much as he loves them, thay will never replace the memory o Charlotte. ==Voice cast== * [[Henry Gibson]] as Wilbur, a pig wha wis awmaist killed due tae bein a runt. Ower time, houiver, he grows sae much that ane wad never hae kent that he wis ance a runt. When Wilbur learns o his fate o bein slaughtered, he instantly breaks doun intae tears, until Charlotte tells him that she will dae whatever it takes tae save him. Wilbur is a friendly pig, but an aw prone tae [[anxeeity]]. * [[Debbie Reynolds]] as Charlotte A. Cavatica, a speeder that bides in a corner o Homer's barn abuin Wilbur's pig pen. She is very luvin an mitherly, but whiles grows frustrated at Wilbur's anxeeity issues. At the end o the film, she dies efter laying 514 eggs, but three o them decide tae stay wi Wilbur. * [[Paul Lynde]] as Templeton, a care-free, egotistical rat wha lives at Homer's farm. He helps Charlotte get new ideas for her webs on the condeetion that he is promised fuid. At the end o the film, as well as [[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure|the sequel]], he haes fower bratty bairns o his ain: Henrietta, Lester, Ralphie, an Junior. * [[Agnes Moorehead]] as the Goose, an unnamed goose that is the ane that encourages Wilbur tae speak for the first time. Her seiven goslings later hatch, awtho thare war actually aicht eggs (ane wis [[rotten egg|rotten]]). In the sequel, she wis named Gwen. * [[Don Messick]] as Jeffrey, a young, undersized gosling that Wilbur befriends shortly efter his birth. He initially lives, eats, an sleeps wi Wilbur rather than his mither an siblings. At ane pynt, Avery remarks that he sounds mair lik a pig than a gosling, which pleases Jeffrey. When Wilbur is loaded intae a crate destined for the fair, Jeffrey casually walks in to jyne him, amusing the humans but thay still remove an restrain him nevertheless. The Swedish version shows a [[deleted scene]] in which Jeffrey is briefly seen riding in the back o the Arables' truck wi Avery until it stops sae Avery can put him doun in the middle o the road. Distressed at bein separated frae Wilbur, Jeffrey tries tae catch up wi the truck tae no avail, leaving him heartbroken. His mither gently directs him tae the pond tae jyne his siblings. Jeffrey daes nae reunite wi Wilbur when the latter returns frae the fair nor daes he appear in the rest o the film. * [[Herb Vigran]] as Lurvy, Homer's assistant that is the first tae notice the messages in Charlotte's webs. * [[Pamelyn Ferdin]] as Fern Arable, the dochter o John that convinces him tae spare Wilbur's life. * [[Martha Scott]] as Mrs. Arable, Fern's mither that first tells her o what wis going tae happen tae Wilbur. * [[Bob Holt (actor)|Bob Holt]] as Homer Zuckerman, Mrs. Arable's brither an Fern's uncle. * [[John Stephenson (actor)|John Stephenson]] as John Arable, Fern's faither. He wis aboot tae "do away" wi Wilbur until she intervened. * [[Danny Bonaduce]] as Avery Arable, Fern's aulder brither. * William B. White as Henry Fussy, a boy o aboot Fern's age, that she suin starts spendin time wi while Wilbur is at the fair. * [[Dave Madden]] as the Ram, ane o the first ainimals Wilbur meets at Homer's farm. He is the first tae tell Wilbur that it is a pig's fate tae be slaughtered an turned intae smoked bacon an ham. Madden an aa voiced ither chairacters in the film. * [[Joan Gerber]] as Edith Zuckerman, Homer's wife. She comes up wi the idea o giein Wilbur a [[buttermilk]] bath. Gerber forby vyced Mrs. Fussy, Henry's stern mither that never lets him hae fun. * [[Rex Allen]] as the Narrator Five members o the cast (Henry Gibson, Paul Lynde, Agnes Moorehead, Danny Bonaduce, an Dave Madden) haed previously appeared on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC televeesion]] [[Sitcom|situation comedy]] ''[[Bewitched]]'' (1964-1972).<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0057733/fullcredits#cast</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=August 2015}} Hanna-Barbera an aa animatit the openin credits o the show. Houiver, Bonaduce an Madden are better kent for thair roles on anither ABC-TV sitcom, ''[[The Partridge Family]]'' (1970–1974), which wis still in production when the film wis made. An aa, Ferdin an Lynde baith appeared on ''[[The Paul Lynde Show]]'', anither ABC sitcom creatit to fill the contract of Bewitched<ref>http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0068118/</ref> Bonaduce, Lynde, Gerber, Messick, an Stephenson haed previously worked for Hanna-Barbera in thair telly shows: Lynde appeared in ''[[The Perils of Penelope Pitstop]]'' (uncredited), Bonaduce an Gerber war stars in ''[[Partridge Family 2200 A.D.]]'', an Stephenson an Messick war Hanna-Barbera reglars that lent thair vyces to mony of thair shows on the reglar. ==Production== {{Expand section|date=August 2015}} Efter the studio decidit tae mak the film, [[Joe Barbera]] visited E. B. White in Maine. White hielichtit pairts o the book he did nae want tae chynge, an pairts "subject to discussion."<ref name=Barbera1/> Barbera wrote that Debbie Reynolds cried him an said that she wis willin to jyne the project even wioot bein peyed.<ref name=Barbera1>{{cite book|title=My Life in 'toons: From Flatbrush to Bedrock in Under a Century|url=https://archive.org/details/mylifeintoonsfro00barb|first=Joseph|last=Barbera|year=1994|publisher=Turner Publishing|location=Atlanta, GA|isbn=1-57036-042-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mylifeintoonsfro00barb/page/228 228]–29}}</ref> White discussed the makin o the film wi [[Gene Deitch]], a director of animation an friend of his.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/genedeitch/chapter-twentynine-the-charlotte-papers|title=How to Succeed in Animation: Chapter 29: The Charlotte Papers|author=Gene Deitch|publisher=Animation World Network|date=2001|accessdate=August 5, 2015}}</ref> Czech painter [[Mirko Hanák]] produced unused artwork o the film afore dying of [[leukemia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/genedeitch/chapter-thirty-charlottes-web-graphics|title=How to Succeed in Animation: Chapter 30: Charlotte’s Web Graphics|author=Gene Deitch|publisher=Animation World Network|date=2001|accessdate=August 5, 2015}}</ref> ==Release== {{Multiple issues|section=yes| {{Unreferenced section|date=February 2012}} {{Expand section|date=February 2012}} }} The film wis released tae theaters on Mairch&nbsp;1, 1973, bi [[Paramount Pictures]] in the United States. It haed a leemitit release on Februar&nbsp;22, 1973, in [[New York City]], an an aa released in [[West Germany]] on Mairch&nbsp;30, 1973, as well as August 11 in [[Swaden]], August&nbsp;25 in [[Japan]], an September&nbsp;4, 1981, in [[Australia]]. ===Home media=== The film wis first released on VHS in 1979, followed bi three mair releases in 1988, 1993, an 1996. It made its DVD debut in 2001. A seicont DVD release o the film wis released in 2006. ==Reception== ''Charlotte's Web'' received generally positive reviews. Review aggregation site [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reportit that it haes a 75% approval rating based on 20 reviews, wi an average score of 6.6/10.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1003952-charlottes_web/|title=Charlotte's Web (1973) - Rotten Tomatoes|publisher=''[[Flixster]]''|accessdate=February 4, 2012}}</ref> Craig Butler of Aw-Movie Guide criticized the animation an the muisical score, but cried it a faithful adaptation, notin that "no attempt has been made to soften the existential sadness at the story's core".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.allmovie.com/movie/charlottes-web-v9012/review|title=Charlotte’s Web: Review|accessdate=January 28, 2009|first=Craig|last=Butler|work=All-Movie Guide|publisher=Macrovision Corporation}}</ref> Dan Jardine criticized the sangs an the "Saturday morning cartoon quality" o the animation, but an aa says that Hamner "retains just enough of White’s elegant prose in the dialogue and narration to keep the film from being simply a painfully well-intended experiment."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://apolloguide.com/mov_fullrev.asp?CID=3484|title=Charlotte's Web|first=Dan|last=Jardine|work=Apollo Guide|publisher=Apollo Communications Ltd.|accessdate=January 28, 2009|archive-date=2008-12-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081206043311/http://www.apolloguide.com/mov_fullrev.asp?CID=3484|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Christopher Null]] of Filmcritic.com stated that the animation is whiles "downright bad", but that White's classic fable needs little to mak it come to life.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/Charlottes-Web-(1973)|title=Charlotte's Web (1973)|accessdate=January 28, 2009|first=Christopher|last=Null|year=2001|publisher=Filmcritic.com|archive-date=2009-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212210353/http://www.filmcritic.com/misc/emporium.nsf/reviews/Charlottes-Web-(1973)|url-status=dead}}</ref> When it wis reissued on DVD it wis awairdit an Oppenheim Toy Portfolio Gowd Awaird.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.toyportfolio.com/Awards_Results.php?pageNum_Product=1&ProductType=Videos&Age=Early%20School%20Years&Category=Feature-Length%20Films|title=Early School Years: Feature-Length Films|publisher=Oppenheim Toy Portfolio|accessdate=April 22, 2009|archive-date=2011-10-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111026035313/http://toyportfolio.com/Awards_Results.php?pageNum_Product=1&ProductType=Videos&Age=Early%20School%20Years&Category=Feature-Length%20Films|url-status=dead}}</ref> The film is recognised bi [[American Film Institute]] in thir lists: * 2008: [[AFI's 10 Top 10]]: ** Nominated Animation Film<ref>{{cite web|url=http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781 |title=AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2016-08-19 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716071937/http://connect.afi.com/site/DocServer/10top10.pdf?docID=381&AddInterest=1781 |archivedate=2011-07-16 |df= }}</ref> ===E.B. White's reaction=== Accordin to Gene Deitch, White wrote the follaein words in a 1977 letter, "We have never ceased to regret that your version of 'Charlotte's Web' never got made. The Hanna-Barbera version has never pleased either of us&nbsp;... a travesty&nbsp;..."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.awn.com/genedeitch/chapter-twentyeight-a-tangled-web|title=How to Succeed in Animation: Chapter 28: A Tangled Web|author=Gene Deitch|publisher=Animation World Network|date=2001|accessdate=September 27, 2008}}</ref> E. B. White an aa wrote o the film, "The story is interrupted every few minutes so that somebody can sing a jolly song. I don't care much for jolly songs. The Blue Hill Fair, which I tried to report faithfully in the book, has become a Disney World, with 76&nbsp;trombones. But that's what you get for getting embroiled in Hollywood."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2006/12/10/bard_of_the_barn/|title=Bard of the barn|first=Ty|last=Burr|work=The Boston Globe|date=December 10, 2006|accessdate=September 27, 2008}}</ref> He haed previously turned doun Disney when thay offered to mak a film based on his book.<ref>{{cite book|title=Kiddie Lit: The Cultural Construction of Children's Literature in America|url=https://archive.org/details/kiddielitcultura0000clar|first=Beverly Lyon|last=Clark|year=2003|publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0-8018-8170-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/kiddielitcultura0000clar/page/178 178]}}</ref> Accordin to its writer, Earl Hamner Jr., White&nbsp;— that whiles offert advice an suggestions tae the filmmakers&nbsp;— wad hae preferred Mozart in it, rather than the muisic o the Sherman Brothers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/features/?id=2222&pagenum=3&p=.htm|title=Interview: Earl Hamner|first=Scott|last=Holleran|publisher=Box Office Mojo|date=December 22, 2006|accessdate=December 16, 2008}}</ref> ==Sequel== {{Main article|Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure}} A direct-to-video sequel titled ''Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure'' wis released in 2003. The sequel centers on Wilbur's relationship wi a lonely lamb named Cardigan an an aa shows Charlotte's childer as adolescents. Reviews for the sequel war generally unfavorable, wi critics panning its animation an plot. ==Soundtrack== # "There Must Be Something More" # "I Can Talk!" # "Chin Up!" # "We've Got Lots in Common" # "Deep in the Dark/Charlotte's Web" # "Mother Earth and Father Time" # "A Veritable Smorgasbord" # "Zuckerman's Famous Pig" ==="Zuckerman's Famous Pig"=== "Zuckerman's Famous Pig" is the title that saves Wilbur, the pig hero, frae bein slaughtered in the story. It is the theme o the finale song in the film. It wis componed an arranged in a [[barbershop quartet]] style bi the [[Sherman Brothers]], in keepin wi the time an place o the story.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CctHAAAAMAAJ|title=Movie Musicals on Record|author=Richard Chigley Lynch|isbn=978-0-313-26540-2|date=June 26, 1989}}</ref> It wis covered bi the [[Brady Kids]] an wis chosen for release on thair first single taken frae ''The Brady Bunch Phonographic Album'' bi producer Jackie Mills.<ref>{{cite book|title=Bubblegum Music is the Naked Truth|author1=Kim Cooper|author2=David Smay|author3=Jake Austen|isbn=978-0-922915-69-9|url=https://books.google.com/?id=X4Y5NIyCikIC|date=June 1, 2001}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Portal|Film in the United States|1970s|Cartoon}} {{Wikiquote}} * {{IMDb title|0070016|Charlotte's Web}} * {{tcmdb title|18471|Charlotte's Web}} * {{AllRovi movie|9012|Charlotte's Web}} * {{Bcdb title|20515|Charlotte's Web}} * {{Rotten-tomatoes|1003952-charlottes_web|Charlotte's Web}} * {{YouTube|gN7U0OQMA0k|Charlotte's Web (1973) - deleted scene (Swedish version)}} [[Category:1973 animatit films]] [[Category:1973 films]] [[Category:1970s American animatit films]] [[Category:1970s drama films]] [[Category:1970s fantasie films]] [[Category:1970s muisical films]] [[Category:American animatit fantasie films]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasie films]] [[Category:Animatit duos]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot ainimals]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot daith]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot freendship]] [[Category:Animatit films based on novelles]] [[Category:Animatit muisical films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films aboot pigs]] [[Category:Films aboot speeders]] [[Category:Films based on American novelles]] [[Category:Films based on bairns' beuks]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Hanna-Barbera animatit films]] [[Category:Muisicals bi the Sherman Brothers]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures animatit films]] hli3tz06eb64w55uutl2vvi95qkjxe4 0 63462 915855 915792 2026-04-28T22:34:14Z Atlantic306 30244 fixed reference 915855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Lana Del Rey | image = LanaDRPrimavera310524 (32 of 147) (53765476960) (cropped).jpg | imagesize = | caption = Lana Del Rey in 2024 | background = solo_singer | instrument = [[Singin|Vocals]], [[guitar]] | birth_name = Elizabeth Woolridge Grant | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | origin = [[Lake Placid, New York]], U.S. | alias = {{flatlist| * Lana Rey Del Mar * Lizzy Grant * Lana Del Ray * May Jailer * Sparkle Jump Rope Queen }} | genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[Pop muisic|pop]], [[trip hop]] | occupation = Sangster-sangwriter, muisicker, model | years_active = 2005–present | label = [[Interscope Records|Interscope]], [[Polydor Records|Polydor]], Stranger | website = {{URL|lanadelrey.com}} }} '''Elizabeth Woolridge Grant''' (born 21 Juin 1985),<ref>{{cite news|title=Born on 21 June Many happy returns to those born on 21 June - Lana Del Rey, Prince William, Juliette Lewis, Michel François Platini, Jean-Paul Sartre|url=http://www.vogue.it/en/people-are-talking-about/birthday-of-the-day/2012/06/birthdays-21-june|magazine=vogue.it|quote=Lana Del Rey (New York, 21 June 1985) - Singer-songwriter.|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006174219/http://www.vogue.it/en/people-are-talking-about/birthday-of-the-day/2012/06/birthdays-21-june|url-status=dead}}; {{cite news|title=5 Things To Know About Lana Del Rey (Other Than She Was The Controversial Musical Guest On Last Weekend's SNL)|url=http://www.glamour.com/entertainment/blogs/obsessed/2012/01/5-things-to-know-about-lana-de.html|magazine=Glamour Magazine|author=Suzy Byrne|quote=3. She's a Gemini. She was born June 21, 1985|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2013-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221154454/http://www.glamour.com/entertainment/blogs/obsessed/2012/01/5-things-to-know-about-lana-de.html|url-status=dead}}; {{cite news|title=Lana Del Rey|url=http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/biographies/lana-del-rey|magazine=Glamour Magazine|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2013-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620044539/http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/biographies/lana-del-rey|url-status=dead}}; {{cite web|title=Lana Del Rey Biography|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/lana-del-rey-mn0002784799|publisher=Allmusic}}; "Lana Del Rey." ''Gale Biography in Context''. Detroit: Gale, 2012. ''Biography In Context''. Web. July 15, 2013.; "Lana Del Rey." ''Contemporary Musicians''. Vol. 76. Detroit: Gale, 2013. ''Biography In Context''. Web. July 15, 2013.; {{cite news|title=WHO'S WHO Lana Del Rey|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/lana-del-rey|magazine=Vogue Magazine|date=February 10, 2012|author=BIBBY SOWRAY|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2012-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003073102/http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/lana-del-rey|url-status=dead}}; {{cite web|title=LANA DEL REY|url=http://www.fashiontv.com/fashion-celebrity-alisters/lana-del-rey_620.html|publisher=fashiontv.com|quote=PROFILE Birth date: June 21, 1985 Country: United States|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2014-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401213431/http://www.fashiontv.com/fashion-celebrity-alisters/lana-del-rey_620.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> kent bi her stage name '''Lana Del Rey''', is a Grammy-nominatit <ref>{{cite web|title=56th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees|work=Grammy.com|publisher=The Recording Academy|accessdate=7 December 2013|archive-date=2011-12-01|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/63bRXv6ZA?url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees|url-status=dead}}</ref> American [[sangster-sangwriter]]. Del Rey stairtit writin at the age o 18<ref name="BBC-profile-piece">{{cite news|url=http://blog.discopop.co.uk/p/lana-del-rey-interview-off-cuts.html?m=1|first=Mark|last=Savage|title=lana-del-rey-BBC-profile-piece-interview-cut-offs, BBC-profile-piece-interview|date=January 27, 2012|accessdate=August 3, 2012}}</ref> an she signed her first recordin contract when she wis 22 year auld wi 5 Pynts Records in 2007,<ref name="mtv">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtvhive.com/2012/01/30/lana-del-rey-first-album-5-points-records-interview/|title=lana-del-rey-5-points-records-interview|date=January 30, 2012|accessdate=August 3, 2012|archive-date=2014-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410054156/http://www.mtvhive.com/2012/01/30/lana-del-rey-first-album-5-points-records-interview|url-status=dead}}</ref> releasin her first digital album ''Lana Del Ray a.k.a. Lizzy Grant'' in Januar 2010. Del Rey bocht hersel oot o the contract wi 5 Pynts Records in Aprile 2010.<ref name="mtv" /><ref name="bbcoverstory">{{cite news|url=http://billboard.kargo.com/entry/view/id/36380?KSID=d484ffab298b29ae43789596b9c919bd/|title=billboard_cover_story-interview|date=January 14, 2012|accessdate=August 3, 2012|archive-date=2013-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928144049/http://billboard.kargo.com/entry/view/id/36380?KSID=d484ffab298b29ae43789596b9c919bd%2F|url-status=dead}}</ref> She signed a joint contract wi Interscope, Polydor, an Stranger Records in Julie 2011.<ref name="bbcoverstory" /> Efter she released her debut single "Video Games" in Juin 2011, a muisic video creatit bi Del Rey for the sang wis postit on [[YouTube]] in August 2011. Efter the sang became a viral internet hit wi ower 20 million views, her seicont studio album, ''Born to Die'', wis released in Januar 2012. The album haes sauld ower 5 million copies warldwide tae date, an wis the fift best-sellin album o 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/prnewswire/press_releases/California/2013/09/03/LA71967 |title=Lana Del Rey Breaks Into The Top 10 - San Francisco Business Times |publisher=Bizjournals.com |date=2013-09-03 |accessdate=2013-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/dmr2013.pdf|title=IFPI Digital Music Report 2013 (Page 11)|publisher=San Francisco Business Times|accessdate=2013-09-24|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927190016/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/dmr2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chairtin athort Europe, this album spawned numerous tap ten hits, includin the title track "Born to Die", "Blue Jeans", an "Summertime Sadness." Wi the release o her third EP, ''Paradise'', Del Rey spawned her seicont tap ten album in the Unitit States, debutin at nummer 10 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] wi 67,000 copies sauld in its first week. Tae date, her discografie includes twa full-lenth studio albums, three EPs, seiven singles, an aicht muisic videos. An acclaimit muisicker an cinematographer, she haes wan the [[Q Awards|Q Award]] for "Best New Thing", a ''[[GQ]]'' Award for "Woman of the Year", a [[Brit Awards|BRIT Award]] for "International Breakthrough Act" an anither for "International Pop Female Solo Artist", an a [[MTV Europe Music Awards|EMA]] for "Best Alternative Act". Del Rey's muisic haes been notit for its cinematic soond an its references tae various aspects o pop cultur, pairticularly that o the 1950s an 1960s Americana. The sangster haes describit hersel as a "self-styled gangsta [[Nancy Sinatra]]." Afore signing tae a major record label, Del Rey providit sole production o her music videos. Muisically, she draws influence frae what she deems tae be the masters o each genre, includin [[Elvis Presley]], [[Amy Winehouse]], [[Janis Joplin]], [[Nirvana (baund)|Nirvana]], [[Eminem]], [[Bruce Springsteen]], an [[Britney Spears]], as well as frae [[poetry]] an film noir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209052249/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1678375/lana-del-rey-britney-spears.jhtml|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|title=Lana Del Rey 'Compelled' By Britney Spears Label boss Jimmy Iovine calls criticism 'a drag.'|website=www.mtv.com via internet archive|date=Februar 2012}}</ref> ==Discografie== ;Studio albums * ''Lana Del Ray a.k.a. Lizzy Grant'' (2010) * ''Born to Die'' (2012) * ''Ultraviolence'' (2014) * ''Honeymoon'' (2015) * ''Lust For Life'' (2017) * ''Norman Fucking Rockwell! (2019) * ''Chemtrails Over The Country Club'' (2021) * ''Blue Banisters'' (2021) * ''Did You Know That There's a Tunnel Under Ocean Blvd'' (2023) * ''Stove'' (2026) ;Extended plays * ''Kill Kill'' (2008) * ''Lana Del Rey'' (2012) * ''Paradise'' (2012) ==Tours== * Born to Die Tour (2011-2012) * Paradise Tour (2013) ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{sisterlinks |wikt=no |commons=Category:Lana Del Rey |v=no |voy=no |n=no |s=no |b=no}} * {{Official website|LanaDelRey.com}} * {{Discogs artist}} * {{url| Last.FM/music/Lana+Del+Rey| Lana Del Rey}} statistics an taggin at [[Last.FM]] * {{IMDb name|4787894}} * {{url| MusicTea.org/music/lanadelrey| Lana Del Rey}} discografie at MusicTea {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Del Rey, Lana}} [[Category:Lana Del Rey| ]] [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:American contraltos]] [[Category:American female models]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American pop guitarists]] [[Category:American female pop sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American rock guitarists]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Blue-eyed soul muisickers]] [[Category:Brit Award winners]] [[Category:Fordham Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Interscope Records airtists]] [[Category:Ivor Novello Awaird winners]] [[Category:Kent School alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Lake Placid, New York]] [[Category:Polydor Records airtists]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Sangsters frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Torch sangsters]] [[Category:Trip hop muisickers]] [[Category:American hip hop sangsters]] 80czwuzh5qh57amnr87i802kyk07ktb 915856 915855 2026-04-28T22:35:11Z Atlantic306 30244 ce 915856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Lana Del Rey | image = LanaDRPrimavera310524 (32 of 147) (53765476960) (cropped).jpg | imagesize = | caption = Lana Del Rey in 2024 | background = solo_singer | instrument = [[Singin|Vocals]], [[guitar]] | birth_name = Elizabeth Woolridge Grant | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | origin = [[Lake Placid, New York]], U.S. | alias = {{flatlist| * Lana Rey Del Mar * Lizzy Grant * Lana Del Ray * May Jailer * Sparkle Jump Rope Queen }} | genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[Pop muisic|pop]], [[trip hop]] | occupation = Sangster-sangwriter, muisicker, model | years_active = 2005–present | label = [[Interscope Records|Interscope]], [[Polydor Records|Polydor]], Stranger | website = {{URL|lanadelrey.com}} }} '''Elizabeth Woolridge Grant''' (born 21 Juin 1985),<ref>{{cite news|title=Born on 21 June Many happy returns to those born on 21 June - Lana Del Rey, Prince William, Juliette Lewis, Michel François Platini, Jean-Paul Sartre|url=http://www.vogue.it/en/people-are-talking-about/birthday-of-the-day/2012/06/birthdays-21-june|magazine=vogue.it|quote=Lana Del Rey (New York, 21 June 1985) - Singer-songwriter.|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006174219/http://www.vogue.it/en/people-are-talking-about/birthday-of-the-day/2012/06/birthdays-21-june|url-status=dead}}; {{cite news|title=5 Things To Know About Lana Del Rey (Other Than She Was The Controversial Musical Guest On Last Weekend's SNL)|url=http://www.glamour.com/entertainment/blogs/obsessed/2012/01/5-things-to-know-about-lana-de.html|magazine=Glamour Magazine|author=Suzy Byrne|quote=3. She's a Gemini. She was born June 21, 1985|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2013-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221154454/http://www.glamour.com/entertainment/blogs/obsessed/2012/01/5-things-to-know-about-lana-de.html|url-status=dead}}; {{cite news|title=Lana Del Rey|url=http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/biographies/lana-del-rey|magazine=Glamour Magazine|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2013-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620044539/http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/biographies/lana-del-rey|url-status=dead}}; {{cite web|title=Lana Del Rey Biography|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/lana-del-rey-mn0002784799|publisher=Allmusic}}; "Lana Del Rey." ''Gale Biography in Context''. Detroit: Gale, 2012. ''Biography In Context''. Web. July 15, 2013.; "Lana Del Rey." ''Contemporary Musicians''. Vol. 76. Detroit: Gale, 2013. ''Biography In Context''. Web. July 15, 2013.; {{cite news|title=WHO'S WHO Lana Del Rey|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/lana-del-rey|magazine=Vogue Magazine|date=February 10, 2012|author=BIBBY SOWRAY|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2012-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003073102/http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/lana-del-rey|url-status=dead}}; {{cite web|title=LANA DEL REY|url=http://www.fashiontv.com/fashion-celebrity-alisters/lana-del-rey_620.html|publisher=fashiontv.com|quote=PROFILE Birth date: June 21, 1985 Country: United States|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2014-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401213431/http://www.fashiontv.com/fashion-celebrity-alisters/lana-del-rey_620.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> kent bi her stage name '''Lana Del Rey''', is a Grammy-nominatit <ref>{{cite web|title=56th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees|work=Grammy.com|publisher=The Recording Academy|accessdate=7 December 2013|archive-date=2011-12-01|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/63bRXv6ZA?url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees|url-status=dead}}</ref> American [[sangster-sangwriter]]. Del Rey stairtit writin at the age o 18<ref name="BBC-profile-piece">{{cite news|url=http://blog.discopop.co.uk/p/lana-del-rey-interview-off-cuts.html?m=1|first=Mark|last=Savage|title=lana-del-rey-BBC-profile-piece-interview-cut-offs, BBC-profile-piece-interview|date=January 27, 2012|accessdate=August 3, 2012}}</ref> an she signed her first recordin contract when she wis 22 year auld wi 5 Pynts Records in 2007,<ref name="mtv">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtvhive.com/2012/01/30/lana-del-rey-first-album-5-points-records-interview/|title=lana-del-rey-5-points-records-interview|date=January 30, 2012|accessdate=August 3, 2012|archive-date=2014-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410054156/http://www.mtvhive.com/2012/01/30/lana-del-rey-first-album-5-points-records-interview|url-status=dead}}</ref> releasin her first digital album ''Lana Del Ray a.k.a. Lizzy Grant'' in Januar 2010. Del Rey bocht hersel oot o the contract wi 5 Pynts Records in Aprile 2010.<ref name="mtv" /><ref name="bbcoverstory">{{cite news|url=http://billboard.kargo.com/entry/view/id/36380?KSID=d484ffab298b29ae43789596b9c919bd/|title=billboard_cover_story-interview|date=January 14, 2012|accessdate=August 3, 2012|archive-date=2013-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928144049/http://billboard.kargo.com/entry/view/id/36380?KSID=d484ffab298b29ae43789596b9c919bd%2F|url-status=dead}}</ref> She signed a joint contract wi Interscope, Polydor, an Stranger Records in Julie 2011.<ref name="bbcoverstory" /> Efter she released her debut single "Video Games" in Juin 2011, a muisic video creatit bi Del Rey for the sang wis postit on [[YouTube]] in August 2011. Efter the sang became a viral internet hit wi ower 20 million views, her seicont studio album, ''Born to Die'', wis released in Januar 2012. The album haes sauld ower 5 million copies warldwide tae date, an wis the fift best-sellin album o 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/prnewswire/press_releases/California/2013/09/03/LA71967 |title=Lana Del Rey Breaks Into The Top 10 - San Francisco Business Times |publisher=Bizjournals.com |date=2013-09-03 |accessdate=2013-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/dmr2013.pdf|title=IFPI Digital Music Report 2013 (Page 11)|publisher=San Francisco Business Times|accessdate=2013-09-24|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927190016/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/dmr2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chairtin athort Europe, this album spawned numerous tap ten hits, includin the title track "Born to Die", "Blue Jeans", an "Summertime Sadness." Wi the release o her third EP, ''Paradise'', Del Rey spawned her seicont tap ten album in the Unitit States, debutin at nummer 10 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] wi 67,000 copies sauld in its first week. Tae date, her discografie includes twa full-lenth studio albums, three EPs, seiven singles, an aicht muisic videos. An acclaimit muisicker an cinematographer, she haes wan the [[Q Awards|Q Award]] for "Best New Thing", a ''[[GQ]]'' Award for "Woman of the Year", a [[Brit Awards|BRIT Award]] for "International Breakthrough Act" an anither for "International Pop Female Solo Artist", an a [[MTV Europe Music Awards|EMA]] for "Best Alternative Act". Del Rey's muisic haes been notit for its cinematic soond an its references tae various aspects o pop cultur, pairticularly that o the 1950s an 1960s Americana. The sangster haes describit hersel as a "self-styled gangsta [[Nancy Sinatra]]." Afore signing tae a major record label, Del Rey providit sole production o her music videos. Muisically, she draws influence frae what she deems tae be the masters o each genre, includin [[Elvis Presley]], [[Amy Winehouse]], [[Janis Joplin]], [[Nirvana (baund)|Nirvana]], [[Eminem]], [[Bruce Springsteen]], an [[Britney Spears]], as well as frae [[poetry]] an film noir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209052249/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1678375/lana-del-rey-britney-spears.jhtml|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|title=Lana Del Rey 'Compelled' By Britney Spears Label boss Jimmy Iovine calls criticism 'a drag.'|website=www.mtv.com via internet archive|date=2 Februar 2012}}</ref> ==Discografie== ;Studio albums * ''Lana Del Ray a.k.a. Lizzy Grant'' (2010) * ''Born to Die'' (2012) * ''Ultraviolence'' (2014) * ''Honeymoon'' (2015) * ''Lust For Life'' (2017) * ''Norman Fucking Rockwell! (2019) * ''Chemtrails Over The Country Club'' (2021) * ''Blue Banisters'' (2021) * ''Did You Know That There's a Tunnel Under Ocean Blvd'' (2023) * ''Stove'' (2026) ;Extended plays * ''Kill Kill'' (2008) * ''Lana Del Rey'' (2012) * ''Paradise'' (2012) ==Tours== * Born to Die Tour (2011-2012) * Paradise Tour (2013) ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{sisterlinks |wikt=no |commons=Category:Lana Del Rey |v=no |voy=no |n=no |s=no |b=no}} * {{Official website|LanaDelRey.com}} * {{Discogs artist}} * {{url| Last.FM/music/Lana+Del+Rey| Lana Del Rey}} statistics an taggin at [[Last.FM]] * {{IMDb name|4787894}} * {{url| MusicTea.org/music/lanadelrey| Lana Del Rey}} discografie at MusicTea {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Del Rey, Lana}} [[Category:Lana Del Rey| ]] [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:American contraltos]] [[Category:American female models]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American pop guitarists]] [[Category:American female pop sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American rock guitarists]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Blue-eyed soul muisickers]] [[Category:Brit Award winners]] [[Category:Fordham Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Interscope Records airtists]] [[Category:Ivor Novello Awaird winners]] [[Category:Kent School alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Lake Placid, New York]] [[Category:Polydor Records airtists]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Sangsters frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Torch sangsters]] [[Category:Trip hop muisickers]] [[Category:American hip hop sangsters]] lat8yveik860x9irwpql3pyb1y0hkpe 915857 915856 2026-04-28T22:37:04Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Freemit airtins */ removed dead site link 915857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Lana Del Rey | image = LanaDRPrimavera310524 (32 of 147) (53765476960) (cropped).jpg | imagesize = | caption = Lana Del Rey in 2024 | background = solo_singer | instrument = [[Singin|Vocals]], [[guitar]] | birth_name = Elizabeth Woolridge Grant | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | origin = [[Lake Placid, New York]], U.S. | alias = {{flatlist| * Lana Rey Del Mar * Lizzy Grant * Lana Del Ray * May Jailer * Sparkle Jump Rope Queen }} | genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[Pop muisic|pop]], [[trip hop]] | occupation = Sangster-sangwriter, muisicker, model | years_active = 2005–present | label = [[Interscope Records|Interscope]], [[Polydor Records|Polydor]], Stranger | website = {{URL|lanadelrey.com}} }} '''Elizabeth Woolridge Grant''' (born 21 Juin 1985),<ref>{{cite news|title=Born on 21 June Many happy returns to those born on 21 June - Lana Del Rey, Prince William, Juliette Lewis, Michel François Platini, Jean-Paul Sartre|url=http://www.vogue.it/en/people-are-talking-about/birthday-of-the-day/2012/06/birthdays-21-june|magazine=vogue.it|quote=Lana Del Rey (New York, 21 June 1985) - Singer-songwriter.|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006174219/http://www.vogue.it/en/people-are-talking-about/birthday-of-the-day/2012/06/birthdays-21-june|url-status=dead}}; {{cite news|title=5 Things To Know About Lana Del Rey (Other Than She Was The Controversial Musical Guest On Last Weekend's SNL)|url=http://www.glamour.com/entertainment/blogs/obsessed/2012/01/5-things-to-know-about-lana-de.html|magazine=Glamour Magazine|author=Suzy Byrne|quote=3. She's a Gemini. She was born June 21, 1985|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2013-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221154454/http://www.glamour.com/entertainment/blogs/obsessed/2012/01/5-things-to-know-about-lana-de.html|url-status=dead}}; {{cite news|title=Lana Del Rey|url=http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/biographies/lana-del-rey|magazine=Glamour Magazine|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2013-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620044539/http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/biographies/lana-del-rey|url-status=dead}}; {{cite web|title=Lana Del Rey Biography|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/lana-del-rey-mn0002784799|publisher=Allmusic}}; "Lana Del Rey." ''Gale Biography in Context''. Detroit: Gale, 2012. ''Biography In Context''. Web. July 15, 2013.; "Lana Del Rey." ''Contemporary Musicians''. Vol. 76. Detroit: Gale, 2013. ''Biography In Context''. Web. July 15, 2013.; {{cite news|title=WHO'S WHO Lana Del Rey|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/lana-del-rey|magazine=Vogue Magazine|date=February 10, 2012|author=BIBBY SOWRAY|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2012-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003073102/http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/lana-del-rey|url-status=dead}}; {{cite web|title=LANA DEL REY|url=http://www.fashiontv.com/fashion-celebrity-alisters/lana-del-rey_620.html|publisher=fashiontv.com|quote=PROFILE Birth date: June 21, 1985 Country: United States|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2014-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401213431/http://www.fashiontv.com/fashion-celebrity-alisters/lana-del-rey_620.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> kent bi her stage name '''Lana Del Rey''', is a Grammy-nominatit <ref>{{cite web|title=56th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees|work=Grammy.com|publisher=The Recording Academy|accessdate=7 December 2013|archive-date=2011-12-01|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/63bRXv6ZA?url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees|url-status=dead}}</ref> American [[sangster-sangwriter]]. Del Rey stairtit writin at the age o 18<ref name="BBC-profile-piece">{{cite news|url=http://blog.discopop.co.uk/p/lana-del-rey-interview-off-cuts.html?m=1|first=Mark|last=Savage|title=lana-del-rey-BBC-profile-piece-interview-cut-offs, BBC-profile-piece-interview|date=January 27, 2012|accessdate=August 3, 2012}}</ref> an she signed her first recordin contract when she wis 22 year auld wi 5 Pynts Records in 2007,<ref name="mtv">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtvhive.com/2012/01/30/lana-del-rey-first-album-5-points-records-interview/|title=lana-del-rey-5-points-records-interview|date=January 30, 2012|accessdate=August 3, 2012|archive-date=2014-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410054156/http://www.mtvhive.com/2012/01/30/lana-del-rey-first-album-5-points-records-interview|url-status=dead}}</ref> releasin her first digital album ''Lana Del Ray a.k.a. Lizzy Grant'' in Januar 2010. Del Rey bocht hersel oot o the contract wi 5 Pynts Records in Aprile 2010.<ref name="mtv" /><ref name="bbcoverstory">{{cite news|url=http://billboard.kargo.com/entry/view/id/36380?KSID=d484ffab298b29ae43789596b9c919bd/|title=billboard_cover_story-interview|date=January 14, 2012|accessdate=August 3, 2012|archive-date=2013-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928144049/http://billboard.kargo.com/entry/view/id/36380?KSID=d484ffab298b29ae43789596b9c919bd%2F|url-status=dead}}</ref> She signed a joint contract wi Interscope, Polydor, an Stranger Records in Julie 2011.<ref name="bbcoverstory" /> Efter she released her debut single "Video Games" in Juin 2011, a muisic video creatit bi Del Rey for the sang wis postit on [[YouTube]] in August 2011. Efter the sang became a viral internet hit wi ower 20 million views, her seicont studio album, ''Born to Die'', wis released in Januar 2012. The album haes sauld ower 5 million copies warldwide tae date, an wis the fift best-sellin album o 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/prnewswire/press_releases/California/2013/09/03/LA71967 |title=Lana Del Rey Breaks Into The Top 10 - San Francisco Business Times |publisher=Bizjournals.com |date=2013-09-03 |accessdate=2013-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/dmr2013.pdf|title=IFPI Digital Music Report 2013 (Page 11)|publisher=San Francisco Business Times|accessdate=2013-09-24|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927190016/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/dmr2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chairtin athort Europe, this album spawned numerous tap ten hits, includin the title track "Born to Die", "Blue Jeans", an "Summertime Sadness." Wi the release o her third EP, ''Paradise'', Del Rey spawned her seicont tap ten album in the Unitit States, debutin at nummer 10 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] wi 67,000 copies sauld in its first week. Tae date, her discografie includes twa full-lenth studio albums, three EPs, seiven singles, an aicht muisic videos. An acclaimit muisicker an cinematographer, she haes wan the [[Q Awards|Q Award]] for "Best New Thing", a ''[[GQ]]'' Award for "Woman of the Year", a [[Brit Awards|BRIT Award]] for "International Breakthrough Act" an anither for "International Pop Female Solo Artist", an a [[MTV Europe Music Awards|EMA]] for "Best Alternative Act". Del Rey's muisic haes been notit for its cinematic soond an its references tae various aspects o pop cultur, pairticularly that o the 1950s an 1960s Americana. The sangster haes describit hersel as a "self-styled gangsta [[Nancy Sinatra]]." Afore signing tae a major record label, Del Rey providit sole production o her music videos. Muisically, she draws influence frae what she deems tae be the masters o each genre, includin [[Elvis Presley]], [[Amy Winehouse]], [[Janis Joplin]], [[Nirvana (baund)|Nirvana]], [[Eminem]], [[Bruce Springsteen]], an [[Britney Spears]], as well as frae [[poetry]] an film noir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209052249/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1678375/lana-del-rey-britney-spears.jhtml|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|title=Lana Del Rey 'Compelled' By Britney Spears Label boss Jimmy Iovine calls criticism 'a drag.'|website=www.mtv.com via internet archive|date=2 Februar 2012}}</ref> ==Discografie== ;Studio albums * ''Lana Del Ray a.k.a. Lizzy Grant'' (2010) * ''Born to Die'' (2012) * ''Ultraviolence'' (2014) * ''Honeymoon'' (2015) * ''Lust For Life'' (2017) * ''Norman Fucking Rockwell! (2019) * ''Chemtrails Over The Country Club'' (2021) * ''Blue Banisters'' (2021) * ''Did You Know That There's a Tunnel Under Ocean Blvd'' (2023) * ''Stove'' (2026) ;Extended plays * ''Kill Kill'' (2008) * ''Lana Del Rey'' (2012) * ''Paradise'' (2012) ==Tours== * Born to Die Tour (2011-2012) * Paradise Tour (2013) ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{sisterlinks |wikt=no |commons=Category:Lana Del Rey |v=no |voy=no |n=no |s=no |b=no}} * {{Official website|LanaDelRey.com}} * {{Discogs artist}} * {{url| Last.FM/music/Lana+Del+Rey| Lana Del Rey}} statistics an taggin at [[Last.FM]] * {{IMDb name|4787894}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Del Rey, Lana}} [[Category:Lana Del Rey| ]] [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:American contraltos]] [[Category:American female models]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American pop guitarists]] [[Category:American female pop sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American rock guitarists]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Blue-eyed soul muisickers]] [[Category:Brit Award winners]] [[Category:Fordham Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Interscope Records airtists]] [[Category:Ivor Novello Awaird winners]] [[Category:Kent School alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Lake Placid, New York]] [[Category:Polydor Records airtists]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Sangsters frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Torch sangsters]] [[Category:Trip hop muisickers]] [[Category:American hip hop sangsters]] 9iiqzj2ny1vi0ss54yfmy7wg7ckuuzn 915865 915857 2026-04-28T22:47:37Z Atlantic306 30244 /* Freemit airtins */ removed red linked categories with only one entry 915865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Lana Del Rey | image = LanaDRPrimavera310524 (32 of 147) (53765476960) (cropped).jpg | imagesize = | caption = Lana Del Rey in 2024 | background = solo_singer | instrument = [[Singin|Vocals]], [[guitar]] | birth_name = Elizabeth Woolridge Grant | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | origin = [[Lake Placid, New York]], U.S. | alias = {{flatlist| * Lana Rey Del Mar * Lizzy Grant * Lana Del Ray * May Jailer * Sparkle Jump Rope Queen }} | genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[Pop muisic|pop]], [[trip hop]] | occupation = Sangster-sangwriter, muisicker, model | years_active = 2005–present | label = [[Interscope Records|Interscope]], [[Polydor Records|Polydor]], Stranger | website = {{URL|lanadelrey.com}} }} '''Elizabeth Woolridge Grant''' (born 21 Juin 1985),<ref>{{cite news|title=Born on 21 June Many happy returns to those born on 21 June - Lana Del Rey, Prince William, Juliette Lewis, Michel François Platini, Jean-Paul Sartre|url=http://www.vogue.it/en/people-are-talking-about/birthday-of-the-day/2012/06/birthdays-21-june|magazine=vogue.it|quote=Lana Del Rey (New York, 21 June 1985) - Singer-songwriter.|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006174219/http://www.vogue.it/en/people-are-talking-about/birthday-of-the-day/2012/06/birthdays-21-june|url-status=dead}}; {{cite news|title=5 Things To Know About Lana Del Rey (Other Than She Was The Controversial Musical Guest On Last Weekend's SNL)|url=http://www.glamour.com/entertainment/blogs/obsessed/2012/01/5-things-to-know-about-lana-de.html|magazine=Glamour Magazine|author=Suzy Byrne|quote=3. She's a Gemini. She was born June 21, 1985|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2013-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221154454/http://www.glamour.com/entertainment/blogs/obsessed/2012/01/5-things-to-know-about-lana-de.html|url-status=dead}}; {{cite news|title=Lana Del Rey|url=http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/biographies/lana-del-rey|magazine=Glamour Magazine|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2013-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620044539/http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/biographies/lana-del-rey|url-status=dead}}; {{cite web|title=Lana Del Rey Biography|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/lana-del-rey-mn0002784799|publisher=Allmusic}}; "Lana Del Rey." ''Gale Biography in Context''. Detroit: Gale, 2012. ''Biography In Context''. Web. July 15, 2013.; "Lana Del Rey." ''Contemporary Musicians''. Vol. 76. Detroit: Gale, 2013. ''Biography In Context''. Web. July 15, 2013.; {{cite news|title=WHO'S WHO Lana Del Rey|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/lana-del-rey|magazine=Vogue Magazine|date=February 10, 2012|author=BIBBY SOWRAY|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2012-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003073102/http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/lana-del-rey|url-status=dead}}; {{cite web|title=LANA DEL REY|url=http://www.fashiontv.com/fashion-celebrity-alisters/lana-del-rey_620.html|publisher=fashiontv.com|quote=PROFILE Birth date: June 21, 1985 Country: United States|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2014-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401213431/http://www.fashiontv.com/fashion-celebrity-alisters/lana-del-rey_620.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> kent bi her stage name '''Lana Del Rey''', is a Grammy-nominatit <ref>{{cite web|title=56th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees|work=Grammy.com|publisher=The Recording Academy|accessdate=7 December 2013|archive-date=2011-12-01|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/63bRXv6ZA?url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees|url-status=dead}}</ref> American [[sangster-sangwriter]]. Del Rey stairtit writin at the age o 18<ref name="BBC-profile-piece">{{cite news|url=http://blog.discopop.co.uk/p/lana-del-rey-interview-off-cuts.html?m=1|first=Mark|last=Savage|title=lana-del-rey-BBC-profile-piece-interview-cut-offs, BBC-profile-piece-interview|date=January 27, 2012|accessdate=August 3, 2012}}</ref> an she signed her first recordin contract when she wis 22 year auld wi 5 Pynts Records in 2007,<ref name="mtv">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtvhive.com/2012/01/30/lana-del-rey-first-album-5-points-records-interview/|title=lana-del-rey-5-points-records-interview|date=January 30, 2012|accessdate=August 3, 2012|archive-date=2014-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410054156/http://www.mtvhive.com/2012/01/30/lana-del-rey-first-album-5-points-records-interview|url-status=dead}}</ref> releasin her first digital album ''Lana Del Ray a.k.a. Lizzy Grant'' in Januar 2010. Del Rey bocht hersel oot o the contract wi 5 Pynts Records in Aprile 2010.<ref name="mtv" /><ref name="bbcoverstory">{{cite news|url=http://billboard.kargo.com/entry/view/id/36380?KSID=d484ffab298b29ae43789596b9c919bd/|title=billboard_cover_story-interview|date=January 14, 2012|accessdate=August 3, 2012|archive-date=2013-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928144049/http://billboard.kargo.com/entry/view/id/36380?KSID=d484ffab298b29ae43789596b9c919bd%2F|url-status=dead}}</ref> She signed a joint contract wi Interscope, Polydor, an Stranger Records in Julie 2011.<ref name="bbcoverstory" /> Efter she released her debut single "Video Games" in Juin 2011, a muisic video creatit bi Del Rey for the sang wis postit on [[YouTube]] in August 2011. Efter the sang became a viral internet hit wi ower 20 million views, her seicont studio album, ''Born to Die'', wis released in Januar 2012. The album haes sauld ower 5 million copies warldwide tae date, an wis the fift best-sellin album o 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/prnewswire/press_releases/California/2013/09/03/LA71967 |title=Lana Del Rey Breaks Into The Top 10 - San Francisco Business Times |publisher=Bizjournals.com |date=2013-09-03 |accessdate=2013-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/dmr2013.pdf|title=IFPI Digital Music Report 2013 (Page 11)|publisher=San Francisco Business Times|accessdate=2013-09-24|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927190016/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/dmr2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chairtin athort Europe, this album spawned numerous tap ten hits, includin the title track "Born to Die", "Blue Jeans", an "Summertime Sadness." Wi the release o her third EP, ''Paradise'', Del Rey spawned her seicont tap ten album in the Unitit States, debutin at nummer 10 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] wi 67,000 copies sauld in its first week. Tae date, her discografie includes twa full-lenth studio albums, three EPs, seiven singles, an aicht muisic videos. An acclaimit muisicker an cinematographer, she haes wan the [[Q Awards|Q Award]] for "Best New Thing", a ''[[GQ]]'' Award for "Woman of the Year", a [[Brit Awards|BRIT Award]] for "International Breakthrough Act" an anither for "International Pop Female Solo Artist", an a [[MTV Europe Music Awards|EMA]] for "Best Alternative Act". Del Rey's muisic haes been notit for its cinematic soond an its references tae various aspects o pop cultur, pairticularly that o the 1950s an 1960s Americana. The sangster haes describit hersel as a "self-styled gangsta [[Nancy Sinatra]]." Afore signing tae a major record label, Del Rey providit sole production o her music videos. Muisically, she draws influence frae what she deems tae be the masters o each genre, includin [[Elvis Presley]], [[Amy Winehouse]], [[Janis Joplin]], [[Nirvana (baund)|Nirvana]], [[Eminem]], [[Bruce Springsteen]], an [[Britney Spears]], as well as frae [[poetry]] an film noir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209052249/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1678375/lana-del-rey-britney-spears.jhtml|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|title=Lana Del Rey 'Compelled' By Britney Spears Label boss Jimmy Iovine calls criticism 'a drag.'|website=www.mtv.com via internet archive|date=2 Februar 2012}}</ref> ==Discografie== ;Studio albums * ''Lana Del Ray a.k.a. Lizzy Grant'' (2010) * ''Born to Die'' (2012) * ''Ultraviolence'' (2014) * ''Honeymoon'' (2015) * ''Lust For Life'' (2017) * ''Norman Fucking Rockwell! (2019) * ''Chemtrails Over The Country Club'' (2021) * ''Blue Banisters'' (2021) * ''Did You Know That There's a Tunnel Under Ocean Blvd'' (2023) * ''Stove'' (2026) ;Extended plays * ''Kill Kill'' (2008) * ''Lana Del Rey'' (2012) * ''Paradise'' (2012) ==Tours== * Born to Die Tour (2011-2012) * Paradise Tour (2013) ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{sisterlinks |wikt=no |commons=Category:Lana Del Rey |v=no |voy=no |n=no |s=no |b=no}} * {{Official website|LanaDelRey.com}} * {{Discogs artist}} * {{url| Last.FM/music/Lana+Del+Rey| Lana Del Rey}} statistics an taggin at [[Last.FM]] * {{IMDb name|4787894}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Del Rey, Lana}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:American contraltos]] [[Category:American female models]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American pop guitarists]] [[Category:American female pop sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American rock guitarists]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Blue-eyed soul sangsters]] [[Category:Brit Award winners]] [[Category:Fordham Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Interscope Records airtists]] [[Category:Ivor Novello Awaird winners]] [[Category:Polydor Records airtists]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Sangsters frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Torch sangsters]] [[Category:Trip hop muisickers]] [[Category:American hip hop sangsters]] 90lvkv42ubua1x9ny4rpb4bwa36v5z9 915870 915865 2026-04-29T02:26:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist | name = Lana Del Rey | image = LanaDRPrimavera310524 (32 of 147) (53765476960) (cropped).jpg | imagesize = | caption = Lana Del Rey in 2024 | background = solo_singer | instrument = [[Singin|Vocals]], [[guitar]] | birth_name = Elizabeth Woolridge Grant | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[New York City]], [[New York]], U.S. | death_date = | death_place = | origin = [[Lake Placid, New York]], U.S. | alias = {{flatlist| * Lana Rey Del Mar * Lizzy Grant * Lana Del Ray * May Jailer * Sparkle Jump Rope Queen }} | genre = [[Alternative rock]], [[Pop muisic|pop]], [[trip hop]] | occupation = Sangster-sangwriter, muisicker, model | years_active = 2005–present | label = [[Interscope Records|Interscope]], [[Polydor Records|Polydor]], Stranger | website = {{URL|lanadelrey.com}} }} '''Elizabeth Woolridge Grant''' (born 21 Juin 1985),<ref>{{cite news|title=Born on 21 June Many happy returns to those born on 21 June - Lana Del Rey, Prince William, Juliette Lewis, Michel François Platini, Jean-Paul Sartre|url=http://www.vogue.it/en/people-are-talking-about/birthday-of-the-day/2012/06/birthdays-21-june|magazine=vogue.it|quote=Lana Del Rey (New York, 21 June 1985) - Singer-songwriter.|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2014-10-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006174219/http://www.vogue.it/en/people-are-talking-about/birthday-of-the-day/2012/06/birthdays-21-june|url-status=dead}}; {{cite news|title=5 Things To Know About Lana Del Rey (Other Than She Was The Controversial Musical Guest On Last Weekend's SNL)|url=http://www.glamour.com/entertainment/blogs/obsessed/2012/01/5-things-to-know-about-lana-de.html|magazine=Glamour Magazine|author=Suzy Byrne|quote=3. She's a Gemini. She was born June 21, 1985|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2013-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131221154454/http://www.glamour.com/entertainment/blogs/obsessed/2012/01/5-things-to-know-about-lana-de.html|url-status=dead}}; {{cite news|title=Lana Del Rey|url=http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/biographies/lana-del-rey|magazine=Glamour Magazine|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2013-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620044539/http://www.glamourmagazine.co.uk/celebrity/biographies/lana-del-rey|url-status=dead}}; {{cite web|title=Lana Del Rey Biography|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/lana-del-rey-mn0002784799|publisher=Allmusic}}; "Lana Del Rey." ''Gale Biography in Context''. Detroit: Gale, 2012. ''Biography In Context''. Web. July 15, 2013.; "Lana Del Rey." ''Contemporary Musicians''. Vol. 76. Detroit: Gale, 2013. ''Biography In Context''. Web. July 15, 2013.; {{cite news|title=WHO'S WHO Lana Del Rey|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/lana-del-rey|magazine=Vogue Magazine|date=February 10, 2012|author=BIBBY SOWRAY|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2012-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003073102/http://www.vogue.co.uk/spy/biographies/lana-del-rey|url-status=dead}}; {{cite web|title=LANA DEL REY|url=http://www.fashiontv.com/fashion-celebrity-alisters/lana-del-rey_620.html|publisher=fashiontv.com|quote=PROFILE Birth date: June 21, 1985 Country: United States|access-date=2013-12-07|archive-date=2014-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401213431/http://www.fashiontv.com/fashion-celebrity-alisters/lana-del-rey_620.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> kent bi her stage name '''Lana Del Rey''', is a Grammy-nominatit <ref>{{cite web|title=56th Annual GRAMMY Awards Nominees|url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees|work=Grammy.com|publisher=The Recording Academy|accessdate=7 December 2013|archive-date=2011-12-01|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/63bRXv6ZA?url=http://www.grammy.com/nominees|url-status=dead}}</ref> American [[sangster-sangwriter]]. Del Rey stairtit writin at the age o 18<ref name="BBC-profile-piece">{{cite news|url=http://blog.discopop.co.uk/p/lana-del-rey-interview-off-cuts.html?m=1|first=Mark|last=Savage|title=lana-del-rey-BBC-profile-piece-interview-cut-offs, BBC-profile-piece-interview|date=January 27, 2012|accessdate=August 3, 2012}}</ref> an she signed her first recordin contract when she wis 22 year auld wi 5 Pynts Records in 2007,<ref name="mtv">{{cite news|url=http://www.mtvhive.com/2012/01/30/lana-del-rey-first-album-5-points-records-interview/|title=lana-del-rey-5-points-records-interview|date=January 30, 2012|accessdate=August 3, 2012|archive-date=2014-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410054156/http://www.mtvhive.com/2012/01/30/lana-del-rey-first-album-5-points-records-interview|url-status=dead}}</ref> releasin her first digital album ''Lana Del Ray a.k.a. Lizzy Grant'' in Januar 2010. Del Rey bocht hersel oot o the contract wi 5 Pynts Records in Aprile 2010.<ref name="mtv" /><ref name="bbcoverstory">{{cite news|url=http://billboard.kargo.com/entry/view/id/36380?KSID=d484ffab298b29ae43789596b9c919bd/|title=billboard_cover_story-interview|date=January 14, 2012|accessdate=August 3, 2012|archive-date=2013-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130928144049/http://billboard.kargo.com/entry/view/id/36380?KSID=d484ffab298b29ae43789596b9c919bd%2F|url-status=dead}}</ref> She signed a joint contract wi Interscope, Polydor, an Stranger Records in Julie 2011.<ref name="bbcoverstory" /> Efter she released her debut single "Video Games" in Juin 2011, a muisic video creatit bi Del Rey for the sang wis postit on [[YouTube]] in August 2011. Efter the sang became a viral internet hit wi ower 20 million views, her seicont studio album, ''Born to Die'', wis released in Januar 2012. The album haes sauld ower 5 million copies warldwide tae date, an wis the fift best-sellin album o 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/sanfrancisco/prnewswire/press_releases/California/2013/09/03/LA71967 |title=Lana Del Rey Breaks Into The Top 10 - San Francisco Business Times |publisher=Bizjournals.com |date=2013-09-03 |accessdate=2013-09-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/dmr2013.pdf|title=IFPI Digital Music Report 2013 (Page 11)|publisher=San Francisco Business Times|accessdate=2013-09-24|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927190016/http://www.ifpi.org/content/library/dmr2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Chairtin athort Europe, this album spawned numerous tap ten hits, includin the title track "Born to Die", "Blue Jeans", an "Summertime Sadness." Wi the release o her third EP, ''Paradise'', Del Rey spawned her seicont tap ten album in the Unitit States, debutin at nummer 10 on the [[Billboard 200|''Billboard'' 200]] wi 67,000 copies sauld in its first week. Tae date, her discografie includes twa full-lenth studio albums, three EPs, seiven singles, an aicht muisic videos. An acclaimit muisicker an cinematographer, she haes wan the [[Q Awards|Q Award]] for "Best New Thing", a ''[[GQ]]'' Award for "Woman of the Year", a [[Brit Awards|BRIT Award]] for "International Breakthrough Act" an anither for "International Pop Female Solo Artist", an a [[MTV Europe Music Awards|EMA]] for "Best Alternative Act". Del Rey's muisic haes been notit for its cinematic soond an its references tae various aspects o pop cultur, pairticularly that o the 1950s an 1960s Americana. The sangster haes describit hersel as a "self-styled gangsta [[Nancy Sinatra]]." Afore signing tae a major record label, Del Rey providit sole production o her music videos. Muisically, she draws influence frae what she deems tae be the masters o each genre, includin [[Elvis Presley]], [[Amy Winehouse]], [[Janis Joplin]], [[Nirvana (baund)|Nirvana]], [[Eminem]], [[Bruce Springsteen]], an [[Britney Spears]], as well as frae [[poetry]] an film noir.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1678375/lana-del-rey-britney-spears.jhtml|last=Kaufman|first=Gil|title=Lana Del Rey 'Compelled' By Britney Spears Label boss Jimmy Iovine calls criticism 'a drag.'|website=www.mtv.com via internet archive|date=2 Februar 2012|access-date=2024-07-04|archive-date=2012-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209052249/http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1678375/lana-del-rey-britney-spears.jhtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Discografie== ;Studio albums * ''Lana Del Ray a.k.a. Lizzy Grant'' (2010) * ''Born to Die'' (2012) * ''Ultraviolence'' (2014) * ''Honeymoon'' (2015) * ''Lust For Life'' (2017) * ''Norman Fucking Rockwell! (2019) * ''Chemtrails Over The Country Club'' (2021) * ''Blue Banisters'' (2021) * ''Did You Know That There's a Tunnel Under Ocean Blvd'' (2023) * ''Stove'' (2026) ;Extended plays * ''Kill Kill'' (2008) * ''Lana Del Rey'' (2012) * ''Paradise'' (2012) ==Tours== * Born to Die Tour (2011-2012) * Paradise Tour (2013) ==References== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{sisterlinks |wikt=no |commons=Category:Lana Del Rey |v=no |voy=no |n=no |s=no |b=no}} * {{Official website|LanaDelRey.com}} * {{Discogs artist}} * {{url| Last.FM/music/Lana+Del+Rey| Lana Del Rey}} statistics an taggin at [[Last.FM]] * {{IMDb name|4787894}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Del Rey, Lana}} [[Category:1985 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:American contraltos]] [[Category:American female models]] [[Category:American fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:American pop guitarists]] [[Category:American female pop sangster-sangwriters]] [[Category:American rock guitarists]] [[Category:American Roman Catholics]] [[Category:Blue-eyed soul sangsters]] [[Category:Brit Award winners]] [[Category:Fordham Varsity alumni]] [[Category:Interscope Records airtists]] [[Category:Ivor Novello Awaird winners]] [[Category:Polydor Records airtists]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Los Angeles]] [[Category:Sangsters frae New York Ceety]] [[Category:Torch sangsters]] [[Category:Trip hop muisickers]] [[Category:American hip hop sangsters]] 9b036ypk4qsz3bkmvvwq0wikfnnx0wy 0 64022 915839 903943 2026-04-28T18:01:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location | Art = Stadt | image_photo = Cottbus 07-2017 img23 Altmarkt.jpg | image_caption = Cottbus Altmarkt (old market square) | Wappen = DEU Cottbus COA.svg | coordinates = {{coord|51|45|38|N|14|20|03|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | Lageplan = | Bundesland = Brandenburg | Landkreis = Kreisfreie Stadt | Höhe = 70 | Fläche = 164.28 | Gemeindeschlüssel = 12052000 | Einwohner = 98693 | Stand = 31 December 2020 | PLZ = 03042-03055 | Vorwahl = 0355 | Kfz = CB | Website = [http://www.cottbus.de/ www.cottbus.de] | Bürgermeister = Holger Kelch | Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister | Partei = }} '''Cottbus''' ({{IPA-de|ˈkɔtbʊs}}; [[Lawer Sorbie language|Lawer Sorbie]]: ''Chóśebuz''; {{lang-cs|Chotěbuz}}; {{lang-pl|Chociebuż}}) is a varsity ceety in [[Brandenburg]], [[Germany]], situatit aroond {{convert|125|km|mi|abbr=on}} sootheast o Berlin, on the River [[Spree]]. Cottbus is a major railwey junction wi extensive sidins/depots. == History == The dounset wis established in the 10t century, when [[Sorbs]] erectit a [[castle]] on a sandy island in the River [[Spree]]. The first recorded mention o the toun's name wis in 1156. In the 13t century [[Ostsiedlung|German settlers]] came tae the toun an thareefter livit side-bi-side wi the Sorbs. In [[Medieval Times|medieval times]] Cottbus wis kent for [[oo]], an the toun's drapery wis exportit aw ower the Brandenburg, [[Bohemie]] an [[Electorate o Saxony|Saxony]]. In 1462 Cottbus wis acquired bi the [[Margraviate o Brandenburg]]; in 1701 the ceety became pairt o the [[Kingdom o Proushie]]. In 1815 the surroondin districts o [[Upper Lusatia|Upper]] an [[Lawer Lusatie]] war cedit bi the [[Kinrick o Saxony]] tae Proushie. During [[World War II]], Cottbus wis taken bi the [[Red Airmy]] on 22 Apryle 1945. Frae 1949 till [[German reunification]] in 1990, Cottbus wis pairt o the [[East Germany|German Democratic Republic]] (East Germany). == Demografie == <gallery widths="300" heights="250"> File:Bevölkerungsentwicklung Cottbus.pdf|Blue line: Population syne 1875 within the current boundaries<br>Dotted Line: Comparison wi population o Brandenburg state<br>Grey background: Time o Nazi rule; Red Background: Time o Communist rule File:Bevölkerungsprognosen Cottbus.pdf|Recent Population development (blue line) an forecasts </gallery> == Cultur an education == Cottbus is the cultural centre o the [[Lawer Sorbie leid|Lawer Sorbie]] minority. Mony signs in the toun are bilingual, an thare is a Lawer Sorbie-middlin ''[[Gymnasium (schuil)|Gymnasium]]'', but Sorbie is rarely spoken on the streets. Next tae Cottbus is the famous [[Branitz Park]], creatit bi Prince [[Prince Hermann von Pückler-Muskau|Hermann von Pückler-Muskau]] efter 1845. Schloss Branitz (Branitz Castle) wis rebuilt bi Gottfried Semper in a late Baroque style atween 1846 an 1852, end the gardens laid bi Prince Hermann featur twa pyramids. Ane o thir, the Seepyramide, is in the middle o a airtificial loch an serves as his mauseoleum.<ref>Udo Lauer, Fürst Pücklers Traumpark, Ullstein Verlag, 1996, Berlin</ref> Cottbus is hame o the [[Brandenburg Varsity o Technology]] (BTU) an the maths/science-orientit [http://www.steenbeck-gymnasium.de/ Max-Steenbeck-Gymnasium], which is namit efter the pheesicist [[Max Steenbeck]]. Every year Cottbus is host tae the [[Eastren Europe|East European]] [[Film festival|Film Festival]]. Cottbus haes a [[fitbaa]] team cried [[FC Energie Cottbus]], which currently play in the [[2. Fußball-Bundesliga]]. Thair hame matches are played at the ceety's [[Stadion der Freundschaft (Cottbus)|Stadion der Freundschaft]]. == Pouer generation == Thare are several coal-fired [[pouer station]]s in the aurie aroond Cottbus (Lausitz). The biggest stations are "[[Schwarze Pumpe pouer station|Schwarze Pumpe]]" (1600 MW), "[[Boxberg Pouer Station|Boxberg]]" (1900 MW) an "[[Jänschwalde Pouer Station|Jänschwalde]]" (3000 MW). {{clear}} == Internaitional relations == {{See an aw|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Germany}} === Twin touns – Sister ceeties === Cottbus is [[toun twinnin|twinned]] wi:<ref name="Cottbus twinning">{{cite web | url = http://www.cottbus.de/buerger/leben/cbinternational/our_twin_cities,255001242.en.html | title = Our twin cities - Cottbus | accessdate = 2013-06-24 | publisher = /www.cottbus.de/ | archive-date = 2013-11-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131104002625/http://www.cottbus.de/buerger/leben/cbinternational/our_twin_cities%2C255001242.en.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Montreuil, Seine-Saint-Denis|Montreuil-sous-Bois]], Fraunce <small>''(syne 1959)''</small><ref name="Cottbus twinning"/> *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Grosseto]], Italy <small>''(syne 1967)''</small><ref name="Cottbus twinning"/> *{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Lipetsk]], Roushie <small>''(syne 1974)''</small><ref name="Cottbus twinning"/> *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Zielona Góra]], Poland <small>''(syne 1975)''<ref name="Cottbus twinning"/><ref name="Zielona Góra twinning">{{cite web | url = http://www.zielonagora.pl/PL/1111/ | title = Zielona Góra Miasta partnerskie | accessdate = 2013-06-24 | work = Urząd Miasta Zielona Góra | archive-date = 2018-09-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124655/http://www.zielonagora.pl/PL/1111/ | url-status = dead }}</ref></small> *{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Targovishte]], Bulgarie <small>''(syne 1975)''</small><ref name="Cottbus twinning"/><ref name="Targovishte twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.targovishte.bg/|title=International Contacts|accessdate=2013-08-29|work=Targovishte Municipality|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813150339/http://targovishte.bg/index_en.php?nav=profile&nav1=99|archivedate=2007-08-13|url-status=live}}</ref> || *{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Košice]], Slovakie <small>''(syne 1978)''</small><ref name="Cottbus twinning"/><ref name="Košice twinnings">{{cite web|url=http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.php?file=gov_s_c-00_uk.html|title=Twin cities of the City of Kosice|accessdate=2013-07-27|work=Magistrát mesta Košice, Tr.|archive-date=2013-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105130201/http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.php?file=gov_s_c-00_uk.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Saarbrücken]], Germany <small>''(syne 1987)''</small><ref name="Cottbus twinning"/><ref name="towntwin">{{cite web | title = Town Twinnings | publisher = Landeshauptstadt Saarbrücken | url = http://www.saarbruecken.de/en/town_hall/town_twinnings | accessdate = 2013-06-11}}</ref> *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Gelsenkirchen]], Germany <small>''(syne 1995)''</small><ref name="Cottbus twinning"/><ref name="RuhrTwins2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd|title=List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District|publisher=2009 [http://www.twins2010.com/index.php?id=home&L=1 Twins2010.com]|accessdate=28 October 2009|archive-date=2009-11-28|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5lctsW5KG?url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd|url-status=dead}}</ref> *{{flagicon|UK}} [[Nuneaton]], Unitit Kinrick <small>''(syne 1999)''</small><ref name="Cottbus twinning"/> |} == See an aw == * [[Cottbus Air Base]] * [[Cottbus-Drewitz Airport]] * [[Cottbus-Neuhausen Airport]] * [[Klinge]] == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{commons category|Cottbus}} * [http://www.cottbus.de/ Offeecial Wabsteid] {{in lang|de|pl|en|sr}} * [http://www.tu-cottbus.de/ Homepage of Brandenburg Technical University] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821182107/http://tu-cottbus.de/ |date=2013-08-21 }} *{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Cottbus}} <!-- {{Germany destricts Brandenburg}} --> {{Ceeties in Germany}} <!-- {{Bezirke DDR Seats}} --> [[Category:Cottbus| ]]<!--empty space as standard--> [[Category:Ceeties in Brandenburg]] [[Category:Localities in Lawer Lusatie]] qoecx0mopf4fq3jwnrpwvi9xlhtofix 0 68063 915833 874666 2026-04-28T15:47:56Z ~2026-26026-55 130461 Senior career was missing Real Madrid 915833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football biography | name = Xabi Alonso | fullname = Xabier Alonso Olano<ref>{{cite web|title=FIFA World Cup South Africa 2010: List of Players|url=http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|publisher=Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA)|accessdate=13 September 2013|page=29|format=PDF|date=4 June 2010|archive-date=2020-05-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200517205300/https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/tournament/competition/01/22/85/78/fwc_2010_squadlists.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | image = Xabi Alonso Euro 2012 vs France 02.jpg | caption = Xabi Alonso wi [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spain]] at the [[UEFA Euro 2012]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|11|25|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Tolosa, Spain]] | height = {{convert|1.83|m|abbr=on}}<ref>[http://www.realmadrid.com/cs/Satellite/en/1193041476158/1202777506538/jugador/Jugador/Xabi_Alonso.htm Official Real Madrid profile]</ref> | position = [[Midfielder]] | currentclub = [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | clubnumber = 3 | youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = [[Antiguoko]] | youthyears2 = | youthclubs2 = [[Real Sociedad]] | years1 = 1999–2000 | clubs1 = [[Real Sociedad B]] | caps1 = 39 | goals1 = 2 | years2 = 1999–2004 | clubs2 = [[Real Sociedad]] | caps2 = 114 | goals2 = 9 | years3 = 2000–2001 | clubs3 = → [[SD Eibar|Eibar]] (loan) | caps3 = 14 | goals3 = 0 | years4 = 2004–2009 | clubs4 = [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] | caps4 = 143 | goals4 = 15 | years5 = 2009-2014 | caps5 = 158 | goals5 = 4 | years6 = 2014–2017 | clubs5 = [[Real Madrid|Real Madrid]] | caps6 = 79 | goals6 = 5 | nationalyears1 = 2000 | nationalteam1 = [[Spain naitional unner-18 fitbaw team|Spain U18]] | nationalcaps1 = 1 | nationalgoals1 = 0 | nationalyears2 = 2002–2003 | nationalteam2 = [[Spain naitional unner-21 fitbaw team|Spain U21]] | nationalcaps2 = 9 | nationalgoals2 = 0 | nationalyears3 = 2003–2014 | nationalteam3 = [[Spain naitional fitbaw team|Spain]] | nationalcaps3 = 109 | nationalgoals3 = 15 | nationalyears4 = 2001–2012 | nationalteam4 = [[Basque Kintra naitional fitbaw team|Basque Kintra]] | nationalcaps4 = 5 | nationalgoals4 = 0 | pcupdate = 15:20, 7 Mey 2016 (UTC) | ntupdate = 23 Juin 2014 |clubs6=[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]}} '''Xabier "Xabi" Alonso Olano''' ({{IPA-eu|ˈʃaβi aˈlons̺o oˈlano|lang}}, {{IPA-es|ˈ(t)ʃaβj aˈlonso oˈlano|lang}}; born 25 November 1981) is a Spaingie umwhile [[Association fitbaw|fitbawer]]. He plays as [[defensive midfielder]] an is a [[deep-lyin playmaker]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Navboxes colour |title=Spain squads |bg=#C60B1E |fg=#FFC400 |bordercolor=#000033 |list1= {{Spain squad UEFA Euro 2004}} {{Spain squad 2006 FIFA World Cup}} {{Spain squad UEFA Euro 2008}} {{Spain squad 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup}} {{Spain squad 2010 FIFA World Cup}} {{Spain squad UEFA Euro 2012}} {{Spain squad 2014 FIFA World Cup}} }} {{Navboxes colour |title = Awairds |bg = Gold |fg = Black |bordercolor = Black |list1 = {{La Liga Player of the Year}} {{La Liga Defensive Midfielder of the Year}} {{UEFA Euro 2012 Team of the Tournament}} }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Alonso, Xabi}} [[Category:1981 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tolosa]] [[Category:Spaingie fitbawers]] [[Category:Basque fitbawers]] [[Category:Association fitbaw midfielders]] [[Category:La Liga players]] [[Category:Segunda División players]] [[Category:Tercera División players]] [[Category:Real Sociedad fitbawers]] [[Category:SD Eibar fitbawers]] [[Category:Real Madrid CF players]] [[Category:Premier League players]] [[Category:Liverpool F.C. players]] [[Category:FC Bayern Munich fitbawers]] [[Category:Spain youth internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Spain unner-21 internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:Spain internaitional fitbawers]] [[Category:FIFA Century Club]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players]] [[Category:2006 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]] [[Category:2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players]] [[Category:2010 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA Euro 2012 players]] [[Category:2014 FIFA Warld Cup players]] [[Category:UEFA European Championship-winnin players]] [[Category:FIFA Warld Cup-winnin players]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriate fitbawers]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Ingland]] [[Category:Expatriate fitbawers in Germany]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriates in Ingland]] [[Category:Spaingie expatriates in Germany]] [[Category:Real Sociedad B fitbawers]] mx1wtlp9fpclpq26qh193qa3gpizbty 0 69783 915843 913721 2026-04-28T20:06:56Z LivMaddieFan2026 130475 915843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Liv and Maddie | show_name_2 = Liv and Maddie: Cali Style ''{{small|(series 4)}}' | image = Liv and Maddie.svg | genre = [[Faimily sitcom|Faimily]]/[[Teen sitcom]] | creator = {{Plainlist| * John D. Beck * Ron Hart }} | starring = {{Plainlist| * [[Dove Cameron]] * [[Joey Bragg]] * [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]] * [[Kali Rocha]] * [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] * Lauren Lindsey Donzis }} | theme_music_composer = {{Plainlist| * [[Bardur Haberg]] * [[Oli Jogvansson]] * Molly Kaye * Paula Winger }} | opentheme = "Better in Stereo", performed bi Dove Cameron | composer = {{Plainlist| * Eric Goldman * Ken Lofkoll }} | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_seasons = 4 | num_episodes = 80 | list_episodes = | executive_producer = {{Plainlist| * John D. Beck * Ron Hart * [[Andy Fickman]] * Betsy Sullenger * John Peaslee }} | producer = Greg A. Hampson | camera = [[Multi-camera]] | runtime = 22–25 meenits | company = {{Plainlist| * Beck & Hart Productions * Oops Doughnuts Productions * [[It's a Laugh Productions]] }} | network = [[Disney Channel]] | picture_format = [[720p]] ([[HDTV]]) | audio_format = [[5.1 surround sound]] | first_aired = {{Start date|2013|7|19}} | last_aired = {{End date|2017|3|24}} }} '''''Liv and Maddie''''', teetled '''''Liv and Maddie: Cali Style''''' in its fowert series, is an American [[teen sitcom]] creatit bi John D. Beck an Ron Hart that oreeginally aired on [[Disney Channel]] frae Julie 19, 2013 tae Mairch 24, 2017. The series stars [[Dove Cameron]] in a dual role as [[identical twin]] sisters wi entirely different personalities that are best freends, wi Liv bein an actress that haes returned tae her home efter fower years o livin in Hollywood starnin in a popular telly series cried ''Sing It Loud!'', an Maddie bein a [[basketbaw]] prodigy. The series revolves aroond Liv readjustin tae normal faimily life efter production on ''Sing It Loud!'' ended, as weel as the twa sisters bein best freends despite thair opposin personalities an different interests. The series stars [[Joey Bragg]], [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]], [[Kali Rocha]], an [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] as weel, that portray Joey Rooney, Parker Rooney, Karen Rooney, an Pete Rooney, respectively. Joey an Parker are Liv an Maddie's younger brithers while Karen an Pete are thair mither an faither. In the shaw's final series, Lauren Lindsey Donzis jyned the cast as Liv an Maddie's younger cousin Ruby, that becomes thair "sorta-sister". Her chairacter replaced Pete, that wis absent frae the entire fowert series. == Plot == Efter finishin a fower-year stint in Hollywood filmin a popular telly series cried ''Sing It Loud!'', actress Liv Rooney returns tae her birthplace o [[Stevens Point, Wisconsin]] tae the open arms o her faimily, despite bein offered mair roles in ither series an films. Liv decidit tae come home acause she missed her faimily an wanted tae see them again. She is happily reunited wi her identical twin sister Maddie, that is her best friend. Liv is a [[girly girl]] that enjoys anytime sumbidy mentions her umwhile career, while Maddie is a [[tomboy]] wi a facility for basketbaw that is the captain o her schuil's basketbaw team. The twins hae twa younger brithers: Joey, a teepical awkward teen that is ane year younger than the twins, an Parker, a clever tween wi a mischievous personality an the youngest bairn o the Rooney faimily. Thair faither Pete is the coach for Maddie's basketbaw team that eventually achieves his dream o becomin the coach o a college team in [[Beloit, Wisconsin]], while thair mither Karen is the schuil psychologist an later vice principal startin in the seicont series. In the first three series, maist events tak place at aither Ridgewood High, the heich schuil that Liv, Maddie, Joey, an later Parker, due tae bein a [[child prodigy]], aw attend, or the Rooney residence. At the end o the third series, the Rooney hoose collapses due tae a series o tunnels creatit bi Parker an Maddie is acceptit intae a college in [[Los Angeles, Californie]]. This prompts the rest o the Rooneys, except Pete that remains in Wisconsin tae continue his coachin job, tae muive tae [[Malibu, Californie]], tae tak up residence wi Karen's younger sister Dena an her dochter Ruby, whaur the series' fowert series taks place. In the final episode o the series, aw the Rooneys pairt ways. Liv is invited tae perform in a muisical cried ''Double Duchess'' on [[Broadway]], Maddie is gien a grant tae big tiny hooses for the homeless in [[New Orleans]], Joey is invited tae gang on a comedy tour wi [[Jim Breuer]], an Parker is invited tae gang wi his freend Val tae a [[biodome]] in the [[salt pan (geology)|salt flats]] o [[Salar de Uyuni]], [[Bolivia]] tae study life on [[Maurs]]. A significant featur o the series are [[documentary]]-style cutaways whaur major chairacters an the supportin chairacters [[meta-reference|speak tae the viewers]] tae expleen various things an thair opinions on the situations in which thay are featurt in each episode. In the final episode, it is revealed that the cutaways are pairt o a reality series that airs in Luxembourg cried ''Bits and Pieces'', a reference tae ''Liv and Maddie''{{'}}s workin teetle. == Cast an chairacters == === Main chairacters === * [[Dove Cameron]] as Liv an Maddie Rooney * [[Joey Bragg]] as Joey Rooney * [[Tenzing Norgay Trainor]] as Parker Rooney * [[Kali Rocha]] as Karen Rooney * [[Benjamin King (actor)|Benjamin King]] as Pete Rooney (series 1–3) * Lauren Lindsey Donzis as Ruby (series 4) === Recurring chairacters === * [[Ryan McCartan]] as Diggie * Jessica Marie Garcia as Willow * Jimmy Bellinger as Artie * Kurt Lang as Johnny Nimbus * [[Victoria Moroles]] as Andie * Carter Hastings as Evan * [[Jordan Fisher]] as Holden * Bridget Shergalis as Stains == Production == === Development === In the spring o 2012, Oops Doughnuts Productions haed shopped a script o a project cried ''Bits and Pieces'' which featurt a blended faimily seemilar tae series lik ''[[The Brady Bunch]]'' an ''[[Step by Step (TV series)|Step by Step]]''.<ref name="filmtelevisionauditions">{{cite web|title=Disney Channel casting starring roles for new comedy series ‘Bits & Pieces’|url=https://www.filmtelevisionauditions.com/disney-channel-casting-starring-roles-for-new-comedy-series-bits-pieces|author=Alan Baltes|work=Film Television Auditions|date=22 April 2012|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=2018-09-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902151656/https://www.filmtelevisionauditions.com/disney-channel-casting-starring-roles-for-new-comedy-series-bits-pieces/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series follaed Jodie Sullenger (Kali Rocha), mither o Alanna (Dove Cameron) an Sticky (Joey Bragg), that mairit Pete Fickman (Benjamin King), faither o Crystal ([[Cozi Zuehlsdorff]]) an Brody (Tenzing Norgay Trainor), wi aw sax adjustin tae life unner the same ruif. Eventually, Disney chose tae chynge the concept o ''Bits and Pieces'' intae ane aboot a pair o twins.<ref name="Post-Gazette">{{cite web|url=https://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2013/09/15/Steelers-fanatic-behind-Disney-s-new-show-Liv-and-Maddie/stories/201309150178|title=Steelers fanatic behind Disney's new series 'Liv and Maddie'|work=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|author=Monica Disare|date=15 September 2013|access-date=16 October 2013}}</ref> Nou teetled ''Liv and Maddie'', the series began production in Apryle 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/08/newcomer-dove-cameron-lands-dual-roles-in-upcoming-disney-channel-sitcom-liv-and-maddie/172625/|title=Newcomer Dove Cameron Lands Dual Roles in Upcoming Disney Channel Sitcom Liv and Maddie|work=Zap2it|date=8 March 2013|access-date=16 October 2013|archive-date=13 March 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313124610/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/03/08/newcomer-dove-cameron-lands-dual-roles-in-upcoming-disney-channel-sitcom-liv-and-maddie/172625/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The series wis producit unner a jynt ventur atween Beck & Hart Productions, Oops Doughnuts Productions, an [[It's a Laugh Productions]]. The series' creautors John D. Beck an Ron Hart are a production-writing team whose credits include ''[[According to Jim]]'', ''[[Hey Arnold!]]'', an ''[[Shake It Up (American TV series)|Shake It Up!]]''. Thay serrt as executive producers alangside [[Andy Fickman]], that wis the anerly director that pairteecipatit in aw fower series o the series. He directit 20 o the 21 episodes o the first series, as weel as fower o the seicont series, twa o the third series, an fower o the fowert series. On Januar 13, 2014, Disney Channel renewed ''Liv and Maddie'' for a 13-episode seicont series slated tae premiere in faw 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/disney-channels-liv-maddie-renewed-669999|title=Disney Channel Renews Liv and Maddie|work=Hollywood Reporter|author=Philiana Ng|date=13 January 2014|access-date=13 January 2014}}</ref> The seicont series wis later expanded tae 24 episodes.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=510573693148205056|title=Why haven't we got 21 episodes for season 2:(" we have 24.|user=JohnDBeckTV|author=John D. Beck|date=12 September 2014|access-date=13 September 2014}}</ref> The first series ended on Julie 27, 2014, an the seicont series premiered on September 21, 2014. On Apryle 3, 2015, the series wis renewed for a third series bi Disney Channel.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2015/tv/news/liv-and-maddie-season-3-renewal-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1201465691|title=Liv and Maddie Renewed for Third Season on Disney Channel|work=Variety|author=Elizabeth Wagmeister|date=3 April 2015|access-date=3 April 2015}}</ref> The seicont series ended on August 23, 2015, an the third series premiered on September 13, 2015. On Dizember 21, 2015, Dove Cameron stated that Disney Channel wis pickin up ''Liv and Maddie'' for a fowert series.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=679100414831169536|title=Friends. Guess what?! Disney Channel is picking up #LivandMaddie season 4|user=DoveCameron|author=Dove Cameron|date=21 December 2015|access-date=16 October 2016}}</ref> On Juin 19, 2016, series co-creautor Ron Hart annoonced on Twitter that the fowert series wad premiere in faw 2016.<ref>{{cite tweet|number=744697675073761281|title=Thank you for your amazing support this season. We hope to see you all back this fall for #LivAndMaddie #Season4|user=Scatter|author=Ron Hart|date=19 June 2016|access-date=19 June 2016}}</ref> On Julie 1, 2016, Dove Cameron stated that thay haed filmed the series' final episode.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.m-magazine.com/posts/dove-cameron-officially-says-goodbye-to-liv-maddie-106909/photos/liv-and-maddie-series-finale-169543|title=Dove Cameron Officially Says Goodbye to Liv and Maddie|work=M-Magazine|author=Jennifer Maldonado|date=1 July 2016|access-date=3 July 2016|archive-date=4 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704102813/http://www.m-magazine.com/posts/dove-cameron-officially-says-goodbye-to-liv-maddie-106909/photos/liv-and-maddie-series-finale-169543|url-status=dead}}</ref> On August 19, 2016, it wis annoonced bi the series' creautors, John D. Beck an Ron Hart, that the final series wad be cried ''Liv and Maddie: Cali Style''. Thay stated that the fowert an final series wad premiere on September 23, 2016.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ew.com/article/2016/08/19/liv-maddie-title-season-four|title=Liv and Maddie Gets New Title for Final Season|work=Entertainment Weekly|author=Marc Snetiker|date=19 August 2016|access-date=19 August 2016|archive-date=2018-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180922063734/https://ew.com/article/2016/08/19/liv-maddie-title-season-four/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Castin === Castin teuk place durin the spring o 2012;<ref name="filmtelevisionauditions" /> houiver, anly a pilot episode wis produced. Insteid o hirin a new cast, production chose tae keep thae whom thay haed already hired an film a completely new pilot. The story nou focused on Dove Cameron playin dual roles wi the same parents an brithers. Lead billin for Cozi Zuehlsdorff wis later dropped tae guest starn. The faimily name o "Rooney" wis picked acause o Sullenger's enjoyment o the [[Pittsburgh Steelers]], a team ained bi the [[Rooney faimily]].<ref name="Post-Gazette" /> === Muisic === A full version o the ''Liv and Maddie'' theme sang, "Better in Stereo", wis recorded bi Dove Cameron an released as a promotional single bi [[Walt Disney Records]] on October 15, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/better-in-stereo-from-liv/id719824746|title=Better in Stereo|work=iTunes|date=15 October 2013|access-date=23 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141028103720/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/better-in-stereo-from-liv/id719824746|archive-date=28 October 2014}}</ref> A muisic video wis filmed an aired on Disney Channel the nicht o October 29, 2013.{{citation needed|date=October 2016}} The sang wis featurt twice in the shaw, first in the series three finale, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep65|Californi-A-Rooney]]", an then an acoustic version sung bi Dove Cameron durin the series fower an series finale, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep80|End-A-Rooney]]". In the pilot, "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep1|Twin-A-Rooney]]", Liv shows Maddie a clip frae the ''Sing It Loud!'' finale in which Liv's chairacter, Stephanie Einstein, sings a civer o [[On Top of the World (Imagine Dragons sang)|On Top of the World]] bi [[Imagine Dragons]]. A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on August 27, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/on-top-world-from-liv-maddie/id687879375|title=On Top of the World|work=iTunes|date=27 August 2013|access-date=19 October 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106091017/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/on-top-world-from-liv-maddie/id687879375|archive-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep10|Fa-La-La-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs the classic "[[Let It Snow! Let It Snow! Let It Snow!]]" durin the Steven's Point Holiday Spectacular. A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an is included on [[Holidays Unwrapped]], a holiday album released bi Walt Disney Records on October 15, 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.target.com/p/disney-holidays-unwrapped-only-at-target/-/A-14893057|title=Disney Holidays Unwrapped|work=Target|access-date=4 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211175340/http://www.target.com/p/disney-holidays-unwrapped-only-at-target/-/A-14893057#|archive-date=11 December 2013|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep20|Song-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "FroyoYOLO". It goes viral, but Liv hates it. In the same episode, Liv performs "Count Me In". A full version o "Count Me In" wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on Juin 3, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/count-me-in-from-liv-maddie/id880743711|title=Count Me In|work=iTunes|date=3 June 2014|access-date=13 July 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019215128/https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/count-me-in-from-liv-maddie/id880743711|archive-date=19 October 2014}}</ref> In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep28|New Year's Eve-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "You, Me and the Beat". A full version o the sang wis recorded bi Cameron an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on Dizember 2, 2014. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep31|Rate-A-Rooney]]", Liv uploads "What a Girl Is". Twa versions war creatit: the first bein the ane shawn on the show an the ither, includin [[Christina Grimmie]] an Baby Kaely, wis eventually recorded. Baith versions are included in the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack. The seicont version wis released on iTunes on Mairch 5, 2015, while the oreeginal version wis released on Mairch 17, 2015, whan the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack wis released. The soundtrack includes "Better in Stereo", "On Top of the World", "FroyoYOLO", "Count Me In", "You, Me and the Beat", an baith versions o "What a Girl Is". The soundtrack includes "Say Hey", "As Long As I Have You", an "True Love" as weel, o that the last ane wad be morphed intae twa versions: Ballad, that wad be sung bi Jordan Fisher, an a piano duet featurin Jordan Fisher an Dove Cameron. Wi the annooncement o the soundtrack on Mairch 5, 2015, the singles for thae sangs, minus FroyoYOLO, war discontinued an are no langer available. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep38|Prom-A-Rooney]]", Liv performs "True Love" at the schuil prom. Lik she did wi the ither sangs, Dove Cameron recorded a full version o the sang, an it wis released as pairt of the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep40|Band-A-Rooney]]", Liv's baund, "The Dream", performs "Say Hey" at the Battle of the Bands. A full version wis recorded bi Dove Cameron, wi the baund member's actor daein the chorus. The sang wis released as pairt o the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep41|Video-A-Rooney]]", Liv's baund performs "As Long As I Have You". Dove Cameron recorded a full version, which wis released as pairt o the ''Liv and Maddie'' soundtrack on Mairch 17, 2015. The sang wis the final sang frae the soundtrack that wis played in the series. In "[[Leet of Liv and Maddie episodes#ep44|SPARF-A-Rooney]]", Andy Grammer performs "Honey, I'm Good". This is ane of the few sangs in ''Liv and Maddie'' nae tae be pairt of the soundtrack. In "[[Leet of Liv and Maddie episodes#ep69|Sing It Louder!!-A-Rooney]]", Liv an Ruby perform "One Second Chance" on the set of "Sing It Louder!!" The sang wis recorded bi Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis an wis released as a promotional single bi Walt Disney Records on November 4, 2016. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep74|Falcon-A-Rooney]]", "The Power of Two" is performed again bi Liv an Ruby for "Sing It Louder!!". Lik the previous sang in series fower, Cameron an Donzis recorded a full version of the sang, released on Januar 20, 2017. In "[[Leet o Liv and Maddie episodes#ep78|Sing It Live!!-A-Rooney]], Liv sings "My Destiny" for the special episode o "Sing It Louder!!" (an in the process strains her vocal cords tae the point o emergency surgery). Again, a full version o the sang wis recorded bi Dove Cameron, an released as a promotional single on Mairch 3, 2017. ==== Sangs ==== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+ Leet o sangs in ''Liv and Maddie'' |- ! scope="col" | Title ! scope="col" | Performed bi ! scope="col" | First episode |- | "Better in Stereo" | Dove Cameron | "Twin-A-Rooney" |- | "On Top of the World" | Dove Cameron | "Twin-A-Rooney" |- | "[[Up on the House Top|Up on the Housetop]]" | Dove Cameron an [[Ella Anderson]] | "Fa-La-La-A-Rooney" |- | "Let It Snow, Let It Snow, Let It Snow" | Dove Cameron | "Fa-La-La-A-Rooney" |- | "FroyoYOLO" | Dove Cameron | "Song-A-Rooney" |- | "Count Me In" | Dove Cameron | "Song-A-Rooney" |- | "You, Me and the Beat" | Dove Cameron | "New Year's Eve-A-Rooney" |- | "What a Girl Is" | Dove Cameron | "Rate-A-Rooney" |- | "True Love" | Dove Cameron | "Prom-A-Rooney" |- | "Say Hey" | Dove Cameron | "Band-A-Rooney" |- | "As Long As I Have You" | Dove Cameron | "Video-A-Rooney" |- | "Honey, I'm Good" | [[Andy Grammer]] | "SPARF-A-Rooney" |- | "Key of Life" | Dove Cameron | "Dream-A-Rooney" |- | "One Second Chance" | Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis | "Sing It Louder!!-A-Rooney" |- | "Power of Two" | Dove Cameron an Lauren Lindsey Donzis | "Falcon-A-Rooney" |- | "My Destiny" | Dove Cameron | "Sing It Live!!!-A-Rooney" |} == Broadcast == ''Liv and Maddie'' airs on [[Disney Channel]] in the United States an [[Family Channel (Canadian TV network)|Family Channel]] in Canada. The pilot episode aired as a preview on Julie 19, 2013, efter the premiere o the [[Disney Channel Original Movie]] ''[[Teen Beach Movie]]''. The first promo for the series wis seen on Juin 28, 2013, efter the premiere o ''[[Mickey Mouse (TV series)|Disney's Mickey Mouse Shorts]]''. The series offeecially premiered in the United States on September 15, 2013, an in Canada on September 20, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The series stopped airin in Canada on Family Channel on September 1, 2015, an stairtit airin on [[Disney Channel (Canada)|Disney Channel]] on September 5, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} [[Disney La Chaîne|La Chaîne Disney]] in French Canada premiered the episode "Home Run-A-Rooney" on Mairch 24, 2016, 17 days afore the American an Canadian airin on Apryle 10, 2016.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In the [[Disney Channel (UK an Ireland)|UK an Ireland]], the series aired as a preview on October 7, 2013, an later premiered on November 8, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In [[Disney Channel (Australia an New Zealand)|Australia an New Zealand]], the series premiered on October 11, 2013.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The seicont series premiered on Januar 8, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://community.foxtel.com.au/t5/Foxtel-Blog/JANUARY-200-new-and-returning-Foxtel-shows/ba-p/39777|title=200+ New and Returning Foxtel Shows|work=Foxtel|author=D Higgins|date=5 January 2015|access-date=1 February 2015}}</ref> The third series premiered on Dizember 2, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The series premiered in [[Disney Channel (Asia)|Southeast Asia]] on Januar 10, 2014.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In the Balkans, Greece, the Middle East, an Africae, the series premiered on Mairch 8, 2014.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} The seicont series premiered on Februar 7, 2015.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} In [[Indie]], the series premiered on October 30, 2017 on [[Disney International HD]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PYw6aB-z314|title=Liv and Maddie on Disney International HD - Launching Oct 29|work=YouTube}}</ref> == Reception == === Critical reception === Emily Ashby o [[Common Sense Media]] gae the series' quality a rating o three oot of five stars, describin it as a "jovial family sitcom" an applicable for ages seiven an abuin. Ashby credited the series' "comical spin" on common faimily issues, lik [[sibling rivalry]], statin that "As is true of most tween-targeted comedies, the series glosses over a lot, especially when it comes to teen issues, but that's what makes it a worry-free pick for kids."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/liv-and-maddie|title=Liv and Maddie TV Review|work=Common Sense Media|author=Emily Ashby|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> Neil Genzlinger o ''[[The New York Times]]'' compared the series tae ''[[The Patty Duke Show]]'' while describin it as "a gentle, moderately amusing comedy" an praisin Dove Cameron's portrayal of the doun-tae-earth Maddie an diva Liv, statin that "the premise gives the writers plenty of opportunities."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/14/arts/television/liv-and-maddie-offers-shades-of-the-patty-duke-show.html|title=Liv and Maddie Offers Shades of The Patty Duke Show|work=The New York Times|author=Neil Genzlinger|date=13 September 2013|access-date=10 August 2016}}</ref> === Awards an nominations === {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Award ! Category ! Result ! {{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | 2015 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | |- | rowspan="4" | 2016 | [[2016 Teen Choice Awards|Teen Choice Awards]] | [[Teen Choice Award for Choice Comedy Series|Choice TV Show: Comedy]] | {{nominated}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eonline.com/ca/news/767643/teen-choice-awards-2016-nominations-announced-see-the-first-wave-of-potential-winners|title=Teen Choice Awards 2016 Nominations Announced|work=E! Online|author=Mike Vulpo|date=24 May 2016|access-date=17 June 2016}}</ref> |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{nominated}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidschoiceawardsmexico.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_internacional_mx|title=Kids Choice Awards Mexico 2016|work=Mundo Nick|language=Spanish|access-date=21 August 2016|archive-date=18 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718221119/http://kidschoiceawardsmexico.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_internacional_mx|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://kidschoiceawardscolombia.mundonick.com/votar#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co|title=Kids Choice Awards Colombia 2016|work=Mundo Nick|language=Spanish|access-date=10 September 2016|archive-url=https://archive.today/20170816154947/http://kidschoiceawardscolombia.mundonick.com/votar%23cat=mejor_fandom#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co#cat=programa_o_serie_internaciona_co|archive-date=16 August 2017|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}</ref> |- | [[Nickelodeon Argentina Kids' Choice Awards|Kids' Choice Awards Argentina]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | style="text-align: center;" | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://television.com.ar/los-pre-nominados-a-los-kids-choice-awards-argentina-2016/24071|title=Los Pre-Nominados a los Kids’ Choice Awards Argentina 2016|website=television.com.ar|language=Spanish|date=August 10, 2016|access-date=28 September 2016|archive-date=21 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021132955/http://television.com.ar/los-pre-nominados-a-los-kids-choice-awards-argentina-2016/24071|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" | 2017 | [[Kids' Choice Awards Mexico]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Colombia]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |- | [[Kids' Choice Awards Argentina]] | Favorite Internaitional Program | {{won}} | |} == Merchandise == Brand marketing promotion frae ''Liv and Maddie'' still continues strangly, wi [[ACCO Brands]], unner the Day Dream brand, featurin a 2015 wall calendar an Disney D'Signed claedin line frae selected retailers [[Target Corporation|Target]] an [[Kohl's]]. Wooky Entertainment ains Style Me Up, a creative fashion brand for tween girls, featurin ''Liv and Maddie: Dreams Come True'' an ''Liv and Maddie: A Rising Star'' sketchbooks.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/style-me-up-channel-sketchbook/dp/b00pb1j30q|title=Style Me Up Disney Channel Liv and Maddie Dreams Come True Small Sketchbook|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Liv-Maddie-Dreams-Come-Sketchbook/dp/B00PB1EDWE|title=Liv & Maddie - A Rising Star Sketchbook|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> Footwear retailer [[Payless ShoeSource]] conducts ''Liv and Maddie''-themed chairacter footwear based on the series.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.payless.com/liv-and-maddie/|title=Liv and Maddie Character Shoes and Accessories|work=Payless|access-date=January 20, 2015|archive-date=13 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170513183642/http://www.payless.com/liv-and-maddie/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A novelization o the series, teetled ''Liv and Maddie: Sisters Forever'', wis publeeshed bi Disney Press on Januar 6, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Liv-Maddie-Sisters-Forever-Junior/dp/1484710797/|title=Liv and Maddie: Sisters Forever (Liv and Maddie Junior Novel)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=13 December 2017}}</ref> The [[young adult feection|junior novelle]] is based on the episodes "Twin-A-Rooney" an "Team-A-Rooney", an alternates atween the [[narration|view pynts]] o Liv, Maddie, Joey, an Parker. Featurin aicht pages o photos frae the series, the junior novelle wis adapted bi Lexi Ryals. Anither novelization o the series, teetled ''Liv and Maddie: Double Trouble'', wis publeeshed bi Disney Press on August 4, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Maddie-Double-Trouble-Junior-Novel/dp/1484716949|title=Liv and Maddie Double Trouble (Liv and Maddie Junior Novel)|publisher=[[Amazon.com]]|access-date=12 August 2018}}</ref> It is based on the episodes "Sweet-16-A-Rooney" an "Dodge-A-Rooney". Lik the first novelle, ''Double Trouble'' featurs aicht pages o photos frae the series an wis adapted bi Lexi Ryals. Lik the first novelle, ''Double Trouble'' alternates atween the view pynts o Liv, Maddie, Joey, an Parker. == References == {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * {{IMDb title}} [[Category:2010s American comedy televeesion series]] [[Category:American muisical televeesion series]] [[Category:Inglis-leid televeesion programmes]] [[Category:Televeesion series aboot freendship]] thbshzag50j06kggua2fcs73lsqiqg8 0 71751 915880 914415 2026-04-29T07:07:33Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox person | name = Olivia de Havilland | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|DBE}} | image = Olivia DeHavilland-2.JPG | caption = de Havilland in 1945 | birth_name = Olivia Mary de Havilland | birth_date = {{birth date|1916|07|01}} | birth_place = [[Tokyo]], Japan | death_date = {{Death date and age|2020|7|26|1916|7|1}} | death_place = [[Paris]], Fraunce | resting_place = [[Tokyo]] | other_names = Livvie | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1935{{ndash}}1989 | religion = [[Episcopal Kirk (Unitit States)|Episcopalian]] | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{marriage|()=small|[[Marcus Goodrich]]|1946|1953|end=div}} * {{marriage|()=small|Pierre Galante|1955|1979|end=div}} }} | children = {{Plainlist| * Benjamin Goodrich {{small|(1949{{ndash}}91)}} * Gisèle Galante {{small|({{abbr|b.|born}} 1956)}} }} | parents = {{Plainlist| * [[Walter Augustus de Havilland]] {{small|(1872{{ndash}}1968)}} * [[Lillian Fontaine]] {{small|(1886{{ndash}}1975)}} }} | relatives = [[Joan Fontaine]] {{small|(sister, 1917{{ndash}}2013)}} | awards = [[Olivia de Havilland#Honours an awairds|See ablo]] | signature = Olivia de Havilland Signature.png }} '''Olivia Mary de Havilland''', {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|DBE}} (born Julie 1, 1916; deed Julie 26, 2020<ref>https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/people/2020/07/26/olivia-de-havilland-gone-with-the-wind-dies-at-104/975380001/</ref>) wis an Breetish-American actress whase career spanned frae 1935 tae 1988. She kythed in fowerty-nine featur films, an wis ane o the leadin film stars in the gowden age o Clessical Hollywood. She is best kent for her early screen performances in ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'' (1938) an ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' (1939), an her later awaird-winnin performances in ''To Each His Own'' (1946), ''The Snake Pit'' (1948), an ''The Heiress'' (1949). Born in [[Tokyo]] tae Inglis parents, de{{nbsp}}Havilland an her younger sister, actress [[Joan Fontaine]], flittit tae Californie in 1919. Thay war raised bi thair mither Lilian, a umwhile stage actress wha taucht them dramatic airt, [[muisic]], an elocution. De Havilland made her actin debut in amateur theatre in ''Alice in Wonderland'' an later appeared in a local production o Shakespeare's ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'', that led tae her playin Hermia in Max Reinhardt's stage production o the same play an a movie contract wi [[Warner Bros.]] De{{nbsp}}Havilland made her screen debut in Reinhardt's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' in 1935. She began her career playin demure ingénues alang wi popular leadin men, includin [[Errol Flynn]], wi wham she made aicht films. Thay became ane o Hollywood's maist popular romantic on-screen pairins. She achieved her initial popularity in romantic comedy films, lik ''The Great Garrick'' (1937), an in [[Western (genre)|Westerns]], sic as ''Dodge City'' (1939). Her naitural beauty an primsie actin style made her parteecularly feckfu in historical period dramas, lik ''Anthony Adverse'' (1936), an romantic dramas, lik ''Hold Back the Dawn'' (1941). In her later career, she wis maist sonsie in drama films, lik ''Light in the Piazza'' (1962), an unglamorous roles in psychological dramas includin ''Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte'' (1964). As well as her film career, de{{nbsp}}Havilland continued her wirk in the theatre, appearin three times on [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]], in ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]'' (1951), ''Candida'' (1952), an ''A Gift of Time'' (1962). She wirkit in telly an aw, appearin in the sonsie miniseries, ''Roots: The Next Generations'' (1979), an telly featur films, sic as ''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna'', for whilk she received a [[Primetime Emmy Award]]. Outthrou her film career, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wan twa [[Academy Awards]], twa [[Gowden Globe Awaird]]s, twa New York Film Critics Circle Awairds, the National Board of Review Award for Best Actress, an the [[Venice Film Festival]] Volpi Cup. For her contreibutions tae the motion pictur industry, she received a starn on the [[Hollywood Walk of Fame]]. For her lifetime contreibution tae the arts, she received the [[Naitional Medal o Airts]] frae Preses [[George W. Bush]], an wis appyntit a ''Chevalier'' o the [[Legion o Honour|Légion d'honneur]] bi French Preses [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]. Efter romantic relationships wi [[Howard Hughes]], [[James Stewart]], an [[John Huston]], de{{nbsp}}Havilland mairit author [[Marcus Goodrich]], wi wham she haed a son, Benjamin. Follaein her divorce frae Goodrich in 1953, she flittit tae [[Paris]] an mairit Pierre Galante, an executive eeditor for the French jurnal ''Paris Match'', wi wham she haed a dauchter, Gisèle. In 1962 she published ''Every Frenchman Has One'', an accoont o her life in Fraunce. De{{nbsp}}Havilland an Joan Fontaine are the anly siblings tae hae wan Academy Awairds in a lead actin category. A lifelang rivalry atween the twa resultit in an estrangement that lestit ower three decade. She haes steyed in Paris syne 1956, an celebrate her 100t birthday on Julie 1, 2016.<ref name=Meseguer>{{cite news|last={{Smallcaps|Meseguer}}|first=Astrid|title=Olivia de Havilland: los 100 años de una leyenda del cine|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/cine/20160629/402842217473/olivia-de-havilland-100-anos-leyenda-cine.html|accessdate=1 July 2016|publisher=[[La Vanguardia]]|date=1 July 2016|location=Barcelona|language=Spanish}}</ref> On 26 Julie 2020, it wis propaled that de Havilland haed deed the previous day at her hame in [[Paris]], aged 104. ==Early life== De{{nbsp}}Havilland wis born on Julie 1, 1916, in Tokyo, Japan, tae Inglis parents.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=20}} Her faither, Walter Augustus de Havilland (August 31, 1872{{snds}}Mey 23, 1968), serd as an Inglis professor at the [[Varsity o Tokyo|Imperial Varsity]] in Tokyo afore becomin a [[patent attorney]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=20}} Her mither, Lilian Augusta ({{née}} Ruse; Juin 11, 1886 – Februar 20, 1975),<ref name="peerage-olivia"/> wis educate at the [[Royal Academy of Dramatic Art]] in Lunnon an became a stage actress.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=20}} Lilian sang wi the [[Master of the Queen's Music|Master of the Keeng's Music]], Sir Walter Parratt an aa, an toured Ingland wi the composer [[Ralph Vaughan Williams]].{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|pp=16–17}} Olivia's paternal cousin wis [[Geoffrey de Havilland|Sir Geoffrey de{{nbsp}}Havilland]] (1882–1965),<ref name="french-observer"/> an aircraft designer an foonder o the [[de Havilland]] aircraft company.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=32}} Lilian an Walter met in Japan in 1913 an war mairit the follaein year.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=16}} Thay flittit intae a lairge hoose in Tokyo, whaur Lilian gae informal sangin recitals for the European colony.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=16}} The marriage wisnae a happy ane due in pairt tae Walter's infidelities.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=22}} Olivia's younger sister Joan{{nsmdns}}later kent as actress [[Joan Fontaine]]{{nsmdns}}wis born on October{{nbsp}}22, 1917.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=18}} In Februar 1919 Lilian persuaded her guidman tae tak the faimily back tae Ingland tae a climate better suited for thair ailin dauchters.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=22}} Thay sailed abuird the SS{{nbsp}}''Siberia Maru'' tae [[San Francisco]],{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=18}} whaur the faimily stoppit tae treat Olivia's tonsillitis.{{sfnm|1a1=Thomas|1y=1983|1pp=22–23|2a1=Matzen|2y=2010|2p=2}} Efter Joan developed pneumonia, Lilian decidit tae remain wi her dauchters in Californie, whaur thay hinderly settled in the veelage o Saratoga, {{convert|50|mi|km}} sooth o San Francisco.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=23}}{{#tag:ref|Efter livin in an apairtment near [[Golden Gate Park]] while the sisters war bein treatit, the faimily muived tae [[San Jose, Californie|San Jose]] an stayed at the Hotel Vendome.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|pp=18, 23}} Suin efter, thay flittit tae the fithills o the [[Santa Cruz Moontains]], whaur thay steyed at a buirdin hoose cried Lundblad's Lodge, a buirdin hoose on Oak Street ained bi a Swadish faimily.<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/>{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=25}}|group=Note}} Her faither abandoned the faimily an returned tae his Japanese hoosekeeper, that hinderly became his seicont wife.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=23}}<ref name="peerage-walter"/> Olivia wis raised tae appreciate the arts, beginnin wi ballet lessons at the age o fower, an piano lessons a year later.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=24}} She learned tae read afore she wis sax,{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=27}} an her mither, wha occasionally taucht dramatic airt, muisic, an elocution,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=21–22}} haed her recitin passages frae [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]] tae strenthen her diction.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=24}}{{#tag:ref|Olivia wis named efter a [[Olivia (Twelfth Night)|chairacter]] in ''[[Twelfth Night]]''.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=17}}|group=Note}} In this period, her younger sister Joan first stairtit cawin her "Livvie"{{nsmdns}}a eikname that wad lest ootthrou her life.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=24}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland entered Saratoga Grammar School in 1922 an did weel in her studies.<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/> She enjoyed readin, writin poetry, an drawin, an ance representit her grammar schuil in a coonty spellin bee, comin in seicont place.<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/> In 1923 Lilian haed a new Tudor-style hoose biggit at 231{{nbsp}}La{{nbsp}}Paloma Avenue (nou 20250),<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/><ref name="saratoga-history"/> whaur the faimily bidit till the early 1930s.{{sfnm|1a1=Fontaine|1y=1978|1pp=23, 32|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=23}} In Aprile 1925, efter her divorce wis finalized, Lilian mairit George Milan Fontaine, a depairtment store manager for O.{{nbsp}}A.{{nbsp}}Hale & Co. in San Jose.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|pp=23–24}} Fontaine wis a guid provider an respectable businessman, but his strict parentin style generated animosity an later rebellion in baith o his new stepdauchters.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=25}}{{#tag:ref|Lilian an George wis introduced tae ilk anither in 1920 bi fower-year-old Olivia wha noticed him sittin on a pairk bench an referred tae him in Japanese as "Daddy".{{sfnm|1a1=Fontaine|1y=1978|1p=23|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=25}}|group=Note}} [[File:Olivia De Haviland 1933.jpg|thumb|upright|left|alt=At the age of fifteen|Olivia de Havilland appearin in the stage play ''[[Alice in Wonderland]]'', 1933]] De{{nbsp}}Havilland continued her eddication at Los Gatos High School, near Saratoga.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=25}} Thare she excelled in oratory an field hockey an participated in schuil plays an the schuil drama club, eventually becomin the club's secretary.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=26}} Wi plans o becomin a Inglis an speech dominie,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=25}} she an aa attendit Notre Dame Convent in Belmont.{{sfn|Jensen|1942|p=91}} In 1933 de{{nbsp}}Havilland made her debut in amateur theatre in ''[[Alice's Adventures in Wonderland|Alice in Wonderland]]'', a production o the Saratoga Community Players based on the novel bi [[Lewis Carroll]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=26}} She appeared in several schuil plays an aa, includin ''[[The Merchant of Venice]]'' an ''[[Hansel and Gretel]]''.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|pp=47–48}} Her passion for drama eventually led tae a confrontation wi her stepfaither, wha forbade her frae pairteecipatin in further extracurricular activities.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=48}} Whan he learned that she haed wan the lead role o Elizabeth Bennet in a schuil fund-raisin production o [[Jane Austen]]'s ''[[Pride and Prejudice]]'', he gae her an ultimatum tae aither stay hame or nae return hame.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=48}} Nae wantin tae lat her schuil an clessmates doun, she left hame forever, flittin in wi a faimily friend.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=48}} Efter graduatin frae heich schuil in 1934, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis offered a scholarship tae Mills College in Oakland tae pursue her chosen career as an Inglis teacher.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} She wis offered the role o [[Puck (A Midsummer Night's Dream)|Puck]] in the Saratoga Community Theater production o Shakespeare's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' an aa.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=26}} That simmer, Austrick director Max Reinhardt came tae Californie for a major new production o the same play tae premiere at the Hollywood Bowl.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} Efter ane o Reinhardt's assistants saw her perform in Saratoga, he offered her the seicont unnerstudy poseetion for the role o Hermia.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} Ane week afore the premiere, the unnerstudy Jean Rouverol an lead actress [[Gloria Stuart]] baith left the project, leavin echteen-year-auld de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae play Hermia.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} Impressed wi her performance, Reinhardt offered her the pairt in the fower-week hairst tour that follaed.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=27}} While that tour wis on, Reinhardt received wird that he wad direct the [[Warner Bros.]] film version o his stage production, an he offered her the film role o Hermia. Wi her mind still set on becomin a teacher, de{{nbsp}}Havilland initially wavered, but eventually Reinhardt an executive producer Henry Blanke persuaded her tae sign a five-year contract wi Warner Bros. on November{{nbsp}}12, 1934, wi a stairtin salary o twa hunder dollars a week.{{sfnm|1a1=Thomas|1y=1983|1p=28|2a1=Matzen|2y=2010|2p=11}} ==Career== ===Early films, 1935–37=== De{{nbsp}}Havilland made her screen debut in Reinhardt's ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'',{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=28}} whilk wis filmed at Warner Bros. studios frae December{{nbsp}}19, 1934, tae March{{nbsp}}9, 1935.<ref name="tcm-midsummer-op"/> Throuch the production, de{{nbsp}}Havilland picked up film actin techniques frae the film's co-director William Dieterle, an camera techniques frae cinematographer Hal Mohr, wha wis impressed wi her quaistiens aboot his wirk.<ref name="tcm-midsummer-miller"/> Bi the end o filmin, she haed learned the effect o lichtin an camera angles on hou she appeared on screen an hou tae find her best lichtin.<ref name="tcm-midsummer-miller"/> Follaein premieres in New York an Beverly Hills, the film wis released on October{{nbsp}}30, 1935.<ref name="tcm-midsummer-op"/> In maugre o the publicity campaign, the film luntit little greeshoch wi audiences.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=28}} While the creetical response wis mixed, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance wis praised bi ''The San Francisco Examiner'' creetic.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=58}} In his review in the ''Brooklyn Daily Eagle'', Winston Burdett notit that de{{nbsp}}Havilland "acts couthie an daes greater juistice tae Shakespeare's leid nor onybody ense in the cast".<ref name="brooklyn-daily-burdett"/> Twa minor comedies follaed, ''Alibi Ike'' wi Joe E. Brown an ''The Irish in Us'' wi [[James Cagney]].{{sfnm|1a1=Thomas|1y=1983|1p=28|2a1=Brown|2y=1995|2p=125}} In baith films, she played the douce an winsome luve interest{{nsmdns}}a role intae whilk she wad later become typecast.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=22}} Efter the experience o bein a Reinhardt player, de{{nbsp}}Havilland felt disappyntit bein assigned thir routine heroine roles.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=28}}{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=24}} In Mairch, de{{nbsp}}Havilland an her mither flittit intae a flat at the Chateau des Fleurs at 6626 Franklin Avenue in Hollywood.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=13}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland Publicity Photo for Captain Blood 1935.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Climbin a ladder wearin a pirate's outfit|Publicity photo, 1935]] In Julie 1935 Warner Bros. paired de{{nbsp}}Havilland wi an unkent [[Australie]] actor named [[Errol Flynn]] in the swashbuckler film ''Captain Blood'' (1935).{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=19}} Accordin tae film historian Tony Thomas, baith actors haed "classic guid leuks, cultured speakin vyces, an a sense o distant aristocracy aboot them".{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=68}} Filmed atween August{{nbsp}}5 an October{{nbsp}}29, 1935,<ref name="tcm-cb-opi"/> ''Captain Blood'' gae de{{nbsp}}Havilland the opportunity tae appear in her first costumed historical romance an adventur epic{{nsmdns}}a genre tae whilk she wis weel suitit, gien her brawness an elegance.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=29}} In the film, she played Arabella Bishop, the dauchter o a Jamaica plantation ainer, wha coffs at auction an Erse pheesician wrang duimed tae servitude. The on-screen chemistry atween de{{nbsp}}Havilland an Flynn wis evident frae thair first scenes thegither,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=29}} whaur clashes atween her chairacter's spiritit hauteur an his chairacter's playful braggadocio didna mask thair mutual attraction tae ilk anither.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=27}}{{#tag:ref|The on-screen attraction o the characters reflectit the actual feelins o the actors at the time.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=29}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland would later admit that she haed a crush on him throu the entire production, an he would later acknawledge the same.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=29}}|group=Note}} Unlik her twa previous roles, Arabella is a feisty young woman wha kens whit she wants an is willin tae fecht for it.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=72}} The banterin tone o thair exchanges in the film{{nsmdns}}the kneef gie-and-tak an mutual respect{{nsmdns}}became the basis for thair on-screen relationship in follaein films.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=27}} ''Captain Blood'' wis released on December{{nbsp}}28, 1935,<ref name="tcm-cb-opi" /> an received guid reviews an wide public appeal.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=71–72}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance wis singled oot in ''[[The New York Times]]'' an ''Variety''.<ref name="nytimes-cb-sennwald"/><ref name="variety-cb"/> The film wis nominatit for fower Academy Awairds, includin Best Pictur.<ref name="tcm-cb-awards"/> The popular success o the film, as weel as the creetical response tae the on-screen couple, led tae seiven addeetional collaborations.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=29}} In 1936 de{{nbsp}}Havilland appeared in Mervyn LeRoy's historical period drama ''Anthony Adverse'' wi Fredric March.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=75}} Based on the popular novelle bi Hervey Allen, the film follaes the adventures o an orphan raised bi a Scottish merchant, whase pursuit o fortune separates him frae the innocent paisant lass he luves, mairries, an hinderly loses.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=75–76}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland played the paisant girl Angela wha, efter bein separatit frae her sclave trader guidman, becomes opera starn Mademoiselle Georges, the mistress o [[Napoleon]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=77–78}} The film earned sax Academy Awaird nominations, includin Best Picture.<ref name="tcm-aa-steinberg"/> It garnered de{{nbsp}}Havilland guid exposure an aa an the opportunity tae portray a chairacter as she develops ower time.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=78}} Howard Barnes o the ''New York Herald Tribune'' foond her later scenes as Mademoiselle Georges "not very credible",{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=43}} but Frank S. Nugent o ''The New York Times'' cried her "a winsome Angela".<ref name="nytimes-aa-nugent"/> That same year, she wis reunitit wi Flynn in Michael Curtiz's period action film ''[[The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936 film)|The Charge of the Light Brigade]]'', set during the [[Crimean War]]{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=81}}{{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1pp=27, 29|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=82}} whilk gied thrive at the box office.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=85}} While the film wis bein produced, de{{nbsp}}Havilland renegotiatit her contract wi Warner Bros. an signed a seiven-year contract on Aprile{{nbsp}}14, 1936, wi a stairtin weekly salary o five hunder dollar ({{Inflation|US|500|1936|fmt=eq|r=-2}}).{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=33}}{{#tag:ref|De Havilland hired the Ivan Kahn Agency tae represent her in the contract negotiations wi Warner Bros.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=32}} The contract she signed providit for yearly increases in her weekly salary, stairtin at $500, an then increasin tae $750, $1000, $1250, $1500, $2000, an $2500 in her last year ({{Inflation|US|2500|1934|fmt=eq|r=-2}}).{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=33}}|group=Note}} Toward the end o the year, twinty-year-auld de{{nbsp}}Havilland an her mither muived tae 2337 Nella Vista Avenue in the Los Feliz section o Los Angeles.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=50}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland in Call It a Day trailer.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Smiling|In ''Call It a Day'', 1937]] In 1937 de{{nbsp}}Havilland haed her first tap billin in Archie Mayo's comedy ''Call It a Day'',{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=30, 89}} aboot a middle cless Inglis faimily chauvin wi the romantic effects o ware fiver in the course o a single day.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=89}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland played dochter Catherine Hilton, wha faws in luve wi the eesome airtist hired tae paint her portrait.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=89}} The film didnae dae weel at the box office an did little tae advance her career.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=30}} She fared better in Mayo's screwball comedy ''It's Love I'm After'' wi [[Leslie Howard (actor)|Leslie Howard]] an [[Bette Davis]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=99}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland played Marcia West, a young debutante an theater fan enamored wi a Barrymore-lik matinee idol wha decides tae help the lass' fiancé bi pretendin tae be an abominable cad.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=99–100}} The film received guid reviews, wi ''Variety'' cryin it "fresh, clever, excellently directit an produced, an actit bi an ensemble that clicks frae stairt tae finish", an praisin de{{nbsp}}Havilland.<ref name="variety-ilia" /> That same year, de{{nbsp}}Havilland made twa mair period films, beginnin wi ''The Great Garrick'', a feectional romantic comedy aboot the echteent-century Inglis actor's encounter wi jealous players frae the [[Comédie-Française]] wha plot tae embarrass him on his wey tae Paris.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=93–94}} Wise tae thair pliskie, Garrick plays alang wi the whimple determined tae get the last lauch{{nsmdns}}even on a luesome young aristocrat, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's Germaine Dupont, wham he mistakenly believes tae be ane o the players.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=94}} With her refined demeanor an diction,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=30}} de{{nbsp}}Havilland delivers a performance that is "lichthertit an thoroughly believable", accordin tae Judith Kass.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=45}} ''Variety'' praised the film, cryin it "a production o superlative wirkmanship".<ref name="variety-gg"/><ref name="tcm-gg-arnold"/> In maugre o the positive reviews, the film didna dae sae weel at the box office.<ref name="tcm-gg-arnold"/>{{#tag:ref|During the production, [[Brian Aherne]] foond de Havilland "young an entrancin" an organised her twenty-first birthday pairty on the set.<ref name="tcm-gg-arnold"/> Thay datit throuch the makkin o the picture an aa.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=96}} He later wrote, "I little thocht that I would ane day marry her younger sister, Joan Fontaine."<ref name="tcm-gg-arnold"/> Aherne an Fontaine married twa years later, on August 19, 1939.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=104}}|group=Note}} Her final film that year wis Michael Curtiz's romantic drama ''Gold Is Where You Find It'',{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=103}} a film aboot the late nineteent century conflict in the Sacramento Valley atween gowd miners an thair hydraulic equipment an farmers whase land is bein fluidit.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=103–104}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland played the dauchter o a fermer, Serena Ferris, wha faws in luve wi the minin engineer responsible for the fluidin.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=104}} The film wis released in Februar 1938,<ref name="tcm-gold-opi" /> an wis her first appearance in three-strip [[Three-strip Technicolor|Technicolor]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=103}} ===Movie starndom, 1938–40=== In September 1937 de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis selectit bi Warner Bros. studio heid Jack L. Warner tae play [[Maid Marian]] opposite Errol Flynn in ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood]]'' (1938).{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=56}} The Technicolor production wis filmed on location atween September{{nbsp}}26, 1937, an Januar{{nbsp}}14, 1938, at Bidwell Park, Busch Gardens, an Lake Sherwood in Californie.<ref name="tcm-robinhood-opi"/> Directit bi William Keighley an Michael Curtiz, the film is aboot the legendary [[Robin Hood]], a Saxon knicht wha oppones the corrupt an brutal Prince John an his Norman lords while guid [[Richard I o Ingland|Keeng Richard]] is awa fechtin in the [[Third Crusade]].{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=110}} The Keeng's waird, Maid Marian, initially oppones Robin but later supports him efter learnin his true intentions o helpin his doun-hauden fowk.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=110, 112}} {{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1p=32|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=114|3a1=Matzen|3y=2010|3p=65}} Nae barelins staunin bi the events, Marian risks her life tae save Robin bi providin his men a plan for him tae win frae.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=109, 114}} As defined bi de{{nbsp}}Havilland, Marian is baith a beautifu fairy-tale heroine an a speerity, gleg woman "whase actions are govrened bi her mynd as well as her hert", accordin tae author Judith Kass.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=34}} ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'' wis released on Mey{{nbsp}}14, 1938,<ref name="tcm-robinhood-opi"/> an wis an immediate creetical an commercial success, earnin an Academy Awaird nomination for Best Pictur.<ref name="tcm-robinhood-nixon"/> It went on tae become ane o the maist popular adventur films o the Clessical Hollywood era.<ref name="tcm-robinhood-nixon"/>{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=109}} The popularity o ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'' brocht de{{nbsp}}Havilland a new level o fame as a film starn, but this new status wisnae reflectit in her subsequent film assignments at Warner Bros.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=30}} Her neist several roles war mair routine an less challengin.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=30}} In the romantic comedy ''Four's a Crowd'' (1938), de{{nbsp}}Havilland played Lorri Dillingwell, a [[wikt:dizzy|dizzy]] rich lass bein romanced bi a conneevin [[Public relations|PR]] man leukin tae land an accoont wi her eccentric grandfaither.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=117–118}} In Ray Enright's romantic comedy ''Hard to Get'' (1938), she played anither dizzy rich girl, Margaret Richards, whase desire tae exact revenge on a gas station attendant leads tae her ain comeuppance.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=121–122}} While de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis certainly capable o playin thir kinds o chairacters, her personality wis better suitit tae stranger an mair dramatic roles, accordin tae Judith Kass.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=56}} Bi this time, de{{nbsp}}Havilland haed serious doubts aboot her career at Warner Bros.<ref name="tcm-wn-landazuri" />{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=128}} Some film scholars conseider 1939 tae be the heich pynt o the gowden age o Clessical Hollywood,<ref name="latimes-mathews" /> producin classics in mony genres, includin the Western.<ref name="tcm-dc-steinberg"/>{{#tag:ref|Follaein the success o [[Cecil B. DeMille|Cecil B. DeMille's]] epic adventur ''[[The Plainsman]]'' (1937), studios began investin thair tap talent an budgets tae produce films lik ''[[Stagecoach (1939 film)|Stagecoach]]'', ''[[Union Pacific (film)|Union Pacific]]'', an ''[[Destry Rides Again]]''{{nsmdns}}aw released in 1939.<ref name="tcm-dc-steinberg"/>|group=Note}} Warner Bros. produced Michael Curtiz's sprawlin Technicolor adventur ''[[Dodge City (film)|Dodge City]]'', Flynn an de{{nbsp}}Havilland's first Western film.<ref name="tcm-dc-steinberg"/> Set in the [[American Ceevil War]], the film is aboot a Texas trailblazer wha witnesses the brutal lawlessness o Dodge City, Kansas, an becomes sheriff tae clean up the toun. De{{nbsp}}Havilland played Abbie Irving, whase ineetial hostility taewart Flynn's chairacter Wade Hatton is transformed bi events, an the twa faw in luve{{nsmdns}}bi nou a proven formula for thair on-screen relationships.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=36}} Curtiz's action sequences, Sol Polito's cinematografie, Max Steiner's expansive film score, an mibbes the "definitive saloon brawl in movie history"<ref name="tcm-dc-steinberg"/> aw contreibutit tae the film's sonse.{{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1p=34|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=132}} ''Variety'' describit the film as "a lusty western, packed wi action".<ref name="variety-dc"/> For de{{nbsp}}Havilland, playin yet ane mair supportin luve interest in a leemitit role, ''Dodge City'' representit the emotional law pynt o her career tae that pynt.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=131}} She later said, "I wis in such a depressed state that I could haurdly remember ma lines."{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=36}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland Publicity Photo for Gone with the Wind 1939.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Wearin a flowin dress an bonnet|Studio publicity portrait for ''Gone with the Wind'', 1939]] In a letter tae a colleague datit November 18, 1938, film producer [[David O. Selznick]] wrote, "I would gie onything if we haed Olivia de{{nbsp}}Havilland unner contract tae us sae that we could cast her as Melanie."{{sfn|Selznick|1972|pp=171–172}} The film he wis preparin tae shuit wis ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'', an Jack L. Warner wis unwillin tae lend her oot for the project.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=138}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland haed read the novelle, an unlik maist ither actresses, wha wantit the Scarlett O'Hara role, she wantit tae play Melanie Hamilton{{nsmdns}}a chairacter whase quiet dignity an inner strenth she unnerstuid an felt she coud bring tae life on the screen.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=137}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland turned tae Warner's wife Anne for help.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=138}} Warner later myndit, "Olivia, wha haed a harn lik a computer concealed ahint thae fawn-lik ees, simply went tae the wife an thay jyned forces tae chynge ma mynd."{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=49}} Warner relentit, an de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis signed tae the project a few week afore the stairt o principal photografie on Januar{{nbsp}}26, 1939.<ref name="tcm-gwtw-notes"/> Set in the American Sooth in the nineteent century, the film is aboot the strang-willed dauchter o a Georgie plantation ainer in luve wi the guidman o her sister-in-law, Melanie, whase kyndness staunds in shairp contrast tae thaim that's aroond her. Accordin tae film historian Tony Thomas, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's skeelie an suttle performance feckfu presents this chairacter o selless luve an quiet strenth in a wey that keeps her vital an interestin ootthrou the film.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=144}} ''Gone with the Wind'' haed its warld premiere in Atlanta, Georgie, on December{{nbsp}}15, 1939, an wis weel received.<ref name="tcm-gwtw-notes"/> Frank S. Nugent o ''The Times'' wrote that de{{nbsp}}Havilland's Melanie "is a gracious, dignified, tender gem o chairacterisation",<ref name="nytimes-gwtw-nugent" /> an John C. Flinn, Sr., in ''Variety'' cried her "a staundoot".<ref name="variety-gwtw-flinn" /> The film wan ten Academy Awairds, includin Best Picture, an de{{nbsp}}Havilland received her first nomination for Best Supportin Actress.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=54}}<ref name="oscars-1940" /> {{Quote|quote=Melanie wis someone different. She haed very, deeply feminine qualities ... that I felt war very endangered at that time, an thay are frae generation tae generation, an that somehou thay should be kept alive, an ... that's why I wantit tae interpret her role. ... The main thing is that she wis always thinkin o the ither person, an the interestin thing tae me is that she wus a happy person ... luvin, compassionate.<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/>|source=Olivia de Havilland}} [[File:Santa Fe Trail 3.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt=Wearin a siller dress an broach|Studio publicity portrait for ''Santa Fe Trail'', 1940]] Within days o completin her wirk in ''Gone with the Wind'' in Juin 1939, de{{nbsp}}Havilland returned tae Warner Bros. an began filmin Michael Curtiz's historical drama ''The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex'' wi [[Bette Davis]] an Errol Flynn.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=147}} She haed howpit her wirk on Selznick's prestige pictur wad lead tae first-rate roles at Warner Bros., but insteid she received third billin ablo the teetle as the Queen's lady-in-waitin.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=147, 149}} In early September, she wis lent oot tae Samuel Goldwyn Productions for Sam Wood's romantic caper film ''[[Raffles (1939 film)|Raffles]]'' wi [[David Niven]],<ref name="tcm-raf-miller"/> aboot a heich society [[cricket]]er an jewel thief.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=154–155}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland wad later complain, "I haed nothin tae dae wi that style o film."{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=63}} In early 1940 de{{nbsp}}Havilland refused tae appear in several films assigned tae her, initiatin the first o her suspensions at the studio.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=63}} She greed tae play in [[Curtis Bernhardt|Curtis Bernhardt's]] muisical comedy drama ''My Love Came Back'' wi Jeffrey Lynn an Eddie Albert, wha played a clessical muisic student turned swing jazz bandleader.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=63}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland played violinist Amelia Cornell, whase life becomes complicate bi the support o a wealthy sponsor.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=63}}{{#tag:ref|The performance sequences in ''[[My Love Came Back]]'' war accomplished bi placin a professional female violinist ahint de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae perform the complicatit left haund fingerin while the actress played the bow wi her richt haund.<ref name="tcm-mylove-notes"/>|group=Note}} In his review in ''The New York Times'', Bosley Crowther describit the film as "a featherlicht frolic, a rollickin roondelay o deliciously pyntit nonsense", notin that de{{nbsp}}Havilland "plays the pairt wi pace an wit".<ref name="nytimes-mylove-crowther"/> That same year, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis reunitit wi Flynn in thair seivent film thegither, Michael Curtiz's Western adventur ''Santa Fe Trail'', set again the backdrop o aboleetionist John Brown's fanatical anti-slavery attacks in the days leadin up tae the American Ceevil War.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=161}} The maistly feectional story follaes West Pynt cadets J. E. B. Stuart, played bi Flynn, an George Armstrong Custer, played bi [[Ronald Reagan]], as thay mak thair wey wast{{nsmdns}}baith vyin for the affection o de{{nbsp}}Havilland's Kit Carson Hawiday.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=161}} Unalik some o her umwhile adventur film roles, Kit is a vital, interestin, an confident chairacter wha kens her mynd an plays a pivotal role in the story.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=163, 165}} Playin Kit in a provocative, tongue-in-cheek manner, de{{nbsp}}Havilland creates a chairacter o real substance an dimension, accordin tae Tony Thomas.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=165}} Follaein a warld premiere on December{{nbsp}}13, 1940, at the Lensic Theatre in Santa Fe, New Mexico{{nsmdns}}attendit bi cast members, reporters, the govrenor, an ower 60,000 fans{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=147–149}}{{nsmdns}}''Santa Fe Trail'' gaed on tae become ane o the tap grossin films o 1940.<ref name="bigbend-sft-taylor" /> De{{nbsp}}Havilland, wha accompanied Flynn on the weel-publicized train ride tae Santa Fe, didnae attend the premiere, haein been diagnosed wi [[appendicitis]] that mornin an rushed intae surgery.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=147–149}} === War years, 1941–44 === Follaein her emergency surgery, de{{nbsp}}Havilland began a lang period o convalescence in a Los Angeles hospital in whilk time she rejectit several scripts offered tae her bi Warner Bros., leadin tae anither suspension.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=154}} In 1941 she appeared in three commercially sonsie films, beginnin wi Raoul Walsh's romantic comedy ''The Strawberry Blonde'' wi James Cagney.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=167}} Set in the Gay Nineties, the story involves a man wha mairries an ootspoken forspeaker for weemen's richts efter a rival steals his glamorous "straeberry blonde" lass, an later discovers he endit up wi a luvin an unnerstaundin wife.{{sfn|Kass|1976|pp=64–65}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance revealed a growin confidence playin comedic roles, an a real talent for combinin the qualities o kyndness an luve wi a refined sense o coorseness, accordin tae film historian Tony Thomas.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=171}} The film wis a creetical an commercial success.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=171}} In Mitchell Leisen's romantic drama ''Hold Back the Dawn'' wi [[Charles Boyer]] for Paramount Pictures, de{{nbsp}}Havilland transitioned tae a different teep o role for her{{nsmdns}}an ordinary, decent smaw-toun teacher whase life an sexuality is awakened bi a sophisticatit European gigolo, whase ain life is positively affectit bi her luve.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=173}} Leisen's carefu direction an guidance appealed tae de{{nbsp}}Havilland{{nsmdns}} a fair feck mair nor the wirkmanlik approach o her Warner Bros. directors.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=175, 179}} Bosley Crowther o ''The New York Times'' writ, "Olivia de{{nbsp}}Havilland plays the schuil teacher as a woman wi romantic fancies whase honesty an pride are her ain{{nsmdns}}an the film's{{nsmdns}}chief support. Incidentally, she is excellent."<ref name="nytimes-hbtd-crowther" /> Her performance earned de{{nbsp}}Havilland her seicont Academy Awaird nomination{{nsmdns}}this time for Best Actress.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=67}} In Julie 1941 de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis reunitit wi Errol Flynn for thair aicht an final film thegither, Raoul Walsh's Western adventur epic ''They Died with Their Boots On''. The film is loosely based on the courtship an mairriage o George Armstrong Custer an Elizabeth "Libbie" Bacon.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=181}} Flynn an de{{nbsp}}Havilland haed a fawin oot the previous year{{nsmdns}}mainly ower the roles she wis bein gien{{nsmdns}}and she didnae intend tae wirk wi him again.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=143}} Even Flynn acknawledged, "She wis sick tae daith o playin 'the lass' an badly wantit a few guid roles tae shaw hersel an the warld that she wis a fine actress."{{sfn|Flynn|2002|p=211}} Efter she learned frae Warner that Flynn haed come tae his office sayin he needit her in the film, de{{nbsp}}Havilland acceptit.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=154}} Screenwriter Lenore Coffee wis brocht in fur tae add several romantic scenes, an impruive the oweraw dialogue.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=154}} The result is a film that includes some o thair finest wirk thegither.{{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1p=40|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=185}} Thair last appearance on screen is Custer's farewell tae his wife.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=185}} "Errol was quite sensitive," de{{nbsp}}Havilland wad later mind, "I think he knew it would be the last time we worked together."{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=185}} Flynn's final line in that scene wad hauld special meanin for her: "Walkin throu life wi you, ma'am, haes been a very gracious thing."{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=186}} ''They Died with Their Boots On'' wis released on November{{nbsp}}21, 1941, an while some reviewers creeticised the film's historical inaccuracies, maist applaudit the action sequences, cinematografie, an actin.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=184–185}} Thomas M. Pryor o ''The New York Times'' foond de{{nbsp}}Havilland "altogether captivating".<ref name="nytimes-tdwtbo-pryor" /> The film wad earn $2,550,000 ({{Inflation|US|2550000|1941|fmt=eq|r=-5}}), Warner Bros.'s seicont biggest money-makker o that year.<ref name="variety-tdwtbo-101"/> In 1942 de{{nbsp}}Havilland appeared in Elliott Nugent's romantic comedy ''The Male Animal'' wi [[Henry Fonda]], aboot an idealistic professor fechtin for academic freedom while tryin tae hauld ontae his job an his wife Ellen. While her role wisnae parteecularly challengin, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's delineation o an gleg, guid-naiturt woman tryin tae redd up the mismakfu circumstances o her life played a major pairt in the film's success, accordin tae Tony Thomas.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=189, 191}} The film wis a creetical an commercial success, wi Bosley Crowther o ''The Times'' notin that de{{nbsp}}Havilland "concocts a delichtfully pliant an saucy character as the wife".<ref name="nytimes-tma-crowther"/> That year, she appeared in [[John Huston]]'s drama ''In This Our Life'' wi Bette Davis an aa.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=193}} Based on the [[Pulitzer Prize for the Novelle|Pulitzer Prize]]-winnin novelle o the same name bi Ellen Glasgow, the story is aboot twa sisters whase lifes is connacht bi the anger an jealousy o ane o the sisters.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=193}} Crowther gae the film a negative review, but notit de{{nbsp}}Havilland's "wairm an easy performance".<ref name="nytimes-itol-crowther"/> Whan production wis on, de{{nbsp}}Havilland an Huston began a romantic relationship that wad last three years.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=195}} Accordin tae de{{nbsp}}Havilland, ane o the few truly satisfeein roles she played for Warner Bros. wis the teetle chairacter in Norman Krasna's romantic comedy ''Princess O'Rourke'' (1943) wi Robert Cummings.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=34}} Filmed in Julie an August 1942,<ref name="tcm-po-opi"/> the story is aboot a European princess in Washington, D.C., veesitin her diplomat uncle, wha is tryin tae find her an American husband. Intent on mairyin a man o her ain chuisin, she boards a plane heidin wast an ends up fawin in luve wi an American pilot wha is wanawaur o her true identity.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=199–200}}{{#tag:ref|The plot an several story devices{{nsmdns}}includin the princess wakin up in the bed o an honourable bachelor{{nsmdns}}would be resurrectit a decade later in ''[[Roman Holiday]]'' wi [[Audrey Hepburn]].{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=74}}|group=Note}}{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=199–200}} The film wis released on October{{nbsp}}23, 1943,<ref name="tcm-po-opi" /> an did weel at the box office.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=200}} Bosley Crowther cried it "a film which is in the best tradeetion o American screen comedy", an foond de{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance "charming".<ref name="nytimes-po-crowther"/> {{Quote|quote=I wantit tae dae complex roles, lik Melanie for example, an Jack Warner saw me as an ingénue. I wis really restless tae portray mair developed human beins. Jack niver unnerstuid this, an ... he would gie me roles that really haed no chairacter or quality in them. I knew I wouldna even be effective.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=77}} |source=Olivia de{{nbsp}}Havilland}} Efter fulfillin her seiven-year Warner Bros. contract in 1943, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis informed that sax month haed been addit tae her contract for times she haed been on suspension.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=35}} The law then allaed studios tae suspend contract players for rejectin a role, an the period o suspension coud be addit tae the contract period.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=78}} Maist contract players acceptit this, but a few tried tae chynge the seestem, includin Bette Davis, wha muntit a wansonsie law-plea again Warner Bros. in the 1930s.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=37}} On August{{nbsp}}23, 1943, on the advice o her lawyer, Martin Gang, de{{nbsp}}Havilland teuk Warner Bros. tae court,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=36}}<ref name="scholar-dehavilland-warner" /> citin an existin California labor law that forbade an employer frae enforcin a contract against an employee for langer than seiven year.{{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1p=78|2a1=Thomas|2y=1983|2p=36}} In November 1943 the Californie Superior Coort foond in de{{nbsp}}Havilland's favor, an Warner Bros. immediately appealed.{{sfn|McDonald|Carman|Hoyt|Drake|2015|p=215}} On December{{nbsp}}8, 1944, the Californie Coort o Appeals for the Seicont Destrict ruled in her favor.<ref name="scholar-dehavilland-warner" />{{#tag:ref|Twa months later, the [[Supreme Coort o Californie]] refused tae review the case.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=80}}|group=Note}} The deceesion wis ane o the maist significant an far-reakin legal rulins in Hollywood, reducin the pouer o the studios an stendin greater creative freedom tae performers.<ref name="reuters-belloni"/> Californie's resultin "seiven-year rule", forby kent as Labor Code Section 2855, is still kent the day as the ''De Havilland Law''.<ref name="reuters-belloni"/> Her legal victory, whilk cost her $13,000 ({{Inflation|US|13000|1944|fmt=eq|r=-4}}) in legal fees, wan de{{nbsp}}Havilland the respect an admiration o her peers, amang them her ain sister Joan Fontaine, wha later commentit, "Hollywood awes Olivia a great deal."{{sfn|Shipman|1970|p=153}} Warner Bros. reactit tae de{{nbsp}}Havilland's lawsuit bi circulatin a letter tae ither studios that haed the effect o a "virtual blacklistin".{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=36}} As a consequence, de{{nbsp}}Havilland didnae wirk at a film studio for naur twa year.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=36}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland at Naval Air Station Kodiak Alaska 20 March 1944.jpg|thumb|right|alt=Veesitin a woondit soldier in a hospital|At the Naval Air Station in [[Kodiak, Alaska]], Mairch{{nbsp}}20, 1944]] De Havilland became a naituralised ceetizen o the Unitit States on November{{nbsp}}28, 1941.<ref name="nytimes-citizen"/><ref name="cnn-facts"/> Throu the war years, she actively socht oot weys tae express her patriotism an contreibute tae the war effort. In Mey 1942 she jyned the Hollywood Victory Caravan, a three-week train tour o the kintra that raised money throu the sale o [[war bond]]s.<ref name="startrib-welter"/> Later that year, she began attendin events at the Hollywood Canteen, meetin an dancin wi the troops.{{sfn|Wallace|2002|p=179}} In December 1943 de{{nbsp}}Havilland jyned a Unitit Service Organisations tour that traivelt atouer the Unitit States, [[Alaska]], an the [[Oceania|Sooth Paceefic]], veesitin woondit soldiers in militar hospitals.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=78}}<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/> She earned the respect an admiration o the troops for veesitin the isolatit islands an battlefronts in the Pacific.<ref name="sas-walter"/> She survived flichts in damaged aircraft an a bout wi [[viral pneumonia]] requirin several days' stay in ane o the island barrack hospitals.<ref name="academy-of-achievement" /><ref name="sas-walter"/>{{#tag:ref|In 1957, in appreciation o her support o the truips in Warld War II an the Korean War, de Havilland wis made an honorar member o the 11t Airborne Diveesion an wis presentit wi a Unitit States Airmy jaiket bearin the 11t's patch on ane sleeve an the name patch "de Havilland" athort the kist.<ref name="sas-walter"/>|group=Note}} She wad later mind, "I loved daein the tours acause it wis a way I could serve ma kintra an contreibute tae the war effort."{{sfn|Bubbio|2001|p=63}} ===Vindication an recogneetion, 1945–52=== Efter the California Coort o Appeals rulin freed her frae her Warner Bros. contract, de{{nbsp}}Havilland signed a twa-pictur deal wi Paramount Pictures.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=204}} In Juin 1945 she began filmin Mitchell Leisen's drama ''To Each His Own'',{{sfn|Kass|1976|pp=80, 86}} aboot an unwed mither wha gies up her bairn for adoption an then spends the rest o her life tryin tae undae that deceesion.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=209}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland insistit on bringin in Leisen as director, trustin his ee for detail, his empathy for actors, an the wey he controlled sentiment in thair umwhile collaboration, ''Hold Back the Dawn''.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=209}} The role required de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae age near thirty year ower the course o the film{{nsmdns}}frae an innocent smaw toun lass tae a shrewd, ruthless businesswoman devotit tae her cosmetics company. While de{{nbsp}}Havilland never formally studied acting, she did read [[Konstantin Stanislavsky|Stanislavsky's]] autobiography ''[[My Life in Art]]'' an applee'd ane o his "methods" for this role.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=86}} Tae help her define her chairacter throuch the fower periods o the story, she uised a different perfume for ilka period.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=211}} She lawered the pitch o her vyce incrementally in ilka period till it became a matur wumman's vyce.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=211}} Her performance earned her the Academy Awaird for Best Actress in 1946{{nsmdns}}her first Oscar.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=89}} Accordin tae film historian Tony Thomas, the awaird representit a vindication o her lang taw wi Warner Bros. an confirmation o her abeelities as an actress.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=211}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland at the Academy Awards 1946.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Smilin saftly|Acceptin her first Academy Awaird for ''To Each His Own'', Mairch 13, 1947]] De Havilland's neist twa roles war challengin an aa. In Robert Siodmak's psychological thriller ''The Dark Mirror'' (1946), de{{nbsp}}Havilland played twin sisters Ruth an Terry Collins{{nsmdns}}ane luvin an normal, the ither psychotic.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=212}} In addeetion tae the technical problems o shawin her as twa chairacters interactin wi ilk anither on screen at the same time, de{{nbsp}}Havilland needit tae portray twa separate an psychologically conter fowk.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=90}} While the film wisna weel received bi creetics{{nsmdns}}''Variety'' said the film "gets lost in a maze o psychological gadgets an speculation"<ref name="variety-dm" />{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance wis praised bi Tony Thomas, wha cried her final scene in the film "an awmaist frichteningly convincin piece o actin".{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=213}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland wad later state that playin the evil sister hauntit her for years.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=213}} In his review in ''[[The Nation]]'', James Agee wrote that "her playin is thochtfu, quiet, detailed, an well sustained, an syne it is foondit, as some mair talentit playin is nae, in an unuisually healfu-seemin an likable temperament, it is an undividit pleisur tae see."<ref name="nation-agee" />{{sfn|Shipman|1970|p=151}} While appearin in a summer stock production o ''What Every Woman Knows'' in Westport, Connecticut{{nsmdns}}her seicont professional stage appearance{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland began datin Marcus Goodrich, a Navy veteran, jurnalist, an author o the 1941 novelle ''Delilah''.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=38}} Thay war mairit on August{{nbsp}}26, 1946.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=38}} {{Quote|quote=I met a young woman wha wis very much lik Virginia, aboot the same age an pheesical description, as well as bein a schizophrenic wi guilt problems. ... Whit struck me maist o aw wis the fact that she wis rather likable an appealin. It hadna occurred tae me afore that a mental patient could be appealin, an it wis that that gae me the key tae the performance.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=218}}|source=Olivia de Havilland}} De Havilland wis widely praised for her performance as Virginia Cunningham in Anatole Litvak's drama ''The Snake Pit'' (1948), ane o the first films tae attemp a realistic portrayal o mental illness an an important exposé o the harsh conditions in state mental hospitals, accordin tae film creetic Philip French.<ref name="guardian-french" /> Based on a novelle bi Mary Jane Ward an produced bi Darryl F. Zanuck, the film is aboot a woman placed in a mental institution bi her guidman tae help her recover frae a nervous breakdown.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=214–215}} Virginia Cunningham wis ane o the maist difficult o aw her film roles, requirin significant preparation baith mentally an physically{{nsmdns}} she deliberately lost wecht tae help creaut her gaunt appearance on screen.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=214}} She consultit regular wi psychiatrists hired as consultants for the film, an veesitit Camarillo State Mental Hospital tae research her role an observe the patients.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=218}} The extreme physical discomfort o the hydrotherapy an simulatit electric shock therapy scenes war inspecially challengin for the slicht {{convert|5|ft|3|in|cm|adj=on}} actress.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=218}} In her performance, she conveyed her mental anguish bi pheesically transformin her face wi furrt brou, wild starnin een, an grimacin mooth.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=97}} Accordin tae author Judith Kass, de{{nbsp}}Havilland delivered a performance baith "restrained an electric", portrayin varied an extreme aspects o her chairacter{{nsmdns}}frae a blate young woman tae a tormentit an disorientit woman.{{sfn|Kass|1976|pp=96–97}} For her performance in ''The Snake Pit'', de{{nbsp}}Havilland received an Academy Awaird nomination for Best Actress, the New York Film Creetics Circle Awaird for Best Actress, an the [[Venice Film Festival]] Volpi Cup.<ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards" /> In 1949 de{{nbsp}}Havilland appeared in William Wyler's period drama ''The Heiress'' (1949) wi [[Montgomery Clift]]{{nsmdns}}the fowert in a string o creetically acclaimed performances.{{sfnm|1a1=Kass|1y=1976|1p=219|2a1=Matzen|2y=2010|2p=186}} Efter seein the play on Broadway, de{{nbsp}}Havilland cried Wyler an urged him tae flee tae New York tae see whit she felt wad be a perfect role for her. Wyler obleeged, luved the play, an wi de{{nbsp}}Havilland's help arranged for Paramount tae secur the film richts.{{sfn|Herman|1995|pp=306–307}} Adaptit for the screen bi Ruth an Augustus Goetz an based on the 1880 novelle ''[[Washington Square (novelle)|Washington Square]]'' bi [[Henry James]], the film is aboot a young naïve woman wha faws in luve wi a young man, ower the objections o her emotionally abusive faither wha suspecks the man o bein a gowd digger.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=97}} As she haed duin in ''Hold Back the Dawn'', de{{nbsp}}Havilland portrays a chairacter's transformation frae a blate trustin innocent tae a guardit matur woman ower a period o years.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=219}} Her delineation o Catherine Sloper is developed throu carefully craftit muivements, gesturs, an facial expressions that convey a patientfu an inhibitit young woman.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=97}} Her timid vyce, nervous haunds, douncast een, an carefu muivements aw communicate whit the chairacter is too shy tae verbalize.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=97}} Throughout the production, Wyler pressed de{{nbsp}}Havilland hard tae elicit the requisite visual pynts o the chairacter.{{sfn|Herman|1995|pp=310–311}} In the scene whaur Catherine returns hame efter bein jiltit, the director haed the actress cairy a suitcase filled wi hivy beuks up the stair tae convey the wecht o Catherine's trauma pheesically insteid o uisin a planned speech in the oreeginal script.{{sfn|Herman|1995|pp=310–311}} ''The Heiress'' wis released in October 1949 an wis well received bi creetics.<ref name="tcm-h-miller" /> For her performance, de{{nbsp}}Havilland received the New York Film Creetics Awaird, the Gowden Globe Awaird, an the Academy Awaird for Best Actress{{nsmdns}}her seicont Oscar.<ref name="tcm-h-miller" /> Efter giein birth tae her first bairn, Benjamin, on September{{nbsp}}27, 1949, de{{nbsp}}Havilland teuk time aff frae makin films tae be wi her infant.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} She turned doun the role o [[Blanche DuBois]] in ''[[A Streetcar Named Desire (1951 film)|A Streetcar Named Desire]]'', later expleenin that becomin a mither wis a "transformin experience" an that she couldna relate tae the chairacter.<ref name="wsj-meroney" /> In 1950 her faimily flittit tae New York City, whaur she began rehearsals for a major new stage production o Shakespeare's ''[[Romeo an Juliet]]''; it wis her lifelang ambition tae play Juliet on the stage.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} The play opened at the Broadhurst Theatre on March{{nbsp}}11, 1951, tae mixed reviews, wi some creetics believin the thirty-five year auld actress wis ower auld for the role.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} The play closed efter forty-five performances.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} Undaunted, de{{nbsp}}Havilland acceptit the teetle role in the stage production o [[George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw's]] comedy ''Candida'', whilk opened at the National Theatre on [[Broadway (Manhattan)|Broadway]] in Aprile 1952.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} While reviews o the play war mixed, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's performance wis weel received, an follaein the scheduled thirty-twa performances, she gaed on tour wi the company an delivered 323 additional performances, mony tae selt-oot audiences.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} While de{{nbsp}}Havilland achieved major accomplishments during this period o her career, her mairriage tae Goodrich{{nsmdns}}aichteen years her senior{{nsmdns}}haed grown strained due tae his crankie temperament.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=83}} In August 1952 de{{nbsp}}Havilland filed for divorce, that became final the follaein year.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=41}} ===New life in Paris, 1953–62=== {{Quote|quote=O coorse the thing that staggers ye when ye first come tae Fraunce is the fact that aw the French speak French{{nsmdns}}even the bairns. Mony Americans an Bretishers wha veesit the kintra niver quite adjust tae this, an the idea perseests that the natives speak the leid juist tae shaw off or be difficult.{{sfn|De Havilland|1962|p=31}}|source=Olivia de Havilland in ''Every Frenchman Has One''}} [[File:Olivia de Havilland and Pierre Galante with Child 1956.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Smilin while hauldin her newborn bairn wi her husband|Wi Pierre Galante an dauvhter Gisèle, 1956]] In Aprile 1953, at the invitation o the French govrenment, de{{nbsp}}Havilland traivelt tae the [[Cannes Film Festival]], whaur she met Pierre Galante, an executive eeditor for the French jurnal ''Paris Match''.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=41–42}} Follaein a lang-distance courtship an the requisite nine-month residency requirement, de{{nbsp}}Havilland an Galante mairit on Aprile{{nbsp}}2, 1955, in the veelage o Yvoy-le-Marron, an settled thegither in a three-story hoose near [[Bois de Boulogne]] park in the ''Rive Droite'' section o Paris.<ref name="latimes-tartaglione"/>{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} That same year, de{{nbsp}}Havilland returned tae the screen in Terence Young's period drama ''That Lady'' (1955), aboot a Spainyie princess an her unrequitit luve for [[Philip II o Spain|Keeng Philip II o Spain]], whase respect she earned in her youth efter losin an ee in a swuird fecht defendin his honour.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=225–226}} Accordin tae Tony Thomas, the film uises authentic Spainyie locations feckfu, but suffers frae a convolutit plot an excessive dialogue,{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=225–226}} an while de{{nbsp}}Havilland delivered a wairm an elegant performance as Ana de Mendoza, the film wis disappyntin.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=225–226}} Follaein her appearances in the romantic melodrama ''Not as a Stranger'' (1955){{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=227}} an ''The Ambassador's Daughter'' (1956){{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=229}}{{nsmdns}}neither o which war successfu at the box office{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland gae birth tae her seicont bairn, Gisèle Galante, on Julie{{nbsp}}18, 1956.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} De Havilland returned tae the screen in 1958 in Michael Curtiz's Western drama ''The Proud Rebel'',{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=231}} a film aboot a umwhile Confederate sodger whase wife wis killt in the war an whase son lost the ability tae speak efter witnessin the tragedy. De{{nbsp}}Havilland played Linnett Moore, a rochle yet feminine frontier woman wha cares for the boy an comes tae luve his faither.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=117}} The film wis filmed on location in Utah, whaur de{{nbsp}}Havilland learned tae hitch an drive a team o horse an haundle a gun for her role.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=232}} ''The Proud Rebel'' wis released Mey{{nbsp}}28, 1958, an wis well received bi audiences an creetics. In his review for ''The New York Times'', A.{{nbsp}}H. Weiler cried the film a "truly sensitive effort" an "hertwairmin drama", an praised de{{nbsp}}Havilland's ability tae convey the "wairmth, affection an sturdiness needit in the role".<ref name="nytimes-pr-weiler"/> Ane o de Havilland's best performances in this period wis in [[Guy Green (filmmakker)|Guy Green's]] romantic drama ''Light in the Piazza'' (1962) wi Rossano Brazzi.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=235}} Filmed in [[Florence]] an [[Roum]],{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=235}} an based on Elizabeth Spencer's novelle o the same name, the film is aboot a middle-cless American tourist on stendit vacation in Italy wi her beautifu twanty-sax-year-auld dauchter, wha is mentally disabled as a result o a bairnheid accident.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=235}} Faced wi the prospect o her dauchter fawin in luve wi a young Italian, the mither strauchles wi conflictin emotions aboot her dauchter's futur.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=235–236}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland projects a calm maternal lown outthrouch maist o the film, anly shawin glims o the fashin mither anxious for her bairn's happiness.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=124}} The film wis released on Februar{{nbsp}}9, 1961, an wis weel received, wi a ''Hollywood Reporter'' reviewer cawin it "an uncommon luve story ... tauld wi rare delicacy an force", an ''Variety'' notin that the film "achieves the rare an delicate balance o airteestic beauty, romantic substance, dramatic novelty an commercial appeal". ''Variety'' singled oot de{{nbsp}}Havilland’s performance as "ane o great consistency an subtle projection".<ref name="variety-piazza" /> In early 1962 de{{nbsp}}Havilland traivelt tae New York an began rehearsals for Garson Kanin's stage play ''A Gift of Time''. Adaptit frae the autobiographical book ''Death of a Man'' bi Lael Tucker Wertenbaker, the play explores the emotionally pynfu strauchle o a hoosewife forced tae deal wi the slaw daith o her guidman, played bi Henry Fonda. The play opened at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on Broadway tae positive notices, wi de{{nbsp}}Havilland receivin her best reviews as a stage actress.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} Theater creetic Walter Kerr praised her final scene, writin, "As darkness gathers, the actress gains in statur, takin on the simple an resolute willinness tae unnerstaund."{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=127}} The ''New York World Telegram and Sun'' reviewer concluded, "It is Miss de{{nbsp}}Havilland who gives the play its unbroken continuity. This distinguished actress reveals Lael as a special an admirable woman."{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=127}} She stayed wi the production for ninety performances.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} The year 1962 saw the publication o de{{nbsp}}Havilland's first book, ''Every Frenchman Has One'', a lichthertit accoont o her aften amusin attempts tae unnerstaund an adapt tae French life, manners, an customs.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} The beuk sauld oot its first prentin prior tae the publication date an wis later tae become a bestseller.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=120}}<ref name="latimes-tartaglione" /> ===Later films an televeesion, 1963–88=== In 1964 de Havilland appeared in her last twa leadin roles in featur films{{nsmdns}}baith psychological thrillers. In Walter Grauman's ''Lady in a Cage'' she played a walthy poet wha gets fankilt in her mansion's lift an faces the threat o three terrorisin hooligans in her ain hame.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=237}} This wis the anly controversial film in her career{{nsmdns}}it wis banned in England{{nsmdns}}an creetics respondit negatively tae the graphic veeolence an cruelty shawn on screen.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=127}} A.{{nbsp}}H. Weiler o ''The New York Times'' cried it a "sordid, if suspensefu, exercise in aimless brutality".<ref name="nytimes-cage-weiler" /> That same year, de{{nbsp}}Havilland appeared in Robert Aldrich's ''Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte'' wi her close friend Bette Davis.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=131}} Efter Joan Crawford left the pictur due tae illness, Davis haed Aldrich flee tae Swisserland tae persuade a reluctant de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae accept the role o Miriam Deering, a cruel, conneevin chairacter hidden ahint the chairmin façade o a polite an cultured lady.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=239–241}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland's quiet, restrained performance providit a counterbalance tae Davis's rantin chairacterization.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=241}} Film historian Tony Thomas descrivit her performance as "a subtle piece o actin" that wis "a vital contreibution tae the effectiveness o the film".{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=241}} The film wis weel received an earned seiven Academy Awaird nominations.<ref name="tcm-hush-lobianco"/> As film roles became mair difficult tae find{{nsmdns}}a common problem skared bi mony Hollywood veterans frae her era{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland began wirkin in telly dramas, in maugre o her dislik o the networks' practice o breakin up story lines wi commercials.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=44}} Her first ventur intae the medium wis a teleplay directit bi [[Sam Peckinpah]] cried ''Noon Wine'' (1966) on ''ABC Stage 67'',{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=44}} a dark tragedy aboot a fermer's act o murther that leads tae his suicide.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=44}} The production an her performance as the fermer's wife Ellie war weel received.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=45}} In 1972 she starned in her first telly featur film, ''The Screaming Woman'', aboot a walthy woman recoverin frae a nervous breakdoun.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=45–46}} In 1979 she appeared in the ABC miniseries ''Roots: The Next Generations'' in the role o Mrs. Warner, the wife o a umwhile Confederate officer played bi Henry Fonda. The miniseries wis seen bi an estimatit 110 million fowk{{nsmdns}} near ane-third o American hames wi telly sets.<ref name="schenectady-gazette-roots" /> Outthrouch the 1970s, de{{nbsp}}Havilland's film wirk wis leemitit tae smawer supportin roles an cameo appearances.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=46–48}} Her last featur film wis ''The Fifth Musketeer'' (1979).{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=46–48}} In this period, de{{nbsp}}Havilland began daein speakin engagements in ceeties athort the Unitit States wi a tauk enteetled "From the City of the Stars to the City of Light", a programme o personal mindins anent her life an career.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=142}} She attendit tributes tae ''Gone with the Wind'' an aa.{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=142}} In the 1980s, her telly wirk includit an [[Agatha Christie]] telly film ''Murder Is Easy'' (1982), the telly drama ''The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana'' (1982) in whilk she played [[Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother|The Queen Mother]], an the 1986 ABC miniseries ''North and South, Book II''.<ref name="tcm-filmography"/> Her maist notable performance o the decade wis in the telly film ''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna'' (1986) as Dowager Empress Maria, whilk earned her a Gowden Globe Awaird for Best Supportin Actress in a Series, Miniseries or Televeesion Film.<ref name="tcm-bio"/> In 1988 de{{nbsp}}Havilland appeared in the HTV romantic telly drama ''The Woman He Loved''{{nsmdns}}it wis her final screen performance.<ref name="tcm-filmography"/> === Retirement an remembrance, 1989– === [[File:Olivia de Havilland National Medal of the Arts 2008.jpg|thumb|alt=Wi a glowin smile leukin up at the preses|Receivin the Naitional Medal o Airts frae Preses George W. Bush, 2008]] In retirement, de{{nbsp}}Havilland remained active in the film community. In 1998 she traivelt tae New York tae help promote a special shawin o ''Gone with the Wind''.<ref name="philly-rickey" /> In 2003 she appeared as a presenter at the 75t Academy Awairds.<ref name="tcm-bio" /> In 2004 Turner Classic Movies produced a retrospective piece cried ''Melanie Remembers'' in whilk she wis interviewed for the saxty-fift anniversary o the oreeginal release o ''Gone with the Wind''.{{sfn|Bartel|2014|p=135}} In Juin 2006, she made appearances at tributes commemoratin her 90t birthday at the Academy o Motion Pictur Airts an Sciences an the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.<ref name="wsj-meroney" /> On November 17, 2008, at the age o 92, de{{nbsp}}Havilland received the [[Naitional Medal o Airts]], the heichest honour conferred tae an individual airtist on behauf o the fowk o the Unitit States. The medal wis presentit tae her bi Preses [[George W. Bush]], wha commendit her "for her persuasive an compellin skeel as an actress in roles frae Shakespeare's Hermia tae Margaret Mitchell's Melanie. Her unthirldom, integrity, an grace wan creative freedom for hersel an her fellae film actors."<ref name="wh-archive"/><ref name="nytimes-itzkoff"/> The follaein year, de{{nbsp}}Havilland narratit the documentary ''I Remember Better When I Paint'' (2009),<ref name="huffpost-gitau"/> a film aboot the importance o airt in the treatment o [[Alzheimer's disease]].<ref name="huffpost-gitau"/> On September 9, 2010, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis appyntit a ''Chevalier'' (knicht) o the [[Legion o Honour|Légion d'honneur]], the heichest decoration in Fraunce, awairdit bi French Preses [[Nicolas Sarkozy]], wha tauld the actress, "Ye honour Fraunce for haein chosen us."<ref name="ap-corbet"/> In Februar the follaein year she appeared at the [[César Awairds]] in Fraunce, whaur she wis hailsed wi a staundin ovation.{{#tag:ref|In Februar 2016 de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis named "Auldie o the Year" bi the satirical magazine ''[[The Oldie]]''. Unable tae traivel tae the ceremony in Lunnon, she recordit a message sayin she wis "utterly delichtit" the judges deemed thare wis "sufficient snap in ma celery" tae win the accolade.<ref name="bbc-oldie"/>|group=Note}} De{{nbsp}}Havilland celebratit her 100t birthday on Julie 1, 2016. ==Personal life== ===Relationships=== Awtho kent as ane o Hollywood's maist excitin on-screen couples,<ref name="tcm-bio"/> de{{nbsp}}Havilland an Errol Flynn war never involved in a romantic relationship.<ref name="telegraph-leach"/><ref name="daily-mail-andrews"/> Upon first meetin her at Warner Bros. in August 1935, Flynn wis drawn tae the nineteen-year-auld actress wi "warm brown eyes" an "extraordinary charm".{{sfn|Flynn|2002|p=208}} In turn, de{{nbsp}}Havilland fell in luve wi him,<ref name="telegraph-leach"/>{{#tag:ref|In a 2009 interview, de{{nbsp}}Havilland acknawledged, "Yes, we did faw in luve an I believe that this is evident in the screen chemistry atween us. But his circumstances at the time preventit the relationship gangin further. I hae nae tauked aboot it a great deal but the relationship wisna consummatit. Chemistry wis thare thou. It wis thare."<ref name="telegraph-leach"/>|group=Note}} but kept her feelins inside, later recawin, "He niver guessed I haed a crush on him ... it never occurred tae me that he wis smitten wi me, too."<ref name="daily-mail-andrews"/> Flynn wad later write, "Bi the time we made ''The Charge of the Light Brigade'', I wis sure that I wis in luve wi her."{{sfn|Flynn|2002|p=208}} Flynn finally professed his luve on Mairch{{nbsp}}12, 1937, at the Coronation Ball for Keeng [[George VI]] at the Ambassador Hotel in Los Angeles, whaur thay slaw danced thegither tae "Sweet Leilani" at the hotel's Cocoanut Grove nightclub.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|pp=52–53}} "I wis deeply affectit bi him," she wad later remember, "It wis impossible for me nae tae be."{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=55}} The evening endit on a soberin note, houiver, wi de{{nbsp}}Havilland inseestin that despite his separation frae his wife Lili Damita, he needit tae divorce her afore thair relationship coud proceed.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=55}} Flynn reunited wi his wife later that year,{{sfn|Matzen|2010|pp=65–66}} an de{{nbsp}}Havilland never acted on her feelins for Flynn.<ref name="telegraph-leach"/>{{#tag:ref|During the makkin o ''Robin Hood'' in November 1937, de Havilland playfully decidit tae tease Flynn wha wis bein watched closely on the set bi his wife. In a 2005 interview, de Havilland said, "An so we haed ane kissin scene, which I leuked forward tae wi great delicht. I remember I blew every take, at least sax in a row, maybe seiven, maybe aicht, an we haed tae kiss aw ower again. An Errol Flynn gat really rather uncomfortable, an he haed, if I mey say sae, a little trooble wi his tichts."{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=72}}|group=Note}} In Julie 1938 de{{nbsp}}Havilland began datin business tycoon, aviator, an filmmakker [[Howard Hughes]],{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=72}} wha haed juist completit his record-settin flicht aroond the warld in 91 oors.<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/> In addition tae escortin her aboot toun, he gae the actress her first fleein lessons.{{sfn|Matzen|2010|p=72}} She wad later remember, "He wis a rather shy man ... an yet, in a whole commonty where the men every day played heroes on the screen an didna dae onything heroic in life, here wis this man wha wis a real hero."<ref name="academy-of-achievement"/> In December 1939 de{{nbsp}}Havilland began a romantic relationship wi actor [[James Stewart]]. At the request o Irene Mayer Selznick, the actor's agent asked Stewart tae escort de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae the New York premiere o ''Gone with the Wind'' at the Astor Theater on December{{nbsp}}19, 1939.{{sfn|Fishgall|1997|p=137}} Ower the next few days, Stewart teuk her tae the theater several times an tae the 21 Club.{{sfn|Fishgall|1997|p=137}} Thay continued tae see ilk ither back in Los Angeles, where Stewart providit occasional fleein lessons an romance.{{sfn|Fishgall|1997|p=138}} Accordin tae de{{nbsp}}Havilland, Stewart proposed marriage tae her in 1940, but she felt that he wis nae ready tae settle doun.{{sfn|Fishgall|1997|p=138}} Thair relationship endit in late 1941 whan de{{nbsp}}Havilland began a romantic relationship wi film director John Huston while makin ''In This Our Life''.{{sfnm|1a1=Fishgall|1y=1997|1p=148|2a1=Meyers|2y=2011|2p=85}} "John wis a very great luve o mine", she wad later admit, "He wis a man I wantit tae mairy."{{sfn|Meyers|2011|p=87}}{{#tag:ref|On Aprile 29, 1945, at the hame o producer David O. Selznick, Huston, wha knew aboot de Havilland's three-year crush on Flynn, confrontit the Australie actor{{nsmdns}}wha suffered frae tuberculosis{{nsmdns}}aboot his nae serving in the militar during the war.{{sfn|Meyers|2011|p=89}} When Flynn respondit bi alludin tae his former "relationship" wi de Havilland, Huston initiatit an extendit fistfecht wi the expert amateur boxer which laundit them baith in the hospital.{{sfn|Meyers|2011|p=89}}|group=Note}} ===Mairiages an bairns=== [[File:Olivia de Havilland with son Benjamin c. 1952.jpg|thumb|right|upright|alt=Smilin while hauldin her son in her arms|Wi her son Benjamin, {{circa|1952}}]] On August{{nbsp}}26, 1946, she mairit Marcus Goodrich, a Navy veteran, jurnalist, an author o the 1941 novelle ''Delilah''.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=38}} The mairriage ended in divorce in 1953.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=41}} They haed ane bairn, Benjamin Goodrich, wha wis born on December{{nbsp}}1, 1949.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=40}} He wis diagnosed wi [[Hodgkin's lymphoma]] at the age o nineteen,<ref name="tcm-bio"/> but wis able tae graduate frae the University o Texas. He workit as a statistical analyst for Lockheed Missiles and Space Company in Sunnyvale, California, an as an internaitional baunkin representative for the Texas Commerce Bank in Houston.<ref name="tcm-bio"/> He died on October{{nbsp}}1, 1991, in Paris at the age o forty-ane o hert disease brocht on bi treatments for Hodgkin's disease, three weeks afore the daith o his faither.<ref name="nytimes-honan" /><ref name="reel-bio" /> On Aprile 2, 1955, de{{nbsp}}Havilland mairit Pierre Galante, an executive editor for the French jurnal ''Paris Match''.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|pp=41–42}} Her marriage tae Galante prompted de{{nbsp}}Havilland tae muive tae Paris.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} The couple separated in 1962 but continued tae stey in the same hoose for anither sax year tae raise thair childer thegither.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}}<ref name="philly-rickey" /><ref name="people-vespa"/> Galante muived athort the street an the twa remained close, even efter the finalisation o the divorce in 1979.<ref name="philly-rickey"/> She takkit tent o him throuch his final bout wi buff cancer afore his daith in 1998. They haed ane bairn, Gisèle Galante, wha wis born on Julie{{nbsp}}18, 1956.{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=42}} After studyin law at the Université de Droit de Nanterre School o Law, she worked as a jurnalist in Fraunce an the United States.<ref name="tcm-bio"/> Syne 1956, de{{nbsp}}Havilland haes steyed in the same three-story hoose near Bois de Boulogne park in the ''Rive Droite'' section o Paris.<ref name="latimes-tartaglione"/> ===Releegion an politics=== De{{nbsp}}Havilland wis raised in the [[Episcopal Kirk (Unitit States)|Episcopal Kirk]] an haes remained an Episcopalian throughout her life.<ref name="anglicans-whalon"/>{{#tag:ref|In a 2015 interview, de Havilland statit that her releegious beliefs haed lapsed in her adult years, but that she regained her faith whan her son turned ill. Her renewed faith inspired her sister tae return tae the Episcopal Kirk.<ref name="variety-stadiem-notorious"/>|group=Note}} Efter flittin tae Fraunce, she became ane o the first weemen lectors at the American Cathedral in Paris, whaur she wis on the regular rota for Scriptur readins. As recently as 2012, she wis still daein readins on major feast days,<ref name="anglicans-whalon"/> includin Christmas an Easter. "It's a task I luve," she ance said.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> In describing her preparation for her readings, de{{nbsp}}Havilland ance observed, "Ye hae tae convey the deep meanin, you see, an it haes tae stairt wi yer ain faith. But first I always pray. I pray afore I stairt tae prepare, as well. In fact, I would always say a prayer afore shuitin a scene, sae this isna sae different, in a way."<ref name="anglicans-whalon" /> De{{nbsp}}Havilland prefers tae uise the Revised Inglis Bible for its poetic style.<ref name="anglicans-whalon"/> She raised her son Benjamin in the Episcopal Kirk an her dauchter Gisèle in the [[Catholic Kirk|Roman Catholic Kirk]], the faith o the bairn's faither.{{sfn|De Havilland|1962|pp=103–104}} As a United States ceetizen,<ref name="cnn-facts"/> de{{nbsp}}Havilland became involved in politics as a wey o exercisin her ceevic responsibilities.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> She campaigned for [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s re-election in 1944.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> Efter the war, she jyned the Independent Citizens' Committee o the Arts, Sciences an Professions, a naitional public policy advocacy group that includit Bette Davis, Gregory Peck, an Humphrey Bogart in its Hollywood chapter.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> In Juin 1946 she wis askit tae deliver speeches for the committee that reflectit the [[Communist Pairty USA|Communist Pairty]] line{{nsmdns}}the group wis later identified as a Communist front organisation.{{sfn|Billingsley|1998|pp=123–24}} Disturbed at seein a smaw group o [[Communism|Communist]] members manipulatin the committee, de{{nbsp}}Havilland remuived the pro-Communist material frae her speeches an rewrit thaim tae reflect [[Harry S. Truman]]'s anti-Communist platform. She later recalled, "I realised a nucleus o fowk wis controllin the organisation wioot a majority o the members o the buird bein aware o it. An I knew thay haed tae be Communists."<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> She organised a fecht tae regain control o the committee frae its pro-Soviet leadership, but her reform efforts failed. Her resignation frae the committee triggered a waw o resignations frae eleiven ither Hollywood figures, includin futur Preses Ronald Reagan.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/>{{#tag:ref|Reagan wis a relatively new buird member whan he wis invited tae jyn ten ither film industry colleagues, includin MGM studio heid [[Dore Schary]], for a meetin at de{{nbsp}}Havilland's hoose whaur he first learned that Communists war tryin to gain control o the committee.{{sfn|Reagan|1990|p=112}} In the meetin, he turned tae de{{nbsp}}Havilland, wha wis on the executive committee, an whispered, "Ye ken, Olivia, Ah always thocht ''ye'' micht be ane o them." Lauchin, she respondit, "That's funny. I thocht ''ye'' war ane o them." Reagan suggestit that thay propone a resolution at the neist meetin that includit leid reaffirmed the committee's "belief in free enterprise an the Democratic seestem" an repudiatit "Communism as desirable for the Unitit States"{{nsmdns}}the executive committee votit it doun the follaein week.{{sfn|Reagan|1990|pp=112–113}} Shortly afterwards, the committee disbaundit, anly tae resurface as a newly-named front organisation.{{sfn|Reagan|1990|p=112}} In maugre o organisin Hollywood reseestance tae Soviet influence, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis denoonced later that year as a "[[Pinko|soummin-puil pink]]" in ''Time'' magazine for her involvement in the committee.{{sfn|Gottfried|2002|p=146}}|group=Note}} In 1958 she wis secretly cried afore the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] an recoontit her experiences wi the Independent Citizens' Committee.<ref name="wsj-meroney"/> ===Sibling rivalry=== [[File:Joan Fontaine and Gary Cooper.jpg|thumb|upright|Joan Fontaine an [[Gary Cooper]] at the Academy Awairds, 1942]] De Havilland an her sister [[Joan Fontaine]] are the anly siblings tae hae wan Academy Awairds in a lead actin category.<ref name="time-berman" /> Accordin tae biografer [[Charles Higham (biographer)|Charles Higham]], the sisters ay haed an uneasy relationship, stairtin in early bairnhuid whan Olivia haed trouble acceptin the idea o haein a younger sister, an Joan resentin her mither's favoritism for her aulder sister.<ref name="independent-cornwell"/> This tension wis made waur bi Fontaine's frequent bairnheid illnesses, whilk led tae her mither's ower pertective expression, "Livvie can, Joan canna."{{sfn|Thomas|1983|p=24}} O the twa sisters, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis the first tae become an actress, an for several years Fontaine wis owershaidaed bi her accomplishments.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=72}} Whan Mervyn LeRoy offered Fontaine a personal contract, her mither tauld her that Warner Bros. wis "Olivia's studio" an that she coud nae uise the name "de{{nbsp}}Havilland".{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=72}} In 1942 de{{nbsp}}Havilland an Fontaine war baith nominatit for an Academy Awaird for Best Actress{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland for ''Hold Back the Dawn'', an Fontaine for ''Suspicion''. Whan Fontaine's name wis annoonced as winner, de{{nbsp}}Havilland reactit graciously sayin, "We'v gat it!"{{sfn|Kass|1976|p=69}} Accordin tae biografer Charles Higham, Fontaine rejectit de{{nbsp}}Havilland's attempts tae congratulate her, an de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis offendit an embarrassed.{{sfn|Higham|1984|p=257}} Thair relationship wis further raxt in 1946 whan Fontaine made negative comments tae an interviewer aboot de{{nbsp}}Havilland's new guidman. Whan she read her sister's remerks, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis deeply hurt an waited for an apology that wis never offered.<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud"/> The follaein year efter acceptin her first Academy Awaird for ''To Each His Own'', de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis approached backstage bi Fontaine wha wantit tae congratulate her, de{{nbsp}}Havilland turned away frae her sister.<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud" /> They didnae speak tae ilk anither for the neist five year,{{#tag:ref|In 1957, in the anly interview till 2016 in whilk she ever commentit on her relationship wi her sister, de{{nbsp}}Havilland tauld the Associated Press, "Joan is very bricht an sharp an haes a wit that can be cuttin. She said some things aboot Marcus that hurt me deeply. She wis aware thare wis an estrangement atween us."<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud"/>|group=Note}} an thair silence mey hae caused the estrangement atween Fontaine an her ain dauchters, wha secretly mainteened a relationship wi de{{nbsp}}Havilland.{{sfn|Higham|1984|p=257}} Follaein her divorce frae Goodrich, de{{nbsp}}Havilland resumed contact wi her sister,<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud"/> comin tae her apairtment in New York an spendin Christmas thegither thare in 1961.<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud"/><ref name="getty-galella"/> The final break atween the sisters occurred in 1975 frae a disagreement ower thair mither's cancer treatment{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland wantit tae consult ither doctors an supportit exploratory surgery; Fontaine disagreed.{{sfn|Fontaine|1978|p=298}} Fontaine claimed that de{{nbsp}}Havilland didnae notify her o thair mither's daith while she wis tourin wi a play{{nsmdns}}de{{nbsp}}Havilland in fact haed sent a telegram, whilk teuk twa week tae reak her sister.<ref name="independent-cornwell"/> The sibling feud endit wi Fontaine's daith on December{{nbsp}}15, 2013.<ref name="hr-feinberg-feud"/>{{#tag:ref|Fontaine ance remerked, "I married first, wan the Oscar afore Olivia did, an if I die first, she'll undoubtedly be livid acause Ah beat her tae it!"<ref name="wp-bernstein"/>|group=Note}} The follaein day, de{{nbsp}}Havilland released a statement sayin she wis "shocked an saddened" bi the news.<ref name="cbsnews-djansezian-shocked"/> ==Career assessment an legacy== [[File:Olivia de Havilland's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame.jpg|thumb|Starn on the Hollywood Walk o Fame, at 6762 Hollywood Blvd.<ref name="hollywood-walk"/>]] De{{nbsp}}Havilland's career spanned fifty-three years, frae 1935 tae 1988.<ref name="tcm-filmography"/> In that time, she appeared in forty-nine featur films, an wis ane o the leadin movie starns in the gowden age o Clessical Hollywood. She began her career playin demure ingénues anent popular male stars, includin Errol Flynn, wi wham she made her breakout film ''Captain Blood'' in 1935.<ref name="tcm-bio"/> Thay wad gang on tae mak seiven mair featur films thegither, an became ane o Hollywood's maist popular romantic on-screen pairings.<ref name="tcm-bio"/> Her range o performances included roles in maist major movie genres. Follaein her film debut in the Shakespeare adaptation ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'', de{{nbsp}}Havilland achieved her initial popularity in romantic comedies, sic as ''The Great Garrick'' an ''Hard to Get'', an Western adventure films, sic as ''Dodge City'' an ''Santa Fe Trail''.<ref name="tcm-filmography"/> Her naitural beauty an primsie actin style made her parteecularly effective in historical period dramas, lik ''Anthony Adverse'', ''The Adventures of Robin Hood'', ''Gone with the Wind'', an ''The Heiress'', an romantic dramas, lik ''Hold Back the Dawn'' an ''To Each His Own''. In her later career, she wis maist sonsie in drama films, lik ''In This Our Life'' an ''Light in the Piazza'', an psychological dramas playin unglamorous chairacters in films lik ''The Dark Mirror'', ''The Snake Pit'', an ''Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte''.<ref name="tcm-bio" /> Outthrou her career, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wan twa Academy Awairds (''To Each His Own'' an ''The Heiress''), twa Gowden Globe Awairds (''The Heiress'' an ''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna''), twa New York Film Creetics Circle Awairds (''The Snake Pit'' an ''The Heiress''), the National Buird o Review Awaird an the Venice Film Festival Volpi Cup (''The Snake Pit''), an a Primetime Emmy Awaird (''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna'').<ref name="tcm-milestones"/> For her contreibutions tae the motion picture industry, de{{nbsp}}Havilland received a starn on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6762 Hollywood Boulevard on Februar 8, 1960.<ref name="hollywood-walk"/> Syne her retirement in 1988, her lifetime contreibution tae the arts haes been honored on twa continents. In 1998 she received an honorary doctorate frae the [[University of Hertfordshire]] in England.<ref name="tcm-notes"/> In 2006, she wis inductit intae the Online Film & Television Association Award Film Haw o Fame.<ref name="ofta-hall"/> On November{{nbsp}}17, 2008, Preses George W. Bush presented de{{nbsp}}Havilland the National Medal o Arts, the heichest honour gien for achievement in the arts conferred tae an individual airtist on behalf o the American fowk.<ref name="wh-archive"/> On September{{nbsp}}9, 2010, de{{nbsp}}Havilland wis appyntit a ''Chevalier'' (knight) o the Légion d'honneur, the heichest decoration in Fraunce, awairdit bi French Preses Nicolas Sarkozy.<ref name="ap-corbet"/> ==Honours an awairds== {| class="wikitable sortable" style="width:100%;" |- ! style="width:5%;"| Year ! style="width:30%;"| Awaird ! style="width:30%;"| Category ! style="width:25%;"| Film ! style="width:5%;"| Result ! style="width:5%;" class="unsortable"| {{Tooltip|Ref|Reference}} |- | 1939 | Academy Awaird | Best Actress in a Supportin Role | ''Gone with the Wind'' | {{nom}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1941 | Academy Awaird | Best Actress in a Leadin Role | ''Hold Back the Dawn'' | {{nom}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1946 | Academy Awaird | Best Actress in a Leadin Role | ''To Each His Own'' | {{won}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1948 | Academy Awaird | Best Actress in a Leadin Role | ''The Snake Pit'' | {{nom}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1948 | Naitional Buird o Review Awaird | Best Actress | ''The Snake Pit'' | {{won}} | <ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards" /> |- | 1948 | New York Film Creetics Circle Awaird | Best Actress | ''The Snake Pit'' | {{won}} | <ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards" /> |- | 1949 | Academy Awaird | Best Actress in a Leadin Role | ''The Heiress'' | {{won}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1949 | Gowden Globe Awaird | Best Motion Pictur Actress | ''The Heiress'' | {{won}} | <ref name="golden-globes-olivia" /> |- | 1949 | New York Film Creetics Circle Awaird | Best Actress | ''The Heiress'' | {{won}} | <ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards" /> |- | 1949 | Venice Film Festival Volpi Cup | Best Actress | ''The Snake Pit'' | {{won}} | <ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards" /> |- | 1952 | Grauman's Cheenese Theatre | Haund prents an fitprents | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="ap-graumans" /> |- | 1953 | Gowden Globe Awaird | Best Motion Pictur Actress | ''My Cousin Rachel'' | {{nom}} | <ref name="golden-globes-olivia" /> |- | 1960 | Hollywood Walk o Fame Star | Motion Pictur at 6762 Hollywood Blvd, Februar 8, 1960 | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="hollywood-walk" /> |- | 1986 | Gowden Globe Awaird | Best Performance bi an Actress in a Supportin Role | ''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna'' | {{won}} | <ref name="golden-globes-olivia" /> |- | 1986 | Primetime Emmy Awaird | Ootstaundin Supportin Actress in a Miniseries | ''Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna'' | {{won}} | <ref name="tcm-milestones" /> |- | 1998 | Honorary Doctorate | [[Varsity o Hertfordshire]] | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="tcm-notes" /> |- | 2006 | Online Film & Telly Association | Film Haw o Fame | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="ofta-hall" /> |- | 2008 | Naitional Medal o Airts | — | — | {{won|Honored}} | <ref name="wh-archive" /> |- | 2010 | Chevalier o the Légion d'honneur | — | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="ap-corbet" /> |- | 2016 | Oldie o the Year | — | — | {{won|Honoured}} | <ref name="bbc-oldie" /> |} == Filmografie == {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} * ''[[Alibi Ike]]'' (1935) * ''[[The Irish in Us]]'' (1935) * ''[[A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935 film)|A Midsummer Night's Dream]]'' (1935) * ''[[Captain Blood (1935 film)|Captain Blood]]'' (1935) * ''[[Anthony Adverse]]'' (1936) * ''[[The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936 film)|The Charge of the Light Brigade]]'' (1936) * ''[[Call It a Day]]'' (1937) * ''[[The Great Garrick]]'' (1937) * ''[[It's Love I'm After]]'' (1937) * ''[[Gold Is Where You Find It]]'' (1938) * ''[[The Adventures of Robin Hood]]'' (1938) * ''[[Four's a Crowd]]'' (1938) * ''[[Hard to Get (1938 film)|Hard to Get]]'' (1938) * ''[[Wings of the Navy]]'' (1939) * ''[[Dodge City (film)|Dodge City]]'' (1939) * ''[[The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex]]'' (1939) * ''[[Gone with the Wind (film)|Gone with the Wind]]'' (1939) * ''[[Raffles (1939 film)|Raffles]]'' (1939) * ''[[My Love Came Back]]'' (1940) * ''[[Santa Fe Trail (film)|Santa Fe Trail]]'' (1940) * ''[[The Strawberry Blonde]]'' (1941) * ''[[Hold Back the Dawn]]'' (1941) * ''[[They Died with Their Boots On]]'' (1941) * ''[[The Male Animal]]'' (1942) * ''[[In This Our Life]]'' (1942) * ''[[Thank Your Lucky Stars (film)|Thank Your Lucky Stars]]'' (1943) * ''[[Princess O'Rourke]]'' (1943) * ''[[Government Girl]]'' (1944) * ''[[To Each His Own (film)|To Each His Own]]'' (1946) * ''[[Devotion (1946 film)|Devotion]]'' (1946) * ''[[The Well-Groomed Bride]]'' (1946) * ''[[The Dark Mirror (film)|The Dark Mirror]]'' (1946) * ''[[The Snake Pit]]'' (1948) * ''[[The Heiress]]'' (1949) * ''[[My Cousin Rachel (film)|My Cousin Rachel]]'' (1952) * ''[[That Lady]]'' (1955) * ''[[Not as a Stranger]]'' (1955) * ''[[The Ambassador's Daughter (1956 film)|The Ambassador's Daughter]]'' (1956) * ''[[The Proud Rebel]]'' (1958) * ''[[Libel (film)|Libel]]'' (1959) * ''[[Light in the Piazza (film)|Light in the Piazza]]'' (1962) * ''[[Lady in a Cage]]'' (1964) * ''[[Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte]]'' (1964) * ''[[The Adventurers (1970 film)|The Adventurers]]'' (1970) * ''[[Pope Joan (1972 film)|Pope Joan]]'' (1972) * ''[[Airport '77]]'' (1977) * ''[[The Swarm (film)|The Swarm]]'' (1978) * ''[[The Fifth Musketeer]]'' (1979) {{Div col end}} == References == {{Reflist|20em|refs= <ref name="academy-of-achievement">{{cite web |title=Interview: Olivia de Havilland |publisher=American Academy of Achievement |date=October 5, 2006 |url=http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/printmember/deh0int-1 |accessdate=February 7, 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173549/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/printmember/deh0int-1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="allmovie-olivia-awards">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland: Awards |publisher=AllMovie |url=http://www.allmovie.com/artist/olivia-de-havilland-p17765/awards |accessdate=January 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="anglicans-whalon">{{cite web|last=Whalon |first=Pierre W. |title=Reading the Bible as a statement of faith |publisher=Anglicans Online |date=February 12, 2012 |url=http://anglicansonline.org/resources/essays/whalon/deHavilland.html |accessdate=April 11, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="ap-corbet">{{cite news |last=Corbet |first=Sylvie |title=Olivia de Havilland honored by French president |publisher=Associated Press Online |date=September 9, 2010 |url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-36593d70f8324080ab3c5b267b79c3dc.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archive-date=2013-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130530173812/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1A1-36593d70f8324080ab3c5b267b79c3dc.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="ap-graumans">{{cite news|title=Olivia de Havilland at Grauman's Theater |publisher=Associated Press Images |url=http://www.apimages.com/metadata/Index/Creative-Copyright-Bettmann-Corbis-AP-Images-/911a1f2bba1349f8a3455f3e134a97a9 |accessdate=January 24, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="bbc-oldie">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland wins Oldie accolade |publisher=BBC News |date=February 2, 2016 |url=http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-35470633 |accessdate=February 3, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="bigbend-sft-taylor">{{cite web |last=Taylor |first=Lon |title=Getting History Wrong on the Silver Screen |publisher=Big Bend Now |date=February 26, 2015 |url=http://bigbendnow.com/2015/02/the-rambling-boy-62/ |accessdate=March 16, 2016 |archive-date=2015-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150307075949/http://bigbendnow.com/2015/02/the-rambling-boy-62/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="brooklyn-daily-burdett">{{cite news|last=Burdett |first=Winston |title=A Midsummer Night's Dream Returns |newspaper=Brooklyn Daily Eagle |page=6 |date=October 5, 1936 |url=http://bklyn.newspapers.com/image/52692348/?terms=Midsummer%2BNight's%2BDream |accessdate=February 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="cbsnews-djansezian-shocked">{{cite web|last=Djansezian |first=Kevork |title=Olivia de Havilland 'shocked and saddened' by sister Joan Fontaine's death |publisher=CBS News |date=December 16, 2013 |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/olivia-de-havilland-shocked-and-saddened-by-sister-joan-fontaines-death/ |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="cnn-facts">{{cite news|title=Olivia de Havilland Fast Facts |publisher=CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/01/21/us/olivia-de-havilland-fast-facts |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="daily-mail-andrews">{{cite news|last=Andrews |first=Emily |title=Errol Flynn? He never had his wicked way with me |newspaper=Daily Mail |date=June 17, 2009 |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/tvshowbiz/article-1193489/Errol-Flynn-He-wicked-way-says-Gone-With-The-Wind-star-Olivia-Havilland.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="french-observer">{{cite news|last=French |first=Philip |title=Screen Legends No.73 |newspaper=The Observer |year=2009}}</ref> <ref name="getty-galella">{{cite web |last=Galella |first=Ron |title=Marlene Dietrich's Opening Party |publisher=Getty Images |date=September 9, 1967 |url=http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/joan-fontaine-and-sister-olivia-de-havilland-during-marlene-news-photo/105274140/ |accessdate=January 21, 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="golden-globes-olivia">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland |publisher=Golden Globes |url=http://www.goldenglobes.com/person/olivia-de-havilland |accessdate=April 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="guardian-french">{{cite news|last=French |first=Philip |title=Philip French's screen legends No. 73: Olivia de Havilland |newspaper=The Guardian |date=October 31, 2009 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/film/2009/dec/22/olivia-de-havilland-screen-legend |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="hollywood-walk">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland |publisher=Hollywood Walk of Fame |url=http://www.walkoffame.com/olivia-de-havilland |accessdate=January 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="hr-feinberg-feud">{{cite web|last=Feinberg |first=Scott |title=Joan Fontaine-Olivia de Havilland Feud: New Details Revealed |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=December 17, 2013 |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/race/joan-fontaine-olivia-de-havilland-666087?page=2 |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="huffpost-gitau">{{cite web|last=Gitau |first=Rosalia |title=Art Therapy for Alzheimer’s: I Remember Better When I Paint |work=The Huffington Post |date=May 11, 2010 |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rosalia-gitau/art-therapy-for-alzheimer_b_495914.html |accessdate=March 28, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="independent-cornwell">{{cite news|last=Cornwell |first=Rupert |title=Sibling rivalry: Hollywood's oldest feud |newspaper=The Independent |date=May 15, 2008 |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/sibling-rivalry-hollywoods-oldest-feud-828301.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="latimes-mathews">{{cite news|last=Mathews |first=Jack |title=1939: It was the greatest year in Hollywood history |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=January 1, 1989 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/1989-01-01/entertainment/ca-223_1_greatest-year |accessdate=March 11, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="latimes-tartaglione">{{cite news|last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |title=Olivia and Oscar |newspaper=Los Angeles Times |date=March 23, 2003 |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2003/mar/23/entertainment/ca-q-a23 |accessdate=April 9, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nation-agee">{{cite journal|last=Agee |first=James |title=The Dark Mirror (1946) |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nation_1946-11-09_163_19/page/n23 |journal=The Nation |issue=19 |date=November 9, 1946 |page=536}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-aa-nugent">{{cite news|last=Nugent |first=Frank S. |title=The Film Version of 'Anthony Adverse' Opens at the Strand |newspaper=The New York Times |date=August 27, 1936 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9906EFDF1F3FEE3BBC4F51DFBE66838D629EDE |accessdate=March 5, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-cage-weiler">{{cite news|last=Weiler |first=A. H. |title=Aimless Brutality |newspaper=The New York Times |date=June 11, 1964 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E0DE4D81F3AE13ABC4952DFB066838F679EDE |accessdate=April 13, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-cb-sennwald">{{cite news|last=Sennwald |first=Andre |title=A Newcomer Named Errol Flynn in a Handsome Film Version of 'Captain Blood' |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 27, 1935 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9403E6DD173AE13ABC4F51DFB467838E629EDE |accessdate=March 2, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-citizen">{{cite news|title=Olivia de Havilland a Citizen |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 29, 1941 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D02E4DF173AE233A2575AC2A9679D946093D6CF |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-gwtw-nugent">{{cite news|last=Nugent |first=Frank S. |title=David Selznick's 'Gone With the Wind' Has Its Long-Awaited Premiere ... |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 20, 1939 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9807E2DA153EE432A25753C2A9649D946894D6CF |accessdate=March 14, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-hbtd-crowther">{{cite news|last=Crowther |first=Bosley |title=Hold Back the Dawn, a Poignant Romance, at the Paramount |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 2, 1941 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E06E3D8113FE13BBC4A53DFB667838A659EDE |accessdate=March 17, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-honan">{{cite news|last=Honan |first=William H. |title=Marcus Aurelius Goodrich, 93, Writer Known for Naval Stories |newspaper=The New York Times |date=October 22, 1991 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/1991/10/22/arts/marcus-aurelius-goodrich-93-writer-known-for-naval-stories.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-itol-crowther">{{cite news|last=Crowther |first=Bosley |title=In This Our Life, Film Version of Ellen Glasgow Prize Novel |newspaper=The New York Times |date=May 9, 1942 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9E00E6DA153CE33BBC4153DFB3668389659EDE |accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-itzkoff">{{cite news|last=Itzkoff |first=Dave |title=Arts Medals Awarded |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 18, 2008 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/18/arts/18arts-ARTSMEDALSAW_BRF.html?scp=1&sq=Olivia%20de%20Havilland%20national%20medal%20of%20arts&st=cse |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-mylove-crowther">{{cite news|last=Crowther |first=Bosley |title=My Love Came Back at Strand |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 13, 1940 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9502E0D6123EE432A25750C1A9619C946193D6CF |accessdate=March 15, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-po-crowther">{{cite news|last=Crowther |first=Bosley |title=Princess O'Rourke, 100 Percent American Comedy |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 6, 1943 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=990CE1DF1538E33BBC4E53DFB7678388659EDE |accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-pr-weiler">{{cite news|last=Weiler |first=A. H. |title=Moving Sentiment |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 2, 1958 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9F00E5D91E31E73BBC4A53DFB1668383649EDE |accessdate=April 7, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-tdwtbo-pryor">{{cite news|last=Pryor |first=Thomas M. |title=They Died With Their Boots On, At the Strand |newspaper=The New York Times |date=November 21, 1941 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9906EFD6163AE233A25752C2A9679D946093D6CF |accessdate=March 20, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="nytimes-tma-crowther">{{cite news|last=Crowther |first=Bosley |title=The Male Animal, With Henry Fonda, Olivia De Havilland, at Strand |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 28, 1942 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9B04E0DA143CE33BBC4051DFB5668389659EDE |accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="ofta-hall">{{cite web |title=Film Hall of Fame Inductees: Actors |publisher=Online Film & Television Association |url=http://www.cinemasight.com/ofta/film-hall-of-fame-actors/ |accessdate=April 15, 2016 |archive-date=2016-07-02 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20160702102559/http://www.cinemasight.com/ofta/film-hall-of-fame-actors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="oscars-1940">{{cite web|title=12th Academy Awards |publisher=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences |url=https://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1940 |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="peerage-olivia">{{cite web|title=Olivia Mary de Havilland |publisher=The Peerage |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p18366.htm |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="peerage-walter">{{cite web|title=Walter Augustus de Havilland |publisher=The Peerage |url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p18365.htm#i183647 |accessdate=February 7, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="people-vespa">{{cite journal |last=Vespa |first=Mary |title=Olivia De Havilland Finds Solace Serving Her Church |journal=People |volume=11 |issue=9 |date=March 5, 1979 |url=http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20073074,00.html |accessdate=April 12, 2016 |archive-date=2016-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611204004/http://www.people.com/people/archive/article/0,,20073074,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="philly-rickey">{{cite web |last=Rickey |first=Carrie |title=Here with the Wind ... |work=Philadelphia Daily News |date=June 25, 1998 |url=http://articles.philly.com/1998-06-25/entertainment/25729957_1_gwtw-olivia-hattie-mcdaniel |accessdate=April 12, 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423023655/http://articles.philly.com/1998-06-25/entertainment/25729957_1_gwtw-olivia-hattie-mcdaniel |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="reel-bio">{{cite web |title=Olivia de Havilland: Biography |publisher=Reel Classics |url=http://www.reelclassics.com/Actresses/deHavilland/dehav-bio.htm |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archive-date=2016-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160207032307/http://www.reelclassics.com/Actresses/deHavilland/dehav-bio.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="reuters-belloni">{{cite news|last=Belloni |first=Matthew |title=De Havilland lawsuit resonates through Hollywood |publisher=Reuters |date=August 23, 2007 |url=http://mobile.reuters.com/article/idUSN2329585820070824 |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="saratoga-history">{{cite web |title=Saratoga History |publisher=Saratoga Historical Foundation |url=http://www.saratogahistory.com/misc%20documents/2010-Saratoga-Historical-Bike-Ride.pdf |accessdate=February 7, 2016 |archive-date=2016-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202083740/http://www.saratogahistory.com/misc%20documents/2010-Saratoga-Historical-Bike-Ride.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="sas-walter">{{cite web|last=Walter |first=Don |title=Olivia de Havilland recalls wartime shows |publisher=Stars and Stripes |date=July 12, 1958 |url=http://www.stripes.com/olivia-de-havilland-recalls-wartime-shows-enjoys-making-similar-type-tours-now-1.187691 |accessdate=March 26, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="schenectady-gazette-roots">{{cite news|title=ABC Soars in Ratings with Roots Sequel |newspaper=Schenectady Gazette |date=February 28, 1979 |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=MgwhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UnIFAAAAIBAJ&dq=roots+the+next+generations+ratings&pg=1194,7147519&hl=en |accessdate=April 15, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="scholar-dehavilland-warner">{{cite journal|last=Shinn |first=J. |title=De Havilland v. Warner Bros. Pictures, Inc. 67 Cal. App. 2d 225, 153 P.2d 983 |publisher=Google Scholar |location=California |date=December 8, 1944 |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?q=de+Havilland+v.+Warner&hl=en&as_sdt=20000006&case=12173665773310197515&scilh=0 |accessdate=January 29, 2015}}</ref> <ref name="startrib-welter">{{cite news |last=Welter |first=Ben |title=May 10, 1942: Hollywood Victory Caravan |newspaper=Star Tribune |date=April 6, 2011 |url=http://www.startribune.com/may-10-1942-hollywood-victory-caravan/118622314/ |accessdate=March 27, 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407073208/http://www.startribune.com/may-10-1942-hollywood-victory-caravan/118622314/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="tcm-aa-steinberg">{{cite web|last=Steinberg |first=Jay S. |title=Anthony Adverse (1936) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1857/Anthony-Adverse/articles.html |accessdate=March 5, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-bio">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/ |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-cb-awards">{{cite web|title=Captain Blood (1935): Awards |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2538/Captain-Blood/awards.html |accessdate=March 2, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-cb-opi">{{cite web|title=Captain Blood (1935): Original Print Information |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2538/Captain-Blood/original-print-info.html |accessdate=March 2, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-dc-steinberg">{{cite web|last=Steinberg |first=Jay |title=Dodge City (1939) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1328/Dodge-City/articles.html |accessdate=March 11, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-filmography">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland: Filmography |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/filmography.html |accessdate=April 15, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-gg-arnold">{{cite web|last=Arnold |first=Jeremy |title=The Great Garrick (1937) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/625/The-Great-Garrick/articles.html |accessdate=March 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-gold-opi">{{cite web|title=Gold Is Where You Find It (1938): Original Print Information |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1007/Gold-Is-Where-You-Find-It/original-print-info.html |accessdate=March 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-gwtw-notes">{{cite web|title=Gone with the Wind (1939): Notes |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/414427/Gone-With-the-Wind/notes.html |accessdate=March 14, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-h-miller">{{cite web|last=Miller |first=Frank |title=The Heiress (1949) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/77655/The-Heiress/articles.html |accessdate=April 2, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-hush-lobianco">{{cite web|last=LoBianco |first= Lorraine |title=Hush...Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/78739/Hush-Hush-Sweet-Charlotte/articles.html |accessdate=April 14, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-midsummer-miller">{{cite web|last=Miller |first=Frank |title=A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935) |publisher=Turner Classic Movis |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1806/A-Midsummer-Night-s-Dream/articles.html |accessdate=February 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-midsummer-op">{{cite web|title=A Midsummer Night's Dream (1935): Original Print Information |publisher=Turner Classic Movis |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1806/A-Midsummer-Night-s-Dream/original-print-info.html |accessdate=February 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-milestones">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland: Milestones |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/milestones.html |accessdate=January 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-mylove-notes">{{cite web|title=My Love Came Back (1940): Notes |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/1695/My-Love-Came-Back/notes.html |accessdate=March 15, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-notes">{{cite web|title=Olivia de Havilland: Notes |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/person/46170%7C190058/Olivia-De-Havilland/notes.html |accessdate=January 23, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-po-opi">{{cite web|title=Princess O'Rourke (1943): Original Print Information |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/87158/Princess-O-Rourke/original-print-info.html |accessdate=March 25, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-raf-miller">{{cite web|last=Miller |first=Frank |title=Raffles (1939) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/87567/Raffles/articles.html |accessdate=March 15, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-robinhood-nixon">{{cite web|last=Nixon |first=Rob |title=The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/738/The-Adventures-of-Robin-Hood/articles.html |accessdate=March 9, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-robinhood-opi">{{cite web|title=The Adventures of Robin Hood (1938): Original Print Information |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/738/The-Adventures-of-Robin-Hood/original-print-info.html |accessdate=March 9, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="tcm-wn-landazuri">{{cite web|last=Landazuri |first=Margarita |title=Wings of the Navy (1939) |publisher=Turner Classic Movies |url=http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2417/Wings-of-the-Navy/articles.html |accessdate=March 10, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="telegraph-leach">{{cite news|last=Leach |first=Ben |title=Gone with the Wind Star Confirms One of Hollywood's Most Talked-about Romances |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=June 17, 2009 |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/celebritynews/5557364/Gone-With-The-Wind-star-confirms-one-of-Hollywoods-most-talked-about-romances.html |accessdate=April 17, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="time-berman">{{cite journal |last=Berman |first=Eliza |title=Hollywood’s Most Famous Sibling Rivalry |journal=Time |date=April 10, 2015 |url=http://time.com/3768918/joan-fontaine-olivia-de-havilland/ |accessdate=April 18, 2016 |archive-date=2016-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704174836/http://time.com/3768918/joan-fontaine-olivia-de-havilland/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="variety-cb">{{cite web|title=Review: Captain Blood |work=Variety |date=December 31, 1935 |url=http://variety.com/1934/film/reviews/captain-blood-1200411083/ |accessdate=March 2, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-dc">{{cite web|title=Dodge City is a lusty western, packed with action |work=Variety |date=December 31, 1938 |url=http://variety.com/1938/film/reviews/dodge-city-1200412081/ |accessdate=March 11, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-dm">{{cite web|title=Review: The Dark Mirror |work=Variety |date=October 18, 1946 |url=http://variety.com/1945/film/reviews/the-dark-mirror-1200414684/ |accessdate=March 30, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-gg">{{cite web|title=Review: The Great Garrick |work=Variety |date=October 30, 1937 |url=http://variety.com/1936/film/reviews/the-great-garrick-1200411333/ |accessdate=March 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-gwtw-flinn">{{cite web|last=Flinn, Sr. |first=John C. |title=Review: 'Gone With the Wind' |work=Variety |date=December 19, 1939 |url=http://variety.com/1939/film/reviews/gone-with-the-wind-2-1200412649/ |accessdate=March 14, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-ilia">{{cite news|title=Review: It's Love I'm After |work=Variety |date=November 11, 1937 |page=13 |url=http://variety.com/1936/film/reviews/it-s-love-i-m-after-1200411406/ |accessdate=March 6, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-piazza">{{cite news|title=Review: Light in the Piazza |work=Variety |date=February 7, 1962 |url=http://variety.com/1961/film/reviews/light-in-the-piazza-1200420149/ |accessdate=April 9, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-stadiem-notorious">{{cite news|last=Stadiem |first=William |title=Olivia de Havilland and the Most Notorious Sibling Rivalry in Hollywood |work=Variety |date=April 29, 2016 |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2016/04/olivia-de-havilland-joan-fontaine-sibling-rivalry |accessdate=July 1, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="variety-tdwtbo-101">{{cite news|title=101 Pix gross in Millions |work=Variety |date=January 6, 1943 |page=58 |url=https://archive.org/stream/variety149-1943-01#page/n57/mode/1up |accessdate=March 20, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="wh-archive">{{cite web|title=President and Mrs. Bush Attend Presentation of the 2008 National Medals of Arts |publisher=The White House Archives |date=November 17, 2008 |url=http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2008/11/20081117-2.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="wp-bernstein">{{cite news|last=Bernstein |first=Adam |title=Joan Fontaine, Academy Award-winning actress from the 1940s, dies at 96 |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=December 15, 2013 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/joan-fontaine-academy-award-winning-actress-from-the-1940s-dies-at-96/2013/12/15/807d78e4-c5da-11df-94e1-c5afa35a9e59_story.html |accessdate=January 21, 2016}}</ref> <ref name="wsj-meroney">{{cite news|last=Meroney |first=John |title=Olivia de Havilland Recalls Her Role – in the Cold War |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=September 7, 2006 |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB115757993223555601 |accessdate=March 27, 2016}}</ref> }} === Bibliografie === {{Refbegin|30em}} * {{cite book|last=Bartel |first=Pauline |title=The Complete Gone With the Wind Trivia Book |url=https://archive.org/details/completegonewith0000bart |edition=2nd |publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing |location=Lanham, MD |year=2014 |isbn=978-1-58979-820-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Billingsley |first=Lloyd |title=Hollywood Party: How Communism Seduced the American Film Industry ... |url=https://archive.org/details/hollywoodpartyho0000bill |publisher=University of Michigan Press |location=Ann Arbor |year=1998 |isbn=978-0-7615-1376-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Brown |first=Gene |title=Movie Time: A Chronology of Hollywood and the Movie Industry |url=https://archive.org/details/movietimechronol00brow |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-02-860429-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Bubbio |first=Daniel |title=The Women of Warner Brothers |url=https://archive.org/details/womenofwarnerbro0000bubb |publisher=McFarland & Company |location=Jefferson |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-7864-1137-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Chierichetti |first=David |title=Mitchell Leisen: Hollywood Director |url=https://archive.org/details/mitchellleisenho0000chie |publisher=Photoventures Publishing |location=Los Angeles |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-929330-04-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=De Havilland |first=Olivia |title=Every Frenchman Has One |url=https://archive.org/details/everyfrenchmanha00deha |publisher=Random House |location=New York |year=1962 |isbn= |oclc=475546905 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Fishgall |first=James |title=Pieces of Time: The Life of James Stewart |url=https://archive.org/details/piecesoftimelife00fish |publisher=Scribner |location=New York |year=1997 |isbn=978-0-684-82454-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Flynn |first=Errol |title=My Wicked, Wicked Ways: The Autobiography of Errol Flynn |publisher=Cooper Square Press |location=New York |year=2002 |orig-year=1960 |isbn=978-0-8154-1250-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Fontaine |first=Joan |title=No Bed of Roses |url=https://archive.org/details/nobedofroses00font |publisher=Morrow |location=New York |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-688-03344-6 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Gottfried |first=Martin |title=Nobody's Fool: The Lives of Danny Kaye |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-7432-4476-3 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Herman |first=Jan |title=A Talent for Trouble |url=https://archive.org/details/talentfortrouble00herm |publisher=G. P. Putnam's Sons |location=New York |year=1995 |isbn=978-0-399-14012-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Higham |first=Charles |title=Sisters: The Story of Olivia de Havilland and Joan Fontaine |url=https://archive.org/details/sistersstoryofol00high |publisher=Coward McCann |location=New York |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-698-11268-1 |ref=harv}} * {{cite journal|last=Jensen |first=Oliver O. |title=Sister Act |journal=Life |volume=12 |issue=18 |pages=88–94 |date=May 4, 1942 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ClAEAAAAMBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false |accessdate=February 16, 2016 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Kass |first=Judith M. |title=Olivia de Havilland |publisher=Pyramid Publications |location=New York |year=1976 |isbn=978-0-515-04175-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Matzen |first=Robert |title=Errol & Olivia: Ego & Obsession in Golden Era Hollywood |publisher=Paladin Communications |location=Pittsburgh |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-9711685-8-9 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|editor-first1=Paul |editor-last1=McDonald |editor-first2=Emily |editor-last2=Carman |editor-first3=Eric |editor-last3=Hoyt |editor-first4=Philip |editor-last4=Drake |title=Hollywood and the Law |publisher=British Film Institute |location=London |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-84457-478-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Meyers |first=Jeffrey |title=John Huston: Courage and Art |url=https://archive.org/details/johnhustoncourag0000meye |publisher=Crown Archetype |location=New York |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-307-59069-5 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Reagan |first=Ronald |title=Ronald Reagan: An American Life |url=https://archive.org/details/americanlife00reag |publisher=Simon & Schuster |location=New York |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-671-69198-1 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Selznick |first=David O. |title=Memo from David O. Selznick |url=https://archive.org/details/memo0000unse |publisher=The Viking Press |location=New York |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-670-46766-2 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Shipman |first=David |title=The Great Movie Stars, The Golden Years |url=https://archive.org/details/greatmoviestarst0000unse |publisher=Bonanza Books |location=New York |year=1970 |isbn=978-0-316-78487-0 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Thomas |first=Tony |title=The Films of Olivia de Havilland |publisher=Citadel Press |location=New York |year=1983 |isbn=978-0-8065-0988-4 |ref=harv}} * {{cite book|last=Wallace |first=David |title=Lost Hollywood |url=https://archive.org/details/losthollywood0000wall_f6q5 |publisher=St. Martin's Griffin |location=New York |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-312-28863-1 |ref=harv}} {{Refend}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons}} * {{AllRovi name|17765|Olivia de Havilland}} * {{IBDB name|id=67261|name=Olivia de Havilland}} * {{IMDb name|14|Olivia de Havilland}} * {{Tcmdb name|id=46170|name=Olivia de Havilland}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:De Havilland, Olivia}} [[Category:1916 births]] [[Category:2020 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20t-century Inglis actresses]] [[Category:Actresses frae the San Francisco Bay Area]] [[Category:American centenarians]] [[Category:American Episcopalians]] [[Category:American expatriates in Fraunce]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American fowk o Guernsey strynd]] [[Category:American radio actresses]] [[Category:Best Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Best Drama Actress Gowden Globe (film) winners]] [[Category:Best Supportin Actress Gowden Globe (televeesion) winners]] [[Category:Breetish emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Californie Democrats]] [[Category:Centenarian actresses]] [[Category:Chevaliers o the Légion d'honneur]] [[Category:De Havilland|Olivia]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures contract players]] [[Category:Fowk frae Paris]] [[Category:Unitit States Naitional Medal o Airts recipients]] [[Category:Volpi Cup winners]] [[Category:Warner Bros. contract players]] [[Category:Western film actresses]] [[Category:Dames Commander o the Order o the Breetish Empire]] af35cemyi47445yb7pvxrha02wtf0dk 0 73222 915840 911646 2026-04-28T18:35:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Debaltseve | native_name = Дебальцеве | settlement_type = [[Ceety o regional significance (Ukraine)|Ceey]] | total_type = &nbsp; | image_skyline =Вокзал станції Дебальцеве.jpg | image_caption =Debaltseve railway station | image_flag = Flag of Debalcevo.svg | image_shield = COA Debaltceve.svg | image_map = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = {{UKR}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Oblast]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Donetsk Oblast}} | subdivision_type2 = | subdivision_name2 = | coordinates = {{coord|48|20|N|38|24|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = Ukraine#Ukraine Donetsk Oblast | pushpin_map1= | pushpin_label_position = bottom | elevation_m = 308 | population_total = 25,774 | area_total_km2 = 24.31 | established_date = 1878 | established_title = Foondit | website = }} '''Debaltseve''' ({{lang-uk|Дебальцеве}}, {{lang-ru|Дебальцево}}) is a ceety in the [[Donetsk Oblast]] ([[oblast|province]]) o [[Ukraine]]. Its population is 25,987 (2013). The ceety wis established in 1878 when a Donetsk Railwey station wis opened. The toun's railwey station is a local landmark. The ceety is on the eastren edge o [[Donetsk Oblast]], an borders [[Luhansk Oblast]]. The ceety's population grew frae aboot 9,500 in 1923 tae aboot 34,000 bi 1939. It droppit frae 35,511 in 1989 tae 30,246 in 2001, an droppit further tae 25,987 by 2013.<Ref name="pop"> {{Cite web |url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-cities.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-04-23 |archive-date=2012-07-22 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120722121934/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-cities.htm |url-status=dead }} </ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Donetsk Oblast}} [[Category:Ceeties in Donetsk Oblast]] {{stub}} 6rsji0vyh3v4bjs2i95649x8nc0eav0 0 80049 915830 904560 2026-04-28T14:34:02Z Makenzis 43742 915830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Al-Sadd SC | image = | fullname = Al Sadd Sports Club <br> ( Arabic : نادي السد الرياضي ) | nickname = ''Al Zaeem'' (The Boss)<br> ''Al Dheeb'' (The Wouf)<br> ''Al Alami'' (The Warld Cless) | founded = {{start date and age|1969|October|21|df=yes|p=yes}} | ground = [[Jassim Bin Hamad Stadium]]<br />[[Doha]], Qatar | capacity = 14,000 | chairman = [[Mohammed bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani|Mohammed bin Hamad Al Thani]] | manager = [[Hussein Amotta]] | league = [[Qatar Stars League]] | season = 2025–26 | position = Qatar Stars League, 1. | pattern_la1=_cska home 1011|pattern_b1=_alsadd1112h|pattern_ra1=|pattern_sh1= | type_b1 = PNG | leftarm1=FFFFFF|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=FFFFFF|shorts1=FFFFFF|socks1=FFFFFF | pattern_la2=_cska home 1011|pattern_b2=_alsadd1112a|pattern_ra2= | type_b2 = PNG | leftarm2=353535|body2=353535|rightarm2=353535|shorts2=353535|socks2=353535| | website = http://al-saddclub.com/ | current = }} '''Al-Sadd Sports Club''' ({{lang-ar|نادي السد الرياضي}}) is a Qatari multi-[[sports club]] based in the [[Al Sadd (Qatar)|Al Sadd]] destrict o the ceety o [[Doha]]. It best kent for its association [[fitbaw team]], which competes in the tap level o Qatari fitbaw, the [[Qatar Stars League]]. Locally, it is kent primarily bi the elk-name '''"Al Zaeem"''', which translates tae "The Boss". The club haes pairticipation in [[Team handbaw|handbaw]], basketbaw, volleybaw, table tennis an athletics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-saddclub.com/en/Pages/home.aspx|title=Official website Al Sadd Sports Club – Qatar|publisher=al-saddclub.com.com|accessdate=19 June 2012|archive-date=2012-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626162955/http://www.al-saddclub.com/en/Pages/home.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the maist successful sports club in the kintra, an haulds a naitional record o 61 fitbaw championships.<ref name="championships"/> The oreegin o Al Sadd's conception began wi fower Qatari students whae excelled in fitbaw, but did no wish tae jyn ony o the existin fitbaw clubs. Efter consultin wi the meenister o Youth an Sports, the group, led by Nasser bin Mubarak Al Ali, founded the club on 21 October 1969 in Qatar's capital city. In the [[:en:1988–89 Asian Club Championship|1989 season]], they became the first Arab club side to triumph in the Asie Club Championship bi defeatin [[Al-Karkh SC|Al Rasheed]] o Iraq on an aggregate o awa goals. Twinty-three years later they wur ance again victorious in the tap regional competeetion, nou kent as the [[AFC Champions League]], earnin a spot in the [[FIFA Club Warld Cup]]. They feenished third, becomin the first Wast Asie side tae claim third place in the competeetion. ==Honours== <small>As o 20 Mey 2014, the club haulds '''64''' fitbaw championship titles.</small><ref name="championships">{{cite web|url=http://www.al-saddclub.com/EN/Championships/Pages/Football.aspx|title=Football Championships|publisher=al-saddclub.com|accessdate=27 April 2013|archive-date=2013-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911172739/http://www.al-saddclub.com/EN/Championships/Pages/Football.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ;Domestic competeetions *'''[[Qatari League]]''' : Winners (18): 1971–72, 1973–74, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1989–89, 1999–2000, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2012–13, 2018-19,2020-21, 2021-22, 2023-24, 2024–25 (''Record'') *'''[[Emir o Qatar Cup]]''' : Winners (14): 1975, 1977, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1994, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014 (''Record'') *'''[[Qatar Crown Prince Cup]]''' : Winners (5): 1998, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008 (''Record'') *'''[[Sheikh Jassem Cup]]''' : Winners (13): 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2007, 2014 (''Record'') *'''[[Qatari Stars Cup]]''' : Winners (1): 2010 (''Record'') *'''Qatar Insurance Cup''' : Winners (1): 1994 ;Asie competeetions *'''[[AFC Champions League]]''' : Winners (2): 1989, 2011 ;Regional competeetions *'''[[Arab Champions League]]''' : Winners (1): 2001 *'''[[GCC Champions League]]''' : Winners (1): 1991 *'''Gulf Air Cup''' : Winners (1): 1982 *'''Jynt Toornament''' : Winners (1): 2003–04 ;Internaitional competeetions *'''[[Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu]]''' : Runner-up : 2013 *'''[[FIFA Club Warld Cup]]''' : Bronze Medalist (1): 2011 == References == {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.al-saddclub.com/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707102354/http://www.al-saddclub.com/ |date=2011-07-07 }} [[Category:Al Sadd SC| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1969]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Qatar|Sadd]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Doha|Sadd]] [[Category:Multi-sport clubs in Qatar]] [[Category:1969 establishments in Qatar]] kbcxh35nd8qphb44v3daavfcph50xgt 915831 915830 2026-04-28T14:34:22Z Makenzis 43742 /* Honours */ 915831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Al-Sadd SC | image = | fullname = Al Sadd Sports Club <br> ( Arabic : نادي السد الرياضي ) | nickname = ''Al Zaeem'' (The Boss)<br> ''Al Dheeb'' (The Wouf)<br> ''Al Alami'' (The Warld Cless) | founded = {{start date and age|1969|October|21|df=yes|p=yes}} | ground = [[Jassim Bin Hamad Stadium]]<br />[[Doha]], Qatar | capacity = 14,000 | chairman = [[Mohammed bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani|Mohammed bin Hamad Al Thani]] | manager = [[Hussein Amotta]] | league = [[Qatar Stars League]] | season = 2025–26 | position = Qatar Stars League, 1. | pattern_la1=_cska home 1011|pattern_b1=_alsadd1112h|pattern_ra1=|pattern_sh1= | type_b1 = PNG | leftarm1=FFFFFF|body1=FFFFFF|rightarm1=FFFFFF|shorts1=FFFFFF|socks1=FFFFFF | pattern_la2=_cska home 1011|pattern_b2=_alsadd1112a|pattern_ra2= | type_b2 = PNG | leftarm2=353535|body2=353535|rightarm2=353535|shorts2=353535|socks2=353535| | website = http://al-saddclub.com/ | current = }} '''Al-Sadd Sports Club''' ({{lang-ar|نادي السد الرياضي}}) is a Qatari multi-[[sports club]] based in the [[Al Sadd (Qatar)|Al Sadd]] destrict o the ceety o [[Doha]]. It best kent for its association [[fitbaw team]], which competes in the tap level o Qatari fitbaw, the [[Qatar Stars League]]. Locally, it is kent primarily bi the elk-name '''"Al Zaeem"''', which translates tae "The Boss". The club haes pairticipation in [[Team handbaw|handbaw]], basketbaw, volleybaw, table tennis an athletics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.al-saddclub.com/en/Pages/home.aspx|title=Official website Al Sadd Sports Club – Qatar|publisher=al-saddclub.com.com|accessdate=19 June 2012|archive-date=2012-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120626162955/http://www.al-saddclub.com/en/Pages/home.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is the maist successful sports club in the kintra, an haulds a naitional record o 61 fitbaw championships.<ref name="championships"/> The oreegin o Al Sadd's conception began wi fower Qatari students whae excelled in fitbaw, but did no wish tae jyn ony o the existin fitbaw clubs. Efter consultin wi the meenister o Youth an Sports, the group, led by Nasser bin Mubarak Al Ali, founded the club on 21 October 1969 in Qatar's capital city. In the [[:en:1988–89 Asian Club Championship|1989 season]], they became the first Arab club side to triumph in the Asie Club Championship bi defeatin [[Al-Karkh SC|Al Rasheed]] o Iraq on an aggregate o awa goals. Twinty-three years later they wur ance again victorious in the tap regional competeetion, nou kent as the [[AFC Champions League]], earnin a spot in the [[FIFA Club Warld Cup]]. They feenished third, becomin the first Wast Asie side tae claim third place in the competeetion. ==Honours== <small>As o 20 Mey 2014, the club haulds '''64''' fitbaw championship titles.</small><ref name="championships">{{cite web|url=http://www.al-saddclub.com/EN/Championships/Pages/Football.aspx|title=Football Championships|publisher=al-saddclub.com|accessdate=27 April 2013|archive-date=2013-09-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130911172739/http://www.al-saddclub.com/EN/Championships/Pages/Football.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ;Domestic competeetions *'''[[Qatari League]]''' : Winners (19): 1971–72, 1973–74, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1980–81, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1989–89, 1999–2000, 2003–04, 2005–06, 2006–07, 2012–13, 2018-19,2020-21, 2021-22, 2023-24, 2024–25, 2025–26 (''Record'') *'''[[Emir o Qatar Cup]]''' : Winners (14): 1975, 1977, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1991, 1994, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005, 2007, 2014 (''Record'') *'''[[Qatar Crown Prince Cup]]''' : Winners (5): 1998, 2003, 2006, 2007, 2008 (''Record'') *'''[[Sheikh Jassem Cup]]''' : Winners (13): 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1986, 1987, 1989, 1991, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2007, 2014 (''Record'') *'''[[Qatari Stars Cup]]''' : Winners (1): 2010 (''Record'') *'''Qatar Insurance Cup''' : Winners (1): 1994 ;Asie competeetions *'''[[AFC Champions League]]''' : Winners (2): 1989, 2011 ;Regional competeetions *'''[[Arab Champions League]]''' : Winners (1): 2001 *'''[[GCC Champions League]]''' : Winners (1): 1991 *'''Gulf Air Cup''' : Winners (1): 1982 *'''Jynt Toornament''' : Winners (1): 2003–04 ;Internaitional competeetions *'''[[Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu]]''' : Runner-up : 2013 *'''[[FIFA Club Warld Cup]]''' : Bronze Medalist (1): 2011 == References == {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.al-saddclub.com/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707102354/http://www.al-saddclub.com/ |date=2011-07-07 }} [[Category:Al Sadd SC| ]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1969]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Qatar|Sadd]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Doha|Sadd]] [[Category:Multi-sport clubs in Qatar]] [[Category:1969 establishments in Qatar]] g5wsh5cm8gmvteja7tsr93kkcbtd3u9 0 81894 915838 891555 2026-04-28T17:52:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geobox | River <!-- *** Heading *** --> | name = Columbia River | other_name = | category = | category_hide = 1 <!-- *** Image *** --> | image = Corps-engineers-archives bonneville dam looking east.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = [[Bonneville Dam]], in the [[Columbia River Gorge]] | image_alt = Aerial view o a lairge river windin throu a moontainous gorge. It passes ower a dam stretchin in fower segments frae bank to bank athort three intervenin islands. Heichweys, passin by clusters o biggins here an there on baith banks, run parallel tae the river. Whitewatter an foam curl dounriver frae an o the central segments. <!-- *** Name *** --> | etymology = Captain Robert Gray's ship, ''[[Columbia Rediviva]]'' | nickname = Big River, the River o the Wast, River Oregon<ref>{{cite book|last=Holbrook|first=Stewart|title=The Columbia|publisher=Comstock Editions|year=1956|location=San Francisco|pages=|isbn=978-0-89174-051-3}}</ref> <!-- *** Country etc. *** --> | country = Unitit States | country1 = Canadae | state = [[Washington (state)|Washington]] | state1 = [[Oregon]] | region = [[Breetish Columbie]] | region_type = Province <!-- *** Family *** --> | parent = | tributary_left = Spillimacheen River | tributary_left1 = [[Beaver River (Columbia River)|Beaver River]] | tributary_left2 = Illecillewaet River | tributary_left3 = Incomappleux River | tributary_left4 = Kootenay River | tributary_left5 = Pend Oreille River | tributary_left6 = Spokane River | tributary_left7 = Snake River | tributary_left8 = John Day River | tributary_left9 = [[Deschutes River (Oregon)|Deschutes River]] | tributary_left10 = Willamette River | tributary_right = Kicking Horse River | tributary_right1 = Blaeberry River | tributary_right2 = [[Canoe River (Breetish Columbie)|Canoe River]] | tributary_right3 = [[Kettle River (Columbia River)|Kettle River]] | tributary_right4 = Sanpoil River | tributary_right5 = Okanogan River | tributary_right6 = Entiat River | tributary_right7 = Wenatchee River | tributary_right8 = Yakima River | tributary_right9 = [[Lewis River (Washington)|Lewis River]] | tributary_right10 = Cowlitz River | city = [[Revelstoke, Breetish Columbie|Revelstoke, BC]] | city1 = [[Wenatchee, Washington|Wenatchee, WA]] | city2 = [[East Wenatchee, Washington|East Wenatchee, WA]] | city3 = [[Tri-Cities, Washington|Tri-Cities, WA]] | city4 = [[The Dalles, Oregon|The Dalles, OR]] | city5 = [[Hood River, Oregon|Hood River, OR]] | city6 = [[Portland, Oregon|Portland, OR]] | city7 = [[Vancouver, Washington|Vancouver, WA]] | city8 = [[Longview, Washington|Longview, WA]] | city9 = [[Astoria, Oregon|Astoria, OR]] | landmark = <!-- *** Locations *** --> | source = Columbia Lake | source_location = British Columbia | source_country = Canada | source_elevation_imperial = 2690 | source_elevation_note =<ref name="Canadian Encyclopedia">{{cite web|last=Marsh|first=James H.|title=Columbia River|work=The Canadian Encyclopedia|publisher=Historica Foundation|date=2013|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/columbia-river/|access-date=September 30, 2015|archive-date=2015-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150922080957/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/columbia-river/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | source_coordinates = {{coord|50|13|35|N|115|51|05|W|display=inline}} | source_coordinates_note =<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia Lake|work=Canadian Geographical Names Data Base|publisher=Natural Resources Canada|date=2015|url=http://www4.rncan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique/JATIP|access-date=September 29, 2015}}</ref> | mouth = Paceefic Ocean, at [[Clatsop County, Oregon]] / [[Pacific County, Washington]] | mouth_elevation_imperial = 0 | capital_coordinates = | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|46|14|39|N|124|3|29|W|display=inline,title}} | mouth_coordinates_note =<ref>{{cite web|title=Columbia River|work=[[Geographic Names Information System]]|publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]]|date=November 28, 1980|url=https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1140014|access-date=April 1, 2008|archive-date=2020-06-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200622043440/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:3:::NO::P3_FID:1140014|url-status=dead}}</ref> <!-- *** Dimensions *** --> | length_imperial = 1243 | length_note =<ref>{{cite web|title=The Columbia River|publisher=Columbia River Keeper|date=2013|url=http://columbiariverkeeper.org/the-river/|access-date=December 5, 2013|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107035115/https://www.columbiariverkeeper.org/the-river/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | width_imperial = | depth_imperial = | watershed_imperial = 258000 | watershed_round = -3 | discharge_imperial = 265000 | discharge_round = -2 | discharge_note = <ref name="USGSrivers">{{cite web|first=J. C.|last=Kammerer|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/|title=Largest Rivers in the United States|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=May 1990|access-date=April 1, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129040848/https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/1987/ofr87-242/|archivedate=January 29, 2017|dead-url=no}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|last=Kimbrough|first=R. A.|author2=Ruppert, G. P.|author3=Wiggins, W. D.|author4=Smith, R. R.|author5=Kresch, D. L.|work=Water Resources Data-Washington Water Year 2005|title=Water Data Report WA-05-1: Klickitat and White Salmon River Basins and the Columbia River from Kennewick to Bonneville Dam|publisher=United States Geological Survey|date=2006|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/wdr/2005/wdr-wa-05-1/pdf/wa00103ADR2005_Figure66.pdf|access-date=April 1, 2008|format=PDF}}</ref>{{sfn|Loy|Allan|Buckley|Meacham|2001|pp=164–65}} | discharge_location = [[river delta|mouth]] (average); max and min at [[The Dalles, Oregon]], {{convert|188.9|mi|km}} from the mouth | discharge_max_imperial = 1240000 | discharge_min_imperial = 12100 <!-- *** Free fields *** --> | free = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = Columbiarivermap.png | map_caption = Columbia River drainage basin | map_alt = Three-colour map o the Columbia River wattershed. The wattershed is shaped rouchlie like a funnel with its wide end tae the east and its narrow end along the border atween Washington and Oregon as it nears the Paceefic Ocean. The wattershed extends intae the westren US states o Washington, Oregon, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, Wyoming, an Montana, an the wastren Canadae province o Breetish Columbia as far east as its border with Alberta. The river itself makes a hairpin turn from north-wast tae sooth in Breetish Columbia, an another sharp turn from sooth to wast as it nears Oregon. | map_size = 300 | map_locator = <!-- *** Websites *** --> | commons = Columbia River | statistics = | website = <!-- *** Footnotes *** --> | footnotes = }} The '''Columbia River''' is the lairgest river in the [[Paceefic Northwast]] region o North Americae. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Columbia River| ]] [[Category:Columbia River Gorge| ]] [[Category:Rivers o Breetish Columbie]] [[Category:Rivers o Oregon]] [[Category:Rivers o Washington (state)]] [[Category:Internaitional rivers o North Americae]] [[Category:Borders o Oregon]] [[Category:Borders o Washington (state)]] [[Category:Drainage basins o the Paceefic Ocean]] [[Category:Laundforms o Hood River Coonty, Oregon]] 4gmng3bloi6xtvravlsodqbp9sarjty 0 85429 915829 904561 2026-04-28T13:44:54Z Makenzis 43742 915829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}}{{Infobox football club | clubname = Lekhwiya SC | image = | fullname = Lekhwiya Sports Club | current = | nickname = ''Internal Security Force'' <br> ''The Red Knights'' | founded = {{Start date and age|2009}} | ground = [[Lekhwiya Sports Stadium]] (Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Stadium)<br>[[Doha]], [[Qatar]] | capacity = 10,221 | chairman = <small>[[Sheikh]]</small> [[Abdullah bin Nasser bin Abdullah Al Ahmed Al Thani|Abdullah al Thani]] | manager = [[Nabil Maâloul]] | league = [[Qatar Stars League]] | season = 2025-26 | position = 7th | pattern_la1=_shoulder_stripes_white_stripes||pattern_b1=_whiteshoulders|pattern_ra1=_shoulder_stripes_white_stripes | leftarm1=FF0000|body1=FF0000|rightarm1=FF0000|shorts1=FF0000|socks1=FF0000|pattern_so1=_3_stripes_white | pattern_la2=_shoulder_stripes_red_stripes|pattern_b2=_redshoulders|pattern_ra2=_shoulder_stripes_red_stripes | leftarm2=C0C0C0|body2=C0C0C0|rightarm2=C0C0C0|shorts2=C0C0C0|socks2=C0C0C0|pattern_so1=_3_stripes_red | website = http://lekhwiyaclub.qa/ }} '''Lekhwiya Sports Club''' ({{lang-ar|نادي لخويا الرياضي}}) is a [[Qatar]]i [[sports club]], best kent for its [[fitbaw]] team, thit plays in the [[Qatar Stars League]]. The club is based in the ceety o [[Doha]] an plays its hame gemmes at [[Lekhwiya Sports Stadium]]. It is the first team in Qatari fitbaw tae win the first diveesion title on its debut saison. ==Achievements== *'''Qatargas League''' : Winners (1): 2009–10 *'''[[Qatar Stars League]]''' : Winners (8): 2010–11, 2011–12, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2019–20, 2022–23 *'''Crown Prince Cup''' : Winners (1): 2013 ==Freemit airtins== * [http://lekhwiyaclub.qa/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206051615/http://lekhwiyaclub.qa/ |date=2011-12-06 }} {{Stub/Sport}}{{Stub/Qatar}} [[Category:Lekhwiya SC| ]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Qatar]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Doha]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 2009]] [[Category:Multi-sport clubs in Qatar]] k8lbgk8ftu5kpbsvigfrk5zjkavjsq6 915883 915829 2026-04-29T08:34:17Z Makenzis 43742 https://www.soccerway.com/qatar/qsl/#/fezaExal/standings/overall/ 915883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}}{{Infobox football club | clubname = Lekhwiya SC | image = | fullname = Lekhwiya Sports Club | current = | nickname = ''Internal Security Force'' <br> ''The Red Knights'' | founded = {{Start date and age|2009}} | ground = [[Lekhwiya Sports Stadium]] (Abdullah bin Nasser bin Khalifa Stadium)<br>[[Doha]], [[Qatar]] | capacity = 10,221 | chairman = <small>[[Sheikh]]</small> [[Abdullah bin Nasser bin Abdullah Al Ahmed Al Thani|Abdullah al Thani]] | manager = [[Nabil Maâloul]] | league = [[Qatar Stars League]] | season = 2025-26 | position = 5th | pattern_la1=_shoulder_stripes_white_stripes||pattern_b1=_whiteshoulders|pattern_ra1=_shoulder_stripes_white_stripes | leftarm1=FF0000|body1=FF0000|rightarm1=FF0000|shorts1=FF0000|socks1=FF0000|pattern_so1=_3_stripes_white | pattern_la2=_shoulder_stripes_red_stripes|pattern_b2=_redshoulders|pattern_ra2=_shoulder_stripes_red_stripes | leftarm2=C0C0C0|body2=C0C0C0|rightarm2=C0C0C0|shorts2=C0C0C0|socks2=C0C0C0|pattern_so1=_3_stripes_red | website = http://lekhwiyaclub.qa/ }} '''Lekhwiya Sports Club''' ({{lang-ar|نادي لخويا الرياضي}}) is a [[Qatar]]i [[sports club]], best kent for its [[fitbaw]] team, thit plays in the [[Qatar Stars League]]. The club is based in the ceety o [[Doha]] an plays its hame gemmes at [[Lekhwiya Sports Stadium]]. It is the first team in Qatari fitbaw tae win the first diveesion title on its debut saison. ==Achievements== *'''Qatargas League''' : Winners (1): 2009–10 *'''[[Qatar Stars League]]''' : Winners (8): 2010–11, 2011–12, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2019–20, 2022–23 *'''Crown Prince Cup''' : Winners (1): 2013 ==Freemit airtins== * [http://lekhwiyaclub.qa/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206051615/http://lekhwiyaclub.qa/ |date=2011-12-06 }} {{Stub/Sport}}{{Stub/Qatar}} [[Category:Lekhwiya SC| ]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Qatar]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Doha]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 2009]] [[Category:Multi-sport clubs in Qatar]] q00wpljclj0cccfq168oicz29xc8wbe 0 87549 915824 892335 2026-04-28T12:10:30Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A. | logo = ALFA ROMEO badge on a car (cropped).jpg | type = [[Società per azioni]] | foundation = 24 Juin 1910 in [[Milan]], Italy | location_city = [[Turin]] | location_country = Italy<ref name="Head">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fiatgroup.com/en-us/shai/banns/3/Documents/Relazione%201%20semestre%202008_ENG.pdf|title=2008 Half-yearly Financial Report/Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A. Torino, Page 76|accessdate=2009-06-18|year=2008|format=PDF|archive-date=2011-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717020153/http://www.fiatgroup.com/en-us/shai/banns/3/Documents/Relazione%201%20semestre%202008_ENG.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | area_served = Warldwide except for [[Canadae]] an [[Mexico]] | founder = [[Alexandre Darracq]]/Ugo Stella<br />[[Nicola Romeo]] | predecessor = Società Anonima Italiana Darracq (SAID) | industry = [[Automotive industry|Automotive]] | products = [[Luxury car|Luxury vehicles]] | production = 101,000 units <small>(2012)</small>{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} | key_people = [[John Elkann]] <small>([[Preses]])</small><br />[[Harald Wester]] <small>([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])</small><br />[[Reid A. Bigland]] <small>([[North American Free Trade Agreement|NAFTA]] region buist preses an CEO) | owner = [[Fiat Chrysler Automobiles|Fiat Chrysler Automobiles, NV]] | parent = [[FCA Italy S.p.A.]] | homepage = [http://www.alfaromeo.com alfaromeo.com] }} '''Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A.''' ({{IPA-it|ˈalfa roˈmɛːo}}) is an Italian [[caur manufacturer]]. Foondit as A.L.F.A. (Anonima Lombarda Fabbrica Automobili, {{lang-en|Lombard Automobile Factory, Public Company}}) on 24 Juin 1910, in [[Milan]],<ref name="autoweb.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.autoweb.com.au/cms/A_52638/title_Alfa-Romeo-Celebrates-90-Years-Of-Success/newsarticle.html|title=Alfa Romeo Celebrates 90 Years of Success|accessdate=2009-01-09|year=2000|work=autoweb.com|archive-date=2009-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090511014728/http://www.autoweb.com.au/cms/A_52638/title_Alfa-Romeo-Celebrates-90-Years-Of-Success/newsarticle.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> the company haes been involvit in caur racin syne 1911. It wis awned bi Italian state haudin company [[Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale]] atween 1932 an 1986, when it became a pairt o the [[Fiat|Fiat group]].<ref name="fundinguniverse.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Alfa-Romeo-Company-History.html|title=Alfa Romeo |accessdate=2009-01-09|work=fundinguniverse.com}}</ref> In Februar 2007 the Alfa Romeo buist wis transformit intae the current Alfa Romeo Automobiles S.p.A., a subsidiar o [[FCA Italy S.p.A.]]. ==References== <!--See [[Wikipedia:Footnotes]] for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Alfa Romeo}} <!--========================({{No More Links}})============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA | | IS NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS NOR SHOULD IT BE USED FOR ADVERTISING. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | =======================({{No More Links}})=============================--> *[http://www.alfaromeo.com/ Alfa Romeo International] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110223015441/http://alfaromeo.com/ |date=2011-02-23 }} *[http://vodcast.alfaromeo.it/ Alfa Romeo Vodcast (Official Video Site)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140118201501/http://vodcast.alfaromeo.it/ |date=2014-01-18 }} *[http://www.alfaromeopress.com/index.php?lng=2 Alfa Romeo Press] *[http://www.alfaromeoart.com/ Alfa Romeo Official Art] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160923024320/http://www.alfaromeoart.com/ |date=2016-09-23 }} *[http://www.socialnetwall.alfaromeo.com Alfa Romeo Official socialnetwall] *{{dmoz|Recreation/Autos/Makes_and_Models/Alfa_Romeo|Alfa Romeo}} [[Category:Alfa Romeo| ]] [[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers o Italy]] [[Category:Caur manufacturers o Italy]] [[Category:Sports caur manufacturers]] [[Category:Luxury motor vehicle manufacturers]] [[Category:Formula Ane constructors]] [[Category:Formula Ane entrants]] [[Category:Warld Sportscaur Championship teams]] [[Category:Defunct bus manufacturers]] [[Category:Defunct larrie manufacturers]] [[Category:Aircraft ingine manufacturers o Italy]] [[Category:Companies established in 1910]] [[Category:1910 establishments]] [[Category:Italian buists]] [[Category:Milan motor companies]] [[Category:Trolleybus manufacturers]] 7cb8leovkrgbxupiixmnydqqo11gam0 0 123651 915871 915730 2026-04-29T02:48:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915871 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a '''leet o wather records''', a leet o the maist extreme occurrences o wather phenomena for various categories. ==Temperatur== ===Measurin condeetions=== The staundart measurin condeetions for temperatur are in the air, 1.5 meters abuin the grund, an shielded frae direct sunlicht (hence the term, x degrees "in the shade").<ref name=running2011 /> The follaein leets include aw offeecially confirmed claims measurt bi those methods. Temperaturs measured directly on the grund mey exceed air temperaturs bi 30 tae 50&nbsp;°C.<ref name=running2011>p. 855-857, [http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1 Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth], David J. Mildrexler, Maosheng Zhao, and Steven W. Running, ''Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society'', July 2011, pp. 855-860, {{doi|10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1}}.</ref> A grund temperature o 84&nbsp;°C (183.2&nbsp;°F) haes been recordit in Port Sudan, Sudan.<ref>Table 9.2, p. 158, ''Dryland Climatology'', Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 1139500244.</ref> A grund temperatur o 93.9&nbsp;°C (201&nbsp;°F) wis recordit in [[Furnace Creek, Californie|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[Californie]], [[USA]] on 15 Julie 1972; this mey be the heichest naitural grund surface temperatur ever recordit.<ref>A possible warld record maximum naitural grund surface temperatur, Paul Kubecka, ''Weather'', '''56''', #7 (July 2001), ''Weather'', pp. 218-221, {{doi|10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x}}.</ref> The theoretical maximum possible grund surface temperatur haes been estimatit tae be atween 90 and 100&nbsp;°C for dry, darkish siles o law thermal conductivity.<ref>[http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0450%281992%29031%3C1096%3AEMLST%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures], J. R. Garratt, Journal of Applied Meteorology, '''31''', #9 (September 1992), pp. 1096–1105, {{doi|10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Satellite measurements o grund temperature taken atween 2003 an 2009, taken wi the [[MODIS]] [[infrared]] spectroradiometer on the [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] satellite, foond a maximum temperatur o 70.7&nbsp;°C (159.3&nbsp;°F), which wis recorded in 2005 in the [[Lut Desert]], [[Iran]]. The Lut Desert wis an aa foond tae hae the heichest maximum temperatur in 5 o the 7 years measurt (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 an 2009.) Thir measurements reflect averages ower a lairge region an sae are lawer than the maximum pynt surface temperatur.<ref name=running2011 /> Satellite measurements o the surface temperatur o Antarctica, taken atween 1982 an 2013, foond a cauldest temperatur o −93.2&nbsp;°C (−136&nbsp;°F) on 10 August 2010, at {{Coord|81.8|S|59.3|E}}. Althou this is nae comparable tae an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperatur at this location wad hae been lawer than the offeecial record lawest air temperatur o −89.2&nbsp;°C.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25287806 Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite], Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2013/files/2013/12/ColdestPlaceOnEarth.pdf The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors], Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, [[American Geophysical Union]] fall meeting, 9 December 2013.</ref> ===Heat=== ====Heichest temperaturs ever recordit bi continent==== [[File:Koppen World Map BWh.png|280px|thumb|A warld cairt shawin auries wi [[Köppen climate clessification|Köppen]] ''BWh'' (het desert climate). The temperaturs in thir regions hae the potential tae exceed 50&nbsp;&deg;C (122&nbsp;°F) during the hettest saisons.]] ==== Africae{{refn |group="notes"|Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Africae's hettest reliably measured temperatur is 50.7°C (123.3°F) at [[Semara]], [[Wastren Sahara]] on 13 Julie 1961.<ref name="reliably">{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Christopher C.|title=Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth: PART TWO|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/hottest-reliably-measured-air-temperatures-on-earth-part-two.html|publisher=Weather Underground|date=19 August 2016|accessdate=2 October 2016}}</ref> This vailyie wis surpassed on 5 Julie 2018 whan {{convert|51.3|C|F}} wis recordit at [[Ouargla]], [[Algerie]] on 5 Julie 2018.<ref name=watts2018/>}} ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Algerie}} |{{convert|51.3|C|F}} |[[El Bayadh]], [[El Bayadh Province]] / [[Ouargla]], [[Ouargla Province]] |{{Dts|2 September 1979}}<ref name=AlgeriaCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/algnc2.pdf |title=Seconde Communication Nationale de L'Algerie Sur Les Changements Climatiques a la CCNUCC |publisher=Ministere de L'Amenagement du Territoire et de L'Environnement |year=2010 |language=French |page=27 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref>/{{Dts| 5 Julie 2018}}<ref name=watts2018>{{cite web |last1=Watts |first1=Jonathan |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731151105/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week |archivedate=31 July 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week |title=Heatwave sees record high temperatures around world this week |publisher=The Guardian |date=13 July 2018 |accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Botswana}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |[[Maun, Botswana|Maun]] |{{Dts|7 Januar 2016}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201601112526.html|title=Botswana: Heat Wave Breaks Maximum Temperature Records}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Burkina Faso}} |{{convert|47.2|C|F}} |[[Dori, Burkina Faso|Dori]] |{{Dts|1984}}<ref name=burkinaclimatechange>{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/bfa01f.pdf |title=Programme D'Action National D'Adaptation a la Variabilite et aux Changements Climatiques (Pana du Burkina Faso) |publisher=Ministere de L'Environnnement et du Cadre de Vie |language=French |page=11 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Chad}} |{{convert|47.6|C|F}} |[[Faya-Largeau]] |{{Dts|22 Juin 2010}}<ref name="wu">{{cite web|url=https://www.cyprus-weather.org/temperature-breaks-all-records/|title=Temperature breaks all records in Cyprus|author=|first=|date=7 August 2010|website=|publisher=Weather Underground|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Comoros}} |{{convert|36.0|C|F}} |[[Prince Said Ibrahim Internaitional Airport|Hahaya Internaitional Airport]] |{{Dts|15 November 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/noaa-earth-had-its-third-warmest-year-record-2017 |title=NOAA: Earth Had Its Third Warmest Year on Record in 2017 |publisher=Wunderground |date=18 January 2018 |accessdate=29 April 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}} |{{convert|47.4|°C|°F}} |[[Lavumisa]] | ?<ref name=swazilandrecords>{{cite web|url=http://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/swaziland1991cidagroundwaterresourcesa.pdf |title=Groundwater Resources of Swaziland |publisher=Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Use and Energy |page=6 |date=December 1992 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Ghana}} |{{convert|43.8|C|F}} |[[Navrongo]] |{{Dts|26 Mairch 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Guinea}} |{{convert|45|C|F}} |[[Koundara]], [[Boké Region]] |{{Dts|29 Mairch 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Niger}} |{{convert|49.5|C|F}} |[[Diffa]] |{{Dts|7 September 1978}}<ref name=nigerCC>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506213909/https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf |archivedate=6 May 2018 |url=https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf |title=Troisieme Communication Nationale A La Conference Des Parties De La Conventioncadre Des Nations Unies Sur Les Changements Climatiques |publisher=Republique de Niger |page=8 |accessdate=6 May 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Nigerie}} |{{convert|46.4|C|F}} |[[Yola, Nigerie|Yola]] |{{Dts|3 Apryle 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Réunion}} |{{convert|36.9|C|F}} |[[Le Port, Réunion|Le Port]] |{{Dts|6 Mairch 2004}}<ref name=reunionrecords>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020215/http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat |archivedate=1 January 2019 | url=http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat |title=Climat de la Réunion |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sooth Africae}} |{{convert|50|C|F}} |[[Dunbrody, Eastren Cape|Dunbrody]], [[Eastren Cape]] |{{Dts|3 November 1918}}<ref name="saws">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517132011/http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa |archivedate=17 May 2017|url=http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa |title=What are the temperature, rainfall and wind extremes in SA? | publisher=[[South African Weather Service]]|accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sudan}} |{{convert|49.7|C|F}} |[[Dongola]] |{{Dts|25 Juin 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Tunisie}} |{{convert|55|C|F}} |[[Kebili]] |{{Dts|7 Julie 1931}}<ref name=bams>{{cite journal|author1=Khalid Ibrahim El Fadli |author2=Randall S. Cerveny |author3=Christopher C. Burt |author4=Philip Eden |author5=David Parker |author6=Manola Brunet |author7=Thomas C. Peterson |author8=Gianpaolo Mordacchini |author9=Vinicio Pelino |author10=Pierre Bessemoulin |author11=José Luis Stella |author12=Fatima Driouech |author13=M.M Abdel wahab |author14=Matthew B. Pace |title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|year=2012|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1|volume=94|issue=2 |pages=199–204|bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Wastren Sahara}} |{{convert|50.7|C|F}} |[[Semara]] |{{Dts|13 Julie 1961}}<ref name=reliably/> |- |{{flag|Zambie}} |{{convert|42.4|C|F}} |[[Mfuwe]], [[Eastren Province, Zambie|Eastren Province]] |{{Dts|13 October 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |} ==== Antarcticae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperature !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Antarcticae}} (aw laund/ice sooth o 60°S) | {{convert|19.8|C|F}} | [[Signy Resairch Station]], [[Sooth Orkney Islands]] |{{Dts|30 Januar 1982}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=1 March 2017 |archive-date=2021-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106025041/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Antarcticae}} (mainland an adjynin islands) |{{convert|17.5|C|F}} |[[Esperanza Base]], [[Trinity Peninsula]] |{{Dts|24 Mairch 2015}}<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/31/potential-record-high-temperature-in-antarctica-alarms-scientists | title = Antarctica records unprecedented high temperatures in two new readings | last = Mccarthy | first = Tom | work = The Guardian | date = 31 March 2015 | accessdate = 8 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-continent |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica mainland & adjoining islands): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=1 March 2017 |archive-date=2017-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302030128/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-continent |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Antarcticae}} ([[Antarctic Plateau]] > {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}}) |{{convert|-7.0|C|F}} | Automatit Wather Station D-80 (coordinates: 70°6'S, 134°53'W, elevation: {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}}) |{{Dts|28 December 1989}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-plateau |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica plateau>2500m): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=29 April 2018 |archive-date=2018-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430113958/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-plateau |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[Sooth Pole]] |{{convert|-12.3|C|F}} |[[Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station]] |{{Dts|25 December 2011}}<ref name="Antarctic Sun">{{cite web |url=http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563 |title=Heat wave: South Pole hits record high temperature on Christmas Day |publisher=United States Antarctic Program |date=29 December 2011 |accessdate=1 February 2012 |archive-date=2013-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523025538/http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} ==== Asie ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Afghanistan}} |{{convert|49.9|C|F}} |[[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]] |{{Dts|August 2009}}<ref name="afghan record">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVGaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|title=Afghanistan Constitution and Citizenship Law Handboook – Strategic Information and Basic Laws|last=inc|first=Ibp|date=2013|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=978-1-4387-7835-8|page=48}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Armenie}} |{{convert|43.7|C|F}} |[[Meghri]] |{{Dts|1 August 2011}}<ref name=ArmeniaCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/armnc3.pdf |title=Republic of Armenia Third National Communication on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection |year=2015 |page=3 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Armeniarecordhigh>{{cite web |url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/3377/hottest-day-on-record---437-celsius.html |title=Hottest Day on Record – 43.7 Celsius |publisher=Hetq Online |date=3 August 2011 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |{{convert|46.0|C|F}} |[[Julfa, Azerbaijan (ceety)|Julfa]] an [[Ordubad]] |?<ref name=azhydromet>{{cite web |last1=Mahmudov |first1=Rza |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524005453/http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |archivedate=24 May 2007 |url=http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |title=Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic |publisher=Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic |accessdate=27 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bangladesh}} |{{convert|45.1|C|F}} |[[Rajshahi]] |{{Dts|30 Mey 1972}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 |title=Bangladesh records highest temperature 42.2 degree Celsius in last 14 years |work=Asian Tribune |date=27 April 2009 |accessdate=7 November 2016 |archive-date=2015-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618065730/http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bhutan}} |{{convert|40|C|F}} |[[Phuentsholing]] |{{Dts|27 August 1997}}<ref>{{cite news|author1=Passang Norbu|title=The heat has got into the Himalayas|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Kuensel|date=14 June 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095043/http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0|archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cambodie}} |{{convert|42.6|C|F}} |[[Preah Vihear Province|Preah Vihear]] |{{Dts|15 Apryle 2016}}<ref name="meteofranceasia">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/35905150-asie-vague-de-chaleur-exceptionnelle |title=Exceptional Heat Wave 2016 |work=[[Meteo France]] |accessdate=29 April 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428202234/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/35905150-asie-vague-de-chaleur-exceptionnelle |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cheenae}} |{{convert|50.5|C|F}} |[[Erbao Tounship]], [[Turpan]], [[Xinjiang]] |{{Dts|10 Julie 2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1572543886818701&wfr=spider&for=pc|title=50.5℃！全国最高气温问世 未来或将再创新纪录|work=baijiahao.baidu.com}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Hong Kong}} |{{convert|39.0|C|F}} |[[Hong Kong Wetland Park|Wetland Park]] |{{Dts|22 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Macau}} |{{convert|39.0|C|F}} |[[Coloane]] |{{Dts|22 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Indie}} |{{convert|51.0|C|F}} |[[Phalodi]], [[Rajasthan]] |{{Dts|19 May 2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skymetweather.com/content/weather-news-and-analysis/indian-summer-makes-history-phalodi-in-rajasthan-boils-at-51c/|title=Indian summer makes history, Phalodi in Rajasthan boils at 51°C|work=Skymet Weather}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Indonesie}} |{{convert|39.5|C|F}} |[[Jatiwangi]], [[Majalengka Regency]], [[Wast Java]] /<br>[[Semarang]], [[Central Java]] |{{Dts|December 2006}} /<br>27 October 2015<ref name=wu20151027>{{cite web|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3169|title=Indonesia ties all-time national heat record|accessdate=31 October 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109200547/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3169|archivedate=9 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iran}} |{{convert|54|C|F}} |[[Ahvaz]] Airport (OIAW) |{{Dts|29 Juin 2017}}.<ref name=reliably/><ref name="Samenow2016">{{cite web |last1=Samenow |first1=Jason |title=Two Middle East locations hit 129 degrees, hottest ever in Eastern Hemisphere, maybe the world|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/07/22/two-middle-east-locations-hit-129-degrees-hottest-ever-in-eastern-hemisphere-maybe-the-world/|publisher=The Washington Post|date=22 July 2016|accessdate=23 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/Weather/iran-ahvaz-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-world-record-extreme-death-valley-california-a7815771.html |title=Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements |publisher=independent.com |date=30 June 2017 |accessdate=30 June 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iraq}} |{{convert|53.8|C|F}} |[[Basra]] |{{Dts|22 Julie 2016}}<ref name=Samenow2016/><ref name=Tapper2016>{{cite web |last1=Tapper |first1=James |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/23/think-youre-hot-spare-a-thought-for-kuwait-as-mercury-hits-record-54c |title=Think you're hot? Spare a thought for Kuwait, as mercury hits record 54C |publisher=The Guardian |date=23 July 2016 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Israel}} |{{convert|54|C|F}} |[[Tirat Zvi]] |{{Dts|21 Juin 1942}}<ref name="ims">{{cite web|url=http://ims.gov.il/IMSEng/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ |title=Climate Extremes in Israel |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |date=21 June 1942 |accessdate=5 October 2016}}</ref>{{refn |group="notes"|The temperature has been reported as {{convert|54|C|F}}, however weather historian Christopher Burt argues that the thermograph trace was misread.<ref name="htoe">{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Christopher C.|title=Hottest air temperatures reported on Earth|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=3|website=Weather Underground|date=October 22, 2010|accessdate=7 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103200557/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=3|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} |- |{{flag|Japan}} |{{convert|41.1|C|F}} |[[Kumagaya, Saitama|Kumagaya]], [[Saitama Prefectur|Saitama]] |{{Dts|23 Julie 2018}}<ref name="JMA">{{cite web |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rankall.php?prec_no=&block_no=&year=&month=&day=&view=|title=former National Rankings|accessdate=13 August 2013 |publisher=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Jordan}} |{{convert|50|C|F}} |Jordan University Agriculture Research Center |{{Dts|6 September 2002}}<ref name=Jordanrecords>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127213759/http://jometeo.gov.jo/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9 |archivedate=27 November 2016 |url=http://jometeo.gov.jo/معلومات-مناخية-وزراعية/القيم-المتطرفة |script-title=ar:القيم المتطرفة |publisher=Jordanian Meteorological Department |language=Arabic |accessdate=27 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Kuwait}} |{{convert|53.9|C|F}} |[[Mitribah]] |{{Dts|21 Julie 2016}}<ref name=WMOJune2019>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618130839/https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth |archivedate=18 June 2019 |url=https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth |title=WMO verifies 3rd and 4th hottest temperature recorded on Earth |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=18 June 2019}}</ref>{{refn |group="notes"|According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.<ref name=WMOJune2019/>}} |- |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |? |?<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2055:country-profile&lang=kg |title=Country profile |website=mineconom.gov.kg |publisher=Ministry of Economy of the Kyrgyz Republic |accessdate=13 January 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074546/http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2055:country-profile&lang=kg |archivedate=20 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Laos}} |{{convert|42.3|C|F}} |[[Seno, Laos|Seno]] |{{Dts|12 Apryle 2016}}<ref name=meteofranceasia/> |- |{{flag|Malaysie}} |{{convert|40.1|C|F}} |[[Chuping]] |{{Dts|9 Apryle 1998}}<ref name="climate stats 01">{{cite news| title=General Climate Information| url=http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| publisher=Malaysia Meteorological Department| accessdate=30 June 2010| archive-date=2015-11-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116010753/http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Maldives}} |{{convert|34.9|C|F}} |[[Hanimaadhoo (Haa Dhaalu Atoll)|Hanimaadhoo]] |{{Dts|16 Apryle 2016}}<ref name="meteofranceasia"/> |- |{{flag|Mongolia}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |[[Khongor, Darkhan-Uul|Khongor]], [[Darkhan-Uul Province]] |{{Dts|24 Julie 1999}}<ref name=MARCC>{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf |title=Mongolia: Assessment Report on Climate Change 2009 |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, Mongolia |pages=36–37 |date=September 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2016 |archive-date=2015-12-09 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151209053717/http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Myanmar}} |{{convert|47.2|C|F}} |[[Myinmu]] |{{Dts|14 Mey 2010}}<ref name=Myint2016>{{cite web |last1=Myint |first1=Yee |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/yangon/20063-heat-takes-its-toll.html |title=Heat takes its toll |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Soe2016>{{cite web |last1=Soe |first1=Kyaw |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/19170-warnings-of-strong-el-nino-through-june.html |title=Warnings of strong El Niño through June |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=25 February 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Nepal}} |{{convert|46.0|°C|°F}} |[[Chisapani, Bardiya|Chisapani]] | ?<ref name=faoNepal>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Nepal/Nepal.htm |title=Nepal |work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate=24 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024140133/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/Nepal/nepal.htm |archivedate=24 October 2016 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Oman}} |{{convert|50.8|C|F}} |[[Buraimi]],<br>[[Sohar]], <br>[[Qurayyat, Oman|Qurayyat]] |{{Dts|Julie 1990}}, <br>{{Dts|Mey 2009}}, <br>{{Dts|30 Mey 2017}}<ref name=jfwu17>Jeff Masters, [https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/historic-heat-wave-sweeps-asia-middle-east-and-europe Historic Heat Wave Sweeps Asia, the Middle East and Europe], 6 June 2017</ref> |- |{{flag|Pakistan}} |{{convert|53.7|C|F}} |[[Turbat]] |{{Dts|28 Mey 2017}}<ref name=WMOJune2019/> |- |{{flag|Philippines}} |{{convert|42.2|C|F}} |[[Tuguegarao]], [[Cagayan Valley]] |{{Dts|12 Apryle 1912}}, 11 Mey 1969<ref name=PhilippinesCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/phlnc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Government of the Philippines |date=29 December 2014 |page=6 |accessdate=24 October 2016 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Qatar}} |{{convert|50.4|C|F}} |[[Doha]] |{{Dts|14 Julie 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Roushie}} (Siberie) |{{convert|42.3|C|F}} |[[Belogorsk, Amur Oblast|Belogorsk]], [[Amur Oblast]] |{{Dts|12 Julie 2010}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1546 |title=Wunder Blog |publisher=Weather Underground |date=19 July 2010 |accessdate=28 January 2011 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722041822/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1546 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Saudi Arabie}} |{{convert|52.0|C|F}} |[[Jeddah]] |{{Dts|23 Juin 2010}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2010062476182 |deadurl=yes |title=saudigazette|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930232945/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2010062476182 |archivedate=30 September 2015 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Singapore}} |{{convert|37.0|C|F}} |[[Tengah, Singapore|Tengah]] |{{Dts|17 Apryle 1983}}<ref name=MSSrecords>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature |title=Historical Extremes |publisher=[[Meteorological Service Singapore]] |accessdate=8 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127224631/http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sooth Korea}} |{{convert|41.0|C|F}} |[[Hongcheon]], [[Gangwon Province (Sooth Korea)|Gangwon Province]] |{{Dts|1 August 2018}}<ref name="news1">{{cite web|url=https://m.news.naver.com/read.nhn?mode=LSD&sid1=103&sid2=248&oid=421&aid=0003514221|title=한반도 폭염 신기원…서울 39.6도·홍천 41.0도 |publisher=[[news1]]|accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sirie}} |{{convert|49.4|C|F}} | ? | ?<ref name=SyriaCC>{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/syrnc1.pdf |title=Initial National Communication of the Syrian Arab Republic |publisher=Ministry of state for Environmental Affairs |pages=18–20 |date=April 2010|accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Taiwan}} |{{convert|40.3|C|F}} |[[Tianxiang]], [[Hualien Coonty]] |{{Dts|9 Julie 2018}}<ref name=watts2018/><ref name="Wunderground">{{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Heat-Records-Falling-Around-World-2018|title=Heat Records Falling Around the World in 2018|work=[[Wunderground]]|accessdate=20 September 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Thailand}} |{{convert|44.6|C|F}} |[[Mae Hong Son]] |{{Dts|28 Apryle 2016}}<ref name="meteofranceasia"/> |- |{{flag|Turkey}} |{{convert|49.0|C|F}} |[[Cizre]], [[Şırnak Province]] |{{Dts|27 August 1961}}<ref name="DMIGM">{{cite web|url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/genel/sss.aspx?s=sicaklikenleri2|title=Türkiye'de ve Dünyada Kaydedilen En Düşük ve En Yüksek Değerler |publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service |accessdate=10 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Turkmenistan}} |{{convert|50.1|C|F}} |[[Repetek Biosphere State Reserve]], [[Karakum Desert]] |{{Dts|28 Julie 1983}}<ref name=TurmenistanCC>{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/tkmnc3.pdf |title=Third National Communication of Turkmenistan Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |pages=12–13 |year=2015 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=TurkmenistanUNCCD>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118145252/http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |archivedate=18 November 2016 |url=http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |title=Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |year=2000 |page=7 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Unitit Arab Emirates}} |{{convert|52.1|C|F}} |[[Al Jazeera Mairch Gate]] |{{Dts|Julie 2002}}<ref name=Leon>{{cite news |last1=Ponce de Leon |first1=Janice |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118143949/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 |archivedate=18 November 2016 |title=Debunking weather myths in the UAE |publisher=Gulf News |date=11 August 2016 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=UAErecordhigh>{{cite news |last1=Croucher |first1=Martin |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118144107/http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level |archivedate=18 November 2016 |title=UAE weather: Temperature soars to near record level |publisher=The National |date=12 July 2013 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Vietnam}} |{{convert|43.4|C|F}} |[[Huong Khe Destrict]] |{{Dts|20 Apryle 2019}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cappucci |first1=Matthew |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/22/vietnam-just-observed-its-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-degrees-april/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505153741/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/22/vietnam-just-observed-its-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-degrees-april/ |archivedate=2019-05-05 |title=Vietnam just observed its highest temperature ever recorded: 110 degrees, in April |publisher=The Washington Post |date=22 April 2019 |accessdate=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |} ==== Europe ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Albanie}} |{{convert|43.9|C|F}} |[[Tirana]] |{{Dts|1973}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knoema.com/gbpfred/extreme-temperatures-across-the-world?tsId=1000890|title=Extreme Temperatures across the World|publisher=[[knoema.com|knoema]]|accessdate=26 July 2019 |date=26 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Austrick}} |{{convert|40.5|C|F}} |[[Bad Deutsch-Altenburg]] |{{Dts|8 August 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/klima/news/neuer-hitze-rekord-40-5deg-c-in-bad-deutsch-altenburg|title=Neuer Hitze-Rekord: 40,5°C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg|publisher=[[Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics|ZAMG]]|accessdate=9 August 2013 |date=9 August 2013}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Belaroushie}} |{{convert|38.9|C|F}} |[[Gomel]] |{{Dts|7 August 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Belgium}} |{{convert|41.8|C|F}} |[[Begijnendijk]], [[Flemish Brabant]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"|Part of the [[July 2019 European heat wave]]}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref name=Belgium1>{{cite web |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/07/26/hitte-zo-uitzonderlijk-was-het-gisteren |title=Zo uitzonderlijk was het gisteren: 41,8 graden in Begijnendijk |publisher=VRTNWS|language=Dutch|accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |{{convert|46.2|C|F}} |[[Mostar]] |{{Dts|31 Julie 1901}}<ref name="Federal Hydrometeorological Institute">{{cite web |url=http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php |title=Federal Hydrometeorological Institute |accessdate=28 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009021245/http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="meteofrance"/> |- |{{flag|Bulgarie}} |{{convert|45.2|C|F}} |[[Sadovo]], [[Plovdiv Province]] |{{Dts|5 August 1916}}<ref name="unfccc">{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bulnc2.pdf |title=Bulgaria Second National Communication |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Croatie}} |{{convert|42.8|C|F}} |[[Ploče]] |{{Dts|5 August 1981}}<ref name="cro">{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 |title=Croatia Sixth National Communication |format=PDF |accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cyprus}} |{{convert|45.6|C|F}} |[[Nicosia]] |{{Dts|1 August 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Czech Republic}} |{{convert|40.4|C|F}} |[[Dobřichovice]], [[Prague-Wast Destrict]] |{{Dts|20 August 2012}}<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasceska.cz/ceska-republika/ceska-nej/ |title=Česká republika – Česká nej |publisher=atlasceska.cz |accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Denmark}} |{{convert|36.4|C|F}} |[[Holstebro]], [[Midtjylland]] |{{Dts|10 August 1975}}<ref name="dmi">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426034355/http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ |archivedate=26 April 2017 |url=http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ |title=Vejrekstremer i Danmark |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |language=Danish |accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Estonie}} |{{convert|35.6|C|F}} |[[Võru]] |{{Dts|11 August 1992}}<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/rekordid/ohutemperatuur/?lang=en |title=Weather records |publisher=Estonian Weather Services |accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Finland}} |{{convert|37.2|C|F}} |[[Joensuu Airport]], [[Liperi]] |{{Dts|29 Julie 2010}}<ref name=fmirecords>{{cite web|url=http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/lampotilaennatyksia |title=Lämpötilaennätyksiä |publisher=Finnish Meteorological Institute |language=Finnish |accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Fraunce}} |{{convert|46.0|C|F}} |[[Vérargues]], [[Hérault]] |{{Dts|28 Juin 2019}}<ref name="meteofrance">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721010727/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin |archivedate=2019-07-21 |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin |title=C'est officiel : on a atteint les 46 °C en France en juin |publisher=Météo France |language=French |accessdate=19 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Germany}} |{{convert|42.6|C|F|abbr=}} |[[Lingen, Germany|Lingen]], [[Lawer Saxony]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/wetter-sammlung-100.html|title=Hitzewelle: Lingen mit 42,6 Grad heißester Ort|website=www1.wdr.de|date=25 July 2019|accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Greece}} |{{convert|48.0|C|F}} |[[Athens]] {{refn |group="notes"|A temperatur o {{convert|48.7|C|F}} haes an aw been meisurt on the same day in [[Tatoi]], houiver it is nae conseedert tae be the offeecial temperatur record for Greece.<ref name="meteoclub1">{{cite web|url=http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/1468-rekor-thermokrasias |title=Τα χαμηλότερα και υψηλότερα ρεκόρ θερμοκρασίας στην Ελλάδα |publisher=Meteoclub.gr |date= |accessdate=22 February 2019}}</ref>}} |{{Dts|10 Julie 1977}}<ref name="WMO">{{cite web|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-meteorological-organization-global-weather-climate-extremes-archive|title=Global Weather & Climate Extremes|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organisation]]|accessdate=2 January 2019|archive-date=2013-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Hungary}} |{{convert|41.9|C|F}} |[[Kiskunhalas]] |{{Dts|20 Julie 2007}}<ref name="met.hu">{{cite web|url=http://owww.met.hu/eghajlat/Magyarorszag/rekordok/ |title=Website of the Hungarian Meteorological Service |publisher=Met.hu |accessdate=7 August 2015}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iceland}} | {{convert|30.5|C|F}} | Teigarhorn, [[Djúpivogur]] |{{Dts|22 Juin 1939}}<ref name="iceland">Einarsson, Markús. [http://en.vedur.is/media/loftslag/myndasafn/frodleikur/Einarsson.pdf Climate of Iceland] pg 683. Retrieved 29 April 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&ew_0_a_id=309709 Heat Wave Hits Iceland, New Records Set] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629021152/http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&ew_0_a_id=309709 |date=2009-06-29 }} ''[[Iceland Review]]'' 31 July 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2009.</ref> |- |{{flag|Ireland}} |{{convert|33.3|C|F}} |[[Kilkenny Castle]], [[Coonty Kilkenny]] |{{Dts|26 Juin 1887}}<ref name="Met Éireann">{{cite web |url=http://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp |title=Temperature – Climate – Met Éireann – The Irish Meteorological Service Online |publisher=Met.ie |date=2 January 1979 |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003129/https://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Italy}} |{{convert|47.0|C|F}} |[[Foggia]], [[Apulie]] {{refn |group="notes"|A disputit record temperatur o 48.5&nbsp;°C (119.3&nbsp;°F) wis measurt on 10 August 1999 in [[Catenanuova]], Sicily.<ref name=Italy1/>}} |{{Dts|25 Juin 2007}}<ref name=Italy1>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c |title=BATTUTI I RECORD DI CALDO: Italia del Sud nella fornace africana, punte di +47 °C |publisher=Meteogiornale |date=25 June 2007 |accessdate=8 May 2014 |language=Italian |archive-date=2014-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224114/http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Italy>{{cite web|url=http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/ |title=Il record italiano di caldo: +48.5 °C|publisher=CentroMeteoToscana |date=7 July 2012 |accessdate=8 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224554/http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/|archivedate=12 May 2014|language=Italian}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Latvie}} |{{convert|37.8|C|F}} |[[Ventspils]] |{{Dts|4 August 2014}}<ref name="meteolv">[https://twitter.com/VSIA_LVGMC/status/496291491539845120 LVGMC Twitter account]. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2014. {{lv icon}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Lithuanie}} |{{convert|37.5|C|F}} |[[Zarasai]], [[Utena Coonty]] |{{Dts|30 Julie 1994}}<ref name="record lithuania">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai |title=(Meteorologiniai rekordai Lietuvoje) |publisher=Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service |language=Lithuanian |accessdate=28 September 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002123054/http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Luxembourg}} |{{convert|40.8|C|F|abbr=}} |[[Steinsel|Steinsel, Luxembourg]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref name="record luxembourg">{{cite web|url=https://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/40-8-c-neuer-offizieller-temperaturrekord-in-luxemburg-5d39c099da2cc1784e3488ff|title=40,8°C: Neuer offizieller Temperaturrekord in Luxemburg|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=AgriMeteo|language=German|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726130556/https://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/40-8-c-neuer-offizieller-temperaturrekord-in-luxemburg-5d39c099da2cc1784e3488ff|archive-date=2019-07-26|dead-url=|accessdate=25 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Maltae}} |{{convert|43.8|C|F}} |[[Maltae Internaitional Airport]] |{{Dts|9 August 1999}}<ref name="MaltaCC">{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/mlt_nc02.pdf |title=The Second Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Xhange |publisher=Ministry of Resources and Rural Affairs |pages=40–41 |date=May 2010 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=MaltaNSO>{{cite web |last1= Galdies |first1= Charles |url= https://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/B3_Environment_Energy_Transport_Agriculture_Statistics/The_Climate_of_Malta.pdf |title= The Climate of Malta: statistics, trends, and analysis 1951–2010 |pages= 6–7 |year= 2011 |publisher= National Statistics Office |accessdate= 26 February 2013 |archive-date= 2016-04-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203936/http://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/B3_Environment_Energy_Transport_Agriculture_Statistics/The_Climate_of_Malta.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Moldovae}} |{{convert|42.4|°C|°F}} |[[Falesti]] |{{Dts|7 August 2012}}<ref name=Moldovarecords>{{cite web |title=Recorduri meteorologice în Republica Moldova |url=http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm |publisher=Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat |language=Romanian |accessdate=25 October 2016 |archive-date=2017-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320091515/http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Montenegro}} |{{convert|44.8|C|F}} |[[Podgorica]] & [[Danilovgrad]] |{{Dts|16 August 2007}} /<br/>8 August 2012<ref name="Jeff Masters">{{cite web|last=Masters |first=Jeff |title=2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html |publisher=Weather Underground |accessdate=17 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117064246/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html |archivedate=17 January 2013 |df= }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Netherlands}} |{{convert|40.7|C|F}} |[[Gilze en Rijen]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref>https://nos.nl/liveblog/2294980-meting-41-7-graden-in-deelen-niet-geldig-wel-boven-de-40-in-gilze-rijen.html}</ref> |- |{{flag|North Macedonie}} |{{convert|45.7|C|F}} |[[Demir Kapija]], [[Demir Kapija Municipality|Demir Kapija]] |{{Dts|24 Julie 2007}}<ref name=MacedoniaCC>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124035513/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf |archivedate=24 November 2016 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning |page=24 |date=December 2008 |accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Norawa}} |{{convert|35.6|°C|°F}} |[[Nesbyen]], [[Buskerud]] |{{Dts|20 Juin 1970}}<ref name="DNMI">{{cite web |url=http://met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |title=Klima |publisher=met.no |accessdate=20 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129225502/http://www.met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |archivedate=29 November 2007 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Poland}} |{{convert|40.2|°C|°F}} |[[Prószków]]{{refn |group="notes" |Record meisurt on [[Weimar Republic|German territory]] at that time: [[Proskau]], [[Landkreis]] [[Opole|Oppeln]], [[Province o Upper Silesie|Oberschlesien]] (nou [[Prószków]], [[Opole Voivodeship]]). The record in [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland proper]] at that time wis attained on the same day bi the veelage o [[Zbiersk]] at 40.0&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://meteomodel.pl/rekordy-temperatury/|title=Polskie Rekordy|website=MeteoModel.pl|date=31 May 2011|access-date=2016-02-12}}</ref>}} |{{Dts|29 Julie 1921}}<ref name="klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl">{{cite web |url=http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |title=Rekordy klimatyczne w Polsce |language=pl |publisher=Zakład Klimatologii – [[Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], Kraków |work=Klimat.Geo.UJ.edu.pl |accessdate=20 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529040418/http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |archivedate=29 May 2010 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Portugal}} |{{convert|47.4|°C|°F}} |[[Amareleja]], [[Beja (destrict)|Beja]] |{{Dts|1 August 2003}}<ref name="meteo1">[https://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/ Extremes] Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IPMA</ref> |- |{{flag|Romanie}} |{{convert|44.5|°C|°F}} |[[Ion Sion]], [[Brăila Coonty]] |{{Dts|10 August 1951}}<ref>[http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=405 THERMAL EXTREMES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909041857/http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=405 |date=2008-09-09 }} Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie</ref> |- |{{flag|Roushie|}} (in Europe) |{{convert|45.4|°C|°F}} |[[Utta]], [[Kalmykie]] |{{Dts|12 Julie 2010}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/news/5076/ |title=Погода и Климат – В России установлен новый абсолютный температурный максимум |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |accessdate=28 January 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070750/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/news/5076/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|San Marino}} |{{convert|40.3|C|F}} |[[Serravalle (San Marino)|Serravalle]] |{{Dts|3 August 2017}}, {{Dts|9 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Serbie}} |{{convert|44.9|°C|°F}} |[[Smederevska Palanka]], [[Podunavlje Destrict|Podunavlje]] |{{Dts|24 Julie 2007}}<ref name="hidmet">{{cite web|url=http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/ciril/meteorologija/klimatologija_temp_rezim.php |title=TEMPERATURE REGIME IN SERBIA, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia |publisher=Hidmet.gov.rs |accessdate=4 September 2012}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Slovakie}} |{{convert|40.3|C|F}} |[[Hurbanovo]] |{{Dts|20 Julie 2007}}<ref name=slovakrecord>{{cite web|title=Historial Extremes: Review of historical extremes (extreme values) of selected meteorological elements at the territory of Slovak republic |url=http://www.shmu.sk/en/?page=1384 |publisher=Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute |accessdate=9 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Slovenie}} |{{convert|40.8|C|F}} |[[Cerklje ob Krki]] |{{Dts|8 August 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|title=V Cerkljah ob Krki namerili rekordnih 40,8 stopinje Celzija|url=http://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/vroce-bo-temperature-pa-okoli-40-stopinj-celzija.html|publisher=24ur.com|accessdate=8 August 2013|language=Slovenian}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Spain}} |{{convert|47.3|C|F}} |[[Montoro, Cordoba]] (as Montoro Vega Armijo) |{{Dts|13 Julie 2017}}<ref name=Benayas2017>{{cite web |last1=Benayas |first1=Victoria |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/14/inenglish/1500017188_072441.html |title=Córdoba sets new temperature record as heatwave continues in Spain |publisher=El País |date=14 July 2017 |accessdate=19 July 2017 |archive-date=2017-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818001445/https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/14/inenglish/1500017188_072441.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Swaden}} |{{convert|38.0|C|F}} |[[Ultuna]], [[Uppsala Coonty]]/<br>[[Målilla]], [[Kalmar County]] (tied) |{{Dts|9 Julie 1933}} /<br>29 Juin 1947<ref name="SMHI">{{cite web |url=http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/svenska-temperaturrekord-1.5792 |title=Svenska temperaturrekord |publisher=Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut |accessdate=15 August 2017 |archive-date=2017-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175701/http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/svenska-temperaturrekord-1.5792 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Swisserland}} |{{convert|41.5|C|F}} |[[Grono, Swisserland|Grono]], [[Moesa Destrict]] |{{Dts|11 August 2003}}<ref name="Weather in Switzerland">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html |title=Records Suisse |publisher=MeteoSwiss |accessdate=25 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816174245/http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Ukraine}} |{{convert|42.0|C|F}} |[[Luhansk]] |{{Dts|12 August 2010}}<ref name=cgo>{{cite web |url =http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords/ |script-title =uk:Кліматичні рекорди |publisher =Central Observatory for Geophysics |language =Ukrainian |accessdate =4 August 2016 |archive-date =2016-08-04 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160804044852/http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords%2F |url-status =dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} |{{convert|38.7|C|F}} |[[Cambridge]], [[Cambridgeshire]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts| 25 Julie 2019|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2019/new-official-highest-temperature-in-uk-confirmed |title=New official highest temperature in UK confirmed |publisher=[[Met Office]] |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="UK Met Office">{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate-extremes/#?tab=climateExtremes |title=UK climate – Extremes |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Vatican Ceety}} |{{convert|40.7|C|F}} |[[Vatican Ceety]] |{{Dts|2 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |} ==== North Americae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Anguilla}} |{{convert|34.2|C|F}} |[[The Valley, Anguilla|The Valley]] |{{Dts|12 September 2015}}<ref name=wu20151021>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/sixteen-nationalterritorial-alltime-extreme-heat-records-set-in-2015.html|title=Sixteen National/Territorial All-Time Extreme Heat Records Set in 2015 |publisher=Wunderground |date=27 January 2016 |accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Antigua an Barbuda}} |{{convert|34.9|C|F}} |[[V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport]], [[St. John's, Antigua an Barbuda|St. John's]] |{{Dts|12 August 1995}}<ref name=Antiguaclimate>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/Our_Climate.html |title=Our Climate |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2017-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305012206/http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/Our_Climate.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Antiguaclimatedata>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/STATS/coolidge_dailytemp.html |title=Normal Daily Temperature: TEMPERATURE AT V.C. Bird International Airport |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2019-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823025952/http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/STATS/coolidge_dailytemp.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Breetish Virgin Islands}} |{{convert|35.0|C|F}} |[[Terrance B. Lettsome Internaitional Airport]] |{{Dts|22 Julie 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |last2=Henson |first2=Bob |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/confirmed-2016-the-warmest-year-in-history-of-global-recordkeeping.html |title= Confirmed: 2016 the Warmest Year in History of Global Recordkeeping |publisher= Wunderground |date= 18 January 2017 |accessdate=7 May 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Canadae}} |{{convert|45.0|C|F}} |[[Yellow Grass]], [[Saskatchewan]]<br>[[Midale]], Saskatchewan |{{Dts|5 Julie 1937}}<ref name="canadaextremes">{{cite web|url = http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=en&n=6a4a3ac5-1#1921-1940 |title = Top Weather Events of the 20th Century |publisher = Environment Canada |date = May 2010|accessdate = 26 January 2013}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cayman Islands}} |{{convert|34.9|C|F}} |[[Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport]], [[Grand Cayman]] |{{Dts|21 August 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|Cuba}} |{{convert|39.1|C|F}} |Veguitas ([[Granma Province]]) |{{Dts|30 Juin 2019}}<ref name=Cubarecords>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geoclimat.org/p/records-nationaux-de-temperatures.html|title=Records nationaux de température}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Dominica}} |{{convert|35.5|C|F}} |[[Canefield Airport]] |{{Dts|3 October 2015}}<ref name=wu20151021/> |- |{{flag|Dominican Republic}} |{{convert|43.0|C|F}} |[[Mao, Dominican Republic|Mao]] |{{Dts|31 August 1954}}<ref name=mejia>{{cite web |first1=Mariela |last1=Mejía |url=http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html |title=Frío extremo, calor agobiante |publisher=Diario Libre |language=Spanish |date=7 January 2011 |accessdate=2 May 2017 |archive-date=2013-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214132/http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Greenland}} |{{convert|30.1|C|F}} |[[Ivittuut]] |{{Dts|23 Juin 1915}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/06/10/greenland-witnessed-its-highest-june-temperature-ever-recorded-on-thursday/ |title=Greenland witnessed its highest June temperature ever recorded on Thursday |work=The Washington Post |date=10 June 2016 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm |title=Greenland -Dnk- - Ivigtut |publisher=Pendientedemigracion.ucm.es |date= |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2016-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126080156/http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ |title=More record lows since 1937 than record highs |work=Iceagenow.info |date=27 June 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2018-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005145353/https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Guatemala}} |{{convert|45|C|F}} |[[Estanzuela]], [[Zacapa]] | ?<ref name="INSIVUMEH"/> |- |{{flag|Martinique}} |{{convert|36.5|C|F}} |[[Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]] |{{Dts|6 October 2010}}<ref name=martiniqueclimate>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101021428/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 |archivedate=1 January 2019 |url=http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 |title=Le climat en Martinique |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Mexico}} |{{convert|52.0|C|F}} |[[Mexicali]] area |{{Dts|28 Julie 1995}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/early-summer-heat-broils-northern-hemisphere.html |author=Christopher Burt|title=Early Summer Heat Broils Northern Hemisphere |accessdate=19 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=García Cueto |first1=O.R. |last2=Santillán Soto |first2=N. |last3=Quintero Núñez |first3=M. |last4=Ojeda Benítez |first4=S. |last5=Velázquez Limón |first5=N. |title=Extreme temperature scenarios in Mexicali, Mexico under climate change conditions |journal=Atmósfera |date=October 2013 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=509–520 |doi=10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71092-0 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Panama}} |{{convert|40.0|C|F}} |[[San Francisco, Panamá|San Francisco]] |{{Dts|20 Mairch 1998}}<ref name=ETESA>{{cite web |url=http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing |title=Extreme Temperatures |publisher=Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031151317/http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Puerto Rico}} |{{convert|104|F|C|order=flip}} |[[Mona Island]] |{{Dts|2 Julie 1996}}<ref name=NWSpuertorico>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119141404/http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes |archivedate=19 January 2017|url=http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes |title=All Time Extremes for PR and VI |publisher=National Weather Service |accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> |- | |{{flag|United States}} |{{convert|56.7|C|F}} |[[Furnace Creek, Californie|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[Californie]] |{{Dts|10 Julie 1913}}<ref name="KPBS-report">{{cite web |url=http://www.kpbs.org/news/2013/jul/15/doubts-cloud-death-valleys-100-year-heat-record/ |title=Doubts Cloud Death Valley's 100-year Heat Record|accessdate=30 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="WMO-Highest">[http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature World: Highest Temperature] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |date=4 January 2013 }} [[World Meteorological Organization]]. Retrieved 13 September 2012.</ref><ref name="Burt"/> |- |{{flag|Unitit States Virgin Islands}} |{{convert|99|F|C|order=flip}} |[[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Thomas]]/ [[Cruz Bay, U.S. Virgin Islands|Cruz Bay]] |{{Dts|4 August 1994}} an 23 Juin 1996<ref name=NWSpuertorico/><br/> 31 July 1988<ref name=NWSpuertorico/> |} ==== Oceanie{{refn |group="notes"|On 16 Januar 1889, a temperatur o 53&nbsp;°C (128&nbsp;°F) wis recordit at [[Cloncurry, Queensland]]. It wis measurt wi a non-staundart thermometer, so it is unkent if this readin wis valid or nae.<ref name="NCDC"/> The readin is nae recognised bi Australie's [[Bureau o Meteorology]].<ref name="BoMExtremes"/>}}==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Australie}} |{{convert|50.7|C|F}} |[[Oodnadatta, Sooth Australie]] |{{Dts|2 Januar 1960}}<ref name="NCDC">[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120525195312/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html |date=2012-05-25 }} [[National Climatic Data Center]]. Retrieved 21 June 2007.</ref><ref name="BoMExtremes">{{cite web | title = Australian Temperature Extremes | publisher = [[Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)|Bureau of Meteorology]] | date = 1 April 2009 | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/extreme/records/national.pdf | accessdate=16 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://reg.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/highesttemp.shtml |title=50.5&nbsp;°C – W.A.'s Highest Ever Temperature |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |date=20 February 1998 |accessdate=12 July 2011}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Marshall Islands}} |{{convert|35.6|C|F}} |[[Utirik Atoll]] |{{Dts|24 August 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|New Zealand}} |{{convert|42.4|C|F}} |[[Rangiora]], [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] /<br>Jordan, [[Marlborough Region|Marlborough]] (tied) |{{Dts|7 Februar 1973}}<ref name="record NZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/NaturalEnvironment/3/en |title=Carl Walrond. 'Natural environment', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 25-Sep-2007 |publisher=Teara.govt.nz |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816033058/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/NaturalEnvironment/3/en |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Palau}} |{{convert|35|C|F}} |[[Koror]] |{{Dts|22 Mairch 2018}}<ref name=Palauhigh>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/march-2018-earths-5th-warmest-march-record | title = March 2018: Earth's 5th Warmest March on Record | publisher = Wunderground | date = 18 April 2018 | accessdate=29 April 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Samoa}} |{{convert|35.3|C|F}} |[[Asau, Samoa|Asau]] |{{Dts|24 December 1968}}<ref name = WBsamoaclimate> {{cite web |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161105161301/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf |archivedate= 5 November 2016 |url= http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf |title= Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Samoa Agriculture Competitiveness Enhancement Project |publisher= World Bank |date= 2 December 2011 |page= 53 |accessdate= 5 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Solomon Islands}} |{{convert|36.1|C|F}} |[[Honiara]], [[Guadalcanal Province]] |{{Dts|1 Februar 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Tonga}} |{{convert|35.5|C|F}} |[[Niuafoou]] |{{Dts|1 Februar 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|Vanuatu}} |{{convert|36.2|C|F}} |[[Lamap Malekula]] |{{Dts|8 Februar 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|Wallis and Futuna}} |{{convert|35.8|C|F}} |[[Futuna Airport]] |{{Dts|10 Januar 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |} ==== Sooth Americae{{refn |group="notes"|Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Sooth America's hettest reliably meisurt temperature is 47.3°C (117.1°F) at [[Campo Gallo]], [[Argentinae]] on 16 October 1936.<ref name=reliably/>}}==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Argentinae}} |{{convert|48.9|C|F}} * |[[Rivadavia, Salta|Rivadavia]], [[Salta Province]] |{{Dts|11 December 1905}}<ref name="NCDC"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental |title=Continental Weather & Climate Extremes: Based on World Meteorological Organization Defined Regions |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="meteofa">The record o 49.1&nbsp;°C (120.4&nbsp;°F) in [[Villa de María del Río Seco|Villa de María]], [[Córdoba Province, Argentinae|Córdoba Province]], Argentinae, on 2 Januar 1920, is disputit an conseedert dubious{{cite web |url=http://www.smn.gov.ar/?mod=biblioteca&id=94 |title=Servicio Meteorólogico Nacional (Argentina) |accessdate=31 March 2014}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bolivie}} |{{convert|46.7|C|F}} |[[Villamontes]], [[Tarija Depairtment]] |{{Dts|29 October 2010}}<ref name="wu"/>{{refn |group="notes"|Temperatur reached on multiple occasions; this is the maist recent.}} |- |{{flag|Brazil}} |{{convert|44.8|C|F}} |[[Nova Maringá]], [[Mato Grosso]] |{{Dts|4 November 2020}}, {{Dts|5 November 2020}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/climatempo/brasil-tem-novo-recorde-historico-de-calor,539a60945327d9f61cd981427377c37cuo1khkwn.html |title=Brasil tem novo recorde histórico de calor |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=6 November 2020 |website=www.terra.com.br |publisher=Terra|access-date= 7 November 2020|language=Portuguese||trans-title=Brazil has a new historic heat record|quote=}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Chile}} |{{convert|44.9|C|F}} |[[Quillón]], [[Biobio Region]]{{refn |group="notes"|This record is disputit acause o the [[2017 Chile wildfires|forest fires]] that occurred aroond the toun o Quillón. It is heichly probable thae fires hae influenced this record.}} |{{Dts|26 Januar 2017}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615134949/http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml|archivedate=15 June 2017|title=En Bío Bío se registró temperatura máxima de la historia de Chile|date=27 January 2017|publisher=Biobiochile.cl|language=Spanish |deadurl=no |accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theclinic.cl/2017/01/26/quillon-tuvo-hoy-la-temperatura-mas-alta-la-historia-chile-44-9-grados-la-sombra/|title=Quillón tuvo hoy la temperatura más alta de la historia de Chile: 44.9 grados a la sombra|publisher=[[The Clinic (newspaper)|The Clinic]] |date=26 January 2017 |accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Colombie}} |{{convert|45.0|C|F}} |[[Puerto Salgar]], [[Cundinamarca Depairtment|Cundinamarca]] |{{Dts|29 December 2015}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronosticosyalertas.gov.co/documents/78690/301070/12_IDA_DICIEMBRE_30_2015.pdf/18413b07-7123-42e7-95f3-6f8b92311265?version=1.0 |title=Informe Técnico Diario N°364 |publisher=[[IDEAM]] |date=30 December 2015 |accessdate=15 January 2016 |archive-date=2016-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129085236/http://www.pronosticosyalertas.gov.co/documents/78690/301070/12_IDA_DICIEMBRE_30_2015.pdf/18413b07-7123-42e7-95f3-6f8b92311265?version=1.0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|French Guiana}} |{{convert|38.0|C|F}} |[[Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] |{{Dts|27 September 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |-- |{{flag|Paraguay}} |{{convert|45.0|C|F}} |[[Pratts Gill]], [[Boquerón Depairtment]] |{{Dts|14 November 2009}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteorologia.gov.py:9191/historico.html|title=Valores extremos históricos climatológicos de la red de estaciones|date=13 January 2011|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=2012-12-21|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221100002/http://www.meteorologia.gov.py:9191/historico.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Peru}} |{{convert|48.3|C|F}} |[[Juan Guerra]], [[Depairtment o San Martín|San Martín]] |{{Dts|3 November 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/senamhi-regiones-han-registrado-temperaturas-altas-nivel-nacional-noticia-503478|title=¿En qué regiones se han registrado las temperaturas más altas a nivel nacional?|work=[[El Comercio Perú]]|date=11 March 2018|language=es}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Uruguay}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |[[Paysandú]], [[Paysandú Depairtment]] |{{Dts|20 Januar 1943}}<ref name="uruguayrecordssum">{{cite web |title = Clima del Uruguay |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213061537/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm |archivedate=13 December 2016 |url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm |publisher = Red Académica Uruguaya |language=Spanish |accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="uruguayrecordsraw">{{cite web |title = Boletín meteorológico |url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt |publisher = Dirección Nacional de Meteorología |language = Spanish |trans-title = Meteorologic records of Uruguay |accessdate = 1 October 2010 |archive-date = 2015-06-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150609015041/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt |url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Venezuela}} |{{convert|43.6|C|F}} |[[Santa Ana de Coro]], [[Falcón]] ||{{Dts|29 Apryle 2015}}<ref name=wu20151021/> |} ====Ither heich-temperature records==== * '''Fastest temperatur rise:''' 27&nbsp;°C (49&nbsp;°F) in twa minutes; [[Spearfish, Sooth Dakota]], 1943-01-22.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book">{{cite book | last = Lyons | first = Walter A | title = The Handy Weather Answer Book | url = https://archive.org/details/handyweatheransw00lyon | edition = 2nd | year = 1997 | publisher = Visible Ink press | location = Detroit, Michigan | isbn = 0-7876-1034-8}}</ref> * '''Maist consecutive days abuin 37.8&nbsp;°C (100&nbsp;°F):''' 160 days; [[Marble Bar, Wastren Australie]] frae 31 October 1923 tae 7 Aprile 1924.<ref name="climateextremes">{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.htm|title=Marble Bar heatwave, 1923–1924|work=Australian Climate Extremes|publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]|accessdate=21 September 2008|archiveurl=https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.html|archivedate=2009-03-17|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''Surface temperatur:''' Heat records are measurt bi air temperature abuin the grund. Remote sensin can estimate grund or "skin" surface temperaturs: the [[MODIS]] satellite foond in a brief survey a grund temperature o {{convert|70.7|C|F}}, in the [[Lut Desert]] o Iran, the hettest detectit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=77779|title=Finding the hottest spots on Earth by satellite|publisher=NASA|work=Earth Observatory|date=2012-05-02}}</ref> ===[[Cauld]]=== ===Lawest temperaturs recordit=== <!-- Note: Dates should have name of month SPELLED OUT (as in previous table) to avoid confusion over MONTH/DAY. THIS PAGE IS FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS ONLY, NOT REMOTELY SENSED OBSERVATIONS --> ===Bi continent=== ==== Africae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Algerie}} | {{convert|-13.8|C|F}} | [[Mécheria]] | 28 January 2005<ref name=AlgeriaCC/> |- | {{flag|Burkina Faso}} | {{convert|5|C|F}} | [[Markoye]] | January 1975<ref name=burkinaclimatechange/> |- | {{flag|Botswana}} | {{convert|-15.0|C|F}} | [[Tsabong]] | ?<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203143334/http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html |archivedate=3 December 2008 |url=http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html |title=Botswana's Climate |publisher=Meteorological Services Botswana |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}} | {{convert|-6.7|°C|°F}} | [[Big Bend, Eswatini|Big Bend]] | ?<ref name=swazilandrecords/> |- | {{flag|Ghana}} | {{convert|11.0|C|F}} | [[Kumasi]], [[Tafo]] | ?<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011052633/http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html |archivedate=11 October 2008 |url=http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html |title=Climatology |publisher=Ghana Meteorological Services Department |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Guinea}} | {{convert|2.5|C|F}} | [[Bareing]] | 2 Januar 1982<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109004730/http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm |archivedate=9 January 2007 |url=http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm |title=Quelques Records en Guinée |publisher=Météorologie Nationale, République de Guinée |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Lesotho}} | {{convert|-21.0|C|F}} | ? | ?<ref name="lesotho">{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/lesnc1.pdf |title= Lesotho – National report on climate change |publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources |date=April 2000 |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Morocco}} | {{convert|-23.9|C|F}} | [[Ifrane]] | 11 Februar 1935<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/africa-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region I (Africa): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=25 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226055625/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/africa-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Niger}} | {{convert|-2.4|C|F}} | [[Bilma]] | {{Dts|13 Januar 1995}}<ref name=nigerCC/> |- | {{flag|Réunion}} | {{convert|-5.0|C|F}} | [[Gite de Bellecome]] | {{Dts|10 September 1975}}<ref name=reunionrecords/> |- | {{flag|Sooth Africae}} | {{convert|-20.1|C|F}} | [[Buffelsfontein]], near [[Molteno, Eastren Cape|Molteno]], [[Eastren Cape]] | 23 August 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mybroadband.co.za/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=76495&d=1381902030|title=New minimum temperature record for South Africa |accessdate=12 June 2014}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Sudan}} | {{convert|-1.0|°C|°F}} | [[Zalingei]] | December 1961 an Januar 1962<ref name=faosudan>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/counprof/sudan/sudan.htm |title=Sudan |work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate=22 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016075150/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Sudan/sudan.htm |archivedate=16 October 2016 }}</ref> |} ==== Antarcticae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Antarcticae}} |{{convert|-89.2|C|F}} <!-- Please do not change this record without reaching consensus on the talk page. Recent satellite measurements below this figure, while gaining a lot of publicity, are not considered official (by the WMO, for example) and are not comparable with ground-based measurements. See the article "Lowest temperature recorded on Earth", the footnote below the table, or the source cited in the lead, for details. --> |[[Vostok Station]] |21 Julie 1983<ref name="NCDC"/><ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/><ref>{{cite journal | author=Budretsky, A.B. | title=New absolute minimum of air temperature | journal=Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition | url=http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html | issue=105 | year=1984 | location=Leningrad | publisher=[[Gidrometeoizdat]] | language=Russian | access-date=2015-07-22 | archive-date=2009-02-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227071811/http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>{{refn |group="notes" | This temperature is conseedert the lawest iver offeecially recordit in Antarctica an in the Warld, as it was perceived bi grund-poseetioned thermometers in 1983. [[Satellite]] analyses made on 10 August 2010 pyntit tae a temperatur o −93.2&nbsp;°C (−135.8&nbsp;°F) near [[Dome F]] in [[Queen Maud Land]], but this record is nae offeecially leetit acause it wis meisurt by [[remote sensin]] methods that are nae totally consistent, unlik the 1983 temperatur. See [[Lawest temperatur recorded on Yird]] for details.}} |- |Dome A |{{convert|-82.5|C|F}} |[[Dome A]] | Julie 2005<ref>{{cite web|author=Web Team |url=http://www.aad.gov.au/weather/aws/dome-a/index.html |title=''Australian Antarctic Division'' |publisher=Aad.gov.au |date=5 September 2005 |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> |- |[[Sooth Pole]] |{{convert|-82.8|C|F}} |[[Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station]] |23 Juin 1982<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/southp.jsp |title=''Office of Polar Programs'' |publisher=Nsf.gov |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2020-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414060623/https://www.nsf.gov/geo/opp/support/southp.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} ==== Asie ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Afghanistan}} | {{convert|-52.2|C|F}} | [[Shahrak Destrict|Shahrak]] | {{Dts|Januar 1964}}<ref name="afghan record" /> |- | {{flag|Armenie}} | {{convert|-42.0|C|F}} | [[Paghakn]] an [[Ashocq]] | {{Dts|1961}}<ref name=ArmeniaCC/> |- |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |{{convert|-33.0|C|F}} |Julfa an Ordubad |?<ref name=azhydromet/> |- | {{flag|Bangladesh}} | {{convert|2.6|C|F}} | [[Tetulia Upazila]] | 8 Januar 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Cold claims 8 more |accessdate=8 January 2018 |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/lowest-temperature-in-bangladesh-bd-on-january-8-2018-recorded-3-degree-celsius-in-nilphamari-1516666 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cheenae}} | {{convert|-58|C|F}} | [[Genhe]], [[Inner Mongolie]] | 31 December 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20180123000102-260309/ |title=大陸冷極 內蒙根河室內外溫差90℃ - 中時電子報 |work=Chinatimes.com |date=23 January 2018 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Hong Kong}} | {{convert|-6.0|C|F}} | [[Tai Mo Shan]] | 24 January 2016<ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSpjtXUOu98|title=多雨極寒的一月|date=5 February 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Indie}} | {{convert|-44.9|C|F}} | [[Dras]], [[Jammu an Kashmir]] | 22 Mairch 1911<ref name="IMD">{{cite journal |last1=De |first1=U. |last2=Dube |first2=R. |last3=Rao |first3=G. |title=Extreme Weather Events over India in the last 100 years |url=http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |journal=Journal of Indian Geophysical Union |year=2005 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=173–187 |access-date=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231319/http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Iran}} | {{convert|-36.0|C|F}} | [[Saqqez]] | 1972<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1163560/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-71-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7-46-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1|title=رکورد گرمترین و سردترین نقطه ایران مربوط به کی و کجاست؟ / ثبت دمای بالای 71 درجه تا 46 درجه زیر صفر|website=danakhabar.com|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=2016-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319165039/http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1163560/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-71-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7-46-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Israel}} | {{convert|-14.2|C|F}} | [[Merom Golan]] | 10 Januar 2015<ref>Judah Ari Gross, [http://www.timesofisrael.com/golan-sees-record-low-temperatures-during-storm/ "Golan sees record low temperatures during storm"], The Times of Israel, 12 January 2015.</ref> |- | {{flag|Japan}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Asahikawa]], [[Hokkaidō]] | 25 Januar 1902<ref name="JMA"/> |- |{{flag|Jordan}} |{{convert|-16.0|C|F}} |[[Shoubak]] |{{Dts|15 December 2013}}<ref name=Jordanrecords/> |- | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{convert|-4.8|C|F}} | [[Salmy]] | 3 Januar 2009<ref name=kuwaitclimate>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213163824/https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng |archivedate=13 February 2019 |url=https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng |title=Climate History |publisher=Kuwait Meteorological Department |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |{{convert|-53.6|C|F}} |? |?<ref name=":0" /> |- | {{flag|Malaysie}} | {{convert|7.8|C|F}} | [[Cameron Hielands]] | 1 February 1978<ref name="climate stats 01"/> |- | {{flag|Maldives}} | {{convert|17.2|C|F}} | [[Hulhulé Island]], locatit at [[Ibrahim Nasir Internaitional Airport]] | 11 Apryle 1978<ref name=Maldivesclimate>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214507/http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives |archivedate=27 November 2016 |url=http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives |title=Climate of Maldives |publisher=Maldives Meteorological Service |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Mongolie}} | {{convert|-55.3|C|F}} | [[Züüngovi, Uvs|Züüngovi]], [[Uvs Province]] | 31 December 1976<ref name=MARCC/><ref name=MongoliaNC>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000101/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2018 |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf |title=Mongolia Third National Communication |publisher= Ministry of Environment and Tourism |accessdate=14 October 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Myanmar}} | {{convert|-57.9|C|F}} | [[Hkakabo Razi]] | unknown<ref>{{cite web |url=https://livingasean.com/explore/asean-winter-snow-in-the-tropics/ |title=ASEAN Winter Snow in the Tropics |website=Living ASEAN |access-date=2019-07-31 |archive-date=2018-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925191255/http://livingasean.com/explore/asean-winter-snow-in-the-tropics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Nepal}} | {{convert|-26.0|C|F}} | [[Thakmarpha]], [[Mustang destrict]] | ?<ref name=faoNepal/> |- | {{flag|North Korea}} | {{convert|-43.6|C|F}} | [[Chunggangjin]] | 12 January 1933<ref>{{cite web |author=선종일 |url=http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm |title=Korean Climate |publisher=User.chollian.net |date=1 August 1942 |accessdate=29 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229002124/http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm |archivedate=29 December 2011 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Pakistan}} | {{convert|-24|C|F}} | [[Skardu]] | 7 January 1995<ref>{{cite web |author=Hamayoon Janjua |url=https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ |title=Pakistan Climate |publisher=crayon.pk |date=30 January 2019 |accessdate=11 May 2018 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705123907/https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ |archivedate=2019-07-05 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Philippines}} | {{convert|6.3|C|F}} | [[Baguio]] | 18 January 1961<ref name=PhilippinesCC/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Luces|first1=Kim|title='Abnormally cold' temperatures recorded in January|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/346457/scitech/science/abnormally-cold-temperatures-recorded-in-january|accessdate=2 March 2015|publisher=GMA News|date=31 January 2014|quote=However, these are nothing compared to the all-time lowest temperature ever felt in Baguio City and in the Philippines – the 6.3-degree cold felt on January 18, 1961.}}</ref> {{refn |group="notes" |It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures in [[Mt. Pulag]] in the Philippines which is 2,922 meters above sea level plunges as low as {{convert|2.0|C|F}}. PAGASA cannot verify<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yap|first1=DJ|title=Zero in Mt. Pulag? Pagasa clueless|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/346661/zero-in-mt-pulag-pagasa-clueless|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=25 January 2013}}</ref>}} |- |{{flag|Qatar}} |{{convert|1.5|C|F}} |[[Abu Samra]] |{{Dts|5 Februar 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- | {{flag|Roushie}} (Siberie) | {{convert|-67.8|C|F}} | [[Verkhoyansk]] an<br/>[[Oymyakon]], baith in [[Sakha Republic]] | 7 February 1892<br/>6 February 1933<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |title=Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=25 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226145102/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Saudi Arabie}} | {{convert|-12.0|C|F}} | [[Turaif]] | ?<ref name=SaudiCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/saunc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication |publisher=Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |page=2 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Singapore}} |{{convert|19.0|C|F}} |[[Paya Lebar]] |{{Dts|14 Februar 1989}}<ref name=MSSrecords/> |- | {{flag|Sooth Korea}} | {{convert|-32.6|C|F}} | [[Yangpyeong]] | 5 January 1981<ref name=kma>{{cite web|url=http://web.kma.go.kr/eng/biz/climate_01.jsp|title=Climate of Korea|publisher=[[Korea Meteorological Administration]]|accessdate=24 July 2010}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Sirie}} | {{convert|-23.0|C|F}} | [[Idlib]] | Januar 1951<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sy.arabiaweather.com/content/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B0-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-1950|title=أبرد شتاء مر على سوريا منذ عام 1950 !|work=طقس سوريا – طقس العرب}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Taiwan}} |{{convert|-18.4|C|F}} |[[Yushan Naitional Pairk|Yushan]] |{{Dts|31 Januar 1970}}<ref name="ysnp">{{cite web|url=http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/css_en/page.aspx?path=550|title=The Climate|publisher=Yushan National Park|accessdate=22 April 2018|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202523/http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/css_en/page.aspx?path=550|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Thailand}} | {{convert|-1.4|C|F}} | [[Sakon Nakhon Province|Sakon Nakhon]] | 2 Januar 1974<ref name="tmd">{{cite web |url=http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf |title=The Climate of Thailand |publisher=Thai Meteorological Department |accessdate=31 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801225446/http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |- | {{flag|Turkey}} | {{convert|-46.4|C|F}} | [[Çaldıran (Destrict), Van|Çaldıran]], [[Van Province]] | 9 Januar 1990<ref name="DMIGM"/> |- | {{flag|Turkmenistan}} | {{convert|-36.0|C|F}} | [[Daşoguz Region]] | ?<ref name=TurmenistanCC/> |- | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{convert|-5.4|C|F}} | [[Jebel Jais]] | 3 Februar 2017<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- | {{flag|Vietnam}} | {{convert|-6.1|C|F}} | [[Sa Pa]] | 4 Januar 1974<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312003953/http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 |archivedate=12 March 2012 |title=Vì sao miền Bắc lạnh bất thường? |publisher=Vietnam Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology |language=Vietnamese |accessdate=13 October 2016}}</ref> |} ==== Europe ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Country/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Albanie}} | {{convert|-25.8|C|F}} | ? | <ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.climatechangepost.com/albania/climate-change/ |title=Albania |website=Climate Change Post}} </ref> |- | {{flag|Austrick}} | {{convert|-52.6|C|F}} | [[Grünloch]] doline | 19 Februar 1932<ref name="Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-07-22 |archive-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112200637/http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Belaroushie}} | {{convert|-42.2|C|F}} | [[Slavnom]], [[Vitsebsk Voblast]] | 17 Januar 1940<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web |author1=Baglasov Andrey |author2=Belov Alexandr |author3=Sinitsa Valentina |author4=Bychenkov Alexandr |url=http://www.pogoda.by/ |title=Department of Hydrometeorology |publisher=Pogoda.by |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2010-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822154324/http://pogoda.by/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Belgium}} | {{convert|-30.1|°C|°F}} | Valley o the [[Lesse]] in [[Rochefort, Belgium|Rochefort]] | 20 Januar 1940<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html |title=KMI (Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute) site |publisher=Kmi.be |accessdate=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2015-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928195714/http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Bosnie an Herzegovinae}} | {{convert|-42.5|°C|°F}} | [[Igman]] in [[Sarajevo Canton]] | 24 Januar 1963<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108030246/https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 |archivedate=8 January 2017 |url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 |title=Interview with the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of BiH |publisher=Klix.ba |accessdate=8 January 2017}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Bulgarie}} | {{convert|-38.3|C|F}} | [[Tran, Bulgarie|Tran]] | 25 Januar 1947<ref name="unfccc"/> |- | {{flag|Croatie}} | {{convert|-35.5|C|F}} | [[Čakovec]] | 3 Februar 1929<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 |title=Sixth National Communication and First Biennial Report of the Republic of Croatia under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) |publisher=Croatian Ministry of Environmental and Nature Protection |language=English |accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{convert|-16|C|F}} | ? | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://viborc.com/lowest-temperatures-records-for-every-european-country/ |title=Lowest temperatures – list of records for every European country|accessdate=1 July 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Czech Republic}} | {{convert|-42.2|C|F}} | [[Litvínovice]] | 11 Februar 1929<ref name=autogenerated2 /> |- | {{flag|Denmark}} | {{convert|-31.2|C|F}} | [[Thisted Municipality]], [[North Denmark Region]] | 8 Januar 1982<ref name="dmi"/> |- | {{flag|Estonia}} | {{convert|-43.5|C|F}} | [[Jõgeva]], [[Jõgeva Coonty]] | 17 Januar 1940<ref name=autogenerated3 /> |- | {{flag|Finland}} | {{convert|-51.5|C|F}} | Pokka, [[Kittilä]], [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]] | 28 Januar 1999<ref name=fmirecords/> |- | {{flag|France}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Mouthe]], [[Doubs]] | 17 Januar 1985<ref name="Méteo France">{{cite web |url=http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&document_id=4578&portlet_id=18309 |title=MétéoFrance |publisher=Comprendre.meteofrance.com |accessdate=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2009-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513102352/http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&document_id=4578&portlet_id=18309 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Germany}} | {{convert|-45.9|C|F}} | [[Funtensee]], [[Berchtesgadener Land]], [[Bavarie]] | 24 December 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unwetterzentrale.de/uwz/495.html|title=Wetterextreme (Temperaturspanne von bis zu 146,5°C)|author=Andreas Wagner|date=August 2009|publisher=[[Meteomedia AG|MeteoGroup]]|accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Greece}} | {{convert|-27.8|C|F}} | [[Ptolemaida]] | 27 Januar 1963<ref name="meteoclub1"/> |- | {{flag|Hungary}} | {{convert|-35|C|F}} | [[Görömbölytapolca]] | 16 Februar 1940<ref name="met.hu"/> |- | {{flag|Iceland}} | {{convert|-37.9|C|F|sigfig=3}} | [[Grímsstaðir]] | 21 Januar 1918<ref name="iceland"/> |- | {{flag|Ireland}} | {{convert|-19.1|C|F}} | [[Markree Castle]], [[County Sligo]] | 16 Januar 1881<ref name="Met Éireann" /> |- | {{flag|Italy}} | {{convert|-49.6|C|F}} | [[Busa Fradusta]], [[Pale di San Martino]] | 10 Februar 2013<ref name="montagna.tv">{{Cite web|url=https://www.montagna.tv/47324/record-di-freddo-in-italia-49-6c-sulle-pale-di-san-martino/|title=Record di freddo in Italia: -49.6°C sulle Pale di San Martino|date=10 May 2013}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Latvie}} | {{convert|-43.2|C|F}} | [[Daugavpils]] | 8 February 1956<ref name="meteolv"/> |- | {{flag|Lithuanie}} | {{convert|-42.9|C|F}} | [[Utena, Lithuanie|Utena]], [[Utena Coonty]] | 1 February 1956<ref name="record lithuania" /> |- | {{flag|Malta}} | {{convert|1.4|C|F}} | [[Maltae Internaitional Airport]] | 29 Januar 1981<ref name="MaltaCC"/><ref name=MaltaNSO/> |- | {{flag|Moldovae}} | {{convert|-35.5|°C|°F}} | [[Brătușeni]], [[Edineț Destrict]] | {{Dts|20 Januar 1963}}<ref name=Moldovarecords/> |- | {{flag|Netherlands}} | {{convert|-27.4|C|F}} | [[Winterswijk]] | 27 Januar 1942<ref name="meteonet1">{{cite web|url=http://weergegevens.nl/extremes_day.aspx?station=9999999&extreem=X_TX&order=1&maand=7&dag=25&country=3|title=Dagrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland|work=weergegevens.nl}}</ref> |- | {{flag|North Macedonie}} | {{convert|-31.5|C|F}} | [[Berovo]], [[Berovo Municipality]] | 27 Januar 1954<ref name="meteomk">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070819153102/http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp |archivedate=19 August 2007 |url=http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp?X=1 |title=Климатски екстреми |publisher=Hydrometeorological Service |language=Macedonian |accessdate=4 February 2010 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Norawa}} | {{convert|-51.4|C|F}} | [[Karasjok]], [[Finnmark]] | 1 Januar 1886<ref name="DNMI" /> |- | {{flag|Poland}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Siedlce]], [[Masovian Voivodeship]] | 11 Januar 1940<ref name="klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl"/> |- | {{flag|Portugal}} | {{convert|-16.0|C|F}} | [[Penhas da Saúde]], [[Covilhã Municipality]]<br/>[[Miranda do Douro]] | 16 Januar 1945 an 5 Februar 1954<ref name="meteopt">{{cite web |url=http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm |title=Terras da Beira – "Reveillon" português sem chuva, mas a bater o dente de frio |date=27 March 2014 |accessdate=31 March 2014 |language=pt |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812052145/http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm |archivedate=12 August 2010 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Romanie}} | {{convert|-38.5|C|F}} | [[Bod, Braşov|Bod]], [[Braşov Coonty]] | 25 January 1942<ref>{{cite web|author=infoTURIST |url=http://www.infoturist.ro/romania.html |title=Romania |publisher=Infoturist.ro |date=25 January 1942 |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> |- | {{flagdeco|Roushie}} [[European Roushie]] | {{convert|-58.1|C|F}} | [[Ust' Shchugor]], [[Komi Republic]] | 31 December 1978<ref name="WMO"/> |- | {{flag|Serbie}} | {{convert|-39.5|C|F}} | [[Karajukica Bunari]], [[Zlatibor Destrict]] | 13 Januar 1985<ref name="hidmet"/> |- | {{flag|Slovakie}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Vígľaš|Vígľaš-Pstruša]] | 11 Februar 1929<ref name=slovakrecord/> |- | {{flag|Slovenie}} | {{convert|-34.5|C|F}} | [[Babno Polje]] | 15 Februar 1956 / 16 Februar 1956 / 13 Januar 1968{{refn |group="notes" |The lawest unoffeecially meisurt temperatur in Slovenie wis recordit at [[Komna]] on 9 Januar 2009 an reached {{convert|-49|C}}.}}<ref name="ARSO">{{cite web |url=http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |title=Slovenski vremenski rekordi |publisher=Slovenian Environment Agency |language=Slovenian |page=2 |accessdate=22 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001118/http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Spain}} | {{convert|-30|C|F}} | [[Calamocha]] Airport, [[Province o Teruel|Teruel Province]] | 17 December 1963<ref name="AEMET">{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/divulgacion/resumen_efemerides/Resumen_extremos.pdf |title=Resumen de extremos climatológicos en España |publisher=Agencia Estatal de Meteorología |language=Spanish |accessdate=31 October 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Sweden}} | {{convert|-52.6|C|F}} | [[Vuoggatjålme]], [[Lapland (Swaden)|Lappland]] | 2 Februar 1966<ref name="SMHI"/> |- | {{flag|Swisserland}} | {{convert|-41.8|C|F}} | [[La Brévine]] | 12 Januar 1987<ref name="Weather in Switzerland"/> |- | {{flag|Ukraine}} | {{convert|-41.9|C|F}} | [[Luhansk]] | 8 Januar 1935<ref name=cgo/><ref name="segodnya1">{{cite web |url=http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14068460.html |title=Погодные рекорды Украины &#124; Новости Украины &#124; СЕГОДНЯ |publisher=Segodnya.ua |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801122521/http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14068460.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} | {{convert|-27.2|C|F}} | [[Braemar]], [[Aberdeenshire]]<br/>[[Altnaharra]], [[Sutherland]] | 11 Februar 1895<br>10 Januar 1982<br/>30 December 1995<ref name="UK Met Office"/> |} ==== North Americae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location ! data-sort-type="ISOdate" | Date |- | {{flag|Antigua an Barbuda}} | {{convert|16.1|C|F}} | [[V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport]], [[Antigua]] | data-sort-value="1974-12-31" | 31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976<ref name=Antiguaclimate/><ref name=Antiguaclimatedata/> |- | {{flag|Canada}} | {{convert|-63.0|C|F}} | [[Snag, Yukon|Snag]], [[Yukon]] | data-sort-value="1947-02-03" | 3 February 1947<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101839/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cayman Islands}} | {{convert|11.1|C|F}} | [[Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport]], [[Grand Cayman]] | ?<ref name=Caymanclimate>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate|title=Climate|publisher=National Weather Service (Cayman Islands Government)|accessdate=30 October 2016|archive-date=2016-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031033225/http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cuba}} | {{convert|0.6|C|F}} | Bainoa, [[Mayabeque Province]] | data-sort-value="1996-02-18" | 18 February 1996<ref name=Cubarecords/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/red/tiempo/programa_y_articulos_en_pdf.pdf |title = III Congreso Cubano de Meteorología |page = 36 | publisher = ACQ & Asociados | language = Spanish |trans-title=Third Cuban Congress of Meteorology |accessdate=27 October 2011 |quote = Desde el punto de vista sinóptico, se realizó un estudio del día 18 de febrero de 1996, cuando se registraron temperaturas notablemente frías en la región occidental, y muy frías en el resto del país. Ese día, en la estación meteorológica de Bainoa se registró el record nacional de 0.6°C.}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Dominican Republic}} | {{convert|-7.0|C|F}} | Valle Nuevo, [[La Vega Province]] | data-sort-value="1983-01-17" | 17 January 1983<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cassá Bernaldo de Quirós|first1=Constancio|title=Valle Nuevo: su historia y naturaleza|journal=Clío|date=July 2012|issue=184|page=222|url=http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf|accessdate=29 January 2015|publisher=Academia Dominicana de la Historia|language=Spanish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216100933/http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2015}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Greenland}} | {{convert|-66.1|C|F}} | [[North Ice]] | data-sort-value="1954-01-09" | 9 Januar 1954<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/wmo-region-6-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region VI (Europe): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101102132/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/wmo-region-6-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Guatemala}} | {{convert|-11.5|C|F}} | [[Olintepeque]], [[Quetzaltenango Department]] | ?<ref name="INSIVUMEH">{{cite web|url= http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/meteorologia/ESTADISTICAS.htm |title= Datos metorologicos de los departamentos |publisher= INSIVUMEH |language= spanish |accessdate=26 October 2011}}</ref> <!-- Note: THIS PAGE IS FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS ONLY, NOT REMOTELY SENSED OBSERVATIONS for example: http://www.aztecanoticias.com.mx/notas/estados/193862/madera-el-lugar-mas-frio-de-mexico "aunque pocos lo saben porque aquí no hay medidor oficial", Translation: "though few know it because there is no official measurer" The source itself states that the record is not official! --> |- |{{flag|Martinique}} |{{convert|14.1|C|F}} |[[Le Lamentin]] |{{Dts|25 December 1964}}<ref name=martiniqueclimate/> |- | {{flag|Panama}} | {{convert|2.0|C|F}} | Bajo Grande, [[Chiriquí Province]] | data-sort-value="1995-02-20" | 20 February 1995<ref name=ETESA/> |- | {{flag|Puerto Rico}} | {{convert|40|F|C|order=flip}} | [[Aibonito]]/[[San Sebastián, Puerto Rico|San Sebastian]] | data-sort-value="1911-03-09" | 9 March 1911/ 24 January 1966<ref name=NWSpuertorico/> |- | {{flag|US Virgin Islands}} | {{convert|51.0|F|C|order=flip}} | [[Anna's Hope, U.S. Virgin Islands|Anna's Hope]], [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Croix]] | data-sort-value="1954-01-31" | 31 January 1954<ref name=NWSpuertorico/> |- | {{flag|Unitit States}}<br> ({{flag|Alaska}}) | {{convert|-62.2|C|F}} | [[Prospect Creek, Alaska|Prospect Creek]], [[Alaska]] | data-sort-value="1971-01-23" | 23 January 1971<ref name="NCEC">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/ncec/records |title=National Climate Extremes Committee: Existing Records |publisher=[[National Climatic Data Center]] |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Unitit States}}<br> ({{flag|Hawaii}}) | {{convert|-11.1|C|F}} | [[Mauna Kea]], [[Hawaii]] | data-sort-value="1979-05-17" | 17 May 1979<ref name=usstaterecords>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221174428/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |archivedate=21 February 2018 |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |title=State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC): Records by State |publisher=National Climatic Data Center |accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Unitit States}}<br> (Mainland) | {{convert|-57.0|C|F}} | [[Rogers Pass (Montana)|Rogers Pass]], [[Montana]] | data-sort-value="1954-01-20" | 20 January 1954<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/tfx/tx.php?wfo=tfx&type=html&loc=text&fx=topweather| title = Top Ten Montana Weather Events of the 20th Century | work =National Weather Service Unveils Montana's Top Ten Weather/Water/Climate Events of the 20th Century | publisher = National Weather Service |accessdate=9 March 2007}}</ref> |} ==== Sooth Americae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperature !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Argentinae}} | {{convert|-32.8|C|F}} | [[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]], [[Chubut Province]] | 1 Juin 1907<ref>{{cite web |publisher= Arizona State University |url= http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental |title= World Meteorological Organization Global Weather & Climate Extremes Archive |accessdate= 7 June 2015}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Brazil}} | {{convert|-14.0|C|F}} | [[Caçador]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] | 11 Juin 1952<ref name="Caçador municipality">{{cite web |title = História de Caçador |url = http://www.clicrbs.com.br/anoticia/jsp/default.jsp?uf=2&local=18&section=Geral&newsID=a2969554.xml |publisher = A Notícia |language = Portuguese |trans-title = Quarta-feira pode ter recorde de temperatura mínima neste ano em Santa Catarina |year = 2010 |accessdate = 22 December 2010 |quote = Caçador has the lowest recorded temperature, officially, in Brazil, of −14&nbsp;°C in 1952. Another record, unofficial, of −17.8&nbsp;°C in 1996-06-29, at the summit of [[Morro da Igreja]], [[Urubici]], also in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], would give the record to this locality. |archive-date = 2011-06-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629103211/http://www.clicrbs.com.br/anoticia/jsp/default.jsp?uf=2&local=18&section=Geral&newsID=a2969554.xml |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ciram.epagri.sc.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=140&Itemid=364|title=Recordes de Frio em SC|accessdate=17 October 2014}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Chile}} | {{convert|-37|C|F|1}} | [[Coyhaique Alto]], [[Aysen Region]] | 21 June 2002<ref>{{cite news|title=Bajas temperaturas ponen en alerta a sector agrícola en Aysén|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2002/06/21/88368/bajas-temperaturas-ponen-en-alerta-a-sector-agricola-en-aysen.html|accessdate=18 August 2017|language=Spanish|archive-date=2017-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818093531/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2002/06/21/88368/bajas-temperaturas-ponen-en-alerta-a-sector-agricola-en-aysen.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|French Guiana}} | {{convert|16.9|C|F}} | [[Maripasoula]] | 23 Januar 1964<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020827/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 |archivedate=1 January 2019 |url= http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 |title= Le Climat Guyanais |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate= 31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Paraguay}} | {{convert|-7.5|C|F}} | [[Pratts Gill]], [[Boquerón Depairtment]] | 13 Julie 2000<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo.php?con-12-grados-bajo-cero-en-asuncion-la-ola-polar-l&edicion=2&sec=10&art=28339 Con 1,2 grados bajo cero en Asunción, la ola polar llegó para quedarse] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102005334/http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo.php?con-12-grados-bajo-cero-en-asuncion-la-ola-polar-l&edicion=2&sec=10&art=28339 |date=2 January 2013 }}, La Nación. Retrieved 12 February 2012.</ref> |- | {{flag|Peru}} | {{convert|-25.2|C|F}} | [[Mazo Cruz]], [[Puno Region]] | 30 Juin 1966<ref>[http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf Programa de Capacitación Para la Estimación del Riesgo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725004314/http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf |date=25 July 2011 }}, Biblioteca Virtual en Prevención y Atención de Desastres (BVPAD). Retrieved 30 August 2009.</ref> |- | {{flag|Uruguay}} | {{convert|-11.0|C|F}} | [[Melo, Uruguay|Melo]], [[Cerro Largo Depairtment]] | 14 Juin 1967<ref name=uruguayrecordssum/><ref name=uruguayrecordsraw/> |- | {{flag|Venezuela}} | {{convert|-12.0|C|F}} | [[Pico Piedras Blancas|Piedras Blancas]], [[Estado Mérida (Venezuela)|estado Mérida]] | 15 Januar 2010<ref name="mherrera"/> |} ==== Oceanie ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperature !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Australie}} | {{convert|-23.0|C|F}} | [[Charlotte Pass, New Sooth Wales]] | 29 Juin 1994<ref name="BoMExtremes"/> |- | {{flag|New Zealand}} | {{convert|-25.6|C|F}} | [[Ranfurly, New Zealand|Ranfurly]], [[Central Otago]] | 18 Julie 1903<ref name="TVNZ">{{cite web|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/new-record-zealand-s-coldest-day-4297892 |title=New record for New Zealand's coldest day |publisher=TVNZ |date=12 July 2011 |accessdate=12 July 2011}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Samoa}} | {{convert|11.1|C|F}} | [[Afiamalu, Samoa|Afiamalu]] | {{Dts|29 September 1971}}<ref name = WBsamoaclimate/> |} ===Ither law-temperatur records=== * '''Fastest temperatur drop:''' 27.2&nbsp;°C (49&nbsp;°F) in 5 meenits; [[Rapid City, Sooth Dakota]], 10 Januar 1911.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''Cauldest simmer (month o Julie in the Northren Hemisphere)''': {{convert|-33|C|F|1}} degrees; [[Summit Camp]], Greenland on 4 Julie 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=*Impressive cold in Greenland and near record accumulations of snow and ice|url=https://www.vencoreweather.com/blog/2017/7/6/115-pm-impressive-cold-in-greenland-and-near-record-accumulations-of-snow-and-ice|website=vencore weather|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref> ==Precipitation== * '''Least per year (locale)''': {{convert|0.2|mm|in}} per year or less, [[Quillagua]], [[Antofagasta Region]], [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Time to Update World’s Driest and Wettest Locations?|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131|publisher=Weather Underground|accessdate=10 June 2013|author=Christopher C. Burt|archive-date=2013-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329022116/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Rain=== * '''Maist in ane minute''': {{convert|38|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Barot, [[Guadeloupe]], 26 November 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=Service Hydrologique de 1’O.R.S.T.O.M: Intensité extraordinaire de la précipitation du 26 novembre 1970 dans la région des Grands-Fonds de Guadeloupe|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/hydrologie/14877.pdf|accessdate=4 June 2013}}</ref> * '''Maist in ane oor''': {{convert|305|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 42 minutes. [[Holt, Missouri]], Unitit States, 22 Juin 1947.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 12 oors''': {{convert|1144|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cilaos]], [[Réunion]], 8 Januar 1966, during [[tropical cyclone]] Denise.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 24 oors''': {{convert|1825|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cilaos]], Réunion, 7–8 Januar 1966, during [[tropical cyclone]] Denise.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 48 oors''': {{convert|2493|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie, 15–16 Juin 1995.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 72 oors''': {{convert|3929|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, [[Réunion]], 24–26 Februar 2007.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 96 oors''': {{convert|4869|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, Réunion, 24–27 Februar 2007.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in ane year''': {{convert|26470|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie, 1860–1861.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Heichest average annual tot''': {{convert|11872|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Mawsynram]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie.<ref name="WMO"/> ===Snaw=== * '''Maist in ane-year period''': 31.5 meters (102&nbsp;ft); [[Mount Rainier]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], United States, 19 Februar 1971 tae 18 Februar 1972.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''Maist in ane saison (1 Julie – 30 Juin):''' 29.0&nbsp;meters, (95&nbsp;ft); [[Mount Baker]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], United States, 1998 throu 1999.<ref name="season snow record">{{Citation | last = Burt | first = Christopher | year = 2004 | title = Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book | publisher = W.W. Norton & Co. | ISBN = 0-393-32658-6 |page=77 }}</ref> * '''Maist in ane calendar month''' an '''greatest snow depth''' in North Americae: 990.6&nbsp;cm (390 inches) o snaw fell in [[Tamarack, Californie]] in Januar 1911, leadin tae a snaw depth in Mairch o 1145.5&nbsp;cm (451 inches).<ref name="season snow record"/><ref>Frank H. Forrester, ''1001 Questions Answered about the Weather'' (ISBN 0486242188), page 235: "The greatest amount of snowfall for a calendar month occurred at Tamarack, California, in January, 1911—390 inches."</ref> ==Wind speed== * '''Fastest ever recorded''': 484[[±]]32&nbsp;km/h (301[[±]]20&nbsp;mph) 3-second gust; Observed bi a [[Doppler On Wheels|DOW]] ([[Doppler weather radar|Doppler]] On Wheels) radar unit in a [[1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado|tornado]] near [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma on 3 Mey 1999.<ref name="fastest wind">{{cite web| url = http://cswr.org/dow/DOW.htm| title = Doppler On Wheels| accessdate = 18 February 2007| author = [http://cswr.org/ Center for Severe Weather Research]| year = 2006| archive-date = 2007-02-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205124033/http://www.cswr.org/dow/dow.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> * '''Fastest recorded wi an [[anemometer]]:''' 113.2&nbsp;m/s or {{convert|407|km/h|abbr=on}} 3-second gust; ane of five extreme gusts during a series of 5-min time periods; [[Barrow Island (Western Australia)]], 10 Aprile 1996, during [[Cyclone Olivia]].<ref>[http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175240/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust |date=2016-03-03 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website</ref> * '''Fastest recorded wi an anemometer ootside a [[tropical cyclone]]:''' 372&nbsp;km/h (231&nbsp;mph) sustained 1-minute average; [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]], [[New Hampshire]], 12 Aprile 1934.<ref name="101 earth facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/101_earth_facts_030722-1.html |title=101 Amazing Earth Facts |publisher=SPACE.com |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> * '''Fastest daily average:''' 174&nbsp;km/h (108&nbsp;mph); [[Port Martin]] ([[Adélie Land]]), Antarctica, 24-oor period frae 21 Mairch 1951 tae 22 Mairch 1951.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> ==Tornadoes== {{Main|Tornado records}} [[File:Tri-State Tornado.JPG|thumb|250px|The Tri-State Tornado haulds mony records, includin the langest kent tornado track, fastest speed for a signeeficant tornado, an the deadliest tornado ootside o [[Bangladesh]].]] ===Deadliest in history=== * '''On Yird''': Approximately 1300 daiths; [[Manikganj Destrict]], Bangladesh on 26 Aprile 1989.<ref name="tornado project Bangladesh">{{cite web |url=http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |title=Tornadoes in Bangladesh |publisher=Tornadoproject.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2012-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919111413/http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * '''In North Americae:''' 695 daiths ([[Tri-State Tornado]]); [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], United States 18 Mairch 1925.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''In Europe:''' 600 or mair ([[Valletta, Malta Tornado|Grand Harbour Tornado]]); [[Valletta]], Malta, 23 September 1551 or 1556 (soorces conflict)<ref name="TORRO records">{{cite web |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |title=Research: Tornado Extremes |publisher=TORRO |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2007-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814075710/http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * '''In Sooth Americae:''' 63 daiths, [[San Justo, Santa Fe|San Justo]], [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]], Argentina, 10 Januar 1973<ref name="Uno Santafe">{{cite web|url=http://www.unosantafe.com.ar/santafe/A-39-aos-del-tornado-en-San-Justo-el-unico-F5-en-toda-Sudamerica-y-Latinoamerica-20120110-0002.html"|title=A 39 años del tornado en San Justo, el único F5 en toda Sudamérica y Latinoamérica|publisher=Uno Santa Fe|accessdate=18 March 2014}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * '''In Australie:''' Three daiths, [[Kin Kin]], [[Queensland]] tornado, 14 August 1971<ref>{{cite web |author=National Climate Centre |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.htm |title=Australian Climate Extremes-Storm |publisher=BOM |accessdate=3 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.html |archivedate=2009-03-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Ootbreaks=== * '''Lairgest an maist severe:''' The [[Aprile 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak]]: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span o 24 oors, wi a tot o 337 occurrin throuoot the duration o the ootbreak. Thay affectit sax US states, an includit 11 [[Enhanced Fujita scale|EF4s]] an 4 EF5s.<ref>[http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak World: Largest tornado Outbreak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926235427/http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak |date=2013-09-26 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website</ref> ==Tropical cyclones== {{Main|Leet o tropical cyclone records}} ===Maist intense (bi minimum surface air pressur)=== * '''Maist intense iver recordit''': 870&nbsp;hPa (25.63&nbsp;[[Inches o mercury|inHg]]); [[ee (cyclone)|ee]] o [[Typhoon Tip|Super Typhoon Tip]] ower the Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''Maist intense in the [[Western Hemisphere]]:''' 872&nbsp;hPa (25.75&nbsp;inHg); ee o [[Hurricane Patricia]] ower the eastren Paceefic Ocean, 23 October 2015.<ref name="strongest hurricane">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-patricia-mexico-coast |title=Catastrophic Landfall Expected in Mexico Friday; Patricia Becomes Strongest Hurricane Ever Recorded |publisher=weather.com |accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> * '''Maist intense iver recordit on laund:''' 892&nbsp;hPa (26.35&nbsp;inHg); Craig's Key, Florida, ee o the [[Labor Day Hurricane o 1935|Labor Day Hurricane]], 2 September 1935. While ither laundfawin tropical cyclones potentially haed lawer pressurs, data is vague frae auries ither nor the [[Atlantic basin]], especially afore the invention o [[wather satellite]]s.<ref name="lowest on land">{{cite web |url=http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |title=Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book |publisher=Extremeweatherguide.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2010-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804232406/http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ither severe wather== [[File:Hailstone.jpg|thumb|right|A pictur o the Aurora, Nebraska hailstone, measurt at {{convert|18.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} in [[circumference]]]] ===Hail=== {{Main|Leet o costly or deadly hailstorms}} * '''Hiviest offeecially recordit:''' {{convert|2.25|lb|kg|disp=flip|abbr=on}}; [[Gopalganj Destrict (Bangladesh)|Gopalganj Destrict]], Bangladesh, 14 Aprile 1986.<ref name="weather extremes">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf|title=Appendix I – Weather Extremes|publisher=[[National Weather Service]]|location=San Diego, California|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528065516/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf|archivedate=2008-05-28|accessdate=1 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''Lairgest diameter offeecially measurt:''' {{convert|8.0|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} [[diameter]], {{convert|18.625|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} [[circumference]]; [[Vivian, Sooth Dakota]], 23 Julie 2010.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate| title = Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July&nbsp;23, 2010| author = NWS| date = 30 July 2010| publisher = National Weather Service| location = [[Aberdeen, South Dakota]]| archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5rhd1coDR?url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate| archivedate = 2010-08-03| accessdate = 3 August 2010| url-status = live}}</ref> * '''Lairgest circumference offeecially measurt:''' {{convert|18.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} circumference, {{convert|7.0|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} diameter; [[Aurora, Nebraska]], 22 Juin 2003.<ref name="weather extremes"/><ref name="NG Hail">{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0804_030804_largesthailstone.html |title=Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> ===Lichtnin=== * '''Langest lichtnin bowt''': {{convert|321|km|mi|abbr=on}} on 20 Juin 2007 in [[Oklahoma]].<ref name=Lang2016>{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Timothy |last2=Pédeboy |first2=Stéphane |last3=Rison |first3=William |last4=Cerveny |first4=Randall |last5=Montanyà |first5=Joan |last6=Chauzy |first6=Serge |last7=MacGorman |first7=Donald |last8=Holle |first8=Ronald |title= WMO World Record Lightning Extremes: Longest Reported Flash Distance and Longest Reported Flash Duration |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |volume= 98|issue= 6|pages=1153–1168 |date=September 2016 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0061.1 |pmid=28111477 |pmc=5240975 |bibcode =2017BAMS...98.1153L }}</ref><ref name=wmolightning>{{cite news|title=WMO rules on longest distance and longest duration lightning flashes|url=http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-rules-longest-distance-and-longest-duration-lightning-flashes|accessdate=16 September 2016|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|date=16 September 2016|archive-date=2016-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917075936/http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-rules-longest-distance-and-longest-duration-lightning-flashes|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''Langest duration for a single lichtnin flash''': 7.74 seconds on 30 August 2012 in [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], Fraunce.<ref name=Lang2016/><ref name=wmolightning/> * '''Maist strikes per year''': [[Catatumbo lichtnin]] in [[Loch Maracaibo]], [[Venezuela]] earned the tap spot receivin an average rate o aboot 233 flashes per square kilometer per year.<ref name="NASA lightning">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2016/earths-new-lightning-capital-revealed.html |title=NASA – Earth's New Lightning Capital Revealed |publisher=Nasa.gov |accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=Albrecht2016>{{cite journal |last1=Albrecht |first1=Rachel |last2=Goodman |first2=Steven |last3=Buechler |first3=Dennis |last4=Blakeslee |first4=Richard |last5=Christian |first5=Hugh |title= Where are the lightning hotspots on Earth? |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |volume=97 |issue=11 |page= 2051|date=December 2016 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1 |bibcode =2016BAMS...97.2051A }}</ref> ===UV=== *On Dec. 29, 2003, a warld-record UV index o 43.3 wis detectit at Bolivia's Licancabur volcano.<ref>http://www.livescience.com/46701-andes-highest-uv-index-measured.html</ref> ==Ither categories== * '''Heichest air pressur ever recorded (abuin 750 meters)''': 1084.8&nbsp;hPa (32.03&nbsp;inHg); [[Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl|Tosontsengel]], [[Khövsgöl Province]], [[Mongolia]], 19 December 2001.<ref name="ASU1">{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters |author= |work= |publisher=Arizona State University |accessdate=7 October 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225735/http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is the equivalent [[sea-level pressur]]; Tosontsengel is locatit at {{convert|1300|m|ft}} abuin sea level. The heichest adjusted-tae-sea-level barometric pressur ever recordit (ablo 750 meters) wis at Agata, Evenhiyskiy, Roushie (66°53’N, 93°28’E, elevation: 261&nbsp;m (856.3&nbsp;ft)) on 31 December 1968 o 1,083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).<ref name="ASU2">{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 meters |author= |work= |publisher=Arizona State University |accessdate=7 October 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225154/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |url-status=dead }}</ref> The discrimination is due tae the problematic assumptions (assumin a staundart lapse rate) associatit wi reduction o sea level frae heich elevations.<ref name="ASU1"/><ref name="ASU2"/> ==See an aa== {{Portal|Wather}} * [[Extremes on Yird]] * [[Leet o extreme temperaturs in Canadae]] * [[UK rainfaw records]] * [[U.S. state temperatur extremes]] * [[Wather extremes in Canadae]] * [[2013 extreme wather events]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|group="notes"}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html National Climate Extremes Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829221108/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html |date=2009-08-29 }} * [http://wmo.asu.edu/ Global Weather & Climate Extremes] (Arizona State Varsity) {{Portal bar|Wather}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leet O Wather Records}} [[Category:Leets o wather records| ]] [[Category:Wather extremes o Yird]] 9ipofomby27qggagjgw2jpycv11zihk 0 124184 915878 903935 2026-04-29T06:29:02Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Geobox |Settlement <!-- ** * Heading ** * --> | name = Nitra | category = Ceety <!-- ** * Image ** * --> | image = Divadlo Andreja Bagara.jpg | image_caption = <!-- ** * Symbols *** --> | flag = Nitra-nitra-flag.svg | symbol = Coat of Arms of Nitra.svg | symbol_type = Coat o Airms <!-- *** Name *** --> | etymology = | official_name = | motto = | nickname = <!-- *** Country etc. *** --> | country =Slovakie | country_flag = true | state = | region = [[Nitra Region|Nitra]] | district = | commune = | municipality = <!-- *** Family *** --> | part = | river = Nitra River <!-- *** Locations *** --> | location = | elevation = 190 | coordinates = {{coord|48|18|25|N|18|05|11|E|display=inline,title}} | capital_coordinates = | mouth_coordinates = | highest = | highest_elevation = 587 | lowest = | lowest_elevation = 138 | area = 100.48 | area_round = 2 <!-- *** Population *** --> | population = 84800 | population_date = 2006-12-31 | population_density = auto <!-- *** History & management *** --> | established = 828 | established_type = First mentioned | mayor = Jozef Dvonč <!-- *** Codes *** --> | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | postal_code = 949 01 | area_code = +421-37 | code = NR | code_type = [[Slovak caur registration plates|Caur plate]] <!-- *** Free fields *** --> | free = <!-- *** Maps *** --> | map = Slovakia - outline map.svg | map_background = Slovakia - background map.png | map_caption = Location in Slovakie | map_locator = Slovakia | map1 = Nitra Region - outline map.svg | map1_background = Nitra Region - background map.png | map1_caption = Location the Nitra Region | map1_locator = Nitra Region | map1_size = 192 <!-- *** Websites *** --> | commons = Nitra, Slovakia | statistics = [http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/prvav2.jsp?txtUroven=420403&lstObec=500011&Okruh=zaklad MOŠ/MIS] | website = [http://www.nitra.sk www.nitra.sk] <!-- *** Footnotes *** --> | footnotes = <!-- Processed by Geoboxer 3.0 on 2007-10-27T16:28:18+02:00 --> }} '''Nitra''' ({{Audio|Sk-Nitra.oga|pronunciation}}; {{lang-la|Nitria}}; {{lang-de|Neutra}} ({{Audio|De-Neutra.ogg|pronunciation}}); {{lang-hu|Nyitra}} or ''{{lang|hu|Nyitria}}'' [archaic]) is a ceety in wastren [[Slovakie]], situatit at the fit o [[Zobor]] Moontain in the valley o the river [[Nitra (river)|Nitra]]. ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns – sister ceeties=== Nitra is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Bački Petrovac]] in [[Serbie]] *{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Veszprém]] in [[Hungary]] *{{flagicon|CZE}} [[České Budějovice]] in [[Czech Republic]] *{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Gosford, New Sooth Wales|Gosford]] in [[Australie]] *{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Guadalajara, Spain|Guadalajara]] in [[Castile-La Mancha]], [[Spain]] *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Kielce]] in [[Poland]] *{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Kroměříž]] in [[Czech Republic]] || *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Naperville, Illinois]] in [[Unitit States]] *{{flagicon|CRO}} [[Osijek]] in [[Croatie]] *{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Spišská Nová Ves]] in [[Slovakie]] *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Zielona Góra]] in [[Poland]] <small>''(syne 1992)''<ref name="Zielona Góra twinning">{{cite web | url = http://www.zielonagora.pl/PL/1111/ | title = Zielona Góra Miasta partnerskie | accessdate = 2013-06-24 | work = Urząd Miasta Zielona Góra | archive-date = 2018-09-06 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180906124655/http://www.zielonagora.pl/PL/1111/ | url-status = dead }}</ref></small> *{{flagicon|NED}} [[Zoetermeer]] in [[Netherlands]] |} ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Nitra| ]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Slovakie]] [[Category:Great Moravie]] [[Category:Nyitra Coonty]] loi8heg0qp8ypaeucfg1gqxyz0rj5qh 0 152716 915884 915189 2026-04-29T11:03:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Italic title}} {{taxobox | name = ''Plantago'' | image = Plantago_major.jpg | image_caption = Greater Plantain (''[[Plantago major]]'') | regnum = [[Plant]]ae | unranked_divisio = [[Flouerin plant|Angiosperms]] | unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]] | unranked_ordo = [[Asterids]] | ordo = [[Lamiales]] | familia = [[Plantaginaceae]] | subfamilia = [[Plantagineae]] | genus = '''''Plantago''''' | genus_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]] | subdivision_ranks = Subgenera | subdivision = ''Plantago''<br/> ''Coronopus''<br/> ''Bougeria''<br/> ''Psyllium''<br/> ''Littorella'' | synonyms = ''Psyllium'' <small>Mill.</small><ref name="GRIN">{{cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?9492 |title=Genus: ''Plantago'' L. |work=Germplasm Resources Information Network |publisher=United States Department of Agriculture |date=2006-04-20 |accessdate=2011-03-04 |archive-date=2009-01-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090115020034/http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/genus.pl?9492 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |}} '''''Plantago''''' is a [[genus]] o around 200 species o sma plants, for common cried '''plantains''' or '''waybreds'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Dictionary of the Scots Language:: DOST :: waybred |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/dost/waybred }}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. In Ulster it's cried '''cocks'''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Letter C - Glossary of Words in the Counties of Antrim and Down|url=https://www.ulsterscotsacademy.com/texts/historical-abstracts/1800-1899/pattersons-glossary/c.php|access-date=2026-04-14|website=www.ulsterscotsacademy.com|archive-date=2026-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260417070040/https://www.ulsterscotsacademy.com/texts/historical-abstracts/1800-1899/pattersons-glossary/c.php|url-status=dead}}</ref>'''.''' It is in nae wey sib tae the [[cookin plantain]]--ae kynd o [[banana]]. ==Kything== The blads are aye wan-shankit, but they hae a nairra bit doun at the base that is cried a pseudo-[[petiole]]. The blads hae three or five straucht-rinnin veins that sinder apairt at the braider end. The [[inflorescence|heids o flouers]] are aither hauden in cutty cones (whiles cried ''cocks''<ref>{{cite web |title=Dictionary of the Scots Language:: SND :: cocks n pl1 |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/cocks_n_pl1 }}{{Dead link|date=June 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>) or lang stangs (whiles cried ''rat's-tails<ref>{{cite web |title=Dictionary of the Scots Language:: SND :: rat n1 |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/rat_n1 |access-date=2020-09-15 |archive-date=2018-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916202152/http://www.dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/rat_n1 |url-status=dead }}</ref>'') atap stalks atween 5cm and 40cm heich. Ilka flouerheid hauds a guid hantle o totie wind-pollinatit flouers. ==Raik== ''Plantago'' is kent frae aa pairts o the warld bi Antarctica.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plantago major (broad-leaved plantain) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/41814#toDistributionMaps |website=www.cabi.org |language=en}}</ref> A guid wheen o the species in the genus are braid-reengin weeds<ref>{{cite web |title=Plantago lanceolata {{!}} Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora |url=https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/plantago-lanceolata |website=www.brc.ac.uk |language=en |access-date=2020-09-15 |archive-date=2020-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916231423/https://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/plant/plantago-lanceolata |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Maist waybreds bide in sypit areas sic as slaps an [[moss]]es, but they are fund up in hielands an doun on links, forbye. Mony species o waybreds dinna dae weel in loans weel-steekit wi girss.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plantago major Common Plantain, Cart Track Plant,White Man's Foot ,Plantain PFAF Plant Database |url=https://pfaf.org/User/plant.aspx?LatinName=Plantago+major |website=pfaf.org}}</ref> ==Ecology== Waybreds gie maet tae a gey wheen o the maithes o [[moch]]s and [[butterie]]s.<ref>{{cite web |title=HOSTS - The Hostplants and Caterpillars Database at the Natural History Museum |url=https://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/hostplants/search/list.dsml?&PGenus=Plantago&sort=Family |website=www.nhm.ac.uk}}</ref> ==Uises== In Scotland, the seed an flouer heids are uised in mony games played bi bairns. Siccan games hae bairns ettlin tae ding the heids aff ilkanither's waybred stang. Thir games hae names sic as "fechtie-cocks","neepie-nappie", an "sodgers".<ref>{{cite web |title=Dictionary of the Scots Language:: SND :: neepienappie |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/neepienappie |access-date=2020-09-15 |archive-date=2020-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916180959/https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/neepienappie |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dictionary of the Scots Language:: SND :: sodger |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/sodger |access-date=2020-09-15 |archive-date=2020-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916213132/https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/sodger |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dictionary of the Scots Language:: SND :: neepienappie |url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/neepienappie |access-date=2020-09-15 |archive-date=2020-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916180959/https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/neepienappie |url-status=dead }}</ref> The huils o waybred seeds are gart unco gourie an hove up whan wettit. Acause o that, the huils o ''Plantago'' (maist aften frae P. psyllium) are, for common, pit intae laxatives or gien tae fowk that are needin mair fibre in their maet. Taein an ower muckle wheen o psyllium huils, or uisin them for mair nor ae week at a time can gie ye the dry-darn.<ref>{{cite web |title=Psyllium Uses, Side Effects & Warnings |url=https://www.drugs.com/mtm/psyllium.html |website=Drugs.com |language=en}}</ref> ==Species== Species o ''Plantago'' include,<br> [[Plantago lanceolata]]<br> [[Plantago major]]<br> [[Plantago media]] ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Plantago| ]] [[Category:Laxatives]] [[Category:Leaf vegetables]] [[Category:Medicinal plants]] qzoq2fqvadxcn0owwfyr552uv4mawcv 0 157754 915879 899773 2026-04-29T06:35:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Norma Shearer | image = RH Louise Norma Shearer.png | image_size = | alt = | caption = Publicity photo, circa 1930. |birth_name=Edith Norma Shearer | birth_date = {{birth date|1902|08|11}} | birth_place = [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], Canadae | death_date = {{death date and age|1983|06|12|1902|08|11}} | death_place = [[Woodland Hills, Los Angeles]], [[Californie]], U.S, | death_cause = [[Bronchial pneumonia]] | resting_place = [[Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale]] | citizenship = Canadian<br>American<ref name="donnelley">{{cite book|last=Donnelley|first=Paul|title=Fade to Black: A Book of Movie Obituaries|url=https://archive.org/details/fadetoblackbooko0000donn_d0k3|edition=3|year=2005|publisher=Omnibus Press|isbn=1-844-49430-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/fadetoblackbooko0000donn_d0k3/page/848 848]}}</ref> | occupation = Actress | years_active = 1919&ndash;1942 | spouse = {{marriage|[[Irving Thalberg]]<br/>|1927|1936|reason=died}}<br> {{marriage|Martin Arrougé<br/>|1942|1983}} | children = [[Irving Thalberg, Jr.|Irving Jr.]] (1930–1987)<br>Katherine (1935–2006) | relatives = [[Athole Shearer]] (sister)<br>[[Douglas Shearer]] (brither) }} '''Edith Norma Shearer''' (August 10, 1902 – Juin 12, 1983)<ref>Some soorces gie August 10. August 11 per {{cite web| url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/norma-shearer/| title=Norma Shearer| publisher=[[The Canadian Encyclopedia]] ([[Historica Canada]])| accessdate=August 5, 2016}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} an c. August 11 per {{cite web | url= http://www.biography.com/people/norma-shearer-38357 | title= Norma Shearer Biography: Film Actress (c. 1902–1983) | publisher= [[Biography.com]] ([[FYI (TV network)|FYI]] / [[A&E Networks]]) | accessdate= August 5, 2016 | archive-date= 2018-03-23 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20180323023739/https://www.biography.com/people/norma-shearer-38357 | url-status= dead }}</ref> wis a Canadian-American actress an Hollywood starn frae 1925 throu 1942.<ref>Shipman, David. ''The Great Movie Stars: The Golden Years''. [[Crown Publishers]], 1970. p. 487-492</ref> Her early films cast her as a spunky ingenue, but in the [[pre-Code]] film era, she played sexually liberatit weemen. She excelled in drama, comedy, an period roles. She gae well-received performances in adaptations o [[Noël Coward]], [[Eugene O'Neill]], an [[William Shakespeare]]. She wis nominatit sax times for the [[Academy Awaird for Best Actress]] an wan ance, for her performance in the 1930 film ''[[The Divorcee]]''. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shearer, Norma}} [[Category:1902 births]] [[Category:1983 daiths]] [[Category:20t-century American actresses]] [[Category:20t-century Canadian actresses]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Scots strynd]] [[Category:Actresses frae Montreal]] [[Category:American female models]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American seelent film actresses]] [[Category:Anglophone Quebec fowk]] [[Category:Best Actress Academy Awaird winners]] [[Category:Buirials at Forest Lawn Memorial Park (Glendale)]] [[Category:Californie Republicans]] [[Category:Canadian emigrants tae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian expatriate actresses in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Canadian female models]] [[Category:Canadian film actresses]] [[Category:Canadian silent film actresses]] [[Category:Converts tae Judaism]] [[Category:Daiths frae bronchopneumonia]] [[Category:Smittle tribble daiths in Californie]] [[Category:Jewish American actresses]] [[Category:Jewish Canadian actresses]] [[Category:Jewish female models]] [[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract players]] [[Category:Fowk frae Westmount, Quebec]] [[Category:Fowk wi acquired American ceetizenship]] [[Category:Volpi Cup winners]] 4kf8mdjhcyy9rtdg6463b59e6ny8x80 0 159522 915852 893431 2026-04-28T21:02:24Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = George Town | settlement_type = [[Leet o ceeties in Malaysie|Ceety]] an [[Leet o caipitals in Malaysie|State Caipital]] | translit_lang1 = Ither | image_skyline = File:George Town, Penang composite.jpg | imagesize =300px | image_caption = Clockwise frae tap: Skyline o George Town, [[St. George's Kirk, Penang|St. George's Kirk]], [[Jubilee Clock Touer|Queen Victoria Memorial Clock Touer]], [[Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion]], heich-rises at [[Gurney Drive]], [[Eastern & Oriental Hotel]] | image_flag = Flag of Penang Island City Council.svg | flag_size = 140px | image_seal = Seal of George Town.svg | seal_size = 100x80px | nickname = ''Mutiara Timur''<br />Pearl o the Orient<ref>{{cite web|url=http://asiancorrespondent.com/2012/08/exploring-georgetown-penang/|title=Exploring Georgetown, Penang|author=Mike Aquino|publisher=[[Asian Correspondent]]|date=30 August 2012|accessdate=1 January 2016|archive-date=2016-01-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101125054/http://asiancorrespondent.com/2012/08/exploring-georgetown-penang/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | image_map = Map of Penang.png | map_caption = Location in [[Penang]] | pushpin_map = Malaysia West | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_map_caption = Location within [[Peninsular Malaysie]] | coordinates = {{coord|5|24|52.2|N|100|19|45.12|E|region:MY|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flagu|Malaysia}} | subdivision_type1 = [[States an federal territories o Malaysie|State]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flagu|Penang}} | established_title = Foondit | established_date = 11 August 1786 | established_title2 = Municipality established | established_date2 = 1857 | established_title3 = [[Breetish croun colony]] | established_date3 = 1 Aprile 1867 | leader_title1 = Local Govrenment | leader_name1 = [[Penang Island Ceety Cooncil]] | area_footnotes =<ref name="mayor and area">{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2015/03/25/penangs-first-mayor-a-woman/|title=Penang's first mayor a woman|author=Cavina Lim|publisher=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|date=25 March 2015|accessdate=24 January 2016}}</ref> | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_km2 = 122.79 | area_metro_km2 = 2740.000 | elevation_footnotes =<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.floodmap.net/Elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=1735106|title=Malaysia Elevation Map (Elevation of George Town)|publisher=Flood Map : Water Level Elevation Map|accessdate=25 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316044608/http://floodmap.net/Elevation/ElevationMap/?gi=1735106|archivedate=16 March 2015|deadurl=yes}}</ref> | elevation_m = 14 | population_total = 708,127 | population_as_of = 2010 | population_footnotes =<ref name="pop">{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/node/252772|title=The Penang Island City agenda|publisher=[[The Sun Daily]]|date=19 May 2014|access-date=2017-02-06|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142444/http://www.thesundaily.my/node/252772|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_density_km2 = 4,500/km2<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://penangmonthly.com/an-analysis-of-penang/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-02-06 |archive-date=2016-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231122918/http://penangmonthly.com/an-analysis-of-penang/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | population_metro = 2.5 million | postal_code_type = [[Leet o postal codes in Malaysie|Postal code]] | postal_code = 100xx to 108xx 111xx to 118xx | website = {{URL|mbpp.gov.my/}} | footnotes = | translit_lang1_type1 = [[Malay leid|Malay]] | translit_lang1_info1 = Tanjung Penaga | translit_lang1_type2 = [[Simplifee'd Cheenese chairacter|Cheenese]] | translit_lang1_info2 = 乔治市 | translit_lang1_type3 = [[Malaysian Tamil|Tamil]] | translit_lang1_info3 = ஜோர்ஜ் டவுன் | timezone = [[Malaysian Staundart Time|MST]] | utc_offset = +8 | timezone_DST = Nae observed | blank_name = [[Telephone nummers in Malaysie|Aurie code(s)]] | blank_info = +604 | blank1_name = [[Vehicle registration plates o Malaysie|Vehicle registration]] | blank1_info = P | leader_title2 = Mayor o [[Penang Island]] | leader_name2 = Patahiyah Ismail | established_date4 = 19 December 1941 - 3 September 1945 | established_title4 = [[Japanese occupation o Malaya|Japanese occupation]] | established_date5 = 1 Januar 1957<ref name="receive">{{cite web|url=http://www.thesundaily.my/node/252772|title=The Penang Island City agenda|author=Goh Ban Lee|publisher=[[The Sun (Malaysia)|The Sun]]|date=19 May 2014|accessdate=25 January 2016|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612142444/http://www.thesundaily.my/node/252772|url-status=dead}}</ref> | established_title5 = Grantit ceety status }} '''George Town''', the [[Leet o caipitals in Malaysie|caipital ceety]] o the [[Malaysie]] [[States an federal territories o Malaysie|state]] o [[Penang]], is locatit at the northeastren tip o [[Penang Island]]. ==Sister Ceeties== George Town haes sax [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|sister ceeties]]. {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|AUS}} [[Adelaide]], [[Australie]].<ref name="Michelmann2009">{{cite book|author=Hans Michelmann|title=Foreign Relations in Federal Countries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1gZqQQPIEwC&pg=PA198|date=28 January 2009|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-7618-6|pages=198–}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adelaidecitycouncil.com/city-living/welcome-to-adelaide/sister-cities/georgetown|title=Achievements of the Sister City Relationship|publisher=Adelaide City Council|accessdate=20 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220042352/http://www.adelaidecitycouncil.com/city-living/welcome-to-adelaide/sister-cities/georgetown|archivedate=20 December 2015|deadurl=yes}}</ref> * {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Xiamen]], [[Cheenae]].<ref name="Michelmann2009" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1309&dat=20011121&id=XiwhAAAAIBAJ&sjid=f3gFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5036,239605&hl=en|title=Malaysia-Xiamen trade volume gets a boost|publisher=New Straits Times|date=21 November 2001|accessdate=20 December 2015}}</ref> || * {{flagicon|IDN}} [[Medan]], [[Indonesie]].<ref name="Michelmann2009" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/web/idn_medan/e2012/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/kunjungan-hormat-oleh-konsul-jeneral-ke-atas-walikota-medan-3?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fidn_medan%2Fe2012%2F-%2Fblogs%2Flawatan-delegasi-jakim-dan-jain-ke-medan|title=Kunjungan Hormat oleh Konsul Jeneral ke atas Walikota Medan|language=Malay|publisher=[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia]]|date=13 September 2012|accessdate=20 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220045614/http://www.kln.gov.my/web/idn_medan/e2012/-/asset_publisher/ME2g/blog/kunjungan-hormat-oleh-konsul-jeneral-ke-atas-walikota-medan-3?redirect=%2Fweb%2Fidn_medan%2Fe2012%2F-%2Fblogs%2Flawatan-delegasi-jakim-dan-jain-ke-medan|archivedate=20 December 2015|deadurl=yes}}</ref> * {{flagicon|ROC}} [[Taipei]], [[Taiwan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1555857|title=Malaysia: Taipei, Georgetown ink friendship memorandum|work=Central News Agency|publisher=[[Taiwan News]]|date=29 March 2011|accessdate=20 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220051213/http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=1555857|archivedate=20 December 2015|deadurl=yes}}</ref> || * {{flagicon|THA}} [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=50|title=Sister Cities Agreement, Georgetown|publisher=International Affairs Division, Bangkok Metropolitan Administration|accessdate=20 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220043814/http://iad.bangkok.go.th/en/showsister_cities?id=50|archivedate=20 December 2015|deadurl=yes}}</ref> * {{flagicon|THA}} [[Phuket (ceety)|Phuket]], [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phuketgazette.net/phuket-news/Phuket-Penang-become-twin-cities/35939#ad-image-0|title=Phuket and Penang become twin cities|author=Natthaphol Wittayarungrote|publisher=Phuket Gazette|date=18 September 2014|accessdate=20 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220051714/http://www.phuketgazette.net/phuket-news/Phuket-Penang-become-twin-cities/35939|archivedate=20 December 2015|deadurl=yes}}</ref> |} ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:George Town, Penang|*]] [[Category:Populatit places in Penang]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Malaysie]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1786]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Malaysie]] [[Category:Ports an harbours of Malaysie]] [[Category:State caipitals in Malaysie]] [[Category:1786 establishments in Asie]] [[Category:1786 establishments in the Breetish Empire]] [[Category:Penang]] rgqu10oxv9n8a7dnd6po4plnqthhyez 0 200936 915845 904234 2026-04-28T20:10:22Z LivMaddieFan2026 130475 915845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Descendants 2 | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | genre = {{plainlist| * [[Muisical film|Muisical]] * [[Fantasie film|Fantasie]] * [[Adventur film|Adventur]] * [[Teen film|Teen]] }} | creator = | based_on = | writer = {{plainlist| * [[Josann McGibbon]] * Sara Parriott }} | screenplay = | story = | director = [[Kenny Ortega]] | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Dove Cameron]] * [[Cameron Boyce]] * [[Sofia Carson]] * [[Booboo Stewart]] * [[China Anne McClain]] <!-- Note: Do not add Mitchell Hope – he is not included in the poster art. --> }} | narrated = | composer = [[David Nessim Lawrence|David Lawrence]] | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_episodes = | executive_producer = {{plainlist| * Judy Taylor * [[Josann McGibbon]] * Sara Parriott * Kenny Ortega }} | producer = Tracey Jeffrey (line producer) | editor = Don Brochu | cinematography = | runtime = 111 meenits | company = {{plainlist| * Bad Angels Productions * 5678 Productions * Disney Channel Original Productions }} | distributor = [[Disney–ABC Domestic Television]] | budget = | network = {{plainlist| * [[Disney Channel]] * [[Disney XD]] * [[Lifetime (TV netwark)|Lifetime]] * [[Lifetime Movies]] * [[Freeform (TV chainel)|Freeform]] * [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] }} | first_aired = {{start date|2017|7|21}}<ref name="Variety">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/scene/vpage/descendants-2-premiere-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1202493764/|title=‘Descendants 2’ Cast Talks ‘Bigger’ Sets and Musical Numbers at Disney Channel Premiere|first=Malina|last=Saval|date=July 12, 2017|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=July 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716015914/http://variety.com/2017/scene/vpage/descendants-2-premiere-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1202493764/|url-status=live}}</ref> | last_aired = | preceded_by = ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]'' | followed_by = ''[[Descendants 3]]'' | website = }} '''''Descendants 2''''' is an American [[muisical film|muisical]] [[fantasie]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/07/12/review-descendants-2-is-a-darker-deeper-better-sequel/|title=Review: 'Descendants 2' Is A Darker, Deeper, Better Sequel|last=Mendelson|first=Scott|website=[[Forbes]]|language=en|date=2017-07-12|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=August 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805045246/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/07/12/review-descendants-2-is-a-darker-deeper-better-sequel/|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref> [[televeesion film]]. It premiered as a [[Disney Channel Original Movie]] on Julie 21, 2017 on [[Disney Channel]], an wis simulcast on [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]-owned netwarks [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[Disney XD]], [[Freeform (TV chainel)|Freeform]], [[Lifetime (TV netwark)|Lifetime]] an [[Lifetime Movies]].<ref name="Variety" /> It is the second installment in the [[Descendants (franchise)|''Descendants'' franchise]] an the sequel tae the 2015 film ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]''. The film starns [[Dove Cameron]], [[Cameron Boyce]], [[Sofia Carson]], [[Booboo Stewart]], Mitchell Hope an [[China Anne McClain]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Swift|first1=Andy|title=Descendants 2 Premiering in 2017; China Anne McClain Cast as Ursula|url=https://tvline.com/2016/06/10/descendants-2-cast-china-anne-mcclain-ursula-2017-premiere-date/|work=[[TVLine]]|date=June 10, 2016|access-date=July 27, 2016|archive-date=July 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729183710/http://tvline.com/2016/06/10/descendants-2-cast-china-anne-mcclain-ursula-2017-premiere-date/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DH-06-2016">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/06/descendants-2-disney-channel-china-anne-mcclain-1201770262/|title=‘Descendants 2’ Greenlighted By Disney Channel For 2017, New Characters Added|first=Ross A.|last=Lincoln|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 10, 2016|access-date=July 27, 2016|archive-date=July 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709230900/http://deadline.com/2016/06/descendants-2-disney-channel-china-anne-mcclain-1201770262/|url-status=live}}</ref> A third film, ''[[Descendants 3]]'', premiered on August 2, 2019.<ref name="Descendants3">{{cite web |first=Derek |last=Lawrence |url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/02/16/disney-channel-descendants-3/ |title=Disney Channel officially announces ''Descendants 3'' |work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=February 16, 2018 |access-date=February 16, 2018 |archive-date=February 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217074636/http://ew.com/tv/2018/02/16/disney-channel-descendants-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{IMDb title|5117876}} {{Stub/Fillum}} [[Category:2010s fantasie films]] [[Category:2010s muisical films]] [[Category:2017 televeesion films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American fantasie films]] [[Category:American televeesion films]] [[Category:Disney Channel Original Movie films]] [[Category:Films based on fairy tales]] [[Category:Films directit bi Kenny Ortega]] [[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]] [[Category:Televeesion sequel films]] [[Category:Simulcasts]] [[Category:Descendants (film series)]] 2b5od2u6aqev8q4zgq84vy9bcya09ji 915847 915845 2026-04-28T20:11:37Z LivMaddieFan2026 130475 915847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox televeesion | show_name = Descendants 2 | image = | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | genre = {{plainlist| * [[Muisical film|Muisical]] * [[Fantasie film|Fantasie]] * [[Adventur film|Adventur]] * [[Teen film|Teen]] }} | creator = | based_on = | writer = {{plainlist| * [[Josann McGibbon]] * Sara Parriott }} | screenplay = | story = | director = [[Kenny Ortega]] | starring = {{plainlist| * [[Dove Cameron]] * [[Cameron Boyce]] * [[Sofia Carson]] * [[Booboo Stewart]] * [[China Anne McClain]] <!-- Note: Do not add Mitchell Hope – he is not included in the poster art. --> }} | narrated = | composer = [[David Nessim Lawrence|David Lawrence]] | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | num_episodes = | executive_producer = {{plainlist| * Judy Taylor * [[Josann McGibbon]] * Sara Parriott * Kenny Ortega }} | producer = Tracey Jeffrey (line producer) | editor = Don Brochu | cinematography = | runtime = 111 meenits | company = {{plainlist| * Bad Angels Productions * 5678 Productions * Disney Channel Original Productions }} | distributor = [[Disney–ABC Domestic Television]] | budget = | network = {{plainlist| * [[Disney Channel]] * [[Disney XD]] * [[Lifetime (TV netwark)|Lifetime]] * [[Lifetime Movies]] * [[Freeform (TV chainel)|Freeform]] * [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] }} | first_aired = {{start date|2017|7|21}}<ref name="Variety">{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/scene/vpage/descendants-2-premiere-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1202493764/|title=‘Descendants 2’ Cast Talks ‘Bigger’ Sets and Musical Numbers at Disney Channel Premiere|first=Malina|last=Saval|date=July 12, 2017|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|access-date=July 17, 2017|archive-date=July 16, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170716015914/http://variety.com/2017/scene/vpage/descendants-2-premiere-dove-cameron-disney-channel-1202493764/|url-status=live}}</ref> | last_aired = | preceded_by = ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]'' | followed_by = ''[[Descendants 3]]'' | website = }} '''''Descendants 2''''' is an American [[muisical film|muisical]] [[fantasie]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/07/12/review-descendants-2-is-a-darker-deeper-better-sequel/|title=Review: 'Descendants 2' Is A Darker, Deeper, Better Sequel|last=Mendelson|first=Scott|website=[[Forbes]]|language=en|date=2017-07-12|access-date=2019-08-05|archive-date=August 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190805045246/https://www.forbes.com/sites/scottmendelson/2017/07/12/review-descendants-2-is-a-darker-deeper-better-sequel/|url-status=live|url-access=limited}}</ref> [[televeesion film]]. It premiered as a [[Disney Channel Original Movie]] on Julie 21, 2017 on [[Disney Channel]], an wis simulcast on [[The Walt Disney Company|Disney]]-owned netwarks [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]], [[Disney XD]], [[Freeform (TV chainel)|Freeform]], [[Lifetime (TV netwark)|Lifetime]] an [[Lifetime Movies]].<ref name="Variety" /> It is the seicont installment in the [[Descendants (franchise)|''Descendants'' franchise]] an the sequel tae the 2015 film ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]''. The film starns [[Dove Cameron]], [[Cameron Boyce]], [[Sofia Carson]], [[Booboo Stewart]], Mitchell Hope an [[China Anne McClain]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|last1=Swift|first1=Andy|title=Descendants 2 Premiering in 2017; China Anne McClain Cast as Ursula|url=https://tvline.com/2016/06/10/descendants-2-cast-china-anne-mcclain-ursula-2017-premiere-date/|work=[[TVLine]]|date=June 10, 2016|access-date=July 27, 2016|archive-date=July 29, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160729183710/http://tvline.com/2016/06/10/descendants-2-cast-china-anne-mcclain-ursula-2017-premiere-date/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="DH-06-2016">{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2016/06/descendants-2-disney-channel-china-anne-mcclain-1201770262/|title=‘Descendants 2’ Greenlighted By Disney Channel For 2017, New Characters Added|first=Ross A.|last=Lincoln|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=June 10, 2016|access-date=July 27, 2016|archive-date=July 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709230900/http://deadline.com/2016/06/descendants-2-disney-channel-china-anne-mcclain-1201770262/|url-status=live}}</ref> A third film, ''[[Descendants 3]]'', premiered on August 2, 2019.<ref name="Descendants3">{{cite web |first=Derek |last=Lawrence |url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/02/16/disney-channel-descendants-3/ |title=Disney Channel officially announces ''Descendants 3'' |work=[[Entertainment Weekly]] |date=February 16, 2018 |access-date=February 16, 2018 |archive-date=February 17, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180217074636/http://ew.com/tv/2018/02/16/disney-channel-descendants-3/ |url-status=live }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{IMDb title|5117876}} {{Stub/Fillum}} [[Category:2010s fantasie films]] [[Category:2010s muisical films]] [[Category:2017 televeesion films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American fantasie films]] [[Category:American televeesion films]] [[Category:Disney Channel Original Movie films]] [[Category:Films based on fairy tales]] [[Category:Films directit bi Kenny Ortega]] [[Category:Films shot in Vancouver]] [[Category:Televeesion sequel films]] [[Category:Simulcasts]] [[Category:Descendants (film series)]] r35zhb91qoasug7ztp431wllsilt7xy 0 200937 915844 894377 2026-04-28T20:08:08Z LivMaddieFan2026 130475 /* Freemit airtins */ 915844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox person | name = Dove Cameron | image = Dove Cameron 2019 by Glenn Francis.jpg | caption = Cameron in October 2019 | birth_name = Chloe Celeste Hosterman | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1996|1|15}} | birth_place = [[Seattle, Washington]], U.S. | occupation = {{Flatlist| * Actress * sangster }} | years_active = 2012–present | website = | television = <!-- Television programmes presented bi or closely associated wi the subject. --> | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | instrument = Vocals | label = {{flatlist| * [[Walt Disney Records|Walt Disney]] * [[Columbia Records|Columbia]] }} | associated_acts = [[The Girl and the Dreamcatcher]] }} }} '''Dove Cameron'''<ref name=Instagram>{{cite web|title=Instagram: Dove Cameron (official account)|url=http://instagram.com/p/r3IzUzpBlW|date=August 18, 2014|accessdate=August 18, 2014|quote=So. I just wanted to take this time to explain my name I all of you lovelies, because I have seen that there is quite a bit of confusion. My birth name is Chloe. But my daddy called me Dove/Dovey as a nickname since I was very small; just over a year old. As some of you know, my father passed away a few years ago, right around the time I started acting. So, I decided to change it legally in honor of him, which gives me great joy every day that I was able to do something so lasting and permanent to pay homage to his memory. But I still go by Chloe to some family members and Ryan. And some Starbucks employees. So Dove is not a stage name, it's actually a name that means a lot to me for many reasons. I Love you all!}}</ref> (born '''Chloe Celeste Hosterman'''; Januar 15, 1996)<ref name="dcmedianet">{{cite web|url=http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3155753&type=cameron|title=Dove Cameron "Liv and Maddie Rooney"|publisher=Disney Channel Medianet|year=2013|accessdate=Julie 9, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103013840/http://www.disneychannelmedianet.com/web/showpage/showpage.aspx?program_id=3155753&type=cameron|archivedate=November 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name=twitter>{{cite tweet|first=Dove|last=Cameron|user=DoveCameron|number=416702545650655233|title=Just wanted to set this straight: I see literally everywhere that my birthday is January 14. It's January Fifteenth, my loves!|date=December 27, 2013|accessdate=Apryle 14, 2017}}</ref> is an American actress an sangster, kent for playin a dual role as the eponymous chairacters in the [[Disney Channel]] teen sitcom ''[[Liv and Maddie]]'' (2013-2017) an playin Mal, the dochter o [[Maleficent]], in the films ''[[Descendants (2015 film)|Descendants]]'' (2015),<ref name=variety>{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2013/tv/news/disney-channel-puts-spotlight-on-dove-cameron-with-series-movie-1200005222|title=Disney Channel Puts Spotlight on Dove Cameron with Series, Movie (EXCLUSIVE)|date=Mairch 7, 2013|first=Marc|last=Graser|publisher=Variety|archivedate=Mey 31, 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H25og3OU?url=http://variety.com/2013/tv/news/disney-channel-puts-spotlight-on-dove-cameron-with-series-movie-1200005222/|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}</ref> the sequel ''[[Descendants 2]]'' (2017), an the third installment ''[[Descendants 3]]'' (2019).<ref name="E!News">{{cite news|last1=Johnson|first1=Zach|title=Descendants 3 First Look: See Carlos, Evie, Jay and Mal's Makeovers|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/940813/descendants-3-first-look-see-carlos-evie-jay-and-mal-s-makeovers|work=[[E!]]|date=Juin 1, 2018|accessdate=Juin 5, 2018}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Official website|http://www.dovecameron.com/}} * {{IMDb name|4874651}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cameron, Dove}} [[Category:1996 births]] [[Category:21st-century American actresses]] [[Category:21st-century American sangsters]] [[Category:American fowk o French strynd]] [[Category:American bairn actresses]] [[Category:American bairn sangsters]] [[Category:American film actresses]] [[Category:American stage actresses]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:American expatriates in Fraunce]] 1mqepgepxx8w50wdaje0338bjcdlor7 0 201873 915850 904548 2026-04-28T20:20:08Z LivMaddieFan2026 130475 915850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox beuk | name = Charlotte's Web | image = | caption = Civer o the first edition | author = [[E. B. White]] | illustrator = [[Garth Williams]] | cover_artist = Garth Williams | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis | genre = [[Bairns' literatur|Bairns' novelle]] | publisher = [[Harper & Brothers]] | release_date = [[October 15]], [[1952 in literature|1952]] | pages = 192 | isbn = 9780062658753 }} '''''Charlotte's Web''''' is a [[bairns' literatur|bairns' novelle]] bi American author [[E. B. White]] an illustrated bi [[Garth Williams]]. It wis published on October 15, 1952, bi [[Harper & Brothers]]. The novelle tells the story o a [[livestock]] [[pig]] named Wilbur an his friendship wi a [[barn speeder]] named Charlotte. When Wilbur is in danger o bein slaughtered bi the farmer, Charlotte writes messages praisin Wilbur (sic as "Some Pig") in her web in order tae persuade the farmer tae let him live. Written in White's dry, low-key manner, ''Charlotte's Web'' is considered a classic o bairns' literatur, enjoyable tae adults as well as bairns. The description o the experience o swingin on a rope swing at the farm is an aften cited example o rhythm in writin, as the pace o the sentences reflects the motion o the swing. In 2000, ''[[Publishers Weekly]]'' listed the beuk as the best-sellin bairns' paperback o aw time.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0203050.html|title=Private Tutor|publisher=Factmonster.com|access-date=May 25, 2014}}</ref> ''Charlotte's Web'' wis adapted intae an [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|animatit featur]] bi [[Hanna-Barbera Productions]] an Sagittarius Productions in 1973. Paramount released a [[direct-tae-video]] [[sequel]], ''[[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]]'', in the U.S. in 2003 (Universal released the film internationally). A [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|live-action film version]] o E. B. White's original story wis released in 2006. A [[Charlotte's Web (video game)|video game based on this adaption]] wis an aa released in 2006. == Plot summary == The beuk begins when John Arable's sow gives birth tae a litter o piglets, an Mr. Arable discovers ane o them is a [[runt]] an decides tae kill it. Houiver, his aicht year old daughter Fern begs him tae let it live. Therefore her father gives it tae Fern as a pet, an she names the piglet Wilbur. Wilbur is hyperactive an always exploring new things. He lives wi Fern for a few weeks an then is sold tae her uncle, Homer Zuckerman. Although Fern visits him at the Zuckermans' farm as aften as she can, her visits decrease as she grows older, an Wilbur gets lonelier day after day. Eventually, a warm an soothin voice tells him that she is going tae be his friend. The next day, he wakes up an meets his new friend: Charlotte, the grey speeder. Wilbur soon becomes a member o the community o animals that live in the cellar o Zuckerman's barn. When the old sheep in the barn cellar tells Wilbur that he is going tae be killed an eaten at Christmas, he turns tae Charlotte for help. Charlotte has the idea o writin words in her web extollin Wilbur's excellence ("some pig," "terrific," "radiant," an eventually "humble"), reasoning that if she can make Wilbur sufficiently famous, he will not be killed. Thanks tae Charlotte's efforts, an wi the assistance o the gluttonous rat Templeton, Wilbur not only lifes, but goes tae the county fair wi Charlotte an wins a prize. Havin reached the end of her natural lifespan, Charlotte dies at the fair. Wilbur repays Charlotte bi bringing home wi him the sac o eggs (her "[[masterpiece|magnum opus]]") she had laid at the fair before dying. When Charlotte's eggs hatch at Zuckerman's farm, most o them leave tae make their own lifes elsewhere, except for three: Joy, Aranea, an Nellie, who remain there as friends tae Wilbur; but none o them can replace Charlotte. == Chairacters == * '''Wilbur''' is a rambunctious [[pig]], the [[runt]] o his [[litter (animal)|litter]]. He is aften strongly emotional. * '''Charlotte A. Cavatica''', or simply Charlotte, is a [[speeder]] that befriends Wilbur. In some passages, she is the [[heroine]] o the story.<ref>{{cite news|title=Charlotte A. Cavatica: Bloodthirsty, Wise And True|work= NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=93263496|access-date=September 26, 2010}}</ref> * '''John Arable''' is Wilbur's first owner. * '''Fern Arable''' is John's daughter, who adopts Wilbur when he is a piglet, an later visits him. She is the only human in the story capable o understanding animal conversation. * '''Templeton''' is a [[rat]] that helps Charlotte an Wilbur only when offered food. He serves as a somewhat caustic, self-serving [[comic relief]] tae the plot. * '''Avery Arable''' is the elder brother o Fern an John's son. Like Templeton, he is a source o comic relief. * '''Homer Zuckerman''' is Fern's uncle who keeps Wilbur in his barn. He has a wife, Edith, an an assistant named Lurvy. * '''Other animals''' in Zuckerman's barn, wi whom Wilbur converses, are a disdainful lamb, a talkative goose, an an intelligent "old [[sheep]]". * '''Henry Fussy''' is a boy o Fern's age, o whom Fern becomes fond. * '''Dr. Dorian''' is the family physician/psychologist consulted bi Fern's mother an somethin o a [[wise old man]] chairacter. * '''Uncle''' is a large pig that Charlotte disdains for coarse manners. He is Wilbur's rival at the fair. * '''Charlotte's children''' are the 514 children o Charlotte. Although they were born at the barn, all but three o them go their own ways bi [[balloonin (speeder)|balloonin]]. == Themes == === Death === [[Death]] is a major theme seen throughout ''Charlotte's Web'' an is brought forth bi that o the [[speeder]], Charlotte's, [[Speeder web|web]]. Accordin tae Norton D. Kinghorn, Charlotte's web acts as a barrier that separates two worlds. These worlds are that o life an death.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kinghorn|first=Norton D.|date=Spring 1986|title=The Real Miracle of Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/248439|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4–9|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0418|issn=1553-1201|via=}}</ref> Scholar Amy Ratelle says that through Charlotte's continual killin an eatin o [[flies]] throughout the novel, White makes the concept o death normal for Wilbur an for the readers.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ratelle|first=Amy|date=2014|title=Ethics and Edibility in Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/565975|journal=The Lion and the Unicorn|language=en|volume=38|issue=3|pages=327–341|doi=10.1353/uni.2014.0026|issn=1080-6563}}</ref> Wilbur constantly has death on his mind at night when he is worryin over whether or not he will be made intae [[meat]] for humans tae consume, but as scholar Sophie Mills notes, Wilbur is able tae avoid death.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mills|first=Sophie|date=2000|title=Pig in the Middle|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005178904342|journal=Children's Literature in Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=107–124|doi=10.1023/A:1005178904342|issn=0045-6713|via=}}</ref> Even though Wilbur is able tae escape his death, Charlotte, the speeder that takes care of Wilbur, is not able tae escape her own death. Charlotte passes away, but accordin tae Trudelle H. Thomas, "Yet even in the face of death, life continues and ultimate goodness wins out".<ref>{{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Trudelle H.|date=2016|title=The Arc of the Rope Swing: Humour, Poetry, and Spirituality in Charlotte’s Web by E.B. White|url=|journal=International Journal of Children's Spirituality|volume=21|pages=201-215|via=}}</ref> Jordan Anne Deveraux explains that E. B. White discusses a few [[realities]] o death. From the novel, readers learn that death can be delayed, but it cannot be avoided forever.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Anne Devereaux|date=1997|title=Appreciating "Charlotte's Web"|url=|journal=Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults|volume=7|pages=|via=}}</ref> === Change === For Norton D. Kinghorn, Charlotte's web also acts as a signifier o change. The change Kinghorn refers tae is that o both the human world an the farm/barn world. For both o these worlds change is somethin that cannot be avoided.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kinghorn|first=Norton D.|date=Spring 1986|title=The Real Miracle of Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/248439|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4–9|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0418|issn=1553-1201|via=}}</ref> Along wi the changin o the [[saison]]s throughout the novel, the chairacters also go through their own changes. Jordan Anne Deveraux also explains that Wilbur an Fern each go through their changes tae transition from [[childhood]] closer tae adulthood throughout the novel.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Anne Devereaux|date=1997|title=Appreciating "Charlotte's Web"|url=|journal=Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults|volume=7|pages=|via=}}</ref> This is evidenced bi Wilbur acceptin death an Fern givin up her dolls. Wilbur grows throughout the novel, allowin him tae become the caretaker o Charlotte's children just as she wis a caretaker for him, as is explained bi scholar Sue Misheff.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Misheff|first=Sue|date=1998|title=Beneath the Web and Over the Stream: The Search for Safe Places in Charlotte's Web and Bridge to Terabithia|url=|journal=Children's Literature in Education|volume=29|pages=|via=}}</ref> But rather than accept the changes that are forced upon them, according tae Sophie Mills, the chairacters aim tae go beyond the limits o change.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mills|first=Sophie|date=2000|title=Pig in the Middle|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005178904342|journal=Children's Literature in Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=107–124|doi=10.1023/A:1005178904342|issn=0045-6713|via=}}</ref> In a different way, Wilbur goes through a change when he switches locations. Amy Ratelle explains that when he moves from Fern's house tae Homer Zuckerman's farm, Wilbur goes from bein a loved pet tae a farm animal. === Innocence === Fern, the little girl in the novel, goes from bein a child tae being more o an adult. As she goes through this change, Kinghorn notes that it can also be considered a fall from [[innocence]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kinghorn|first=Norton D.|date=Spring 1986|title=The Real Miracle of Charlotte's Web|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/248439|journal=Children's Literature Association Quarterly|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=4–9|doi=10.1353/chq.0.0418|issn=1553-1201|via=}}</ref> Wilbur also starts out young an innocent at the beginnin o the novel. A comparison is drawn between the innocence an youth o Fern an Wilbur. Sophie Mills states that the two chairacters can identify wi ane another.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mills|first=Sophie|date=2000|title=Pig in the Middle|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1005178904342|journal=Children's Literature in Education|language=en|volume=31|issue=2|pages=107–124|doi=10.1023/A:1005178904342|issn=0045-6713|via=}}</ref> Both Wilbur an Fern are, at first, horrified bi the realization that life must end; however, bi the end o the novel, both chairacters learn tae accept that everything must die.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Jordan|first=Anne Devereaux|date=1997|title=Appreciating "Charlotte's Web"|url=|journal=Teaching and Learning Literature with Children and Young Adults|volume=7|pages=|via=}}</ref> Accordin tae Matthew Scully, the novel presents the difference in the worldview o adults versus the worldview o children. Children, sic as Fern, believe killin another for food is wrong, while adults have learned tae justify this action.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Scully|first=Matthew|date=June 2011|title=Tangled Web; A Children's Classic, and the Moral Dimensions of Animal Farming. (The Story of Charlotte's Web: E. B. White's Eccentric Life in Nature and the Birth of an American Classic)|url=|journal=The Weekly Standard|volume=16|pages=|via=}}</ref> == History == ''Charlotte's Web'' wis published three years after White began writing it.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.harpercollinschildrens.com/HarperChildrens/Kids/AuthorsAndIllustrators/AuthorNote.aspx?CId=10499|title=Authors & illustrators: E. B. White: AUTHOR NOTE: A Letter from E. B. White|access-date=May 31, 2009|last=White|first=E. B.|year=2006|work=harpercollinschildrens.com|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers}}</ref> White's editor Ursula Nordstrom said that ane day in 1952, E. B. White arrived at her office an handed her a new manuscript, the only copy o ''Charlotte's Web'' then in existence, which she read soon after an enjoyed.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/lifetimes/white-tales.html|title=Stuart, Wilbur, Charlotte: A Tale of Tales|accessdate=December 22, 2008|last=Nordstrom|first=Ursula|date=May 12, 1974|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Since White published ''Death of a Pig'' in 1948,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideastour/animals/white-full.html|title=Death of a Pig|access-date=August 30, 2011|last=White|first=E.B.|date=January 1948|work=The Atlantic}}</ref> an account o his own failure tae save a sick pig (bought for butchering), ''Charlotte's Web'' can be seen as White's attempt "tae save his pig in retrospect".<ref name=Weales>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/08/03/lifetimes/white-designs.html|title=The Designs of E. B. White|access-date=December 22, 2008|last=Weales|first=Gerald|date=May 24, 1970|work=The New York Times}}</ref> White's overall motivation for the book has not been revealed an he has written: "I haven't told why I wrote the book, but I haven't told you why I sneeze, either. A book is a sneeze".<ref>{{cite web|last=Usher|first=Shaun|title=A book is a sneeze|url=https://www.lettersofnote.com/2013/08/a-book-is-sneeze.html|work=Letters of Note|access-date=August 6, 2013|archive-date=2018-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917232310/http://www.lettersofnote.com/2013/08/a-book-is-sneeze.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> When White met the speeder that originally inspired Charlotte, he called her Charlotte Epeira (after ''Epeira sclopetaria'', the Grey Cross speeder, now known as ''[[Larinioides sclopetarius]]''), before discoverin that the more modern name for that genus wis ''Aranea''.<ref>{{cite book|title=E. B. White: A Biography|url=https://archive.org/details/ebwhite00scot|last=Elledge|first=Scott|year=1984|publisher=W. W. Norton and Company|isbn=0-393-01771-0}}</ref> In the novel, Charlotte gives her full name as "Charlotte A. Cavatica", revealin her as a [[barn speeder]], an [[orb-weaver spider|orb-weaver]] wi the scientific name ''Araneus cavaticus''. The arachnid anatomical terms (mentioned in the beginning o chapter nine) an other information that White used, came mostly from ''American Spiders'' bi [[Willis J. Gertsch]] an ''The Spider Book'' bi [[John Henry Comstock]], both o which combine a sense o poetry wi scientific fact.<ref name=Neumeyer>{{cite journal|last=Neumeyer|first=Peter F.|year=1991|title=Charlotte, Arachnida: The Scientific Sources|journal=The Lion and the Unicorn|volume=19|issue=2|pages=223–231|issn=0147-2593|doi=10.1353/uni.1995.0034}}</ref> White incorporated details from Comstock's accounts o baby speeders, most notably the "flight" o the young speeders on silken parachutes.<ref name=Neumeyer/> White sent Gertsch's book tae illustrator Garth Williams.<ref name=Elledge295>Elledge (1984), p. 295.</ref> Williams' initial drawins depicted a speeder wi a woman's face, an White suggested that he simply draw a realistic speeder instead.<ref>{{cite book|title=Letters of E.B. White|url=https://archive.org/details/lettersofebwhite0000whit_g6j9|last=White|first=E.B.|author2=Dorothy Lobrano Guth (ed.)|year=1976|publisher=Harper and Row|isbn=0-06-014601-X|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lettersofebwhite0000whit_g6j9/page/353 353]–354}}</ref> White originally opened the novel wi an introduction o Wilbur an the barnyard (which later became the third chapter) but decided tae begin the novel bi introducin Fern an her family on the first page.<ref name=Elledge295/> White's publishers were at ane point concerned wi the book's endin an tried tae get White tae change it.<ref name=Letters351>White (1976), p. 351.</ref> ''Charlotte's Web'' has become White's most famous book, but White treasured his privacy an that o the farmyard an barn that helped inspire the novel, which have been kept off limits tae the public according tae his wishes.<ref name=Garfield>{{cite web|url=https://www.bangormetro.com/media/Bangor-Metro/May-2007/E-B-Whites-Web/|title=E.B. White’s Web|access-date=June 17, 2009|last=Garfield|first=Henry|date=May 2007|publisher=Bangor-Metro|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113170224/http://www.bangormetro.com/media/Bangor-Metro/May-2007/E-B-Whites-Web/|archive-date=January 13, 2009|df=}}</ref> == Reception == ''Charlotte's Web'' wis generally well-reviewed when it wis released. In ''The New York Times'', [[Eudora Welty]] wrote, "As a piece of work it is just about perfect, and just about magical in the way it is done."<ref name=weltynyt>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/98/11/22/specials/welty-charlotte.html|title=E.B. White’s Web|access-date=June 17, 2009|last=Garfield|first=Henry|date=May 2007|publisher=''The New York Times''|date=October 19, 1952}}</ref> Aside from its paperback sales, ''Charlotte's Web'' is 78th on the all-time bestselling hardback book list. According tae publicity for the 2006 film adaptation, the book has sold more than 45 million copies an been translated intae 23 languages. It wis a [[Newbery Honor]] book for 1953, losin tae ''[[Secret of the Andes]]'' bi [[Ann Nolan Clark]] for the [[Newbery Medal]]. In 1970, White won the [[Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal]], a major prize in the field o children's literature, for ''Charlotte's Web'', along wi his first children's book, ''[[Stuart Little]]'', published in 1945. Seth Lerer, in his book ''Children’s Literature'', finds that Charlotte represents female authorship an creativity, an compares her tae other female chairacters in children's literature sic as Jo March in ''[[Little Women]]'' an Mary Lennox in ''[[The Secret Garden]]''.<ref>{{cite book|title=Children's Literature|url=https://archive.org/details/childrensliterat0000lere_y4v2|last=Lerer|first=Seth|year=2008|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=0-226-47300-7|pages=[https://archive.org/details/childrensliterat0000lere_y4v2/page/249 249]–251}}</ref> Nancy Larrick brings tae attention the "startling note of realism" in the opening line, "Where's Papa going with that Ax?"<ref>{{cite book|title=A Parent's Guide to Children's Reading|url=https://archive.org/details/parentsguidetoc00larr|first1=Nancy|last1=Larrick|edition=Fifth|year=1982|publisher=The Westminster Press|location=Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|isbn=0-664-32705-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/parentsguidetoc00larr/page/67 67]|chapter=}}</ref> Illustrator [[Henry Cole (illustrator)|Henry Cole]] expressed his deep childhood appreciation o the chairacters an story, an calls Garth Williams' illustrations full o "sensitivity, warmth, humor, and intelligence."<ref>{{cite book|title=The Art of Reading: Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF's 40th Anniversary|url=https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read|last=Cole|first=Henry|others=Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental|year=2005|publisher=Dutton Books|isbn=0-525-47484-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read/page/33 33]}}</ref> Illustrator Diana Cain Bluthenthal states that Williams' illustrations inspired an influenced her.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Art of Reading: Forty Illustrators Celebrate RIF's 40th Anniversary|url=https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read|last=Bluthenthal|first=Diana Cain|others=Compiled by Reading Is Fundamental|year=2005|publisher=Dutton Books|isbn=0-525-47484-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/artofreadingfort00read/page/30 30]}}</ref> There is an unabridged audio book read bi White himself which reappeared decades after it had originally been recorded.<ref name=Ames/> ''Newsweek'' writes that White reads the story "without artifice and with a mellow charm," and that "White also has a plangency that will make you weep, so don't listen (at least, not to the sad parts) while driving."<ref name=Ames>{{cite journal|last=Ames|first=Katrine|author2=Marc Peyser|date=December 9, 1991|title=For Little Pitchers With Big Ears|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_newsweek-us_newsweek_1991-12-09_118_24/page/n93|journal=Newsweek|issue=24|page=79|location=New York|issn=0028-9604}}</ref> Joe Berk, president o Pathway Sound, had recorded ''Charlotte's Web'' wi White in White's neighbor's house in Maine (which Berk describes as an especially memorable experience) an released the book in LP.<ref name=Schnol/> Bantam released ''Charlotte’s Web'' alongside ''Stuart Little'' on CD in 1991, digitally remastered, havin acquired the two o them for rather a large amount.<ref name=Schnol>{{cite journal|last=Schnol|first=Janet|author2=Joanne Tangorra|date=October 18, 1991|title=Bantam Releases CD/Cassette of E. B. White Titles|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_publishers-weekly_1991-10-18_238_46/page/32|journal=Publishers Weekly|volume=238|issue=46|page=32|issn=0000-0019}}</ref> In 2005, a school teacher in California conceived o a project for her class in which they would send out hundreds o drawings o speeders (each representin Charlotte’s child Aranea going out intae the world so that she can return an tell Wilbur o what she has seen) wi accompanyin letters; they ended up visitin a large number o parks, monuments, an museums, an were hosted bi an/or prompted responses from celebrities an politicians sic as [[John Travolta]] an then-First Lady [[Laura Bush]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.en8848.com.cn/e/DoPrint/?classid=312&id=56672|title=Worldly Web: A traveling spider teaches fourth graders the joys of reading, meeting new people, and experiencing new adventures|publisher=''Readers Digest''|date=June 13, 2007|access-date=November 13, 2012}}{{Dead link|date=December 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 2003, ''Charlotte's Web'' wis listed at number 170 on the BBC's [[The Big Read]] poll o the UK's 200 "best-loved novels."<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top200_2.shtml|title="BBC – The Big Read"|publisher=BBC|date=April 2003|access-date=August 28, 2017}}</ref> A 2004 study found that ''Charlotte's Web'' wis a common read-aloud book for third-graders in schools in [[San Diego County, California]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Fisher, Douglas|year=2004|title=Interactive Read-Alouds: Is There a Common Set of Implementation Practices?|journal=[[The Reading Teacher]]|volume=58|issue=1|pages=8¬–17|url=https://www.fisherandfrey.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/rt-read-alouds.pdf|access-date=August 19, 2012|doi=10.1598/rt.58.1.1|display-authors=etal|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207031123/http://www.fisherandfrey.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/01/rt-read-alouds.pdf|archive-date=December 7, 2013|df=}}</ref> Based on a 2007 online poll, the [[National Education Association]] named the book ane o its "Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children."<ref name=NEA2007>{{cite web|url=https://www.nea.org/grants/13154.htm/|title=Teachers' Top 100 Books for Children|author=National Education Association|year=2007|access-date=August 19, 2012|archive-date=2015-07-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707175200/http://www.nea.org/grants/13154.htm/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It wis ane o the "Top 100 Chapter Books" o all time in a 2012 poll bi ''[[School Library Journal]]''.<ref name=SLJChapter2012>{{cite web|url=https://blog.schoollibraryjournal.com/afuse8production/2012/07/07/top-100-chapter-book-poll-results/|title=Top 100 Chapter Book Poll Results|author=Elizabeth Bird|publisher=''[[School Library Journal]]'' "A Fuse #8 Production" blog|date=July 7, 2012|access-date=August 19, 2012|archive-date=2012-11-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101133144/http://blog.schoollibraryjournal.com/afuse8production/2012/07/07/top-100-chapter-book-poll-results/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Its awards an nominations include: * [[Newbery Honor Book]] (1953)<ref>[http://www.ala.org/ala/mgrps/divs/alsc/awardsgrants/bookmedia/newberymedal/newberymedal.cfm Newbery Medal Home Page], [[American Library Association]]</ref> * [[The Horn Book Magazine|Horn Book Fanfare]] (1953)<ref>[http://www.librarything.com/bookaward/A+Horn+Book+Fanfare+Best+Book Book awards: A Horn Book Fanfare Best Book]</ref> * [[Laura Ingalls Wilder Medal]] (1970) (awarded tae White for his children's books: ''Charlotte's Web'' an ''Stuart Little'') * [[Massachusetts Children's Book Award]] (1984)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.salemstate.edu/education/mcba Massachusetts|title=Children's awards|dead-url=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208211607/http://www.salemstate.edu/education/mcba|archive-date=February 8, 2009|df=}}</ref> == Adaptations == === Film === The book wis adapted intae [[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|an animatit featur o the same name]] in 1973 bi [[Hanna-Barbera Productions]] an Sagittarius Productions wi a score bi the [[Sherman Brothers]]. In 2003, a [[direct-tae-video]] sequel tae that film, ''[[Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure]],'' wis released bi [[Paramount Pictures]]. In 2006, Paramount Pictures, wi [[Walden Media]], Kerner Entertainment Company, an [[Nickelodeon Movies]], produced [[Charlotte's Web (2006 film)|a live-action/animatit adaptation]] starrin [[Dakota Fanning]] as Fern an [[Julia Roberts]] as the voice o Charlotte, released on December 15, 2006. === Stage === A musical production wis created wi music an lyrics bi [[Charles Strouse]]. === Video game === A [[video game]] o the 2006 film wis developed bi [[Backbone Entertainment]] an published bi [[THQ]] an [[Sega]], an released on December 12, 2006, for the [[Game Boy Advance]], [[Nintendo DS]], [[PlayStation 2]] an [[Personal computer|PC]]. == See also == {{portal|United States|Children's literature}} * [[Leet o best-sellin books]] * ''[[The Tale of Little Pig Robinson]]'' * "[[Low THC cannabis ("Charlotte's web")]] * [[Death in children’s literature]] {{Clear}} == References == {{Reflist}} == Further reading == * {{cite book|last=Griffith|first=John W.|title=Charlotte's web: a pig's salvation|url=https://archive.org/details/charlotteswebpig00grif|year=1993|publisher=Twayne|location=New York|isbn=0805788123}} * {{cite book|last1=Neumeyer|first1=Peter F.|last2=Williams|first2=Garth|last3=White|first3=E. B.|title=The annotated Charlotte's web|url=https://archive.org/details/annotatedcharlot00neum|year=1994|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=0060243872}} * {{cite book|last=White|first=E. B.|others=Illustrated by Maggie Kneen|title=Some pig!: a Charlotte's web picture book|url=https://archive.org/details/somepigcharlotte0000whit|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|year=2007|isbn=0060781610}} * {{cite book|last=White|first=E. B.|others=Illustrated by Maggie Kneen|title=Wilbur's adventure: a Charlotte's web picture book|url=https://archive.org/details/wilbursadventure0000whit|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|year=2008|isbn=9780060781644}} * {{cite book|last=Sims|first=Michael|title=The story of Charlotte's web: E. B. White's eccentric life in nature and the birth of an American classic|url=https://archive.org/details/storyofcharlotte0000sims|publisher=Walker & Co|location=New York|year=2011|isbn=9780802777546}} == Freemit airtins == {{Wikiquote|Charlotte's Web (book)|Charlotte's Web}} * [https://www.harpercollinschildrens.com/HarperChildrens/kids/gamesandcontests/features/charlottesweb/default.aspx ''Charlotte's Web'' home page at publisher's site] [[Category:1952 American novelles]] [[Category:1952 bairns' novelles]] [[Category:American bairns' novelles]] [[Category:American novels adapted intae films]] [[Category:Beuks about friendship]] [[Category:Bairns' novelles about animals]] [[Category:Fictional speeders]] [[Category:Fictional pigs]] [[Category:Harper & Brothers beuks]] [[Category:Literature featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Newbery Honor-winning works]] [[Category:Pigs in literature]] [[Category:Works bi E. B. White]] qlra9oteyepbekniw3oi5wcq3k7nvoy 0 208258 915849 904231 2026-04-28T20:18:25Z LivMaddieFan2026 130475 915849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox film | name = Charlotte's Web 2:<br />Wilbur's Great Adventure | director = Mario Piluso | italic title = force | producer = James Wang | screenplay = {{Plainlist| * Elana Lesser * Cliff Ruby }} | based on = {{based on|Chairacters creatit|[[E. B. White]]}} | starring = {{Plainlist| * David Berón * [[Harrison Chad]] * [[Amanda Bynes]] * [[Maria Bamford]] * [[Anndi McAfee]] * [[Charlie Adler]] }} | music = [[Michael Tavera]] | editing = Christopher Hink | studio = {{Plainlist| * [[Paramount Pictures]] * [[Universal Animation Studios|Universal Cartoon Studios]] * [[Nickelodeon Animation Studio|Nickelodeon]] }} | distributor = {{Plainlist| * [[Paramount Home Media Distribution|Paramount Home Entertainment]] (North Americae) * [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment|Universal Studios Home Video]] (International) }} | released = {{Film date|2003|3|18}} | runtime = 79 meenits | country = Unitit States | language = Inglis }} '''''Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure''''' is a 2003 American [[animation|animatit]] [[direct-tae-video]] [[adventur film]], an the [[sequel]] tae the 1973 animatit film ''[[Charlotte's Web (1973 film)|Charlotte's Web]],'' which wis based on the 1952 bairns' novel [[Charlotte's Web|o the same name]] bi [[E. B. White]]. It wis produced bi [[Paramount Pictures]] (as the logo is seen on warldwide releases), [[Universal Animation Studios|Universal Cartoon Studios]] (as the logo is seen on international releases), an [[Nickelodeon Animation Studio|Nickelodeon]]; an distributed bi [[Paramount Home Media Distribution|Paramount Home Entertainment]] in North Americae an [[Universal Pictures Home Entertainment|Universal Studios Home Entertainment]] overseas. The film centers aroond Wilbur, a pig that lifes on Mr. Zuckerman's farm an is takin care o Nellie, Aranea, an Joy, Charlotte's three daughters. He an aa must save his new freend, a freendly black lamb named Cardigan, frae bein eaten bi an evil tod named Farley. ''Charlotte's Web 2: Wilbur's Great Adventure'' wis released on Mairch 18, 2003, tae generally unfavorable reviews, wi critics pannin its animation an plot. == Cast == * David Berón as Wilbur * [[Harrison Chad]] as Cardigan * [[Amanda Bynes]] as Nellie * [[Maria Bamford]] as Aranea * [[Anndi McAfee]] as Joy * [[Charlie Adler]] as Templeton * [[Rob Paulsen]] as Farley * [[Debi Derryberry]] as Fern Arable * [[Laraine Newman]] as Gwen * [[Dawnn Lewis]] as Bessie * [[Danny Mann]] as Mr. Hirsch * [[Brenda Vaccaro]] as Mrs. Hirsch * [[Jerry Houser]] as Mr. Zuckerman * Valery Pappas as High Strung Chicken * [[Nika Futterman]] as Baby Rats * [[Julia Duffy]] as Charlotte A. Cavatica * Bridget Sienna as Flo * Bobby Block as Snotty Lamb * [[Ashley Edner]] as Bully Lamb * [[Pat Fraley]] as Donkey * [[Frank Welker]] as Animals' vocal effects == Freemit airtins == * {{AllMovie title|275885}} * {{Bcdb title|57996}} * {{IMDb title|0355315}} * {{Rotten-tomatoes|charlottes_web_2_wilburs_great_adventure}} {{Stub/Fillum}} [[Category:2003 animatit films]] [[Category:2003 films]] [[Category:2000s adventur films]] [[Category:2000s American animatit films]] [[Category:2000s comedy-drama films]] [[Category:2000s fantasie films]] [[Category:2000s muisical films]] [[Category:American bairns' animatit films]] [[Category:American bairns' fantasie films]] [[Category:American films]] [[Category:American muisical fantasie films]] [[Category:American sequel films]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot daith]] [[Category:Animatit films aboot freendship]] [[Category:Direct-tae-video sequel films]] [[Category:Inglis-leid films]] [[Category:Films aboot pigs]] [[Category:Films aboot speeders]] [[Category:Films featurin anthropomorphic chairacters]] [[Category:Nickelodeon animatit films]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures direct-tae-video films]] [[Category:Paramount Pictures animatit films]] [[Category:Road movies]] [[Category:Universal Animation Studios animatit films]] [[Category:Universal Pictures direct-tae-video animatit films]] li87f0d2meh0b7ph9xr73tckk6446n7 3 222217 915846 915508 2026-04-28T20:11:33Z MediaWiki message delivery 20411 /* You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election */ new section 915846 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, CiphriusKane, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/CiphriusKane|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 10:00, 26 August 2020 (UTC) ==Scots skills== Hullo an walcome. A recommend makin a Uiser page fir yersel, an uisin the 'Babel Uiser Interface' infobox on it to share yer skills in Scots. (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Babel#sco_-_Scots_(Scots)) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|Soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 22:09, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Thank you == Thank you for doing that. --[[Uiser:LokaloSkotso|LokaloSkotso]] ([[Uiser collogue:LokaloSkotso|tauk]]) 01:22, 30 August 2020 (UTC) == +rollbacker +autopatroller == I have granted you new powers due to your obvious and present need for them. With rollback, you can revert vandalism in a single click. With autopatroller, all pages you create will no longer need to be reviewed by an admin. Use these tools wisely! &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 05:07, 3 September 2020 (UTC) == Just an idea... == Hi CiphriusKane, I really like your list of Scottish topics. If you're looking for suggestions, how about indigenous plants and animals, indigenous races and breeds (kettle, sheep, goats, dogs?), indigenous fruit varieties (apples, maybe?), produce and derived products (cheese?). Also, separate lists of animals, plants etc. would be interesting and maybe even useful for the upcoming edit-a-thon. Just an idea I had when I saw your list. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 18:41, 24 September 2020 (UTC) :{{Ping|Andreas}} Aye, I'd thought to add a "Nature" section at some point. I'm also happy with adding sublists if it's deemed necessary/neater. All are free to edit the list as necessary (should put that at the top of the page come to think of it) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:18, 24 September 2020 (UTC) ::Glad you don't hate the idea. I was gonna say the "sublists" can go straight into the article namespace but then I checked and found [[Scots plants|this]]. Maybe somebody could turn this into something more useful (for reading folks), along the lines of [[:als:Alemannischi Tiernäme (noch de zoologische Syschtematik)|that]] (Alemannic) or [[:gd:Liosta nam beathach|that]] (Scottish Gaelic) or even [[:rm:Glista da mammals da la Svizra|that]] (Romansh). I would offer a hand but I don't speak ''ae wird o Scots''. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 20:24, 24 September 2020 (UTC) :::{{Ping|Andreas}} Hmm, I could add a "See forby/Main" on my list for that type of list, but the list I'm making is meant to include specific articles closely associated with Scotland to focus on. Like if there was a list of birds, I'd probably only be listing the golden eagle and osprey (Scotland has a sizeable European golden eagle population I believe, and there's a famous osprey who bred in Scotland until 2014). That said, if ye've any thoughts on flora and fauna that match that criteria go ahead and add them (or list them here if ye're unsure) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:10, 24 September 2020 (UTC) ::::Sure, I get the idea of your list. I was just commenting on the "sublist" thing ;D Maybe the [[Teuchit|shochads]] of [[Caithness]] are worth mentioning? They kept cropping up in quick google. ::::By the way, ''did ye ken'' that several other small and mid-size Wikipedias keep similar lists and cross-link them via [[:d:Q12950581]]? Maybe you want to add yours once it reaches your (first) goal of 100 topics. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 21:40, 24 September 2020 (UTC) :::::{{Ping|Andreas}} Ah, now I see, sorry for the confusion. I've mentioned the wikidata idea to the others in the Scots Leid server, but it seems like a plan. Ye've given me a few things to think about, so thanks. Also I realised I never addressed the editathon point. The one happening in a few days already has a theme of places, but I can easily add nature to the list of potential themes (if I can find where we stuck the theme list...) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:37, 24 September 2020 (UTC) ::::::Glad I could do something useful. By the way, would you guys mind a lurker in the discord server? ;D --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 01:06, 25 September 2020 (UTC) Oh, and may I be curious and ask what dialect of Scots you speak? I noticed you use "ae" for English "of", which I haven't seen before. :::::::{{Ping|Andreas}} Sure, all are welcome in the server long as they respect the language and the rules, and it's primarily Doric but I think it's kinda been influenced by Glaswegian a bit by now. Need an invite link for the Discord server? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:11, 25 September 2020 (UTC) ::::::::Aye, please. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 01:21, 25 September 2020 (UTC) :::::::::{{Ping|Andreas}} https://discord.gg/RA4tyaN This should hopefully work [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:23, 25 September 2020 (UTC) == A barnstar for you! == {| style="border: 1.5px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7; padding-right: 5px" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Dark Blue Scottish Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Scots Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Have I ever told you that you are the best anti-vandalism fighter and copy editor on this entire site? Well, you are!<br />I know you said you weren't interested, but you seriously would make a great admin. I sincerely look forward to your future contributions keeping up your great track record!! &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 06:08, 13 October 2020 (UTC) |} == Ratko Janev == Thanks for adding him.[[Special:Contributions/178.148.109.252|178.148.109.252]] ([[User talk:178.148.109.252|talk]]) 22:25, 1 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:41, 10 November 2020 (UTC) == Sub categories == (en) I suggested at the editathon that People (Fowk) could be divided intae a group fir STEM ( Science Technology Engineering Medicine) an Nurses. And a subcategory for Scottish suffragettes /suffragists who are notable weemen who suffered fir tae give weemen votes. [[Uiser:Kaybeesquared|Kaybeesquared]] ([[Uiser collogue:Kaybeesquared|tauk]]) 19:09, 15 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:49, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:34, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == Hello, == I'll try to back off now to be honest. I don't want to cause ''any'' trouble at all. Thank you and sorry. Signed Tom AKA ([[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 12:34, 17 Dizember 2020 (UTC)) == [[Princess Marie Auguste o Thurn an Taxis]] -> Princess Maria Augusta o Thurn an Taxis == Hello, sorry to bother you. Would you be able to move the above link to Princess Maria Augusta o Thurn an Taxis at all? Thank you, sorry again but Happy New Year too. Signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 20:36, 1 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Cleanup == Hi, I'm continuing with my cleanup of the misuse of Scots words, and now I'm onto ''lairge''. The way I understand it, "lairge" only refers to large numbers/plentifulness, while "muckle" is about physical size. Am I right? --[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|That's how you do fake Cyrillic properly and phonetically]]) 10:17, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) :{{ping|Corsicanwarrah}} I believe either or can be used, but muckle/muckler/mucklest is preferred for size, that is correct. If this is about me removing the Fixscots template on [[eagle]], it's because I fixed the Scots back in October [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:29, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) == re: == Hi, tha mi troimh-chèile, duilich. An urrainn dhut a cheartachadh?--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 14:47, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) == re: == I have already created the page in Scottish Gaelic, the first one remains to be corrected (do it in Scottish)--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 15:08, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Clubaichean de churaidhean saoghal ball-coise FIFA == Hi, the content is now ok, but i can't change the title, should be put: List FIFA of football clubs world champions. But in scots I do not know how to write it, you can do it? :-) --[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 19:07, 9 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Leet o warld champion fitba clubs == hello, ok, i add. See forby, this article in other wiki is annex o ''FIFA club warld cup'' an ''Intercontinental Cup''. In my opinion it has notability as it is the sum o tha teetles officially recognized bi FIFA--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 06:08, 10 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Intercontinental Cup == I created this page, it was necessary, I can't link it to other languages, can you do it?--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 08:35, 10 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Sorry about the edits I make == Hi, sorry to bother you but I’m sorry for the edits I make in English because I’m an English person. I enjoy writing articles to build the encyclopedia. [[Uiser:RedhotRod4|RedhotRod4]] ([[Uiser collogue:RedhotRod4|tauk]]) 10:44, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC) :{{ping|RedhotRod4}} Hey, in that case I'd encourage ye to make articles in yer personal userspace then ask for them to be translated. If ye're interested in learning to write Scots, we've got a [https://discord.gg/RA4tyaN Scots language Discord server] where we'd be happy to help. The other issue with the articles is the lack of substance to them. While there is some minor substance to [[Damageplan]], it'd still be good to have more content with references. The [[Frankenstrat]] article as it stands could easily be merged with [[Eddie Van Halen]] as per our [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability policy]] regarding broad articles before specific articles (thanks for expanding that article by the way. It's a better start but still could do with a bit of polish) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 12:15, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC) Uh...ok. [[Uiser:RedhotRod4|RedhotRod4]] ([[Uiser collogue:RedhotRod4|tauk]]) 12:21, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC) == New uiser warnin template for Notability == Hullo, a hae pit thegither a new uiser warnin template whan airticle's [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability]] is bein speirt. A hae noted hou ti uise it (as thair is some customisation) [[Wikipedia:Redd_Up#Notability_Speirt|here]]. [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 21:52, 19 Januar 2021 (UTC) :{{ping|Soothrhins}} The extra text pairt o the template micht need a bit o wirk as it dupes the text an maks reid airtins (see [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uiser_collogue:124.169.246.158&oldid=833961 iss edit] fur an ensaumple) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:57, 22 Januar 2021 (UTC) ::<code><nowiki>{{{2|}}}</nowiki></code> was used twice: In the <code>if</code> for multiple violations(?) and for the "Extra text". I changed the first one to <code><nowiki>{{{3|}}}</nowiki></code> for now because the second one ("Extra text") is used in the documentation. --[[Uiser:Andreas|<span style="color:#cb005f">Lacey</span>]] ^{([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|<span style="color:#cb005f">tauk</span>]])} 20:19, 22 Januar 2021 (UTC) :::{{ping|Andreas}} {{ping|CiphriusKane}} Thanks! [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 14:11, 24 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Leet o warld champion fitba clubs == I don't know who made this mess: the page in question has been merged with the page of the FIFA world federation, they are two things that have nothing to do with each other, one is the world federation, the other is the list of world champions clubs released by FIFA, you can correct?--[[Uiser:Kanoawi|Kanoawi]] ([[Uiser collogue:Kanoawi|tauk]]) 11:44, 23 Januar 2021 (UTC) : {{ping|Kanoawi}} Hey, I was the one who merged the articles. The list was tagged as a violation of our [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability policy]] in relation to article quality (zero context about the list, lack of sufficient sources) and was left untouched for over the stated improvement duration (1 week) so I merged it into FIFA, as it's basically just a list of clubs recognised by FIFA and the FIFA article itself is lacking. The alternate was I delete the list article outright, and we favour merging over deletion where possible. Should the list page be brought up to scratch, then it needn't be merged. Also, saying that the list of clubs '''recognised by FIFA''' is unrelated to FIFA seems contradictory [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 12:04, 23 Januar 2021 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:57, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Frog article == Hi — I see you've been involved with the 'Frog' page on the Scots Wikipedia. I thought I might bring it to your attention that the page has been vandalised (overwritten with text from the Middle English Wikipedia) — I'm not savvy enough to fix the change myself but I hope flagging it is enough. [[Uiser:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[Uiser collogue:Æolus|tauk]]) 21:41, 31 Januar 2021 (UTC) =={{en}} Thanks for taking part in the January editathon!== Just as it says above - thanks for taking part. You can see [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_30-31_Januar_(30-31_Januar_2021) the results of January's event here], I reckon we did pretty well. Hope to see you at the next one! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 18:07, 3 Februar 2021 (UTC) == Hello, == This is Tom, I nopticed that my block has since been removed (I think it was for 3 months, THINK) and I was wondering IF I could contribute A BIT now? I mrean in terms of correcting spellings and small points like that not creating 900 articles an hour I mean so fear not [lol] But yes that was my question. I asked you as I think you were the user who blocked me (as I said I THINK it was you) Signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 16:07, 13 Februar 2021 (UTC) : Hey Tom, the block was actually only one month which expired a few days ago. The concern I have is that even outside of mass creation of pages, yer Scots ability is still lacking, such as [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloria,_Princess_o_Thurn_an_Taxis&diff=prev&oldid=817654 this edit] which somehow turned English into incorrect English, let alone into Scots. Probably the best idea is to make suggestions for changes on relevant talk pages so that experienced Scots speakers can make the changes properly. This was one of the proposals on the AN thread which saw support. I'd suggest focusing on proving that existing articles are notable by themselves, rather than on making more genealogy pages. : If ye agree with this, I can inform the AN discussion and get consensus for the deal, with a possible stipulation that ye get an article namespace block to ensure enforcement, along with a single reminder per new IP, to account for yer memory problems and IP changes. This deal will also entail that ye stop maligning other editors, including accusing them of being spiteful. : I get ye want to help which is why I'm nae reblocking ye, but yer actions have had an adverse effect on other editors. If I may borrow yer words, keep in mind that we're human. How does this sound? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 05:28, 14 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::Yo, just saw this. I didn't accuse anyone on scowiki being spieful, that was some of the enwiki users. I can honestky say that everyone I 've encountered on scowiki have/has been lovely to be honest so I can't fault that a all. And ok, that makes sense as in bettering the pages that already exist I agree because as ye said my scots is lacking *blushes* but yes ok thank you for the swift reply too and happy Valentine's Day [lol] signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 18:08, 14 Februar 2021 (UTC) :::"that was some of the enwiki users" This is what I mean by maligning other users. Slandering them here is part of the reason why I blocked ye, because it indicates to me that ye think it's fine to disparage them because it was a different wiki. I dinnae care where it happened, or why, or whether or nae they've edited here or even ken this wiki exists, calling other users spiteful is out of line [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:00, 15 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::::It's purely frustration on my part, I'm not excusing it and I totally see your point but it is just sheer frustration and disappointment. Sorry :( [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 14:18, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) :::::Tom, this'll be yer reminder to keep to talk pages rather than editing articles directly. Also, I need ye to explicitly state that ye agree with the terms of the deal before I present it to the AN [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) == [[Friedrich, Duke o Mecklenburg-Grabow]] -> Duke Friedrich o Mecklenburg, Prince o Grabow == Hello, would you be able to move the above to the latter at all? I did some research and his title is wrong (my fault ''entirely'' having made it in the first place) Prince of/o Grabow was/wis in fact his title/teetle, not/nae Duke o Mecklenburg-Grabow. I also added a reference to his article too. Hope you're well, I must admit I'm quite proud of the addition of a reference to be honest [lol] forever in your debt signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 14:15, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) :'''Nae done''' - The source ye linked says Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow. Provide a reliable source saying otherwise or it remains as is [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::However, rywiki says Grabow wis an appanage an dewiki says he wis styled *Prince* [o Grabow] plus, ruwiki has his page as *Frederick of Mecklenburg, Prince of Grabowsk(i)* the reference I added wis more to do with where he wis buried (I wis going create a ''Category:Buirials at the Schelfkirche, Schwerin'', in the very distant future, that's all that was for) [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 19:45, 17 Februar 2021 (UTC) The main point is he wasn't the Duke of/o *MG but the Prince of/o G. :::Wikipedia isnae a valid source, and neither of those pages list him as Duke and Prince in the title. The de wiki lists neither. Also, ye've technically broken the terms of the deal I proposed now, only reason I've nae blocked is because the deal wisnae ratified by the community [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:21, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::::Ok, so I have located a source that does mention his title being an appanage BUT it reads prety much exactly the same as dewiki so I'm a bit confused right now. [https://wollongongmemorialgardens.com.au/history/search-our-records/deceased-search?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZGUud2lraXBlZGlhLm9yZyUyRndpa2klMkZGcmllZHJpY2hfenVfTWVja2xlbmJ1cmcmYWxsPTE%3D ''Friedrich , Duke of Mecklenburg [-Schwerin], sometimes wrongly: Friedrich I , called Prince von Grabow (born February 13, 1638 in Schwerin , † April 28, 1688 in Grabow ) was an apanaged prince in Grabow.'' ] [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 18:32, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC) what terms? :::::It's likely a mirror site then, and all this is saying to me is that the page should maybe be called "Freidrich o Mecklenburg" without any titles. As for the terms, scroll up [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:39, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:29, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == RedhotRod4 == Hullo, CiphriusKane. I’m NinjaRobotPirate, an I can confirm that [[Uiser:RedhotRod4]] is a sockpuppet of PoliceOfficer124, an eeditor on enwiki. Thanks foar blockin the account. I speak a bit of French, but I do have an understanding of Scots as well. {{unsigned|89.168.3.43}} 00:46, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) :The abeen message wisna sent bi NinjaRobotPirate, but prolly bi PoliceOfficer124, impersonation wis confirmt [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:08, 20 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == Greetings fellow earthling. == Hope all is well on your end, I wanted to ask your permission to create a small page about María Francisca Fernanda Fitz-James Stuart y Stolberg-Gedern (to correspond with the sister article on eswiki) and wanted to ask your permission before jumping the gun and creating it and then going a bit mad and making 10 others then being labelled god only knows what. So am I ok to do this? (I have also found a few online references to include in to the creation of said article. It may interest you to know, that I've emailed the stewards but am still awaiting a response, I even emailed User:Jimbo Wales but again am awaiting a response and am still praying desperately. I'll check this later signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:27, 12 Mey 2021 (UTC) :Tom, you've got a community block. This means that you will only be allowed to edit if you can convince the community to unblock you, both on here and on enwiki. So no, you're not making any more pages, especially not badly translated genealogy pages. Rightfully I should be blocking this IP as well, but I'm not going to yet, not unless you give me a reason to [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:53, 12 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::Hello, thank you for giving me the chance to reply too, as I said I have emailed the stewards seeking assistance but don't hold out much hope that anyone will be overly helpful plus I'm not convinced Jimbo will even acknowledge me, plus I'm far to scared to write on his en talkpage for fear of being blocked or generally moaned at. How can I actually get any help from people via email though, it's easy for people to dismiss others via email, I doubt these people would be as dismissive in person but then we'll never know. I honestly don't know what else or whom else to contact (I also contacted an en admin via email and she ignored me, then I found her on Twitter and she blocked me. :| prior to me saying I just need your help I don't want your bank details. Also, I initially started making pages on here to try to make people aware that several pagenames on enwiki are in fact wrong, for example #en wiki : Maria Theresa of Spain vs sco [[Marie Thérèse o Austrick]] (She was a Habsburg of Spain, but an Archduchess of Austria, thus Spain is incorrect, even her grave says M T of A in French obviously) #en wiki : Charles of Mecklenburg-Güstrow vs sco [[Karl, Hereditary Prince o Mecklenburg-Güstrow]] (heir to the throne and thus styled Hereditary Prince) #en wiki : María Josefa Pimentel, Duchess of Osuna vs sco : [[María Josefa Pimentel y Téllez-Girón, Duchess o Osuna]] (Spanish nobility uses paternal names first followed by maternal maiden names thus en is incorrect and misleading) #en wiki Ángela Téllez-Girón, 16th Duchess of Osuna vs sco [[Ángela Téllez-Girón y Duque de Estrada, 16t Duchess o Osuna]] (same situation as above) I honestly don't know what to do. This is all so frustrating and unfair, as I said I doubt I'd be ignored in person. Pleaseeeeeeeeee help me. :( signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:56, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::Frankly all these pages should be VfD'd. This wiki is not your playpen [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:16, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::Also Tom, let me make myself clear: it is the communities that you have to ask to be unblocked. The COMMUNITIES. Not the stewards, not Jimbo Wales, not me, the communities. Evading your block just because you don't like it is why you keep being blocked [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:23, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::::I was unaware that I had to contact the communities to be fair. How do I go about doing so, as I've not even heard of this (thank you for informing me of this though) :::::[[:en:Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System]] Use this for enwiki, and for here, post [[Template:Unblock]] with your appeal on your IP talk page. Make it clear that you understand why you were blocked and what you will do differently, and most importantly do not make negative aspersions about anybody in your appeal. Calling others bullies and claiming vendettas is a surefire way to having an instant decline [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:19, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::::::OH I SEE, so just to be clear, I'm putting the unblock template on SeaSnail's talk page yes? I'm a tiny bit scared to do so for fear of just immeadiately being blocked to be honest =[ signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 10:09, 14 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::::::Naw, on your IP talk page. There is no way we can unblock the SeaSnail account [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:16, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::::::::Oh you mean the talk page for ''' 31.125.215.135'''? Because I haven't edited enwiki on this IP address though so surely it'd make more sense to do it on SeaSnails as that's the one that's blocked? Signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:08, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC) Tom, I'm going to level with you here. Any unblock appeal you make is probably going to fail. In your last appeal, you immediately resorted to personal attacks, and that was six weeks ago. The standard offer on enwiki has six months minimum good behaviour from what I understand, and this includes no block evasion or personal attacks. If I help you with the appeals any further, I'm just setting you up for failure [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:16, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::::::: hello, sorry for the late reply, I saw you had replied when I was on my phone but the screen is too small for me to see what I was actually typing (I'm 75% blind as a result of the previously mentioned brain injury I had in 2012 so I'm writing this on my laptop. Anyway, I do genuinely feel that the way I have been treated has been totally fair, I highly doubt people would have treated me like this if if was in person but because this is the internet it's ok to treat other human beings like dirt, apart from the fact I have made hundreds on articles (on scowiki alone) ''some'' of which I ''think'' have been deleted presumably due to the poor linguistics so fine but I also though Wikipedia was for everyone? Not just a lucky few. I set up SeaSnail using an email address for a faceboik account I have (email address is lmadebourbon@gmail.com look it up IF you don't believe me) and my ip address at that point was not blocked so thought it would be ok but MY email was blocked (tom.june13@gmail.com) so it does sort of feel like I can never win :| as I have said to you countless times (and probably other) I'm a hguman being, with feelings I don't deserve to be treated like a bad person when I'm not, plus I've never vandalised Wikipedia corrected yes, but not vandalised. Signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 16:12, 17 Mey 2021 (UTC) : Six months Tom. That is the minimum I expect you to wait before making any further appeals. I'll also be blocking this IP because you were on thin ice as it was, but resorting to casting aspersions again cracked it [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:11, 20 Mey 2021 (UTC) :: Tom, I have advised CK to not unblock you under any circumstances without my approval. My talk page is [[uiser collogue:MJL|here]] to discuss your next appeal in 6 months.<br />Please consider editing [https://familypedia.wikia.org/wiki/Family_History_and_Genealogy_Wiki the Family History and Genealogy Wiki]; it's more attuned to your interests anyways.<br />In the meantime, please stop bothering CiphriusKane about this. &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times, times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]^{[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]}</span> 18:32, 21 Mey 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:09, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == Invitation for Functionary consultation 2021 == Greetings, Admins of the emerging community, I'm letting you know in advance about a meeting I'd like to invite you to regarding the [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] and the community's ownership of its future enforcement. I'm still in the process of putting together the details, but I wanted to share the date with you: 10/11 July, 2021. I do not have a time on this date yet, but I will let you soon. We have created a [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Functionary consultations/June and July 2021|meta page]] with basic information. Please take a look at the meta page and sign up your name under the appropriate section. Thank you for your time.--[[User:BAnand (WMF)|BAnand (WMF)]] 15:14, 10 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:BAnand (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/UCoC_Group&oldid=21568660 --> == Translation request == Hello. Can you translate and upload the articles [[:en:Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]], [[:en:Emblem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] and [[:en:Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] in Scots Wikipedia? They should not be long. Yours sincerely, [[Uiser:Multituberculata|Multituberculata]] ([[Uiser collogue:Multituberculata|tauk]]) 15:16, 1 Julie 2021 (UTC) == [[Lycalopex]] == How is my Scots on the article [[Lycalopex]]? Also, due to my passion in righting the Scots Wikipedia, I've been rewriting increasingly large sections of articles (about animals, for the time being) in what I think is correct Scots. Am I at risk of becoming the new AG? --[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|юзер толк]]) 17:56, 18 Julie 2021 (UTC) == Honda 70== Dear I have corrected from Honda 70 to Honda CD70 and you had deleted the link, kindly note that Honda CD70 is the brand and it is the largest selling motorcycle in Pakistan. Please revert your changes... :It's unnecessary external airtins in the body ae the airticle. We'r nae here tae be an advertisn platform fur the bike [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 10:20, 19 Julie 2021 (UTC) == Hello == Hello, please save the [[Qaem Shahr]] article and link it to the wiki data item. Thanks [[Uiser:Viera iran|Viera iran]] ([[Uiser collogue:Viera iran|tauk]]) 13:56, 25 Julie 2021 (UTC) == Restore Charlotte's Web == The page [[Charlotte's Web]] wis delytit, but had useful content. Can ye restore it? Thank ye. [[Special:Contributions/104.58.147.208|104.58.147.208]] ([[User talk:104.58.147.208|talk]]) 02:20, 1 November 2021 (UTC) :Please note: that page had been taen fae [[:en:Charlotte's Web]]. [[Special:Contributions/104.58.147.208|104.58.147.208]] ([[User talk:104.58.147.208|talk]]) 02:22, 1 November 2021 (UTC) ::A'v undeletit the airticle as requestit. Deletion raisonin leuked shaky ti me onyweys [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 05:14, 1 November 2021 (UTC) :::The page still needs tae be translated some more. Can ye work on it? Also, can ye restore [[Descendants 3]]? It too seemed tae be a shaky deletion bi a non-Scots global admin. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|talk]]) 20:57, 25 November 2021 (UTC) ::::Also, Charlotte's Web needs tae be connected tae Wikidata. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|talk]]) 20:59, 25 November 2021 (UTC) == DRV == I suggest you block 2601:43:0:3970:0:0:0:0/64 instead. IP users on this particular ISP can hop IP's in a /64 range pretty easily (switching from devices, opening a new browser window) [[Uiser:Wizzito|Wizzito]] ([[Uiser collogue:Wizzito|tauk]]) 20:46, 19 December 2021 (UTC) == How we will see unregistered users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> </div> 18:19, 4 Januar 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(6)&oldid=22532666 --> == (en) Zoom editing session & guest speaker - Thursday 20th January == Hey there! Just a wee reminder that we've got a social editing session this evening as part of the January writing drive, 7-9, featuring guest speaker Dr Michael Dempster from the Scots Language Centre! [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/245743775247 You can sign up on Eventbrite here]. Be great to see you! [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 11:02, 20 Januar 2022 (UTC) == Barnstar! == {| style="border: 1.5px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7; padding-right: 5px" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Dark Blue Scottish Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Scots Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | <var>This barnstar is bein gien as an awaird tae ken yer contreebution tae the Scots wiki bi gien a haun in the Januar 2022 Writin Drive</var> [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 17:40, 26 Januar 2022 (UTC) |} [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 17:40, 26 Januar 2022 (UTC) ==Whauriver ye be...== ...lang may yer lum reek! == Scots question. == Is it true that in the Scots language, "in" means the same thing in both English & Scots? I am still not the best at Scots at the moment, especially with the Scottish equivalent of "sight words". Could you redirect me to some resources for learning Scots? It would be greatly helpful and appreciated as I am having some difficulty finding nice resources. Best Regards, [[Uiser:L&#39;Mainerque|L&#39;Mainerque]] ([[Uiser collogue:L&#39;Mainerque|tauk]]) 00:57, 8 October 2022 (UTC) :(en) {{ping|L'Mainerque}} Yep, though some people spell it as i and drop the n. "an" would mean either "an" or "and" in English. As for resources, Michael Dempster has a 10-hour course on Scots [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmk3hiyUEgWl7Qa9pBGN3r94ahQiSXJ2U here] and there's a Scots language Discord server [https://discord.gg/sMceZgcd here] [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:04, 8 October 2022 (UTC) ::(en) @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] I figured, I thought "an" meant both "and" & "in" from something I read, but I wasn't 100% sure. I will take a look onto that 10hr course & I have joined the Discord. ::Thank you so much, ::[[Uiser:L&#39;Mainerque|L&#39;Mainerque]] ([[Uiser collogue:L&#39;Mainerque|tauk]]) 01:14, 8 October 2022 (UTC) == CrossWiki spam == Hello, [[NateNet]] article is a CrossWiki spam created by the same user on all Wikis. Thanks. [[Uiser:Wooze|Wooze]] ([[Uiser collogue:Wooze|tauk]]) 20:24, 24 October 2022 (UTC) :(en) I'm aware and am addressing the situation, but thanks for the heads up [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:33, 24 October 2022 (UTC) == WE NEED YOU BACK == Can you please come back to editing and change xxxtenacion’s picture from the mugshot to something better!!!! 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 [[Special:Contributions/24.121.43.130|24.121.43.130]] ([[User talk:24.121.43.130|talk]]) 06:48, 6 December 2022 (UTC) == Quick question / main page == Hi there. I'm [[Uiser:Alison]] - bureaucrat and admin on the [[:ga:Príomhleathanach|Irish]] and [[:gv:Ard-ghuillag|Manx Wikipedias]]. I just happened to stop by and saw that the mainpage here could use a little makeover. I did this successfully for both the Irish and Manx wikis, including setting up daily rolling content, updating the CSS and Modules, etc. I don't speak Scots, I have to say, so would need a little bit of your help on a few things - but I can easily handle all the technical stuff. Let me know what you think - [[Uiser:Alison|Alison]] ([[Uiser collogue:Alison|tauk]]) 21:40, 27 December 2022 (UTC) :(en) {{ping|Alison}} Hey, I appreciate the offer. The main page is something that's not been touched since Leidgate, so could probably do with a fresh coat of paint, so to speak. If you're willing, we can talk more in the E Scots Leid discord server ([https://discord.gg/YfgwV4He invite]), as while I try and keep discussions onwiki I feel like this could benefit from real time chat, plus there's other editors on there that prefer Discord over onwiki discussions [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:31, 28 December 2022 (UTC) == River Duin == See [[Collogue:River Doon|Collogue]] [[Uiser:Nogger|Nogger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Nogger|tauk]]) 22:23, 23 Januar 2023 (UTC) :A aareidy replied there, an a still sey it's conjectur [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:25, 23 Januar 2023 (UTC) == Discouraged == Hello Ciphrius. I can see that according to your userpage you're feeling a bit discouraged at the moment. Keep up the good work here. I always enjoy chatting with you on Discord, it actually helps me learn more about different cultures without having to travel to them! (no I'm not going to rewrite this in Scots, I can read it but not speak it. If I did I would probably sound like someone trying to sound like [[Shrek]]) [[Uiser:Blaze Wolf|Blaze Wolf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Blaze Wolf|tauk]]) 14:10, 30 Januar 2023 (UTC) == Non-free use rationale == How dae ye uplaid ''non-free'' files? It airts tae a Wikimedia commons link.[[Uiser:That Northern Irish Historian|That Northern Irish Historian]] ([[Uiser collogue:That Northern Irish Historian|tauk]]) 00:45, 5 Mey 2023 (UTC) :Try [[Special:Upload]] [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 00:58, 5 Mey 2023 (UTC) ::'The action that ye hae requestit is leemitit til uisers in the groop: [[Wikipedia:Admeenistraters|Admeenistraters]].' [[Uiser:That Northern Irish Historian|That Northern Irish Historian]] ([[Uiser collogue:That Northern Irish Historian|tauk]]) 17:05, 29 Mey 2023 (UTC) == Uill feumaidh mi cuideachadh. == Uill feumaidh mi cuideachadh. Carson a tha thu ag aontachadh. Chan eil fios agam ciamar a dh 'fheumas mi a'raf a th' ann. Dè an seòrsa dùilean a tha thu ag iarraidh? [[Special:Contributions/172.103.168.17|172.103.168.17]] ([[User talk:172.103.168.17|talk]]) 01:51, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC) == Hey == Feumaidh mi cuideachadh le Scot cànan. An urrainn dhut innse dhomh dè an riatanas a th 'ann airson Wikipedia? [[Uiser:Gracewan2012|Gracewan2012]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gracewan2012|tauk]]) 01:59, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC) :Ye kin stairt bi pittin yer messages in the [[Scots leid]], fit is the leid o iss projeck, insteid ae Scottish Gaelic, an stappin wi editin fae yer IP. A cannna actual spik Scottish Gaelic [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:05, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC) == Recreation of some deleted pages for Car manufacturers == @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] Hi Ciphrius! Please can you recreate some deleted pages about Car manufacturers which you deleted them on Scots Wikipedia: * Aston Martin * Audi * Bentley * Chevrolet * Jeep * Nissan * Porsche * Škoda Auto * Volvo Cars In addition, can you create a new page for the newborn German Car manufacturer Borgward: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgward and also for Cadillac: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac and VinFast: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/VinFast which are missing on Scots Wikipedia. Thanks [[Uiser:EDASHI|EDASHI]] ([[Uiser collogue:EDASHI|tauk]]) 05:36, 11 September 2023 (UTC) :(en) Those articles were all deleted for being [[Scotched English|Scotched]], and checking over the deleted revisions they were also extremely threadbare and quantity-over-quality creations (i.e. 1-2 unsourced sentences). Given how much of this wiki is still like that, I'm disinclined to recreate those pages myself but I'll not stop anybody that wishes to (re)create the pages while addressing the issues I listed [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:20, 11 September 2023 (UTC) == Hertenin an speirin == Aye aye! Gaun yersel! Keep on giein it laldie! Cud ye please gies a haun wi the wirds that's misscotched in the airticles, kettegories an templates? Dae ye ken hou tae modifee mony kettegories at aince? Fur ensaumple, chyngin 'establishment' tae 'estaiblishment' as i [[:Category:1997 establishments]]? [[Uiser:Munci|Munci]] ([[Uiser collogue:Munci|tauk]]) 18:01, 16 October 2023 (UTC) :{{ping|Munci}} Hiv ye gien HotCat ae twirl? Ye cin pit it up bi gangin ti [[Special:Preferences]], dabbin the "Gadgets" heider an tickin the HotCat box? An sairie fur the lang reply, internet wis oot the past week [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:03, 23 October 2023 (UTC) ::Thank ye, A'd haurd o HotCat bit A didnae ken hou tae wirk it ir whit it daes. A'll gie hit a shot! Nae bather! [[Uiser:Munci|Munci]] ([[Uiser collogue:Munci|tauk]]) 15:30, 5 November 2023 (UTC) :::A'd advise uisin "mak" ower "creaut". Whiles there is hits fur creaut in Gilmour's Corpus, it's rare sae a'v been in the wey ae changin aa the "creaut"/"ceaut"/"craeft" on the wiki ti "mak", bit it's yer walin [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 5 November 2023 (UTC) == Hebrew == Thanks a lot for your edit to [[Template:lang-he]]. Still "lang-he-n" and "lang-he-a" to go, pretty please... -[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|юзер толк]]) 18:08, 29 October 2023 (UTC) :Deen, still some airtins til Ebreu left bit sud aa jist be airticle-level insteid ae template level [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:45, 29 October 2023 (UTC) == TNA == Im anly copypastin A want tae rename the page tae total nonstop action, the uiser wha eeditit put it wrong, the company is namit Total Nonstop Action no TNA Wrestling that's why a did whita did juist correctin uiser mistak. [[Uiser:TNAFan55|TNAFan55]] ([[Uiser collogue:TNAFan55|tauk]]) 13:28, 5 Februar 2024 (UTC) :{{ping|TNAFan55}} An in daein sae, ye essentially erased the airticle's edit history. The CC-BY-SA license requires attreibution ti be gien/keppit up, hence foo come ye flit pages ti preserv the edit history, ye dinna jist copypaste it acause aat remuives the edit history an gies ye credit fur edits ye didna mak insteid ae the actual awthor [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 13:38, 5 Februar 2024 (UTC) ::Lorg mi an cànan Albannach. Faodaidh tu na h-artaigilean ùra a leantainn. ::([[Uiser:Ahmed brens|Ahmed brens]] ([[Uiser collogue:Ahmed brens|tauk]]) 20:34, 16 Februar 2024 (UTC)) == Is this page in Scots, or phonetically spelled English == [[Electronic cigarette]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|talk]]) 17:36, 14 Mairch 2024 (UTC) This too: [[Ford Vedette]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|talk]]) 17:40, 14 Mairch 2024 (UTC) == The Missin Links == There's a lot o missin links in many Scots airticles. They arenae doin any guid tae the airticles, so should I remove them? [[Uiser:EVTOfficial|EVTOfficial]] ([[Uiser collogue:EVTOfficial|tauk]]) 00:31, 5 Juin 2024 (UTC) :{{ping|EVTOfficial}} Ay, remuiv reid airtins an categories. Thay wis pit ower athoot thocht anent foo appropriate thay war fur iss wiki [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 09:18, 6 Juin 2024 (UTC) == Thank you for your hard work == Thank you. Can you tell if [[Special:Contributions/Crotot|User:Crotot]] is a Scots speaker? They wrote almost all the pages in [[:Category:Ceeties in North Dakota]], such as [[Ashley, North Dakota]]. [[Uiser:Foxes die!|Foxes die!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Foxes die!|tauk]]) 18:38, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) :(en) Looks like they just did a heap of copypasting and managed to make the lairge/muckle mistake, so there's a high chance that they were just copying out of the same faulty dictionary as the others, but they're nae X1-eligible on that grounds [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:46, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) ::Does X1 only apply to the users here? https://quarry.wmcloud.org/query/49315 [[Uiser:Foxes die!|Foxes die!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Foxes die!|tauk]]) 21:17, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) :::(en) It applies to a specific subset of 11 users ay, those targeted in the Massive Kirkyaird cleanup. It acts as an extension intending to catch articles that were invalid either due to other edits (e.g. file moves, vandalism) or, in one user's case, due to using alts that were excluded. I'd also rather avoid naming said users in edit summaries because most of them never meant any harm, some of them just got carried away [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:38, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) == Translate == Hello. Unfortunately, I don’t know Scots language, but I can help. I began to rework articles about Ukrainian administrative units, since in 2020 an administrative-territorial reform was carried out in Ukraine, according to which new districts and a new administrative unit were created - the hromadas (громади) instead of city, town and village councils. Do you know how the word ''громада'' is translated into Scots? [[Uiser:VolnyiLev|VolnyiLev]] ([[Uiser collogue:VolnyiLev|tauk]]) 06:04, 25 Juin 2024 (UTC) :(en) Literally it'd be "territorial commonity" if the enwiki article is accurate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:48, 25 Juin 2024 (UTC) == Novi Sad railway station windae-canapy coup == Please sort oot the airticle wi spellin mistaks. I'm awfy grateful. [[Special:Contributions/188.255.145.157|188.255.145.157]] ([[User talk:188.255.145.157|talk]]) 22:58, 2 November 2024 (UTC) == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:24, 26 Januar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> == Notable films == Hi, I disagree with deleting film articles on the basis of notability when they are obviously notable, just not properly referenced, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:30, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|Atlantic306}} then impruiv them! Or is iss wiki meant ti hae nae form ae quality control an ivery airticle aat's ae sentence lang athoot references be allooed ti staan? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:32, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :: It's just as much your responsibility to improve the articles before deleting them. On the english wiki articles are kept if they are notable topics not based on their current appearance, [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:36, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :::{{ping|Atlantic306}} Iss isna enwiki tho, an enwiki didna hae ae bunch ae lairners rinnin aroon wi fauty dictionairs puttin fuck aa effort inti thair airticle churn spam [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:38, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) ::::From the Scots notability page: "If ye jalous that a topic or airticle isnae 'notable', ye shuid leuk for soorces yersel." this provision is being ignored. Maybe they should be deleted on low quality grounds and not Scottish rather than notability, [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:53, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :::::{{ping|Atlantic306}} There's iss as weel: "Seiven days ar than gien ti mak impruivments that kythe 'notability'. The tag shuidna be taen awa in that week. Syne, action maun be taen tae mell wi anither airticle or delete it if nae impruivments war made." Maist o the film pages dinna hae ony page aat thay kin be mellt inti. It gets treatit as a enwiki PROD essentially. An it's ironic aat ye gie bein law quality as bein ae raeson fan ye wis remuivin tags fur aat exac raeson [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:09, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :As asked [[#Restore Charlotte's Web|before]], can ye restore [[Descendants 3]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 17:22, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Gin ye wint it remak it fine, bit leukin ower it a didna restore it back then acause a didna dispute the raeson fur the deletion [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:53, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::I need help with the translation. Same for [[Descendants (2015 film)]] and [[Descendants 2]]. There are also many missing articles in [[Template:Disney theatrical animatit featurs]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 18:57, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::Template's pit up fur deletion. Yet anither ridiculous "enwiki has it so scowiki needs it too" case [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:13, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :Could you help with the translation on the Descendants pages? I personally think that these Disney animated films deserve pages. If I start some, could you help me? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 19:22, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Also, another template: [[Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 19:27, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::Another thing, [[robbery]] and [[God]] are really short articles, should they be deleted? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 20:29, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::Bein short is in itsel nae ae threipin fur deletion, an a hae ti speir at ye, seein as it's clear aat yer lackin the Scots skills, fit tuils is ye uisin fur yer owersettins? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:18, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::An ti be frank a'd raither fowk focus on reddin up fit we hae insteid ae eikin ti the pile, an navboxen aat's 95% reid airtins is uissless, as the pint ae the navbox is ti navigate atween relatit pages, nae gie ae list ae suggestit pages [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:21, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :OK, I have to be clear. I wasn't actually using a machine translation, but now I see the problem, I was "scotching" basically. That's what I was asking about with the two Descendants pages, do they need fixing? I had written these before the big controversy happened. Since then, I've tried to get low quality pages deleted. Even that was for a petty reason, because of [[Bambi]] being deleted for this reason. I actually would like a proper page about Bambi. {{ping|Atlantic306}}, do you know if you could bring Bambi into scowiki? I've seen you edit the English version. Speaking of which, there is an error on it. The section "sequel" should be "follow-up", because Bambi II isn't a sequel, but a midquel. As for robbery and God, could they be expanded? The former is also unreferenced. I've also looked in the film categories and found more pages that might be X1, AmaryllisGardener created several. {{ping|Cobra 3000}}, would you be interested in creating any Disney pages in sco or gdwiki? Gdwiki had some stubs that were deleted for being low quality. They include a few that still exist in sco, which are [[The Fox and the Hound]], [[The Lion King]], [[Lady and the Tramp]], [[Oliver & Company]], [[Finding Nemo]], and [[The Princess and the Frog]]. These were like the X1 deleted articles, even if they weren't "scotcher" pages, but really short and unreferenced pages. Finally, shouldn't Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios be put up for deletion? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 21:53, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::I mean I can help out if you want! It would be a good opportunity to provide Scots versions of the stories in the form of plot synopses! [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 00:24, 2 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Actually, it might a good idea for an editathon topic. I’ll speak to Wikimedia aboot it! [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 00:25, 2 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Notable films == Hi, these film articles have notability proving references [[Avatar (2009 film)]] and [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]] yet have been tagged for notability anyway. I think this ip editor is going too fast with his nominations, [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:988C:F8D7:BDCB:9475 shown here] imv [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:57, 6 Mey 2025 (UTC) :The feck ae the references is in the infobox an baith films is twa sentences lang aat near eneuch jist seys "This film exists"; infoboxes shid complement airticles, nae be the hale o thaim, fit is happenin there. Stick the text fae ROTK ontil [[The Lord of the Rings]] an there's nae quality lost (an aat's prolly fit a'll dae), aat's the issue here. The film pages exist acause sumbidy decidit aat machine owersettins an airticle quantity maittert mair nor actual airticle quality [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:23, 8 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Doesn't Avatar qualify as an X1 article? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|talk]]) 18:37, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::Normally ay bit gien aa iss collogue anent it a'm haudin aff on actin on it jist yet [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:55, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Useless templates == There are more useless templates linked at [[The Princess and the Frog]]. Shouldn't they be put up for deletion? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81|2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81|talk]]) 23:43, 15 Mey 2025 (UTC) :Gie me a list ae aa the templates then. Aat wey a kin jist dae a batch nomination raither nor takkin potshots at the templates [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:45, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Walt Disney Animation Studios, Ron Clements an John Musker, John Lasseter, an Randy Newman. Also found [[Template:GoldenGlobeBestMotionPictureMusicalComedy 1981-2000]] linked at [[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)]]. Also, what to do about pages nominated for deletion like [[The Dark Knight (film)]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|talk]]) 18:36, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::The other pages nominated for deletion: [[The Dark Knight Rises]], [[Local Hero]], [[Gregory's Girl]], and [[Gandhi (film)]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F|2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F|talk]]) 00:56, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::A'm able ti chack the category masel, a dinna need ti be telt fit ti dae [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:49, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::::When will the templates be put up for deletion? And for the nominated pages, when will they be deleted? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9|2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9|talk]]) 19:44, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::::A'm seein gin there's alternates acause despite fit it micht seem lik a'm nae wintin ti tak ae axe ti aahing a see, an the wiki's nae gaun disappear acause it's a bit delayed noo is it? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:45, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Jock Stein == Hi, this diff [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jock_Stein&diff=prev&oldid=904946 here] may need suppressing, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:35, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) :Dealt wi't afore a leukit at iss message, bit ta fur reportin it [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:00, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Category:Cleanup tagged airticles withoot a raison field == What to do about these pages? I tried replacing them with the fixscots template, but was warned that that was wrong. Also, what to do about the deletion candidates and those useless templates linked at [[The Princess and the Frog]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4|2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4|talk]]) 18:47, 2 Juin 2025 (UTC) == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2025-06-30 01:22:50. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[Uiser:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Uiser collogue:Leaderbot|tauk]]) 19:45, 23 Juin 2025 (UTC)</div> == Monthly cleanup categories == To change "from" to "fae" ([[Special:Redirect/logid/409338]]), edit line 370 in [[Module:Message box]] to say <blockquote>local preposition = 'fae'</blockquote> You can see examples on [[:pt:Módulo:Message box|Portuguese Wikipedia]], [[:vi:Mô đun:Message box|Vietnamese Wikipedia]], [[:ru:Модуль:Message box|Russian Wikipedia]]. This will change all pages in categories of this form ([https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=intitle%3Afrom&title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&ns14=1]). Eventually those categories will become empty but the pages may need to be purged first - I am not sure. [[Special:Contributions/96.79.100.209|96.79.100.209]] ([[User talk:96.79.100.209|talk]]) 17:32, 14 Julie 2025 (UTC) :Okay seems aat wirked, ta [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:55, 15 Julie 2025 (UTC) == JJS == Hello CiphriusKane, Help me rather than threatening me, thank you--[[Uiser:Jean700|Jean700]] ([[Uiser collogue:Jean700|tauk]]) 14:20, 23 Julie 2025 (UTC) :Excep there wisna ony threit. Ye postit ae setence-lang "airticle" aat makkit a vague claim wi nae claim thewarts notability, sae a taggit as sic. Gin iss wis enwiki aat airticle wid hae been deletit aareidies [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:27, 23 Julie 2025 (UTC) help me be useful--[[Uiser:Jean700|Jean700]] ([[Uiser collogue:Jean700|tauk]]) 06:53, 24 Julie 2025 (UTC) :Ye kin help yersel bi stendin oot the airticle insteid ae churnin oot fit leuks lik x-wiki spam. Turn it inti summat aat isna a sentence lang an claims aat French airt stairtit in the 1950s an we'll see anent the notability tag [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:32, 24 Julie 2025 (UTC) == Thanks for that == Thanks for accepting the changes [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-63184-6|&#126;2025-63184-6]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2025-63184-6|talk]]) 16:32, 16 September 2025 (UTC) == Update request == Hello, CiphriusKane. Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Duke o York]] into the Scots version of [[Andra Mountbatten Windsor]]? After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor. Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace Yours sincerely, [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-30714-02|&#126;2025-30714-02]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2025-30714-02|talk]]) 17:31, 1 November 2025 (UTC) == Clarification == A think there's been a misunderstanding here, so let me separate things clearly. ==== ScotsCheck (Uiser:BZPN/ScotsCheck/…) ==== The Translations, Dictionary-en, an Dictionary-sco pages belong tae '''ma personal on-wiki script'''. They are user-space working leets used only by that gadget in ma ain browser. They are '''nae a bot whitelist'''. They are '''nae''' community-approved standards. They are '''nae''' applied automatically by ony account. They are simply ma '''private working notes''', adjusted as A analyse scowiki airticles. If a translation entry is wrang (e.g. "ay" or "basit"), that juist means ma working leet needs corrected - it disnae affect the bot at aw. ==== The bot ([[Uiser:ScotsBot]]) ==== (EN for clarity) The bot executes only the tasks listed at '''[[Uiser:ScotsBot/Tasks]]'''. It does '''not''' read or use the on-wiki ScotsCheck dictionaries. It does not use the Translations page. It does not perform automatic oversettins. At present, the bot is inactive an waitin on the flag. There is currently '''no''' active, community-approved whitelist in operation (located by default at [[Uiser:BZPN/Whitelist.json]]). The bot is '''not''' applying translation replacements (and ''never'' was). If anything looked like oversetting in recent changes, that was my manual edit via my own script interface - not a bot action. ====enwiki block==== A received a community block in October 2025 related tae a content dispute an conduct issues on that project. It wis nae connected tae ony bots, automation, technical misuse, etc. There has been nae cross-wiki abuse, nae undisclosed bot activity, an nae sanctions related tae automation. A'm registered on ScoWiki for about a year, though A only started contributing recently. Scowiki is a separate project, an ma work here has been transparent an open tae scrutiny. A'm a trusted editor on other Wikimedia projects, including simplewiki, plwiki, mediawiki and others. If there are concerns about oversight or safeguards, A'm entirely willing tae operate under supervision. Best regards, [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 00:25, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) :Bot eesers need ti be trowstit members o the commonity. Ye stairtit editin twa weeks back an clearly dinna hae the leid skills ti edit, sae fit wye is it aat yer daein the same sort o botlik edits aat got heaps o bad press? Ye didna ask ti rin the script an e'en gied the impression aat ye'd nae dae iss sort o hing. E'en leukin inti simplewiki an plwiki a'm seein mair reid flags, lik the Discord ban an a hefty block log on plwiki, an fit's iss anent a UCOC case? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 00:39, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::I am responding in English because of your previous comment stating that ''"it's pretty obvious that they're not a Scots speaker"'' was personally humiliating. As I am learning Scots, I won't understand everything perfectly, but that does not justify personal attacks. Writing a full article on scowiki requires careful attention, just as composing text in Scots requires time and effort. The fact that I am learning Scots does not make me less capable or less committed to producing good quality contributions. Back to the point: I have several points to avoid further misunderstandings. First: user scripts. As stated on [[:en:WP:JAVASCRIPT]]: ''"You take full responsibility for any actions taken using any user script. You must read and abide by all relevant Wikipedia policies when using this tool; failure to do so may result in being blocked from editing.''" My script runs on-wiki, requires manual interaction, and does not perform any automatic edits. At no point have I violated any scowiki rules or policies. My edits are fully auditable in page histories. Also, your comments regarding my alleged "bot-like" (suspected "automatic") edits, supposed inexperience, and prior conduct on other wikis constitute a serious personal attack. I am not a vandal, nor have I violated local community norms. Targeting actions from other Wikimedia projects, including blocks or Discord issues, is inappropriate. This approach lacks [[:en:WP:AGF|AGF]] and creates an unfair, hostile environment. Your messages, especially drawing attention to prior blocks and suggesting misconduct, may fall under UCoC 3.1, which includes behaviour intended to outrage or intimidate a person, e.g. by hounding, i.e., repeated critique or questioning across projects, intended to discourage or upset. I encourage you to read and follow the global standards under UCoC and to evaluate my edits and actions on their merits within scowiki. Mischaracterizing my contributions based on assumptions or other projects is discriminatory and contrary to the standards. I am fully willing to discuss any ''legitimate'' concerns about edits on scowiki, and pause certain changes if the community requests. It is late here, so I will be signing off for now. Good night. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 01:15, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) :::Did ye tell that ti the fowks aat opponed yer simplewiki RfA based on yer UCOC case, Discord ban an ban on plwiki? Acause iss message leuks gey seemlir ti the kind o hing aat wis raised in ither places. A wis giein ye a chance ti explain in yer ain wirds, an it seems yer walin ti come oot fur a fecht. :::As fur "learning Scots", pairt o the raeson aat the wiki's in sic a mess is acause o fowks "learning Scots", fowks aat wi aa gweed intentions managed ti cause sic a mess wi bad owersettins aat there wis discussion anent shuttin the hale projeck doon, an fae fit a'm seein ye wis daein the same hing. We hae tasks fur learners, an it disna incluid rinnin gadgets based on clearly fauty lists. A wis daein spotchecks on seyed lists, nae fu analysis, an a'd wager a'd fin mair wrang wi thaim. An the mix o Scots an Inglis in yer messages disna gie mense ti the idea aat ye hae the needit skills fur editin. :::As fur me bringin ap reid flags, a need ti ken aat a kin trowst the bot operator, an crosswiki behaviour kin be a gweed indcator o sumbidy's reliability. Gin yer bein baured fur battlegrund behaviour an wikilawyerin an shawin aat same behaviour here, then fit wye shid a conclude differently fae enwiki an sey ye kin be trowstit? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:15, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::::Either ye want the ScotsBot for whit it actually daes, as clearly set oot in the documentation, or me an the bot will step awa fae this wiki tae save ye ony mair bother, hostility, or accusations. The choice is yours. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 08:28, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) :::::Bye then [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:55, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) == Request tae upload an eemage == Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], coud ye please dounload [[:fi:Tiedosto:13_Reasons_Why_tv-series_poster.jpg|this poster]] fur this series here fur local uise in the airticle, in accordance wi copyricht law ? Thank ye. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 03:49, 25 Mairch 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|Mr.Murdoch78}} Deen. As a'm nae shuir fit ye intend fur ti mak eese o't a'v left aat field in the license blank, sae please fill it in [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 06:36, 25 Mairch 2026 (UTC) == Request tae upload eemages == Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], A'll need tae upload some eemages tae the wiki. Is thare a role A can uise tae avoid haein tae gae throu ye ilka time an baitherin ye? A woud lik tae hae Rowback richts tae undae unwantit chynges an aa. Coud ye upload the eemages here? A'll tak care o eikin the information. * [[:en:File:The_Night_We_Met.jpg|The Night We Met airtwirk]] * [[:en:File:Katherine_Langford_as_Hannah_Baker.jpg|Pictur o Katherine Langford as Hannah Baker]] * [[:en:File:Clay_Jensen.png|Pictur o Dylan Minnette as Clay Jensen]] * [[:en:File:A_Star_is_Born.png|''A Star Is Born'' film poster]] * ''[[:en:File:From_title_card.jpg|From]]'' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lewis_Capaldi_-_Someone_You_Loved.png ''Someone You Loved'' airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lewis_Capaldi_-_Wish_You_the_Best.png Wish You the Best airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SurvivebyLewisCapaldi.webp Survive airtwirk] *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ed_Sheeran_Perfect_Single_cover.jpg Perfect airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shape_Of_You_(Official_Single_Cover)_by_Ed_Sheeran.png Shape of You airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_(Ed_Sheeran_song)_cover.png Photograph airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Notice_-_film_promotional_image.jpg ''Red Notice'' film poster] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YOU_Tv_Series_LOGO.png Logo o the telly series ''YOU''] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Up_(2009_film).jpg ''Up ''film poster] Thank ye ! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:33, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :A'm nae shuir anent the image uploadin richt, bit gien foo yer still failin ti gie proper attreibution fur yer owersettins an violatin Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA licence a'd be temptit ti decline aat request [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 06:21, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::Aw credits an information regardin copyricht on eemages sic as films/series posters an sang/album airtwirks can be foond wi the eemage in ilka link. Whan owersettin airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, hou dae A comply wi the Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA licence? Dae A need tae eik a template tae the airticle's collogue page? Coud ye shaw me an ensaumple frae an airticle sae A can correct ma mistak an avoid repeatin it? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 11:08, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :::[[:en:Wikipedia:Translation#Attribution_requirements]]. A'll leuk at the images in a bit [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:12, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::::A juist mak the chynge tae comply wi Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA license on the airticle [[History o Fraunce]], is that correct? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 22:43, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :::::Ay, bit dinna eese "eedit[s]". The Scots wird is "edit[s]" an a'v jist nae gotten roon ti gettin rid o the fake spellin [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:45, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::::::A'v jist edited the Lord Huron airtin, is it correct nou? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 22:53, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :::::::Ay, ye dinna need ti speir at me aifter ivery een. Fit yer daein is fine noo [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:54, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Thank ye fur yer help! :) [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 23:04, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Okay leukin ower the requests... :From/A Star Is Born/Someone You Loved/Wish You the Best/Survive/Perfect/Shape of You/Red Notice dinna hae airticles sae we canna hae the images :YOU is ap fur deletion sae naw. There's a file on Commons :Langford/Minnette dinna need images o thair chairacters, an a'd really raither ye nae mak chairacter pages fur thaim. There's better places ti pit yer efforts nor inti makkin airticles fur fictional chairacters :Up a'll get roon ti at sum pint iss week [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:47, 22 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> gcss534q0mjwu875ibu7psta89cgexp 8 222914 915863 791256 2026-04-28T22:43:13Z Neriah 82452 Standardisation of thumbnail sizes 915863 javascript text/javascript /*jshint smarttabs:true, loopfunc:true,forin:false*/ /*global mw, $, importScript */ // TODO: make autodate an option in the CiteTemplate object, not a preference // Global object // TODO: // * Remove this once the page is moved to a module 'ext.gadget.refToolbarDialogs' depending on 'ext.gadget.refToolbarBase' if (typeof CiteTB === 'undefined') { var CiteTB = { "Templates" : {}, // All templates "Options" : {}, // Global options "UserOptions" : {}, // User options "DefaultOptions" : {}, // Script defaults "ErrorChecks" : {} // Error check functions }; } // Only execute on edit, unless it is a user JS/CSS page // TODO: Remove tests already done by [[MediaWiki:Gadget-refToolbar.js]] if ( ( mw.config.get('wgAction') === 'edit' || mw.config.get('wgAction') === 'submit' ) && ( ( mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') !== 2 && mw.config.get('wgNamespaceNumber') !== 4 ) || ( mw.config.get('wgPageName').indexOf('.js') === -1 && mw.config.get('wgPageName').indexOf('.css') === -1 ) ) ) { // TODO: Move this to [[MediaWiki:Gadget-refToolbarDialogs.css]] and add it to the definition of module 'ext.gadget.refToolbarDialogs' mw.util.addCSS(".cite-form-td {"+ "height: 0 !important;"+ "padding: 0.1em !important;"+ "}"); // Default options, these mainly exist so the script won't break if a new option is added CiteTB.DefaultOptions = { "date format" : "<year>-<zmonth>-<zdate>", "autodate fields" : [], "months" : ['Jan', 'Feb', 'Mar', 'Apr', 'May', 'Jun', 'Jul', 'Aug', 'Sep', 'Oct', 'Nov', 'Dec'], "modal" : true, "autoparse" : false, "expandtemplates": false }; // Get an option - user settings override global which override defaults CiteTB.getOption = function(opt) { if (CiteTB.UserOptions[opt] !== undefined) { return CiteTB.UserOptions[opt]; } else if (CiteTB.Options[opt] !== undefined) { return CiteTB.Options[opt]; } return CiteTB.DefaultOptions[opt]; }; CiteTB.init = function() { /* Main stuff, build the actual toolbar structure * 1. get the template list, make the dropdown list and set up the template dialog boxes * 2. actually build the toolbar: * * A section for cites * ** dropdown for the templates (previously defined) * ** button for named refs with a dialog box * ** button for errorcheck * 3. add the whole thing to the main toolbar */ if (typeof $('div[rel=cites]')[0] !== 'undefined') { // Mystery IE bug workaround return; } $('head').trigger('reftoolbarbase'); var $target = $('#wpTextbox1'); var temlist = {}; for (var t in CiteTB.Templates) { var tem = CiteTB.Templates[t]; var sform = CiteTB.escStr(tem.shortform); var actionobj = { type: 'dialog', module: 'cite-dialog-'+sform }; var dialogobj = {}; dialogobj['cite-dialog-'+sform] = { resizeme: false, titleMsg: 'cite-dialog-'+sform, id: 'citetoolbar-'+sform, init: function() {}, html: tem.getInitial(), dialog: { width:680, open: function() { $(this).html(CiteTB.getOpenTemplate().getForm()); /** @param {jQuery.Event} e */ $('.cite-prev-parse').on( 'click', function ( e ) { e.preventDefault(); CiteTB.prevParseClick(); }); }, buttons: { 'cite-form-submit': function() { var ref = CiteTB.getRef(false, true); $(this).dialog( 'close' ); $.wikiEditor.modules.toolbar.fn.doAction( $(this).data( 'context' ), { type: 'encapsulate', options: { post: ref } }, $(this) ); }, 'cite-form-showhide': CiteTB.showHideExtra, 'cite-refpreview': function() { var ref = CiteTB.getRef(false, false); var template = CiteTB.getOpenTemplate(); var div = $("#citetoolbar-"+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform)); div.find('.cite-preview-label').show(); div.find('.cite-ref-preview').text(ref).show(); if (CiteTB.getOption('autoparse')) { CiteTB.prevParseClick(); } else { div.find('.cite-prev-parse').show(); div.find('.cite-prev-parsed-label').hide(); div.find('.cite-preview-parsed').html(''); } }, 'wikieditor-toolbar-tool-link-cancel': function() { $(this).dialog( 'close' ); }, 'cite-form-reset': function() { CiteTB.resetForm(); } } } }; $target.wikiEditor('addDialog', dialogobj); //if (!CiteTB.getOption('modal')) { //$('#citetoolbar-'+sform).dialog('option', 'modal', false); //} temlist[sform] = {label: tem.templatename, action: actionobj }; } var refsection = { 'sections': { 'cites': { type: 'toolbar', labelMsg: 'cite-section-label', groups: { 'template': { tools: { 'template': { type: 'select', labelMsg: 'cite-template-list', list: temlist } } }, 'namedrefs': { labelMsg: 'cite-named-refs-label', tools: { 'nrefs': { type: 'button', action: { type: 'dialog', module: 'cite-toolbar-namedrefs' }, icon: '//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Nuvola_clipboard_lined.svg/60px-Nuvola_clipboard_lined.svg.png', section: 'cites', group: 'namedrefs', labelMsg: 'cite-named-refs-button' } } }, 'errorcheck': { labelMsg: 'cite-errorcheck-label', tools: { 'echeck': { type: 'button', action: { type: 'dialog', module: 'cite-toolbar-errorcheck' }, icon: '//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Nuvola_apps_korganizer-NO.png/60px-Nuvola_apps_korganizer-NO.png', section: 'cites', group: 'errorcheck', labelMsg: 'cite-errorcheck-button' } } } } } } }; var defaultdialogs = { 'cite-toolbar-errorcheck': { titleMsg: 'cite-errorcheck-label', id: 'citetoolbar-errorcheck', resizeme: false, init: function() {}, html: '<div id="cite-namedref-loading">'+ '<img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Loading.gif" />'+ '&nbsp;'+mw.usability.getMsg('cite-loading')+'</div>', dialog: { width:550, open: function() { CiteTB.loadRefs(); }, buttons: { 'cite-errorcheck-submit': function() { var errorchecks = $("input[name='cite-err-test']:checked"); var errors = []; for (var i=0; i<errorchecks.length; i++) { errors = errors.concat(CiteTB.ErrorChecks[$(errorchecks[i]).val()].run()); } CiteTB.displayErrors(errors); $(this).dialog( 'close' ); }, 'wikieditor-toolbar-tool-link-cancel': function() { $(this).dialog( 'close' ); } } } }, 'cite-toolbar-namedrefs': { titleMsg: 'cite-named-refs-title', resizeme: false, id: 'citetoolbar-namedrefs', html: '<div id="cite-namedref-loading">'+ '<img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Loading.gif" />'+ '&nbsp;'+mw.usability.getMsg('cite-loading')+'</div>', init: function() {}, dialog: { width: 550, open: function() { CiteTB.loadRefs(); }, buttons: { 'cite-form-submit': function() { var refname = $("#cite-namedref-select").val(); if (refname === '') { return; } $(this).dialog( 'close' ); $.wikiEditor.modules.toolbar.fn.doAction( $(this).data( 'context' ), { type: 'encapsulate', options: { post: CiteTB.getNamedRef(refname, true) } }, $(this) ); }, 'wikieditor-toolbar-tool-link-cancel': function() { $(this).dialog( 'close' ); } } } } }; $target.wikiEditor('addDialog', defaultdialogs); $('#citetoolbar-namedrefs').off('dialogopen'); if (!CiteTB.getOption('modal')) { //$('#citetoolbar-namedrefs').dialog('option', 'modal', false); //$('#citetoolbar-errorcheck').dialog('option', 'modal', false); mw.util.addCSS(".ui-widget-overlay {"+ "display:none !important;"+ "}"); } $target.wikiEditor('addToToolbar', refsection); }; // Load local data - messages, cite templates, etc. $(document).ready( function() { switch( mw.config.get('wgUserLanguage') ) { case 'de': // German importScript('MediaWiki:RefToolbarMessages-de.js'); break; //case 'en': // English //importScript('MediaWiki:RefToolbarMessages-en.js'); //break; default: // English - for nou //importScript('MediaWiki:RefToolbarMessages-sco.js'); importScript('MediaWiki:RefToolbarMessages-en.js'); } }); // Setup the main object CiteTB.mainRefList = []; CiteTB.refsLoaded = false; // REF FUNCTIONS // Actually assemble a ref from user input CiteTB.getRef = function(inneronly, forinsert) { var i; var template = CiteTB.getOpenTemplate(); var templatename = template.templatename; var res = ''; var refobj = {'shorttag':false}; if (!inneronly) { var group = $('#cite-'+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform)+'-group').val(); var refname = $('#cite-'+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform)+'-name').val(); res += '<ref'; if (refname) { refname = $.trim(refname); res+=' name='+CiteTB.getQuotedString(refname); refobj.refname = refname; } if (group) { group = $.trim(group); res+=' group='+CiteTB.getQuotedString(group); refobj.refgroup = group; } res+='>'; } var content ='{{'+templatename; for( g in template.incrementables ) { group = template.incrementables[g]; for (i=1; i<=group.val; i++) { for (j=0; j<group.fields.length; j++) { var fieldname = group.fields[j].field; var fieldid = fieldname.replace('<N>', i.toString()); var field = $('#cite-'+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform)+'-'+fieldid).val(); if (field) { content+=' |'+fieldid+'='; content+= $.trim(field); } } } } for( i=0; i<template.basic.length; i++ ) { if (template.basic[i].increment_group) { continue; } var fieldname = template.basic[i].field; var field = $('#cite-'+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform)+'-'+fieldname).val(); if (field) { content+=' |'+fieldname+'='; content+= $.trim(field); } } if ($('#cite-form-status').val() !== 'closed') { for( i=0; i<template.extra.length; i++ ) { if (template.extra[i].increment_group) { continue; } var fieldname = template.extra[i].field; var field = $('#cite-'+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform)+'-'+fieldname).val(); if (field) { content+=' |'+fieldname+'='; content+= $.trim(field); } } } content+= '}}'; res+=content; refobj.content = content; if (!inneronly) { res+= '</ref>'; } if (forinsert) { CiteTB.mainRefList.push(refobj); } return res; }; // Make a reference to a named ref CiteTB.getNamedRef = function(refname, forinsert) { if (forinsert) { CiteTB.mainRefList.push( {'shorttag':true, 'refname':refname} ); } return '<ref name='+CiteTB.getQuotedString(refname)+' />'; }; // Function to load the ref list CiteTB.loadRefs = function() { if (CiteTB.refsLoaded) { return; } CiteTB.getPageText(CiteTB.loadRefsInternal); }; // Function that actually loads the list from the page text CiteTB.loadRefsInternal = function(text) { // What this does: extract first name/group extract second name/group shorttag inner content var refsregex = /< *ref(?: +(name|group) *= *(?:"([^"]*?)"|'([^']*?)'|([^ '"\/\>]*?)) *)? *(?: +(name|group) *= *(?:"([^"]*?)"|'([^']*?)'|([^ '"\/\>]*?)) *)? *(?:\/ *>|>((?:.|\n)*?)< *\/ *ref *>)/gim; // This should work regardless of the quoting used for names/groups and for linebreaks in the inner content while (true) { var ref = refsregex.exec(text); if (ref === null) { break; } var refobj = {}; if (ref[9]) { // Content + short tag check //alert('"'+ref[9]+'"'); refobj.content = ref[9]; refobj.shorttag = false; } else { refobj.shorttag = true; } if (ref[1] !== '') { // First name/group if (ref[2]) { refobj['ref'+ref[1]] = ref[2]; } else if (ref[3]) { refobj['ref'+ref[1]] = ref[3]; } else { refobj['ref'+ref[1]] = ref[4]; } } if (ref[5] !== '') { // Second name/group if (ref[6]) { refobj['ref'+ref[5]] = ref[6]; } else if (ref[7]) { refobj['ref'+ref[5]] = ref[7]; } else { refobj['ref'+ref[5]] = ref[8]; } } CiteTB.mainRefList.push(refobj); } CiteTB.refsLoaded = true; CiteTB.setupErrorCheck(); CiteTB.setupNamedRefs(); }; // AJAX FUNCTIONS // Parse some wikitext and hand it off to a callback function CiteTB.parse = function(text, callback) { $.post( mw.util.wikiScript( 'api' ), {action:'parse', title:mw.config.get('wgPageName'), text:text, prop:'text', format:'json'}, function(data) { var html = data.parse.text['*']; callback(html); }, 'json' ); }; // Use the API to expand templates on some text CiteTB.expandtemplates = function(text, callback) { $.post( mw.util.wikiScript( 'api' ), {action:'expandtemplates', title:mw.config.get('wgPageName'), text:text, format:'json'}, function(data) { var restext = data.expandtemplates['*']; callback(restext); }, 'json' ); }; // Function to get the page text CiteTB.getPageText = function(callback) { var section = $("input[name='wpSection']").val(); if ( section !== '' ) { var postdata = {action:'query', prop:'revisions', rvprop:'content', pageids:mw.config.get('wgArticleId'), format:'json'}; if (CiteTB.getOption('expandtemplates')) { postdata.rvexpandtemplates = '1'; } $.get( mw.util.wikiScript( 'api' ), postdata, function(data) { var pagetext = data.query.pages[mw.config.get('wgArticleId').toString()].revisions[0]['*']; callback(pagetext); }, 'json' ); } else { if (CiteTB.getOption('expandtemplates')) { CiteTB.expandtemplates($('#wpTextbox1').wikiEditor('getContents').text(), callback); } else { callback($('#wpTextbox1').wikiEditor('getContents').text()); } } }; // Autofill a template from an ID (ISBN, DOI, PMID, URL) CiteTB.initAutofill = function() { var elemid = $(this).attr('id'); var res = /^cite\-auto\-(.*?)\-(.*)\-(.*)$/.exec(elemid); var tem = res[1]; var field = res[2]; var autotype = res[3]; var id = $('#cite-'+tem+'-'+field).val(); if (!id) { return false; } var url = '//reftoolbar.toolforge.org/lookup.php?'; url+=autotype+'='+encodeURIComponent(id); url+='&template='+encodeURIComponent(tem); var s = document.createElement('script'); s.setAttribute('src', url); s.setAttribute('type', 'text/javascript'); document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(s); return false; }; // Callback for autofill //TODO: Autofill the URL, at least for DOI CiteTB.autoFill = function(data, template, type) { var cl = 'cite-'+template+'-'; var i,j, coauthors; $('.'+cl+'title').val(data.title); // Fill in authors if (data.authors && data.authors.length > 0) { if ($('.'+cl+'last-incr-1').length != 0) { var classes = $('.'+cl+'last-incr-1').eq(0).attr('class').split(/\s+/); var group = false; var patt = /cite-[^-]*?-incr-(.*)/ for (var c=0; c<classes.length; c++) { if (patt.exec(classes[c])) { group = patt.exec(classes[c])[1]; break; } } $('.'+cl+'last-incr-1').val(data.authors[0][0]) $('.'+cl+'first-incr-1').val(data.authors[0][1]) elemid = '#cite-incr-'+template+'-'+group; for (var i=2; i<data.authors.length+1; i++) { $(elemid).click(); $('.'+cl+'last-incr-'+i.toString()).val(data.authors[i-1][0]) $('.'+cl+'first-incr-'+i.toString()).val(data.authors[i-1][1]) } } else if ($('.'+cl+'author-incr-1').length != 0) { var classes = $('.'+cl+'author-incr-1').eq(0).attr('class').split(/\s+/); var group = false; var patt = /cite-[^-]*?-incr-(.*)/ for (var c=0; c<classes.length; c++) { if (patt.exec(classes[c])) { group = patt.exec(classes[c])[1]; break; } } $('.'+cl+'author-incr-1').val(data.authors[0].join(', ')) elemid = '#cite-incr-'+template+'-'+group; for (var i=2; i<data.authors.length+1; i++) { $(elemid).click(); $('.'+cl+'author-incr-'+i.toString()).val(data.authors[i-1].join(', ')) } } else if ($('.'+cl+'last1').length != 0) { for(i=0; 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$('#citetoolbar-errorcheck').html(form); }; // Callback function for parsed preview CiteTB.fillNrefPreview = function(parsed) { $('#cite-parsed-label').show(); $('#cite-namedref-parsed').html(parsed); }; // Click handler for the named-ref parsed preview CiteTB.nrefParseClick = function() { var choice = $("#cite-namedref-select").val(); if (choice === '') { $('#cite-parsed-label').hide(); $('#cite-namedref-parsed').text(''); return false; } $('#cite-nref-parse').hide(); for( var i=0; i<CiteTB.mainRefList.length; i++) { if (!CiteTB.mainRefList[i].shorttag && CiteTB.mainRefList[i].refname == choice) { CiteTB.parse(CiteTB.mainRefList[i].content, CiteTB.fillNrefPreview); return false; } } }; // Click handler for the named-ref dropdown CiteTB.lastnamedrefchoice = ''; CiteTB.namedRefSelectClick = function() { var choice = $("#cite-namedref-select").val(); if (CiteTB.lastnamedrefchoice == choice) { return; } CiteTB.lastnamedrefchoice = choice; $('#cite-parsed-label').hide(); $('#cite-namedref-parsed').text(''); if (choice === '') { $('#cite-nref-preview-label').hide(); $('#cite-namedref-preview').text(''); $('#cite-nref-parse').hide(); return; } for( var i=0; i<CiteTB.mainRefList.length; i++) { if (!CiteTB.mainRefList[i].shorttag && CiteTB.mainRefList[i].refname == choice) { $('#cite-nref-preview-label').show(); $('#cite-namedref-preview').text(CiteTB.mainRefList[i].content); if (CiteTB.getOption('autoparse')) { CiteTB.nrefParseClick(); } else { $('#cite-nref-parse').show(); } } } }; // callback function for parsed preview CiteTB.fillTemplatePreview = function(text) { var template = CiteTB.getOpenTemplate(); var div = $("#citetoolbar-"+CiteTB.escStr(template.shortform)); div.find('.cite-prev-parsed-label').show(); div.find('.cite-preview-parsed').html(text); }; // Click handler for template parsed preview CiteTB.prevParseClick = function() { var ref = CiteTB.getRef(true, false); var template = CiteTB.getOpenTemplate(); var div = 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ad.append(im); th2.append(ad); tr1.append(th1).append(th2); table.append(tr1); $('#cite-err-check-close').on('click', function() { $('#cite-err-report').remove(); }); if (errors.length === 0) { tr = $('<tr style="width:100%;" />'); var td = $('<td style="text-align:center; margin:1.5px;" />').html(mw.usability.getMsg('cite-err-report-empty')); tr.append(td); table.append(tr); return; } for(var e in errors) { var err = errors[e]; tr = $('<tr style="width:100%;" />'); var td1 = $('<td style="border: 1px solid black; margin:1.5px; width:60%" />').html(err.err); var td2 = $('<td style="border: 1px solid black; margin:1.5px; width:40%" />').html(mw.usability.getMsg(err.msg)); tr.append(td1).append(td2); table.append(tr); } }; } // End of code loaded only on edit gz3o5a7hb8ug3028z40ativxwkeja2n 0 230147 915888 913603 2026-04-29T11:50:04Z Eurohunter 7106 /* Singles */ +"Ja eller nej" with [[Käärijä]], table 915888 wikitext text/x-wiki The [[discografie]] o [[Basshunter]], a Swadish sangster, record producer an DJ, consists o five [[album|studio albums]], twa compilation albums, [[single (muisic)|singles]], an [[muisic video]]s. == Studio albums == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Leet o studio albums, wi selectit chart poseetions and details, certifications an sales figures ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:8em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:17em;"| Album details ! scope="col" colspan="10" | Peak chairt poseetions ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13.5em;"| [[Leet o muisic recordin certifications|Certifications]] ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:9.5em;"| Sales |- ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br /><ref name="Sweden">{{cite web | url = https://swedishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Basshunter | title = Basshunter in Swedish charts | website = swedishcharts.com | accessdate = 18 October 2018 | language = en}}</ref> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br /><ref name="Austria">{{cite web | url = https://austriancharts.at/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Basshunter | title = Basshunter in der Österreichischen Hitparade | website = austriancharts.at | accessdate = 18 October 2018 | language = de}}</ref> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[Hitlisten|DEN]]<br /><ref name="Denmark">{{cite web | url = https://danishcharts.dk/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Basshunter | title = Basshunter in Danish charts | website = danishcharts.dk | accessdate = 18 October 2018 | language = en}}</ref> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[European Top 100 Albums|EUR]]<br /><ref name="EUR">Studio albums poseetions on European Albums: * ''LOL'' an ''Bass Generation'': {{cite web | url = https://www.billboard.com/artist/280774/basshunter/chart?f=293 | title = Basshunter | website = [[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]] | accessdate = 20 November 2014 | language = en | archive-date = 2015-07-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150704131253/http://www.billboard.com/artist/280774/basshunter/chart?f=293 | url-status = dead }} * ''Now You're Gone – The Album'': {{cite web | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/2008/11/03/chart-enw-euro-albums-idUSN0251384320081103 | title = European Top Albums | website = [[Reuters]] | date = 2 November 2008 | accessdate = 20 November 2014 | language = en | archive-date = 2015-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135817/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/11/03/chart-enw-euro-albums-idUSN0251384320081103 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[The Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]<br /><ref name="Finland">{{cite web | url = https://finnishcharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Basshunter | title = Basshunter in Finnish charts | website = finnishcharts.com | accessdate = 18 October 2018 | language = en}}</ref> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]<br /><ref name="France">Studio albums poseetions in France: * ''LOL'' an ''Now You're Gone – The Album'': {{cite web | url = https://lescharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Basshunter | title = Basshunter dans les charts français | website = lescharts.com | accessdate = 18 October 2018 | language = fr}} * ''Bass Generation'': {{cite web | url = https://www.infodisc.fr/Album_ChartRuns.php | title = Les "charts runs" de chaque album classé | format = "Basshunter" – "Ok" |website = InfoDisc | accessdate = 23 October 2018 | language = fr}}</ref> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[Irish Albums Chart|IRL]]<br /><ref name="Ireland">{{cite web | url = http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Basshunter | title = Discography Basshunter | website = irish-charts.com | accessdate = 18 October 2018 | language = en}}</ref> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br /><ref name="Norway">{{cite web | url = https://norwegiancharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Basshunter | title = Basshunter in Norwegian charts | website = norwegiancharts.com | accessdate = 18 October 2018 | language = en}}</ref> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZL]]<br /><ref name="New Zealand">{{cite web | url = https://charts.nz/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Basshunter | title = Basshunter in New Zealand charts | website = charts.nz | accessdate = 18 October 2018 | language = en}}</ref> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK">{{cite web | url = https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/3667/basshunter | title = Basshunter | website = [[Official Charts Company|Official Charts]] | accessdate = 18 October 2018 | language = en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[The Bassmachine]]'' | * Released: 25 August 2004<ref name="The Bassmachine">{{cite web | url = https://www.alexmusic.se/releases.htm | title = Releases | accessdate = 17 August 2014 | website = Alex Music | language = en}}</ref> * Label: Alex Music * Format: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[music download|digital download]] | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | |- ! scope="row"| ''[[LOL (Basshunter album)|LOL]]'' | * Released: 28 August 2006<ref name="LOL release">{{cite web | url = https://www.allmusic.com/album/release/lol--mr0000723642 | title = Basshunter – LOL <(^^,)> – (CD – WEA / WEA/Warner #5101156482) | accessdate = 11 October 2018 | website = [[AllMusic]] | language = en}}</ref> * Label: [[Warner Music Sweden]] * Format: CD, digital download | 5 || 12 || 3 || 82 || 4 || 51 || — || 19 || — || — | * [[IFPI Danmark|IFPI DEN]]: 2× Platinum<ref name="IFPI Denmark Sales">{{cite web | url = http://www.ifpi.dk/node/3893 | title = 2018—50 | website = [[IFPI Danmark]] | accessdate = 18 November 2018 | language = da}}</ref> * [[Musiikkituottajat|IFPI FIN]]: Platinum<ref name="IFPI Findland Sales">{{cite web | url = https://www.ifpi.fi/tutkimukset-ja-tilastot/kulta-ja-platinalevyt/artistit/basshunter | title = Basshunter | website = [[Musiikkituottajat|IFPI Finland]] | accessdate = 19 September 2019 | language = fi | archive-date = 2019-06-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190629215220/https://www.ifpi.fi/tutkimukset-ja-tilastot/kulta-ja-platinalevyt/artistit/basshunter | url-status = dead}}</ref> | * FIN: 33,365<ref name="IFPI Findland Sales" /> * [[Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique|FRA]]: 11,020<ref name="IFPI France Sales">{{cite web | url = https://www.infodisc.fr/Ventes_Album08.php | title = Les albums (CD) les plus vendus en 2008 | website = InfoDisc | accessdate = 26 Mey 2013 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090414082136/http://www.infodisc.fr/Ventes_Album08.php | archivedate = 14 Apryle 2009 | language = fr }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090414082136/http://www.infodisc.fr/Ventes_Album08.php |date=2009-04-14}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Now You're Gone – The Album]]'' | * Released: 14 Julie 2008<ref name="Now You're Gone – The Album release">{{cite web | url = http://www.digitalspy.com/music/album-reviews/review/a111323/basshunter-now-youre-gone | title = Basshunter: 'Now You're Gone' | date = 15 Julie 2008 | accessdate = 14 October 2018 | author = Alex Fletcher | website = [[Digital Spy]] | language = en}}</ref> * Label: [[Dance Nation|Hard2Beat]] * Format: CD, CD+[[DVD]], digital download | 38 || 17 || — || 6 || 35 || 36 || 2 || — || 1 || 1 | * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: Platinum<ref name="Basshunter BPI NYG Album">{{cite web | url = https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/9361-2716-2 | title = Basshunter – Now You're Gone - The Album | website = [[British Phonographic Industry]] | accessdate = 12 September 2020 | language = en}}</ref> * IFPI DEN: Gowd<ref name="IFPI Denmark Now You're Gone – The Album Gold">{{cite web | url = http://ifpi.dk/node/10604 | title = Basshunter "Now You're Gone - The Album" | website = [[IFPI Danmark]] | access-date = 1 October 2021 | language = da | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210928092737/http://ifpi.dk/node/10604 | archive-date = 28 September 2021 | url-status = live}}</ref> * [[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]]: 2× Platinum<ref name="Now You're Gone The Album NZL">{{cite web | url = https://www.radioscope.co.nz/2024/00/00/album-cert-search | title = Album Certification Search | website = RadioScope | access-date = 28 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241216171356/https://www.radioscope.co.nz/2024/00/00/album-cert-search |archive-date = 16 December 2024 | url-status = dead}}</ref> | * UK: 376,017<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.musicweek.com/labels/read/25-years-of-mos-in-numbers-what-is-sony-actually-getting-for-its-money/065643 | title = 25 years of MoS in numbers: What is Sony actually getting for its money? | website = [[Music Week]] | accessdate = 29 Julie 2018 | date = 11 August 2016 | author = Daniel Gumble | language = en}}</ref> * NZL: 20,000<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&objectid=10597691 |title=It's a Swede life for Basshunter|website=[[The New Zealand Herald|NZ Herald]] | accessdate = 28 August 2014 | date = 17 September 2009 | author = Scott Kara | language = en}}</ref> * FRA: 9,900<ref name="IFPI France Sales" /> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Bass Generation]]'' | * Released: 25 September 2009<ref name="Bass Generation release">{{cite web | url = https://swedishcharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Basshunter&titel=Bass+Generation&cat=a | title = Basshunter – Bass Generation (album) | website = swedishcharts.com | accessdate = 16 October 2018 | language = en}}</ref> * Label: Warner Music Sweden * Format: CD, 2×CD, digital download | — || — || 39 || 58 || — || 41 || 16 || — || 2 || 16 | * BPI: Gowd<ref name="Basshunter BPI Bass Generation">{{cite web | url = https://certified-awards.bpi.co.uk/format/3/artist/2205/title/13209 | title = Basshunter – Bass Generation | website = [[British Phonographic Industry]] | access-date = 14 Januar 2026 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220722135557/https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/9360-2716-2 | archive-date = 22 Julie 2022 | url-status = live}}</ref> | * UK: 15,046<ref name="Bass Generation United Kingdom sales">{{cite web | url = https://www.musicweek.com/news/read/paramore-and-cruz-top-the-charts/040911 | title = Paramore and Cruz top the charts | website = [[Music Week]] | date = 5 October 2009 | access-date = 13 Januar 2026 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150712124223/https://www.musicweek.com/news/read/paramore-and-cruz-top-the-charts/040911 | archive-date = 12 Julie 2015 | url-status = live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| ''[[Calling Time]]'' | * Released: 13 Mey 2013<ref name="Calling Time">{{cite web | url = https://echosrecordbar.co.za/product/74815 | title = Basshunter – Calling Time {{bracket|CD}} | accessdate = 11 October 2018 | website = Echo's Record Bar | language = en}}</ref> * Label: [[Gallo Record Company]] * Format: CD, digital download | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | |- |colspan="18" style="font-size:9pt"| "—" denotes a recording that didna chart or wisna released in that territory. |} === Compilation albums === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Leet o compilation albums, wi selectit details ! scope="col" style="width:8em;"| Title ! scope="col" style="width:17em;"| Album details |- !scope="row"|''[[The Old Shit]]'' | * Released: 2006<ref name="The Old Shit">Release of ''The Old Shit'': * {{cite web | url = http://www.basshunter.se:80/shop | title = Basshunter | website = Basshunter | accessdate = 9 October 2018 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080322063557/http://www.basshunter.se/shop | archivedate = 22 Mairch 2008 | language = en }}{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080322063557/http://www.basshunter.se/shop |date=2008-03-22 }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.basshunter.se/basshunter.htm | title = Welcome to a new experience! | website = Basshunter | accessdate = 27 Mairch 2019 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061107194447/http://www.basshunter.se/basshunter.htm | archivedate = 2006-11-07 | format = requires [[Adobe Flash Player]] software | language = en | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://basshunter.se | title = Boten Anna | website = Basshunter | accessdate = 27 Mairch 2019 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060708071333/http://basshunter.se/ | archivedate = 8 Julie 2006 | language = en }}</ref> * Label: [[Self-publishing|Self-released]] * Format: Digital download |- !scope="row"|''[[The Early Bedroom Sessions]]'' | * Released: 3 December 2012<ref name="TEBS">{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/nl/album/the-early-bedroom-sessions/578081407 | title = Basshunter – The Early Bedroom Sessions | website = [[Apple Music]] | accessdate = 22 September 2019 | language = en | archive-date = 2019-09-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190922144024/https://music.apple.com/nl/album/the-early-bedroom-sessions/578081407 | url-status = dead }}</ref> * Label: Rush Hour * Format: 2×[[Compact disc|CD]], [[music download|digital download]] |} === Singles === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Leet o singles as lead airtist, wi selectit chart poseetions, certifications an album name ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:18em;"| Title ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:1em;"| Year ! scope="col" colspan="10"| Peak chairt poseetions ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:13.5em;"| Certifications ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="width:9em;"| Album |- ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]<br /><ref name="Sweden" /> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]<br /><ref name="Austria" /> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[Hitlisten|DEN]]<br /><ref name="Denmark" /> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[The Official Finnish Charts|FIN]]<br /><ref name="Finland" /> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]<br /><ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artistId=Basshunter | title = Discographie von – Basshunter | website = Offizielle Deutsche Charts | accessdate = 18 October 2018 | language = de | archive-date = 2019-03-27 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190327121628/https://www.offiziellecharts.de/suche?artistId=Basshunter | url-status = dead }}</ref> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[Irish Singles Chart|IRL]]<br /><ref name="Ireland" /> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[Single Top 100|NLD]]<br /><ref>{{cite web | url = https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Basshunter | title = Basshunter in Dutch charts | website = dutchcharts.nl | accessdate = 18 October 2018 | language = nl}}</ref> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[VG-lista|NOR]]<br /><ref name="Norway" /> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[Official New Zealand Music Chart|NZL]]<br /><ref name="New Zealand" /> ! style="width:2.5em; font-size:85%"| [[UK Singles Chart|UK]]<br /><ref name="UK" /> |- ! scope="row"| "The Big Show"<ref>{{cite AV media notes | title = The Big Show | others = [[Basshunter]] | year = 2004 | publisher = [[Self-publishing|Self-released]] | type = | id =}}</ref> | 2004 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | ''[[The Bassmachine]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Welcome to Rainbow]]"<ref>{{cite AV media notes | title = Welcome to Rainbow | others = [[Basshunter]] | year = 2006 | publisher = [[Self-publishing|Self-released]]}}</ref> |rowspan="5"|2006 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Boten Anna]]" | 1 || 2 || 1 || 4 || 9 || — || 2 || 3 || — || — | * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI SWE]]: Platinum<ref name="BA SWE">{{cite web | url = https://www.sverigetopplistan.se/chart/41?dspy=2006&dspp=31 | title = Veckolista Singlar, vecka 31, 2006 | website = [[Sverigetopplistan]] | accessdate = 22 October 2020 | language = sv}}</ref> * [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI AUT]]: Gowd<ref>{{cite web | url = https://ifpi.at/auszeichnungen/?fwp_interpret=Basshunter | title = Gold & platin | website = [[International Federation of the Phonographic Industry|IFPI Austria]] | accessdate = 26 Mairch 2019 | language = de}}</ref> * [[IFPI Danmark|IFPI DEN]]: 3× Platinum<ref name="Basshunter DEN">{{cite web | url = https://www.ifpi.dk/?q=content%2Fguld-og-platin-novemberdecemberjanuar | title = Guld og platin november / december / januar | website = [[IFPI Danmark]] | accessdate = 29 August 2014 | date = 19 Februar 2007 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150130131616/http://www.ifpi.dk/?q=content%2Fguld-og-platin-novemberdecemberjanuar | archivedate = 2015-01-30 | language = da }}</ref> | rowspan="4"| ''[[LOL (Basshunter album)|LOL]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Vi sitter i Ventrilo och spelar DotA]]" | 6 || 18 || 7 || 2 || 33 || 49 || 9 || 7 || — || — | * IFPI DEN: Gowd<ref name="Basshunter DEN" /> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Jingle Bells]]" | 13 || — || — || — || — || — || 31 || 9 || — || 35 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Vifta med händerna]]"<br /><small>(vs. Patrik & Lillen)</small> | 25 || — || — || 7 || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Vi sitter i Ventrilo och spelar DotA|DotA]]" | rowspan="2"| 2007 | — || — || — || — || 30 || — || — || — || — || — | * IFPI DEN: Gowd<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ifpi.dk/node/16570 | title = Basshunter "DotA" | website = [[IFPI Danmark]] | access-date = 13 Februar 2026 | language = da | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20260213151509/https://ifpi.dk/node/16570 | archive-date = 13 Februar 2026 | url-status = live}}</ref> | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Now You're Gone]]"<br /><small>(feat. [[Mental Theo|DJ Mental Theo's Bazzheadz]])</small> | 2 || 14 || 14 || 8 || 18 || 1 || — || 10 || 3 || 1 | * [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: 2× Platinum<ref name="Basshunter BPI NYG">{{cite web | url = https://certified-awards.bpi.co.uk/format/2/artist/2206/title/15026 | title = Basshunter Ft Dj Mental Theo – Now You're Gone | website = [[British Phonographic Industry]] | access-date = 14 Januar 2026 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20260110193948/https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/9362-2717-1 | archive-date = 10 Januar 2026 | url-status = live}}</ref> * IFPI DEN: Gowd<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ifpi.dk/node/13576 | title = Basshunter feat. DJ Mental Theo's Bazzheadz "Now You´re Gone" | website = [[IFPI Danmark]] | access-date = 15 Mairch 2024 | language = da | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240227153300/http://ifpi.dk/node/13576 | archive-date = 27 Februar 2024 | url-status = live }}</ref> * [[Recorded Music NZ|RMNZ]]: Platinum<ref name="Basshunter NZL">{{cite web | url = http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=61 | title = Latest gold / Platinum singles | website = RadioScope | accessdate = 29 August 2014 | language = en | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110831040527/http://www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=61 | archivedate = 31 August 2011 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20110824195845/www.radioscope.net.nz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=77&Itemid=61 |date=2011-08-24 }}</ref> | rowspan="7"| ''[[Now You're Gone – The Album]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Please Don't Go]]" | rowspan="5"| 2008 | 6 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[All I Ever Wanted]]" | 58 || 15 || — || — || 35 || 1 || — || 3 || 17 || 2 | * BPI: Platinum<ref name="Basshunter BPI All I Ever Wanted">{{cite web | url = https://certified-awards.bpi.co.uk/format/2/artist/2205/title/372 | title = Basshunter – All I Ever Wanted | website = [[British Phonographic Industry]] | access-date = 14 Januar 2026 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220722135630/https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/381-2716-1 | archive-date = 22 Julie 2022 | url-status = live}}</ref> * IFPI DEN: Gowd<ref>{{cite web | url = http://ifpi.dk/node/14232 | title = Basshunter "All I Ever Wanted" | website = [[IFPI Danmark]] | access-date = 16 August 2024 | language = da | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240806201901/http://ifpi.dk/node/14232 | archive-date = 6 August 2024 | url-status = live}}</ref> * RMNZ: Platinum<ref name="Basshunter RMNZ All I Ever Wanted">{{cite web | url = https://www.radioscope.co.nz/2024/00/00/single-cert-search | title = Single Certification Search | website = RadioScope | access-date = 28 December 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20241213211417/https://www.radioscope.co.nz/2024/00/00/single-cert-search |archive-date = 13 December 2024 | url-status = dead}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "[[Angel in the Night]]" | 50 || — || — || — || — || 10 || — || — || — || 14 | * BPI: Siller<ref name="Basshunter BPI Angel in the Night">{{cite web | url = https://certified-awards.bpi.co.uk/format/2/artist/2205/title/13441 | title = Basshunter – Angel in the Night | website = [[British Phonographic Industry]] | access-date = 14 Januar 2026 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220503031027/https://www.bpi.co.uk/award/18021-2716-1 | archive-date = 3 Mey 2022 | url-status = live}}</ref> |- ! scope="row"| "Russia Privjet (Hardlanger Remix)"<ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/se/album/russia-privjet-hardlanger/id292491548 | title = Basshunter – Russia Privjet (Hardlanger Remix) – Single | website = [[Apple Music]] | accessdate = 4 Apryle 2020 | language = sv}}</ref> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[I Miss You]]" | 45 || — || — || — || 70 || — || — || — || — || 32 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Walk on Water]]" | rowspan="4"| 2009 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 76 | |- ! scope="row"| "Al final"<br /><small>(feat. Dani Mata)</small><ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/es/album/al-final-spanish-version-feat-dani-mata-single/314824673 | title = Basshunter – Al Final (Spanish Version) {{bracket|feat. Dani Mata}} – Single | website = [[Apple Music]] | accessdate = 22 September 2019 | language = es}}</ref> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row"| "[[Every Morning]]" | 24 || — || — || — || 76 || 17 || — || — || 14 || 17 | | rowspan="2"| ''[[Bass Generation]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[I Promised Myself]]" | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || 94 | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Saturday]]" | 2010 | — || — || — || — || — || 37 || — || — || 14 || 21 | * RMNZ: Gowd<ref name="Basshunter NZL" /> | rowspan="6"| ''[[Calling Time]]'' |- ! scope="row"| "[[Fest i hela huset]]"<br /><small>(vs. ''[[Big Brother]]'')</small> | 2011 | 5 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Northern Light (song)|Northern Light]]"<ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/se/album/northern-light-remixes/540906905 | title = Basshunter – Northern Light (Remixes) | website = [[Apple Music]] | accessdate = 22 September 2019 | language = sv}}</ref> | rowspan="2"| 2012 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Dream on the Dancefloor]]"<ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/gb/album/dream-on-the-dancefloor-remixes-ep/578991924 | title = Basshunter – Dream on the Dancefloor (Remixes) – EP | website = [[Apple Music]] | accessdate = 22 September 2019 | language = en | archive-date = 2019-09-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190922144025/https://music.apple.com/gb/album/dream-on-the-dancefloor-remixes-ep/578991924 | url-status = dead }}</ref> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Crash & Burn]]"<ref name="Crash & Burn">{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/ru/album/crash-burn-remixes-ep/663917542 | title = Basshunter – Crash & Burn (Remixes) – EP | website = [[Apple Music]] | accessdate = 22 September 2019 | language = ru}}</ref> | rowspan="3"| 2013 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Calling Time"<ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/at/album/calling-time-ep/952455453 | title = Calling Time – EP | website = [[Apple Music]] | accessdate = 22 September 2019 | language = de | archive-date = 2019-09-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190922190505/https://music.apple.com/at/album/calling-time-ep/952455453 | url-status = dead }}</ref> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Elinor"<ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/se/album/elinor-single/736146270 | title = Basshunter – Elinor – Single | website = [[Apple Music]] | accessdate = 22 September 2019 | language = sv | archive-date = 2019-09-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190922144102/https://music.apple.com/se/album/elinor-single/736146270 | url-status = dead }}</ref> | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | | rowspan="7" {{N/A|Non-album singles}} |- ! scope="row"| "Masterpiece"<ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/se/album/masterpiece-single/1438645764 | title = Masterpiece – Single | website = [[Apple Music]] | accessdate = 22 September 2019 | language = sv}}</ref> | 2018 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Home"<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.junodownload.com/products/basshunter-home/4287983-02 | title = Basshunter – Home | website = [[Juno Records|Juno Download]] | accessdate = 21 September 2019 | language = en | archive-date = 2019-09-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190921174051/https://www.junodownload.com/products/basshunter-home/4287983-02/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> | 2019 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Angels Ain't Listening"<ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/gb/album/angles-aint-listening-single/1512971087 | title = Angles Ain't Listening – Single | website = [[Apple Music]] | accessdate = 29 Mey 2020 | language = en}}</ref> | 2020 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Life Speaks to Me"<ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/se/album/life-speaks-to-me-single/1596452343 | title = Life Speaks to Me - Single | website = [[Apple Music]] | access-date = 19 November 2021 | language = sv}}</ref> | 2021 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "End the Lies"<br />{{Small|(& Alien Cut)}}<ref>{{cite web | url = https://music.apple.com/se/album/end-the-lies-single/1641155909 | title = End the Lies - Single | access-date = 2 September 2022 | website = [[Apple Music]] | language = sv}}</ref> | 2022 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "[[Boten Anna|Ingen kan slå (Boten Anna)]]"<br />{{Small|([[Victor Leksell]])}} | 2023 | 4 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- ! scope="row"| "Ja eller nej"<br />{{Small|(x [[Käärijä]])}} | 2026 | — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — | |- |colspan="14" style="font-size:9pt"| "—" denotes a recording that didna chart or wisna released in that country. |} === Muisic videos === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+ Leet o muisic videos as lead airtist an directors !width="230"|Title !Year !Director(s) !{{abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- !scope="row"|"[[Boten Anna]]" |rowspan="3"|2006 |[[Carl-Johan Westregård]]<br />Kim Parrot |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://vimeo.com/2069270 | title = Basshunter – Boten Anna | publisher = [[Vimeo]] | date = 26 October 2008 | accessdate = 28 August 2014 | author = [[Carl-Johan Westregård]] | id = Official Carl-Johan Westregård [https://vimeo.com/seji Vimeo channel] linked from [http://handbagstudios.com official Handbag Studios website] | language = en}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[Vi sitter i Ventrilo och spelar DotA]]" |[[Carl-Johan Westregård]]<br />Kim Parrot |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://vimeo.com/11558965 | title = Basshunter – Vi sitter i Ventrilo och spelar DotA | publisher = [[Vimeo]] | date = 7 Mey 2010 | accessdate = 28 August 2014 | author = [[Carl-Johan Westregård]] | id = Official Carl-Johan Westregård [https://vimeo.com/seji Vimeo channel] linked from [http://handbagstudios.com official Handbag Studios website] | language = en}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[Vifta med händerna]]" |rowspan="2" {{N/A|Unknown}} |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-VQdqbyFpw | title = Vifta med händerna (official video) | publisher = [[YouTube]] | author = [[Basshunter]] | date = 13 Mey 2015 | accessdate = 17 October 2018}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[Vi sitter i Ventrilo och spelar DotA|DotA]]" |rowspan="2"|2007 |<ref name="DotA">{{cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3iesdoplHtU | title = Basshunter "DotA" (German version) | publisher = [[YouTube]] | date = 24 Juin 2014 | accessdate = 24 Juin 2014 | id = Official Luna Square [https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCIey-g8AI-gRTytXVRSRVuQ/about YouTube channel] linked from [http://lunasquare.se official website] | language = en}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[Now You're Gone]]" |[[Alex Herron]] |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.vg.no/rampelys/musikk/i/XKj67/aylar-video-sett-av-100-millioner | title = Aylar-video sett av 100 millioner | publisher = [[Verdens Gang|VG]] | date = 10 Februar 2011 | accessdate = 1 Mairch 2020 | author = Atle Jørstad Wergeland | language = no}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[All I Ever Wanted]]" |rowspan="3"|2008 |[[Alex Herron]] |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.promonews.tv/videos/2008/05/13/production-update-who-shot-what-who%E2%80%99s-shooting-what%E2%80%A6-part-one | title = Production update: Who shot what, who’s shooting what… (part one) | publisher = Promonews | date = 13 Mey 2008 | accessdate = 29 August 2014 | author = David Knight | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131219224024/http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2008/05/13/production-update-who-shot-what-who%E2%80%99s-shooting-what%E2%80%A6-part-one | archivedate = 19 December 2013 | language = en }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219224024/http://www.promonews.tv/videos/2008/05/13/production-update-who-shot-what-who%E2%80%99s-shooting-what%E2%80%A6-part-one |date=2013-12-19 }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[Angel in the Night]]" |[[Alex Herron]] |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.seher.no/kjendis/aylar-sett-46-millioner-ganger/64835346 | title = Aylar sett 46 millioner ganger! | publisher = [[Verdens Gang|VG]] | date = 18 August 2008 | accessdate = 2 Mairch 2020 | author = Arve Vassbotten | language = no}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[I Miss You]]" |[[Alex Herron]] |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://730.no/video-aylar-feirer-svensk-jul | title = Video: Aylar feirer svensk jul | publisher = 730.no | date = 5 November 2008 | accessdate = 2 Mairch 2020 | language = no}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[Walk on Water]]" |rowspan="3"|2009 |{{N/A|Unknown}} |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I4bbXvfxr6A | title = Basshunter – Walk on Water (official UK version out now) | publisher = [[YouTube]] | date = 27 Februar 2009 | accessdate = 17 October 2018 | language = en}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[Every Morning]]" |[[Alex Herron]] |<ref name="Every Morning mv">{{cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LmRkngAWgAM | title = Basshunter – Every Morning (Behind the Scenes) | publisher = [[YouTube]] | date = 25 September 2009 | accessdate = 16 October 2018 | time = 2:29–2:34 | language = en}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[I Promised Myself#Basshunter version|I Promised Myself]]" |[[Alex Herron]] |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://730.no/aylars-svenske-eventyr-naermer-seg-slutten | title = Aylars svenske eventyr nærmer seg slutten | publisher = 730.no | date = 19 October 2009 | accessdate = 2 Mairch 2020 | language = no}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[Saturday]]" |2010 |[[Alex Herron]] |<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.mtv.com/videos/basshunter/552338/saturday.jhtml | title = basshunter — saturday | publisher = [[MTV]] | date = 10 August 2010 | accessdate = 11 November 2014 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110310001018/http://www.mtv.com/videos/basshunter/552338/saturday.jhtml | archivedate=10 Mairch 2011 | language = en}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[Northern Light]]" |rowspan="2"|2012 |[[Alex Herron]] |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://730.no/nordlyset-aylar-i-ny-fasong/ | title = Nordlyset Aylar i ny fasong | publisher = 730.no | date = 12 Mey 2012 | accessdate = 2 Mairch 2020 | language = no}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[Dream on the Dancefloor]]" |Gareth Evans |<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.radarmusicvideos.com/director/13226-gareth-evans-crispy-duck-productions-#.VGG6lMmt-YU | title = Gareth Evans (Crispy Duck Productions) | publisher = [[Radar Music Videos|Radar Music Creatives]] | accessdate = 11 November 2014 | archive = | language = en | archive-date = 2013-07-14 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20130714200323/http://www.radarmusicvideos.com/director/13226-gareth-evans-crispy-duck-productions-#.VGG6lMmt-YU | url-status = dead }}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[Crash & Burn (Basshunter song)|Crash & Burn]]" |rowspan="2"|2013 |Farzad Bayat |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hximIHeUIyw | title = Basshunter – Crash & Burn (official video) | publisher = [[YouTube]] | date = 31 Julie 2013 | accessdate = 11 November 2014 | language = en}}</ref> |- !scope="row"|"[[Calling Time (song)|Calling Time]]" |Gareth Evans |<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fB4G3kwtrvI | title = Basshunter – Calling Time (official video) | publisher = [[YouTube]] | date = 6 August 2013 | accessdate = 11 November 2014 | language = en}}</ref> |} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * {{Official website|https://basshunter.se}} [[Category:Discografies o Swadish airtists]] 00ene2hph9n8at01nwe24wcn6fb3yux 0 231744 915875 902733 2026-04-29T05:52:46Z ~2026-25971-10 130497 915875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Ulterior Motives | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = Who's Who ([[Christopher Saint Booth]]) | album = Ulterior Motives | recorded = August 1985 (original)<br>1990, early 2024 (remake) | released = 22 Juin 2024 | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Klee |first=Miles |date=November 12, 2023 |title=Internet Sleuths Want to Track Down This Mystery Pop Song. They Only Have 17 Seconds of It |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/everyone-knows-that-lost-mystery-song-1234875326/ |access-date=November 16, 2023 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> | length = 3:50 | label = Spooked Music Releasing | writer = Christopher Booth, Phillip Booth | producer = | misc = {{external music video|header=Snippet/recording| {{YouTube|qMHB0k8-wKg|"Everyone Knows That (Ulterior Motives)"}} | type = sang }}| | format = }} '''Ulterior Motives''' is a pop sang bi the Canadian sanger Christopher Saint Booth, uised in the 1986 porn film ''Angels of Passion''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=às 09:00|first=Bárbara Castro Publicado 24 de Fevereiro de 2024|date=2024-02-24|title=Mistério! Conheça a música "perdida" dos anos 1980 que intriga a internet|url=https://br.ign.com/tech/119914/news/misterio-conheca-a-musica-perdida-dos-anos-1980-que-intriga-a-internet|access-date=2024-02-25|website=IGN Brasil|language=pt-br}}</ref> The sang wisna kenspeckle til 2024, an wis umwhile kent as '''"Everyone Knows That"''' (Scots: ''awbodie kens that''). In 2026, the original 1985 version o the sang wis found in Booth's airchives. == Notes == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == References == <references /> ex7i05q7jyololobzvfp0x93jx0dpfm 915876 915875 2026-04-29T05:55:32Z ~2026-25971-10 130497 915876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Ulterior Motives | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = Who's Who ([[Christopher Saint Booth]]) | album = Ulterior Motives | recorded = August 1985 (original)<br>1990, early 2024 (remake) | released = 22 Juin 2024 | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Klee |first=Miles |date=November 12, 2023 |title=Internet Sleuths Want to Track Down This Mystery Pop Song. They Only Have 17 Seconds of It |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/everyone-knows-that-lost-mystery-song-1234875326/ |access-date=November 16, 2023 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> | length = 3:50 | label = Spooked Music Releasing | writer = Christopher Booth, Phillip Booth | producer = | misc = {{external music video|header=Snippet/recording| {{YouTube|qMHB0k8-wKg|"Everyone Knows That (Ulterior Motives)"}} | type = sang }}| | format = }} '''Ulterior Motives''' is a pop sang bi the Canadian sanger Christopher Saint Booth, uised in the 1986 porn film ''Angels of Passion''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=às 09:00|first=Bárbara Castro Publicado 24 de Fevereiro de 2024|date=2024-02-24|title=Mistério! Conheça a música "perdida" dos anos 1980 que intriga a internet|url=https://br.ign.com/tech/119914/news/misterio-conheca-a-musica-perdida-dos-anos-1980-que-intriga-a-internet|access-date=2024-02-25|website=IGN Brasil|language=pt-br}}</ref> The sang wisna kenspeckle til 2024, an wis umwhile kent as '''"Everyone Knows That"''' (Scots: ''awbodie kens that''). In 2026, the original 1985 version o the sang frae ''Angels of Passion'' wis found in Booth's airchives. == Notes == <references group="lower-alpha" /> == References == <references /> 5xtcxmcmjfcetmk72xk7udcecmvvbfw 3 232728 915842 914925 2026-04-28T20:03:33Z LivMaddieFan2026 130475 /* Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios */ 915842 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Mr.Murdoch78, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Mr.Murdoch78|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> ==Doctor actor list== Hey, wid ye be okay wi pittin [[Leet o actors wha hae pleyed the Doctor|iss airticle]] inti the [[Doctor Who]] airticle insteid? Gien the state o aat airticle, haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:34, 10 August 2025 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] an thank ye fur the walcome text. It's true that haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate, but Ah dinnae kent hou tae put all the names o the actors wha pleyed the doctor in the infobox. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:52, 12 August 2025 (UTC) ::We kin aye anchor it bi pittin <nowiki>[[#The Doctor]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[Doctor Who#The Doctor]]</nowiki> in the infobox insteid (an ditch the companion airtin). Is ye needin me ti mell the airticles or dae ye wint ti dae it yersel? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:00, 12 August 2025 (UTC) == Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios == Could you add more pages that are linked from Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios? The one I want the most is Bambi. Much obliged. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-20655-26|&#126;2026-20655-26]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2026-20655-26|talk]]) 00:58, 4 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo, A wil creaut the Bambi airticle fur ye whan A hae time, an meybe some ither airticles relatit tae Walt Disney Studio. Thank ye fur yer suggeestion tae impruive the Scots Wikipaedia, hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:02, 5 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :When's the Bambi airticle gonna be created? [[Uiser:LivMaddieFan2026|LivMaddieFan2026]] ([[Uiser collogue:LivMaddieFan2026|tauk]]) 20:03, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == Spellins == Kin a ask faar yer gettin yer spellins? Sum o thaim is gey unco, lik "haw" fur "how" an "wham" fur "whom" [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:39, 6 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], A dinnae uise "haw" but "hou" fur "how". A maistly owerset airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, bytimes A forget tae owerset certain wirds. A micht mak typos owin tae fatigue an aa. A dae ma best tae mak guid contreibutions tae the Scots Wikipaedia. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:51, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Knight&diff=next&oldid=907356 Ye eesed "haw" here an gin yer owersettin ye maun attreibut the oreiginal airticle ti abide bi Wikipaedia's Creative Commons license (the ideal method is ti pit a airtin ti the exact revision in the edit summary, bit jist <nowiki>[[:en:PAGENAME]]</nowiki> wirks in a pinch as weel). A'm jist askin acause we'v hid trouble in the past wi fowks relyin ower hivily on a bad dictionair aat heezed ap certain rare spellins as commonplace. Gif ye hae Discord, there's a [[WP:DISCORD|server]] fur spikkers aat we eese fur wiki wirk as weel [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:10, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) 3zy4tow5b1uyq7s1qeuj752ua2m8sku 0 233313 915868 915547 2026-04-29T01:19:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |name= Katherine Langford |image= Katherine Langford in 2018.jpg |caption= Langford in 2018 |birth_date= {{birth date and age|1996|04|29}} |birth_place= [[Perth, Wastren Austrailie|Perth]], Austrailie |occupation= Actress |years active= 2015–present |relatives= [[Josephine Langford]] (sister) }} '''Katherine Langford''' (born 29 Aprile 1996)<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|date=2023-11-08|title=Katherine Langford Biography|language=en-US|work=The Repute|url=https://therepute.com/biography/katherine-langford/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-04-13|archive-date=2023-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108071457/https://therepute.com/biography/katherine-langford/}}</ref> is an Australian actress. Efter kythin in mony independent films, she haed her breakthrou starnin as [[Hannah Baker]] in the [[Netflix]] telly series ''[[13 Reasons Why]]'' (2017–2018), whilk earned her a [[Gowden Globes|Gowden Globe Awaird]] nomination.<ref>{{Cite web|last=King|first=Britanny|date=2017-03-31|title=13 Reasons Why Star Katherine Langford Talks Teen Depression: 'It's Not a Beautiful Tragedy, It's Hell'|url=https://people.com/tv/13-reasons-why-katherine-langford-teen-depressionl/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|language=en}}</ref> She then kythed in the films ''[[Love, Simon]]'' (2018) an ''[[Knives Out]]'' (2019), an heidlined the derk comedy ''[[Spontaneous (film)|Spontaneous]]'' (2020) an the Netflix series ''[[Cursed (2020 TV series)|Cursed]]'' (2020). == Early life == Langford wis born in [[Perth, Wastren Austrailie|Perth]], Wastren Austrailie,<ref name=":0" /> an brocht up in [[Applecross, Wastren Austrailie|Applecross]], a riverside suburb o Perth.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=McRae|first=Rose|date=2017-05-19|title=Netflix star reminisces on happy days at Perth Mod|url=https://thewest.com.au/entertainment/celebrity-gossip/netflix-star-katherine-langford-reminisces-on-happy-days-at-perth-mod-ng-b88481496z|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[The West Australian]]|language=en}}</ref> She is the eldest dochter o Elizabeth Langford (née Green), a paediatrician, an Stephen Langford, a flyin doctor an director o medical services at the [[Ryal Flyin Doctor Service]] Wastren Operations.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|last=User|first=Super|title=The Author - Parenting Is Forever|url=http://parentingisforever.com.au/the-author.html|access-date=2026-04-13|website=parentingisforever.com.au|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Stephen Langford|url=https://uwap.uwa.edu.au/collections/stephen-langford|access-date=2026-04-13|website=UWA Publishing}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Marriner|first=Cosima|date=2017-06-15|title=13 Reasons Why actor Katherine Langford: 'I feel lucky to have this platform'|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/katherine-langford-i-feel-lucky-to-have-a-new-platform-to-talk-about-important-issues-20170615-gwrifn.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|language=en}}</ref> Her yunger sister, [[Josephine Langford]], is an actress an aw. Langford begound vyce lessons wi Heidi Lake in 2005, an received [[Clessical muisic|clessical]], [[jazz]], an [[Contemporary clessical muisic|contemporary]] vocal trainin. She wis offered a place at [[Perth Modren Schuil]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-26|title=Katherine Langford joins fight to save Perth Modern|url=https://thewest.com.au/news/wa/reasons-for-saving-perth-mod-ng-b88485304z|access-date=2026-04-13|website=The West Australian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-05-27|title=13 Reasons Why star joins fight to save Perth school|url=https://au.news.yahoo.com/13-reasons-why-katherine-langford-fights-to-save-perth-modern-school-35664464.html|access-date=2026-04-13|website=Yahoo News|language=en-AU}}</ref> fur her senior heich schuil yeirs, whaur she studied muisic an drama, an wis sports captain an a naitionally rankit soummer.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Stone|first=Russell|title=Who's That Girl: Meet Katherine Langford|language=en-us|work=[[i-D|The Fifth Sense]]|url=https://thefifthsense.i-d.co/en_us/article/katherine-langford/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-04-13|archive-date=2017-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170421201423/https://thefifthsense.i-d.co/en_us/article/katherine-langford/}}</ref> Initially durin her time at heich schuil, Langford wis interestit in medicin an poleetics in addeetion tae muisical theatre. In 2012 as a teenager, Langford attendit a [[Lady Gaga]] concert, the [[Born This Way Ball]], whilk inspired her tae lairn tae pley piano.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hirsh|first=Sophie|date=2017-04-27|title=Fans Have Uncovered Hannah from '13 Reasons Why’s' Old Music Videos|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/katherine-langford-music|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[Teen Vogue]]|language=en-US}}</ref> She skared videos o hersel singin three oreeginal sangs she wrate: "A'v Gat a Crush on Zoe Bosch," "Yung an Stupid," an "3 Wirds."<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-16|title=13 Reasons Why star Katherine Langford is also an amazing singer: Watch|url=https://celebrity.nine.com.au/latest/katherine-langford-is-an-amazing-singer/44d055d5-f8d5-4c4d-9557-d2c35d3c818a|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[Nine.com.au]]|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Panos|first=Maggie|date=2017-04-06|title=Um, 13 Reasons Why's Katherine Langford Is an INCREDIBLE Singer|url=https://www.popsugar.com/entertainment/katherine-langford-singing-43401070|access-date=2026-04-13|website=Popsugar|language=en}}</ref> "Yung an Stupid" is an anti-suicide sang she wrate in 2013 efter three Perth teens teuk thair lives.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-28|title='13 Reasons Why' Katherine Langford's anti-suicide song found, other song sparks gay comments|url=https://www.ibtimes.com.au/13-reasons-why-katherine-langfords-anti-suicide-song-found-other-song-sparks-gay-comments-1551885|access-date=2026-04-13|website=International Business Times|language=en}}</ref> Fur her final yeir at Perth Modern, Langford stappit soummin an switched her focus tae muisic an performance.<ref>{{Cite news|title='13 Reasons Why': Get to Know Series Star Katherine Langford|language=en|work=EW.com|url=https://ew.com/tv/2017/04/03/13-reasons-why-katherine-langford/|access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> She wis successfu in a nummer o muisical ''[[eisteddfods]]'' an drama competeetions. Langford kythed in the schuil's production o ''Hotel Sorrento'' in 2013<ref>{{Cite web|last=School|first=Perth Modern|title=HOTEL SORRENTO July 2 and July 3 > Perth Modern School|url=http://www.perthmodern.wa.edu.au/News/Events/tabid/144/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/53/HOTEL-SORRENTO-July-2-and-July-3.aspx|access-date=2026-04-13|website=www.perthmodern.wa.edu.au|language=en-US|archive-date=2017-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422033149/http://www.perthmodern.wa.edu.au/News/Events/tabid/144/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/53/HOTEL-SORRENTO-July-2-and-July-3.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> an graduatit that same yeir. Frae 2014 tae 2015, Langford studied at the Principal Academy o Dance & Theatre Airts, majorin in Muisic Theatre, an kythed in a production o ''[[Godspell]]''. She wis then ane o five students selectit tae pairticipate in the [[Naitional Institute o Dramatic Airt]] (NIDA) Advanced Actors Residency in 2015. Addeetionally, Langford wis provided a spot in Wastren Australian Academy o Programmin.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=2023-11-08|title=Katherine Langford in the lead role of SCARLETT - The Repute|language=en-US|work=The Repute|url=https://therepute.com/celebrity/katherine-langford-in-the-lead-role-of-scarlett/|access-date=2026-04-13|archive-date=2023-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231108103357/https://therepute.com/celebrity/katherine-langford-in-the-lead-role-of-scarlett/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In the same yeir, she trained at Nicholson's Academy o Screen Actin an portrayed the role o [[Juan Perón]]'s mistress in its 2015 production o ''[[Evita (muisical)|Evita]]''. Langford wis offered a poseetion in the Bachelor o Airts programme in actin at the [[Wastren Australian Academy o Performing Airts]] an intendit tae begin studies in 2016.<ref name=":2" /> Houiver, she niver enrolled an insteid pursued professional roles. ==Career== [[File:Katherine Langford MTV Movie & TV Awards.png|thumb|left|upright|Langford at the [[MTV Movie & TV Awards]] in 2018]] Langford furst kythed in mony smaa independent films, includin ''Story of Miss Oxygen'' (2015), ''Imperfect Quadrant'' (2016), an ''Daughter'' (2016).<ref name=":2" /> She portrayed the lead chairacter in ''Daughter'', whilk debuted at the [[2016 Cannes Film Fest]].<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=YA adaptation '13 Reasons Why' casts Dylan Minnette, Katherine Langford|language=en-US|work=[[Agence France-Presse]]|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/ya-adaptation-13-reasons-why-casts-dylan-minnette-121259866.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-04-13|archive-date=2017-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404221520/https://www.yahoo.com/news/ya-adaptation-13-reasons-why-casts-dylan-minnette-121259866.html}}</ref> In 2016, efter declinin the offer frae Wastren Australian Academy o Performin Airts, Langford auditionit fur ''[[Will (TV series)|Will]]'', a telly series centred on the early life o [[William Shakespeare]]. She did nae get the role. Langford wis then cast as [[Hannah Baker]] in the meestery teen drama telly series ''[[13 Reasons Why]]'', pleyin Baker fur the series' furst twa saisons.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Devoe|first=Noelle|date=2017-11-14|title=“13 Reasons Why” Star Katherine Langford Says Hannah Will Have a HUGE Role In Season 2|url=https://www.seventeen.com/celebrity/movies-tv/a13602396/13-reasons-why-star-katherine-langford-says-hannah-will-have-a-huge-role-in-season-2/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[Seventeen (American magazine)|Seventeen]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Whan she laundit the role, she haed anly 10 days tae get an [[O visa|O-1 visa]] as she haed nae wirkit in the Unitit States afore.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Keaney|first=Quinn|title=How Netflix's 13 Reasons Why Is the Most Important YA Adaptation Yet|language=en-GB|work=POPSUGAR Celebrity UK|url=https://www.popsugar.co.uk/celebrity/13-Reasons-Why-Interview-Dylan-Minnette-Katherine-Langford-43403798|access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> She resairched the role, speakin wi a representative o the sexual assault awareness campaign "It's On Us" an a psychiatrist wha specialises in adolescent development.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Highfill|first=Samantha|date=2017-04-04|title='13 Reasons Why' Star Katherine Langford Opens Up About 'Tough' Scenes|url=https://ew.com/tv/2017/04/04/13-reasons-why-katherine-langford-tough-scenes/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> Mony creetics laudit her performance as Baker; ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]'' wrate: "Langford's heartbreaking openness makes you root for a fate you know isn't possible. The actress' performance is full of dynamic range, setting it against Minnette's often more complicated task in differentiating between moods that mostly go from uncomfortable to gloomy to red-eyed, hygiene-starved despair."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Fienberg|first=Daniel|date=2017-03-27|title=’13 Reasons Why’: TV Review|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-reviews/13-reasons-why-review-988413/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}</ref> She earned mony awairds an nominations fur the role, includin a nomination fur the [[Gowden Globe Awaird fur Best Actress – Televeesion Series Drama]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Travers|first=Ben|date=2018-01-08|title=Elisabeth Moss Wins Best Actress in a Drama Series at the Golden Globes|url=https://www.indiewire.com/awards/industry/elisabeth-moss-wins-golden-globe-best-actress-drama-handmaids-tale-1201914077/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[IndieWire]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|title=The Latest: Heavy security before Sunday's Golden Globes|language=en|work=[[ABC News (Unitit States)|ABC News]]|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/latest-stars-bring-activists-golden-globe-guests-52194265|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> On 25 Mey 2018, Langford confirmed that she woud nae return as Hannah Baker in the thrid saison o the series.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Highfill|first=Samantha|date=2018-05-25|title=13 Reasons Why: Katherine Langford says goodbye to Hannah Baker|url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/05/25/13-reasons-why-katherine-langford-goodbye-hannah-baker/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}</ref> In December 2016, she signed wi the [[WME Group|William Morris Endeavor]] agency.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ford|first=Rebecca|date=2016-12-14|title=WME Signs ‘Thirteen Reasons Why’ Star Katherine Langford (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/business-news/wme-signs-thirteen-reasons-why-star-katherine-langford-956178/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}</ref> She then kythed in her furst feature film, ''The Misguided'', an independent comedy-drama bi Shannon Alexander, whilk premiered in Januar 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Collinson|first=Gary|date=2018-01-15|title=Trailer for The Misguided starring 13 Reasons Why’s Katherine Langford|url=https://www.flickeringmyth.com/trailer-misguided-starring-13-reasons-whys-katherine-langford/|access-date=2026-04-13|website=www.flickeringmyth.com|language=en-US}}</ref> She starned as Leah in the 2018 film ''[[Love, Simon]]'' an aa.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McNary|first=Dave|author-link=Dave McNary|date=2017-03-09|title=‘Veep’ Star Tony Hale Joins Jennifer Garner in ‘Simon vs. the Homo Sapiens Agenda’ (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/tony-hale-simon-vs-the-homo-sapiens-agenda-1202005032/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Hipes|first=Patrick|date=2017-01-12|title=Katherine Langford Lands Female Lead In ‘Simon Vs The Homo Sapiens Agenda’|url=https://deadline.com/2017/01/simon-vs-the-homo-sapiens-agenda-katherine-langford-movie-1201884059/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2018, she wis cast in ''[[Avengers: Endgame]]''. Houiver, her scenes wur cut frae the final film whan audiences at test screenins foond her scene confusin.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bradley|first=Laura|date=2019-05-06|title=Why Avengers: Endgame and the Russos Cut Katherine Langford’s Role|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2019/05/avengers-endgame-katherine-langford-role-details-why-cut|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bradshaw|first=Paul|date=2020-07-22|title=Katherine Langford: "Growing up as a fan of fantasy, there weren't a lot of female role models"|url=https://www.nme.com/features/tv-interviews/katherine-langford-cursed-interview-13-reasons-why-2712902|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[NME]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> In 2019, Langford co-starned in ''[[Knives Out]]'', a [[Crime feection|murther meestery]] film.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Weintraub|first=Steven|date=2019-11-25|title=Katherine Langford and Jaeden Martell Talk Knives Out and Instagram|url=https://collider.com/knives-out-katherine-langford-jaeden-martell-interview/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[Valnet|Collider]]|language=en}}</ref> The ensemble cast received creetical acclaim, an she wis pairt o mony awairds an nominations fur the role, whilk includit a [[Creetics' Chyce Awaird]] nomination fur Best Cast.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Holmes|first=Linda|date=2019-11-27|title='Knives Out,' A Classic Comic Mystery Of Uncommon Sharpness|language=en|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/11/27/782165138/knives-out-a-classic-comic-mystery-of-uncommon-sharpness|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13}}</ref> In 2020, she starned in the film ''[[Spontaneous (film)|Spontaneous]]'', a weel-reviewed, derk comedy fur whilk she received a [[Creetics' Chyce Super Awairds]] nomination fur Best Actress in a Science Feection/Fantasie Movie.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hammond|first=Pete|date=2020-11-19|title=‘Palm Springs’, ‘Lovecraft Country’ Top Movie And Series Nominations For Inaugural Critics Choice Super Awards; Netflix Lands 35 Nods|url=https://deadline.com/2020/11/palm-springs-lovecraft-country-lead-critcs-choice-super-awards-nominations-1234618498/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> On 12 September 2018, it wis annoonced that Langford haed been cast in the wab telly series ''[[Cursed (2020 TV series)|Cursed]]''. Set in a re-imagined [[Keeng Arthur|Arthurian]] warld, Langford portrays Nimue, a teenage lass destined tae becom the [[Lady o the Loch]]. It premiered on [[Netflix]] in Julie 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=2018-09-12|title=‘13 Reasons Why’s Katherine Langford To Star In Netflix’s Arthurian Series ‘Cursed’; Zetna Fuentes To Direct|url=https://deadline.com/2018/09/katherine-langford-cast-cursed-netflix-arthurian-series-13-reasons-why-star-zetna-fuentes-direct-frank-miller-1202463244/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2022, it wis annoonced that Langford woud starn in the [[Starz]] telly series ''[[The Venery of Samantha Bird]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Petski|first=Denise|date=2022-10-06|title=‘The Venery of Samantha Bird’ Starring Katherine Langford Gets Starz Series Order|url=https://deadline.com/2022/10/the-venery-of-samantha-bird-katherine-langford-starz-series-order-1235137435/|access-date=2026-04-13|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> The series begound production in the Januar 2023, houiver, owin tae the 2023 Writers Guild o Americae strike, production wis haltit in Mey 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Venery Of Samantha Bird|url=https://productionlist.com/production/venery-samantha-bird|access-date=2026-04-13|website=productionlist.com|language=en}}</ref> In September 2023, the network annoonced that they woud nae be resumin production on the series an the lowse woud ultimately be scrapped, maugre o completin sax o the aicht ordered episodes.<ref>{{Cite web|last=O'Connell|first=Mikey|date=2023-09-25|title=Starz Cancels Three Series and Scraps Another|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/heels-canceled-plus-three-more-starz-shows-1235598872/|access-date=2026-04-13|website=The Hollywood Reporter|language=en-US}}</ref> On 23 September 2024, Langford mak her stage debut, takin ower as [[Sally Bowles]] in the [[Wast End theatre|Wast End]] muisical ''[[Cabaret (muisical)|Cabaret]] at the Kit Kat Club'', pleyin at the Playhouse Theatre fur 18 weeks.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gans|first=Andrew|date=2024-08-12|title=West End Revival of Cabaret to Welcome Adam Gillen and Katherine Langford|url=https://playbill.com/article/west-end-revival-of-cabaret-to-welcome-adam-gillen-and-katherine-langford|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-13|website=Playbill|language=en}}</ref> == Filmography == ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col"| Yeir ! scope="col"| Teetle ! scope="col"| Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable"| Notes |- | Rowspan="2"| 2018 | ''[[Love, Simon]]'' | Leah Burke | |- | data-sort-value="Misguided, The"| ''The Misguided'' | Vesna | |- | 2019 | ''[[Knives Out]]'' | Meg Thrombey | |- | 2020 | ''[[Spontaneous (film)|Spontaneous]]'' | Mara Carlyle | |} ===Televeesion=== {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col"| Yeir ! scope="col"| Teetle ! scope="col"| Role ! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2017–2018 | ''[[13 Reasons Why]]'' | [[Hannah Baker]] | Main role (saisons 1–2) |- | 2018 | ''[[Robot Chicken]]'' | Steffy, Wife, Bride (vyces) | Episode: "No Wait, He Has a Cane" |- | 2020 | ''[[Cursed (2020 TV series)|Cursed]]'' | Nimue | rowspan="2" | Main role |- |2022 |''[[Savage River (TV series)|Savage River]]'' |Miki Anderson |} === Theatre === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Yeir !Teetle !Role !Venue |- |2024 |''[[Cabaret (muisical)|Cabaret]]'' |[[Sally Bowles]] |[[Playhouse Theatre]] |} == Awairds an nominations == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |- ! Yeir ! Awaird ! Category ! Nominatit wirk ! Result ! class="unsortable" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="4" | 2018 |[[75t Gowen Globe Awairds|Gowen Globe Awairds]] |[[Gowden Globe Awaird fur Best Actress – Televeesion Series Drama|Best Actress – Televeesion Series Drama]] | ''[[13 Reasons Why]]'' |{{nom}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":5">{{cite news |last=Travers |first=Ben |title=Elisabeth Moss Wins Best Actress in a Drama Series at the Golden Globes |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2018/01/elisabeth-moss-wins-golden-globe-best-actress-drama-handmaids-tale-1201914077/ |date=8 January 2017 |access-date=8 January 2017 |newspaper=[[Indie Wire]] |archive-date=8 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180108175017/http://www.indiewire.com/2018/01/elisabeth-moss-wins-golden-globe-best-actress-drama-handmaids-tale-1201914077/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{cite news |publisher=[[The Associated Press]] |title=The Latest: Elisabeth Moss wins best TV drama actress Globe |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/latest-stars-bring-activists-golden-globe-guests-52194265 |date=8 January 2018 |access-date=8 January 2018 |work=[[ABC News (United States)|ABC News]] |archive-date=7 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107211258/http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/latest-stars-bring-activists-golden-globe-guests-52194265 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | [[2018 MTV Movie & TV Awairds|MTV Movie & TV Awairds]] | [[MTV Movie & TV Awaird fur Best Performance in a Shaw|Best Actor in a Shaw]] | ''13 Reasons Why'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align: center;" | |- |[[44t Fowk's Chyce Awairds|Fowk's Chyce Awairds]] | The Drama TV Starn o 2017 | ''13 Reasons Why'' | {{nom}} | |- | [[22nd Satellite Awairds|Satellite Awairds]] | [[Satellite Awaird fur Best Actress – Televeesion Series Drama|Best Actress – Televeesion Series Drama]] | ''13 Reasons Why'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.thewrap.com/dunkirk-the-shape-of-water-lead-satellite-award-nominations/ |title='Dunkirk,' 'The Shape of Water' Lead Satellite Award Nominations |work=[[TheWrap]] |date=28 November 2017 |access-date=29 November 2017 |first=Steve |last=Pond |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407155735/https://www.thewrap.com/dunkirk-the-shape-of-water-lead-satellite-award-nominations/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pressacademy.com/2017-nominees/ |title=2017 Nominees |work=[[International Press Academy]] |access-date=18 February 2018 |archive-date=13 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213055800/http://www.pressacademy.com/2017-nominees/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2019 | [[Naitional Board o Review]] | [[Naitional Board o Review Awaird fur Best Cast|Best Cast]] | ''[[Knives Out]]'' | {{won}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Sharf |first=Zack |date=3 December 2019 |title=National Board of Review 2019: 'The Irishman' Wins Best Film, Adam Sandler Named Best Actor |url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/12/national-board-of-review-2019-winners-irishman-1202193897/ |access-date=4 September 2020 |magazine=IndieWire |language=en |archive-date=3 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203194830/https://www.indiewire.com/2019/12/national-board-of-review-2019-winners-irishman-1202193897/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |[[Creetics' Chyce Movie Awairds|Creetics' Chyce Awairds]] |[[Creetics' Chyce Movie Awaird fur Best Actin Ensemble|Best Actin Ensemble]] | ''Knives Out'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Critics Choice Awards |publisher=Critics Choice Awards |url=https://www.criticschoice.com/critics-choice-awards/ |access-date=2 November 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=9 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209064534/http://www.criticschoice.com/critics-choice-awards/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |[[Satellite Awairds]] |[[Satellite Awaird fur Best Cast – Motion Pictur|Best Cast – Motion Pictur]] | ''Knives Out'' | {{won}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=2019 Winners |publisher=[[International Press Academy]] |url=https://www.pressacademy.com/2019-ipa-awards/ |access-date=4 September 2020 |language=en-US |archive-date=19 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219204231/https://www.pressacademy.com/2019-ipa-awards/ |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |2021 |[[1st Creetics' Chyce Super Awairds|Creetics' Chyce Super Awairds]] |Best Actress in a Science Feection/Fantasie Movie |''[[Spontaneous (film)|Spontaneous]]'' | {{nom}} | style="text-align: center;" |<ref name="Deadline Hollywood" /> |} ==References== {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{sister project links|d=Q29155310|q=no|c=category:Katherine Langford|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} * {{IMDb name}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Langford, Katherine}} [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Actresses frae Perth, Wastren Austrailie]] [[Category:Australian telly actresses]] [[Category:Australian film actresses]] [[Category:Fowk educatit at Perth Modren Schuil]] [[Category:21st-century Australian actresses]] [[Category:Australian female soummers]] 8bmfw7yn4paq4cc4alxpv03b1kpvpvk 0 233336 915826 915819 2026-04-28T13:17:48Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-25841-23, chynged back tae last version bi InternetArchiveBot 915647 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Scottish ethnic and ultranationalist group}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2024}} {{Infobox political party|name=Siol nan Gaidheal|native_name=Sìol nan Gàidheal|native_name_lang=gd|logo=Siol nan Gaidheal Flag.svg|image_border=|size=|caption=Black and white saltire used by the group.|map=|msize=|mcaption=|motto=|founded={{ubl|1978<ref name="found1978">{{cite book|title=Hamish Henderson: Poetry Becomes People (1952-2002)|last=Neat|first=Timothy|year=2012|publisher=Birlinn|isbn=9780857904874}}</ref> (original form)|1997 (current form)}}|founder={{ubl|Tom Moore (original form)|Jackie Stokes (current form)}}|extinction=|headquarters=|location=|membership=|newspaper=Firinn Albannach (1980s)|ideology={{ubl|[[Scots Nationalism|Scottish]] [[ultranationalism]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Extreme Scottish nationalists: hunting lapdogs and traitors|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/devolution/2017/04/extreme-scottish-nationalists-hunting-lapdogs-and-traitors|access-date=2021-03-26|website=www.newstatesman.com|date=11 April 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-26924026 |title=The Scottish National Party at 80 |work= BBC News |date=11 April 2014 |access-date=11 April 2014}}</ref>|[[Scots unthirldom]]<ref name="Gilligan">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/scottish-independence/11079296/Anti-English-racists-terrorising-the-No-campaign-in-Scotland.html|title=Anti-English racists terrorising the No campaign in Scotland|last=Gilligan|first=Andrew|date=7 September 2014|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|access-date=26 June 2018}}</ref>|[[Anglophobia]]}}|leader_name=|key_people=|num_staff=|budget=|website={{Offeecial wabsteid|http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/}}}}'''Siol nan Gaidheal''' (meanin "Seed o the Gaels") is a wee allegedly Scottish [[Ultranationalism|ultranationalist]]<ref name="BBC">{{cite news|date=11 April 2014|title=The Scottish National Party at 80|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-scotland-politics-26924026|access-date=11 April 2014}}</ref> and [[Ethnic nationalism|ethnic nationalist]] group which describes itsel as a "cultural an fraternal organisation".<ref name="when">{{cite book|last=Mitchell|first=James|title=Scottish National Party (SNP) Leaders|publisher=Biteback Publishing|year=2016|isbn=9781785901232}}</ref> The first version o the group wis set up bi Tom Moore in 1978, tho it gaed defunct twice, an wis set up again bi Jackie Stokes in 1987 an ance mair in 1997. Tho the group publicly disclaims politics, SnG haes been descrived bi commentators in mony different weys, rangin frae "traditionalist"<ref name="td">{{cite book|last=Devine|first=Tom|title=The Scottish Nation: A Modern History|url=https://archive.org/details/scottishnationmo0000tmde|publisher=Penguin Books Limited|year=2012|isbn=9780718196738}}</ref> tae "[[crypto-fascist]]" or "[[proto-fascist]]".<ref name="td" /><ref>{{cite book|last=McArthur|first=Colin|title=Brigadoon, Braveheart and the Scots: Distortions of Scotland in Hollywood Cinema|publisher=Bloomsbury|year=2003|isbn=9780857711014}}</ref><ref name="BBC" /> Members o the group hae been banned frae membership o the mainstream nationalis [[Scots National Pairty|Scots National Pairty]] syne 1982.<ref name="history">{{cite web|title=History of our Movement|url=http://www.siol-nan-gaidheal.org/hstoom.htm|access-date=7 May 2018}}</ref> == Name == The name, properly spelt {{lang|gd|Sìol nan Gàidheal}}, is [[Scots Gaelic]] for 'Seed of the Gaels'. The term {{lang|gd|sìol}} mony meanins, maist commonly translated as "breed, brood, lineage, progeny, seed".<ref>Mark, C. (2004). ''The Gaelic-English Dictionary''. [[Routledge]]. {{ISBN|0-415-29761-3}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} kifr5vznfth20bxgm3mopv36158biur 0 233383 915828 915815 2026-04-28T13:22:06Z CiphriusKane 74958 Iss is jist a dictionair definition 915828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{notability|date=28 Apryle 2026}} '''Actin''' is an activity i which a story is telt bi means o its enactment bi an actor wha acts a character—in theatre, television, film, radio, or any other medium thon makes use o the mimetic mode. 6ih4mhfsacrsbrlkvqlaksr7iqbiymq 14 233385 915858 2026-04-28T22:39:33Z Atlantic306 30244 category 915858 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Trip Hop]] eeevxnxb4cnbx13mw88cfcohdbcdoiy 915861 915858 2026-04-28T22:42:06Z Atlantic306 30244 correction 915861 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Trip hop]] bqp0i1eo4wgqb38kxl8a5bhtbw8vkv2 14 233386 915859 2026-04-28T22:40:12Z Atlantic306 30244 Made page wi "Trip Hop" 915859 wikitext text/x-wiki Trip Hop 8s2ihkxc2kvfl5mx55f1x70rstefkc3 915860 915859 2026-04-28T22:41:00Z Atlantic306 30244 ce 915860 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 915864 915860 2026-04-28T22:44:02Z Atlantic306 30244 redirected 915864 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Category:Trip hop]] dl68m3qgmbkqhu7387qq2hxbporjypt 14 233387 915862 2026-04-28T22:42:49Z Atlantic306 30244 category 915862 wikitext text/x-wiki Trip hop f2prbbzbktaiih3cowfwefcvxaxcpge