Jesus Christ

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  <page>
    <title>Jesus Christ</title>
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      <text bytes="9505" sha1="3b0oh2494semite38hezgajesmkz4gd" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Kramskoi Christ dans le désert.jpg|thumb|Jesus bi Ivan Kramskoi]]
'''Jesus''' (&lt;abbr&gt;c.&lt;/abbr&gt; 6 to 4 BC – AD 30 or 33) or '''Jesus Christ,''' also refert to as '''Jesus o Nazareth''' among mony ither names and teetles, wis a 1st century Jewish prophet and releegious leader. In Christianity, he is the anly son o God an Mary is his mither. Jesus is kent as a prophet in Islam an aw. In Christianity, Jesus Christ sacrifeeced hissel for humanity an his follaeers fur that they can be forgien for their sins.

(''Aw Biblical quotes in this airticle haes been taen frae [[William Laughton Lorimer|W.L Lorimer's translate]]'')

== His Life an Darg ==
=== Bairnheid an Early Life ===
Gaun by the Gospels, Jesus wis born in the clachan o [[Bethlehem]], sax mile frae [[Jerusalem|Jesusalem]]. Tho his faimily wis frae [[Nazareth]], his faither haed come frae Bethlehem oreeginally an haed tae gang there for tae be registrate durin a census, an while there Jesus wis born. Maist modren historians jalouses that he was born atween 6 an 4 BC. Christians jalouses that he wis born (or &quot;begatten&quot;) o the Haly Speerit an his mither Mary, wha they threap wis a maiden at the time. E'en sae, he haed a yirdly faither, cried Joseph. Joseph semss tae hae been a skeely craftsman o some kynd, aften hauden tae hae been a jyner, an it is for ordinar said that Jesus wis a jyner an aw whan he grew up. Like aw Jewish lads, he wad hae been circumcised at aicht day auld an brocht up wi kennin o the Torah (Jewish Law) an Jewish customs.

Gey little is kent anent his bairnheid, tho in his ''Gospel'' Matthew scrieves that efter his birth his faimily flee'd for some time tae Egypt for tae evyte [[King Herod]], wha haed ordered that aw bairns in Bethlehem be kilt, syne the wyce men frae the East tauld him they jaloused the King o the Jews haed been born. This pit Herod in a richt fankle an, syne he kent fine weel he wisna popular ava wi the fowk, he thocht this new born bairn micht kythe as a leader o opposeetion tae him. Joseph wis wairned anent this in a dream, an teuk the gate tae Egypt till Herod wis deid.

The ae story o Jesus' bairnheid kythes in ''The Gospel o Luke'' tellin that the faimily war in Jerusalem for the [[Passower]] festival (ane o the maist important Jewish festivals). The story gaes that Jesus cam tae be skailed frae his fowks, an whan they realised this, they gaed tae the Temple for tae find him. There he wis settin toung tae issues anent the Torah wi Doctors o the Law that wwis amazed at his kennin (syne tradeetion hauds that he wis anerly aboot twal year auld, tho this nummer disna kythe in the accoont Luke gies). Some scholars haes threapit that Jesus wisna a bairn at the time, an the Doctors o the Law wis in fact amazed bi a laich jyner kennin sae muckle anent the Law.

=== Bapteesim an Temptation ===
Aw three o ''The Seenoptic Gospels'' records the Bapteesm o Jesus bi [[John the Bapteezer]], (that Luke threaps wis Jesus' kizzen) an pynt tae this as the stairtin o Jesus' meenistry-darg. It seems that Jesus gaed doun tae the River Jordan whaur John wad bapteeze the fowk that cam til him, an speired that John dae the same til him. John wis at first sweirt tae dae sae syne he jaloused Jesus wis greater nor himsel:

:''But John socht tae hender him: &quot;I hae need tae be baptízed by ye,&quot; qo he, &quot;an come ye tae me?''
:''But Jesus answert, &quot;Lat it be sae for the nou; we behuive tae dae this, gin we ar tae dae God's will in aathing.&quot; Syne John loot him hae his will.'' (Matthew 3: 14-15)

Efter this, God sent doun his Speerit in the form o a dou, for tae bliss him. Syne Jesus gaed tae the muirs for fowerty days for tae fast an pray afore his meenistry-darg. While he wes there, Sautan cam til him an temptit him for tae turn him aside frae the gate he ettelt tae tak (i.e. Sautan ettelt tae rauchle Jesus' meenistry-darg wi sin). Housome'ev, Jesus resistit thir temptations an efter the fowerty days wis ower he quat the muirs for tae stairt his wark.

=== Meenistry-Darg ===
Efter he quat the muirs, Jesus stairtit his meenistry-darg. Hou lang this lestit for isna clear. ''The Gospel o John'' seems tae indicate that it lestit for three year (syne three sindry Passower feasts kythes in his Gospel), but some interpretations o ''The Seenoptic Gospels'' coud be said tae haud that it lestit anerly the ae year. The problem is made mair teuch bi the fact that the ''Gospels'' aften taks a raither theological sklant tae chronology, sae events coud be pitten in deeferent orders for tae mak a theological pynt.&lt;br /&gt;
Still an on, it is certain that while he wis at his darg, Jesus wis attractin muckle thrangs that cam tae hear him speak an preach the Kinrick o Heiven. His teachins wis anent sic things as bein hummle, luve for God an Man an ither things sib tae them forby thon. He taucht anent the need tae repent o sins an the comin o the end o the yird an aw. The ''Gospels'' records that durin his meenistry-darg, Jesus performed mony ferlies, sic as healins, ruisin up the deid an siclike. Muckle o his time wes spent ettlin tae bring ower sinners sic as hures an tax-gaitherers (that war seen as traitors tae their ain fowk syne they sidit wi the Romans) syne he threapit that:

:''&quot;It isna the haill an fere hes need o the doctor, but the síck an dwinin...I haena come tae invíte the weill-lívin, but outlans an ill-daers.'' (Matthew 9: 12-13)

Forby thon, Jesus taucht anent the heepocrisy o the Jewish leaders an agin strict legalism, that made-him-na popular wi the authorities. His claims anent himsel (re: bein the Messiah) gart mony o the leaders tae haud him as a blasphemer an aw, an it seems it wisna lang afore they war drauchtin again him.

=== Arrest, Trial, Daith an Yirdin ===
Somtime aboot the Passower, the Jewish leaders decidit tae kill Jesus, an teuk in the hulp o Judas Iscariot, ane o Jesus' follaers. He begeckit Jesus tae thaim, an he wis reestit an pitten on trial. Efter bein speired at bi the Sanhedrin (the Jewish waldin cooncil) an Pontius Pilate (the Roman heidman o Jerusalem), it wis decidit that he wad be execute. Syne Jesus' releegious &quot;crimes&quot; wadna be wirth the daith penalty unner Roman Law, the Jewish leaders tauld Pilate that syne he threapit tae be &quot;King o the Jews&quot; he wis a thrait tae Rome an Roman owerins - a rebel (anti-Roman sentiment wis dreidit, an unco common, an wad later lead tae open rebellion an the rauchle o Jerusalem in AD 70). Sae it wis that Jesus wis crucifee'd. ''The Gospels'' aw grees that Jesus dee'd muckle faster nor maist fowk that's crucifee'd.

Christians jalouses that Jesus haed tae dee as a saicrifice for aw the sins o aw the fowk, an that he kent anent Judas' begeckin aforehaund. In [[Judaism]], saicrifices o beasts sic as sheep an gaits wis needit for the forgien o sins, but Christains haud that Jesus wis the ae perfit saicrifice, an that he cam til the yird:

:''tae gíe his life as a ransom for monie.'' (Mark 10:45)

Efter he wis deid, ane o the Seenagogue leaders, a chiel cried Joseph o Arimathea teuk his corp an yirdit him in his ain graff.

The feck o Muslims hauds that Jesus dee'dna on the cross ava, an haes twa-three theories anent hou he joukit frae daith includin that he wis substitute for anither chiel (sic as Judas Iscariot or Simon o Cyrene) afore the crucifeection, an that he joukit frae Jerusalem.

=== Raisin Up ===
Christians jalouses that Jesus wis raised up days efter his daith. He wis kilt on the Friday efternuin, an gaun by ''The Gospels'' he wis raised up frae the deid on the Sunday morn that in Jewish upcastin is three days (syne in Jewish upcast pairt o a day coonts as ae day). Tho ''The Gospel'' accoonts isna exact the same, they aw gree that a smaw curn o weemen, includin Mary Magdalene an Mary the Mither o Jesus cam til the graff for tae annynt Jesus' corp wi spices efter the Jewish cuistom. They record twa-three kythins tae the disciples an Luke scrieves o his gaun up til the lift afore a thrang. Christians jalouses that in his raisin up, Jesus defeatit daith an the pouer o Sautan, an this is ane o the maist important Christian beliefs.

== Name ==
The name Jesus is an translate o a common Jewish name kent as Joshua (bein in Ebrue '''''Yahosha''''' - ''The Laird is ma hulp''). He is aften cried ''Jesus Christ'' - frae the Greek Χριστός (''Christós'') that means ''The Annyntit Ane'' that in Ebreu is מָשִׁיחַ (''Mašía''), for ordinar transleeterate as ''Messiah''. This comes frae the Jewish custom o annyntin kings wi ile at their crounin. It shoud be merkit that ''Christ'' an ''Messiah'' is teetles an no names. Jesus is cried ''Jesus o Nazareth'' forby, syne Nazareth is the clachan whaur he is jaloused tae hae bidit for maist o his life.

== Ither airticles sib tae this ane ==
* [[Christenmas]]
* [[Bible|The Bible]]
** [[New Testament|The New Testament]]
** [[William Laughton Lorimer|Lorimer's translate]]

== Fremmit Airtins ==
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08374c.htm/ Papist Kirk Encyclopaedia entries anent Jesus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925205354/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08374c.htm |date=2007-09-25 }}
* [http://www.artcyclopedia.com/featuredarticle-2001-04.html/ Jesus in airt]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.crissbooks.blogspot.com Wassup With Jesus?]

{{pp-semi-indef}}

{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Christianity]]
[[Category:Releegion]]
[[Category:0s BC births]]
[[Category:30s daiths]]</text>
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    <title>Dunfermline Athletic F.C.</title>
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| clubname          = Dunfermline Athletic
| image             = [[File:DAFC current logo 2011 onwards trans.png|200px|Club crest]]
| fullname          = Dunfermline Athletic Football Club
| nickname          = ''The Pars''
| founded           = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1885|6|2}}&lt;ref name=&quot;DAFC history&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://dafc.co.uk/story.php?t=History:_1895_to_1959&amp;ID=3747 |title=History: 1985 to 1959 |publisher=Dunfermline Athletic FC |accessdate=2 June 2015 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001152032/https://dafc.co.uk/story.php?t=History:_1895_to_1959&amp;ID=3747 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ground            = [[East End Park]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Dunfaurlin]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Fife]]
| capacity          = {{SPFL-stadiums|dunfermline}}&lt;ref name=&quot;capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.dafc.co.uk/story.php?t=DAFC_Board_Changes&amp;ID=9327 |title=DAFC board changes |publisher=dafc.co.uk |date=3 June 2016 |accessdate=3 June 2016 |archive-date=2018-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180521104301/https://dafc.co.uk/story.php?t=DAFC_Board_Changes&amp;ID=9327 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| chairman          = Ross McArthur&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnstone manager&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://dafc.co.uk/story.php?t=DAFC_APPOINT_NEW_FIRST_TEAM_MANAGER&amp;ID=8475 |title=DAFC appoint new First Team Manager |publisher=DAFC |accessdate=8 May 2015 |archive-date=2015-05-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508195159/http://www.dafc.co.uk/story.php?t=DAFC_appoint_new_First_Team_Manager&amp;ID=8475 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| manager           = [[Allan Johnston]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnstone manager&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Johnstone manager BBC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/32659299 |title=Allan Johnston: Dunfermline appoint former Kilmarnock boss |publisher=BBC Sport |accessdate=8 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| current           = 2017–18 Dunfermline Athletic F.C. season
| league            = {{Scottish football updater|DunfermA}}
| season            = 2025–26
| position          = 4th
| website           = http://dafc.co.uk/
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'''Dunfermline Athletic fitbaw Club''' are a [[Scotland|Scots]] [[fitbaw]] team based in [[Dunfermline]], [[Fife]], commonly kent as just ''Dunfermline''. They play at [[East End Park, Dunfermline|East End Park]] an are nicknamed ''The Pars''.

==Achievements==
===Honours===
* [[Scots fitbaw League First Diveesion|Scots First Diveesion]] Champions – 1989, 1996
* [[Scots fitbaw League Seicont Diveesion|Scottish Seicont Diveesion]] Champions – 1926, 1986
* [[Scottish Championship]] Champions - 2015/16
* [[Scots Cup]] – Winners – 1961, 1968; Runners-up – 1965, [[2004 Scottish Cup Final|2004]], [[2007 Scottish Cup Final|2007]]
* [[Scots League Cup]] – Runners-up 1950, 1992, [[2006 Scots League Cup Final|2006]]
* [[Scots Challenge Cup]] – Runners-up [[2008 Scots Challenge Cup Final|2008]]
* [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup]] – Semi-finals [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1968–69#Semi-finals|1969]]; Quarter-finals [[UEFA Cup Winners' Cup 1961–62#Quarter finals|1962]]
* [[Inter Cities Fairs Cup]] Quarter-Finalists 1965–66

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Commonscat|Dunfermline Athletic FC}}

[[Category:Dunfermline Athletic F.C.| ]]
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Scotland]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1885]]
[[Category:Scottish Premier League teams]]
[[Category:1885 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Scottish Football League teams]]
[[Category:Scots Cup winners]]
[[Category:Scottish Professional Football League teams]]
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Fife]]


{{Stub/Scotland}}</text>
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    <title>Ross County F.C.</title>
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| nickname    = The Staggies
| ground      = [[Victoria Park, Dingwall|Victoria Park]],  [[Dingwall]]
| capacity    = {{SPFL-stadiums|ross}}&lt;ref name=&quot;capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/ross-county/ |title=Ross County Football Club|publisher=Scottish Professional Football League |accessdate=30 September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| season      = {{Scottish football updater|RossCoun2}}
| current     = 2019–20 Ross County F.C. season
| clubname    = Ross County
| image       = Ross County F.C. logo.png
| image_size  = 175px
| fullname    = Ross County Football Club
| founded     = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1929}}
| chairman    = Roy MacGregor
| mgrtitle    = Co-managers
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| league = 
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| website     = http://www.rosscountyfootballclub.co.uk/

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'''Ross County''' (or the ''Staggies'') plays thair games at Victoria Park in [[Dingwal]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ross County F.C.| ]]
[[Category:Sport in Hieland (cooncil aurie)]]
[[Category:Umwhile Highland Football League teams]]
[[Category:Ross an Cromarty]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1929]]
[[Category:1929 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Scottish Premier League teams]]
[[Category:Scottish Football League teams]]
[[Category:Scottish Challenge Cup winners]]
[[Category:Scottish Professional Football League teams]]
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| clubname    = Ayr Unitit
| image       =File:Ayr United Crest.png
| fullname    = Ayr Unitit Fitbaw Club
| nickname    = The Honest Men&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ayrunitedfc.co.uk/about_club_directory.asp |title=Ayr United FC |accessdate=25 August 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320223122/http://www.ayrunitedfc.co.uk/about_club_directory.asp |archivedate=20 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320223122/http://www.ayrunitedfc.co.uk/about_club_directory.asp |date=2012-03-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| founded     = {{Start date and age|1910|df=yes}}
| ground      = [[Somerset Pairk]]
| capacity    = {{SPFL-stadiums|ayr}}&lt;ref name=&quot;capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/ayr-united/ |title=Ayr United Football Club|publisher=Scottish Professional Football League |accessdate=11 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1,597 seatit)
| chairman    = David Smith
| manager     = [[Scott Brown (fitbawer, born Juin 1985)|Scott Brown]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-01-23|title=Scott Brown: Ayr United appoint ex-Celtic &amp; Scotland captain as new head coach|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/68069102|access-date=2025-11-14|website=BBC Sport|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| captain     = [[Steven Bell]]
| league      = [[Scottish Championship|Scots Championship]]
| season      = 2025–2026
| position    = [[Scottish Championship|Scots Championship]], 7th o 10
| website     = http://www.ayrunitedfc.co.uk/
| current     =  |

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'''Ayr Unitit''' are a [[Scotland|Scots]] [[fitbaw]] team that pley at [[Somerset Park|Somerset Pairk]] in the toun o [[Ayr]], wha compete in the [[Scottish Championship|Scots Championship]]. Foundit in 1910 fae a merger atween Ayr F.C. an Ayr Parkhouse F.C., thir byname is ''The Honest Men'', fae a line in the [[Robert Burns]] poem &quot;[[Tam o' Shanter]]&quot;.

==History==
Ayr Unitit war foondit in 1910 follaein a merger atween the touns twa existin clubs, Ayr an Ayr Parkhoose, whilk remeens the anely merger atween league clubs in Scotland. Efter the merger, Ayr Unitit continued tae pley in Division 2 an wint oan tae finish in secont place in thir first season. Thay wint oan tae win the league fur the nixt twa consecutive seasons afore becomin the first club tae be promotit tae Division 1, raither than be elecked. Efter finishin mid-table in thir first yeir in the tap flicht, Ayr appointit thir first manager, Herbert Dainty, wha teuk the club tae fowert place afore gangin fur [[Dundee United F.C.|Dundee Hibs]] in 1915. Lawrence Gemson teuk ower fae Dainty an teuk Ayr tae anither fowert place finish an then tae fifteent an echteent at the heicht o the [[Warld War I|First Warld War]]. Efter the war haed finished, Ayr apointit former Parkhoose pleyer an [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]] pleyer-manager John Cameron as thir new manager follaein his release fae a civilian detention camp in [[Berlin]] in 1918. Cameron teuk Ayr back ap tae fift in the League afore takin retiral efter ane season. James McDonald replaced Cameron an his fower seasons brocht mair mid-table stability wi three fowerteent an ane tent place finish. [[James Hay|Jimmy Hay]] teuk ower in 1924 an brocht Ayr's first relegation in his first yeir as manager at Somerset Pairk.

Jimmy Hay remeened on as manager o Ayr Unitit in Division 2 but wis close tae missin oot oan promotion back tae the tap flicht bi ane pynt. Hay accused an Ayr Unitit director o match fixin leadin Hay tae be banned 'sine-die' fae fitbaw. [[Archie Buchanan]] teuk ower at Ayr in 1926 an finished in echt place afore winnin the title agane the follaein season. 
==Honours==
*'''[[Scottish Championship|Secont Tier]]:''' 
**'''Winners (6):''' 1911–12, 1912–13, 1927–28, 1936–37, 1958–59, 1965–66
**'''Runners-Up (4):''': 1910–11, 1955–56, 1968–69, 2000–01

*'''[[Scottish League One|Third Tier]]:'''
**'''Winners (3):''' 1987–88, 1996–97, 2017–18&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2018-04-28|title=Scottish League One: Ayr United pip Raith Rovers to title and automatic promotion|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/43936090|access-date=2025-11-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
**'''Runners-Ap (3):''' 2008-09, 2010-11, 2015-16

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Ayr United F.C.| ]]
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Scotland]]
[[Category:Sport in Ayr]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1910]]
[[Category:1910 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Scottish Football League teams]]
[[Category:South of Scotland Football League teams]]
[[Category:Scottish Professional Football League teams]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Greenock Morton F.C.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4082</id>
    <revision>
      <id>916155</id>
      <parentid>882703</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T12:15:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makenzis</username>
        <id>43742</id>
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      <origin>916155</origin>
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      <text bytes="2636" sha1="611iv5fxb9dpeemrri17k9kamu3arg6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club
| clubname   = Greenock Morton
| image       = Greenock Morton FC logo.svg
| image_size  = 150px
| fullname    = Greenock Morton Football Club
| nickname    = The Ton&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Club Info|url=http://www.gmfc.net/Club%20Info/|publisher=Greenock Morton F.C.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819214239/http://www.gmfc.net/Club%20Info/|archivedate=19 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| current     = 2017–18 Greenock Morton F.C. saison
| founded     = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1874}} (as Morton F.C.)&lt;ref name=clubhistory&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gmfc.net/Club%20Info/History|title=Club History|accessdate=11 November 2009|publisher=Greenock Morton F.C.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310125149/http://www.gmfc.net/Club%20Info/History|archivedate=10 March 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ground      = [[Cappielow|Cappielow Park]]&lt;br /&gt;Sinclair Street&lt;br /&gt;[[Greenock]]
| capacity    = {{SPFL-stadiums|morton}}&lt;ref name=&quot;capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/morton/ |title=Greenock Morton Football Club |publisher=Scottish Professional Football League |accessdate=11 November 2013 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419012922/https://spfl.co.uk/clubs/morton |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (5,741 seated)
| chairman    = [[Douglas Rae (businessman)|Douglas Rae]]
| owner       = Golden Casket Group
| manager     = [[David Hopkin]]
| league      = {{Scottish football updater|GreenocM}}
| season      = 
| position    = 

&lt;!-- Hame kit --&gt;
| pattern_la1 = _blueborder
| pattern_b1  = _bluehoops
| pattern_ra1 = _blueborder
| pattern_sh1 = _bluesides
| pattern_so1 = _bluehorizontal
| leftarm1    = FFFFFF
| body1       = FFFFFF
| rightarm1   = FFFFFF
| shorts1     = FFFFFF
| socks1      = FFFFFF
&lt;!-- Awey kit --&gt;
| pattern_la2 = _gmorton1920a
| pattern_b2  = _gmorton1920a
| pattern_ra2 = _gmorton1920a
| pattern_sh2 = _gmorton1920a
| pattern_so2 = _gmorton1920a
| leftarm2    = FFFFFF
| body2       = FFFFFF
| rightarm2   = FFFFFF
| shorts2     = FFFFFF
| socks2      = FFFF00
| website = https://www.gmfc.net/
}}

'''Greenock Morton''' plays thair games at Cappielow Park in [[Greenock]]. Local rivals are [[St Mirren]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Scotland]]
[[Category:Greenock Morton F.C.| ]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1874]]
[[Category:Sport in Inverclyde]]
[[Category:1874 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Scottish Football League teams]]
[[Category:Scots Cup winners]]
[[Category:Scottish Professional Football League teams]]
[[Category:Greenock]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>916156</id>
      <parentid>916155</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T12:15:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makenzis</username>
        <id>43742</id>
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      <origin>916156</origin>
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      <text bytes="2648" sha1="2jxma7shb6blbd8cs5wtuy6mlvlqhf5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club
| clubname   = Greenock Morton
| image       = Greenock Morton FC logo.svg
| image_size  = 150px
| fullname    = Greenock Morton Football Club
| nickname    = The Ton&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Club Info|url=http://www.gmfc.net/Club%20Info/|publisher=Greenock Morton F.C.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080819214239/http://www.gmfc.net/Club%20Info/|archivedate=19 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| current     = 2017–18 Greenock Morton F.C. saison
| founded     = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1874}} (as Morton F.C.)&lt;ref name=clubhistory&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gmfc.net/Club%20Info/History|title=Club History|accessdate=11 November 2009|publisher=Greenock Morton F.C.|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310125149/http://www.gmfc.net/Club%20Info/History|archivedate=10 March 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ground      = [[Cappielow|Cappielow Park]]&lt;br /&gt;Sinclair Street&lt;br /&gt;[[Greenock]]
| capacity    = {{SPFL-stadiums|morton}}&lt;ref name=&quot;capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/morton/ |title=Greenock Morton Football Club |publisher=Scottish Professional Football League |accessdate=11 November 2013 |archive-date=2023-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419012922/https://spfl.co.uk/clubs/morton |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (5,741 seated)
| chairman    = [[Douglas Rae (businessman)|Douglas Rae]]
| owner       = Golden Casket Group
| manager     = [[David Hopkin]]
| league      = {{Scottish football updater|GreenocM}}
| season      = 2025–26
| position    = 8th

&lt;!-- Hame kit --&gt;
| pattern_la1 = _blueborder
| pattern_b1  = _bluehoops
| pattern_ra1 = _blueborder
| pattern_sh1 = _bluesides
| pattern_so1 = _bluehorizontal
| leftarm1    = FFFFFF
| body1       = FFFFFF
| rightarm1   = FFFFFF
| shorts1     = FFFFFF
| socks1      = FFFFFF
&lt;!-- Awey kit --&gt;
| pattern_la2 = _gmorton1920a
| pattern_b2  = _gmorton1920a
| pattern_ra2 = _gmorton1920a
| pattern_sh2 = _gmorton1920a
| pattern_so2 = _gmorton1920a
| leftarm2    = FFFFFF
| body2       = FFFFFF
| rightarm2   = FFFFFF
| shorts2     = FFFFFF
| socks2      = FFFF00
| website = https://www.gmfc.net/
}}

'''Greenock Morton''' plays thair games at Cappielow Park in [[Greenock]]. Local rivals are [[St Mirren]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Scotland]]
[[Category:Greenock Morton F.C.| ]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1874]]
[[Category:Sport in Inverclyde]]
[[Category:1874 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Scottish Football League teams]]
[[Category:Scots Cup winners]]
[[Category:Scottish Professional Football League teams]]
[[Category:Greenock]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Partick Thistle F.C.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4083</id>
    <revision>
      <id>916162</id>
      <parentid>905973</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T12:47:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makenzis</username>
        <id>43742</id>
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      <text bytes="2406" sha1="ggroulje64ktzdyc0m9e70qxoxjy2s2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club
| current = 2017–18 Partick Thistle F.C. saison
| clubname = Partick Thistle
| image = Partick Thistle FC logo.svg
| image_size = 200px
| fullname = Partick Thistle Football Club
| nickname = Thistle, The Jags, The Maryhill Magyars, The Harry Wraggs
| founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1876}}
| ground = [[Firhill Stadium]], [[Maryhill]], [[Glesgae]]
| capacity = {{SPFL-stadiums|partick}}&lt;ref name=&quot;capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/partick/ |title=Partick Thistle Football Club |publisher=Scottish Professional Football League |accessdate=30 September 2013 |archive-date=2017-05-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170506192335/http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/partick/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| chairman = [[David Beattie (businessman)|David Beattie]]
| training ground = Garscube Sports Complex
| manager = [[Alan Archibald]]
| league = {{Scottish football updater|PartickT}}
| season = 2025–26
| position = 2nd
| website = http://www.ptfc.co.uk/
| shirtsupplier= [[Joma Sports|Joma]]
| shirtsponsors= Kingsford Capital Management
&lt;!-- Home kit --&gt;
| pattern_b1         = _3redstripes2
| pattern_la1 = _thinyellowborder
| pattern_ra1 = _thinyellowborder
| pattern_sh1 = _yellowsides
| pattern_so1 = _yellowtop
| leftarm1           = FF0000
| body1              = FFEF00
| rightarm1          = FF0000
| shorts1            = FF0000
| socks1             = FF0000
&lt;!-- Away kit --&gt;
| kit_alt2      = _partickthistle1718a
| pattern_la2   = _partickthistle1718a
| pattern_b2    = _partickthistle1718a
| pattern_ra2   = _partickthistle1718a
| pattern_sh2   = _partickthistle1718a
| pattern_so2   = _partickthistle1718a
| leftarm2      = 000000
| body2         = 000000
| rightarm2     = 000000
| shorts2       = 000000
| socks2        = 000000
}}
'''Partick Thristle''' (or the ''Jags'') plays thair gemmes at Firhill Park in Maryhill in the north end o [[Glesga]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Commonscat|Partick Thistle FC}}

[[Category:Partick Thistle F.C.| ]]
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Scotland]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1876]]
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Glesga]]
[[Category:1876 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Scottish Premier League teams]]
[[Category:Scottish Football League teams]]
[[Category:Scots Cup winners]]
[[Category:Scottish Professional Football League teams]]
[[Category:Scottish League Cup winners]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Raith Rovers F.C.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4085</id>
    <revision>
      <id>916159</id>
      <parentid>905972</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T12:33:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makenzis</username>
        <id>43742</id>
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      <text bytes="1823" sha1="nke7qr6h00865n9b4y9ub2m2isuio1s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club
|clubname = Raith Rovers
|image = Raith Rovers Logo.png
|image_size = 200px
|fullname = Raith Rovers Football Club
|nickname = The Rovers
|current = 2017–18 Raith Rovers F.C. saison
|founded = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1883}}
|ground = [[Stark's Park]],&lt;br/&gt;[[Kirkcaudy]], [[Scotland]]
|capacity = {{SPFL-stadiums|raith}}&lt;ref name=&quot;capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/raith/ |title=Raith Rovers Football Club |publisher=Scottish Professional Football League |accessdate=11 November 2013 |archive-date=2013-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022121447/http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/raith/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|chairman = Alan Young
|manager = [[Barry Smith (fitbawer, born 1974)|Barry Smith]]
|league = {{Scottish football updater|RaithRov}}
|season = 2025–26
|position = 5th
| website = www.raithrovers.net

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|pattern_b1  = _Raith_Rovers_home_1718
|pattern_sh1 = _navysides
|pattern_so1 =
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|socks1      = 001a40

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|pattern_b2 = _dortmund1718h
|pattern_ra2 = _blackshoulders
|pattern_sh2 = 
|pattern_so2 = _blacktop
|leftarm2    = FFE135
|body2       = FFE135
|rightarm2   = FFE135
|shorts2     = FFE135
|socks2      = FFE135
}}
'''Raith Rovers''' plays thair gemmes at Starks Park in [[Kirkcaudy]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Raith Rovers F.C.| ]]
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Scotland]]
[[Category:Kirkcaudy]]
[[Category:1883 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Fife]]
[[Category:Scottish Football League teams]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1883]]
[[Category:Scottish Professional Football League teams]]
[[Category:Scottish Challenge Cup winners]]
[[Category:Scottish League Cup winners]]</text>
      <sha1>nke7qr6h00865n9b4y9ub2m2isuio1s</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Stranraer F.C.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4087</id>
    <revision>
      <id>916199</id>
      <parentid>916144</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T22:18:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>has a reference</comment>
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      <text bytes="1786" sha1="44qoa4zgjdsn0ykuzytsyxg578l3cm0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Stranraer
| image    = File:Stranraer FC logo.svg
| fullname = Stranraer Football Club
| nickname = The Blues
| founded  = {{Start date and age|1870}}
| ground   = [[Stair Park]],&lt;br /&gt;[[Stranraer]], [[Scotland]]
| capacity = {{SPFL-stadiums|stranraer}}&lt;ref name=&quot;capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/stranraer/ |title=Stranraer Football Club|publisher=Scottish Professional Football League |accessdate=11 November 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; (1,830 seatit)
| chairman = Iain Dougan
| manager  = [[Stephen Farrell (fitbawer)|Stephen Farrell]]
| league   = {{Scottish football updater|Stranrae}}
| season   = 2025–26
| position = 5th
| website  = http://www.stranraerfc.org/

| pattern_la1   = _whiteborder
| pattern_b1    = _vneckwhite
| pattern_ra1   = _whiteborder
| pattern_sh1   = _bluesides
| pattern_so1   = _whitetop
| leftarm1      = 0000FF
| body1         = 0000FF
| rightarm1     = 0000FF
| shorts1       = FFFFFF
| socks1        = 0000FF

| pattern_la2   = _white_stripes
| pattern_b2    = _argentina1992
| pattern_ra2   = _white_stripes
| pattern_sh2   = _whitebottom
| pattern_so2   = _blacktop
| leftarm2      = A6BBF2
| body2         = 
| rightarm2     = A6BBF2
| shorts2       = 000000
| socks2        = FFFFFF
}}
'''Stranraer F.C.''' (or the ''Blues'') plays thair gemmes at Stair Park in [[Stranraer]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Stranrawer]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1870]]
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Scotland]]
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Dumfries an Gallowa]]
[[Category:Scottish Football League teams]]
[[Category:Scottish Challenge Cup winners]]
[[Category:South of Scotland Football League teams]]
[[Category:Scottish Professional Football League teams]]
{{Stub/Scotland}}
{{Stub/Sport}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Arbroath F.C.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4089</id>
    <revision>
      <id>916161</id>
      <parentid>905969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T12:43:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makenzis</username>
        <id>43742</id>
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      <origin>916161</origin>
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      <text bytes="1806" sha1="jlgov73flbtltcugpf8kyw6j4b2keax" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Arbroath
| image    = Arbroath FC logo.svg
| fullname = Arbroath Football Club
| nickname = ''The Red Lichties'', The Smokies
| founded  = {{Start date and age|1878|7|1|df=yes}}
| ground   = [[Gayfield Park]], [[Arbroath]]
| capacity = 6,600 (861 Seated)
| chairman = John Christison
| manager  = [[Dick Campbell (fitbawer)|Dick Campbell]]
| league   = {{Scottish football updater|Arbroath}}
| season   = 2025–26
| position = 3rd
| current  =
| website  =  http://www.arbroathfc.co.uk
&lt;!--Home--&gt;
| pattern_la1 = 
| pattern_b1  = _Safasc_Home
| pattern_ra1 =
| pattern_so1 = _2 white stripes
| leftarm1    = 800000
| body1       = 800000
| rightarm1   = 800000
| shorts1     = 800000
| socks1      = 800000
&lt;!--Away--&gt;
| pattern_la2 = _yellowshoulders
| pattern_b2  =  _Arbroath_away_1617
| pattern_ra2 = _yellowshoulders
| pattern_sh2 = _yellow_stripes
| pattern_so2 = 
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}}

'''Arbroath Football Club''' are a [[Scotland|Scots]] [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] club currently playin in the [[Scottish League Two]]. The club wur foondit in 1878 an play hame matches at [[Gayfield Park]]. Thay play in maroon strips, an are elknamit &quot;the Red Lichties&quot; due tae the reid licht that uised tae guide fishin boats back frae the North Sea tae the [[burgh]]'s harbour. Arbroath share a lang-staundin an fierce rivalry wi local neighbours [[Montrose F.C.|Montrose]].

[[Category:Arbroath F.C.]]
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Scotland]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1878]]
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Angus]]
[[Category:1870s establishments in Europe]]
[[Category:Scottish Football League teams]]
[[Category:Scottish Professional Football League teams]]</text>
      <sha1>jlgov73flbtltcugpf8kyw6j4b2keax</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Queen's Park F.C.</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4095</id>
    <revision>
      <id>916158</id>
      <parentid>905971</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T12:29:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Makenzis</username>
        <id>43742</id>
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      <origin>916158</origin>
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      <text bytes="2168" sha1="rnx4ku76sm0n8dd5x78a3slvj9nisbj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club
| clubname = Queen's Park
| image    = Queens Park FC logo.svg
| image_size = 150px
| fullname = Queen's Park Football Club
| nickname = The Spiders
| founded  = {{Start date and age|df=yes|9 July 1867}}
| ground   = [[Hampden Park]], [[Glesgae]]
| capacity = {{SPFL-stadiums|queenspark}} (aw-seatit)&lt;ref name = &quot;capacity&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://spfl.co.uk/clubs/queens-park/ |title=Queen's Park Football Club |work=www.spfl.co.uk |publisher=Scottish Professional Football League |date= |accessdate=22 January 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| chairman = Alan Hutchison
| chrtitle = Preses
| manager  = [[Gus MacPherson]]
| league   = {{Scottish football updater|QueensPa}}
| season   = 2025–26
| position = 6th
| website  = http://www.queensparkfc.co.uk/

| pattern_la1   = _queenspark1314h
| pattern_b1    = _queenspark1314h
| pattern_ra1   = _queenspark1314h
| pattern_sh1  = _black stripes
| pattern_so1   = _white_bands
| leftarm1  = FFFFFF
| body1    = FFFFFF
| rightarm1   = FFFFFF
| shorts1        = FFFFFF
| socks1     = 000000

| pattern_la2  = 
| pattern_b2    = _queenspark1314a
| pattern_ra2   = 
| pattern_sh2   = 
| pattern_so2   = 
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'''Queen's Pairk F.C.''' (or the ''Speeders'') plays thair gemmes at the naitional stadium, Hampden Pairk, in the sooth end o [[Glesga]]. The club is the auldest in Scotland but disna pey thair players as they hiv chuisen tae bide amateur decades efter aw thair rivals gaed professional in the early 1880s.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Queen's Park F.C.| ]]
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Scotland]]
[[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1867]]
[[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Glesga]]
[[Category:1867 establishments in Scotland]]
[[Category:Scottish Football League teams]]
[[Category:Scots Cup winners]]
[[Category:Scottish Football Association foonder members]]
[[Category:Scottish Professional Football League teams]]
[[Category:Amateur sport in the Unitit Kinrick]]
[[Category:Amateur association fitbaw teams]]
[[Category:Scottish Football Hall of Fame inductees]]</text>
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    <title>Ferm</title>
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[[image:Barn-southern-ontario.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A ferm in Canadae]]
A '''ferm''' (whiles cried a ‘toun’ forbye) is a track o [[laund]] that is devote feckly tae growin [[plaunt]]s an/or feshin up [[Animals|beasts]] for [[Fuid|meat]], for ordnar for tae sell thaim. The wird is uised for mony sindry kinds o ferms siclike as pleuch-ferms, fruit an vegetable ferms, milk ferms, swine an pootrie ferms, an laund uised for makin naitral feebers, biofuel an ither waarin. The term taks in the [[Fermhoose|haa]] an [[Steading|steidin]] alang wi the [[laund]]. Thir days, the term haes been raxed tae tak in siclike industrial operations as wind ferms an fish ferms, the baith o whilk can be on laund or at sea.

There is aboot 570 million ferms in the [[warld]], maistly guided bi faimilies. Smaw ferms wi less nor 2 hectares o laund mak up 12% o the warld’s fermin laund, an faimilie ferms mak up the ither 75%.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lowder|first=Sarah K.|last2=Skoet|first2=Jakob|last3=Raney|first3=Terri|date=2016-11-01|title=The Number, Size, and Distribution o Farms, Smallholder Farms, and Family Farms Worldwide|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305750X15002703?via=ihub|journal=World Development|volume=87|pages=16–29|doi=10.1016/j.worlddev.2015.10.041|issn=0305-750X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ferms in developed [[Kintra|kintras]] are aftentimes run wi graith. In the [[Unitit States]], ferm-stockin can be feshed up on girsin laund an fed in cattle-closes, an modren graith haes reducit the feck o ferm-wirkers nott for growin craps. In [[Europe]], aulder faimilie ferms are giein wey tae muckler throu-pit units.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Why European Farming Faces a Demographic Crisis|url=https://www.foodunfolded.com/article/european-farming-is-facing-a-demographic-crisis-what-is-being-done-about-it|access-date=2026-04-28|website=www.foodunfolded.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=3 million European farms disappeared in the last decade|url=https://wikifarmer.com/library/en/article/3-million-european-farms-disappeared-in-the-last-decade|access-date=2026-04-28|website=Wikifarmer|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Austrailie]], a puckle o ferms are unco muckle, because the laund cannae uphaud muckle fecks o beasts ower the heids o the [[climate]] an condeetions. In less developed kintras, smaw ferms are common, an the feck o laundwart fowk are peasant fermers, meatin their faimilies an sellin ony orra ootcome at the local [[Mercat|mairket]].

Fowk that growes [[Plant|plaunts]] or feshes up beasts on a ferm is cried [[fermer]]s. This kind o thrift is cried fermin. 

== Etymology ==
The wird comes frae Auld Scots „ferme“, oreeginally meanin „settin o laund“ or „mail“, an this comes frae Medieval Latin ''firma'', meanin ''siccer peyment'', as weel as Auld French ''ferme'', meanin ''sett,'' or ''sett ferm'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dictionaries of the Scots Language:: SND :: ferm n1 v|url=https://dsl.ac.uk/entry/snd/ferm_n1_v|access-date=2026-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; baith haein their ruits in the classical Laitin adjective ''firmus'' meanin strang, siccer, stieve.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=ferm|date=2026-04-24|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=ferm&amp;oldid=90317270|work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary|language=en|access-date=2026-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=firmus|date=2026-01-26|url=https://en.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=firmus&amp;oldid=89354662|work=Wiktionary, the free dictionary|language=en|access-date=2026-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Historie ==
Fermin haes its ruits in whit is cried the ''Neolithic Revolution'', whilk first begoud aboot 12,000 year syne.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Development of Agriculture|url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/development-agriculture|access-date=2026-05-02|website=education.nationalgeographic.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the hinner-end o the Paleolithic time, fowk shiftit frae gaitherin or huntin their meat tae fermin. They stertit growin white, barley, pizz, an lentils, an come time stertit feshin up sheep, swine an gaits. Fermin first stertit in the Near East an syne raxed tae Europe. Gin aboot 4,000 BC, fowk that bade in mid-Europe war uisin owsen tae pou the pleuchs an wains.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lambert|first=Tim|date=2021-03-14|title=A History of Farming|url=https://localhistories.org/a-history-of-farming/|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Local Histories|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Muckle chynges in fermin pratticks war brocht aboot wi the Breetish Fermin Revolution atween the 17t an 19t centuries, as weel as the Green Revolution durin the 20t century.

== Kinds of Ferms ==
There are mony sindry kinds o ferms. Common specialist kinds wad be milk, pootry, meal corn, as weel as fruit an vegetable anes. A puckle ferms michtna uise the wird ata, for ensample vineyairds, or muckle places uised for growin craps siclike as coffee or cotton (the whilk can be cried plantins).

A ferm can be awned an operat bi a aesome body, faimily, commonty, corporation, or a company, an micht throu-pit ane or mony kinds o ootcome, an can be a haudin o ony size. For ensample, the owerheid size o ferms in [[Indie|India]] is anelie 1.33 hectares,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Winterbottom|first=Jo|title=SPECIAL REPORT - India's food chain in deep change|language=en-IN|work=IN|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/idINIndia-57791920110620|access-date=2026-05-02|archive-date=2015-07-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724160612/http://in.reuters.com/article/2011/06/20/idINIndia-57791920110620|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; while in [[Austrailie|Australia]] they can be mony thoosands o hectares.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anna Creek|url=https://www.williamscattlecompany.com.au/anna-creek|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Williams Cattle Company|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Ferm-Steadings ===
Ferms hae byordnar kinds o biggins tae fordel ootcome an gie bield tae beasts. The haa (or ferm-hoose) sairves as the hame for the faimilies an wirkers, giein them someplace tae bide that is nearhand the beasts an craps. A puckle biggins, for ensample corn-lafts, can be used for haudin beasts or for fordelin meal corn an hey, or graith. On milk ferms, a milk-hoose is a wechty biggin that is uised for milkin kye, as weel as fordelin the milk ontil a tanker comes tae get it. Anither byordnar biggin is a silo, whilk is a heich biggin uised for fordelin stuffs, as in white or aits. They can likewise be uised for barmed meat, kent as silage, for baitin nowt an ither fermyaird beasts.

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;
[[Category:Ferms]]
[[Category:Human habitats]]
[[Category:Landwart geografie]]</text>
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    <title>Venom (baund)</title>
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      <text bytes="4021" sha1="lhg63j4agfe97ampdg5txfjfdmld62u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| name                = Venom
| image               = Venom live at hellfest.jpg
| caption             = Venom at [[Hellfest Summer Open Air]] in 2008
| image_size          = 250
| landscape           = Yes
| background          = group_or_band
| origin              = [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Ingland]]
| genre               = [[Heavy metal]], [[thrash metal]],&lt;br&gt; [[black&amp;nbsp;metal]], [[speed metal]]
| years_active        = 1979–1993&lt;br&gt;1995-present 
| label               = [[Neat Records|Neat]], Filmtrax,&lt;br&gt; Under One Flag, [[SPV GmbH|SPV]],&lt;br&gt; [[Sanctuary Records|Sanctuary]]/[[Castle Communications|Castle]],&lt;br&gt; [[Universal Studios|Universal]]
| associated_acts     = 
| website             = [http://www.venomslegions.com www.venomslegions.com]
| current_members     = [[Conrad Lant|Cronos]]&lt;br /&gt;La Rage&lt;br /&gt;Dante
| past_members        = See: [[Leet o Venom baund members]]
}}

'''Venom''' are a [[hivy metal]] baund formit in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] in 1979.

Comin tae prominence towards the end o the '[[New Wave o Breetish Hivy Metal]]', Venom's first twa albums – ''[[Welcome to Hell]]'' (1981) an ''[[Black Metal (album)|Black Metal]]'' (1982) – ar considered a major influence on [[thrash metal]] an [[extreme metal]] in general. Venom's seicont album pruivit influential enough that its title wis uised as the name o an extreme metal subgenre: [[black metal]].

== Members ==

=== Current members ===
* [[Conrad Lant|Conrad &quot;Cronos&quot; Lant]] – bass guitar, vocals (1979–1987, 1995–present)
* La Rage – guitar (2007–present)
* Danny &quot;Dante&quot; Needham – drums (2009–present)

=== Umwhile members ===
* [[Jeff &quot;Mantas&quot; Dunn|Jeffrey &quot;Mantas&quot; Dunn]] – guitar (1979–1986, 1989–2002)
* [[Anthony &quot;Abaddon&quot; Bray]] – drums (1979–1999)
* Clive &quot;Jesus Christ&quot; Archer – vocals (1979–1980)
* Mike &quot;Mykvs&quot; Hickey – guitar (1986–1987, 2005–2007)
* Jim Clare – guitar (1986–1987)
* [[Tony Dolan|Tony &quot;Demolition Man&quot; Dolan]] – vocals, bass guitar (1989–1992)
* Alastair &quot;Big Al&quot; Barnes – guitar (1989–1991)
* Steve &quot;War Maniac&quot; White – guitar (1992)
* [[Antony Lant|Antony &quot;Antton&quot; Lant]] – drums (2000–2009)

== Discography ==
=== Studio albums and EPs ===
* ''Welcome to Hell'' (1981)
* ''[[Black Metal (album)|Black Metal]]'' (1982)
* ''[[At War with Satan]]'' (1983) (Chart Poseetion #64 UK),(#48 SE)
* ''[[Possessed (album)|Possessed]]'' (1985) (Chart Poseetion #99 UK)
* ''[[Calm Before the Storm (Venom album)|Calm Before the Storm]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Prime Evil (Venom album)|Prime Evil]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Tear Your Soul Apart]]'' (EP) (1990)
* ''[[Temples of Ice]]'' (1991)
* ''[[The Waste Lands (album)|The Waste Lands]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Venom '96]]'' (EP) (1996)
* ''[[Cast in Stone]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Resurrection (Venom album)|Resurrection]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Metal Black]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Hell (Venom album)|Hell]]'' (2008)
* ''Fallen Angels'' (2011)
* ''From the Very Depths'' (2015)
* ''Storm the Gates'' (2018)
* ''Into Oblivion'' (2026)

=== Live albums ===
* ''[[Official Bootleg]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Eine Kleine Nachtmusik (album)|Eine Kleine Nachtmusik]]'' (1986)
* ''[[The Second Coming]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Witching Hour]]'' (2003)

=== Compilation albums ===
* ''The Singles 1980-1986'' (1986)
* ''The Book of Armageddon'' (Best of) (1992)
* ''Skeletons In The Closet'' (1993)
* ''Kissing the Beast'' (1993)
* ''New, Live and Rare'' (1998)
* ''Old New Borrowed &amp; Blue'' (1999)
* ''In League with Satan'' (2002)
* ''MMV (Box set)'' (2005)

== External links ==
{{Commons|Venom (band)}}
* [http://www.venomslegions.com/ Venom Legions offeecial wabsteid]
* [http://www.myspace.com/venomlegions offeecial Venom myspace]
* [http://www.venom.nu/ Venom fan site]

{{Venom}}
{{Commonscat|Venom (band)}}

[[Category:Inglis hivy metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Inglis black metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Inglis thrash metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Speed metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Muisical groups established in 1979]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4017" sha1="jt9ggr2n4axtb64fjc5lrvr7xip75ct" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| name                = Venom
| image               = Venom live at hellfest.jpg
| caption             = Venom at [[Hellfest Summer Open Air]] in 2008
| image_size          = 250
| landscape           = Yes
| background          = group_or_band
| origin              = [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Ingland]]
| genre               = [[Heavy metal]], [[thrash metal]],&lt;br&gt; [[black&amp;nbsp;metal]], [[speed metal]]
| years_active        = 1979–1993&lt;br&gt;1995-present 
| label               = [[Neat Records|Neat]], Filmtrax,&lt;br&gt; Under One Flag, [[SPV GmbH|SPV]],&lt;br&gt; [[Sanctuary Records|Sanctuary]]/[[Castle Communications|Castle]],&lt;br&gt; [[Universal Studios|Universal]]
| associated_acts     = 
| website             = [http://www.venomslegions.com www.venomslegions.com]
| current_members     = [[Conrad Lant|Cronos]]&lt;br /&gt;La Rage&lt;br /&gt;Dante
| past_members        = See: [[Leet o Venom baund members]]
}}

'''Venom''' are a [[hivy metal]] baund formit in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] in 1979.

Comin tae prominence towards the end o the '[[New Wave o Breetish Hivy Metal]]', Venom's first twa albums – ''Welcome to Hell'' (1981) an ''[[Black Metal (album)|Black Metal]]'' (1982) – ar considered a major influence on [[thrash metal]] an [[extreme metal]] in general. Venom's seicont album pruivit influential enough that its title wis uised as the name o an extreme metal subgenre: [[black metal]].

== Members ==

=== Current members ===
* [[Conrad Lant|Conrad &quot;Cronos&quot; Lant]] – bass guitar, vocals (1979–1987, 1995–present)
* La Rage – guitar (2007–present)
* Danny &quot;Dante&quot; Needham – drums (2009–present)

=== Umwhile members ===
* [[Jeff &quot;Mantas&quot; Dunn|Jeffrey &quot;Mantas&quot; Dunn]] – guitar (1979–1986, 1989–2002)
* [[Anthony &quot;Abaddon&quot; Bray]] – drums (1979–1999)
* Clive &quot;Jesus Christ&quot; Archer – vocals (1979–1980)
* Mike &quot;Mykvs&quot; Hickey – guitar (1986–1987, 2005–2007)
* Jim Clare – guitar (1986–1987)
* [[Tony Dolan|Tony &quot;Demolition Man&quot; Dolan]] – vocals, bass guitar (1989–1992)
* Alastair &quot;Big Al&quot; Barnes – guitar (1989–1991)
* Steve &quot;War Maniac&quot; White – guitar (1992)
* [[Antony Lant|Antony &quot;Antton&quot; Lant]] – drums (2000–2009)

== Discography ==
=== Studio albums and EPs ===
* ''Welcome to Hell'' (1981)
* ''[[Black Metal (album)|Black Metal]]'' (1982)
* ''[[At War with Satan]]'' (1983) (Chart Poseetion #64 UK),(#48 SE)
* ''[[Possessed (album)|Possessed]]'' (1985) (Chart Poseetion #99 UK)
* ''[[Calm Before the Storm (Venom album)|Calm Before the Storm]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Prime Evil (Venom album)|Prime Evil]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Tear Your Soul Apart]]'' (EP) (1990)
* ''[[Temples of Ice]]'' (1991)
* ''[[The Waste Lands (album)|The Waste Lands]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Venom '96]]'' (EP) (1996)
* ''[[Cast in Stone]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Resurrection (Venom album)|Resurrection]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Metal Black]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Hell (Venom album)|Hell]]'' (2008)
* ''Fallen Angels'' (2011)
* ''From the Very Depths'' (2015)
* ''Storm the Gates'' (2018)
* ''Into Oblivion'' (2026)

=== Live albums ===
* ''[[Official Bootleg]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Eine Kleine Nachtmusik (album)|Eine Kleine Nachtmusik]]'' (1986)
* ''[[The Second Coming]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Witching Hour]]'' (2003)

=== Compilation albums ===
* ''The Singles 1980-1986'' (1986)
* ''The Book of Armageddon'' (Best of) (1992)
* ''Skeletons In The Closet'' (1993)
* ''Kissing the Beast'' (1993)
* ''New, Live and Rare'' (1998)
* ''Old New Borrowed &amp; Blue'' (1999)
* ''In League with Satan'' (2002)
* ''MMV (Box set)'' (2005)

== External links ==
{{Commons|Venom (band)}}
* [http://www.venomslegions.com/ Venom Legions offeecial wabsteid]
* [http://www.myspace.com/venomlegions offeecial Venom myspace]
* [http://www.venom.nu/ Venom fan site]

{{Venom}}
{{Commonscat|Venom (band)}}

[[Category:Inglis hivy metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Inglis black metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Inglis thrash metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Speed metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Muisical groups established in 1979]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4008" sha1="g25xlffvh0tso3e6hpd3gnc6vbsbcpp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| name                = Venom
| image               = Venom live at hellfest.jpg
| caption             = Venom at [[Hellfest Summer Open Air]] in 2008
| image_size          = 250
| landscape           = Yes
| background          = group_or_band
| origin              = [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Ingland]]
| genre               = [[Heavy metal]], [[thrash metal]],&lt;br&gt; [[black&amp;nbsp;metal]], [[speed metal]]
| years_active        = 1979–1993&lt;br&gt;1995-present 
| label               = [[Neat Records|Neat]], Filmtrax,&lt;br&gt; Under One Flag, [[SPV GmbH|SPV]],&lt;br&gt; [[Sanctuary Records|Sanctuary]]/[[Castle Communications|Castle]],&lt;br&gt; [[Universal Studios|Universal]]
| associated_acts     = 
| website             = [http://www.venomslegions.com www.venomslegions.com]
| current_members     = [[Conrad Lant|Cronos]]&lt;br /&gt;La Rage&lt;br /&gt;Dante
| past_members        = See: [[Leet o Venom baund members]]
}}

'''Venom''' are a [[hivy metal]] baund formit in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] in 1979.

Comin tae prominence towards the end o the '[[New Wave o Breetish Hivy Metal]]', Venom's first twa albums – ''Welcome to Hell'' (1981) an ''[[Black Metal (album)|Black Metal]]'' (1982) – ar considered a major influence on [[thrash metal]] an [[extreme metal]] in general. Venom's seicont album pruivit influential enough that its title wis uised as the name o an extreme metal subgenre: [[black metal]].

== Members ==

=== Current members ===
* [[Conrad Lant|Conrad &quot;Cronos&quot; Lant]] – bass guitar, vocals (1979–1987, 1995–present)
* La Rage – guitar (2007–present)
* Danny &quot;Dante&quot; Needham – drums (2009–present)

=== Umwhile members ===
* [[Jeff &quot;Mantas&quot; Dunn|Jeffrey &quot;Mantas&quot; Dunn]] – guitar (1979–1986, 1989–2002)
* [[Anthony &quot;Abaddon&quot; Bray]] – drums (1979–1999)
* Clive &quot;Jesus Christ&quot; Archer – vocals (1979–1980)
* Mike &quot;Mykvs&quot; Hickey – guitar (1986–1987, 2005–2007)
* Jim Clare – guitar (1986–1987)
* [[Tony Dolan|Tony &quot;Demolition Man&quot; Dolan]] – vocals, bass guitar (1989–1992)
* Alastair &quot;Big Al&quot; Barnes – guitar (1989–1991)
* Steve &quot;War Maniac&quot; White – guitar (1992)
* [[Antony Lant|Antony &quot;Antton&quot; Lant]] – drums (2000–2009)

== Discography ==
=== Studio albums and EPs ===
* ''Welcome to Hell'' (1981)
* ''[[Black Metal (album)|Black Metal]]'' (1982)
* ''[[At War with Satan]]'' (1983) (Chart Poseetion #64 UK),(#48 SE)
* ''[[Possessed (album)|Possessed]]'' (1985) (Chart Poseetion #99 UK)
* ''[[Calm Before the Storm (Venom album)|Calm Before the Storm]]'' (1987)
* ''[[Prime Evil (Venom album)|Prime Evil]]'' (1989)
* ''[[Tear Your Soul Apart]]'' (EP) (1990)
* ''[[Temples of Ice]]'' (1991)
* ''[[The Waste Lands (album)|The Waste Lands]]'' (1992)
* ''[[Venom '96]]'' (EP) (1996)
* ''[[Cast in Stone]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Resurrection (Venom album)|Resurrection]]'' (2000)
* ''[[Metal Black]]'' (2006)
* ''[[Hell (Venom album)|Hell]]'' (2008)
* ''Fallen Angels'' (2011)
* ''From the Very Depths'' (2015)
* ''Storm the Gates'' (2018)
* ''Into Oblivion'' (2026)

=== Live albums ===
* ''[[Official Bootleg]]'' (1985)
* ''[[Eine Kleine Nachtmusik (album)|Eine Kleine Nachtmusik]]'' (1986)
* ''[[The Second Coming]]'' (1997)
* ''[[Witching Hour]]'' (2003)

=== Compilation albums ===
* ''The Singles 1980-1986'' (1986)
* ''The Book of Armageddon'' (Best of) (1992)
* ''Skeletons In The Closet'' (1993)
* ''Kissing the Beast'' (1993)
* ''New, Live and Rare'' (1998)
* ''Old New Borrowed &amp; Blue'' (1999)
* ''In League with Satan'' (2002)
* ''MMV (Box set)'' (2005)

== External links ==
{{Commons|Venom (band)}}
* [http://www.venomslegions.com/ Venom Legions offeecial wabsteid]
* [http://www.myspace.com/venomlegions offeecial Venom myspace]
* [http://www.venom.nu/ Venom fan site]


{{Commonscat|Venom (band)}}

[[Category:Inglis hivy metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Inglis black metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Inglis thrash metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Speed metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Muisical groups established in 1979]]</text>
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      <id>916203</id>
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      <text bytes="3664" sha1="mn55gnkvmiuwfrgkfuzw047x77oho9d" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist
| name                = Venom
| image               = Venom live at hellfest.jpg
| caption             = Venom at Hellfest Summer Open Air in 2008
| image_size          = 250
| landscape           = Yes
| background          = group_or_band
| origin              = [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Ingland]]
| genre               = [[Heavy metal]], [[thrash metal]],&lt;br&gt; [[black&amp;nbsp;metal]], [[speed metal]]
| years_active        = 1979–1993&lt;br&gt;1995-present 
| label               = Neat Records, Filmtrax,&lt;br&gt; Under One Flag, [[SPV GmbH|SPV]],&lt;br&gt; [[Sanctuary Records|Sanctuary]]/[[Castle Communications|Castle]],&lt;br&gt; [[Universal Studios|Universal]]
| associated_acts     = 
| website             = [http://www.venomslegions.com www.venomslegions.com]
| current_members     = [[Conrad Lant|Cronos]]&lt;br /&gt;La Rage&lt;br /&gt;Dante
| past_members        = 
}}

'''Venom''' are a [[hivy metal]] baund formit in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] in 1979.

Comin tae prominence towards the end o the 'New Wave o Breetish Hivy Metal', Venom's first twa albums – ''Welcome to Hell'' (1981) an ''Black Metal'' (1982) – ar considered a major influence on [[thrash metal]] an [[extreme metal]] in general. Venom's seicont album pruivit influential enough that its title wis uised as the name o an extreme metal subgenre: [[black metal]].

== Members ==

=== Current members ===
* [[Conrad Lant|Conrad &quot;Cronos&quot; Lant]] – bass guitar, vocals (1979–1987, 1995–present)
* La Rage – guitar (2007–present)
* Danny &quot;Dante&quot; Needham – drums (2009–present)

=== Umwhile members ===
* [[Jeff &quot;Mantas&quot; Dunn|Jeffrey &quot;Mantas&quot; Dunn]] – guitar (1979–1986, 1989–2002)
* [[Anthony &quot;Abaddon&quot; Bray]] – drums (1979–1999)
* Clive &quot;Jesus Christ&quot; Archer – vocals (1979–1980)
* Mike &quot;Mykvs&quot; Hickey – guitar (1986–1987, 2005–2007)
* Jim Clare – guitar (1986–1987)
* [[Tony Dolan|Tony &quot;Demolition Man&quot; Dolan]] – vocals, bass guitar (1989–1992)
* Alastair &quot;Big Al&quot; Barnes – guitar (1989–1991)
* Steve &quot;War Maniac&quot; White – guitar (1992)
* [[Antony Lant|Antony &quot;Antton&quot; Lant]] – drums (2000–2009)

== Discography ==
=== Studio albums and EPs ===
* ''Welcome to Hell'' (1981)
* ''Black Metal'' (1982)
* ''At War with Satan'' (1983) (Chart Poseetion #64 UK),(#48 SE)
* ''Possessed'' (1985) (Chart Poseetion #99 UK)
* ''Calm Before the Storm'' (1987)
* ''Prime Evil'' (1989)
* ''Tear Your Soul Apart'' (EP) (1990)
* ''Temples of Ice'' (1991)
* ''The Waste Lands'' (1992)
* ''Venom '96'' (EP) (1996)
* ''Cast in Stone'' (1997)
* ''Resurrection'' (2000)
* ''Metal Black'' (2006)
* ''Hell'' (2008)
* ''Fallen Angels'' (2011)
* ''From the Very Depths'' (2015)
* ''Storm the Gates'' (2018)
* ''Into Oblivion'' (2026)

=== Live albums ===
* ''Official Bootleg'' (1985)
* ''Eine Kleine Nachtmusik'' (1986)
* ''The Second Coming'' (1997)
* ''Witching Hour'' (2003)

=== Compilation albums ===
* ''The Singles 1980-1986'' (1986)
* ''The Book of Armageddon'' (Best of) (1992)
* ''Skeletons In The Closet'' (1993)
* ''Kissing the Beast'' (1993)
* ''New, Live and Rare'' (1998)
* ''Old New Borrowed &amp; Blue'' (1999)
* ''In League with Satan'' (2002)
* ''MMV (Box set)'' (2005)

== External links ==
{{Commons|Venom (band)}}
* [http://www.venomslegions.com/ Venom Legions offeecial wabsteid]
* [http://www.myspace.com/venomlegions offeecial Venom myspace]
* [http://www.venom.nu/ Venom fan site]


{{Commonscat|Venom (band)}}

[[Category:Inglis hivy metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Inglis black metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Inglis thrash metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Speed metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Muisical groups established in 1979]]</text>
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{{Infobox musical artist
| name                = Venom
| image               = Venom live at hellfest.jpg
| caption             = Venom at Hellfest Summer Open Air in 2008
| image_size          = 250
| landscape           = Yes
| background          = group_or_band
| origin              = [[Newcastle upon Tyne]], [[Ingland]]
| genre               = [[Heavy metal]], [[thrash metal]],&lt;br&gt; [[black&amp;nbsp;metal]], [[speed metal]]
| years_active        = 1979–1993&lt;br&gt;1995-present 
| label               = Neat Records, Filmtrax,&lt;br&gt; Under One Flag, [[SPV GmbH|SPV]],&lt;br&gt; [[Sanctuary Records|Sanctuary]]/[[Castle Communications|Castle]],&lt;br&gt; [[Universal Studios|Universal]]
| associated_acts     = 
| website             = [http://www.venomslegions.com www.venomslegions.com]
| current_members     = [[Conrad Lant|Cronos]]&lt;br /&gt;La Rage&lt;br /&gt;Dante
| past_members        = 
}}

'''Venom''' are a [[hivy metal]] baund formit in [[Newcastle upon Tyne]] in 1979.

Comin tae prominence towards the end o the 'New Wave o Breetish Hivy Metal', Venom's first twa albums – ''Welcome to Hell'' (1981) an ''Black Metal'' (1982) – ar considered a major influence on [[thrash metal]] an [[extreme metal]] in general. Venom's seicont album pruivit influential enough that its title wis uised as the name o an extreme metal subgenre: [[black metal]].

== Members ==

=== Current members ===
* [[Conrad Lant|Conrad &quot;Cronos&quot; Lant]] – bass guitar, vocals (1979–1987, 1995–present)
* La Rage – guitar (2007–present)
* Danny &quot;Dante&quot; Needham – drums (2009–present)

=== Umwhile members ===
* [[Jeff &quot;Mantas&quot; Dunn|Jeffrey &quot;Mantas&quot; Dunn]] – guitar (1979–1986, 1989–2002)
* [[Anthony &quot;Abaddon&quot; Bray]] – drums (1979–1999)
* Clive &quot;Jesus Christ&quot; Archer – vocals (1979–1980)
* Mike &quot;Mykvs&quot; Hickey – guitar (1986–1987, 2005–2007)
* Jim Clare – guitar (1986–1987)
* [[Tony Dolan|Tony &quot;Demolition Man&quot; Dolan]] – vocals, bass guitar (1989–1992)
* Alastair &quot;Big Al&quot; Barnes – guitar (1989–1991)
* Steve &quot;War Maniac&quot; White – guitar (1992)
* [[Antony Lant|Antony &quot;Antton&quot; Lant]] – drums (2000–2009)

== Discography ==
=== Studio albums and EPs ===
* ''Welcome to Hell'' (1981)
* ''Black Metal'' (1982)
* ''At War with Satan'' (1983) (Chart Poseetion #64 UK),(#48 SE)
* ''Possessed'' (1985) (Chart Poseetion #99 UK)
* ''Calm Before the Storm'' (1987)
* ''Prime Evil'' (1989)
* ''Tear Your Soul Apart'' (EP) (1990)
* ''Temples of Ice'' (1991)
* ''The Waste Lands'' (1992)
* ''Venom '96'' (EP) (1996)
* ''Cast in Stone'' (1997)
* ''Resurrection'' (2000)
* ''Metal Black'' (2006)
* ''Hell'' (2008)
* ''Fallen Angels'' (2011)
* ''From the Very Depths'' (2015)
* ''Storm the Gates'' (2018)
* ''Into Oblivion'' (2026)

=== Live albums ===
* ''Official Bootleg'' (1985)
* ''Eine Kleine Nachtmusik'' (1986)
* ''The Second Coming'' (1997)
* ''Witching Hour'' (2003)

=== Compilation albums ===
* ''The Singles 1980-1986'' (1986)
* ''The Book of Armageddon'' (Best of) (1992)
* ''Skeletons In The Closet'' (1993)
* ''Kissing the Beast'' (1993)
* ''New, Live and Rare'' (1998)
* ''Old New Borrowed &amp; Blue'' (1999)
* ''In League with Satan'' (2002)
* ''MMV (Box set)'' (2005)

== External links ==
{{Commons|Venom (band)}}
* [http://www.venomslegions.com/ Venom Legions offeecial wabsteid]
* [http://www.myspace.com/venomlegions offeecial Venom myspace]
* [http://www.venom.nu/ Venom fan site]


{{Commonscat|Venom (band)}}

[[Category:Inglis hivy metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Inglis black metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Inglis thrash metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Speed metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Muisical groups established in 1979]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Isuzu</title>
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      <text bytes="20678" sha1="jo9txxg6a6ohcku6hskhmn4w720j9w5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company
| name   = Isuzu Motors Ltd.&lt;br&gt;いすゞ自動車株式会社
| native_name =Isuzu Jidōsha Kabushiki-Kaisha
| logo   = [[Image:Isuzu.svg|200px|Isuzu Logo]]
| image  = Isuzu motors head office oomori bell port.JPG
| image_caption  = Isuzu Motors' heid office (Minami-
ōi, Shinagawa Waird, Tokyo) 
|area served: Wordwide  (excluding USA and Canada; 2009-present)
| type   = [[Public company|Public]] ([[Kabushiki kaisha|K.K.]])
| traded_as      = {{Tyo|7202}}&lt;br&gt;[[TOPIX|TOPIX Large 70 Component]]
| foundation     =  {{Start date and age|1878|df=yes}} (as petroleum company)&lt;br&gt;{{Start date and age|1934|03|30|df=yes}}
| key_people     = Susumu Hosoi&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[Chairman]])}}&lt;br&gt;Masanori Katayama&lt;br&gt;{{small|([[Preses (corporate teetle)|Preses]] &amp; Representative Director)}}
| location       =  6-26-1 Minami-oi, Shinagawa-ku, [[Tokyo]], Japan
|revenue         =  {{profit}}{{JPY|1953.20 billion}} (2017)&lt;ref name=&quot;Financial Results 2017&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.isuzu.co.jp/world/investor/highright/index.html|title=Financial Results for the Fiscal Year Ended March 31, 2017 |publisher=Isuzu Motors Limited}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| operating_income = {{loss}}{{JPY|146.40 billion}} (2017)&lt;ref name=&quot;Financial Results 2017&quot;/&gt;
| net_income       = {{loss}}{{JPY|93.90 billion}} (2017)&lt;ref name=&quot;Financial Results 2017&quot;/&gt;
| aum              = 
| assets           = {{profit}}{{JPY|1,521,757 million}} (2014)
| equity           = {{profit}}{{JPY|633,380 million}} (2014)
| num_employees  = 7,769 (29,430 consolidatit)
| industry       = [[Manufacturin]]
| products       = [[Commercial vehicle]]s, [[diesel ingine]]s
| subsid         = {{Collapsible list|title=List|
*[[Isuzu (Anadolu)|Anadolu Isuzu]]
*[[Sollers-Isuzu]]
*[[SML Isuzu]]
*[[Isuzu Astra Motor Indonesia|IAMI]]
*[[Isuzu HICOM Malaysia]]
*[[Isuzu Malaysia]]
*[[Isuzu Philippines]]
*[[Isuzu Truck (UK)|Isuzu UK]]
*[[Isuzu Truck South Africa|Isuzu South Africa]]
*[[Taiwan Isuzu Motors]]
*[[Isuzu Vietnam]]
*[[Isuzu Motors India]]
}}
| homepage       = [http://www.isuzu.co.jp/world/index.html Isuzu Worldwide site]|
}}
{{Nihongo|'''Isuzu Motors Ltd.'''|いすゞ自動車株式会社|Isuzu Jidōsha Kabushiki-Kaisha}}, ({{Tyo|7202}}) is a [[Japan]]ese caur, commercial vehicle an hivy truck manufacturin [[corporation|company]], heidquartered in [[Tokyo]]. In 2005, Isuzu became the warld's lairgest manufacturer o medium tae hivy duty trucks. It haes assembly an manufacturin plants in the Japanese ceety o [[Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa]], as well as in the prefectures [[Tochigi Prefecture|Tochigi]] an [[Hokkaidō]]&lt;!--according to corp website in Oct'05, &quot;as of June 2005&quot;--&gt;. Isuzu is famous for producin commercial vehicles an [[diesel ingine]]s. Bi 2009, Isuzu haed produced ower 21 million diesel ingines, which can be foond in vehicles aw ower the warld.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.isuzu.co.jp/world/corporate/engine/worldclass.html |title=Isuzu.co.jp |publisher=Isuzu.co.jp |date= |accessdate=2010-11-29 |archive-date=2016-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329185646/http://www.isuzu.co.jp/world/corporate/engine/worldclass.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Isuzu diesel ingines are uised bi [[Renault]], [[Opel]] an [[General Motors]].

In maist o [[Asie]], [[Africae]], an [[Europe]], Isuzu is maistly kent for trucks o aw sizes, efter Isuzu sma automobile sales drastically plummetit an Isuzu haed tae drop aw sales o sedans an compact caurs in the late 1990s. In the [[Unitit States]], Isuzu haes ceased sellin passenger vehicles. Isuzu as a corporation haes aaways been primarily a manufacturer o sma tae medium compact automobiles an commercial trucks o sizes medium duty an lairger, but mercats aroond the warld show different needs. Isuzu haes a contract wi [[Budget Truck Rental]] tae manufacture thair rental trucks. This contract is an aa shared wi [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]], [[GMC (General Motors division)|GMC]], an [[Navistar International]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.budgettruck.com/Company-Info.aspx |title=Company Info - Budget Truck Rental |publisher=Budgettruck.com |date=2007-12-30 |accessdate=2010-11-29 |archive-date=2007-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070722075532/http://www.budgettruck.com/Company-Info.aspx |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On November 7, 2006, [[Toyota]] acquired 5.9% o Isuzu, makin them the third lairgest sharehaulder ahint [[ITOCHU]] an [[Mitsubishi|Mitsubishi Corporation]].

== History ==
* 1916 - Tokyo [[Ishikawajima]] Shipbuilding an Engineering Co., Ltd. an Tokyo Gas an Electric Industrial Co. cooperatively plan tae big automobiles.
* 1918 - A technical cooperation wi [[Wolseley Motor Company]] is initiatit. In 1922 the first Wolseley model A-9 caur is domestically produced. The CP [[truck]] follaes twa years later.
* 1933 - Ishikawajima Automotive Works merges wi DAT Automobile Manufacturing an chynges its name tae Automobile Industries Co., Ltd.
* 1934 - A meetin wi the Meenistry o Tred an Industry results in the renamin o the ''truck'' tae '''Isuzu''', efter the [[Isuzu River]]. The wird translatit intae Inglis means &quot;fifty bells&quot;.
* 1949 - Isuzu is adoptit as the ''company name''.
* 1953 - Wi technical assistance o [[Rootes Group]] the [[Hillman Minx]] passenger caur is produced.
* 1971 - A caipital agreement wi [[General Motors]] is signed.
* 1972 - The [[Chevrolet LUV]] becomes the first Isuzu-biggit vehicle tae be sauld in the Unitit States. A decade later, it is replaced bi a domestic vehicle, the [[Chevrolet S-10]].
* 1973 - Isuzu introduces the [[Isuzu Gemini|Gemini]], which is co-produced wi General Motors. It is sauld in the Unitit States as [[Buick]]'s Opel bi Isuzu, an in Australie as the Holden Gemini.
* 1981 - Isuzu-branded consumer an commercial vehicles are successfully exportit tae the Unitit States. The [[Isuzu P'Up]] is the first model sauld tae consumers as an Isuzu, insteid o a [[Chevrolet]] or Buick.
* 1987 - SIA (Subaru-Isuzu Automotive) is establisht as a jynt ventur wi Fuji Heavy Industries (parent company o [[Subaru]]).  Shortly thereefter, the [[Lafayette, Indiana]] plant becomes operational.
* 1993 - Isuzu ceases tae export the [[Isuzu Stylus|Stylus]] ([[Geo Spectrum]]), its last caurs in Americae, efter endin the Impulse ([[Geo Storm]]) the year afore.
* 1994 - Isuzu annoonces new vehicle exchynge program wi [[Honda]], providin Honda wi the [[Isuzu Rodeo]] (tae be sauld as the [[Honda Passport]]) an [[Isuzu Trooper]] (tae be sauld as the [[Acura SLX]]) an providin Isuzu wi the [[Honda Odyssey]] (tae be sauld as the Isuzu Oasis).  This haes the effect o addin twa SUVs tae Honda's lineup an a minivan tae Isuzu's lineup.
* 1996 - Isuzu's sales peak in the Unitit States. The [[Isuzu Hombre]] pickup wis introduced.
* 1998 - [[General Motors]] an Isuzu form [[DMAX (ingines)|DMAX]], a jynt ventur tae produce [[diesel ingine]]s.  Isuzu resurrects the belovit Amigo.  The uniquely styled [[Isuzu VehiCROSS|VehiCROSS]] concept is unveiled.
* 1999 - GM raises its stake in Isuzu tae 49%, effectively gainin control o the company.  GM quickly follaes this up wi the appointment o an American GM executive tae heid Isuzu's North American Operations.  This is the first time a non-Japanese executive haes iver held sic a heich poseetion at Isuzu.  The U.S. introduction o the production version o the heraldit VehiCROSS is met wi mixed reviews, as its hie pricetag, unique stylin an twa-door configuration daena seem tae meet wi mercat demands.
* 2000 - Concept convertible version o the VehiCROSS appears in the movie [[Mission to Mars]].
* 2001 - [[Joe Isuzu]], the immensely popular pitchman wi implausible claims, is hired ance again tae promote the new [[Isuzu Axiom|Axiom]]. Isuzu sales begin tae slide due tae the agin o the [[Isuzu Rodeo|Rodeo]] an [[Isuzu Trooper|Trooper]], an poor management &amp; lack o assistance frae GM.  Isuzu chynges the name o the 2-door Amigo convertible tae Rodeo Sport in an attempt tae associate it wi the better sellin 4-door Rodeo. Movie [[Spy kids]] features Isuzu Axiom an Trooper.
* Early 2002 - Fuji Heavy Industries (Subaru's parent company) buys Isuzu's share o Lafayette, Indiana plant. Subaru Isuzu Automotive (SIA) becomes [[Subaru of Indiana Automotive]].  Efter 8 years o hivy Honda Passport sales an licht Isuzu Oasis sales, Honda an Isuzu cooperatively end thair vehicle exchynge agreement.  The Oasis is dropped, an Honda replaces the Passport wi the Pilot. An aa, it wis Isuzu's last year for passenger vehicles in [[Canadae]], as Isuzus in Canadae war maistly sauld at [[Saturn Corporation|Saturn]]-[[Saab Automobile|Saab]] dealerships.
* Late 2002 - Isuzu begins the re-purchase o its stock frae shareholders, primarily General Motors.  Isuzu reduces GM's 49% share tae 12% as pairt o this comprehensive recaipitalization plan.  As pairt o this reorganization, GM gains full control o [[DMAX]] an [[Isuzu Motors Polska]], as well as awnership o aw diesel ingine designs frae Isuzu. Isuzu drops the venerable Trooper frae the North American lineup.
* 2003 - The Rodeo Sport is discontinued.
* Julie 2004 - Production o the Rodeo an Axiom cease. Sales in North Americae slow tae juist 27,188, wi the discontinued Rodeo an Axiom makin up 71% o that tot.  The nummer o Isuzu dealerships in the U.S. begins a rapid decline.
* 2005 - Isuzu dealers in the Unitit States hae ae 2 models: the Ascender an the i-series pickup truck.  The i-series is a rebadged Chevrolet Colorado, the Ascender is a re-badged GMC Envoy.  At this pynt, Isuzu in the Unitit States is primarily a distributor o medium duty trucks sic as the NPR series. Thir vehicles are soorced baith frae Japan an U.S. plants in Janesville, Wisconsin an Flint, Michigan. Isuzu haes 290 licht-vehicle dealers in the U.S. as o August 2006, an sells an average o juist twa Ascenders per dealer per month. Plans tae introduce a new Thai-biggit [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]], expectit tae be addit for 2007, are shelved; Isuzu Motors Leemitit believes that a new SUV wad be too risky an proceeds wi the launch o the i-series trucks. Rumors o Isuzu's athdrawal frae the U.S. mercat are rampant. Despite extremely law sales figures o 12,177 passenger vehicles for 2005 (wi leftower Axiom an Rodeos makin up 30% o this), Isuzu Motors Americae annoonces its first profit in years, mainly due tae restructurin cuts.
* 2006 - Production o the 7-passenger Ascender ends in Februar wi the closure of GM's [[Oklahoma City Assembly]] plant, leavin Isuzu wi the 5-passenger Ascender, biggit in [[Moraine, Ohio]] an the law-sellin i-Series as its ae retail products. The company sauld juist 1,504 vehicles in North Americae in the first twa month o 2006. Isuzu finally purchases its remainin shares frae GM, but claims the companies will continue thair current relationship. Thare is no wird as o Aprile 12, 2006 on the effect this will hae on [[DMAX]] operations.
* Juin 2006 - Isuzu an GM Agree tae establish Jynt Ventur cawed &quot;LCV Platform Engineering Corporation (LPEC)&quot; tae develop a new pickup.  Isuzu says it will uise its ingineerin expertise tae develop the pickup an GM will develop derivatives based on the integratit platform.
* November 2006 - Toyota purchases 5.9% o Isuzu an the twa companies agree tae study possible business collaboration focusin on the auries o R&amp;D an production o diesel ingines, relatit emissions-control, an ither environmental technologies.
* Januar 2007 - Isuzu, alang wi General Motors Companies, release an update tae the LCV range, wi a 3.0 litre common rail diesel motor, wi far mair torque an pouer tae its predecessor
* August 2007 - Isuzu an Toyota agree tae develop a 1.6-liter diesel ingine for uise in Toyota vehicles sauld in European mercats. Details o development, production an supply o the diesel ingine, are still unner discussion, but in principle, Isuzu will play the leadin role. Production is scheduled tae begin aroond 2012.
* Januar 30, 2008 - Isuzu annoonces complete athdrawal frae the US mercatt,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Isuzu quitting U.S. car market|publisher=Los Angeles Times|url=http://www.latimes.com/classified/automotive/highway1/la-hy-isuzu31jan31,0,168226.story|accessdate=2008-01-30 | first=Ken | last=Bensinger | date=January 31, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; effective Januar 31, 2009. It will continue tae provide support an pairts. The decision wis mainly affectit b slowin sales. Isuzu haed been experiencing a slow decline syne the late 1990s. In less nor 10 years, thay haed gone frae sellin a complete line o cairs, trucks, an SUVs, intae bein a specialised SUV maker, an finally sellin ae a pair o rebadged, General Motors Trucks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Neff |first=John |url=http://www.autoblog.com/2008/01/30/confirmed-isuzu-abandoning-u-s-market/ |title=CONFIRMED: Isuzu abandoning U.S. market |publisher=Autoblog |date=2008-01-30 |accessdate=2010-11-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Thay will continue tae sell commercial vehicles in the U.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cnbc.com/id/22920144/for/cnbc |title=Isuzu executive says competition helped push it out of North American market - MSNBC Wire Services - MSNBC.com |publisher=Cnbc.com |date= |accessdate=2010-11-29 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Januar 29, 2009 - Isuzu an General Motors annoonce that thay are in talks tae transfer the operation o the medium-duty truck production line in [[Flint, Michigan]] tae Isuzu for a five-year period. In Juin, housomeivver, GM annoonced that thir talks failed tae reach an agreement, an GM ceased production o the [[Chevrolet Kodiak]] an GMC Topkick vehicles on Julie 31, 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.detnews.com/article/20090609/AUTO01/906090330 |title=GM drops medium-duty trucks, opens battery lab &amp;#124; detnews.com &amp;#124; The Detroit News |publisher=detnews.com |date=2009-06-09 |accessdate=2009-12-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Important caur, bus an licht truck models ==
[[File:ISUZU LT132L.JPG|thumb|Isuzu LT132L on a [[Hong Kong]] motorway]]
[[File:ISUZU BMTA LV486R.JPG|thumb|Isuzu LV486R CNG City Bus in [[Bangkok]] wi the CNG-MPI Ingine]]
[[File:MHV Isuzu Gemini II.01.jpg|thumb|Isuzu Gemini wi European (Maltese) registration plates]]
[[File:MHV Isuzu NHR Panel Van 01.jpg|thumb|Isuzu NHR (Elf) licht truck]]
[[File:Isuzu CXZ 24t.jpg|thumb|Isuzu CXZ (Giga) hivy truck]]
[[File:minicoach536.jpg|thumb|Isuzu Journey operatit bi [[Citibus (New Zealand)]]]]
[[File:Isuzu D-max spacecab hi-lander april 2006.jpg|thumb|2005 Isuzu D-max Spacecab Hi-lander in Thailand]]

=== Passenger vehicle an SUVs ===
* 1963–1973, [[Isuzu Bellett|Bellett]] sedan (PR20) an 2 door GT (PR90 &amp; PR91)
* 1967-1983, [[Isuzu Florian]]
* 1968-1981, [[Isuzu 117 Coupe|117 Coupe]]
* 1974–2000, [[Isuzu Gemini|Gemini]]/[[Isuzu I-Mark|I-Mark]]/[[Isuzu Stylus|Stylus]] [[sedan (caur)|sedan]]
* 1983–1992, [[Isuzu Piazza|Piazza]]/[[Isuzu Impulse|Impulse]]/[[Geo Storm|Storm]] [[hatchback]]
* 1983–2002, [[Isuzu Aska|Aska]] sedan
* 1983–2002, [[Isuzu Trooper|Trooper]] midsize SUV
* 1983–1995, [[Isuzu P'up]] an [[TF models]] Japan biggit frae 1987–1991, US biggit 1991-1995
* 1989-1994, [[Isuzu Amigo|Amigo]] compact SUV (First generation)
* 1991–2004, [[Isuzu Rodeo|Rodeo]] sma SUV
* 1991–present, [[Isuzu Panther|Panther]], a van sauld in [[Indonesie]], sauld as the Isuzu Hi-Lander / Crosswind in the [[Philippines]], an aa sauld throughoot the [[ASEAN]], an in [[Indie]] as the [[Chevrolet Tavera]]
* 1996-1999, [[Isuzu Oasis]] [[minivan]], a rebadged [[Honda Odyssey]]
* 1996–2000, [[Isuzu Hombre]] [[pickup truck]], a rebadged [[Chevrolet S10]]
* 1998-2003, [[Isuzu Amigo|Amigo/Rodeo Sport]] compact SUV (Seicont generation)
* 1999–2001, [[Isuzu VehiCROSS|VehiCROSS]] [[halo car|halo]] [[Sport utility vehicle|SUV]]
* 2001–2004, [[Isuzu Axiom|Axiom]] midsize SUV
* 2002–2008, [[Isuzu Ascender|Ascender]] lairge SUV
* 2002–present, [[Isuzu D-Max|D-Max]] Pickup Truck, a tap sellin diesel sauld in the majority o Isuzu mercats (excludin North Americae)
* 2006–2008, [[Isuzu i-Series|i-280/i-350]] pickup truck (a product o the co-developed D-Max platform Isuzu sells owerseas) later sauld as the I-290/I-370

=== Commercial vehicles ===
* [[Isuzu Elf|Elf]] - Licht Duty Truck (N-Series)
* [[Isuzu Forward|Forward]] - Medium Duty Truck (F-Series)
* [[Isuzu Giga|Giga]] - Hivy Duty Truck (C-Series, E-Series)
* [[Isuzu Gala|Gala]] - Hivy Duty Bus
* [[Isuzu Gala Mio|Gala Mio]] - Medium Duty Bus
* [[Isuzu Erga|Erga]] - Law Deck Hivy Duty Bus
* [[Isuzu Erga-J|Erga-J]] - Hivy Duty Bus
* [[Isuzu Erga Mio|Erga Mio]] - Law Deck Medium Duty Bus
* [[Isuzu Journey|Journey]] - Licht Duty Bus
* [[Isuzu Journey-J|Journey-J]] - Medium Duty Bus
* [[Isuzu H-Series|H-Series]] - Hivy Duty Truck in [[Unitit States]] ae (Rebadged frae [[GMC Topkick]] an [[Chevrolet Kodiak]])

=== Race caurs ===
* 1969 [[Isuzu R7|R7]], [[Can-Am|Group 7]] racecaur
* 1970 [[Isuzu Bellett R6|Bellett R6]], [[Group 6 (racing)|Group 6]] racecaur

=== Concept caurs ===
* 1970 [[Isuzu Bellett MX1600|Bellett MX1600]]
* 1983 [[Isuzu COA|COA]]
* 1985 [[Isuzu COA|COA-II]]
* 1987 [[Isuzu COA|COA III]], AWD mid ingine coupe
* 1989 [[Isuzu Costa|Costa]]
* 1989 [[Isuzu MultiCROSS|MultiCROSS]]
* 1989 [[Isuzu 4200R|4200R]]
* 1991 Como, a [[pick-up truck|pickup]]-style crossover wi a [[Lotus Cars|Lotus]] [[Formula Ane]] ingine&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.carstyling.ru/en/cars.1991_Isuzu_Como.html |title=1991 Isuzu Como |publisher=www.carstyling.ru |date=2007-07-02 |accessdate=2010-11-29 |archive-date=2011-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611145902/http://www.carstyling.ru/en/cars.1991_Isuzu_Como.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (the name wis later uised for the [[Isuzu Como|rebadged Nissan Caravan E25]] produced frae 2001)
* 1991 [[Isuzu Nagisa|Nagisa]]
* 1993 [[Isuzu XU-1|XU-1]]
* 1993 [[Isuzu VehiCROSS|VehiCROSS]]
* 1995 [[Isuzu Deseo|Deseo]]
* 1995 [[Isuzu Aisance|Aisance]]
* 1997 [[Isuzu VX-2|VX-2]]
* 1997 [[Isuzu Zaccar]]
* 1999 [[Isuzu VehiCROSS|Isuzu VX-O&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;]]
* 1999 [[Isuzu KAI|Revolutionary Vehicle-KAI]]
* 1999 [[Isuzu ZXS|ZXS]]
* 2000 [[Isuzu VehiCROSS|Isuzu VX-4]]
* 2001 [[Isuzu Zen|Zen]]
* 2001 [[Isuzu GBX|GBX]]

=== Buses (Philippines) ===
* LV314K
* LV314L
* CJM470
* CJM500
* PABFTR33PLB
* FTR33P
* LT132
* LT423
* LV123

=== Buses (Thailand) ===
* CQA 650 A/T
* LV223S
* LV423R
* LV486R
* MT113QB

== Leavin U.S. market ==
Isuzu Motors Americae discontinued the sale o passenger vehicles in the Unitit States effective Januar 31, 2009. The company explained tae its dealers that it haed no been able tae secure replacements for the [[Isuzu Ascender]] an [[Isuzu i-Series]] that wad be commercially viable. Isuzu sauld 7,098 caurs in the year 2007.

Maist Isuzu U.S. passenger vehicle dealers became service an pairts dealers. Thay continue tae honour the warranties o Isuzu vehicles an still sell pairts an accessories.  Isuzu became the last automaker o the 2000s tae athdraw frae [[North Americae|North American]] sales.

This action did no affect Isuzu's commercial vehicle or industrial diesel ingine operations in the Unitit States.

== See an aa ==
{{Portal box|Japanese Car|Companies}}
* [[List of automobile manufacturers]]
* [[General Motors|General Motors Corporation]]
* [[Ghandhara Industries]]
* [[Leet o Isuzu ingines]]
* [[Leet o Isuzu ingines#Isuzu Diesel|Isuzu Diesel Ingine]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
8. [http://www.reynolds1915.com/ Isuzu Commecial Truck Dealership]

== Freemit airtins ==
{{External links|date=November 2010}}
{{Commons|Isuzu vehicles}}
* [http://www.isuzu.com/ Isuzu website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828102937/http://isuzu.com/ |date=2008-08-28 }}
* [http://www.isuzu.co.jp/ ISUZU (Japanese)]
* [http://isuzusby.com Isuzu (Indonesia)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206190434/http://isuzusby.com/ |date=2019-02-06 }}
* [http://www.isuzu.co.jp/world/index.html ISUZU Worldwide]
* [http://www.isuzuphil.com/ Isuzu Philippines Corporation]
* [http://www.planetisuzoo.com/ PlanetIsuzoo]
* [http://www.isuzuperformance.com/ Isuzu Performance]
* [http://www.isuzumotorsports.com/ Isuzu Motor Sports]
* [http://www.isuzone.org/ Enthusiast website]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Japanese Automobile Industry}}
{{Isuzu Commercial Vehicle}}
{{Commonscat|Isuzu vehicles}}

[[Category:Companies based in Tokyo]]
[[Category:Caur manufacturers o Japan]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1916]]
[[Category:Bus manufacturers]]
[[Category:Hybrid electric bus manufacturers]]
[[Category:Isuzu| ]]
[[Category:Automotive companies o Japan]]
[[Category:Larrie manufacturers]]
[[Category:General Motors marques]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Banner o Transnistrie</title>
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      <text bytes="5023" sha1="9iu21z5kc3txdmrm5jb1q00p8bhwzx4" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Transnistria State Flag.svg|200px|right]]

The '''banner o [[Transnistrie]]''' is a version o the umwhile [[banner o the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]. The current form wis adoptit bi the 2000 Law aboot State Seembols.

== History ==
The banner o the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic serd as the republic's banner till the [[dissolution o the Soviet Union]] in 1991. When Moldovae became independent, some places in Transnistrie refused tae fly the new Moldovan banner an continued tae fly the [[banner o the Soviet Union]]. Continued uise o the banner o the umwhile Moldavian SSR wis popular an it wis offeecially reintroduced as the banner o Transnistrie in 2000.

== Uisage ==
For govrenment uisage, anerlie the state banner is valid. But Transnistrian law permits the uise a simplified version o the banner for non-govrenmental uise (i.e., personal an commercial uisage), athoot hammer an sickle an red starn, an athoot regard tae shape or size. The maist common size is still 1:2, but 2:3 versions hae been uised an aa.
[[File:Transnistria-plate.jpg|thumb|centre|350px|Transnistrian [[Vehicle registration plate|number plate]] wi the simplified banner in the corner]]

== Ither banners ==
The presidential banner is a 1:1, yellae fringed version o the ceevil banner wi the [[Coat o airms o Transnistrie|coat-o-airms]] in the centre. The current version wis adoptit on 18 Julie 2000 an replaced an earlier version datin frae 1997.

The airmy banner is currently a blue banner wi a yellae bund reid cross.&lt;ref&gt;Gaceta de Banderas&lt;/ref&gt; It is seimilar tae that o the [[Military o Moldovae|Moldovan airmy]], but disna include the [[Coat o airms o Moldovae|Moldovan coat-o-airms]].

A customs banner is an aa in uise bi Transnistrian customs. It is a primarily green banner wi twa reid baunds at the bottom. The central pairt o the banner is dominatit bi the seembol o Transnistrian customs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://customs.tiraspol.net/en/component/option,com_datsogallery/Itemid,84/func,detail/catid,1/id,49/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-02-15 |archive-date=2012-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120421043954/http://customs.tiraspol.net/en/component/option,com_datsogallery/Itemid,84/func,detail/catid,1/id,49/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://flagspot.net/flags/md-dnies.html#cust&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;br clear=all&gt;

== Future ==
[[File:Flag of Transnistria (Russian tricolour).svg|thumb|200px|New proponed banner o [[Transnistrie]], vera similar tae the [[Banner o Roushie|banner]] o the [[Roushie|Roushie Federation]]]]
In 2009, a proposal wis discussed in parliament tae replace the ceevil banner (plain red-green-red) wi a new banner, cairryin three horizontal stripes in the colours white, blue an reid, being amaist identical tae the banner o the Roushie Federation, but wi different aspect ratio (1:2 insteid o Roushie's 2:3).&lt;ref&gt;Moldova.org: [http://social.moldova.org/news/transnistria-considers-broadening-its-state-symbols-200548-eng.html Transnistria considers broadening its state symbols] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818071923/http://social.moldova.org/news/transnistria-considers-broadening-its-state-symbols-200548-eng.html |date=2009-08-18 }} (5 May 2009)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Supreme Council - parliamentary news: [http://www.vspmr.org/News/?ID=3097 On state insignia] (2 June 2009)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Supreme Council - parliamentary news: [http://www.vspmr.org/News/?ID=3076 Reaffirming commitment to harmonization of PMR and RF legislation] (28 May 2009)&lt;/ref&gt; The reasons statit for the chynge o the banner include the desire tae create closer ties wi Roushie, a guarantor o Transnistrie's unthirldom frae Moldovae. In a [[Transnistrian unthirldom referendum, 2006|2006 referendum]], 97.2% o Transnistrians votit in favour o increased association wi Roushie. The new banner wad be uised alangg wi the current state banner.

== See an aa ==
* [[Coat o airms o Transnistrie]]

== References ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== External links ==
* [http://zakon-pmr.com/doc.php?docid=23848538&amp;queryid=28896451 Law on State Symbols of the PMR as of 16 March 2006.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312100226/http://zakon-pmr.com/doc.php?docid=23848538&amp;queryid=28896451 |date=2007-03-12 }} {{ru icon}} Iurist. Retrieved 12 December 2006. This link did not work on 9 September 2008
* [http://www.presidentpmr.org/category/40.html President's website for state flag] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221044056/http://www.presidentpmr.org/category/40.html |date=2008-02-21 }} {{ru icon}}
* [http://vspmr.org/Law/?ID=742 Parliament's website for law on state flag]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://flagspot.net/flags/md-dnies.html Flagspot article about Transnistrian flag]
* [http://www.flaggenlexikon.de/ftrnsnis.htm Flaggenlexikon article aboot Transnistrian banner]

{{Banner o Europe}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Banner O Transnistrie}}
[[Category:Politics o Transnistrie]]
[[Category:Banners o Moldovae]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bòrd na Gàidhlig</title>
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      <text bytes="1058" sha1="0xbxwbt8rz5f9v7m49e73d85x9nkqps" xml:space="preserve">Unner the Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005, '''Bòrd na Gàidhlig''' (Gaelic Leid Boord) is a ''non-departmental public body'' appointit bi the [[Scots Govrenment]] in 2003 an taskit wi securin [[Scots Gaelic]] as an [[offeecial leid]] o [[Scotland]].&lt;ref&gt;Macleod, Angus. [https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/gaelic-given-official-status-7pfkvdnc2wh &quot;Gaelic given official status&quot;] (22 April 2005) ''[[The Times]]''. London. Retrieved 14 September 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=About Us |lang=en |url=https://www.gaidhlig.scot/bord/about-us/ |website=gaidhlig.scot |publisher=Bòrd na Gàidhlig |access-date=14 September 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==See an aw==
* [https://www.gaidhlig.scot/ Làrach-lìn a' Bhùird] (offeecial wabsteid o the Boord)

[[Category:Scots Gaelic leid]]
[[Category:Leid regulators]]
[[Category:Organisations based in Inverness]]
[[Category:2003 establishments]]
[[Category:Entities wi Scots Gaelic names]]

{{Stub/scotpol}}
{{Stub/Leid}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shahrisabz</title>
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      <text bytes="5454" sha1="n9gokgp5pp1xdg5ejtgjk61b9m3yxgi" xml:space="preserve">'''Shakhrisabz''' ({{lang-uz|'''Shahrisabz''' / Шаҳрисабз}}; {{lang-fa|شهر سبز / Shahr-e Sabz}}; {{lang-ru|Шахрисабз}}), is a city in [[Uzbekistan]]i province of [[Qashqadaryo Province|Qashqadaryo]] located approximately 80&amp;nbsp;km south of [[Samarkand]] with a population of 53,000 (1991). It is located at the altitude of 622 m. Ance a major city of [[Central Asie|Central Asia]], it is primarily remembered till to  date as the birthplace of14th century [[Turco-Mongol]] conqueror [[Timur]]. Its name (شهر سبز) means &quot;green/verdant city&quot; in [[Persie leid|Persian]]. 

==History==

Umwhile kent as '''Kash''' (i.e., &quot;hert-pleasin&quot;) an tentatively identifee'd wi the auncient '''Nautaca''' Shahrisabz shoud be coontit amang Central Asie’s maist auncient ceeties. It wis foondit mair nor 2700 years ago.

Frae the 6t tae 4t centuries BC it wis a pairt o Akhemenid empire.

[[Alexander the Great]]'s general [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]] captured the [[satrap]] o [[Bactrie]] an [[pretender]] tae the [[Persie Empire|Persie]] throne, [[Bessus]], at Nautaca thus endin the ance great [[Achaemenid]] Empire. Alexander the Great chose tae spend his winters an met his wife [[Roxanna]] in the aurie in 328-327 BC.

Frae 4t tae 8t century Kesh wis ane o urban centers o [[Sogdiana]].

Atween 567 an 658 rulers o Kesh paid taxes tae caghans o Turkic an Wastren Turkic caghanates.

In 710 ceety wis conqured bi Arabs.

Shahrisabz wis the birthplace o [[Timur]] on Aprile 9, 1336, tae the faimily o a minor local chief, an durin the early years o the [[Timurid dynasty]], enjoyed its considerable patronage. Timur regardit Shahrisabz as his “hame toun” an planned it eventually tae be the location o his tomb. Housomeivver, durin the Timurid period, the centre o activity shiftit tae [[Samarkand]] insteid.

Accordin tae legend, The [[Khan (teetle)|Khan]] o [[Bukhara]], [[Abdullah Khan II]] haed the ceety destroyed in a fit o rage ower the daith o his favorite horse frae exhaustion on a steep approach the ceety, but wis later owercome wi remorse for the damage he haed done.

The ceety struggled for autonomy unner Bukharan rule. The [[Roushie Empire|Roushies]] helped Bukharan emir tae conquere the ceety in 1870.

==Ethnography==

Shahrisabz is ane o Uzbakistan's touns an ceeties wi a Persie-speakin Tajik majority. The kintraside is solidly Tajik, pairticularly in the direction o the east an [[Tajikistan]]. The Uzbeks, &quot;Chaghatay&quot; an &quot;Turks&quot; form a lairge minority in the ceety. The Roushie minority is dwindlin syne 1991 an the [[collapse o the Soviet Union]].

== Monuments ==
[[Image:Aq-Saray Shahrisabz 2.JPG|thumb|Entrance tae the Ark fortress.]]

Several remainin impressive monuments frae the [[Timurid dynasty]] hae enabled the auld pairt o the ceety tae be inscribed on the [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Leet]].(''See'' [[Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Uzbekistan]])

* '''Aq-Saray Palace'''

'''[[Timur]]'s Simmer Palace''', the “White Palace” wis planned as the maist grandiose o aw Timur's constructions. It wis stairtit in 1380 bi airtisans deportit bi Timur frae the recently-conquered [[Khwarezm]]. Unfortunately, anerliey traces o its gigantic 65 m gate-touers survive, wi blue, white an gowd mosaics. Abuin the entry o the Ak-Saray are big letters sayin: &quot;If ye challenge oor pouer - leuk at oor biggins!&quot;

* '''Kok Gumbaz Mosque / Dorut Tilyovat ([[Dorut Tilavat]]) Complex'''

A Friday [[mosque]] biggit in 1437 bi [[Ulugh Beg]] in honour o his faither [[Shah Rukh]], its name meanin “Blue Dome”. Locatit immediately ahint the Kok Gumbaz Mosque is the sae-cried “Hoose o Meditation”, a [[mausoleum]] biggit bi Ulugh Beg in 1438 but apparently niver uised for burials.

* '''Hazrat-i Imam Complex'''

East o the Kok Gumbaz is anither mausoleum complex cried '''Dorussiadat''' (Seat o Pouer an Micht), which contains the Tomb o Jehangir, Timur’s eldest an favorite son. The adjacent mosque is said tae hoose the tomb o a revered 8t century [[imam]] [[Amir Kulal]].

[[Image:Dorussiadat.JPG|thumb|left|Dorussiadat mausoleum]]
* '''Tomb o Timur'''

Ahint the Hazrat-i Imam Emsemble is a bunker wi a door leadin tae an unnergrund chamber, discovered bi airchaeologists in 1943. The room is nearly filled wi a single stane casket, on which inscriptions indicate that it wis intendit for Timur. Housomeivver, the conqueror wis buried in Samarkand, no at Shahrisabz, an mysteriously, his tomb in Shahrisabz contained twa unidentifee'd corpse.

An a o interest are medieval baths an an 18t century [[bazaar]].

== In popular cultur ==
In 1980s the Uzbek group &quot;Yalla&quot; wrote a sang aboot Shahrisabz.

==Freemit airtins==
{{commonscat|Shahrisabz}}
*[http://www.orexca.com/shakhrisabz.shtml History an monuments o Shahrisabz]
*[http://www.kufic.info/architecture/aqsaray/aqsaray.htm Square Kufic decoration on Timur's Simmer Palace]
*[http://www.kufic.info/architecture/shakhrisabz/daralsiyadah.htm Square Kufic decoration on the Dar al-Siyadah Complex]
*[http://www.kufic.info/architecture/shakhrisabz/daraltilavah.htm Square Kufic decoration on the Dar al-Tilavah Complex]
*{{Youtube|id = 3elGQefFPlw|title = Yalla - &quot;Shahrisabz&quot;}}

{{coord|39|03|N|66|50|E|region:UZ_type:city|display=title}}
{{Iranian Airchitectur}}
{{Ceeties in Uzbekistan}}

[[Category:Populatit places in Qashqadaryo Province]]
[[Category:Airchaeological steids in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Uzbekistan]]</text>
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      <text bytes="5425" sha1="8yixwhor7ivtagnldh4hpwmclkxr79x" xml:space="preserve">'''Shakhrisabz''' ({{lang-uz|'''Shahrisabz''' / Шаҳрисабз}}; {{lang-fa|شهر سبز / Shahr-e Sabz}}; {{lang-ru|Шахрисабз}}), is a ceety in [[Uzbekistan]]i province o [[Qashqadaryo Province|Qashqadaryo]] locatit approximately 80&amp;nbsp;km sooth o [[Samarkand]] wi the population o 53,000 (1991). It is locatit at the altitude o 622 m. Ance a major ceety o [[Central Asie]], it is primarily kent the day as the birthplace o 14t century [[Turco-Mongol]] conqueror [[Timur]]. Its name (شهر سبز) means &quot;green/verdant ceety&quot; in [[Persie leid|Persian]].

==History==

Umwhile kent as '''Kash''' (i.e., &quot;hert-pleasin&quot;) an tentatively identifee'd wi the auncient '''Nautaca''' Shahrisabz shoud be coontit amang Central Asie’s maist auncient ceeties. It wis foondit mair nor 2700 years ago.

Frae the 6t tae 4t centuries BC it wis a pairt o Akhemenid empire.

[[Alexander the Great]]'s general [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]] captured the [[satrap]] o [[Bactrie]] an [[pretender]] tae the [[Persie Empire|Persie]] throne, [[Bessus]], at Nautaca thus endin the ance great [[Achaemenid]] Empire. Alexander the Great chose tae spend his winters an met his wife [[Roxanna]] in the aurie in 328-327 BC.

Frae 4t tae 8t century Kesh wis ane o urban centers o [[Sogdiana]].

Atween 567 an 658 rulers o Kesh paid taxes tae caghans o Turkic an Wastren Turkic caghanates.

In 710 ceety wis conqured bi Arabs.

Shahrisabz wis the birthplace o [[Timur]] on Aprile 9, 1336, tae the faimily o a minor local chief, an durin the early years o the [[Timurid dynasty]], enjoyed its considerable patronage. Timur regardit Shahrisabz as his “hame toun” an planned it eventually tae be the location o his tomb. Housomeivver, durin the Timurid period, the centre o activity shiftit tae [[Samarkand]] insteid.

Accordin tae legend, The [[Khan (teetle)|Khan]] o [[Bukhara]], [[Abdullah Khan II]] haed the ceety destroyed in a fit o rage ower the daith o his favorite horse frae exhaustion on a steep approach the ceety, but wis later owercome wi remorse for the damage he haed done.

The ceety struggled for autonomy unner Bukharan rule. The [[Roushie Empire|Roushies]] helped Bukharan emir tae conquere the ceety in 1870.

==Ethnography==

Shahrisabz is ane o Uzbakistan's touns an ceeties wi a Persie-speakin Tajik majority. The kintraside is solidly Tajik, pairticularly in the direction o the east an [[Tajikistan]]. The Uzbeks, &quot;Chaghatay&quot; an &quot;Turks&quot; form a lairge minority in the ceety. The Roushie minority is dwindlin syne 1991 an the [[collapse o the Soviet Union]].

== Monuments ==
[[Image:Aq-Saray Shahrisabz 2.JPG|thumb|Entrance tae the Ark fortress.]]

Several remainin impressive monuments frae the [[Timurid dynasty]] hae enabled the auld pairt o the ceety tae be inscribed on the [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Leet]].(''See'' [[Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in Uzbekistan]])

* '''Aq-Saray Palace'''

'''[[Timur]]'s Simmer Palace''', the “White Palace” wis planned as the maist grandiose o aw Timur's constructions. It wis stairtit in 1380 bi airtisans deportit bi Timur frae the recently-conquered [[Khwarezm]]. Unfortunately, anerliey traces o its gigantic 65 m gate-touers survive, wi blue, white an gowd mosaics. Abuin the entry o the Ak-Saray are big letters sayin: &quot;If ye challenge oor pouer - leuk at oor biggins!&quot;

* '''Kok Gumbaz Mosque / Dorut Tilyovat ([[Dorut Tilavat]]) Complex'''

A Friday [[mosque]] biggit in 1437 bi [[Ulugh Beg]] in honour o his faither [[Shah Rukh]], its name meanin “Blue Dome”. Locatit immediately ahint the Kok Gumbaz Mosque is the sae-cried “Hoose o Meditation”, a [[mausoleum]] biggit bi Ulugh Beg in 1438 but apparently niver uised for burials.

* '''Hazrat-i Imam Complex'''

East o the Kok Gumbaz is anither mausoleum complex cried '''Dorussiadat''' (Seat o Pouer an Micht), which contains the Tomb o Jehangir, Timur’s eldest an favorite son. The adjacent mosque is said tae hoose the tomb o a revered 8t century [[imam]] [[Amir Kulal]].

[[Image:Dorussiadat.JPG|thumb|left|Dorussiadat mausoleum]]
* '''Tomb o Timur'''

Ahint the Hazrat-i Imam Emsemble is a bunker wi a door leadin tae an unnergrund chamber, discovered bi airchaeologists in 1943. The room is nearly filled wi a single stane casket, on which inscriptions indicate that it wis intendit for Timur. Housomeivver, the conqueror wis buried in Samarkand, no at Shahrisabz, an mysteriously, his tomb in Shahrisabz contained twa unidentifee'd corpse.

An a o interest are medieval baths an an 18t century [[bazaar]].

== In popular cultur ==
In 1980s the Uzbek group &quot;Yalla&quot; wrote a sang aboot Shahrisabz.

==Freemit airtins==
{{commonscat|Shahrisabz}}
*[http://www.orexca.com/shakhrisabz.shtml History an monuments o Shahrisabz]
*[http://www.kufic.info/architecture/aqsaray/aqsaray.htm Square Kufic decoration on Timur's Simmer Palace]
*[http://www.kufic.info/architecture/shakhrisabz/daralsiyadah.htm Square Kufic decoration on the Dar al-Siyadah Complex]
*[http://www.kufic.info/architecture/shakhrisabz/daraltilavah.htm Square Kufic decoration on the Dar al-Tilavah Complex]
*{{Youtube|id = 3elGQefFPlw|title = Yalla - &quot;Shahrisabz&quot;}}

{{coord|39|03|N|66|50|E|region:UZ_type:city|display=title}}
{{Iranian Airchitectur}}
{{Ceeties in Uzbekistan}}

[[Category:Populatit places in Qashqadaryo Province]]
[[Category:Airchaeological steids in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Uzbekistan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hawk</title>
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      <text bytes="3400" sha1="pkvzbz6tligbu08sbz90yn5pn0x9kf4" xml:space="preserve">The term '''hawk''' can be uised  in mony ways:

* In strict uisage in [[Australie]] an [[Africae]], tae mean ony o the [[species]] in the [[subfamily]] [[Accipitrinae]]that whilk is makkit up o the [[genus|genera]] ''[[Accipiter]]'', ''[[Micronisus]]'', ''[[Melierax]]'', ''[[Urotriorchis]]'' an ''[[Megatriorchis]]''. The muckle an widespreid ''[[Accipiter]]'' genus includes [[gos]]ses, [[Spur-hawk]]s, the [[Shairp-shinnit Hawk]] an ithers. Thir is mainly widland birds wi lang tails an heich visual acuity, huntin bi suddent dashes frae a concealed perch.
* Mair generally (especially in [[North Americae]]) tae mean [[faucon]]s or sma tae middlin-sized members o the [[Accipitridae]]—the faimily that includes the &quot;true hawks&quot; as weel as [[eagle]]s, [[gled]]s, [[herry-hawk]]s an [[bizzart]]s.
* Lowsely, tae mean awmaist ony [[bird o prey]] ootside o the order [[Strigiformes]] (ouls).
[[File:HawkToronto1.JPG|thumb|left|Hawk sichtit in [[Toronto]] afore the [[Fields Institute]].]]
The common names o birds in sindry pairts o the warld aften uises ''hawk'' in the seicont sense. For example, the [[Osprey]] or &quot;fish hawk&quot;; or, in North Americae, the mony ''Buteo'' species (e.g., the [[Reid-tailed Hawk]], ''B. jamaicensis'').

In Februar 2005, the [[Canadae]] [[ornithologist]] [[Louis Lefebvre]] annoonced a method o meisurin avian &quot;[[IQ]]&quot; in terms o thair innovation in feedin haunts.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-02/nsae-bit021605.php EurekAlert! Public News List:Bird IQ test takes flight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806071550/http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2005-02/nsae-bit021605.php|date=2011-08-06}} - Dr. Lefebvre's AAAS presentation - Feeding innovations and forebrain size in birds (Monday, February 21, 2005)Part of the symposium: [[Mind]], [[Brain]] and Behavior&lt;/ref&gt; Hawks wis named amang the maist intelligent birds based on his scale. Hawks are widely reputit tae hae [[visual acuity]] mony times that o a normal human bein. This is owin tae the mony [[Photoreceptor cell|photoreceptor]]s in the [[retina]] (up tae 1,000,000 per square mm for ''Buteo'', agin 200,000 for [[humans]]), an exceptional nummer o [[Neuron|nerves]] connectin thir receptors tae the [[harn]]s, an indentit [[fovea]] that magnifies the central portion o the [[veesual field|visual field]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Hawks | publisher = Avianweb.com | url = http://www.avianweb.com/hawks.htm | accessdate = 2010-01-30 | archive-date = 2014-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140209190439/http://avianweb.com/hawks.htm | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Kirschbaum | first = Kari | title = Family Accipitridae | work = AnimalDiversity Web | publisher = University of Michigan Museum of Zoology  | url = http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Accipitridae.html  | accessdate = 2010-01-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{wikiquote|Hawks}}
* [http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/hawks-eagles-accipitridae Hawks an Eagles (Accipitridae)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527064016/http://ibc.lynxeds.com/family/hawks-eagles-accipitridae |date=2010-05-27 }} information, videos, photos an soonds at the [http://ibc.lynxeds.com Internet Bird Collection]

[[Category:Heraldic birds]]
[[Category:Falconiformes]]
[[Category:Hawks| ]]
[[Category:Birds o prey]]</text>
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    <title>Province o Pesaro an Urbino</title>
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      <text bytes="5313" sha1="knswno6jtfco7qz1ixb924ey9gpjzwp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox province
&lt;!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --&gt;
| name                    = Province o Pesaro an Urbino
| native_name             = 
| native_name_lang        = it&lt;!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. &quot;it&quot; for Italian --&gt;
| settlement_type         = [[Provinces o Italy|Province]]
| image_skyline           = 
| image_alt               = 
| image_caption           = 
| image_flag              = 
| flag_alt                = 
| image_shield            = 
| shield_alt              = 
| image_map               = Map Province of Pesaro Urbino.svg
| map_alt                 = 
| map_caption             = Map heichlichtin the location o the province o Pesaro e Urbino in Italy
| coordinates             = 
| coordinates_footnotes   = 
| subdivision_type        = Kintra
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Italy}}
| subdivision_type1       = Region
| subdivision_name1       = [[Marche]]
| established_title       = 
| established_date        = 
| seat_type               = Caipital(s)
| seat                    = [[Pesaro]]
| parts_type              = [[Comune|Comuni]]
| parts_style             = para
| p1                      = 60
| government_footnotes    = 
| leader_party            = [[Democratic Pairty (Italy)|PD]]
| leader_title            = Preses
| leader_name             = Matteo Ricci
| unit_pref               = Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;
| area_footnotes          = 
| area_total_km2          = 2564.21
| elevation_footnotes     = 
| elevation_m             = 
| population_footnotes    = 
| population_total        = 364896
| population_as_of        = 2009-7-31
| population_density_km2  = auto
| timezone1               = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1             = +1
| timezone1_DST           = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST         = +2
| postal_code_type        = Postal code
| postal_code             = 
| area_code_type          = Telephone prefix
| area_code               = 0721 Pesaro
0722 Urbino 
| iso_code                = 
| registration_plate      = [[Italian caur number plates|PU]]
| blank_name_sec1         = [[Istituto Nazionale di Statistica|ISTAT]]
| blank_info_sec1         = 041
| website                 = &lt;!-- {{URL|example.com}} --&gt;
| footnotes               = 
}}
[[File:Provincia di Pesaro e Urbino.png|thumb|right|250px|Map o the province]]
[[Image:SMaria1.jpg|thumb|right|Sanctuary o Santa Maria in Val d'Abisso at [[Piobbico]].]]
The '''Province o Pesaro an Urbino''' ({{lang-it|Provincia di Pesaro e Urbino}}, {{IPA-it|proˈvintʃa di ˈpeːzaro e urˈbiːno|pron}}) is a [[Provinces o Italy|province]] in the [[Marche]] region o [[Italy]]. Its caipital is the ceety o [[Pesaro]]. It borders the state o [[San Marino]] an aw.

==History==
Efter the referendum o 2006, 7 municipalities o [[Montefeltro]] wur detached frae the Province tae jyne the [[Province o Rimini]] ([[Emilia-Romagna]]) on 15 August 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{it icon}} [http://www.iusetnorma.it/news_normativa/normativa/l-03-08-09n117.htm Article about the legislation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722040247/http://www.iusetnorma.it/news_normativa/normativa/l-03-08-09n117.htm |date=2011-07-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{it icon}} [http://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/rimini/cronaca/2010/07/10/355107-valmarecchia_rimane_emilia_romagna.shtml Article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419054858/http://www.ilrestodelcarlino.it/rimini/cronaca/2010/07/10/355107-valmarecchia_rimane_emilia_romagna.shtml |date=2016-04-19 }} on &quot;[[il Resto del Carlino]]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;. The municipalities are [[Casteldelci]], [[Maiolo]], [[Novafeltria]], [[Pennabilli]], [[San Leo]], [[Sant'Agata Feltria]] an [[Talamello]].

==Geography==
It haes an aurie o 2,564&amp;nbsp;km², an a tot population o 364,896 (2010). Thare are 60 [[comune]]s (Italian: ''comuni'') in the province, see [[Comunes o the Province o Pesaro an Urbino]].

As for 31 Mey 2005, the main comuni bi population are:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Commune
!Population
|-
|[[Pesaro]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |91,977
|-
|[[Fano]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |62,106
|-
|[[Urbino]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |15,377
|-
|[[Mondolfo]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |11,504
|-
|[[Fossombrone]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |9,687
|-
|[[Cagli]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |8,975
|-
|[[Fermignano]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |8,155
|-
|[[Sant'Angelo in Lizzola]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |7,709
|-
|[[Cartoceto]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |7,105
|-
|''[[Novafeltria]]''&lt;ref&gt;Frae 2009 pairt o the Province o Rimini&lt;/ref&gt;
| align=&quot;right&quot; |6,978
|-
|[[Pergola, Marche|Pergola]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |6,828
|-
|[[Urbania]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |6,780
|-
|[[Tavullia]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |6,032
|-
|[[Montelabbate]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5,917
|-
|[[Saltara]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5,705
|-
|[[Colbordolo]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5,680
|-
|[[Gabicce Mare]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |5,639
|-
|[[Lunano]]
| align=&quot;right&quot; |1,232
|-
|}

==[[Twin touns an sister ceeties]]==
*{{flagicon|Germany}} [[Wolfsburg]], Germany, syne 1975

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{commonscat-inline}}
*[http://www.provincia.ps.it/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210213014024/http://www.provincia.pu.it/ |date=2021-02-13 }}

{{Marche}}
{{Province o Pesaro an Urbino|nocat=yes}}

{{coord missing|Italy}}

[[Category:Province o Pesaro an Urbino| ]]
[[Category:Provinces o Italy|Pesaro an Urbino]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Battlecross</title>
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      <text bytes="3433" sha1="9oa1lldmaatx6v82hg6yb17nv04lwb0" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox muisical airtist |
| name                = Battlecross
| image               = 
| caption             =
| image_size          = 
| background          = group_or_band
| origin              = [[Warren, Michigan|Warren]], [[Michigan]]
| genre               = [[Thrash metal]], [[daith metal]]
| years_active        = 2003—present
| label               = [[Metal Blade Records|Metal Blade]]
| associated_acts     = 
| website             = 
| current_members     = Kyle Gunther&lt;br&gt;Tony Asta&lt;br&gt;Hiran Deraniyagale&lt;br&gt;Don Slater&lt;br&gt;Mike Kreger
| past_members        = Jay Saling&lt;br&gt;Michael Heugel&lt;br&gt;Jason Leone&lt;br&gt;Marshall Wood
}}

'''Battlecross''' is an [[Unitit States|American]] [[hivy metal]] baund frae [[Warren, Michigan]]. The baund describes their soond as &quot;Blue Collar Thrash Metal&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;myspace&quot;&gt;[http://www.myspace.com/battlecross ''BATTLECROSS''], Retrieved 20 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; 

==History==
The baund wis foondit in 2003 bi guitarists Tony Asta an Hiran Deraniyagala. Efter unnergoin lineup chynges, in 2007, drummer Mike Kreger wis hired. In 2008 an 2010 respectively, bassist Don Slater an sangster Kyle &quot;Gumby&quot; Gunther joined the baund an aw. Thegither, they played some local gigs first. Due tae the increasin popularity o the baund, the group then played wi ither baunds such as [[Dying Fetus]], [[GWAR]], [[DevilDriver]], [[The Absence]], [[Vital Remains]] an [[The Faceless]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.laut.de/Battlecross ''Battlecross – laut.de''], Retrieved 20 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2010, Battlecross sel-released their debut album &quot;Push Pull Destroy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.metalkingdom.net/band/band_discography.php?idx=5254 ''Battlecross Discography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110055038/http://www.metalkingdom.net/band/band_discography.php?idx=5254 |date=2013-11-10 }}, Retrieved 20 July 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; The seicont album cried &quot;Pursuit of Honor&quot; wis released in 2011 in [[Metal Blade Records]]. It wis recordit at Random Awesome Recording Studio in [[Bay City, Michigan|Bay City]], [[Michigan]] an producit bi Josh Schroeder.&lt;ref name=&quot;myspace&quot;/&gt; Maist o the sangs on the album wur awready heard on the debut album.&lt;ref name=&quot;vampster&quot;&gt;agony&amp;ecstasy: [http://vampster.com/artikel/show/39303_BATTLECROSS-Pursuit-Of-Honor_CD-Review_.html ''BATTLECROSS: Pursuit Of Honor''], Retrieved 20 July 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

== Discography ==
* ''Demo'' (Demo, 2005, self-released)
* ''Push Pull Destroy'' (Album, 2010, self-released)
* ''Pursuit of Honor'' (Album, 2011, [[Metal Blade Records]])
* ''War of Will'' (Album, 2013, [[Metal Blade Records]])
* ''Rise to Power'' (Album, 2015, [[Metal Blade Records]])

==Members==
===Current members===
* Kyle &quot;Gumby&quot; Gunther - vocals (2010-)
* Tony Asta - guitar (2003-)
* Hiran Deraniyagale - guitar (2003-)
* Don Slater - bass (2008-)
* Mike Kreger - drums (2007-)

===Umwhle members===
* Jay Saling - bass, vocals 
* Michael Heugel - bass 
* Jason Leone - drums 
* Marshall Wood - vocals 

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Freemit airtins ==
* [http://battlecrossmetal.com/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050729075852/http://www.battlecrossmetal.com/ |date=2005-07-29 }}
* {{MySpace|http://www.myspace.com/battlecross}}

[[Category:American daith metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:American thrash metal muisical groups]]
[[Category:Hivy metal muisical groups frae Michigan]]
[[Category:Muisical groups established in 2003]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ian Rankin</title>
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      <text bytes="42205" sha1="4el2rjpbf1uxc6qnm8dgx78g2rm50e7" xml:space="preserve">{{Featurt airticle}}
{{Infobox writer
 | name        = Ian Rankin
 | honorific_suffix = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OBE|DL|FRSE|FRSL}}
 | image       = IanRankin.jpg
 | imagesize   =
 | caption     = Ian Rankin in August 2007
 | pseudonym   = Jack Harvey
 | birth_name  = Ian James Rankin
 | birth_date  = {{Birth date and age|1960|04|28|df=y}}
 | birth_place = [[Cardenden]], [[Fife]], Scotland
 | death_date  =
 | death_place =
 | occupation  = Crime Writer
 | nationality =  Scots
 | period      = 1984–present
 | genre       = [[Crime Fiction]]
 | subject     =
 | notableworks = DI John Rebus novels&lt;br/&gt;Malcolm Fox novels&lt;br/&gt;''Dark Entries''
 | signature   =
 | website     = {{URL|http://www.ianrankin.net}}
 | spouse   = {{marriage|Miranda Harvey|1986}}
 | children = 2
 | module = {{Listen |embed= yes |filename= Ian_Rankin_BBC_Radio4_Desert_Island_Discs_6_Nov_2011_b016vh1b.flac |title= Ian Rankin's voice |type= speech |description= frae the BBC programme ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'', 6 November 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite episode |title= Ian Rankin |series= Desert Island Discs |serieslink= Desert Island Discs |url= http://bbc.co.uk/programmes/b016vh1b |station= [[BBC Radio 4]] |date= 6 November 2011 |accessdate= 18 January 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; }}
}}
'''Ian James Rankin''' OBE DL FRSE FRSL (born 28 Aprile 1960) is a Scots crime writer that is maist weel-kent fur his Inspector Rebus novelles. He haes written several pieces o literar criticism as weel.

==Early life==
Rankin wis born in Cardenen, [[Fife]]. His faither awnt a grocery shop an his maither wirked in a schuil canteen.&lt;ref name = Sturgis&gt;{{cite news|last1=Sturgis|first1=India|title=If I Could See Me Now... What Your Younger Self Would Make of you Today – Ian Rankin|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|issue = Weekend supplement |date=26 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; He wis scuiled at Beath Hie Schuil, [[Coudenbeith]]. His fowks wis scunnert whan he waled tae study literatur, as thay'd expectit him tae study fur a trade.&lt;ref name = Sturgis /&gt; Heezed up bi his Inglis teacher, he huild at it an graduatit in 1982 fae the [[Varsity o Edinburgh]], whaur he wirked on a doctorate on [[Murial Spark]] forby, but didnae fienish it.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCProfile&quot; /&gt; He haes taucht at the varsity an retains a active pairt wi the James Tate Memorial Prize.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pauli |first1=Michelle |title=McEwan's Saturday wins UK's oldest literary prize |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2006/jun/07/jamestaitblackprize.awardsandprizes |access-date=28 February 2021 |work=the Guardian |publisher=Guardian News &amp; Media Limited |date=7 June 2006 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He bade in Tottenham, Lunnon, fur fower year than rural Fraunce fur sax year while he fordert his career as a novelist.&lt;ref&gt;Rankin, I. (1998) ''Tooth &amp; Nail''. London: Orion. p. vii.&lt;/ref&gt; Afore becomin a fou-time novelist, he wirked as a grape picker, swineherd, taxman, alcohol resaircher, jurnalist, college secretar an punk muisicker in a baund cried the Dancing Pigs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.januarymagazine.com/profiles/ianrankin.html &quot;Profile: Ian Rankin&quot;], ''January Magazine''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bookslut.com/features/2005_04_005009.php &quot;Ian Rankin&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110302101046/http://www.bookslut.com/features/2005_04_005009.php |date=2011-03-02 }}, Bookslut, April 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name = Sturgis/&gt;

==Career==
Rankin set oot tae be a mainstream scriever an thocht his furst novelles, ''Knots and Crosses'' an ''Hide and Seek'' wis mainstream beuks, in keepin wi the traditions o [[Robert Louis Stevenson]] an e'en Murial Spark. He wis discomfitit bi thaim bein cried genre fiction. [[Alan Massie]], the Scots writer that tutort Rankin while Massie wis writer-in-residence, telt him &quot;Div ye think John Buchan iver wirrit aboot whether he wis writin literatur or no?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barnett&quot;&gt;{{cite news|author=Barnett, Laura|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/dec/11/ian-rankin-portrait|newspaper=The Guardian|title=Ian Rankin, Author—Portrait of the Artist|date=11 December 2012|accessdate= 8 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rankin's Inspector Rebus novelles is set mainly in [[Edinburgh]]. Thay ur thocht tae be major contributions tae the tairtan noir genre.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=MacBride |first1=Stuart |title=Tartan Noir: A very strange beast |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/1khlNTRKjnchr1WqG1K7tNV/tartan-noir-a-very-strange-beast |access-date=16 January 2021 |work=www.bbc.co.uk |publisher=BBC |date=12 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ten o the novelles wis adaptit as a telly series on ITV featurin John Hannah as Rebus in series 1 an 2 wi Ken Stott as Rebus in series 3-5.

In 2009, Rankin donatit the short story &quot;Fieldwork&quot; tae Oxfam's ''Ox-Tales'' project, fower quairs o UK stories scrieved bi 38 authors. His story wis furthset in the &quot;Earth&quot; quair.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ox&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfam.org.uk/shop/content/books/books_oxtales.html |title=Ox-Tales |publisher=Oxfam.org.uk |date= |access-date=4 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090520182004/http://www.oxfam.org.uk/shop/content/books/books_oxtales.html |archive-date=20 May 2009 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Ian Rankin signing Dark Entries in Forbidden Planet Edinburgh 06.jpg|thumb|Rankin pittin his name tae copies o his debut graphic novelle, ''Dark Entries'', in the Edinburgh [[Forbidden Planet]] International store in December 2009.]]

In 2009, Rankin said on Radio Five Live that he wid stairt wirk on a five- or sax-issue rin o the comic beuk ''Hellblazer'', tho he micht turn the story intae a staund-alane graphic novelle insteid. The Vertigo Comics panel at Wondercon 2009 confirmt the story wid be a graphic novelle, ''Dark Entries'', the seicont release frae the company's Vertigo Crime imprint.&lt;ref name=&quot;DarkEntries&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=WC: Vertigo - Innovative and Provocative |date=1 March 2009 |url=http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&amp;id=20252 |publisher=[[Comic Book Resources]] |accessdate=2 March 2009 |archive-date=2009-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304114037/http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&amp;id=20252 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newsarama.com/comics/030925-Vertigo-Rankin.html |title=Starting Vertigo's Crime Line: Ian Rankin on Dark Entries |publisher=[[Newsarama]] |date=25 March 2009 |access-date=2020-09-17 |archive-date=2009-03-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328003345/http://www.newsarama.com/comics/030925-Vertigo-Rankin.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Steve |last=Duin |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/books/index.ssf/2009/04/ian_rankin_vs_brian_azzarello.html |title=Ian Rankin vs. Brian Azzarello |newspaper=[[The Oregonian]] |date=7 April 2009 |access-date=2020-09-17 |archive-date=2009-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090411105013/http://www.oregonlive.com/books/index.ssf/2009/04/ian_rankin_vs_brian_azzarello.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011, ten [[Scots beuk sculptures|sculptures]] makit o beuks wis anonymously left in places in Edinburgh. Three o the sculptures uised Rankin's beuks as bases, bein ''Exit Music'',&lt;ref name=CS&gt;{{cite news|title=Mysterious paper sculptures |url=http://thisiscentralstation.com/featured/mysterious-paper-sculptures/|work=Central Stn|first=Chris|last=Scott|accessdate=16 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Knots and Crosses'',&lt;ref name=Scotland&gt;{{cite news|title=Edinburgh’s mysterious book sculptures to go on display|url=http://www.scotland.org/features/edinburghs-mysterious-book-sculptures-to-go-on-display|work=Scotland|date=August 2012|accessdate=16 December 2012|archive-date=2015-11-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151127123858/http://www.scotland.org/features/edinburghs-mysterious-book-sculptures-to-go-on-display/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an ''Hide and Seek''.&lt;ref name=CS /&gt;&lt;ref name=EC&gt;{{cite news|title=Final chapter in book sculpture mystery revealed|url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/news/article/723/final_chapter_in_book_sculpture_mystery_revealed|work=Edinburgh Council|date=25 November 2011|accessdate=16 December 2012|archive-date=2016-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508085713/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/news/article/723/final_chapter_in_book_sculpture_mystery_revealed|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ainither ane o the sculptures depictit a cinema audience, wi ane o the audience memmers bearin Rankin's face.&lt;ref name=CS/&gt; A final eleveint sculpture, makit frae a copy o Rankin's novelle ''The Impossible Dead'', wis gien tae him on the 25 November 2011.&lt;ref name=CS/&gt;

In 2013, Rankin co-wrate the play ''Dark Road'' wi Mark Thomson, the artistic director o the [[Royal Lyceum Theatre]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.list.co.uk/article/54887-edinburgh-lyceums-mark-thomson-discusses-dark-road-the-first-play-by-ian-rankin/ | title=Mark Thomson Discusses Dark Road, the First Play by Ian Rankin | publisher=[[The List (magazine)|The List]] | work=list.co.uk | date=17 September 2013 | accessdate=19 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/liam-rudden-lyceum-aims-for-top-rankin-with-dark-road-1-2915455 | title=Lyceum Aims for Top Rankin with Dark Road | publisher=[[The Scotsman]] | work=scotsman.com | date=1 May 2013 | accessdate=19 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The play, that wis Rankin's furst time scrievin a play,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/home-news/ian-rankin-turns-his-pen-from-rebus-to-stage-play.20959653 | title=Ian Rankin Turns His Pen from Rebus to Stage Play | publisher=[[The Herald (Glasgow)|The Herald]] | work=heraldscotland.com | date=1 May 2013 | accessdate=19 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; furst shawed at the Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh, in September 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://news.stv.tv/east-central/223477-rebus-author-ian-rankin-debuts-first-play-as-part-of-lyceum-new-season/ | title=The Lyceum to Host Ian Rankin's Debut Play as Part of New Season | publisher=[[Scottish Television|STV]] | work=news.stv.tv | date=30 April 2013 | accessdate=19 October 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303233201/http://news.stv.tv/east-central/223477-rebus-author-ian-rankin-debuts-first-play-as-part-of-lyceum-new-season/ | archive-date=3 March 2016 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2005, Ian Rankin wis pit forrit as the tent best sellin writer in Britain, accoontin fur 10% o aw crime fiction selt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Wroe |first1=Nicholas |title=Profile: Ian Rankin |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2005/may/28/crime.ianrankin |access-date=3 March 2021 |work=the Guardian |date=27 May 2005 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; He writes unner the name Jack Harvey as weel.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCProfile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=BBC Two - Writing Scotland - Ian Rankin |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/50K0MJNnc2wpqh68Vp4TllY/ian-rankin |website=BBC |access-date=3 March 2021 |date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129012815/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/profiles/50K0MJNnc2wpqh68Vp4TllY/ian-rankin |archive-date=2020-11-29 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Documentaries==
Rankin aften contributes tae the BBC Two arts programme ''Newsnight Review''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lawson |first1=Mark |title=Why mixing art and news adds drama |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/programmes/newsnight/newsnight25/4212087.stm |access-date=28 February 2021 |work=BBC |agency=BBC |publisher=BBC |date=28 January 2005 |lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; His three-pairt documentary series on the subjeck o ill wis braidcast on Channel 4 in December 2002. In 2005 he kytht in a 30-mintie documentary on BBC Four cried ''Rankin on the Staircase'', whaur he speirt oot the relationship atween real-life cases an crime fiction. It wis lowsely based on the Michael Peterson murther case, as kivert bi Jean-Xavier Lestrade's documentary series Death on the Staircase. The same year he jynt wi fowk muisicker [[Jackie Leven]] on the album ''Jackie Leven Said''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bourke |first1=Kevin |title=Ian Rankin: accidental crime |url=https://www.bigissuenorth.com/features/2020/10/ian-rankin-accidental-crime/ |access-date=28 February 2021 |work=Big Issue North |date=16 October 2020 |lang=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2007, Rankin kytht in twa programmes fur BBC Four titled &quot;Ian Rankin's Hidden Edinburgh&quot; and &quot;Ian Rankin Investigates Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde&quot;, explorin the oreegin o his chairacter John Rebus an the events o his creation.

He kytht in the telly shaw ''Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations'', takin a trip throu Edinburgh wi writer/ceuk Anthony Bourdain.

==Muisic==
Rankin is the singer o the sax-piece baund Best Picture, foondit bi jurnalists Kenny Farquharson (''[[The Times]]'') an Euan McColl (''[[The Scotsman]]'') in 2017, and featurin [[The Bluebells|Bobby Bluebell]] on guitar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Farquharson |first1=Kenny |title=The six dads about to rock salute you |url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-six-dads-about-to-rock-salute-you-t3x52wf5j |accessdate=28 July 2018 |newspaper=The Times |date=24 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thay released a single &quot;Isabelle&quot; on [[Oriel Records]] in October 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ross |first1=Peter |title=Rebus and roll: Ian Rankin’s new gig as a ‘dad rock’ singer |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/shortcuts/2017/oct/15/rebus-and-roll-ian-rankin-new-gig-as-a-dad-rock-singer |accessdate=28 July 2018 |newspaper=The Guardian |date=15 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thay makit their live furst shaw at the [[Kendal Calling]] muisic fest on 28 July 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Best Picture - Kendal Calling |url=https://www.kendalcalling.co.uk/artists/best-picture |website=Kendal Calling |accessdate=28 July 2018 |archive-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201028085340/https://www.kendalcalling.co.uk/artists/best-picture |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==
He bides in Edinburgh wi his wife Miranda, that he met at varsity and waddit in 1986, an thair twa loons John Morgan &quot;Jack&quot; Harvey-Rankin (born 1992) an Christopher Connor &quot;Kit&quot; Harvey-Rankin (born 1994). Thay bade in the [[Merchiston]]/[[Morningside, Edinburgh|Morningside]] area fur a curn years,&lt;ref name=&quot;Williams-Akoto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Williams-Akoto |first1=Tessa |title=My Home: Ian Rankin, crime writer |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/property/house-and-home/property/my-home-ian-rankin-crime-writer-317152.html |accessdate=29 November 2019 |work=The Independent |date=5 October 2005 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; near aboots the authors [[JK Rowling]], [[Alexander McCall Smith]] and [[Kate Atkinson]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Mitchell&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mitchell |first1=Hilary |title=Welcome to the 'Writer's Block' - spotlight on exclusive Edinburgh area after Ian Rankin sells house |url=https://www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/welcome-writers-block-spotlight-exclusive-16257774 |accessdate=29 November 2019 |work=Edinburgh Live |date=10 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; afore flittin tae a penthouse flat in the umwhile [[Edinburgh Royal Infirmary]] biggin in [[Quartermile]] in [[Lauriston]].&lt;ref name=&quot;MacDonald&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=MacDonald |first1=Stuart |title=Author Ian Rankin cashes in on Edinburgh mansion after £2.1 million sale |url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/lifestyle/author-ian-rankin-cashes-edinburgh-mansion-after-ps21-million-sale-546995 |accessdate=29 November 2019 |work=Edinburgh Evening News |date=10 May 2019 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; The couple awns a hoose in [[Cromarty]] in the [[Scots Hielands]] forby.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reece&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Reece |first1=Alex |title=My Coast: Ian Rankin |url=https://www.coastmagazine.co.uk/content/my-coast-ian-rankin |accessdate=19 November 2019 |work=Coast Magazine}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rankin appears as a chairacter in McCall Smith's 2004 novel, ''[[44 Scotland Street]]''.

In 2019, Rankin gied his personal archive tae the National Librar o Scotland efter flittin tae his flat in the Quartermile. The Library is plannin a shawin fur 2021 o hielichts frae the archives, that includes resairch jottins, newspaper clippins, an manuscripts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=Brian |title=National Library lifts lid on vast archive donated by Ian Rankin |journal=Edinburgh Evening News |date=10 May 2020 |url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/national-library-lifts-lid-vast-archive-donated-ian-rankin-2848101 |accessdate=12 May 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Awairds an honours==
*1988 Elected [[Hawthornden Castle|Hawthornden]] Fellow&lt;ref name=&quot;bfs&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.booksfromscotland.com/Authors/Ian-Rankin|publisher=BooksfromScotland.com |title=Ian Rankin |date=|accessdate= 7 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*1991 Chandler-[[Fulbright Program|Fulbright]] Award&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;/&gt;
*1994 [[Crime Writers Association|CWA]] Short Story Dagger for ''A Deep Hole''&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://literature.britishcouncil.org/ian-rankin |publisher=The British Council |title=Ian Rankin |date= |accessdate=7 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150605221310/http://literature.britishcouncil.org/ian-rankin |archive-date=5 June 2015 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*1996 [[Crime Writers Association|CWA]] Short Story Dagger for ''Herbert in Motion'' in ''Perfectly Criminal''&lt;ref name=&quot;CWA&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/short.html|publisher=Crime Writers Association|title=The CWA Short Story Dagger|date=5 July 2012|access-date=7 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119201149/http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/short.html|archive-date=19 January 2013|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*1997 [[Crime Writers Association|CWA]] Gold Dagger for Fiction for ''Black and Blue''&lt;ref name=&quot;CWA4&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/gold.html|publisher=Crime Writers Association|title=The CWA Gold Dagger|date=5 July 2012|access-date=8 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091850/http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/gold.html|archive-date=14 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*1997 [[Edgar Award]] for best novel, shortlist, ''Black and Blue''
*1999 [[University of Abertay Dundee]] honorary doctorate &lt;ref name=&quot;Dundee&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=THES Editorial|work=The Times Higher Education Supplement|date=26 November 1999|title=Glittering Prizes|accessdate=7 January 2013|url=http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?storyCode=148995&amp;sectioncode=26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2000 [[University of St Andrews]] honorary doctorate&lt;ref name=&quot;Andrews&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2000/title,42233,en.php|publisher=University of St Andrews|title=University honour for award winning author|date=3 February 2000|access-date=7 January 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923131232/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2000/title,42233,en.php|archive-date=23 September 2015|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2000 Palle Rosencrantz Prize (Denmark)&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;/&gt;
*2002 Officer of the [[Order of the British Empire]] fur services tae literatur
*2003 [[University of Edinburgh]] honorary doctorate&lt;ref name=&quot;Edinburgh&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/honorary-degrees/2002-3|publisher=University of Edinburgh|title=University of Edinburgh Honorary Degrees 2002/03|date=28 August 2003|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901213216/http://www.ed.ac.uk/about/people/honorary-degrees/2002-3|archive-date=1 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2003 Whodunnit Prize (Finland)&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;/&gt;
*2003 [[Festival du Film Policier de Cognac|Grand Prix du Roman Noir]] (France)&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;/&gt;
*2004 [[Edgar Award]] for ''Resurrection Men''
*2005 [[Crime Writers Association|CWA]] Lifetime Achievement Award (Cartier [[Diamond Dagger]])''&lt;ref name=&quot;CWA2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/cartier.html|publisher=Crime Writers Association|title=The Cartier Diamond Dagger|date=5 July 2012|access-date=7 January 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203195758/http://www.thecwa.co.uk/daggers/cartier.html|archive-date=3 December 2012|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2005 [[Open University]] honorary doctorate &lt;ref name=&quot;OU&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.open.ac.uk/students/ceremonies/files/ceremonies/file/Doctor%20of%20the%20University%201973-2011.pdf |publisher = The Open University |title = Doctor of the University 1973-2011 |access-date = 9 January 2013 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131213042428/http://www.open.ac.uk/students/ceremonies/files/ceremonies/file/Doctor%20of%20the%20University%201973-2011.pdf |archive-date = 13 December 2013 |df = dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2005 [[Grand Prix de Littérature Policière]] (France) fur ''Set in Darkness''&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;/&gt;''&lt;ref name=&quot;rayonpolarGuidePrix&quot;&gt;{{in lang|fr}} [http://www.rayonpolar.com/Guides/Prix/Prix_pdf.php Guide des Prix littéraires], online ed. ''Le Rayon du Polar''. Synopsis of French prizes rewarding French and international crime literature, with lists of laureates for each Prize. Grand Prix de littérature policière: pp. 18-36.&lt;/ref&gt;
*2005 Deutsche Krimi Prize (Germany), fur ''Resurrection Men''&lt;ref name=&quot;BC&quot;/&gt;
*2006 [[University of Hull]] honorary doctorate&lt;ref name=&quot;Hull&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www2.hull.ac.uk/old_news_pages/news_archive/2006_news_archive/january/honorary_degrees.aspx?theme=textonly|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130419171459/http://www2.hull.ac.uk/old_news_pages/news_archive/2006_news_archive/january/honorary_degrees.aspx?theme=textonly|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 April 2013|publisher=University of Hull|title=The University of Hull awards Honorary Degrees for Inspirational Achievements|date=27 January 2006|access-date=8 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2007 The Edinburgh Award&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/12456608.Rankin_gives_hand_to_Edinburgh_Award/|title=Rankin gives hand to Edinburgh Award|last=|first=|date=2008-02-19|website=The Herald|language=en|access-date=2017-08-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2008 [[ITV3]] Crime Thriller Award for Author of the Year, fur ''Exit Music''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Allen, Katie |title=Rankin and P D James pick up ITV3 awards |url=http://www.thebookseller.com/news/68347-rankin-and-p-d-james-pick-up-itv3-awards.html |work=theBookseller.com |date=6 October 2008 |access-date=6 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409070859/http://www.thebookseller.com/news/68347-rankin-and-p-d-james-pick-up-itv3-awards.html |archive-date=9 April 2009 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2009 [[Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award]], shortleetit ''Exit Music''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.digyorkshire.com/HighlightDetails.aspx?Article=202 |title=Shortlist for Theakston’s Crime Novel of the year Award 2009 |publisher=digyorkshire.com |date=2 June 2009 |accessdate=17 June 2009 |archive-date=2016-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815160519/http://www.digyorkshire.com/HighlightDetails.aspx?Article=202 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2012 [[Specsavers National Book Award]], Outstanding Achievement&lt;ref name=flood2012&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2012/dec/05/el-james-national-books-award |title=EL James comes out on top at National Book awards |work=[[The Guardian]] |author=Alison Flood |date=5 December 2012 |accessdate=5 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2015 Elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Edinburgh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=New Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh|url=http://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/press/2015/PR030315.pdf|website=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|accessdate=17 March 2015|archive-date=2016-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321052538/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/press/2015/PR030315.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2016 [[UNESCO]] City of Literature [[Visiting scholar|Visiting Professor]] at [[University of East Anglia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.uea.ac.uk/about/-/ian-rankin-marks-rebus-anniversary-with-uea-visiting-professorship|title=Ian Rankin to be UEA visiting professor|last=|first=|date=|website=University of East Anglia|publisher=|access-date=13 December 2016|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220221655/https://www.uea.ac.uk/about/-/ian-rankin-marks-rebus-anniversary-with-uea-visiting-professorship|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*2016 [[RBA Prize for Crime Writing]] fur [[Even Dogs in the Wild]], the warld's maist lucrative crime fiction prize at €125,000.
*2016 Elected a Fellow of the [[Royal Society of Literature]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Current RSL Fellows|url=http://rsliterature.org/fellows/current-fellows/|website=Royal Society of Literature|accessdate=8 January 2017|archive-date=2017-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729090322/https://rsliterature.org/fellows/current-fellows/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Natasha Onwuemezi, [http://www.thebookseller.com/news/syal-and-mcdermid-named-new-rsl-fellows-564396 &quot;Rankin, McDermid and Levy named new RSL fellows&quot;], ''[[The Bookseller]]'', 7 June 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bibliographie==
Tae date, he haes setten furth 25 novelles, twa short story quairs, ae original graphic novelle an ae novella, an a non-fiction beuk. He haes scrieved a Quick Reads title an aw.

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Year !! Novel !! Notes
|-
| 1986 || ''[[The Flood (novel)|The Flood]]'' ||
|-
| 1987 || ''[[Knots and Crosses]]'' || 1st [[Inspector Rebus]] novelle
|-
| 1988 || ''[[Watchman (novel)|Watchman]]'' ||
|-
| 1990 || ''[[Westwind (novel)|Westwind]]'' ||
|-
| 1991 || ''[[Hide and Seek (Ian Rankin novel)|Hide and Seek]]'' || 2nd Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 1992 || ''[[Tooth and Nail (novel)|Tooth and Nail]]'' || 3rd Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| ''[[Strip Jack]]'' || 4th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| ''[[A Good Hanging and Other Stories]]'' || Short stories
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1993 || ''[[Witch Hunt (novel)|Witch Hunt]]'' || Scrievin as ''Jack Harvey''
|-
| ''[[The Black Book (1993 novel)|The Black Book]]'' || 5th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1994 || ''[[Bleeding Hearts]]'' || Scrievin as ''Jack Harvey''
|-
| ''[[Mortal Causes]]'' || 6th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1995 || ''[[Blood Hunt]]'' || Scrievin as ''Jack Harvey''
|-
| ''[[Let it Bleed (novel)|Let it Bleed]]'' || 7th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 1997 || ''[[Black and Blue (Rankin novel)|Black and Blue]]'' || 8th Inspector Rebus novelle&lt;br /&gt; wan Macallan [[Gold Dagger]] fur Fiction
|-
| ''[[Herbert in Motion &amp; Other Stories]]'' || Limited edition chapbook wi 4 stories, 2 oreeginal tae this quair
|-
| 1998 || ''[[The Hanging Garden (Rankin novel)|The Hanging Garden]]'' || 9th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| 1999 || ''[[Dead Souls (1999 novel)|Dead Souls]]'' || 10th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| 2000 || ''[[Set in Darkness]]'' || 11th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| 2001 || ''[[The Falls (Rankin novel)|The Falls]]'' || 12th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2002 || ''[[Resurrection Men]]'' || 13th Inspector Rebus novelle&lt;br /&gt; wan The [[Edgar Award]]
|-
| ''Beggars Banquet'' || Short stories
|-
| 2003 || ''[[A Question of Blood]]'' || 14th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| 2004 || ''[[Fleshmarket Close]]'' || 15th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2005 || ''Rebus's Scotland: A Personal Journey'' || Non-Fiction&lt;br /&gt;Awairded CWA [[Cartier Diamond Dagger]]
|-
| ''[[The Complete Short Stories]]'' || Short stories; omnibus includin the contents o A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories an Beggar's Banquet plus ane new story, Atonement
|-
| 2006 || ''[[The Naming of the Dead]]'' || 16th Inspector Rebus novelle
|-
| 2007 || ''[[Exit Music]]'' || 17th Inspector Rebus novelle&lt;br /&gt; wan [[ITV3 Crime Thriller Award]]
|-
| 2008 || ''[[Doors Open]]'' ||
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 2009 || ''[[A Cool Head]]'' || [[Quick Reads]] 2009
|-
| ''[[The Complaints]]'' || 1st Malcolm Fox novelle
|-
| ''[[Dark Entries (comics)|Dark Entries]]'' || ''Vertigo Crime'' featurin John Constantine
|-
| 2011 || ''[[The Impossible Dead]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ianrankin.net/pages/news/index.asp?NewsID=53 |title=Ian Rankin latest news, Exit Music, Ian Rankin Rebus novels, Doors Open novel, Books Direct Crime Thriller of the Year, Galaxy British Book Awards |publisher=Ianrankin.net |date= |accessdate=8 November 2012 |archive-date=2015-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150316023533/http://www.ianrankin.net/pages/news/index.asp?NewsID=53 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; || 2nd Malcolm Fox novelle
|-
| 2012 || ''[[Standing in Another Man's Grave]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/showbiz/celebrity-news/2012/06/05/rebus-is-back-ian-rankin-reveals-his-famous-detective-will-return-in-new-novel-86908-23886972/ | title=Rebus is back! Ian Rankin reveals his famous detective will return in new novel | newspaper=[[Daily Record (Scotland)]] | date=5 June 2012 | accessdate=10 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; || 18th Inspector Rebus &amp; 3rd Malcolm Fox novelle
|-
| 2013 || ''[[Saints of the Shadow Bible]]'' || 19th Inspector Rebus &amp; 4th Malcolm Fox novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2014 || ''Dark Road'' || Stage play, wi [[Mark Thomson]]
|-
| ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'' || Short stories
|-
| 2015 || ''[[Even Dogs in the Wild]]'' || 20t Rebus &amp; 5th Malcolm Fox novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2016 || ''The Travelling Companion'' || Limited edition bibliomystery; No 26 in a series o short stories bi crime writers [https://web.archive.org/web/20180724160946/https://www.bookgrail.com/store/death-sentences/ Death Sentences]
|-
| ''[[Rather Be the Devil]]'' || 21st Rebus &amp; 6t Malcolm Fox novelle
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2018 || ''[[Rebus: Long Shadows]]'' || Stage play, wi [[Rona Munro]] (pairt o the Inspector Rebus series)
|-
| ''[[In a House of Lies]]'' || 22nd Rebus &amp; 7th Malcolm Fox novelle
|-
| 2020 || ''A Song for the Dark Times'' || 23rd Rebus novelle
|}
&lt;br /&gt;

==Ither furthsettins==
'''Edited anthology'''
* ''Criminal Minded'' (2000) (edited an wi an introduction bi Rankin)

'''Recordins'''
* ''Jackie Leven Said'' (Cooking vinyl, 2005), wi [[Jackie Leven]]
* ''The Sixth Stone'' (CD, 2007), wi [[Aidan Moffat]], on ''[[Ballads of the Book]]''
* ''This Has Been the Death of Us'' (7th Realm Of Teenage Heaven, 2009), wi [[Saint Jude's Infirmary]]
* ''The Third Gentleman'' (BBC Broadcast, 25 October 1997. 87mins). Black comedy set in 1790s Edinburgh
* ''The Deathwatch Journal'' (Audiobook / BBC Broadcast, 2017. 75mins). Read bi Jimmy Chisholm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/111/1115082/the-deathwatch-journal/9781785299186.html|title=The Deathwatch Journal|website=Penguin|date=7 December 2017|accessdate=23 June 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Graphic novelles'''
*'' [[Dark Entries (comics)|Dark Entries]]'' (September 2009) wi art bi [[Werther Dell'Edera]]. Furthset bi [[Vertigo Crime]] an featurin John Constantine o [[Hellblazer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ianrankin.net/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=97 |title=Ian Rankin Newsletter |publisher=Ianrankin.net |date= |accessdate=4 November 2010 |archive-date=2015-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503000819/http://www.ianrankin.net/pages/content/index.asp?PageID=97 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newsarama.com/comics/080815-VertigoCrime.html |title=Karen Berger On The Vertigo Crime Line |publisher=Newsarama.com |date= |accessdate=4 November 2010 |archive-date=2009-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107173229/http://www.newsarama.com/comics/080815-VertigoCrime.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Graphic novella'''
* ''The Lie Factory'', illustrated bi Tim Truman. Furthset as pairt o a CD package, ''Kickback City'', featurin [[Rory Gallagher]] sangs fictionalized in the novella an wi narration bi [[Aidan Quinn]]

'''Opera'''
* ''Gesualdo'', wi [[Craig Armstrong (composer)|Craig Armstrong]] (2008)
'''Short stories'''
* &quot;Summer Rites&quot; (1984) (furthset in ''Cencrastus'', No. 18 - actual a section o Rankin's furst novelle)
* [http://www.theshortstory.org.uk/stories/index.php4?storyid=9 &quot;An Afternoon&quot;] (1984) (furthset in ''[[Association for Scottish Literary Studies#New Writing Scotland|New Writing Scotland No. 2]]'') (slichtly revised version furthset in ''OxCrimes'', 2014)
* &quot;Voyeurism&quot; (1985) (furthset in ''New Writing Scotland No. 3'')
* &quot;Colony&quot; (1986) (furthset in ''New Writing Scotland No. 4'')
* &quot;Scarab&quot; (1986) (furthset in ''Scottish Short Stories 1986'')
* &quot;Territory&quot; (1987) (furthset in ''Scottish Short Stories 1987'')
* &quot;Remembrance&quot; (1988) (furthset in ''Cencrastus'', Spring)
* &quot;Playback&quot; (1990) (Rebus; furthset in Winter's Crime 22; reprinted in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'', 1992)
* &quot;Talk Show&quot; (1991) (Rebus; furthset in ''Winter's Crimes'' 23)
* &quot;The Dean Curse&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;Being Frank&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;Concrete Evidence&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;Seeing Things&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;A Good Hanging&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;Tit for Tat&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;Not Provan&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;Sunday&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;Auld Lang Syne&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;The Gentlemen's Club&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;Monstrous Trumpet&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'')
* &quot;In the Frame&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''Winter's Crimes'' 24)
* &quot;Trip Trap&quot; (1992) (Rebus; furthset in ''1st Culprit'')
* &quot;Marked for Death&quot; (1992) (furthset in ''Constable New Crimes'' 1)
* &quot;Well Shot&quot; (1993) (Rebus; furthset in ''2nd Culprit''; nae included in the UK an US editions o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'')
* &quot;Video, Nasty&quot; (1993) (furthset in ''Constable New Crimes 2'')
* &quot;Castle Dangerous&quot; (1993) (Rebus; furthset in ''[[Ellery Queen's Mystery Magazine]]'', ''EQMM'', October)
* &quot;Someone Got to Eddie&quot; (1994) (furthset in ''3rd Culprit'')
* &quot;Facing the Music&quot; (1994) (Rebus; furthset in ''Midwinter Mysteries'' 4)
* &quot;A Deep Hole&quot; (1994) (furthset in ''London Noir'')
* &quot;The Serpent's Back&quot; (1995) (furthset in ''Midwinter Mysteries'' 5)
* &quot;Adventures in Babysitting&quot; (1995) (furthset in ''No Alibi'' an in ''Master's Choice Two'')
* &quot;Principles of Accounts&quot; (1995) (furthset in ''EQMM'', August)
* &quot;Window of Opportunity&quot; (1995) (Rebus, furthset in ''EQMM'', December)
* &quot;Natural Selection&quot; (1996) (furthset in ''Fresh Blood'')
* &quot;Herbert in Motion&quot; (1996) (furthset in ''Perfectly Criminal'')&lt;ref name=&quot;CWA&quot;/&gt;
* &quot;The Wider Scheme&quot; (1996) (furthset in ''EQMM'', August)
* &quot;My Shopping Day&quot; (1997) (Rebus; furthset in ''Herbert in Motion &amp; Other Stories'' [limited edition chapbook o 200 copies]; nae included in the UK edition o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'', but included in the U.S. edition)
* &quot;No. 79&quot; (1997) (furthset in Herbert in Motion &amp; Other Stories)
* &quot;Glimmer&quot; (1998) (furthset in ''Blue Lightning'')
* &quot;Unknown Pleasures&quot; (1998) (furthset in ''Mean Time'')
* &quot;Detective Novels: The Pact Between Authors and Readers&quot; (1998) (article; furthset in ''The Writer'', December)
* &quot;[[Death is Not the End]]&quot; (1998) (novella later expanded intae ''Dead Souls'')
* &quot;The Missing&quot; (1999) (furthset in ''Crime Wave'', March)
* &quot;Get Shortie&quot; (1999) (Rebus; furthset in ''Crime Wave 2, Deepest Red'', June; nae included in the UK an US editions o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'')
* &quot;The Acid Test&quot; (1999) (Rebus; furthset in ''EQMM'', August; nae included in the UK an US editions o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'')
* &quot;The Hanged Man&quot; (1999) (furthset in ''Something Wicked'' (UK) an ''EQMM'', September/October)
* &quot;The Only True Comedian&quot; (2000) (furthset in ''EQMM'', February)
* &quot;Unlucky in Love, Unlucky at Cards&quot; (2000) (furthset in ''EQMM'', March)
* &quot;The Confession&quot; (2000) (furthset in ''EQMM'', June)
* &quot;The Slab Boys&quot; (2000) (furthset in ''Scenes of Crime'')
* &quot;No Sanity Clause&quot; (2000) (Rebus; originally titled &quot;Father Christmas's Revenge, furthset in ''The Daily Telegraph'', December)
* &quot;Tell Me Who to Kill&quot; (2003) (Rebus; furthset in ''Mysterious Pleasures'')
* &quot;Saint Nicked&quot; (2003/2004) (furthset in ''The Radio Times'', 21 December 2003 &amp; 4 January 2004)
* &quot;Soft Spot&quot; (2005) (furthset in ''Dangerous Women'')
* &quot;Showtime&quot; (2005) (furthset in ''One City'')
* &quot;Not Just another Saturday&quot; (August 2005) (wrate fur SNIP, a charity organisation; people in attendance o the event wur gien a &quot;typescript&quot; o the story)
* &quot;Atonement&quot; (2005) (written fur the anthology ''Complete Short Stories'', that combined the contents o ''A Good Hanging &amp; Other Stories'' an ''Beggar's Banquet'', but wis far frae &quot;Complete&quot;)
* &quot;Sinner: justified&quot; (2006) (furthset in ''Superhumanatural'')
* &quot;Graduation Day&quot; (2006) (furthset in ''Murder in the Rough'')
* &quot;Fieldwork&quot; (2009) (furthset in ''[[Ox-Tales]]'')&lt;ref name=&quot;Ox&quot;/&gt;
* &quot;Penalty Clause&quot; (2010) (Rebus; furthset in ''Mail on Sunday'', December)
* &quot;The Very Last Drop&quot; (2013) (Rebus; written tae read aloud at an Edinburgh charity event tae help the work o Royal Blind; furthset in the US an UK editions o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'')
* &quot;Dead and Buried&quot; (2013) (Rebus; furthset wi ''Saints of the Shadow Bible'')
* &quot;In the Nick of Time&quot; (2014) (Rebus; furthset in ''Face Off'')
* &quot;The Passenger&quot; (2014) (Rebus; furthset in the UK an US editions o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'')
* &quot;A Three-Pint Problem&quot; (2014) (Rebus; furthset in the UK an US editions o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'')
* &quot;Cinders&quot; (2015) (Rebus; furthset in the US edition o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'')
* &quot;The Travelling Companion&quot; (2015) (novella, furthset bi the Mysterious Bookshop, NYC; signed, lettered limited cloth edition o 26 copies an 100 nummered copies; softcover edition o 1,000 copies; furthset in the UK in 2016 bi Head of Zeus Ltd, London)
* &quot;Meet &amp; Greet&quot; (2015) (furthset in ''The Strand'' XLVI)
* &quot;The Kill Fee&quot; (2015) (furthset in ''The New Statesman'' December 18, 2015—January 8, 2016)
* &quot;Cafferty's Day&quot; (2016) (Rebus; furthset wi ''Rather be the Devil'')
* &quot;Charades&quot; (2017) (Rebus; furthset in ''Country Life'' December 13/20)

'''Ither'''
* &quot;Oxford Bar&quot; (2007) (Essay furthset in the anthology ''How I Write: The Secret Lives of Authors'')&lt;ref name=&quot;isfd&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=|publisher=[[Internet Speculative Fiction Database]]|date=|title=Publication Listing for ''How I Write:The Secret Lives of Authors''|accessdate=12 January 2013|url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/pl.cgi?312245}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;John Rebus&quot; (2007) (''Mysterious Profile #8'', a chapbook furthset bi the Mysterious Bookshop in NYC in a signed limited hardcover edition o 100 copies an 1,000 softcover copies; reprinted in the UK edition o ''The Beat Goes On: The Complete Rebus Stories'' as &quot;Rankin on Rebus&quot;)
* Ian Rankin interviews Arthur Conan Doyle (2013), furthset in ''Dead Interviews''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author= Dan Crowe (editor) |coauthors=  |title= Dead Interviews: Living Writers Meet Dead Icons |year= 2013 |publisher= Granta, London |pp= [https://archive.org/details/deadinterviewsli0000unse/page/143 143–153] |quote=  |url= https://archive.org/details/deadinterviewsli0000unse/page/143 |isbn= 978-1-84708-827-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Criticism==
*Alegre, Sara Martin,&quot;Aging in F(r)iendship: 'Big Ger' Cafferty and John Rebus,&quot; in ''Clues: A Journal of Detection'' 29.2 (2011): 73–82.
*Horsley, Lee, ''The Noir Thriller'' (Houndmills &amp; New York: Palgrave, 2001).
*Lanchester, John, &quot;Rebusworld&quot;, in ''London Review of Books'' 22.9 (27 April 2000), pp.&amp;nbsp;18–20.
*[[John Lennard|Lennard, John]], &quot;Ian Rankin&quot;, in Jay Parini, ed., ''British Writers Supplement X'' (New York &amp; London: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2004), pp.&amp;nbsp;243–60
*MacDonald, Erin E., &quot;Ghosts and Skeletons: Metaphors of Guilty History in Ian Rankin's Rebus Series&quot;, in ''Clues: A Journal of Detection'' 30.2 (2012): 67–75.
*MacDonald, Erin E., ''Ian Rankin: A Companion to the Mystery Fiction'' (Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2020).
*Mandel, Ernest, ''Delightful Murder: A Social History of the Crime Story'' (Leichhardt, NSW, &amp; London: Pluto Press, 1984).
*Marshall, Rodney, ''Blurred Boundaries: Rankin's Rebus'' (Amazon, 2012)
* Nicol, Christopher, &quot;Ian Rankin's 'Black &amp; Blue'&quot;, Scotnote No.24 (Glasgow: ASLS Publications, 2008)
*Ogle, Tina, &quot;Crime on Screen&quot;, in ''The Observer'' (London), 16 April 2000, Screen p.&amp;nbsp;8.
*Plain, Gill, ''Ian Rankin’s Black and Blue'' (London &amp; New York: Continuum, 2002)
*Plain, Gillian, &quot;Ian Rankin: A Bibliography&quot;, in ''Crime Time'' 28 (2002), pp.&amp;nbsp;16–20.
*Robinson, David, &quot;Mystery Man: In Search of the real Ian Rankin&quot;, in ''The Scotsman'' 10 March 2001, S2Weekend, pp.&amp;nbsp;1–4.
*Rowland, Susan, &quot;Gothic Crimes: A Literature of Terror and Horror&quot;, in ''From Agatha Christie to Ruth Rendell'' (Houndmills &amp; New York: Palgrave, 2001), pp.&amp;nbsp;110–34.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rankin, Ian}}
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Cardenden]]
[[Category:Fowk associatit wi Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Scots comics writers]]
[[Category:Scots crime feection writers]]
[[Category:Scots meestery writers]]
[[Category:Scots men novelists]]
[[Category:Edgar Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Cartier Diamond Dagger winners]]
[[Category:Members o the Detection Club]]
[[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Academics o the Varsity o Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Officers o the Order o the Breetish Empire]]
[[Category:Depute Lieutenants o Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Beath High School]]
[[Category:20t-century Scots novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Scots novelists]]
[[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]]
[[Category:20t-century Breetish male writers]]
[[Category:21st-century Breetish male writers]]</text>
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| leader_title            = Mayor
| leader_name             = Kaupo Rätsepp
| area_footnotes          = &lt;ref name=&quot;area&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=Po0291&amp;ti=POPULATION+NUMBER%2C+AREA+AND+DENSITY+BY+ADMINISTRATIVE+UNIT+OR+TYPE+OF+SETTLEMENT%2C+1+JANUARY&amp;path=../I_Databas/Population/01Population_indicators_and_composition/04Population_figure_and_composition/&amp;lang=1|title=Population figure and composition|date=2010-04-19|publisher=[[Statistics Estonia]]|accessdate=28 May 2010|archive-date=2018-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125628/http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=Po0291&amp;ti=POPULATION+NUMBER%2C+AREA+AND+DENSITY+BY+ADMINISTRATIVE+UNIT+OR+TYPE+OF+SETTLEMENT%2C+1+JANUARY&amp;path=..%2FI_Databas%2FPopulation%2F01Population_indicators_and_composition%2F04Population_figure_and_composition%2F&amp;lang=1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_total_km2          = 159.77
| population_footnotes    = &lt;ref name=&quot;population&quot;/&gt;
| population_total        = 7575
| population_as_of        = 01.01.2012&lt;ref name=population/&gt;
| population_density_km2  = auto
| website                 = [http://www.harku.ee www.harku.ee]
}}

'''Harku Parish''' ({{lang-et|Harku vald}}) is a landwart [[Municipalities o Estonie|municipality]] in [[Harju Coonty]], northren [[Estonie]], locatit wast an neebourin the caipital [[Tallinn]]. It occupees an aurie o {{convert|159.77|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} an haes a population o 7,575 (as o 1 Januar 2012). The population densitie is {{Pop density|7575|159.77|km2|sqmi}}.&lt;ref name=population&gt;{{cite web|title=Population figure and composition|url=http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=Po0291&amp;ti=POPULATION+NUMBER%2C+AREA+AND+DENSITY+BY+ADMINISTRATIVE+UNIT+OR+TYPE+OF+SETTLEMENT%2C+1+JANUARY&amp;path=../I_Databas/Population/01Population_indicators_and_composition/04Population_figure_and_composition/&amp;lang=1|publisher=[[Statistics Estonia]]|accessdate=9 June 2012|archive-date=2018-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618125628/http://pub.stat.ee/px-web.2001/Dialog/varval.asp?ma=Po0291&amp;ti=POPULATION+NUMBER%2C+AREA+AND+DENSITY+BY+ADMINISTRATIVE+UNIT+OR+TYPE+OF+SETTLEMENT%2C+1+JANUARY&amp;path=..%2FI_Databas%2FPopulation%2F01Population_indicators_and_composition%2F04Population_figure_and_composition%2F&amp;lang=1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The admeenistrative centre o Harku Pairish is [[Tabasalu]].

==History==
First mentioned in 1891.

==Local govrenment==
The current mayor o Harku Pairish is Kaupo Rätsepp frae the [[Union o Pro Patria an Res Publica]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mayor&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.viimsivald.ee/index.php?id=11065|title=Vallavalitsuse koosseis|publisher=Harku vald|language=Estonian|accessdate=28 May 2010|archive-date=2011-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720131437/http://www.viimsivald.ee/index.php?id=11065|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Current chairman o the council ({{lang|et|volikogu esimees}}) is Helikar Õepa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.harku.ee/index.php?menuID=16|title=Vallavolikogu|publisher=Harku vald http://www.harku.ee|language=Estonian|accessdate=11 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Geografie==
===Populatit places===
Thare are 2 [[Populatit places in Estonie|sma burghs]] ({{lang|et|alevikud}}, sg. - {{lang|et|alevik}}) an 21 [[Populatit places in Estonie|veelages]] ({{lang|et|külad}}, sg. - {{lang|et|küla}}) in Harku Pairish.

'''Sma burghs:''' [[Harku]], [[Tabasalu]].

'''Veelages:''' [[Adra, Estonie|Adra]], [[Harkujärve]], [[Humala, Estonie|Humala]], [[Ilmandu]], [[Kumna]], [[Kütke]], [[Laabi]], [[Liikva]], [[Muraste]], [[Naage]], [[Rannamõisa]], [[Sõrve]], [[Suurupi]], [[Tiskre]], [[Türisalu]], [[Tutermaa]], [[Vääna]], [[Vääna-Jõesuu]], [[Vahi, Harju Coonty|Vahi]], [[Vaila, Estonie|Vaila]], [[Viti, Estonie|Viti]].

&lt;gallery&gt;
Tabasalu pank.JPG|Tabasalu
Murastemoistagant2.jpg|Muraste
Rannamõisa cliff, 2011-06.jpg|Rannamõisa
Ranna kirik.jpg|Ranna kirk
Waterfall Vahiküla.jpg|Vahiküla watterfaw
Suurupi ülemine tuletorn 2007.jpg|Suurupi upper lichthoose
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.harku.ee Offeecial wabsteid] {{et icon}}
*[http://www.harku.ee/.pictures/11.jpg Map o Harku Pairish] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070606204955/http://www.harku.ee/.pictures/11.jpg |date=2007-06-06 }}

{{Harjumaa}}

[[Category:Harku Pairish| Harku Pairish]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Lyubov Uspenskaya</title>
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      <text bytes="7468" sha1="anmvecr5lqs9kejw3m52cqqa5hdenrm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox muisical airtist  &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --&gt;
| name             = Lyubov Uspenskaya
| native_name      = Любовь Залмановна Успенская
| native_name_lang = rus
| image            = Lubov Uspienskaya.jpg
| caption          = Uspenskaya in 2011
| background       = solo_singer
| birth_name       = Lyubov' Zalmanovna Sitsker
| birth_date       = {{Birth date and age|1954|2|24|df=yes}}
| birth_place      = [[Kiev]], [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], [[Soviet Union|USSR]]
| origin           = 
| genre            = [[Pop muisic|Pop]], [[Roushie pop]], [[Soviet muisic]]
| occupation       = [[Sangster]]
| years_active     = 1979 – present
|website = [http://www.LubaUspenskaya.com/ www.LubaUspenskaya.com]
}}
'''Lyubov' Zalmanovna Uspenskaya''' (Russian: ''Любо́вь За́лмановна Успе́нская''), born '''Sitsker''' (''Си́цкер''), (b. 24 February 1954, [[Kiev]], [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], [[Soviet Union|USSR]]) is a Soviet an Roushie sangster o Roushie popular muisic, hintle o which is the so-cried &quot;urban romance&quot; (Roushie: ''городской романс'', ''gorodskoy romans'') style.

== Biografie ==
Lyubov Uspenskaya's mither dee'd in bairnbirth, an wis raised by her guidmither till the age o 5. Then her faither, Zalman Efromovich Sitsker,&lt;ref&gt;[http://forum.2000.net.ua/forum/viewtopic.php?t=4862&amp;postdays=0&amp;postorder=asc&amp;start=1215&amp;sid=aef2d66e16d43b42a50035868722a642 Форумы Еженедельника «2000» :: Просмотр темы — …очень хочется в Советский Союз]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; the director o the Kiev factory o hoosehauld appliances, re-marriet, an they began tae live wi her stepmither.

Frae an early age Uspenskaya's faither began tae teach his dochter tae play the accordion. Uspenskaya graduatit frae muisic schuil an the Kiev Glier Music College. She wirkit in Kiev, an recordit wi Gregory Balberom. At the age o seiventeen wis invitit friends tae wirk in [[Yerevan]], [[Armenie Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenie SSR]].

In 1978, alang wi her seicont husband Yuri, Uspenskaya emigratit frae the [[Soviet Union]]. For a year they livit in Italy, an efterwairds left for the Unitit States. Anerly a few days efter arrivin in the Unitit States Uspenskaya wis invitit tae wirk in the &quot;Sadko&quot; Roushie cabaret-restaurant. Uspenskaya livit in [[Brighton Beach]], the Roushie-Jewish neebourheid in [[Brooklyn]]. In 1985 she recordit her first album, &quot;Beloved.&quot; In Roushie, her recordins wur promotit at first in the early 90's bi Jeff Records an AVA Records o [[Yekaterinburg]], an later frae the mid 90's, bi Soyuz Studios.

In the 1990s, Uspenskaya muivit tae Los Angeles.

In 1993, at the invitation o [[Leonid Derbenyov]]'s company &quot;Steam&quot;, which providit the sangster financial an informational support, Uspenskaya  went tae Roushie tae film the muisic video for the sang &quot;Kabriolet&quot; (Roushie: ''Кабриолет'', lit. &quot;Convertible&quot; (caur)), an tour in Roushie. Syne then Uspenskaya haes toured Roushie regularly an wan awairds in sang competition &quot;Sang o the Year&quot; (Roushie: ''Шансон года, Shanson goda''), an later muivit tae [[Moscow]].

She haes been marriet fower times an haes a dochter.

== Discografie ==

=== Albums ===
* 1985 — ''«My Loved One (Любимый)» (LP, Frans Production, FP 3885-1, США).''
* 1993 — ''«Любимый» (Jeff Records)''
* 1993 — ''«Не забывай» Jeff Records; AVA Records, V 94007 (1994)''
* 1993 — ''«Экспресс в Монте-Карло» Jeff Records SS 93031; AVA Records, V 94005 (1994)''
* 1995 — ''«Гусарская рулетка»''
* 1995 — ''«Далеко, далеко» (Студия «Союз»)''
* 1995 — ''«Концерт в „Метрополе“» (Apex Records AXCD 3-0017)''
* 1996 — ''«Карусель» (Союз/Master Sound, MS 085/SZCD 0594-96)''
* 1997 — ''«Пропадаю я» (Союз SZCD 0827-97)''
* 2002 — ''«Экспресс в Монте-Карло» ''
* 2003 — ''«Горький шоколад»''
* 2007 — ''«К единственному нежному...» (Союз SZCD 4490-07)''
* 2007 — ''«Карета»''
* 2010 — ''«Лети, моя девочка»''
* 2012 — ''«История одной любви»''

=== Compilations ===
* 1994 — ''«Гусарская рулетка» (Jeff Records, большая часть песен взята с альбома «Любимый» (1985)''.
* 1994 — ''«Кабриолет (The Best)» (F2F Music Productions, без номера, Канада)''.
* 1998 — ''«Лучшие песни» (Союз SZCD 0882-98)''
* 1998 — ''«Лучшие песни» (Монолит МТ 265-1)''
* 2000 — ''«Золотая коллекция»''
* 2002 — ''«Гусарская рулетка» (Jeff Records, без номера; переиздание диска 1994 года с другим оформлением)''.
* 2003 — ''«Любовное настроение» (Никитин, TFH-CD08/03)''
* 2005 — ''«Настроение шансон»''
* 2006 — ''«Ещё не поздно — Лучшие песни»''
* 2006 — ''«Grand Collection»''
* 2009 — ''«Союз Gold. Лучшие песни» (Союз SZCD 6088-09; переиздание диска 1998 года).''

== Singles ==
* ''«Не верь чужим словам»'' (В.Добрынин и Л.Дербенёв)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Freemit airtins ==
* [http://www.LubaUspenskaya.com/ Любовь Успенская Официальный сайт] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181210094145/http://www.lubauspenskaya.com/ |date=2018-12-10 }}
* [http://uspenskaya.info/ неофициальный сайт Любови Успенской] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719003904/http://uspenskaya.info/ |date=2013-07-19 }}
* [http://www.chanson.ru/person/9138.html Биография Любови Успенской на сайте «Радио Шансон»] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121214823/http://www.chanson.ru/person/9138.html |date=2013-01-21 }}
* [http://echo.msk.ru/guests/2223/ Любовь Успенская на радио «Эхо Москвы»]
* [http://artists.contigroup.ru/?type=catalog&amp;itemId=f48d5dc5-eede-4bbf-9c9e-1098b251cea8&amp;item=6ea4730a-7859-4bcb-963b-4b8ce4540775/ Биография, статьи о концертах, интервью, эксклюзивные фотографии] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305232321/http://artists.contigroup.ru/?type=catalog&amp;itemId=f48d5dc5-eede-4bbf-9c9e-1098b251cea8&amp;item=6ea4730a-7859-4bcb-963b-4b8ce4540775%2F |date=2009-03-05 }}
* [http://www.shansonprofi.ru/person/uspenskaia/ Любовь Успенская в Музее Шансона]
* [http://guzei.com/photo/?r=349 Любовь Успенская на премии Шансон года 2012]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uspenskaya, Lyubov}}
[[Category:Soviet emigrants tae the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Soviet female sangsters]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Kiev]]
[[Category:Roushie female sangsters]]
[[Category:Soviet Jews]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Latrodectus mactans</title>
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      <text bytes="2281" sha1="tghglhcvuvvlno0cer3hzc5jfddzymx" xml:space="preserve">{{Italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Latrodectus mactans
| image = Latrodectus mactans eating.JPG
| image_width = 211px
| image_caption = ''Latrodectus mactans''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropoda]]
| classis = [[Arachnida]]
| ordo = [[Araneae]]
| familia = [[Theridiidae]]
| genus = ''[[Latrodectus]]''
| species = '''''L. mactans'''''
| binomial = ''Latrodectus mactans''
| binomial_authority = [[Johan Christian Fabricius|Fabricius]], 1775
}}
'''''Latrodectus mactans''''', or '''Soothren black widow''' or simply '''black widow''', is a heichly venomous species o speeder in the genus ''[[Latrodectus]]''. Thay are weel kent for the distinctive black an reid colorin o the female o the species an for the fact that she will occasionally eat her mate efter reproduction. The species is native tae North Americae. The venom is seldom fatal tae healthy humans.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2061A.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-07-12 |archive-date=2008-07-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714061508/http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-Fact/2000/2061A.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/spiders/black-widow-spiders/ Fact Sheet on the Black Widow Spider] includes information on habits, habitat an threats
*[http://clivo.altervista.org/Spiders/black_widow.html Latrodectus Mactans on Pterodattilo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160708045653/http://clivo.altervista.org/Spiders/black_widow.html |date=2016-07-08 }}
*[http://www.washington.edu/burkemuseum/spidermyth/myths/blackwidow.html Varsity o Washington Burke Museum spider myths]
*[http://www.carakurt.org.ua/index_uk.html Black Widow Spider Venom an Bites Intoxication Treatment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120617174424/http://carakurt.org.ua/index_uk.html |date=2012-06-17 }}
*[http://www.emedicinehealth.com/black_widow_spider_bite/article_em.htm Information on black widow spider bite in eMedicineHealth]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Latrodectus Mactans}}
[[Category:Latrodectus]]
[[Category:Venomous speeders]]
[[Category:Spiders o North Americae]]
[[Category:Fauna o Mexico]]
[[Category:Fauna o the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Ainimals descrived in 1775]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Actress</title>
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      <text bytes="476" sha1="h0l2pbvqbou4bs6gw1lhnzp3cdfl7pe" xml:space="preserve">An '''actress''' (alternatively '''actor''' faer a male) is a [[bodie]] portrayin an [[actin]] character in a dramatic or comic production; she or he performs i: [[film]], [[telly]], [[theatre]], or radio.
[[File:Charles Hunt - Children acting the 'Play Scene' from &quot;Hamlet,&quot; Act II, Scene ii - Google Art Project.jpg|alt=Actress an actor|thumb]]
{{Commonscat}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Actin]]
[[Category:Enterteenment thrifts]]
[[Category:Theatrical thrifts]]</text>
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      <text bytes="448" sha1="su3ujj2nz5tgel8uhkb7g1260txnw1e" xml:space="preserve">An '''actress''' (alternatively '''actor''' faer a male) is a [[bodie]] portrayin an [[actin]] character in a dramatic or comic production; she or he performs i: [[film]], [[telly]], [[theatre]], or radio.
[[File:Charles Hunt - Children acting the 'Play Scene' from &quot;Hamlet,&quot; Act II, Scene ii - Google Art Project.jpg|alt=Actress an actor|thumb]]
{{Commonscat}}

[[Category:Actin]]
[[Category:Enterteenment thrifts]]
[[Category:Theatrical thrifts]]</text>
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An '''actress''' (alternatively '''actor''' faer a male) is a [[bodie]] portrayin a character in a dramatic or comic production; she or he performs i: [[film]], [[telly]], [[theatre]], or radio.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/actor |title=Definition of actor |website=Lexico |access-date=27 November 2019 |archive-date=2020-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627150830/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/actor |url-status=dead }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627150830/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/actor |date=2020-06-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Actin]]
[[Category:Enterteenment thrifts]]
[[Category:Theatrical thrifts]]</text>
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    <title>Chayanne</title>
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      <text bytes="12570" sha1="6yubmtvsplroi707j6znof1620yf2qc" xml:space="preserve">{{other uses}}
{{infobox musical artist &lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --&gt;
| name                = Chayanne
| image               = Chayannemn.jpg
| caption             = Chayanne performin at the Nokia Theatre in Grand Prairie, Texas, Unitit States
| image_size          = 219
| background          = solo_singer
| birth_name          = Elmer Figueroa Arce
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1968|6|28|mf=y}}
| birth_place         = [[Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico]]
| death_date          = &lt;!-- {{death date and age|YYYY|MM|DD|YYYY|MM|DD}} (death date 1st) --&gt;
| death_place         = 
| origin              = [[San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico]]
| instrument          =
| genre               = [[Latin pop]]
| occupation          = [[Sangster]], [[actor]]
| years_active        = 1980–present
| label               = [[Sony Music]], [[RCA Records]]
| associated_acts     = [[Los Chicos]]
| website             = [http://www.chayanne.com Offeecial wabsteid]
}}

'''Elmer Figueroa Arce''' (born 28 Juin 1968), better kent unner the stage name '''Chayanne''', is a [[Puerto Rican fowk|Puerto Rican]] [[Latin pop]] sangster, actor an componer. As a solo airtist, Chayanne haes released 21 solo albums an sauld ower 30 million albums warldwide.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.reporte.com.mx/chayanne-cantante-y-actor Chayanne, cantante y actor] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033957/http://www.reporte.com.mx/chayanne-cantante-y-actor |date=2017-12-01 }} [[XHDL-FM|Reporte]]&lt;/ref&gt; He haulds the record for maist album sales in Spain.
&lt;!--
==Biography==

Elmer Figueroa's father is Quintino Figueroa, a sales manager, and his mother was Irma Luz Arce, a teacher, who died on April 17, 2014, after a long fight against cancer. He is the third of five siblings. Their names are Kenny, Clara, Elliot and Emanoel. Elmer's nickname &quot;Chayanne&quot; was given to him by his mother, in honor of his love for the 1950s television series, ''[[Cheyenne (1955 TV series)|Cheyenne]]''.{{citation needed|date=March 2011}}

===Career with Los Chicos===
{{main|Los Chicos}}

In the late 1970s, he auditioned for [[Menudo (band)|Menudo]], but the producers told him that he was too young to be in the group.{{citation needed|date=March 2009}} He joined another group, Los Chicos, they produced several hit recordings, including &quot;Puerto Rico Son Los Chicos&quot; and ''Ave Maria.''

===Solo artist===
After Los Chicos separated in 1984, Chayanne began his career as a solo artist. He signed with [[RCA|RCA Ariola]] and released his first album, ''[[Chayanne es mi Nombre]]'', that year.  His second album with RCA, ''[[Sangre Latina]]'' was released in 1986.

[[File:Chayanne.jpg|thumb|left|Chayanne during a concert in [[Managua]], [[Nicaragua]].]]

After three years with RCA, Chayanne switched labels to [[Sony Music]] and broke out with his [[Chayanne (1987 album)|first self-titled album]] in 1987. This album featured a blend of ballads and dance tracks, a formula for which Chayanne would be famous. It featured two hit songs, the ballad &quot;Peligro de Amor&quot; written by Michael Sullivan and Paulo Massadas and a song that would cement him as an overall performer, the upbeat dance track &quot;Fiesta en America&quot; written by Honorio Herrero.

In 1988, Chayanne released the eponymous second self-titled album, ''[[Chayanne (1988 album)|Chayanne]]''. This album included several hit singles including Honorio Herrero's &quot;Tu Pirata Soy Yo&quot;, José María Cano's &quot;Fuiste un Trozo de Hielo en la Escarcha&quot;, and &quot;Este Ritmo Se Baila Así&quot;, composed by Pierre-Edouard Decimus, Jacob Desvarieux and Roberto Livi. At the same time, Chayanne became a spokesperson for [[Pepsi]], with the airing of the first Spanish speaking advertising spot broadcast on national television coast to coast during the 1989 Grammy Awards telecast.

In 1990 he released the album ''Tiempo de Vals'', featuring some of his best-selling singles such as the title track, composed by José María Cano, &quot;Completamente Enamorados&quot;, composed by Piero Cassano, Adelio Cogliati, and [[Eros Ramazzotti]], and &quot;Daría Cualquier Cosa&quot;, composed by Luis Gómez Escolar and Julio Seijas. He followed it with the album whose title track would eventually become Chayanne's [[signature song]], ''Provocame'' (1992). That album also featured the hit ''El Centro de mi Corazon'' (#1 U.S. Hot Latin, 1992), and was nominated for Pop Song of the Year at the [[Premio Lo Nuestro 1993|Lo Nuestro Awards of 1993]], while Chayanne was listed for Male Pop Artist.&lt;ref name=&quot;billboardmag&quot;&gt;
{{cite journal
| last = Lannert
| first = John
| date = March 30, 1993
| title = Secada Lead Latin Noms Following Grammy Win
| journal = Billboard
| publisher = Nielsen Business Media, Inc.
| volume = 105
| issue = 10
| page = 10
| url = http://books.google.com.mx/books?id=0w8EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA10&amp;dq=no+se+tu+luis+miguel&amp;hl=es-419&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=_PzlUJ3QOcKsjALfhYEQ&amp;ved=0CFAQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&amp;q=no%20se%20tu%20luis%20miguel&amp;f=false
| accessdate = January 3, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two years later, he released the album ''Influencias'' (1994), which was a tribute to some of his musical influences. In 1996, he released ''Volver a Nacer''.

In 1998, he received his second [[Grammy]] nomination with the album ''Atado a Tu Amor'', which featured his first number-one hit since 1992, &quot;Dejaria Todo&quot; as well as a long-lasting hit in the title track. The hot streak continued in 2000 when Chayanne released ''[[Simplemente (Chayanne album)|Simplemente]]'' with the top-ten hit &quot;Candela&quot; and the number-one hit &quot;Yo Te Amo&quot;. In 2002, he released ''Grandes Exitos'', a greatest hits album with a few new tracks. One of those new tracks, &quot;Y Tu Te Vas&quot;, was the number-one song of the summer in 2002. The next year, Chayanne released ''[[Sincero]]'' which featured two number-one songs, &quot;Un Siglo Sin Ti&quot; and &quot;Cuidarte el Alma&quot;.  In 2005, he did a tour along with [[Mexican people|Mexican]] [[Alejandro Fernández]] and fellow [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] [[Marc Anthony]]. That same year, he released two albums. First, a second greatest hits album, ''Desde Siempre'' with the new song &quot;Contra Vientos y Mareas&quot;, followed by [[Cautivo]] with hits such as &quot;No Se Por Que&quot;, &quot;Te Echo de Menos&quot;&quot; and &quot;No Te Preocupes Por Mi&quot;.

Chayanne's 13th album ''[[Mi Tiempo (album)|Mi Tiempo]]'' was released April 2007. The album debuted at number two on the Top Latin Album chart selling 17,000 copies in its first week of release. The first single off the album &quot;[[Si Nos Quedara Poco Tiempo]]&quot; reached number one on the Hot Latin Tracks chart.

Following the album's release, Chayanne began an international tour to promote ''Mi Tiempo''. Among the places visited early in the tour were Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madre patria&quot;&gt;{{cite book| title=Chayanne: En tierras españolas| author=Irene Mahía| publisher=El Nuevo Día|location=Puerto Rico| chapter=Flash!| language=Spanish| date=2007-08-19| pages=95}}&lt;/ref&gt; On August 24, 2008, he began a series of presentations in Spain.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madre patria&quot;/&gt; When interviewed he noted that the concert would be fluid &quot;like a musical&quot;, and &quot;more Latin&quot; than his previous presentations, being composed of &quot;more pop, Brazilian, Caribbean and reggae rhythms&quot; which he would use to &quot;dance constantly&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madre patria&quot;/&gt;
He also gave a special performance in Miss Universe 2003 pageant.{{citation needed|date=November 2008}}

On November 3, 2009, Chayanne released a new single titled &quot;Me Enamoré de Ti&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mundosix.com/2009/11/first-look-me-enamore-de-ti-chayanne.html First Look: &quot;Me Enamoré De Ti&quot; Chayanne]&lt;/ref&gt; serving as the theme song for the 2009 soap opera &quot;Corazon Salvaje&quot;. This single is featured in Chayanne's 2010 release, ''[[No Hay Imposibles]]''.

===Acting career===
In the 1980s, Chayanne participated in several soap operas and starred in the comedy series ''Generaciones'' with [[Luis Antonio Rivera]]. More recently, he has received several offers for acting jobs, but he has declined most of them for conflicting with his musical career,{{citation needed|date=July 2007}} which he considers his priority.

In 1998, he starred in his first Hollywood role, playing a Cuban dancer along with [[Vanessa L. Williams]] in ''[[Dance with Me (film)|Dance with Me]]''. He also made a guest appearance on ''[[Ally McBeal]]''.

In 1994 he played himself in ''[[Volver a empezar (television)|Volver a empezar]]'' along with [[Yuri (Mexican singer)|Yuri]]. That same year, he also starred in ''[[Linda Sara]]'' opposite former [[Miss Universe]], [[Dayanara Torres]]. The film was written and directed by famous Puerto Rican [[Jacobo Morales]]. More recently he has starred in other projects like the [[Argentine]] soap opera ''[[Provócame (Argentine soap opera)|Provócame]]'', for which he made the soundtrack of the same name.

In 2008, Chayanne played the title role in a television series titled ''[[Gabriel: Amor Inmortal]]'', who is a [[vampire]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gabriel&quot;/&gt; To familiarize himself with the concept he adopted a different daily schedule, sleeping during the day and working at night.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gabriel&quot;/&gt; He noted that the production wanted to &quot;make things look as real as possible&quot;, but that the adaptation process was hard.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gabriel&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/tv/espectaculosasi/chayanne_con_habitos_de_vampiro/194569| title=Chayanne con hábitos de vampiro| publisher=Primera Hora| language=Spanish| date=2008-05-27| accessdate=2008-06-04}}{{dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series debuted on September 28, 2008, on [[Mega TV (Florida)|Mega TV]].

===Personal life===
Chayanne lives in [[Miami]]&lt;ref name=&quot;informe21&quot;&gt;http://informe21.com/arte-espectaculos/chayanne-nada-imposible-mensaje-estos-tiempos-dificiles Chayanne: &quot;Nada es Imposible&quot; es un mensaje para estos tiempos difíciles (In Spanish: Chayanne: &quot;Nothing is Impossible&quot; is a message for these troubled times), published January 30, 2010. Retrieved July 20, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; and is married to attorney and former Venezuelan beauty queen Marilisa Maronesse. They have two children, Lorenzo Valentino and Isadora Sofia.&lt;ref name=&quot;informe21&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.primerahora.com/noticia/farandula/espectaculosasi/chayanne:_la_coqueteria_mantiene_vivo_su_matrimonio/215174| title=Chayanne: la coquetería mantiene vivo su matrimonio| publisher=''Primera Hora''| language=Spanish| date=2008-07-30| accessdate=2008-07-31}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}&lt;/ref&gt;
--&gt;
==Filmografie==
*2010: ''[[Tangled]] (Film)'' .... Flynn Rider (Voice in Spainyie)
*2008: ''[[Gabriel (TV series)|Gabriel]]'' .... Gabriel Marquez (10 episodes, 2008)
*2008: ''[[Premios Billboard de la música latina]]'' (TV)
*2004: ''[[La niñera]]''
*2001: ''[[Provócame (TV series)|Provócame]]''  .... Pedro Balmaceda-Linares Duncan
*2001: ''[[Ally McBeal]]'' .... Sam Adams (2 episodes) &quot;Hats Off to Larry&quot;  &quot;Mr. Bo&quot;
*1998: ''[[Dance with Me (film)|Dance with Me]]''  .... Rafael Infante
*1997: ''[[Siempre piel canela]]''  (TV) .... Singer
*1996: ''[[Al compas de un sentimiento]]''  .... Singer
*1994: ''[[Linda Sara]]''  .... Young Alejandro
*1994: ''[[Volver a Empezar (telenovela)|Volver a Empezar]]''.... Chayanne (Himsel)
*1986: ''[[Pobre juventud]]''

==Discografie==
{{main|Chayanne discography}}

*2012: ''[[A Solas Con Chayanne]]''
*2010: ''[[No Hay Imposibles]]''
*2008: ''[[Chayanne: Vivo]]'' (live)
*2007: ''[[Mi tiempo (album)|Mi Tiempo]]''
*2005: ''[[Cautivo]]''
*2005: ''[[Desde Siempre]]''
*2003: ''[[Sincero]]''
*2002: ''[[Grandes Éxitos (Chayanne album)|Grandes Éxitos]]'' (hits new and remix)
*2000: ''[[Simplemente (Chayanne album)|Simplemente]]''
*1998: ''[[Atado a Tu Amor]]''
*1996: ''[[Volver a Nacer]]''
*1994: ''[[Influencias]]''
*1992: ''[[Provócame]]''
*1990: ''[[Tiempo de Vals]]''
*1988: ''[[Chayanne (1988 album)|Chayanne]]'' (II)
*1987: ''[[Chayanne (1987 album)|Chayanne]]'' (I)
*1986: ''[[Sangre Latina]]''
*1984: ''[[Es Mi Nombre]]''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
*{{official website|1=http://www.chayanne.com}}
*{{IMDb name|0154663}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chayanne}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Latin pop sangsters]]
[[Category:Fowk frae San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Male actors frae San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Sangsters frae San Juan, Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican male film actors]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican male sangsters]]
[[Category:Puerto Rican male televeesion actors]]
[[Category:Male actors frae Miami]]</text>
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    <title>Gouan</title>
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      <text bytes="4123" sha1="q9r9d9g90xzsvwljyf56lq80bfim97x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UK place
 |country = Scotland
 |official_name= Gouan
 |gaelic_name= Baile a' Ghobhainn
 |english_name= Govan
 |population=
 |os_grid_reference= NS555655
 |coordinates = {{coord|55.8615|-4.3083|display=inline,title}}
 |unitary_scotland = [[Politics o Glesga|Glesga City Council]]
 |lieutenancy_scotland = Glesga
 |constituency_westminster= [[Glesga South Wast (UK Pairlament constituency)|Glesga South Wast]]
 |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Glesga Pollok (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Glesga Pollok]]
 |post_town= GLASGOW
 |postcode_district = G51
 |postcode_area= G
 |dial_code= 0141
 |edinburgh_distance= {{Convert|45|mi|km|abbr=on}} [[Boxin the compass|E]]
 |london_distance= {{Convert|346|mi|km|abbr=on}} [[Boxin the compass|SSE]]
 |static_image_name = Govan Town Hall.jpg
 |static_image_caption= Govan Burgh Hall
}}

'''Gouan''' ({{IPAc-en|'|g|V|v|@|n}} {{respell|GUV|ən}};{{lang-en|Govan}}, {{lang-gd|Baile a' Ghobhainn}}) is a destrict an umwhile [[burgh]] nou pairt o soothwast [[Glesga]], [[Scotland]]. It is {{Convert|2.5|mi|km|1}} bewast Glesga ceety centre, on the sooth bank o the [[River Clyde|Clyde]], fornent the mooth o the [[River Kelvin|Kelvin]] an the destrict o [[Partick|Pairtick]].
[[File:Glasgow City - The Pearce Institute - 20231202180230.jpg|thumb|Pearce Institute, Gouan, 2023]]
By a medieval legend's wey o it, Constantine, a 7t-centurie CE Keeng o Strathclyde, foondit a monastery unner the rule o Columbanus in Govan. In the [[Middle Ages]], Govan wis the steid o a ferry that linkit the area wi Pairtick for seasonal cattle drovers. In the 1800s an 1900s, [[textile]] mills an coal minin wis important; in the early 1900s [[shipbiggin]] emerged as Govan's heid industrie. In 1864, Govan gained [[Burgh|burgh status]], an wis Scotland's fift lairgest burgh. It wis incorporatit intae the ciety o Glesgae in 1912.&lt;ref name=&quot;govanandpartick&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=How Glasgow annexed Govan and Partick 100 years ago|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-glasgow-west-19168940|accessdate=8 August 2012|author=Reevel Alderson|work=BBC News|date=7 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Houanivver, the fowk o Govan aften proclaims tae be Govanites first an Glesga fowk seicont an whan spiert &quot;Are you frae Glesga?&quot;, replys wi &quot;Naw, A cum fae Govan&quot; yet.&lt;ref name=&quot;acumfaegovan&quot;&gt;[http://www.acumfaegovan.com/index.php acumfaegovan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140815075652/http://www.acumfaegovan.com/index.php |date=2014-08-15 }} Acumfaegovan.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}

==References==
* {{cite web |url= http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?PageNumber=5&amp;ActiveTextDocId=1248430 |title= Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries Act 1977 (c. 3) Schedule 2 Shipbuilding Industry |accessdate= 2007-04-28 |year= 1977 |publisher= [[UK Statute Law Database]] }}

==Freemit airtins==
*[http://www.communitycouncilsglasgow.org.uk/govan/ Govan Community Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031214432/http://www.communitycouncilsglasgow.org.uk/govan/ |date=2014-10-31 }}
*[http://www.scotcities.com/cathcart/govan.htm Govan Architecture and History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150831021958/http://www.scotcities.com/cathcart/govan.htm |date=2015-08-31 }} 
*[http://www.getintogovan.com/ Get into Govan ]
*[http://acumfaegovan.com/ Govan, the Place and the People] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513103213/http://acumfaegovan.com/ |date=2013-05-13 }} 
*[http://www.fairfieldgovan.co.uk/heritage/  Fairfield Heritage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826044034/http://www.fairfieldgovan.co.uk/heritage/ |date=2015-08-26 }}
*[http://geo.nls.uk/mapdata2/os/25_inch/govan/#zoom=14&amp;lat=55.86437&amp;lon=-4.33481&amp;layers=B0000000000FFFT Govan Maps 1857-1934, National Library of Scotland] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140418234442/http://geo.nls.uk/mapdata2/os/25_inch/govan/#zoom=14&amp;lat=55.86437&amp;lon=-4.33481&amp;layers=B0000000000FFFT |date=2014-04-18 }}

{{Areas o Glesga}}

[[Category:Gouan|*]]
[[Category:Ports an herbours o Scotland]]
[[Category:Shipbiggin / shipbreakin localities o Scotland]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ciudad Real</title>
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      <text bytes="10569" sha1="eep9gft2z1d4by9eai58zzwqo1nlopo" xml:space="preserve">{{about|a ceety in Spain|the Spaingie province|Province o Ciudad Real}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Ciudad Real
| settlement_type         = [[Municipalities o Spain|Municipality]]
| official_name           = 
| native_name             = &lt;!-- if different from name --&gt;
| image_skyline           =Plaza Mayor de Ciudad Real.jpg
| image_alt               =
| image_caption           =Plaza Mayor de Ciudad Real
| image_flag              = Flag of Ciudad Real.jpg
| image_shield            = Coat of Arms of Ciudad Real.svg
| nickname                =
| motto                   =
| image_map               =
| map_caption             =
| pushpin_map             = Spain
| pushpin_label_position  = left
| pushpin_map_caption     = Location in Spain
| subdivision_type        = Kintra
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Spain}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Autonomous commonty]]
| subdivision_name1       = {{flag|Castile–La Mancha}}
| subdivision_type2       = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[province o Ciudad Real|Ciudad Real]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Comarcas o Spain|Comarca]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Campo de Calatrava]]
| seat_type               = &lt;!-- [[Capital (political)|Capital]] --&gt;
| seat                    =
| coordinates             = {{coord|38|59|N|3|55|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline}}
| coordinates_footnotes   =
| elevation_m             = 628
| elevation_min_m         =
| elevation_max_m         =
| area_footnotes          =
| area_total_km2          = 289.98
| established_title       = &lt;!-- Founded --&gt;
| established_date        =
| population_as_of       = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_as_of}}
| population_footnotes   = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_footnotes}}
| population_total       = {{Spain metadata Wikidata|population_total}}
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym      = Ciudadrealeños
| population_note         =
| timezone                = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset              = +1
| timezone_DST            = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset_DST          = +2
| postal_code_type        = [[Leet o postal codes in Spain|Postal code]]
| postal_code             = 13001-13005
| leader_title            = Mayor
| leader_name             = Rosa Romero Sánchez
| leader_party            = 
| website                 = {{official website|http://ciudadreal.es}}
| footnotes               =
}}

'''Ciudad Real''' ({{IPA-es|θjuˈðað reˈal}}; Scots: ''Ryal Ceety'') is a ceety in [[Castile-La Mancha]], [[Spain]], wi a population o c. 75,000. It is the caipital o the [[province o Ciudad Real]].  It haes a stop on the [[AVE]] heich-speed rail line an haes begun tae grow as a lang-distance commuter suburb o [[Madrid]], which is locatit 115 mile (185&amp;nbsp;km) tae the north o Ciudad Real.

== History ==
[[File:Torre de la catedral de Ciudad Real.JPG|thumb|left|200px|Cathedral o Ciudad Real]]
Ciudad Real wis foondit bi [[Alfonso X|Keeng Alfonso X The Wise]] in the 13t hunderyear (1255) tae fecht wi the [[Militar Order o Calatrava]]. Durin the [[Middle Ages]], fower kilometres o waws an ane hunder an thirty towers protectit a population made up o [[Christians]], [[Muslims]] an [[Jews]].

Efter the unification o the Iberian kinricks unner the [[Catholic Monarchs]], Ciudad Real became the caipital o the province o [[La Mancha]] in 1691. This fact favoured its economic development which wis shown bi the construction o several important biggins. In 1755, housomeivver, a yirdquauk centred on [[Lisbon]] destroyed mony o these biggins. In 1809, durin the [[Peninsular War]], French troops defeated their Spanish counterparts and occupied the city, using the local hospital as their headquarters and barracks.

== Main sichts ==
[[File:JardinesPradoCR.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Jardines del Prado]]

The Plaza Mayor sits in the centre o Ciudad Real. The day, anerly twa pairts o the waw that surroondit the ceety in medieval times remain staundin.
 
[[Don Quixote|Don Quixote's]] Museum is situatit next tae Parque de Gasset.

The Museo Elisa Cendreros exhibits a auld collection o fans an carvit firth.

The Iglesia de Santiago is the auldest kirk in Ciudad Real. It wis biggit at the end o the 13t hunderyear. Its style is [[Gothic airchitectur|Gothic]]. It haes three blocks dividit intae twa pairts. Its decoratit wi gothic pentins an wi seiven-heidit draigons, which wur uised such as amulets against the bad spirits. The ceilin is decoratit wi stanes shapit aicht pointit starns.

Anither important kirk in Ciudad Real is Iglesia de San Pedro (Kirk o [[Saunt Peter]]). It is the maist interestin an teepical monument o the ceety. It wis biggit durin the 14t an 15t hunderyears. Its style is Gothic, an it hooses the tomb o [[Chante de Coca]], confessor an [[chaplain]] o the [[Catholic Monarchs]]. 
In the year 1420 the King o Castile an León Juan the II, gae him the title tae Ciudad Real (Ryal Toun).

[[Ciudad Real Cathedral]], biggit in the 16t century, has the second-largest [[nave]] in Spain and a magnificent [[Baroque]] [[altarpiece]].&lt;ref name=tclm&gt;[http://www.turismocastillalamancha.com/arte-cultura/monumentos/ciudad-real/catedral-de-santa-maria-del-prado/ &quot;Catedral de Santa María del Prado&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131102151147/http://www.turismocastillalamancha.com/arte-cultura/monumentos/ciudad-real/catedral-de-santa-maria-del-prado/ |date=2013-11-02 }}, Turismo de Castilla-La Mancha. {{es icon}} Retrieved 31 August 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Events ==
Ane o the maist popular festivals in the ceety is La Pandorga, which taks place Julie 30 an 31. On the last day o the month the festival honours its patroness, ''La Virgen del Prado''. The uisual attire o the pairticipants consists o jeans, a white shirt, an the tradeetional handkerchief.
[[File:Ciudad Real Capital - 008 (30593084922) edited.jpg|thumb|250px|Diputación Provincial.]]

== Sports ==
[[File:Lago Surtidores 26-10-2010 ParqueElPilarCiudadReal.jpg|thumb|left|El Pilar Park]]
The ceety haed a handbaw team, the [[BM Ciudad Real]], which wis the winner o the handbaw [[EHF Champions League]] in 2006, 2008 and 2009.

The handbaw club wis ane o the best in the warld an its umwhile hall, the [[Don Quixote Arena]], is ane o the biggest in the Spaingie profeesional league. BM Ciudad Real however moved its team to Madrid. Its name became [[BM Neptuno]] but for sponsorship raisons wis aften referred tae as Atlético Madrid. In 2013, BM Neptuno an aw disappeared.

Ciudad Real haes a basketbaw team an aw, which includit David De la Rubia, ane o the maist renouned Spaingie players in recent years.

==Transport==
A heich-capacity airport ([[Ciudad Real Central Airport]]) wis biggit tae serve the ceety, but closed in 2012. The privately fundit airport cost a estimatit €1 billion tae build. It is nou for sale for €100 million plus payment o the developer's debt, awtho in Julie 2014 this wis reducit tae €80 million in a further attempt tae fynd a buyer.

== Climate ==
[[File:2008flag9c.jpg|thumb|[[Holy Week]] in Ciudad Real]]
{{Weather box
|location = Ciudad Real 628m  (1981-2010)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 20.5
|Feb record high C = 25.0
|Mar record high C = 30.0
|Apr record high C = 34.0
|May record high C = 38.6
|Jun record high C = 41.2
|Jul record high C = 44.2
|Aug record high C = 42.5
|Sep record high C = 40.0
|Oct record high C = 32.5
|Nov record high C = 28.0
|Dec record high C = 20.2
|year record high C= 44.2
|Jan high C = 10.9
|Feb high C = 13.7
|Mar high C = 17.9
|Apr high C = 19.7
|May high C = 24.1
|Jun high C = 30.5
|Jul high C = 34.5
|Aug high C = 33.7
|Sep high C = 28.4
|Oct high C = 21.5
|Nov high C = 15.1
|Dec high C = 11.4
|year high C = 21.8
|Jan mean C = 6.0
|Feb mean C = 8.0
|Mar mean C = 11.4
|Apr mean C = 13.4
|May mean C = 17.5
|Jun mean C = 23.2
|Jul mean C = 26.7
|Aug mean C = 26.1
|Sep mean C = 21.6
|Oct mean C = 15.8
|Nov mean C = 10.1
|Dec mean C = 6.9
|year mean C = 15.6
|Jan low C = 1.1
|Feb low C = 2.4
|Mar low C = 4.9
|Apr low C = 7.1
|May low C = 10.9
|Jun low C = 15.9
|Jul low C = 18.9
|Aug low C = 18.6
|Sep low C = 14.8
|Oct low C = 10.0
|Nov low C = 5.1
|Dec low C = 2.5
|year low C = 9.3
|Jan record low C = -8.2
|Feb record low C = -9.4
|Mar record low C = -5.2
|Apr record low C = -1.0
|May record low C = 1.0
|Jun record low C = 5.0
|Jul record low C = 6.2
|Aug record low C = 8.0
|Sep record low C = 4.0
|Oct record low C = -2.0
|Nov record low C = -4.8
|Dec record low C = -8.4
|year record low C= -9.4
|Jan rain mm = 35
|Feb rain mm = 30
|Mar rain mm = 28
|Apr rain mm = 48
|May rain mm = 41
|Jun rain mm = 25
|Jul rain mm = 6
|Aug rain mm = 5
|Sep rain mm = 26
|Oct rain mm = 53
|Nov rain mm = 45
|Dec rain mm = 59
|Jan humidity = 78
|Feb humidity = 71
|Mar humidity = 61
|Apr humidity = 59
|May humidity = 55
|Jun humidity = 46
|Jul humidity = 40
|Aug humidity = 43
|Sep humidity = 54
|Oct humidity = 67
|Nov humidity = 76
|Dec humidity = 81
|year humidity = 61
|Jan rain days = 6
|Feb rain days = 6
|Mar rain days = 5
|Apr rain days = 8
|May rain days = 6
|Jun rain days = 3
|Jul rain days = 1
|Aug rain days = 1
|Sep rain days = 4
|Oct rain days = 6
|Nov rain days = 6
|Dec rain days = 7
|unit rain days = 1.0 mm
|Jan sun = 133
|Feb sun = 157
|Mar sun = 213
|Apr sun = 226
|May sun = 260
|Jun sun = 313
|Jul sun = 352
|Aug sun = 323
|Sep sun = 247
|Oct sun = 190
|Nov sun = 135
|Dec sun = 114
|year sun = 2664
|source 1 = [[Agencia Estatal de Meteorología]]&lt;ref name=&quot;aemet.es&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=4121&amp;k=clm|title=Valores climatológicos normales. Ciudad Real |accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;|date = October 2015}}

== Eddication ==

Ciudad Real haes 24 Primar Schuils an 13 Heich Schuils. The Heich Schuil &quot;Torreón del Alcázar&quot; wis foondit in 1987. In the first years thare wur anerly vocational studies, thirty teachers an 350 students. Some years later the heich schuil incorporatit the Compulsory Seicontar studies an A levels. At the moment thare are 93 teachers an 1000 students. In the year 1995 the Heich Schuil wis affered the opportunity tae become a bilingual schuil. In the year 2005 the first bilingual group arrivit.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Municipalities in Ciudad Real}}
{{Caipitals o Provinces in Spain}}

[[Category:Ciudad Real| ]]
[[Category:Municipalities in the Province o Ciudad Real]]
[[Category:Populatit places in the Province o Ciudad Real]]</text>
      <sha1>eep9gft2z1d4by9eai58zzwqo1nlopo</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Leet o wather records</title>
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      <text bytes="124951" sha1="6kt54uqminmmluiwuzju8s94spzrqig" xml:space="preserve">This is a '''leet o wather records''', a leet o the maist extreme occurrences o wather phenomena for various categories.

==Temperatur==

===Measurin condeetions===
The staundart measurin condeetions for temperatur are in the air, 1.5 meters abuin the grund, an shielded frae direct sunlicht (hence the term, x degrees &quot;in the shade&quot;).&lt;ref name=running2011 /&gt; The follaein leets include aw offeecially confirmed claims measurt bi those methods.

Temperaturs measured directly on the grund mey exceed air temperaturs bi 30 tae 50&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref name=running2011&gt;p. 855-857, [http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1 Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth], David J. Mildrexler, Maosheng Zhao, and Steven W. Running, ''Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society'', July 2011, pp. 855-860, {{doi|10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  A grund temperature o 84&amp;nbsp;°C (183.2&amp;nbsp;°F) haes been recordit in Port Sudan, Sudan.&lt;ref&gt;Table 9.2, p. 158, ''Dryland Climatology'', Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 1139500244.&lt;/ref&gt; A grund temperatur o 93.9&amp;nbsp;°C (201&amp;nbsp;°F) wis recordit in [[Furnace Creek, Californie|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[Californie]], [[USA]] on 15 Julie 1972; this mey be the heichest naitural grund surface temperatur ever recordit.&lt;ref&gt;A possible warld record maximum naitural grund surface temperatur, Paul Kubecka, ''Weather'', '''56''', #7 (July 2001), ''Weather'', pp. 218-221, {{doi|10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x}}.&lt;/ref&gt;  The theoretical maximum possible grund surface temperatur haes been estimatit tae be atween 90 and 100&amp;nbsp;°C for dry, darkish siles o law thermal conductivity.&lt;ref&gt;[http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0450%281992%29031%3C1096%3AEMLST%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures], J. R. Garratt, Journal of Applied Meteorology, '''31''', #9 (September 1992), pp. 1096–1105, {{doi|10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031&lt;1096:EMLST&gt;2.0.CO;2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Satellite measurements o grund temperature taken atween 2003 an 2009, taken wi the [[MODIS]] [[infrared]] spectroradiometer on the [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] satellite, foond a maximum temperatur o 70.7&amp;nbsp;°C (159.3&amp;nbsp;°F), which wis recorded in 2005 in the [[Lut Desert]], [[Iran]].  The Lut Desert wis an aa foond tae hae the heichest maximum temperatur in 5 o the 7 years measurt (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 an 2009.)  Thir measurements reflect averages ower a lairge region an sae are lawer than the maximum pynt surface temperatur.&lt;ref name=running2011 /&gt;

Satellite measurements o the surface temperatur o Antarctica, taken atween 1982 an 2013, foond a cauldest temperatur o −93.2&amp;nbsp;°C (−136&amp;nbsp;°F) on 10 August 2010, at {{Coord|81.8|S|59.3|E}}.  Althou this is nae comparable tae an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperatur at this location wad hae been lawer than the offeecial record lawest air temperatur o −89.2&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25287806 Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite], Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2013/files/2013/12/ColdestPlaceOnEarth.pdf The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors], Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, [[American Geophysical Union]] fall meeting, 9 December 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Heat===

====Heichest temperaturs ever recordit bi continent====
[[File:Koppen World Map BWh.png|280px|thumb|A warld cairt shawin auries wi [[Köppen climate clessification|Köppen]] ''BWh'' (het desert climate). The temperaturs in thir regions hae the potential tae exceed 50&amp;nbsp;&amp;deg;C (122&amp;nbsp;°F) during the hettest saisons.]]

==== Africae{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Africae's hettest reliably measured temperatur is 50.7°C (123.3°F) at [[Semara]], [[Wastren Sahara]] on 13 Julie 1961.&lt;ref name=&quot;reliably&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Christopher C.|title=Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth: PART TWO|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/hottest-reliably-measured-air-temperatures-on-earth-part-two.html|publisher=Weather Underground|date=19 August 2016|accessdate=2 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; This vailyie wis surpassed on 5 Julie 2018 whan {{convert|51.3|C|F}} wis recordit at [[Ouargla]], [[Algerie]] on 5 Julie 2018.&lt;ref name=watts2018/&gt;}} ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Algerie}}
|{{convert|51.3|C|F}}
|[[El Bayadh]], [[El Bayadh Province]] / [[Ouargla]], [[Ouargla Province]]
|{{Dts|2 September 1979}}&lt;ref name=AlgeriaCC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/algnc2.pdf |title=Seconde Communication Nationale de L'Algerie Sur Les Changements Climatiques a la CCNUCC |publisher=Ministere de L'Amenagement du Territoire et de L'Environnement |year=2010 |language=French |page=27 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;/{{Dts| 5 Julie 2018}}&lt;ref name=watts2018&gt;{{cite web |last1=Watts |first1=Jonathan |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731151105/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week |archivedate=31 July 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week |title=Heatwave sees record high temperatures around world this week |publisher=The Guardian |date=13 July 2018 |accessdate=31 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Botswana}}
|{{convert|44.0|C|F}}
|[[Maun, Botswana|Maun]]
|{{Dts|7 Januar 2016}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201601112526.html|title=Botswana: Heat Wave Breaks Maximum Temperature Records}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Burkina Faso}}
|{{convert|47.2|C|F}}
|[[Dori, Burkina Faso|Dori]]
|{{Dts|1984}}&lt;ref name=burkinaclimatechange&gt;{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/bfa01f.pdf |title=Programme D'Action National D'Adaptation a la Variabilite et aux Changements Climatiques (Pana du Burkina Faso) |publisher=Ministere de L'Environnnement et du Cadre de Vie |language=French |page=11 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Chad}}
|{{convert|47.6|C|F}}
|[[Faya-Largeau]]
|{{Dts|22 Juin 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cyprus-weather.org/temperature-breaks-all-records/|title=Temperature breaks all records in Cyprus|author=|first=|date=7 August 2010|website=|publisher=Weather Underground|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Comoros}}
|{{convert|36.0|C|F}}
|[[Prince Said Ibrahim Internaitional Airport|Hahaya Internaitional Airport]]
|{{Dts|15 November 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records&gt;{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/noaa-earth-had-its-third-warmest-year-record-2017 |title=NOAA: Earth Had Its Third Warmest Year on Record in 2017 |publisher=Wunderground |date=18 January 2018 |accessdate=29 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}}
|{{convert|47.4|°C|°F}}
|[[Lavumisa]]
| ?&lt;ref name=swazilandrecords&gt;{{cite web|url=http://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/swaziland1991cidagroundwaterresourcesa.pdf |title=Groundwater Resources of Swaziland |publisher=Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Use and Energy |page=6 |date=December 1992 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Ghana}}
|{{convert|43.8|C|F}}
|[[Navrongo]]
|{{Dts|26 Mairch 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Guinea}}
|{{convert|45|C|F}}
|[[Koundara]], [[Boké Region]]
|{{Dts|29 Mairch 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Niger}}
|{{convert|49.5|C|F}}
|[[Diffa]]
|{{Dts|7 September 1978}}&lt;ref name=nigerCC&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506213909/https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf |archivedate=6 May 2018 |url=https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf |title=Troisieme Communication Nationale A La Conference Des Parties De La Conventioncadre Des Nations Unies Sur Les Changements Climatiques |publisher=Republique de Niger |page=8 |accessdate=6 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Nigerie}}
|{{convert|46.4|C|F}}
|[[Yola, Nigerie|Yola]]
|{{Dts|3 Apryle 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Réunion}}
|{{convert|36.9|C|F}}
|[[Le Port, Réunion|Le Port]]
|{{Dts|6 Mairch 2004}}&lt;ref name=reunionrecords&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020215/http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat |archivedate=1 January 2019 | url=http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat |title=Climat de la Réunion |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Sooth Africae}}
|{{convert|50|C|F}}
|[[Dunbrody, Eastren Cape|Dunbrody]], [[Eastren Cape]]
|{{Dts|3 November 1918}}&lt;ref name=&quot;saws&quot;&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517132011/http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa |archivedate=17 May 2017|url=http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa |title=What are the temperature, rainfall and wind extremes in SA? | publisher=[[South African Weather Service]]|accessdate=17 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Sudan}}
|{{convert|49.7|C|F}}
|[[Dongola]]
|{{Dts|25 Juin 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Tunisie}} 
|{{convert|55|C|F}}
|[[Kebili]]
|{{Dts|7 Julie 1931}}&lt;ref name=bams&gt;{{cite journal|author1=Khalid Ibrahim El Fadli |author2=Randall S. Cerveny |author3=Christopher C. Burt |author4=Philip Eden |author5=David Parker |author6=Manola Brunet |author7=Thomas C. Peterson |author8=Gianpaolo Mordacchini |author9=Vinicio Pelino |author10=Pierre Bessemoulin |author11=José Luis Stella |author12=Fatima Driouech |author13=M.M Abdel wahab |author14=Matthew B. Pace |title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|year=2012|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1|volume=94|issue=2 |pages=199–204|bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Wastren Sahara}}
|{{convert|50.7|C|F}}
|[[Semara]]
|{{Dts|13 Julie 1961}}&lt;ref name=reliably/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Zambie}}
|{{convert|42.4|C|F}}
|[[Mfuwe]], [[Eastren Province, Zambie|Eastren Province]]
|{{Dts|13 October 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|}

==== Antarcticae ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperature
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Antarcticae}} (aw laund/ice sooth o 60°S)
| {{convert|19.8|C|F}}
| [[Signy Resairch Station]], [[Sooth Orkney Islands]]
|{{Dts|30 Januar 1982}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=1 March 2017 |archive-date=2021-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106025041/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Antarcticae}} (mainland an adjynin islands)
|{{convert|17.5|C|F}}
|[[Esperanza Base]], [[Trinity Peninsula]]
|{{Dts|24 Mairch 2015}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/31/potential-record-high-temperature-in-antarctica-alarms-scientists
| title = Antarctica records unprecedented high temperatures in two new readings | last = Mccarthy | first = Tom | work = The Guardian | date = 31 March 2015 | accessdate = 8 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-continent |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica mainland &amp; adjoining islands): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=1 March 2017 |archive-date=2017-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302030128/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-continent |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Antarcticae}} ([[Antarctic Plateau]] &gt; {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}})
|{{convert|-7.0|C|F}}
| Automatit Wather Station D-80 (coordinates: 70°6'S, 134°53'W, elevation: {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}})
|{{Dts|28 December 1989}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-plateau |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica plateau&gt;2500m): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=29 April 2018 |archive-date=2018-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430113958/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-plateau |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Sooth Pole]]
|{{convert|-12.3|C|F}}
|[[Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station]]
|{{Dts|25 December 2011}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Antarctic Sun&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563 |title=Heat wave: South Pole hits record high temperature on Christmas Day |publisher=United States Antarctic Program |date=29 December 2011 |accessdate=1 February 2012 |archive-date=2013-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523025538/http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Asie ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}
|{{convert|49.9|C|F}}
|[[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]]
|{{Dts|August 2009}}&lt;ref name=&quot;afghan record&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVGaAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA48|title=Afghanistan Constitution and Citizenship Law Handboook – Strategic Information and Basic Laws|last=inc|first=Ibp|date=2013|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=978-1-4387-7835-8|page=48}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Armenie}}
|{{convert|43.7|C|F}}
|[[Meghri]]
|{{Dts|1 August 2011}}&lt;ref name=ArmeniaCC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/armnc3.pdf |title=Republic of Armenia Third National Communication on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection |year=2015 |page=3 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Armeniarecordhigh&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/3377/hottest-day-on-record---437-celsius.html |title=Hottest Day on Record – 43.7 Celsius |publisher=Hetq Online |date=3 August 2011 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|{{convert|46.0|C|F}}
|[[Julfa, Azerbaijan (ceety)|Julfa]] an [[Ordubad]]
|?&lt;ref name=azhydromet&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mahmudov |first1=Rza |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524005453/http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |archivedate=24 May 2007 |url=http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |title=Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic |publisher=Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic |accessdate=27 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Bangladesh}}
|{{convert|45.1|C|F}}
|[[Rajshahi]]
|{{Dts|30 Mey 1972}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 |title=Bangladesh records highest temperature 42.2 degree Celsius in last 14 years |work=Asian Tribune |date=27 April 2009 |accessdate=7 November 2016 |archive-date=2015-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618065730/http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Bhutan}}
|{{convert|40|C|F}}
|[[Phuentsholing]]
|{{Dts|27 August 1997}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author1=Passang Norbu|title=The heat has got into the Himalayas|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Kuensel|date=14 June 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095043/http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0|archivedate=2 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Cambodie}}
|{{convert|42.6|C|F}}
|[[Preah Vihear Province|Preah Vihear]]
|{{Dts|15 Apryle 2016}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofranceasia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/35905150-asie-vague-de-chaleur-exceptionnelle |title=Exceptional Heat Wave 2016 |work=[[Meteo France]] |accessdate=29 April 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428202234/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/35905150-asie-vague-de-chaleur-exceptionnelle |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Cheenae}}
|{{convert|50.5|C|F}}
|[[Erbao Tounship]], [[Turpan]], [[Xinjiang]]
|{{Dts|10 Julie 2017}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1572543886818701&amp;wfr=spider&amp;for=pc|title=50.5℃！全国最高气温问世 未来或将再创新纪录|work=baijiahao.baidu.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Hong Kong}}
|{{convert|39.0|C|F}}
|[[Hong Kong Wetland Park|Wetland Park]]
|{{Dts|22 August 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Macau}}
|{{convert|39.0|C|F}}
|[[Coloane]]
|{{Dts|22 August 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Indie}}
|{{convert|51.0|C|F}}
|[[Phalodi]], [[Rajasthan]]
|{{Dts|19 May 2016}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.skymetweather.com/content/weather-news-and-analysis/indian-summer-makes-history-phalodi-in-rajasthan-boils-at-51c/|title=Indian summer makes history, Phalodi in Rajasthan boils at 51°C|work=Skymet Weather}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Indonesie}}
|{{convert|39.5|C|F}}
|[[Jatiwangi]], [[Majalengka Regency]], [[Wast Java]] /&lt;br&gt;[[Semarang]], [[Central Java]]
|{{Dts|December 2006}} /&lt;br&gt;27 October 2015&lt;ref name=wu20151027&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3169|title=Indonesia ties all-time national heat record|accessdate=31 October 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109200547/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3169|archivedate=9 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Iran}}
|{{convert|54|C|F}}
|[[Ahvaz]] Airport (OIAW)
|{{Dts|29 Juin 2017}}.&lt;ref name=reliably/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Samenow2016&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Samenow |first1=Jason |title=Two Middle East locations hit 129 degrees, hottest ever in Eastern Hemisphere, maybe the world|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/07/22/two-middle-east-locations-hit-129-degrees-hottest-ever-in-eastern-hemisphere-maybe-the-world/|publisher=The Washington Post|date=22 July 2016|accessdate=23 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/Weather/iran-ahvaz-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-world-record-extreme-death-valley-california-a7815771.html |title=Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements |publisher=independent.com |date=30 June 2017 |accessdate=30 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
|{{flag|Iraq}}
|{{convert|53.8|C|F}}
|[[Basra]]
|{{Dts|22 Julie 2016}}&lt;ref name=Samenow2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=Tapper2016&gt;{{cite web |last1=Tapper |first1=James |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/23/think-youre-hot-spare-a-thought-for-kuwait-as-mercury-hits-record-54c |title=Think you're hot? Spare a thought for Kuwait, as mercury hits record 54C |publisher=The Guardian |date=23 July 2016 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}
|{{convert|54|C|F}}
|[[Tirat Zvi]]
|{{Dts|21 Juin 1942}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ims&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ims.gov.il/IMSEng/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ |title=Climate Extremes in Israel |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |date=21 June 1942 |accessdate=5 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|The temperature has been reported as {{convert|54|C|F}}, however weather historian Christopher Burt argues that the thermograph trace was misread.&lt;ref name=&quot;htoe&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Christopher C.|title=Hottest air temperatures reported on Earth|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=3|website=Weather Underground|date=October 22, 2010|accessdate=7 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103200557/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=3|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}
|{{convert|41.1|C|F}}
|[[Kumagaya, Saitama|Kumagaya]], [[Saitama Prefectur|Saitama]]
|{{Dts|23 Julie 2018}}&lt;ref name=&quot;JMA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rankall.php?prec_no=&amp;block_no=&amp;year=&amp;month=&amp;day=&amp;view=|title=former National Rankings|accessdate=13 August 2013 |publisher=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Jordan}}
|{{convert|50|C|F}}
|Jordan University Agriculture Research Center
|{{Dts|6 September 2002}}&lt;ref name=Jordanrecords&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127213759/http://jometeo.gov.jo/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9 |archivedate=27 November 2016 |url=http://jometeo.gov.jo/معلومات-مناخية-وزراعية/القيم-المتطرفة |script-title=ar:القيم المتطرفة |publisher=Jordanian Meteorological Department |language=Arabic |accessdate=27 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Kuwait}}
|{{convert|53.9|C|F}}
|[[Mitribah]]
|{{Dts|21 Julie 2016}}&lt;ref name=WMOJune2019&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618130839/https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth |archivedate=18 June 2019 |url=https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth |title=WMO verifies 3rd and 4th hottest temperature recorded on Earth |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=18 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.&lt;ref name=WMOJune2019/&gt;}}
|-
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|{{convert|44.0|C|F}}
|?
|?&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2055:country-profile&amp;lang=kg |title=Country profile |website=mineconom.gov.kg |publisher=Ministry of Economy of the Kyrgyz Republic |accessdate=13 January 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074546/http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=2055:country-profile&amp;lang=kg |archivedate=20 December 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Laos}}
|{{convert|42.3|C|F}}
|[[Seno, Laos|Seno]]
|{{Dts|12 Apryle 2016}}&lt;ref name=meteofranceasia/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Malaysie}}
|{{convert|40.1|C|F}}
|[[Chuping]]
|{{Dts|9 Apryle 1998}}&lt;ref name=&quot;climate stats 01&quot;&gt;{{cite news| title=General Climate Information| url=http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| publisher=Malaysia Meteorological Department| accessdate=30 June 2010| archive-date=2015-11-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116010753/http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Maldives}}
|{{convert|34.9|C|F}}
|[[Hanimaadhoo (Haa Dhaalu Atoll)|Hanimaadhoo]]
|{{Dts|16 Apryle 2016}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofranceasia&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Mongolia}}
|{{convert|44.0|C|F}}
|[[Khongor, Darkhan-Uul|Khongor]], [[Darkhan-Uul Province]]
|{{Dts|24 Julie 1999}}&lt;ref name=MARCC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf |title=Mongolia: Assessment Report on Climate Change 2009 |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, Mongolia |pages=36–37 |date=September 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2016 |archive-date=2015-12-09 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151209053717/http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Myanmar}}
|{{convert|47.2|C|F}}
|[[Myinmu]]
|{{Dts|14 Mey 2010}}&lt;ref name=Myint2016&gt;{{cite web |last1=Myint |first1=Yee |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/yangon/20063-heat-takes-its-toll.html |title=Heat takes its toll |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Soe2016&gt;{{cite web |last1=Soe |first1=Kyaw |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/19170-warnings-of-strong-el-nino-through-june.html |title=Warnings of strong El Niño through June |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=25 February 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|{{flag|Nepal}}
|{{convert|46.0|°C|°F}}
|[[Chisapani, Bardiya|Chisapani]]
| ?&lt;ref name=faoNepal&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Nepal/Nepal.htm |title=Nepal |work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate=24 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024140133/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/Nepal/nepal.htm |archivedate=24 October 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|- 
|{{flag|Oman}}
|{{convert|50.8|C|F}}
|[[Buraimi]],&lt;br&gt;[[Sohar]], &lt;br&gt;[[Qurayyat, Oman|Qurayyat]]
|{{Dts|Julie 1990}}, &lt;br&gt;{{Dts|Mey 2009}}, &lt;br&gt;{{Dts|30 Mey 2017}}&lt;ref name=jfwu17&gt;Jeff Masters, [https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/historic-heat-wave-sweeps-asia-middle-east-and-europe Historic Heat Wave Sweeps Asia, the Middle East and Europe], 6 June 2017&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Pakistan}}
|{{convert|53.7|C|F}}
|[[Turbat]]
|{{Dts|28 Mey 2017}}&lt;ref name=WMOJune2019/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}
|{{convert|42.2|C|F}}
|[[Tuguegarao]], [[Cagayan Valley]]
|{{Dts|12 Apryle 1912}}, 11 Mey 1969&lt;ref name=PhilippinesCC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/phlnc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Government of the Philippines |date=29 December 2014 |page=6 |accessdate=24 October 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|{{convert|50.4|C|F}}
|[[Doha]]
|{{Dts|14 Julie 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Roushie}} (Siberie)
|{{convert|42.3|C|F}}
|[[Belogorsk, Amur Oblast|Belogorsk]], [[Amur Oblast]]
|{{Dts|12 Julie 2010}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1546 |title=Wunder Blog |publisher=Weather Underground |date=19 July 2010 |accessdate=28 January 2011 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722041822/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1546 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Saudi Arabie}}
|{{convert|52.0|C|F}}
|[[Jeddah]]
|{{Dts|23 Juin 2010}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&amp;contentID=2010062476182 |deadurl=yes |title=saudigazette|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930232945/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&amp;contentID=2010062476182 |archivedate=30 September 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|{{convert|37.0|C|F}}
|[[Tengah, Singapore|Tengah]]
|{{Dts|17 Apryle 1983}}&lt;ref name=MSSrecords&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature |title=Historical Extremes |publisher=[[Meteorological Service Singapore]] |accessdate=8 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127224631/http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Sooth Korea}}
|{{convert|41.0|C|F}}
|[[Hongcheon]], [[Gangwon Province (Sooth Korea)|Gangwon Province]]
|{{Dts|1 August 2018}}&lt;ref name=&quot;news1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://m.news.naver.com/read.nhn?mode=LSD&amp;sid1=103&amp;sid2=248&amp;oid=421&amp;aid=0003514221|title=한반도 폭염 신기원…서울 39.6도·홍천 41.0도 |publisher=[[news1]]|accessdate=1 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Sirie}}
|{{convert|49.4|C|F}}
| ?
| ?&lt;ref name=SyriaCC&gt;{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/syrnc1.pdf |title=Initial National Communication of the Syrian Arab Republic |publisher=Ministry of state for Environmental Affairs |pages=18–20 |date=April 2010|accessdate=24 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Taiwan}}
|{{convert|40.3|C|F}}
|[[Tianxiang]], [[Hualien Coonty]]
|{{Dts|9 Julie 2018}}&lt;ref name=watts2018/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Wunderground&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Heat-Records-Falling-Around-World-2018|title=Heat Records Falling Around the World in 2018|work=[[Wunderground]]|accessdate=20 September 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}
|{{convert|44.6|C|F}}
|[[Mae Hong Son]]
|{{Dts|28 Apryle 2016}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofranceasia&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Turkey}}
|{{convert|49.0|C|F}}
|[[Cizre]], [[Şırnak Province]]
|{{Dts|27 August 1961}}&lt;ref name=&quot;DMIGM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/genel/sss.aspx?s=sicaklikenleri2|title=Türkiye'de ve Dünyada Kaydedilen En Düşük ve En Yüksek Değerler |publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service |accessdate=10 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Turkmenistan}}
|{{convert|50.1|C|F}}
|[[Repetek Biosphere State Reserve]], [[Karakum Desert]]
|{{Dts|28 Julie 1983}}&lt;ref name=TurmenistanCC&gt;{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/tkmnc3.pdf |title=Third National Communication of Turkmenistan Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |pages=12–13 |year=2015 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=TurkmenistanUNCCD&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118145252/http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |archivedate=18 November 2016 |url=http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |title=Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |year=2000 |page=7 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Unitit Arab Emirates}}
|{{convert|52.1|C|F}}
|[[Al Jazeera Mairch Gate]]
|{{Dts|Julie 2002}}&lt;ref name=Leon&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ponce de Leon |first1=Janice |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118143949/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 |archivedate=18 November 2016 |title=Debunking weather myths in the UAE |publisher=Gulf News |date=11 August 2016 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=UAErecordhigh&gt;{{cite news |last1=Croucher |first1=Martin |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118144107/http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level |archivedate=18 November 2016 |title=UAE weather: Temperature soars to near record level |publisher=The National |date=12 July 2013 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|{{convert|43.4|C|F}}
|[[Huong Khe Destrict]]
|{{Dts|20 Apryle 2019}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Cappucci |first1=Matthew |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/22/vietnam-just-observed-its-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-degrees-april/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505153741/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/22/vietnam-just-observed-its-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-degrees-april/ |archivedate=2019-05-05 |title=Vietnam just observed its highest temperature ever recorded: 110 degrees, in April |publisher=The Washington Post |date=22 April 2019 |accessdate=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Europe ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Albanie}}
|{{convert|43.9|C|F}}
|[[Tirana]]
|{{Dts|1973}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://knoema.com/gbpfred/extreme-temperatures-across-the-world?tsId=1000890|title=Extreme Temperatures across the World|publisher=[[knoema.com|knoema]]|accessdate=26 July 2019 |date=26 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Austrick}}
|{{convert|40.5|C|F}}
|[[Bad Deutsch-Altenburg]]
|{{Dts|8 August 2013}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/klima/news/neuer-hitze-rekord-40-5deg-c-in-bad-deutsch-altenburg|title=Neuer Hitze-Rekord: 40,5°C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg|publisher=[[Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics|ZAMG]]|accessdate=9 August 2013 |date=9 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Belaroushie}}
|{{convert|38.9|C|F}}
|[[Gomel]]
|{{Dts|7 August 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}}
|{{convert|41.8|C|F}}
|[[Begijnendijk]], [[Flemish Brabant]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|name=&quot;EuropeanJuly2019&quot;|Part of the [[July 2019 European heat wave]]}}
|{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}&lt;ref name=Belgium1&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/07/26/hitte-zo-uitzonderlijk-was-het-gisteren |title=Zo uitzonderlijk was het gisteren: 41,8 graden in Begijnendijk  |publisher=VRTNWS|language=Dutch|accessdate=25 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|{{convert|46.2|C|F}}
|[[Mostar]]
|{{Dts|31 Julie 1901}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Federal Hydrometeorological Institute&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php |title=Federal Hydrometeorological Institute |accessdate=28 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009021245/http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofrance&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Bulgarie}}
|{{convert|45.2|C|F}}
|[[Sadovo]], [[Plovdiv Province]]
|{{Dts|5 August 1916}}&lt;ref name=&quot;unfccc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bulnc2.pdf |title=Bulgaria Second National Communication |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Croatie}}
|{{convert|42.8|C|F}}
|[[Ploče]]
|{{Dts|5 August 1981}}&lt;ref name=&quot;cro&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 |title=Croatia Sixth National Communication |format=PDF |accessdate=19 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Cyprus}}
|{{convert|45.6|C|F}}
|[[Nicosia]]
|{{Dts|1 August 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}
|{{convert|40.4|C|F}}
|[[Dobřichovice]], [[Prague-Wast Destrict]]
|{{Dts|20 August 2012}}&lt;ref name=autogenerated2&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasceska.cz/ceska-republika/ceska-nej/ |title=Česká republika – Česká nej |publisher=atlasceska.cz |accessdate=20 August 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}
|{{convert|36.4|C|F}}
|[[Holstebro]], [[Midtjylland]]
|{{Dts|10 August 1975}}&lt;ref name=&quot;dmi&quot;&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426034355/http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ |archivedate=26 April 2017 |url=http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ |title=Vejrekstremer i Danmark |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |language=Danish |accessdate=25 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Estonie}}
|{{convert|35.6|C|F}}
|[[Võru]]
|{{Dts|11 August 1992}}&lt;ref name=autogenerated3&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/rekordid/ohutemperatuur/?lang=en |title=Weather records |publisher=Estonian Weather Services |accessdate=28 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Finland}}
|{{convert|37.2|C|F}}
|[[Joensuu Airport]], [[Liperi]]
|{{Dts|29 Julie 2010}}&lt;ref name=fmirecords&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/lampotilaennatyksia |title=Lämpötilaennätyksiä |publisher=Finnish Meteorological Institute |language=Finnish |accessdate=3 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Fraunce}}
|{{convert|46.0|C|F}}
|[[Vérargues]], [[Hérault]]
|{{Dts|28 Juin 2019}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofrance&quot;&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721010727/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin |archivedate=2019-07-21 |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin |title=C'est officiel : on a atteint les 46 °C en France en juin |publisher=Météo France |language=French |accessdate=19 July 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}
|{{convert|42.6|C|F|abbr=}}
|[[Lingen, Germany|Lingen]], [[Lawer Saxony]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|name=&quot;EuropeanJuly2019&quot;}}
|{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/wetter-sammlung-100.html|title=Hitzewelle: Lingen mit 42,6 Grad heißester Ort|website=www1.wdr.de|date=25 July 2019|accessdate=25 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}
|{{convert|48.0|C|F}}
|[[Athens]] {{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|A temperatur o {{convert|48.7|C|F}} haes an aw been meisurt on the same day in [[Tatoi]], houiver it is nae conseedert tae be the offeecial temperatur record for Greece.&lt;ref name=&quot;meteoclub1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/1468-rekor-thermokrasias |title=Τα χαμηλότερα και υψηλότερα ρεκόρ θερμοκρασίας στην Ελλάδα |publisher=Meteoclub.gr |date= |accessdate=22 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|{{Dts|10 Julie 1977}}&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-meteorological-organization-global-weather-climate-extremes-archive|title=Global Weather &amp; Climate Extremes|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organisation]]|accessdate=2 January 2019|archive-date=2013-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}
|{{convert|41.9|C|F}}
|[[Kiskunhalas]]
|{{Dts|20 Julie 2007}}&lt;ref name=&quot;met.hu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://owww.met.hu/eghajlat/Magyarorszag/rekordok/ |title=Website of the Hungarian Meteorological Service |publisher=Met.hu |accessdate=7 August 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Iceland}}
| {{convert|30.5|C|F}}
| Teigarhorn, [[Djúpivogur]]
|{{Dts|22 Juin 1939}}&lt;ref name=&quot;iceland&quot;&gt;Einarsson, Markús. [http://en.vedur.is/media/loftslag/myndasafn/frodleikur/Einarsson.pdf Climate of Iceland] pg 683. Retrieved 29 April 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&amp;ew_0_a_id=309709 Heat Wave Hits Iceland, New Records Set] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629021152/http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&amp;ew_0_a_id=309709 |date=2009-06-29 }} ''[[Iceland Review]]'' 31 July 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Ireland}}
|{{convert|33.3|C|F}}
|[[Kilkenny Castle]], [[Coonty Kilkenny]]
|{{Dts|26 Juin 1887}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Met Éireann&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp |title=Temperature – Climate – Met Éireann – The Irish Meteorological Service Online |publisher=Met.ie |date=2 January 1979 |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003129/https://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp%20 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}
|{{convert|47.0|C|F}}
|[[Foggia]], [[Apulie]] {{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|A disputit record temperatur o 48.5&amp;nbsp;°C (119.3&amp;nbsp;°F) wis measurt on 10 August 1999 in [[Catenanuova]], Sicily.&lt;ref name=Italy1/&gt;}}
|{{Dts|25 Juin 2007}}&lt;ref name=Italy1&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c |title=BATTUTI I RECORD DI CALDO: Italia del Sud nella fornace africana, punte di +47 °C |publisher=Meteogiornale |date=25 June 2007 |accessdate=8 May 2014 |language=Italian |archive-date=2014-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224114/http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Italy&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/ |title=Il record italiano di caldo: +48.5 °C|publisher=CentroMeteoToscana |date=7 July 2012 |accessdate=8 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224554/http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/|archivedate=12 May 2014|language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Latvie}}
|{{convert|37.8|C|F}}
|[[Ventspils]]
|{{Dts|4 August 2014}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteolv&quot;&gt;[https://twitter.com/VSIA_LVGMC/status/496291491539845120 LVGMC Twitter account]. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2014. {{lv icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Lithuanie}}
|{{convert|37.5|C|F}}
|[[Zarasai]], [[Utena Coonty]]
|{{Dts|30 Julie 1994}}&lt;ref name=&quot;record lithuania&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai |title=(Meteorologiniai rekordai Lietuvoje) |publisher=Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service |language=Lithuanian |accessdate=28 September 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002123054/http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}
|{{convert|40.8|C|F|abbr=}}
|[[Steinsel|Steinsel, Luxembourg]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|name=&quot;EuropeanJuly2019&quot;}}
|{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}&lt;ref name=&quot;record luxembourg&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/40-8-c-neuer-offizieller-temperaturrekord-in-luxemburg-5d39c099da2cc1784e3488ff|title=40,8°C: Neuer offizieller Temperaturrekord in Luxemburg|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=AgriMeteo|language=German|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726130556/https://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/40-8-c-neuer-offizieller-temperaturrekord-in-luxemburg-5d39c099da2cc1784e3488ff|archive-date=2019-07-26|dead-url=|accessdate=25 July 2019|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Maltae}}
|{{convert|43.8|C|F}}
|[[Maltae Internaitional Airport]]
|{{Dts|9 August 1999}}&lt;ref name=&quot;MaltaCC&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/mlt_nc02.pdf |title=The Second Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Xhange |publisher=Ministry of Resources and Rural Affairs |pages=40–41 |date=May 2010 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MaltaNSO&gt;{{cite web |last1= Galdies |first1= Charles |url= https://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/B3_Environment_Energy_Transport_Agriculture_Statistics/The_Climate_of_Malta.pdf |title= The Climate of Malta: statistics, trends, and analysis 1951–2010 |pages= 6–7 |year= 2011 |publisher= National Statistics Office |accessdate= 26 February 2013 |archive-date= 2016-04-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203936/http://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/B3_Environment_Energy_Transport_Agriculture_Statistics/The_Climate_of_Malta.pdf |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Moldovae}}
|{{convert|42.4|°C|°F}}
|[[Falesti]]
|{{Dts|7 August 2012}}&lt;ref name=Moldovarecords&gt;{{cite web |title=Recorduri meteorologice în Republica Moldova |url=http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm |publisher=Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat |language=Romanian |accessdate=25 October 2016 |archive-date=2017-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320091515/http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Montenegro}}
|{{convert|44.8|C|F}}
|[[Podgorica]] &amp; [[Danilovgrad]]
|{{Dts|16 August 2007}} /&lt;br/&gt;8 August 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeff Masters&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Masters |first=Jeff |title=2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html |publisher=Weather Underground |accessdate=17 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117064246/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html |archivedate=17 January 2013 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}
|{{convert|40.7|C|F}}
|[[Gilze en Rijen]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|name=&quot;EuropeanJuly2019&quot;}}
|{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}&lt;ref&gt;https://nos.nl/liveblog/2294980-meting-41-7-graden-in-deelen-niet-geldig-wel-boven-de-40-in-gilze-rijen.html}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|North Macedonie}}
|{{convert|45.7|C|F}}
|[[Demir Kapija]], [[Demir Kapija Municipality|Demir Kapija]]
|{{Dts|24 Julie 2007}}&lt;ref name=MacedoniaCC&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124035513/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf |archivedate=24 November 2016 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning |page=24 |date=December 2008 |accessdate=23 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Norawa}}
|{{convert|35.6|°C|°F}}
|[[Nesbyen]], [[Buskerud]]
|{{Dts|20 Juin 1970}}&lt;ref name=&quot;DNMI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |title=Klima |publisher=met.no |accessdate=20 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129225502/http://www.met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |archivedate=29 November 2007  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}
|{{convert|40.2|°C|°F}}
|[[Prószków]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot; |Record meisurt on [[Weimar Republic|German territory]] at that time: [[Proskau]], [[Landkreis]] [[Opole|Oppeln]], [[Province o Upper Silesie|Oberschlesien]] (nou [[Prószków]], [[Opole Voivodeship]]). The record in [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland proper]] at that time wis attained on the same day bi the veelage o [[Zbiersk]] at 40.0&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://meteomodel.pl/rekordy-temperatury/|title=Polskie Rekordy|website=MeteoModel.pl|date=31 May 2011|access-date=2016-02-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|{{Dts|29 Julie 1921}}&lt;ref name=&quot;klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |title=Rekordy klimatyczne w Polsce |language=pl |publisher=Zakład Klimatologii – [[Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], Kraków |work=Klimat.Geo.UJ.edu.pl |accessdate=20 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529040418/http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |archivedate=29 May 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|{{convert|47.4|°C|°F}}
|[[Amareleja]], [[Beja (destrict)|Beja]]
|{{Dts|1 August 2003}}&lt;ref name=&quot;meteo1&quot;&gt;[https://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/ Extremes] Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IPMA&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Romanie}}
|{{convert|44.5|°C|°F}}
|[[Ion Sion]], [[Brăila Coonty]]
|{{Dts|10 August 1951}}&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=405 THERMAL EXTREMES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909041857/http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=405 |date=2008-09-09 }} Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Roushie|}} (in Europe)
|{{convert|45.4|°C|°F}}
|[[Utta]], [[Kalmykie]]
|{{Dts|12 Julie 2010}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/news/5076/ |title=Погода и Климат – В России установлен новый абсолютный температурный максимум |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |accessdate=28 January 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070750/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/news/5076/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|San Marino}}
|{{convert|40.3|C|F}}
|[[Serravalle (San Marino)|Serravalle]]
|{{Dts|3 August 2017}}, {{Dts|9 August 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Serbie}}
|{{convert|44.9|°C|°F}}
|[[Smederevska Palanka]], [[Podunavlje Destrict|Podunavlje]]
|{{Dts|24 Julie 2007}}&lt;ref name=&quot;hidmet&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/ciril/meteorologija/klimatologija_temp_rezim.php |title=TEMPERATURE REGIME IN SERBIA, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia |publisher=Hidmet.gov.rs |accessdate=4 September 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Slovakie}}
|{{convert|40.3|C|F}}
|[[Hurbanovo]]
|{{Dts|20 Julie 2007}}&lt;ref name=slovakrecord&gt;{{cite web|title=Historial Extremes: Review of historical extremes (extreme values) of selected meteorological elements at the territory of Slovak republic |url=http://www.shmu.sk/en/?page=1384 |publisher=Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute |accessdate=9 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Slovenie}}
|{{convert|40.8|C|F}}
|[[Cerklje ob Krki]]
|{{Dts|8 August 2013}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=V Cerkljah ob Krki namerili rekordnih 40,8 stopinje Celzija|url=http://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/vroce-bo-temperature-pa-okoli-40-stopinj-celzija.html|publisher=24ur.com|accessdate=8 August 2013|language=Slovenian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}
|{{convert|47.3|C|F}}
|[[Montoro, Cordoba]] (as Montoro Vega Armijo)
|{{Dts|13 Julie 2017}}&lt;ref name=Benayas2017&gt;{{cite web |last1=Benayas |first1=Victoria |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/14/inenglish/1500017188_072441.html |title=Córdoba sets new temperature record as heatwave continues in Spain |publisher=El País |date=14 July 2017 |accessdate=19 July 2017 |archive-date=2017-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818001445/https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/14/inenglish/1500017188_072441.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Swaden}}
|{{convert|38.0|C|F}}
|[[Ultuna]], [[Uppsala Coonty]]/&lt;br&gt;[[Målilla]], [[Kalmar County]] (tied)
|{{Dts|9 Julie 1933}} /&lt;br&gt;29 Juin 1947&lt;ref name=&quot;SMHI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/svenska-temperaturrekord-1.5792 |title=Svenska temperaturrekord |publisher=Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut |accessdate=15 August 2017 |archive-date=2017-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175701/http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/svenska-temperaturrekord-1.5792 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Swisserland}}
|{{convert|41.5|C|F}}
|[[Grono, Swisserland|Grono]], [[Moesa Destrict]]
|{{Dts|11 August 2003}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Weather in Switzerland&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html |title=Records Suisse |publisher=MeteoSwiss |accessdate=25 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816174245/http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}
|{{convert|42.0|C|F}}
|[[Luhansk]]
|{{Dts|12 August 2010}}&lt;ref name=cgo&gt;{{cite web |url =http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords/ |script-title =uk:Кліматичні рекорди |publisher =Central Observatory for Geophysics |language =Ukrainian |accessdate =4 August 2016 |archive-date =2016-08-04 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160804044852/http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords%2F |url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}
|{{convert|38.7|C|F}}
|[[Cambridge]], [[Cambridgeshire]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|name=&quot;EuropeanJuly2019&quot;}}
|{{Dts| 25 Julie 2019|}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2019/new-official-highest-temperature-in-uk-confirmed |title=New official highest temperature in UK confirmed |publisher=[[Met Office]] |accessdate=29 July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UK Met Office&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate-extremes/#?tab=climateExtremes |title=UK climate – Extremes |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Vatican Ceety}}
|{{convert|40.7|C|F}}
|[[Vatican Ceety]]
|{{Dts|2 August 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|}

==== North Americae ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Anguilla}}
|{{convert|34.2|C|F}}
|[[The Valley, Anguilla|The Valley]]
|{{Dts|12 September 2015}}&lt;ref name=wu20151021&gt;{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/sixteen-nationalterritorial-alltime-extreme-heat-records-set-in-2015.html|title=Sixteen National/Territorial All-Time Extreme Heat Records Set in 2015 |publisher=Wunderground |date=27 January 2016 |accessdate=19 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Antigua an Barbuda}}
|{{convert|34.9|C|F}}
|[[V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport]], [[St. John's, Antigua an Barbuda|St. John's]] 
|{{Dts|12 August 1995}}&lt;ref name=Antiguaclimate&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/Our_Climate.html |title=Our Climate |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2017-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305012206/http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/Our_Climate.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Antiguaclimatedata&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/STATS/coolidge_dailytemp.html |title=Normal Daily Temperature: TEMPERATURE AT V.C. Bird International Airport |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2019-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823025952/http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/STATS/coolidge_dailytemp.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Breetish Virgin Islands}}
|{{convert|35.0|C|F}}
|[[Terrance B. Lettsome Internaitional Airport]]
|{{Dts|22 Julie 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records&gt;{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |last2=Henson |first2=Bob |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/confirmed-2016-the-warmest-year-in-history-of-global-recordkeeping.html |title= Confirmed: 2016 the Warmest Year in History of Global Recordkeeping |publisher= Wunderground |date= 18 January 2017 |accessdate=7 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Canadae}}
|{{convert|45.0|C|F}}
|[[Yellow Grass]], [[Saskatchewan]]&lt;br&gt;[[Midale]], Saskatchewan
|{{Dts|5 Julie 1937}}&lt;ref name=&quot;canadaextremes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=en&amp;n=6a4a3ac5-1#1921-1940  |title = Top Weather Events of the 20th Century  |publisher = Environment Canada |date = May 2010|accessdate = 26 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Cayman Islands}}
|{{convert|34.9|C|F}}
|[[Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport]], [[Grand Cayman]]
|{{Dts|21 August 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Cuba}}
|{{convert|39.1|C|F}}
|Veguitas ([[Granma Province]])
|{{Dts|30 Juin 2019}}&lt;ref name=Cubarecords&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.geoclimat.org/p/records-nationaux-de-temperatures.html|title=Records nationaux de température}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Dominica}}
|{{convert|35.5|C|F}}
|[[Canefield Airport]]
|{{Dts|3 October 2015}}&lt;ref name=wu20151021/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Dominican Republic}}
|{{convert|43.0|C|F}}
|[[Mao, Dominican Republic|Mao]]
|{{Dts|31 August 1954}}&lt;ref name=mejia&gt;{{cite web |first1=Mariela |last1=Mejía |url=http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html |title=Frío extremo, calor agobiante |publisher=Diario Libre |language=Spanish |date=7 January 2011 |accessdate=2 May 2017 |archive-date=2013-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214132/http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Greenland}}
|{{convert|30.1|C|F}}
|[[Ivittuut]]
|{{Dts|23 Juin 1915}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/06/10/greenland-witnessed-its-highest-june-temperature-ever-recorded-on-thursday/ |title=Greenland witnessed its highest June temperature ever recorded on Thursday |work=The Washington Post |date=10 June 2016 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm |title=Greenland -Dnk- - Ivigtut |publisher=Pendientedemigracion.ucm.es |date= |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2016-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126080156/http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ |title=More record lows since 1937 than record highs |work=Iceagenow.info |date=27 June 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2018-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005145353/https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Guatemala}}
|{{convert|45|C|F}}
|[[Estanzuela]], [[Zacapa]]
| ?&lt;ref name=&quot;INSIVUMEH&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Martinique}}
|{{convert|36.5|C|F}}
|[[Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]]
|{{Dts|6 October 2010}}&lt;ref name=martiniqueclimate&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101021428/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 |archivedate=1 January 2019 |url=http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 |title=Le climat en Martinique |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|{{convert|52.0|C|F}}
|[[Mexicali]] area
|{{Dts|28 Julie 1995}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/early-summer-heat-broils-northern-hemisphere.html |author=Christopher Burt|title=Early Summer Heat Broils Northern Hemisphere |accessdate=19 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=García Cueto |first1=O.R. |last2=Santillán Soto |first2=N. |last3=Quintero Núñez |first3=M. |last4=Ojeda Benítez |first4=S. |last5=Velázquez Limón |first5=N. |title=Extreme temperature scenarios in Mexicali, Mexico under climate change conditions |journal=Atmósfera |date=October 2013 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=509–520 |doi=10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71092-0 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Panama}}
|{{convert|40.0|C|F}}
|[[San Francisco, Panamá|San Francisco]]
|{{Dts|20 Mairch 1998}}&lt;ref name=ETESA&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing |title=Extreme Temperatures |publisher=Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031151317/http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Puerto Rico}}
|{{convert|104|F|C|order=flip}}
|[[Mona Island]]
|{{Dts|2 Julie 1996}}&lt;ref name=NWSpuertorico&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119141404/http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes |archivedate=19 January 2017|url=http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes |title=All Time Extremes for PR and VI |publisher=National Weather Service |accessdate=19 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| |{{flag|United States}}
|{{convert|56.7|C|F}}
|[[Furnace Creek, Californie|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[Californie]]
|{{Dts|10 Julie 1913}}&lt;ref name=&quot;KPBS-report&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kpbs.org/news/2013/jul/15/doubts-cloud-death-valleys-100-year-heat-record/ |title=Doubts Cloud Death Valley's 100-year Heat Record|accessdate=30 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO-Highest&quot;&gt;[http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature World: Highest Temperature] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |date=4 January 2013 }} [[World Meteorological Organization]]. Retrieved 13 September 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Burt&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Unitit States Virgin Islands}}
|{{convert|99|F|C|order=flip}}
|[[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Thomas]]/
[[Cruz Bay, U.S. Virgin Islands|Cruz Bay]]
|{{Dts|4 August 1994}} an 23 Juin 1996&lt;ref name=NWSpuertorico/&gt;&lt;br/&gt; 31 July 1988&lt;ref name=NWSpuertorico/&gt; 
|}

==== Oceanie{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|On 16 Januar 1889, a temperatur o 53&amp;nbsp;°C (128&amp;nbsp;°F) wis recordit at [[Cloncurry, Queensland]]. It wis measurt wi a non-staundart thermometer, so it is unkent if this readin wis valid or nae.&lt;ref name=&quot;NCDC&quot;/&gt; The readin is nae recognised bi Australie's [[Bureau o Meteorology]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BoMExtremes&quot;/&gt;}}====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Australie}}
|{{convert|50.7|C|F}}
|[[Oodnadatta, Sooth Australie]]
|{{Dts|2 Januar 1960}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NCDC&quot;&gt;[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120525195312/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html |date=2012-05-25 }} [[National Climatic Data Center]]. Retrieved 21 June 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BoMExtremes&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Australian Temperature Extremes | publisher = [[Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)|Bureau of Meteorology]] | date = 1 April 2009 | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/extreme/records/national.pdf | accessdate=16 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://reg.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/highesttemp.shtml |title=50.5&amp;nbsp;°C – W.A.'s Highest Ever Temperature |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology  |date=20 February 1998 |accessdate=12 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Marshall Islands}}
|{{convert|35.6|C|F}}
|[[Utirik Atoll]]
|{{Dts|24 August 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}
|{{convert|42.4|C|F}}
|[[Rangiora]], [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] /&lt;br&gt;Jordan, [[Marlborough Region|Marlborough]] (tied)
|{{Dts|7 Februar 1973}}&lt;ref name=&quot;record NZ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/NaturalEnvironment/3/en |title=Carl Walrond. 'Natural environment', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 25-Sep-2007 |publisher=Teara.govt.nz |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816033058/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/NaturalEnvironment/3/en |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Palau}}
|{{convert|35|C|F}}
|[[Koror]]
|{{Dts|22 Mairch 2018}}&lt;ref name=Palauhigh&gt;{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/march-2018-earths-5th-warmest-march-record | title = March 2018: Earth's 5th Warmest March on Record | publisher = Wunderground | date = 18 April 2018 | accessdate=29 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Samoa}}
|{{convert|35.3|C|F}}
|[[Asau, Samoa|Asau]]
|{{Dts|24 December 1968}}&lt;ref name = WBsamoaclimate&gt;
{{cite web |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161105161301/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf |archivedate= 5 November 2016 |url= http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf |title= Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Samoa Agriculture Competitiveness Enhancement Project |publisher= World Bank |date= 2 December 2011 |page= 53 |accessdate= 5 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Solomon Islands}}
|{{convert|36.1|C|F}}
|[[Honiara]], [[Guadalcanal Province]]
|{{Dts|1 Februar 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Tonga}}
|{{convert|35.5|C|F}}
|[[Niuafoou]]
|{{Dts|1 Februar 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Vanuatu}}
|{{convert|36.2|C|F}}
|[[Lamap Malekula]]
|{{Dts|8 Februar 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Wallis and Futuna}}
|{{convert|35.8|C|F}}
|[[Futuna Airport]]
|{{Dts|10 Januar 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|}

==== Sooth Americae{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Sooth America's hettest reliably meisurt temperature is 47.3°C (117.1°F) at [[Campo Gallo]], [[Argentinae]] on 16 October 1936.&lt;ref name=reliably/&gt;}}====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Kintra/Region
! Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Argentinae}}
|{{convert|48.9|C|F}} *
|[[Rivadavia, Salta|Rivadavia]], [[Salta Province]]
|{{Dts|11 December 1905}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NCDC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental |title=Continental Weather &amp; Climate Extremes: Based on World Meteorological Organization Defined Regions  |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=17 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;meteofa&quot;&gt;The record o 49.1&amp;nbsp;°C (120.4&amp;nbsp;°F) in [[Villa de María del Río Seco|Villa de María]], [[Córdoba Province, Argentinae|Córdoba Province]], Argentinae, on 2 Januar 1920, is disputit an conseedert dubious{{cite web |url=http://www.smn.gov.ar/?mod=biblioteca&amp;id=94 |title=Servicio Meteorólogico Nacional (Argentina) |accessdate=31 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Bolivie}}
|{{convert|46.7|C|F}}
|[[Villamontes]], [[Tarija Depairtment]]
|{{Dts|29 October 2010}}&lt;ref name=&quot;wu&quot;/&gt;{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|Temperatur reached on multiple occasions; this is the maist recent.}}
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}
|{{convert|44.8|C|F}}
|[[Nova Maringá]], [[Mato Grosso]]
|{{Dts|4 November 2020}}, {{Dts|5 November 2020}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/climatempo/brasil-tem-novo-recorde-historico-de-calor,539a60945327d9f61cd981427377c37cuo1khkwn.html |title=Brasil tem novo recorde histórico de calor |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=6 November 2020 |website=www.terra.com.br |publisher=Terra|access-date= 7 November 2020|language=Portuguese||trans-title=Brazil has a new historic heat record|quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}
|{{convert|44.9|C|F}}
|[[Quillón]], [[Biobio Region]]{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot;|This record is disputit acause o the [[2017 Chile wildfires|forest fires]] that occurred aroond the toun o Quillón. It is heichly probable thae fires hae influenced this record.}}
|{{Dts|26 Januar 2017}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web 
|url=http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615134949/http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml|archivedate=15 June 2017|title=En Bío Bío se registró temperatura máxima de la historia de Chile|date=27 January 2017|publisher=Biobiochile.cl|language=Spanish |deadurl=no |accessdate=19 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theclinic.cl/2017/01/26/quillon-tuvo-hoy-la-temperatura-mas-alta-la-historia-chile-44-9-grados-la-sombra/|title=Quillón tuvo hoy la temperatura más alta de la historia de Chile: 44.9 grados a la sombra|publisher=[[The Clinic (newspaper)|The Clinic]] |date=26 January 2017 |accessdate=15 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Colombie}}
|{{convert|45.0|C|F}}
|[[Puerto Salgar]], [[Cundinamarca Depairtment|Cundinamarca]]
|{{Dts|29 December 2015}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pronosticosyalertas.gov.co/documents/78690/301070/12_IDA_DICIEMBRE_30_2015.pdf/18413b07-7123-42e7-95f3-6f8b92311265?version=1.0 |title=Informe Técnico Diario N°364 |publisher=[[IDEAM]] |date=30 December 2015 |accessdate=15 January 2016 |archive-date=2016-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129085236/http://www.pronosticosyalertas.gov.co/documents/78690/301070/12_IDA_DICIEMBRE_30_2015.pdf/18413b07-7123-42e7-95f3-6f8b92311265?version=1.0 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|French Guiana}}
|{{convert|38.0|C|F}}
|[[Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]]
|{{Dts|27 September 2016}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2016records/&gt;
|--
|{{flag|Paraguay}}
|{{convert|45.0|C|F}}
|[[Pratts Gill]], [[Boquerón Depairtment]]
|{{Dts|14 November 2009}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.meteorologia.gov.py:9191/historico.html|title=Valores extremos históricos climatológicos de la red de estaciones|date=13 January 2011|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=2012-12-21|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221100002/http://www.meteorologia.gov.py:9191/historico.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Peru}}
|{{convert|48.3|C|F}}
|[[Juan Guerra]], [[Depairtment o San Martín|San Martín]]
|{{Dts|3 November 2018}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/senamhi-regiones-han-registrado-temperaturas-altas-nivel-nacional-noticia-503478|title=¿En qué regiones se han registrado las temperaturas más altas a nivel nacional?|work=[[El Comercio Perú]]|date=11 March 2018|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Uruguay}}
|{{convert|44.0|C|F}}
|[[Paysandú]], [[Paysandú Depairtment]]
|{{Dts|20 Januar 1943}}&lt;ref name=&quot;uruguayrecordssum&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Clima del Uruguay  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213061537/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm |archivedate=13 December 2016 |url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm |publisher = Red Académica Uruguaya  |language=Spanish |accessdate=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uruguayrecordsraw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Boletín meteorológico |url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt |publisher = Dirección Nacional de Meteorología |language = Spanish |trans-title = Meteorologic records of Uruguay |accessdate = 1 October 2010 |archive-date = 2015-06-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150609015041/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela}}
|{{convert|43.6|C|F}}
|[[Santa Ana de Coro]], [[Falcón]]
||{{Dts|29 Apryle 2015}}&lt;ref name=wu20151021/&gt;
|}

====Ither heich-temperature records====
* '''Fastest temperatur rise:''' 27&amp;nbsp;°C (49&amp;nbsp;°F) in twa minutes; [[Spearfish, Sooth Dakota]], 1943-01-22.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last = Lyons | first = Walter A | title = The Handy Weather Answer Book | url = https://archive.org/details/handyweatheransw00lyon | edition = 2nd | year = 1997 | publisher = Visible Ink press | location = Detroit, Michigan | isbn = 0-7876-1034-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Maist consecutive days abuin 37.8&amp;nbsp;°C (100&amp;nbsp;°F):''' 160 days; [[Marble Bar, Wastren Australie]] frae 31 October 1923 tae 7 Aprile 1924.&lt;ref name=&quot;climateextremes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.htm|title=Marble Bar heatwave, 1923–1924|work=Australian Climate Extremes|publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]|accessdate=21 September 2008|archiveurl=https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.html|archivedate=2009-03-17|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Surface temperatur:''' Heat records are measurt bi air temperature abuin the grund. Remote sensin can estimate grund or &quot;skin&quot; surface temperaturs: the [[MODIS]] satellite foond in a brief survey a grund temperature o {{convert|70.7|C|F}}, in the [[Lut Desert]] o Iran, the hettest detectit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=77779|title=Finding the hottest spots on Earth by satellite|publisher=NASA|work=Earth Observatory|date=2012-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===[[Cauld]]===

===Lawest temperaturs recordit===

&lt;!-- Note: Dates should have name of month SPELLED OUT (as in previous table) to avoid confusion over MONTH/DAY.
THIS PAGE IS FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS ONLY, NOT REMOTELY SENSED OBSERVATIONS
--&gt;

===Bi continent===

==== Africae ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Algerie}}
| {{convert|-13.8|C|F}}
| [[Mécheria]]
| 28 January 2005&lt;ref name=AlgeriaCC/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Burkina Faso}}
| {{convert|5|C|F}}
| [[Markoye]]
| January 1975&lt;ref name=burkinaclimatechange/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Botswana}}
| {{convert|-15.0|C|F}}
| [[Tsabong]]
| ?&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203143334/http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html |archivedate=3 December 2008 |url=http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html |title=Botswana's Climate |publisher=Meteorological Services Botswana |accessdate=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}}
| {{convert|-6.7|°C|°F}}
| [[Big Bend, Eswatini|Big Bend]]
| ?&lt;ref name=swazilandrecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Ghana}}
| {{convert|11.0|C|F}}
| [[Kumasi]], [[Tafo]]
| ?&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011052633/http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html |archivedate=11 October 2008 |url=http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html |title=Climatology |publisher=Ghana Meteorological Services Department |accessdate=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Guinea}}
| {{convert|2.5|C|F}}
| [[Bareing]]
| 2 Januar 1982&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109004730/http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm |archivedate=9 January 2007 |url=http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm |title=Quelques Records en Guinée |publisher=Météorologie Nationale, République de Guinée |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Lesotho}}
| {{convert|-21.0|C|F}}
| ?
| ?&lt;ref name=&quot;lesotho&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/lesnc1.pdf |title= Lesotho – National report on climate change |publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources |date=April 2000 |accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Morocco}}
| {{convert|-23.9|C|F}}
| [[Ifrane]]
| 11 Februar 1935&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/africa-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region I (Africa): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=25 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226055625/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/africa-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Niger}}
| {{convert|-2.4|C|F}}
| [[Bilma]]
| {{Dts|13 Januar 1995}}&lt;ref name=nigerCC/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Réunion}}
| {{convert|-5.0|C|F}}
| [[Gite de Bellecome]]
| {{Dts|10 September 1975}}&lt;ref name=reunionrecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Sooth Africae}}
| {{convert|-20.1|C|F}}
| [[Buffelsfontein]], near [[Molteno, Eastren Cape|Molteno]], [[Eastren Cape]]
| 23 August 2013&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://mybroadband.co.za/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=76495&amp;d=1381902030|title=New minimum temperature record for South Africa |accessdate=12 June 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Sudan}}
| {{convert|-1.0|°C|°F}}
| [[Zalingei]]
| December 1961 an Januar 1962&lt;ref name=faosudan&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/counprof/sudan/sudan.htm |title=Sudan |work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate=22 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016075150/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Sudan/sudan.htm |archivedate=16 October 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Antarcticae ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
|{{flag|Antarcticae}}
|{{convert|-89.2|C|F}} &lt;!-- Please do not change this record without reaching consensus on the talk page. Recent satellite measurements below this figure, while gaining a lot of publicity, are not considered official (by the WMO, for example) and are not comparable with ground-based measurements. See the article &quot;Lowest temperature recorded on Earth&quot;, the footnote below the table, or the source cited in the lead, for details. --&gt;
|[[Vostok Station]]
|21 Julie 1983&lt;ref name=&quot;NCDC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author=Budretsky, A.B. | title=New absolute minimum of air temperature | journal=Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition | url=http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html | issue=105 | year=1984 | location=Leningrad | publisher=[[Gidrometeoizdat]] | language=Russian | access-date=2015-07-22 | archive-date=2009-02-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227071811/http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot; | This temperature is conseedert the lawest iver offeecially recordit in Antarctica an in the Warld, as it was perceived bi grund-poseetioned thermometers in 1983. [[Satellite]] analyses made on 10 August 2010 pyntit tae a temperatur o −93.2&amp;nbsp;°C (−135.8&amp;nbsp;°F) near [[Dome F]] in [[Queen Maud Land]], but this record is nae offeecially leetit acause it wis meisurt by [[remote sensin]] methods that are nae totally consistent, unlik the 1983 temperatur. See [[Lawest temperatur recorded on Yird]] for details.}}
|-
|Dome A
|{{convert|-82.5|C|F}}
|[[Dome A]]
| Julie 2005&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Web Team |url=http://www.aad.gov.au/weather/aws/dome-a/index.html |title=''Australian Antarctic Division'' |publisher=Aad.gov.au |date=5 September 2005 |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Sooth Pole]]
|{{convert|-82.8|C|F}}
|[[Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station]]
|23 Juin 1982&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/southp.jsp |title=''Office of Polar Programs'' |publisher=Nsf.gov |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2020-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414060623/https://www.nsf.gov/geo/opp/support/southp.jsp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Asie ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Afghanistan}}
| {{convert|-52.2|C|F}}
| [[Shahrak Destrict|Shahrak]]
| {{Dts|Januar 1964}}&lt;ref name=&quot;afghan record&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Armenie}}
| {{convert|-42.0|C|F}}
| [[Paghakn]] an [[Ashocq]]
| {{Dts|1961}}&lt;ref name=ArmeniaCC/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|{{convert|-33.0|C|F}}
|Julfa an Ordubad
|?&lt;ref name=azhydromet/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Bangladesh}}
| {{convert|2.6|C|F}}
| [[Tetulia Upazila]]
| 8 Januar 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Cold claims 8 more |accessdate=8 January 2018 |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/lowest-temperature-in-bangladesh-bd-on-january-8-2018-recorded-3-degree-celsius-in-nilphamari-1516666 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Cheenae}}
| {{convert|-58|C|F}}
| [[Genhe]], [[Inner Mongolie]]
| 31 December 2009&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20180123000102-260309/ |title=大陸冷極 內蒙根河室內外溫差90℃ - 中時電子報 |work=Chinatimes.com |date=23 January 2018 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Hong Kong}}
| {{convert|-6.0|C|F}}
| [[Tai Mo Shan]]
| 24 January 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSpjtXUOu98|title=多雨極寒的一月|date=5 February 2016|via=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Indie}}
| {{convert|-44.9|C|F}}
| [[Dras]], [[Jammu an Kashmir]]
| 22 Mairch 1911&lt;ref name=&quot;IMD&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=De |first1=U. |last2=Dube |first2=R. |last3=Rao |first3=G. |title=Extreme Weather Events over India in the last 100 years |url=http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |journal=Journal of Indian Geophysical Union |year=2005 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=173–187 |access-date=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231319/http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Iran}}
| {{convert|-36.0|C|F}}
| [[Saqqez]]
| 1972&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1163560/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-71-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7-46-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1|title=رکورد گرمترین و سردترین نقطه ایران مربوط به کی و کجاست؟ / ثبت دمای بالای 71 درجه تا 46 درجه زیر صفر|website=danakhabar.com|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=2016-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319165039/http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1163560/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-71-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7-46-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Israel}}
| {{convert|-14.2|C|F}}
| [[Merom Golan]]
| 10 Januar 2015&lt;ref&gt;Judah Ari Gross, [http://www.timesofisrael.com/golan-sees-record-low-temperatures-during-storm/ &quot;Golan sees record low temperatures during storm&quot;], The Times of Israel, 12 January 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Japan}}
| {{convert|-41.0|C|F}}
| [[Asahikawa]], [[Hokkaidō]]
| 25 Januar 1902&lt;ref name=&quot;JMA&quot;/&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Jordan}}
|{{convert|-16.0|C|F}}
|[[Shoubak]]
|{{Dts|15 December 2013}}&lt;ref name=Jordanrecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Kuwait}}
| {{convert|-4.8|C|F}}
| [[Salmy]]
| 3 Januar 2009&lt;ref name=kuwaitclimate&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213163824/https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng |archivedate=13 February 2019 |url=https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng |title=Climate History |publisher=Kuwait Meteorological Department |accessdate=13 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|{{convert|-53.6|C|F}}
|?
|?&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Malaysie}}
| {{convert|7.8|C|F}}
| [[Cameron Hielands]]
| 1 February 1978&lt;ref name=&quot;climate stats 01&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Maldives}}
| {{convert|17.2|C|F}}
| [[Hulhulé Island]], locatit at [[Ibrahim Nasir Internaitional Airport]]
| 11 Apryle 1978&lt;ref name=Maldivesclimate&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214507/http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives |archivedate=27 November 2016 |url=http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives |title=Climate of Maldives |publisher=Maldives Meteorological Service |accessdate=22 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Mongolie}}
| {{convert|-55.3|C|F}}
| [[Züüngovi, Uvs|Züüngovi]], [[Uvs Province]]
| 31 December 1976&lt;ref name=MARCC/&gt;&lt;ref name=MongoliaNC&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000101/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2018 |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf |title=Mongolia Third National Communication |publisher= Ministry of Environment and Tourism |accessdate=14 October 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Myanmar}}
| {{convert|-57.9|C|F}}
| [[Hkakabo Razi]]
| unknown&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://livingasean.com/explore/asean-winter-snow-in-the-tropics/ |title=ASEAN Winter Snow in the Tropics |website=Living ASEAN |access-date=2019-07-31 |archive-date=2018-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925191255/http://livingasean.com/explore/asean-winter-snow-in-the-tropics/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Nepal}}
| {{convert|-26.0|C|F}}
| [[Thakmarpha]], [[Mustang destrict]]
| ?&lt;ref name=faoNepal/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|North Korea}}
| {{convert|-43.6|C|F}}
| [[Chunggangjin]]
| 12 January 1933&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=선종일 |url=http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm |title=Korean Climate |publisher=User.chollian.net |date=1 August 1942 |accessdate=29 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229002124/http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm |archivedate=29 December 2011  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Pakistan}}
| {{convert|-24|C|F}}
| [[Skardu]]
| 7 January 1995&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Hamayoon Janjua |url=https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ |title=Pakistan Climate |publisher=crayon.pk |date=30 January 2019 |accessdate=11 May 2018 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705123907/https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ |archivedate=2019-07-05 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Philippines}}
| {{convert|6.3|C|F}}
| [[Baguio]]
| 18 January 1961&lt;ref name=PhilippinesCC/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Luces|first1=Kim|title='Abnormally cold' temperatures recorded in January|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/346457/scitech/science/abnormally-cold-temperatures-recorded-in-january|accessdate=2 March 2015|publisher=GMA News|date=31 January 2014|quote=However, these are nothing compared to the all-time lowest temperature ever felt in Baguio City and in the Philippines – the 6.3-degree cold felt on January 18, 1961.}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot; |It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures in [[Mt. Pulag]] in the Philippines which is 2,922 meters above sea level plunges as low as {{convert|2.0|C|F}}. PAGASA cannot verify&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Yap|first1=DJ|title=Zero in Mt. Pulag? Pagasa clueless|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/346661/zero-in-mt-pulag-pagasa-clueless|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=25 January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
|-
|{{flag|Qatar}}
|{{convert|1.5|C|F}}
|[[Abu Samra]]
|{{Dts|5 Februar 2017}}&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Roushie}} (Siberie)
| {{convert|-67.8|C|F}}
| [[Verkhoyansk]] an&lt;br/&gt;[[Oymyakon]], baith in [[Sakha Republic]]
| 7 February 1892&lt;br/&gt;6 February 1933&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |title=Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=25 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226145102/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Saudi Arabie}}
| {{convert|-12.0|C|F}}
| [[Turaif]]
| ?&lt;ref name=SaudiCC&gt;{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/saunc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication |publisher=Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |page=2 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}
|{{convert|19.0|C|F}}
|[[Paya Lebar]]
|{{Dts|14 Februar 1989}}&lt;ref name=MSSrecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Sooth Korea}}
| {{convert|-32.6|C|F}}
| [[Yangpyeong]]
| 5 January 1981&lt;ref name=kma&gt;{{cite web|url=http://web.kma.go.kr/eng/biz/climate_01.jsp|title=Climate of Korea|publisher=[[Korea Meteorological Administration]]|accessdate=24 July 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Sirie}}
| {{convert|-23.0|C|F}}
| [[Idlib]]
| Januar 1951&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sy.arabiaweather.com/content/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B0-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-1950|title=أبرد شتاء مر على سوريا منذ عام 1950 !|work=طقس سوريا – طقس العرب}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Taiwan}}
|{{convert|-18.4|C|F}}
|[[Yushan Naitional Pairk|Yushan]]
|{{Dts|31 Januar 1970}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ysnp&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/css_en/page.aspx?path=550|title=The Climate|publisher=Yushan National Park|accessdate=22 April 2018|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202523/http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/css_en/page.aspx?path=550|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Thailand}}
| {{convert|-1.4|C|F}}
| [[Sakon Nakhon Province|Sakon Nakhon]]
| 2 Januar 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;tmd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf |title=The Climate of Thailand |publisher=Thai Meteorological Department |accessdate=31 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801225446/http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-

|-
| {{flag|Turkey}}
| {{convert|-46.4|C|F}}
| [[Çaldıran (Destrict), Van|Çaldıran]], [[Van Province]]
| 9 Januar 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;DMIGM&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
| {{convert|-36.0|C|F}}
| [[Daşoguz Region]]
| ?&lt;ref name=TurmenistanCC/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| {{convert|-5.4|C|F}}
| [[Jebel Jais]]
| 3 Februar 2017&lt;ref name=JeffMasters2017records/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Vietnam}}
| {{convert|-6.1|C|F}}
| [[Sa Pa]]
| 4 Januar 1974&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312003953/http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 |archivedate=12 March 2012 |title=Vì sao miền Bắc lạnh bất thường? |publisher=Vietnam Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology |language=Vietnamese |accessdate=13 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Europe ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Country/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperatur
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Albanie}}
| {{convert|-25.8|C|F}}
| ?
| &lt;ref&gt; {{cite web|url=https://www.climatechangepost.com/albania/climate-change/ |title=Albania |website=Climate Change Post}} &lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Austrick}} 
| {{convert|-52.6|C|F}}
| [[Grünloch]] doline
| 19 Februar 1932&lt;ref name=&quot;Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-07-22 |archive-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112200637/http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Belaroushie}}
| {{convert|-42.2|C|F}}
| [[Slavnom]], [[Vitsebsk Voblast]]
| 17 Januar 1940&lt;ref name=&quot;pogoda&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author1=Baglasov Andrey |author2=Belov Alexandr |author3=Sinitsa Valentina |author4=Bychenkov Alexandr |url=http://www.pogoda.by/ |title=Department of Hydrometeorology |publisher=Pogoda.by |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2010-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822154324/http://pogoda.by/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Belgium}}
| {{convert|-30.1|°C|°F}}
| Valley o the [[Lesse]] in [[Rochefort, Belgium|Rochefort]]
| 20 Januar 1940&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html |title=KMI (Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute) site |publisher=Kmi.be |accessdate=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2015-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928195714/http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Bosnie an Herzegovinae}}
| {{convert|-42.5|°C|°F}}
| [[Igman]] in [[Sarajevo Canton]]
| 24 Januar 1963&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108030246/https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 |archivedate=8 January 2017 |url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 |title=Interview with the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of BiH |publisher=Klix.ba |accessdate=8 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Bulgarie}}
| {{convert|-38.3|C|F}}
| [[Tran, Bulgarie|Tran]]
| 25 Januar 1947&lt;ref name=&quot;unfccc&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Croatie}}
| {{convert|-35.5|C|F}}
| [[Čakovec]]
| 3 Februar 1929&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 |title=Sixth National Communication and First Biennial Report of the Republic of Croatia under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) |publisher=Croatian Ministry of Environmental and Nature Protection |language=English |accessdate=2 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Cyprus}}
| {{convert|-16|C|F}}
| ?
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://viborc.com/lowest-temperatures-records-for-every-european-country/ |title=Lowest temperatures – list of records for every European country|accessdate=1 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Czech Republic}}
| {{convert|-42.2|C|F}}
| [[Litvínovice]]
| 11 Februar 1929&lt;ref name=autogenerated2 /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Denmark}}
| {{convert|-31.2|C|F}}
| [[Thisted Municipality]], [[North Denmark Region]]
| 8 Januar 1982&lt;ref name=&quot;dmi&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Estonia}}
| {{convert|-43.5|C|F}}
| [[Jõgeva]], [[Jõgeva Coonty]]
| 17 Januar 1940&lt;ref name=autogenerated3 /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Finland}}
| {{convert|-51.5|C|F}}
| Pokka, [[Kittilä]], [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]]
| 28 Januar 1999&lt;ref name=fmirecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|France}}
| {{convert|-41.0|C|F}}
| [[Mouthe]], [[Doubs]]
| 17 Januar 1985&lt;ref name=&quot;Méteo France&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&amp;document_id=4578&amp;portlet_id=18309 |title=MétéoFrance |publisher=Comprendre.meteofrance.com |accessdate=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2009-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513102352/http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&amp;document_id=4578&amp;portlet_id=18309 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Germany}}
| {{convert|-45.9|C|F}}
| [[Funtensee]], [[Berchtesgadener Land]], [[Bavarie]]
| 24 December 2001&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unwetterzentrale.de/uwz/495.html|title=Wetterextreme (Temperaturspanne von bis zu 146,5°C)|author=Andreas Wagner|date=August 2009|publisher=[[Meteomedia AG|MeteoGroup]]|accessdate=11 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Greece}}
| {{convert|-27.8|C|F}}
| [[Ptolemaida]]
| 27 Januar 1963&lt;ref name=&quot;meteoclub1&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Hungary}}
| {{convert|-35|C|F}}
| [[Görömbölytapolca]]
| 16 Februar 1940&lt;ref name=&quot;met.hu&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Iceland}}
| {{convert|-37.9|C|F|sigfig=3}}
| [[Grímsstaðir]]
| 21 Januar 1918&lt;ref name=&quot;iceland&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Ireland}}
| {{convert|-19.1|C|F}}
| [[Markree Castle]], [[County Sligo]]
| 16 Januar 1881&lt;ref name=&quot;Met Éireann&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Italy}}
| {{convert|-49.6|C|F}}
| [[Busa Fradusta]], [[Pale di San Martino]]
| 10 Februar 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;montagna.tv&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.montagna.tv/47324/record-di-freddo-in-italia-49-6c-sulle-pale-di-san-martino/|title=Record di freddo in Italia: -49.6°C sulle Pale di San Martino|date=10 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Latvie}}
| {{convert|-43.2|C|F}}
| [[Daugavpils]]
| 8 February 1956&lt;ref name=&quot;meteolv&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Lithuanie}}
| {{convert|-42.9|C|F}}
| [[Utena, Lithuanie|Utena]], [[Utena Coonty]]
| 1 February 1956&lt;ref name=&quot;record lithuania&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Malta}}
| {{convert|1.4|C|F}}
| [[Maltae Internaitional Airport]]
| 29 Januar 1981&lt;ref name=&quot;MaltaCC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=MaltaNSO/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Moldovae}}
| {{convert|-35.5|°C|°F}}
| [[Brătușeni]], [[Edineț Destrict]]
| {{Dts|20 Januar 1963}}&lt;ref name=Moldovarecords/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Netherlands}}
| {{convert|-27.4|C|F}}
| [[Winterswijk]]
| 27 Januar 1942&lt;ref name=&quot;meteonet1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://weergegevens.nl/extremes_day.aspx?station=9999999&amp;extreem=X_TX&amp;order=1&amp;maand=7&amp;dag=25&amp;country=3|title=Dagrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland|work=weergegevens.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|North Macedonie}}
| {{convert|-31.5|C|F}}
| [[Berovo]], [[Berovo Municipality]]
| 27 Januar 1954&lt;ref name=&quot;meteomk&quot;&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070819153102/http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp |archivedate=19 August 2007 |url=http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp?X=1 |title=Климатски екстреми |publisher=Hydrometeorological Service |language=Macedonian |accessdate=4 February 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Norawa}}
| {{convert|-51.4|C|F}}
| [[Karasjok]], [[Finnmark]]
| 1 Januar 1886&lt;ref name=&quot;DNMI&quot; /&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Poland}}
| {{convert|-41.0|C|F}}
| [[Siedlce]], [[Masovian Voivodeship]]
| 11 Januar 1940&lt;ref name=&quot;klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Portugal}}
| {{convert|-16.0|C|F}}
| [[Penhas da Saúde]], [[Covilhã Municipality]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Miranda do Douro]]
| 16 Januar 1945 an 5 Februar 1954&lt;ref name=&quot;meteopt&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm |title=Terras da Beira – &quot;Reveillon&quot; português sem chuva, mas a bater o dente de frio |date=27 March 2014 |accessdate=31 March 2014 |language=pt |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812052145/http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm |archivedate=12 August 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Romanie}}
| {{convert|-38.5|C|F}}
| [[Bod, Braşov|Bod]], [[Braşov Coonty]]
| 25 January 1942&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=infoTURIST |url=http://www.infoturist.ro/romania.html |title=Romania |publisher=Infoturist.ro |date=25 January 1942 |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flagdeco|Roushie}} [[European Roushie]]
| {{convert|-58.1|C|F}}
| [[Ust' Shchugor]], [[Komi Republic]]
| 31 December 1978&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Serbie}}
| {{convert|-39.5|C|F}}
| [[Karajukica Bunari]], [[Zlatibor Destrict]]
| 13 Januar 1985&lt;ref name=&quot;hidmet&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Slovakie}}
| {{convert|-41.0|C|F}}
| [[Vígľaš|Vígľaš-Pstruša]]
| 11 Februar 1929&lt;ref name=slovakrecord/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Slovenie}}
| {{convert|-34.5|C|F}}
| [[Babno Polje]]
| 15 Februar 1956 / 16 Februar 1956 / 13 Januar 1968{{refn |group=&quot;notes&quot; |The lawest unoffeecially meisurt temperatur in Slovenie wis recordit at [[Komna]] on 9 Januar 2009 an reached {{convert|-49|C}}.}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ARSO&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |title=Slovenski vremenski rekordi |publisher=Slovenian Environment Agency |language=Slovenian |page=2 |accessdate=22 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001118/http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Spain}}
| {{convert|-30|C|F}}
| [[Calamocha]] Airport, [[Province o Teruel|Teruel Province]]
| 17 December 1963&lt;ref name=&quot;AEMET&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/divulgacion/resumen_efemerides/Resumen_extremos.pdf |title=Resumen de extremos climatológicos en España |publisher=Agencia Estatal de Meteorología |language=Spanish |accessdate=31 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Sweden}}
| {{convert|-52.6|C|F}}
| [[Vuoggatjålme]], [[Lapland (Swaden)|Lappland]]
| 2 Februar 1966&lt;ref name=&quot;SMHI&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Swisserland}}
| {{convert|-41.8|C|F}}
| [[La Brévine]]
| 12 Januar 1987&lt;ref name=&quot;Weather in Switzerland&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Ukraine}}
| {{convert|-41.9|C|F}}
| [[Luhansk]]
| 8 Januar 1935&lt;ref name=cgo/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;segodnya1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14068460.html |title=Погодные рекорды Украины &amp;#124; Новости Украины &amp;#124; СЕГОДНЯ |publisher=Segodnya.ua |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801122521/http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14068460.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}}
| {{convert|-27.2|C|F}}
| [[Braemar]], [[Aberdeenshire]]&lt;br/&gt;[[Altnaharra]], [[Sutherland]]
| 11 Februar 1895&lt;br&gt;10 Januar 1982&lt;br/&gt;30 December 1995&lt;ref name=&quot;UK Met Office&quot;/&gt;
|}

==== North Americae ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperatur
!Toun/Location
! data-sort-type=&quot;ISOdate&quot; | Date
|-
| {{flag|Antigua an Barbuda}}
| {{convert|16.1|C|F}}
| [[V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport]], [[Antigua]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1974-12-31&quot; | 31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976&lt;ref name=Antiguaclimate/&gt;&lt;ref name=Antiguaclimatedata/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Canada}}
| {{convert|-63.0|C|F}}
| [[Snag, Yukon|Snag]], [[Yukon]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1947-02-03&quot; | 3 February 1947&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101839/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Cayman Islands}}
| {{convert|11.1|C|F}}
| [[Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport]], [[Grand Cayman]]
| ?&lt;ref name=Caymanclimate&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate|title=Climate|publisher=National Weather Service (Cayman Islands Government)|accessdate=30 October 2016|archive-date=2016-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031033225/http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Cuba}}
| {{convert|0.6|C|F}}
| Bainoa, [[Mayabeque Province]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1996-02-18&quot; | 18 February 1996&lt;ref name=Cubarecords/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/red/tiempo/programa_y_articulos_en_pdf.pdf |title = III Congreso Cubano de Meteorología |page = 36 | publisher  = ACQ &amp; Asociados | language = Spanish |trans-title=Third Cuban Congress of Meteorology |accessdate=27 October 2011 |quote = Desde el punto de vista sinóptico, se realizó un estudio del día 18 de febrero de 1996, cuando se registraron temperaturas notablemente frías en la región occidental, y muy frías en el resto del país. Ese día, en la estación meteorológica de Bainoa se registró el record nacional de 0.6°C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Dominican Republic}}
| {{convert|-7.0|C|F}}
| Valle Nuevo, [[La Vega Province]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1983-01-17&quot; | 17 January 1983&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Cassá Bernaldo de Quirós|first1=Constancio|title=Valle Nuevo: su historia y naturaleza|journal=Clío|date=July 2012|issue=184|page=222|url=http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf|accessdate=29 January 2015|publisher=Academia Dominicana de la Historia|language=Spanish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216100933/http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Greenland}}
| {{convert|-66.1|C|F}}
| [[North Ice]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954-01-09&quot; | 9 Januar 1954&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/wmo-region-6-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region VI (Europe): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101102132/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/wmo-region-6-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Guatemala}}
| {{convert|-11.5|C|F}}
| [[Olintepeque]], [[Quetzaltenango Department]]
| ?&lt;ref name=&quot;INSIVUMEH&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/meteorologia/ESTADISTICAS.htm |title= Datos metorologicos de los departamentos |publisher= INSIVUMEH |language= spanish |accessdate=26 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- Note:
THIS PAGE IS FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS ONLY, NOT REMOTELY SENSED OBSERVATIONS
for example: http://www.aztecanoticias.com.mx/notas/estados/193862/madera-el-lugar-mas-frio-de-mexico
&quot;aunque pocos lo saben porque aquí no hay medidor oficial&quot;, Translation: &quot;though few know it because there is no official measurer&quot;
The source itself states that the record is not official!
--&gt;
|-
|{{flag|Martinique}}
|{{convert|14.1|C|F}}
|[[Le Lamentin]]
|{{Dts|25 December 1964}}&lt;ref name=martiniqueclimate/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Panama}}
| {{convert|2.0|C|F}}
| Bajo Grande, [[Chiriquí Province]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1995-02-20&quot; | 20 February 1995&lt;ref name=ETESA/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Puerto Rico}}
| {{convert|40|F|C|order=flip}}
| [[Aibonito]]/[[San Sebastián, Puerto Rico|San Sebastian]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1911-03-09&quot; | 9 March 1911/ 24 January 1966&lt;ref name=NWSpuertorico/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|US Virgin Islands}}
| {{convert|51.0|F|C|order=flip}}
| [[Anna's Hope, U.S. Virgin Islands|Anna's Hope]], [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Croix]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954-01-31&quot; | 31 January 1954&lt;ref name=NWSpuertorico/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Unitit States}}&lt;br&gt; ({{flag|Alaska}})
| {{convert|-62.2|C|F}}
| [[Prospect Creek, Alaska|Prospect Creek]], [[Alaska]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1971-01-23&quot; | 23 January 1971&lt;ref name=&quot;NCEC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/ncec/records |title=National Climate Extremes Committee: Existing Records |publisher=[[National Climatic Data Center]] |accessdate=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Unitit States}}&lt;br&gt; ({{flag|Hawaii}})
| {{convert|-11.1|C|F}}
| [[Mauna Kea]], [[Hawaii]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1979-05-17&quot; | 17 May 1979&lt;ref name=usstaterecords&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221174428/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |archivedate=21 February 2018 |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |title=State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC): Records by State |publisher=National Climatic Data Center |accessdate=21 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Unitit States}}&lt;br&gt;   (Mainland)
| {{convert|-57.0|C|F}}
| [[Rogers Pass (Montana)|Rogers Pass]], [[Montana]]
| data-sort-value=&quot;1954-01-20&quot; | 20 January 1954&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/tfx/tx.php?wfo=tfx&amp;type=html&amp;loc=text&amp;fx=topweather| title = Top Ten Montana Weather Events of the 20th Century | work =National Weather Service Unveils Montana's Top Ten Weather/Water/Climate Events of the 20th Century | publisher = National Weather Service |accessdate=9 March 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Sooth Americae ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperature
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Argentinae}}
| {{convert|-32.8|C|F}}
| [[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]], [[Chubut Province]]
| 1 Juin 1907&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|publisher= Arizona State University |url= http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental |title= World Meteorological Organization Global Weather &amp; Climate Extremes Archive
|accessdate= 7 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Brazil}}
| {{convert|-14.0|C|F}}
| [[Caçador]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]]
| 11 Juin 1952&lt;ref name=&quot;Caçador municipality&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = História de Caçador |url = http://www.clicrbs.com.br/anoticia/jsp/default.jsp?uf=2&amp;local=18&amp;section=Geral&amp;newsID=a2969554.xml |publisher = A Notícia |language = Portuguese |trans-title = Quarta-feira pode ter recorde de temperatura mínima neste ano em Santa Catarina |year = 2010 |accessdate = 22 December 2010 |quote = Caçador has the lowest recorded temperature, officially, in Brazil, of −14&amp;nbsp;°C in 1952. Another record, unofficial, of −17.8&amp;nbsp;°C in 1996-06-29, at the summit of [[Morro da Igreja]], [[Urubici]], also in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], would give the record to this locality. |archive-date = 2011-06-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629103211/http://www.clicrbs.com.br/anoticia/jsp/default.jsp?uf=2&amp;local=18&amp;section=Geral&amp;newsID=a2969554.xml |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ciram.epagri.sc.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=140&amp;Itemid=364|title=Recordes de Frio em SC|accessdate=17 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Chile}}
| {{convert|-37|C|F|1}}
| [[Coyhaique Alto]], [[Aysen Region]]
| 21 June 2002&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bajas temperaturas ponen en alerta a sector agrícola en Aysén|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2002/06/21/88368/bajas-temperaturas-ponen-en-alerta-a-sector-agricola-en-aysen.html|accessdate=18 August 2017|language=Spanish|archive-date=2017-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818093531/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2002/06/21/88368/bajas-temperaturas-ponen-en-alerta-a-sector-agricola-en-aysen.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|French Guiana}}
| {{convert|16.9|C|F}}
| [[Maripasoula]]
| 23 Januar 1964&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020827/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 |archivedate=1 January 2019 |url= http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 |title= Le Climat Guyanais |publisher=Météo-France |language=French
|accessdate= 31 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Paraguay}}
| {{convert|-7.5|C|F}}
| [[Pratts Gill]], [[Boquerón Depairtment]]
| 13 Julie 2000&lt;ref&gt;{{es icon}} [http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo.php?con-12-grados-bajo-cero-en-asuncion-la-ola-polar-l&amp;edicion=2&amp;sec=10&amp;art=28339 Con 1,2 grados bajo cero en Asunción, la ola polar llegó para quedarse] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102005334/http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo.php?con-12-grados-bajo-cero-en-asuncion-la-ola-polar-l&amp;edicion=2&amp;sec=10&amp;art=28339 |date=2 January 2013 }}, La Nación. Retrieved 12 February 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Peru}}
| {{convert|-25.2|C|F}}
| [[Mazo Cruz]], [[Puno Region]]
| 30 Juin 1966&lt;ref&gt;[http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf Programa de Capacitación Para la Estimación del Riesgo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725004314/http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf |date=25 July 2011 }}, Biblioteca Virtual en Prevención y Atención de Desastres (BVPAD). Retrieved 30 August 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Uruguay}}
| {{convert|-11.0|C|F}}
| [[Melo, Uruguay|Melo]], [[Cerro Largo Depairtment]]
| 14 Juin 1967&lt;ref name=uruguayrecordssum/&gt;&lt;ref name=uruguayrecordsraw/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Venezuela}}
| {{convert|-12.0|C|F}}
| [[Pico Piedras Blancas|Piedras Blancas]], [[Estado Mérida (Venezuela)|estado Mérida]]
| 15 Januar 2010&lt;ref name=&quot;mherrera&quot;/&gt;
|}

==== Oceanie ====

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; 
|-
!Kintra/Region
!data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot; | Temperature
!Toun/Location
!Date
|-
| {{flag|Australie}}
| {{convert|-23.0|C|F}}
| [[Charlotte Pass, New Sooth Wales]]
| 29 Juin 1994&lt;ref name=&quot;BoMExtremes&quot;/&gt;
|-
| {{flag|New Zealand}}
| {{convert|-25.6|C|F}}
| [[Ranfurly, New Zealand|Ranfurly]], [[Central Otago]]
| 18 Julie 1903&lt;ref name=&quot;TVNZ&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/new-record-zealand-s-coldest-day-4297892 |title=New record for New Zealand's coldest day |publisher=TVNZ |date=12 July 2011 |accessdate=12 July 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715024615/http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/new-record-zealand-s-coldest-day-4297892 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| {{flag|Samoa}}
| {{convert|11.1|C|F}}
| [[Afiamalu, Samoa|Afiamalu]]
| {{Dts|29 September 1971}}&lt;ref name = WBsamoaclimate/&gt;
|}

===Ither law-temperatur records===
* '''Fastest temperatur drop:''' 27.2&amp;nbsp;°C (49&amp;nbsp;°F) in 5 meenits; [[Rapid City, Sooth Dakota]], 10 Januar 1911.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;
* '''Cauldest simmer (month o Julie in the Northren Hemisphere)''': {{convert|-33|C|F|1}} degrees; [[Summit Camp]], Greenland on 4 Julie 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=*Impressive cold in Greenland and near record accumulations of snow and ice|url=https://www.vencoreweather.com/blog/2017/7/6/115-pm-impressive-cold-in-greenland-and-near-record-accumulations-of-snow-and-ice|website=vencore weather|accessdate=29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Precipitation==
* '''Least per year (locale)''': {{convert|0.2|mm|in}} per year or less, [[Quillagua]], [[Antofagasta Region]], [[Chile]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Time to Update World’s Driest and Wettest Locations?|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131|publisher=Weather Underground|accessdate=10 June 2013|author=Christopher C. Burt|archive-date=2013-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329022116/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Rain===
* '''Maist in ane minute''': {{convert|38|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Barot, [[Guadeloupe]], 26 November 1970.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Service Hydrologique de 1’O.R.S.T.O.M: Intensité extraordinaire de la précipitation du 26 novembre 1970 dans la région des Grands-Fonds de Guadeloupe|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/hydrologie/14877.pdf|accessdate=4 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Maist in ane oor''': {{convert|305|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 42 minutes. [[Holt, Missouri]], Unitit States, 22 Juin 1947.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in 12 oors''': {{convert|1144|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cilaos]], [[Réunion]], 8 Januar 1966, during [[tropical cyclone]] Denise.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in 24 oors''': {{convert|1825|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cilaos]], Réunion, 7–8 Januar 1966, during [[tropical cyclone]] Denise.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in 48 oors''': {{convert|2493|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie, 15–16 Juin 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in 72 oors''': {{convert|3929|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, [[Réunion]], 24–26 Februar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in 96 oors''': {{convert|4869|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, Réunion, 24–27 Februar 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in ane year''': {{convert|26470|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie, 1860–1861.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;
* '''Heichest average annual tot''': {{convert|11872|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Mawsynram]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie.&lt;ref name=&quot;WMO&quot;/&gt;

===Snaw===
* '''Maist in ane-year period''': 31.5 meters (102&amp;nbsp;ft); [[Mount Rainier]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], United States, 19 Februar 1971 tae 18 Februar 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist in ane saison (1 Julie – 30 Juin):''' 29.0&amp;nbsp;meters, (95&amp;nbsp;ft); [[Mount Baker]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], United States, 1998 throu 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;season snow record&quot;&gt;{{Citation | last = Burt | first = Christopher | year = 2004 | title = Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book | publisher = W.W. Norton &amp; Co. | ISBN = 0-393-32658-6 |page=77 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Maist in ane calendar month''' an '''greatest snow depth''' in North Americae: 990.6&amp;nbsp;cm (390 inches) o snaw fell in [[Tamarack, Californie]] in Januar 1911, leadin tae a snaw depth in Mairch o 1145.5&amp;nbsp;cm (451 inches).&lt;ref name=&quot;season snow record&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Frank H. Forrester, ''1001 Questions Answered about the Weather'' (ISBN 0486242188), page 235: &quot;The greatest amount of snowfall for a calendar month occurred at Tamarack, California, in January, 1911—390 inches.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

==Wind speed==
* '''Fastest ever recorded''': 484[[±]]32&amp;nbsp;km/h (301[[±]]20&amp;nbsp;mph) 3-second gust; Observed bi a [[Doppler On Wheels|DOW]] ([[Doppler weather radar|Doppler]] On Wheels) radar unit in a [[1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado|tornado]] near [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma on 3 Mey 1999.&lt;ref name=&quot;fastest wind&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = http://cswr.org/dow/DOW.htm| title = Doppler On Wheels| accessdate = 18 February 2007| author = [http://cswr.org/ Center for Severe Weather Research]| year = 2006| archive-date = 2007-02-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205124033/http://www.cswr.org/dow/dow.htm| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Fastest recorded wi an [[anemometer]]:''' 113.2&amp;nbsp;m/s or {{convert|407|km/h|abbr=on}} 3-second gust; ane of five extreme gusts during a series of 5-min time periods; [[Barrow Island (Western Australia)]], 10 Aprile 1996, during [[Cyclone Olivia]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175240/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust |date=2016-03-03 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Fastest recorded wi an anemometer ootside a [[tropical cyclone]]:''' 372&amp;nbsp;km/h (231&amp;nbsp;mph) sustained 1-minute average; [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]], [[New Hampshire]], 12 Aprile 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;101 earth facts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/101_earth_facts_030722-1.html |title=101 Amazing Earth Facts |publisher=SPACE.com |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Fastest daily average:''' 174&amp;nbsp;km/h (108&amp;nbsp;mph); [[Port Martin]] ([[Adélie Land]]), Antarctica, 24-oor period frae 21 Mairch 1951 tae 22 Mairch 1951.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;

==Tornadoes==
{{Main|Tornado records}}
[[File:Tri-State Tornado.JPG|thumb|250px|The Tri-State Tornado haulds mony records, includin the langest kent tornado track, fastest speed for a signeeficant tornado, an the deadliest tornado ootside o [[Bangladesh]].]]

===Deadliest in history===
* '''On Yird''': Approximately 1300 daiths; [[Manikganj Destrict]], Bangladesh on 26 Aprile 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;tornado project Bangladesh&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |title=Tornadoes in Bangladesh |publisher=Tornadoproject.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2012-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919111413/http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''In North Americae:''' 695 daiths ([[Tri-State Tornado]]); [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], United States 18 Mairch 1925.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;
* '''In Europe:''' 600 or mair ([[Valletta, Malta Tornado|Grand Harbour Tornado]]); [[Valletta]], Malta, 23 September 1551 or 1556 (soorces conflict)&lt;ref name=&quot;TORRO records&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |title=Research: Tornado Extremes |publisher=TORRO |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2007-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814075710/http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''In Sooth Americae:''' 63 daiths, [[San Justo, Santa Fe|San Justo]], [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]], Argentina, 10 Januar 1973&lt;ref name=&quot;Uno Santafe&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.unosantafe.com.ar/santafe/A-39-aos-del-tornado-en-San-Justo-el-unico-F5-en-toda-Sudamerica-y-Latinoamerica-20120110-0002.html&quot;|title=A 39 años del tornado en San Justo, el único F5 en toda Sudamérica y Latinoamérica|publisher=Uno Santa Fe|accessdate=18 March 2014}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''In Australie:''' Three daiths, [[Kin Kin]], [[Queensland]] tornado, 14 August 1971&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=National Climate Centre |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.htm |title=Australian Climate Extremes-Storm |publisher=BOM |accessdate=3 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.html |archivedate=2009-03-17 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ootbreaks===
* '''Lairgest an maist severe:''' The [[Aprile 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak]]: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span o 24 oors, wi a tot o 337 occurrin throuoot the duration o the ootbreak.  Thay affectit sax US states, an includit 11 [[Enhanced Fujita scale|EF4s]] an 4 EF5s.&lt;ref&gt;[http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak World: Largest tornado Outbreak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926235427/http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak |date=2013-09-26 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website&lt;/ref&gt;

==Tropical cyclones==
{{Main|Leet o tropical cyclone records}}

===Maist intense (bi minimum surface air pressur)===
* '''Maist intense iver recordit''': 870&amp;nbsp;hPa (25.63&amp;nbsp;[[Inches o mercury|inHg]]); [[ee (cyclone)|ee]] o [[Typhoon Tip|Super Typhoon Tip]] ower the Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.&lt;ref name=&quot;Handy Weather Answer Book&quot;/&gt;
* '''Maist intense in the [[Western Hemisphere]]:''' 872&amp;nbsp;hPa (25.75&amp;nbsp;inHg); ee o [[Hurricane Patricia]] ower the eastren Paceefic Ocean, 23 October 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;strongest hurricane&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-patricia-mexico-coast |title=Catastrophic Landfall Expected in Mexico Friday; Patricia Becomes Strongest Hurricane Ever Recorded |publisher=weather.com |accessdate=23 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Maist intense iver recordit on laund:''' 892&amp;nbsp;hPa (26.35&amp;nbsp;inHg); Craig's Key, Florida, ee o the [[Labor Day Hurricane o 1935|Labor Day Hurricane]], 2 September 1935.  While ither laundfawin tropical cyclones potentially haed lawer pressurs, data is vague frae auries ither nor the [[Atlantic basin]], especially afore the invention o [[wather satellite]]s.&lt;ref name=&quot;lowest on land&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |title=Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book |publisher=Extremeweatherguide.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2010-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804232406/http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ither severe wather==
[[File:Hailstone.jpg|thumb|right|A pictur o the Aurora, Nebraska hailstone, measurt at {{convert|18.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} in [[circumference]]]]

===Hail===
{{Main|Leet o costly or deadly hailstorms}}
* '''Hiviest offeecially recordit:''' {{convert|2.25|lb|kg|disp=flip|abbr=on}}; [[Gopalganj Destrict (Bangladesh)|Gopalganj Destrict]], Bangladesh, 14 Aprile 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;weather extremes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf|title=Appendix I – Weather Extremes|publisher=[[National Weather Service]]|location=San Diego, California|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528065516/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf|archivedate=2008-05-28|accessdate=1 June 2010|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Lairgest diameter offeecially measurt:''' {{convert|8.0|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} [[diameter]], {{convert|18.625|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} [[circumference]]; [[Vivian, Sooth Dakota]], 23 Julie 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url         = http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate| title         = Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July&amp;nbsp;23, 2010| author         = NWS| date         = 30 July 2010| publisher         = National Weather Service| location         = [[Aberdeen, South Dakota]]| archiveurl         = https://www.webcitation.org/5rhd1coDR?url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate| archivedate         = 2010-08-03| accessdate         = 3 August 2010| url-status         = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Lairgest circumference offeecially measurt:''' {{convert|18.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} circumference, {{convert|7.0|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} diameter; [[Aurora, Nebraska]], 22 Juin 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;weather extremes&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NG Hail&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0804_030804_largesthailstone.html |title=Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |accessdate=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Lichtnin===
* '''Langest lichtnin bowt''': {{convert|321|km|mi|abbr=on}} on 20 Juin 2007 in [[Oklahoma]].&lt;ref name=Lang2016&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Timothy |last2=Pédeboy |first2=Stéphane |last3=Rison |first3=William |last4=Cerveny |first4=Randall |last5=Montanyà |first5=Joan |last6=Chauzy |first6=Serge |last7=MacGorman |first7=Donald |last8=Holle |first8=Ronald   |title= WMO World Record Lightning Extremes: Longest Reported Flash Distance and Longest Reported Flash Duration |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |volume= 98|issue= 6|pages=1153–1168 |date=September 2016 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0061.1 |pmid=28111477 |pmc=5240975 |bibcode =2017BAMS...98.1153L }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=wmolightning&gt;{{cite news|title=WMO rules on longest distance and longest duration lightning flashes|url=http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-rules-longest-distance-and-longest-duration-lightning-flashes|accessdate=16 September 2016|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|date=16 September 2016|archive-date=2016-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917075936/http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-rules-longest-distance-and-longest-duration-lightning-flashes|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Langest duration for a single lichtnin flash''': 7.74 seconds on 30 August 2012 in [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], Fraunce.&lt;ref name=Lang2016/&gt;&lt;ref name=wmolightning/&gt;
* '''Maist strikes per year''': [[Catatumbo lichtnin]] in [[Loch Maracaibo]], [[Venezuela]] earned the tap spot receivin an average rate o aboot 233 flashes per square kilometer per year.&lt;ref name=&quot;NASA lightning&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2016/earths-new-lightning-capital-revealed.html |title=NASA – Earth's New Lightning Capital Revealed |publisher=Nasa.gov |accessdate=2 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Albrecht2016&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Albrecht |first1=Rachel |last2=Goodman |first2=Steven |last3=Buechler |first3=Dennis |last4=Blakeslee |first4=Richard |last5=Christian |first5=Hugh   |title= Where are the lightning hotspots on Earth? |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |volume=97 |issue=11 |page= 2051|date=December 2016 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1 |bibcode =2016BAMS...97.2051A }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===UV===
*On Dec. 29, 2003, a warld-record UV index o 43.3 wis detectit at Bolivia's Licancabur volcano.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.livescience.com/46701-andes-highest-uv-index-measured.html&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ither categories==
* '''Heichest air pressur ever recorded (abuin 750 meters)''': 1084.8&amp;nbsp;hPa (32.03&amp;nbsp;inHg); [[Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl|Tosontsengel]], [[Khövsgöl Province]],  [[Mongolia]], 19 December 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASU1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters |author= |work= |publisher=Arizona State University |accessdate=7 October 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225735/http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; This is the equivalent [[sea-level pressur]]; Tosontsengel is locatit at {{convert|1300|m|ft}} abuin sea level.  The heichest adjusted-tae-sea-level barometric pressur ever recordit (ablo 750 meters) wis at Agata, Evenhiyskiy, Roushie (66°53’N, 93°28’E, elevation: 261&amp;nbsp;m (856.3&amp;nbsp;ft)) on 31 December 1968 o 1,083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).&lt;ref name=&quot;ASU2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 meters |author= |work= |publisher=Arizona State University |accessdate=7 October 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225154/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The discrimination is due tae the problematic assumptions (assumin a staundart lapse rate) associatit wi reduction o sea level frae heich elevations.&lt;ref name=&quot;ASU1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ASU2&quot;/&gt;

==See an aa==
{{Portal|Wather}}
* [[Extremes on Yird]]
* [[Leet o extreme temperaturs in Canadae]]
* [[UK rainfaw records]]
* [[U.S. state temperatur extremes]]
* [[Wather extremes in Canadae]]
* [[2013 extreme wather events]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=&quot;notes&quot;}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html National Climate Extremes Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829221108/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html |date=2009-08-29 }}
* [http://wmo.asu.edu/ Global Weather &amp; Climate Extremes] (Arizona State Varsity)

{{Portal bar|Wather}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Leet O Wather Records}}
[[Category:Leets o wather records| ]]
[[Category:Wather extremes o Yird]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aulnay, Aube</title>
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      <text bytes="1395" sha1="o1mcsm2raopwm61bfw2o5vo3enrb3n7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox French commune
|name                   = Aulnay
|image                  = Aulnay, Aube, Mairie.JPG
|caption                = The Town Hall
|region                 = Champagne-Ardenne
|department             = Aube
|arrondissement         = Bar-sur-Aube
|canton                 = Chavanges
|INSEE                  = 10017
|postal code            = 10240
|mayor                  = Jacky Cartier
|term                   = 2001&amp;ndash;2020
|intercommunality       = Chavengeois
|coordinates            = {{coord|48.4733|4.4064|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
|elevation m            = 113
|elevation min m        =
|elevation max m        =
|area km2               = 10.44
|population             = 126
|population date        = 2010
}}

'''Aulnay''' (pronooncit ɔnɛ, the &quot;l&quot; is mute) is a French [[Communes o Fraunce|commune]] in the [[Aube]] [[Depairtments o Fraunce|depairtment]] in the [[Champagne-Ardenne]] region o north-central [[Fraunce]].

The inhabitants o the commune are kent as ''Aulnaysiens'' or ''Aulnaysiennes''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.habitants.fr/habitants_departement_aube_10.html Inhabitants of Aulnay]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Fr icon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notes an references==

===Notes===
&lt;references group=&quot;Note&quot;/&gt;

===References===
{{Reflist|2}}

{{commons category|Aulnay (Aube)}}

{{Aube communes}}

[[Category:Communes o Aube]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fiat Ducato</title>
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      <text bytes="3823" sha1="6yc5yzzane2vgm5x7e1v1mb18ggabs4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox automobile
| name = Fiat Ducato
| image = Fiat Ducato MTP07.jpg
| manufacturer = [[Sevel]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Chrysler|FCA US LLC]] (2013-present)
| aka = Citroën Jumper&lt;br /&gt;Citroën Relay&lt;br /&gt;Peugeot Boxer&lt;br/&gt;Ram ProMaster
| production = 1981–present
| assembly = [[Val di Sangro]], [[Italy]] ([[Sevel Sud]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Nilüfer, Bursa|Akçalar]], [[Turkey]] ([[Karsan]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Elabuga]], [[Roushie]] ([[Sollers JSC|Sollers]], facelifted second generation bus and panel van, 2008 to 2011)&lt;br /&gt;[[Sete Lagoas]], [[Brazil]] ([[Fiat Automobiles|Fiat Automóveis]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Saltillo]], [[Mexico]] ([[Chrysler|FCA US LLC]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Mashhad]], [[Iran]] ([[Lotus International Development|Lotus]])&lt;ref name=&quot;lotusid.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lotusid.com/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%B5%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA/%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88/|title=فیات دوکاتو|work=شرکت توسعه بین الملل لوتوس|accessdate=20 March 2015|archive-date=2014-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218030536/http://www.lotusid.com/%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%b5%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%aa/%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%81%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d9%88%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%88/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| predecessor = [[Fiat 242]]
| class = [[Light commercial vehicle]] ([[M-segment|M]])
| layout = [[Front-engine, front-wheel-drive layout|Front-engine, front-wheel-drive]]
}}

The '''Fiat Ducato''' is a [[licht commercial vehicle]] developit bi the [[Sevel]] jynt ventur atween [[Fiat]] an [[PSA Peugeot Citroën]], producit syne 1981. It wis sauld as the '''Citroen C25''' an aw, '''Peugeot J5''', '''Alfa Romeo AR6''' an '''Talbot Express''' for the first generation while the seicont an third generations wur mercatit as Fiat Ducato, '''Citroën Jumper''', '''Peugeot Boxer''' an as the '''Ram ProMaster''' for the third generation US an Canadae mercat stairtin in 2013. In Europe, it is producit at the [[Sevel Sud]] factory, in [[Val di Sangro]], Italy. It haes been producit at the [[Sevel]] factory in [[Sete Lagoas]], Brazil, at the [[Karsan]] factory in [[Nilüfer, Bursa|Akçalar]], Turkey, at the Lotus factory&lt;ref name=&quot;lotusid.com&quot;/&gt; in Iran, at the [[Chrysler]] [[Saltillo Truck Assembly|factory]] in [[Saltillo]], Mexico, an at the [[Sollers JSC|Sollers]] factory in [[Elabuga]], Roushie an aw.

Syne 1981, mair nor 2.6 million Fiat Ducatos hae been producit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The New Fiat Ducato: more technology, more efficiency, more value|url=http://www.fiatprofessionalpress.com/press/article/116000|publisher=fiatprofessionalpress.com|accessdate=22 April 2014|archive-date=2014-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425062243/http://www.fiatprofessionalpress.com/press/article/116000|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Ducato is the maist common [[motorhame]] base uised in Europe; wi aroond twa thirds o motorhames uisin the Ducato base.&lt;ref name=&quot;practicalmotorhome.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.practicalmotorhome.com/advice/know-your-base-vehicles-0|title=Know your base vehicles|accessdate=2012-01-15|work=practicalmotorhome.com|archive-date=2012-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104214306/http://www.practicalmotorhome.com/advice/know-your-base-vehicles-0|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
{{Commons category multi|Fiat Ducato|Citroën Jumper|Peugeot Boxer|Alfa Romeo AR6}}
*[http://www.fiatprofessional.co.uk Fiat Professional UK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019090035/https://www.fiatprofessional.co.uk/ |date=2017-10-19 }}

[[Category:Fiat vehicles|Ducato]]
[[Category:Vans]]
[[Category:Vehicles introducit in 1981]]
[[Category:1980s automobiles]]
[[Category:1990s automobiles]]
[[Category:2000s automobiles]]
[[Category:2010s automobiles]]
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  <page>
    <title>Kirkcoubrie</title>
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      <text bytes="25829" sha1="1e76s54bh7tcvm69ys4epahi07meik5" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox UK place
| country = Scotland
| official_name = Kirkcudbright
| scots_name =Kirkcoubrie
| gaelic_name = Cille Chuithbeirt&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba (2011) 'Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba - Gaelic Place-Names of Scotland - Database', Ainmean-Aite.org.|url=http://www.gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=851|access-date=2016-06-12|archive-date=2016-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407210629/http://gaelicplacenames.org/databasedetails.php?id=851|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population = 3,352
| population_ref = (2011)
| os_grid_reference = NX685505
| coordinates = {{coord|54.832|-4.048|display=inline,title}}
| unitary_scotland = [[Dumfries an Gallowa]]
| lieutenancy_scotland = [[Kirkcoubrieshire]]
| constituency_westminster = [[Dumfries and Galloway (UK Parliament constituency)|Dumfries and Galloway]]
| constituency_scottish_parliament = [[Galloway and West Dumfries (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Galloway and West Dumfries]]
| post_town = KIRKCUDBRIGHT
| postcode_district = DG6
| postcode_area = DG
| dial_code = 01557
| static_image_name = File:Kasteelruïne aan een rivier in Kirkcudbright, Bestanddeelnr 190-1107.jpg
| static_image_caption = Kirkcoubrie 
| edinburgh_distance_mi = 84
| london_distance_mi = 282
}}

'''Kirkcoubrie''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ər|ˈ|k|uː|b|r|i}} {{respell|kur|KOO|bree}} {{lang-en|Kirkcudbright}} {{lang-gd|Cille Chuithbeirt}}) is a toun, pairish, an ryal burgh fae 1455 in [[Kirkcoubrieshire]], [[Dumfries an Gallowa]], [[Scotland]]. Kirkcoubrie wis the coonty toun o Kirkcoubrieshire.

The toun lies southwast o [[Castle Douglas]] an [[Dawbeattie]] at the mooth o the [[River Dee, Gallowa|River Dee]], aroond 4 mile fae the [[Erse Sea]].

==History==

An early rendeetion o the name o the toun wis Kilcudbrit;&lt;ref&gt;Learmonth, W (2012) ''Kirkcudbrightshire and Wigtownshire'', Cambridgeshire: Cambridge University Press&lt;/ref&gt; this derives fae the [[Scots Gaelic]] ''Cille Chuithbeirt'' meanin &quot;chaipel o [[Saunt Cutbear|Cutbear (Cuthbert)]]&quot;, the saunt whase mortal remeens wis keepit at the toun atween thair exhumation at [[Lindisfarne]] an reinternment at [[Chester-le-Street]].&lt;ref&gt;Eyre, C (1849) ''The History of St. Cuthbert: Or an Account of His Life, Decease, and Miracles; of the Wanderings with his Body at Intervals During CXXIV. Years; of the State of his Body from his Decease Until A.D. 1542; and of the Various Monuments Erected to His Memory'', City of Westminster: James Burns&lt;/ref&gt;

[[John Spottiswoode]], in his accoont o releegious hooses in Scotland, mentions that the [[Franciscan]]s, o Grayfreers, hid been estaiblisht at Kirkcoubrie fae the 12t century.&lt;ref&gt;Spottiswood, J (1655) ''The history of the Church of Scotland, beginning in the year of our Lord 203 and continued to the end of the reign of King James the VI of ever blessed memory : wherein are described the progress of Christianity, the persecutions and interruptions of it, the foundation of churches, the erecting of bishopricks, the building and endowing monasteries, and other religious places, the succession of bishops in their sees, the reformation of religion, and the frequent disturbances of that nation by wars, conspiracies, tumults, schisms : together with great variety of other matters, both ecclesiasticall and politicall'', City of London: J. Flesher for R. Royston&lt;/ref&gt; No hints o the Grayfreers o Franciscan dwallins remeen in the pairish o Kirkcoubrie.

[[John I de Balliol|John Balliol]] wis awnin o the auncient castle at Castledykes in the late 13t century an [[Edward I o Ingland|Keeng Edward I o England]] is said tae hae steyed here in 1300 durin his war again Scotland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Keay|first=John|title=Collins Encyclopedia of Scotland|url=https://archive.org/details/collinsencyclopa00john|publisher=HarperCollinsPublishers|year=1994|isbn=0002550822|location=London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/collinsencyclopa00john/page/585 585]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1455 Kirkcoubrie becam a [[Ryal Burgh]].&lt;ref&gt;Bell, J (2015) 'Old Kirkcudbright - History of an Ancient Parish &amp; Burgh.', Kirkcudbright Community Website. [http://www.old-kirkcudbright.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213113719/http://www.old-kirkcudbright.net/|date=2020-02-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aboot a century later, the bailies o the toun obteent permeesion fae [[Mary, Queen o Scots]] tae uise pairt o the convent an nunnery as a pairish kirk. Fae aroond 1570, Sir Tammas MacLellan o Bombie, the chief bailie, receive't a chairter for the site, its grunds, an its gairdens. MacLellan later dismantle't the kirk sae as tae obteen material for his new [[MacLellan's Castle|castle]], a gey fine hoose, that wis built on the site.&lt;ref&gt;Coventry, M (2006) The Castles of Scotland, City of Edinburgh: Birlinn Limited&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter his defeat at the [[Battle o Towton]], [[Henry VI o Ingland|Keen Henry VI o England]] crosst the [[Solway Firth]] in August 1461 tae laund at Kirkcoubrie tae defend [[Queen Margaret o Anjou|Queen Margaret]] at [[Lithgae]]. The toun for some time gainstuid a siege in 1547 fae the English commaunder Sir Thomas Carleton bit, efter the surroondin kintra hid been ower-rin, wis gart tae surrender.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Nicolson|first1=J |last2= Burn|first2= R|year=1777|title=The History and Antiquities of the counties of Westmorland and Cumberland|volume=1|location=City of Westminster|url=https://archive.org/stream/historyandantiq00burngoog#page/n60/mode/2up.asp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kirkcoubrie Towebuith wis built atween 1625 an 1629 an serve no anely as the [[towebuith]], bit the cooncil offices, the burgh an shirra coorts, the creeminal preeson, an the dyvour's preeson an aw. Ane o the maist famous preesoners wis [[John Paul Jones]], foonder o the [[Unitit States Navy]] that wis born in [[Kirkbean]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htm Slaving and a Murder Trial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023212600/http://www.jpj.demon.co.uk/jpjlife.htm |date=2013-10-23 }}. Retrieved on 14 November 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.scan.org.uk/researchrtools/courtrecords.htm 1770 Extract of Warrant for the arrest of John Paul (Jones)]. Scan.org.uk. Retrieved on 14 November 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Johnston_School,_Kirkcudbright_-_view_from_NW.jpg|thumb|The Johnston School, Kirkcoubrie]]
The Johnston School wis the toun primary schuil until replace't wi a new biggin in 2009. The schuil wis endoued wi a bequest bi Kirkcoubrie merchand an shipawner William Johnston (1769-1845) an appent in 1847 as Johnston's Free School. The biggin wis designt bi Edinburgh airchitect [[James Newlands]] that later gaed on tae be the first Borough Engineer fae [[Liverpuil]] whaur he designt an built the first integratit sewerage seestem in the warld in 1848. The schuil biggin was rebuilt, reteenin the Italianate tour an facade in 1933 bi William A MacKinnell (1871-1940). He wis the Coonty Airchitect for Kirkcoubrieshire an built mony schuils in Kirkcoubrieshire. In 2020 the biggin is bein replenisht as a Community Acteevity and Resoorce Centre. The biggin is leetit Categorie B.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/212431/kirkcudbright-st-mary-street-johnston-school|title=The Johnston School|publisher=Canmore|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2020-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125025051/https://canmore.org.uk/site/212431/kirkcudbright-st-mary-street-johnston-school|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/details/991918|title=Johnston School (Former), St Mary Street, Kirkcudbright &amp;#124; Buildings at Risk Register|website=www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2020-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125025111/http://www.buildingsatrisk.org.uk/details/991918|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

St Andrew's and St Cuthberts Kirk wis designt in 1886 by Lunnon airchitect A E Purdie (1843-1920) in the Gothic style. It wis built on the site o the medieval St Andra's Kirk. In 1971 the ben o the kirk wis re-redd an strippit o its Victorian fixturs an fittins an noo featurs an abstract airn an concrete cross bi the Liverpuil sculptor [[Sean Rice]] (1931-1997),[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sean-rice-1283255.html] modren staint gless bi the Pols airtist [[Jerzy Faczynski]] (1917-1994), an a set o fower pentins bi [[Vivian K Chapman]] depictin The Passion. The kirk wis built on the site o the auld preeson an the governor's hoose noo serves as the clergy's hoose. The kirk wis built closse til the site of the pre-reformation St Andra's Kirk.

The [[Kirkcudbright Railway]] appent in 1864 bit the railwey line an its [[Kirkcudbright railwey station|station]] closed in 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://canmore.org.uk/site/69353/kirkcudbright-st-mary-street-railway-station|title=Kirkcudbright, St Mary Street, Railway Station|publisher=Canmore|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2015-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611061447/http://canmore.org.uk/site/69353/kirkcudbright-st-mary-street-railway-station|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Toun Hoose wis designt bi airchitects [[Peddie and Kinnear]]. It wis completit in 1879 an is a Categorie B leetit biggin.&lt;ref name=&quot;SArch&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Kirkcudbright Public Hall and Museum |url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=215193 |website=Scottish Architects |accessdate=27 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; It his been convertit intil the Kirkcudbright Galleries.

The War Memorial dates fae 1922 an wis creatit bi the sculptor [[George Henry Paulin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Edwards|first= M |year=2006|title=Roll of Honour - Kirkcudbrightshire - Kircudbright|url=http://www.roll-of-honour.com/Kirkcudbrightshire/Kirkcudbright.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kirkcudbright trainin airt===

Like mony ither hiddly places durin [[Warld War II]], a 4,700 acre airt til the sootheast o the toun an stendin til the coast o the Solway Firth wis acquire't bi the Airmy in 1942, as a trainin aure for the [[D-Day]] invasion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
  |title=Kirkcudbright Training Area
  |url=http://www.mod.uk/DefenceInternet/AboutDefence/WhatWeDo/DefenceEstateandEnvironment/AccessRecreation/Scotland/KirkcudbrightTrainingArea.htm
  |publisher=[[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]]}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.secretscotland.org.uk/index.php/Secrets/KirkcudbrightTrainingArea|title=Secret Scotland - Kirkcudbright Training Area|website=www.secretscotland.org.uk|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319222323/http://www.secretscotland.org.uk/index.php/Secrets/KirkcudbrightTrainingArea|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The airt remeens in activ uiss for live-firin exerceeses. Pairt o the trainin airt is the [[Dundrennan Range]], a wappens development an testin range. The uiss o this range for the testin o [[depletit uranium]] shells his been controversial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
  |title=Call to stop uranium shell tests
  |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/1157417.stm
  |date=7 February 2001
  |publisher=[[BBC News]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
  |title=Weapon test move comes under fire
  |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/south_of_scotland/7289584.stm
  |date=11 March 2008
  |publisher=[[BBC News]]
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The range conteens ane o the twa survivin [[A39 Tortoise]] hivy assaut tanks fae the sax prototypes oreeginal produce't. the 32-punder gun his been remuived an the tank is uised for target practice. Acause o the range's designation as a Site o Speicial Interest, the remuivin o the tank til a museum is no likely.

===Museums===
[[File:Broughton_House,_Kirkcudbright.jpg|thumb|Broughton Hoose, Kirkcoubrie]]

[[Broughton House]] is an 18th century toonhoose staundin on the Heich Street. It wis the hame o Scots impressionist airtist [[Edward Atkinson Hornel]] atween his 1901 an his deith in 1933. The [[National Trust for Scotland]] mainteen the hoose an its guids as a museum o Hornel's life an wirk.

The [[Stewarty Museum]] wis foondit in 1879 an wis at first sted in the Toon Hoose until it becam ower smaw tae hoose the collections. The collection flittit til a purpose-built site. It conteens the local an naitural history o the Stewartrie o Kirkcoubrie. Breetain's earliest survivin sportin trophy, the Siller Gun, is pairt o the collection, as is pentins bi mony local airtists.

The towebuith biggin is noo uised as an airts centre.

The new Kirkcudbright Galleries wis offeecial appent in Julie 2018 bi the Princess Ryal. It is situatit in the umwhile Toon Hoose. On shaw is pentins by the various airtists that bade and wrocht in the toun. The're a gailerie for veesitin exhibeetions, an cafe, an a gift shap.

==Airts==

===Airtist's Toun===
[[File:The_Greengage,_High_Street,_Kirkcudbright,_Scotland.jpg|thumb|The Greengate, hame an studio o Jessie M King, Heich Street]]

Kirkcoubrie his for a lang time been a centre for visual airtists an is noo kent as &quot;the Airtist's Toun&quot;.&lt;ref name=artist&gt;[http://www.kirkcudbright.co.uk/ Artists' Town official website]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Kirkcudbright. Retrieved on 22 June 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; The toun's roadside signs an logo include a representation o pent on a penter's pallet. Nouadays, penters, textile airtists, floorishers, ceramicists, photae-makkers, etchers, print-makkers, sculptors, encaustic airtists, willae-makkers, an mair anes aw wirk in or aroond the toun.

Kirkcoubrie is hame til an airtist's collective that his a shap in the toun centre, [http://papop-up.co.uk/ The PA, Professional Artists Collective].&lt;ref name=&quot;PA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The PA Pop-up |url=http://papop-up.co.uk/ |website=PA Pop-up |accessdate=26 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;. WASPS (Working Artists Studio Spaces, Scotland) occupees twa linkit tounhooses, Canonwalls an Claverhouse, in the Heich Street. It is a centre that mony airtists appen thair studios in durin [[Spring Fling Open Studios]].

The [https://www.artandcraftstrail.com/ Kirkcudbright Arts &amp; Crafts Trail] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617051606/http://www.artandcraftstrail.com/ |date=2016-06-17 }} taks place ilka simmer. This fower-day event, finishin on the first Monanday in August, allous veesitors tae see airtist's studios an veesit places that is for ordinar aff-leemits tae veesitors.

====Gaileries====

Gaileries in Kirkcoubrie incluse [[Kirkcudbright Galleries]], umwhile the Toon Hoose, in St Mary Street. Belike  the auldest gailerie is [http://www.harbourcottagegallery.org.uk The Harbour Cottage Gallery]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.harbourcottagegallery.org.uk/history/|title=History – Harbour Cottage Gallery|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-28}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ither anes include the [https://www.whitehousegallery.co.uk/ Whitehouse Gallery], the [https://www.ochregallery.co.uk/ Ochre Gallery], an the [http://www.highstgallery.co.uk/ High St Gallery].

===Cinema an literatur===
[[File:Kirkcudbright Harbour.jpg|thumb|Kirkcoubrie Herbour]]
[[File:In Memory Of Loved Ones Lost At Sea - Kirkudbright.jpg|thumb|upright|1994 widden sculpture ''In Memory Of Loved Ones Lost At Sea'' bi Charlie Easterfield in Kirkcoubrie Herbour]]

The [[whaduinit]] [[Five Red Herrings]] bi [[Dorothy L. Sayers]] involves the airtistic community o Kirkcoubrie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072502/|title=Five Red Herrings|via=www.imdb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1975, the beuk wis made intil a BBC TV pictur shot in the toun, wi [[Ian Carmichael]] playin the lead role o [[Laird Peter Wimsey]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=IMDb.com|title=Five Red Herrings (TV Mini-Series 1975)|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0072502/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The toun providit locations for the cult 1973 horror pictur ''[[The Wicker Man]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Where was 'The Wicker Man' filmed?|url=http://www.british-film-locations.com/The-Wicker-Man-1973|website=British Film Locations|accessdate=5 June 2017|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319225910/http://www.british-film-locations.com/The-Wicker-Man-1973|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Several pairts o the toun can be easily seen in the pictur.

[[Robert Urquhart (aktor)|Robert Urquhart]] sterred in a 1980 BBC adaptation o [[Henrik Ibsen]]'s ''[[An Enemy of the People]]'', shot on location in Kirkcoubrie.

The 2018 meestery novelle ''The Shadow of the Black Earl'' bi [[Charles E McGarry]] his scenes set in Kirkcoubrie while maist o the action taks place in a fictional version of Laurieston Hall an the surroondin airts.

===Muisic===

[[Matt McGinn]] wrate an recordit ''The Wee Kirkcudbright Centipede'' that his been kivert bi ither sangers an aw, includin [[Alastair McDonald]] on disc an on his BBC Scotland shaw &quot;Songs of Scotland&quot; that includit a segment filmt on location at the toun's Johnston Primary School whaur McDonald led the childer in a dance sequence.

The baund Betrayal, that comprised Kirkcoubrie muisicker Stephen Milligan (lead guitar), Mervin Mackllin (rhythm guitar), an Stephen McClelland (keyboards), as weel as Andrew Black (bass), Blue (vocals), and Marty (drums), released an album &quot;Rattlesnake Waltz on Liverpuil's [[Probe Plus Records]] in 1987. As reviewed in Q Magazine at the time as &quot;This seven-piece outfit from Galloway make their album debut with a strange brew containing a healthy dash of speed metal and a fistful of disparate elements taken from early Genesis, The Lovin' Spoonful, Led Zeppelin, and The Skids. On paper this might seem unworkable but in reality it adds up to a highly individual sound, with tracks like Made, Dead Man's Hand and No Big Thing - where Sue Dring's soaring vocals form an attractive contrast to Steve McClelland's manic synthesizer-providing the high spots. The only obvious drawback to this formula is that by utilising such an unusual variety of influences the band may be limiting their appeal to lovers of the eccentric ...&quot;

==Namely fowk==

===Airtists===

Kirkcoubrie his hid a lang associe wi the Glasgow Art Movement. Several airtists, includin the [[Glasgow School|Glasgow Boys]] and the famed [[Scots Colourists]], sic as [[Samuel Peploe]] an [[Francis Cadell (airtist)|Francis Cadell]], steidit thaimsels in the area ower a 30-year speal fae 1880 til 1910, estaiblishin the [[Kirkcudbright Artists' Colony]]. Amang thaim that flittit tae here fae [[Glesga]] wis [[Edward Atkinson Hornel]], [[George Henry (penter)|George Henry]], an [[Jessie M. King]]. Later anither curn o Glega-traint airtists built thair studios ower the river at The Stell, includin [[John Charles Lamont]] an [[Robert Sivell]]. Laundskip penter [[Charles Oppenheimer]] flittit tae Kirkcoubrie in 1908. He is gien creedit alang wi airtist [[Dorothy Nesbitt]] for hainin the Harbour Cottage (Art) Gallery fae demolishin in 1967. Kirkcoubrie becam kent as &quot;the airtist's toun&quot;&lt;ref name=artist/&gt; awtho langime residenters conseedert is a &quot;fishin toun&quot;. Ither airtists include:

* [[Joseph Simpson (airtist)|Joseph Simpson]] (1879-1939) - penter an etcher o limns an sportin subjects&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkcudbrightgalleries.org.uk/artists-footsteps/artist/joseph-w-simpson/|title=Joseph W Simpson &amp;#124; Kirkcudbright Galleries &amp;#124; Dumfries and Galloway &amp;#124; Artists &amp;#124; Gallery|website=Kirkcudbright Galleries}}{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Phyllis Bone]] (1894-1972) - sculptor, first female member o the [[Ryal Scots Academy]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Alumni&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Phyllis Mary Bone (1894 – 1972) |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/phyllis-mary-bone |website=University of Edinburgh Alumni |publisher=University of Edinburgh |accessdate=26 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[William Hanna Clarke]] (1882-1924) - laundskip and feegur penter&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.artistsfootsteps.co.uk/artists_a_z.asp?ID=25 |title=William Hanna Clarke |publisher=Artists' Footsteps |access-date=2020-03-20 |archive-date=2018-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022232455/http://www.artistsfootsteps.co.uk/artists_a_z.asp?ID=25 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Jankel Adler]] (1895-1949) - penter an printmakker &lt;ref&gt;https://www.kirkcudbrightgalleries.org.uk/artists-footsteps/artist/jankel-adler/{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.artrabbit.com/events/jankel-adler-a-degenerate-artist-in-britain-194049&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sportspeople===

====Perfaisional fitbawers====

* [[Bob McDougall (fitbawer)|Bob McDougall]] (1894-1936)
* [[George Cloy (fitbawer)|George Cloy]]
* [[David Mathieson (fitbawer)|David Mathieson]] (born 1978)&lt;ref name=&quot;McCartney, I 2008&quot;&gt;McCartney, I (2008) Queen of the South: The History 1919–2008, Staffordshire: The Breedon Books Publishing Company Limited&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=McLean|first=K |year=2009|title=QosFC: Legends - George Cloy|publisher= Queen of the South Football Club|url=http://qosfc.com/content-legendsView.aspx?playerid=1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=McLean|first=K |year=2009|title=QosFC: Legends - Tommy Bryce|publisher= Queen of the South Football Club|url=http://qosfc.com/content-legendsView.aspx?playerid=1045}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Rugby====

* [[David MacMyn (rugby)|David MacMyn]] (1903-1978)&lt;ref&gt;HG (1978) 'Obituary', British Medical Journal, 1 (6119, April), 1058 to 1060&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ither fowk===
[[File:Craigville, St Mary's Street, Kirkcudbright, Scotland.jpg|alt=|thumb|Lawrence o Arabia's faimily bade at Craigville, St Mary's Street, Kirkcoubrie atween 1889 an 1891]]

* [[Malcolm Caldwell]] (1931-1978) - academic an Marxist scriever. Murthert in Cambodia. His faither wis the coonty airchitect for Kirkcoubriesire fae 1950 tae 1957. Caldwell wis Dux o [[Kirkcudbright Academy]] in 1949.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kirkcudbrightacademy.website/caldwell.html|title=Caldwell|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2019-04-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420150538/http://www.kirkcudbrightacademy.website/caldwell.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Cecil Coles]] (1888-1918) - composer. Killt in [[Warld War I]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Commonwealth War Graves Commission|year=1918|title=Comprehensive Report|url=http://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/71046/COLES,%20CECIL%20FREDERICK%20G}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Marrott Edgar]] (1880-1951) - poet, scriptwriter, comedian. Edgar wrate for [[Stanley Holloway]].
* [[John Erskine, 1t Baron Erskine o Rerrick]] (1893-1980) - baunker, Governor o Northren Ireland fae 1964 tae 1968
* [[T. E. Lawrence]] (1888-1935) - Kent as Lawrence o Arabia, he bade in Kirkcoubrie as a babbie fae 1889 tae 1891.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/lifestory/2323783|title=Life story: William George Lawrence {{!}} Lives of the First World War|website=livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk|access-date=2020-01-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Marchand Robert Lenox, faither o philanthropist and bibliophone [[James Lenox]]. James's personal collection o beuks wad gie rise til the [[New York City Library]].
* [[Gary Lewis (actor)|Gary Lewis]] (born 1957) - actor, sterred in ''Gangs of New York'', ''Billy Elliot'', etc
* [[William (Billy) Marshall]] (1672-1792) - King o the [[Romani fowk|Gipsys]].

==Sport==

Kirkcoubrie is representit in the [[South of Scotland Football League]] bi [[St Cuthbert Wanderers F.C.]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=St Cuthbert Wanderers FC|year=2014|title=St Cuthbert Wanderers FC|url=http://www.stcuthbertwanderers.co.uk/|access-date=2020-03-20|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319235600/https://www.stcuthbertwanderers.co.uk/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It wis foondert bi the pairishoners o St Cuthbert Catholic Church. The club's best-kent umwhile players is Bob McDougall, Billy Halliday, an David Mathieson.&lt;ref name=&quot;McCartney, I 2008&quot;/&gt;

===2019 Tour o Breetain===

The first stage fae [[Glesga]] o the 2019 Tour o Breetain endit in Kirkcoubrie on 7 September. The winner wis Dutchman [[Dylan Groenewegen]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kirkcudbright}}
* [http://www.kirkcudbright.town/ Visit Kirkcudbright Wabsteid]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.kirkcudbright.com/ Kirkcudbright Community Wabsteid]
*http://www.kirkcudbrightacademy.website/caldwell.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420150538/http://www.kirkcudbrightacademy.website/caldwell.html |date=2019-04-20 }}
*https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-sean-rice-1283255.html
*https://www.ed.ac.uk/alumni/services/notable-alumni/alumni-in-history/phyllis-mary-bone
*https://www.kirkcudbright.town/arts/kirkcudbright-artists-town/{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*https://www.kirkcudbrightgalleries.org.uk/artists-footsteps/artist/joseph-w-simpson/{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*https://papop-up.co.uk/kirkcudbright/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126141655/http://papop-up.co.uk/kirkcudbright/ |date=2020-01-26 }}
*https://www.waspsstudios.org.uk/spaces/artist-space/canonwalls-and-claverhouse/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510173941/https://www.waspsstudios.org.uk/spaces/artist-space/canonwalls-and-claverhouse/ |date=2019-05-10 }}
*https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/320810/LAWRENCE,%20WILLIAM%20GEORGE

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{{Infobox person
| name                = Jim Carrey
| image               = Jim Carrey 2010.jpg
| caption             = Carrey in 2010
| birth_name          = James Eugene Carrey
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1962|1|17|mf=yes}}
| birth_place         = [[Newmarket, Ontario|Newmarket]], [[Ontario]], [[Canadae]]
| occupation          = {{hlist|Staund-up comedian|actor|director|producer|screenwriter}}
| nationality         = Canadian
| citizenship         = Canadian (1962–present)&lt;br /&gt;American (2004–present)
| years active        = 1981–2028
| spouse              = {{plainlist|
* {{marriage|Melissa Womer|March 28, 1987|1995|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Lauren Holly]]|September 23, 1996|1997|reason=divorced}}
}}
| children            = 1
| module              = {{Infobox comedian|embed=yes
| medium              = {{hlist|[[Staund-up comedy|Staund-up]]|[[film]]|[[televeesion]]}}
| genre               = {{hlist|[[Observational comedy]]|[[pheesical comedy]]|[[surreal humour|surreal humor]]}}
| subject             = {{hlist|[[Everyday life]]|[[popular cultur]]|[[politics]]|[[celebrity|celebrities]]}}
| influences          = {{hlist|[[Jonathan Winters]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://arts.nationalpost.com/2013/04/12/jonathan-winters-groundbreaking-comic-who-influenced-generations-dead-at-87/ |title=Jonathan Winters, who influenced Jim Carrey and Robin Williams, among others, dead at 87 |date=April 12, 2013 |publisher=National Post |accessdate=August 13, 2014 |archive-date=2014-08-13 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140813061314/http://arts.nationalpost.com/2013/04/12/jonathan-winters-groundbreaking-comic-who-influenced-generations-dead-at-87/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|[[Jerry Lewis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/whats-alan-watching/posts/press-tour-jerry-lewis-is-cranky-for-encore |title=Press tour: Jerry Lewis is cranky for Encore |publisher=Hitflix |date=July 29, 2011 |first=Alan |last=Sepinwall |accessdate=August 13, 2014 |archive-date=2016-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611025832/http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/whats-alan-watching/posts/press-tour-jerry-lewis-is-cranky-for-encore |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| influenced          =
}}
| website             = {{URL|jimcarrey.com}}
| signature           = Firma de Jim Carrey.svg
}}
'''James Eugene ''' &quot;'''Jim'''&quot; '''Carrey''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ær|i}}; born Januar 17 1962)&lt;ref name=cbcbirth&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1962-funny-man-jim-carrey-born-in-newmarket-ont |title=1962: Funny man Jim Carrey born in Newmarket, Ont. |publisher=CBC |accessdate=April 15, 2016 |quote=On this day in history, Jan. 17, 1962, James Eugene Carrey was born in Newmarket, Ont. |archivedate=April 15, 2016 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160415170248/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1962-funny-man-jim-carrey-born-in-newmarket-ont |dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Canadae|Canadian]] stand-up comedian, actor, director, producer, writer, singer, dancer, impressionist, voice artist, an comedian. He is kent for his heichly energetic [[slapstick]] performances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Shanlin|first=Calum|title=Throwback Thursday: Jim Carrey at 20|url=http://www.cbc.ca/live/throwback-thursday-jim-carrey-at-20.html|publisher=CBC|accessdate=April 25, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Carrey, Jim}}
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{{Infobox person
| name                = Jim Carrey
| image               = Jim Carrey 2010.jpg
| caption             = Carrey in 2010
| birth_name          = James Eugene Carrey
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1962|1|17|mf=yes}}
| birth_place         = [[Newmarket, Ontario|Newmarket]], [[Ontario]], [[Canadae]]
| occupation          = {{hlist|Staund-up comedian|actor|director|producer|screenwriter}}
| nationality         = Canadian
| citizenship         = Canadian (1962–present)&lt;br /&gt;American (2004–present)
| years active        = 1981–2028
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* {{marriage|Melissa Womer|March 28, 1987|1995|reason=divorced}}
* {{marriage|[[Lauren Holly]]|September 23, 1996|1997|reason=divorced}}
}}
| children            = 1
| module              = {{Infobox comedian|embed=yes
| medium              = {{hlist|[[Staund-up comedy|Staund-up]]|[[film]]|[[televeesion]]}}
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| subject             = {{hlist|[[Everyday life]]|[[popular cultur]]|[[politics]]|[[celebrity|celebrities]]}}
| influences          = {{hlist|[[Jonathan Winters]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://arts.nationalpost.com/2013/04/12/jonathan-winters-groundbreaking-comic-who-influenced-generations-dead-at-87/ |title=Jonathan Winters, who influenced Jim Carrey and Robin Williams, among others, dead at 87 |date=April 12, 2013 |publisher=National Post |accessdate=August 13, 2014 |archive-date=2014-08-13 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140813061314/http://arts.nationalpost.com/2013/04/12/jonathan-winters-groundbreaking-comic-who-influenced-generations-dead-at-87/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;|[[Jerry Lewis]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/whats-alan-watching/posts/press-tour-jerry-lewis-is-cranky-for-encore |title=Press tour: Jerry Lewis is cranky for Encore |publisher=Hitflix |date=July 29, 2011 |first=Alan |last=Sepinwall |accessdate=August 13, 2014 |archive-date=2016-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160611025832/http://www.hitfix.com/blogs/whats-alan-watching/posts/press-tour-jerry-lewis-is-cranky-for-encore |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| influenced          =
}}
| website             = {{URL|jimcarrey.com}}
| signature           = Firma de Jim Carrey.svg
}}
'''James Eugene ''' &quot;'''Jim'''&quot; '''Carrey''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ær|i}}; born Januar 17 1962)&lt;ref name=cbcbirth&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1962-funny-man-jim-carrey-born-in-newmarket-ont |title=1962: Funny man Jim Carrey born in Newmarket, Ont. |publisher=CBC |accessdate=April 15, 2016 |quote=On this day in history, Jan. 17, 1962, James Eugene Carrey was born in Newmarket, Ont. |archivedate=April 15, 2016 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160415170248/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/1962-funny-man-jim-carrey-born-in-newmarket-ont |dead-url=no}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a [[Canadae|Canadian]] stand-up comedian, actor, director, producer, writer, sangster, dancer, impressionist, vyce airtist, an comedian. He is kent fur his heichly energetic [[slapstick]] performances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Shanlin|first=Calum|title=Throwback Thursday: Jim Carrey at 20|url=http://www.cbc.ca/live/throwback-thursday-jim-carrey-at-20.html|publisher=CBC|accessdate=April 25, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

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| name          = Ken Sugimori
| native_name   = 杉森 建
| image         =
| imagesize     = 
| alt           = 
| caption       = Ken Sugimori in 2010
| birth_name     = Sugimori Ken
| birth_date     = {{birth date and age|1966|1|27}}
| birth_place      = [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]
| death_date     = 
| death_place    = 
| nationality   = [[Japan]]ese
| field         = [[Gemme designer|Video gemme design]]
| training      = 
| movement      = 
| works         = ''[[Pokémon]]''; ''[[Pulseman]]''; ''[[Drill Dozer]]''
| influenced by = 
| influenced    = 
| awards        = 
| website       = 
}}
{{nihongo|'''Ken Sugimori'''|杉森 建|Sugimori Ken}} (born Januar 27, 1966 in [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]]) is a Japanese video gemm designer, illustrator, [[mangaka|manga airtist]], an [[Video gemme director (disambiguation)|director]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.siliconera.com/2014/06/05/manga-artist-game-designer-ken-sugimoris-work-pokmon/&lt;/ref&gt; He is maist kenspeckle as the chairacter designer an airt director for the ''[[Pokémon]]'' franchise. Sugimori is creditit wi the airt direction for ither title, includin ''[[Pulseman]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://retro.ign.com/articles/100/1006614p1.html|title=Pulseman Review|last=Thomas|first=Lucas|date=23 July 2009|publisher=IGN. [[News Corporation]]|accessdate=27 January 2010|archive-date=2012-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120812125453/http://retro.ign.com/articles/100/1006614p1.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sugimori drew aw o the oreeginal 151 Pokémon hissel, apairt fae Mew.&lt;ref name=Gifford&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gamesetwatch.com/2008/04/column_game_mag_weaseling_just.php|title='Game Mag Weaseling': Just Checking In|last=Gifford|first=Kevin|date=7 April 2008|publisher=GameSetWatch. Think Services|accessdate=27 January 2010|archive-date=2012-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011005838/http://www.gamesetwatch.com/2008/04/column_game_mag_weaseling_just.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; He haes wirked on the sindry ''Pokémon'' movies, tradin cairds, an ither gemms lik the ''[[Super Smash Bros. (series)|Super Smash Bros.]]'' series.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

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| name=                  Ceevil pairish (Ingland)
| alt_name=
| alt_name1=
| alt_name2=
| alt_name3=
| alt_name4=
| map=
| category =             [[Pairish (admeenistrative diveesion)|Pairish]]
| territory=             [[Ingland]]
| upper_unit=            [[Destricts o Ingland|Destricts]]
| start_date=            Various, see text
| start_date1=           
| start_date2=
| legislation_begin=     Various, see text
| legislation_begin1=    
| legislation_begin2=    
| legislation_begin3=    
| legislation_begin4=
| legislation_end=
| legislation_end1=
| legislation_end2=
| legislation_end3=
| legislation_end4=
| end_date=
| end_date1=
| end_date2=
| end_date3=
| end_date4=
| current_number=       [[Leet o ceevil pairishes in Ingland|10,449]]
| number_date=          2015&lt;ref name=&quot;Office for National Statistics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/england/parishes-and-communities/index.html |title=Office for National Statistics |access-date=2017-04-01 |archive-date=2016-01-12 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160112001128/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/england/parishes-and-communities/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| type=                 Ceety
| type1=                Commonty
| type2=                Neebourheid
| type3=                Pairish
| type4=                Toun
| type5=                Veelage
| status=
| status1=
| status2=
| status3=
| status4=
| exofficio=
| exofficio1=
| exofficio2=
| exofficio3=
| exofficio4=
| population_range=    0–[[Leet o the maist populous ceevil pairishes in Ingland|80,000]]
| area_range=
| government=          [[:en:Parish councils in England|Ceety cooncil]]
| government1=         [[:en:Parish councils in England|Commonty cooncil]]
| government2=         [[:en:Parish councils in England|Neebourheid cooncil]]
| government3=         [[:en:Parish councils in England|Pairish cooncil]]
| government4=         [[:en:Parish councils in England|Toun cooncil]]
| government5=         [[:en:Parish councils in England|Veelage cooncil]]
| subdivision=
| subdivision1=
| subdivision2=
| subdivision3=
| subdivision4=
}}

[[File:uk parishes.png|thumb|300px|Map o Inglis pairishes an Welsh commonties]]
In Ingland, a '''ceevil pairish''' is a territorial designation which is the lawest tier o local govrenment belaw [[destricts o Ingland|destricts]] an [[metropolitan an nan-metropolitan coonties o Ingland|counties]], or their combined fuirm, the [[unitar authority]].  It is a [[Pairish (admeenistrative diveesion)|admeenistrative pairish]], in contrast tae a [[ecclesiastical pairish]].

A ceevil pairish can range in size frae a muckle [[toun]] wi a population o aroond 80,000 tae a single [[veelage]] wi fewer than a hunder inhabitants.  In a limitit nummer o cases a pairish micht include a whole ceety whaur [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety status]] haes been grantit bi the [[Monarchy o the Unitit Kinrick|Monarch]].  Reflectin this diverse naitur, a ceevil pairish mey be kent as a toun, veelage, [[neebourheid]] or [[commonty]] bi resolution o its [[Pairish cooncils in Ingland|pairish cooncil]].  Approximately 35% o the Inglis population live in a ceevil pairish. As o 31 Dizember 2015 thare wur 10,449 pairishes in Ingland.&lt;ref name=&quot;Office for National Statistics&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/england/parishes-and-communities/index.html |title=Office for National Statistics |access-date=2017-04-01 |archive-date=2016-01-12 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160112001128/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/england/parishes-and-communities/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 1 Apryle 2014, [[Queen's Park, Lunnon|Queen's Park]] became the first ceevil pairish in [[Greater Lunnon]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-18249803 Queen's Park parish council gets go-ahead] [[BBC]]&lt;/ref&gt; Afore 2008 their creation wis no permittit athin a [[Lunnon burgh]].&lt;ref name=reviews&gt;{{cite book| url=http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/localgovernment/pdf/1527635.pdf | title=Guidance on Community Governance Reviews | publisher=[[Department for Communities and Local Government]] |location=London |isbn=978-1-4098-2421-3 |year=2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Ceevil pairishes in Ingland| ]]
[[Category:Teeps o subdiveesion in the Unitit Kinrick]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Val McDermid</title>
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      <text bytes="18274" sha1="6xidckyh4io61ctaozr8qs69nd6zd3x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox writer &lt;!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --&gt;
 | name        = Val McDermid
 | image       = ValMcDermid.jpg
 | imagesize   = 
 | caption     = 
 | pseudonym   = 
 | birth_date  = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|06|04}}
 | birth_place =  [[Kirkcaudy]], [[Fife]], [[Scotland]]
 | death_date  =
 | death_place = 
 | coccupation  = 
 | nationality = Scots
 | period      = 
 | genre       = Crime Fiction
 | subject     = 
 | movement    = 
 | influences  = 
 | influenced  = 
 | signature   = 
| website = {{URL|http://www.valmcdermid.com}}
}}
'''Val McDermid''' FRSE, FRSL (born the 4 Juin 1955) is a [[Scotland|Scots]] crime writer, best kent fur her suspense novelles featurin Dr. Tony Hill.

==Biographie==
McDermid wis born intae a wirkin-cless family in [[Fife]]. She studied Inglis at St. Hilda's College, Oxford,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/dr-val-mcdermid-english-1972 | publisher = [[St Hilda's College, Oxford]] | title = Dr Val McDermid – English, 1972 | accessdate = 2017-03-22 | archive-date = 2019-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190924134447/https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/dr-val-mcdermid-english-1972 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; whaur she wis the furst scholart tae come frae a Scots state schuil.&lt;ref&gt;Nicholas Wroe. &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/aug/12/val-mcdermid-life-in-writing Val McDermid: a life in writing]&quot;, ''The Guardian'', 12 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter graduatin she becam a jurnalist an began her leeterar career as a dramatist. She furthset her furst novelle, ''Report for Murder: The First Lindsay Gordon Mystery'' in 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=I never spook myself, says top Scots crime writer Val McDermid|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/lifestyle/things-to-do/never-spook-myself-says-top-8738869|accessdate=25 October 2016|work=Daily Record|date=31 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She wis gien an honorary doctorate frae the [[Varsity o Sunderland]] in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sunderland.ac.uk/newsevents/news/news/index.php?nid=1323|title=Queen of crime in stadium thriller|date=14 July 2011|work=University of Sunderland News and Events|accessdate=15 July 2013|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032128/http://www.sunderland.ac.uk/newsevents/news/news/index.php?nid=1323|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; She cofoondit the Harrogate Crime Writing Festival an the Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award, pairt o the Harrogate International Festivals. In 2016 she led a team o St. Hilda's alumnae tae win the ''Christmas University Challenge''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/congratulations-st-hildas-alumnae-team-their-christmas-university-challenge-victory | publisher = St Hilda's College, Oxford | title = Congratulations to St Hilda's Alumnae Team on their Christmas University Challenge Victory | accessdate = 2017-03-22 | archive-date = 2017-03-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053746/https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/congratulations-st-hildas-alumnae-team-their-christmas-university-challenge-victory | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, McDermid wis electit as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release|title=RSE Welcomes 60 New Fellows|date=15 February 2017|publisher=[[Royal Society of Edinburgh]]|url=https://www.rse.org.uk/rse-welcomes-60-new-fellows/|access-date=28 March 2017|archive-date=2017-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306035001/https://www.rse.org.uk/rse-welcomes-60-new-fellows/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature forby.&lt;ref&gt;Natasha Onwuemezi, [http://www.thebookseller.com/news/syal-and-mcdermid-named-new-rsl-fellows-564396 &quot;Rankin, McDermid and Levy named new RSL fellows&quot;], ''[[The Bookseller]]'', 7 June 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

As o 2009, she sponsors the McDermid Stand in Stark's Pairk, the groonds o [[Raith Rovers F.C.|Raith Rovers]] in [[Kirkcaldy]]. This wis tae honour her faither that wis a scoot fur the club.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dining In The Streets Of Raith|url=http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2008-9.html|work=valmcdermid.com|accessdate=29 October 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104140923/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2008-9.html|archivedate=4 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; A year efterhaund, she jynt the bourd o the club, an in 2014 her wabsteid became the team's sark sponsor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Burnside|first1=Anna|title=Straight-talking Val McDermid lifts lid on her latest novel and why she's the badass woman of the week|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity-interviews/straight-talking-val-mcdermid-lifts-8749789|accessdate=25 October 2016|work=Daily Record|date=2 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Wirk==
McDermid's scrievins faas intae fower series: Lindsay Gordon, Kate Brannigan, Tony Hill an Carol Jordan, an Inspector Karen Pirie. ''The Mermaids Singing'', the furst beuk o the Hill/Jordan series, wan the Crime Writers' Association Gold Dagger awaird fur Best Crime Novel of the Year. The Hill/Jordan series haes been adaptit intae a telly series, kent as ''Wire in the Blood''. Her novelles, particularly the Tony Hill beuks, is kenned fur thair graphic depictions o violence an tortur.

McDermid haes sayed Jacko Vance, a TV celebrity wi a saicret cravin fur tortur, murther an unnerage quines, that appeart in ''Wire in the Blood'' an twa later beuks, is based on her ain experience o spierin Jimmy Saville.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =I based psycho on Jimmy Savile, says writer Val McDermid|work=The Daily Record | url =http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/i-based-psycho-on-jimmy-savile-says-1403727|date=28 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

McDermid considers her wirk tae be pairt o the tartain noir subgenre o Scots crime fiction.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =Val McDermid – News &amp; Events – Round the World | work =ValMcDermid.com | url =http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2003-4.html | accessdate =9 July 2007 | url-status =dead | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070817191356/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2003-4.html | archivedate =17 August 2007 | df =dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205211312/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2003-4.html |date=2012-02-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As weel as scrievin novelles, McDermid contributes tae a wheen o British newspapers an aften braidcasts on BBC Radio 4 an BBC Radio Scotland.&lt;ref name=&quot;Official&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title =Val McDermid – Biography | work =ValMcDermid.com | url =http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/biog.html | accessdate =9 July 2007 | url-status =dead | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070705063710/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/biog.html | archivedate =5 July 2007 | df =dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618102604/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/biog.html |date=2012-06-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ink atteck==
On 6 December 2012 a wumman flang ink ower McDermid durin a event at the Varsity o Sunderland.&lt;ref name=&quot;Assault&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/north-east-news/evening-chronicle-news/2012/12/13/author-val-mcdermid-to-carry-on-signings-after-attack-72703-32419822/ | title = Author Val McDermid to carry on signings after attack | work= Journal Live | date = 13 December 2012 | accessdate = 26 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; McDermid wis pittin her name tae beuks, an a wumman askit her tae pit her name tae a ''Top of the Pops'' annual wi Jimmy Saville on the cover. Tho laith, McDermid pit her name tae the annual, efter that the wumman pulled oot a bottle o ink an flang it at her afore rinnin frae the room.&lt;ref name=&quot;Assault&quot; /&gt; Nanetheless, McDermid vowed tae haud gaun wi her witterins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Val&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/communities/sunderland/2012/12/29/author-val-mcdermid-assaulted-at-sunderland-book-signing-72703-32512651/ | title = Author Val McDermid assaulted at Sunderland book signing |work= Journal Live | date = 29 December 2012 | accessdate = 11 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sandra Botham, a 64-year-auld wumman frae the Hedon area o [[Sunderland]], wis arreistit on suspicion o assaut.&lt;ref name=&quot;Val&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/crime/woman-denies-attack-on-crime-writer-at-sunderland-talk-1-5572819 | title = Woman denies attack on crime writer at Sunderland talk | work = Sunderland Echo | date = 11 April 2013 | accessdate = 15 April 2013 | archive-date = 2013-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131224131349/http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/crime/woman-denies-attack-on-crime-writer-at-sunderland-talk-1-5572819 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Botham wis chairged wi common assaut on the 10 Julie 2013, &lt;ref&gt;Liz Bury, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/10/val-mcdermid-ink-assault &quot;Reader convicted for Val McDermid ink assault&quot;], ''The Guardian'', 10 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; gat a 12-month community sentence wi owerins an wis gart pey £50 assythment an a £60 victim surchairge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Widow who attacked Scottish author Val McDermid with ink is given a restraining order |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/widow-who-launched-ink-attack-2155452|work=Daily Record|date=12 August 2013|accessdate=29 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; She wis gien a restrainin order baurin her frae contactin McDermid fur a undefined time period.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Val McDermid ink attacker given restraining order |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-23664089|publisher=BBC News|date=12 August 2013|accessdate=29 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Northern Echo'' reportit that Botham actit acause o McDermid's 1994 non-fiction book, ''A Suitable Job for a Woman'', that Botham claimed mirkit her an her faimily.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/10536352.Pensioner_in_court_over_28_year_vendetta_with_crime_writer_Val_McDermid/ &quot;Pensioner in court over vendetta with crime writer Val McDermid&quot;], ''The Northern Echo'', 9 July 2013, Retrieved 31 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==
In 2010 McDermid, that is gay, wis bidin atween [[Northumberland]] an [[Manchester]] wi furthsetter Kelly Smith,&lt;ref name=kelly&gt;Totaro, P. (2010) [https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/death-becomes-her-20100820-1392m.html &quot;Death becomes her&quot;]. The Sydney Morning Herald (August 21, 2010). Retrieved 29 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; that she haed entered a civil pairtnership wi in 2006.&lt;ref name=cp&gt;Wroe, N. (2011) [https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/aug/12/val-mcdermid-life-in-writing &quot;Val McDermid: a life in writing&quot;.] The Guardian (13/08/20111) Retrieved 29 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; She foregane bade in [[Stockport]] an [[Northumberland]] wi three cats&lt;ref name=&quot;Interview&quot;&gt;{{cite news | last =Flockhart | first =Susan | work =[[Sunday Herald]] | title =Murder In Mind | date =May 2004 | url =http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20040530/ai_n12588950 | accessdate =18 July 2007 | archive-date =2011-08-09 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110809211553/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20040530/ai_n12588950/ | url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a border terrier dug. Syne early 2014 she haes bade in Stockport and Edinburgh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.valmcdermid.com/|title=Welcome to Val McDermid's website...|publisher=Val McDermid official website|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=2015-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423210842/http://www.valmcdermid.com/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/apr/05/gay-scotland-party-leaders-lgbt|title=Scotland is now a place where you can be glad to be gay|author=Val McDermid|work=The Guardian|date=5 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 23 October 2016, McDermid waddit Jo Sharp, a professor o geographie at the Varsity o Glesga an McDermid's pairtner o twa year.&lt;ref&gt;Stuart Macdonald,
 [http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/author-val-mcdermid-gets-married-9117151 &quot;Author Val McDermid gets married to long-term partner Jo Sharp&quot;], ''Daily Record'', 25 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/our-region/edinburgh/val-mcdermid-marries-partner-in-edinburgh-1-4267018 &quot;Val McDermid marries partner in Edinburgh&quot;], ''Edinburgh News'', 24 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2016, McDermid led a team o crime writers on quiz shaw ''Eggheads'', beatin the Eggheads an winnin £14,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =We Beat the Eggheads!| author = Doug Johnstone | url =https://dougjohnstone.com/2016/05/27/we-beat-the-eggheads/|date=27 May 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

McDermid is a radical feminist an socialist.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Val McDermid - Crime and reason|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/val-mcdermid-crime-and-reason-1-1089725|year=2008|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081227/https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/val-mcdermid-crime-and-reason-1-1089725|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Interview: It can be murder, but Val McDermid's love of Raith is no mystery|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/interview-it-can-be-murder-but-val-mcdermid-s-love-of-raith-is-no-mystery-1-799040|year=2010|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201131751/https://www.scotsman.com/sport/interview-it-can-be-murder-but-val-mcdermid-s-love-of-raith-is-no-mystery-1-799040|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; She haes pitten feminism intae some o her novelles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Murder by the Book: Feminism and the Crime Novel|url=https://archive.org/details/murderbybookfemi00munt|url-access=limited|author=Sally Rowena Munt|publisher=Routledge|year=1994|page=[https://archive.org/details/murderbybookfemi00munt/page/n75 67]|isbn=0415109191}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bibliographie==
===Lindsay Gordon series===
*''Report for Murder'' (1987)
*''Common Murder'' (1989)
*''Final Edition'' (1991) US Titles: ''Open and Shut'', ''Deadline for Murder''
*''Union Jack ''(1993), US Title: ''Conferences Are Murder''
*''Booked for Murder'' (1996)
*''Hostage to Murder'' (2003)

===Kate Brannigan series===
*''Dead Beat'' (1992)
*''Kick Back'' (1993)
*''Crack Down'' (1994)
*''Clean Break'' (1995)
*''Blue Genes'' (1996)
*''Star Struck'' (1998) (awairded Grand Prix des Romans d’Aventure in 1998)&lt;ref name=brit&gt;[https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/val-mcdermid Val McDermid: British Council Literature]. Retrieved 29 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tony Hill and Carol Jordan series===
*''The Mermaids Singing'' (1995) (Crime Writers' Association Gold Dagger for Best Crime Novel of the Year in 1995)&lt;ref name=sthildas&gt;[https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/dr-val-mcdermid-english-1972 St. Hilda;s College: Dr Val McDermid - English, 1972.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924134447/https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/dr-val-mcdermid-english-1972 |date=2019-09-24 }} Retrieved 29 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''The Wire in the Blood'' (1997)
*''The Last Temptation'' (2002)
*''The Torment of Others'' (2004)
*''Beneath the Bleeding'' (2007)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.digyorkshire.com/HighlightDetails.aspx?Article=202 |title=Shortlist  for Theakston’s Crime Novel of the year Award 2009 |publisher=digyorkshire.com |date=2 June 2009 |accessdate=17 June 2009 |archive-date=2016-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815160519/http://www.digyorkshire.com/HighlightDetails.aspx?Article=202 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Fever of the Bone'' (2009)
*''The Retribution'' (2011)
*''Cross and Burn'' (2013)
*''Splinter the Silence ''(2015)
*''Insidious Intent'' (2017)
*''How the Dead Speak'' (2019)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.davidhigham.co.uk/books-dh/tony-hill-series/in-rats-alley/|title=How the Dead Speak|website=David Higham Associates|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Inspector Karen Pirie series===
*''The Distant Echo'' (2003)
*''A Darker Domain'' (2008)
*''The Skeleton Road'' (2014)
*''Out of Bounds'' (2016)
*''Broken Ground'' (2018)
*''Still Life'' (2020)

===The Austen Project===
*''Northanger Abbey'' (2014)

===Ither books===
*''The Writing on the Wall'' (1997); short stories, limited edition o 200 copies
*''A Place of Execution'' (1999)
*''Killing the Shadows'' (2000)
*''Stranded'' (2005); short stories
*''Cleanskin'' (2006)
*''The Grave Tattoo'' (2006)
*''Trick of the Dark'' (2010) dedicated tae [[Mary Bennett]] (1913-2003) &amp; [[Kathy Wilkes|Kathy Vaughan Wilkes]] (1946-2003)
*''The Vanishing Point'' (2012)

===Bairns's buiks===
*''My Granny is a Pirate'' (2012)&lt;ref&gt;Orchard Books. {{ISBN|978-1-40830-927-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''The High Heid Yin's New Claes'' furthsetten in ''The Itchy Coo Book o Hans Christian Andersen Fairy Tales in Scots'' (2020)

===Non-fiction===
*''A Suitable Job for a Woman'' (1995)
*''Bodies of Evidence'' (2014)
*''Forensics – The Anatomy of Crime'' (2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.valmcdermid.com/books/forensics/|title=Forensics – The Anatomy of Crime|publisher=Val McDermid official website|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=2020-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922174111/https://www.valmcdermid.com/books/forensics/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Forensics: What Bugs, Burns, Prints, DNA, and More Tell Us About Crime'' (2015)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:McDermid, Val}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Kirkcaudy]]
[[Category:Fowk eddicatit at Kirkcaldy High School]]
[[Category:Scots crime feection writers]]
[[Category:Scots meestery writers]]
[[Category:Scots weemen novelists]]
[[Category:Lesbian writers]]
[[Category:Members o the Detection Club]]
[[Category:LGBT writers frae Scotland]]
[[Category:Lambda Leeterar Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Anthony Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Macavity Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Barry Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Dilys Awaird winners]]
[[Category:Weemen meestery writers]]
[[Category:LGBT novelists]]
[[Category:20t-century Scots novelists]]
[[Category:21st-century Scots novelists]]
[[Category:20t-century weemen writers]]
[[Category:21st-century weemen writers]]
[[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Edinburgh]]
[[Category:Fellaes o the Ryal Society o Leeteratur]]</text>
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      <comment>Undae revision [[Special:Diff/916179|916179]] bi [[Special:Contributions/Themeramisin|Themeramisin]] ([[User talk:Themeramisin|Tauk]])Disna need the capitalisation</comment>
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      <text bytes="18287" sha1="c4d33qq84daec2xbike4w518alvbf9u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox writer &lt;!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox writer/doc]] --&gt;
 | name        = Val McDermid
 | image       = ValMcDermid.jpg
 | imagesize   = 
 | caption     = 
 | pseudonym   = 
 | birth_date  = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1955|06|04}}
 | birth_place =  [[Kirkcaudy]], [[Fife]], [[Scotland]]
 | death_date  =
 | death_place = 
 | coccupation  = 
 | nationality = [[Scotland|Scots]]
 | period      = 
 | genre       = Crime fiction
 | subject     = 
 | movement    = 
 | influences  = 
 | influenced  = 
 | signature   = 
| website = {{URL|http://www.valmcdermid.com}}
}}
'''Val McDermid''' FRSE, FRSL (born the 4 Juin 1955) is a [[Scotland|Scots]] crime writer, best kent fur her suspense novelles featurin Dr. Tony Hill.

==Biographie==
McDermid wis born intae a wirkin-cless family in [[Fife]]. She studied Inglis at St. Hilda's College, Oxford,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/dr-val-mcdermid-english-1972 | publisher = [[St Hilda's College, Oxford]] | title = Dr Val McDermid – English, 1972 | accessdate = 2017-03-22 | archive-date = 2019-09-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190924134447/https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/dr-val-mcdermid-english-1972 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; whaur she wis the furst scholart tae come frae a Scots state schuil.&lt;ref&gt;Nicholas Wroe. &quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/aug/12/val-mcdermid-life-in-writing Val McDermid: a life in writing]&quot;, ''The Guardian'', 12 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

Efter graduatin she becam a jurnalist an began her leeterar career as a dramatist. She furthset her furst novelle, ''Report for Murder: The First Lindsay Gordon Mystery'' in 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=I never spook myself, says top Scots crime writer Val McDermid|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/lifestyle/things-to-do/never-spook-myself-says-top-8738869|accessdate=25 October 2016|work=Daily Record|date=31 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

She wis gien an honorary doctorate frae the [[Varsity o Sunderland]] in 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sunderland.ac.uk/newsevents/news/news/index.php?nid=1323|title=Queen of crime in stadium thriller|date=14 July 2011|work=University of Sunderland News and Events|accessdate=15 July 2013|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032128/http://www.sunderland.ac.uk/newsevents/news/news/index.php?nid=1323|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; She cofoondit the Harrogate Crime Writing Festival an the Theakston's Old Peculier Crime Novel of the Year Award, pairt o the Harrogate International Festivals. In 2016 she led a team o St. Hilda's alumnae tae win the ''Christmas University Challenge''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/congratulations-st-hildas-alumnae-team-their-christmas-university-challenge-victory | publisher = St Hilda's College, Oxford | title = Congratulations to St Hilda's Alumnae Team on their Christmas University Challenge Victory | accessdate = 2017-03-22 | archive-date = 2017-03-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053746/https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/congratulations-st-hildas-alumnae-team-their-christmas-university-challenge-victory | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, McDermid wis electit as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release|title=RSE Welcomes 60 New Fellows|date=15 February 2017|publisher=[[Royal Society of Edinburgh]]|url=https://www.rse.org.uk/rse-welcomes-60-new-fellows/|access-date=28 March 2017|archive-date=2017-03-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170306035001/https://www.rse.org.uk/rse-welcomes-60-new-fellows/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an a Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature forby.&lt;ref&gt;Natasha Onwuemezi, [http://www.thebookseller.com/news/syal-and-mcdermid-named-new-rsl-fellows-564396 &quot;Rankin, McDermid and Levy named new RSL fellows&quot;], ''[[The Bookseller]]'', 7 June 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;

As o 2009, she sponsors the McDermid Stand in Stark's Pairk, the groonds o [[Raith Rovers F.C.|Raith Rovers]] in [[Kirkcaldy]]. This wis tae honour her faither that wis a scoot fur the club.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Dining In The Streets Of Raith|url=http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2008-9.html|work=valmcdermid.com|accessdate=29 October 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120104140923/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2008-9.html|archivedate=4 January 2012|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; A year efterhaund, she jynt the bourd o the club, an in 2014 her wabsteid became the team's sark sponsor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Burnside|first1=Anna|title=Straight-talking Val McDermid lifts lid on her latest novel and why she's the badass woman of the week|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity-interviews/straight-talking-val-mcdermid-lifts-8749789|accessdate=25 October 2016|work=Daily Record|date=2 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Wirk==
McDermid's scrievins faas intae fower series: Lindsay Gordon, Kate Brannigan, Tony Hill an Carol Jordan, an Inspector Karen Pirie. ''The Mermaids Singing'', the furst beuk o the Hill/Jordan series, wan the Crime Writers' Association Gold Dagger awaird fur Best Crime Novel of the Year. The Hill/Jordan series haes been adaptit intae a telly series, kent as ''Wire in the Blood''. Her novelles, particularly the Tony Hill beuks, is kenned fur thair graphic depictions o violence an tortur.

McDermid haes sayed Jacko Vance, a TV celebrity wi a saicret cravin fur tortur, murther an unnerage quines, that appeart in ''Wire in the Blood'' an twa later beuks, is based on her ain experience o spierin Jimmy Saville.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =I based psycho on Jimmy Savile, says writer Val McDermid|work=The Daily Record | url =http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/i-based-psycho-on-jimmy-savile-says-1403727|date=28 October 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

McDermid considers her wirk tae be pairt o the tartain noir subgenre o Scots crime fiction.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =Val McDermid – News &amp; Events – Round the World | work =ValMcDermid.com | url =http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2003-4.html | accessdate =9 July 2007 | url-status =dead | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070817191356/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2003-4.html | archivedate =17 August 2007 | df =dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205211312/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/archivenews2003-4.html |date=2012-02-05 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As weel as scrievin novelles, McDermid contributes tae a wheen o British newspapers an aften braidcasts on BBC Radio 4 an BBC Radio Scotland.&lt;ref name=&quot;Official&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title =Val McDermid – Biography | work =ValMcDermid.com | url =http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/biog.html | accessdate =9 July 2007 | url-status =dead | archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20070705063710/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/biog.html | archivedate =5 July 2007 | df =dmy-all }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618102604/http://www.valmcdermid.com/pages/biog.html |date=2012-06-18 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ink atteck==
On 6 December 2012 a wumman flang ink ower McDermid durin a event at the Varsity o Sunderland.&lt;ref name=&quot;Assault&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/north-east-news/evening-chronicle-news/2012/12/13/author-val-mcdermid-to-carry-on-signings-after-attack-72703-32419822/ | title = Author Val McDermid to carry on signings after attack | work= Journal Live | date = 13 December 2012 | accessdate = 26 December 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; McDermid wis pittin her name tae beuks, an a wumman askit her tae pit her name tae a ''Top of the Pops'' annual wi Jimmy Saville on the cover. Tho laith, McDermid pit her name tae the annual, efter that the wumman pulled oot a bottle o ink an flang it at her afore rinnin frae the room.&lt;ref name=&quot;Assault&quot; /&gt; Nanetheless, McDermid vowed tae haud gaun wi her witterins.&lt;ref name=&quot;Val&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/communities/sunderland/2012/12/29/author-val-mcdermid-assaulted-at-sunderland-book-signing-72703-32512651/ | title = Author Val McDermid assaulted at Sunderland book signing |work= Journal Live | date = 29 December 2012 | accessdate = 11 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sandra Botham, a 64-year-auld wumman frae the Hedon area o [[Sunderland]], wis arreistit on suspicion o assaut.&lt;ref name=&quot;Val&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;name&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/crime/woman-denies-attack-on-crime-writer-at-sunderland-talk-1-5572819 | title = Woman denies attack on crime writer at Sunderland talk | work = Sunderland Echo | date = 11 April 2013 | accessdate = 15 April 2013 | archive-date = 2013-12-24 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131224131349/http://www.sunderlandecho.com/news/crime/woman-denies-attack-on-crime-writer-at-sunderland-talk-1-5572819 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Botham wis chairged wi common assaut on the 10 Julie 2013, &lt;ref&gt;Liz Bury, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/10/val-mcdermid-ink-assault &quot;Reader convicted for Val McDermid ink assault&quot;], ''The Guardian'', 10 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; gat a 12-month community sentence wi owerins an wis gart pey £50 assythment an a £60 victim surchairge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Widow who attacked Scottish author Val McDermid with ink is given a restraining order |url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/widow-who-launched-ink-attack-2155452|work=Daily Record|date=12 August 2013|accessdate=29 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; She wis gien a restrainin order baurin her frae contactin McDermid fur a undefined time period.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Val McDermid ink attacker given restraining order |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-23664089|publisher=BBC News|date=12 August 2013|accessdate=29 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Northern Echo'' reportit that Botham actit acause o McDermid's 1994 non-fiction book, ''A Suitable Job for a Woman'', that Botham claimed mirkit her an her faimily.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thenorthernecho.co.uk/news/10536352.Pensioner_in_court_over_28_year_vendetta_with_crime_writer_Val_McDermid/ &quot;Pensioner in court over vendetta with crime writer Val McDermid&quot;], ''The Northern Echo'', 9 July 2013, Retrieved 31 July 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==
In 2010 McDermid, that is gay, wis bidin atween [[Northumberland]] an [[Manchester]] wi furthsetter Kelly Smith,&lt;ref name=kelly&gt;Totaro, P. (2010) [https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/books/death-becomes-her-20100820-1392m.html &quot;Death becomes her&quot;]. The Sydney Morning Herald (August 21, 2010). Retrieved 29 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; that she haed entered a civil pairtnership wi in 2006.&lt;ref name=cp&gt;Wroe, N. (2011) [https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2011/aug/12/val-mcdermid-life-in-writing &quot;Val McDermid: a life in writing&quot;.] The Guardian (13/08/20111) Retrieved 29 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt; She foregane bade in [[Stockport]] an [[Northumberland]] wi three cats&lt;ref name=&quot;Interview&quot;&gt;{{cite news | last =Flockhart | first =Susan | work =[[Sunday Herald]] | title =Murder In Mind | date =May 2004 | url =http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20040530/ai_n12588950 | accessdate =18 July 2007 | archive-date =2011-08-09 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110809211553/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4156/is_20040530/ai_n12588950/ | url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and a border terrier dug. Syne early 2014 she haes bade in Stockport and Edinburgh.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.valmcdermid.com/|title=Welcome to Val McDermid's website...|publisher=Val McDermid official website|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=2015-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423210842/http://www.valmcdermid.com/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/apr/05/gay-scotland-party-leaders-lgbt|title=Scotland is now a place where you can be glad to be gay|author=Val McDermid|work=The Guardian|date=5 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 23 October 2016, McDermid waddit Jo Sharp, a professor o geographie at the Varsity o Glesga an McDermid's pairtner o twa year.&lt;ref&gt;Stuart Macdonald,
 [http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/author-val-mcdermid-gets-married-9117151 &quot;Author Val McDermid gets married to long-term partner Jo Sharp&quot;], ''Daily Record'', 25 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/our-region/edinburgh/val-mcdermid-marries-partner-in-edinburgh-1-4267018 &quot;Val McDermid marries partner in Edinburgh&quot;], ''Edinburgh News'', 24 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2016, McDermid led a team o crime writers on quiz shaw ''Eggheads'', beatin the Eggheads an winnin £14,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =We Beat the Eggheads!| author = Doug Johnstone | url =https://dougjohnstone.com/2016/05/27/we-beat-the-eggheads/|date=27 May 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

McDermid is a radical feminist an socialist.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Val McDermid - Crime and reason|url=http://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/val-mcdermid-crime-and-reason-1-1089725|year=2008|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081227/https://www.scotsman.com/lifestyle/val-mcdermid-crime-and-reason-1-1089725|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Interview: It can be murder, but Val McDermid's love of Raith is no mystery|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/interview-it-can-be-murder-but-val-mcdermid-s-love-of-raith-is-no-mystery-1-799040|year=2010|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=2017-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201131751/https://www.scotsman.com/sport/interview-it-can-be-murder-but-val-mcdermid-s-love-of-raith-is-no-mystery-1-799040|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; She haes pitten feminism intae some o her novelles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Murder by the Book: Feminism and the Crime Novel|url=https://archive.org/details/murderbybookfemi00munt|url-access=limited|author=Sally Rowena Munt|publisher=Routledge|year=1994|page=[https://archive.org/details/murderbybookfemi00munt/page/n75 67]|isbn=0415109191}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bibliographie==
===Lindsay Gordon series===
*''Report for Murder'' (1987)
*''Common Murder'' (1989)
*''Final Edition'' (1991) US Titles: ''Open and Shut'', ''Deadline for Murder''
*''Union Jack ''(1993), US Title: ''Conferences Are Murder''
*''Booked for Murder'' (1996)
*''Hostage to Murder'' (2003)

===Kate Brannigan series===
*''Dead Beat'' (1992)
*''Kick Back'' (1993)
*''Crack Down'' (1994)
*''Clean Break'' (1995)
*''Blue Genes'' (1996)
*''Star Struck'' (1998) (awairded Grand Prix des Romans d’Aventure in 1998)&lt;ref name=brit&gt;[https://literature.britishcouncil.org/writer/val-mcdermid Val McDermid: British Council Literature]. Retrieved 29 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tony Hill and Carol Jordan series===
*''The Mermaids Singing'' (1995) (Crime Writers' Association Gold Dagger for Best Crime Novel of the Year in 1995)&lt;ref name=sthildas&gt;[https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/dr-val-mcdermid-english-1972 St. Hilda;s College: Dr Val McDermid - English, 1972.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924134447/https://www.sthildas.ox.ac.uk/content/dr-val-mcdermid-english-1972 |date=2019-09-24 }} Retrieved 29 May 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''The Wire in the Blood'' (1997)
*''The Last Temptation'' (2002)
*''The Torment of Others'' (2004)
*''Beneath the Bleeding'' (2007)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.digyorkshire.com/HighlightDetails.aspx?Article=202 |title=Shortlist  for Theakston’s Crime Novel of the year Award 2009 |publisher=digyorkshire.com |date=2 June 2009 |accessdate=17 June 2009 |archive-date=2016-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815160519/http://www.digyorkshire.com/HighlightDetails.aspx?Article=202 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Fever of the Bone'' (2009)
*''The Retribution'' (2011)
*''Cross and Burn'' (2013)
*''Splinter the Silence ''(2015)
*''Insidious Intent'' (2017)
*''How the Dead Speak'' (2019)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.davidhigham.co.uk/books-dh/tony-hill-series/in-rats-alley/|title=How the Dead Speak|website=David Higham Associates|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Inspector Karen Pirie series===
*''The Distant Echo'' (2003)
*''A Darker Domain'' (2008)
*''The Skeleton Road'' (2014)
*''Out of Bounds'' (2016)
*''Broken Ground'' (2018)
*''Still Life'' (2020)

===The Austen Project===
*''Northanger Abbey'' (2014)

===Ither books===
*''The Writing on the Wall'' (1997); short stories, limited edition o 200 copies
*''A Place of Execution'' (1999)
*''Killing the Shadows'' (2000)
*''Stranded'' (2005); short stories
*''Cleanskin'' (2006)
*''The Grave Tattoo'' (2006)
*''Trick of the Dark'' (2010) dedicated tae [[Mary Bennett]] (1913-2003) &amp; [[Kathy Wilkes|Kathy Vaughan Wilkes]] (1946-2003)
*''The Vanishing Point'' (2012)

===Bairns's buiks===
*''My Granny is a Pirate'' (2012)&lt;ref&gt;Orchard Books. {{ISBN|978-1-40830-927-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
*''The High Heid Yin's New Claes'' furthsetten in ''The Itchy Coo Book o Hans Christian Andersen Fairy Tales in Scots'' (2020)

===Non-fiction===
*''A Suitable Job for a Woman'' (1995)
*''Bodies of Evidence'' (2014)
*''Forensics – The Anatomy of Crime'' (2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.valmcdermid.com/books/forensics/|title=Forensics – The Anatomy of Crime|publisher=Val McDermid official website|access-date=2020-09-16|archive-date=2020-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922174111/https://www.valmcdermid.com/books/forensics/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*''Forensics: What Bugs, Burns, Prints, DNA, and More Tell Us About Crime'' (2015)

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Lesbian writers]]
[[Category:Members o the Detection Club]]
[[Category:LGBT writers frae Scotland]]
[[Category:Lambda Leeterar Awaird winners]]
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'''Max Gilardi''' (born Januar 28, 1988)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite tweet|author=Max G|user=hotdiggedydemon|number=693076754034987009|title=Thanks for all the birthday drawings ...|date=January 29, 2016|accessdate=May 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= &quot;Jerry&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Gilardi Animates Jerry’s Daily Grind|url=http://www.coldhardflash.com/2007/06/gilardi-animates-jerrys-daily-grind.html|publisher=Cold Hard Flash|date=June 27, 2007|access-date=May 21, 2016|archive-date=2007-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630084459/http://www.coldhardflash.com/2007/06/gilardi-animates-jerrys-daily-grind.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an American animator, vyce actor, an [[YouTuber]]. He is best kent for his &quot;PONY[[.MOV]]&quot; wab series, a parody o the popular childer's animatit telly series ''[[My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic]]''.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

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 | nationality   = Scots
 | citizenship     =  Great Britain
 | alma_mater    = [[Varsity o Edinburgh]]&lt;br&gt;[[Varsity o Glesga]]&lt;br&gt;[[Utrecht Varsity]]
 | notableworks  = ''[[Life of Johnson]]''
 | spouse = Margaret Montgomerie
 | children =  [[Sir Alexander Boswell, 1st Baronet|Alexander Boswell]] (1775–1822)&lt;br&gt;[[James Boswell (1778-1822)|James Boswell]] (1778–1822)&lt;br&gt; Veronica (1773–1795)&lt;br&gt; Euphemia (1774 – c. 1834)&lt;br&gt; Elizabeth (1780–1814)&lt;br&gt; Charles Boswell&lt;br&gt; (extramarital) (1762–1764) &lt;br&gt;Sally (extramarital) (1767–1768?)
 | occupation  = [[advocate]], [[diarist]], [[biographer]]
}}
'''James Boswell, 9t Laird o Auchinleck''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|ɒ|z|ˌ|w|ɛ|l|,_|-|w|ə|l}}; 29 October 1740 – 19 Mey 1795), wis a [[Scots fowk|Scots]] biographer, diarist an advocate, born in [[Edinburgh]]. He is best kent for the [[biography]] he wrat anent ane o his guid friends an maiks o lang syne, the Inglis literar figur [[Samuel Johnson]], that is said, for common, tae be the greatest biography written in the Inglis leid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Root |first1=Douglas |year=2014 |chapter=Two &quot;Most Un-Clubbable Men&quot;: Samuel Johnson, Benjamin Franklin, and Their Social Circles |editor1-last=Baird |editor1-first=Ileana |title=Social Networks in the Long Eighteenth Century: Clubs, Literary Salons, Textual Coteries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oO6mBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA256&amp;dq=%22greatest+biography%22+boswell+johnson&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwiLr5XMz7DVAhXJmBoKHQy8B3wQ6AEIXzAJ#v=onepage&amp;q=%22greatest%20biography%22%20boswell%20johnson&amp;f=false |location=Newcastle upon Tyne |publisher=Cambridge Scholars |page=256 |isbn=1443866784 |access-date=30 July 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book  |year=2005 |editor1-last=Rollyson |editor1-first=Carl |title=British Biography: A Reader |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N_TvvAeto04C&amp;pg=PA77&amp;dq=%22greatest+biography%22+boswell+johnson&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=0ahUKEwi3_oKQ0LDVAhVEtBoKHZF-BYEQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&amp;q=%22greatest%20biography%22%20boswell%20johnson&amp;f=false |location=New York |publisher=iUniverse |page=77 |isbn=0595364098 |access-date=30 July 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
A guid wheen o Boswell's unfurthset diaries, letters, an ither quairs war fand an hained atween the 1920s an 1950s. Yale University are furthsettin thir warks pairt bi pairt--garrin Boswell mair an mair kenspeckle whiles we stert tae ken mair anent him.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yale&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=The Project {{!}} Yale Boswell Editions |url=https://boswelleditions.yale.edu/project |website=boswelleditions.yale.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Early life==
Boswell wis born in Edinburgh on 29t October 1740 tae [[Alexander Boswell]], Laird Auchinleck, an Euphemia Erskine.&lt;ref name=&quot;james boswell&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=James Boswell (1740-1795) {{!}} A brief biography |url=https://www.jamesboswell.info/james-boswell-bio |website=www.jamesboswell.info |access-date=1 October 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; His faither wis an advocate whan James wis born but wad be made a [[Lord o Session]] in 1748 an syne [[Lord Justiciary]] in 1755.&lt;ref name=&quot;alexander boswell&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Alexander Boswell - Lord Auchinleck {{!}} James Boswell .info |url=https://www.jamesboswell.info/biography/alexander-boswell-lord-auchinleck |website=www.jamesboswell.info |access-date=1 October 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Frae age 13 tae 18, Boswell wis at the [[Varsity o Edinburgh]] tae lear Scots law. At age 19, his faither gart him awa tae the [[Varsity of Glesca]] whaur he lugged in tae lectures frae [[Adam Smith]]. In Glesca, he taen a mynt tae become a Catholic monk an gie up the law. Whan his faither wis telt o this, he ettlelt at keppin James frae it, an James flew tae Lunnon tae live a prodigal life. His faither went an brocht him back tae Scotland 3 month later an gart him back in the Varsity at Edinburgh. While in Edinburgh, Boswell keppit wi mony muckle literar figurs that are nou thocht o kenmarks o the [[Scots Enlightenment]] sic as [[William Robertson]], [[Henry Home]], [[Hugh Blair]], an [[Lord Hailes]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EncyBrit&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Chisholm |first1=Hugh |title=The Encyclopaedia Britannica : a dictionary of arts, sciences, literature and general information |date=1911 |publisher=New York : Encyclopaedia Britannica |page=296 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediabri04chisrich/page/296}}&lt;/ref&gt; ,In July 1762, Boswell wis examined in Scots Law and wan his degree frae Edinburgh. Acause o that, his faither lat him gae awa back tae Lunnon tae get wark. It wis on 16t May 1763 in a beukshop in Covent Gairden that Boswell wad first kep wi his lifelang friend [[Samuel Johnson]].&lt;ref name=&quot;EncyBrit&quot; /&gt; 

==Stravaigin about Europe==
In the simmer o 1763, Boswell's faither gart him awa tae [[Utrecht]] an mak forrit in his learin o Law. Boswell wisna taen wi the idea, but his faither gien him £240 a year for a pension.&lt;ref name= &quot;Lowry&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Lowry |first1=Walker |title=James Boswell, Scots Advocate and English Barrister, 1740-1795 |journal=Stanford Law Review |date=April 1950 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=471 |doi=10.2307/1225940}}&lt;/ref&gt; Boswell coudna thole the wecht o his studies at Utrecht an sae went aff stravaigin around the [[Netherlands]] an ither pairts o Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lowry&quot; /&gt;. Boswell left Utrecht in the hairst o 1764 an went tae kep wi sicna fowk as [[Voltaire]] an ithers.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Authority control}}

{{Stub/Scotland}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Boswell, James}}
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[[Category:Fowk frae East Ayrshire]]
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    <title>Manuel Olivencia</title>
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      <text bytes="1221" sha1="dlc6znqkp7hmr8fttzmmgjmwrozhuvr" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Manuel Olivencia.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Olivencia in September 2006]]
'''Manuel Olivencia Ruiz''' (25 Julie 1929 – 1 Januar 2018) wis a Spanish lawyer wi a career as a professor, economist, an diplomat. He workit at the [[University o Seville]] an organizit [[Seville Expo '92]]. He wis born in [[Ronda]], Spain. He won the [[Creu de Sant Jordi Award]] in 1990.

Olivencia diet o [[respiratory failure]] complicatit frae a fall in [[Seville]], Spain on 1 Januar 2018 at the age o 88.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cadenaser.com/emisora/2018/01/01/radio_sevilla/1514803775_889516.html|title=Fallece Manuel Olivencia a los 88 años|last=Carazo|first=Elena|date=1 January 2018|accessdate=1 January 2018|work=[[Cadena SER]]|language=es|archive-date=2018-01-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102073053/http://cadenaser.com/emisora/2018/01/01/radio_sevilla/1514803775_889516.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Olivencia Ruiz, Manuel}}
[[Category:1929 births]]
[[Category:2018 daiths]]
[[Category:Varsity o Seville faculty]]
[[Category:Varsity o Bologna alumni]]
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    <title>Bud Luckey</title>
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| name            = Bud Luckey
| image           = 
| caption         = 
| birth_name      = William Everett Luckey
| birth_date      = {{birth date|1934|7|28}}
| birth_place     = [[Billings, Montana]], U.S.
| death_date      = {{death date and age|2018|2|24|1934|7|28}}
| death_place     = [[Newtown, Connecticut]], U.S.
| resting_place   = 
| nationality     = [[Americans|American]]
| occupation      = Animator, cartoonist, singer, musician, designer, composer, artist, voice artist, comedian
| education       = [[Chouinard Art Institute]]
| alma_mater      = [[University of Southern California]]
| employer        = [[Pixar]]
| spouse          = 
| years_active    = 1957–2014
| children        = [[Andy Luckey]]
| awards          = '''[[Annie Award]]''' (2004)&lt;br /&gt;'''[[Clio Award]]''' (1966)
| module          = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
  | allegiance    = {{flag|United States}}
  | branch        = {{flag|United States Air Force|23px}}
  | unit          = [[United States Air Force]]
  | rank          = [[Sergeant#United States Air Force|Sergeant]]
  | serviceyears  = 1953–1957
  }}
}}
'''William Everett''' &quot;'''Bud'''&quot; '''Luckey''' (Julie 28 1934 – 24  Februar 2018) wis an American animator an actor. He wis best kent for his work at [[Pixar]], where he workit as a character designe on a number o films, includin ''[[Toy Story]]'', ''[[Boundin']]'', ''[[Toy Story 2]]'', ''[[A Bug's Life]]'', ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'', ''[[Finding Nemo]]'', ''[[Cars (film)|Cars]]'' and ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]''. Luckey wis also kent as the voice o [[Rick Dicker]] in ''[[The Incredibles]]''.

On Februar 24, 2018, Luckey deit in his home in [[Newtown, Connecticut]] o a [[stroke]] at the age o 83.&lt;ref name=&quot;HRO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bud-luckey-dead-oscar-nominated-animator-who-designed-woody-toy-story-was-83-1088229|title=Bud Luckey, Oscar-Nominated Animator Who Designed Woody for 'Toy Story,' Dies at 83|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=February 25, 2018|accessdate=February 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luckey, Bud}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
[[Category:2018 daiths]]
[[Category:Animators frae Montana]]
[[Category:American componers]]
[[Category:American male componers]]
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[[Category:American male vyce actors]]
[[Category:American muisickers]]
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[[Category:Pixar fowk]]
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| name            = Bud Luckey
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| death_place     = [[Newtown, Connecticut]], U.S.
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| nationality     = [[Americans|American]]
| occupation      = Animator, cartoonist, singer, musician, designer, composer, artist, voice artist, comedian
| education       = [[Chouinard Art Institute]]
| alma_mater      = [[University of Southern California]]
| employer        = [[Pixar]]
| spouse          = 
| years_active    = 1957–2014
| children        = [[Andy Luckey]]
| awards          = '''[[Annie Award]]''' (2004)&lt;br /&gt;'''[[Clio Award]]''' (1966)
| module          = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
  | allegiance    = {{flag|United States}}
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}}
'''William Everett''' &quot;'''Bud'''&quot; '''Luckey''' (Julie 28 1934 – 24  Februar 2018) wis an American animator an actor. He wis best kent fur his wirk at [[Pixar]], whaur he wirkit as a chairacter designer on a nummer o films, includin ''[[Toy Story]]'', ''[[Boundin']]'', ''[[Toy Story 2]]'', ''[[A Bug's Life]]'', ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'', ''[[Finding Nemo]]'', ''[[Cars (film)|Cars]]'' an ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]''. Luckey wis kent as the vyce o [[Rick Dicker]] in ''[[The Incredibles]]'' an aa.

On 24 Februar 2018, Luckey deit in his hame in [[Newtown, Connecticut]] o a [[stroke]] at the age o 83.&lt;ref name=&quot;HRO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bud-luckey-dead-oscar-nominated-animator-who-designed-woody-toy-story-was-83-1088229|title=Bud Luckey, Oscar-Nominated Animator Who Designed Woody for 'Toy Story,' Dies at 83|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=February 25, 2018|accessdate=February 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Luckey, Bud}}
[[Category:1934 births]]
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| image           = 
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| death_date      = {{death date and age|2018|2|24|1934|7|28}}
| death_place     = [[Newtown, Connecticut]], U.S.
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| nationality     = [[Americans|American]]
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| education       = [[Chouinard Airt Institute]]
| alma_mater      = [[Varsity o Soothren Californie]]
| employer        = [[Pixar]]
| spouse          = 
| years_active    = 1957–2014
| children        = [[Andy Luckey]]
| awards          = '''[[Annie Award]]''' (2004)&lt;br /&gt;'''[[Clio Award]]''' (1966)
| module          = {{Infobox military person|embed=yes
  | allegiance    = {{flag|United States}}
  | branch        = {{flag|United States Air Force|23px}}
  | unit          = [[Unitit States Air Force]]
  | rank          = [[Sergeant#United States Air Force|Sergeant]]
  | serviceyears  = 1953–1957
  }}
}}
'''William Everett''' &quot;'''Bud'''&quot; '''Luckey''' (Julie 28 1934 – 24  Februar 2018) wis an American animator an actor. He wis best kent fur his wirk at [[Pixar]], whaur he wirkit as a chairacter designer on a nummer o films, includin ''[[Toy Story]]'', ''[[Boundin']]'', ''[[Toy Story 2]]'', ''[[A Bug's Life]]'', ''[[Monsters, Inc.]]'', ''[[Finding Nemo]]'', ''[[Cars (film)|Cars]]'' an ''[[Ratatouille (film)|Ratatouille]]''. Luckey wis kent as the vyce o [[Rick Dicker]] in ''[[The Incredibles]]'' an aa.

On 24 Februar 2018, Luckey deit in his hame in [[Newtown, Connecticut]] o a [[stroke]] at the age o 83.&lt;ref name=&quot;HRO&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/bud-luckey-dead-oscar-nominated-animator-who-designed-woody-toy-story-was-83-1088229|title=Bud Luckey, Oscar-Nominated Animator Who Designed Woody for 'Toy Story,' Dies at 83|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=February 25, 2018|accessdate=February 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{authority control}}

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    <title>Canadae–Unitit States relations</title>
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      <text bytes="17779" sha1="p5uu225w58s5aw3g5k65pr7li4ihtpf" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Donald Trump and Justin Trudeau walking at West Wing Colonnade 02.jpg|thumb|right|290px|Canadian Prime Minister [[Justin Trudeau]] wi U.S. preses [[Donald Trump]] in the [[White House]], February 2017.]]
'''Canada–Unitit States relations''' refers tae the [[bilateral relations]] atween the bordering kintras o [[Canadae]] an the [[Unitit States]]. Relations atween Canadae an the Unitit States historically hae been extensive, gien a shared border an ever-increasing&lt;ref name=&quot;cbc.ca&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=James Cudmore |url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/canada-election-2015-military-integration-canada-us-1.3248594 |title=Canadian military explored plan to fully integrate forces with U.S. – Politics – CBC News |publisher=Cbc.ca |date= |accessdate=January 4, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thedailybell.com/news-analysis/george-w-bush-canada-mexico-and-us-should-merge/ |title=George W. Bush: 'Canada, Mexico and US Should Merge' |publisher=The Daily Bell |date= |accessdate=January 4, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; close cultural, economical ties and seemilarities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=July 7, 2011 – by Basil Waugh |url=http://news.ubc.ca/2011/07/07/canadians-and-americans-are-more-similar-than-assumed/ |title=Canadians and Americans are more similar than assumed |publisher=News.ubc.ca |date=July 7, 2011 |accessdate=January 4, 2017 |archive-date=2020-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901215309/https://news.ubc.ca/2011/07/07/canadians-and-americans-are-more-similar-than-assumed/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Francis |first=Diane |url=https://nypost.com/2013/10/26/u-s-eh-united-states-should-merge-with-canada-to-compete-with-china/ |title=US, Canada should merge into one country &amp;#124; New York Post |publisher=Nypost.com |date=October 26, 2013 |accessdate=January 4, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The shared historical and cultural heritage haes resultit in ane o the maist stable and mutually benefeecial internaitional relationships in the warld. For baith kintras, the level o trade with the ither is at the tap of the annual combined import-export total. Tourism and migration atween the twa naitions hae increased rapport, but border security wis hichtened efter the [[September 11 attacks|September 11 terrorist attacks]] on the Unitit States in 2001.&lt;ref&gt;Victor Konrad an Heather Nicol, ''Beyond Walls: Re-inventing the Canada-Unitit States Borderlands'' (2008) pp 49, 128&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. is approximately 9.25 times lairger in population and haes the dominant cultural and economic influence. Stiarting with the [[American Revolution]], when anti-American Loyalists fled tae Canadae, a vocal element in Canadae haes warned against US dominance or annexation. The [[War of 1812]] saw invasions across the border. In 1815, the war endit with the border unchynged and demeelitarized, as were the [[Rush–Bagot Treaty|Great Lakes]]. The Breetish ceased aiding First Naition attacks on American territory, an the Unitit States never again attemptit tae invade Canadae. Apairt frae minor raids, it haes remained peaceful.&lt;ref&gt;John Herd Thompson, ''Canadae an the Unitit States: ambivalent allies'' (2008).&lt;/ref&gt;

As Breetain decidit tae disengage, fears o an American takeover played a role in the [[Canadian Confederation|formation o the Dominion]] o Canadae (1867), an Canadae's [[Canadae-Unitit States Free Trade Agreement|rejection o free trade]] (1911). [[Ogdensburg Agreement|Militar collaboration wis close]] during [[World War II]] and [[Permanent Joint Board on Defense|continued]] throughout the [[Cauld War]], bilaterally through [[North American Aerospace Defence Command|NORAD]] an multilaterally through [[NATO]]. A very heich volume of trade and migration continues atween the twa naitions, as well as a heivy overlapping of popular and elite culture, a dynamic which haes generatit closer ties, especially efter the signing of the [[Canada–Unitit States Free Trade Agreement]] in 1988.

The twa naitions hae the warld's langest [[Canadae–Unitit States border|shared border]] ({{convert|8,891|km|mi|0}}),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The Canada-U.S. border: by the numbers|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/the-canada-u-s-border-by-the-numbers-1.999207|website=cbc.ca|publisher=CBC/Radio-Canada|accessdate=March 23, 2016|date=December 7, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com/long263.html|title=The world's longest border|accessdate=April 1, 2008|archive-date=2015-07-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150704012434/http://thelongestlistofthelongeststuffatthelongestdomainnameatlonglast.com/long263.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also have significant interoperability within the defense sphere.&lt;ref name=&quot;cbc.ca&quot;/&gt; Recent difficulties hae includit repeated trade disputes, environmental concerns, [[Keystone Pipeline|Canadian concern for the future of]] [[Petroleum|oil]] exports, and issues of illegal immigration and the threat of [[terrorism]]. Trade haes continued to expand, especially follaeing the 1988 FTA and [[North American Free Trade Agreement]] (NAFTA) in 1994 which haes further merged the twa economies.&lt;ref&gt;Hills, Carla A. &quot;NAFTA's Economic Upsides: The View from the United States.&quot; ''Foreign Affairs'' 93 (2014): 122.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Michael Wilson, &quot;NAFTA's Unfinished Business: The View from Canada.&quot; ''Foreign Affairs'' (2014) 93#1 pp: 128+.&lt;/ref&gt;
Co-operation on mony fronts, such as the ease of the flow of goods, services, and people across borders are tae be even more extended, as well as the establishment of jynt border inspection agencies, relocation of U.S. fuif inspectors agents tae Canadian plants and vice versa, greater sharing of intelligence, and harmonizing regulaitions on everything from fuid tae manufactured goods, thus further increasing the American-Canadian assemblage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ctvnews.ca/harper-obama-to-push-for-major-border-deal-1.603708 |title=Harper, Obama to begin security talks &amp;#124; CTV News |website=Ctvnews.ca |date=February 3, 2011 |accessdate=August 27, 2016 |archive-date=2019-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190215050503/https://www.ctvnews.ca/harper-obama-to-push-for-major-border-deal-1.603708 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The foreign policies of the neighbours hae been closely aligned syne the [[Cauld War]]. Canadae haes disagreed with American poleecies regarding the [[Vietnam War]], the [[Cuba–Unitit States relations|status of Cuba]], the [[Iraq War]], [[Naitional Missile Defence in Canada|Missile Defence]], and the [[War on Terror]]. A diplomatic debate haes been unnerway in recent years on whether the [[Northwast Passage]] is in [[internaitional watters]] or unner Canadian sovereignty.

Today there are close cultural ties, many similar and identical traits&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Canadians and Americans are more similar than assumed|url=http://news.ubc.ca/2011/07/07/canadians-and-americans-are-more-similar-than-assumed/|first=Basil|last=Waugh|date=July 7, 2011|website=News.ubc.ca|access-date=2019-08-09|archive-date=2020-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901215309/https://news.ubc.ca/2011/07/07/canadians-and-americans-are-more-similar-than-assumed/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/canadians-and-americans-think-a-lot-alike/|title=Canadians and Americans Think a Lot Alike|first=Steve|last=Maich|website=Thecanadianencyclopedia.ca}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=United North America|url=http://www.unitednorthamerica.org/simdiff.htm|website=Unitednorthamerica.org|access-date=July 18, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725094714/http://www.unitednorthamerica.org/simdiff.htm|archive-date=July 25, 2016|dead-url=yes}} {{Cite web |url=http://www.unitednorthamerica.org/simdiff.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-08-09 |archive-date=2016-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725094714/http://www.unitednorthamerica.org/simdiff.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pewglobal.org/2004/01/14/americans-and-canadians/|title=Americans and Canadians|date=January 14, 2004|website=Pewglobal.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; and according to [[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]'s annual public opinion polls, Canada has consistently been Americans' favorite nation, with 96% of Americans viewing Canada favorably in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/126116/Canada-Places-First-Image-Contest-Iran-Last.aspx |title=In U.S., Canada Places First in Image Contest; Iran Last |publisher=Gallup.com |date=February 19, 2010 |accessdate=February 26, 2011}} published in 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gallup.com/poll/152735/americans-give-record-high-ratings-several-allies.aspx Americans Give Record-High Ratings to Several U.S. Allies] ''[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]]''&lt;/ref&gt; As of spring 2013, 64% of Canadians haed a favorable view of the U.S. and 81% expressit confidence in then-US President Obama tae do the richt thing in internaitional matters. According tae the same poll, 30% viewed the U.S. negatively.&lt;ref&gt;See Jacob Poushter and Bruce Drake, [http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/02/19/americans-views-of-mexico-canada-diverge-as-obama-attends-three-amigos-summit/ &quot;Americans’ views of Mexico, Canada diverge as Obama attends ‘Three Amigos’ summit&quot;] ''Pew research Center'' February 19, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Also, according to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 86% of Americans view Canadae's influence positively, with only 5% expressing a negative view. Houaniver, according tae the same poll, 43% of Canadians view U.S. influence positively, with 52% expressing a negative view.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf |title=Negative views of Russia on the Rise: Global Poll |website=Downloads.bbc.co.uk |accessdate=August 27, 2016 |archive-date=2018-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002222058/http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, according to Spring 2017 Global Attitudes Survey, 43% of Canadians view U.S. positively, while 51% hold a negative view.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/06/27162930/PG_2017.06.26_US-Image-Report_Full-Report.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721075551/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/06/27162930/PG_2017.06.26_US-Image-Report_Full-Report.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=July 21, 2017|title=US Image Report|last=|first=|date=June 26, 2017|website=|access-date=}} {{Cite web |url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/06/27162930/PG_2017.06.26_US-Image-Report_Full-Report.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-08-09 |archive-date=2017-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170721075551/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/06/27162930/PG_2017.06.26_US-Image-Report_Full-Report.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Mair recently, houaniver, a poll in January 2018 showed Canadians' approval of U.S. leadership droppit by ower 40 percentage pynts unner Preses [[Donald Trump]], in line with the view of residents of mony ither U.S. allied and neutral kintras.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/225761/world-approval-leadership-drops-new-low.aspx |title=World's Approval of U.S. Leadership Drops to New Low |publisher=[[Gallup (company)|Gallup]] |date=January 18, 2018 |accessdate=August 18, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Country comparison==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!
! '''[[Unitit States]]'''
! '''[[Canadae]]'''
|-
| '''Banner'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | [[file:Flag of the United States.svg|130px]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | [[file:Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg|130px]]
|-
| '''Coat o Airms'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | [[File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg|110px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Great Seal o the Unitit States]]
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | [[File:Royal Coat of Arms of Canada.svg|110px]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Airms o Canadae]]
|-
| '''Populations'''
| 325,090,579 (March 2017) (3rd)&lt;ref name = Uscensus &gt;
{{cite web| url = https://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html| title = U.S. &amp; World Population Clocks| publisher = [[Unitit States Census Bureau|Us Census Bureau]] |date = May 2012| accessdate =October 17, 2012
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 35,151,728 (2016 census) (38th)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/daily-quotidien/170208/dq170208a-eng.htm?HPA=1 The Daily&amp;nbsp;—&amp;nbsp;Population size and growth in Canada: Key results from the 2016 Census]&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Aurie'''
| 9,833,634&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (3,796,787 sq mi)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/United-States|title=United States|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=March 23, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 9,984,670&amp;nbsp;km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (3,855,103 sq mi)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Canada|title=Canada|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|accessdate=March 23, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''Population density'''
| 35/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (87.4/sq mi)
| 3.41/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; (8.3/sq mi)
|-
| '''[[Leet o time zones bi kintra|Time zones]]'''
| 9
| 6
|-
| '''Capital'''
| [[Washington, D.C.]]
| [[Ottawa]]
|-
| '''Major Ceeties'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=American FactFinder – Results|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk|publisher=United States Census Bureau|access-date=2019-08-09|archive-date=2018-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180714212254/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Population and Dwelling Count Highlight Tables, 2011 Census|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2011/dp-pd/hlt-fst/pd-pl/Table-Tableau.cfm?LANG=Eng&amp;T=301&amp;S=3&amp;O=D|publisher=Statistics Canada}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[New York City]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Los Angeles]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Chicago]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Houston]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Philadelphia]]&lt;br /&gt;[[San Francisco]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Miami]]
| [[Toronto]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Montreal]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Calgary]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Vancouver]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Edmonton]]
|-
| '''Govrenment'''
| [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]]&lt;br /&gt;constitutional republic
| [[Federalism|Federal]] [[pairlamentar democracy|parliamentar democratic]]&lt;br /&gt;[[constitutional monarchy]]
|-
| '''First leader'''
| [[George Washington]]
| [[Sir John A. Macdonald]]
|-
| '''Current leader(s)'''
| [[Preses o the Unitit States|President]] [[Donald Trump]]
|
* [[Monarchy o Canadae|Queen]] [[Elizabeth II]] (heid o state)&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Representit bi [[Govrenor General o Canadae|Governor General]] [[Julie Payette]]&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Prime Meenister o Canadae|Prime Meenister]] [[Justin Trudeau]] (heid o govrenment)
|-
| '''Rulin political pairty'''
| [[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|Republican Pairty]]
| [[Leeberal Party o Canadae|Leeberal Party]]
|-
| '''Offeecial leids'''
| Nane at federal level, but [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] ''de facto''
| [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] and [[French leid|French]]
|-
| '''Main releegions'''
| 70.6% Christianity, 22.8% non-Religious, 1.9% Judaism, 0.9% Islam, 0.7% Buddhism, 0.7% Hinduism&lt;ref name=&quot;PewResearch&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=America's Changing Religious Landscape|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/|website=Pew Research Center|publisher=Pew Research Center|access-date=September 4, 2016|date=May 12, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 67.3% [[Christianity]], 23.9% Unaffiliatit, 3.2% [[Islam]], 1.5% [[Hinduism]], 1.4% [[Sikhism]], 1.1% [[Buddhism]], 1.0% [[Judaism]]
|-
| '''[[Human Development Index]] (2015)'''
| 0.920 (&lt;span style=&quot;color:#006000;&quot;&gt;verra heich&lt;/span&gt;)
| 0.920 (&lt;span style=&quot;color:#006000;&quot;&gt;verra heich&lt;/span&gt;)
|-
| '''[[GDP (nominal)]] (2014)'''&lt;ref name = IMF &gt;
{{cite web|title=GDP 2014| url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2001&amp;sg=All+countries}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Unitit States dollar|$]]17.416 trillion ($54,390 [[per capita]])
| [[Unitit States dollar|$]]1.793 trillion ($50,577 [[per capita]])
|-
| '''[[Gross domestic product|GDP (PPP)]] (2014)'''&lt;ref name=IMF /&gt;
| [[Unitit States dollar|$]]17.416 trillion ($54,390 [[per capita]])
| [[Unitit States dollar|$]]1.578 trillion ($44,519 [[per capita]])
|-
| '''[[Leet o kintras bi militar expenditures|Militar expenditures]] (2015)'''
| [[Unitit States dollar|$]]596 billion (3.3% of GDP)
| [[Unitit States dollar|$]]15 billion (1.0% of GDP)
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Freemit airtins==
* [https://history.state.gov/countries/canada History of Canadae – U.S. relations]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130714135714/http://can-am.gc.ca/washington/index.aspx Canadian Embassy in Washington, D.C.]
* [https://ca.usembassy.gov/ U.S. Embassy &amp; Consulates in Canadae]
* [http://www.canadianassociationny.org/ Canadian Association of New York] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200207113239/http://www.canadianassociationny.org/ |date=2020-02-07 }}
* [http://thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/canada-and-the-united-states/ Canadae and the Unitit States, b Stephen Azzi and J.L. Granatstein] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170813115958/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/canada-and-the-united-states/ |date=2017-08-13 }}
* [http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/canadian-american-relations/ Canadian-American Relations, by John English] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809181532/http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/en/article/canadian-american-relations/ |date=2017-08-09 }}

[[Category:1927 in internaitional relations]]
[[Category:Canada–Unitit States relations| ]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations o Canadae|Unitit States]]
[[Category:Bilateral relations o the Unitit States]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mexican Drog War</title>
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{{Infobox military conflict
| conflict    = Mexican Drog War
| partof      = the [[War on Drogs]]
| image       = 
| image_size  = 300px
| caption     = Mexican Drog War
| date        = {{Start date|df=yes|2006|12|11}} – &lt;!-- Dinnae chynge the end date athout discussin at the talkpage --&gt; ongaun &lt;br/&gt;({{Age in months, weeks and days | year1= 2006 | month1 = 12| day1= 11}})
| place       = Throughout [[Mexico]], with occasional spillover across internaitional borders intae [[Texas]], [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], and [[California]],&lt;ref name=&quot;businessinsider.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;QwP8a&quot; /&gt; and intae the neighbouring kintras of [[El Salvador]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Belize]] and [[Guatemala]] an aw&lt;ref name=&quot;q2pTF&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oVZ66&quot; /&gt;
| status      = [[List o ongoing military conflicts|Ongoing]]
| combatant1  = '''{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Federal govrenment o Mexico|Mexico]]'''
*[[Mexican Airmed Forces|Airmed Forces]]
*[[Federal Police (Mexico)|Federal Police]]
*[[Centro de Investigación y Seguridad Nacional (México)|CISEN]]
*[[Law enforcement in Mexico|State an municeepal police forces]]
*[[Grupos de Autodefensa Comunitaria|Self-defense groups]]&lt;ref name=&quot;mexico.cnn.com&quot; /&gt;

'''Consulting and training support bi:'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!-- The United States and Colombia are not considered combatants because they have not deployed combat forces to Mexico. Colombia provides consulting and USA provides training and helicopters through the Merida Initiative--&gt;
{{flagicon|Unitit States}} '''[[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|Unitit States]]''' through the [[Merida Initiative]]
{{flagicon|Colombie}} '''[[Govrenment o Colombie|Colombie]]''' through the [[Naitional Polis o Colombie]]
| combatant2  = '''[[Drog cairtel#Mexico|Cairtels]]:''' 
*[[Sinaloa Cairtel]]&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated6&quot; /&gt;
* [[Gulf Cairtel]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt;
* [[Knights Templar Cairtel]] &lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt;
*[[La Familia Michoacana]] (2007–2011)&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt;
| combatant3  = '''Cairtels:'''
*[[Los Zetas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt;
*[[Juárez Cairtel]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt;
*[[Milenio Cairtel]] (2006–2012)&lt;ref name=&quot;Lm3zb&quot; /&gt;
*[[Beltrán-Leyva Cairtel]] (2008–2017)&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt;
*[[Independent Cairtel o Acapulco]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot; /&gt; (2010–2014)
'''Supportit bi:'''&lt;br /&gt; 
*[[MS-13]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceG&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oVI5D&quot; /&gt;
| combatant4  = '''Cairtels:'''
*[[Jalisco New Generation Cairtel]]
*[[Tijuana Cairtel]]
'''Supportit by:'''&lt;br /&gt; 
*[[Logan Hichts Gang]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceYY&quot; &gt;[[Tijuana Cairtel|Tijuana Cairtel Allies an Enemies]]&lt;/ref&gt;{{Circular reference|date=June 2019}}
| commander1  = {{flagicon|Mexico|size=23px}} '''[[Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador]]''' (2018–present)&lt;br /&gt; [[Enrique Peña Nieto]] (2012–18) &lt;br /&gt; [[Felipe Calderón]] (2006–12) &lt;br /&gt; [[Guillermo Galván Galván]] (2006–12) &lt;br /&gt; [[Salvador Cienfuegos Zepeda]] (2012–18) &lt;br /&gt; [[Mariano Francisco Saynez Mendoza]] (2006–12) &lt;br /&gt; [[Vidal Francisco Soberón Sanz]] (2012–18) &lt;br /&gt; '''[[José Rafael Ojeda Durán]]''' (2018–present)
| commander2  = '''Cairtels:''' &lt;br/&gt;[[Ismael Zambada García]] (Fugitive)&lt;br /&gt;[[Joaquín Guzmán Loera]] (Arrestit)&lt;ref name=&quot;KHXYc&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Juan José Esparragoza Moreno]] (Fugitive)&lt;br/&gt;[[Rafael Caro Quintero]] (Fugitive)&lt;br/&gt;[[Gonzalo Inzunza Inzunza]] {{KIA}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Homero Cárdenas Guillén]] (possibly deid)&lt;br /&gt;[[Ignacio Coronel Villarreal]]{{KIA}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Antonio Cárdenas Guillén]]{{KIA}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez]] (Arrestit)&lt;br /&gt;[[Nazario Moreno González]]{{KIA}}
| commander3  = '''Cairtels:''' &lt;br/&gt; [[Omar Treviño Morales]] (Arrestit)&lt;br /&gt;[[Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano]] {{KIA}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Miguel Treviño Morales]] (Arrestit)&lt;br /&gt;[[Arturo Beltrán Leyva]] {{KIA}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Héctor Beltrán Leyva]] (Arrested)&lt;br /&gt;[[Vicente Carrillo Fuentes]] (Arrestit)
| commander4  = '''Cairtels:''' [[Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes]] (Fugitive)&lt;br /&gt;[[Érick Valencia Salazar]] (Fugitive)&lt;br /&gt;[[Martín Arzola Ortega]] (Arrestit)&lt;br/&gt;[[Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano]] (Arrestit)
| strength1   = '''{{flag|Mexico}}'''
* 260,000 soldiers&lt;ref name=&quot;LA&quot; /&gt;
* 35,000 Federal Police&lt;ref name=&quot;Romo&quot; /&gt;
| strength2   = '''Cairtels:''' &lt;br/&gt; 100,000+ individuals&lt;ref name=&quot;kPa0i&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aw0kh&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JcAk7&quot; /&gt;
| casualties1 = '''Mexico:''' 
395 servicemen killt and 137 missing,&lt;ref name=&quot;El Universal&quot; /&gt; 4,020 Federal, State, an Municeepal Polis killed&lt;ref name=&quot;Police Reform&quot; /&gt;
| casualties2 = '''Cairtels:''' &lt;br/&gt; 12,456 cairtel members killed&lt;ref name=&quot;VSED7&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;121,199 cairtel members detained&lt;ref name=&quot;informe 2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 8,500 cairtel members convictit&lt;ref name=&quot;2vI58&quot; /&gt;
| notes       = '''Total casualties:'''&lt;!--Before updating the numbers, make sure the reference actually counts Mexican Drug War casualties, and not the general homicide rate in Mexico.--&gt;&lt;br&gt;115,000 daiths frae organised crime homicides 2007 – 2018&lt;ref name=&quot;justicemexico-data&quot;/&gt;
}}

The '''Mexican Drog War''' (kent as the '''Mexican War on Drogs''' an aw; {{Lang-es|guerra contra el narcotráfico en México}})&lt;ref name=&quot;8GDrc&quot; /&gt; is an [[List o ongoing armed conflicts|ongoing]] [[Asymmetric warfare|asymmetric]]&lt;ref name=&quot;RPJZI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JgtBN&quot; /&gt; [[Low intensity conflict|low-intensity conflict]] atween the [[Federal govrenment o Mexico|Mexican govrenment]] and various [[Drug cartel#Mexico|drug trafficking syndicates]]. In 2006, whan the Mexican militar began intervenin, the govrenment's principal goal was tae reduce drug-related violence.&lt;ref name=&quot;z07ip&quot; /&gt; The Mexican govrenment haes assertit that their primary focus is on dismantlin the pouerfu drog cairtels, raither than on preventin [[Illegal drog trade in Laitin America|drug trafficking]] an demand, whilk is left tae U.S. functionaries.&lt;ref name=&quot;5yxkI&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;6s0Eh&quot; /&gt;

Awtho Mexican drog trafficking organisations hae existit for seiveral decade, thair influence increased&lt;ref name=&quot;5cBhN&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HNU9G&quot; /&gt; efter the demise of the [[Colombie]] [[Cali Cairtel|Cali]] and [[Medellín Cairtel|Medellín]] cartels in the 1990s. Mexican drug cartels nou dominates the wholesale [[illicit drog market]] an in 2007 controlliy 90% of the [[cocaine]] enterin the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;CollenCook7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Vulliamy 2010&quot; /&gt; Arrests of key cairtel leaders, particularly in the [[Tijuana Cairtel|Tijuana]] an [[Gulf Cairtel|Gulf]] cairtels, hae led tae increasing drog violence as cairtels fight for control of the trafficking routes intae the Unitit States.&lt;ref name=&quot;progress&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;L2QWa&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;HzeyQ&quot; /&gt;

Federal law enforcement haes been reorganised at least five times syne 1982 in various attempts tae control corruption and reduce cartel violence. Durin that same period, thare haes been at least fower elite [[special forces]] creatit as new corruption-free sodgers wha coud dae battle wi Mexico's endemic bribery seestem.&lt;ref name=&quot;sPnCp&quot; /&gt; Analysts estimate that [[wholesale]] earnins frae illicit drog sales range fraw $13.6 tae $49.4 billion annually.&lt;ref name=&quot;CollenCook7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;uH1cd&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spread&quot; /&gt;
The U.S. Congress passed legislation in late Juin 2008 tae provide Mexico with US$1.6 billion for the [[Mérida Initiative]] as well as technical advice tae strengthen the naitional juistice seestems. By the end of [[Felipe Calderón]]'s admeenistration (December 1, 2006 – November 30, 2012), the offeecial daith toll o the Mexican Drog War wis at least 60,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;washingtonpost.com&quot; /&gt; Estimates set the daith toll abuin 120,000 killt by 2013, nae including 27,000 missing.&lt;ref name=&quot;JTx4M&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;F575R&quot; /&gt; Syne takkin office, [[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]] declarit that the war wis ower; housomeiver, his comment wis met with criticism as homicide rates conteenad in heich nummers.

==References==
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&lt;ref name=&quot;Raid&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Mexico police raid 'La Familia drug cartel', killing 11 |date=28 May 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13586444 |work=BBC News |accessdate=2011-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Tunics&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Miguel García |last=Tinoco |title=Criminales del Medievo; hallan túnicas de Caballeros Templarios |date=20 July 2011 |url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/index.php?m=nota&amp;id_nota=754520&amp;photo=12 |work=El Universal |accessdate=2011-07-20 |language=Spanish |archive-date=2012-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319022707/http://www.excelsior.com.mx/index.php?m=nota&amp;id_nota=754520&amp;photo=12 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;DOS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/p/inl/narc/rewards/133311.htm |title=Narcotics Rewards Program: Hector Beltran-Leyva |accessdate=2011-08-12 |year=2009 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528131752/http://www.state.gov/p/inl/narc/rewards/133311.htm |archivedate=May 28, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Arms Trafficking&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Barnard |last=Thompson |title=An Inside Look at Mexican Guns and Arms Trafficking |date=2010-05-21 |url=http://mexidata.info/id2684.html |work=Mexidata.info |accessdate=2010-12-11 |quote=The inhabitants of the United Mexican States have the right to have arms in their domicile for their protection and legitimate defense |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125114503/http://mexidata.info/id2684.html |archivedate=November 25, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-06/justice/mexico.u.s..citizen.detained_1_mexican-attorney-grenade-mexican-federal-police |title=American citizen in Mexican custody on arms-trafficking |publisher=CNN |date=2011-09-06 |accessdate=2011-09-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120701122948/http://articles.cnn.com/2011-09-06/justice/mexico.u.s..citizen.detained_1_mexican-attorney-grenade-mexican-federal-police |archivedate=2012-07-01 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Borderland Beat&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2011/09/american-citizen-in-mexican-custody-on.html|title=American citizen in Mexican custody |work=[[Borderland Beat]] |date=2011-09-06 |accessdate=2011-09-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;heavy weapons&quot;&gt;[http://www.laht.com/article.asp?CategoryId=14091&amp;ArticleId=390473 &quot;Mexican Cartels Get Heavy Weapons from Central America, U.S. Cables Say&quot;], ''Latin American Herald Tribune'', ''La Jornada'', and Wikileaks.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mexico-grenades-idUSTRE78579420110906|title=U.S. man nabbed for smuggling grenade parts to Mexico cartel|author=Reuters Editorial|date=6 September 2011|work=Reuters|accessdate=23 April 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2010/09/state-police-arsenal-raided-in.html |title=State Police Arsenal Raided in Chihuahua City |work=[[Borderland Beat]] |date=2010-09-28 |accessdate=2011-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;gao.gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d09709.pdf |title=Appendix III: Comments from the Department of Homeland Security |date=June 2009 |work=Report to Congressional Requesters: Firearms Trafficking: U.S. Efforts to Combat Arms Trafficking to Mexico Face Planning and Coordination Challenges |publisher=United States Government Accountability Office |page=77 |id=GAO-09-709 |accessdate=10 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;StratFor&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Scott |last=Stewart |title=Mexico's Gun Supply and the 90 Percent Myth |date=February 10, 2011 |url=http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20110209-mexicos-gun-supply-and-90-percent-myth |publisher=Stratfor Global Intelligence |accessdate=2011-02-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;OIG page 1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=U.S. Office of the Inspector General (OIG) – Evaluation and Inspections Division |title=Review by the Office Inspector General (OIG) of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives' (ATF) implementation of Project Gunrunner |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice |place=United States of America |page=1 |date=November 2010 |url=http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/ATF/e1101.pdf |access-date=2019-08-16 |archive-date=2015-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150321211244/http://www.justice.gov/oig/reports/ATF/e1101.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Gunrunner&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Project Gunrunner |date=2011-02-17 |publisher=BATFE |url=http://www.atf.gov/firearms/programs/project-gunrunner/ |accessdate=2011-02-26 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220033714/http://www.atf.gov/firearms/programs/project-gunrunner/ |archivedate=February 20, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;CBS News&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first = Attkisson | last = Sharyl | title = Gunrunning scandal uncovered at the ATF | date = 23 February 2011 | publisher = CBS News | url = http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/02/23/eveningnews/main20035609.shtml?tag=channelMore;pop | work = CBS News | accessdate = 25 February 2011 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ATF Weapons&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Lori |last=Gliha |title=Weapons linked to controversial ATF strategy found in Valley crimes |date=2011-07-01 |publisher=KNXV-TV, ABC15.com |url=http://www.abc15.com/dpp/news/local_news/investigations/weapons-linked-to-controversial-atf-strategy-found-in-valley-crimes |accessdate=2011-07-01 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110703035905/http://www.abc15.com/dpp/news/local_news/investigations/weapons-linked-to-controversial-atf-strategy-found-in-valley-crimes |archivedate=2011-07-03 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Fast and Furious Map&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Fast and Furious Investigation |year=2011 |publisher=U.S. Department of Justice |url=http://www.justice.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2011/Fast_Furious_Map_ATF.pdf |work=BATFE |accessdate=2011-02-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110220180218/http://www.justice.gov/usao/az/press_releases/2011/Fast_Furious_Map_ATF.pdf |archivedate=February 20, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;CBS News1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Attkisson |first=Sharyl |title=Gunrunning scandal uncovered at the ATF |date=2011-02-23 |publisher=CBS News |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/02/23/eveningnews/main20035609.shtml?tag=channelMore;pop |accessdate=2011-02-25 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;CBS 2008&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Sharyl |last=Attkisson |title=Documents point to ATF &quot;gun running&quot; since 2008 |date=2011-03-08 |publisher=CBS News |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2011/03/08/eveningnews/main20040803.shtml?tag=contentMain;contentAux |accessdate=2011-03-09 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;war&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Ioan |last=Grillo |title=Mexico cracks down on violence |date=December 11, 2006 |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/national/295578_mexico12.html |work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|agency=Associated Press |accessdate=November 29, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Aponte&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2008/04/mexican-general.html |title=Mexican general makes explosive accusations |work=Los Angeles Times |date=April 23, 2008 |accessdate=May 12, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC News – Americas – March-12-09&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7941043.stm |title=US plans to combat Mexico drugs |work=BBC News |date=2009-03-13 |accessdate=2011-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;rightside&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Webster |title=Mexican Drug Cartels Forming Alliances with American Street Gangs |date=June 15, 2008|url=http://www.rightsidenews.com/200806161201/homeland-security/mexican-drug-cartels-forming-alliances-with-american-street-gangs.html |work=The Right Side News |accessdate=2010-03-15 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080731101537/http://www.rightsidenews.com/200806161201/homeland-security/mexican-drug-cartels-forming-alliances-with-american-street-gangs.html |archivedate=July 31, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;stratfor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20101215-mexico-and-cartel-wars-2010?elq=b1b5d866b6a74b31a7b5ad7de5742eaf |title=Mexico and the Cartel Wars in 2010 |publisher=Stratfor |accessdate=2011-03-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012041017/https://www.stratfor.com/weekly/20101215-mexico-and-cartel-wars-2010?elq=b1b5d866b6a74b31a7b5ad7de5742eaf |archivedate=2017-10-12 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;aljaz&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Mexico says Zetas cartel boss killed |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2012/10/201210942716300668.html |accessdate=10 October 2012 |newspaper=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=9 October 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009133340/http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2012/10/201210942716300668.html |archivedate=9 October 2012 |deadurl=no |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;reutersmost&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Gaynor |first=Tim |title=Mexico says kills top Zetas drug lord but body snatched |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/09/us-mexico-drugs-idUSBRE8980ZD20121009 |accessdate=9 October 2012 |newspaper=[[Reuters]] |date=9 October 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010060756/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/10/09/us-mexico-drugs-idUSBRE8980ZD20121009 |archivedate=10 October 2012 |deadurl=no |location=Mexico City |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;longmire12&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Longmire |first=Sylvia |title=Mexican Navy Believes It Killed Ruthless Gang Kingpin |url=http://borderviolenceanalysis.typepad.com/mexicos_drug_war/2012/10/mexican-navy-believes-it-killed-ruthless-gang-kingpin.html |accessdate=9 October 2012 |newspaper=Mexico's drug war |date=9 October 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013011143/http://borderviolenceanalysis.typepad.com/mexicos_drug_war/2012/10/mexican-navy-believes-it-killed-ruthless-gang-kingpin.html |archivedate=13 October 2012 |deadurl=no |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;justicemexico-report&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://justiceinmexico.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/2017_DrugViolenceinMexico.pdf|title=Drug Violence in Mexico – Data and Analysis Through 2016|author=Kimberly Heinle, Octavio Rodríguez Ferreira, and David A. Shirk}} Department of Political Science &amp; International Relations. University of San Diego. March 2017&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;justicemexico-data&quot;&gt;*80,000 during 2007–2016: {{cite web|url=https://justiceinmexico.org/data/|title=Organized Crime-related Homicides 2007–2016 (by Milenio)|website=justiceinmexico.org}}
*12,500 during 2017 and 22,500 during 2018 (by Milenio): {{cite web|url=https://justiceinmexico.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/Organized-Crime-and-Violence-in-Mexico-2019.pdf|title=Organized Crime and Violence in Mexico, Analysis Through 2018|website=Justice in Mexico, Department of Political Science &amp; International Relations, University of San Diego|author=Laura Y. Calderón, Kimberly Heinle, Octavio Rodríguez Ferreira, and David A. Shirk}} April 2019&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;5 myths&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Andrew |last=Selee |author2=David Shirk |author3=Eric Olson |title=Five myths about Mexico's drug war |date=March 28, 2010 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/03/26/AR2010032602226.html |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=2010-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Zamora Jimenez2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Zamora Jimenez|first1=Arturo|year=2003 |title=Criminal justice and the law in Mexico |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_crime-law-and-social-change_2003-07_40_1/page/33|journal=Crime, Law and Social Change|volume=40|issue=1|pages=33–36|issn=0925-4994|doi=10.1023/A:1024981601093}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;velasco1&quot;&gt;[http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2011/06/20/journalist-2-family-members-murdered-in-mexico/ Journalist, 2 family members murdered in Mexico] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120616055217/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2011/06/20/journalist-2-family-members-murdered-in-mexico/ |date=2012-06-16}}, EFE from foxnews.com&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Tuckman&quot;&gt;Tuckman, Jo. &quot;[http://archives.dawn.com/archives/5765 Mexico’s drug war — told in tweets and whispers].&quot; ''[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]''. Tuesday September 28, 2010. Retrieved on February 15, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tuckman1&quot;&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/may/04/mexico-journalists-killed-drug-cartels Mexico journalists tortured and killed by drug cartels], Jo Tuckman, ''The Guardian'', Friday 4 May 2012&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;zablu1&quot;&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2012/05/04/world/americas/mexico-photographers-found-dead-in-veracruz-state.html Three Photographers Found Dead in Mexico] May 3, 2011 by Karla Zabludovsky, ''New York Times''&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;mayorstarget&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Beaubien|first=Jason|title=Mayors Are New Targets In Mexico's Deadly Drug War |url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=130491241|accessdate=16 June 2012|publisher=[[NPR]]|date=11 October 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;local&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Ramsey |first=Geoffrey |title=3rd Mexican Mayor Killed in 2 Weeks as Cartels Increasingly Target Politicians |url=http://www.insightcrime.org/component/k2/item/432-third-mexican-mayor-killed-in-two-weeks-as-cartels-increasingly-target-politicians |accessdate=16 June 2012 |newspaper=InSight Crime |date=14 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110118075429/http://insightcrime.org/component/k2/item/432-third-mexican-mayor-killed-in-two-weeks-as-cartels-increasingly-target-politicians |archivedate=January 18, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;pressly&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/b0132p7v/Crossing_Continents_Murder_migration_and_Mexico/ Crossing Continents: Murder, migration and Mexico], Linda Pressly BBC, August 2011&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;rieff&quot;&gt;[[David Rieff]], [https://newrepublic.com/article/world/magazine/85337/mexico-calderon-clinton-obama-drug-cartels &quot;The Struggle for Mexico&quot;], ''[[The New Republic]]'', 17 March 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;SVHerald_NothingNew&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.svherald.com/content/news/2010/05/04/dever-says-nothing-new-investigation |archive-url=https://archive.today/20110716171247/http://www.svherald.com/content/news/2010/05/04/dever-says-nothing-new-investigation |dead-url=yes |archive-date=July 16, 2011 |title=Dever says nothing new in investigation |publisher=Sierra Vista Herald |author=Derek Jordan |date=May 4, 2010 |accessdate=May 4, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Narcosphere.narconews.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://narcosphere.narconews.com/notebook/bill-conroy/2011/09/court-pleadings-point-cia-role-alleged-cartel-immunity-deal |title=Court Pleadings Point to CIA Role in Alleged &quot;Cartel&quot; Immunity Deal &amp;#124; the narcosphere |publisher=Narcosphere.narconews.com |accessdate=2012-07-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620133326/http://narcosphere.narconews.com/notebook/bill-conroy/2011/09/court-pleadings-point-cia-role-alleged-cartel-immunity-deal |archive-date=2012-06-20 |dead-url=yes |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Name *&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://publicintelligence.net/top-drug-trafficker-claims-u-s-government-made-agreement-to-protect-sinaloa-cartel/ |title=Top Drug Trafficker Claims U.S. Government Made Agreement to Protect Sinaloa Cartel |publisher=Public Intelligence |date=2011-08-01 |accessdate=2012-07-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707211845/https://publicintelligence.net/top-drug-trafficker-claims-u-s-government-made-agreement-to-protect-sinaloa-cartel/ |archivedate=2012-07-07 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Booth&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=William |last=Booth |title=Mexico targets money laundering with plan to limit cash transactions |date=August 26, 2010 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/26/AR2010082605355.html |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=2010-10-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;fine&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=UPDATE 6-Senators doubtful as HSBC touts money-laundering fixes |date=17 July 2012 |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/07/18/hsbc-compliance-senate-idINL2E8IH35Y20120718 |work=Reuters |accessdate=2012-07-18 |archive-date=2012-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121207092604/http://in.reuters.com/article/2012/07/18/hsbc-compliance-senate-idINL2E8IH35Y20120718 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;QwP8a&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/mexican-cartel-guide-2015-12|title=Here are the powerful Mexican drug cartels that operate in the U.S.|website=Businessinsider.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;q2pTF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/06/01/136829224/el-salvador-fears-ties-between-cartels-street-gangs|title=El Salvador Fears Ties Between Cartels, Gangs|website=Npr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;oVZ66&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/americas/mexican-drug-cartels-reach-into-tiny-belize/2011/09/28/gIQA4lxzbL_story.html|title=Mexican drug cartels reach into tiny Belize|newspaper=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Lm3zb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.informador.com.mx/mexico/2012/360388/6/el-narco-en-mexico-recurre-a-violencia-sin-precedentes-onu.htm|title=El narco en México recurre a violencia sin precedentes: ONU|work=EL INFORMADOR|accessdate=23 April 2016|archive-date=2020-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218181825/http://www.informador.com.mx/mexico/2012/360388/6/el-narco-en-mexico-recurre-a-violencia-sin-precedentes-onu.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;oVI5D&quot;&gt;[http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=303646 Proceso Magazine (in spanish)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118175340/http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=303646 |date=2016-01-18 }} («‘Los Zetas’ reclutan y entrenan a pandilleros de la Mara Salvatrucha»)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;KHXYc&quot;&gt;{{Cite newspaper|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-35266952|title='El Chapo' recaptured after jail break|journal=BBC News|accessdate=23 April 2016|date=2016-01-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;kPa0i&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Washington |first=The |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/mar/03/100000-foot-soldiers-in-cartels/ |title=EXCLUSIVE: 100,000 foot soldiers in Mexican cartels |work=The Washington Times |date=2009-03-03 |accessdate=2013-06-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;aw0kh&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/93311 |title=Mexico Federal Troops and police rush into Juarez to try and retake the city |publisher=Americanchronicle.com |accessdate=2013-06-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120527050834/www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/93311 |archivedate=2012-05-27 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;VSED7&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=México cuenta más muertos por la &quot;violencia extrema&quot; |publisher=BBC Mundo |date=January 12, 2011 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2011/01/110112_mexico_muertos_narco_balance_2010_irm.shtml |accessdate=2014-01-01 |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;2vI58&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=José Luis |last=Ruiz |title=Guerra al narco asfixia penales |date=10 January 2011 |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/736097.html |work=El Universal |accessdate=2011-01-10 |language=Spanish |archive-date=2014-01-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102201204/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/736097.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;8GDrc&quot;&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/01/mexico-drugs-anabel-hernandez-narcoland 'Mexico's war on drugs is one big lie'] | ''The Observer''&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;RPJZI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/us-special-forces-trained-mexican-troops-in-colorado|title=U.S. Special Forces Trained Mexican Troops in Colorado|author=Geoffrey Ramsey|work=insightcrime.org|access-date=25 June 2015|date=2011-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;JgtBN&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/5/1/2/4/2/p512428_index.html|title=The Mexican Drug Wars: Organized Crime, Narco-Terrorism, Insurgency or Asymmetric Warfare?|journal=Allacademic.com|access-date=25 June 2015|date=2011-11-15|last1=Lehmuth|first1=Erica L.|last2=Etter|first2=Gregg W.|archive-date=2015-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626104137/http://citation.allacademic.com/meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/5/1/2/4/2/p512428_index.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;5cBhN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41576.pdf |first=June S. |last=Beittel |title=Mexico: Organized Crime and Drug Trafficking Organizations |publisher=Congressional Research Service |date=22 July 2015 |access-date=10 May 2016 |archive-date=2011-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110301213401/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41576.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;HzeyQ&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Mexico and the 112th Congress |first=Clare Ribando |last=Seelke |publisher=Congressional Research Service |pages=2, 13, 14 |date=29 January 2013 |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32724.pdf |access-date=10 May 2016 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924135209/http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32724.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;sPnCp&quot;&gt;Longmire, Sylvia. Cartel: The Coming Invasion Of Mexico’s Drug Wars. 2011. ‘Revamping Mexico’s Police Forces’ p. 120. Palgrave Macmillan {{ISBN|978-0-230-11137-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;JTx4M&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Booth |first=William |title=Mexico's crime wave has left about 25,000 missing, government documents show |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/mexicos-crime-wave-has-left-up-to-25000-missing-government-documents-show/2012/11/29/7ca4ee44-3a6a-11e2-9258-ac7c78d5c680_story.html |access-date=1 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=30 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130053245/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/mexicos-crime-wave-has-left-up-to-25000-missing-government-documents-show/2012/11/29/7ca4ee44-3a6a-11e2-9258-ac7c78d5c680_story.html |archivedate=30 November 2012 |deadurl=no |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;DjXQo&quot;&gt;[[List of countries by intentional homicide rate]]. Wikipedia.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;sLwbw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2010/4/14/charles_bowden_murder_city_ciudad_jurez|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912122507/http://www.democracynow.org/2010/4/14/charles_bowden_murder_city_ciudad_jurez|deadurl=y|title=Charles Bowden on “Murder City: Ciudad Juárez and the Global Economy’s New Killing Fields”|archivedate=September 12, 2016|website=Democracy Now!}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;mwLva&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.univision.com/noticias/noticias-de-mexico/calderon-un-presidente-marcado-por-las-50-000-victimas-de-la-violencia|title=Calderón, marcado por la narcoviolencia|last=Noticias|first=Univision|website=Univision|language=spanish|access-date=2018-12-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;NrFzg&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/2012/07/06/mexico-pena-nieto-will-use-us-help-in-drug-war/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120710213731/http://latino.foxnews.com/2012/07/06/mexico-pena-nieto-will-use-us-help-in-drug-war/|dead-url=yes|archive-date=10 July 2012|title=Mexico's Pena Nieto Will Use US Help in Drug War – Fox News Latino|date=10 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;9RXxH&quot;&gt;Heineman, Matthew. Cartel Land. Netflix video. Directed by Matthew Heineman. 2015. A&amp;E Indie Films&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;ISX0V&quot;&gt;Kryt, Jeremy. &quot;Meet the Warlord of the Viagras, Mexico's Hardest Cartel Yet&quot;. The Daily Beast, 3, Dec. 2017. https://www.thedailybeast.com/meet-the-warlord-of-the-viagras-mexicos-hardest-cartel-yet&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;9kk9p&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telemundo.com/noticias/2014/10/17/iguala-y-los-43-estudiantes-desaparecidos-la-mas-grave-crisis-del-gobierno|title=Iguala y los 43 estudiantes desaparecidos: la más grave crisis del gobierno mexicano|website=Telemundo|accessdate=6 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;OgPEl&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AristeguiOnline/status/936399552122380292|title=PRI y sus aliados buscan aprobar la #LeyDeSeguridadInterior. La @CNDH ya ha dicho que viola los derechos humanos y favorece el uso discrecional de las fuerzas armadas|date=30 November 2017|publisher=[[Twitter]]|accessdate=6 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;KJa24&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://aristeguinoticias.com/3011/mexico/mas-poder-al-presidente-y-a-las-fuerzas-armadas-las-entranas-de-la-ley-de-seguridad-interior/|title=Más poder al Presidente y a las Fuerzas Armadas: las entrañas de la Ley de Seguridad Interior – Aristegui Noticias|website=Aristeguinoticias.com|accessdate=6 December 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;qOEzP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/mexicos-president-signs-internal-security-law-before-court-review-2017-12|title=Mexico's president signs controversial internal-security law but says the supreme court will make the final decision|last=Reuters|website=Business Insider|accessdate=6 December 2018|archive-date=2019-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211205808/https://www.businessinsider.com/mexicos-president-signs-internal-security-law-before-court-review-2017-12|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;xn3Ie&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/seguridad/amlo-pide-militares-unirse-guardia-nacional|title=AMLO pide a militares unirse a Guardia Nacional|date=3 December 2018|website=El Universal}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;Q1uYc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/8/15/17690420/mexico-president-amlo-drug-war-cartels-violence-legalization|title=Mexico's new president has a radical plan to end the drug war|first=James|last=Fredrick|date=15 August 2018|website=Vox}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;5ZK16&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://time.com/5517391/mexico-president-ends-drug-war/|title=Mexico's President Declares an End to the Drug War|website=Time|access-date=2019-08-16|archive-date=2019-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191009002057/https://time.com/5517391/mexico-president-ends-drug-war/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;38oRo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/01/30/mexican-president-declares-end-to-drug-war/|title=Mexican president declares end to drug 'war'|first=Emily|last=Saul|date=31 January 2019|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;El0fl&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/amlo-advierte-pobreza-franciscana-en-el-gobierno-si-se-requiere/|title=AMLO advierte 'pobreza franciscana' en el gobierno si se requiere|first=Israel López|last=Linares|date=1 February 2019|website=Forbes México}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;narnx&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sinembargo.mx/opinion/22-07-2015/37149|title=Calidad educativa en las comunidades rurales de México|author=Luis Felipe Lomelí|work=SinEmbargo OPINIÓN|accessdate=23 April 2016|archive-date=2018-08-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813082455/http://www.sinembargo.mx/opinion/22-07-2015/37149|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;diZLB&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2013/05/25/politica/009n2pol|title=La Jornada: Revira la CNTE: la explicación a la propuesta, ambigua y contradictoria|author=DEMOS, Desarrollo de Medios, S.A. de C.V.|website=Jornada.unam.mx|accessdate=23 April 2016|date=2013-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;PkItr&quot;&gt;&quot;Police Reform in Mexico: Informal Politics and the Challenge of Institutional Change&quot;. By Daniel Sabet. Stanford University Press, May 2, 2012 – Political Science – 296 pages. {{ISBN|0804782067}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;s3ZGL&quot;&gt;Stone, Hannah (March 29, 2011). [http://insightcrime.org/insight-latest-news/item/720-mexico-media-pact-marks-pr-battle-in-drug-war &quot;Mexico Media Pact Marks PR Battle in Drug War&quot;]. Insightcrime.org. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111102190845/http://insightcrime.org/insight-latest-news/item/720-mexico-media-pact-marks-pr-battle-in-drug-war |date=November 2, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;THMtt&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/new-cartel-announces-take-over-from-familia-michoacana|title=New Cartel Announces Takeover from Familia Michoacana|date=2011-03-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;zeBYc&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.wickenburg-az.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Smuggling_1-4.jpg |title=Smuggling |publisher=wickenburg-az.com |date= |accessdate=10 May 2016 |archive-date=2013-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130301160532/http://www.wickenburg-az.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Smuggling_1-4.jpg |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;hMQXZ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stratfor.com/memberships/162432/analysis/20100514_mexican_drug_cartels_update |title=Free Article for Non-Members |publisher=Stratfor |date=2010-05-17 |accessdate=2011-03-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101113024556/http://www.stratfor.com/memberships/162432/analysis/20100514_mexican_drug_cartels_update |archivedate=November 13, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;BWaMZ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Salazar|first1=Juan Ignacio|title=Criminals down police helicopter in Mexico, four dead|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/criminals-down-police-helicopter-mexico-four-dead-011310542.html|website=Yahoo.com|publisher=Yahoo|accessdate=6 September 2016|archive-date=2019-12-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211205803/https://www.yahoo.com/news/criminals-down-police-helicopter-mexico-four-dead-011310542.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;yH7ac&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Beltran Leyva Organization (BLO) |url=http://www.insightcrime.org/mexico-organized-crime-news/beltran-leyva-organization-profile |publisher=Insight Crime |accessdate=11 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141009113558/http://www.insightcrime.org/mexico-organized-crime-news/beltran-leyva-organization-profile |archivedate=9 October 2014 |df= |date=2013-08-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;zT894&quot;&gt;[http://mexicoinstitute.wordpress.com/2010/04/12/editorial-old-cartels-with-new-names-in-spanish/ Old cartels with new names.] ''Excelsior'' Author: Jorge Fernández Menéndez. (April 12, 2010)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Q1wNi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=A Touch of Luck and Awareness |url=http://dazzlepod.com/cable/10MEXICO79/ |publisher=US Embassy Diplomatic Cables from WikiLeaks |accessdate=11 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407063944/http://dazzlepod.com/cable/10MEXICO79/ |archivedate=April 7, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;zaLs9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Dane |last=Schiller |title=DEA: Bribes taint late Mexican drug czar Story |date=May 13, 2009 |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/metropolitan/6423131.html |work=The Houston Chronicle |accessdate=2009-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Hch0L&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Stevenson |title=Mexican top cops linked to cartel |date=January 25, 2009 |url=http://www.svherald.com/articles/2009/01/25/news/doc497c1f81de468388606275.txt |work=The Herald |accessdate=2009-08-03}} {{dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jc9sd&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Mexican Army Slammed for Drug War Torture |date=9 July 2009 |url= http://www.newser.com/story/63917/mexican-army-slammed-for-drug-war-torture.html |publisher=Newser |accessdate=10 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Zyl4P&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Jacqui |last=Goddard |title=Interpol agent passed information to Beltrán-Leyva cartel in Mexico |date=October 28, 2008 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article5026787.ece |work=The Times |accessdate=2009-08-03 |location=London |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629112825/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article5026787.ece |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ftogB&quot;&gt;[http://www.diariodemorelos.com/node/48256 Matan a jefe de plaza de los Beltran Leyva]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ''Diario de Morelos'' (December 23, 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;XdSPc&quot;&gt;[http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=284543 Cae &quot;El Marranero&quot;, jefe de los Beltrán Leyva en Guerrero] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128212458/http://www.proceso.com.mx/?p=284543 |date=2016-01-28 }} ''Proceso'' (16 October 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;3Pv29&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=7288573&amp;page=1#.TybIZFyXSHd |title=Billions in 'Blood Money' Fuel Bloodshed In Juarez, Mexico |work=ABC News |date=2009-04-10 |accessdate=2012-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;LxLfK&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://la.indymedia.org/news/2008/05/217822.php |title=Mexican officials warn Americans to stay away |publisher=La.indymedia.org |accessdate=2012-05-27 |archive-date=2012-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120223180830/http://la.indymedia.org/news/2008/05/217822.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;gGseN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/polarization-and-sustained-violence-mexicos-cartel-war |title=Stratfor an authority on strategic and tactical intelligence issues |publisher=Stratfor.com |date=2012-01-24 |accessdate=2013-06-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120311024250/http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/polarization-and-sustained-violence-mexicos-cartel-war |archivedate=2012-03-11 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;zG6Pm&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/09/02/world/americas/mexico-cartel-leader-ugly-betty/ |title=Mexico arrests 'Ugly Betty,' alleged leader of New Juarez Cartel |publisher=CNN.com |date=2013-09-02 |accessdate=2013-09-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;t0GZw&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eleconomista.com.mx/notas-online/politica/2009/03/03/matapolicias-arma-preferida-delincuencia|title=&quot;Matapolicías&quot;, arma preferida de la delincuencia|website=Eleconomista.com.mx|accessdate=23 April 2016|archive-date=2017-09-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907075300/http://eleconomista.com.mx/notas-online/politica/2009/03/03/matapolicias-arma-preferida-delincuencia|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;hUlpC&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Eduardo |last=Castillo |author2=Michelle Roberts |title=Mexico's weapons cache stymies tracing |date=May 7, 2009 |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2009/05/06/international/i111117D34.DTL&amp;hw=gun&amp;sn=014&amp;sc=1000 |work=The San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=2009-05-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703011254/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fn%2Fa%2F2009%2F05%2F06%2Finternational%2Fi111117D34.DTL&amp;hw=gun&amp;sn=014&amp;sc=1000 |archivedate=July 3, 2009 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;uXtjF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Mexican drug cartels reinforce their fire power|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/articulo/english/2016/01/24/mexican-drug-cartels-reinforce-their-fire-power|website=El Universal|access-date=2016-01-25|date=2016-01-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;IYtWW&quot;&gt;{{cite news | author1 = Hugh Holub | title = Inside ATF…an ugly picture …how many dead bodies are out there as a result of Project Gunrunner? | date = 23 February 2011 | url = http://tucsoncitizen.com/view-from-baja-arizona/2011/02/23/inside-atf-an-ugly-picture-how-many-dead-bodies-are-out-there-as-a-result-of-project-gunrunner/ | work = The Tucson Citizen | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://archive.today/20120723090602/http://tucsoncitizen.com/view-from-baja-arizona/2011/02/23/inside-atf-an-ugly-picture-how-many-dead-bodies-are-out-there-as-a-result-of-project-gunrunner/ | archivedate = 23 July 2012 | accessdate = 1 March 2017 | df = dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;5oyad&quot;&gt;{{cite news | first = Mike M. | last = Ahlers | title = ATF officials admit mistakes in Operation Fast and Furious gun program | date = 26 July 2011 | url = http://edition.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/07/26/atf.fast.and.furious/index.html?iref=NS1 | publisher = CNN | accessdate = 26 July 2011 | archive-date = 2020-08-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200804044244/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/POLITICS/07/26/atf.fast.and.furious/index.html?iref=NS1 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;4mM47&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=CCRKBA to Holder on ATF Scandal: 'Investigate and Fire, or Resign' |date=24 February 2011 |url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ccrkba-to-holder-on-atf-scandal-investigate-and-fire-or-resign-116840913.html |publisher=PR Newswire |accessdate=2011-02-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;ANwEW&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/entrada-de-opinion/columna/hector-de-mauleon/nacion/2016/05/10/el-chapo-queria-ciudad-juarez|title='El Chapo' quería Ciudad Juárez|website=El Universal|access-date=2016-05-17|date=2016-05-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;IYuyH&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2008/aug/09/world/fg-general9 |title=Anti-drug general ousted |date=August 9, 2008 |first=Richard |last=Marosi |work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ajvjL&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSN2639514820080427 |title=Seventeen killed in Mexico drug battle |date=2008-04-26 |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;mh1q7&quot;&gt;[http://www.statesman.com/opinion/content/editorial/stories/10/10/25/1025starr_edit.html The United States is undermining its own security] Statesman.com, October 25, 2008 {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;p94mL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/mexican_cartels_and_fallout_phoenix/ |title=Mexican Cartels and the Fallout From Phoenix |publisher=Stratfor |accessdate=2011-03-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215143638/http://www.stratfor.com/weekly/mexican_cartels_and_fallout_phoenix |archivedate=2011-02-15 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;snVjc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.californiachronicle.com/articles/view/72312 |title=Mexican Drug cartels terror reaches Alabama |publisher=Californiachronicle.com |accessdate=2011-03-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708111930/http://www.californiachronicle.com/articles/view/72312 |archivedate=July 8, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;2bCHR&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fpri.org/enotes/200805.grayson.loszetas.html |title=Los Zetas: the Ruthless Army Spawned by a Mexican Drug Cartel |publisher=Fpri.org |accessdate=2011-03-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513190028/http://www.fpri.org/enotes/200805.grayson.loszetas.html |archivedate=2008-05-13 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;5vMW2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.latintimes.com/mexican-drug-war-news-dea-reveals-cartels-use-drones-transport-drugs-mexico-us-190217|title=Mexican Drug War News: DEA Reveals Cartels Use Drones To Transport Drugs From Mexico Into US|date=10 July 2014|work=Latin Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;FObR0&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/13/mexico-drug-deaths-figures-calderon |title=Mexico drug wars have killed 35,000 people in four years |work=The Guardian |date=2011-01-13 |accessdate=2012-12-07 |location=London |first=Haroon |last=Siddique}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;iRygq&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/12/world/americas/mexico-updates-drug-war-death-toll-but-critics-dispute-data.html |title=Mexico Updates Death Toll in Drug War to 47,515, but Critics Dispute the Data |work=The New York Times |date=2012-01-11 |accessdate=2012-12-07 |first=Damien |last=Cave}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ceFJK&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Zetas boss Heriberto Lazcano's death confirmed |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/oct/09/zetas-boss-heriberto-lazcano-death-confirmed |accessdate=9 October 2012 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 October 2012 |location=Mexico City |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011062348/http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/oct/09/zetas-boss-heriberto-lazcano-death-confirmed |archivedate=11 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Jnfav&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Grant |first=Will |title=Mexico: Body of Zetas drug cartel leader Lazcano stolen |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-19880968 |accessdate=9 October 2012 |newspaper=[[BBC News]] |date=9 October 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121009184235/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-19880968 |archivedate=9 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;BNmOL&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Kreider |first=Randy |title=Death of Zetas Leader Confirmed, But Body Now Missing |url=http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/death-zetas-leader-confirmed-body-now-missing/story?id=17436386#.UHSYDvnwKFc |accessdate=9 October 2012 |newspaper=[[ABC News]] |date=9 October 2012 |author2=Schone, Mark |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010043715/http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/death-zetas-leader-confirmed-body-now-missing/story?id=17436386 |archivedate=10 October 2012 |deadurl=no |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;kfes9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Washington Valdez |first=Diana |title=Chapo&quot; Guzmán emerges as the big winner after Zetas leader's death |url=http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_21732202/chapo-guzman-emerges-big-winner-after-zetass-leader?source=most_viewed |accessdate=10 October 2012 |newspaper=[[El Paso Times]] |date=10 October 2012 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130122011633/http://www.elpasotimes.com/ci_21732202/chapo-guzman-emerges-big-winner-after-zetass-leader?source=most_viewed |archivedate=22 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;2stLC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Ejército abate a Manuel Torres Félix, &quot;El Ondeado&quot;, presunto líder del cártel de Sinaloa |url=http://www.vanguardia.com.mx/ejercitoabateamanueltorresfelixelondeadopresuntoliderdelcarteldesinaloa-1395623.html |accessdate=13 October 2012 |newspaper=[[La Vanguardia]] |date=13 October 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519152132/http://www.vanguardia.com.mx/ejercitoabateamanueltorresfelixelondeadopresuntoliderdelcarteldesinaloa-1395623.html |archivedate=19 May 2014 |deadurl=no |language=es |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;z6Fje&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Valdez |first=Cynthia |title=Asesinan en Sinaloa a presunto lugarteniente de &quot;El Chapo |url=http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/3d4f180203e1ab24f8b2147b1d1a76d9 |accessdate=13 October 2012 |newspaper=[[Milenio]] |date=13 October 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521052927/http://www.milenio.com/cdb/doc/noticias2011/3d4f180203e1ab24f8b2147b1d1a76d9 |archivedate=21 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |language=es |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Ym5y8&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Mexican army kills Sinaloa cartel leader |url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/10/13/mexican-army-kills-sinaloa-cartel-leader/ |accessdate=13 October 2012 |newspaper=Fox News |date=13 October 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016033322/http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/news/2012/10/13/mexican-army-kills-sinaloa-cartel-leader/ |archivedate=16 October 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;XcJpg&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Abaten a Manuel Torres Félix del cártel de Sinaloa|url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=697929|accessdate=13 October 2012|newspaper=[[La Crónica de Hoy]]|date=13 October 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013232809/http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=697929|archivedate=13 October 2012|deadurl=no|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Yqtc7&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Sara Miller |last=Llana |title=Briefing: How Mexico is waging war on drug cartels |date=August 16, 2009|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Americas/2009/0819/p10s01-woam.html/(page)/2|work=The Christian Science Monitor |accessdate=2009-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;EamJZ&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Laura |last=Carlesen |title=The Drug War's Invisible Victims |date=February 10, 2012 |url=http://www.borderlandbeat.com/2012/02/drug-wars-invisible-victims.html |work=[[Borderland Beat]] |accessdate=2012-02-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;rzjIE&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/10/AR2008071002800.html |title=Mexico Plan Adds Police To Take On Drug Cartels |publisher=Washingtonpost.com |date= 2008-07-11|accessdate=2011-03-28 |first=Manuel |last=Roig-Franzia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;pRuBA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.semar.gob.mx/sitio/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=813&amp;Itemid=288 |title=Secretaría de Marina – Noticias 18 de julio del 2008 |publisher=Semar.gob.mx |date=2010-07-27 |accessdate=2011-03-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716120154/http://www.semar.gob.mx/sitio/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=813&amp;Itemid=288 |archivedate=July 16, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;XMIn4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=ccfedb0f-bd89-453c-bfe4-8f10b5c221c5 |title=Reuters -Mexico captures submarine loaded with drugs |publisher=Canada.com |date=2008-07-17 |accessdate=2011-03-28 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107155916/http://www.canada.com/topics/news/world/story.html?id=ccfedb0f-bd89-453c-bfe4-8f10b5c221c5 |archivedate=2012-11-07 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;1X82K&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://vivirlatino.com/2008/07/17/the-narco-submarine.php |title=The Narco Submarine |publisher=Vivirlatino.com |date=2008-07-17 |accessdate=2013-06-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302005501/http://vivirlatino.com/2008/07/17/the-narco-submarine.php |archivedate=2009-03-02 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;GaZgK&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7515056.stm |title=Mexican navy seizes cocaine sub |work=BBC News |date=2008-07-18 |accessdate=2011-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;efym9&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080719/sub_drugs_080719/20080719?hub=SciTech |title=Drug cartels using submarines to smuggle cocaine |publisher=Ctv.ca |date=2008-07-19 |accessdate=2011-03-28 |archive-date=2009-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090705015545/http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20080719/sub_drugs_080719/20080719?hub=SciTech |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Ha2qk&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Manuel |last=Roig-Franzia |title=Mexican Drug Cartels Leave a Bloody Trail on YouTube |date=April 9, 2007 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/08/AR2007040801005_2.html |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=2009-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;L8h6s&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Ken |last=Ellingwood |title=Macabre drug cartel messages in Mexico |date=June 11, 2008 |url=http://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-me-haven3,0,1312148.story |work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=2009-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;jbR4e&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Lacey |title=Grenade Attack in Mexico Breaks From Deadly Script |date=September 24, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/25/world/americas/25mexico.html?_r=1&amp;ref=americas&amp;oref=slogin |work=The New York Times |accessdate=2009-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;eja2W&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Mexico: Trouble in Culiacán |year=2009 |publisher=Pulitzer Center on Crisis Reporting |url=http://www.pulitzercenter.org/showproject.cfm?id=86 |accessdate=2009-04-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211183010/http://pulitzercenter.org/showproject.cfm?id=86 |archivedate=February 11, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;YpVA6&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Jens E. |last=Gould |title=Mexico's Drug War Veers Toward Terrorism Amid Anger Over U.S |date=October 20, 2008 |publisher=Bloomberg |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&amp;sid=akDCw.fUKYOc&amp;refer=home |accessdate=2008-10-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116003829/http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087 |archivedate=November 16, 2008 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;rTRMI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.npr.org/2011/09/28/140854544/education-is-latest-casualty-in-mexicos-drug-war |title=Education Is Latest Casualty In Mexico's Drug War |date=28 September 2011 |first=Jason |last=Beaubien |work=NPR |access-date=10 May 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;CvCvh&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Jacqui |last=Goddard |title=Interpol agent passed information to Beltrán-Leyva cartel in Mexico |date=October 28, 2008 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article5026787.ece |work=The Times |accessdate=2008-11-02 |location=London |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629112825/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article5026787.ece |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;0cFeH&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Marc |last=Lacey |title=In Mexico, Sorting Out Good Guys From Bad |date=November 1, 2008 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/02/world/americas/02mexico.html?ref=americas |work=New York Times |accessdate=2008-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;4Rv5u&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first=Guy |last=Lawson |title=The Making of a Narco State |date=March 4, 2009 |work=Rolling Stone |url=http://guylawson.com/pdf/rollingstone/NarcoState.pdf |accessdate=2009-03-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101010180856/http://guylawson.com/pdf/rollingstone/NarcoState.pdf |archivedate=October 10, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;o1DDW&quot;&gt;[http://videos.eluniversal.com.mx/n_videos/showVideo.php?id=10261 Video-report on high-profile arrests.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129054138/http://videos.eluniversal.com.mx/n_videos/showVideo.php?id=10261 |date=2009-01-29}} January 15, 2009. Spanish.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;KGh6b&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Encarcelan al ex comisionado de PFP Gerardo Garay Cadena |date=11 December 2008 |url=http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=403216 |work=La Cronica de Hoy |accessdate=2010-03-01 |language=Spanish |archive-date=2010-06-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611140638/http://www.cronica.com.mx/nota.php?id_nota=403216 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;L7RUV&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=María de la Luz |last=González |title=Ordenan arrestar a ex mandos de Interpol |date=January 16, 2009 |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/165134.html |work=El Universal |accessdate=2009-01-16 |language=Spanish |archive-date=2009-01-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090119154826/http://eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/165134.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;jV2yC&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=2 Mexican politicians sought; drug cartel link alleged |date=July 15, 2009 |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/americas/07/15/mexico.violence/ |publisher=CNN |accessdate=2009-08-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;kJTei&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uprisingradio.org/home/2010/04/26/murder-city-ciudad-juarez-and-the-global-economys-new-killing-fields/#sthash.1iJYKkcP.dpuf|title=Charles Bowden on the Mexican drug war|website=Uprisingradio.org|accessdate=22 October 2014|archive-date=2019-03-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328165756/http://uprisingradio.org/home/2010/04/26/murder-city-ciudad-juarez-and-the-global-economys-new-killing-fields/#sthash.1iJYKkcP.dpuf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;hSAWH&quot;&gt;U.S. State Department, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, &quot;Mexico,&quot; Country Reports on Human rights Practices-2002, 31 March 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;rF215&quot;&gt;Larie Freeman, ''Troubling Patterns: The Mexican Military and the War on Drugs'' (Washington, D.C.: Latin America Working Group, September 2002).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Dx7dR&quot;&gt;Human Rights Watch, Military Injustice: Mexico's Failure to Punish Army Abuses (New York: Human Rights Watch, December 2001).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ykhZo&quot;&gt;Reuters, &quot;Peasants in Rural Mexico Claim Army Brutality,&quot; 17 November 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;MYYPC&quot;&gt;Luis Astorga, Drug Trafficking in Mexico: A First General Assessment, Management of Social Transformations (MOST) Discussion Paper 36 (Paris:UNESCO,1999).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;3HivI&quot;&gt;Government of Mexico, Recomendación 12/2002 a la Procuraduria General de la Republica sobre el caso del homicidio del señor Guillermo Velez Mendoza (Mexico City: National Human Rights Commission, 14 May 2002).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;1XQOt&quot;&gt;&quot;Crime-torn Mexican 'FBI' Investigates 1,500 Agents,&quot; Reuters, December 4, 2005; Tim Gaynor and Monica Medel, &quot;Drug Gangs Corrupt Mexico's Elite 'FBI,'&quot; Reuters, December 6, 2005; and, Laurie Freeman, State of Siege: Drug-Related Violence and Corruption in Mexico, Washington Office on Latin America, June 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;8WfV8&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/168545.html |title=Surge la Policía Federal Ministerial (May 30, 2009) |publisher=Eluniversal.com.mx |date=2009-05-30 |accessdate=2011-03-28 |archive-date=2011-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606044931/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/168545.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;VOF8o&quot;&gt;Government of Mexico, Estadisticas judiciales en Materia Penal, Cuaderno No. 10 (Mexico City: Instituto nacional de Estadistica, Geografia, e Informatica, 2003), Chart 2.6.2, p. 478.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;XXC4l&quot;&gt;''La Jornada'', &quot;Admite el Pentagono que Adiestro a 6 Militares Mexicanos Violadores de Derechos Humanos,&quot; 28 June 1998.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;E2T7a&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Verza |first1=Maria |title=Mexico's 'invisible' wounds of gang violence |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/mexico-invisible-wounds-gang-violence-180409064106883.html |accessdate=4 August 2018 |work=Al Jazeera English}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;leCgF&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Blankenship |first1=KM |last2=Koester |first2=S |title=Criminal law, policing policy, and HIV risk in female street sex workers and injection drug users. |journal=The Journal of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics : A Journal of the American Society of Law, Medicine &amp; Ethics |date=2002 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=548–559 |pmid=12561263}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;XveMh&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Rodelo |first=Frida V. |date=2009 |title=Journalism in violent environments: the case of journalists in Culiacan, Sinaloa|journal=Comunicación y Sociedad |issue=12 |pages=101–118 |url=https://www.academia.edu/33251014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ESYbS&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Periodista asesinada en Tamaulipas denunciaba anónimamente al narcotráfico|url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2011/09/27/periodista-asesinada-en-tamaulipas-denunciaba-anonimamente-al-narcotrafico|publisher=CNN Mexico|date=27 September 2011|deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928143701/http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2011/09/27/periodista-asesinada-en-tamaulipas-denunciaba-anonimamente-al-narcotrafico|archivedate=28 September 2011|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;d6Zpl&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=&quot;Narcos&quot; atacan estación de Televisa |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/spanish/latin_america/newsid_7815000/7815395.stm|publisher=BBC Mundo|date=7 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;YsEiN&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Mexican Drug Cartel Threatens to Kill Texas News Reporters |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Z9K-UbN3Ms|publisher=CNN|date=July 16, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;lK9Gq&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Periodistas mexicanos trabajan para el narco, acusa diario de EU|url=http://www.lapoliciaca.com/nota-roja/periodistas-mexicanos-trabajan-para-el-narco-acusa-diario-de-eu-2/|accessdate=27 September 2011|newspaper=La Policiaca|archive-date=2011-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830162936/http://www.lapoliciaca.com/nota-roja/periodistas-mexicanos-trabajan-para-el-narco-acusa-diario-de-eu-2/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;8zwbY&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first1=José de |last1=Córdoba |first2=Nicholas |last2=Casey |title=Violence in Mexico Takes Rising Toll on Press |date=August 20, 2010 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703824304575435623953338224?KEYWORDS=Violence+in+Mexico+Takes+Rising+Toll+on+Press |work=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=2010-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Lx1ow&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cpj.org/killed/americas/mexico/ |title=Journalists Killed in Mexico – Committee to Protect Journalists |publisher=Cpj.org |accessdate=2012-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;OdUUn&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pressreference.com/Ma-No/Mexico.html |title=Mexico Press, Media, TV, Radio, Newspapers – television, circulation, stations, papers, number, print, freedom, online |publisher=Pressreference.com |accessdate=2012-05-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;nCzTN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://abcas3.accessabc.com/ecirc/newstitlesearchus.asp |title=ACCESS ABC: eCirc for US Newspapers |publisher=Abcas3.accessabc.com |accessdate=2012-05-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119030914/http://abcas3.accessabc.com/ecirc/newstitlesearchus.asp |archivedate=January 19, 2005 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;MXJBJ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.inegi.org.mx/ |title=Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía |publisher=INEGI |accessdate=2012-05-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528181141/http://www.inegi.org.mx/ |archivedate=2012-05-28 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;p8K1T&quot;&gt;[http://www.tgdaily.com/security-features/58718-woman-murdered-over-social-media-anti-drug-lord-advocacy Woman murdered over social media anti-drug lord advocacy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409114609/https://www.tgdaily.com/security-features/58718-woman-murdered-over-social-media-anti-drug-lord-advocacy |date=2019-04-09 }} September 27, 2011 by Sylvie Barak, ''TG Daily'' (Velum Media / DD&amp;M Inc)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;WKCEO&quot;&gt;[https://www.npr.org/2012/05/09/152337896/mexican-crime-reporters-risk-becoming-the-story Mexican Crime Reporters Risk Becoming The Story], by John Burnett, NPR, May 9, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;22LFM&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=McKittrick|first=David|title=Doctor Maria Santos Gorrostieta: Politician murdered for her fight against drug cartels|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/doctor-maria-santos-gorrostieta-politician-murdered-for-her-fight-against-drug-cartels-8360441.html|newspaper=[[The Independent]]|date=28 November 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130030855/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/doctor-maria-santos-gorrostieta-politician-murdered-for-her-fight-against-drug-cartels-8360441.html|dead-url=no|archivedate=30 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;pMywC&quot;&gt;Felbab-Brown, Vanda. [http://www.brookings.edu/speeches/2010/1014_africa_drug_trade_felbabbrown.aspx &quot;The West African Drug Trade in the Context of the Region's Illicit Economies and Poor Governance&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110328064335/http://www.brookings.edu/speeches/2010/1014_africa_drug_trade_felbabbrown.aspx |date=2011-03-28}}, [http://www.brookings.edu/ The Brookings Institution], 14 October 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;n1PpO&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Gibler|first=John|title=To Die in Mexico: Dispatches from Inside the Drug War|url=https://archive.org/details/todieinmexicodis0000gibl|year=2011|publisher=City Lights Books|page=[https://archive.org/details/todieinmexicodis0000gibl/page/n190 190]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;CdWTD&quot;&gt;Anonymous, [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/centralamericaandthecaribbean/mexico/4841701/Felipe-Caldern-denies-Mexico-is-a-failed-state.html &quot;Felipe Calderón denies Mexico is a failed state&quot;], ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', 26 February 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;I9FvA&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/vcCandidateFeed1/idUSN25352630 |title=Obama Mexico border plan not enough-US senator |work=Reuters |date= 2009-03-25|accessdate=2011-03-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;xcvZn&quot;&gt;[http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/obama-authorizes-deployment-national-guard-southwest/story?id=10740858 Obama Authorizes Deployment of More National Guard Troops Along Border]. ABC News. May 25, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;8Rfrd&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Isacson|first=Adam|title=Is Arizona suffering &quot;increased crime and drugs&quot; because of the border?|url=http://borderfactcheck.tumblr.com/post/29317170766/is-arizona-suffering-increased-crime-and-drugs|work=Border Fact Check|publisher=Washington Office on Latin America}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;1jiOB&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Samuel |last=González |title=Los dilemas con el narcotráfico |date=October 26, 2010 |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/181459.html |work=El Universal |accessdate=2010-10-26 |language=Spanish |archive-date=2010-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101104162909/http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/181459.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;tev9e&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author=Office of the Spokesman |title=United States-Mexico Partnership: Anti-Arms Trafficking and Anti-Money Laundering |date=March 23, 2010 |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2010/03/138924.htm |work=U.S. Department of State |accessdate=2010-10-26 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;U3Fph&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Michael |last=Smith |title=Banks Financing Mexico Gangs Admitted in Wells Fargo Deal |date=Jun 29, 2010 |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-06-29/banks-financing-mexico-s-drug-cartels-admitted-in-wells-fargo-s-u-s-deal.html |work=Bloomberg |accessdate=2010-10-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;54N0W&quot;&gt;[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/apr/03/us-bank-mexico-drug-gangs How a big US bank laundered billions from Mexico's murderous drug gangs] Ed Vulliamy, ''The Observer'', 3 April 20, 2011, guardian.co.uk&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;oJoPW&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/11/us-hsbc-probe-idUSBRE8BA05M20121211|title=HSBC in return for &quot;no admission of wrongdoing or guilt&quot;|date=December 11, 2012|work=Reuters|accessdate=11 December 2012|archive-date=2015-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212073829/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/12/11/us-hsbc-probe-idUSBRE8BA05M20121211|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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&lt;ref name=&quot;n52q6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/security/news/2009/04/03/5987/a-regional-strategy-for-drug-wars-in-the-americas/ |title=A Regional Strategy for Drug Wars in the Americas |accessdate=2014-12-14 |date=March 2010 |publisher=Center for American Progress}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

==Further reading==
*[https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022002718817093 Atuesta, L. H., Siordia, O. S., &amp; Lajous, A. M. (2018). &quot;The &quot;War on Drugs&quot; in Mexico: (Official) Database of Events between December 2006 and November 2011.&quot; Journal of Conflict Resolution.] 
*Vulliamy, Ed, ''Amexica: War Along the Borderline'', Bodley Head, 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-84792-128-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Grillo|first=Ioan|author-link=Ioan Grillo|year=2012|title=El Narco: The Bloody Rise of Mexican Drug Cartels |edition=2nd|place=|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-1-4088-2433-7|ref=harv|title-link=El Narco: Inside Mexico's Criminal Insurgency}}
* Gutierrez Aire, Jose, &quot;Blood, Death, Drugs &amp; Sex in Old Mexico,&quot; CreateSpace, 2012. {{ISBN|978-1-4775-9227-4}}
* [https://www.amazon.com/Last-Narco-Inside-Worlds-Wanted/dp/0802119522/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1289429113&amp;sr=8-1 The Last Narco], book about the current phase of the drug war by journalist Malcolm Beith.
* [[Anabel Hernández|Hernández, Anabel]], ''[https://www.amazon.com/Narcoland-Mexican-Lords-Their-Godfathers/dp/1781680736 Narcoland: The Mexican Drug Lords And Their Godfathers]'', Verso, 2013. {{ISBN|978-1781680735}}

== Freemit airtins ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120314192134/http://stanford.edu/~dkronick/mexico_crime/ Map of Mexican Drug War violence]
* {{Cite journal |last=Bowers |first=Charles |url=http://works.bepress.com/charles_bowers/7/ |title=The Mexican Kidnapping Industry |year=2009 |journal= |access-date=2019-08-16 |archive-date=2015-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150223011526/http://works.bepress.com/charles_bowers/7/ |url-status=dead }} An academic paper examining both the emergence of kidnapping as a drug war spillover, and statewide variance in Mexico's kidnapping statutes.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091127071514/http://www.rightsidenews.com/200910086759/border-and-sovereignty/the-mexican-zetas-and-other-private-armies.html The Mexican Zetas and Other Private Armies] – written by the Strategic Studies Institute.
* [http://www.insightcrime.org/mexico-organized-crime-news Mexico page on InSight Crime]. Ongoing reporting on Mexico's drug war and involved cartels.
* {{cite news |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Full Coverage Mexico Under Siege |url=http://projects.latimes.com/mexico-drug-war |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |access-date=September 12, 2016 |archive-date=2014-04-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406123112/http://projects.latimes.com/mexico-drug-war/ |url-status=dead }}
* [https://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2012/05/mexicos-drug-war-50-000-dead-in-6-years/100299/ The Atlantic: Mexico's Drug War]
* [http://www.fpa.org/topics_info2414/topics_info_show.htm?doc_id=1222714 George Grayson, &quot;Mexico's Elite Must Commit to Fighting Drug Cartels&quot;], Foreign Policy Association Headline Series.
* [http://www.literalmagazine.com/bilingual/city-of-death-city-of-hope/ Juarez, City of Death, City of Hope]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/17/magazine/how-a-mexican-drug-cartel-makes-its-billions.html Cocaine Incorporated] June 15, 2012

[[Category:Mexican Drog War| ]]
[[Category:Wars involvin Mexico|Drog War]]
[[Category:History o drog control]]
[[Category:2006 in Mexico]]
[[Category:2007 in Mexico]]
[[Category:2008 in Mexico]]
[[Category:2009 in Mexico]]
[[Category:2010 in Mexico]]
[[Category:2011 in Mexico]]
[[Category:2012 in Mexico]]
[[Category:2013 in Mexico]]
[[Category:2014 in Mexico]]
[[Category:2015 in Mexico]]
[[Category:2016 in Mexico]]
[[Category:2017 in Mexico]]
[[Category:2018 in Mexico]]
[[Category:2019 in Mexico]]
[[Category:Drogs in Mexico|War]]
[[Category:21st-century conflicts]]
[[Category:Organised crime conflicts in Mexico]]
[[Category:Organised crime conflicts in the Unitit States]]
[[Category:Ongoing conflicts]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2006]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2007]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2008]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2009]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2010]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2011]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2012]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2013]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2014]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2015]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2016]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2017]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2018]]
[[Category:Conflicts in 2019]]
[[Category:Proxy wars]]
[[Category:2006 crimes in Mexico]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cruggleton Kirk</title>
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      <comment>Mendit Scots</comment>
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{{Coord|54.75717|N|4.35733|W|display=title}}[[File:Cruggleton_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1282501.jpg|thumb|Cruggleton Church]]
'''Cruggleton Church''' is in the historic coonty o [[Wigtounshire]] an is aboot 750 metres (2,460 ft) wast o the ruins o Cruggleton Castle. It wis established in the early 12t century bi [[Fergus, Laird o Galloway]], an remains the maist complete [[Romanesque]] kirk in the area. The kirk wis restored frae a ruined condeetion in the 1890s bi William de B M Galloway (1830-1897) fur the [[3rd Marquess o Bute]]. The kirk is a Category A Leetit biggin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/63259/cruggleton-old-parish-church-and-burial-ground |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-09-15 |archive-date=2018-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108030037/https://canmore.org.uk/site/63259/cruggleton-old-parish-church-and-burial-ground |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=207432&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Cruggleton_Church_door.JPG|thumb|Cruggleton Church door]]
[[File:Cruggleton_old_church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_89024.jpg|thumb|Cruggleton Church]]
[[File:Cruggleton_churchyard.JPG|thumb|Cruggleton churchyard]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Wigtounshire]]
[[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]
{{commons category|Cruggleton Church}}
{{Stub/Places o Scotland}}</text>
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        <username>Mr.Murdoch78</username>
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      <comment>Mendit Scots</comment>
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{{Coord|54.75717|N|4.35733|W|display=title}}[[File:Cruggleton_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1282501.jpg|thumb|Cruggleton Kirk]]
'''Cruggleton Kirk''' is in the historic coonty o [[Wigtounshire]] an is aboot 750 metres (2,460 ft) wast o the ruins o Cruggleton Castle. It wis established in the early 12t century bi [[Fergus, Laird o Galloway]], an remains the maist complete [[Romanesque]] kirk in the area. The kirk wis restored frae a ruined condeetion in the 1890s bi William de B M Galloway (1830-1897) fur the [[3rd Marquess o Bute]]. The kirk is a Category A Leetit biggin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/63259/cruggleton-old-parish-church-and-burial-ground |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-09-15 |archive-date=2018-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108030037/https://canmore.org.uk/site/63259/cruggleton-old-parish-church-and-burial-ground |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=207432&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Cruggleton_Church_door.JPG|thumb|Cruggleton Kirk duir]]
[[File:Cruggleton_old_church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_89024.jpg|thumb|Cruggleton Kirk]]
[[File:Cruggleton_churchyard.JPG|thumb|Cruggleton kirkyard]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Wigtounshire]]
[[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]
{{commons category|Cruggleton Church}}
{{Stub/Places o Scotland}}</text>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="1378" sha1="9cqfie79nw6bzuo7z0wktqzswkr9ipu" xml:space="preserve">{{Coord|54.75717|N|4.35733|W|display=title}}[[File:Cruggleton_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1282501.jpg|thumb|Cruggleton Kirk]]
'''Cruggleton Kirk''' is in the historic coonty o [[Wigtounshire]] an is aboot 750 metres (2,460 ft) wast o the ruins o Cruggleton Castle. It wis established in the early 12t century bi [[Fergus, Laird o Galloway]], an remains the maist complete [[Romanesque]] kirk in the area. The kirk wis restored frae a ruined condeetion in the 1890s bi William de B M Galloway (1830-1897) fur the [[3rd Marquess o Bute]]. The kirk is a Category A Leetit biggin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/63259/cruggleton-old-parish-church-and-burial-ground |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-09-15 |archive-date=2018-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108030037/https://canmore.org.uk/site/63259/cruggleton-old-parish-church-and-burial-ground |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=207432&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Cruggleton_Church_door.JPG|thumb|Cruggleton Kirk duir]]
[[File:Cruggleton_old_church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_89024.jpg|thumb|Cruggleton Kirk]]
[[File:Cruggleton_churchyard.JPG|thumb|Cruggleton kirkyard]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Wigtounshire]]
[[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]
{{commons category|Cruggleton Church}}
{{Stub/Places o Scotland}}</text>
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      <comment>Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Cruggleton Church]] til [[Cruggleton Kirk]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="1378" sha1="9cqfie79nw6bzuo7z0wktqzswkr9ipu" xml:space="preserve">{{Coord|54.75717|N|4.35733|W|display=title}}[[File:Cruggleton_Church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1282501.jpg|thumb|Cruggleton Kirk]]
'''Cruggleton Kirk''' is in the historic coonty o [[Wigtounshire]] an is aboot 750 metres (2,460 ft) wast o the ruins o Cruggleton Castle. It wis established in the early 12t century bi [[Fergus, Laird o Galloway]], an remains the maist complete [[Romanesque]] kirk in the area. The kirk wis restored frae a ruined condeetion in the 1890s bi William de B M Galloway (1830-1897) fur the [[3rd Marquess o Bute]]. The kirk is a Category A Leetit biggin. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/63259/cruggleton-old-parish-church-and-burial-ground |title=Archived copy |access-date=2019-09-15 |archive-date=2018-11-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108030037/https://canmore.org.uk/site/63259/cruggleton-old-parish-church-and-burial-ground |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=207432&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Cruggleton_Church_door.JPG|thumb|Cruggleton Kirk duir]]
[[File:Cruggleton_old_church_-_geograph.org.uk_-_89024.jpg|thumb|Cruggleton Kirk]]
[[File:Cruggleton_churchyard.JPG|thumb|Cruggleton kirkyard]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}
[[Category:Wigtounshire]]
[[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]]
[[Category:Places o Scotland]]
{{commons category|Cruggleton Church}}
{{Stub/Places o Scotland}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Egyp–Turkey relations</title>
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[[File:Egypt Turkey Locator.png|alt=Egyp an Turkey|thumb|Egyp an Turkey]]
'''Egyptian–Turkis relations''' are [[bilateral relations]] atween [[Egyp]] an [[Turkey]]. Egyp an Turkey are boond bi strang releegious, cultural an historical ties, but diplomatic ties atween the twa hae remained extremely friendly at times an extremely strained at ithers. For three centuries, Egyp wis pairt o the [[Ottoman Empire]], whose caipital wis [[Constantinople]] in modren-day Turkey, despite govrenor o Egyp, [[Muhammad Ali o Egyp|Muhammad Ali]], waged war against the Ottoman sultan, [[Mahmud II]], in 1831.

Turkey established diplomatic relations wi Egyp in 1925 at the level o Charge d’ Affaires an upgradit its mission in Cairo tae Ambassadorial level in 1948. Baith kintras have embassies an consulate generals in the ither's caipitals. Baith kintras hae signed a free trade agreement in December 2005. Baith kintras are full members o the [[Union for the Mediterranean]]. A naitural gas deal atween Egyp an Turkey—the lairgest jynt Egyptian-Turkis project tae date, estimatit tae cost $4 billion—is being implementit.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} On 16 Apryle 2008, Egyp an Turkey signed a memorandum o unnerstaundin tae impruive an further militar relations an cooperation atween the twa kintras.

Relations houaniver hae been quite tense on mony occasions in history o baith kintras includin the [[Nasser era]] in Egyp in the 1950s an 60s. It haes strangly deterioratit in the period follaein the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|owerthrow]] o the Egyptian preses [[Mohamed Morsi]] on Julie 3, 2013 follaein a 48-hour deadline on Julie 1, marking the end o [[Julie 2013 Egyptian protests|anti-govrenment protests]] that took place atween Juin 30 an Julie 3 that year.

On 23 November 2013, the Egyptian govrenment expelled the Turkis ambassador in Cairo efter a months-lang diplomatic creesis.

==Diplomatic relations==
===Relations unner Gamal Abdel Nasser===
In the midst of the [[Cauld War]] and during the rule o Egyptian Preses [[Gamal Abdel Nasser]], relations atween baith kintras have soured dramatically due tae Turkey's membership in the Breetish-led [[Baghdad Pact]], which Nasser viewed as a major threat tae his efforts tae eliminate Wastren presence in the Arab warld, an acause o the growing influence o Nasser's Pan-Arab ideology, called [[Nasserism]]. In addition, Turkey wis the first Muslim majority kintra tae recognize the [[State o Israel]], Egypt's archrival at the time, showing even more its clear alignment tae the Wast. In 1958, Egyp [[Unitit Arab Republic|entered a brief union]] wi [[Sirie]], Turkey's soothren neighbor with whom it shared longtime diplomatic and border disputes, causing severe tensions atween the twa countries wi Turkey responding bi its engagement in a secret &quot;peripheral alliance&quot; wi Israel.&lt;ref&gt;Daniela, Huber.  ''[http://www.iai.it/pdf/GTE/GTE_C_05.pdf Turkish-Israeli relations in a Changing Strategic Environment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217113142/http://www.iai.it/pdf/GTE/GTE_C_05.pdf |date=17 February 2013 }}'' IAI (2010).&lt;/ref&gt; The tensions reached their peak in 1957 prior tae the unification wi Syria when Nasser, fearful of a Baghdad Pact toppling of the Sirian government, sent a contingent force tae assist Sirian forces that wis dispatched near the Sirian-Turkis border as a response tae a Turkis threat of incursion when a huge nummer of troops amassed along the border. This near-confrontation atween Egyptian and Turkish troops marked a dark spot in both countries' relations and eventually led to both sides withdrawing, ending the possible escalation of the crisis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|J. Zürcher|2004|pp=236}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Rubin|Kirisci|2001|pp=102}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvnb|Dawisha|2009|pp=191–192}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Relations unner post-2011 Egyptian revolution===
Turkis Prime Meenister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] made his first three days official veesit tae [[Egyp]] on 12 September 2011, an was accompanied bi sax meenisters an approximately 200 businessmen.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn_egypt&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Turkish prime minister arrives for visit to Egypt as role widens|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/09/12/turkey.diplomacy/|work=CNN|date=14 September 2011|accessdate=15 September 2011|archive-date=2018-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709123302/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/WORLD/meast/09/12/turkey.diplomacy/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; This veesit wis considered a diplomatic success an wis met wi much enthusiasm bi Egyptians. [[CNN]] reportit some Egyptians saying &quot;We consider him as the Islamic leader in the Middle East&quot;, while ithers were appreciative o his role in supporting Gaza.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn_egypt&quot;/&gt; Erdogan was later honored in [[Tahrir Square]] by members of the Egyptian Revolution Youth Union, and members of the Turkish embassy were presentit with a coat o airms in acknowledgment of the Prime Meenister’s support of the [[Egyptian Revolution of 2011]].&lt;ref name=&quot;democrati&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Egypt and Turkey, an Axis against Democracy?| url=http://democrati.net/2011/09/30/egypt-and-turkey-an-axis-against-democracy/|publisher=democrati|date=30 September 2011| accessdate=30 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A week after he left, Turkish Foreign Minister, [[Ahmet Davutoğlu]] proclaimed his vision of a strategic alliance atween Egypt and Turkey which he described as an &quot;Axis of Democracy&quot;.&lt;ref name=democrati/&gt; However, some voiced concerns that the Egyptian revolution was not fulfilled and that Erdogan was seeking his own country's strategic interests. It was feared that by forming an alliance with the SCAF interim government in Egypt during the country’s transition to democracy, Erdogan may have tipped the balance in favor of those that stand atween the Egyptians and their freedom.&lt;ref name=democrati/&gt;

===Relations follaein the remuival o Mohamed Morsi frae office===
{{main|2013 Egyptian coup d'état}}
Following the [[July 2013 Egyptian protests|anti-government protests]] in the middle of 2013 that led to the [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|2013 overthrow]] of Egyptian [[President of Egypt|President]] [[Mohamed Morsi]] who was strongly backed by Turkey's ruling [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]] (AKP), signs of strained relations rose atween the newly appointed interim government of Egypt and [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]'s [[Cabinet Erdoğan III|government]] in Turkey, mainly due to Erdoğan's pro-Brotherhood views, culminating with the [[August 2013 Rabaa massacre|August 2013 sit-in raids]] in Rabaa and Nahda by security forces, where sit-ins organized by the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] were dispersed, leading to clashes that resulted in 638 deaths, of which 43 were police officers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20130705-turkey-pm-blasts-egypt-coup-enemy-democracy|title=Turkey PM blasts Egypt 'coup' (people revolution) as enemy of democracy|date=5 July 2013|publisher=France 24}}&lt;/ref&gt; The incident resulted in both countries recalling their respective ambassadors and was met with several verbal assaults by Erdoğan, who described the event as &quot;anti-democratic&quot; and referred to it as a &quot;massacre,&quot; while suggesting that Egypt's leaders should be put under a &quot;fair and transparent trial.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.businessweek.com/ap/2013-08-16/turkey-egypt-recall-ambassadors|title=Turkey, Egypt recall envoys in wake of violence|date=16 August 2013|publisher=Bloomberg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/14/us-egypt-protests-reaction-idUSBRE97D11920130814 |title=U.S. condemns killings of Egypt protesters, Turkey wants U.N. action |date=14 August 2013 |publisher=Reuters |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6J0cIJJMd?url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/08/14/us-egypt-protests-reaction-idUSBRE97D11920130814 |archivedate=20 August 2013 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt; This was followed by a suspension of military exercises involving the two countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.acus.org/natosource/turkey-blocks-egypt-joining-nato-naval-exercise |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-08-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819011053/http://www.acus.org/natosource/turkey-blocks-egypt-joining-nato-naval-exercise |archivedate=19 August 2013 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://frontpagemag.com/2013/dgreenfield/turkey-accuses-egypt-of-massacre-egypt-responds-by-endorsing-armenian-genocide-declaration/|title=Turkey Accuses Egypt of Massacre, Egypt Responds by Endorsing Armenian Genocide Declaration|date=20 August 2013}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Erdoğan also accused the Egyptian military of conspiring with [[Israel]] to topple Morsi's government at an expanded meeting of the provincial chairs of his ruling AKP and claimed to possess &quot;proof&quot; for that: &quot;This is what has been implemented in Egypt. Who is behind this? Israel. We have evidence&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkey-has-evidence-that-israel-was-behind-egypt-coup-erdogan.aspx?pageID=517&amp;nID=52876&amp;NewsCatID=338|title=Israel behind coup to oust Morsi, Turkish PM Erdoğan says|date=20 August 2013|publisher=Hurriyet Daily News}}&lt;/ref&gt; The claim was rejected by the Egyptian interim government, describing it as &quot;baseless&quot; and intended to &quot;strike at the unity of Egyptians,&quot; with presidential spokesperson Ahmed Muslimani saying that &quot;agents of the West should not give lessons in patriotism&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/news/israel-egypt-coup-erdogan-722/|title='Israel behind Egypt coup' – Turkish PM|date=20 August 2013|publisher=RT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In response to Erdoğan's statements, Egypt's interim president, [[Adly Mansour]] announced on his [[Twitter]] account on 17 August that Egypt would to sign the international document [[Armenian Genocide recognition|recognizing]] the [[Armenian Genocide]]:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.raymondibrahim.com/from-the-arab-world/egypt-to-acknowledge-armenian-genocide/|title=Egypt to Acknowledge Armenian Genocide|date=17 August 2013|access-date=2020-06-25|archive-date=2013-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927031859/http://www.raymondibrahim.com/from-the-arab-world/egypt-to-acknowledge-armenian-genocide/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/Adly_Mansour/status/368693120847724544|title=Adly Mansour on Twitter: يوقع غداً مندوبنا الدائم بالأمم المتحدة على الوثيقة الدولية التى تعترف بمذابح الأرمن والتى ارتكبها الجيش التركى وراح ضحيتها مليون قتيل|date=17 August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{{centered pull quote|Our representatives at the United Nations will sign the international document that acknowledges the Armenian genocide, which was committed by the Turkish military, leading to the deaths of one million.}}
In addition, dozens of Egyptian articles have been published condemning Turkey's denial of the Armenian Genocide and urging the country's new leaders to recognize it. There have also been calls{{by whom|date=November 2013}} to erect a memorial monument commemorating the victims of the genocide in [[Cairo]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://asbarez.com/113717/millions-watch-popular-egyptian-talk-show-on-the-armenian-genocide/|title=Millions Watch Popular Egyptian Talk Show on the Armenian Genocide|date=10 September 2013|publisher=Asbarez}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 23 November 2013, the Egyptian government expelled the Turkish ambassador to the country, Huseyin Avni Botsali, and recalled their ambassador from [[Ankara]] indefinitely after several months of tensions with Turkey's ruling AKP-led government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://almogaz.com/news/politics/2013/11/23/1199174|title=مصر تعلن سحب سفيرها من أنقرة نهائيا القاهرة تطلب من السفير التركي في مصر سرعة مغادرة الأراضي|date=23 November 2013|publisher=Al-Mogaz (الموجز)|access-date=2020-06-25|archive-date=2013-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124224838/http://almogaz.com/news/politics/2013/11/23/1199174|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response, Turkey also barred the Egyptian ambassador, who was out of the country at the time, and declared him a [[persona non grata]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-25066115|title=Egypt expels Turkish ambassador|date=23 November 2013|publisher=BBC|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; The declaration came a day after Turkish PM [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] repeated his criticism of Egypt's interim government and his call for the urgent release of former Egyptian President [[Mohamed Morsi]]. Egypt's Foreign Ministry spokesman, Badr Abdelatty accused Erdoğan of meddling in the country's internal affairs by raising public opinion against the Egyptian government and supporting proscribed organizations that are bent on destabilizing the nation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/23/us-egypt-turkey-idUSBRE9AM03Y20131123|title=Egypt expels Turkish ambassador, Turkey retaliates|date=23 November 2013|newspaper=Reuters|access-date=2020-06-25|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924191121/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/11/23/us-egypt-turkey-idUSBRE9AM03Y20131123|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.euronews.com/newswires/2224526-egypt-asks-turkish-ambassador-to-leave-cites-threat-to-stability/|title=Egypt expels Turkish ambassador, Turkey retaliates|date=23 November 2013|publisher=Euronews|access-date=2020-06-25|archive-date=2013-11-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131125022048/http://www.euronews.com/newswires/2224526-egypt-asks-turkish-ambassador-to-leave-cites-threat-to-stability/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Relations unner Abdel Fattah al-Sisi===
In July 2014, the Egyptian Foreign Ministry warned that relations would worsen since Erdoğan called Sisi a &quot;tyrant&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/egypt-warns-turkey-of-worsening-relations-1406396932|accessdate=21 August 2014|publisher=Dow Jones &amp; Company|date=26 July 2014|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726200409/http://online.wsj.com/articles/egypt-warns-turkey-of-worsening-relations-1406396932|archive-date=26 July 2014|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; This comes after Prime Minister [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]]  slammed Egypt's President [[Abdel Fattah al-Sisi]] as an &quot;illegitimate tyrant&quot;, saying that Egypt could not be relied upon to negotiate a truce with Israel during [[Operation Protective Edge]]. &quot;Is Sisi a party (to a ceasefire)? Sisi is a tyrant himself,&quot; Erdogan told reporters. &quot;He is not different from the others,&quot; he said, adding that it was Egypt's current rulers who were blocking humanitarian aid channels to the [[Gaza Strip]] ruled by the [[Hamas]] Islamist militant group. Egypt's Foreign Minister [[Sameh Shoukry]] said Erdogan's comments were &quot;unacceptable&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/turkey-pm-erdogan-slams-egypts-illegitimate-tyrant-sisi-130905463.html?ref=gs|title=Turkey PM slams Egypt's 'illegitimate tyrant' Sisi|publisher=|access-date=2020-06-25|archive-date=2020-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401110931/https://www.yahoo.com/news/turkey-pm-erdogan-slams-egypts-illegitimate-tyrant-sisi-130905463.html?ref=gs|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Due to Turkey's interference in Egypt's domestic affairs. The Egyptian foreign ministry also canceled joint naval drills with Turkey.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Egypt, Turkey cancel navy drills as tensions rise|url = http://www.foxnews.com/world/2013/08/16/egypt-turkey-cancel-navy-drills-as-tensions-rise/|accessdate = 2 June 2015|date = 2015-03-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2014, Egypt's foreign minister cancelled a meeting with Turkish president Erdoğan requested by Turkey after Erdoğan made a speech critical of Egypt in the UN General Assembly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Egypt cancels Erdoğan meeting over coup comments; Turkey denies meeting ever scheduled – Politics – Egypt – Ahram Online|url = http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/111642/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-cancels-Erdogan-meeting-over-coup-comments;-.aspx|website = english.ahram.org.eg|accessdate = 2 June 2015|archive-date = 2020-04-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200401110935/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/111642/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-cancels-Erdogan-meeting-over-coup-comments;-.aspx|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; An advisor to the Turkish president has denied that the countries' leaders were planning to meet. However, later Egypt's foreign ministry handed out a scanned document of Turkey's meeting proposal to the media and was published by Egypt's Youm7 newspaper.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.youm7.com/story/2014/9/25/ننشر_صورة_من_طلب_تركيا_لقاء_وزير_الخارجية_سامح_شكرى/1881217|title = ننشر صورة من طلب &quot;تركيا&quot; لقاء وزير الخارجية سامح شكرى|website = Youm7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sisi's administration also decided to cancel the &quot;Ro-Ro&quot; agreement with Turkey, blocking Turkey from transporting Turkish containers to the Gulf via Egyptian ports.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Egypt decides not to renew trade agreement with Turkey {{!}} Egypt Independent|url = http://www.egyptindependent.com/news/egypt-decides-not-renew-trade-agreement-turkey|accessdate = 2 June 2015|date = 2014-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; An intense campaign started by Egypt and Saudi Arabia against Turkey made it lose its predicted easy victory of membership in the [[United Nations Security Council]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title =Turkey Loses U.N. Security Council Seat in Huge Upset|url = http://www.newsweek.com/venezuela-malaysia-angola-new-zealand-win-un-council-seats-277962|website =Newsweek|accessdate = 16 October 2014|date = 2014-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Following the [[2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt]], President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] gave an interview with [[Al Jazeera]] explaining that “President al-Sisi has nothing to do with democracy, and that he’s killed thousands of his own people.” The remarks were condemned by Egypt’s Foreign Ministry spokesman Ahmed Abu Zeid saying that the Turkish president “keeps confusing matter and is losing the ability to make sound judgments” and that this reflects “the difficult circumstances the Turkish president has been through. “He cannot differentiate between an evident revolution where [[2013 Egyptian Protests|more than 30 million Egyptians]] demanded the support of the Egyptian military and between military coups as we know them,” the statement explained.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://egyptianstreets.com/2016/07/21/egypts-foreign-ministry-blasts-turkeys-erdogan-following-anti-sisi-remarks/|title=Egypt's Foreign Ministry Blasts Turkey's Erdogan Following Anti-Sisi Remarks|date=21 July 2016|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.alaraby.co.uk/english/news/2016/7/22/erdogan-blasts-egypts-putschist-president-sisi-in-al-jazeera-interview|title=Erdogan blasts Egypt's 'putschist president' Sisi in al-Jazeera interview|first=The New|last=Arab|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On November 22, 2017, Egypt’s public prosecutor has ordered the detention of 29 people suspected of espionage on behalf of Turkey against Egypt national interest and joining a terrorist organization. They are also accused of money laundering, conducting overseas calls without a license and trading currency without a license. According to the results of an investigation by the General Intelligence Services, the group has been recording phone calls and passing information to Turkish intelligence as part of a plan to bring the [[Muslim Brotherhood]] back to power in Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-court/egypt-detains-29-people-on-suspicion-of-espionage-for-turkey-idUSKBN1DM1AN Egypt detains 29 people on suspicion of espionage for Turkey]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/33764/In-Pictures-Egypt-foils-Turkish-espionage-attempt In Pictures: Egypt foils Turkish espionage attempt] [[Egypt Today]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Following the executions of 9 people convicted of killing [[Hisham Barakat]] in February 2019, President Erdogan sharply criticized President al-Sisi, saying he refused to talk to &quot;someone like him&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/turkish-president-erdogan-denounces-egypt-sisi-executions-190224060937038.html&lt;/ref&gt;

====Proposal tae recognise the [[Armenie Genocide]]====
Due to the ongoing deterioration of relations atween Egypt and Turkey, the Government of Egypt led by el-Sisi, has been receiving proposals to recognize the Armenian Genocide, a sensitive subject that Turkey has denounced mair nor once.&lt;ref&gt;https://anca.org/egypt-first-islamic-country-to-raise-armenian-genocide-issue-says-anc-egypt-chair/&lt;/ref&gt; Filmmaker Mohamed Hanafi had produced a movie, &quot;Who Killed the Armenians?&quot;, in response to the ongoing tensions atween Turkey and Egypt, as an act of Egyptian solidarity to Armenia.&lt;ref&gt;https://anca.org/who-killed-the-armenians-egyptian-filmmakers-tackle-the-genocide/&lt;/ref&gt;

In February 2019, Abdel Fattah el-Sisi announced it had implicitly recognized the Armenian Genocide, further deteriorating the relationship atween Turkey and Egypt.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/2/64896/Egypt-implicitly-recognizes-Armenian-Genocide [[Egypt Today]]&lt;/ref&gt;

====Proposal tae grant asylum tae [[Fethullah Gülen]]====
MP Emad Mahrous called on the Egyptian government to grant asylum to Gülen. In the request, sent to Speaker of the House of Representatives Ali Abdel-Aal, Prime Minister [[Sherif Ismail]] and Foreign Minister [[Sameh Shoukry]] on 24 July 2016, Mahrous notes that &quot;[Turkey] was a moderate Muslim country that has become an Islamist dictatorship at the hands of [Turkish president] Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and his affiliated [[Muslim Brotherhood]] political party&quot;, arguing that it was &quot;highly distasteful&quot; that Erdoğan has requested Gülen's extradition from the United States while at the same time &quot;... giving shelter to hundreds of leaders of the Muslim Brotherhood terrorist organisation and members of other bloody militant Islamist groups which attack Egypt by day and night&quot;.&lt;ref name=GulenAsylum&gt;{{cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/234917/Egypt/Politics-/The-govt-should-give-asylum-to-Turkish-opposition-.aspx|title='The govt should give asylum to Turkish opposition figure Gulen,' says Egypt MP|author=Gamal Essam el-Din|publisher=Ahram Online|date=25 July 2016|access-date=2 August 2016|archive-date=2020-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401110929/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/234917/Egypt/Politics-/The-govt-should-give-asylum-to-Turkish-opposition-.aspx|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mahrous argues that not only has Erdoğan accused Gülen of plotting the failed coup, Erdoğan has also used this allegation as an excuse to engage in mass purges against public institutions allegedly loyal to Gülen. &quot;(Simultaneously), Erdogan has decided to turn Turkey-Egypt relations into a media battleground, with Turkish intelligence providing funds for several Muslim Brotherhood TV channels that target Egypt&quot;. Mahrous stated that his advice to Gülen is to not wait until his extradition, but instead leave the US and obtain permanent asylum in Egypt. Former Egyptian President [[Anwar Sadat]] granted asylum to Shah [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]] after arriving the Egypt from the US, regardless of all the threats that were issued by Iran's ayatollahs during the [[Iranian Revolution]].&lt;ref name=GulenAsylum /&gt;

== Relations in early 2020 ==
Early in 2020, the Egyptian military practices military drills in the Middle East as a show of force to Turkey according to Xinhuanet News. &quot;It's (the military exercises) a message to the Turkish side to realize the capabilities of Egyptian army on battle ground,&quot; said Tariq Fahmy, a professor of international relations at Cairo University. In addition, The Egyptian naval forces conducted a muckle-scale amphibious exercise in the Mediterranean Sea amid escalating tensions in the region after Turkey's parliament agreed to send military troops to Libya aimed at shoring up the UN-recognized government in Tripoli. Egypt's naval forces conducted activities in the Mediterranean Sea aimed at imposing maritime control on the country's economic zone and securing vital targets in deep water, according to a statement by the armed forces. The Egyptian naval forces conducted a muckle-scale amphibious exercise in the Mediterranean Sea amid escalating tensions in the region after Turkey's parliament agreed to send military troops to Libya aimed at shoring up the UN-recognized government in Tripoli.
==Diplomacy==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Republic o Egypt
*[[Ankara]] (Embassy)
*[[Istanbul]] (Consulate-General)
{{col-2}}
;Republic o Turkey
*[[Cairo]] (Embassy)
*[[Alexandria]] (Consulate-General)
{{col-end}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
*{{Citation |last=J. Zürcher |first=Erik |title=Turkey: A Modern History, Revised Edition |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|location=London |year=2004 |isbn=9781850433996}}
*{{Citation |last1=Rubin |first1=Barry |last2=Kirisci |first2=Kemal |title=Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power |publisher=[[Lynne Rienner Publishers]]|location=Boulder, Colorado |year=2001 |isbn=978-1-55587-954-9}}
*{{Citation |last=Dawisha |first=Adeed |title=Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-691-10273-3}}
{{Refend}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Freemit airtins ==
* [http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/06/c_138683088.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200209203512/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/06/c_138683088.htm |date=2020-02-09 }}
* [http://www.egyptturkey.com/disclaimer.html Egyptian embassy in Ankara]
* [http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkey_s-political-relations-with-egypt.en.mfa Turkish Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Egypt]
* [http://www.mfa.gov.eg/Missions/turkey/ankara/embassy/en-GB/ Egyptian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Turkey] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081127034026/http://www.mfa.gov.eg/Missions/turkey/ankara/embassy/en-GB/ |date=2008-11-27 }}
* [http://www.strategicoutlook.org/2011/09/new-era-in-the-egyptian-turkish-relations/ New Era in the Egyptian – Turkish Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128103851/http://www.strategicoutlook.org/2011/09/new-era-in-the-egyptian-turkish-relations/ |date=2011-11-28 }}

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      <text bytes="86003" sha1="hme20nxjdor222b8ppeqjf7kqejv22a" xml:space="preserve">==''Walcome!''==

Hullo, CiphriusKane, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/CiphriusKane|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu:
* [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae.
* [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]]
* [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]].
* [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here
* [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles

Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. 

'''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''&lt;!--Template:Walcome--&gt; &amp;#8211;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:CG Times&quot;&gt;[[User:MJL|&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;MJL&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]&lt;sup&gt;[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 10:00, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

==Scots skills==
Hullo an walcome. A recommend makin a Uiser page fir yersel, an uisin the 'Babel Uiser Interface' infobox on it to share yer skills in Scots. (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Babel#sco_-_Scots_(Scots)) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|Soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 22:09, 26 August 2020 (UTC)

== Thank you ==

Thank you for doing that. --[[Uiser:LokaloSkotso|LokaloSkotso]] ([[Uiser collogue:LokaloSkotso|tauk]]) 01:22, 30 August 2020 (UTC)

== +rollbacker +autopatroller ==

I have granted you new powers due to your obvious and present need for them. With rollback, you can revert vandalism in a single click. With autopatroller, all pages you create will no longer need to be reviewed by an admin. Use these tools wisely! &amp;#8211;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:CG Times&quot;&gt;[[User:MJL|&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;MJL&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]&lt;sup&gt;[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 05:07, 3 September 2020 (UTC)

== Just an idea... ==

Hi CiphriusKane, I really like your list of Scottish topics. If you're looking for suggestions, how about indigenous plants and animals, indigenous races and breeds (kettle, sheep, goats, dogs?), indigenous fruit varieties (apples, maybe?), produce and derived products (cheese?). Also, separate lists of animals, plants etc. would be interesting and maybe even useful for the upcoming edit-a-thon. Just an idea I had when I saw your list. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 18:41, 24 September 2020 (UTC)
:{{Ping|Andreas}} Aye, I'd thought to add a &quot;Nature&quot; section at some point. I'm also happy with adding sublists if it's deemed necessary/neater. All are free to edit the list as necessary (should put that at the top of the page come to think of it) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:18, 24 September 2020 (UTC)
::Glad you don't hate the idea. I was gonna say the &quot;sublists&quot; can go straight into the article namespace but then I checked and found [[Scots plants|this]]. Maybe somebody could turn this into something more useful (for reading folks), along the lines of [[:als:Alemannischi Tiernäme (noch de zoologische Syschtematik)|that]] (Alemannic) or [[:gd:Liosta nam beathach|that]] (Scottish Gaelic) or even [[:rm:Glista da mammals da la Svizra|that]] (Romansh). I would offer a hand but I don't speak ''ae wird o Scots''. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 20:24, 24 September 2020 (UTC)
:::{{Ping|Andreas}} Hmm, I could add a &quot;See forby/Main&quot; on my list for that type of list, but the list I'm making is meant to include specific articles closely associated with Scotland to focus on. Like if there was a list of birds, I'd probably only be listing the golden eagle and osprey (Scotland has a sizeable European golden eagle population I believe, and there's a famous osprey who bred in Scotland until 2014). That said, if ye've any thoughts on flora and fauna that match that criteria go ahead and add them (or list them here if ye're unsure) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:10, 24 September 2020 (UTC)
::::Sure, I get the idea of your list. I was just commenting on the &quot;sublist&quot; thing ;D Maybe the [[Teuchit|shochads]] of [[Caithness]] are worth mentioning? They kept cropping up in quick google.
::::By the way, ''did ye ken'' that several other small and mid-size Wikipedias keep similar lists and cross-link them via [[:d:Q12950581]]? Maybe you want to add yours once it reaches your (first) goal of 100 topics. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 21:40, 24 September 2020 (UTC)
:::::{{Ping|Andreas}} Ah, now I see, sorry for the confusion. I've mentioned the wikidata idea to the others in the Scots Leid server, but it seems like a plan.  Ye've given me a few things to think about, so thanks.  Also I realised I never addressed the editathon point.  The one happening in a few days already has a theme of places, but I can easily add nature to the list of potential themes (if I can find where we stuck the theme list...) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:37, 24 September 2020 (UTC)
::::::Glad I could do something useful. By the way, would you guys mind a lurker in the discord server? ;D --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 01:06, 25 September 2020 (UTC) Oh, and may I be curious and ask what dialect of Scots you speak? I noticed you use &quot;ae&quot; for English &quot;of&quot;, which I haven't seen before.
:::::::{{Ping|Andreas}} Sure, all are welcome in the server long as they respect the language and the rules, and it's primarily Doric but I think it's kinda been influenced by Glaswegian a bit by now. Need an invite link for the Discord server?  [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:11, 25 September 2020 (UTC)
::::::::Aye, please. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 01:21, 25 September 2020 (UTC)
:::::::::{{Ping|Andreas}} https://discord.gg/RA4tyaN This should hopefully work [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:23, 25 September 2020 (UTC)

== A barnstar for you! ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1.5px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7; padding-right: 5px&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; | [[File:Dark Blue Scottish Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Scots Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | Have I ever told you that you are the best anti-vandalism fighter and copy editor on this entire site? Well, you are!&lt;br /&gt;I know you said you weren't interested, but you seriously would make a great admin. I sincerely look forward to your future contributions keeping up your great track record!! &amp;#8211;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:CG Times&quot;&gt;[[User:MJL|&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;MJL&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]&lt;sup&gt;[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 06:08, 13 October 2020 (UTC)
|}


== Ratko Janev ==

Thanks for adding him.[[Special:Contributions/178.148.109.252|178.148.109.252]] ([[User talk:178.148.109.252|talk]]) 22:25, 1 November 2020 (UTC)

=={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 &amp; 15 November==
Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one!  14 &amp; 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.'''   :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:41, 10 November 2020 (UTC)

== Sub categories ==

(en) I suggested at the editathon that People (Fowk) could be divided intae a group fir STEM ( Science Technology Engineering Medicine) an Nurses. And a subcategory for Scottish suffragettes /suffragists who are notable weemen who suffered fir tae give weemen votes.
[[Uiser:Kaybeesquared|Kaybeesquared]] ([[Uiser collogue:Kaybeesquared|tauk]]) 19:09, 15 November 2020 (UTC)

=={{en}} Next editathon==
Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you  might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember  2020|December event, Sat 12 &amp; Sun 13th.]]   In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited  to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language  Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries.  

*  [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207  Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] 
* [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event  page]]
    
Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:49, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC)

== {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! ==
We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC.  Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:34, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC)

== Hello, ==

I'll try to back off now to be honest. I don't want to cause ''any'' trouble at all. Thank you and sorry. Signed Tom AKA ([[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 12:34, 17 Dizember 2020 (UTC))

== [[Princess Marie Auguste o Thurn an Taxis]] -&gt; Princess Maria Augusta o Thurn an Taxis ==

Hello, sorry to bother you. Would you be able to move the above link to Princess Maria Augusta o Thurn an Taxis at all? Thank you, sorry again but Happy New Year too. Signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 20:36, 1 Januar 2021 (UTC)

== Cleanup ==

Hi, I'm continuing with my cleanup of the misuse of Scots words, and now I'm onto ''lairge''. The way I understand it, &quot;lairge&quot; only refers to large numbers/plentifulness, while &quot;muckle&quot; is about physical size. Am I right? --[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|That's how you do fake Cyrillic properly and phonetically]]) 10:17, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC)
:{{ping|Corsicanwarrah}} I believe either or can be used, but muckle/muckler/mucklest is preferred for size, that is correct. If this is about me removing the Fixscots template on [[eagle]], it's because I fixed the Scots back in October [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:29, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC)

== re: ==

Hi, tha mi troimh-chèile, duilich.
An urrainn dhut a cheartachadh?--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 14:47, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC)

== re: ==

I have already created the page in Scottish Gaelic, the first one remains to be corrected (do it in Scottish)--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 15:08, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC)

== Clubaichean de churaidhean saoghal ball-coise FIFA ==

Hi, the content is now ok, but i can't change the title, should be put: List FIFA of football clubs  world champions. But in scots I do not know how to write it, you can do it? :-) --[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 19:07, 9 Januar 2021 (UTC)

== Leet o warld champion fitba clubs ==

hello, ok, i add. See forby, this article in other wiki is annex o ''FIFA club warld cup'' an ''Intercontinental Cup''. In my opinion it has notability as it is the sum o tha teetles officially recognized bi FIFA--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 06:08, 10 Januar 2021 (UTC)

== Intercontinental Cup ==

I created this page, it was necessary, I can't link it to other languages, can you do it?--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 08:35, 10 Januar 2021 (UTC)

== Sorry about the edits I make ==

Hi, sorry to bother you but I’m sorry for the edits I make in English because I’m an English person. I enjoy writing articles to build the encyclopedia. [[Uiser:RedhotRod4|RedhotRod4]] ([[Uiser collogue:RedhotRod4|tauk]]) 10:44, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC)
:{{ping|RedhotRod4}} Hey, in that case I'd encourage ye to make articles in yer personal userspace then ask for them to be translated. If ye're interested in learning to write Scots, we've got a [https://discord.gg/RA4tyaN Scots language Discord server] where we'd be happy to help. The other issue with the articles is the lack of substance to them. While there is some minor substance to [[Damageplan]], it'd still be good to have more content with references. The [[Frankenstrat]] article as it stands could easily be merged with [[Eddie Van Halen]] as per our [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability policy]] regarding broad articles before specific articles (thanks for expanding that article by the way. It's a better start but still could do with a bit of polish) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 12:15, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC)

Uh...ok. [[Uiser:RedhotRod4|RedhotRod4]] ([[Uiser collogue:RedhotRod4|tauk]]) 12:21, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC)

== New uiser warnin template for Notability ==

Hullo, a hae pit thegither a new uiser warnin template whan airticle's [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability]] is bein speirt. A hae noted hou ti uise it (as thair is some customisation)  [[Wikipedia:Redd_Up#Notability_Speirt|here]]. [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 21:52, 19 Januar 2021 (UTC)
:{{ping|Soothrhins}} The extra text pairt o the template micht need a bit o wirk as it dupes the text an maks reid airtins (see [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uiser_collogue:124.169.246.158&amp;oldid=833961 iss edit] fur an ensaumple) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:57, 22 Januar 2021 (UTC)
::&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{{2|}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; was used twice: In the &lt;code&gt;if&lt;/code&gt; for multiple violations(?) and for the &quot;Extra text&quot;. I changed the first one to &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{{3|}}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; for now because the second one (&quot;Extra text&quot;) is used in the documentation. --[[Uiser:Andreas|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#cb005f&quot;&gt;Lacey&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#cb005f&quot;&gt;tauk&lt;/span&gt;]])&lt;/sup&gt; 20:19, 22 Januar 2021 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Andreas}} {{ping|CiphriusKane}} Thanks! [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 14:11, 24 Januar 2021 (UTC)

==  Leet o warld champion fitba clubs ==

I don't know who made this mess: the page in question has been merged with the page of the FIFA world federation, they are two things that have nothing to do with each other, one is the world federation, the other is the list of world champions clubs released by FIFA, you can correct?--[[Uiser:Kanoawi|Kanoawi]] ([[Uiser collogue:Kanoawi|tauk]]) 11:44, 23 Januar 2021 (UTC)
: {{ping|Kanoawi}} Hey, I was the one who merged the articles. The list was tagged as a violation of our [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability policy]] in relation to article quality (zero context about the list, lack of sufficient sources) and was left untouched for over the stated improvement duration (1 week) so I merged it into FIFA, as it's basically just a list of clubs recognised by FIFA and the FIFA article itself is lacking. The alternate was I delete the list article outright, and we favour merging over deletion where possible. Should the list page be brought up to scratch, then it needn't be merged. Also, saying that the list of clubs '''recognised by FIFA''' is unrelated to FIFA seems contradictory [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 12:04, 23 Januar 2021 (UTC)

=={{en}} January editathon== 
Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 &amp; Sun 31 January.  If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians.  More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:57, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC)

== Frog article ==

Hi — I see you've been involved with the 'Frog' page on the Scots Wikipedia.  I thought I might bring it to your attention that the page has been vandalised (overwritten with text from the Middle English Wikipedia) — I'm not savvy enough to fix the change myself but I hope flagging it is enough. [[Uiser:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[Uiser collogue:Æolus|tauk]]) 21:41, 31 Januar 2021 (UTC)

=={{en}} Thanks for taking part in the January editathon!==
Just as it says above - thanks for taking part.  You can see [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_30-31_Januar_(30-31_Januar_2021) the results of January's event here], I reckon we did pretty well.  Hope to see you at the next one! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 18:07, 3 Februar 2021 (UTC)

== Hello,  ==

This is Tom, I nopticed that my block has since been removed (I think it was for 3 months, THINK) and I was wondering IF I could contribute A BIT now? I mrean in terms of correcting spellings and small points like that not creating 900 articles an hour I mean so fear not [lol] But yes that was my question. I asked you as I think you were the user who blocked me (as I said I THINK it was you) Signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 16:07, 13 Februar 2021 (UTC)
: Hey Tom, the block was actually only one month which expired a few days ago. The concern I have is that even outside of mass creation of pages, yer Scots ability is still lacking, such as [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloria,_Princess_o_Thurn_an_Taxis&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=817654 this edit] which somehow turned English into incorrect English, let alone into Scots. Probably the best idea is to make suggestions for changes on relevant talk pages so that experienced Scots speakers can make the changes properly. This was one of the proposals on the AN thread which saw support. I'd suggest focusing on proving that existing articles are notable by themselves, rather than on making more genealogy pages.
:  If ye agree with this, I can inform the AN discussion and get consensus for the deal, with a possible stipulation that ye get an article namespace block to ensure enforcement, along with a single reminder per new IP, to account for yer memory problems and IP changes. This deal will also entail that ye stop maligning other editors, including accusing them of being spiteful.
: I get ye want to help which is why I'm nae reblocking ye, but yer actions have had an adverse effect on other editors. If I may borrow yer words, keep in mind that we're human. How does this sound? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 05:28, 14 Februar 2021 (UTC)
::Yo, just saw this. I didn't accuse anyone on scowiki being spieful, that was some of the enwiki users. I can honestky say that everyone I 've encountered on scowiki have/has been lovely to be honest so I can't fault that a all. And ok, that makes sense as in bettering the pages that already exist I agree because as ye said my scots is lacking *blushes* but yes ok thank you for the swift reply too and happy Valentine's Day [lol] signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 18:08, 14 Februar 2021 (UTC)
:::&quot;that was some of the enwiki users&quot; This is what I mean by maligning other users.  Slandering them here is part of the reason why I blocked ye, because it indicates to me that ye think it's fine to disparage them because it was a different wiki.  I dinnae care where it happened, or why, or whether or nae they've edited here or even ken this wiki exists, calling other users spiteful is out of line [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:00, 15 Februar 2021 (UTC)
::::It's purely frustration on my part, I'm not excusing it and I totally see your point but it is just sheer frustration and disappointment. Sorry :( [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 14:18, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC)
:::::Tom, this'll be yer reminder to keep to talk pages rather than editing articles directly. Also, I need ye to explicitly state that ye agree with the terms of the deal before I present it to the AN [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC)

== [[Friedrich, Duke o Mecklenburg-Grabow]] -&gt; Duke Friedrich o Mecklenburg, Prince o Grabow ==

Hello, would you be able to move the above to the latter at all? I did some research and his title is wrong (my fault ''entirely'' having made it in the first place) Prince of/o Grabow was/wis in fact his title/teetle, not/nae Duke o Mecklenburg-Grabow. I also added a reference to his article too. Hope you're well, I must admit I'm quite proud of the addition of a reference to be honest [lol] forever in your debt signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 14:15, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC)
:'''Nae done''' - The source ye linked says Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow. Provide a reliable source saying otherwise or it remains as is [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC)
::However, rywiki says Grabow wis an appanage an dewiki says he wis styled *Prince* [o Grabow] plus, ruwiki has his page as *Frederick of Mecklenburg, Prince of Grabowsk(i)* the reference I added wis more to do with where he wis buried (I wis going create a ''Category:Buirials at the Schelfkirche, Schwerin'', in the very distant future, that's all that was for) [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 19:45, 17 Februar 2021 (UTC) The main point is he wasn't the Duke of/o *MG but the Prince of/o G.
:::Wikipedia isnae a valid source, and neither of those pages list him as Duke and Prince in the title.  The de wiki lists neither. Also, ye've technically broken the terms of the deal I proposed now, only reason I've nae blocked is because the deal wisnae ratified by the community [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:21, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC)

::::Ok, so I have located a source that does mention his title being an appanage BUT it reads prety much exactly the same as dewiki so I'm a bit confused right now. [https://wollongongmemorialgardens.com.au/history/search-our-records/deceased-search?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZGUud2lraXBlZGlhLm9yZyUyRndpa2klMkZGcmllZHJpY2hfenVfTWVja2xlbmJ1cmcmYWxsPTE%3D ''Friedrich , Duke of Mecklenburg [-Schwerin], sometimes wrongly: Friedrich I , called Prince von Grabow (born February 13, 1638 in Schwerin , † April 28, 1688 in Grabow ) was an apanaged prince in Grabow.'' ] [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 18:32, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC) what terms?
:::::It's likely a mirror site then, and all this is saying to me is that the page should maybe be called &quot;Freidrich o Mecklenburg&quot; without any titles. As for the terms, scroll up [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:39, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC)

==Mairch editathon==
{{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 &amp; Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots &amp; Irish media &amp; art.  If you'd like to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:29, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC)

== RedhotRod4 ==

Hullo, CiphriusKane. I’m NinjaRobotPirate, an I can confirm that [[Uiser:RedhotRod4]] is a sockpuppet of PoliceOfficer124, an eeditor on enwiki. Thanks foar blockin the account. I speak a bit of French, but I do have an understanding of Scots as well. {{unsigned|89.168.3.43}} 00:46, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC)
:The abeen message wisna sent bi NinjaRobotPirate, but prolly bi PoliceOfficer124, impersonation wis confirmt [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:08, 20 Mairch 2021 (UTC)

== Greetings fellow earthling.  ==

Hope all is well on your end, I wanted to ask your permission to create a small page about María Francisca Fernanda Fitz-James Stuart y Stolberg-Gedern (to correspond with the sister article on eswiki) and wanted to ask your permission before jumping the gun and creating it and then going a bit mad and making 10 others then being labelled god only knows what. So am I ok to do this?  (I have also found a few online references to include in  to the creation of said article. It may interest you to know, that I've emailed the stewards but am still awaiting a response, I even emailed User:Jimbo Wales but again am awaiting a response and am still praying desperately. I'll check this later signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:27, 12 Mey 2021 (UTC)
:Tom, you've got a community block.  This means that you will only be allowed to edit if you can convince the community to unblock you, both on here and on enwiki.  So no, you're not making any more pages, especially not badly translated genealogy pages.  Rightfully I should be blocking this IP as well, but I'm not going to yet, not unless you give me a reason to [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:53, 12 Mey 2021 (UTC)

::Hello, thank you for giving me the chance to reply too, as I said I have emailed the stewards seeking assistance but don't hold out much hope that anyone will be overly helpful plus I'm not convinced Jimbo will even acknowledge me, plus I'm far to scared to write on his en talkpage for fear of being blocked or generally moaned at. How can I actually get any help from people via email though, it's easy for people to dismiss others via email, I doubt these people would be as dismissive in person but then we'll never know. I honestly don't know what else or whom else to contact (I also contacted an en admin via email and she ignored me, then I found her on Twitter and she blocked me. :| prior to me saying I just need your help I don't want your bank details. Also, I  initially started making pages on here to try to make people aware that several pagenames on enwiki are in fact wrong, for example 

#en wiki : Maria Theresa of Spain vs sco [[Marie Thérèse o Austrick]] (She was a Habsburg of Spain, but an Archduchess of Austria, thus Spain is incorrect, even her grave says M T of A in French obviously)
#en wiki : Charles of Mecklenburg-Güstrow vs sco [[Karl, Hereditary Prince o Mecklenburg-Güstrow]] (heir to the throne and thus styled Hereditary Prince) 
#en wiki : María Josefa Pimentel, Duchess of Osuna vs sco : [[María Josefa Pimentel y Téllez-Girón, Duchess o Osuna]] (Spanish nobility uses paternal names first followed by maternal maiden names thus en is incorrect and misleading) 
#en wiki Ángela Téllez-Girón, 16th Duchess of Osuna vs sco [[Ángela Téllez-Girón y Duque de Estrada, 16t Duchess o Osuna]] (same situation as above)

I honestly don't know what to do. This is all so frustrating and unfair, as I said I doubt I'd be ignored in person. Pleaseeeeeeeeee help me. :( signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:56, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC)
:::Frankly all these pages should be VfD'd. This wiki is not your playpen [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:16, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC)
:::Also Tom, let me make myself clear: it is the communities that you have to ask to be unblocked. The COMMUNITIES. Not the stewards, not Jimbo Wales, not me, the communities.  Evading your block just because you don't like it is why you keep being blocked [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:23, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC)
::::I was unaware that I had to contact the communities to be fair. How do I go about doing so, as I've not even heard of this (thank you for informing me of this though)
:::::[[:en:Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System]] Use this for enwiki, and for here, post [[Template:Unblock]] with your appeal on your IP talk page. Make it clear that you understand why you were blocked and what you will do differently, and most importantly do not make negative aspersions about anybody in your appeal.  Calling others bullies and claiming vendettas is a surefire way to having an instant decline [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:19, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC)
::::::OH I SEE, so just to be clear, I'm putting the unblock template on SeaSnail's talk page yes? I'm a tiny bit scared to do so for fear of just immeadiately being blocked to be honest =[ signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 10:09, 14 Mey 2021 (UTC)
:::::::Naw, on your IP talk page. There is no way we can unblock the SeaSnail account [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:16, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC)
::::::::Oh you mean the talk page for ''' 31.125.215.135'''? Because I haven't edited enwiki on this IP address though so surely it'd make more sense to do it on SeaSnails as that's the one that's blocked? Signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:08, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC)
Tom, I'm going to level with you here.  Any unblock appeal you make is probably going to fail.  In your last appeal, you immediately resorted to personal attacks, and that was six weeks ago.  The standard offer on enwiki has six months minimum good behaviour from what I understand, and this includes no block evasion or personal attacks.  If I help you with the appeals any further, I'm just setting you up for failure [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:16, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC)
:::::::: hello, sorry for the late reply, I saw you had replied when I was on my phone but the screen is too small for me to see what I was actually typing (I'm 75% blind as a result of the previously mentioned brain injury I had in 2012 so I'm writing this on my laptop. Anyway, I do genuinely feel that the way I have been treated has been totally fair, I highly doubt people would have treated me like this if if was in person but because this is the internet it's ok to treat other human beings like dirt, apart from the fact I have made hundreds on articles (on scowiki alone) ''some'' of which I ''think'' have been deleted presumably due to the poor linguistics so fine but I also though Wikipedia was for everyone? Not just a lucky few. I set up SeaSnail using an email address for a faceboik account I have (email address is lmadebourbon@gmail.com look it up IF you don't believe me) and my ip address at that point was not blocked so thought it would be ok but MY email was blocked (tom.june13@gmail.com) so it does sort of feel like I can never win :| as I have said to you countless times (and probably other) I'm a hguman being, with feelings I don't deserve to be treated like a bad person when I'm not, plus I've never vandalised Wikipedia corrected yes, but not vandalised. Signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 16:12, 17 Mey 2021 (UTC)
: Six months Tom. That is the minimum I expect you to wait before making any further appeals. I'll also be blocking this IP because you were on thin ice as it was, but resorting to casting aspersions again cracked it [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:11, 20 Mey 2021 (UTC)
:: Tom, I have advised CK to not unblock you under any circumstances without my approval. My talk page is [[uiser collogue:MJL|here]] to discuss your next appeal in 6 months.&lt;br /&gt;Please consider editing [https://familypedia.wikia.org/wiki/Family_History_and_Genealogy_Wiki the Family History and Genealogy Wiki]; it's more attuned to your interests anyways.&lt;br /&gt;In the meantime, please stop bothering CiphriusKane about this. &amp;#8211;&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:CG Times, times&quot;&gt;[[User:MJL|&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;MJL&lt;/span&gt;]]&amp;thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]&lt;sup&gt;[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt; 18:32, 21 Mey 2021 (UTC)

== {{en}} Next Editathon ==

Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 &amp; 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point.  More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]]  Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:09, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC)

== Invitation for Functionary consultation 2021 ==

Greetings, Admins of the emerging community,

I'm letting you know in advance about a meeting I'd like to invite you to regarding the [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] and the community's ownership of its future enforcement. I'm still in the process of putting together the details, but I wanted to share the date with you: 10/11 July, 2021. I do not have a time on this date yet, but I will let you soon. We have created a [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Functionary consultations/June and July 2021|meta page]] with basic information. Please take a look at the meta page and sign up your name under the appropriate section.

Thank you for your time.--[[User:BAnand (WMF)|BAnand (WMF)]] 15:14, 10 June 2021 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:BAnand (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/UCoC_Group&amp;oldid=21568660 --&gt;

== Translation request ==

Hello.

Can you translate and upload the articles [[:en:Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]], [[:en:Emblem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] and [[:en:Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] in Scots Wikipedia? They should not be long.

Yours sincerely, [[Uiser:Multituberculata|Multituberculata]] ([[Uiser collogue:Multituberculata|tauk]]) 15:16, 1 Julie 2021 (UTC)

== [[Lycalopex]] ==

How is my Scots on the article [[Lycalopex]]?

Also, due to my passion in righting the Scots Wikipedia, I've been rewriting increasingly large sections of articles (about animals, for the time being) in what I think is correct Scots. Am I at risk of becoming the new AG? --[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|юзер толк]]) 17:56, 18 Julie 2021 (UTC)

== Honda 70==

Dear I have corrected from Honda 70 to Honda CD70 and you had deleted the link, kindly note that Honda CD70 is the brand and it is the largest selling motorcycle in Pakistan. Please revert your changes...
:It's unnecessary external airtins in the body ae the airticle. We'r nae here tae be an advertisn platform fur the bike [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 10:20, 19 Julie 2021 (UTC)

== Hello ==

Hello, please save the [[Qaem Shahr]] article and link it to the wiki data item. Thanks [[Uiser:Viera iran|Viera iran]] ([[Uiser collogue:Viera iran|tauk]]) 13:56, 25 Julie 2021 (UTC)

== Restore Charlotte's Web ==

The page [[Charlotte's Web]] wis delytit, but had useful content. Can ye restore it? Thank ye. [[Special:Contributions/104.58.147.208|104.58.147.208]] ([[User talk:104.58.147.208|talk]]) 02:20, 1 November 2021 (UTC)

:Please note: that page had been taen fae [[:en:Charlotte's Web]]. [[Special:Contributions/104.58.147.208|104.58.147.208]] ([[User talk:104.58.147.208|talk]]) 02:22, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
::A'v undeletit the airticle as requestit.  Deletion raisonin leuked shaky ti me onyweys [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 05:14, 1 November 2021 (UTC)
:::The page still needs tae be translated some more. Can ye work on it? Also, can ye restore [[Descendants 3]]? It too seemed tae be a shaky deletion bi a non-Scots global admin. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|talk]]) 20:57, 25 November 2021 (UTC)
::::Also, Charlotte's Web needs tae be connected tae Wikidata. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|talk]]) 20:59, 25 November 2021 (UTC)

== DRV ==

I suggest you block 2601:43:0:3970:0:0:0:0/64 instead. IP users on this particular ISP can hop IP's in a /64 range pretty easily (switching from devices, opening a new browser window) [[Uiser:Wizzito|Wizzito]] ([[Uiser collogue:Wizzito|tauk]]) 20:46, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

== How we will see unregistered users ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=content/&gt;
Hi!

You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki.

When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed.

Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help.

If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]].

We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January.

Thank you. 
/[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]&lt;section end=content/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

18:19, 4 Januar 2022 (UTC)
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== (en) Zoom editing session &amp; guest speaker - Thursday 20th January ==

Hey there!  Just a wee reminder that we've got a social editing session this evening as part of the January writing drive, 7-9, featuring guest speaker Dr Michael Dempster from the Scots Language Centre!  [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/245743775247 You can sign up on Eventbrite here].  Be great to see you!  [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 11:02, 20 Januar 2022 (UTC)

== Barnstar! ==

{| style=&quot;border: 1.5px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7; padding-right: 5px&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:middle;&quot; | [[File:Dark Blue Scottish Barnstar.png|100px]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;&quot; | '''The Scots Barnstar'''
|-
|style=&quot;vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;&quot; | &lt;var&gt;This barnstar is bein gien as an awaird tae ken yer contreebution tae the Scots wiki bi gien a haun in the Januar 2022 Writin Drive&lt;/var&gt; [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 17:40, 26 Januar 2022 (UTC)
|}
 [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 17:40, 26 Januar 2022 (UTC)

==Whauriver ye be...==
...lang may yer lum reek!

== Scots question. ==

Is it true that in the Scots language, &quot;in&quot; means the same thing in both English &amp; Scots? I am still not the best at Scots at the moment, especially with the Scottish equivalent of &quot;sight words&quot;. Could you redirect me to some resources for learning Scots? It would be greatly helpful and appreciated as I am having some difficulty finding nice resources.

Best Regards,
[[Uiser:L&amp;#39;Mainerque|L&amp;#39;Mainerque]] ([[Uiser collogue:L&amp;#39;Mainerque|tauk]]) 00:57, 8 October 2022 (UTC)
:(en) {{ping|L'Mainerque}} Yep, though some people spell it as i and drop the n. &quot;an&quot; would mean either &quot;an&quot; or &quot;and&quot; in English. As for resources, Michael Dempster has a 10-hour course on Scots [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmk3hiyUEgWl7Qa9pBGN3r94ahQiSXJ2U here] and there's a Scots language Discord server [https://discord.gg/sMceZgcd here] [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:04, 8 October 2022 (UTC)
::(en) @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] I figured, I thought &quot;an&quot; meant both &quot;and&quot; &amp; &quot;in&quot; from something I read, but I wasn't 100% sure. I will take a look onto that 10hr course &amp; I have joined the Discord.
::Thank you so much,
::[[Uiser:L&amp;#39;Mainerque|L&amp;#39;Mainerque]] ([[Uiser collogue:L&amp;#39;Mainerque|tauk]]) 01:14, 8 October 2022 (UTC)

== CrossWiki spam ==

Hello, [[NateNet]] article is a CrossWiki spam created by the same user on all Wikis. Thanks. [[Uiser:Wooze|Wooze]] ([[Uiser collogue:Wooze|tauk]]) 20:24, 24 October 2022 (UTC)
:(en) I'm aware and am addressing the situation, but thanks for the heads up [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:33, 24 October 2022 (UTC)

== WE NEED YOU BACK ==

Can you please come back to editing and change xxxtenacion’s picture from the mugshot to something better!!!! 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 [[Special:Contributions/24.121.43.130|24.121.43.130]] ([[User talk:24.121.43.130|talk]]) 06:48, 6 December 2022 (UTC)

== Quick question / main page ==

Hi there. I'm [[Uiser:Alison]] - bureaucrat and admin on the [[:ga:Príomhleathanach|Irish]] and [[:gv:Ard-ghuillag|Manx Wikipedias]]. I just happened to stop by and saw that the mainpage here could use a little makeover. I did this successfully for both the Irish and Manx wikis, including setting up daily rolling content, updating the CSS and Modules, etc. I don't speak Scots, I have to say, so would need a little bit of your help on a few things - but I can easily handle all the technical stuff.

Let me know what you think - [[Uiser:Alison|Alison]] ([[Uiser collogue:Alison|tauk]]) 21:40, 27 December 2022 (UTC)
:(en) {{ping|Alison}} Hey, I appreciate the offer. The main page is something that's not been touched since Leidgate, so could probably do with a fresh coat of paint, so to speak. If you're willing, we can talk more in the E Scots Leid discord server ([https://discord.gg/YfgwV4He invite]), as while I try and keep discussions onwiki I feel like this could benefit from real time chat, plus there's other editors on there that prefer Discord over onwiki discussions [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:31, 28 December 2022 (UTC)

== River Duin ==

See [[Collogue:River Doon|Collogue]] [[Uiser:Nogger|Nogger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Nogger|tauk]]) 22:23, 23 Januar 2023 (UTC)
:A aareidy replied there, an a still sey it's conjectur [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:25, 23 Januar 2023 (UTC)

== Discouraged ==

Hello Ciphrius. I can see that according to your userpage you're feeling a bit discouraged at the moment. Keep up the good work here. I always enjoy chatting with you on Discord, it actually helps me learn more about different cultures without having to travel to them! (no I'm not going to rewrite this in Scots, I can read it but not speak it. If I did I would probably sound like someone trying to sound like [[Shrek]]) [[Uiser:Blaze Wolf|Blaze Wolf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Blaze Wolf|tauk]]) 14:10, 30 Januar 2023 (UTC)

== Non-free use rationale ==
How dae ye uplaid ''non-free'' files? It airts tae a Wikimedia commons link.[[Uiser:That Northern Irish Historian|That Northern Irish Historian]] ([[Uiser collogue:That Northern Irish Historian|tauk]]) 00:45, 5 Mey 2023 (UTC)
:Try [[Special:Upload]] [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 00:58, 5 Mey 2023 (UTC)
::'The action that ye hae requestit is leemitit til uisers in the groop: [[Wikipedia:Admeenistraters|Admeenistraters]].' [[Uiser:That Northern Irish Historian|That Northern Irish Historian]] ([[Uiser collogue:That Northern Irish Historian|tauk]]) 17:05, 29 Mey 2023 (UTC)

== Uill feumaidh mi cuideachadh. ==

Uill feumaidh mi cuideachadh. Carson a tha thu ag aontachadh. Chan eil fios agam ciamar a dh 'fheumas mi a'raf a th' ann. Dè an seòrsa dùilean a tha thu ag iarraidh? [[Special:Contributions/172.103.168.17|172.103.168.17]] ([[User talk:172.103.168.17|talk]]) 01:51, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC)

== Hey ==

Feumaidh mi cuideachadh le Scot cànan. An urrainn dhut innse dhomh dè an riatanas a th 'ann airson Wikipedia? [[Uiser:Gracewan2012|Gracewan2012]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gracewan2012|tauk]]) 01:59, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC)
:Ye kin stairt bi pittin yer messages in the [[Scots leid]], fit is the leid o iss projeck, insteid ae Scottish Gaelic, an stappin wi editin fae yer IP. A cannna actual spik Scottish Gaelic [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:05, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC)

== Recreation of some deleted pages for Car manufacturers ==

@[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] Hi Ciphrius! Please can you recreate some deleted pages about Car manufacturers which you deleted them on Scots Wikipedia:

* Aston Martin

* Audi
* Bentley
* Chevrolet

* Jeep
* Nissan
* Porsche
* Škoda Auto
* Volvo Cars


In addition, can you create a new page for the newborn German Car manufacturer Borgward: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgward


and also for Cadillac: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac and VinFast: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/VinFast which are missing on Scots Wikipedia.


Thanks [[Uiser:EDASHI|EDASHI]] ([[Uiser collogue:EDASHI|tauk]]) 05:36, 11 September 2023 (UTC)
:(en) Those articles were all deleted for being [[Scotched English|Scotched]], and checking over the deleted revisions they were also extremely threadbare and quantity-over-quality creations (i.e. 1-2 unsourced sentences). Given how much of this wiki is still like that, I'm disinclined to recreate those pages myself but I'll not stop anybody that wishes to (re)create the pages while addressing the issues I listed [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:20, 11 September 2023 (UTC)

== Hertenin an speirin ==

Aye aye! Gaun yersel! Keep on giein it laldie! Cud ye please gies a haun wi the wirds that's misscotched in the airticles, kettegories an templates? Dae ye ken hou tae modifee mony kettegories at aince? Fur ensaumple, chyngin 'establishment' tae 'estaiblishment' as i [[:Category:1997 establishments]]? [[Uiser:Munci|Munci]] ([[Uiser collogue:Munci|tauk]]) 18:01, 16 October 2023 (UTC)
:{{ping|Munci}} Hiv ye gien HotCat ae twirl?  Ye cin pit it up bi gangin ti [[Special:Preferences]], dabbin the &quot;Gadgets&quot; heider an tickin the HotCat box? An sairie fur the lang reply, internet wis oot the past week [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:03, 23 October 2023 (UTC)
::Thank ye, A'd haurd o HotCat bit A didnae ken hou tae wirk it ir whit it daes. A'll gie hit a shot! Nae bather! [[Uiser:Munci|Munci]] ([[Uiser collogue:Munci|tauk]]) 15:30, 5 November 2023 (UTC)
:::A'd advise uisin &quot;mak&quot; ower &quot;creaut&quot;. Whiles there is hits fur creaut in Gilmour's Corpus, it's rare sae a'v been in the wey ae changin aa the &quot;creaut&quot;/&quot;ceaut&quot;/&quot;craeft&quot; on the wiki ti &quot;mak&quot;, bit it's yer walin [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 5 November 2023 (UTC)

== Hebrew ==

Thanks a lot for your edit to [[Template:lang-he]]. Still &quot;lang-he-n&quot; and &quot;lang-he-a&quot; to go, pretty please... -[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|юзер толк]]) 18:08, 29 October 2023 (UTC)
:Deen, still some airtins til Ebreu left bit sud aa jist be airticle-level insteid ae template level [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:45, 29 October 2023 (UTC)

== TNA ==

Im anly copypastin A want tae rename the page tae total nonstop action, the uiser wha eeditit put it wrong, the company is namit Total Nonstop Action no TNA Wrestling that's why a did whita did juist correctin uiser mistak. [[Uiser:TNAFan55|TNAFan55]] ([[Uiser collogue:TNAFan55|tauk]]) 13:28, 5 Februar 2024 (UTC)
:{{ping|TNAFan55}} An in daein sae, ye essentially erased the airticle's edit history.  The CC-BY-SA license requires attreibution ti be gien/keppit up, hence foo come ye flit pages ti preserv the edit history, ye dinna jist copypaste it acause aat remuives the edit history an gies ye credit fur edits ye didna mak insteid ae the actual awthor [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 13:38, 5 Februar 2024 (UTC)
::Lorg mi an cànan Albannach. Faodaidh tu na h-artaigilean ùra a leantainn.
::([[Uiser:Ahmed brens|Ahmed brens]] ([[Uiser collogue:Ahmed brens|tauk]]) 20:34, 16 Februar 2024 (UTC))

== Is this page in Scots, or phonetically spelled English ==

[[Electronic cigarette]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|talk]]) 17:36, 14 Mairch 2024 (UTC)

This too: [[Ford Vedette]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|talk]]) 17:40, 14 Mairch 2024 (UTC)

== The Missin Links ==

There's a lot o missin links in many Scots airticles. They arenae doin any guid tae the airticles, so should I remove them? [[Uiser:EVTOfficial|EVTOfficial]] ([[Uiser collogue:EVTOfficial|tauk]]) 00:31, 5 Juin 2024 (UTC)
:{{ping|EVTOfficial}} Ay, remuiv reid airtins an categories. Thay wis pit ower athoot thocht anent foo appropriate thay war fur iss wiki [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 09:18, 6 Juin 2024 (UTC)

== Thank you for your hard work ==

Thank you. Can you tell if [[Special:Contributions/Crotot|User:Crotot]] is a Scots speaker? They wrote almost all the pages in [[:Category:Ceeties in North Dakota]], such as [[Ashley, North Dakota]]. [[Uiser:Foxes die!|Foxes die!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Foxes die!|tauk]]) 18:38, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC)
:(en) Looks like they just did a heap of copypasting and managed to make the lairge/muckle mistake, so there's a high chance that they were just copying out of the same faulty dictionary as the others, but they're nae X1-eligible on that grounds [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:46, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC)
::Does X1 only apply to the users here? https://quarry.wmcloud.org/query/49315 [[Uiser:Foxes die!|Foxes die!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Foxes die!|tauk]]) 21:17, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC)
:::(en) It applies to a specific subset of 11 users ay, those targeted in the Massive Kirkyaird cleanup.  It acts as an extension intending to catch articles that were invalid either due to other edits (e.g. file moves, vandalism) or, in one user's case, due to using alts that were excluded. I'd also rather avoid naming said users in edit summaries because most of them never meant any harm, some of them just got carried away [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:38, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC)

== Translate ==

Hello.  Unfortunately, I don’t know Scots language, but I can help. I began to rework articles about Ukrainian administrative units, since in 2020 an administrative-territorial reform was carried out in Ukraine, according to which new districts and a new administrative unit were created - the hromadas (громади) instead of city, town and village councils. Do you know how the word ''громада'' is translated into Scots? [[Uiser:VolnyiLev|VolnyiLev]] ([[Uiser collogue:VolnyiLev|tauk]]) 06:04, 25 Juin 2024 (UTC)
:(en) Literally it'd be &quot;territorial commonity&quot; if the enwiki article is accurate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:48, 25 Juin 2024 (UTC)

== Novi Sad railway station windae-canapy coup ==

Please sort oot the airticle wi spellin mistaks. I'm awfy grateful. [[Special:Contributions/188.255.145.157|188.255.145.157]] ([[User talk:188.255.145.157|talk]]) 22:58, 2 November 2024 (UTC)

== Thank you for being a medical contributors! ==

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== Notable films ==

Hi, I disagree with deleting film articles on the basis of notability when they are obviously notable, just not properly referenced, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:30, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC)
:{{ping|Atlantic306}} then impruiv them! Or is iss wiki meant ti hae nae form ae quality control an ivery airticle aat's ae sentence lang athoot references be allooed ti staan? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:32, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC)
:: It's just as much your responsibility to improve the articles before deleting them. On the english wiki articles are kept if they are notable topics not based on their current appearance, [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:36, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC)
:::{{ping|Atlantic306}} Iss isna enwiki tho, an enwiki didna hae ae bunch ae lairners rinnin aroon wi fauty dictionairs puttin fuck aa effort inti thair airticle churn spam [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:38, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC)
::::From the Scots notability page: &quot;If ye jalous that a topic or airticle isnae 'notable', ye shuid leuk for soorces yersel.&quot; this provision is being ignored. Maybe they should be deleted on low quality grounds and not Scottish rather than notability, [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:53, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC)
:::::{{ping|Atlantic306}} There's iss as weel: &quot;Seiven days ar than gien ti mak impruivments that kythe 'notability'. The tag shuidna be taen awa in that week. Syne, action maun be taen tae mell wi anither airticle or delete it if nae impruivments war made.&quot;  Maist o the film pages dinna hae ony page aat thay kin be mellt inti.  It gets treatit as a enwiki PROD essentially.  An it's ironic aat ye gie bein law quality as bein ae raeson fan ye wis remuivin tags fur aat exac raeson [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:09, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC)

:As asked [[#Restore Charlotte's Web|before]], can ye restore [[Descendants 3]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 17:22, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC)
::Gin ye wint it remak it fine, bit leukin ower it a didna restore it back then acause a didna dispute the raeson fur the deletion [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:53, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC)
:::I need help with the translation. Same for [[Descendants (2015 film)]] and [[Descendants 2]]. There are also many missing articles in [[Template:Disney theatrical animatit featurs]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 18:57, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC)
::::Template's pit up fur deletion.  Yet anither ridiculous &quot;enwiki has it so scowiki needs it too&quot; case [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:13, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC)

:Could you help with the translation on the Descendants pages? I personally think that these Disney animated films deserve pages. If I start some, could you help me? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 19:22, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC)

::Also, another template: [[Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 19:27, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC)

:::Another thing, [[robbery]] and [[God]] are really short articles, should they be deleted? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 20:29, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC)
::::Bein short is in itsel nae ae threipin fur deletion, an a hae ti speir at ye, seein as it's clear aat yer lackin the Scots skills, fit tuils is ye uisin fur yer owersettins? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:18, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC)
::::An ti be frank a'd raither fowk focus on reddin up fit we hae insteid ae eikin ti the pile, an navboxen aat's 95% reid airtins is uissless, as the pint ae the navbox is ti navigate atween relatit pages, nae gie ae list ae suggestit pages [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:21, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC)

:OK, I have to be clear. I wasn't actually using a machine translation, but now I see the problem, I was &quot;scotching&quot; basically. That's what I was asking about with the two Descendants pages, do they need fixing? I had written these before the big controversy happened. Since then, I've tried to get low quality pages deleted. Even that was for a petty reason, because of [[Bambi]] being deleted for this reason. I actually would like a proper page about Bambi. {{ping|Atlantic306}}, do you know if you could bring Bambi into scowiki? I've seen you edit the English version. Speaking of which, there is an error on it. The section &quot;sequel&quot; should be &quot;follow-up&quot;, because Bambi II isn't a sequel, but a midquel. As for robbery and God, could they be expanded? The former is also unreferenced. I've also looked in the film categories and found more pages that might be X1, AmaryllisGardener created several. {{ping|Cobra 3000}}, would you be interested in creating any Disney pages in sco or gdwiki? Gdwiki had some stubs that were deleted for being low quality. They include a few that still exist in sco, which are [[The Fox and the Hound]], [[The Lion King]], [[Lady and the Tramp]], [[Oliver &amp; Company]], [[Finding Nemo]], and [[The Princess and the Frog]]. These were like the X1 deleted articles, even if they weren't &quot;scotcher&quot; pages, but really short and unreferenced pages. Finally, shouldn't Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios be put up for deletion? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 21:53, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC)
::I mean I can help out if you want! It would be a good opportunity to provide Scots versions of the stories in the form of plot synopses! [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 00:24, 2 Mey 2025 (UTC)
::Actually, it might a good idea for an editathon topic. I’ll speak to Wikimedia aboot it! [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 00:25, 2 Mey 2025 (UTC)

== Notable films ==

Hi, these film articles have notability proving references [[Avatar (2009 film)]] and [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]] yet have been tagged for notability anyway. I think this ip editor is going too fast with his nominations, [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:988C:F8D7:BDCB:9475 shown here] imv [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:57, 6 Mey 2025 (UTC)
:The feck ae the references is in the infobox an baith films is twa sentences lang aat near eneuch jist seys &quot;This film exists&quot;; infoboxes shid complement airticles, nae be the hale o thaim, fit is happenin there.  Stick the text fae ROTK ontil [[The Lord of the Rings]] an there's nae quality lost (an aat's prolly fit a'll dae), aat's the issue here.  The film pages exist acause sumbidy decidit aat machine owersettins an airticle quantity maittert mair nor actual airticle quality [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:23, 8 Mey 2025 (UTC)
::Doesn't Avatar qualify as an X1 article? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|talk]]) 18:37, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC)
:::Normally ay bit gien aa iss collogue anent it a'm haudin aff on actin on it jist yet [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:55, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC)

== Useless templates ==

There are more useless templates linked at [[The Princess and the Frog]]. Shouldn't they be put up for deletion? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81|2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81|talk]]) 23:43, 15 Mey 2025 (UTC)
:Gie me a list ae aa the templates then.  Aat wey a kin jist dae a batch nomination raither nor takkin potshots at the templates [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:45, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC)
::Walt Disney Animation Studios, Ron Clements an John Musker, John Lasseter, an Randy Newman. Also found [[Template:GoldenGlobeBestMotionPictureMusicalComedy 1981-2000]] linked at [[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)]]. Also, what to do about pages nominated for deletion like [[The Dark Knight (film)]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|talk]]) 18:36, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC)
:::The other pages nominated for deletion: [[The Dark Knight Rises]], [[Local Hero]], [[Gregory's Girl]], and [[Gandhi (film)]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F|2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F|talk]]) 00:56, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC)
::::A'm able ti chack the category masel, a dinna need ti be telt fit ti dae [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:49, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC)
:::::When will the templates be put up for deletion? And for the nominated pages, when will they be deleted? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9|2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9|talk]]) 19:44, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC)
::::::A'm seein gin there's alternates acause despite fit it micht seem lik a'm nae wintin ti tak ae axe ti aahing a see, an the wiki's nae gaun disappear acause it's a bit delayed noo is it? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:45, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC)

== Jock Stein ==

Hi, this diff [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jock_Stein&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=904946 here] may need suppressing, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:35, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC)
:Dealt wi't afore a leukit at iss message, bit ta fur reportin it [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:00, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC)

== Category:Cleanup tagged airticles withoot a raison field ==

What to do about these pages? I tried replacing them with the fixscots template, but was warned that that was wrong. Also, what to do about the deletion candidates and those useless templates linked at [[The Princess and the Frog]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4|2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4|talk]]) 18:47, 2 Juin 2025 (UTC)

== Notice of expiration of your sysop right ==

&lt;div dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission &quot;sysop&quot; (Administrators) will expire on 2025-06-30 01:22:50. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. &lt;i&gt;In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]&lt;/i&gt; [[Uiser:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Uiser collogue:Leaderbot|tauk]]) 19:45, 23 Juin 2025 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;

== Monthly cleanup categories ==

To change &quot;from&quot; to &quot;fae&quot; ([[Special:Redirect/logid/409338]]), edit line 370 in [[Module:Message box]] to say

&lt;blockquote&gt;local preposition = 'fae'&lt;/blockquote&gt;

You can see examples on [[:pt:Módulo:Message box|Portuguese Wikipedia]], [[:vi:Mô đun:Message box|Vietnamese Wikipedia]], [[:ru:Модуль:Message box|Russian Wikipedia]].

This will change all pages in categories of this form ([https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=intitle%3Afrom&amp;title=Special%3ASearch&amp;profile=advanced&amp;fulltext=1&amp;ns14=1]). Eventually those categories will become empty but the pages may need to be purged first - I am not sure. [[Special:Contributions/96.79.100.209|96.79.100.209]] ([[User talk:96.79.100.209|talk]]) 17:32, 14 Julie 2025 (UTC)
:Okay seems aat wirked, ta [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:55, 15 Julie 2025 (UTC)

== JJS ==
Hello CiphriusKane, Help me rather than threatening me, thank you--[[Uiser:Jean700|Jean700]] ([[Uiser collogue:Jean700|tauk]]) 14:20, 23 Julie 2025 (UTC)

:Excep there wisna ony threit. Ye postit ae setence-lang &quot;airticle&quot; aat makkit a vague claim wi nae claim thewarts notability, sae a taggit as sic. Gin iss wis enwiki aat airticle wid hae been deletit aareidies [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:27, 23 Julie 2025 (UTC)

help me be useful--[[Uiser:Jean700|Jean700]] ([[Uiser collogue:Jean700|tauk]]) 06:53, 24 Julie 2025 (UTC)

:Ye kin help yersel bi stendin oot the airticle insteid ae churnin oot fit leuks lik x-wiki spam.  Turn it inti summat aat isna a sentence lang an claims aat French airt stairtit in the 1950s an we'll see anent the notability tag [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:32, 24 Julie 2025 (UTC)

== Thanks for that ==

Thanks for accepting the changes [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-63184-6|&amp;#126;2025-63184-6]] ([[Uiser collogue:&amp;#126;2025-63184-6|talk]]) 16:32, 16 September 2025 (UTC)

== Update request ==

Hello, CiphriusKane. 

Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Duke o York]] into the Scots version of [[Andra Mountbatten Windsor]]? 

After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor. 

Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: 

https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace 

Yours sincerely, [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2025-30714-02|&amp;#126;2025-30714-02]] ([[Uiser collogue:&amp;#126;2025-30714-02|talk]]) 17:31, 1 November 2025 (UTC)

== Clarification ==
A think there's been a misunderstanding here, so let me separate things clearly.
==== ScotsCheck (Uiser:BZPN/ScotsCheck/…) ====
The Translations, Dictionary-en, an Dictionary-sco pages belong tae '''ma personal on-wiki script'''. They are user-space working leets used only by that gadget in ma ain browser. They are '''nae a bot whitelist'''. They are '''nae''' community-approved standards. They are '''nae''' applied automatically by ony account. They are simply ma '''private working notes''', adjusted as A analyse scowiki airticles. If a translation entry is wrang (e.g. &quot;ay&quot; or &quot;basit&quot;), that juist means ma working leet needs corrected - it disnae affect the bot at aw.
==== The bot ([[Uiser:ScotsBot]]) ====
(EN for clarity)
The bot executes only the tasks listed at '''[[Uiser:ScotsBot/Tasks]]'''.
It does '''not''' read or use the on-wiki ScotsCheck dictionaries. It does not use the Translations page. It does not perform automatic oversettins. At present, the bot is inactive an waitin on the flag. There is currently '''no''' active, community-approved whitelist in operation (located by default at [[Uiser:BZPN/Whitelist.json]]). The bot is '''not''' applying translation replacements (and ''never'' was). If anything looked like oversetting in recent changes, that was my manual edit via my own script interface - not a bot action.
====enwiki block====
A received a community block in October 2025 related tae a content dispute an conduct issues on that project. It wis nae connected tae ony bots, automation, technical misuse, etc. There has been nae cross-wiki abuse, nae undisclosed bot activity, an nae sanctions related tae automation. A'm registered on ScoWiki for about a year, though A only started contributing recently. Scowiki is a separate project, an ma work here has been transparent an open tae scrutiny. A'm a trusted editor on other Wikimedia projects, including simplewiki, plwiki, mediawiki and others. If there are concerns about oversight or safeguards, A'm entirely willing tae operate under supervision. Best regards, [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 00:25, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC)

:Bot eesers need ti be trowstit members o the commonity.  Ye stairtit editin twa weeks back an clearly dinna hae the leid skills ti edit, sae fit wye is it aat yer daein the same sort o botlik edits aat got heaps o bad press?  Ye didna ask ti rin the script an e'en gied the impression aat ye'd nae dae iss sort o hing.  E'en leukin inti simplewiki an plwiki a'm seein mair reid flags, lik the Discord ban an a hefty block log on plwiki, an fit's iss anent a UCOC case? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 00:39, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC)
::I am responding in English because of your previous comment stating that ''&quot;it's pretty obvious that they're not a Scots speaker&quot;'' was personally humiliating. As I am learning Scots, I won't understand everything perfectly, but that does not justify personal attacks. Writing a full article on scowiki requires careful attention, just as composing text in Scots requires time and effort. The fact that I am learning Scots does not make me less capable or less committed to producing good quality contributions. Back to the point: I have several points to avoid further misunderstandings. First: user scripts. As stated on [[:en:WP:JAVASCRIPT]]: ''&quot;You take full responsibility for any actions taken using any user script. You must read and abide by all relevant Wikipedia policies when using this tool; failure to do so may result in being blocked from editing.''&quot; My script runs on-wiki, requires manual interaction, and does not perform any automatic edits. At no point have I violated any scowiki rules or policies. My edits are fully auditable in page histories. Also, your comments regarding my alleged &quot;bot-like&quot; (suspected &quot;automatic&quot;) edits, supposed inexperience, and prior conduct on other wikis constitute a serious personal attack. I am not a vandal, nor have I violated local community norms. Targeting actions from other Wikimedia projects, including blocks or Discord issues, is inappropriate. This approach lacks [[:en:WP:AGF|AGF]] and creates an unfair, hostile environment. Your messages, especially drawing attention to prior blocks and suggesting misconduct, may fall under UCoC 3.1, which includes behaviour intended to outrage or intimidate a person, e.g. by hounding, i.e., repeated critique or questioning across projects, intended to discourage or upset. I encourage you to read and follow the global standards under UCoC and to evaluate my edits and actions on their merits within scowiki. Mischaracterizing my contributions based on assumptions or other projects is discriminatory and contrary to the standards. I am fully willing to discuss any ''legitimate'' concerns about edits on scowiki, and pause certain changes if the community requests. It is late here, so I will be signing off for now. Good night. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 01:15, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC)
:::Did ye tell that ti the fowks aat opponed yer simplewiki RfA based on yer UCOC case, Discord ban an ban on plwiki?  Acause iss message leuks gey seemlir ti the kind o hing aat wis raised in ither places.  A wis giein ye a chance ti explain in yer ain wirds, an it seems yer walin ti come oot fur a fecht.
:::As fur &quot;learning Scots&quot;, pairt o the raeson aat the wiki's in sic a mess is acause o fowks &quot;learning Scots&quot;, fowks aat wi aa gweed intentions managed ti cause sic a mess wi bad owersettins aat there wis discussion anent shuttin the hale projeck doon, an fae fit a'm seein ye wis daein the same hing.  We hae tasks fur learners, an it disna incluid rinnin gadgets based on clearly fauty lists. A wis daein spotchecks on seyed lists, nae fu analysis, an a'd wager a'd fin mair wrang wi thaim.  An the mix o Scots an Inglis in yer messages disna gie mense ti the idea aat ye hae the needit skills fur editin.
:::As fur me bringin ap reid flags, a need ti ken aat a kin trowst the bot operator, an crosswiki behaviour kin be a gweed indcator o sumbidy's reliability.  Gin yer bein baured fur battlegrund behaviour an wikilawyerin an shawin aat same behaviour here, then fit wye shid a conclude differently fae enwiki an sey ye kin be trowstit? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:15, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC)
::::Either ye want the ScotsBot for whit it actually daes, as clearly set oot in the documentation, or me an the bot will step awa fae this wiki tae save ye ony mair bother, hostility, or accusations. The choice is yours. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 08:28, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC)
:::::Bye then [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:55, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC)

== Request tae upload an eemage ==

Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], coud ye please dounload [[:fi:Tiedosto:13_Reasons_Why_tv-series_poster.jpg|this poster]] fur this series here fur local uise in the airticle, in accordance wi copyricht law ? Thank ye. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 03:49, 25 Mairch 2026 (UTC)
:{{ping|Mr.Murdoch78}} Deen. As a'm nae shuir fit ye intend fur ti mak eese o't a'v left aat field in the license blank, sae please fill it in [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 06:36, 25 Mairch 2026 (UTC)

== Request tae upload eemages ==

Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], A'll need tae upload some eemages tae the wiki. Is thare a role A can uise tae avoid haein tae gae throu ye ilka time an baitherin ye? A woud lik tae hae Rowback richts tae undae unwantit chynges an aa. Coud ye upload the eemages here? A'll tak care o eikin the information. 

* [[:en:File:The_Night_We_Met.jpg|The Night We Met airtwirk]]
* [[:en:File:Katherine_Langford_as_Hannah_Baker.jpg|Pictur o Katherine Langford as Hannah Baker]]
* [[:en:File:Clay_Jensen.png|Pictur o Dylan Minnette as Clay Jensen]]
* [[:en:File:A_Star_is_Born.png|''A Star Is Born'' film poster]]
* ''[[:en:File:From_title_card.jpg|From]]''
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lewis_Capaldi_-_Someone_You_Loved.png ''Someone You Loved'' airtwirk]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lewis_Capaldi_-_Wish_You_the_Best.png Wish You the Best airtwirk]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SurvivebyLewisCapaldi.webp Survive airtwirk]
*[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ed_Sheeran_Perfect_Single_cover.jpg Perfect airtwirk]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shape_Of_You_(Official_Single_Cover)_by_Ed_Sheeran.png Shape of You airtwirk] 
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_(Ed_Sheeran_song)_cover.png Photograph airtwirk]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Notice_-_film_promotional_image.jpg ''Red Notice'' film poster]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YOU_Tv_Series_LOGO.png Logo o the telly series ''YOU'']
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Up_(2009_film).jpg ''Up ''film poster]

Thank ye !

[[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:33, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC)

:A'm nae shuir anent the image uploadin richt, bit gien foo yer still failin ti gie proper attreibution fur yer owersettins an violatin Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA licence a'd be temptit ti decline aat request [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 06:21, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC)
::Aw credits an information regardin copyricht on eemages sic as films/series posters an sang/album airtwirks can be foond wi the eemage in ilka link. Whan owersettin airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, hou dae A comply wi the Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA licence? Dae A need tae eik a template tae the airticle's collogue page? Coud ye shaw me an ensaumple frae an airticle sae A can correct ma mistak an avoid repeatin it? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 11:08, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC)
:::[[:en:Wikipedia:Translation#Attribution_requirements]]. A'll leuk at the images in a bit [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:12, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC)
::::A juist mak the chynge tae comply wi Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA license on the airticle [[History o Fraunce]], is that correct? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 22:43, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC)
:::::Ay, bit dinna eese &quot;eedit[s]&quot;. The Scots wird is &quot;edit[s]&quot; an a'v jist nae gotten roon ti gettin rid o the fake spellin [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:45, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC)
::::::A'v jist edited the Lord Huron airtin, is it correct nou? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 22:53, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC)
:::::::Ay, ye dinna need ti speir at me aifter ivery een. Fit yer daein is fine noo [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:54, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC)
::::::::Thank ye fur yer help! :) [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 23:04, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC)
:Okay leukin ower the requests...
:From/A Star Is Born/Someone You Loved/Wish You the Best/Survive/Perfect/Shape of You/Red Notice dinna hae airticles sae we canna hae the images
:YOU is ap fur deletion sae naw. There's a file on Commons
:Langford/Minnette dinna need images o thair chairacters, an a'd really raither ye nae mak chairacter pages fur thaim. There's better places ti pit yer efforts nor inti makkin airticles fur fictional chairacters
:Up a'll get roon ti at sum pint iss week [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:47, 22 Apryle 2026 (UTC)

== You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;
Greetings,

The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years.

This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required.

The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run.

In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) &lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&amp;oldid=30472482 --&gt;

== Scots ==

Hello. I'm looking for translation of descriptions &quot;studio album by Basshunter&quot;, &quot;song by Käärijä and Basshunter&quot; and &quot;single by Käärijä and Basshunter&quot; for Wikidata items. I think &quot;studio album&quot; and &quot;single&quot; are the same as English and there is &quot;sang&quot; for &quot;song&quot; and &quot;an&quot; for &quot;and&quot;. I curious if there should be &quot;by&quot; or &quot;bi&quot; (there is &quot;by&quot; in infoboxes). Would you help? [[Uiser:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Uiser collogue:Eurohunter|tauk]]) 18:09, 30 Apryle 2026 (UTC)

:A hink aither or is fine bit we'd gang fur bi here.  As fur the infobox stuff, aat's mair lik ti be shite owersettins missin hauf the wirds [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:04, 30 Apryle 2026 (UTC)
:: Thanks [[Uiser:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Uiser collogue:Eurohunter|tauk]]) 06:59, 1 Mey 2026 (UTC)

== Translate button  ==

Can ye translate the actin page on here an add the button for the original ane [[Uiser:Themeramisin|Themeramisin]] ([[Uiser collogue:Themeramisin|tauk]]) 19:53, 4 Mey 2026 (UTC)</text>
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    <title>Ceasg</title>
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        <username>Gzouillle</username>
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      <text bytes="2811" sha1="kiy9afekqe5q70rcbg6ja1ntw945869" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ceasg.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceasg.jpg|thumb|320x320px|An artistic interpretation of a Ceasg.{{right|{{small|—Illust. Sarah Richford (2017)}}}}]]
The '''ceasg''' {{IPA-gd|kʲʰɛsk|}} is a marmaid in Scots folklore wi the upper body o a bonnie woman mellt wi the tail o a [[Saumon|grilse]] (a young saumon).&lt;ref name=&quot;Carmichael&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacKenzie&quot; /&gt; She is kent in [[Scots Gaelic]] as '''maighdean na tuinne''' (&quot;maid o the wave&quot;) or '''maighdean mhara''' (&quot;maid o the sea&quot;) an aw.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacKenzie&quot; /&gt;

The ceasg bide no juist in the sea but in rivers an burns an aw, an can be gart tae grant three wishes tae onybody thit capturs her. Ceasg an humans are whiles mairriet on ilkanither, an famous maritime pilots are aften repute tae come frae sic uinions. Even whan thir mairiages end an the ceasg gangs back tae the sea, thay will aye tak an interest in thair human descendants, bieldin thaim in storms or airtin them tae the best fishin groonds.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacKenzie&quot; /&gt;

The ceasg is whiles imaigined as something mair ugsome. In some tales, she swallaes the hero an he stays alive in her stomak. The hero's wife plays a harp until the marmaid is chairmed an the hero escapes. Whan the wife staps playin the marmaid swallaes her, an the hero maun gang tae a wizard for help. He is telt thit he haes tae git a special egg that hauds the marmaid's life force. He gits the egg, lowses his wife, an kills the marmaid bi crushin the egg. In thir stories, the hero haed been promised tae the marmaid afore his birth. His faither haed bairnless an the marmaid promised him bairns on the condeetion thit the firstborn wad be gien til her.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacKenzie&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Campbell, John Francis (auth.) and Henderson, George (trans.) (1911). ''The Celtic Dragon Myth''. Edinburgh: John Grant. pp. 33–40, 78–82.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Scotland|Scots]] folklorist Donald MacKenzie pit forrit thit the ceasg micht hiv oreeginally been a sea goddess thit human beings war sacrificed fur.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacKenzie&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=Carmichael&gt;{{Cite book  | last = Carmichael  | first = Alexander  | authorlink = Alexander Carmichael  | title = Carmina Gadelica, Vol. I &amp; II: Hymns and Incantations  | publisher = Forgotten Books  | page = 387  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ3T7F5SaGcC&amp;pg=PA387  | isbn =1-60506-172-7 | lang=en
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=MacKenzie&gt;{{Cite book  | last = MacKenzie  | first = Donald A.  | authorlink = Donald Alexander MacKenzie  | title = Scottish Folk-Lore and Folk Life&amp;nbsp;— Studies in Race, Culture and Tradition  | publisher = Blackie &amp; Son  | date = 1931  | pages = 251–2  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JcAu3xeAbu8C&amp;pg=PA251  | isbn =9781444656367 | lang=en
}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[Category:Scots leegendar craiturs]]</text>
      <sha1>kiy9afekqe5q70rcbg6ja1ntw945869</sha1>
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      <text bytes="2761" sha1="6jeitwabh292wh19lx440or3zrdq8ts" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Ceasg.jpg|thumb|320x320px|An artistic interpretation of a Ceasg.{{right|{{small|—Illust. Sarah Richford (2017)}}}}]]
The '''ceasg''' {{IPA-gd|kʲʰɛsk|}} is a marmaid in Scots folklore wi the upper body o a bonnie woman mellt wi the tail o a [[Saumon|grilse]] (a young saumon).&lt;ref name=&quot;Carmichael&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacKenzie&quot; /&gt; She is kent in [[Scots Gaelic]] as '''maighdean na tuinne''' (&quot;maid o the wave&quot;) or '''maighdean mhara''' (&quot;maid o the sea&quot;) an aw.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacKenzie&quot; /&gt;

The ceasg bide no juist in the sea but in rivers an burns an aw, an can be gart tae grant three wishes tae onybody thit capturs her. Ceasg an humans are whiles mairriet on ilkanither, an famous maritime pilots are aften repute tae come frae sic uinions. Even whan thir mairiages end an the ceasg gangs back tae the sea, thay will aye tak an interest in thair human descendants, bieldin thaim in storms or airtin them tae the best fishin groonds.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacKenzie&quot; /&gt;

The ceasg is whiles imaigined as something mair ugsome. In some tales, she swallaes the hero an he stays alive in her stomak. The hero's wife plays a harp until the marmaid is chairmed an the hero escapes. Whan the wife staps playin the marmaid swallaes her, an the hero maun gang tae a wizard for help. He is telt thit he haes tae git a special egg that hauds the marmaid's life force. He gits the egg, lowses his wife, an kills the marmaid bi crushin the egg. In thir stories, the hero haed been promised tae the marmaid afore his birth. His faither haed bairnless an the marmaid promised him bairns on the condeetion thit the firstborn wad be gien til her.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacKenzie&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Campbell, John Francis (auth.) and Henderson, George (trans.) (1911). ''The Celtic Dragon Myth''. Edinburgh: John Grant. pp. 33–40, 78–82.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Scotland|Scots]] folklorist Donald MacKenzie pit forrit thit the ceasg micht hiv oreeginally been a sea goddess thit human beings war sacrificed fur.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacKenzie&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=Carmichael&gt;{{Cite book  | last = Carmichael  | first = Alexander  | authorlink = Alexander Carmichael  | title = Carmina Gadelica, Vol. I &amp; II: Hymns and Incantations  | publisher = Forgotten Books  | page = 387  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ3T7F5SaGcC&amp;pg=PA387  | isbn =1-60506-172-7 | lang=en
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=MacKenzie&gt;{{Cite book  | last = MacKenzie  | first = Donald A.  | authorlink = Donald Alexander MacKenzie  | title = Scottish Folk-Lore and Folk Life&amp;nbsp;— Studies in Race, Culture and Tradition  | publisher = Blackie &amp; Son  | date = 1931  | pages = 251–2  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JcAu3xeAbu8C&amp;pg=PA251  | isbn =9781444656367 | lang=en
}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[Category:Scots leegendar craiturs]]</text>
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      <id>916175</id>
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      <text bytes="2635" sha1="94niu86a9fsnrui823ff51n15o50nk4" xml:space="preserve">The '''ceasg''' {{IPA-gd|kʲʰɛsk|}} is a marmaid in Scots folklore wi the upper body o a bonnie woman mellt wi the tail o a [[Saumon|grilse]] (a young saumon).&lt;ref name=&quot;Carmichael&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MacKenzie&quot; /&gt; She is kent in [[Scots Gaelic]] as '''maighdean na tuinne''' (&quot;maid o the wave&quot;) or '''maighdean mhara''' (&quot;maid o the sea&quot;) an aw.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacKenzie&quot; /&gt;

The ceasg bide no juist in the sea but in rivers an burns an aw, an can be gart tae grant three wishes tae onybody thit capturs her. Ceasg an humans are whiles mairriet on ilkanither, an famous maritime pilots are aften repute tae come frae sic uinions. Even whan thir mairiages end an the ceasg gangs back tae the sea, thay will aye tak an interest in thair human descendants, bieldin thaim in storms or airtin them tae the best fishin groonds.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacKenzie&quot; /&gt;

The ceasg is whiles imaigined as something mair ugsome. In some tales, she swallaes the hero an he stays alive in her stomak. The hero's wife plays a harp until the marmaid is chairmed an the hero escapes. Whan the wife staps playin the marmaid swallaes her, an the hero maun gang tae a wizard for help. He is telt thit he haes tae git a special egg that hauds the marmaid's life force. He gits the egg, lowses his wife, an kills the marmaid bi crushin the egg. In thir stories, the hero haed been promised tae the marmaid afore his birth. His faither haed bairnless an the marmaid promised him bairns on the condeetion thit the firstborn wad be gien til her.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacKenzie&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Campbell, John Francis (auth.) and Henderson, George (trans.) (1911). ''The Celtic Dragon Myth''. Edinburgh: John Grant. pp. 33–40, 78–82.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Scotland|Scots]] folklorist Donald MacKenzie pit forrit thit the ceasg micht hiv oreeginally been a sea goddess thit human beings war sacrificed fur.&lt;ref name=&quot;MacKenzie&quot; /&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=Carmichael&gt;{{Cite book  | last = Carmichael  | first = Alexander  | authorlink = Alexander Carmichael  | title = Carmina Gadelica, Vol. I &amp; II: Hymns and Incantations  | publisher = Forgotten Books  | page = 387  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=AJ3T7F5SaGcC&amp;pg=PA387  | isbn =1-60506-172-7 | lang=en
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=MacKenzie&gt;{{Cite book  | last = MacKenzie  | first = Donald A.  | authorlink = Donald Alexander MacKenzie  | title = Scottish Folk-Lore and Folk Life&amp;nbsp;— Studies in Race, Culture and Tradition  | publisher = Blackie &amp; Son  | date = 1931  | pages = 251–2  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=JcAu3xeAbu8C&amp;pg=PA251  | isbn =9781444656367 | lang=en
}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
[[Category:Scots leegendar craiturs]]</text>
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    <title>Lord Huron</title>
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      <text bytes="31773" sha1="7vgbvj7sidwvinh192xvpp1t14eehwz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox muisical airtist
| name            = Lord Huron
| background      = group_or_band
| image           = Lord_Huron.jpg
| image_size      = 
| landscape       = yes
| alt             = 
| caption         = Lord Huron performin at Loufest 2015 (Ben Schneider pictured)
| alias           = 
| origin          = [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, Californie]], U.S.
| genre           = {{hlist|[[Indie fowk]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Thomas|first1=Fred|title=Lord Huron – Overview|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/lord-huron-mn0002571333|website=[[AllMusic]]|access-date=14 Aprile 2026|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206063633/http://www.allmusic.com/artist/lord-huron-mn0002571333|archive-date=6 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;|[[indie rock]]}}
| years_active    = 2010–present
| label           = {{hlist|[[Republic Records|Republic]]|[[Iamsound Records|Iamsound]]|[[PIAS Recordings|Play It Again Sam]]}}
| website         = {{URL|http://www.lordhuron.com}}
| current_members =
* Ben Schneider
* Mark Barry
* Miguel Briseño
* Tom Renaud
| past_members =
* Brett Farkas
* Peter Mowry
* Karl Kerfoot
* Anne Williamson
}}

'''Lord Huron''' is a [[Los Angeles]]-based American [[indie rock]] baund componed o Mark Barry (drums, percussion), Miguel Briseño (bass, keybuird, theremin), Tom Renaud (guitar), an foonder Ben Schneider (guitar, lead vocals).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lonesome Dreams - Lord Huron - Songs, Reviews, Credits - AllMusic|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/lonesome-dreams-mw0002417140|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-15|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thay lowsed thair debut album ''[[Lonesome Dreams]]'' in 2012, thair seicont album ''[[Strange Trails]]'' in 2015, thair thrid album ''[[Vide Noir]]'' in 2018,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Thompson|first=Paul|title=Lord Huron: Lonesome Dreams|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/17158-lonesome-dreams/|access-date=2026-04-15|website=Pitchfork|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; thair fowert album ''[[Long Lost (album)|Long Lost]]'' in 2021, an thair fift album ''The Cosmic Selector Vol. 1'' in 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Zimmerman|first=Lee|date=2021-05-24|title=Review: With ‘Long Lost,’ Lord Huron Taps Timeless Treasures and Still Reigns Supreme|url=https://americansongwriter.com/review-with-long-lost-lord-huron-taps-timeless-treasures-and-still-reigns-supreme/|access-date=2026-04-15|website=American Songwriter|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Lord Huron combines [[Kintra muisic|kintra]], [[Wastren muisic (North Americae)|wastren]], [[fowk rock]], [[rock an roll]], [[Pop muisic|pop]] melodies, an [[Surf muisic|surf rock]] wi [[soondtrack]] an [[New-age muisic|new age]] influences tae produce a soond ''The Wall Street Journal'' descrived as haein &quot;a decidedly cinematic flair, hivy on muid an evocative eemagery. Lord Huron brings tae mind the heich-lonesome soond o antecedents lik [[the Band]], [[Neil Young]], [[My Morning Jacket]] an [[Fleet Foxes]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Richardson|first=Mark|date=2021-05-17|title=‘Long Lost’ by Lord Huron Review: Finding an Escape|url=https://www.wsj.com/arts-culture/music/long-lost-by-lord-huron-review-finding-an-escape-11621275974|access-date=2026-04-15|website=The Wall Street Journal|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==

=== Formation (2010–2011) ===
Schneider begound writin muisic in his hametoun o [[Okemos, Michigan|Okemos]], Michigan afore studyin visual airts at the [[Varsity o Michigan]] an in [[Fraunce]] then muivin tae [[New York Ceety]] whaur he wirkit as an airtist.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jennings|first=Zeke|date=2012-12-10|title=A Q&amp;A with Okemos native Ben Schneider, whose band Lord Huron is on the rise|url=https://www.mlive.com/lansing-entertainment/2012/12/a_qa_with_okemos_native_ben_sc.html|access-date=2026-04-15|website=mlive|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Efter relocatin tae [[Los Angeles]], in 2010 Schneider formit Lord Huron as a solo projeck, recordin a few EPs on his awn an enlistin muisickers tae pley in live shaws.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lord Huron’s folk forges a pioneer’s path - The Boston Globe|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2012/10/06/lord-huron-folk-forges-pioneer-path/MQddVAwdJvhufHTbMmpwyN/story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-15|website=[[The Boston Globe]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The baund's name wis inspired bi [[Loch Huron]], whilk Schneider grew up veesitin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== ''Lonesome Dreams'' (2012–2013) ===
Lord Huron's furst fu-lenth album, ''[[Lonesome Dreams]]'', wis lowsed on 9 October 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lord Huron: Lonesome Dreams|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/lonesome-dreams-mw0002417140|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-15|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; It debuted at No. 5 on ''Billboard''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s Heatseekers Albums chairt.

Wi the lowse o ''Lonesome Dreams'', the baund lowsed a series o muisic videos filmed in a wastren '70s style, whilk Schneider says wis the focal pynt an narrative fur the album. &quot;We haed this fun idea that ''Lonesome Dreams'' wis kind o this series o auld adventur tales.&quot; In an interview, Schneider alludit tae influence frae a speceefic wirk, cried ''[[The Collected Works of Billy the Kid: Left-Handed Poems]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Oloizia|first=Jeff|date=2012-10-04|title=Lord Huron is at Home on the Range|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/music/ben-schneider-lord-huron-lonesome-dreams|access-date=2026-04-15|website=Interview Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;It's sort o a collection o pulp feection an we wantit the videos tae kind o reflect that an hae that same feel an style&quot;, Schneider said durin anither interview. Thay decidit tae lowse a theatrical version o the videos an aa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Audio|first=Grain|title=A Conversation with Lord Huron (Ben Schneider)|url=https://grainaudio.com/blogs/news/12673461-a-conversation-with-lord-huron-ben-schneider|access-date=2026-04-15|website=grainaudio.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Strange Trails'' (2014–2017) ===
The baund lowsed thair seicont album, ''[[Strange Trails]]'', on 6 Aprile 2015 in the UK an 7 Aprile 2015 in the US. The album debuted on the ''Billboard'' 200 at No. 23, [[Americana/Fowk Albums|Fowk Albums]] at No. 1, an No. 10 on the Tap Album Sales chairt wi 18,000 unit selt.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Trust|first=Gary|date=2015-04-16|title=Taylor Swift Tops Billboard Artist 100, Wiz Khalifa Blasts to No. 3|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/taylor-swift-artist-100-wiz-khalifa/|access-date=2026-04-15|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 2 Juin 2015, the sang &quot;Ends of the Earth&quot; frae ''Lonesome Dreams'' wis featured in &quot;Emotional Consequences of Broadcast Television&quot;, the series finale o the [[sitcom]] ''[[Community (TV series)|Community]]''.

The sang &quot;[[The Night We Met]]&quot; wis RIAA certified gowd on 26 Juin 2017 an certified platinum on 15 Februar 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gold &amp; Platinum|url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/|access-date=2026-04-15|website=RIAA|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The sang wis uised in the series ''[[13 Reasons Why]]'', in Saison 1. It wis later remixed in 2018 tae feature [[Phoebe Bridgers]] fur Saison 2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-18|title=Lord Huron ft. Phoebe Bridgers – The Night We Met|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zo0mm1XXz1E|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-15|website=[[YouTube]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Vide Noir'' (2018–2020) ===
In Januar 2018, mony short videos wi audio clips on Lord Huron's Facebook, Instagram, an Twitter accoonts led tae speculation o an album lowse. The baund's thrid album, ''[[Vide Noir]]'', wis annoonced tae be lowsed on 20 Aprile 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Simpson|first=Dave|date=2018-04-20|title=Lord Huron: Vide Noir review – pop goes the astral plane|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/apr/20/lord-huron-vide-noir-review-pop-goes-the-astral-plane|access-date=2026-04-15|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 26 Januar 2018, Lord Huron lowsed thair furst single frae the album, a twa-pairt sang cried &quot;Ancient Names&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Boilen|first=Bob|date=2018-01-26|title=We've Got Two New Lord Huron Songs — And A Secret|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/allsongs/2018/01/26/580854377/weve-got-two-new-lord-huron-songs-and-a-secret|access-date=2026-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gaca|first=Anna|date=2018-01-26|title=Lord Huron Announce New Album Vide Noir With Two-Part &quot;Ancient Names&quot;|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2018/01/lord-huron-new-album-vide-noir-ancient-names-stream/|access-date=2026-04-15|website=SPIN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 16 Februar 2018, the baund lowsed the nixt single, &quot;Wait by the River&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gaca|first=Anna|date=2018-02-16|title=Lord Huron – &quot;Wait by the River&quot;|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2018/02/lord-huron-wait-by-the-river-stream/|access-date=2026-04-15|website=SPIN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 7 Mairch 2018 thay performit the sang on ''[[Jimmy Kimmel Live!]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=LordHuronVEVO|title=Lord Huron - Wait by the River (Live From Jimmy Kimmel Live!)|date=2018-03-09|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=exSALQisIAg|access-date=2026-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lord Huron performit an extendit preview o ''Vide Noir'' on 8 Mairch2018, at Teragram Ballroom in Los Angeles. Thay debuted five sangs aff the new album: &quot;Ancient Names (Part I)&quot;, &quot;Ancient Names (Part II)&quot;, &quot;Wait by the River&quot;, &quot;Never Ever&quot;, an &quot;Vide Noir&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Marincik|first=Shauna|date=2018-04-08|title=Los Angeles Gets A First Taste Of Taste Lord Huron's Vide Noire At Teragram Ballroom|url=https://blurredculture.com/los-angeles-gets-a-first-taste-of-taste-lord-hurons-vide-noire-at-teragram-ballroom/|access-date=2026-04-15|website=Blurred Culture|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 27 Mairch 2018, thay performit anither preview set at [[(Le) Poisson Rouge|Le Poisson Rouge]] in New York. Thay pleyed the same five new sangs as at Teragram Ballroom plus twa mair sangs frae the yet-tae-be-lowsed album, &quot;When the Night Is Over&quot; an &quot;Back from the Edge&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lord Huron Setlist at Le Poisson Rouge, New York|url=https://www.setlist.fm/setlist/lord-huron/2018/le-poisson-rouge-new-york-ny-43ef6bef.html|access-date=2026-04-15|website=setlist.fm|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the day o the album lowse, 20 Aprile 2018, Lord Huron pleyed a lowse shaw in [[Grand Rapids, Michigan|Grand Rapids]] in Schneider's hame state o [[Michigan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gaca|first=Anna|date=2018-04-20|title=Lord Huron 'Vide Noir': Stream|url=https://www.spinmagazine.com/2018/04/lord-huron-vide-noir-stream/|access-date=2026-04-15|website=SPIN|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 11 Julie 2018, Lord Huron recordit twa [[Spotify]] Singles, &quot;When the Night Is Over&quot; an a kiver o [[Neil Young]]'s &quot;Harvest Moon&quot;, at Spotify Studios.

On 11 August 2018, the baund performit a medley o &quot;Never Ever&quot;, &quot;When the Night Is Over&quot;, an &quot;Moonbeam&quot; frae ''[[Vide Noir]]'' on the ''[[CBS This Morning]]'': Seturday Sessions.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Lord Huron Deliver Sultry Medley Of Songs From 'Vide Noir' On 'CBS This Morning': Watch|work=Billboard|url=https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/rock/8469836/lord-huron-perform-songs-from-vide-noir-cbs-this-morning-videos|access-date=2026-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Long Lost'' (2021–2024) ===
In December 2020, the baund annoonced a collection o live-streamed shaws enteetled ''Alive from Whispering Pines''. The furst episode aired on 7 Januar 2021, an featured a clip o aulder unlowsed material.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Defina|first=Robert|date=2021-01-08|title=SPILL LIVE REVIEW: LORD HURON ALIVE FROM WHISPERING PINES: EPISODE 1 OF 4 (VIRTUAL EVENT)|url=https://spillmagazine.com/spill-live-review-lord-huron-alive-from-whispering-pines-episode-1-of-4-virtual-event/|access-date=2026-04-15|website=The Spill Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 19 Februar 2021, a day efter the seicont episode o ''Alive from Whispering Pines'', the baund lowsed a new single, &quot;Not Dead Yet&quot;.

On 18 Mairch 2021, the thrid episode o ''Alive from Whispering Pines'' concludit wi the supposed teetle o thair upcomin fowert studio album, ''[[Long Lost (album)|Long Lost]]'', as weel as an expectit lowse date o 21 Mey 2021. This wis confirmed whan the album becam available fur pre-order on iTunes, Amazon, an ither muisic vendors. On 19 Mairch 2021, the &quot;Mine Forever&quot; single wis lowsed, whilk haed been previewed in the seicont episode o ''Alive from Whispering Pines''. On 30 Aprile 2021, anither single frae ''Long Lost'' wis lowsed, &quot;I Lied&quot;, featurin American sangster-sangwriter [[August Ponthier]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Paul|first=Larisha|date=2021-04-30|title=Lord Huron Shares Allison Ponthier Collaboration ‘I Lied’|url=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/lord-huron-i-lied-music-video/|access-date=2026-04-15|website=uDiscover Music|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The album wis lowsed on the baund's Whispering Pines label on 21 Mey 2021 tae &quot;universal acclaim&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=Long Lost by Lord Huron|url=https://www.metacritic.com/music/long-lost/lord-huron|language=en|access-date=2026-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2022, the baund toured Canadae wi [[Leith Ross]]. The baund haes appened fur [[Kacey Musgraves]] on her [[Deeper Well World Tour]] in the US an Canadae.

=== ''The Cosmic Selector Vol. 1'' (2025–present) ===
In Januar 2025, Lord Huron lowsed the single &quot;Who Laughs Last&quot;, featurin spaken wird verses frae actress [[Kristen Stewart]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Daw|first=Stephen|date=2025-01-24|title=Queer Jams of the Week: New Music From Shygirl, Kesha &amp; More|url=https://www.billboard.com/culture/pride/queer-jams-of-the-week-shygirl-kesha-1235882730/|access-date=2026-04-15|website=Billboard|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; This wis follaed bi the lowse o three mair singles: “Nothing I Need” in Mairch, “Looking Back” in Mey, an “Bag of Bones” in Juin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lord Huron|title=Lord Huron - Nothing I Need (Official Audio)|date=2025-03-27|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwOPwPg3eYs|access-date=2026-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lord Huron - Topic|title=Looking Back|date=2025-05-08|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r-8ng7hMhtI|access-date=2026-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Lord Huron - Topic|title=Bag of Bones|date=2025-06-26|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w1yLjCLqKgU|access-date=2026-04-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; This culminatit in the lowse o thair fift album, ''The Cosmic Selector Vol. 1'', on 18 Julie 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Instagram|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DJW7g8rOyGS/?igsh=dXN4c3Btb2E5djNj|access-date=2026-04-15|website=www.instagram.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The baund performit &quot;Bag of Bones&quot; on ''Jimmy Kimmel Live'' on 20 November 2025.

Schneider said in a 2025 interview wi Americana UK that agin wis a major inspiration fur the album. &quot;A’m gettin tae that age whaur A’m stairtin tae think aboot ma life an realisin [sic], A dinna hae unlimited time [...] as ye get aulder, ye juist realise that there’s certain duirs that close ower the course o a life that can niver be appened again. An that’s kind o whit the record’s aboot – chuisin yer paith, yer fate, an hou it’s niver quite whit ye imagined.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lee|first=John|date=2025-10-13|title=Interview: Exploring Fate, Music, and the Cosmic Unknown with Ben Schneider of Lord Huron|url=https://americana-uk.com/interview-exploring-fate-music-and-the-cosmic-unknown-with-ben-schneider-of-lord-huron|access-date=2026-04-15|website=Americana UK|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the same interview, Schneider said that a Cosmic Selector Vol. 2 is a possibility but nae currently in progress.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

==Baund memmers==
[[File:Lord Huron - Surly Brewing Festival Field - First Avenue - Minneapolis (48396493041).jpg|thumb|Miguel Briseño]]
[[File:Lord Huron - Surly Brewing Festival Field - First Avenue - Minneapolis (48396635757).jpg|thumb|Tom Renaud]]
'''Current'''
* Ben Schneider – guitar, vocals, harmonica
* Mark Barry – drums, percussion, vocals
* Miguel Briseño – bass, keybuirds, percussion, [[theremin]]
* Tom Renaud – guitar, vocals

'''Tourin'''

* Brandon Walters – guitar, vocals&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Lord Huron|language=en|work=KCRW|url=https://www.kcrw.com/people/lord-huron|access-date=2026-04-15|archive-date=2019-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322152437/https://www.kcrw.com/people/lord-huron|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Misty Boyce – keybuirds, vocals
* Waylon Rector – guitar, vocals

'''Umwhile'''

* [[Westrin and Mowry|Peter Mowry]] – guitar
* Brett Farkas – guitar, vocals
* Karl Kerfoot – guitar, vocals
* Anne Williamson – keys, vocals&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hanley|first=Shayne|date=2018-03-30|title=INTO THE PURE BLACK VOID: LORD HURON PREVIEWS NEW SONGS AT LPR|url=https://www.pancakesandwhiskey.com/2018/03/30/lord-huron-lpr/|access-date=2026-04-15|website=Pancakes And Whiskey|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lord Huron at le Poisson Rouge|url=http://www.themanhattanbeat.com/2018/03/lord-huron-at-le-poisson-rouge.html|access-date=2026-04-15|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Discography==
===Albums===
{|class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
!scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width:10em;| Teetle
!scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width:30em;&quot;| Album details
!scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Chairt poseetions
!scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width:8em;| Sales
!scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[List of music recording certifications|Certifications]]
|-
!scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Billboard 200|US]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard.biz&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/lord-huron/chart-history/tlp/ |title=Lord Huron Chart History: Billboard 200 |magazine=Billboard |access-date=August 6, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Fowk Albums|US Folk]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/lord-huron/chart-history/flk/ |title=Lord Huron Chart History: Americana/Folk Albums |magazine=Billboard |access-date=August 6, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[ARIA Chairts|AUS&lt;br /&gt;Hit.]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peaks on the ARIA Hitseekers chart:
* ''Strange Trails'': {{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/issue1311.pdf|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20150414052825/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20150414-0000/Issue1311.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 14, 2015|title=ARIA Report: Issue 1311|publisher=ARIA|access-date=November 16, 2023}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* ''Vide Noir'': {{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/issue1470.pdf|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20180508053154/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20180502-0000/Issue1470.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=May 8, 2018|title=ARIA Report: Issue 1470|publisher=ARIA|access-date=November 20, 2023}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Ultratop|BEL]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BEL (FL)&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.ultratop.be/nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lord+Huron | title=Discografie Lord Huron | work=ultratop.be | publisher=Hung Medien | access-date=September 19, 2017 | language=nl}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Canadian Albums|CAN]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CAN-Albums&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/lord-huron/chart-history/cna/ |title=Lord Huron Chart History: Billboard Canadian Albums |magazine=Billboard |access-date=March 2, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Irish Albums Chairt|IRL]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ireland&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lord+Huron|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304172436/http://irish-charts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lord+Huron|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 4, 2018|title=Lord Huron Irish Charting|access-date=December 18, 2017|publisher=irish-charts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Dutch Album Tap 100|NLD]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NLD&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=https://dutchcharts.nl/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lord+Huron| title=Discografie Lord Huron| publisher=dutchcharts.nl| access-date=January 29, 2024| language=Dutch}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Scots Singles an Albums Chairts|SCO]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peaks in Scotland:
* ''Strange Trails'': {{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20150412/40/|title=Top 100 Scottish Albums Archive 12 April 2015 - 18 April 2015|publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] |access-date=March 2, 2021}}
* ''Vide Noir'': {{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20180427/40/|title=Top 100 Scottish Albums Archive 27 April 2018 - 03 May 2018|publisher=Official Charts Company |access-date=March 2, 2021}}
* ''Long Lost'': {{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20180528/40/|title=Top 100 Scottish Albums Archive 28 May 2021 - 03 June 2021 |publisher=Official Charts Company|date=May 28, 2021|access-date=May 28, 2021}}
* ''The Cosmic Selector Vol. 1'': {{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/charts/scottish-albums-chart/20250725/40/|title=Top 100 Scottish Albums Archive 25 July 2025 - 31 July 2025 |publisher=Official Charts Company|date=July 25, 2025|access-date=July 26, 2025}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
!scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://hitparade.ch/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lord+Huron|title=Lord Huron Schweizer Hitparade|access-date=September 15, 2025|website=Hitparade.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:2.5em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[UK Albums Chairt|UK]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UK&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/27410/lord-huron/ | title=Lord Huron | publisher=[[Official Charts Company]] | access-date=June 17, 2017 | format=select &quot;Albums&quot; tab}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Lonesome Dreams]]''
|
*Lowsed: 9 October 2012
*Label: [[Iamsound]]
*Format: Deegital dounload, CD, vinyl
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 179
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 64
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 97
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Strange Trails]]''
|
*Lowsed: 7 Aprile 2015
*Label: Iamsound
*Format: Deegital dounload, CD, vinyl
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 23
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 1
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 9
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 108
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 16
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 70
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 87
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 77
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 95
|
|
*[[Recording Industry Association of America|RIAA]]: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&amp;se=lord+huron#search_section | title=American certifications – Lord Huron| publisher=[[Recording Industry Association of America]] | access-date=March 19, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[RMNZ]]: Platinum
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Vide Noir]]''
|
* Lowse date: 20 Aprile 2018
* Label: [[Republic Records|Republic]]
* Format: Deegital dounload, CD, vinyl
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 9
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 1
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 19
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 134
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 40
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 70
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|
* US: 28,000&lt;ref name=&quot;VN Billboard&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/j-cole-fifth-no-1-album-billboard-200-chart-biggest-week-kod/|title=J. Cole Claims Fifth No. 1 Album on Billboard 200 Chart &amp; Biggest Week of 2018 With 'KOD'|magazine=Billboard|last=Caulfield|first=Keith|date=April 29, 2018|access-date=April 30, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''[[Long Lost (album)|Long Lost]]''
|
* Lowse date: 21 Mey 2021
* Label: Republic
* Format: Deegital dounload, CD, vinyl, cassette
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 23
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 1
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 77
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 77
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| ''The Cosmic Selector Vol. 1''
|
* Lowe date: 18 Julie 2025
* Label: [[Mercury Records|Mercury]]
* Format: Deegital dounload, CD, vinyl, cassette
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 23
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 2
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| 37
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|align=&quot;center&quot;| —
|
|
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;14&quot; style=&quot;font-size:90%&quot; | &quot;—&quot; denotes a recordin that did nae chairt or wis nae lowsed in that territory.
|}

===Extendit pleys===
*''Into the Sun'' (sel-lowsed, 2010)
*''Mighty'' (Linian Music, 2010)
*''Time to Run'' ([[Iamsound]], 2012)

===Singles===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:14em;&quot;| Teetle
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:2em;&quot;| Yeir
! scope=&quot;col&quot; colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Peak chairt poseetions
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:12em;&quot;| Certifications
! scope=&quot;col&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:18em;&quot;| Album
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Billboard Hot 100|US]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/lord-huron/chart-history/hsi/|title=Lord Huron - Hot 100 Chart history - Billboard|website=www.billboard.com |access-date=February 6, 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Billboard chairts|US&lt;br /&gt;Rock]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;billboard.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/lord-huron/chart-history/ark/|title=Lord Huron - Chart history - Billboard|website=www.billboard.com |access-date=February 6, 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[ARIA Chairts|AUS]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aria.com.au/Issue1418.pdf|archive-url=https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20170507140100/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/23790/20170508-0001/Issue1418.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-date=2017-05-07|title=The ARIA Report|publisher=ARIA|date=May 8, 2017|access-date=May 9, 2017}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Ultratop|BEL]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BEL (FL)&quot; /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Canadian Hot 100|CAN]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/lord-huron/chart-history/can/|title=Lord Huron - Canada Hot 100 Chart history - Billboard|magazine=Billboard |access-date=February 6, 2024 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Irish Albums Chairt|IRL]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ireland&quot; /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|POR]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Portugal&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://portuguesecharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Lord+Huron |title=Discografy Lord Huron |publisher=portuguesecharts.com |access-date=April 16, 2025 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWI&quot; /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[UK Singles Chairt|UK]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UK&quot; /&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%;&quot;| [[Billboard Global 200|WW]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Global-Chart&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url=https://www.billboard.com/artist/lord-huron/chart-history/glo/ |title=Lord Huron – Chart History: Billboard Global 200 |magazine=Billboard |access-date=October 1, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;The World Ender&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| 2015
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ''Strange Trails''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Fool for Love&quot;
| — || 40 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;[[The Night We Met]]&quot;
| 2017
| 84 || 5 || 78 || 44 || 58 || 17 || 50 || 10 || 75 || 37
|
* RIAA: 11× Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA&quot; /&gt;
* [[Belgian Entertainment Association|BEA]]: Gowd&lt;ref&gt;{{cite certification |region=Belgium |certyear=2021 |accessdate=February 6, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]: 3× Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;BPI&quot;&gt;{{cite certification|region=United Kingdom|artist=Lord Huron|access-date=December 13, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* RMNZ: 8× Platinum
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Ancient Names (Part I)&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2018
| — || 45 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ''Vide Noir''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Wait by the River&quot;
| — || 47 || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Never Ever&quot;
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;The Night We Met&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(featurin [[Phoebe Bridgers]])&lt;/small&gt;
| — || 25 || — || — || — || — || 59 || — || — || —
|
* [[Associação Fonográfica Portuguesa|AFP]]: 3× Platinum&lt;ref&gt;{{cite certification|region=Portugal|artist=Lord Huron feat. Phoebe Bridgers|title=The Night We Met|type=single|certyear=2023|id=file_2023-11-28-09-53-50.pdf|access-date=February 6, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[13 Reasons Why#Season 2 2|13 Reasons Why (Season 2): A Netflix Original Series Soundtrack]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Setting Sun&quot;
| 2020
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| ''Lonesome Dreams''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Not Dead Yet&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot;| 2021
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| ''Long Lost''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Mine Forever&quot;
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Long Lost&quot;
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;I Lied&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(wi [[August Ponthier]])&lt;/small&gt;
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Your Other Life&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Your Other Life - Single by Lord Huron on Apple Music |date=2022-05-25 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/your-other-life-single/1624916683 |access-date=2024-05-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2022
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Ace Up My Sleeve&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |title=Ace Up My Sleeve (from the Motion Picture &quot;The Starling Girl&quot;) - Single by Lord Huron &amp; Ben Schneider on Apple Music |date=2023-05-19 |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/ace-up-my-sleeve-from-the-motion-picture-the/1686518383 |access-date=2024-05-20 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|2023
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| ''[[The Starling Girl|Music for The Starling Girl]]''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Who Laughs Last?&quot;&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(featurin [[Kristen Stewart]])&lt;/small&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2025
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;| ''The Cosmic Selector Vol. 1''
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Nothing I Need&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stereogum.com/2302131/lord-huron-nothing-i-need/music/ |title=Lord Huron Share New Song &quot;Nothing I Need&quot;: Listen|website=Stereogum|date=March 28, 2025|access-date=April 16, 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot;| &quot;Watch Me Go&quot;
| — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || — || —
|
|-
|align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;16&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 8pt&quot;| &quot;—&quot; denotes lowses that did nae chairt or wur nae lowsed in that kintra. 
|}

===Ither certified sangs===
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Teetle
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Certifications
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Album
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | &quot;Ends of the Earth&quot;
|
* RIAA: Gowd&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA&quot; /&gt;
* RMNZ: Gowd
| ''Lonesome Dreams''
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
&lt;references&gt;&lt;/references&gt;

== Fremmit airtins ==
{{sister project links|d=Q6679405|q=no|c=category:Lord Huron|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Muisical groups frae Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Muisical groups established in 2010]]
[[Category:American indie fowk groups]]
[[Category:Indie pop groups frae Californie]]
[[Category:2012 debut albums]]
[[Category:Iamsound Records airtists]]
[[Category:Republic Records airtists]]
[[Category:2010 establishments in Californie]]</text>
      <sha1>7vgbvj7sidwvinh192xvpp1t14eehwz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Elizabeth Lail</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-04T19:30:35Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="17208" sha1="6b9y9cu8a56rfu0arrin3aiae2732e9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bodie
| name               = Elizabeth Lail
| image              = Elizabeth_Lail_on_the_sets_of_Once_Upon_A_Time.jpg
| caption            = Lail as Anna in ''[[Once Upon a Time (TV series)|Once Upon a Time]]'' in 2014
| birth_name         = Elizabeth Dean Lail
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|1992|3|25}}
| birth_place        = [[Asheboro, North Carolina]], U.S.
| education          = [[Varsity o North Carolina Schuil o the Airts]] ([[Bachelor o Fine Airts|BFA]])
| occupation         = Actress
| years_active       = 2011–present
| spouse             = {{marriage|Nieku Manshadi|2021}}
}}

'''Elizabeth Dean Lail'''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elizabeth Lail {{!}} TV Guide|url=https://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/elizabeth-lail/bio/696281/|access-date=2026-04-19|website=TVGuide.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (born 25 Mairch 1992&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Weinberg|first=Lindsay|date=2021-05-06|title=Beck Is Married! Inside You Star Elizabeth Lail's Wedding Ceremony|url=https://www.eonline.com/news/1266626/beck-is-married-inside-you-star-elizabeth-lails-wedding-ceremony|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-19|website=E! Online}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Lail|first=Elizabeth|date=2021-03-25|title=Instagram post &quot;Blurry and happy. Thanks for all the birthday wishes&quot;|url=https://www.instagram.com/elizabethlail/p/CM3CF1TJ3AO/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-19|website=Instagram}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is an American actress. She is kent fur portrayin [[Anna (Frozen)|Anna]] in the fantasie series ''[[Once Upon a Time (TV series)|Once Upon a Time]]'' (2014), [[Guinevere Beck]] in the thriller series ''[[You (TV series)|You]]'' (2018–2025) an Vanessa Afton in the [[Leet o Five Nights at Freddy's media|''Five Nights at Freddy's'' films]] (2023–2025).

Lail haes kythed in the horror series ''[[Dead of Summer (TV series)|Dead of Summer]]'' (2016), the [[Gossip Girl (2021 TV series)|''Gossip Girl'' spin-aff]] (2021), an the drama series ''[[Ordinary Joe]]'' (2021–2022) an ''[[Elsbeth (TV series)|Elsbeth]]'' (2024–2025). She forby starned in the horror film ''[[Countdown (2019 film)|Countdown]]'' (2019) an the comedy film ''[[Mack &amp; Rita]]'' (2022).

== Early life ==
Lail wis born in [[Asheboro, North Carolina]]. She becam interestit in actin at age 14, efter pleyin a smaa role in a commonity theatre production o ''[[Seven Brides for Seven Brothers (muisical)|Seven Brides for Seven Brothers]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Efter graduatin frae [[Asheboro Heich Schuil]] in 2010, she attendit the [[Varsity o North Carolina Schuil o the Airts]], graduatin wi a B.F.A. degree in Drama in Mey 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2014-07-01|title=Asheboro native cast as Anna in ABC’s ‘Once Upon a Time’|language=en-US|work=FOX8 WGHP|url=https://myfox8.com/news/asheboro-native-cast-as-anna-in-abcs-once-upon-a-time/|access-date=2026-04-19}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elizabeth Lail uses UNCSA training to adapt to a variety of starring roles|url=https://www.uncsa.edu/drama/alumni/elizabeth-lail.aspx|access-date=2026-04-19|website=www.uncsa.edu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Career ==
Lail maistly wirkit in student short film productions, sic as ''Model Airplane'' an ''Without'', whiles in varsity frae 2011 tae 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mason|first=Aiden|date=2020-01-03|title=10 Things You Didn’t Know About Elizabeth Lail|url=https://tvovermind.com/elizabeth-lail/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-19|website=TVovermind|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; She haed flittit tae [[New York Ceety]] tae pursue stage wirk whan she laundit an audeetion fur [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC's]] ''[[Once Upon a Time (TV series)|Once Upon a Time]]'', efter whilk she wis cast as [[Anna (Frozen)|Anna]] in the fowert saison o the series, lowsed in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Johns|first=Nikara|date=2014-07-01|title=‘Once Upon a Time’ Casts ‘Frozen’ Characters Anna and Kristoff|url=https://variety.com/2014/tv/news/once-upon-a-time-casts-frozen-characters-anna-and-kristoff-1201256582/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-19|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mitovich|first=Matt Webb|date=2014-07-01|title=Once Upon A Time Casts Two Frozen Characters For Season 4|url=https://www.tvline.com/casting-news/once-upon-a-time-scott-michael-foster-kristoff-elizabeth-lail-anna-cast-season-4-528523/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-19|website=[[TVLine]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lail wis cast in a starnin role in the 2016 [[Freeform (TV chainel)|Freeform]] horror series ''[[Dead of Summer (TV series)|Dead of Summer]]'', pleyin the role o camp coonselor Amy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Wagmeister|first=Elizabeth|date=2016-02-10|title=‘Once Upon a Time’ Alums Elizabeth Mitchell &amp; Elizabeth Lail Cast in Freeform’s ‘Dead of Summer’|url=https://variety.com/2016/tv/news/dead-of-summer-casting-elizabeth-mitchell-elizabeth-lail-freeform-1201701827/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-19|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=June 28|first=Alex McLevy {{!}}|last2=2016 {{!}} 2:24pm|title=Dead Of Summer’s cartoonish hackwork puts the “camp” in “summer-camp horror”|url=https://www.avclub.com/dead-of-summer-s-cartoonish-hackwork-puts-the-camp-in-1798188438|access-date=2026-04-19|website=AV Club|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, Lail wis cast as Guinevere Beck in the [[Lifetime (TV chainel)|Lifetime]]/[[Netflix]] telly series ''[[You (TV series)|You]]'', wi [[Penn Badgley]] an [[Shay Mitchell]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Petski|first=Nellie Andreeva,Denise|date=2017-07-27|title=‘You’: Elizabeth Lail To Star In Greg Berlanti Lifetime Drama Series, Two Others Cast|url=https://deadline.com/2017/07/you-elizabeth-lail-star-greg-berlanti-lifetime-drama-series-1202137632/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-19|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lowsed in 2018,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Lifetime announces fall premiere date for 'YOU' starring Penn Badgley|language=en|work=EW.com|url=https://ew.com/tv/2018/03/15/lifetime-you-premiere-date/|access-date=2026-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; she received a nomination fur [[Saturn Awaird fur Best Actress in a Streamin Telly Series|Best Actress in Streamin Presentation]] at the [[45t Saturn Awairds]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Petski|first=Nellie Andreeva,Denise|date=2017-07-27|title=‘You’: Elizabeth Lail To Star In Greg Berlanti Lifetime Drama Series, Two Others Cast|url=https://deadline.com/2017/07/you-elizabeth-lail-star-greg-berlanti-lifetime-drama-series-1202137632/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-19|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mancuso|first=Vinnie|date=2019-07-16|title=Saturn Awards 2019 Nominations Led by Avengers: Endgame|url=https://collider.com/saturn-awards-nominations-2019/|access-date=2026-04-19|website=Collider|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lail reprised her role as Guinevere Beck in guest appearances on the seicont, fowert, an fift saisons o ''You''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elizabeth Lail Chats About Starring In The Horror Movie, &quot;Countdown&quot;|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RPPe9AB02mA|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-19|website=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Davids|first=Brian|date=2019-11-02|title=‘Countdown’ Star Elizabeth Lail on ‘You’ Success and Auditioning for ‘Supergirl’|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/countdown-elizabeth-lail-you-her-supergirl-audition-1251813/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-19|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Oddo|first=Marco Vito|date=2023-03-09|title='You' Season 4 Episode 9 Recap: Only One Way to Deal with Monsters|url=https://collider.com/you-season-4-episode-9-recap-shes-not-there/|access-date=2026-04-19|website=Collider|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lail pleyed the lead, Quinn Harris, in the 2019 horror film ''[[Countdown (2019 film)|Countdown]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Crucchiola|first=Jordan|date=2019-03-15|title=You Star Elizabeth Lail Will Remain in Danger for the Horror Movie Countdown|url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/03/you-elizabeth-lail-horror-movie-countdown.html|access-date=2026-04-19|website=Vulture|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2019-03-15|title=‘You’ Star Elizabeth Lail to Lead STX Horror Film ‘Countdown’ (EXCLUSIVE)|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/you-elizabeth-lail-countdown-1203164279/|access-date=2026-04-19|website=Variety|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Mairch 2021, Lail wis set tae pley the title role o Mack in the comedy film ''[[Mack &amp; Rita]]'' wi Diane Keaton; she forby jynt the cast o the [[HBO Max]] teen drama ''[[Gossip Girl (2021 TV series)|Gossip Girl]]'',&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Denise Petski,Anthony|date=2021-03-19|title=Elizabeth Lail To Star In Romantic Comedy ‘Mack And Rita’, Joins ‘Gossip Girl’ Reboot|url=https://deadline.com/2021/03/elizabeth-lail-romantic-comedy-mack-and-rita-gossip-girl-reboot-1234718036/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-19|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2021-03-21|title=You actor Elizabeth Lail joins HBO Max's Gossip Girl reboot|language=fp-IN|work=Firstpost|url=https://www.firstpost.com/entertainment/you-actor-elizabeth-lail-joins-hbo-maxs-gossip-girl-reboot-9444621.html|access-date=2026-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; in the recurrin role o Lola Morgan. The same month, it wis revealed that Lail haed jynt the cast o the NBC drama series ''[[Ordinary Joe]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Nemetz|first=Dave|date=2021-03-31|title=NBC Orders Sliding Doors Drama Ordinary Joe — See James Wolk Play A Rock Singer, A Nurse And A Cop|url=https://www.tvline.com/news/ordinary-joe-nbc-series-order-james-wolk-parallel-lives-photos-1234657133/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-19|website=[[TVLine]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Januar 2023, Lail wis cast as Vanessa in the [[Five Nights at Freddy's (film)|film adaptation]] o ''[[Five Nights at Freddy's]]'', whilk premiered in October o that same year tae commercial success.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2023-03-22|title=Elizabeth Lail Gets Ready For Blumhouse’s ‘Five Nights At Freddy’s’|url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/five-nights-at-freddys-elizabeth-lail-blumhouse-1235307406/|access-date=2026-04-19|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2023-10-30|title=‘Five Nights At Freddy’s’ $80M Breaks Mold On Peacock Theatrical Day &amp; Date; Best Opening For Blumhouse, Halloween &amp; More – Monday Box Office Update|url=https://deadline.com/2023/10/box-office-five-nights-at-freddys-1235584788/|access-date=2026-04-19|website=Deadline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Frae Juin - August 2025, Lail pleyed Eva in ''Not About Nightingales'' at the Williamstown Film Fest. She performed alangside names sic as, William Jackson Harper, Joe Goldammer, Dan Katz, Malik James, Chris Messina, Annie Mcnamara, an mony ithers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Not About Nightingales {{!}} 2025|url=https://www.wtfestival.org/main-events/not-about-nightingales/|access-date=2026-04-19|website=Williamstown Theatre Festival|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  It wis her seicont professional theatre production. In late 2025, she starned in the [[Five Nights at Freddy's 2 (film)|film adaptation]] o ''[[Five Nights at Freddy's 2]]'', reprisin her role as Vanessa Afton.

== Personal life ==
In Aprile 2021, Lail marriet [[Pediatric dentistry|pediatric dentist]] Nieku Manshadi at Hasbrouck Hoose in Stone Ridge, New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Actress Elizabeth Lail and Partner Nieku Manshadi's Spring Wedding|language=en|work=Brides|url=https://www.brides.com/elizabeth-lail-and-nieku-manshadi-wedding-5183831|access-date=2026-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Filmography==
===Film===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2018  
| ''[[Unintended (2018)|Unintended]]''
| Lea
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Unintended (film): Trailer |url=https://unintendedfilm.com/home/ |access-date=October 29, 2019 |archive-date=November 9, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191109225824/https://unintendedfilm.com/Home/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2019
| ''[[Countdown (2019 film)|Countdown]]''
| Quinn Harris
|
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Mack &amp; Rita]]''
| Mackenzie &quot;Mack&quot; Martin
| &lt;ref name=&quot;VarietyInsight&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Film and TV Projects Going Into Production - Mack &amp; Rita |url=https://www.varietyinsight.com/production_restart_full_view.php?track_id=189274 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319011149/https://www.varietyinsight.com/production_restart_full_view.php?track_id=189274 |archive-date=March 19, 2021 |access-date=March 18, 2021 |website=[[Variety Insight]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=2|2023
| ''[[Gonzo Girl]]''
| Devaney Peltier     
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=CASTING 'Gonzo Girl': Ray Nicholson, Elizabeth Lail, Leila George &amp; Rick Springfield Join Patricia Arquette's First Feature |url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/gonzo-girl-adds-rick-springfield-ray-nicholson-elizabeth-lail-leila-george-1235094509/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=August 17, 2022 |access-date=November 10, 2023 |archive-date=February 24, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230224113027/https://deadline.com/2022/08/gonzo-girl-adds-rick-springfield-ray-nicholson-elizabeth-lail-leila-george-1235094509/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| ''[[Five Nights at Freddy's (film)|Five Nights at Freddy's]]''     
| rowspan=2 | Vanessa Afton
| &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Anthony D'Alessandro |date=March 22, 2023 |title=Elizabeth Lail Gets Ready For Blumhouse's 'Five Nights At Freddy's' |url=https://deadline.com/2023/03/five-nights-at-freddys-elizabeth-lail-blumhouse-1235307406/ |access-date=April 2, 2023 |website=[[Bloody Disgusting]] |archive-date=March 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322213643/https://deadline.com/2023/03/five-nights-at-freddys-elizabeth-lail-blumhouse-1235307406/ |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2025
| ''[[Five Nights at Freddy's 2 (film)|Five Nights at Freddy's 2]]'' 
| &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|title='Five Nights At Freddy's 2' Poster Unveiled At NYCC|url=https://deadline.com/2024/10/five-nights-at-freddys-2-poster-1236120359/|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=October 18, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Televeesion===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Notes
|-
| 2014 
| ''[[Once Upon a Time (TV series)|Once Upon a Time]]''
| [[Anna (Frozen)|Anna]]
| Recurrin role (saison 4)
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Dead of Summer (TV series)|Dead of Summer]]''
| Amy Hughes
| Main role&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Elizabeth Mitchell &amp; Elizabeth Lail Cast In Freeform Horror Series 'Dead Of Summer' |url=https://deadline.com/2016/02/elizabeth-mitchell-elizabeth-lail-dead-of-summer-freeform-horror-series-1201699665/ |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]] |date=February 10, 2016 |access-date=November 10, 2023 |archive-date=November 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110185515/https://deadline.com/2016/02/elizabeth-mitchell-elizabeth-lail-dead-of-summer-freeform-horror-series-1201699665/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 2017
| ''[[The Blacklist]]''
| Natalie Luca
| Episode: &quot;Natalie Luca&quot;
|-
| 2018
| ''[[The Good Fight]]''
| Emily Chapin
| Episode: &quot;Day 478&quot;
|-
| 2018–2025
| ''[[You (TV series)|You]]''
| [[Guinevere Beck]]
| Main role (saison 1); guest role in saison 2, 4, 5
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Gossip Girl (2021 TV series)|Gossip Girl]]''
| Lola Morgan
| Recurrin role (season 1)
|-
| 2021–2022
| ''[[Ordinary Joe]]''
| Jenny Banks
| Main role
|-
| 2022
| ''[[Robot Chicken]]''
| Anna
| Vyce role; episode: &quot;May Cause Internal Diarrhea&quot;
|-
| 2024–2025
| ''[[Elsbeth (TV series)|Elsbeth]]''
| Quinn Powers
| Recurrin role
|}

===Theater===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Year
! Title
! Role
! Venue
! Notes
|-
|2017
|''Nibbler''
|Hayley
|[[Rattlestick Playwrights Theater]]
|rowspan=2|[[Off-Broadway theatre|Off-Broadway]]
|-
|2024
|''Pretty Perfect Lives''
|Tiffany
|[[The Flea Theater]]
|-
|2025
|''[[Not About Nightingales]]''
|Eva
|[[Williamstown Theatre Fest]]
|}

==Awairds an nominations==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
|-
! Year
! Awaird
! Category
! Wirk
! Result
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}}
|-
| 2019
| [[45t Saturn Awairds|Saturn Awairds]]
| [[Saturn Awaird fur Best Actress in a Streamin Telly Series|Best Actress in a Streamin Telly Series]]
| ''[[You (TV series)|You]]''
| {{nom}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
{{sister project links|d=Q18207144|q=no|c=category:Elizabeth Lail|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}}
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Instagram|elizabethlail}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lail, Elizabeth}}
[[Category:1992 births]]
[[Category:21st-century American actresses]]
[[Category:Actresses frae North Carolina]]
[[Category:American film actresses]]
[[Category:American televeesion actresses]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Fowk frae Asheboro, North Carolina]]
[[Category:Actors frae Williamson Coonty, Texas]]
[[Category:Varsity o North Carolina Schuil o the Airts alumni]]</text>
      <sha1>6b9y9cu8a56rfu0arrin3aiae2732e9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>La Voix du Nord</title>
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      <text bytes="7821" sha1="jg7yra1qtv2acqgbln6garuin99ko32" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox newspaper
| name                   = La Voix du Nord
| logo                   = LVDNgrandlogo.png
| logo_size              = 250
| type                   = Regional daily newspaper
| format                 = [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]]
| owners                 = [[Rossel (company)|Rossel Group]]
| foundation             = {{start date and age|1941}}
| language               = [[French leid|French]]
| headquarters           = [[Lille]]
| circulation            = 199,713
| circulation_date       = 2020
| ISSN                   = 0999-2189
| website                = {{URL|http://www.lavoixdunord.fr}} 
}}

'''''La Voix du Nord''''' ({{IPA-fr|la vwa dy nɔʁ}}, &lt;small&gt;lit.&lt;/small&gt; The Vyce o the North or 'The Vyce o [[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord]]') is a regional daily [[newspaper]] frae the north o [[Fraunce]]. Its heidquarters are in [[Lille]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kidd|first=William|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=45h9AwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA235|title=Contemporary French Cultural Studies|last2=Reynolds|first2=Sian|date=2014-05-01|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-4441-6556-2|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
''Voix du Nord'' wis ane o the [[Unnergrund media in German-occupied Fraunce|unnergrund newspapers o the French Reseestance]] foondit in [[German military admeenistration in occupied Fraunce durin Warld War II|German-occupied Fraunce]] durin [[Warld War II]]. The paper furst appeared in Lille in Aprile 1941 at a time whan the region o [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais]] wis bein ruled bi [[Military Admeenistration in Belgium an Northren Fraunce|a German military govrenment]] in [[Brussels]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Jackson|first=Julian|url=http://archive.org/details/france00juli|title=France : the dark years, 1940-1944|date=2003|publisher=Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-0-19-925457-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; The newspaper's tag-line descrieved itsel as the &quot;Reseestance organ o [[French Flanders]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

The post-war version  the paper is pairt o the Belgian company, [[Groupe Rossel|Rossel group]], whilk forby awns the major Belgian newspaper ''[[Le Soir]]'', whilk it boucht frae [[Socpresse]] in 2006.

=== Oreegins in Occupied Fraunce ===
[[File:Bondues musee resistance VDN.JPG|thumb|right|The edition o 1 Aprile 1942 at the Reseestance Museum o Bondues]]
{{lang|fr|La Voix du Nord}} is a clandestine newspaper that gae rise tae a muivement o poleetical reseestance. The reseestance group wis cawed ''Voix du Nord'' (&quot;Vyce o the North&quot;—o Fraunce, or, &quot;Vyce o the ''[[Nord (French depairtment)|Nord]]''&quot;—a French depairtment). Saxty-five unit o the furst issue o the newspaper wur printed, dated Aprile 1941.  It clearly annoonced the newspaper's mission statement: 

The newspaper affirmit its support fur General de Gaulle an its opposeetion tae the [[Govrenment o Vichy Fraunce|Vichy govrenment]]. At the ootset, thay wur twa vera different men: Jules Noutour, polis brigadier, tred unionist, an [[Socialism|socialist]] memmer o the [[French Section o the Wirkers' Internaitional|SFIO]] pairty; jynt bi Natalis Dumez, social [[Catholic Kirk|Catholic]]. Dumez wis the hert an soul o the editorial staff: she wis primarily reponsible fur the fower hunder airticles that appeared in the furst 39 issues. Noutour wis arrestit on 8 September 1943 an deportit tae [[Gross-Rosen concentration camp|Gross Rosen]], whaur he dee'd 1 Februar 1945.

Frae the fower Roneotyped pages o the furst day, the newspaper rapidly grew tae sax, an then ten pages. Owin tae the difficulties in obtainin supplies o paper, the page coont was later reduced tae fower pages in Februar 1943. Circulation wis aroond 900 unit initially, growin tae 15,000 in Januar 1943. The paper cam oot ivery twa weeks throu September 1942, an monthly frae 1943 on.

The last twa issues wur published in Julie an August 1944 unner the responsibility o Jules Houcke, wha published the furst appenly distributit issue o  &quot;La Voix du Nord&quot; on 5 September 1944. The furst page is crossed oot, wi a heidline spannin sax columns: &quot;The Northren Region is free. Freedom an unthirldom wur purchased at a heich price: preeson, tortur, daith camps fur mair nor 530 fowk, wha wrate, printed, an distributit thir newspapers.&quot;

=== Modren ===
Efter the war, the paper wis reborn as a hybrid [[Pairtnership limited bi skares|pairtnership an limited liability company]] &quot;La Voix du Nord - Houcke an Company&quot;.  Thay teuk ower the premises o the Grand Écho du Nord, an as wis the habit elsewhaur in Fraunce, thay kept the staff on as weel, an it wis thay wha produced the aulder newspaper o the Reseestance. Fur the oreeginal jurnalists wha wur actually pairt o the Reseestance an merkitly the twa co-foonders wha haed nae yet returned frae deportation abroad in Februar 1945, it wis a betrayal bi pseudo-Reseestance memmers. The skares o the new company rose in 1945, the original owners and members were priced out, and it took thirty years of litigation afore thay achieved success.  In the 1950s, the paper stairtit printin mony local editions, giein it a regional kiverage.

''Voix du Nord'' is published in [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|tabloid]]. The paper sponsors the [[Grand Prix de Fourmies]] bicycle race.

==Circulation==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Year !! Circulation
|-
| '''1998'''|| 323,000&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|-
| '''2000'''|| 332,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Top 100 dailies 2000|url=http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/49276/|access-date=2 March 2015|work=campaign|date=16 November 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''2001'''|| 320,000&lt;ref name=adsm&gt;{{cite news|author=Adam Smith|title=Europe's Top Papers|url=http://www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/164161/|access-date=7 February 2015|work=Campaign|date=15 November 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''2002'''|| 307,191&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Media Markets and Newspapers|journal=SFN Flash|date=7 January 2004|volume=7|issue=1|url=http://www.wan-press.org/IMG/pdf/04Q_03_SFN_Flash_FullText-2.pdf|access-date=17 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824141157/http://www.wan-press.org/IMG/pdf/04Q_03_SFN_Flash_FullText-2.pdf|archive-date=24 August 2017|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''2003'''|| 315,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=World Press Trends|url=http://www.wan-press.org/ecrire/upload/wpt2004.pdf|work=World Association of Newspapers|access-date=15 February 2015|location=Paris|date=2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| '''2014'''|| 231,066&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=La Voix du Nord|url=http://www.ojd.com/Support/la-voix-du-nord|work=OJD|access-date=21 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402133924/http://www.ojd.com/Support/la-voix-du-nord|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|'''2015'''
|226,214
|-
|'''2016'''
|214,542
|-
|'''2017'''
|209,203
|-
|'''2018'''
|204,219
|-
|'''2019'''
|207,861
|-
|'''2020'''
|199,713
|-
|'''2021'''
|193,018&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | website = acpm.fr | date = 2022 | title = L'observatoire de la presse et des médias de L'APCM 2022 | url = https://www.acpm.fr/Media/Files/Plaquette-Observatoire-2022 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|}

==See an aw==
* [[Leet o newspapers in Fraunce]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Fremmit airtins==
{{sister project links|d=Q2567583|q=no|c=category:La Voix du Nord|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}}
* {{official website|http://www.lavoixdunord.fr}}
* Issues o unnergrund [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb344184287/date ''La Voix du Nord''] online in [[Gallica]], the digeetal library o the [[BnF]].

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Voix du Nord}}
[[Category:1941 establishments in Fraunce]]
[[Category:French reseestance publications]]
[[Category:Mass media in Lille]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in Fraunce]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1941]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Le Parisien</title>
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      <text bytes="5640" sha1="4arjadpt9jas948q21ekua5hptb9zgk" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox newspaper
| name               = Le Parisien
| logo               = Le Parisien logo.svg
| type               = [[Daily newspaper]]
| format             = [[Tabloid (newspaper format)|Tabloid]]
| owners             = [[LVMH]]
|foundation          = {{start date and age|1944|8|22}}
| language           = [[French leid|French]]
| headquarters       = [[15t destrict o Paris]]
| circulation        = 180,854
| circulation_date   = 2020
| website            = {{URL|leparisien.fr}}
| ISSN               = 0767-3558 
}}
[[File:LeParisien 1 jnl.jpg|thumb|Heid office o ''Le Parisien'']]

'''''Le Parisien''''' (&lt;small&gt;lit.&lt;/small&gt; 'The Parisian') is a French [[newspaper]] that kivers internaitional an naitional news as weel as local news frae the [[Paris]] area. It haes been a subsidiary o [[Bernard Arnault]]'s [[LVMH]] syne 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Real Time Billionaires|url=https://www.forbes.com/real-time-billionaires/#de7243b3d788|access-date=2026-04-21|website=Forbes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History an profile ==
The paper wis established as Le Parisien libéré ({{IPA-fr|oʒuʁdɥi ɑ̃ fʁɑ̃s}}; &lt;small&gt;lit.&lt;/small&gt; 'The Freed Parisian') bi [[Émilien Amaury]] in 1944,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Hughes|first=Alexandra|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BKCFAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA357|title=Encyclopedia of Contemporary French Culture|last2=Hughes|first2=Alex|last3=Reader|first3=Keith A.|last4=Reader|first4=Keith|date=2002-03-11|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-78866-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; an wis published fur the furst time on 22 August 1944. The paper wis oreeginally launched as the organ o the [[French reseestance|French unnergrund]] durin the [[German military admeenistration in occupied Fraunce durin Warld War II|German occupation o Fraunce in Warld War II]].

The name wis chynged tae the current ane in 1986.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A naitional edition exists, cawed ''Aujourd'hui en France'' ({{IPA-fr|oʒuʁdɥi ɑ̃ fʁɑ̃s}}; &lt;small&gt;lit.&lt;/small&gt; 'The day in Fraunce').

[[LVMH]] acquired the paper frae [[Éditions Philippe Amaury]] in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-05-26|title=LVMH says in talks to buy Le Parisien newspaper|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lvmh-leparisien/lvmh-says-in-talks-to-buy-le-parisien-newspaper-idUSKBN0OB1XC20150526/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-21|website=Reuters|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Circulation==
''Le Parisien'' haed a circulation near tae ane million unit in the early 1970s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Horn|first=Pierre L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QZ3gEzNUn4QC&amp;pg=PA166|title=Handbook of French Popular Culture|date=1991-05-21|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|isbn=978-0-313-26121-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The paper reached a circulation o 659,200 unit on 24 Aprile 1995, the day efter the furst roond o the [[1995 French presidential election|presidential election]]. In the period o 1995–1996 the paper haed a circulation o 451,159 unit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Group|first=Euromedia Research|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k6HU9WdjwgkC&amp;pg=PA7|title=Media Policy: Convergence, Concentration &amp; Commerce|date=1998-09-24|publisher=SAGE|isbn=978-1-4462-6524-6|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The combined circulation o ''Le Parisien'' wis 485,000 unit in 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=EUROPEAN NEWSPAPERS: EUROPE'S TOP PAPERS|url=https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/european-newspapers-europes-top-papers/164161?utm_source=website&amp;utm_medium=social|access-date=2026-04-21|website=www.campaignlive.co.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The paper haed a circulation o 147,143 unit an a combined circulation o 360,505 unit in 2002. It wis the seicont lairgest regional newspaper in Fraunce wi a combined circulation o 530,000 unit in 2008,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=OJD|url=http://www.ojd.com/engine/adhchif/chif_fiche.php?adhid=719|access-date=2026-04-21|website=www.ojd.com|archive-date=2009-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405181342/http://www.ojd.com/engine/adhchif/chif_fiche.php?adhid=719|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahint ''[[Ouest-France]]'', whilk haed a circulation o aboot 800,000 unit. The circulation o ''Le Parisien'' wis 229,638 unit in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Presse Quotidienne Régionale 2014|url=http://www.ojd.com/Chiffres/La-Presse/La-Presse-Payante/Presse-Quotidienne-Regionale|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-04-21|website=www.ojd.com|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2015-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319124943/http://www.ojd.com/Chiffres/La-Presse/La-Presse-Payante/Presse-Quotidienne-Regionale}}&lt;/ref&gt; The circulation o ''Le Parisien'' wis 264,952 unit in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Couplage Le Parisien + Aujourd'hui en France|url=https://www.acpm.fr/les-membres/support/2980153143-1-1/couplage-le-parisien-aujourd-hui-en-france|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-21|website=ACPM}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Year
!Circulation
|-
|2016
|208,978
|-
|2017
|207,386
|-
|2018
|196,226
|-
|2019
|187,041
|-
|2020
|180,854
|-
|2021
|182,291
|-
|2022
|185,558
|-
|2023
|188,118
|-
|DDM 01/2024
|200,130&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.acpm.fr/Support/le-parisien | title=Le Parisien |website=ACPM }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
{{sister project links|d=Q142348|q=no|c=category:Le Parisien|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}}

{{Authority control}}

* {{Offeecial wabsteid}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Parisien}}
[[Category:1944 establishments in Fraunce]]
[[Category:Daily newspapers published in Fraunce]]
[[Category:French news wabsteids]]
[[Category:Leeberal media in Fraunce]]
[[Category:Newspapers published in Paris]]
[[Category:Newspapers established in 1944]]</text>
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    <title>Paris Match</title>
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      <text bytes="7390" sha1="niecmjnc6vul5hraq6w83oxsch4mest" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox magazine
| title = Paris Match
| logo = Paris Match 1981 logo.svg
| category = [[News magazine]]
| total_circulation = 568,115
| circulation_year = 2020
| frequency = Weekly
| language = [[French leid|French]]
| editor = [[Jérôme Béglé]]
| editor_title = [[Editor-in-chief]]
| founded = 1949
| firstdate = {{start date and age|df=y|1949|3|25}}
| company = [[LVMH]]
| country = Fraunce
| based = [[Paris]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.parismatch.com}}
| issn = 0397-1635
}}

'''''Paris Match''''' ({{IPA-fr|paʁi matʃ}}) is a [[French leid|French-leid]] weekly magazine that features a mix o news an pop cultur. It kivers major naitional an internaitional news alang wi celebrity lifestyle features an photae reportin. ''Paris Match'' haes been considered &quot;ane o the warld's best ootlets fur [[photaejurnalism]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2001-06-25|title=Roger Therond, 76, Editor of Paris Match|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/25/world/roger-therond-76-editor-of-paris-match.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-23|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its content quality wis compared tae the American magazine ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2006-08-03|title=Beau Monde: The power and glory of Paris-Match|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/beau-monde-the-power-and-glory-of-parismatch-410529.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-23|website=[[The Independent]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Paris Match''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s oreeginal slogan wis &quot;''Le poids des mots, le choc des photos''&quot; (&quot;The wecht o wirds, the shock o photaes&quot;), whilk wis chynged tae &quot;''Life is a true story''&quot; in 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2008-01-22|title=Un nouveau slogan pour Paris-Match|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2008/01/22/01011-20080122FILWWW00433-un-nouveau-slogan-pour-paris-match.php|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-23|website=[[Le Figaro]]|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; The magazine wis selt bi [[Lagardère Group|Lagardère]] tae [[LVMH]] in 2024. 

== History an profile ==
A sports news magazine, ''Match l'intran'' (a pley on ''[[L'Intransigeant]]''), wis launched on 9 November 1926 bi Léon Bailby. It wis acquired bi the [[Louis Louis-Dreyfus|Louis-Dreyfus group]] in 1931 an then bi the industrialist [[Jean Prouvost]] in 1938.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Leblanc|first=Audrey|title=The Color of May 1968|url=https://journals.openedition.org/etudesphotographiques/3456|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-23|website=journals.openedition.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Unner Prouvost the magazine expandit its focus ayont sports, tae a format reminiscent o ''[[Life (magazine)|Life]]'': ''Le Match de la vie'' (&quot;The Match o Life&quot;) an then ''Match, l'hebdomadaire de l'actualité mondiale'' (&quot;Match, the weekly o warld news&quot;). Follaein the ootbreak o [[Warld War II]] it becam ''Match de la guerre'' (&quot;Match o War&quot;) in October 1939. Sellin fur 2 francs a copy, it reached a circulation o 1.45 million bi November. Publication wis haltit on 6 Juin 1940, durin the [[Battle o Fraunce]].

The magazine wis relaunched in 1949 wi a new name, ''Paris Match''. The magazine temporarily ceased publication atween 18 Mey an 15 Juin 1968 upon the caw fur a strike bi the Syndicat du Livre, the French prenters' union.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

In 1976, [[Daniel Filipacchi]] purchased the ailin ''Paris Match''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=1976-09-02|title=A Top French Publisher Purchases Paris‐Match|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1976/09/02/archives/a-top-french-publisher-purchases-parismatch.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-04-23|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; It continues tae bae ane o Fraunce's maist successfu an influential magazines. It is published weekly an wis till October 2024 pairt o [[Hachette Filipacchi Médias]], whilk is itsel awned bi the [[Lagardère Group]].

On occasion, ''Paris Match'' haes selt mair nor ane million unit warldwide whan kiverin major events, sic as the furst flicht b a French [[astronaut]], [[Patrick Baudry]], aboard the U.S. [[Space Shuttle]] [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]] in Juin 1985. [[Benoît Clair]], a senior writer fur ''Paris Match'', wis the furst jurnalist allaed tae jyn the shuttle crew memmers frae trainin till the depairture fur the launch pad at [[Cape Canaveral]]. A series o reports on the trainin wis published in ''Paris Match'' on 22 Aprile 1985, 17 Juin 1985 an 20 Januar 1986.

As o 1996 the magazine haes adoptit an independent poleetical stance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Humphreys|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2vlTzbOGhdIC&amp;pg=PA88|title=Mass Media and Media Policy in Western Europe|date=1996-05-15|publisher=Manchester University Press|isbn=978-0-7190-3197-7|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Februar 2024, it wis publicly disclosed that the luxury brand LVMH is in collogues tae purchase Paris Match frae the media conglomerate Lagardère SA. LVMH purchased the magazine in October o 2024 fur €120 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Carabin|first=Aurélie|last2=Williams|first2=Stuart|last3=AFP|title=LVMH's Bernard Arnault acquires glossy French weekly Paris Match for €120 million|url=https://fortune.com/europe/2024/10/02/lvmhs-bernard-arnault-bollore-paris-match/|access-date=2026-04-23|website=Fortune|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Circulation ==
''Paris Match'' haed a circulation o 1,800,000 unit in 1958.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Berstein|first=Serge|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GyhQAJeOZoC&amp;pg=PA200|title=The Pompidou Years, 1969-1974|last2=Rioux|first2=Jean-Pierre|date=2000-03-13|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-58061-8|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1988 circulation o the magazine wis 873,000, makin it the best-sellin news weekly in the kintra.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; In 2001 the weekly wis the tent-lairgest-circulation news magazine warldwide, wi a 630,000 sale.

''Paris Match'' haed a circulation o 655,000 durin the 2007–2008 period.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; In 2009 the magazine wis the best-sellin photaenews magazine in Fraunce, wi a circulation o 611,000 unit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Raymond|first=Kuhn|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3oVTBgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA4-PA9|title=The Media In Contemporary France|date=2011-03-01|publisher=McGraw-Hill Education (UK)|isbn=978-0-335-23622-0|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its circulation wis 578,282 in 2014&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Presse Magazine – La Presse Payante – La Presse – Chiffres – OJD|url=http://www.ojd.com/Chiffres/La-Presse/La-Presse-Payante/Presse-Magazine|access-date=2026-04-23|website=www.ojd.com|language=fr-FR|archive-date=2015-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150319120727/http://www.ojd.com/Chiffres/La-Presse/La-Presse-Payante/Presse-Magazine|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; an 568,115 in 2020.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
== Fremmit airtins ==
{{sister project links|d=Q678095|q=no|c=category:Paris Match|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}}
* {{Offeecial wabsteid|https://www.parismatch.com}}

[[Category:1949 establishments in Fraunce]]
[[Category:French-leid magazines]]
[[Category:LVMH]]
[[Category:Magazines established in 1949]]
[[Category:Magazines published in Paris]]
[[Category:News magazines published in Fraunce]]
[[Category:Photaejurnalistic magazines]]
[[Category:Weekly magazines published in Fraunce]]
[[Category:Weekly news magazines]]</text>
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    <title>A Star Is Born (2018 film)</title>
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      <text bytes="68922" sha1="ms99s23qoj68v3a7gbzufxs2lw67e6l" xml:space="preserve">{{Cite web|title=A Star Is Born (2018)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_star_is_born_2018|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|language=en}}

'''''A Star Is Born''''' ([[Scots leid|Scots]]: ''A Starn Is Born'') is a 2018 American [[Muisical film|muisical]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film an televeesion)|drama]] produced an directit bi [[Bradley Cooper]] (in his directorial debut) wi a screenpley bi Cooper, [[Eric Roth]] an Will Fetters. It starns Cooper an [[Lady Gaga]] in lead roles, wi [[Dave Chappelle]], [[Andrew Dice Clay]] an [[Sam Elliott]] in supportin roles. It follaes an [[Alcoholism|alcoholic]] muisicker (Cooper) wha diskivers an faws in luve wi a yung sangster (Gaga). It is the thrid [[remak]] o the oreeginal [[A Star Is Born (1937 film)|1937 romantic drama]], folloaein the [[A Star Is Born (1954 film)|1954]] an [[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|1976]] films. [[Principal photography]] begound at the [[Coachella|Coachella Valley Muisic an Airts Fest]] in Aprile 2017.

''A Star Is Born'' premiered at the [[75t Venice Internaitional Film Fest]] on 31 August 2018, an wis theatrically lowsed in the Unitit States on 5 October 2018, bi [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. It emerged as a major creetical an commercial success, grossin ower $436 million warldwide an receivin widespreid creetical acclaim fur Cooper, Gaga, an Elliott's performances an Cooper's direction, as weel as the screenpley, cinematography, an soondtrack. The film received mony accolades, includin aicht nominations fur the [[91st Academy Awairds]], includin [[Academy Awaird fur Best Pictur|Best Pictur]], [[Academy Awaird fur Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Cooper), [[Academy Awaird fur Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Gaga) an [[Academy Awaird fur Best Supportin Actor|Best Supportin Actor]] (Elliott); it wan [[Academy Awaird fur Best Oreeginal Sang|Best Oreeginal Sang]] fur &quot;[[Shallow (Lady Gaga an Bradley Cooper sang)|Shallow]]&quot;. It forby earned five nominations at the [[76t Gowden Globes|76t Gowden Globe Awairds]], includin [[Gowden Globe Awaird fur Best Motion Pictur – Drama|Best Motion Pictur – Drama]], an wan [[Gowden Globe Awaird fur Best Oreeginal Sang|Best Oreeginal Sang]] fur &quot;Shallow&quot;.

The film's [[A Star Is Born (2018 soondtrack)|soondtrack]] received a [[BAFTA Awaird fur Best Oreeginal Muisic|BAFTA Awaird]] an fower [[Grammy Awairds|Grammy Awaird]] wins oot o seiven nominations, includin nominations fur [[Grammy Awaird fur Sang o the Year|Sang o the Year]] twa years in a row. Fur her actin an soondtrack contreibutions on ''A Star Is Born'', Gaga becam the furst wumman in history tae win an [[Academy Awairds|Academy Awaird]], [[Breetish Academy Film Awairds|BAFTA Awaird]], [[Gowden Globes|Gowden Globe Awaird]] an [[Grammy Awairds|Grammy Awaird]] in ane single year.

== Plot ==
Fowerty-three-year-auld Jackson &quot;Jack&quot; Maine, a [[country rock]] sangster privately battlin an [[Alcoholism|alcohol]] an [[drog]] [[addiction]], pleys at a concert. His maistly support is Bobby, his manager an aulder hauf-brither. Efter a shaw, Jack gaes oot fur drinks an veesits a [[Gay bar|drag bar]].

Thare, Jack witnesses a homage performance tae [[Édith Piaf]] bi 31-year-auld Ally, wha wirks as a waitress an sangster-sangwriter. He is amazed bi her performance, an thay spend the nicht taukin. Ally collogues her unsuccessfu efforts in pursuin a professional muisic career. Ally skares wi Jack some leerics she haes been wirkin on, he tells her she is a talentit sangwriter an shoud perform her material. Jack invites Ally tae his nixt shaw. In maugre o her initial refusal, she attends an, wi Jack's encouragement, sangs &quot;[[Shallow (Lady Gaga an Bradley Cooper sang)|Shallow]]&quot; on stage wi him. Jack invites Ally tae gae on tour wi him, an thay form a romantic relationship.

In [[Arizona]], Ally an Jack gae tae veesit the ranch whaur Jack brocht up an whaur his faither is buriet. Houiver, thay diskiver that Bobby haed selt the laund, that wis convertit intae a [[wind ferm]]. Angered at his betrayal, Jack attacks Bobby, wha subsequently quits as his manager. Afore daein sae, Bobby reveals that he did inform Jack aboot the rowp, bit Jack wis too drunk tae notice.

Whiles on tour, Ally meets Rez, a record producer wha offers her a contract. Awthou veesibly baithered, Jack aye supports her decision tae sign wi him. Rez refocuses Ally awey frae country muisic an towards [[Pop muisic|pop]]. Jack misses ane o Ally's performances efter he passes oot drunk in public. Jack rekivers at the hame o his best freend George &quot;Noodles&quot; Stone an later maks up wi Ally. Thare, he proposes tae her wi an impromptu ring mak frae a loop o a guitar string. Thay are marriet that same day at a kirk meenistered bi a kin o Noodles.

Durin Ally's performance on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', Bobby reconciles wi Jack. Later, Ally an a drunken Jack fecht ower Ally's growin airtistic success. Jack creeticises Ally's new eemage an muisic, as her success is ootpacin his recent decline in popularity. At the [[Grammy Awairds]], whaur Ally is nominatit in three categories, a veesibly intoxicatit Jack performs a homage tae [[Roy Orbison]]. Later in the forenicht, she wins [[Grammy Awaird fur Best New Airtist|Best New Airtist]]. As Ally is giein her acceptance speech, a aye-inebriated Jack staggers up tae her, whaur he publicly wets himsel an passes oot. Ally's faither, Lorenzo, berates a semi-conscious Jack whiles Ally attempts tae help Jack sober up.

Jack jyns a [[Drog rehabilitation|rehabilitation]] programme shortly thareefter. He discloses tae his coonselor that he tree'd tae commit [[suicide]] at age 12 an reveals his progressively warsenin [[tinnitus]]. Jack tearfully apologises tae Ally fur his behaviour. Whiles returnin hame, Jack admits tae Bobby that it wis he whom he idolised an nae thair faither. Ally asks Rez tae brin Jack on her European tour, bit Rez refuses, promptin Ally tae cancel the remainder o the tour tae care fur Jack.

Rez confronts Jack an accuses him o nearly ruinin Ally's career, statin that Jack will certainly relapse again, an that it is &quot;embarrassin&quot; she is marriet tae him. That forenicht, Ally lies tae Jack an tells him that her record label haes canceled her tour sae she can focus on her seicont album. Jack promises he will come tae her concert that nicht, bit efter Ally leaves, he hangs himsel in thair garage. Grief-stricken an inconsolable efter Jack's suicide, Ally is veesitit bi Bobby, wha tells her that the suicide wis Jack's awn chyce. The closin scenes reveal a flashback o Jack wirkin on a sang aboot his luve fur Ally, that he niver finished writin. Ally performs this sang as a homage tae Jack, introducin hersel fur the furst time as Ally Maine.

== Cast ==

* [[Bradley Cooper]] as Jackson &quot;Jack&quot; Maine, an established sangster-sangwriter, strugglin wi alcoholism. He is Ally's mentor.
* [[Lady Gaga]] as Ally Maine, a sangster-sangwriter wha is diskivert bi Jack.
* [[Andrew Dice Clay]] as Lorenzo, Ally's faither.
* [[Dave Chappelle]] as George &quot;Noodles&quot; Stone, a retired muisicker an Jack's best freend.
* [[Sam Elliott]] as Bobby Maine, Jack's aulder hauf-brither an manager.
* [[Rafi Gavron]] as Rez Gavron, a muisic producer an Ally's manager.
* [[Anthony Ramos]] as Ramon, Ally's freend.
* [[Drena De Niro]] as Paulette Stone, Noodles' wife.
* [[Greg Grunberg]] as Phil, Jack's driver.

Addeetionally, [[Shangela]] appears as the drag bar MC, [[Willam Belli]] as drag queen Emerald, an [[Ron Rifkin]] as Jackson's rehab therapist Carl. [[Barry Shabaka Henley]] appears as Little Feet, a veteran session muisicker. [[Rebecca Field]] portrays Gail, whiles [[Michael Harney]] portrays Wolfie, a freend o Lorenzo. [[Lukas Nelson &amp; Promise of the Real]] appear as Jackson's baund. Memmers o the supergroup baund include [[Don Was]], [[Victor Indrizzo]] an [[Lenny Castro]]. [[Eddie Griffin]] appears as a local preacher an [[Luenell]] appears as a cashier. [[Marlon Williams (New Zealand muisicker)|Marlon Williams]], [[Brandi Carlile]], [[Alec Baldwin]], [[Halsey (sangster)|Halsey]] an [[Don Roy King]] cameo as themselves.

== Production ==

=== Pre-production ===
Aulder remaks o the [[A Star Is Born (1937 film)|oreeginal 1937 film]] includit the [[A Star Is Born (1954 film)|1954 adaptation]] starnin [[Judy Garland]], an the [[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|1976 rock muisical]] wi [[Barbra Streisand]] an [[Kris Kristofferson]] as the leads. Furthermair, the [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] romance film ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' (2013) wis inspired bi ''A Star Is Born'' bit wis nae a remak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Noelfi|first=Joel|date=2017-04-18|title=How Lady Gaga's A Star Is Born evolved with Jennifer Lopez, Beyoncé, more|url=https://ew.com/movies/2017/04/18/lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-jennifer-lopez-beyonce/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Entertainment Weekly|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Development o a new adaptation dated as far back as the late 1990s wi [[Will Smith]] the intendit lead pleyer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2000-03-09|title=Lauryn, Mariah sought for 'A Star Is Born'|url=http://www.canoe.com/JamMusicArtistsH/hill_lauryn.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-02|website=|language=en|archive-date=2000-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001001075441/http://www.canoe.com/JamMusicArtistsH/hill_lauryn.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Houiver, Smith's pairticipation wis nixed bi his decision tae starn in ''[[Ali (2001 film)|Ali]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In 2000, [[Jamie Foxx]] an [[Oliver Stone]] wur rumored tae be seriously interestit in remakin the film,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; wi Foxx furst seekin oot [[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]] sangster [[Aaliyah]] an then risin actor [[Paul Walker]] fur the leadin duo roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Angulo|first=Sandra P.|date=2000-09-15|title=Jamie Foxx is planning to remake A Star Is Born|url=https://ew.com/article/2000/09/15/jamie-foxx-planning-remake-star-born/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=2018-10-16|title=Aaliyah Was The Original Choice For Lead Role In ‘A Star Is Born’ Remake Before Lady Gaga, Beyonce|url=https://jojocrews.com/aaliyah-original-choice-lead-role-star-born-remake-lady-gaga-beyonce/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=JoJoCrews.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lauryn Hill]] an [[Mariah Carey]] wur soucht fur the lead roles an aa,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; an [[Alicia Keys]] turned doun an offer tae pley the female lead in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Keys snubs Smith, eyes Disney film|url=http://www.canoe.com/JamMusicArtistsK/keys_alicia.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-02|website=|archive-date=2003-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030114100820/http://www.canoe.com/JamMusicArtistsK/keys_alicia.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plans fur the adaptation wis shelvit fur mony years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Rao|first=Sonia|date=2018-10-01|title=Bradley Cooper will keep geeking out about ‘A Star Is Born’ as long as you let him|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/bradley-cooper-will-keep-geeking-out-about-a-star-is-born-as-long-as-you-let-him/2018/09/27/a965b168-c0d6-11e8-90c9-23f963eea204_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Januar 2011, it wis annoonced that [[Clint Eastwood]] wis in tauks tae direct [[Beyoncé]] in a thrid American remak o the film ''[[A Star Is Born (1937 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' (1937), wi [[Bradley Cooper]] pleyin the male lead. Houiver, the projeck wis delayed on accoont o Beyoncé's pregnancy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=McVey|first=Ciara|date=2018-11-04|title=‘A Star Is Born’ Producer on Why Beyonce, Clint Eastwood Remake Never Happened|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/a-star-is-born-producer-why-beyonce-clint-eastwood-film-didnt-happen-1157694/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Aprile 2012, writer Will Fetters tauld [[Valnet|''Collider'']] that the script wis inspired bi [[Kurt Cobain]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chitwood|first=Adam|date=2012-04-01|title=Will Fetters Talks Clint Eastwood's A STAR IS BORN Remake|url=https://collider.com/a-star-is-born-remake-kurt-cobain-will-fetters/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Valnet|Collider]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ower the course o the film's development, tauks wi [[Christian Bale]], [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], [[Tom Cruise]], [[Johnny Depp]] an Smith tae pley the male lead dwined tae come tae fruition. Eastwood wis interestit in [[Esperanza Spalding]] tae pley the female lead.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2012-10-10|title=Beyonce exits Eastwood’s ‘A Star Is Born’ (Exclusive)|url=https://variety.com/2012/film/news/beyonce-exits-eastwood-s-a-star-is-born-exclusive-1118060516/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Rihanna]], [[Shakira]], [[Janelle Monáe]], [[Selena Gomez]], [[Demi Lovato]] an [[Kesha]] wur considered fur the lead female role an aa. On 24 Mairch 2015, [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] annoonced that Cooper wis in final tauks tae mak his directorial debut wi the film. Beyoncé wis again in tauks tae jyn, thou aye unsigned.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jr|first=Mike Fleming|date=2015-03-24|title=Bradley Cooper To Make Directing Debut, Hopes To Star With Beyonce In ‘A Star Is Born’ For Warner Bros|url=https://deadline.com/2015/03/bradley-cooper-beyonce-a-star-is-born-directing-debut-warner-bros-1201381195/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In order tae secure his furst directorial commitment an in lieu o receivin an upfront salary, Cooper teuk a back-end deal in order tae get the film mak, resultin in a $39.9 million salary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Welk|first=Brian|date=2019-08-22|title=Dwayne Johnson, Chris Hemsworth Top Forbes' 2019 Highest-Paid Actors List (Photos)|url=https://www.thewrap.com/dwayne-johnson-chris-hemsworth-top-forbes-2019-highest-paid-actors-list-photos/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[TheWrap]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cooper acknawledgit that he wis initially discouragit frae directin the film, as the projeck haed unnergone a prolonged development process involvin multiple filmmakers an starns. In maugre o warnins frae thaim close tae him an recognisin the risks o helmin anither remak, he remained committit, sayin the projeck &quot;ignitit somethin&quot; in him an reflectit a lang-standin personal connection tae muisic an sangwritin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Stack|first=Tim|date=2018-09-09|title=Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper headline A Star Is Born for EW's Fall Movie Preview|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/08/09/a-star-is-born-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-ew-cover/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cooper revealed that oreeginally he planned on anly directin the film an did nae wint tae starn in it acause he wantit tae focus on directin. His furst chyce fur the male lead wis muisicker [[Jack White]], bit the studio rejectit the idea. It wis then that Cooper greed tae starn in the film as weel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Setoodeh|first=Ramin|date=2018-11-13|title=Lady Gaga Will Never Be the Same After ‘A Star Is Born’|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-bradley-cooper-oscars-1203026174/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A major issue in the development process wis Warner Bros.' reluctance tae deal wi [[Jon Peters]], wha held the richts tae the material datin back tae his producin the 1976 film. Whiles the studio ultimately reached an greement wi him in order tae proceed wi the projeck, his involvement wis retained owin tae contractual obligations. He did nae receive the [[Producers Guild o Americae]] &quot;p.g.a.&quot; designation, that signifies that a producer performed the majority o the producin duties an is teepically uised bi the [[Academy o Motion Pictur Airts an Sciences]] whan determinin eligible nominees fur the [[Academy Awaird fur Best Pictur]]. Peters haed previously faced multiple sexual harassment allegations, that he denee'd. Bradley Cooper stairtit that he haed nae been aware o the allegations at the time, expleenin that Peters's consent wis required tae mak the film, an notit that Peters wis nae involvit durin production, remarkin, &quot;Luckily, Jon wasnae there.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Yang|first=Rachel|date=2018-09-14|title=Bradley Cooper Addresses ‘A Star Is Born’ Producer Jon Peters’ Harassment Charges|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/bradley-cooper-jon-peters-a-star-is-born-1202942307/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Keegan|first=Rebecca|date=2018-09-12|title=A Star Is Born: Warner Brothers Cites Contract in Jon Peters Sexual Harassment Controversy|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/09/a-star-is-born-jon-peters|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Castin ===
Cooper became the male lead whiles in final tauks tae mak his directorial debut at the end o Mairch 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bart|first=Mike Fleming Jr,Peter|date=2016-05-02|title=Bart &amp; Fleming: Bradley Cooper &amp; Lady Gaga Road Test ‘A Star Is Born’ Team-Up|url=https://deadline.com/2016/05/bart-fleming-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-road-test-a-star-is-born-team-up-1201747779/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jr|first=Mike Fleming|date=2016-06-16|title=Lady Gaga Looking Like A Strong Match With Bradley Cooper In ‘A Star Is Born’|url=https://deadline.com/2016/06/lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-a-star-is-born-remake-1201774136/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2016-06-16|title=Lady Gaga Joins Bradley Cooper’s ‘A Star Is Born’ Remake|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-remake-bradley-cooper-1201796597/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Variety|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 16 August 2016, it wis reportit that [[Lady Gaga]] haed offeecially become attached an the studio haed green-lit the projeck tae begin production early 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Jr|first=Mike Fleming|date=2016-08-16|title=‘A Star Is Born’ Gets Warner Bros Green Light; Bradley Cooper Directs, Stars With Lady Gaga|language=en-US|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|url=http://deadline.com/2016/08/bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-warner-bros-remake-1201804358/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Beyoncé]] wis the furst chyce fur the role an wirkit wi Cooper on it fur a year afore leavin the projeck. [[Adele]] wis briefly considered tae replace her afore Cooper met Gaga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Bradley Cooper Recalls 'Crazy' Meeting with Beyonce for A Star Is Born: 'JAY-Z Was Watching Judge Judy'|language=en|work=People.com|url=https://people.com/bradley-cooper-jay-z-watched-judge-judy-while-meeting-beyonce-a-star-is-born-8597815|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 9 November 2016, it wis reportit that [[Ray Liotta]] wis in tauks tae jyn the film in the role o the manager tae Cooper's chairacter, thou he ultimately wis nae involvit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Galuppo|first=Mia|date=2016-11-09|title=Ray Liotta in Talks to Join Lady Gaga in ‘A Star Is Born’ Remake|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ray-liotta-talks-join-lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-remake-946002/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 17 Mairch 2017, [[Sam Elliott]] jynt the film,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Busch|first=Anita|date=2017-03-17|title=Sam Elliott Joins Bradley Cooper &amp; Lady Gaga In ‘A Star Is Born’|url=https://deadline.com/2017/03/sam-elliott-a-star-is-born-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-1202045790/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; wi [[Andrew Dice Clay]] enterin negotiations tae pley Lorenzo, the faither o Lady Gaga's chairacter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Busch|first=Anita|date=2017-03-23|title=Andrew Dice Clay In Negotiations To Join ‘A Star Is Born’ In Key Role|url=https://deadline.com/2017/03/andrew-dice-clay-a-star-is-born-lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-1202048511/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-01|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clay wis reportedly selectit ower [[Robert De Niro]], [[John Turturro]] an [[John Travolta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sippell|first=Margeaux|date=2018-09-25|title=Andrew Dice Clay Says He Beat Robert De Niro, John Travolta for ‘A Star Is Born’ Role|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/andrew-dice-clay-getting-call-bradley-cooper-join-a-star-is-born-1202957224/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Variety|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Howard Stern]] wis the furst chyce fur Elliott's role bit he passed on the role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=O'Rourke|first=Ryan|date=2023-11-27|title=Howard Stern Almost Played a Pivotal Role in 'A Star Is Born'|url=https://collider.com/a-star-is-born-howard-stern-sam-elliott-role/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Collider|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Aprile 2017, [[Rafi Gavron]], [[Michael Harney]], an [[Rebecca Field]] jynt the cast an aa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=N'Duka|first=Amanda|date=2017-04-28|title=‘A Star Is Born’ Adds Rafi Gavron &amp; Michael Harney|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/a-star-is-born-warner-bros-rafi-gavron-michael-harney-1202078725/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Mey, [[Dave Chappelle]] wis cast in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hipes|first=Patrick|date=2017-05-05|title=Dave Chappelle Joins ‘A Star Is Born’ Redo|url=https://deadline.com/2017/05/dave-chappelle-a-star-is-born-movie-1202085584/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Aprile 2018, it wis annoonced that [[Halsey (sangster)|Halsey]] wad hae a smaa role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jr|first=Mike Fleming|date=2018-04-25|title=Sony Pictures Makes Deal With Halsey For Movie Inspired By Singer’s Life|url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/halsey-sony-pictures-movie-deal-life-story-1202376737/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Filmin===
[[File:Glasto17-44 (35547413626).jpg|thumb|right|Bradley Cooper wis filmed durin a performance at the 2017 [[Glastonbury Fest]] in a scene that wis uised fur the film.]]
Principal photography fur ''A Star Is Born'' commenced on 17 Aprile 2017. The production emphasised authenticity bi filmin concert scenes at actual muisic fests wi live audiences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Perry|first=Spencer|date=2017-04-17|title=First Look at Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper in A Star is Born Remake|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/838711-first-look-at-lady-gaga-and-bradley-cooper-in-a-star-is-born-remake|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Comingsoon.net|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Key performances wis shot at the [[Stagecoach Fest]] in [[Indio, Californie]], atween acks bi [[Jamey Johnson]] an [[Willie Nelson]], wi the crew gien anly aicht minutes tae set up an film ilka scene. Addeetional concert sequences wis filmed at [[Coachella]] an [[Glastonbury Fest|Glastonbury]] fests.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Julie|date=2018-09-10|title=Inside Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper’s A Star Is Born Love Fest|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/09/a-star-is-born-lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-love-fest|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Filming Locations for A Star Is Born (2018), around Los Angeles and California.|url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/s/Star-Is-Born-2018.php|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lady Gaga heidlined Coachella whiles filmin scenes fur the film an aa, allouin the production extendit access tae the fest grunds. Glastonbury scenes wis filmed afore a croud o aroond 80,000, wi Kris Kristofferson allouin the production a brief slot durin his set tae film on stage. Addeetional scenes wis filmed at ''Saturday Night Live'' uisin its actual studio, crew, an equipment, wi permission frae [[Lorne Michaels]], creator an producer o the shaw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Stack|first=Tim|date=2018-08-09|title=A Star Is Born: How they shot at Coachella, Glastonbury, and Saturday Night Live|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/08/09/a-star-is-born-performance-scenes-coachella-glastonbury-snl/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Director Bradley Cooper soucht tae place the camera on stage wi the performers, aimin fur a documentary-lik perspective that reflectit the performers' viewpynt raither nor that o the audience.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; He expleent that this approach wis intendit tae immerse viewers in the experience o performin live, makin them feel as thou thay wur on stage raither nor observin frae the croud.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Cooper wis inspired bi observin concerts frae backstage, that informed the film's immersive stagin o muisical nummers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Thegither wi cinematographer [[Matthew Libatique]], thay employed a naituralistic veesual style, uisin haundheld cameras an naitural lichtin tae creaut an intimate atmosphere. Libatique notit that decisions regardin the film's veesual style wis mak collaboratively, focusin on authenticity an tone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Desowitz|first=Bill|date=2018-10-08|title=‘A Star Is Born’: Shooting Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga Singing and Falling in Love|url=https://www.indiewire.com/awards/industry/a-star-is-born-cinematography-bradley-cooper-and-lady-gaga-1202009843/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[IndieWire]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The production utilisit the [[PIX Seestem]] fur deegital wirkflows an aa, facilitatin efficient collaboration amang depairtments durin filmin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Morrow|first=Steve|title=A Star Is Born|url=https://www.local695.com/magazine/a-star-is-born/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=IATSE Local 695}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muisic ===
Efter seein him perform at [[Desert Trip]] fest, Cooper approached [[Lukas Nelson]] an asked him tae help wirk on the film. Nelson greed an wrate mony sangs, that he sent tae the producers. Nelson subsequently met Lady Gaga an begound writin sangs wi her an she, in turn, provided backin vocals on twa track on his sel-titled 2017 album.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=How Lady Gaga Brought Lukas Nelson and Promise of the Real's &quot;Find Yourself&quot; to Life|work=CMT News|url=http://www.cmt.com/news/1786617/how-lady-gaga-brought-lukas-nelson-and-promise-of-the-reals-find-yourself-to-life/|access-date=2026-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nelson an his baund, Lukas Nelson &amp; Promise of the Real, appear in the film as Cooper’s backin baund an aa. The projeck further involvit collaborators sic as [[Mark Ronson]], [[Hillary Lindsey]], [[Jason Isbell]], an [[Diane Warren]], wha contreibutit tae the sangwritin an production.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Star Is Born|url=http://lyrics.astarisbornmusic.com/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=A Star Is Born|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Star Is Born – Credits|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-star-is-born-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-mw0003206483#credits|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sangs fur the soondtrack wis written durin filmin an evolved alangside the screenpley, wi the muisic closely tee'd tae the film's narrative an chairacter development.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Stack|first=Tim|date=2018-08-11|title=Inside the creation of the thrilling new A Star Is Born soundtrack|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/08/11/a-star-is-born-soundtrack/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Whipp|first=Glenn|last2=|date=2018-12-08|title=‘A Star Is Born’: Lady Gaga and Mark Ronson take a deep dive on ‘Shallow’|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-en-mn-lady-gaga-mark-ronson-shallow-star-is-born-20181208-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It haes been descrieved as maistly pop&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Beaumont-Thomas|first=Ben|date=2018-10-05|title=A Star Is Born soundtrack review – instant classics full of Gaga's emotional might|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/oct/05/a-star-is-born-soundtrack-review-lady-gaga-bradley-cooper|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=DeVille|first=Chris|date=2018-10-04|title=The A Star Is Born Soundtrack Could Stand To Go Off The Deep End More Often|url=https://stereogum.com/2016915/a-star-is-born-soundtrack-review-lady-gaga/columns/the-week-in-pop/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Stereogum]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; an [[blues rock]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Fitzmaurice|first=Larry|title=Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper - A Star Is Born Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-a-star-is-born-soundtrack/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Pitchfork (wabsteid)|Pitchfork]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jenkins|first=Craig|date=2018-10-09|title=The Lasting Gift of the Star Is Born Soundtrack|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/10/a-star-is-born-soundtrack-review.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Vulture (wabsteid)|Vulture]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The soondtrack album wis lowsed on 5 October 2018, bi [[Interscope Records]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Reed|first=Ryan|date=2018-08-30|title=Lady Gaga, Bradley Cooper Detail 'A Star Is Born' Soundtrack|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-star-is-born-soundtrack-717409/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; an includes 19 sangs accompanee'd bi 15 dialogue tracks. It received generally positive reviews frae creetics,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tingley|first=Anna|date=2019-06-26|title=‘A Star Is Born’ Soundtrack Surpasses Global Sales of 6 Million|url=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/a-star-is-born-soundtrack-total-sales-global-1203253124/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Millard|first=Anna|title=A Definitive Ranking Of The Songs In &quot;A Star Is Born,&quot; Based On Spotify Streams|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2018/12/218950/spotify-a-star-is-born-soundtrack-song-ranking|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Refinery29]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Shea|first=Ryan|date=2018-11-09|title=Another One: Lady Gaga Debuts 'Always Remember Us This Way' From 'A Star is Born'|url=https://instinctmagazine.com/another-one-lady-gaga-debuts-always-remember-us-this-way-from-a-star-is-born/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Instinct (magazine)|Instinct]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; an became a major commercial success, rankin amang the best-sellin albums o 2019 warldwide an sellin millions o units.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-03-19|title=Arashi Best-Of Tops Taylor Swift for IFPI’s Best-Selling Album of 2019|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/ifpi-best-selling-albums-list-2019/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hatton|first=Carl|date=2019-03-13|title=The Greatest Showman soundtrack named best-selling album of 2018|url=https://www.ifpi.org/the-greatest-showman-soundtrack-named-best-selling-album-of-2018/|access-date=2026-05-03|website=IFPI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Schneider|first=Marc|date=2019-02-28|title=Interscope Execs Salute Lady Gaga as ‘A Star Is Born’ Soundtrack Hits Sales, Streaming Milestones|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/lady-gaga-star-born-album-sales-streams-interscope-execs-photo-kimmel/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Best Sellers and Global Artist of the Year — IFPI — Representing the recording industry worldwide|url=https://www.ifpi.org/bestsellers-and-global-artist.php|access-date=2026-05-03|website=www.ifpi.org|language=en|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319160743/https://www.ifpi.org/bestsellers-and-global-artist.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kiver o &quot;[[La Vie en rose]]&quot; is performed bi Ally in the drag bar whaur Jackson furst meets her.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bereznak|first=Alyssa|date=2018-12-05|title=The Songs From ‘A Star Is Born,’ Ranked|url=https://www.theringer.com/2018/12/05/year-in-review/a-star-is-born-songs-ranked-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[The Ringer (wabsteid)|The Ringer]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Spanos|first=Brittany|date=2018-10-05|title=Review: Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Shine Bright on the 'A Star Is Born' Soundtrack|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/review-lady-gaga-and-bradley-cooper-shine-bright-on-the-a-star-is-born-soundtrack-733184/|access-date=2026-05-03|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;[[Is That Alright?]]&quot; pleys ower the film's [[Closin credits|end credits]] in the theatrical cut, servin as Ally's pledge tae Jackson in that she vows tae luve him fur the rest o her life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=S. Hé|first=Kristen|title=Every Lady Gaga Song, Ranked A deep dive into a star who almost single-handedly raised the bar for pop music|language=en|work=[[Vulture (wabsteid)|Vulture]]|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/best-lady-gaga-songs-ranked.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Butler|first=Bethonie|date=2018-10-19|title=Are we supposed to hate the pop songs in ‘A Star Is Born’? One of the songwriters weighs in.|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2018/10/19/are-we-supposed-hate-pop-songs-star-is-born-one-songwriters-weighs/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Costume an makeup===
Makeup airtist Sarah Tanno descrieved Ally's appearance as the result o a &quot;meticulous&quot; daily process, that includit kiverin aw o Lady Gaga's tattoos tae mak her &quot;completely different&quot; frae her public eemage. At the request o Gaga an Cooper, the chairacter wis initially presentit wi a meenimal, &quot;raw&quot; leuk uisin anly basic products sic as braw gel an lip balm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ward|first=Fiona|date=2019-01-11|title=Lady Gaga's makeup artist reveals the surprising process behind her A Star Is Born look|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/healthandbeauty/makeup/2019011166514/lady-gaga-makeup-artist-reveals-surprising-process-a-star-is-born-character/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Ally's career progresses, her makeup wis gradually developit tae appear sel-applee'd, wi new shapes an stylin chyces reflectin her transition intae a mair polished performer.

[[File:Grace Kelly &amp; William Holden 1955 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Grace Kelly]] at the [[27t Academy Awairds|1955 Academy Awairds]]; her goun served as an inspiration fur Ally's final performance dress in the film.]]
Costume designer Erin Benach similarly approached Ally's wardrobe as a reflection o her narrative arc, aimin tae &quot;personify the different beats&quot; o her development frae an aspirin muisicker tae an established pop starn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tangcay|first=Jazz|title=Interview: Erin Benach Creates the Costumes of A Star Is Born to Dress Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga|url=https://www.awardsdaily.com/2019/01/09/interview-erin-benach-creates-the-costumes-of-a-star-is-born-to-dress-bradley-cooper-and-lady-gaga/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Awards Daily]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the film's early scenes, Ally is presentit in unnerstatit, iveryday claethin—sic as jeans an leather pants—tae emphasise her anonymity an relatability, wi the designers deliberately avoidin elements associatit wi Gaga's public eemage. Fur her innin at a drag bar, Benach opted fur a minimalist black dress raither nor a mair elaborate &quot;drag&quot; costume, a last-meenit chynge mak efter observin the club's settin an performers, as the sempler leuk alloued Ally tae staund oot amang the surroondin [[Drag (entertainment)|drag performers]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

As Ally begins tourin wi Jackson, her wardrobe incorporates vintage an thrifted pieces inspired bi her surroondins, reflectin her gradual immersion intae his warld.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Benach notit that Ally's style shifts frae her Los Angeles ceety life toward Jackson's country rock aesthetic, wi the chairacter acquirin claethin that reflects his influence whiles remainin consistent wi her awn identity. Awthou some ootfits wis designed tae appear vintage, certain pieces—sic as leopard prent pants—wis soorced frae contemporary fashion braunds. Benach soorced garments frae vintage shops in Los Angeles an Long Beach, drawin on styles frae the 1970s an 1980s, includin Wastren-inspired sarks an dresses wi fringe details. The costume team creatit custom pieces fur key performances an aa, includin an embroidered white jumpsuit worn durin Ally's performance o &quot;Always Remember Us This Way&quot;. 

Later, as Ally achieves commercial success, her costumes shift toward mair stylisit an experimental pop aesthetics, representin a phase in that the chairacter is &quot;tryin different leuks&quot; as she develops her stage persona.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Durin this period, her performance ootfits align wi her emergin pop eemage, includin a sparkly crop top an transparent cargo pants worn durin her ''Saturday Night Live'' appearance, wi Benach citin runwey trends an 1990s lass groups sic as [[Destiny's Child]] as influences. This progression culminates in mair elaborate stage an awaird-shaw attire, includin a custom gowd goun creatit bi [[Gucci]] fur the film's Grammy Awairds sequence. Fur the film's finale, Benach an her team designed a robin egg blue goun fur Ally's performance o &quot;I'll Never Love Again&quot;, inspired in pairt bi [[Grace Kelly]]'s [[27t Academy Awairds|1955 Academy Awairds]] dress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tschorn|first=Adam|date=2018-12-14|title=Costume designers explain Lady Gaga's Gucci, 'Black Panther's' tribal color codes, Neil Armstrong's pops of plaid and more|url=https://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-en-mn-costume-designer-roundtable-20181214-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The unnerstatit design wis intendit tae avoid distractin frae the emotional impact o the scene, wi Benach notin that &quot;as soon as ye pit a really strang design on her, it juist teuk awey frae the moment&quot;.

Benach forby emphasised a &quot;timeless&quot; approach tae the film's costume design, avoidin direct imitation o contemporary pop starns in order tae creaut a mair universal an endurin veesual identity. Fur Jackson, Benach based the chairacter's wardrobe on his muisical identity, initially experimentin wi a mair overt rock-inspired style afore refinin it tae better align wi his soond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; She ultimately developit a consistent &quot;uniform&quot; fur the chairacter, emphasisin a &quot;sexy&quot; an &quot;effortless&quot; aesthetic throu carefully curatit garments.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Mony o his costumes wis custom-mak tae appear casual an unstyled, includin modifee'd vintage-inspired pieces sic as button-doun sarks, reinforcin a consistent an unchyngin personal style.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Release ==

=== Mercatin ===
The film's furst trailer wis lowsed on 6 Juin 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2018-06-06|title=A Star Is Born: first trailer for Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper film hits internet|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jun/06/a-star-is-born-first-trailer-for-lady-gaga-and-bradley-cooper-musical-hits-internet|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Theatrical ===
''A Star Is Born'' haed its warld premiere at the [[75t Venice Internaitional Film Fest]] on 31 August 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chu|first=Henry|date=2018-07-23|title=‘A Star Is Born’ to World Premiere at Venice Film Festival|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/a-star-is-born-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-world-premiere-venice-film-festival-1202880799/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hammond|first=Nancy Tartaglione,Pete|date=2018-07-23|title=Bradley Cooper’s ‘A Star Is Born’ Confirm For Venice Fest After First Hollywood Screening Impresses Exhibitors – Update|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/a-star-is-born-venice-film-festival-lineup-hollywood-screening-1202429533/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film forby screened at the [[2018 Toronto Internaitional Film Fest|Toronto Internaitional Film Fest]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Orlova|first=Tamara A.|date=2018-09-10|title=Lady Gaga 'A Star Is Born' Premiere Toronto Film Festival 2018|url=https://www.ikonlondonmagazine.com/a-star-is-born-tiff-premiere/|access-date=2026-05-03|website=Ikon London Magazine|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[San Sebastián Internaitional Film Fest]], an the [[Zurich Film Fest]] in September 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Vlessing|first=Etan|date=2018-07-24|title=Toronto: Timothee Chalamet Starrer ‘Beautiful Boy,’ Dan Fogelman’s ‘Life Itself’ Among Festival Lineup|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/tiff-2018-lineup-beautiful-boy-life-more-1129445/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Wiseman|first=Andreas|date=2018-08-14|title=Damien Chazelle’s ‘First Man’, Alfonso Cuaron’s ‘Roma’, Bradley Cooper’s ‘A Star Is Born’ Head To San Sebastian Fest|language=en-US|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/san-sebastian-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-star-born-first-man-alfonso-cuaron-ryan-gosling-roma-1202445056/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film wis theatrically lowsed in the Unitit States on 5 October 2018,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lawrence|first=Derek|title=Lady Gaga's 'A Star Is Born' shifts release date back to 2018 awards season|language=en|work=Entertainment Weekly|url=http://ew.com/movies/2017/12/20/a-star-is-born-release-date-moves-back/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; distributit bi [[Warner Bros. Pictures]], efter haein initially been set fur lowse on 28 September 2018, an then rescheduled tae 18 Mey 2018, afore bein pushed back tae October.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2016-11-10|title=Bradley Cooper-Lady Gaga Movie ‘A Star Is Born’ Gets 2018 Release Date|url=https://deadline.com/2016/11/warner-bros-dates-a-star-is-born-new-lines-rampage-more-1201852069/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2017-09-22|title=Bradley Cooper-Lady Gaga’s ‘Star Is Born’ Moves to May 2018|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-1202566359/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The studio spent an estimatit $110 million promotin the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2019-03-25|title=Deadline’s 2018 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament Gets Underway: No. 10 ‘A Star Is Born’|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/a-star-is-born-box-office-profit-2018-1202580798/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Beginnin 7 December 2018, the film haed a limited lowse in [[IMAX]] theaters across the Unitit States an Canadae. 

==== &quot;Encore&quot; version ====
On 28 Februar 2019, the film wis re-lowsed in mair nor 1,150 US theaters as a special &quot;encore&quot; edition, featurin twal meenit o addeetional footage. The extendit cut includes langer muisical sequences, sic as Jackson Maine's appenin performance o &quot;Black Eyes&quot;, an eikit a cappella portion o &quot;Shallow&quot; sung bi Ally in the parkin lot, a brief duet o &quot;Diggin' My Grave&quot;, Jackson an Ally writin the sang &quot;Clover&quot;, an a tour-bus performance o &quot;[[Midnight Special (sang)|Midnight Special]]&quot;. The edition forby eiks &quot;Is That Alright?&quot; tae the weddin reception sequence, whaur Ally performs the sang fur Jackson efter thair mairiage. Ither addeetions include further domestic scenes atween Jackson an Ally, mair dialogue frae Noodles, Jackson recordin &quot;Too Far Gone&quot;, Ally colloguin tour costumes wi Rez, an expandit Grammys rehearsal sequence wi Marlon Williams, an a langer scene o Ally veesitin Jackson in rehab.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|date=2019-02-27|title=‘A Star Is Born’ to Be Rereleased With 12 Minutes of New Footage|url=https://www.billboard.com/culture/tv-film/a-star-is-born-rerelease-12-minutes-new-footage-8500350/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Harris|first=Hunter|date=2019-03-01|title=The Zipline Scene and Everything Else in A Star Is Born Encore Re-Release|url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/03/star-is-born-encore-re-release-new-ally-jackson-maine-scenes-songs.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Vulture (wabsteid)|Vulture]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hame media ===
The film wis available fur [[Muisic dounload|deegital dounload]] throu retailers on 15 Januar 2019, follaed bi its lowse on Blu-ray, DVD an [[4K Ultra HD Blu-ray]] on 19 Februar. The hame video lowse features 10 meenit o niver-afore-seen muisical performances bi Cooper an Gaga, an jam recordin sessions o sangs lik &quot;Midnight Special&quot;, &quot;Is That Alright?&quot; an &quot;[[Baby What You Want Me to Do]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chitwood|first=Adam|date=2018-12-12|title=A Star Is Born Blu-ray Includes Unseen Musical Performances|url=https://collider.com/a-star-is-born-blu-ray-details/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Valnet|Collider]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ahint-the-scenes short feature, &quot;The Road to Stardom: Making ''A Star Is Born''&quot;, wis forby includit alang wi muisic videos fur fower o the sangs frae the soondtrack: &quot;Shallow&quot;, &quot;Always Remember Us This Way&quot;, &quot;Look What I Found&quot; an &quot;I'll Never Love Again&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Howard|first=Kirsten|date=2018-12-18|title=A Star Is Born UK DVD/Blu-ray release date and bonus features|language=en|work=[[Den of Geek]]|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/uk/movies/a-star-is-born/62407/a-star-is-born-uk-dvdblu-ray-release-date-and-bonus-features|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-03|archive-date=2018-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182539/https://www.denofgeek.com/uk/movies/a-star-is-born/62407/a-star-is-born-uk-dvdblu-ray-release-date-and-bonus-features}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 4K Blu-ray format haes [[Dolby Vision]] [[Heich-deenamic-range televeesion|heich-deenamic-range video]] an remixed [[Dolby Atmos]] soond that wis tailored specifically fur hame viewin seestems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Latchem|first=John|date=2018-12-11|title=Warner Slates 'A Star Is Born' for Digital Release Jan. 15, Disc Feb. 19|url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/warner-slates-a-star-is-born-for-digital-release-jan-15-disc-feb-19/|access-date=2026-05-03|website=Media Play News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Aprile 2019, [[Warner Bros. Discovery Home Entertainment|Warner Bros. Home Entertainment]] annoonced the lowse o ''A Star Is Born: Special Encore Edition'' fur 4 Juin. The lowse includes the extendit an theatrical cuts o the film. Unlik the furst hame media lowse, this version did nae receive a 4K Ultra HD lowse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=A Star Is Born Blu-ray (Special Encore Edition)|url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/A-Star-Is-Born-Blu-ray/241324/|language=en|access-date=2026-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film wis later bundled wi the soondtrack as pairt o the ''A Star Is Born'' – VIP Pass Edition, lowsed on 25 November 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Star is Born (2018) - VIP Pass Edition|url=https://megalodon.jp/2026-0420-0243-16/https://www.amazon.co.uk:443/Star-Born-Pass-Blu-ray-Region/dp/B07YX4YJ7G/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2BXJ8M18TNSUI&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.b5uZlCScy4fnXXo6FNQc-A.tdqfKvVa70X2dTVMqrn0yUlElNIwRgNiflKgqk_fAys&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;keywords=A+Star+is+Born+(2018)+-+VIP+Pass+Edition&amp;qid=1776620566&amp;s=dvd&amp;sprefix=a+star+is+born+2018+-+vip+pass+edition,dvd,215&amp;sr=1-1|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; This edition includes baith versions o the film on Blu-ray, the soondtrack on CD, three limited-edition posters, a 32-page beuklet, an sax exclusive airt cairds. Addeetional bundle editions combinin the film an soondtrack wis forby issued in select mercats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A star is born + soundtrack (dvd [edizione: regno unito] [édition spéciale avec cd] [import]|url=https://www.amazon.pl/star-born-soundtrack-dvd-edizione/dp/B07MG12JH3|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Star is Born - Exklusiv Limited Blu-ray Vinyl Optik Edition auf 1.500 Stk nummeriert [inkl Soundtrack CD] - Blu-ray|url=https://www.amazon.de/Star-Born-Exklusiv-nummeriert-Soundtrack/dp/B07NZ5B7P6|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Reception==
===Box office===
''A Star Is Born'' grossed $215.3{{nbsp}}million in the Unitit States an Canadae, an $220.9{{nbsp}}million in ither territories, fur a tot warldwide gross o $436.2{{nbsp}}million, against a production budget o $36{{nbsp}}million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Star Is Born|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2164360705/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' calculatit the net profit o the film tae be $178.1{{nbsp}}million, whan factorin thegither aw expenses an revenues, makin it the tent maist profitable lowse o 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

In the Unitit States an Canadae, ''A Star Is Born'' grossed $1.35{{nbsp}}million frae select Tysday an Wadensday nicht screenins, an $15.8{{nbsp}}million on its furst day, includin $3.2{{nbsp}}million frae Fuirsday nicht previews. It wint on tae debut tae $42.9{{nbsp}}million fur the weekend an finished seicon at the box office, ahint fellae newcomer ''[[Venom (2018 film)|Venom]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2018-10-09|title=‘Venom’ Flies To Near $90M; ‘A Star Is Born’ Has Rhythm With $51M As Monday Fall Holidays Propel Box Office|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/venom-a-star-is-born-weekend-box-office-lady-gaga-1202476614/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film remained in seicont place in its seicont, thrid an fowert weekends, grossin a respective $28{{nbsp}}million, $19.3{{nbsp}}million an $14.1{{nbsp}}million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2018-10-14|title=Sony Swings Past $1 Billion As ‘Venom’ Bites $35M+; ‘First Man’ Has Soft Launch With $16M+ – Sunday AM|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/first-man-landing-1m-from-thursday-night-shows-early-b-o-read-1202481481/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2018-10-21|title=‘Halloween’ Scares Up 2nd Best October Debut With $77M+; Record For Blumhouse &amp; Carpenter Canon; Great Miramax Comeback|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/halloween-record-opening-weekend-box-office-1202485871/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2018-10-28|title=‘Halloween’ Screams $32M Second Weekend As October B.O. Hits $789M+ Record|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/halloween-screaming-a-33m-second-weekend-will-slash-100m-mark-tonight-1202490458/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the film's tent weekend o lowse, follaein the annooncement o its five Gowden Globe nominations, the film mak $2.5{{nbsp}}million (up 38% frae the previous week), includin $800,000 frae a limited IMAX rin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2018-12-09|title=‘Ralph’ Keeps No. 1 Away From Greedy ‘Grinch’ For Third Weekend In A Row With $16M+ – Sunday Update|url=https://deadline.com/2018/12/ralph-breaks-the-internet-the-favourite-emma-stone-rachel-weisz-weekend-box-office-1202516270/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the film's 17t week o lowse, follaein its aicht Oscar nominations, it wis eikit back tae an addeetional 777 theatres (fur a tot o 1,192) an mak $1.3{{nbsp}}million, an increase o 107% frae the previous weekend.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2019-01-27|title=‘Glass’ No. 1 Again At Weekend Box Office, ‘Serenity’ Bombs And Only A Handful Of Oscar Best Picture Noms Sees Boost|url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/box-office-glass-anne-hathaway-matthew-mcconaughey-serenity-bombs-oscars-best-picture-1202542005/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The weekend follaein its Best Oreeginal Sang win at the Oscars, the film wis eikit tae 490 theatres (fur a tot o 1,235) an mak $1.9{{nbsp}}million, a 209% increase frae the previous weekend.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2019-03-03|title=‘Dragon 3’ Keeps The Fire Burning At No. 1 With $30M Second Weekend; ‘Madea’ Mints $27M|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/madea-famliy-funeral-how-to-train-your-dragon-weekend-box-office-1202567796/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ootside North Americae, the film wis lowsed concurrently in 31 ither kintras, an mak $14.2{{nbsp}}million in its appenin weekend; its lairgest mercats wis the Unitit Kinrick ($5.3{{nbsp}}million), Fraunce ($2.1{{nbsp}}million) an Germany ($1.9{{nbsp}}million). Addeetional kintras follaed, wi Japan nae seein a lowse till December 21.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tartaglione|first=Nancy|date=2018-10-07|title=‘Venom’ Sinks Teeth Into $205M Global Bow; Sets Biggest October Debut WW &amp; Overseas – International Box Office|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/venom-a-star-is-born-opening-weekend-global-international-box-office-1202478000/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The internaitional box office fur the film wis substantial bi the end o October 2018 maugre o bein ootpaced bi the film ''Venom'' at the foreign box office. ''Variety'' magazine summarised the internaitional performance statin: &quot;''A Star Is Born'' continues tae dae monster business o its awn. The acclaimed muisical drama starnin Bradley Cooper an Lady Gaga generatit an impressive $22.8 million frae 75 owerseas mercats, bringin its tally tae $74.7 million owerseas an $201 million globally. ''A Star Is Born'' appened in Austrailie wi $4.7 million in 536 venues, as weel as Hong Kong wi $629,000 in 58 locations. Tap hauldowers include the Unitit Kinrick ($3.9 million on 846 screens), Italy ($1.5 million on 614 screens), an Fraunce ($1.5 million on 353 screens)&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Rubin|first=Rebecca|date=2018-10-21|title=‘Venom’ Rules International Box Office Again, ‘A Star Is Born’ Crosses $200 Million Worldwide|language=en-US|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/venom-international-box-office-a-star-is-born-hallowen-1202987678/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Creetical repone===
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 400
| image1            = Bradley Cooper (29670050807) (cropped 2).jpg
| image2            = Star Is Born 04 (44027219335) (cropped 2).jpg
| image3            = TIFF 2018 Samuel Elliott (44592132581) (cropped2).jpg
| footer            = The performances o [[Bradley Cooper]], [[Lady Gaga]] an [[Sam Elliott]] garnered widespreid creetical acclaim, earnin thaim [[Academy Awairds|Academy Awaird]] nominations fur [[Academy Awaird fur Best Actor|Best Actor]], [[Academy Awaird fur Best Actress|Best Actress]] an [[Academy Awaird fur Best Supportin Actor|Best Supportin Actor]] respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;entertainmentweekly&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lat&quot;/&gt;
}}

On the [[review aggregator]] wabsteid [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 90% o 537 creetics' reviews are positive, wi an average ratin o 8.1/10. The wabsteid's consensus reads: &quot;Wi appealin leads, deft direction, an an affectin luve story, ''A Star Is Born'' is a remak duin richt—an a reminder that some stories can be juist as effective in the retellin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Star Is Born (2018)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_star_is_born_2018|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On [[Metacritic]], the film haes a wechtit average score o 88 oot o 100, based on 60 creetics, indicatin &quot;universal acclaim&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Star Is Born reviews|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/a-star-is-born/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Metacritic]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Audiences pulled bi [[CinemaScore]] gae the film an average grade o &quot;A&quot; on an A+ to F scale, whiles [[PostTrak]] reportit film-gaers gae it a 90% positive score an an average o 4.5 oot o 5 starns.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

[[Alonso Duralde]] o ''[[TheWrap]]'' gae the film a positive review, sayin, &quot;Cooper an Gaga are dynamite thegither; this is a story that bides an dees bi the central relationship an the instant chemistrie that must blossom atween thaim, an thir twa hae it in spades,&quot; an praised the muisical nummers, descrievin thaim as &quot;electrifyin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Duralde|first=Alonso|date=2018-10-04|title='A Star Is Born' Film Review: Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga Reinvigorate a Classic|url=https://www.thewrap.com/a-star-is-born-film-review-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-2018/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[TheWrap]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Owen Gleiberman]] o ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' laudit Cooper's directin, co-writin an actin, an cawed the film &quot;a transcendent Hollywood film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gleiberman|first=Owen|date=2018-08-31|title=Film Review: ‘A Star Is Born’|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/a-star-is-born-review-lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-1202922858/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Leah Greenblatt o ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' gae the film a B+ an singled oot Gaga's performance, sayin that she &quot;deserves praise fur her restrained, bodie-scale performance as a sangster whose real-lass vulnerability launds miles awey frae the glittery meat-dress delirium o her awn stage persona.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Greenblatt|first=Leah|date=2018-08-31|title=Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper make (mostly) beautiful music in A Star Is Born: EW review|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/08/31/a-star-is-born-review/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Stephanie Zacharek]] o ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine foond the film superior tae its aulder iterations an similarly praised Cooper's direction, the writin, as weel the performances an chemistrie o Cooper an Gaga. She statit: &quot;Ye come awey feelin somethin fur thir fowk, flawed individuals wha are tryin tae hauld thair cracked pieces o sel thegither—or tae mend the cracks o those thay luve,&quot; forby descrievin Gaga's performance as a &quot;knockoot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Zacharek|first=Stephanie|author-link=Stephanie Zacharek|date=2018-08-31|title=Lady Gaga Delivers a Knockout Performance in A Star Is Born|url=https://time.com/5382763/a-star-is-born-review/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In his review fur the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', [[Justin Chang]] cawed the film &quot;remarkable&quot;, an praised Cooper fur his fresh tak on the weel-worn formula o 1937 film, as weel his direction, the performances, writin, an the cinematography. [[Peter Travers]] o ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' gae the film 4.5 oot o five starns, an deemed it as a &quot;modren classic&quot;, hailin the performances o Cooper an Gaga, an Cooper's direction. He foond the film's screenpley an the oreeginal sangs &quot;seamless&quot; an &quot;terrific&quot;, an cawed the film a major [[Academy Awairds|Oscar]] contender o the year an ane o the year's best films an aa. [[Ann Hornaday]] o ''[[The Washington Post]]'' descrieved the film as &quot;lavishly delightful&quot; an &quot;earthly convincing&quot;, an eikit that it &quot;offers a suitably jaundiced glimpse o starnmakin machinery at its maist cynical, bit its maist thrillin an gratifyin an aa.&quot; She similarly praised Cooper's direction, the performances an chemistrie o Cooper an Gaga, an the supportin performances, pairticularly [[Andrew Dice Clay]] an [[Sam Elliott]]. Writin fur the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', [[Richard Roeper]] descrieved it as &quot;electric an shatteringly pouerfu&quot; an remarked the film as ane o the best versions o aw the remaks, as weel ane o the best films o the year.

Whiles praisin the direction, actin an writin, [[Michael Phillips (creetic)|Michael Phillips]] in the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' argues that ''A Star is Born''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s formula haes aye been vera seductive tae audiences, even whan it haes been written poorly, an Cooper's few missteps include bein a bit o a scene hag. Admittin audiences luve it, an he juist likit it, Phillips drew attention tae a skeptical review bi Lindsey Romaine fur ''[[Medium (wabsteid)|Medium]]'' wha creeticised the story's marginalization o the Gaga chairacter in dealin wi Cooper's manipulative addict. She at least wantit a scene whaur Gaga's chairacter processed her behaviour o lettin the addict ladfreend get awey wi it. Phillips argued that it is in pairt the skeelfu muisickership that gets audiences tae blaw past sic flaws.

In August 2021, it wis reportit that [[Barbra Streisand]], wha starned in the 1976 remak o ''[[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|A Star Is Born]]'', haed oreeginally creeticised the &quot;remak o a remak&quot; wi Bradley Cooper an Lady Gaga, statin it wis the &quot;wrang idea.&quot; Streisand haed contradictit the oreeginal remarks she gae in a 2018 interview wi ''[[Extra (American TV programme)|Extra]]'', that she claimed she &quot;luved it,&quot; an that Gaga wis &quot;wonderfu.&quot;

In 2021, ''[[The Guardian]]'' placed ''A Star Is Born'' on thair leet o &quot;Remaks that Ootshine the Oreeginals&quot;, whiles in 2024, ''Variety'' rankit it fift on thair &quot;50 Mucklest Romantic Film o Aw Time&quot; leet. In 2023, filmmaker [[Denis Villeneuve]] cited it as amang his favorite films.

=== Tap ten leet ===
''A Star Is Born'' wis leetit on mony creetics' tap ten leet fur 2018, amang thaim:

* 1st – Chris Wasser, ''[[Irish Independent]]''
* 1st – Harry Fletcher, ''[[The Standard (Lunnon newspaper)|London Evening Standard]]''
* 1st – Tom Gliatto, ''[[People (magazine)|People]]''
* 1st – [[Owen Gleiberman]], ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''
* 2nd – ''Complex''
* 2nd – [[Frank Scheck]], ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''
* 2nd – [[Peter Bradshaw]], ''[[The Guardian]]''
* 2nd – Johnny Oleksinski, ''[[New York Post]]''
* 2nd – ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]''
* 2nd – [[Peter Travers]], ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
* 2nd – Brian Truitt, ''[[USA Today]]''
* 2nd – Peter Debruge, ''Variety''
* 3rd – [[Christopher Orr (film creetic)|Christopher Orr]], ''[[The Atlantic]]''
* 3rd – Robbie Collin, ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]''
* 4t – David Sims, ''The Atlantic''
* 4t – ''[[Uproxx]]''
* 6t – Lindsey Bahr, ''[[Associated Press]]''
* 6t – [[Richard Roeper]], ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]''
* 6t – Pete Hammond, ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]''
* 6t – Matthew Jacobs, ''[[HuffPost]]''
* 6t – Olly Richards, ''[[NME]]''
* 6t – Quinn Hough, ''[[RogerEbert.com]]''
* 7t – ''[[The Independent]]''
* 7t – Sam C. Mac, ''[[Slant Magazine|Slant]]''
* 7t – [[Stephanie Zacharek]], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''
* 8t – ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]''
* 8t – Sheila O'Malley, ''RogerEbert.com''
* 8t – [[Richard Lawson (writer)|Richard Lawson]], ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''
* 9t – Noel Murray, ''[[The A.V. Club]]''
* 9t – Mike Scott, ''[[The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate|The Times-Picayune]]''
* 10t – Jon Frosch, ''The Hollywood Reporter''
* 10t – [[Christy Lemire]], ''RogerEbert.com''
* 10t – [[Emily Yoshida]], ''[[New York (magazine)|Vulture]]''
* Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – ''[[IGN]]''
* Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[Kenneth Turan]], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''
* Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[NPR]]
* Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[Nell Minow]], ''RogerEbert.com''
* Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[Dana Stevens (creetic)|Dana Stevens]], ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''
* Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[Giles Hattersley]], [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']]
* Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[Joe Morgenstern]], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''

=== Accolades ===
The film haes wan a nummer o awairds an nominations. It wis chuisen bi baith the [[National Board of Review Awairds 2018|National Board of Review]] an [[American Film Institute Awairds|American Film Institute]] as ane o the Tap 10 Film o 2018. The film received five nominations at the [[76t Gowden Globes|76t Gowden Globe Awairds]], includin [[Gowden Globe Awaird fur Best Motion Pictur – Drama|Best Motion Pictur – Drama]], an aicht nominations at the [[91st Academy Awairds]], includin [[Academy Awaird fur Best Pictur|Best Pictur]], winnin [[Academy Awaird fur Best Oreeginal Sang|Best Oreeginal Sang]] fur &quot;Shallow&quot;.

== In popular cultur ==
The &quot;ALLY&quot; billboard, featured baith in the mercatin campaign fur ''A Star Is Born'' an in a scene set on Los Angeles' [[Sunset Boulevard]], wis later parodied bi the American comedian [[Amy Schumer]], wha recreatit the neon-coloured design wi her awn likeness an the name &quot;AMY&quot; tae promote [[Amy Schumer: Growing|her Netflix special]].

== See an aw ==
* [[Leet o directorial debuts]]
* [[Leet o films featurin the deaf an hard o hearin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Fremmit airtins==
{{sister project links|d=Q3286391|q=A Star Is Born (2018 film)|c=category:A Star Is Born (2018 film)|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}}
* {{Offeecial wabsteid|https://www.warnerbros.com/movies/a-star-is-born}}
* {{IMDb title|1517451}}
* {{Metacritic film}}
* {{Mojo title|astarisborn2018}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|a_star_is_born_2018}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Star Is Born, A (2018 film)}}
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2018 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2018 American films]]
[[Category:2018 Inglis-leid films]]
[[Category:2010s muisical drama films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic muisical films]]
[[Category:Remaks o American films]]
[[Category:American muisical drama films]]
[[Category:American romantic drama films]]
[[Category:American romantic muisical films]]
[[Category:BAFTA winners (films)]]
[[Category:Cross-dressin in American films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions o Alec Baldwin]]
[[Category:Films aboot brithers]]
[[Category:Films aboot alcoholism]]
[[Category:Films aboot substance abuise]]
[[Category:Films aboot muisic an muisickers]]
[[Category:Films directit bi Bradley Cooper]]
[[Category:Films produced bi Bradley Cooper]]
[[Category:Films produced bi Jon Peters]]
[[Category:Films produced bi Todd Phillips]]
[[Category:Films set in Arizona]]
[[Category:Films set in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Sang Academy Awaird]]
[[Category:Films wi screenpleys bi Eric Roth]]
[[Category:American IMAX films]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]]
[[Category:Muisical film remaks]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]
[[Category:Inglis-leid romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Inglis-leid romantic muisical films]]
[[Category:Inglis-leid muisical drama films]]
[[Category:2018 muisical films]]</text>
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      <text bytes="73203" sha1="b2rr46of7rzd4dafvtys90rderd0lmb" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film
| name           = A Star Is Born
| image          = 
| caption        = Ofeecial poster
| director       = [[Bradley Cooper]]
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Bill Gerber]]
* [[Jon Peters]]
* Bradley Cooper
* [[Todd Phillips]]
* [[Lynette Howell Taylor]]&lt;ref name=&quot;comingsoon&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Perry|first1=Spencer|title=First Look at Lady Gaga in A Star is Born Remake|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/838711-first-look-at-lady-gaga-and-bradley-cooper-in-a-star-is-born-remake#/slide/1|access-date=1 Mey 2026|publisher=[[CraveOnline|Comingsoon.net]]|date=17 Aprile 2017|archive-date=17 Aprile 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417202041/http://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/838711-first-look-at-lady-gaga-and-bradley-cooper-in-a-star-is-born-remake#/slide/1|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|first=Rachel|last=Yang|title='A Star Is Born' Director Bradley Cooper Talks Jon Peters Allegations|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/bradley-cooper-jon-peters-a-star-is-born-1202942307/|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=14 September 2018|access-date=8 October 2018|archive-date=9 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052907/https://variety.com/2018/film/news/bradley-cooper-jon-peters-a-star-is-born-1202942307/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
| screenplay     = {{Plainlist|
* [[Eric Roth]]
* Bradley Cooper
* Will Fetters
}}
| based_on       = {{Plainlist|
* {{based on|''[[A Star Is Born (1954 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' (1954 screenpley)|[[Moss Hart]]}}
* {{based on|''[[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' (1976 screenpley)|[[John Gregory Dunne]]|[[Joan Didion]]|[[Frank Pierson]]}}
* {{based on|''[[A Star Is Born (1937 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' (story)|[[William A. Wellman|William Wellman]]|[[Robert Carson (writer)|Robert Carson]]}}
}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* Bradley Cooper
* [[Lady Gaga]]
* [[Andrew Dice Clay]]
* [[Dave Chappelle]]
* [[Sam Elliott]]
}}
| cinematography = [[Matthew Libatique]]
| editing        = [[Jay Cassidy]]
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Pictures]]
* [[Live Nation Entertainment|Live Nation Productions]]
* Gerber Pictures
* Peters Entertainment
* Joint Effort&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.film-news.co.uk/news/UK/55498/A-Star-Is-Born-trailer-with-Bradley-Cooper-and-Lady-Gaga|title=A Star Is Born trailer with Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga|date=7 Juin 2018|publisher=Film-news.co.uk|access-date=8 Juin 2018|archive-date=12 Juin 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162125/http://www.film-news.co.uk/news/UK/55498/A-Star-Is-Born-trailer-with-Bradley-Cooper-and-Lady-Gaga|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
| distributor    = [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]&lt;ref name=warnerbros&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.warnerbros.com/star-born|title=A Star is Born|publisher=WarnerBros.com|access-date=29 October 2018|archive-date=30 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035519/https://www.warnerbros.com/star-born|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| released       = {{Film date|2018|8|31|[[75t Venice Internaitional Film Festival|Venice]]|2018|10|5|Unitit States}}
| runtime        = 136 meenits&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/star-born-film-1|title=A Star Is Born|publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]]|access-date=7 Mairch 2019|archive-date=20 Mairch 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190320175412/http://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/star-born-film-1|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country        = Unitit States
| language       = Inglis
| budget         = $36 million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/how-a-star-is-born-created-mans-world-music-1136259|title=How 'A Star Is Born' Re-created the &quot;Man's World&quot; of Music, Coachella Concert Scenes|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|first=Gregg|last=Kilday|date=22 August 2018|access-date=17 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918054312/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/how-a-star-is-born-created-mans-world-music-1136259|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| gross          = $436.3 million&lt;ref name=&quot;BOM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=astarisborn2018.htm|title=A Star Is Born (2018)|publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]]|access-date=7 Februar 2020|archive-date=26 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181026121216/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=astarisborn2018.htm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''''A Star Is Born''''' ([[Scots leid|Scots]]: ''A Starn Is Born'') is a 2018 American [[Muisical film|muisical]] [[Romance film|romantic]] [[Drama (film an televeesion)|drama]] produced an directit bi [[Bradley Cooper]] (in his directorial debut) wi a screenpley bi Cooper, [[Eric Roth]] an Will Fetters. It starns Cooper an [[Lady Gaga]] in lead roles, wi [[Dave Chappelle]], [[Andrew Dice Clay]] an [[Sam Elliott]] in supportin roles. It follaes an [[Alcoholism|alcoholic]] muisicker (Cooper) wha diskivers an faws in luve wi a yung sangster (Gaga). It is the thrid [[remak]] o the oreeginal [[A Star Is Born (1937 film)|1937 romantic drama]], folloaein the [[A Star Is Born (1954 film)|1954]] an [[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|1976]] films. [[Principal photography]] begound at the [[Coachella|Coachella Valley Muisic an Airts Fest]] in Aprile 2017.

''A Star Is Born'' premiered at the [[75t Venice Internaitional Film Fest]] on 31 August 2018, an wis theatrically lowsed in the Unitit States on 5 October 2018, bi [[Warner Bros. Pictures]]. It emerged as a major creetical an commercial success, grossin ower $436 million warldwide an receivin widespreid creetical acclaim fur Cooper, Gaga, an Elliott's performances an Cooper's direction, as weel as the screenpley, cinematography, an soondtrack. The film received mony accolades, includin aicht nominations fur the [[91st Academy Awairds]], includin [[Academy Awaird fur Best Pictur|Best Pictur]], [[Academy Awaird fur Best Actor|Best Actor]] (Cooper), [[Academy Awaird fur Best Actress|Best Actress]] (Gaga) an [[Academy Awaird fur Best Supportin Actor|Best Supportin Actor]] (Elliott); it wan [[Academy Awaird fur Best Oreeginal Sang|Best Oreeginal Sang]] fur &quot;[[Shallow (Lady Gaga an Bradley Cooper sang)|Shallow]]&quot;. It forby earned five nominations at the [[76t Gowden Globes|76t Gowden Globe Awairds]], includin [[Gowden Globe Awaird fur Best Motion Pictur – Drama|Best Motion Pictur – Drama]], an wan [[Gowden Globe Awaird fur Best Oreeginal Sang|Best Oreeginal Sang]] fur &quot;Shallow&quot;.

The film's [[A Star Is Born (2018 soondtrack)|soondtrack]] received a [[BAFTA Awaird fur Best Oreeginal Muisic|BAFTA Awaird]] an fower [[Grammy Awairds|Grammy Awaird]] wins oot o seiven nominations, includin nominations fur [[Grammy Awaird fur Sang o the Year|Sang o the Year]] twa years in a row. Fur her actin an soondtrack contreibutions on ''A Star Is Born'', Gaga becam the furst wumman in history tae win an [[Academy Awairds|Academy Awaird]], [[Breetish Academy Film Awairds|BAFTA Awaird]], [[Gowden Globes|Gowden Globe Awaird]] an [[Grammy Awairds|Grammy Awaird]] in ane single year.

== Plot ==
Fowerty-three-year-auld Jackson &quot;Jack&quot; Maine, a [[country rock]] sangster privately battlin an [[Alcoholism|alcohol]] an [[drog]] [[addiction]], pleys at a concert. His maistly support is Bobby, his manager an aulder hauf-brither. Efter a shaw, Jack gaes oot fur drinks an veesits a [[Gay bar|drag bar]].

Thare, Jack witnesses a homage performance tae [[Édith Piaf]] bi 31-year-auld Ally, wha wirks as a waitress an sangster-sangwriter. He is amazed bi her performance, an thay spend the nicht taukin. Ally collogues her unsuccessfu efforts in pursuin a professional muisic career. Ally skares wi Jack some leerics she haes been wirkin on, he tells her she is a talentit sangwriter an shoud perform her material. Jack invites Ally tae his nixt shaw. In maugre o her initial refusal, she attends an, wi Jack's encouragement, sangs &quot;[[Shallow (Lady Gaga an Bradley Cooper sang)|Shallow]]&quot; on stage wi him. Jack invites Ally tae gae on tour wi him, an thay form a romantic relationship.

In [[Arizona]], Ally an Jack gae tae veesit the ranch whaur Jack brocht up an whaur his faither is buriet. Houiver, thay diskiver that Bobby haed selt the laund, that wis convertit intae a [[wind ferm]]. Angered at his betrayal, Jack attacks Bobby, wha subsequently quits as his manager. Afore daein sae, Bobby reveals that he did inform Jack aboot the rowp, bit Jack wis too drunk tae notice.

Whiles on tour, Ally meets Rez, a record producer wha offers her a contract. Awthou veesibly baithered, Jack aye supports her decision tae sign wi him. Rez refocuses Ally awey frae country muisic an towards [[Pop muisic|pop]]. Jack misses ane o Ally's performances efter he passes oot drunk in public. Jack rekivers at the hame o his best freend George &quot;Noodles&quot; Stone an later maks up wi Ally. Thare, he proposes tae her wi an impromptu ring mak frae a loop o a guitar string. Thay are marriet that same day at a kirk meenistered bi a kin o Noodles.

Durin Ally's performance on ''[[Saturday Night Live]]'', Bobby reconciles wi Jack. Later, Ally an a drunken Jack fecht ower Ally's growin airtistic success. Jack creeticises Ally's new eemage an muisic, as her success is ootpacin his recent decline in popularity. At the [[Grammy Awairds]], whaur Ally is nominatit in three categories, a veesibly intoxicatit Jack performs a homage tae [[Roy Orbison]]. Later in the forenicht, she wins [[Grammy Awaird fur Best New Airtist|Best New Airtist]]. As Ally is giein her acceptance speech, a aye-inebriated Jack staggers up tae her, whaur he publicly wets himsel an passes oot. Ally's faither, Lorenzo, berates a semi-conscious Jack whiles Ally attempts tae help Jack sober up.

Jack jyns a [[Drog rehabilitation|rehabilitation]] programme shortly thareefter. He discloses tae his coonselor that he tree'd tae commit [[suicide]] at age 12 an reveals his progressively warsenin [[tinnitus]]. Jack tearfully apologises tae Ally fur his behaviour. Whiles returnin hame, Jack admits tae Bobby that it wis he whom he idolised an nae thair faither. Ally asks Rez tae brin Jack on her European tour, bit Rez refuses, promptin Ally tae cancel the remainder o the tour tae care fur Jack.

Rez confronts Jack an accuses him o nearly ruinin Ally's career, statin that Jack will certainly relapse again, an that it is &quot;embarrassin&quot; she is marriet tae him. That forenicht, Ally lies tae Jack an tells him that her record label haes canceled her tour sae she can focus on her seicont album. Jack promises he will come tae her concert that nicht, bit efter Ally leaves, he hangs himsel in thair garage. Grief-stricken an inconsolable efter Jack's suicide, Ally is veesitit bi Bobby, wha tells her that the suicide wis Jack's awn chyce. The closin scenes reveal a flashback o Jack wirkin on a sang aboot his luve fur Ally, that he niver finished writin. Ally performs this sang as a homage tae Jack, introducin hersel fur the furst time as Ally Maine.

== Cast ==

* [[Bradley Cooper]] as Jackson &quot;Jack&quot; Maine, an established sangster-sangwriter, strugglin wi alcoholism. He is Ally's mentor.
* [[Lady Gaga]] as Ally Maine, a sangster-sangwriter wha is diskivert bi Jack.
* [[Andrew Dice Clay]] as Lorenzo, Ally's faither.
* [[Dave Chappelle]] as George &quot;Noodles&quot; Stone, a retired muisicker an Jack's best freend.
* [[Sam Elliott]] as Bobby Maine, Jack's aulder hauf-brither an manager.
* [[Rafi Gavron]] as Rez Gavron, a muisic producer an Ally's manager.
* [[Anthony Ramos]] as Ramon, Ally's freend.
* [[Drena De Niro]] as Paulette Stone, Noodles' wife.
* [[Greg Grunberg]] as Phil, Jack's driver.

Addeetionally, [[Shangela]] appears as the drag bar MC, [[Willam Belli]] as drag queen Emerald, an [[Ron Rifkin]] as Jackson's rehab therapist Carl. [[Barry Shabaka Henley]] appears as Little Feet, a veteran session muisicker. [[Rebecca Field]] portrays Gail, whiles [[Michael Harney]] portrays Wolfie, a freend o Lorenzo. [[Lukas Nelson &amp; Promise of the Real]] appear as Jackson's baund. Memmers o the supergroup baund include [[Don Was]], [[Victor Indrizzo]] an [[Lenny Castro]]. [[Eddie Griffin]] appears as a local preacher an [[Luenell]] appears as a cashier. [[Marlon Williams (New Zealand muisicker)|Marlon Williams]], [[Brandi Carlile]], [[Alec Baldwin]], [[Halsey (sangster)|Halsey]] an [[Don Roy King]] cameo as themselves.

== Production ==

=== Pre-production ===
Aulder remaks o the [[A Star Is Born (1937 film)|oreeginal 1937 film]] includit the [[A Star Is Born (1954 film)|1954 adaptation]] starnin [[Judy Garland]], an the [[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|1976 rock muisical]] wi [[Barbra Streisand]] an [[Kris Kristofferson]] as the leads. Furthermair, the [[Hindi cinema|Bollywood]] romance film ''[[Aashiqui 2]]'' (2013) wis inspired bi ''A Star Is Born'' bit wis nae a remak.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Noelfi|first=Joel|date=2017-04-18|title=How Lady Gaga's A Star Is Born evolved with Jennifer Lopez, Beyoncé, more|url=https://ew.com/movies/2017/04/18/lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-jennifer-lopez-beyonce/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Entertainment Weekly|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Development o a new adaptation dated as far back as the late 1990s wi [[Will Smith]] the intendit lead pleyer.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2000-03-09|title=Lauryn, Mariah sought for 'A Star Is Born'|url=http://www.canoe.com/JamMusicArtistsH/hill_lauryn.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-02|website=|language=en|archive-date=2000-10-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20001001075441/http://www.canoe.com/JamMusicArtistsH/hill_lauryn.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Houiver, Smith's pairticipation wis nixed bi his decision tae starn in ''[[Ali (2001 film)|Ali]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; In 2000, [[Jamie Foxx]] an [[Oliver Stone]] wur rumored tae be seriously interestit in remakin the film,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; wi Foxx furst seekin oot [[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]] sangster [[Aaliyah]] an then risin actor [[Paul Walker]] fur the leadin duo roles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Angulo|first=Sandra P.|date=2000-09-15|title=Jamie Foxx is planning to remake A Star Is Born|url=https://ew.com/article/2000/09/15/jamie-foxx-planning-remake-star-born/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|date=2018-10-16|title=Aaliyah Was The Original Choice For Lead Role In ‘A Star Is Born’ Remake Before Lady Gaga, Beyonce|url=https://jojocrews.com/aaliyah-original-choice-lead-role-star-born-remake-lady-gaga-beyonce/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=JoJoCrews.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lauryn Hill]] an [[Mariah Carey]] wur soucht fur the lead roles an aa,&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; an [[Alicia Keys]] turned doun an offer tae pley the female lead in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Keys snubs Smith, eyes Disney film|url=http://www.canoe.com/JamMusicArtistsK/keys_alicia.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-02|website=|archive-date=2003-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030114100820/http://www.canoe.com/JamMusicArtistsK/keys_alicia.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Plans fur the adaptation wis shelvit fur mony years.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Rao|first=Sonia|date=2018-10-01|title=Bradley Cooper will keep geeking out about ‘A Star Is Born’ as long as you let him|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/bradley-cooper-will-keep-geeking-out-about-a-star-is-born-as-long-as-you-let-him/2018/09/27/a965b168-c0d6-11e8-90c9-23f963eea204_story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Januar 2011, it wis annoonced that [[Clint Eastwood]] wis in tauks tae direct [[Beyoncé]] in a thrid American remak o the film ''[[A Star Is Born (1937 film)|A Star Is Born]]'' (1937), wi [[Bradley Cooper]] pleyin the male lead. Houiver, the projeck wis delayed on accoont o Beyoncé's pregnancy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=McVey|first=Ciara|date=2018-11-04|title=‘A Star Is Born’ Producer on Why Beyonce, Clint Eastwood Remake Never Happened|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/a-star-is-born-producer-why-beyonce-clint-eastwood-film-didnt-happen-1157694/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Aprile 2012, writer Will Fetters tauld [[Valnet|''Collider'']] that the script wis inspired bi [[Kurt Cobain]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chitwood|first=Adam|date=2012-04-01|title=Will Fetters Talks Clint Eastwood's A STAR IS BORN Remake|url=https://collider.com/a-star-is-born-remake-kurt-cobain-will-fetters/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Valnet|Collider]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ower the course o the film's development, tauks wi [[Christian Bale]], [[Leonardo DiCaprio]], [[Tom Cruise]], [[Johnny Depp]] an Smith tae pley the male lead dwined tae come tae fruition. Eastwood wis interestit in [[Esperanza Spalding]] tae pley the female lead.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2012-10-10|title=Beyonce exits Eastwood’s ‘A Star Is Born’ (Exclusive)|url=https://variety.com/2012/film/news/beyonce-exits-eastwood-s-a-star-is-born-exclusive-1118060516/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Rihanna]], [[Shakira]], [[Janelle Monáe]], [[Selena Gomez]], [[Demi Lovato]] an [[Kesha]] wur considered fur the lead female role an aa. On 24 Mairch 2015, [[Warner Bros. Pictures]] annoonced that Cooper wis in final tauks tae mak his directorial debut wi the film. Beyoncé wis again in tauks tae jyn, thou aye unsigned.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jr|first=Mike Fleming|date=2015-03-24|title=Bradley Cooper To Make Directing Debut, Hopes To Star With Beyonce In ‘A Star Is Born’ For Warner Bros|url=https://deadline.com/2015/03/bradley-cooper-beyonce-a-star-is-born-directing-debut-warner-bros-1201381195/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In order tae secure his furst directorial commitment an in lieu o receivin an upfront salary, Cooper teuk a back-end deal in order tae get the film mak, resultin in a $39.9 million salary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Welk|first=Brian|date=2019-08-22|title=Dwayne Johnson, Chris Hemsworth Top Forbes' 2019 Highest-Paid Actors List (Photos)|url=https://www.thewrap.com/dwayne-johnson-chris-hemsworth-top-forbes-2019-highest-paid-actors-list-photos/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[TheWrap]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cooper acknawledgit that he wis initially discouragit frae directin the film, as the projeck haed unnergone a prolonged development process involvin multiple filmmakers an starns. In maugre o warnins frae thaim close tae him an recognisin the risks o helmin anither remak, he remained committit, sayin the projeck &quot;ignitit somethin&quot; in him an reflectit a lang-standin personal connection tae muisic an sangwritin.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Stack|first=Tim|date=2018-09-09|title=Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper headline A Star Is Born for EW's Fall Movie Preview|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/08/09/a-star-is-born-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-ew-cover/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cooper revealed that oreeginally he planned on anly directin the film an did nae wint tae starn in it acause he wantit tae focus on directin. His furst chyce fur the male lead wis muisicker [[Jack White]], bit the studio rejectit the idea. It wis then that Cooper greed tae starn in the film as weel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Setoodeh|first=Ramin|date=2018-11-13|title=Lady Gaga Will Never Be the Same After ‘A Star Is Born’|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-bradley-cooper-oscars-1203026174/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A major issue in the development process wis Warner Bros.' reluctance tae deal wi [[Jon Peters]], wha held the richts tae the material datin back tae his producin the 1976 film. Whiles the studio ultimately reached an greement wi him in order tae proceed wi the projeck, his involvement wis retained owin tae contractual obligations. He did nae receive the [[Producers Guild o Americae]] &quot;p.g.a.&quot; designation, that signifies that a producer performed the majority o the producin duties an is teepically uised bi the [[Academy o Motion Pictur Airts an Sciences]] whan determinin eligible nominees fur the [[Academy Awaird fur Best Pictur]]. Peters haed previously faced multiple sexual harassment allegations, that he denee'd. Bradley Cooper stairtit that he haed nae been aware o the allegations at the time, expleenin that Peters's consent wis required tae mak the film, an notit that Peters wis nae involvit durin production, remarkin, &quot;Luckily, Jon wasnae there.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Yang|first=Rachel|date=2018-09-14|title=Bradley Cooper Addresses ‘A Star Is Born’ Producer Jon Peters’ Harassment Charges|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/bradley-cooper-jon-peters-a-star-is-born-1202942307/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Keegan|first=Rebecca|date=2018-09-12|title=A Star Is Born: Warner Brothers Cites Contract in Jon Peters Sexual Harassment Controversy|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/09/a-star-is-born-jon-peters|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Castin ===
Cooper became the male lead whiles in final tauks tae mak his directorial debut at the end o Mairch 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bart|first=Mike Fleming Jr,Peter|date=2016-05-02|title=Bart &amp; Fleming: Bradley Cooper &amp; Lady Gaga Road Test ‘A Star Is Born’ Team-Up|url=https://deadline.com/2016/05/bart-fleming-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-road-test-a-star-is-born-team-up-1201747779/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jr|first=Mike Fleming|date=2016-06-16|title=Lady Gaga Looking Like A Strong Match With Bradley Cooper In ‘A Star Is Born’|url=https://deadline.com/2016/06/lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-a-star-is-born-remake-1201774136/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2016-06-16|title=Lady Gaga Joins Bradley Cooper’s ‘A Star Is Born’ Remake|url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-remake-bradley-cooper-1201796597/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Variety|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 16 August 2016, it wis reportit that [[Lady Gaga]] haed offeecially become attached an the studio haed green-lit the projeck tae begin production early 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Jr|first=Mike Fleming|date=2016-08-16|title=‘A Star Is Born’ Gets Warner Bros Green Light; Bradley Cooper Directs, Stars With Lady Gaga|language=en-US|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|url=http://deadline.com/2016/08/bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-warner-bros-remake-1201804358/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Beyoncé]] wis the furst chyce fur the role an wirkit wi Cooper on it fur a year afore leavin the projeck. [[Adele]] wis briefly considered tae replace her afore Cooper met Gaga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Bradley Cooper Recalls 'Crazy' Meeting with Beyonce for A Star Is Born: 'JAY-Z Was Watching Judge Judy'|language=en|work=People.com|url=https://people.com/bradley-cooper-jay-z-watched-judge-judy-while-meeting-beyonce-a-star-is-born-8597815|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 9 November 2016, it wis reportit that [[Ray Liotta]] wis in tauks tae jyn the film in the role o the manager tae Cooper's chairacter, thou he ultimately wis nae involvit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Galuppo|first=Mia|date=2016-11-09|title=Ray Liotta in Talks to Join Lady Gaga in ‘A Star Is Born’ Remake|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/ray-liotta-talks-join-lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-remake-946002/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 17 Mairch 2017, [[Sam Elliott]] jynt the film,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Busch|first=Anita|date=2017-03-17|title=Sam Elliott Joins Bradley Cooper &amp; Lady Gaga In ‘A Star Is Born’|url=https://deadline.com/2017/03/sam-elliott-a-star-is-born-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-1202045790/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; wi [[Andrew Dice Clay]] enterin negotiations tae pley Lorenzo, the faither o Lady Gaga's chairacter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Busch|first=Anita|date=2017-03-23|title=Andrew Dice Clay In Negotiations To Join ‘A Star Is Born’ In Key Role|url=https://deadline.com/2017/03/andrew-dice-clay-a-star-is-born-lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-1202048511/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-01|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clay wis reportedly selectit ower [[Robert De Niro]], [[John Turturro]] an [[John Travolta]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sippell|first=Margeaux|date=2018-09-25|title=Andrew Dice Clay Says He Beat Robert De Niro, John Travolta for ‘A Star Is Born’ Role|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/andrew-dice-clay-getting-call-bradley-cooper-join-a-star-is-born-1202957224/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Variety|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Howard Stern]] wis the furst chyce fur Elliott's role bit he passed on the role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=O'Rourke|first=Ryan|date=2023-11-27|title=Howard Stern Almost Played a Pivotal Role in 'A Star Is Born'|url=https://collider.com/a-star-is-born-howard-stern-sam-elliott-role/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Collider|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Aprile 2017, [[Rafi Gavron]], [[Michael Harney]], an [[Rebecca Field]] jynt the cast an aa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=N'Duka|first=Amanda|date=2017-04-28|title=‘A Star Is Born’ Adds Rafi Gavron &amp; Michael Harney|url=https://deadline.com/2017/04/a-star-is-born-warner-bros-rafi-gavron-michael-harney-1202078725/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Mey, [[Dave Chappelle]] wis cast in the film.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hipes|first=Patrick|date=2017-05-05|title=Dave Chappelle Joins ‘A Star Is Born’ Redo|url=https://deadline.com/2017/05/dave-chappelle-a-star-is-born-movie-1202085584/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Aprile 2018, it wis annoonced that [[Halsey (sangster)|Halsey]] wad hae a smaa role.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jr|first=Mike Fleming|date=2018-04-25|title=Sony Pictures Makes Deal With Halsey For Movie Inspired By Singer’s Life|url=https://deadline.com/2018/04/halsey-sony-pictures-movie-deal-life-story-1202376737/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Filmin===
[[File:Glasto17-44 (35547413626).jpg|thumb|right|Bradley Cooper wis filmed durin a performance at the 2017 [[Glastonbury Fest]] in a scene that wis uised fur the film.]]
Principal photography fur ''A Star Is Born'' commenced on 17 Aprile 2017. The production emphasised authenticity bi filmin concert scenes at actual muisic fests wi live audiences.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Perry|first=Spencer|date=2017-04-17|title=First Look at Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper in A Star is Born Remake|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/838711-first-look-at-lady-gaga-and-bradley-cooper-in-a-star-is-born-remake|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=Comingsoon.net|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Key performances wis shot at the [[Stagecoach Fest]] in [[Indio, Californie]], atween acks bi [[Jamey Johnson]] an [[Willie Nelson]], wi the crew gien anly aicht minutes tae set up an film ilka scene. Addeetional concert sequences wis filmed at [[Coachella]] an [[Glastonbury Fest|Glastonbury]] fests.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Miller|first=Julie|date=2018-09-10|title=Inside Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper’s A Star Is Born Love Fest|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/hollywood/2018/09/a-star-is-born-lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-love-fest|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Filming Locations for A Star Is Born (2018), around Los Angeles and California.|url=http://www.movie-locations.com/movies/s/Star-Is-Born-2018.php|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=The Worldwide Guide to Movie Locations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lady Gaga heidlined Coachella whiles filmin scenes fur the film an aa, allouin the production extendit access tae the fest grunds. Glastonbury scenes wis filmed afore a croud o aroond 80,000, wi Kris Kristofferson allouin the production a brief slot durin his set tae film on stage. Addeetional scenes wis filmed at ''Saturday Night Live'' uisin its actual studio, crew, an equipment, wi permission frae [[Lorne Michaels]], creator an producer o the shaw.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Stack|first=Tim|date=2018-08-09|title=A Star Is Born: How they shot at Coachella, Glastonbury, and Saturday Night Live|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/08/09/a-star-is-born-performance-scenes-coachella-glastonbury-snl/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Director Bradley Cooper soucht tae place the camera on stage wi the performers, aimin fur a documentary-lik perspective that reflectit the performers' viewpynt raither nor that o the audience.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; He expleent that this approach wis intendit tae immerse viewers in the experience o performin live, makin them feel as thou thay wur on stage raither nor observin frae the croud.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Cooper wis inspired bi observin concerts frae backstage, that informed the film's immersive stagin o muisical nummers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Thegither wi cinematographer [[Matthew Libatique]], thay employed a naituralistic veesual style, uisin haundheld cameras an naitural lichtin tae creaut an intimate atmosphere. Libatique notit that decisions regardin the film's veesual style wis mak collaboratively, focusin on authenticity an tone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Desowitz|first=Bill|date=2018-10-08|title=‘A Star Is Born’: Shooting Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga Singing and Falling in Love|url=https://www.indiewire.com/awards/industry/a-star-is-born-cinematography-bradley-cooper-and-lady-gaga-1202009843/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=[[IndieWire]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The production utilisit the [[PIX Seestem]] fur deegital wirkflows an aa, facilitatin efficient collaboration amang depairtments durin filmin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Morrow|first=Steve|title=A Star Is Born|url=https://www.local695.com/magazine/a-star-is-born/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-02|website=IATSE Local 695}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Muisic ===
Efter seein him perform at [[Desert Trip]] fest, Cooper approached [[Lukas Nelson]] an asked him tae help wirk on the film. Nelson greed an wrate mony sangs, that he sent tae the producers. Nelson subsequently met Lady Gaga an begound writin sangs wi her an she, in turn, provided backin vocals on twa track on his sel-titled 2017 album.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=How Lady Gaga Brought Lukas Nelson and Promise of the Real's &quot;Find Yourself&quot; to Life|work=CMT News|url=http://www.cmt.com/news/1786617/how-lady-gaga-brought-lukas-nelson-and-promise-of-the-reals-find-yourself-to-life/|access-date=2026-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nelson an his baund, Lukas Nelson &amp; Promise of the Real, appear in the film as Cooper’s backin baund an aa. The projeck further involvit collaborators sic as [[Mark Ronson]], [[Hillary Lindsey]], [[Jason Isbell]], an [[Diane Warren]], wha contreibutit tae the sangwritin an production.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Star Is Born|url=http://lyrics.astarisbornmusic.com/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=A Star Is Born|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Star Is Born – Credits|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-star-is-born-original-motion-picture-soundtrack-mw0003206483#credits|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[AllMusic]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sangs fur the soondtrack wis written durin filmin an evolved alangside the screenpley, wi the muisic closely tee'd tae the film's narrative an chairacter development.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Stack|first=Tim|date=2018-08-11|title=Inside the creation of the thrilling new A Star Is Born soundtrack|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/08/11/a-star-is-born-soundtrack/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Whipp|first=Glenn|last2=|date=2018-12-08|title=‘A Star Is Born’: Lady Gaga and Mark Ronson take a deep dive on ‘Shallow’|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/la-en-mn-lady-gaga-mark-ronson-shallow-star-is-born-20181208-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; It haes been descrieved as maistly pop&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Beaumont-Thomas|first=Ben|date=2018-10-05|title=A Star Is Born soundtrack review – instant classics full of Gaga's emotional might|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/oct/05/a-star-is-born-soundtrack-review-lady-gaga-bradley-cooper|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=DeVille|first=Chris|date=2018-10-04|title=The A Star Is Born Soundtrack Could Stand To Go Off The Deep End More Often|url=https://stereogum.com/2016915/a-star-is-born-soundtrack-review-lady-gaga/columns/the-week-in-pop/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Stereogum]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; an [[blues rock]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Fitzmaurice|first=Larry|title=Lady Gaga / Bradley Cooper - A Star Is Born Original Motion Picture Soundtrack|url=https://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-a-star-is-born-soundtrack/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Pitchfork (wabsteid)|Pitchfork]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Jenkins|first=Craig|date=2018-10-09|title=The Lasting Gift of the Star Is Born Soundtrack|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/10/a-star-is-born-soundtrack-review.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Vulture (wabsteid)|Vulture]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The soondtrack album wis lowsed on 5 October 2018, bi [[Interscope Records]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Reed|first=Ryan|date=2018-08-30|title=Lady Gaga, Bradley Cooper Detail 'A Star Is Born' Soundtrack|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-star-is-born-soundtrack-717409/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; an includes 19 sangs accompanee'd bi 15 dialogue tracks. It received generally positive reviews frae creetics,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tingley|first=Anna|date=2019-06-26|title=‘A Star Is Born’ Soundtrack Surpasses Global Sales of 6 Million|url=https://variety.com/2019/music/news/a-star-is-born-soundtrack-total-sales-global-1203253124/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Millard|first=Anna|title=A Definitive Ranking Of The Songs In &quot;A Star Is Born,&quot; Based On Spotify Streams|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2018/12/218950/spotify-a-star-is-born-soundtrack-song-ranking|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Refinery29]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Shea|first=Ryan|date=2018-11-09|title=Another One: Lady Gaga Debuts 'Always Remember Us This Way' From 'A Star is Born'|url=https://instinctmagazine.com/another-one-lady-gaga-debuts-always-remember-us-this-way-from-a-star-is-born/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Instinct (magazine)|Instinct]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; an became a major commercial success, rankin amang the best-sellin albums o 2019 warldwide an sellin millions o units.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2020-03-19|title=Arashi Best-Of Tops Taylor Swift for IFPI’s Best-Selling Album of 2019|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/ifpi-best-selling-albums-list-2019/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hatton|first=Carl|date=2019-03-13|title=The Greatest Showman soundtrack named best-selling album of 2018|url=https://www.ifpi.org/the-greatest-showman-soundtrack-named-best-selling-album-of-2018/|access-date=2026-05-03|website=IFPI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Schneider|first=Marc|date=2019-02-28|title=Interscope Execs Salute Lady Gaga as ‘A Star Is Born’ Soundtrack Hits Sales, Streaming Milestones|url=https://www.billboard.com/pro/lady-gaga-star-born-album-sales-streams-interscope-execs-photo-kimmel/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Best Sellers and Global Artist of the Year — IFPI — Representing the recording industry worldwide|url=https://www.ifpi.org/bestsellers-and-global-artist.php|access-date=2026-05-03|website=www.ifpi.org|language=en|archive-date=2020-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319160743/https://www.ifpi.org/bestsellers-and-global-artist.php|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kiver o &quot;[[La Vie en rose]]&quot; is performed bi Ally in the drag bar whaur Jackson furst meets her.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Bereznak|first=Alyssa|date=2018-12-05|title=The Songs From ‘A Star Is Born,’ Ranked|url=https://www.theringer.com/2018/12/05/year-in-review/a-star-is-born-songs-ranked-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[The Ringer (wabsteid)|The Ringer]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Spanos|first=Brittany|date=2018-10-05|title=Review: Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper Shine Bright on the 'A Star Is Born' Soundtrack|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-album-reviews/review-lady-gaga-and-bradley-cooper-shine-bright-on-the-a-star-is-born-soundtrack-733184/|access-date=2026-05-03|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;[[Is That Alright?]]&quot; pleys ower the film's [[Closin credits|end credits]] in the theatrical cut, servin as Ally's pledge tae Jackson in that she vows tae luve him fur the rest o her life.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=S. Hé|first=Kristen|title=Every Lady Gaga Song, Ranked A deep dive into a star who almost single-handedly raised the bar for pop music|language=en|work=[[Vulture (wabsteid)|Vulture]]|url=https://www.vulture.com/article/best-lady-gaga-songs-ranked.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Butler|first=Bethonie|date=2018-10-19|title=Are we supposed to hate the pop songs in ‘A Star Is Born’? One of the songwriters weighs in.|language=en-US|work=[[The Washington Post]]|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2018/10/19/are-we-supposed-hate-pop-songs-star-is-born-one-songwriters-weighs/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|issn=0190-8286}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Costume an makeup===
Makeup airtist Sarah Tanno descrieved Ally's appearance as the result o a &quot;meticulous&quot; daily process, that includit kiverin aw o Lady Gaga's tattoos tae mak her &quot;completely different&quot; frae her public eemage. At the request o Gaga an Cooper, the chairacter wis initially presentit wi a meenimal, &quot;raw&quot; leuk uisin anly basic products sic as braw gel an lip balm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Ward|first=Fiona|date=2019-01-11|title=Lady Gaga's makeup artist reveals the surprising process behind her A Star Is Born look|url=https://www.hellomagazine.com/healthandbeauty/makeup/2019011166514/lady-gaga-makeup-artist-reveals-surprising-process-a-star-is-born-character/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Hello! (magazine)|Hello!]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; As Ally's career progresses, her makeup wis gradually developit tae appear sel-applee'd, wi new shapes an stylin chyces reflectin her transition intae a mair polished performer.

[[File:Grace Kelly &amp; William Holden 1955 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|[[Grace Kelly]] at the [[27t Academy Awairds|1955 Academy Awairds]]; her goun served as an inspiration fur Ally's final performance dress in the film.]]
Costume designer Erin Benach similarly approached Ally's wardrobe as a reflection o her narrative arc, aimin tae &quot;personify the different beats&quot; o her development frae an aspirin muisicker tae an established pop starn.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tangcay|first=Jazz|title=Interview: Erin Benach Creates the Costumes of A Star Is Born to Dress Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga|url=https://www.awardsdaily.com/2019/01/09/interview-erin-benach-creates-the-costumes-of-a-star-is-born-to-dress-bradley-cooper-and-lady-gaga/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Awards Daily]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the film's early scenes, Ally is presentit in unnerstatit, iveryday claethin—sic as jeans an leather pants—tae emphasise her anonymity an relatability, wi the designers deliberately avoidin elements associatit wi Gaga's public eemage. Fur her innin at a drag bar, Benach opted fur a minimalist black dress raither nor a mair elaborate &quot;drag&quot; costume, a last-meenit chynge mak efter observin the club's settin an performers, as the sempler leuk alloued Ally tae staund oot amang the surroondin [[Drag (entertainment)|drag performers]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

As Ally begins tourin wi Jackson, her wardrobe incorporates vintage an thrifted pieces inspired bi her surroondins, reflectin her gradual immersion intae his warld.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Benach notit that Ally's style shifts frae her Los Angeles ceety life toward Jackson's country rock aesthetic, wi the chairacter acquirin claethin that reflects his influence whiles remainin consistent wi her awn identity. Awthou some ootfits wis designed tae appear vintage, certain pieces—sic as leopard prent pants—wis soorced frae contemporary fashion braunds. Benach soorced garments frae vintage shops in Los Angeles an Long Beach, drawin on styles frae the 1970s an 1980s, includin Wastren-inspired sarks an dresses wi fringe details. The costume team creatit custom pieces fur key performances an aa, includin an embroidered white jumpsuit worn durin Ally's performance o &quot;Always Remember Us This Way&quot;. 

Later, as Ally achieves commercial success, her costumes shift toward mair stylisit an experimental pop aesthetics, representin a phase in that the chairacter is &quot;tryin different leuks&quot; as she develops her stage persona.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Durin this period, her performance ootfits align wi her emergin pop eemage, includin a sparkly crop top an transparent cargo pants worn durin her ''Saturday Night Live'' appearance, wi Benach citin runwey trends an 1990s lass groups sic as [[Destiny's Child]] as influences. This progression culminates in mair elaborate stage an awaird-shaw attire, includin a custom gowd goun creatit bi [[Gucci]] fur the film's Grammy Awairds sequence. Fur the film's finale, Benach an her team designed a robin egg blue goun fur Ally's performance o &quot;I'll Never Love Again&quot;, inspired in pairt bi [[Grace Kelly]]'s [[27t Academy Awairds|1955 Academy Awairds]] dress.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tschorn|first=Adam|date=2018-12-14|title=Costume designers explain Lady Gaga's Gucci, 'Black Panther's' tribal color codes, Neil Armstrong's pops of plaid and more|url=https://www.latimes.com/fashion/la-en-mn-costume-designer-roundtable-20181214-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The unnerstatit design wis intendit tae avoid distractin frae the emotional impact o the scene, wi Benach notin that &quot;as soon as ye pit a really strang design on her, it juist teuk awey frae the moment&quot;.

Benach forby emphasised a &quot;timeless&quot; approach tae the film's costume design, avoidin direct imitation o contemporary pop starns in order tae creaut a mair universal an endurin veesual identity. Fur Jackson, Benach based the chairacter's wardrobe on his muisical identity, initially experimentin wi a mair overt rock-inspired style afore refinin it tae better align wi his soond.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; She ultimately developit a consistent &quot;uniform&quot; fur the chairacter, emphasisin a &quot;sexy&quot; an &quot;effortless&quot; aesthetic throu carefully curatit garments.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; Mony o his costumes wis custom-mak tae appear casual an unstyled, includin modifee'd vintage-inspired pieces sic as button-doun sarks, reinforcin a consistent an unchyngin personal style.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Release ==

=== Mercatin ===
The film's furst trailer wis lowsed on 6 Juin 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=2018-06-06|title=A Star Is Born: first trailer for Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper film hits internet|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/jun/06/a-star-is-born-first-trailer-for-lady-gaga-and-bradley-cooper-musical-hits-internet|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Theatrical ===
''A Star Is Born'' haed its warld premiere at the [[75t Venice Internaitional Film Fest]] on 31 August 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chu|first=Henry|date=2018-07-23|title=‘A Star Is Born’ to World Premiere at Venice Film Festival|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/a-star-is-born-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-world-premiere-venice-film-festival-1202880799/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hammond|first=Nancy Tartaglione,Pete|date=2018-07-23|title=Bradley Cooper’s ‘A Star Is Born’ Confirm For Venice Fest After First Hollywood Screening Impresses Exhibitors – Update|url=https://deadline.com/2018/07/a-star-is-born-venice-film-festival-lineup-hollywood-screening-1202429533/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film forby screened at the [[2018 Toronto Internaitional Film Fest|Toronto Internaitional Film Fest]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Orlova|first=Tamara A.|date=2018-09-10|title=Lady Gaga 'A Star Is Born' Premiere Toronto Film Festival 2018|url=https://www.ikonlondonmagazine.com/a-star-is-born-tiff-premiere/|access-date=2026-05-03|website=Ikon London Magazine|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; the [[San Sebastián Internaitional Film Fest]], an the [[Zurich Film Fest]] in September 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Vlessing|first=Etan|date=2018-07-24|title=Toronto: Timothee Chalamet Starrer ‘Beautiful Boy,’ Dan Fogelman’s ‘Life Itself’ Among Festival Lineup|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/tiff-2018-lineup-beautiful-boy-life-more-1129445/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Wiseman|first=Andreas|date=2018-08-14|title=Damien Chazelle’s ‘First Man’, Alfonso Cuaron’s ‘Roma’, Bradley Cooper’s ‘A Star Is Born’ Head To San Sebastian Fest|language=en-US|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|url=https://deadline.com/2018/08/san-sebastian-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-star-born-first-man-alfonso-cuaron-ryan-gosling-roma-1202445056/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film wis theatrically lowsed in the Unitit States on 5 October 2018,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Lawrence|first=Derek|title=Lady Gaga's 'A Star Is Born' shifts release date back to 2018 awards season|language=en|work=Entertainment Weekly|url=http://ew.com/movies/2017/12/20/a-star-is-born-release-date-moves-back/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; distributit bi [[Warner Bros. Pictures]], efter haein initially been set fur lowse on 28 September 2018, an then rescheduled tae 18 Mey 2018, afore bein pushed back tae October.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2016-11-10|title=Bradley Cooper-Lady Gaga Movie ‘A Star Is Born’ Gets 2018 Release Date|url=https://deadline.com/2016/11/warner-bros-dates-a-star-is-born-new-lines-rampage-more-1201852069/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Kroll|first=Justin|date=2017-09-22|title=Bradley Cooper-Lady Gaga’s ‘Star Is Born’ Moves to May 2018|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/news/bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-a-star-is-born-1202566359/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The studio spent an estimatit $110 million promotin the film.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2019-03-25|title=Deadline’s 2018 Most Valuable Movie Blockbuster Tournament Gets Underway: No. 10 ‘A Star Is Born’|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/a-star-is-born-box-office-profit-2018-1202580798/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Beginnin 7 December 2018, the film haed a limited lowse in [[IMAX]] theaters across the Unitit States an Canadae. 

==== &quot;Encore&quot; version ====
On 28 Februar 2019, the film wis re-lowsed in mair nor 1,150 US theaters as a special &quot;encore&quot; edition, featurin twal meenit o addeetional footage. The extendit cut includes langer muisical sequences, sic as Jackson Maine's appenin performance o &quot;Black Eyes&quot;, an eikit a cappella portion o &quot;Shallow&quot; sung bi Ally in the parkin lot, a brief duet o &quot;Diggin' My Grave&quot;, Jackson an Ally writin the sang &quot;Clover&quot;, an a tour-bus performance o &quot;[[Midnight Special (sang)|Midnight Special]]&quot;. The edition forby eiks &quot;Is That Alright?&quot; tae the weddin reception sequence, whaur Ally performs the sang fur Jackson efter thair mairiage. Ither addeetions include further domestic scenes atween Jackson an Ally, mair dialogue frae Noodles, Jackson recordin &quot;Too Far Gone&quot;, Ally colloguin tour costumes wi Rez, an expandit Grammys rehearsal sequence wi Marlon Williams, an a langer scene o Ally veesitin Jackson in rehab.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=McClintock|first=Pamela|date=2019-02-27|title=‘A Star Is Born’ to Be Rereleased With 12 Minutes of New Footage|url=https://www.billboard.com/culture/tv-film/a-star-is-born-rerelease-12-minutes-new-footage-8500350/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Harris|first=Hunter|date=2019-03-01|title=The Zipline Scene and Everything Else in A Star Is Born Encore Re-Release|url=https://www.vulture.com/2019/03/star-is-born-encore-re-release-new-ally-jackson-maine-scenes-songs.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Vulture (wabsteid)|Vulture]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hame media ===
The film wis available fur [[Muisic dounload|deegital dounload]] throu retailers on 15 Januar 2019, follaed bi its lowse on Blu-ray, DVD an [[4K Ultra HD Blu-ray]] on 19 Februar. The hame video lowse features 10 meenit o niver-afore-seen muisical performances bi Cooper an Gaga, an jam recordin sessions o sangs lik &quot;Midnight Special&quot;, &quot;Is That Alright?&quot; an &quot;[[Baby What You Want Me to Do]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Chitwood|first=Adam|date=2018-12-12|title=A Star Is Born Blu-ray Includes Unseen Musical Performances|url=https://collider.com/a-star-is-born-blu-ray-details/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Valnet|Collider]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ahint-the-scenes short feature, &quot;The Road to Stardom: Making ''A Star Is Born''&quot;, wis forby includit alang wi muisic videos fur fower o the sangs frae the soondtrack: &quot;Shallow&quot;, &quot;Always Remember Us This Way&quot;, &quot;Look What I Found&quot; an &quot;I'll Never Love Again&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Howard|first=Kirsten|date=2018-12-18|title=A Star Is Born UK DVD/Blu-ray release date and bonus features|language=en|work=[[Den of Geek]]|url=https://www.denofgeek.com/uk/movies/a-star-is-born/62407/a-star-is-born-uk-dvdblu-ray-release-date-and-bonus-features|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-03|archive-date=2018-12-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181221182539/https://www.denofgeek.com/uk/movies/a-star-is-born/62407/a-star-is-born-uk-dvdblu-ray-release-date-and-bonus-features}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 4K Blu-ray format haes [[Dolby Vision]] [[Heich-deenamic-range televeesion|heich-deenamic-range video]] an remixed [[Dolby Atmos]] soond that wis tailored specifically fur hame viewin seestems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Latchem|first=John|date=2018-12-11|title=Warner Slates 'A Star Is Born' for Digital Release Jan. 15, Disc Feb. 19|url=https://www.mediaplaynews.com/warner-slates-a-star-is-born-for-digital-release-jan-15-disc-feb-19/|access-date=2026-05-03|website=Media Play News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In Aprile 2019, [[Warner Bros. Discovery Home Entertainment|Warner Bros. Home Entertainment]] annoonced the lowse o ''A Star Is Born: Special Encore Edition'' fur 4 Juin. The lowse includes the extendit an theatrical cuts o the film. Unlik the furst hame media lowse, this version did nae receive a 4K Ultra HD lowse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=A Star Is Born Blu-ray (Special Encore Edition)|url=https://www.blu-ray.com/movies/A-Star-Is-Born-Blu-ray/241324/|language=en|access-date=2026-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film wis later bundled wi the soondtrack as pairt o the ''A Star Is Born'' – VIP Pass Edition, lowsed on 25 November 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Star is Born (2018) - VIP Pass Edition|url=https://megalodon.jp/2026-0420-0243-16/https://www.amazon.co.uk:443/Star-Born-Pass-Blu-ray-Region/dp/B07YX4YJ7G/ref=sr_1_1?crid=2BXJ8M18TNSUI&amp;dib=eyJ2IjoiMSJ9.b5uZlCScy4fnXXo6FNQc-A.tdqfKvVa70X2dTVMqrn0yUlElNIwRgNiflKgqk_fAys&amp;dib_tag=se&amp;keywords=A+Star+is+Born+(2018)+-+VIP+Pass+Edition&amp;qid=1776620566&amp;s=dvd&amp;sprefix=a+star+is+born+2018+-+vip+pass+edition,dvd,215&amp;sr=1-1|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt; This edition includes baith versions o the film on Blu-ray, the soondtrack on CD, three limited-edition posters, a 32-page beuklet, an sax exclusive airt cairds. Addeetional bundle editions combinin the film an soondtrack wis forby issued in select mercats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A star is born + soundtrack (dvd [edizione: regno unito] [édition spéciale avec cd] [import]|url=https://www.amazon.pl/star-born-soundtrack-dvd-edizione/dp/B07MG12JH3|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Star is Born - Exklusiv Limited Blu-ray Vinyl Optik Edition auf 1.500 Stk nummeriert [inkl Soundtrack CD] - Blu-ray|url=https://www.amazon.de/Star-Born-Exklusiv-nummeriert-Soundtrack/dp/B07NZ5B7P6|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-03|website=[[Amazon (company)|Amazon]]|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Reception==
===Box office===
''A Star Is Born'' grossed $215.3{{nbsp}}million in the Unitit States an Canadae, an $220.9{{nbsp}}million in ither territories, fur a tot warldwide gross o $436.2{{nbsp}}million, against a production budget o $36{{nbsp}}million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Star Is Born|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/release/rl2164360705/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Box Office Mojo]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' calculatit the net profit o the film tae be $178.1{{nbsp}}million, whan factorin thegither aw expenses an revenues, makin it the tent maist profitable lowse o 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

In the Unitit States an Canadae, ''A Star Is Born'' grossed $1.35{{nbsp}}million frae select Tysday an Wadensday nicht screenins, an $15.8{{nbsp}}million on its furst day, includin $3.2{{nbsp}}million frae Fuirsday nicht previews. It wint on tae debut tae $42.9{{nbsp}}million fur the weekend an finished seicon at the box office, ahint fellae newcomer ''[[Venom (2018 film)|Venom]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2018-10-09|title=‘Venom’ Flies To Near $90M; ‘A Star Is Born’ Has Rhythm With $51M As Monday Fall Holidays Propel Box Office|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/venom-a-star-is-born-weekend-box-office-lady-gaga-1202476614/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film remained in seicont place in its seicont, thrid an fowert weekends, grossin a respective $28{{nbsp}}million, $19.3{{nbsp}}million an $14.1{{nbsp}}million.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2018-10-14|title=Sony Swings Past $1 Billion As ‘Venom’ Bites $35M+; ‘First Man’ Has Soft Launch With $16M+ – Sunday AM|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/first-man-landing-1m-from-thursday-night-shows-early-b-o-read-1202481481/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2018-10-21|title=‘Halloween’ Scares Up 2nd Best October Debut With $77M+; Record For Blumhouse &amp; Carpenter Canon; Great Miramax Comeback|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/halloween-record-opening-weekend-box-office-1202485871/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2018-10-28|title=‘Halloween’ Screams $32M Second Weekend As October B.O. Hits $789M+ Record|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/halloween-screaming-a-33m-second-weekend-will-slash-100m-mark-tonight-1202490458/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the film's tent weekend o lowse, follaein the annooncement o its five Gowden Globe nominations, the film mak $2.5{{nbsp}}million (up 38% frae the previous week), includin $800,000 frae a limited IMAX rin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2018-12-09|title=‘Ralph’ Keeps No. 1 Away From Greedy ‘Grinch’ For Third Weekend In A Row With $16M+ – Sunday Update|url=https://deadline.com/2018/12/ralph-breaks-the-internet-the-favourite-emma-stone-rachel-weisz-weekend-box-office-1202516270/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the film's 17t week o lowse, follaein its aicht Oscar nominations, it wis eikit back tae an addeetional 777 theatres (fur a tot o 1,192) an mak $1.3{{nbsp}}million, an increase o 107% frae the previous weekend.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2019-01-27|title=‘Glass’ No. 1 Again At Weekend Box Office, ‘Serenity’ Bombs And Only A Handful Of Oscar Best Picture Noms Sees Boost|url=https://deadline.com/2019/01/box-office-glass-anne-hathaway-matthew-mcconaughey-serenity-bombs-oscars-best-picture-1202542005/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The weekend follaein its Best Oreeginal Sang win at the Oscars, the film wis eikit tae 490 theatres (fur a tot o 1,235) an mak $1.9{{nbsp}}million, a 209% increase frae the previous weekend.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=D'Alessandro|first=Anthony|date=2019-03-03|title=‘Dragon 3’ Keeps The Fire Burning At No. 1 With $30M Second Weekend; ‘Madea’ Mints $27M|url=https://deadline.com/2019/03/madea-famliy-funeral-how-to-train-your-dragon-weekend-box-office-1202567796/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ootside North Americae, the film wis lowsed concurrently in 31 ither kintras, an mak $14.2{{nbsp}}million in its appenin weekend; its lairgest mercats wis the Unitit Kinrick ($5.3{{nbsp}}million), Fraunce ($2.1{{nbsp}}million) an Germany ($1.9{{nbsp}}million). Addeetional kintras follaed, wi Japan nae seein a lowse till December 21.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Tartaglione|first=Nancy|date=2018-10-07|title=‘Venom’ Sinks Teeth Into $205M Global Bow; Sets Biggest October Debut WW &amp; Overseas – International Box Office|url=https://deadline.com/2018/10/venom-a-star-is-born-opening-weekend-global-international-box-office-1202478000/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The internaitional box office fur the film wis substantial bi the end o October 2018 maugre o bein ootpaced bi the film ''Venom'' at the foreign box office. ''Variety'' magazine summarised the internaitional performance statin: &quot;''A Star Is Born'' continues tae dae monster business o its awn. The acclaimed muisical drama starnin Bradley Cooper an Lady Gaga generatit an impressive $22.8 million frae 75 owerseas mercats, bringin its tally tae $74.7 million owerseas an $201 million globally. ''A Star Is Born'' appened in Austrailie wi $4.7 million in 536 venues, as weel as Hong Kong wi $629,000 in 58 locations. Tap hauldowers include the Unitit Kinrick ($3.9 million on 846 screens), Italy ($1.5 million on 614 screens), an Fraunce ($1.5 million on 353 screens)&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Rubin|first=Rebecca|date=2018-10-21|title=‘Venom’ Rules International Box Office Again, ‘A Star Is Born’ Crosses $200 Million Worldwide|language=en-US|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/news/venom-international-box-office-a-star-is-born-hallowen-1202987678/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Creetical repone===
{{multiple image
| align             = right
| total_width       = 400
| image1            = Bradley Cooper (29670050807) (cropped 2).jpg
| image2            = Star Is Born 04 (44027219335) (cropped 2).jpg
| image3            = TIFF 2018 Samuel Elliott (44592132581) (cropped2).jpg
| footer            = The performances o [[Bradley Cooper]], [[Lady Gaga]] an [[Sam Elliott]] garnered widespreid creetical acclaim, earnin thaim [[Academy Awairds|Academy Awaird]] nominations fur [[Academy Awaird fur Best Actor|Best Actor]], [[Academy Awaird fur Best Actress|Best Actress]] an [[Academy Awaird fur Best Supportin Actor|Best Supportin Actor]] respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;entertainmentweekly&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lat&quot;/&gt;
}}

On the [[review aggregator]] wabsteid [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 90% o 537 creetics' reviews are positive, wi an average ratin o 8.1/10. The wabsteid's consensus reads: &quot;Wi appealin leads, deft direction, an an affectin luve story, ''A Star Is Born'' is a remak duin richt—an a reminder that some stories can be juist as effective in the retellin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Star Is Born (2018)|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/a_star_is_born_2018|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; On [[Metacritic]], the film haes a wechtit average score o 88 oot o 100, based on 60 creetics, indicatin &quot;universal acclaim&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Star Is Born reviews|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/a-star-is-born/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Metacritic]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Audiences pulled bi [[CinemaScore]] gae the film an average grade o &quot;A&quot; on an A+ to F scale, whiles [[PostTrak]] reportit film-gaers gae it a 90% positive score an an average o 4.5 oot o 5 starns.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

[[Alonso Duralde]] o ''[[TheWrap]]'' gae the film a positive review, sayin, &quot;Cooper an Gaga are dynamite thegither; this is a story that bides an dees bi the central relationship an the instant chemistrie that must blossom atween thaim, an thir twa hae it in spades,&quot; an praised the muisical nummers, descrievin thaim as &quot;electrifyin&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Duralde|first=Alonso|date=2018-10-04|title='A Star Is Born' Film Review: Bradley Cooper and Lady Gaga Reinvigorate a Classic|url=https://www.thewrap.com/a-star-is-born-film-review-bradley-cooper-lady-gaga-2018/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[TheWrap]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Owen Gleiberman]] o ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' laudit Cooper's directin, co-writin an actin, an cawed the film &quot;a transcendent Hollywood film&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gleiberman|first=Owen|date=2018-08-31|title=Film Review: ‘A Star Is Born’|url=https://variety.com/2018/film/reviews/a-star-is-born-review-lady-gaga-bradley-cooper-1202922858/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Leah Greenblatt o ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' gae the film a B+ an singled oot Gaga's performance, sayin that she &quot;deserves praise fur her restrained, bodie-scale performance as a sangster whose real-lass vulnerability launds miles awey frae the glittery meat-dress delirium o her awn stage persona.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Greenblatt|first=Leah|date=2018-08-31|title=Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper make (mostly) beautiful music in A Star Is Born: EW review|url=https://ew.com/movies/2018/08/31/a-star-is-born-review/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Stephanie Zacharek]] o ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine foond the film superior tae its aulder iterations an similarly praised Cooper's direction, the writin, as weel the performances an chemistrie o Cooper an Gaga. She statit: &quot;Ye come awey feelin somethin fur thir fowk, flawed individuals wha are tryin tae hauld thair cracked pieces o sel thegither—or tae mend the cracks o those thay luve,&quot; forby descrievin Gaga's performance as a &quot;knockoot.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Zacharek|first=Stephanie|author-link=Stephanie Zacharek|date=2018-08-31|title=Lady Gaga Delivers a Knockout Performance in A Star Is Born|url=https://time.com/5382763/a-star-is-born-review/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-04|website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In his review fur the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', [[Justin Chang]] cawed the film &quot;remarkable&quot;, an praised Cooper fur his fresh tak on the weel-worn formula o 1937 film, as weel his direction, the performances, writin, an the cinematography. [[Peter Travers]] o ''[[Rolling Stone]]'' gae the film 4.5 oot o five starns, an deemed it as a &quot;modren classic&quot;, hailin the performances o Cooper an Gaga, an Cooper's direction. He foond the film's screenpley an the oreeginal sangs &quot;seamless&quot; an &quot;terrific&quot;, an cawed the film a major [[Academy Awairds|Oscar]] contender o the year an ane o the year's best films an aa. [[Ann Hornaday]] o ''[[The Washington Post]]'' descrieved the film as &quot;lavishly delightful&quot; an &quot;earthly convincing&quot;, an eikit that it &quot;offers a suitably jaundiced glimpse o starnmakin machinery at its maist cynical, bit its maist thrillin an gratifyin an aa.&quot; She similarly praised Cooper's direction, the performances an chemistrie o Cooper an Gaga, an the supportin performances, pairticularly [[Andrew Dice Clay]] an [[Sam Elliott]]. Writin fur the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', [[Richard Roeper]] descrieved it as &quot;electric an shatteringly pouerfu&quot; an remarked the film as ane o the best versions o aw the remaks, as weel ane o the best films o the year.

Whiles praisin the direction, actin an writin, [[Michael Phillips (creetic)|Michael Phillips]] in the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'' argues that ''A Star is Born''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'s formula haes aye been vera seductive tae audiences, even whan it haes been written poorly, an Cooper's few missteps include bein a bit o a scene hag. Admittin audiences luve it, an he juist likit it, Phillips drew attention tae a skeptical review bi Lindsey Romaine fur ''[[Medium (wabsteid)|Medium]]'' wha creeticised the story's marginalization o the Gaga chairacter in dealin wi Cooper's manipulative addict. She at least wantit a scene whaur Gaga's chairacter processed her behaviour o lettin the addict ladfreend get awey wi it. Phillips argued that it is in pairt the skeelfu muisickership that gets audiences tae blaw past sic flaws.

In August 2021, it wis reportit that [[Barbra Streisand]], wha starned in the 1976 remak o ''[[A Star Is Born (1976 film)|A Star Is Born]]'', haed oreeginally creeticised the &quot;remak o a remak&quot; wi Bradley Cooper an Lady Gaga, statin it wis the &quot;wrang idea.&quot; Streisand haed contradictit the oreeginal remarks she gae in a 2018 interview wi ''[[Extra (American TV programme)|Extra]]'', that she claimed she &quot;luved it,&quot; an that Gaga wis &quot;wonderfu.&quot;

In 2021, ''[[The Guardian]]'' placed ''A Star Is Born'' on thair leet o &quot;Remaks that Ootshine the Oreeginals&quot;, whiles in 2024, ''Variety'' rankit it fift on thair &quot;50 Mucklest Romantic Film o Aw Time&quot; leet. In 2023, filmmaker [[Denis Villeneuve]] cited it as amang his favorite films.

=== Tap ten leet ===
''A Star Is Born'' wis leetit on mony creetics' tap ten leet fur 2018, amang thaim:

* 1st – Chris Wasser, ''[[Irish Independent]]''
* 1st – Harry Fletcher, ''[[The Standard (Lunnon newspaper)|London Evening Standard]]''
* 1st – Tom Gliatto, ''[[People (magazine)|People]]''
* 1st – [[Owen Gleiberman]], ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]''
* 2nd – ''Complex''
* 2nd – [[Frank Scheck]], ''[[The Hollywood Reporter]]''
* 2nd – [[Peter Bradshaw]], ''[[The Guardian]]''
* 2nd – Johnny Oleksinski, ''[[New York Post]]''
* 2nd – ''[[The New Zealand Herald]]''
* 2nd – [[Peter Travers]], ''[[Rolling Stone]]''
* 2nd – Brian Truitt, ''[[USA Today]]''
* 2nd – Peter Debruge, ''Variety''
* 3rd – [[Christopher Orr (film creetic)|Christopher Orr]], ''[[The Atlantic]]''
* 3rd – Robbie Collin, ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]''
* 4t – David Sims, ''The Atlantic''
* 4t – ''[[Uproxx]]''
* 6t – Lindsey Bahr, ''[[Associated Press]]''
* 6t – [[Richard Roeper]], ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]''
* 6t – Pete Hammond, ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]''
* 6t – Matthew Jacobs, ''[[HuffPost]]''
* 6t – Olly Richards, ''[[NME]]''
* 6t – Quinn Hough, ''[[RogerEbert.com]]''
* 7t – ''[[The Independent]]''
* 7t – Sam C. Mac, ''[[Slant Magazine|Slant]]''
* 7t – [[Stephanie Zacharek]], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''
* 8t – ''[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]''
* 8t – Sheila O'Malley, ''RogerEbert.com''
* 8t – [[Richard Lawson (writer)|Richard Lawson]], ''[[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]]''
* 9t – Noel Murray, ''[[The A.V. Club]]''
* 9t – Mike Scott, ''[[The Times-Picayune/The New Orleans Advocate|The Times-Picayune]]''
* 10t – Jon Frosch, ''The Hollywood Reporter''
* 10t – [[Christy Lemire]], ''RogerEbert.com''
* 10t – [[Emily Yoshida]], ''[[New York (magazine)|Vulture]]''
* Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – ''[[IGN]]''
* Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[Kenneth Turan]], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]''
* Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[NPR]]
* Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[Nell Minow]], ''RogerEbert.com''
* Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[Dana Stevens (creetic)|Dana Stevens]], ''[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]''
* Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[Giles Hattersley]], [[British Vogue|British ''Vogue'']]
* Tap 10 (leetit alphabetically, nae rankit) – [[Joe Morgenstern]], ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''

=== Accolades ===
The film haes wan a nummer o awairds an nominations. It wis chuisen bi baith the [[National Board of Review Awairds 2018|National Board of Review]] an [[American Film Institute Awairds|American Film Institute]] as ane o the Tap 10 Film o 2018. The film received five nominations at the [[76t Gowden Globes|76t Gowden Globe Awairds]], includin [[Gowden Globe Awaird fur Best Motion Pictur – Drama|Best Motion Pictur – Drama]], an aicht nominations at the [[91st Academy Awairds]], includin [[Academy Awaird fur Best Pictur|Best Pictur]], winnin [[Academy Awaird fur Best Oreeginal Sang|Best Oreeginal Sang]] fur &quot;Shallow&quot;.

== In popular cultur ==
The &quot;ALLY&quot; billboard, featured baith in the mercatin campaign fur ''A Star Is Born'' an in a scene set on Los Angeles' [[Sunset Boulevard]], wis later parodied bi the American comedian [[Amy Schumer]], wha recreatit the neon-coloured design wi her awn likeness an the name &quot;AMY&quot; tae promote [[Amy Schumer: Growing|her Netflix special]].

== See an aw ==
* [[Leet o directorial debuts]]
* [[Leet o films featurin the deaf an hard o hearin]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Fremmit airtins==
{{sister project links|d=Q3286391|q=A Star Is Born (2018 film)|c=category:A Star Is Born (2018 film)|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}}
* {{Offeecial wabsteid|https://www.warnerbros.com/movies/a-star-is-born}}
* {{IMDb title|1517451}}
* {{Metacritic film}}
* {{Mojo title|astarisborn2018}}
* {{Rotten Tomatoes|a_star_is_born_2018}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Star Is Born, A (2018 film)}}
[[Category:2018 films]]
[[Category:2018 directorial debut films]]
[[Category:2018 romantic drama films]]
[[Category:2018 American films]]
[[Category:2018 Inglis-leid films]]
[[Category:2010s muisical drama films]]
[[Category:2010s romantic muisical films]]
[[Category:Remaks o American films]]
[[Category:American muisical drama films]]
[[Category:American romantic drama films]]
[[Category:American romantic muisical films]]
[[Category:BAFTA winners (films)]]
[[Category:Cross-dressin in American films]]
[[Category:Cultural depictions o Alec Baldwin]]
[[Category:Films aboot brithers]]
[[Category:Films aboot alcoholism]]
[[Category:Films aboot substance abuise]]
[[Category:Films aboot muisic an muisickers]]
[[Category:Films directit bi Bradley Cooper]]
[[Category:Films produced bi Bradley Cooper]]
[[Category:Films produced bi Jon Peters]]
[[Category:Films produced bi Todd Phillips]]
[[Category:Films set in Arizona]]
[[Category:Films set in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films shot in Los Angeles]]
[[Category:Films that wan the Best Oreeginal Sang Academy Awaird]]
[[Category:Films wi screenpleys bi Eric Roth]]
[[Category:American IMAX films]]
[[Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films]]
[[Category:Muisical film remaks]]
[[Category:Warner Bros. films]]
[[Category:Inglis-leid romantic drama films]]
[[Category:Inglis-leid romantic muisical films]]
[[Category:Inglis-leid muisical drama films]]
[[Category:2018 muisical films]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Actin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233383</id>
    <revision>
      <id>916184</id>
      <parentid>916092</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T19:37:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Themeramisin</username>
        <id>129811</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>916184</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="789" sha1="schr4hm86287ojm71afoldaknujmcd3" xml:space="preserve">'''Actin''' is an activity i which a story is telt bi means o its enactment bi an actor o actress wha acts a character—i [[film]], [[telly]], [[theatre]] or any other medium thon makes use o the mimetic mode.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/acting|title=Definition of acting|website=Lexico|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-date=2020-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627150830/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/acting|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627150830/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/acting|date=2020-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Ivanov,_Drama_SNP,_Draginja_Voganjac,_Milan_Kovačević,_foto_M._Polzović,.jpg|alt=Actress an actor|thumb]]

== References ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;</text>
      <sha1>schr4hm86287ojm71afoldaknujmcd3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>916187</id>
      <parentid>916184</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T19:44:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CiphriusKane</username>
        <id>74958</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Dinna remuiv the tag</comment>
      <origin>916187</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="824" sha1="07uvzat2tob7zi4c5fhrxa59wtizztg" xml:space="preserve">{{notability|date=28 Apryle 2026}}
'''Actin''' is an activity i which a story is telt bi means o its enactment bi an actor o actress wha acts a character—i [[film]], [[telly]], [[theatre]] or any other medium thon makes use o the mimetic mode.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/acting|title=Definition of acting|website=Lexico|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-date=2020-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627150830/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/acting|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627150830/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/acting|date=2020-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Ivanov,_Drama_SNP,_Draginja_Voganjac,_Milan_Kovačević,_foto_M._Polzović,.jpg|alt=Actress an actor|thumb]]

== References ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;</text>
      <sha1>07uvzat2tob7zi4c5fhrxa59wtizztg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>916198</id>
      <parentid>916187</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T22:13:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Themeramisin</username>
        <id>129811</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>916198</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="832" sha1="5z3t2y7lowu1c9cy3t7hkihn13axkba" xml:space="preserve">{{notability|date=28 Apryle 2026}}
'''Actin''' is an activity i which a story is telt bi means o its enactment bi an [[actor]] o [[actress]] wha acts a character—i [[film]], [[telly]], [[theatre]] or any other medium thon makes use o the mimetic mode.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/acting|title=Definition of acting|website=Lexico|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-date=2020-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627150830/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/acting|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627150830/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/acting|date=2020-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Ivanov,_Drama_SNP,_Draginja_Voganjac,_Milan_Kovačević,_foto_M._Polzović,.jpg|alt=Actress an actor|thumb]]

== References ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5z3t2y7lowu1c9cy3t7hkihn13axkba</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>916206</id>
      <parentid>916198</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T22:40:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr.Murdoch78</username>
        <id>119895</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mendit Scots</comment>
      <origin>916206</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="833" sha1="j5cw2466kp2ipqiblzsvoq0ssu15o9s" xml:space="preserve">{{notability|date=28 Apryle 2026}}
'''Actin''' is an activity i which a story is telt bi means o its enactment bi an [[actor]] o [[actress]] wha acks a chairacter—i [[film]], [[telly]], [[theatre]] or ony ither medium thon maks uise o the mimetic mode.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/acting|title=Definition of acting|website=Lexico|access-date=27 November 2019|archive-date=2020-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627150830/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/acting|url-status=dead}} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627150830/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/acting|date=2020-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Ivanov,_Drama_SNP,_Draginja_Voganjac,_Milan_Kovačević,_foto_M._Polzović,.jpg|alt=Actress an actor|thumb]]

== References ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;</text>
      <sha1>j5cw2466kp2ipqiblzsvoq0ssu15o9s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uiser collogue:Themeramisin</title>
    <ns>3</ns>
    <id>233394</id>
    <revision>
      <id>916194</id>
      <parentid>916106</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T20:19:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CiphriusKane</username>
        <id>74958</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Yer airticles */ Replie</comment>
      <origin>916194</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1176" sha1="aqjciouzh1yyq4t7hwyu58qvy690drf" xml:space="preserve">{{Walcome}} [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 09:19, 30 Apryle 2026 (UTC)

== Ee ==

The plural o ee is een. Een kin mean 1 as weel hence the hatnote. Please dinna remuiv iss again [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 13:03, 2 Mey 2026 (UTC)

== Yer airticles ==

Hey, wid ye please focus on impruivin the airticles ye makkit aareidies insteid o mass creatin unsoorced single-sentence airticles? Thay'r aa o quaistenable leid quality as weel [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:51, 3 Mey 2026 (UTC)

:(en) Please stop making unsourced articles especially given how the language and grammar quality is extremely questionable.  For example, there's several English words that are left untranslated (e.g. known, built) or mistranslated (e.g. basit while a Scots word does not mean based, and namit for named hasn't been used in centuries), and there's capitalisation issues.  And we'd rather have one good article on a topic over 10 poor articles on subtopics [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:19, 4 Mey 2026 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Method actin</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233412</id>
    <redirect title="Actin" />
    <revision>
      <id>916191</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T20:03:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Themeramisin</username>
        <id>129811</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346935728|Method acting]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>916191</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="709" sha1="mmm6996kzhbu0vsrllknp7dwr0xn079" xml:space="preserve">'''Method actin''', known as '''the method''', is a group o rehearsal techniques thon seek tae encourage sincere an expressive performances throuch identifyin wi, understanding, an experiencin a character's inner motivation an emotions.  Theatre practitioners built these techniques on stanislavski's system, developit bi the russian a soviet actor a director konstantin stanislavski an capturit i his books an actor prepares, buildin a character, an creatin a role. 

The approach wis developit an labelit “method acting” bi lee strasberg. Stella adler an sanford meisner rejectit strasberg’s technique an left the group theatre. Adler wis the only member o the group theatre tae study wi stanislavski.</text>
      <sha1>mmm6996kzhbu0vsrllknp7dwr0xn079</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>916192</id>
      <parentid>916191</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T20:06:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Themeramisin</username>
        <id>129811</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>916192</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1034" sha1="ojp58ymxzap24jx1ols6jkta2pryx15" xml:space="preserve">'''Method actin''', known as '''the method''', is a group o rehearsal techniques thon seek tae encourage sincere an expressive performances throuch identifyin wi, understanding, an experiencin a character's inner motivation an emotions.  Theatre practitioners built these techniques on stanislavski's system, developit bi the russian a soviet actor a director konstantin stanislavski an capturit i his books an actor prepares, buildin a character, an creatin a role. 
[[File:Marlon_Brando_in_'Streetcar_named_Desire'_trailer.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marlon_Brando_in_'Streetcar_named_Desire'_trailer.jpg|thumb|[[Marlon Brando|Marlon brando]] performance i [[Elia Kazan|elia kazan]] a streetcar namit desire (1951) exemplifies the power o stanislavski-basit actin i cinema.]]
The approach wis developit an labelit “method acting” bi lee strasberg. Stella adler an sanford meisner rejectit strasberg’s technique an left the group theatre. Adler wis the only member o the group theatre tae study wi stanislavski.</text>
      <sha1>ojp58ymxzap24jx1ols6jkta2pryx15</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>916193</id>
      <parentid>916192</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T20:10:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CiphriusKane</username>
        <id>74958</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Will mell iss later bit quality is awfu</comment>
      <origin>916193</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19" sha1="qi0zsm2e6yqcoqcfxlsdw6ajxxfrkb4" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[actin]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Category:Airticles wantin soorces fae Mey 2026</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>233413</id>
    <revision>
      <id>916205</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T22:33:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atlantic306</username>
        <id>30244</id>
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      <comment>category</comment>
      <origin>916205</origin>
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      <text bytes="37" sha1="fa2d6b90up2o4mwaix4kc6ys2yhqppk" xml:space="preserve">[[Category:Airticles wantin soorces]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Drama</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233414</id>
    <revision>
      <id>916207</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T22:45:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Themeramisin</username>
        <id>129811</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created by translating the opening section from the page &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352481707|Drama]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>916207</origin>
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      <text bytes="493" sha1="s2qb59sds2u8x5j4rlh68eiotnd6ecu" xml:space="preserve">[[File:The_Battle_of_Bosworth_Field_-_A_Scene_from_the_Great_Drama_of_History.jpg|thumb|Depiction o a scene from shakespeare's play richard iii]]
'''Drama''' is the specific mode o fiction representit i performance: a play, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performit i a theatre, or on radio or television. Considerit as a genre o poetry i general, the dramatic mode has been contrastit wi the epic an the lyrical modes iver syne aristotle's poetics (c.335 bc)—the earliest work o dramatic theory.</text>
      <sha1>s2qb59sds2u8x5j4rlh68eiotnd6ecu</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>916215</id>
      <parentid>916207</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T23:05:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr.Murdoch78</username>
        <id>119895</id>
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      <origin>916215</origin>
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      <text bytes="520" sha1="irl7pli0tktdy7s22amzjb4ouhlt5c1" xml:space="preserve">{{Fix Scots|date=Mey 2026}}[[File:The_Battle_of_Bosworth_Field_-_A_Scene_from_the_Great_Drama_of_History.jpg|thumb|Depiction o a scene from shakespeare's play richard iii]]
'''Drama''' is the specific mode o fiction representit i performance: a play, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performit i a theatre, or on radio or television. Considerit as a genre o poetry i general, the dramatic mode has been contrastit wi the epic an the lyrical modes iver syne aristotle's poetics (c.335 bc)—the earliest work o dramatic theory.</text>
      <sha1>irl7pli0tktdy7s22amzjb4ouhlt5c1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>916216</id>
      <parentid>916215</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T23:07:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr.Murdoch78</username>
        <id>119895</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mendit Scots</comment>
      <origin>916216</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="516" sha1="gmyh48ehh4fbmxby6z57st2tl0pb6dv" xml:space="preserve">{{Fix Scots|date=Mey 2026}}[[File:The_Battle_of_Bosworth_Field_-_A_Scene_from_the_Great_Drama_of_History.jpg|thumb|Depiction o a scene frae shakespeare's pley richard iii]]
'''Drama''' is the specific mode o feection representit in performance: a pley, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, telly, an radio. Considered as a genre o poetry in general, the dramatic mode haes been contrastit wi the epic an the leerical modes iver syne aristotle's poetics (c.335 bc)—the earliest wirk o dramatic theory.</text>
      <sha1>gmyh48ehh4fbmxby6z57st2tl0pb6dv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>916217</id>
      <parentid>916216</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T23:10:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr.Murdoch78</username>
        <id>119895</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>916217</origin>
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      <text bytes="525" sha1="dbd3ucs04n3m8dov7o64xi3ohm4oiyy" xml:space="preserve">{{Fix Scots|date=Mey 2026}}[[File:The_Battle_of_Bosworth_Field_-_A_Scene_from_the_Great_Drama_of_History.jpg|thumb|Depiction o a scene frae shakespeare's pley ''Richard III'']]
'''Drama''' is the specific mode o feection representit in performance: a pley, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on radio an telly. Considered as a genre o poetry in general, the dramatic mode haes been contrastit wi the epic an the leerical modes iver syne aristotle's poetics (c.335 bc)—the earliest wirk o dramatic theory.</text>
      <sha1>dbd3ucs04n3m8dov7o64xi3ohm4oiyy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>916243</id>
      <parentid>916217</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-05T10:26:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CiphriusKane</username>
        <id>74958</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>916243</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="524" sha1="bm65ryf5n4rr0ewwfqjvy7m2djsydsb" xml:space="preserve">{{Fix Scots|date=Mey 2026}}[[File:The_Battle_of_Bosworth_Field_-_A_Scene_from_the_Great_Drama_of_History.jpg|thumb|Depiction o a scene frae shakespeare's pley ''Richard III'']]
'''Drama''' is the specific mode o fiction representit in performance: a pley, opera, mime, ballet, etc., performed in a theatre, or on radio an telly. Considered as a genre o poetry in general, the dramatic mode haes been contrastit wi the epic an the leerical modes iver syne aristotle's poetics (c.335 bc)—the earliest wirk o dramatic theory.</text>
      <sha1>bm65ryf5n4rr0ewwfqjvy7m2djsydsb</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Cruggleton Church</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233415</id>
    <redirect title="Cruggleton Kirk" />
    <revision>
      <id>916214</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T23:00:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr.Murdoch78</username>
        <id>119895</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Mr.Murdoch78 flittit page [[Cruggleton Church]] til [[Cruggleton Kirk]]</comment>
      <origin>916214</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="29" sha1="fyj9pijh6yn2sp3ngzrkxlasn87vcud" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Cruggleton Kirk]]</text>
      <sha1>fyj9pijh6yn2sp3ngzrkxlasn87vcud</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Eric Winter</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>233416</id>
    <revision>
      <id>916222</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T23:48:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr.Murdoch78</username>
        <id>119895</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>NOTE: This airtin haes been owersettit frae the existin Inglis Wikipaedia airtin at [[:en:Eric Winter]]; see its history fur attreibution</comment>
      <origin>916222</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3440" sha1="6digvaqdgp1v1o6gksbyvo6gbpmda79" xml:space="preserve">'''Eric Barrett Winter''' (born 17 Julie 1976) is an American actor. He haes kythed in the telly roles as Sergeant Tim Bradford on the ABC shaw ''The Rookie'' (2018–present), Rex Brady on the NBC soap opera ''Days of Our Lives'', FBI Special Agent Craig O'Laughlin on the CBS drama series ''The Mentalist'' (2010–2012), Dash Gardiner on the Lifetime fantasie-drama series ''Witches of East End'' (2013–2014), an ''The Good Doctor'' (2017–2018). His film appearances include ''Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay'' (2008), ''The Ugly Truth'' (2009), an ''Sundays at Tiffany's'' (2010).

== Early life ==
A hamespun o the Los Angeles area, Winter wis born in La Mirada an brocht up in nearby La Puente. He graduatit frae Los Altos Heich Schuil an UCLA wi a degree in psychologie. Initially he begound modelin an audeetionin fur smaa roles in soap operas wi the intention o anly earnin extra money fur college tuition.

== Career ==

=== Modelin ===
Afore his actin roles, Winter wis a model an haed some heich-profile campaigns, sic as ane prent campaign fur Tommy Hilfiger. He kythed in a telly commercial wi Britney Spears fur her fragrance, Curious.

=== Actin ===
Winter pleyed the role o Rex Brady on the daytime soap opera ''Days of Our Lives'' frae 8 Julie 2002, till 26 Julie 2005. Efter leavin ''Days of Our Lives'', he haed mony smaa roles in telly shaws, sic as ''CSI''; ''Love, Inc.''; ''Charmed''; an ''Just Legal''. He guest-starned on ABC Faimily's ''Wildfire'' fur five episodes. His chairacter, R.J. Blake, a bull-rider wha dated the chairacter o Dani Davis (pleyed bi Nicole Tubiola), wis killed in the episode &quot;Heartless&quot;, that aired oreeginally on 28 Februar 2007. Winter kythed on ''The Parkers'' an aa, in the episode &quot;The Boomerang Effect&quot;. He kythed in an episode o the CBS series ''The Ex-List'', an in the recurrin role o Jason McCallister, the brither o Senator Robert McCallister (Rob Lowe) an the luve interest o Kevin Walker (Matthew Rhys) on the ABC drama ''Brothers &amp; Sisters''. Winter wis a regular on the short-lived CBS series ''Viva Laughlin'' an ''Moonlight''. He appears in the featur films ''Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay'' (2008) an ''The Ugly Truth'' (2009).

In 2010, Winter starned as the chairacter Michael Friend, the imaginary freend o Jane (Alyssa Milano) in the Lifetime telly film ''Sundays at Tiffany's''.

Frae 2010 tae 2012, Winter kythed in the CBS crime drama ''The Mentalist'' as FBI agent Craig O'Laughlin, the ladfreend an later fiancé o Amanda Righetti's chairacter Grace Van Pelt. In 2012, he haed a recurrin role as Luke Lourd on the ABC comedy-drama series ''GCB''. Winter kythed in the video gemme ''Beyond: Two Souls''.

In 2013, Winter begound starnin in the Lifetime telly series ''Witches of East End'' as Dash Gardiner. The series wis canceled on 4 November 2014, efter twa saisons.

In October 2018, he begound co-starnin in the ABC polis procedural drama ''The Rookie'' as Officer Tim Bradford. He haes kythed in aw aicht saisons o this series starnin Nathan Fillion.

== Personal life ==
He wis marriet tae actress Allison Ford frae 2001 till 2005. He then dated Roselyn Sanchez fur twa years prior tae thair engagement in 2007, durin a haliday vacation in Puerto Rico. The couple wed on 29 November 2008, at a historic fort in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Sanchez an Winter hae twa bairn, a dochter born in Januar 2012 an a son born in November 2017.</text>
      <sha1>6digvaqdgp1v1o6gksbyvo6gbpmda79</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>916224</id>
      <parentid>916222</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-04T23:56:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr.Murdoch78</username>
        <id>119895</id>
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      <text bytes="7589" sha1="jfjahxonvdpxegu8h0jocw1jqtg1o6j" xml:space="preserve">'''Eric Barrett Winter''' (born 17 Julie 1976) is an American actor. He haes kythed in the telly roles as Sergeant Tim Bradford on the ABC shaw ''The Rookie'' (2018–present), Rex Brady on the NBC soap opera ''Days of Our Lives'', FBI Special Agent Craig O'Laughlin on the CBS drama series ''The Mentalist'' (2010–2012), Dash Gardiner on the Lifetime fantasie-drama series ''Witches of East End'' (2013–2014), an ''The Good Doctor'' (2017–2018). His film appearances include ''Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay'' (2008), ''The Ugly Truth'' (2009), an ''Sundays at Tiffany's'' (2010).

== Early life ==
A hamespun o the Los Angeles area, Winter wis born in La Mirada an brocht up in nearby La Puente. He graduatit frae Los Altos Heich Schuil an UCLA wi a degree in psychologie. Initially he begound modelin an audeetionin fur smaa roles in soap operas wi the intention o anly earnin extra money fur college tuition.

== Career ==

=== Modelin ===
Afore his actin roles, Winter wis a model an haed some heich-profile campaigns, sic as ane prent campaign fur Tommy Hilfiger. He kythed in a telly commercial wi Britney Spears fur her fragrance, Curious.

=== Actin ===
Winter pleyed the role o Rex Brady on the daytime soap opera ''Days of Our Lives'' frae 8 Julie 2002, till 26 Julie 2005. Efter leavin ''Days of Our Lives'', he haed mony smaa roles in telly shaws, sic as ''CSI''; ''Love, Inc.''; ''Charmed''; an ''Just Legal''. He guest-starned on ABC Faimily's ''Wildfire'' fur five episodes. His chairacter, R.J. Blake, a bull-rider wha dated the chairacter o Dani Davis (pleyed bi Nicole Tubiola), wis killed in the episode &quot;Heartless&quot;, that aired oreeginally on 28 Februar 2007. Winter kythed on ''The Parkers'' an aa, in the episode &quot;The Boomerang Effect&quot;. He kythed in an episode o the CBS series ''The Ex-List'', an in the recurrin role o Jason McCallister, the brither o Senator Robert McCallister (Rob Lowe) an the luve interest o Kevin Walker (Matthew Rhys) on the ABC drama ''Brothers &amp; Sisters''. Winter wis a regular on the short-lived CBS series ''Viva Laughlin'' an ''Moonlight''. He appears in the featur films ''Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay'' (2008) an ''The Ugly Truth'' (2009).

In 2010, Winter starned as the chairacter Michael Friend, the imaginary freend o Jane (Alyssa Milano) in the Lifetime telly film ''Sundays at Tiffany's''.

Frae 2010 tae 2012, Winter kythed in the CBS crime drama ''The Mentalist'' as FBI agent Craig O'Laughlin, the ladfreend an later fiancé o Amanda Righetti's chairacter Grace Van Pelt. In 2012, he haed a recurrin role as Luke Lourd on the ABC comedy-drama series ''GCB''. Winter kythed in the video gemme ''Beyond: Two Souls''.

In 2013, Winter begound starnin in the Lifetime telly series ''Witches of East End'' as Dash Gardiner. The series wis canceled on 4 November 2014, efter twa saisons.

In October 2018, he begound co-starnin in the ABC polis procedural drama ''The Rookie'' as Officer Tim Bradford. He haes kythed in aw aicht saisons o this series starnin Nathan Fillion.

== Personal life ==
He wis marriet tae actress Allison Ford frae 2001 till 2005. He then dated Roselyn Sanchez fur twa years prior tae thair engagement in 2007, durin a haliday vacation in Puerto Rico. The couple wed on 29 November 2008, at a historic fort in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Sanchez an Winter hae twa bairn, a dochter born in Januar 2012 an a son born in November 2017.

== Filmography ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Film
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Back When We Were Grownups]]''
| Hunk
| Telly film ([[Hallmark Hall of Fame]])
|-
| 2005
| ''{{sortname|The|Magic of Ordinary Days}}''
| Walter
| Telly film (Hallmark Hall of Fame)
|-
| 2006
| ''Break-In''
| Cameron
| Telly film ([[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]])
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay]]''
| Colton Graham
|
|-
| 2009
| ''{{sortname|The|Ugly Truth}}''
| Colin Anderson
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Sundays at Tiffany's (film)|Sundays at Tiffany's]]''
| Michael Friend
| Television film | Telly film (Lifetime)
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Fire with Fire (2012 film)|Fire with Fire]]''
| Adam
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Comet (film)|Comet]]''
| Josh
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Dead End''
|
| Short film; producer an aa
|-
| 2017
| ''Finding Santa''
| Ben
| Telly film ([[Hallmark Chainel|Hallmark]])
|-
|2019
| ''Taste of Summer''
| Caleb
| Telly film (Hallmark)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Televeesion
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1999
| ''[[Profiler (TV series)|Profiler]]''
| Todd
| Episode: &quot;Heads, You Lose&quot;
|-
| ''[[Undressed]]''
| Eric
| 2 episodes
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Parkers}}''
| Anthony
| Episode: &quot;The Boomerang Effect&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2002
| ''{{sortname|The|Andy Dick Show}}''
| {{n/a}}
| Episode: &quot;Andy's Tinseltown Chow-House&quot;
|-
| ''[[Charmed]]''
| Trevor
| Episode: &quot;Sam, I Am&quot;
|-
| 2002–2005
| ''[[Days of Our Lives]]''
| [[Rex Brady]]
| Role held: 2 Julie 2002 – 1 August 2005
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[Love, Inc. (TV series)|Love, Inc.]]''
| Mike Smith
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2005
| ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
| Julian Harper
| Episode: &quot;Room Service&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2006
| ''[[South Beach (2006 TV series)|South Beach]]''
| Ford Davenport III
| Episode: &quot;Every Day Above Ground Is a Good Day&quot;
|-
| ''[[Pepper Dennis]]''
| Connor Blanchard
| Episode: &quot;Heiress Bridenapped&quot;
|-
| ''[[Just Legal]]''
| Jared Kale
| Episode: &quot;The Rainmaker&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2007
| ''[[Viva Laughlin]]''
| Peter Carlyle
| Main cast; 2 episodes
|-
| ''[[Wildfire (2005 TV series)|Wildfire]]''
| R.J. Blake
| 5 episodes
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Brothers &amp; Sisters (2006 TV series)|Brothers &amp; Sisters]]''
| Jason McCallister
| 5 episodes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2008
| ''Single with Parents''
| Charlie
| Main cast; rejectit ABC pilot
|-
| ''[[Moonlight (American TV series)|Moonlight]]''
| ADA Benjamin Talbot
| 4 episodes
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Ex List}}''
| Jake Turner
| Episode: &quot;Climb Every Mountain Biker&quot;
|-
| 2010–2012
| ''{{sortname|The|Mentalist}}''
| Craig O'Laughlin
| 8 episodes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2011
| ''Weekends at Bellevue''
| Jared Knox
| Main cast; rejectit Fox pilot
|-
| ''[[CSI: Miami]]''
| Joe Grafton
| Episode: &quot;Stiff&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2012
| ''Scent of the Missing''
| Jake
| Main cast; rejectit TNT pilot
|-
| ''[[GCB (TV series)|GCB]]''
| Luke Lourd
| 5 episodes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Rizzoli &amp; Isles]]''
| Brandon Thomas 'B.T.' Sarron
| Episode: &quot;Built for Speed&quot;
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Witches of East End (TV series)|Witches of East End]]''
| Dan
| Main cast: 23 episodes&lt;br /&gt;1 episode
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Secrets and Lies (American TV series)|Secrets and Lies]]''
| Neil Oliver
| 8 episodes
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Rosewood (TV series)|Rosewood]]''
| Adrian Webb
| 9 episodes
|-
| 2017
| ''Las Reinas''
| Robert Ellison
| Main cast; rejectit ABC pilot
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[The Good Doctor (American TV series)|The Good Doctor]]''
| Dr. Matt Coyle
| 2 episodes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2018–present
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[The Rookie]]''
| Tim Bradford
| Main cast; 126 episodes
|-
|Jake &quot;Dim&quot; Butler
|Episodes: &quot;Day in the Hole&quot; (2022) an &quot;Double Down&quot; (2022)
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Fantasy Island (2021 TV series)|Fantasy Island]]''
| Brian Cole
| Episode: &quot;The Romance &amp; The Bromance&quot;
|-
| 2022
| ''[[The Rookie: Feds]]''
| Tim Bradford
| Episodes: &quot;Face Off&quot; an &quot;To Die For&quot;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Video gemmes
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Beyond: Two Souls]]''
| Ryan Clayton
| Vyce, 3D model an [[motion captur]]
|}</text>
      <sha1>jfjahxonvdpxegu8h0jocw1jqtg1o6j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>916226</id>
      <parentid>916224</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-05T00:00:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr.Murdoch78</username>
        <id>119895</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>916226</origin>
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      <text bytes="8105" sha1="48fr9ek897k4ksp1r5d3qp5jz5csapr" xml:space="preserve">'''Eric Barrett Winter''' (born 17 Julie 1976) is an American actor. He haes kythed in the telly roles as Sergeant Tim Bradford on the ABC shaw ''The Rookie'' (2018–present), Rex Brady on the NBC soap opera ''Days of Our Lives'', FBI Special Agent Craig O'Laughlin on the CBS drama series ''The Mentalist'' (2010–2012), Dash Gardiner on the Lifetime fantasie-drama series ''Witches of East End'' (2013–2014), an ''The Good Doctor'' (2017–2018). His film appearances include ''Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay'' (2008), ''The Ugly Truth'' (2009), an ''Sundays at Tiffany's'' (2010).

== Early life ==
A hamespun o the Los Angeles area, Winter wis born in La Mirada an brocht up in nearby La Puente. He graduatit frae Los Altos Heich Schuil an UCLA wi a degree in psychologie. Initially he begound modelin an audeetionin fur smaa roles in soap operas wi the intention o anly earnin extra money fur college tuition.

== Career ==

=== Modelin ===
Afore his actin roles, Winter wis a model an haed some heich-profile campaigns, sic as ane prent campaign fur Tommy Hilfiger. He kythed in a telly commercial wi Britney Spears fur her fragrance, Curious.

=== Actin ===
Winter pleyed the role o Rex Brady on the daytime soap opera ''Days of Our Lives'' frae 8 Julie 2002, till 26 Julie 2005. Efter leavin ''Days of Our Lives'', he haed mony smaa roles in telly shaws, sic as ''CSI''; ''Love, Inc.''; ''Charmed''; an ''Just Legal''. He guest-starned on ABC Faimily's ''Wildfire'' fur five episodes. His chairacter, R.J. Blake, a bull-rider wha dated the chairacter o Dani Davis (pleyed bi Nicole Tubiola), wis killed in the episode &quot;Heartless&quot;, that aired oreeginally on 28 Februar 2007. Winter kythed on ''The Parkers'' an aa, in the episode &quot;The Boomerang Effect&quot;. He kythed in an episode o the CBS series ''The Ex-List'', an in the recurrin role o Jason McCallister, the brither o Senator Robert McCallister (Rob Lowe) an the luve interest o Kevin Walker (Matthew Rhys) on the ABC drama ''Brothers &amp; Sisters''. Winter wis a regular on the short-lived CBS series ''Viva Laughlin'' an ''Moonlight''. He appears in the featur films ''Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay'' (2008) an ''The Ugly Truth'' (2009).

In 2010, Winter starned as the chairacter Michael Friend, the imaginary freend o Jane (Alyssa Milano) in the Lifetime telly film ''Sundays at Tiffany's''.

Frae 2010 tae 2012, Winter kythed in the CBS crime drama ''The Mentalist'' as FBI agent Craig O'Laughlin, the ladfreend an later fiancé o Amanda Righetti's chairacter Grace Van Pelt. In 2012, he haed a recurrin role as Luke Lourd on the ABC comedy-drama series ''GCB''. Winter kythed in the video gemme ''Beyond: Two Souls''.

In 2013, Winter begound starnin in the Lifetime telly series ''Witches of East End'' as Dash Gardiner. The series wis canceled on 4 November 2014, efter twa saisons.

In October 2018, he begound co-starnin in the ABC polis procedural drama ''The Rookie'' as Officer Tim Bradford. He haes kythed in aw aicht saisons o this series starnin Nathan Fillion.

== Personal life ==
He wis marriet tae actress Allison Ford frae 2001 till 2005. He then dated Roselyn Sanchez fur twa years prior tae thair engagement in 2007, durin a haliday vacation in Puerto Rico. The couple wed on 29 November 2008, at a historic fort in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Sanchez an Winter hae twa bairn, a dochter born in Januar 2012 an a son born in November 2017.

== Filmography ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Film
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Back When We Were Grownups]]''
| Hunk
| Telly film ([[Hallmark Hall of Fame]])
|-
| 2005
| ''{{sortname|The|Magic of Ordinary Days}}''
| Walter
| Telly film (Hallmark Hall of Fame)
|-
| 2006
| ''Break-In''
| Cameron
| Telly film ([[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]])
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay]]''
| Colton Graham
|
|-
| 2009
| ''{{sortname|The|Ugly Truth}}''
| Colin Anderson
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Sundays at Tiffany's (film)|Sundays at Tiffany's]]''
| Michael Friend
| Television film | Telly film (Lifetime)
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Fire with Fire (2012 film)|Fire with Fire]]''
| Adam
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Comet (film)|Comet]]''
| Josh
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Dead End''
|
| Short film; producer an aa
|-
| 2017
| ''Finding Santa''
| Ben
| Telly film ([[Hallmark Chainel|Hallmark]])
|-
|2019
| ''Taste of Summer''
| Caleb
| Telly film (Hallmark)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Televeesion
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1999
| ''[[Profiler (TV series)|Profiler]]''
| Todd
| Episode: &quot;Heads, You Lose&quot;
|-
| ''[[Undressed]]''
| Eric
| 2 episodes
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Parkers}}''
| Anthony
| Episode: &quot;The Boomerang Effect&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2002
| ''{{sortname|The|Andy Dick Show}}''
| {{n/a}}
| Episode: &quot;Andy's Tinseltown Chow-House&quot;
|-
| ''[[Charmed]]''
| Trevor
| Episode: &quot;Sam, I Am&quot;
|-
| 2002–2005
| ''[[Days of Our Lives]]''
| [[Rex Brady]]
| Role held: 2 Julie 2002 – 1 August 2005
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[Love, Inc. (TV series)|Love, Inc.]]''
| Mike Smith
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2005
| ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
| Julian Harper
| Episode: &quot;Room Service&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2006
| ''[[South Beach (2006 TV series)|South Beach]]''
| Ford Davenport III
| Episode: &quot;Every Day Above Ground Is a Good Day&quot;
|-
| ''[[Pepper Dennis]]''
| Connor Blanchard
| Episode: &quot;Heiress Bridenapped&quot;
|-
| ''[[Just Legal]]''
| Jared Kale
| Episode: &quot;The Rainmaker&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2007
| ''[[Viva Laughlin]]''
| Peter Carlyle
| Main cast; 2 episodes
|-
| ''[[Wildfire (2005 TV series)|Wildfire]]''
| R.J. Blake
| 5 episodes
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Brothers &amp; Sisters (2006 TV series)|Brothers &amp; Sisters]]''
| Jason McCallister
| 5 episodes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2008
| ''Single with Parents''
| Charlie
| Main cast; rejectit ABC pilot
|-
| ''[[Moonlight (American TV series)|Moonlight]]''
| ADA Benjamin Talbot
| 4 episodes
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Ex List}}''
| Jake Turner
| Episode: &quot;Climb Every Mountain Biker&quot;
|-
| 2010–2012
| ''{{sortname|The|Mentalist}}''
| Craig O'Laughlin
| 8 episodes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2011
| ''Weekends at Bellevue''
| Jared Knox
| Main cast; rejectit Fox pilot
|-
| ''[[CSI: Miami]]''
| Joe Grafton
| Episode: &quot;Stiff&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2012
| ''Scent of the Missing''
| Jake
| Main cast; rejectit TNT pilot
|-
| ''[[GCB (TV series)|GCB]]''
| Luke Lourd
| 5 episodes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Rizzoli &amp; Isles]]''
| Brandon Thomas 'B.T.' Sarron
| Episode: &quot;Built for Speed&quot;
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Witches of East End (TV series)|Witches of East End]]''
| Dan
| Main cast: 23 episodes&lt;br /&gt;1 episode
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Secrets and Lies (American TV series)|Secrets and Lies]]''
| Neil Oliver
| 8 episodes
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Rosewood (TV series)|Rosewood]]''
| Adrian Webb
| 9 episodes
|-
| 2017
| ''Las Reinas''
| Robert Ellison
| Main cast; rejectit ABC pilot
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[The Good Doctor (American TV series)|The Good Doctor]]''
| Dr. Matt Coyle
| 2 episodes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2018–present
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[The Rookie]]''
| Tim Bradford
| Main cast; 126 episodes
|-
|Jake &quot;Dim&quot; Butler
|Episodes: &quot;Day in the Hole&quot; (2022) an &quot;Double Down&quot; (2022)
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Fantasy Island (2021 TV series)|Fantasy Island]]''
| Brian Cole
| Episode: &quot;The Romance &amp; The Bromance&quot;
|-
| 2022
| ''[[The Rookie: Feds]]''
| Tim Bradford
| Episodes: &quot;Face Off&quot; an &quot;To Die For&quot;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Video gemmes
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Beyond: Two Souls]]''
| Ryan Clayton
| Vyce, 3D model an [[motion captur]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
* {{IMDb name|0935721}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winter, Eric}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:20t-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Male actors frae Los Angeles Coonty, Californie]]
[[Category:Fowk frae La Mirada, Californie]]
[[Category:Varsity o Californie, Los Angeles alumni]]</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>916227</id>
      <parentid>916226</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-05T00:02:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr.Murdoch78</username>
        <id>119895</id>
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      <origin>916227</origin>
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      <text bytes="8226" sha1="kz0zv5tlxmbmblt565m4ur9aj4tbypf" xml:space="preserve">'''Eric Barrett Winter''' (born 17 Julie 1976) is an American actor. He haes kythed in the telly roles as Sergeant Tim Bradford on the ABC shaw ''The Rookie'' (2018–present), Rex Brady on the NBC soap opera ''Days of Our Lives'', FBI Special Agent Craig O'Laughlin on the CBS drama series ''The Mentalist'' (2010–2012), Dash Gardiner on the Lifetime fantasie-drama series ''Witches of East End'' (2013–2014), an ''The Good Doctor'' (2017–2018). His film appearances include ''Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay'' (2008), ''The Ugly Truth'' (2009), an ''Sundays at Tiffany's'' (2010).

== Early life ==
A hamespun o the Los Angeles area, Winter wis born in La Mirada an brocht up in nearby La Puente. He graduatit frae Los Altos Heich Schuil an UCLA wi a degree in psychologie. Initially he begound modelin an audeetionin fur smaa roles in soap operas wi the intention o anly earnin extra money fur college tuition.

== Career ==

=== Modelin ===
Afore his actin roles, Winter wis a model an haed some heich-profile campaigns, sic as ane prent campaign fur Tommy Hilfiger. He kythed in a telly commercial wi Britney Spears fur her fragrance, Curious.

=== Actin ===
Winter pleyed the role o Rex Brady on the daytime soap opera ''Days of Our Lives'' frae 8 Julie 2002, till 26 Julie 2005. Efter leavin ''Days of Our Lives'', he haed mony smaa roles in telly shaws, sic as ''CSI''; ''Love, Inc.''; ''Charmed''; an ''Just Legal''. He guest-starned on ABC Faimily's ''Wildfire'' fur five episodes. His chairacter, R.J. Blake, a bull-rider wha dated the chairacter o Dani Davis (pleyed bi Nicole Tubiola), wis killed in the episode &quot;Heartless&quot;, that aired oreeginally on 28 Februar 2007. Winter kythed on ''The Parkers'' an aa, in the episode &quot;The Boomerang Effect&quot;. He kythed in an episode o the CBS series ''The Ex-List'', an in the recurrin role o Jason McCallister, the brither o Senator Robert McCallister (Rob Lowe) an the luve interest o Kevin Walker (Matthew Rhys) on the ABC drama ''Brothers &amp; Sisters''. Winter wis a regular on the short-lived CBS series ''Viva Laughlin'' an ''Moonlight''. He appears in the featur films ''Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay'' (2008) an ''The Ugly Truth'' (2009).

In 2010, Winter starned as the chairacter Michael Friend, the imaginary freend o Jane (Alyssa Milano) in the Lifetime telly film ''Sundays at Tiffany's''.

Frae 2010 tae 2012, Winter kythed in the CBS crime drama ''The Mentalist'' as FBI agent Craig O'Laughlin, the ladfreend an later fiancé o Amanda Righetti's chairacter Grace Van Pelt. In 2012, he haed a recurrin role as Luke Lourd on the ABC comedy-drama series ''GCB''. Winter kythed in the video gemme ''Beyond: Two Souls''.

In 2013, Winter begound starnin in the Lifetime telly series ''Witches of East End'' as Dash Gardiner. The series wis canceled on 4 November 2014, efter twa saisons.

In October 2018, he begound co-starnin in the ABC polis procedural drama ''The Rookie'' as Officer Tim Bradford. He haes kythed in aw aicht saisons o this series starnin Nathan Fillion.

== Personal life ==
He wis marriet tae actress Allison Ford frae 2001 till 2005. He then dated Roselyn Sanchez fur twa years prior tae thair engagement in 2007, durin a haliday vacation in Puerto Rico. The couple wed on 29 November 2008, at a historic fort in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Sanchez an Winter hae twa bairn, a dochter born in Januar 2012 an a son born in November 2017.

== Filmography ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Film
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Back When We Were Grownups]]''
| Hunk
| Telly film ([[Hallmark Hall of Fame]])
|-
| 2005
| ''{{sortname|The|Magic of Ordinary Days}}''
| Walter
| Telly film (Hallmark Hall of Fame)
|-
| 2006
| ''Break-In''
| Cameron
| Telly film ([[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]])
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay]]''
| Colton Graham
|
|-
| 2009
| ''{{sortname|The|Ugly Truth}}''
| Colin Anderson
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Sundays at Tiffany's (film)|Sundays at Tiffany's]]''
| Michael Friend
| Television film | Telly film (Lifetime)
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Fire with Fire (2012 film)|Fire with Fire]]''
| Adam
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Comet (film)|Comet]]''
| Josh
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Dead End''
|
| Short film; producer an aa
|-
| 2017
| ''Finding Santa''
| Ben
| Telly film ([[Hallmark Chainel|Hallmark]])
|-
|2019
| ''Taste of Summer''
| Caleb
| Telly film (Hallmark)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Televeesion
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1999
| ''[[Profiler (TV series)|Profiler]]''
| Todd
| Episode: &quot;Heads, You Lose&quot;
|-
| ''[[Undressed]]''
| Eric
| 2 episodes
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Parkers}}''
| Anthony
| Episode: &quot;The Boomerang Effect&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2002
| ''{{sortname|The|Andy Dick Show}}''
| {{n/a}}
| Episode: &quot;Andy's Tinseltown Chow-House&quot;
|-
| ''[[Charmed]]''
| Trevor
| Episode: &quot;Sam, I Am&quot;
|-
| 2002–2005
| ''[[Days of Our Lives]]''
| [[Rex Brady]]
| Role held: 2 Julie 2002 – 1 August 2005
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[Love, Inc. (TV series)|Love, Inc.]]''
| Mike Smith
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2005
| ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
| Julian Harper
| Episode: &quot;Room Service&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2006
| ''[[South Beach (2006 TV series)|South Beach]]''
| Ford Davenport III
| Episode: &quot;Every Day Above Ground Is a Good Day&quot;
|-
| ''[[Pepper Dennis]]''
| Connor Blanchard
| Episode: &quot;Heiress Bridenapped&quot;
|-
| ''[[Just Legal]]''
| Jared Kale
| Episode: &quot;The Rainmaker&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2007
| ''[[Viva Laughlin]]''
| Peter Carlyle
| Main cast; 2 episodes
|-
| ''[[Wildfire (2005 TV series)|Wildfire]]''
| R.J. Blake
| 5 episodes
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Brothers &amp; Sisters (2006 TV series)|Brothers &amp; Sisters]]''
| Jason McCallister
| 5 episodes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2008
| ''Single with Parents''
| Charlie
| Main cast; rejectit ABC pilot
|-
| ''[[Moonlight (American TV series)|Moonlight]]''
| ADA Benjamin Talbot
| 4 episodes
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Ex List}}''
| Jake Turner
| Episode: &quot;Climb Every Mountain Biker&quot;
|-
| 2010–2012
| ''{{sortname|The|Mentalist}}''
| Craig O'Laughlin
| 8 episodes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2011
| ''Weekends at Bellevue''
| Jared Knox
| Main cast; rejectit Fox pilot
|-
| ''[[CSI: Miami]]''
| Joe Grafton
| Episode: &quot;Stiff&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2012
| ''Scent of the Missing''
| Jake
| Main cast; rejectit TNT pilot
|-
| ''[[GCB (TV series)|GCB]]''
| Luke Lourd
| 5 episodes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Rizzoli &amp; Isles]]''
| Brandon Thomas 'B.T.' Sarron
| Episode: &quot;Built for Speed&quot;
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Witches of East End (TV series)|Witches of East End]]''
| Dan
| Main cast: 23 episodes&lt;br /&gt;1 episode
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Secrets and Lies (American TV series)|Secrets and Lies]]''
| Neil Oliver
| 8 episodes
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Rosewood (TV series)|Rosewood]]''
| Adrian Webb
| 9 episodes
|-
| 2017
| ''Las Reinas''
| Robert Ellison
| Main cast; rejectit ABC pilot
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[The Good Doctor (American TV series)|The Good Doctor]]''
| Dr. Matt Coyle
| 2 episodes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2018–present
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[The Rookie]]''
| Tim Bradford
| Main cast; 126 episodes
|-
|Jake &quot;Dim&quot; Butler
|Episodes: &quot;Day in the Hole&quot; (2022) an &quot;Double Down&quot; (2022)
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Fantasy Island (2021 TV series)|Fantasy Island]]''
| Brian Cole
| Episode: &quot;The Romance &amp; The Bromance&quot;
|-
| 2022
| ''[[The Rookie: Feds]]''
| Tim Bradford
| Episodes: &quot;Face Off&quot; an &quot;To Die For&quot;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Video gemmes
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Beyond: Two Souls]]''
| Ryan Clayton
| Vyce, 3D model an [[motion captur]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
{{sister project links|d=Q1371472|q=no|c=category:Eric Winter|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}}
* {{IMDb name|0935721}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winter, Eric}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:20t-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Male actors frae Los Angeles Coonty, Californie]]
[[Category:Fowk frae La Mirada, Californie]]
[[Category:Varsity o Californie, Los Angeles alumni]]</text>
      <sha1>kz0zv5tlxmbmblt565m4ur9aj4tbypf</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>916228</id>
      <parentid>916227</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-05T00:04:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr.Murdoch78</username>
        <id>119895</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>916228</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8772" sha1="1c0mmw9b3kdhiy7zxs3418aibpuv7v8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bodie
| name               = Eric Winter
| image              = Eric Winter GFCC 2025.jpg
| image_size         = 190
| caption            = Winter at GFCC 2025
| birth_name         = Eric Barrett Winter
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1976|7|17}}
| birth_place        = [[La Mirada, Californie]], U.S.
| occupation         = Actor, model
| years_active       = 1999–present
| children           = 2
|spouse={{Plainlist|
* {{Marriage|Allison Ford|2001|2005|reason=divorced}}
* {{Marriage| [[Roselyn Sánchez]]|2008}}
}}}}

'''Eric Barrett Winter''' (born 17 Julie 1976) is an American actor. He haes kythed in the telly roles as Sergeant Tim Bradford on the ABC shaw ''The Rookie'' (2018–present), Rex Brady on the NBC soap opera ''Days of Our Lives'', FBI Special Agent Craig O'Laughlin on the CBS drama series ''The Mentalist'' (2010–2012), Dash Gardiner on the Lifetime fantasie-drama series ''Witches of East End'' (2013–2014), an ''The Good Doctor'' (2017–2018). His film appearances include ''Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay'' (2008), ''The Ugly Truth'' (2009), an ''Sundays at Tiffany's'' (2010).

== Early life ==
A hamespun o the Los Angeles area, Winter wis born in La Mirada an brocht up in nearby La Puente. He graduatit frae Los Altos Heich Schuil an UCLA wi a degree in psychologie. Initially he begound modelin an audeetionin fur smaa roles in soap operas wi the intention o anly earnin extra money fur college tuition.

== Career ==

=== Modelin ===
Afore his actin roles, Winter wis a model an haed some heich-profile campaigns, sic as ane prent campaign fur Tommy Hilfiger. He kythed in a telly commercial wi Britney Spears fur her fragrance, Curious.

=== Actin ===
Winter pleyed the role o Rex Brady on the daytime soap opera ''Days of Our Lives'' frae 8 Julie 2002, till 26 Julie 2005. Efter leavin ''Days of Our Lives'', he haed mony smaa roles in telly shaws, sic as ''CSI''; ''Love, Inc.''; ''Charmed''; an ''Just Legal''. He guest-starned on ABC Faimily's ''Wildfire'' fur five episodes. His chairacter, R.J. Blake, a bull-rider wha dated the chairacter o Dani Davis (pleyed bi Nicole Tubiola), wis killed in the episode &quot;Heartless&quot;, that aired oreeginally on 28 Februar 2007. Winter kythed on ''The Parkers'' an aa, in the episode &quot;The Boomerang Effect&quot;. He kythed in an episode o the CBS series ''The Ex-List'', an in the recurrin role o Jason McCallister, the brither o Senator Robert McCallister (Rob Lowe) an the luve interest o Kevin Walker (Matthew Rhys) on the ABC drama ''Brothers &amp; Sisters''. Winter wis a regular on the short-lived CBS series ''Viva Laughlin'' an ''Moonlight''. He appears in the featur films ''Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay'' (2008) an ''The Ugly Truth'' (2009).

In 2010, Winter starned as the chairacter Michael Friend, the imaginary freend o Jane (Alyssa Milano) in the Lifetime telly film ''Sundays at Tiffany's''.

Frae 2010 tae 2012, Winter kythed in the CBS crime drama ''The Mentalist'' as FBI agent Craig O'Laughlin, the ladfreend an later fiancé o Amanda Righetti's chairacter Grace Van Pelt. In 2012, he haed a recurrin role as Luke Lourd on the ABC comedy-drama series ''GCB''. Winter kythed in the video gemme ''Beyond: Two Souls''.

In 2013, Winter begound starnin in the Lifetime telly series ''Witches of East End'' as Dash Gardiner. The series wis canceled on 4 November 2014, efter twa saisons.

In October 2018, he begound co-starnin in the ABC polis procedural drama ''The Rookie'' as Officer Tim Bradford. He haes kythed in aw aicht saisons o this series starnin Nathan Fillion.

== Personal life ==
He wis marriet tae actress Allison Ford frae 2001 till 2005. He then dated Roselyn Sanchez fur twa years prior tae thair engagement in 2007, durin a haliday vacation in Puerto Rico. The couple wed on 29 November 2008, at a historic fort in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Sanchez an Winter hae twa bairn, a dochter born in Januar 2012 an a son born in November 2017.

== Filmography ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Film
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Back When We Were Grownups]]''
| Hunk
| Telly film ([[Hallmark Hall of Fame]])
|-
| 2005
| ''{{sortname|The|Magic of Ordinary Days}}''
| Walter
| Telly film (Hallmark Hall of Fame)
|-
| 2006
| ''Break-In''
| Cameron
| Telly film ([[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]])
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay]]''
| Colton Graham
|
|-
| 2009
| ''{{sortname|The|Ugly Truth}}''
| Colin Anderson
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Sundays at Tiffany's (film)|Sundays at Tiffany's]]''
| Michael Friend
| Television film | Telly film (Lifetime)
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Fire with Fire (2012 film)|Fire with Fire]]''
| Adam
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Comet (film)|Comet]]''
| Josh
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Dead End''
|
| Short film; producer an aa
|-
| 2017
| ''Finding Santa''
| Ben
| Telly film ([[Hallmark Chainel|Hallmark]])
|-
|2019
| ''Taste of Summer''
| Caleb
| Telly film (Hallmark)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Televeesion
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1999
| ''[[Profiler (TV series)|Profiler]]''
| Todd
| Episode: &quot;Heads, You Lose&quot;
|-
| ''[[Undressed]]''
| Eric
| 2 episodes
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Parkers}}''
| Anthony
| Episode: &quot;The Boomerang Effect&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2002
| ''{{sortname|The|Andy Dick Show}}''
| {{n/a}}
| Episode: &quot;Andy's Tinseltown Chow-House&quot;
|-
| ''[[Charmed]]''
| Trevor
| Episode: &quot;Sam, I Am&quot;
|-
| 2002–2005
| ''[[Days of Our Lives]]''
| [[Rex Brady]]
| Role held: 2 Julie 2002 – 1 August 2005
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[Love, Inc. (TV series)|Love, Inc.]]''
| Mike Smith
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2005
| ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
| Julian Harper
| Episode: &quot;Room Service&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2006
| ''[[South Beach (2006 TV series)|South Beach]]''
| Ford Davenport III
| Episode: &quot;Every Day Above Ground Is a Good Day&quot;
|-
| ''[[Pepper Dennis]]''
| Connor Blanchard
| Episode: &quot;Heiress Bridenapped&quot;
|-
| ''[[Just Legal]]''
| Jared Kale
| Episode: &quot;The Rainmaker&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2007
| ''[[Viva Laughlin]]''
| Peter Carlyle
| Main cast; 2 episodes
|-
| ''[[Wildfire (2005 TV series)|Wildfire]]''
| R.J. Blake
| 5 episodes
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Brothers &amp; Sisters (2006 TV series)|Brothers &amp; Sisters]]''
| Jason McCallister
| 5 episodes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2008
| ''Single with Parents''
| Charlie
| Main cast; rejectit ABC pilot
|-
| ''[[Moonlight (American TV series)|Moonlight]]''
| ADA Benjamin Talbot
| 4 episodes
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Ex List}}''
| Jake Turner
| Episode: &quot;Climb Every Mountain Biker&quot;
|-
| 2010–2012
| ''{{sortname|The|Mentalist}}''
| Craig O'Laughlin
| 8 episodes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2011
| ''Weekends at Bellevue''
| Jared Knox
| Main cast; rejectit Fox pilot
|-
| ''[[CSI: Miami]]''
| Joe Grafton
| Episode: &quot;Stiff&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2012
| ''Scent of the Missing''
| Jake
| Main cast; rejectit TNT pilot
|-
| ''[[GCB (TV series)|GCB]]''
| Luke Lourd
| 5 episodes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Rizzoli &amp; Isles]]''
| Brandon Thomas 'B.T.' Sarron
| Episode: &quot;Built for Speed&quot;
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Witches of East End (TV series)|Witches of East End]]''
| Dan
| Main cast: 23 episodes&lt;br /&gt;1 episode
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Secrets and Lies (American TV series)|Secrets and Lies]]''
| Neil Oliver
| 8 episodes
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Rosewood (TV series)|Rosewood]]''
| Adrian Webb
| 9 episodes
|-
| 2017
| ''Las Reinas''
| Robert Ellison
| Main cast; rejectit ABC pilot
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[The Good Doctor (American TV series)|The Good Doctor]]''
| Dr. Matt Coyle
| 2 episodes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2018–present
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[The Rookie]]''
| Tim Bradford
| Main cast; 126 episodes
|-
|Jake &quot;Dim&quot; Butler
|Episodes: &quot;Day in the Hole&quot; (2022) an &quot;Double Down&quot; (2022)
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Fantasy Island (2021 TV series)|Fantasy Island]]''
| Brian Cole
| Episode: &quot;The Romance &amp; The Bromance&quot;
|-
| 2022
| ''[[The Rookie: Feds]]''
| Tim Bradford
| Episodes: &quot;Face Off&quot; an &quot;To Die For&quot;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Video gemmes
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Beyond: Two Souls]]''
| Ryan Clayton
| Vyce, 3D model an [[motion captur]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
{{sister project links|d=Q1371472|q=no|c=category:Eric Winter|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}}
* {{IMDb name|0935721}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winter, Eric}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:20t-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Male actors frae Los Angeles Coonty, Californie]]
[[Category:Fowk frae La Mirada, Californie]]
[[Category:Varsity o Californie, Los Angeles alumni]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9578" sha1="oh14xuk61namvm5ac8swa7dqeeo9wf1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox bodie
| name               = Eric Winter
| image              = Eric Winter GFCC 2025.jpg
| image_size         = 190
| caption            = Winter at GFCC 2025
| birth_name         = Eric Barrett Winter
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1976|7|17}}
| birth_place        = [[La Mirada, Californie]], U.S.
| occupation         = Actor, model
| years_active       = 1999–present
| children           = 2
|spouse={{Plainlist|
* {{Marriage|Allison Ford|2001|2005|reason=divorced}}
* {{Marriage| [[Roselyn Sánchez]]|2008}}
}}}}

'''Eric Barrett Winter''' (born 17 Julie 1976) is an American actor. He haes kythed in the telly roles as Sergeant Tim Bradford on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] shaw ''[[The Rookie]]'' (2018–present), Rex Brady on the [[NBC]] soap opera ''[[Days of Our Lives]]'', FBI Special Agent Craig O'Laughlin on the [[CBS]] drama series ''[[The Mentalist]]'' (2010–2012), Dash Gardiner on the [[Lifetime (TV channel)|Lifetime]] fantasie-drama series ''[[Witches of East End (TV series)|Witches of East End]]'' (2013–2014), an ''[[The Good Doctor (American TV series)|The Good Doctor]]'' (2017–2018). His film appearances include ''[[Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay]]'' (2008), ''[[The Ugly Truth]]'' (2009), an ''[[Sundays at Tiffany's]]'' (2010).

== Early life ==
A hamespun o the Los Angeles area, Winter wis born in [[La Mirada, Californie|La Mirada]] an brocht up in nearby [[La Puente, Californie|La Puente]]. He graduatit frae [[Los Altos Heich School (Hacienda Heights, California)|Los Altos Heich Schuil]] an [[Varsity o Californie, Los Angeles|UCLA]] wi a degree in [[psychologie]]. Initially he begound modelin an audeetionin fur smaa roles in soap operas wi the intention o anly earnin extra money fur college tuition.

== Career ==

=== Modelin ===
Afore his actin roles, Winter wis a model an haed some heich-profile campaigns, sic as ane prent campaign fur [[Tommy Hilfiger]]. He kythed in a telly commercial wi [[Britney Spears]] fur her fragrance, [[Curious (fragrance)|Curious]].

=== Actin ===
Winter pleyed the role o Rex Brady on the daytime soap opera ''[[Days of Our Lives]]'' frae 8 Julie 2002, till 26 Julie 2005. Efter leavin ''Days of Our Lives'', he haed mony smaa roles in telly shaws, sic as ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation|CSI]]''; ''[[Love, Inc. (TV series)|Love, Inc.]]''; ''[[Charmed]]''; an ''[[Just Legal]]''. He guest-starned on [[Freeform (TV chainel)|ABC Faimily]]'s ''[[Wildfire (2005 TV series)|Wildfire]]'' fur five episodes. His chairacter, R.J. Blake, a bull-rider wha dated the chairacter o Dani Davis (pleyed bi [[Nicole Tubiola]]), wis killed in the episode &quot;Heartless&quot;, that aired oreeginally on 28 Februar 2007. Winter kythed on ''[[The Parkers]]'' an aa, in the episode &quot;The Boomerang Effect&quot;. He kythed in an episode o the CBS series ''[[The Ex List]]'', an in the recurrin role o Jason McCallister, the brither o Senator Robert McCallister ([[Rob Lowe]]) an the luve interest o [[Kevin Walker (Brothers &amp; Sisters)|Kevin Walker]] ([[Matthew Rhys]]) on the ABC drama ''[[Brothers &amp; Sisters (2006 TV series)|Brothers &amp; Sisters]]''. Winter wis a regular on the short-lived CBS series ''[[Viva Laughlin]]'' an ''[[Moonlight (American TV series)|Moonlight]]''. He appears in the featur films ''[[Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay]]'' (2008) an ''[[The Ugly Truth]]'' (2009).

In 2010, Winter starned as the chairacter Michael Friend, the imaginary freend o Jane ([[Alyssa Milano]]) in the [[Lifetime (TV chainel)|Lifetime]] telly film ''[[Sundays at Tiffany's]]''.

Frae 2010 tae 2012, Winter kythed in the CBS crime drama ''[[The Mentalist]]'' as FBI agent Craig O'Laughlin, the ladfreend an later fiancé o [[Amanda Righetti]]'s chairacter [[Grace Van Pelt]]. In 2012, he haed a recurrin role as Luke Lourd on the ABC comedy-drama series ''[[GCB (TV series)|GCB]]''. Winter kythed in the video gemme ''[[Beyond: Two Souls]]''.

In 2013, Winter begound starnin in the Lifetime telly series ''[[Witches of East End (TV series)|Witches of East End]]'' as Dash Gardiner. The series wis canceled on 4 November 2014, efter twa saisons.

In October 2018, he begound co-starnin in the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] polis procedural drama ''[[The Rookie]]'' as Officer Tim Bradford. He haes kythed in aw aicht saisons o this series starnin Nathan Fillion.

== Personal life ==
He wis marriet tae actress Allison Ford frae 2001 till 2005. He then dated [[Roselyn Sanchez]] fur twa years prior tae thair engagement in 2007, durin a haliday vacation in [[Puerto Rico]]. The couple wed on 29 November 2008, at a historic fort in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], Puerto Rico. Sanchez an Winter hae twa bairn, a dochter born in Januar 2012 an a son born in November 2017.

== Filmography ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Film
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
| 2004
| ''[[Back When We Were Grownups]]''
| Hunk
| Telly film ([[Hallmark Hall of Fame]])
|-
| 2005
| ''{{sortname|The|Magic of Ordinary Days}}''
| Walter
| Telly film (Hallmark Hall of Fame)
|-
| 2006
| ''Break-In''
| Cameron
| Telly film ([[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]])
|-
| 2008
| ''[[Harold &amp; Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay]]''
| Colton Graham
|
|-
| 2009
| ''{{sortname|The|Ugly Truth}}''
| Colin Anderson
|
|-
| 2010
| ''[[Sundays at Tiffany's (film)|Sundays at Tiffany's]]''
| Michael Friend
| Television film | Telly film (Lifetime)
|-
| 2012
| ''[[Fire with Fire (2012 film)|Fire with Fire]]''
| Adam
|
|-
| 2014
| ''[[Comet (film)|Comet]]''
| Josh
|
|-
| 2015
| ''Dead End''
|
| Short film; producer an aa
|-
| 2017
| ''Finding Santa''
| Ben
| Telly film ([[Hallmark Chainel|Hallmark]])
|-
|2019
| ''Taste of Summer''
| Caleb
| Telly film (Hallmark)
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Televeesion
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1999
| ''[[Profiler (TV series)|Profiler]]''
| Todd
| Episode: &quot;Heads, You Lose&quot;
|-
| ''[[Undressed]]''
| Eric
| 2 episodes
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Parkers}}''
| Anthony
| Episode: &quot;The Boomerang Effect&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2002
| ''{{sortname|The|Andy Dick Show}}''
| {{n/a}}
| Episode: &quot;Andy's Tinseltown Chow-House&quot;
|-
| ''[[Charmed]]''
| Trevor
| Episode: &quot;Sam, I Am&quot;
|-
| 2002–2005
| ''[[Days of Our Lives]]''
| [[Rex Brady]]
| Role held: 2 Julie 2002 – 1 August 2005
|-
| 2005–2006
| ''[[Love, Inc. (TV series)|Love, Inc.]]''
| Mike Smith
| 2 episodes
|-
| 2005
| ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]''
| Julian Harper
| Episode: &quot;Room Service&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2006
| ''[[South Beach (2006 TV series)|South Beach]]''
| Ford Davenport III
| Episode: &quot;Every Day Above Ground Is a Good Day&quot;
|-
| ''[[Pepper Dennis]]''
| Connor Blanchard
| Episode: &quot;Heiress Bridenapped&quot;
|-
| ''[[Just Legal]]''
| Jared Kale
| Episode: &quot;The Rainmaker&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2007
| ''[[Viva Laughlin]]''
| Peter Carlyle
| Main cast; 2 episodes
|-
| ''[[Wildfire (2005 TV series)|Wildfire]]''
| R.J. Blake
| 5 episodes
|-
| 2007–2008
| ''[[Brothers &amp; Sisters (2006 TV series)|Brothers &amp; Sisters]]''
| Jason McCallister
| 5 episodes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2008
| ''Single with Parents''
| Charlie
| Main cast; rejectit ABC pilot
|-
| ''[[Moonlight (American TV series)|Moonlight]]''
| ADA Benjamin Talbot
| 4 episodes
|-
| ''{{sortname|The|Ex List}}''
| Jake Turner
| Episode: &quot;Climb Every Mountain Biker&quot;
|-
| 2010–2012
| ''{{sortname|The|Mentalist}}''
| Craig O'Laughlin
| 8 episodes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2011
| ''Weekends at Bellevue''
| Jared Knox
| Main cast; rejectit Fox pilot
|-
| ''[[CSI: Miami]]''
| Joe Grafton
| Episode: &quot;Stiff&quot;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|2012
| ''Scent of the Missing''
| Jake
| Main cast; rejectit TNT pilot
|-
| ''[[GCB (TV series)|GCB]]''
| Luke Lourd
| 5 episodes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Rizzoli &amp; Isles]]''
| Brandon Thomas 'B.T.' Sarron
| Episode: &quot;Built for Speed&quot;
|-
| 2013–2014
| ''[[Witches of East End (TV series)|Witches of East End]]''
| Dan
| Main cast: 23 episodes&lt;br /&gt;1 episode
|-
| 2016
| ''[[Secrets and Lies (American TV series)|Secrets and Lies]]''
| Neil Oliver
| 8 episodes
|-
| 2016–2017
| ''[[Rosewood (TV series)|Rosewood]]''
| Adrian Webb
| 9 episodes
|-
| 2017
| ''Las Reinas''
| Robert Ellison
| Main cast; rejectit ABC pilot
|-
| 2017–2018
| ''[[The Good Doctor (American TV series)|The Good Doctor]]''
| Dr. Matt Coyle
| 2 episodes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | 2018–present
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''[[The Rookie]]''
| Tim Bradford
| Main cast; 126 episodes
|-
|Jake &quot;Dim&quot; Butler
|Episodes: &quot;Day in the Hole&quot; (2022) an &quot;Double Down&quot; (2022)
|-
| 2021
| ''[[Fantasy Island (2021 TV series)|Fantasy Island]]''
| Brian Cole
| Episode: &quot;The Romance &amp; The Bromance&quot;
|-
| 2022
| ''[[The Rookie: Feds]]''
| Tim Bradford
| Episodes: &quot;Face Off&quot; an &quot;To Die For&quot;
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+ Video gemmes
! Year
! Title
! Role
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
| 2013
| ''[[Beyond: Two Souls]]''
| Ryan Clayton
| Vyce, 3D model an [[motion captur]]
|}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Fremmit airtins ==
{{sister project links|d=Q1371472|q=no|c=category:Eric Winter|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}}
* {{IMDb name|0935721}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Winter, Eric}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:20t-century American male actors]]
[[Category:21st-century American male actors]]
[[Category:American male film actors]]
[[Category:American male soap opera actors]]
[[Category:Livin fowk]]
[[Category:Male actors frae Los Angeles Coonty, Californie]]
[[Category:Fowk frae La Mirada, Californie]]
[[Category:Varsity o Californie, Los Angeles alumni]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eric Barrett Winter</title>
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    <redirect title="Eric Winter" />
    <revision>
      <id>916225</id>
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        <id>119895</id>
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      <comment>Reguidin tae [[Eric Winter]]</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Template collogue:Databox</title>
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    <revision>
      <id>916244</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-05T11:13:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MediaWiki message delivery</username>
        <id>20411</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Databox online survey - opportunity to share your thoughts about this Wikidata-powered Infobox */ new section</comment>
      <origin>916244</origin>
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      <text bytes="1617" sha1="gw70a5sn67ho8y6h6nft7dil49i423q" xml:space="preserve">== Databox online survey - opportunity to share your thoughts about this Wikidata-powered Infobox ==

''I apologise for posting in English. Feel free to translate!''

Hello everyone, the ''Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects'' team worked on improving the Databox Template and Module earlier this year. We are now asking Wikimedians to answer a short survey about their experiences with Databox (a Wikidata-powered infobox for Wikipedia and other Wikimedia Projects), and would appreciate your input. The survey should take ''less than 10 minutes to answer.''

Here is a '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Databox_Survey_2026-Q2 link to the survey]'''

Here you can find '''[[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Databox|more information about the changes made to Databox.]]'''.

For any questions, please feel free to contact me on my [[m:User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|meta user talk page]]. Thank you for your attention, [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the [[d:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.

p.s. If this is not the right place to post a message on this wiki, I apologise. Please move it to the appropriate page, and if possible, ping me so I can record it for future reference. Thank you! [[Uiser:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uiser collogue:MediaWiki message delivery|tauk]]) 11:13, 5 Mey 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&amp;oldid=30504104 --&gt;</text>
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