Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Ingland 0 1562 916399 915009 2026-05-07T15:16:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country | conventional_long_name = Ingland | common_name = Ingland | image_flag = Flag of England.svg | image_coat = | symbol_width = | symbol_type = | national_motto = | englishmotto = | national_anthem = [[Naitional anthem o Ingland|Various]]<br />Predominantly "[[God Save the Queen]]"<br /><center>[[File:United States Navy Band - God Save the King.oga]]</center> | image_map = England in the UK and Europe.svg | map_width = 250px | map_caption = {{map caption|location_color=dark green|country={{nobold|Ingland}}|subregion=the [[United Kingdom]]|subregion_color=green|region=Europe|region_color=dark grey}} | map_alt = Map o Ingland within the Breetish Isles an within Europe | capital = [[Lunnon]] | official_religion = [[Kirk o Ingland]] (Christian) | demonym = [[Inglis fowk|Inglis]] | coordinates = {{Coord|51|30|N|0|7|W|type:city}} |lats=27.8 |longs=40.7 | largest_city = caipital | languages_type = National leid | languages = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] | languages2_type = '''Regional leids''' | languages2 = [[Cornish leid|Cornish]] | languages2_sub = yes | membership_type = [[Sovereign state]] | membership = [[Unitit Kinrick]] | ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 85.4% White | 7.8% [[Breetish Asian|Asian]] | 3.5% [[Black Breetish|Black]] | 2.3% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Mixed]] | 0.4% [[Breetish Arabs|Arab]] | 0.6% Ither<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 Census: KS201EW Ethnic group: local authorities in England and Wales|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls|publisher=Office for National Statistics|accessdate=18 April 2014|archive-date=2016-01-05|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} | ethnic_groups_year = [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011]] | sovereignty_type = [[History o Ingland|History]] | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = [[Anglo-Saxon settlement o Britain|Anglo-Saxon settlement]] | established_date1 = 5t–6t century | established_event2 = [[History o Ingland#Inglis unification|Unification]] | established_date2 = 10t century | established_event3 = [[Acts o Union 1707|Union wi Scotland]] | established_date3 = 1 Mey 1707 | area_rank = | area_magnitude = 1 E11 | area_sq_mi = 51,325 | area_km2 = 132,932 <ref>{{cite web |url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/datasets/ons::standard-area-measurements-for-administrative-areas-december-2023-in-the-uk/about |title= Standard area measurements for administrative areas |publisher= Office for National Statistics (ONS) |accessdate= 9 Apryle 2026}}</ref> | percent_water = | population_estimate =58,620,101 | population_estimate_rank = | population_estimate_year =2024 | population_census = 56,490,048<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=E92000001|title= Population Census 2021 |publisher= Office for National Statistics (ONS) |accessdate=9 Apryle 2026}}</ref> | population_census_year = 2021 | population_density_mi2 = 1,165.5 | population_density_km2 = 450 | population_density_rank = | GDP_nominal = £2.330 trillion | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_year =2023 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = £40,382<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossdomesticproductgdp/datasets/regionalgrossdomesticproductallnutslevelregions |title=Regional gross domestic product: all ITL regions |publisher= Office for National Statistics (ONS) |accessdate=9 Apryle 2026}}</ref> | Gini_year = | Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | Gini = <!--number only--> | Gini_ref = | Gini_rank = | HDI_year = | HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI = <!--number only--> | HDI_ref = | HDI_rank = | currency = [[Poond sterling]] | currency_code = GBP | time_zone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] ([[Coordinatit Universal Time|UTC]]) | time_zone_DST = [[Breetish Simmer Time|BST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | DST_note = | calling_code = +44 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy ([[Anno Domini|AD]]) | drives_on = left | patron_saint = [[Saunt George]] | cctld = |leader_title1=Monarch|leader_name1=[[Charles III]]|leader_title2=Prime Meenister|leader_name2=[[Keir Starmer]]|area_land_km2=130,310|area_land_sq_mi=50,310}} '''Ingland'''&nbsp;({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-England.ogg|ˈ|ɪ|ŋ|ɡ|l|ə|n|d}}) is wan o the fower [[kintra|kintras]] that is [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|pairt]] o the [[Unitit Kinrick]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Countries within a country|url=http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page823.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080209003312/http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page823.asp|archivedate=2008-02-09|publisher=number-10.gov.uk|accessdate=1 February 2009|authorlink=Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title= Changes in the list of subdivision names and code elements (Page 11)|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/newsletter_i-9.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=[[International Organization for Standardization]]|accessdate=1 February 2009}}</ref> It is als wan o the three kintras in [[Great Breetain]] an it mairches [[Scotland]] an [[Wales]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The Countries of the UK |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/uk_countries.asp |publisher=statistics.gov.uk |accessdate=1 February 2009 |author=Office for National Statistics |authorlink=Office for National Statistics |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220225201/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/geography/uk_countries.asp |archivedate=2008-12-20 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Counties and Unitary Authorities (April 2023) Map in the UK|url=https://geoportal.statistics.gov.uk/documents/1aa806eb35ee4334a87f5970c82e3ac0/explore|access-date=2026-04-04|website=geoportal.statistics.gov.uk|language=en-us}}</ref> == Etymologie == The name "Ingland" cums fae the [[Auld Inglis]] name ''Engla'' (or ''Angla'') ''land'', whilka daes mein "laund o the Angles"<ref>[http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=England Etymonline gies a etymology o the wird "Ingland" (in Inglis)]</ref>. The Angles a war ane o the Germanic tribes wha sattelt in [[Great Breetain]] in the Aerlie Middil Eilds. The Angles cam fae the "Angeln" hauf-iland in the Bay o Kiel aurie. Cordin til the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the farst kent uiss o "Ingland" referrin til the soothren pairt o the iland o Greit Britain wis in 897, an its modren Inglis spellin wis farst bruikit in 1538.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dictionary.oed.com/ |title=Leuk at airticle "England" |access-date=2010-11-30 |archive-date=2006-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060625103623/http://dictionary.oed.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> The etymologie o the tribal name itsel is argiet bi skolarts; it haes been jalousit that it cums fae the shape o the Angeln hauf-iland, an angular shape. Hou an why a term derivit fae the name o a tribe that wis less significant than ithers, sic as the Saxons, cam ti be bruikit for the hail kintra an its fowk is unkent, but it seems this is relatit til the custom o cawin the Germanic fowk in Britain Angli Saxones or Inglis Saxons.<ref>David Crystal, ''[[The Stories of English]]''. The Overlook Press.</ref> An alternativ name for Ingland is Albion. The name Albion originalie referrit til the hail iland o Greit Britain. The aerliest record o the name kyths in the Aristotelitian Corpus, specificalie the 4t yeirhunder BC: "Ayont the Pillars o Hercules is the oshian that flowes aroond the [[Yird]]. In it ar twa gey mukkil ilands caw'd Britannia; thir ar Albion an Ierne". The wird Albion (Ἀλβίων) or ''insula Albionum'' haes twa possibil springheids. It ither cums fae the Laitin ''albus'' meinin "white", a referenss til the white cliffs o Dover, whilka is the farst sicht o Britain fae the European Continent.<ref>Adrian Room (2006). Placenames of the World. McFarland.</ref> Anither springheid is suggestit bi the aunshient mertshand's haundbuik ''Massaliote Periplus'', whilka mentions an "iland o the Albiones". A lot o historic Ingland's enemies, as the French, the Scots an aw, refer sumtyms til Ingland as "Perfidious Albion", ("''La Perfide Albion''" in French). This is an anglofobic name whilka seems ti be naitionalist an maistlins racist, the-day. But etymologicalie, "perfidious" anerlie meins: "whilka or wha disnae kep its, his or hir hecht, promiss". == References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|England}} [[Category:Ingland| ]] [[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:Great Breetain]] [[Category:Island kintras]] [[Category:Northren Europe]] [[Category:Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Wastren Europe]] [[Category:Germanic kintras an territories]] {{Stub/Ingland}} fz8a75n5qiwlcpxtu6wdbh8kv3ye1if Lunnon 0 1563 916409 914602 2026-05-07T16:25:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Lunnon | image_skyline = London collage.jpg | imagesize = 270px | image_caption = Frae upper left: [[Ceety o Lunnon]], [[Tower Bridge]] an [[Lunnon Eye]], [[Palace o Wastmeenster]] | image_map = London (European Parliament constituency).svg | mapsize = 180px | map_caption = [[Greater Lunnon|Lunnon region]] in the Unitit Kinrick |settlement_type = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = [[Unitit Kinrick]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|Kintra]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Ingland]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Regions o Ingland|Region]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Greater Lunnon|Lunnon]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Ceremonial coonties o Ingland|Ceremonial coonties]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] an [[Greater Lunnon]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Destricts o England|Destricts]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] an [[Lunnon burgh|32 burghs]] | seat_type = Heidquairters | seat = [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]] | leader_title = Regional authority | leader_name = [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] | leader_title1 = [[Regional assembly (Ingland)|Regional assembly]] | leader_name1 = [[Lunnon Assembly]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor o Lunnon]] | leader_name2 = [[Sadiq Khan]] | leader_title3 = [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK Pairlament]]<br />*Lunnon&nbsp;Assembly<br />*[[European Pairlament]] | leader_name3 = [[Leet o Pairlamentary constituencies in Lunnon|74 constituencies]]<br />[[Lunnon Assembly constituencies|14 constituencies]]<br />[[Lunnon (European Parliament constituency)|Lunnon constituency]] | established_title = Settled bi [[Roman Empire|Romans]] | established_date = as [[Roman Lunnon|Londinium]], c. 43 AD | aurie_magnitude = | aurie_total_sq_mi = 607 | population_as_of = | population_footnotes =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/mro/news-release/census-result-shows-increase-in-population-of-london-as-it-tops-8-million/censuslondonnr0712.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-12-18 |archive-date=2015-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019123117/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/mro/news-release/census-result-shows-increase-in-population-of-london-as-it-tops-8-million/censuslondonnr0712.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | total_type = Lunnon | population_as_o = 2015 | population_footnotes = <ref name=gla-pop-2015>{{cite web|title=Population Growth in London, 1939–2015|url=http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/population-change-1939-2015/resource/0a026346-960e-49e6-b968-a386d2cfe55f|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219160246/http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/population-change-1939-2015/resource/0a026346-960e-49e6-b968-a386d2cfe55f|archive-date=2015-02-19|website=London Datastore|publisher=Greater London Authority|accessdate=7 July 2015|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> | population_total = 8,630,000 | population_density_km2 = 5,490 | population_blank1_title = [[Greater Lunnon Biggit-up Area|Urban]] | population_blank1 = 9,787,426 | population_blank2_title = [[Lunnon metropolitan area|Metro]] | population_blank2 = 13,879,757 | population_demonym = Lunnoner {{Collapsible list | title = Ethnic groups | frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; <!--NOTICE: This will hide the borders and make rows closer (padding)--> | list_style = text-align:left;display:none; | 1 = '''59.8% [[White fowk|White]]''' | 2 = 44.9% [[White Breetish]] | 3 = 2.2% [[Erse migration tae Great Breetain|White Erse]] | 4 = 12.7% [[Ither White]] | 5 = &nbsp; | 6 = '''5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Mixed]]''' | 7 = 1.5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed Black Caribbean an White|Black Caribbean & White]] | 8 = 0.8% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed Black Caribbean an White|Black African & White]] | 9 = 1.2% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed South Asian an White|Sooth Asie & White]] | 10 = 1.5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Ither mixed]] | 11 = &nbsp; | 12 = '''16.9% [[Breetish Asie|Sooth Asie]]''' | 13 = 6.6% [[Breetish Indie|Indie]] | 14 = 2.7% [[Breetish Pakistanis|Pakistani]] | 15 = 2.7% [[Breetish Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]] | 16 = 4.9% [[Breetish Asiae|Ither Sooth Asie]] | 17 = &nbsp; | 18 = '''13.3% [[Black Breetish|Black]]''' | 19 = 7% [[Black Breetish|Black African]] | 20 = 4.2% [[Breetish African-Caribbean commonty|Black Caribbean]] | 21 = 2.1% [[Ither Black (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Ither Black]] | 22 = &nbsp; | 23 = '''4.9% [[East Asies in the Unitit Kinrick|East Asie]] [[Classification o ethnicity in the Unitit Kinrick|or Ither]]''' | 24 = 1.5% [[Breetish Cheenese|Chinese]] | 25 = 3.4% [[Classification o ethnicity in the Unitit Kinrick|Ither]] | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archivedate = 19 May 2011}} | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = ±0 | timezone_DST = [[Bretish Simmer Time|BST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | coordinates = {{coord|51|30|26|N|0|7|39|W|region:GB|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes =<ref name = Elevation>{{Cite journal |url = http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title = London, United Kingdom Forecast : Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher = The Weather Underground, Inc. |accessdate = 6 June 2008 |format = online |ref = harv |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7?url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |archivedate = 2011-05-19 |journal = |url-status = live }}</ref> | elevation_m = 24 | postcode_type = [[Postcodes in the Unitit Kinrick|Postcode areas]] | postcode = {{postcode|E}}, {{postcode|EC}}, {{postcode|N}}, {{postcode|NW}}, {{postcode|SE}}, {{postcode|SW}}, {{postcode|W}}, {{postcode|WC}}, {{postcode|BR}}, {{postcode|CM}}, {{postcode|CR}}, {{postcode|DA}}, {{postcode|EN}}, {{postcode|HA}}, {{postcode|IG}}, {{postcode|KT}}, {{postcode|RM}}, {{postcode|SM}}, {{postcode|TN}}, {{postcode|TW}}, {{postcode|UB}}, {{postcode|WD}} | aurie_code = [[Leet o telephone exchynges in Lunnon|020, 01322, 01689, 01708, 01737, 01895, 01923, 01959, 01992]] | wabsteid = [http://www.london.gov.uk/ london.gov.uk] }} '''Lunnon''' ({{IPA-sco|ˈlʌnən|}}; {{lang-en|London}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/london?showCookiePolicy=true|title=London|accessdate=23 September 2014|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.}}</ref>, {{IPA-endia|ˈlʌndən|}}) is the caipital an maist populous ceety o [[Ingland]] an the [[Unitit Kinrick]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html|title=The World Factbook|date=1 February 2014|work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=23 February 2014|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065049/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Staunin on the [[River Thames]], Lunnon haes been a major dounset for twa millennia, [[History o Lunnon|its history]] that gangs back tae its foundin bi the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], wha named it ''[[Londinium]]''.<ref name=Lunnon_001>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |date= n.d. |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080622181424/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |title= Roman London |publisher= [[Museum o Lunnon]] |archivedate= 2008-06-22 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon's auncient core, the [[Ceety o Lunnon]], lairgely retains its {{convert|1.12|sqmi|adj=on}} [[Middle Ages|medieval]] boundaries an in 2011 haed a resident population o 7,375, makin it the smawest [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety]] in Ingland. Syne the 19t century or mair, the term ''Lunnon'' haes referred tae the metropolis developed aroond this core an aa.<ref name="mills_140">{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=140}}</ref> The bulk o this [[conurbation]] forms the [[Greater Lunnon]] [[Metropolitan an non-metropolitan coonties o Ingland|admeenistrative area]] (coterminous wi the Lunnon [[regions o England|region]]),<ref name="region">{{cite web|url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/gol/factgol/London/?a=42496|title=Government Offices for the English Regions, Fact Files: London|publisher=Office for National Statistics|accessdate=4 May 2008|archive-date=2008-01-24|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080124102915/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gol/factgol/London/?a=42496|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="elcock">{{Cite book |last= Elcock |first=Howard |title=Local Government: Policy and Management in Local Authorities |url= https://archive.org/details/localgovernmentp0000elco |publisher=Routledge |location= Lunnon |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-415-10167-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/localgovernmentp0000elco/page/n368 368]|ref=harv}}</ref><ref group="note">See an aa: [[Independent ceety#National capitals|Independent ceety § National capitals]].</ref> govrened bi the [[Mayor o Lunnon]] an the [[Lunnon Assembly]].<ref name="politics_uk">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Bill |author2=Kavanagh, Dennis|author3=Moran, Michael|author4=Norton, Philip |title=Politics UK |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4058-2411-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse/page/868 868] |ref=harv |location=Harlow}}</ref><ref group="note">The Lunnon Mayor isnae tae be confused wi the [[Lord Mayor o Lunnon]] wha heids the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]], that administers the ceety o Lunnon.</ref> Lunnon is a leadin [[global ceety]],<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/shortcuts/2013/mar/10/london-capital-of-world-divorce-breakfast |title= London: the everything capital of the world |work=[[The Guardian]] |author= Adewunmi, Bim |date=10 March 2013 |location =Lunnon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://moreintelligentlife.co.uk/content/ideas/john-parker/what-capital-world?page=full |title= What's The Capital Of The World? |publisher= More Intelligent Life |accessdate= 4 July 2013 |archive-date= 2013-09-22 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130922132807/http://moreintelligentlife.co.uk/content/ideas/john-parker/what-capital-world?page=full |url-status= dead }}</ref> wi strenths in the arts, commerce, eddication, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research an development, tourism, an transport aw contributing tae its prominence.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.forbes.com/pictures/edgl45ghmd/no-1-london |title= The World's Most Influential Cities 2014 |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/gpci/index_e.html |title= Global Power City Index 2014 |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Institute for Urban Strategies&nbsp;– The Mori Memorial Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/london-is-the-most-desirable-city-in-the-world-to-work-in-study-finds-9779868.html |title= London is 'the most desirable city in the world tae work in', study finds |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/20141218london-leads-the-uk-for-worldclass-research |title= London leads the UK for world-class research |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Lunnon & Partners |archive-date= 2019-04-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401181841/https://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/20141218london-leads-the-uk-for-worldclass-research |url-status= dead }}</ref> It is ane o the warld's leadin [[financial centre]]s<ref name="Mastercard">{{cite web |url= http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title= Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008 |publisher=Mastercard}}</ref><ref name="Global Financial Centres 10">{{cite web |url=http://zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2010.pdf |title=Global Financial Centres 9 |publisher=[[Z/Yen]] |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2011-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008222617/http://zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="forbes.com">{{cite news |url= http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities.html |title= World's Most Economically Powerful Cities |work= Forbes |location= New York |date= 15 July 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0LhcwS?url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities.html |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> an haes the [[Leet o ceeties by GDP|fift-or saxt-lairgest metropolitan area GDP in the warld]] dependin on measurement.<ref group="note">Rankings o ceeties by metropolitan area GDP can vary as a result o differences in the definition o the boundaries an population sizes o the areas compared, exchange rate fluctuations an the method uised tae calculate throu-pit. Lunnon an [[Paris]] are o about similar size in terms o total economic throu-pit that can result in third party sources varyin as tae whit ane o thaim is defined as haein the fifth- an sixth-lairgest ceety GDP in the warld. A report by the McKinsey Global Institute published in 2012 estimatit that Lunnon had a ceety GDP o US$751.8 billion in 2010, compared tae US$764.2 billion for Paris, makkin thaim respectively the saxt- an fift-mucklemaist in the warld. A report by PricewaterhouseCoopers published in November 2009 estimatit that Lunnon haed a ceety GDP measured in purchasing power parity o US$565 billion in 2008, compared tae US$564 billion for Paris, makkin thaim respectively the fift- an saxt-mucklemaist in the warld. The McKinsey Global Institute study uised a metropolitan area wi a population o 14.9 million for Lunnon compared tae 11.8 million for Paris, while the PricewaterhouseCoopers study uised a metropolitan area wi a population o 8.59 million for Lunnon compared tae 9.92 million for Paris.</ref><ref name=forpolgdp>{{cite news |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |title=The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025 |accessdate=28 September 2012 |work=Foreign Policy |date=September–October 2012 |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104144609/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Global ceety GDP rankings 2008-2025">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |accessdate=16 November 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0M2ast?url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon is a warld cultural caipital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-capital-of-the-world-766661.html |location=Lunnon |work=The Independent |first=Simon |last=Calder |date=22 December 2007 |title=London, capital of the world}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23389580-london-is-the-world-capital-of-the-21st-century-says-new-york.do |author= Teodorczuk, Tom |title= London is the world capital of the 21st century&nbsp;... says New York |work= Lunnon Evening Standard |date= 20 March 2007 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |archive-date= 2009-11-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091125151618/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23389580-london-is-the-world-capital-of-the-21st-century-says-new-york.do |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2008/culturecapital.aspx |title=London is world capital of culture says LSE expert |publisher=Lunnon School o Economics |date=11 March 2008 |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2011-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118132607/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2008/culturecapital.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/get-involved/consultations/current-consultations/cultural-strategy |title=Cultural Strategy |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |date=6 September 2010 |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2012-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209210256/http://www.london.gov.uk/get-involved/consultations/current-consultations/cultural-strategy |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the warld's maist-visitit ceety as measured by international arrivals<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-tops-ranking-of-destination-cities-2291794.html |title= London tops ranking of destination cities |accessdate=12 June 2012 |newspaper =The Independent |location =Lunnon |date=1 June 2011}}</ref> an haes the [[World's busiest ceety airport systems by passenger traffic|warld's lairgest ceety airport system]] measured bi passenger traffic.<ref name=capa1>{{cite web |url= http://www.centreforaviation.com/analysis/beijing-to-overtake-london-as-worlds-largest-aviation-hub-massive-new-airport-planned-58776 |title= Beijing tae overtake london as world's largest aviation hub |accessdate=12 June 2012 |publisher=Centre for Aviation}}</ref> Lunnon's 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o higher education institutes in Europe.<ref name="Lunnon2">{{cite press release |date=20 August 2008 |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/press_releases_mayoral/number-international-students-london-continues-grow |title=Number of international students in London continues tae grow |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0OvJq8?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/press_releases_mayoral/number-international-students-london-continues-grow |archivedate=2011-05-19 |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012]], Lunnon became the first ceety tae host the modren [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] three times.<ref name=IOC>{{cite web |url= http://www.olympic.org/media?calendartab=1&articleid=52922 |title=IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012 |date=6 July 2005 |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |accessdate=3 June 2006}}</ref> Lunnon haes a diverse range o fowk an culturs, an mair nor 300 leids is spoken wiin Greater Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_006>{{cite web |url= http://www.cilt.org.uk/faqs/langspoken.htm |title= Languages spoken in the UK population |publisher= National Centre for Language |accessdate= 6 June 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0PFX8H?url=http://www.cilt.org.uk/faqs/langspoken.htm |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] estimatit its population tae be 8.63 million in 2015,<ref name=gla-pop-2015/> the lairgest o ony [[lairgest ceeties o the European Union by population wiin ceety limits|municipality in the European Union]],<ref name="lairgest_city_eu">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=384 |title=Largest EU City. Over 7&nbsp;million residents in 2001 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=28 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5Qd8V9JhM?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=384 |archivedate=2007-07-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> an accoonting for 12.5 percent o the UK population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/applications/focus-london-population-and-migration |title=Focus on London&nbsp;– Population and Migration &#124; London DataStore |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2010-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016225915/http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/applications/focus-london-population-and-migration |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Greater Lunnon Urban area|Lunnon's urban area]] is the seicont [[lairgest urban areas o the European Union|maist populous in the EU]], efter [[Paris]], wi 9,787,426 indwallers accordin tae the 2011 census.<ref name="urbanpopulation">{{cite web | url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx|title=2011 Census – Built-up areas| publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] | accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Lunnon metropolitan area|ceety's metropolitan area]] is the ane o the [[Leet o metropolitan areas in Europe|maist populous in Europe]] wi 13,614,409 indwallers,{{refn|According tae the [[Eurostat|European Statistical Agency]], Lunnon has the lairgest [[lairger Urban Zones|lairger Urban Zone]] that uises [[conurbation]]s an areas o heich population as its definition. A [[lairgest ceeties o the European Union by population wiin ceety limits|ranking o population]] wiin municipal boundaries places Lunnon first. Houaniver, the [[University o Avignon]] in France claims that Paris is first an Lunnon second whan includin the hale urban areaan [[hinterland]], that is the [[lairgest urban areas o the European Union|outlying ceeties as well]].|group=note}}<ref name="appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu show">{{cite web |url= http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |title= Metropolitan Area Populations |publisher=Eurostat |date=30 August 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> while the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] pits the population o Lunnon metropolitan region at 21 million.<ref>[http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/introduction/positioning.jsp The London Plan – Introduction – Positioning London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407025007/http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/introduction/positioning.jsp |date=2014-04-07 }}. Greater Lunnon Authority. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> Lunnon wis the [[warld's lairgest ceeties|warld's maist populous ceety]] frae aroond 1831 tae 1925.<ref name=Lunnon_030>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |title=London: The greatest city |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=12 October 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0g3KOn?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon conteens fower [[Warld Heritage Steid]]s: the [[Touer o Lunnon]]; [[Kew Gardens]]; the site comprisin the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]], [[Westminster Abbey]], an [[St Margaret's, Westminster|St Margaret's Kirk]]; an the historic dounset o [[Greenwich]] (in whilk the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich]] marks the [[Prime Meridian]], 0° [[langitude]], an [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]).<ref name=Lunnon_005>{{cite web |url= http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gb|title=Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |accessdate=26 November 2008}}</ref> Ither famous laundmerks include [[Buckingham Palace]], the [[Lunnon Ee]], [[Piccadilly Circus]], [[St Paul's Cathedral]], [[Tower Bridge]], [[Trafalgar squerr]], an [[The Shard]]. Lunnon is home tae numerous [[Leet o museums in Lunnon|museums]], galleries, libraries, [[Sport in Lunnon|sporting events]] an ither cultural institutions, includin the [[British Museum]], [[National Gallery]], [[Tate Modern]], [[British Library]] an 40 [[West End theatre|West End]] theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207&story=E8821201275286&title=West+End+Must+Innovate+to+Renovate%2C+Says+Report |title=West End Must Innovate tae Renovate, Says Report |accessdate=15 November 2010 |work=What's On Stage |date=25 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0S4x3M?url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |location=Lunnon |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] is the auldest unnerground railway network in the warld.<ref name=Metro150>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-20641351 |title=Oyster card celebrates 150th Tube anniversary |work=BBC News |date=10 December 2012 |accessdate=10 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="railwaygazette.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/shanghai-now-the-worlds-longest-metro.html |title=Shanghai now the world's longest metro |date=4 May 2010 |work=[[Railway Gazette International]] |accessdate=4 May 2010 |location=Lunnon |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0Tj3yO?url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/shanghai-now-the-worlds-longest-metro.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> == History == ===Toponymy=== [[File:London Thames Sunset panorama - Feb 2008.jpg|thumb|300px|The name ''Lunnon'' mey derive frae the [[River Thames]]]] The [[etymology o Lunnon|etymology o ''Lunnon'']] is uncertain.<ref name="mills_139">{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=139}}</ref> It is an auncient name, foond in soorces frae the 2nt century. It is recorded c. 121 as ''[[Londinium]]'', that pynts tae [[Romano-British]] origin.<ref name="mills_139"/> The earliest attemptit explanation, nou disregarded, is attributit tae [[Geoffrey o Monmouth]] in ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]''.<ref name="mills_139"/> This haed it that the name originatit frae a supposed [[Lud son o Heli|Keeng Lud]], wha haed allegedly takken ower the ceety an named it ''Kaerlud''.<ref name=Lunnon_009>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/books/chapters/02-1st-ackro.html?ex=1225339200&en=b9c2c11ad6e1f435&ei=5070&pagewanted=3|title=London|last=Ackroyd|first=Peter|work=The New York Times |accessdate=28 October 2008 | date=2 December 2001|isbn=978-0-7011-7279-4}}</ref> Frae 1898, it wis commonly acceptit that the name wis o [[Celts|Celtic]] origin an meant ''place belangin tae a man cawed *Londinos''; this explication haes syne been rejeckit.<ref name="mills_139"/> [[Richard Coates]] pit forrit an explication in 1998 that it is derived frae the pre-Celtic [[Auld European hydronymy|Auld European]] ''*(p)lowonida'', meanin 'burn ower wide for tae ford', an suggestit that this wis a name gien tae the pairt o the [[River Thames]] that rins throu Lunnon; frae this, the dounset gained the Celtic form o its name, ''*Lowonidonjon'';<ref name=coates>{{Cite journal|last=Coates|first=Richard|year=1998|title=A new explanation of the name of London|journal=Transactions o the Philological Society|volume=96|issue=2|pages=203–229|url=http://www.doi.org/10.1111/1467-968X.00027|doi=10.1111/1467-968X.00027|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0UqnAy?url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-968X.00027|archivedate=2011-05-19|access-date=2019-10-24|url-status=live}}</ref> this requires quite a serious amendment houiver. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form ''Londinium'' wi the modren Welsh ''Llundain'', that should demand a form ''*(h)lōndinion'' (as opposed tae *londīnion), frae earlier ''*loundiniom''. The possibility canna be ruled oot that the Welsh name wis borrowed back in frae Inglis at a later date, an for that raison canna be uised as a basis frae that tae reconstruct the oreeginal name. Til 1889, the name "Lunnon" offeecially anerly applee'd tae the [[Ceety o Lunnon]] but syne then it haes referred tae the [[Coonty o Lunnon]], an nou [[Greater Lunnon]] an aa.<ref name="mills_140"/> ===Prehistory=== Twa recent discoveries indicate probable vera auld settlements near the Thames in the Lunnon area. In 1999, the remains o a [[Bronze Age]] bridge war foond on the foreshore north o [[Vauxhall Bridge]].<ref name="Denison">{{cite journal|last=Denison|first=Simon|title=First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall|journal=British Archaeology|date=July 1999|issue=46|url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html|accessdate=15 April 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0WdLQ0?url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> This brig aither gaed athort the Thames, or gaed tae a nou lost island in the burn. Dendrology datit the timbers tae 1500 BC.<ref name="Denison"/> In 2010 the foundations o a lairge timmer structur, datit tae 4500 BC, war foond on the Thames foreshore, sooth o Vauxhall Bridge.<ref name="Milne">{{cite web|last=Milne|first=Gustav|title=London's Oldest Foreshore Structure!|url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall|work=Frog Blog|publisher=Thames Discovery Programme|accessdate=15 April 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0WtZpl?url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The function o the mesolithic structur is nae kent. Baith structures are on South Bank, at a naitural crossin pynt whaur the [[River Effra]] flows intae the River Thames.<ref name="Milne"/> ===Roman Lunnon=== [[File:Map of London, 1300.svg|thumb|In 1300, the [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] wis still confined wiin the [[Lunnon Waw|Roman walls]].]] Tho thare is evidence o scattered [[Britons (historical)|Brythonic]] settlements in the area, the first major dounset wis foondit bi the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] efter the invasion o 43&nbsp;AD.<ref name="roman">{{Cite book |title=Roman London |last=Perring |first=Dominic |year=1991 |publisher=Routledge |location=Lunnon |isbn=978-0-203-23133-3|page=1 |ref=harv }}</ref> This anerly lastit til aroond 61, whan the [[Iceni]] tribe led bi [[Boudica|Queen Boudica]] stormed it, burning it tae the grund.<ref name=Lunnon_010>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/romanbritain_timeline_noflash.shtml|title=British History Timeline&nbsp;—Roman Britain|publisher=BBC|accessdate=7 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0V1GXn?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/romanbritain_timeline_noflash.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The next, heivy planned, incarnation o Londinium prospered an superseded [[Colchester]] as the caipital o the [[Roman Britain|Roman province]] o [[Britannia]] in 100. At its hicht in the 2nt century, Roman Lunnon haed a population o aroond 60,000. ===Anglo-Saxon Lunnon (an Viking period)=== Wi the collapse o Roman rule in the early 5t century, Lunnon ceased tae be a caipital an the walled ceety o Londinium wis effectively abandoned, awtho Roman civilisation continued in the [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]] area until aroond 450.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Londinium.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108092449/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Londinium.htm|archivedate=2009-01-08|publisher=Museum o Lunnon|title=The last days of Londinium|accessdate=31 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae aroond 500, an [[Anglo-Saxon]] dounset kent as [[Anglo-Saxon Lunnon|Lundenwic]] developed in the same area, slichtly tae the wast o the auld Roman ceety.<ref name=Lunnon_011>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Lundenwic.htm |title= The early years of Lundenwic |publisher= The [[Museum o Lunnon]] |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080610043903/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Lundenwic.htm |archivedate= 2008-06-10 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> By aboot 680, it haed revived sufficiently tae become a major port, awtho thare is little evidence o lairge-scale production o goods. Frae the 820s the toun declined acause o repeatit [[Viking]] invasions. Thare three recordit Viking assaults on Lunnon; twa o whilk wis wun tae in 851 an 886 AD, tho thay war defeatit in the attack o 994 AD.<ref name="Viking Attacks">{{cite web|url=https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/viking_attacklist.html?showall=1|title=Viking Attacks|publisher=web.cn.edu/kwheeler/|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref> [[File:Siege of London (MS 1168).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hoose o Lancaster|Lancastrian]] siege o Lunnon in 1471 is attacked by a [[Hoose o York|Yorkist]] sally.]] The Vikings established [[Denlaw]] ower a fair feck o the eastren an northren pairt o Ingland wi its mairch gaun frae aboot Lunnon tae [[Chester]]. It wis an area o political an geographical control imposed bi the Viking incursions that wis formally agreed tae bi the [[Dens fowk|Dens]] [[warlord]], [[Guthrum]] an wast-[[Saxon]] [[keeng]], [[Alfred the Great]] in 886 AD. Denlaw lastit in mony pairts o Ingland for centuries tae come. The ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' recordit that Lunnon wis "refounded" by [[Alfred the Great]] in 886. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment o Lundenwic an a revival o life an tred wiin the auld Roman walls. Lunnon then grew slowly until aboot 950, efter whilk activity increased dramatically.<ref name="blackwell">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Vince|first= Alan|year=2001|title=London|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia o Anglo-Saxon England |publisher= Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}</ref> Bi the 11t century, Lunnon wis ayont aw comparison the lairgest toun in Ingland. [[Wastmeenster Abbey]], rebiggit in the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style by King [[Edward the Confessor]], wis ane o the grandest kirks in Europe. [[Winchester]] haed aforehaun been the caipital o Anglo-Saxon Ingland, but frae this time on, Lunnon becam the main forum for furren traders an the base for defence in time o war. In the view o [[Frank Stenton]]: "It had the resources, an it was rapidly developing the dignity an the political self-consciousness appropriate tae a national capital."<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Frank Stenton|last=Stenton|first= Frank|year=1971|title=Anglo-Saxon England|url=https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0000sten|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0000sten/page/538 538]–539|publisher= Oxford University Press|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-19-280139-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Blair |first= John |year=2001|title=Westminster|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia o Anglo-Saxon England|publisher= Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}</ref> ===Middle Ages=== [[File:Westminster Abbey by Canaletto, 1749.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wastmeenster Abbey]], as seen in this pentin (Canaletto, 1749), is a [[World Heritage Site]] an ane o Lunnon's auldest an maist important biggins]] Follaein his victory in the [[Battle o Hastings]], [[William the Conqueror|William, Duke o Normandy]], wis crowned [[Keeng o Ingland]] in the newly finished Wastmeenster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.<ref name=Lunnon_015>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_06.shtml|title=History&nbsp;– 1066&nbsp;– King William|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0Yen4R?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_06.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> William biggit the [[Touer o Lunnon]], the first o the mony Norman castles in Ingland tae be rebuilt in stone, in the sootheastren corner o the ceety, tae intimidate the native indwallers.<ref name=Lunnon_016>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml|title=A History of British Architecture&nbsp;— White Tower|last=Tinniswood|first=Adrian|authorlink=Adrian Tinniswood|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ZWxtH?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1097, [[William II o Ingland|William II]] began the biggin o [[Wastmeenster Hall]], close bi the abbey o the same name. The hall becam the basis o a new [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]].<ref name=Lunnon_017>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/building.cfm|title=UK Parliament&nbsp;— Parliament: The building|date=9 November 2007|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311032051/http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/building.cfm|archivedate=2008-03-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_018>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/parliament/guide/palace.htm|title=Palace of Westminster|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404171249/http://www.parliament.uk/parliament/guide/palace.htm|archivedate=2008-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 12t century, the institutions o central government, whilk haed hitherto accompanied the ryal Inglis court as it moved aroond the kintra, grew in size an sophistication an becam increasingly fixed in ane place. In maist cases this wis Wastmeenster, awtho the ryal treasury, haein been moved frae Winchester, came tae rest in the Tower. While the [[Ceety o Wastmeenster]] developed intae a true caipital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the ceety o Lunnon, remained Ingland's lairgest ceety an principal commercial centre, an it flourished unner its ain unique admeenistration, the [[Ceety o Lunnonn Corporation|Corporation o Lunnon]]. In 1100, its population wis aroond 18,000; by 1300 it haed grown tae nearly 100,000.<ref name=Lunnon_019>{{Cite book|last=Schofield|first=John|last2=Vince|first2=Alan|author2-link=Alan Vince|title=Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8264-6002-8|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Qu7QLC7g7VgC&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=london+population+1100+-+1300|page=26|ref=harv}}</ref> Disaster struck during the [[Black Death]] in the mid-14t century, when Lunnon lost nearly a third o its population.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml |title=Black Death |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ZmE6P?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=3 November 2008 |ref=harv |journal= |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon wis the focus o the [[Peasants' Revolt]] in 1381.<ref name=Lunnon_020>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_ii_king.shtml|title=Richard II (1367–1400)|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 October 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0aYnXz?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_ii_king.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Air modren=== [[File:Great Fire London.jpg|thumb|The [[Great Fire o Lunnon]] destroyed mony pairts o the ceety in 1666.]] [[File:London - John Norden's map of 1593.jpg|thumb|Cairt o Lunnon in 1593. Thare is anly ane bridge athort the Thames, but pairts o Southwark on the sooth bank o the river hae been developed.]] During the [[Tudor period]] the [[Inglis Reformation|Reformation]] produced a gradual shift tae Protestantism, wi much o Lunnon passin frae kirk tae private ainership.<ref name=pevsner>[[Nikolaus Pevsner|Pevsner, Nikolaus]]. ''Lunnon I: The ceeties o Lunnon an Westminster'' rev. edition, 1962. Introduction p. 48.</ref> The traffic in [[woollen]] cloths shipped undyed an undressed frae Lunnon tae the nearby shores o the [[Law Kintras]] whaur it wis considered indispensable.<ref>J. G. Pounds (1976). "An Historical Geography o Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, Part 1330". p. 430. CUP Archive,</ref> But the tentacles o English maritime enterprise hardly extendit beyond the seas o north-wast Europe. The commercial route tae [[Italy]] an the [[Mediterranean Sea]] normally lay throu [[Antwerp]] an ower the [[Alps]]; ony ships passing throu the [[Strait o Gibraltar]] tae or frae England war likely tae be Italian or [[Dubrovnik|Ragusan]]. Upon the re-openin o the [[Netherlands]] tae English shipping in Januar 1565 thare at ance ensued a strang outburst o commercial activity.<ref>Ramsay, George Daniel (1986). The Queen's Merchants an the Revolt o the Netherlands: The End o the Antwerp Mart. Volume 2, pp. 1 an 62–63. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-1849-7</ref> The [[Royal Exchange, Lunnon|Royal Exchange]] wis foondit.<ref>The life an times o Sir Thomas Gresham, founner o the Royal Exchange: including notices o many o his contemporaries. wi illustrations, Volume 2, pages&nbsp;80–81, John William Burgon, E. Wilson, 1839.</ref> [[Mercantilism]] grew an monopoly trading companies sic as the [[East Indie Company]] war established, wi tred expanding tae the [[New World]]. Lunnon becam the principal [[North Sea]] port, wi migrants arrivin frae England an abroad. The population rose frae an estimatit 50,000 in 1530 tae aboot 225,000 in 1605.<ref name=pevsner/> In the 16t century, [[William Shakespeare]] an his contemporaries lived in Lunnon at a time o hostility tae the development o the [[Elizabethan theatre|theatre]]. By the end o the Tudor period in 1603, Lunnon wis still vera compact. Thare wis an assassination attempt on [[James I o England|James I]] in Westminster, throu the [[Gunpowder Plot]] on 5 November 1605.<ref name=Lunnon_023>{{Cite book |title=James I |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesi0000durs |last=Durston |first=Christopher|year=1993 |publisher=Routledge |location=Lunnon |isbn=978-0-415-07779-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jamesi0000durs/page/59 59] |ref=harv }}</ref> Lunnon wis [[Bubonic plague|plagued]] by disease in the early 17t century,<ref name=Lunnon_024>{{cite web |url=http://urbanrim.org.uk/plague%20list.htm |title=A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665 |publisher=Urban Rim |date=4 December 2009 |accessdate=3 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gVUqcycW?url=http://urbanrim.org.uk/plague%20list.htm |archivedate=2009-05-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> culminatin in the [[Great Plague o Lunnon|Great Plague]] o 1665–1666, whilk killt up tae 100,000 bodies, or a fift o the population.<ref name=Lunnon_025>{{cite web |url= http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/story.html |title= Story of the plague |publisher= Channel 4 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0bPVKk?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/story.html |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Great Fire o Lunnon]] broke oot in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the ceety an quickly swept throu the widden biggins.<ref name="Samuel Pepys' Diary">{{Cite book | last = Pepys | first = Samuel | authorlink = Samuel Pepys | title = The Diary of Samuel Pepys | volume = 45: August/September 1666 | date = 2 September 1666 | origyear = 1893 | editor = [[Mynors Bright]] (decipherer) | editor2 = [[Henry B. Wheatley]] | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4167/pg4167.html | ref = harv | isbn = 978-0-520-22167-3 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0bzHYi?url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4167/pg4167.html | archivedate = 2011-05-19 | access-date = 2015-06-04 | url-status = live }}</ref> Rebiggin teuk ower ten year an wis supervised by [[Robert Hooke]]<ref name=Lunnon_026>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_02.shtml |title=London After the Great Fire: Civil War and Revolution |author=Schofield, John |date=17 February 2011 |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=4 July 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ckJxq?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_02.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_027>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Special/LondonsBurning/Themes/1405/ |title= Rebuilding after the fire |publisher= Museum o Lunnon |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080201204641/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Special/LondonsBurning/Themes/1405/ |archivedate= 2008-02-01 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_028>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jX8ZAAAAIAAJ&q=rebuilding+of+london&dq=rebuilding+of+london|title=The Rebuilding of London After the Great Fire|publisher=Thomas Fiddian|year=1940|accessdate=27 April 2008}}</ref> as Surveyor o Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_029>The curious life o Robert Hooke, the man who measured Lunnon by Lisa Jardine</ref> In 1708 [[Christopher Wren]]'s masterpiece, [[St Paul's Cathedral]] wis completit. During the [[Georgian era]] new destricts sic as [[Mayfair]] war formed in the wast; an new brigs ower the Thames encouraged development in [[South Lunnon]]. In the east, the [[Port o Lunnon]] expanded downstream. In 1762, [[George III o Great Britain|George III]] acquired [[Buckingham Palace|Buckingham House]] an it wis enlairged ower the next 75 year. During the 18t century, Lunnon wis dogged by crime an the [[Bow Street Runners]] war established in 1750 as a professional police force.<ref>"[http://www.pbs.org/kqed/demonbarber/madding/thieftaker.html Thief Taker, Constable, Police]". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).</ref> In tot, mair nor 200 offences war punishable by death,<ref>{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=Peter |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8181192.stm |title=Rough justice&nbsp;– Victorian style |work=BBC News |date=3 August 2009 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> includin petty theft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894775,00.html |title=National Affairs: Capital punishment: a fading practice |work=Time |location=New York |date=21 March 1960 |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011174652/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894775,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most childer born in the ceety died afore reakin thair third birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/foundling_01.shtml |title=The Foundling Hospital |publisher=BBC History |date=17 February 2011 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> The [[coffeehouse]] became a popular place tae debate ideas, wi growin [[literacy]] an the development o the [[prentin press]] makkin news widely available; an [[Fleet Street]] became the centre o the British press. Accordin tae Samuel Johnson: {{quote|Ye cannae fin a man, at aw intellectual, wha is willin tae leave Lunnon. Naw, Sir, whan a man is fauchelt Lunnon, he is tired o life; for there in Lunnon aw that life can afford.|[[Samuel Johnson]], 1777<ref name=Lunnon_022>{{cite web |url= http://www.samueljohnson.com/tiredlon.html |title= When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life: Samuel Johnson |ref= harv |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150522151652/http://www.samueljohnson.com/tiredlon.html |archivedate= 2015-05-22 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref>}} ===Late modren an contemporary=== [[File:British recruits August 1914 Q53234.jpg|thumb|British volunteer recruits in Lunnon, August 1914]] [[File:LondonBombedWWII full.jpg|thumb|A bombed-oot Lunnon street during [[the Blitz]] o the Seicont World War]] Lunnon wis the warld's [[Leet o lairgest ceeties throughout history|lairgest ceety frae aboot 1831 tae 1925]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |title=London: The greatest city |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=12 October 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0g3KOn?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon's overcrowded conditions led tae [[cholera]] epidemics,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/cholera.aspx |title=Hidden extras: cholera comes tae Victorian London |publisher=The Science Museum |location=Lunnon |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213064834/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/cholera.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> claimin 14,000 lifes in 1848, an 6,000 in 1866.<ref>{{cite web |author= Brown, Robert W. |url= http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/london_19c.html |title= London in the Nineteenth Century |publisher= University o North Carolina at Pembroke |accessdate= 13 December 2011 |archive-date= 2011-12-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111230164544/http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/london_19c.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> risin [[traffic congestion]] led tae the creation o the warld's first local urban rail network. The [[Metropolitan Board o Works]] oversaw infrastructure expansion in the caipital an some surroondin counties; it wis abolished in 1889 when the [[Lunnon County cooncil]] wis creatit oot o those areas o the counties surroondin the caipital. [[German strategic bombin during World War I|Lunnon wis bombed bi the Germans during the First World War]] while during the Seicont World War [[the Blitz]] an ither bombin bi the German ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' killed ower 30,000 Lunnoners an destroyed lairge tracts o housing an ither biggins athort the ceety. Immediately efter the war, the [[1948 Simmer Olympics]] war held at the oreeginal [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]], at a time when Lunnon haed barely recovered frae the war. In 1951, the [[Festeeval o Britain]] wis held on the [[Sooth Bank]]. The [[Great Smog]] o 1952 led tae the [[Clean Air Act 1956]], that endit the "[[pea soup fog]]s" for whilk Lunnon haed been notorious. Frae the 1940s onwart, Lunnon became hame tae numerous [[immigrants]], lairgely frae [[Commonweel o Nations|Commonweel]] countries lik [[Jamaica]], Indie, [[Bangladesh]] an [[Pakistan]], makkin Lunnon ane o the maist diverse ceeties in Europe. [[File:London Thames (1930).jpg|thumb|left|A view frae Victoria Touer, in late 1920s.]] Primarily stairtin in the mid-1960s, Lunnon becam a centre for the warldwide [[youth cultur]], exemplified bi the [[Swinging Lunnon]] subculture associatit wi the [[Keeng's Road]], [[Chelsea, Lunnon|Chelsea]] an [[Carnaby Street]]. The role o trendsetter wis revived in the [[punk rock|punk]] era. In 1965 Lunnon's political boundaries wis expandit tae tak intae accoont the growthe o the urban area an a new [[Greater Lunnon cooncil]] wis creatit. Throu [[The Troubles]] in Northren Ireland, Lunnon wis subjectit tae bombin attacks bi the [[Provisional IRA]]. Racial inequality wis hielichtit bi the [[1981 Brixton riot]]. Greater Lunnon's population declined steadily in the decades efter the Seicont World War, frae an estimatit peak o 8.6&nbsp;million in 1939 tae aroond 6.8&nbsp;million in the 1980s. The principal ports for Lunnon moved downstream tae [[Port o Felixstowe|Felixstowe]] an [[Port o Tilbury|Tilbury]], wi the [[Lunnon Docklands]] area becomin a focus for regeneration, includin the [[Canary Wharf]] development. This wis borne oot o Lunnon's ever-increasin role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The [[Thames Barrier]] wis completit in the 1980s tae pertect Lunnon against tidal surges frae the [[North Sea]]. The Greater Lunnon cooncil wis abolished in 1986, whilk left Lunnon as the anerly lairge metropolis in the warld wioot a central admeenistration. In 2000, Lunnon-wide govrenment wis restored, wi the creation o the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]]. tae celebrate the stairt o the 21st century, the [[Millennium Dome]], [[Lunnon Eye]] an [[Millennium Bridge (Lunnon)|Millennium Bridge]] war biggit. On 6 Julie 2005 Lunnon wis awairdit the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]], makkin Lunnon the first ceety tae stage the [[Olympic Gemmes]] three times.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/front_page/4655555.stm |title= London beats Paris tae 2012 Games |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 July 2005 |accessdate=28 September 2012}}</ref> The naxt day (7 Julie 2005) Lunnon's tube network wis hit bi major bomb attacks. In Februar 2015, Greater Lunnon's population wis estimatit tae be 8.6 million, the heichest level syne 1939.<ref>{{cite web|title = London's population hits 8.6m record high|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-31082941|website = BBC News|accessdate = 2015-05-21}}</ref> ==Government== {{Politics o Lunnon}} ===Local government=== {{Main|Local government in Lunnon|History o local government in Lunnon|Leet o heads o Lunnon government}} The admeenistration o Lunnon is formed o twa tiers—a ceety-wide, strategic tier an a local tier. ceety-wide admeenistration is coordinatit bi the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] (GLA), while local admeenistration is carried oot by 33 smawer authorities.<ref name=Lunnon_032>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/|title=About the Greater London Authority|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hYGdz?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> The GLA consists o twa electit components; the [[Mayor o Lunnon]], wha haes executive powers, an the [[Lunnon Assembly]], whilk scrutinises the mayor's decisions an can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals ilka year. The headquarters o the GLA is [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]], [[Southwark]]; the mayor is [[Sadiq Khan]]. The mayor's [[statutory planning]] strategy is published as the [[Lunnon Plan]], whilk daed it's maist recent revision in 2011.<ref name=Lunnon_plan>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan|title=The London Plan|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|accessdate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67vG4jMg5?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan|archivedate=2012-05-25|url-status=live}}</ref> The local authorities are the cooncils o the 32 [[Lunnon borough]]s an the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]].<ref name=Lunnon_035>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london/links.jsp|title=Links tae other websites&nbsp;— London boroughs|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019055428/http://www.london.gov.uk/london/links.jsp|archivedate=2007-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay are responsible for maist local services, sic as local planning, schuils, [[social work|social services]], local roads an refuse collection. Certaint functions, sic as [[Waste disposal authorities in Lunnon|waste management]], are providit throu jynt arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by Lunnon cooncils an the GLA amountit tae juist ower £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs an £7.4 billion for the GLA).<ref>http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/statistics/pdf/1911067.pdf</ref> Policing in Greater Lunnon, except the [[City o Lunnon]], is providit bi the [[Metropolitan Police Service|Metropolitan Police Force]], overseen bi the Mayor throu the [[Mayor's Office for Policing an Crime]] (MOPAC).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/policing-crime/about-mopac |title= About MOPAC |publisher= Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate= 4 May 2013 |archive-date= 2013-04-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130411075040/http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/policing-crime/about-mopac |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://policeauthority.org/Metropolitan/ |title=MPA: Metropolitan Police Authority |publisher= Metropolitan Police Authority |date=22 May 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> The ceety o Lunnon haes its ain police force&nbsp;– the [[City o Lunnon Police]].<ref name="Policing">{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/policing.jsp |title=Policing |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121173357/http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/policing.jsp |archivedate=2008-01-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[British Transport Police]] are responsible for police services on [[National Rail]] an [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] services.<ref name="BTP">{{cite web |url= http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas.aspx |title= Areas |publisher= British Transport Police |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hdc31?url=http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Fire Brigade]] is the [[statute|statutory]] [[Fire service in the UK|fire an rescue service]] for Greater Lunnon. It is run bi the [[Lunnon Fire an Emergency Planning Authority]] an is the third lairgest fire service in the warld.<ref name="LFB">{{cite web |url=http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/WhoWeAre.asp |title=Who we are |publisher=Lunnon Fire Brigade |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hzveR?url=http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/WhoWeAre.asp |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[National Health Service]] [[Emergency medical services|ambulance services]] are providit bi the [[Lunnon Ambulance Service|Lunnon Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust]], the lairgest free-at-the-pynt-o-uise emergency ambulance service in the warld.<ref name="LAS">{{cite web |url= http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/about_us.aspx |title= About us |publisher= Lunnon Ambulance Service NHS Trust |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0iCW89?url=http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/about_us.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Air Ambulance]] charity operates in conjunction wi the LAS whaur required. [[Her Majesty's Coastguard]] an the [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]] operate on the [[River Thames]],<ref name="Coastguard">{{cite web |url= http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/aboutus/mcga-online/mcga-sailing-cg66/dops_-_all-cg66-stationlist.htm |title= Station list |year= 2007 |publisher= Maritime an Coastguard Agency |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0jzXE7?url=http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/aboutus/mcga-online/mcga-sailing-cg66/dops_-_all-cg66-stationlist.htm |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Lifeboat">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1739401.stm |title=Thames lifeboat service launched |date=2 January 2002 |work=BBC News |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0kXnz9?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1739401.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> whilk is unner the jurisdiction o the [[Port o Lunnon Authority]] frae [[Teddington Lock]] tae the sea.<ref name="portLunnonauthority">{{cite web |url=http://www.pla.co.uk/assets/Port_of_London_Act_1968__revised_.pdf |title=Port of London Act 1968 |accessdate=30 November 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005959/http://www.pla.co.uk/assets/Port_of_London_Act_1968__revised_.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===National government=== Lunnon is the seat o the [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick]]. Mony govrenment departments are based close tae the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]], parteecularly alang [[Whitehall]], includin the [[Prime Minister o the Unitit Kinrick|Prime Minister's]] residence at [[10 Downing Street]].<ref name=Lunnon_036>{{cite web |url= http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page1.asp |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080510193022/http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page1.asp |archivedate= 2008-05-10 |title= 10 Downing Street&nbsp;— Official Website |accessdate= 26 April 2008 |url-status= live }}</ref> The British Parliament is eften referred tae as the "Mother o Parliaments" (awtho this ''[[sobriquet]]'' wis first applied tae England itself by [[John Bright]])<ref name="Lunnon_037">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/96021.stm |publisher=BBC |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=3 June 1998 |title=UK Politics: Talking Politics&nbsp;— The 'Mother of Parliaments' |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0l5vww?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/96021.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> acause it haes been the model for maist ither [[parliamentary system]]s.<ref name="Lunnon_037"/> Thare are 73 Members o Parliament (MPs) frae Lunnon, who correspond tae local parliamentary [[Leet o Parliamentary constituencies in Greater Lunnon|constituencies]] in the national [[British House o Commons|Parliament]]. As o Juin 2017, 49 are frae the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], 21 are [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]], an 3 are [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]].<ref>{{cite web|title = General Election Results 2015|url = http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/general-election-results-2015|website = Lunnon DataStore|accessdate = 2015-05-10|publisher = [[Greater Lunnon Authority]]|date = 2015-05-08}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography o Lunnon}} ===Scope=== [[File:London, United Kingdom.JPG|thumb|Satellite view o inner Lunnon]] [[Greater Lunnon]] is the tap-level administrative subdiveesion coverin Lunnon.<ref group="note">Greater Lunnon isnae a ceety in the sense that the word applies in the Unitit Kinrick, that o havin [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety status]] grantit by the Crown.</ref> The wee, ancient [[City o Lunnon]] at its core ance contained the hale dounset, but as the urban area grew the [[City o Lunnon Corporation|City Corporation]] resistit attemps tae amalgamate it wi its suburbs, causin "Lunnon" tae be defined in a nummer weys for different purposes.<ref name="chancery">{{Cite journal|author=Beavan,Charles|author2=Bickersteth, Harry|title=Reports of Cases in Chancery, Argued and Determined in the Rolls Court|publisher=Saunners an Benning|year=1865|url=http://books.google.com/?id=YFYDAAAAQAAJ|ref=harv}}</ref> Forty per cent o Greater Lunnon is covered bi the [[Lunnon postal destrict|Lunnon]] post toun, wiin whilk 'Lunnon' forms pairt o postal addresses.<ref name=Lunnon_042>{{Cite book|last=Stationery Office|title=The Inner London Letter Post|publisher=H.M.S.O|year=1980|isbn=978-0-10-251580-0|page=128|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=map_post>{{Cite book|title=London Postcode and Administrative Boundaries|publisher=Geographers' A-Z Map Company|author=Geographers' A-Z Map Company|year=2008|edition=6|isbn=978-1-84348-592-6|ref=harv}}</ref> The Lunnon telephone [[area code]] (020) covers a lairger area, seemilar in size tae Greater Lunnon, awtho some outer destricts are omeetit an some places juist ootside are included. The Greater Lunnon boundary haes been [[Leet o Greater Lunnon boundary changes|aligned tae the M25 motorway]] in places.<ref name=Lunnon_044>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1993/Uksi_19930441_en_1.htm|title=The Essex, Greater London and Hertfordshire (County and London Borough Boundaries) Order|year=1993|publisher=Office o Public Sector Information|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0lyLLA?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1993/Uksi_19930441_en_1.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Outward urban expansion is nou preventit bi the [[Metropolitan Green Belt]],<ref name=Lunnon_040>{{Cite book|last=Dilys|first=M Hill|title=Urban Policy and Politics in Britain|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-22745-6|page=268|ref=harv}}</ref> awtho the biggit-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resultin in a separately defined [[Greater Lunnon Urban area]]. Beyond this is the vast [[Lunnon commuter belt]].<ref name=Lunnon_041>{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/plansd/london_regional_200104.pdf |title=London in its Regional Setting |publisher=Lunnon Assembly |accessdate=6 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527193714/http://www.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/plansd/london_regional_200104.pdf |archivedate=2008-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Greater Lunnon is split for some purposes intae [[Inner Lunnon]] an [[Outer Lunnon]].<ref name=Lunnon_045>{{cite book |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 |title=London Government Act 1963 |publisher=Office o Public Sector Information |accessdate=6 May 2008 |isbn=978-0-16-053895-7 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mVCtM?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ceety is split bi the River Thames intae [[North Lunnon|North]] an [[South Lunnon|South]], wi an informal [[central Lunnon]] area in its interior. The coordinates o the nominal centre o Lunnon, tradeetionally considered tae be the oreeginal [[Eleanor Cross]] at [[Charing Cross]] near the junction o [[Trafalgar squerr]] an [[Whitehall]], are approximately {{Coord|51|30|26|N|00|07|39|W|type:city(7,000,000)_region:GB}}.<ref name=Lunnon_039>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/08/15/charingcross_feature.shtml|title=London&nbsp;— Features&nbsp;— Where is the Centre of London?|publisher=BBC|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msV6aAO0?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/08/15/charingcross_feature.shtml|archivedate=2010-01-18|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Status=== Athin Lunnon, baith the [[City o Lunnon]] an the [[City o Westminster]] hae [[City status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety status]] an baith the ceety o Lunnon an the remainder o Greater Lunnon is the [[Ceremonial counties o England|ceremonial counties]].<ref name=Lunnon_049>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970023_en_1|title=Lieutenancies Act 1997|publisher=OPSI|accessdate=7 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mpHnm?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970023_en_1|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The area o [[Metropolitan an non-metropolitan counties o England#Greater Lunnon|Greater Lunnon]] haes incorporatit area that war ance pairt o the [[Historic counties o England|historic counties]] o [[Middlesex]], [[Kent]], [[Surrey]], [[Essex]] an [[Hertfordshire]].<ref name=Lunnon_050>{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=I. M. |title=Metropolitan Government|url=https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000barl|year=1991|publisher=Routledge|page=[https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000barl/page/n363 346]|ref=harv}}</ref> Lunnon's status as the caipital o England, an later the Unitit Kinrick, haes never been grantit or confirmed offeecially—by [[statute]] or in written form.{{refn|According tae the ''Collins English Dictionary'' definition o 'the seat o government',<ref name=Lunnon_061>(1994) ''Collins English Dictionary'', Collins Education plc.</ref> Lunnon isnae the offeecial capital o England, as England disnae hae its ain government. Accordin tae the ''Oxford English Reference Dictionary'' definition o 'the maist important toun'<ref name=Lunnon_062>''Oxford English Reference Dictionary'', Oxford English.</ref> an mony ither authorities.<ref name=Lunnon_063>"HC 501 0304.PDF" (PDF). Parliament Publications</ref>|group=note}} Its poseetion wis formed throu [[constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]], makkin its status as ''de facto'' caipital a pairt o the [[Constitution o the Unitit Kinrick|UK's unwritten constitution]]. The caipital o Ingland wis moved tae Lunnon frae [[Winchester]] as the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]] developed in the 12t an 13t centuries tae become the permanent location o the [[Noble court|royal court]], an sicweys the political caipital o the naition.<ref name=Lunnon_060>{{Cite journal |last=Schofield |first=John |date=June 1999 |title=British Archaeology |publisher=British Archaeology |issue=45 |issn=1357-4442 |url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/BA/ba45/ba45regs.html |accessdate=6 May 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mw1Sn?url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba45/ba45regs.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |journal= |url-status=live }}</ref> Mair recently, Greater Lunnon haes been defined as a [[Regions o England|region o England]] an in this context is kent as ''Lunnon''.<ref name=region/> ===Topography=== [[File:London in snow 2 February 2009 387.jpg|thumb|The [[Victoria Memorial, Lunnon|Victoria Memorial]] in the snow in 2009]] Greater Lunnon encompasses a tot area o {{convert|1583|km2|sqmi}}, an area that haed a population o 7,172,036 in 2001 an a population density o {{convert|4542|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}. The extendit area kent as the Lunnon Metropolitan Region or the Lunnon Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a tot area o {{convert|8382|km2|sqmi}} haes a population o 13,709,000 an a population density o {{convert|1510|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |title=Metropolis: 027 London, World Association of the Major Metropolises |accessdate=3 May 2010 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084411/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Modern Lunnon stauns on the [[The burn the Thames|Thames]], its primary geographical featur, a [[Navigability|navigable]] river whilk crosses the ceety frae the sooth-wast tae the east. The [[Thames Valley]] is a [[floodplain]] surroondit by gently rolling hills includin [[Parliament Hill, Lunnon|Parliament Hill]], [[Addington Hills]], an [[Primrose Hill]]. The Thames wis ance a fair bit broader, shallaer burn wi extensive [[marsh]]lands; at heich tide, its shores reakit five times thair present width.<ref name=Lunnon_065>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=M9qvtYYhRtAC&pg=PR11&dq=thames+%22iron+age%22+london+wide+geography+shallow+marsh |title=London: A History |first=Francis|last= Sheppard | page=10 |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-285369-1 |accessdate=6 June 2008}}</ref> Syne the [[Victorian era]] the Thames haes been extensively [[Thames Embankment|embanked]], an mony o its Lunnon [[Tributaries o the River Thames|tributaries]] nou flow [[Subterranean rivers o Lunnon|unnerground]]. The Thames is a tidal river, an Lunnon is vulnerable tae flooding.<ref name=Lunnon_066>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/flooding/?version=1&lang=_e|title=Flooding|publisher=UK [[Environment Agency]]|accessdate=19 June 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215080725/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/flooding/?version=1&lang=_e|archivedate=2006-02-15|url-status=live}}</ref> The threat haes increased ower time acause o a slaw but continuous rise in [[Tide|heich watter]] level bi the slow 'tilting' o Britain (up in the north an doun in the sooth) caused by [[post-glacial rebound]].<ref name=Lunnon_067>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/sealevels/?version=1&lang=_e|title="Sea Levels"&nbsp;– UK Environment Agency|publisher=[[Environment Agency]]|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523225152/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/sealevels/?version=1&lang=_e|archivedate=2008-05-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1974, a decade o work began on the construction o the [[Thames Barrier]] athort the Thames at [[Woolwich]] tae deal wi this threat. While the barrier is expectit tae function as designed til aboot 2070, concepts for its future enlairgement or redesign is awready bein discussed.<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Adam|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/31/thames-flood-barrier-london|title=Thames Barrier gets extra time as London's main flood defence|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=31 March 2009|accessdate=7 November 2009|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0n91QT?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/31/thames-flood-barrier-london|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Climate=== [[File:Summer Love of Russell Square.jpg|thumb|Average simmertime day temperatures range atween 22°C an 28°C. Awbesit uncommon, temperatures as heich as 40°C hae been recordit]] Lunnon haes a temperate [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb&#x202f;''), seemilar tae aw o soothren Britain. Maugre its reputation as bein a rainy ceety, Lunnon receives less precipitation ({{convert|601|mm|0|abbr=on}} in a year), than [[Roum]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Toulouse]], [[Naples]] an even [[Sydney]] in Australie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml|title=Climate statistics for Australian locations|work=bom.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm |title=Weather Information for Naples |publisher=Worldweather.org |date=5 October 2006 |accessdate=4 May 2013 |archive-date=2012-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105145214/http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.meteoam.it/modules.php?name=viewClinoFile&station=289&name_station=Napoli%20CapodichinoVisualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Napoli Capodichino]{{dead link|date=May 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.theweathernetwork.com/ The Weather Network] 18 November 2011</ref><ref>[http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F31069001 Prévisions météo de Météo-France – Climat en France] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517203416/http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F31069001 |date=2016-05-17 }} 18 November 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.worldweather.org/062/c01058.htm World Weather Information Service – Toulouse] 18 November 2011</ref> Temperature extremes for aw sites in the Lunnon area range frae {{convert|40.2|°C|°F|1}} at [[Heathrow Airport]] during 19 Julie 2022 doun tae {{convert|-17.4|°C|°F|1}} at Northolt during 13 December 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_january.htm|title=January 1962 weather|accessdate=18 September 2012|archive-date=2015-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903235843/https://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_january.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1549448971676012546|user=metoffice|title=Here are the highest temperatures across the country today 👇 At least 34 sites have exceeded the UK's previous na…|date=19 Julie 2022}}</ref> Simmers are generally warm an whiles het, Lunnon's average Julie heich is {{convert|24|°C|°F|1}}. On average, Lunnon will see 31 days abuin {{convert|25|°C|°F|1}} ilka year, an 4.2 days abuin {{convert|30.0|°C|°F|1}} ilka year. Throu the [[2003 European heat wave]] thare war 14 consecutive days abuin {{convert|30|°C|°F|1}} an 2 consecutive days whaur temperatures reakit {{convert|38|°C|°F|1}}, leadin tae hunners o heat relatit daiths.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates|journal=Eurosurveillance|volume=10|issue=7|date=1 July 2005|first1=H|last1=Johnson|first2=RS|last2=Kovats|first3=G|last3=McGregor|first4=J|last4=Stedman|first5=M|last5=Gibbs|first6=H|last6=Walton6|url=http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=558}}</ref> Winters are generally cuil an damp wi little temperature variation. Snowfall daes occur frae time tae time, an can cause traivel disruption whan this happens. Spring an hairst are mixed seasons an can be leesome. As a lairge ceety, Lunnon haes a considerable [[urban heat island]] effect,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate-change/docs/UHI_summary_report.pdf|title=London's Urban Heat Island: A Summary for Decision Makers|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|date=October 2006|accessdate=29 April 2015|archive-date=2012-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816015955/http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate-change/docs/UHI_summary_report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> makkin the centre o Lunnon at times {{convert|5|C-change|0|}} warmer than the suburbs an outskirts. The effect o this can be seen ablo whan comparin Lunnon Heathrow that is locatit {{convert|24|km}} wast o Lunnon wi the Lunnon Weather Centre that is locatit in the centre o Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ever warmer as temperatures rival France|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1463994/Ever-warmer-as-temperatures-rival-France.html|publisher=Telegraph|date=16 May 2015}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Lunnon Heathrow 1981-2010 |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 17 |Feb record high C = 20 |Mar record high C = 24 |Apr record high C = 29 |May record high C = 33 |Jun record high C = 36 |Jul record high C = 37 |Aug record high C = 38 |Sep record high C = 35 |Oct record high C = 30 |Nov record high C = 21 |Dec record high C = 17 |year record high C = 38.1 |Jan high C = 8 |Feb high C = 8 |Mar high C = 11 |Apr high C = 14 |May high C = 18 |Jun high C = 21 |Jul high C = 24 |Aug high C = 23 |Sep high C = 20 |Oct high C = 16 |Nov high C = 11 |Dec high C = 8 |year high C = 15 |Jan low C = 2 |Feb low C = 2 |Mar low C = 4 |Apr low C = 6 |May low C = 9 |Jun low C = 12 |Jul low C = 14 |Aug low C = 14 |Sep low C = 11 |Oct low C = 8 |Nov low C = 5 |Dec low C = 3 |year low C = 8 |Jan record low C = -22 |Feb record low C = -10 |Mar record low C = -7 |Apr record low C = -4 |May record low C = 0 |Jun record low C = 3 |Jul record low C = 7 |Aug record low C = 7 |Sep record low C = 3 |Oct record low C = -5 |Nov record low C = -6 |Dec record low C = -12 |year record low C= -22 |Jan precipitation mm = 55.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 40.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 41.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 43.7 |May precipitation mm = 49.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 45.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 44.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 49.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 49.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 68.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 59.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 55.2 |year precipitation mm = 601.7 |Jan sun = 61.5 |Feb sun = 77.9 |Mar sun = 114.6 |Apr sun = 168.7 |May sun = 198.5 |Jun sun = 204.3 |Jul sun = 212.0 |Aug sun = 204.7 |Sep sun = 149.3 |Oct sun = 116.5 |Nov sun = 72.6 |Dec sun = 52.0 |year sun = 1632.6 |source 1= <ref name="UK Met Office" >{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpsvf37b |title=London Heathrow Airport |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=17 September 2014 }}</ref> |source 2= <ref name="Britain's highest recorded temperatures for each day o the year">{{cite web |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/site/hightempsyear.php |title=British Weather Extremes: Daily Maximum Temperatures |publisher=Torro |accessdate=17 September 2014 |archive-date=2015-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824032720/http://www.torro.org.uk/site/hightempsyear.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} {{Weather box |location = Lunnon Weather Centre UHI |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 8.5 |Feb high C = 8.9 |Mar high C = 11.7 |Apr high C = 15.7 |May high C = 18.6 |Jun high C = 22.4 |Jul high C = 23.6 |Aug high C = 23.2 |Sep high C = 20.8 |Oct high C = 16.1 |Nov high C = 11.9 |Dec high C = 8.6 |year high C = 15.8 |Jan mean C = 6.8 |Feb mean C = 6.8 |Mar mean C = 8.8 |Apr mean C = 12.0 |May mean C = 14.8 |Jun mean C = 18.3 |Jul mean C = 19.6 |Aug mean C = 19.4 |Sep mean C = 17.3 |Oct mean C = 13.5 |Nov mean C = 10.0 |Dec mean C = 7.0 |year mean C = 12.8 |Jan low C = 5.0 |Feb low C = 4.7 |Mar low C = 5.8 |Apr low C = 8.2 |May low C = 10.9 |Jun low C = 14.1 |Jul low C = 15.5 |Aug low C = 15.5 |Sep low C = 13.7 |Oct low C = 10.9 |Nov low C = 8.0 |Dec low C = 5.4 |year low C = 9.8 |source 1= <ref name="Lunnon Weather Centre climate data" >{{cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=03779&CONT=ukuk&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0003&LAND=UK&MOD=tab&ART=TMX&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2001&LMM=12&LYY=2014 |title=London Weather Centre analysis |publisher=weatheronline.co.uk |accessdate=17 November 2014 }}</ref> |source 2= <ref name="Climate Lunnon Weather Centre" >{{cite web |url=http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/London_Weather_Centre/37790.htm |title=climate: Climate London Weather Centre |publisher=Tutiempo |accessdate=17 November 2014 }}</ref> }} ===destricts=== {{Main|Leet o destricts o Lunnon}} Lunnon's vast urban area is aften descrievit uisin a set o destrict names, lik [[Bloomsbury]], [[Mayfair]], [[Wembley]] an [[Whitechapel]]. Thay are aither informal designations, reflect the names o villages that hae been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units sic as parishes or [[Metropolitan boroughs o the County o Lunnon|umwhile boroughs]]. Siclike names hae remained in uise throu tradeetion, ilk o thaim referrin tae a local area wi its ain distinctive character, but wioot official boundaries. Syne 1965 Greater Lunnon haes been dividit intae 32 [[Lunnon borough]]s in addition tae the ancient ceety o Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_071>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/boroughs.jsp|title=London boroughs&nbsp;— London Life, GLA|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213025156/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/boroughs.jsp|archivedate=2007-12-13|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_072>{{Cite book |last1=Dogan |first1=Mattei |first2=John D. |last2=Kasarda |title=The Metropolis Era |publisher=Sage |year=1988 |page=99 |isbn=978-0-8039-2603-5 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=_GFPAAAAMAAJ&q=1965,+32+boroughs+of+london&dq=1965,+32+boroughs+of+london |ref=harv}}</ref> The ceety o Lunnon is the main financial destrict,<ref name=Lunnon_073>{{cite web |url= http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |title= London as a financial centre |publisher= Mayor o Lunnon |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080106051217/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |archivedate= 2008-01-06 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> an [[Canary Wharf]] haes recently developed intae a new financial an commercial hub in the [[Lunnon Docklands|Docklands]] tae the east. The [[West End o Lunnon|West End]] is Lunnon's main entertainment an shoppin destrict, attracting tourists.<ref name=Lunnon_075>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1608619.stm |title=West End still drawing crowds |work=BBC News |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=22 October 2001 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0o6fkv?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1608619.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[West (Lunnon sub region)|West Lunnon]] includes expensive residential areas whaur properties can sell for tens o millions o pounds.<ref name=Lunnon_076>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/apr/17/tax.g2 |title=Super Rich |date=17 April 2006 |newspaper=The Guardian |accessdate=7 June 2008 |location=Lunnon |first=James |last=Meek |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ofbib?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/apr/17/tax.g2 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The average price for properties in [[Royal Borough o Kensington an Chelsea|Kensington an Chelsea]] is ower £2 million wi a seimilarly heich outlay in maist o [[central Lunnon]].<ref name="Lunnon's Properties">{{cite web|url=http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/planningandconservation/planningpolicy/idoc.ashx%3Fdocid%3Dbf56bda1-575c-435b-92ac-9a71625c1746%26version%3D-1|archivedate=2016-12-30|title=Information on latest house prices in the Royal Borough|publisher=Royal Borough o Kensington an Chelsea|access-date=2022-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230190409/https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/planningandconservation/planningpolicy/idoc.ashx?docid=bf56bda1-575c-435b-92ac-9a71625c1746&version=-1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=GuardAug14>{{cite news |url= http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/aug/08/housing-london-jump-19-per-cent-year |title= Average house prices in London jump 19 percent in a year |author=Rupert Jones |newspaper=The Guardian |location= Lunnon |date=8 August 2014 |accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> The [[East End o Lunnon|East End]] is the area closest tae the oreeginal [[Port o Lunnon]], kent for its heich immigrant population, as weel as for bein ane o the puirest areas in Lunnon.<ref name="East End">{{cite news |url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8487518/site/newsweek/ |date=6 July 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829024354/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8487518/site/newsweek/ |archivedate=2006-08-29 |title=Tomorrow's East End |newspaper=Newsweek |author=Flynn, Emily |location=New York |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> The surroondin [[North East (Lunnon sub region)|East Lunnon]] area saw a fair bit o Lunnon's early industrial development; nou, [[brownfield land|brownfield]] sites throughout the area are bein redeveloped as pairt o the [[Thames Gateway]] includin the [[Lunnon Riverside]] an [[Lower Lea Valley]], that wis developed intae the [[Olympic Park, Lunnon|Olympic Park]] for the [[Lunnon 2012 Olympic bid|2012 Olympics an Paralympics]].<ref name="East End" /> ===Architecture=== {{Main|Architecture o Lunnon|Leet o tallest biggins an structures in Lunnon}} [[File:Aerial Tower of London.jpg|thumb|right|The Tower of London]] Lunnon's biggins are ower diverse tae be characterised by ony parteecular [[architectural]] style, partly acause o thair varyin ages. Mony grand houses an public biggins, sic as the [[National Gallery]], are biggit frae [[Portland stone]]. Some areas o the ceety, parteecularly those juist wast o the centre, are characterised by white [[stucco]] or whitewashed biggins. Few structures in central Lunnon pre-date the [[Great Fire o Lunnon|Great Fire]] o 1666, thir bein a few trace [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] remains, the [[Tower o Lunnon]] an a few scattered [[Tudor architecture|Tudor]] survivors in the ceety. Faur oot is, for insample, the [[Tudor period]] [[Hampton Court Palace]], England's auldest surviving Tudor palace, biggit by Cardinal [[Thomas Wolsey]] c. 1515.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/hampton_court_01.shtml |title=Hampton Court: The Lost Palace |publisher=BBC History |date=29 March 2011 |author=Foyle, Jonathan |accessdate=16 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0pDL3i?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/hampton_court_01.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}}</ref> [[Christopher Wren|Wren]]'s late 17t-century kirks an the financial institutions o the 18t an 19t centuries lik the [[Royal Exchange, Lunnon|Royal Exchange]] an the [[Bank o England]], tae the early 20t century [[Old Bailey]] an the 1960s [[Barbican Estate]] form pairt o the varied architectural heritage. [[File:30 St Mary Axe from Leadenhall Street.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[30 St Mary Axe]], forby kent as "the Gherkin", touers ower [[St Andrew Undershaft]]]] The disuised, but suin tae be rejuvenated, 1939 [[Battersea Power Station]] bi the burn in the sooth-wast is a local laundmerk, while some railway termini are excellent insamples o [[Victorian architecture]], maist notably [[St Pancras railway station|St. Pancras]] an [[Paddington railway station|Paddington]].<ref name=Lunnon_078>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Paddington_Station.html |title=Paddington Station |publisher=Great biggins |accessdate=6 June 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0pwi86?url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Paddington_Station.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The density o Lunnon varies, wi heich employment density in the [[Central Lunnon|central area]], heich residential densities in [[inner Lunnon]] an laicher densities in [[Outer Lunnon]]. [[The Monument]] in the ceety o Lunnon provides views o the surroondin areas while commemoratin the [[Great Fire o Lunnon]], whilk originatit fae a biggin naurhaun. [[Marble Arch]] an [[Wellington Arch]], at the north an sooth ends o [[Park Lane (road)|Park Lane]] respectively, hae royal connections, as dae the [[Albert Memorial]] an [[Royal Albert Hall]] in [[Kensington]]. [[Nelson's Column]] is a nationally recognised monument in [[Trafalgar squerr]], ane o the focal pynts o the ceety centre. Older biggins are mainly brick biggit, maist commonly the yellae [[Lunnon stock brick]] or a warm orange-red variety, eften decoratit wi carvings an white plaster [[moulding (decorative)|mouldings]].<ref name=Lunnon_077>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=A1&xml=/property/2008/03/27/lpgreen127.xml |title=Eco homes: Wooden it be lovely... ? |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=12 October 2008 |location=Lunnon |first=Sarah |last=Lonsdale |date=27 March 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0rvzUL?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- [[File:Buckingham Palace frae gardens, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|left|thumb|[[Buckingham Palace]] is the official residence o the British monarch]] --> In the dense airts, maist o the concentration is via medium- an heich-rise biggins. Lunnon's skyscrapers lik [[30 St Mary Axe]], [[Tower 42]], the [[Broadgate Tower]] an [[One Canada squerr]] are maistly in the twa financial destricts, the [[City o Lunnon]] an [[Canary Wharf]]. High-rise development is restrictit at certaint sites if it wad obstruct pertectit views o [[St Paul's Cathedral]] an ither historic biggins. Housomeiver, thare a nummer o verra heich skyscrapers in central Lunnon ''(see [[Tall biggins in Lunnon]])'', includin the 72-storey [[Shard Lunnon Bridge]], the [[Leet o heichest biggins in the European Union|heichest biggin in the European Union]]. Other notable modern biggins include [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]] in [[Southwark]] wi its distinctive oval shape,<ref name=Lunnon_079>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2129199.stm |title=Inside London's new 'glass egg' |date=16 July 2002 |work=BBC News |accessdate=26 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0sZ57q?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2129199.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> an the [[British Library]] in [[Somers Town, Lunnon|Somers Town]]/[[Keengs Cross, Lunnon|Kings Cross]]. What wis formerly the [[Millennium Dome]], bi the Thames tae the east o Canary Wharf, is nou an entertainment venue cried [[The O2 (Lunnon)|The O2 Arena]]. {{wide image|Horniman London skyline 2013.jpg|1000px|[[The Shard]] dominating the [[City o Lunnon]] skyline, as seen frae [[Forest Hill, Lunnon|Forest Hill]] in July 2013}} ===Natural history=== The Lunnon Natural History Society suggest that Lunnon is "one o the World's Greenest ceeties" wi mair nor 40 percent green space or open watter. Thay indicate that 2000 species o flowering plant hae been foond growin thare an that the [[Tideway|tidal Thames]] supports 120 species o fish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lnhs.org.uk/index.htm|title=Wildlife in London, England: LNHS Home page|work=lnhs.org.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2007-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212143739/http://www.lnhs.org.uk/Index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay forby state that ower 60 species o bird nest in [[central Lunnon]] an that thair members hae recordit 47 species o butterflee, 1173 moths an mair nor 270 kinds o speeder aroond Lunnon. Lunnon's [[wetland]] airts support nationally important populations o mony watter birds. Lunnon haes 38 [[Sites o Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSIs), twa [[National Nature Reserves]] an 76 [[Local Nature Reserves]].<ref>Lunnon Natural History Society.</ref> [[Amphibians]] are common in the caipital, includin [[smooth newt]]s livin bi the [[Tate Modern]], an common [[frog]]s, common [[toad]]s, [[palmate newt]]s an [[great crestit newt]]s, housamiver, native reptiles lik [[slow-worm]]s, [[common lizard]]s, [[grass snake]]s an [[Vipera berus|adder]]s, are maistly anly seen in [[outer Lunnon]].<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/27/london-amphibian-reptile-map "London's amphibians and reptile populations mapped". Laurie Tuffrey, ''The Guardian'', Friday 27 July 2012]</ref> [[File:Flickr - Duncan~ - Fox Trot.jpg|thumb|left|Fox on Ayres Street, [[Southwark]], [[South Lunnon]] ]] Amang ither indwallers o Lunnon are 10,000 tods, sae that thare are nou 16 tods for every squerr mile (2.6 squerr kilometres) o Lunnon. Thir urban tods are noticeably bolder than thair kintra cousins, sharin the pavement (sidewalk) wi pedestrians an raisin cubs in people's backyards. Tods hae even sneaked intae the [[Houses o Parliament]], whaur ane wis foond asleep on a filing cabinet. Anither broke intae the grunds o [[Buckingham Palace]], reportedly killin some o Queen Elizabeth II's prized [[pink flamingo]]s. Generally, housamiver, tods an ceety folk appear tae get alang. A survey in 2001 bi the Lunnon-based [[Mammal Society]] foond that 80 percent o Lunnoners liked haein them aroond.<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/foxes-london_2.html "10,000 Foxes Roam London". James Owen in London for ''National Geographic'' News, May 15, 2006]</ref> Other mammals foond in [[Greater Lunnon]] are [[hedgehog]]s, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, an squirrels,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond-park/richmond-park-attractions/wildlife/mammals|title=Mammals|work=The Royal Parks|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2020-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307135419/https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond-park/richmond-park-attractions/wildlife/mammals|url-status=dead}}</ref> In wilder areas o [[Outer Lunnon]], sic as [[Epping Forest]], a wide variety o mammals are foond includin [[hare]], [[brock]], field, bank an watter [[laund-moose]], [[wid moose]], [[yellae-neck moose]], [[mowdiwarp]], [[shrew]], an [[wheasel]], in addition tae tod, squirrel an hurcheon. A deid otter wis foond at The Highway, in [[Wapping]], aboot {{convert|1|mi|adj=on}} frae the [[Tower Bridge]], that wad suggest that thay hae begun tae muive back efter bein absence a hunner year frae the ceety.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/news/topstories/946018.londons_first_wild_otter_found/|title=London's first wild otter found|author=Peter Law|work=This Is Local Lunnon}}</ref> Ten o England's eighteen species o [[bat]]s hae been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius an common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's an leisler's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/wildlife-and-nature/Pages/Mammals.aspx|title=Mammals|work=cityofLunnon.gov.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2015-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318070552/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/wildlife-and-nature/Pages/Mammals.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Amang the strange sights seen in Lunnon hae been a whale in the Thames,<ref>Liam O'Brien, (24 March 2013). [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/dead-whale-found-floating-in-the-thames-estuary-will-be-examined-8547350.html "Dead whale found floating in the Thames Estuary 'will be examined'"]. ''The Independent on Sunday'' (Lunnon).</ref> while The BBC Twa programme "Natural World: Unnatural History o Lunnon", shaws pigeons uisin the [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] tae get aroond the ceety, a [[Pinniped|seal]] that taks fish frae [[fishmonger]]s athoot [[Billingsgate Fish Market]], an tods that will "sit" gif thay're gien sausages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/18428378?print=true|title=BBC Nature - A Question of Nature: How hidden is the UK's wild side?|work=BBC Nature}}</ref> Herds o [[red deer|red]] an [[fallow deer]] roam freely wiin hantle o [[Richmond Park|Richmond]] an [[Bushy Park]]. A cull takes place ilk November an Februar tae ensure nummers can be sustained.<ref name="Deer cull begins">{{cite news | url=http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/wandsworthnews/10026864.Richmond_Park_deer_cull_begins/ | title=Richmond Park deer cull begins | work=Wandsworth Guardian | date=5 November 2012 | accessdate=9 November 2012 | author=Rachel Bishop | location=Lunnon}}</ref> Epping Forest is kent for its [[fallow deer]] an aa, whilk can frequently be seen in herds tae the north o the Forest. A rare population o [[melanistic]], black fallow deer is forby maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near [[Theydon Bois]]. [[Muntjac deer]], that escaped frae deer parks at the turn o the twentieth century, are foond in the wid. While Lunnoners are accustomed tae wildlife sic as birds an tods sharin the ceety, mair recently urban deer hae becomin a regular featur, an hale herds o [[fallow deer|fallow]] an [[white tailed deer]] come intae residential airts at nicht tae tak advantage o the Lunnon's green spaces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/in-pictures-londons-urban-deer-9149902.html|title=In pictures: London's urban deer|work=The Evening Standard}}</ref> Thare are in Lunnon mony [[muntjak]] deer an aa, but acause thay are shy it is less common tae see them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.times-series.co.uk/news/9761337.Photographer_snaps_Muntjac_deer_in_Mill_Hill_garden/|title=Photographer snaps Muntjac deer in Mill Hill garden|author=Emma Innes|work=Times Series}}</ref> ==Demography== {{Main|Demographics o Lunnon}} {{Table Lunnon tap 28 birth kintras}}<!--- Ref name=Pop2001 ---> Wi increasin industrialisation, Lunnon's population grew rapidly outthrou the 19t an early 20t centuries, an it wis for some time in the late 19t an early 20t centuries the maist populous ceety in the warld. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately afore the outbreak o the Seicont World War, but haed declined tae 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. Housamiver, the population then grew by juist ower a million atween the 2001 an 2011 Censuses, tae reak 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration.<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/chd-we-figure-1.xls "2011 Census. London population"]. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 May 2015</ref> Houiver, Lunnon's continuous urban area extends ayont the borders o Greater Lunnon an wis home tae 9,787,426 people in 2011,<ref name="urbanpopulation"/> while its wider [[Lunnon metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] haes a population o atween 12 an 14&nbsp;million dependin on the definition uised.<ref name=metro_area_1>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|title=The Principal Agglomerations o the World|work=City Population|accessdate=3 March 2009|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5rRuMtUmh?url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|archivedate=2010-07-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=metro2>{{cite web |url=http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |title=British urban pattern: population data |accessdate=22 February 2010 |date=March 2007 |work=ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions |publisher=[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]] |page=119 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Accordin tae [[Eurostat]], Lunnon is the [[mucklemaist ceeties an metropolitan areas in the European Union (Eurostat)|maist populous ceety an metropolitan area o the European Union]] an the seicont [[Leet o metropolitan areas in Europe|maist populous in Europe]] (or third if [[Istanbul]] is included). in the period 1991–2001 a net 726,000&nbsp;immigrants arrived in Lunnon.<ref name="Immigration">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |title=Immigration rise increases segregation in British cities |last=Leppard |first=David |date=10 April 2005 |work=The Times |accessdate=8 August 2009 |location=Lunnon |archive-date=2008-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211185641/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref> The region covers an area o {{convert|1579|km2|sqmi}}. The population density is {{convert|5177|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}},<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |title=Metropolis World Association o the Major Metropolises |accessdate=3 May 2010 |isbn=978-0-7306-2020-4 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084411/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |url-status=dead }}</ref> mair nor ten times that o ony ither [[NUTS:UK|British region]].<ref name=Lunnon_087>{{cite web |url= http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/regional_snapshot/RS_Lon.pdf |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195152/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/regional_snapshot/RS_Lon.pdf |archivedate= 2008-06-24 |title= Population density o London: by London borough, 2006 |publisher= UK Statistics Authority |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> In terms o population, Lunnon is the 19t [[World's mucklemaist ceeties|mucklemaist ceety]] an the 18t [[Leet o metropolitan areas by population|mucklemaist metropolitan]] region in the warld. As o 2014, Lunnon haes the mucklemaist nummer o billionaires (British Pound Sterling) in the warld, wi 72 residing in the ceety.<ref name=Billionaires>{{cite news|title='Rich List' counts more than 100 UK billionaires|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27360032|accessdate=11 May 2014|newspaper=BBC News Online|date=11 May 2014}}</ref> Lunnon ranks as ane o the maist expensive ceeties in the warld, alongside Tokyo an Moscow.<ref name=Lunnon_089>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/11/pf/costofliving/ |title=World's Most Expensive Cities 2004 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=16 August 2007 |date=11 June 2004 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ygZWg?url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/11/pf/costofliving/ |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== {{Main|Ethnic groups in Lunnon}} {{Pie chart |thumb = left |caption = Ethnic groups in the 2011 census <ref name=2011censusdemo>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls "2011 Census: Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales"] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |date=2016-01-05 }}. [[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]. Retrieved 3 July 2014</ref> |label1 = White |value1 = 59.8 |color1 = Red |label2 = Asian |value2 = 18.4 |color2 = Orange |label3 = Black |value3 = 13.3 |color3 = Yellow |label4 = Mixed |value4 = 5 |color4 = Green |label5 = Arab |value5 = 1.3 |color5 = Blue |label6 = Other |value6 = 2.1 |color6 = Purple }} Accordin tae the [[Office for National Statistics]], based on the [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011 Census]] estimates, 59.8 per cent o the 8,173,941 indwallers o Lunnon war [[White people|White]], wi 44.9 per cent [[White British]], 2.2 per cent [[Irish migration tae Great Britain|White Irish]], 0.1 per cent [[Gypsy (term)|gypsy]]/[[Irish traveller]] an 12.1 per cent classifee'd as [[Other White]]. 20.9 per cent o Lunnoners are o [[British Asian|Asian]] an mixed-Asian strynd. 19.7 per cent are o full Asian strynd, wi those o mixed-Asian heritage comprisin 1.2 o the population. [[British Indien|Indiens]] accoont for 6.6 per cent o the population, followed by [[British Pakistanis|Pakistanis]] an [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshis]] at 2.7 per cent for ilk o thaim. [[British Chinese|Chinese]] fowks accoont for 1.5 per cent o the population, wi [[British Arabs|Arabs]] comprisin 1.3 per cent. A faur 4.9 per cent are classifee'd as "Other Asian". 15.6 per cent o Lunnon's population are o [[Black British|Black]] an mixed-Black strynd. 13.3 per cent are o fou Black strynd, wi thaim that's o mixed-Black heritage comprisin 2.3 per cent. [[Black British|Black Africans]] accoont for 7.0 per cent o Lunnon's population, wi 4.2 per cent as [[British African-Caribbean community|Black Caribbean]] an 2.1 per cent as "Other Black". 5.0 per cent are o [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|mixed race]]. athort Lunnon, [[Black British|Black]] an [[British Asian|Asian]] childer outnumber [[White British]] childer by aboot sax tae fower in state schuils.<ref name=Lunnon_094>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-o-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |title=One fifth o children frae ethnic minorities |author=Paton, Graeme |date=1 October 2007 |work=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=7 June 2008 |location=Lunnon |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5hYR0tUao?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |archivedate=2009-06-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> Altogether at the 2011 census, o Lunnon's 1,624,768 population aged 0 tae 15, 46.4 per cent war White, 19.8 per cent war Asian, 19 per cent war Black, 10.8 per cent war Mixed an 4 per cent representit anither ethnic group.<ref>{{cite web |author= ONS |url= https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/livelinks/12297.xlsx |title=LC2109EWls - Ethnic group by age |publisher=www.nomisweb.co.uk |accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref> In Januar 2005, a survey o Lunnon's ethnic an religious diversity claimed that thare war mair nor 300 leids spoken in Lunnon an mair nor 50 non-indigenous communities wi a population o mair nor 10,000.<ref name=Lunnon_090>{{cite news |url= http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jan/21/britishidentity1 |title= Every race, colour, nation and religion on earth |work= The Guardian |location= Lunnon |accessdate= 6 May 2008 |first= Leo |last= Benedictus |date= 21 January 2005 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0zlxGl?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jan/21/britishidentity1 |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> figurs frae the [[Office for National Statistics]] shaw that, {{as o|2010|alt=in 2010}}, Lunnon's furren-born population wis 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up frae 1,630,000 in 1997. The 2011 census shawed that 36.7 per cent o [[Greater Lunnon]]'s population war born athoot the UK.<ref name=Lunnon_092>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/H-A.asp |title=Census 2001: London |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |accessdate=3 June 2006 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo11Wpqv?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/H-A.asp |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The table tae the right shows the 30 maist common countries o birth o Lunnon residents in 2011, the date o the last published [[UK Census]].<ref name=Pop2011/> A portion o the German-born population are as lik as tae be British nationals born tae parents servin in the [[British Armed Forces]] in Germany.<ref name=Lunnon_095>{{cite book |url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=308 |title=Beyond Black and White: Mapping new immigrant communities |last=Kyambi |first=Sarah |date=7 September 2005 |accessdate=20 January 2007 |isbn=978-1-86030-284-8 |publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo11tc6i?url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=308 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Estimates produced bi the [[Office for National Statistics]] indicate that the five mucklemaist furren-born groups bidin in Lunnon in the period Julie 2009 tae Juin 2010 war those born in [[Indie]], Poland, the Republic o Ireland, Bangladesh an [[Nigerie]].<ref name=Estimates>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/population-by-country-o-birth-and-nationality-jul09-jun10.zip |title=Table 1.4: Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country o birth, July 2009 tae June 2010 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=7 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12D272?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-jul09-jun10.zip |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }} figur given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent [[confidence interval]]s.</ref> ===Releegion=== {{Main|Releegion in Lunnon}} {{bar box |title=[[Releegion in Lunnon|Releegion in Lunnon (2011 census)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |title=2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales |publisher=Ons.gov.uk |date=11 December 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent(%) |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|48.4}} {{bar percent|[[Irreleegion|No releegion]]|violet|20.7}} {{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|12.4}} {{bar percent|Undeclared|black|8.5}} {{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|5.0}} {{bar percent|[[Jewish]]|Blue|1.8}} {{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|1.5}} {{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|1.0}} {{bar percent|Ither|grey|0.6}} }} Accordin tae the [[2011 UK Census|2011 Census]], the mucklemaist releegious groupins are [[Christianity|Christians]] (48.4 per cent), follaed bi those o [[Irreleegion|no releegion]] (20.7 per cent), [[Islam|Muslims]] (12.4 per cent), nae reponse (8.5 per cent), [[Hinduism|Hindus]] (5.0 per cent), [[Judaism|Jews]] (1.8 per cent), [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] (1.5 per cent), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (1.0 per cent) an ither (0.6 per cent). Lunnon haes tradeetionally been Christian, an haes a [[Leet o kirks in Lunnon|hantle o kirks]], parteecularly in the Ceety o Lunnon. The well-kent [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in the Ceety an [[Southwark Cathedral]] sooth o the river are [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] admeenistrative centres,<ref name=Lunnon_096>{{cite web|url=http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&pointerid=97320F44yHMK9hndcXZBD5sVH4m52Yc0|title=About Saint Paul's Cathedral|publisher=Dean an Chapter St Paul's|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407082352/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&pointerid=97320F44yHMK9hndcXZBD5sVH4m52Yc0|archivedate=2008-04-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the [[Archbishop o Canterbury]], principal bishop o the [[Krik o Ingland]] an warldwide [[Anglican Communion]], haes his main residence at [[Lambeth Palace]] in the [[Lunnon Borough o Lambeth]].<ref name=Lunnon_097>{{cite web|url=http://www.lambethpalacelibrary.org/|title=Lambeth Palace Library|publisher=Lambeth Palace Library|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12b6iD?url=http://www.lambethpalacelibrary.org/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Important national an royal ceremonies are shared atween [[St Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's]] an [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name=Lunnon_098>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/|title=Westminster Abbey|publisher=Dean an Chapter o Westminster|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12pvY3?url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The Abbey is nae tae be confused wi nearby [[Westminster Cathedral]], that is the mucklemaist [[Roman Catholic]] cathedral in [[England an Wales]].<ref name=Lunnon_099>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/home.html|title=West Minster Cathedral|publisher=Westminster Cathedral|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327041736/http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/home.html|archivedate=2008-03-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite the prevalence o Anglican kirks, observance is verra laich wiin the Anglican denomination. Kirk attendance continues on a lang, slaw, steady decline, accordin tae Kirk o Ingland statistics.<ref name=Lunnon_100>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.cofe.anglican.org/info/statistics/2007provisionalattendance.pdf |title=Church o England Statistics |publisher=Church o England |accessdate=6 June 2008 |ref=harv |journal= |archive-date=2014-07-09 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140709133529/http://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/facts-stats.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:St Paul's Cathedral, 26 August 2012 (2).jpg|thumb|right|[[St Paul's Cathedral]]]] Lunnon is hame tae sizeable [[Muslim]], [[Hindu]], [[Sikh]], an [[Jewish]] commonties an aw. Notable mosques include the [[East Lunnon Mosque]] in Touer Hamlets, [[Lunnon Central Mosque]] on the edge o [[Regent's Park]] an the [[Baitul Futuh]] Mosque o the [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]]. Follaein the ile boom, increasin nummers o wealthy Hindus an [[Middle-East]]ren Muslims hae based themselves aroond [[Mayfair]] an [[Knightsbridge]] in Wast Lunnon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhchic.com/history/sikhbritons_second_wealthiest_government_report|title=sikhchic.com - The Art and Culture o the Diaspora - Sikh-Britons Second Wealthiest: Government Report|work=sikhchic.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2013/03/14/comment-british-sikhs-are-the-best-example-o-cultural-integ|title=Comment: British Sikhs are the best insample o cultural integration|work=politics.co.uk}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_102>{{cite web |url= http://www.standard.co.uk/news/the-300-billion-arabs-are-coming-6890813.html |author= Bill, Peter |title= The $300&nbsp;billion Arabs are coming |work= Lunnon Evening Standard |date= 29 May 2008 |accessdate= 3 July 2013 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo15MyJm?url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23488244-the-300-billion-arabs-are-coming.do |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> Thare muckle Muslim commonties in the eastren boroughs o [[Lunnon Borough o Touer Hamlets|Touer Hamlets]] an [[Lunnon Borough o Newham|Newham]].<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211026 Census 2001 Key Statistics, Local Authorities in England and Wales] Office for National Statistics</ref> lairge Hindu communities are in the north-wastren boroughs o [[Lunnon Borough o Harrow|Harrow]] an [[Lunnon Borough o Brent|Brent]]; the latter is hame tae Europe's mucklemaist [[Hindu temple]], [[Neasden Temple]].<ref name=Lunnon_103>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/19/hindu_london_feature.shtml |title= Hindu London |date= 6 June 2005 |publisher= BBC Lunnon |accessdate= 3 June 2006 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060218161357/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/19/hindu_london_feature.shtml |archivedate= 2006-02-18 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon is hame tae 42 Hindu temples. Thare are Sikh communities in East an West Lunnon, parteecularly in Southall, hame tae ane o the mucklemaist Sikh populations an the mucklemaist Sikh temple ootside Indie.<ref name=Lunnon_104>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2898761.stm |title=£17&nbsp;m Sikh temple opens |date=30 March 2003 |work=BBC News |accessdate=7 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo18FMYP?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2898761.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The majority o [[Breetish Jews]] live in Lunnon, wi signeeficant Jewish commonties in [[Stamford Hill]], [[Stanmore]], [[Golders Green]], [[Finchley]], [[Hampstead]], [[Hendon]] an [[Edgware]] in [[North Lunnon]]. [[Bevis Marks Synagogue]] in the [[Ceety o Lunnon]] is affiliatit tae Lunnon's heestoric [[Sephardic]] Jewish commonty. It is the anly synagogue in Europe that haes held regular services continuously for ower 300 year. [[Stanmore an Canons Pairk Synagogue]] haes the mucklemaist membership o ony single Orthodox synagogue in the whole o Europe, owertakin [[Ilford]] synagogue (in Lunnon an aa) in 1998.<ref name=Lunnon_106>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/Partnerships/Regions/Kavimut/Britain+Communities/Stanmore+11.htm |publisher=The Jewish Agency for Israel |title=Stanmore |accessdate=12 October 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo18Qcmw?url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/Partnerships/Regions/Kavimut/Britain+Communities/Stanmore+11.htm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The commonity set up the [[unnon Jewish Forum]] in 2006 in response tae the growin signeeficance o devolved Lunnon Govrenment.<ref name=Lunnon_107>{{cite news |last=Paul |first=Jonny |date=10 December 2006 |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1178443551.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+10%2C+2006&author=JONNY+PAUL%2C+Jerusalem+Post+correspondent&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=05&desc=Livingstone+apologizes+to+UK+Jews |title=Livingstone apologizes tae UK's Jews |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo19jSJq?url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1164881856232 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Accent=== Thare are mony accents that are tradeetionally thocht on as Lunnon accents. The maist weel kent o the Lunnon accents lang syne acquired the [[Cockney]] label, that is haurd baith in Lunnon itself, an athort the wider [[South East England]] region mair generally.<ref>"Cracking Up!". p. 178. Lulu.com</ref> The accent o a 21st-century 'Lunnoner' varies widely; what is becomin mair an mair common amongst the unner-30s houiver is some fusion o Cockney wi a whole array o 'ethnic' accents, in parteecular [[Caribbean]], that form an accent labelled [[Multicultural Lunnon English]] (MLE).<ref name="MCLE">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/jafaican-and-tikkiny-drown-out-the-east-ends-cockney-twang-473688.html|title=Jafaican and Tikkiny drown out the East End's Cockney twang|first=Jonathan|last=Brown|work=[[The Independent]]|location=Lunnon|date=11 April 2006|accessdate=22 August 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK682mq?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/jafaican-and-tikkiny-drown-out-the-east-ends-cockney-twang-473688.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> The ither widely heard an spoken accent is RP ([[Received Pronunciation]]) in various forms, that can aften be haurd in the media an mony o ither traditional professions an ayont this area, tho this accent isnae leemitit tae Lunnon an South East England, an can be haurd selectively atouer the hale UK amang certaint social groupins. ==Economy== {{Main|Economy o Lunnon|Media in Lunnon}} [[File:The City London.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[City o Lunnon]] is ane o the lairgest financial centres in the warld.<ref name="Mastercard" /><ref name="forbes.com" />]] Lunnon generates aboot 20 per cent o [[Economy o the Unitit Kinrick|the UK's GDP]]<ref name="Lunnon's place in economy">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's place in the UK economy, 2005–06 |publisher=City o Lunnon |accessdate=11 March 2008 |archive-date=2006-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525075622/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> (or $446&nbsp;billion in 2005); while the economy o the [[Lunnon metropolitan area]]—[[Leet o ceeties by GDP#Europe, Western|the lairgest in Europe]]—generates aboot 30 per cent o the UK's GDP (or an estimatit $669&nbsp;billion in 2005).<ref name=Lunnon_109>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/073-85.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195153/http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/073-85.pdf|archivedate=2008-06-24|title=The Economic Positioning of Metropolitan Areas in North Western Europe|date=December 2002|publisher=The Institute for Urban Planning an Development o the Paris Île-de-France Region|accessdate=27 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lunnon is ane o the pre-eminent financial centres o the warld an vies wi New York ceety as the maist important location for international finance.<ref name="economist1">{{Cite news |title=After the fall |work=[[The Economist]] |date=29 November 2007 |location=Lunnon |url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDNDRPTT |accessdate=15 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1CAPd8?url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDNDRPTT |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="economist2">{{Cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753240 |title=Financial Centres&nbsp;— Magnets for money |date=13 September 2007 |work=The Economist |location=Lunnon |accessdate=15 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1CVVgP?url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753240 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon's lairgest industry is finance, an its [[financial export]]s mak it a lairge contributor tae the UK's [[balance o payments]]. Aroond 325,000 fowk wis employed in financial services in Lunnon til mid-2007. Lunnon haes ower 480 owerseas banks, mair nor ony ither ceety in the warld. Ower 85 percent (3.2&nbsp;million) o the employed population o greater Lunnon works in the services industries. Acause o its prominent global role, Lunnon's economy haed been affectit bi the [[Late-2000s financial crisis]]. Housamiver, by 2010 the ceety haes recovered; pit in place new regulatory powers, proceedit tae regain lost ground an re-established Lunnon's economic parity wi New York.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/business/global/21rglofinuk.html?_r=0</ref> The [[City o Lunnon]] is home tae the [[Bank o England]], [[Lunnon Stock Exchange]], an [[Lloyd's o Lunnon]] insurance mercat. Ower hauf o the UK's tap 100 listit companies (the [[FTSE 100]]) an ower 100 o Europe's 500 lairgest companies hae thair headquarters in central Lunnon. Ower 70 per cent o the FTSE 100 are athin Lunnon's metropolitan area, an 75 per cent o [[Fortune 500]] companies hae offices in Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_113>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/|title=London Stock Exchange|year=2008|publisher=Lunnon Stock Exchange plc.|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1FWjWx?url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Canary-wharf-one.jpg|thumb|right|[[Canary Wharf]] is ane o the biggest financial centres in Europe an is hame tae some o the [[Leet o tallest biggins in the Unitit Kinrick|UK's tallest biggins]].]] Alang wi [[professional services]], media companies are [[Media in Lunnon|concentratit in Lunnon]] an the media distribution industry is Lunnon's seicont maist competitive sector.<ref name=Lunnon_114>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's Place in the UK Economy, 2005–6 |date=November 2005 |work=Oxford Economic Forecasting on behalf o the Corporation o Lunnon |page=19 |accessdate=19 June 2006 |archive-date=2006-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525075622/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[BBC]] is a significant employer, while ither broadcasters hae heidquarters aroond the ceety an aa. Mony [[Leet o newspapers in the Unitit Kinrick|naitional newspapers]] are editit in Lunnon. Lunnon is a major retail centre an in 2010 haed the heichest non-food retail sales o ony ceety in the warld, wi a tot spend o aroond £64.2&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217|title=London tops world cities spending league|accessdate=29 April 2011|agency=Reuters|date=17 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1FVjQo?url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217|archivedate=2011-05-19|first=Mark|last=Potter|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Port o Lunnon]] is the seicont-lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick, handlin 45&nbsp;million [[tonne]]s o cargo ilka year.<ref name=handling/> Lunnon haes five major business destricts: the ceety, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington an Lambeth & Southwark. One wey tae get an idea o thair relative importance is tae leuk at relative amounts o office space: Greater Lunnon haed 27&nbsp;million m<sup>2</sup> o office space in 2001, an the ceety conteens the maist space, wi 8&nbsp;million m<sup>2</sup> o office space. Lunnon haes some o the heichest real estate prices in the warld.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/2784634/Highgate-trumps-Chelsea-as-priciest-postcode.html | location=Lunnon | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Felix | last=Lowe | title=Highgate trumps Chelsea as priciest postcode | date=19 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/12/11/postcodes-uk-expensive-forbeslife-cx_po_1212realestate.html | work=Forbes | title=U.K.'s Most Expensive Postcodes | date=12 December 2007}}</ref> A growin nummer o technology companies are based in Lunnon notably in [[East Lunnon Tech ceety]], forby kent as Silicon Roundabout. In Aprile 2014, the ceety wis amang the first tae receive a [[geoTLD]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mydotlondon.com/domain-availability/|title=Availability|work=mydotLunnon.com|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2014-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202113544/http://mydotlondon.com/domain-availability/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Februar 2014 Lunnon wis ranked as the European ceety o the Future <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/london-named-as-european-city-of-the-future | location=Lunnon | work=Lunnon&Partners | title=London named as European City of the Future | date=17 February 2014 | access-date=2015-06-04 | archive-date=2018-06-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625162127/http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/london-named-as-european-city-of-the-future | url-status=dead }}</ref> in the 2014/15 leet by [[FDi Magazine]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2014-15 | location=Lunnon | work=fDiIntelligence.com | title=European Cities and Regions of the Future 2014/15 | date=17 February 2014 | access-date=2015-06-04 | archive-date=2014-11-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112110111/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2014-15 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon haes the heichest property prices o ony European ceety accordin tae the Office for National Statistics an the European Office o Statistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/uk-european-cities.html|title=City Mayors: UK and European cities compared|work=citymayors.com}}</ref> On average the price per squerr metre in central Lunnon is €24,252 (Aprile 2014). This is higher than the property prices in ither G8 European caipital ceeties; Berlin €3,306, Rome €6,188 an Paris €11,229.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Europe/United-Kingdom/square-meter-prices|title=Price per Square Meter United Kingdom - British Cost per Square Meter|author=Global Property Guide|work=Global Property Guide}}</ref> The gas an electricity distribution networks that manage an operate the touers, cables an pressure systems that deliver energy tae consumers athort the ceety are managed by [[National Grid plc]], [[SGN (company)|SGN]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gas distributors|url=https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/gas/distribution-networks/gb-gas-distribution-network|website=www.ofgem.gov.uk/|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref> an [[UK Power Networks]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Electricity distributor|url=http://www2.nationalgrid.com/uk/Our-company/electricity/Distribution-Network-Operator-Companies/|website=www2.nationalgrid.com/|accessdate=15 September 2014|archive-date=2014-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914184550/http://www2.nationalgrid.com/uk/Our-company/electricity/Distribution-Network-Operator-Companies/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Lunnon}} [[File:British Museum from NE 2 (cropped).JPG|thumb|250pg|The British Museum]] Lunnon is a popular centre for [[Tourism in Lunnon|tourism]], ane o its prime industries, employin the equivalent o 350,000 fou-time workers in 2003,<ref name=Lunnon_117>{{cite web|url=http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/02/15/27958/london-is-the-hr-centre-of-opportunity-in-the-uk.html|title=London is the HR centre of opportunity in the UK|date=15 February 2005|publisher=PersonnelToday.com|accessdate=3 June 2006|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1GNS8r?url=http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/02/15/27958/london-is-the-hr-centre-of-opportunity-in-the-uk.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> while annual expenditure by tourists is aroond £15&nbsp;billion.<ref name=Lunnon_118>"{{cite web |url= http://www.visitlondon.com/uploads/8551importanceoflondon_2004jun.pdf |title= The Importance of Tourism in London |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053808/http://www.visitlondon.com/uploads/8551importanceoflondon_2004jun.pdf |archivedate= 2007-06-28 |ref= harv |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}", Visit Lunnon. Retrieved 3 June 2006.</ref> Lunnon attracks ower 14&nbsp;million international visitors a year; that gars it Europe's maist visitit ceety.<ref name=EuromonitorCityRanking>{{cite web|url=http://blog.euromonitor.com/2012/01/euromonitor-internationals-top-city-destinations-ranking1-.html|title=Euromonitor International's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking |publisher=Euromonitor International|date=10 January 2012|accessdate=25 February 2012}}</ref> Lunnon attracts 27&nbsp;million overnicht-stay visitors every year.<ref name="Lunnon 101">"{{cite web |url= http://corporate.visitlondon.com/ems/downloads/8112london101.pdf |title= London 101: One Hundred and One Amazing Facts About London |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053808/http://corporate.visitlondon.com/ems/downloads/8112london101.pdf |archivedate= 2007-06-28 |ref= harv |publisher= Visit Lunnon |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 2010 the ten maist-visitit attractions in Lunnon war:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitlondon.com/attractions/culture/top-ten-attractions |title=Top 10 London Attractions |publisher=Visit Lunnon |date=1 April 2011 |accessdate=26 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Gbp7Y?url=http://www.visitlondon.com/attractions/culture/top-ten-attractions |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> # [[British Museum]] # [[Tate Modern]] # [[National Gallery]] # [[Natural History Museum, Lunnon|Natural History Museum]] # [[Imperial War Museum]] # [[Science Museum (Lunnon)|Science Museum]] # [[Victoria an Albert Museum]] # [[Madame Tussauds]] # [[National Maritime Museum]] # [[Tower o Lunnon]] ===Housing crisis=== {{Main|Affordability o housing in the Unitit Kinrick}} Thousans o faimlies athoot hames fin thairsels stuck in emergency accommodation for at least twa year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Housing shortage leaves homeless families 'stuck' in hostels for two years |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/housing-shortage-leaves-homeless-families-stuck-in-hostels-for-two-years-9652684.html |newspaper=The Independent |location= Lunnon |date= 6 August 2014 |author= Emily Dugan |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> A growthe in the nummer o UK households haes led tae the homeless charity [[Shelter (charity)|Shelter]] statin: "This growth is a result o people livin langer, mair fowk livin on thair lanesomes or in weeer hoosehauds, an net migration."<ref>{{cite web |title= Immigration and housing |url= http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/132030/Factsheet_Immigration_and_housing.pdf |publisher= Shelter |page= 9 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |archive-date= 2014-11-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141128122805/http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/132030/Factsheet_Immigration_and_housing.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Transport== {{Main|Transport in Lunnon|Infrastructure in Lunnon}} [[File:Black London Cab.jpg|right|thumb|A black Lunnon taxi, forbye kent as a [[hackney carriage]].]] Transport is ane o the fower main area o policy administered bi the Mayor o Lunnon,<ref name=Lunnon_121>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/|title=Transport for London|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msa508h4?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/|archivedate=2010-01-18|url-status=live}}</ref> houiver the mayor's financial control disnae extend tae the langer distance rail network that enters Lunnon. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, that nou form the [[Lunnon Overground]] network, adding tae the existin responsibility for the Lunnon Unnergrund, trams an buses. The public transport network is administered by [[Transport for Lunnon]] (TfL) an is ane o the priceymaist in the warld. The lines that formed the Lunnon Unnergrund, as weel as trams an buses, became pairt o an integratit transport system in 1933 when the [[Lunnon Passenger Transport Board]] or ''[[Lunnon Transport (brand)|Lunnon Transport]]'' wis creatit. Transport for Lunnon is nou the statutory corporation responsible for maist aspects o the transport system in Greater Lunnon, an is run by a board an a commissioner appyntit bi the [[Mayor o Lunnon]].<ref name=stat_tfl>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/help/faq.jsp#transport|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019055413/http://www.london.gov.uk/help/faq.jsp#transport|archivedate=2007-10-19|title=How do I find out about transport in London?|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|accessdate=5 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Aviation=== {{Main|Airports o Lunnon}} [[File:Heathrow Terminal 5C Iwelumo-1.jpg|thumb|[[Lunnon Heathrow Airport]] is the busiest airport in the UK an Europe as well as the seicont busiest in the warld for international passenger traffic. ([[Lunnon Heathrow Terminal 5|Terminal 5]]C is pictured]] Lunnon is a major international air transport hub wi the lairgest ceety airspace in the warld.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} Aicht airports uise the wird ''Lunnon'' in thair name, but maist traffic passes throu sax o thir. [[Lunnon Heathrow Airport]], in [[Lunnon Borough o Hillingdon|Hillingdon]], West Lunnon, is the [[World's busiest airport|busiest airport in the warld]] for international traffic, an is the major hub o the naition's banner carrier, [[British Airways]].<ref name=Lunnon_135>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrowairport.com/|title=BAA Heathrow: Official Website|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|archive-date=2011-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195656/http://www.heathrowairport.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Mairch 2008 its fift terminal wis opened.<ref name=Lunnon_137>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrow-airport-uk.info/heathrow-airport-terminal-5.htm|title=Heathrow Airport Terminal 5|publisher=TMC Ltd|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1I83JE?url=http://www.heathrow-airport-uk.info/heathrow-airport-terminal-5.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Thare war plans for a third runway an a sixth terminal houiver thir war cancelled bi the [[Unitit Kinrick coalition government (2010–present)|Coalition Government]] on 12 Mey 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8678282.stm |title=Heathrow runway plans scrapped by new government |work=BBC News |date=12 May 2010 |accessdate=30 January 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1J2Xuu?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8678282.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Similar traffic, wi some [[Low-cost carrier|cheap]] [[short-haul]] flights, is forbye handled at [[Gatwick Airport]], sooth o Lunnon in [[West Sussex]].<ref name=Lunnon_139>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatwickairport.com/|title=BAA Gatwick: Gatwick Airport|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1JBGRX?url=http://www.gatwickairport.com/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lunnon Stanstit Airport|Stanstit Airport]], north east o Lunnon in [[Essex]], is a local UK hub an [[Lunnon Luton Airport|Luton Airport]] tae the north o Lunnon in [[Bedfordshire]], caters maistly for cheap short-haul flights.<ref name=Lunnon_140>{{cite book|url=http://www.stanstedairport.com/|title=BAA Stansted : Stansted Airport|year=2008|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|isbn=978-0-86039-476-1|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1JkALo?url=http://www.stanstedairport.com/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_141>{{cite book|url=http://www.london-luton.co.uk/en/|title=London Luton Airport|publisher=Lunnon Luton Airport|accessdate=27 April 2008|isbn=978-0-11-510256-1|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1KGPZQ?url=http://www.london-luton.co.uk/en/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lunnon ceety Airport]], the weeest an maist central airport, in [[Lunnon Borough o Newham|Newham]], East Lunnon, is focused on business travellers, wi a mixtur o fou service short-haul schedult flichts an considerable [[business jet]] traffic.<ref name=Lunnon_142>{{cite web|url=http://www.londoncityairport.com/Default.aspx|title=London City Airport&nbsp;— Corporate Information|publisher=Lunnon ceety Airport Ltd.|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Kyrhl?url=http://www.londoncityairport.com/Default.aspx|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lunnon Southend Airport]], east o Lunnon in [[Essex]], is a smawer, regional airport that mainly caters for cheap short-haul flights. The [[Airports Commission]] is due tae report in Summer 2015 on future expansion o airport capacity. ===Rail=== ====Underground an DLR==== [[File:Baker Street tube station MMB 19 S Stock.jpg|thumb|The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] is the warld's auldest an seicont-langest [[rapid transit]] system]] The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]], commonly referred tae as the Tube, is the auldest<ref name="Metro">{{Cite book |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1604.aspx |title=London Underground: History|author=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=30 December 2012|isbn=978-0-904711-30-1 |ref=harv }}</ref> an seicont langest<ref name="railwaygazette.com"/> [[rapid transit|metro]] system in the warld. The system serves 270 [[metro station|stations]]<ref name="facts">{{Cite journal |title=Key facts |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1608.aspx |accessdate=15 October 2009 |ref=harv }}</ref> an wis formed frae several private companies, includin the warld's first unnerground electric line, the [[City an South Lunnon Railway]].<ref name="UrbanRail">{{cite book|url=http://de.geocities.com/u_london/london.htm|title=London Underground|last=Schwandl|first=Robert|year=2001|publisher=UrbanRail.net|accessdate=24 September 2006|isbn=978-3-936573-01-5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006013919/http://de.geocities.com/u_london/london.htm|archivedate=2006-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> It dates frae 1863. Ower three million journeys is made ilk a day on the Underground network, ower 1&nbsp;billion ilk a year.<ref name=Lunnon_124>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/7103.html |title=Tube breaks record for passenger numbers |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |date=27 December 2007 |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJy1HWj?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/7103.html |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> An investment programme is attemptin tae reduce congestion an impruive reliability, includin £6.5&nbsp;billion (€7.7&nbsp;billion) spent afore the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The London 2012 legacy |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/25869.aspx|publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate= 11 August 2013}}</ref> The [[Docklands Light Railway]], that opened in 1987, is a seicont, mair local metro system uisin smawer an lighter tram-teep vehicles that serve [[Lunnon Docklands|Docklands]] an [[Greenwich]]. ====Suburban==== [[File:King's Cross Western Concourse.jpg|thumb|[[Keeng's Cross railway station]] Western Concourse]] Thare are 366 [[railway stations]] in the [[Lunnon fare zones|Lunnon Travelcard Zones]] on an extensive abuin-ground suburban railway network. South Lunnon, parteecularly, haes a heich concentration o railways as it haes fewer Underground lines. Maist rail lines terminate aroond the centre o Lunnon, running intae [[Lunnon station group|eighteen terminal stations]], cep for the [[Thameslink]] trains connecting [[Bedford]] in the north an [[Brighton]] in the sooth via [[Lunnon Luton Airport|Luton]] an [[Gatwick Airport|Gatwick]] airports.<ref name="Lunnon_127">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/Main.php?sEvent=HomePage |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nDd2BCwh?url=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/Main.php?sEvent=HomePage |archivedate=2010-02-01 |title=First Capital Connect |publisher=First Capital Connect |accessdate=27 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon haes Britain's busiest station&nbsp;by nummer o passengers – [[Lunnon Waterloo station|Waterloo]], wi ower 184&nbsp;million people uisin the interchange station complex (whilk includes [[Lunnon Waterloo East railway station|Waterloo East]] station) ilka year.<ref name="National Rail Station Usage">{{cite web |url= http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 |title= Rail Station Usage |publisher= Office o Rail Regulation |accessdate= 24 October 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5QO6kHRpk?url=http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 |archivedate= 2007-07-17 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Tube exits">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/modesoftransport/tube/performance/default.asp?onload=entryexit |title=Tube exits |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=24 October 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QW719FI3?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/modesoftransport/tube/performance/default.asp?onload=entryexit |archivedate=2007-07-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{rws|Clapham Junction}} is the busiest station in Europe bi the nummer o trains passing. Wi the need for mair rail capacity in Lunnon, [[Crossrail]] is due tae open in 2018. It will be a new railway line runnin east tae wast throu Lunnon an intae the [[Home Counties]] wi a branch tae [[Heathrow Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/maps/regional-map |title=Crossrail Regional Map |publisher= Crossrail |accessdate=8 September 2013}}</ref> It is Europe's biggest construction project, wi a £15 billion projectit cost.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16289051 |work=BBC News |title= Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled |date=2 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html |newspaper=The Independent on Sunday |location= Lunnon |title= Crossrail delayed tae save £1bn |date=29 August 2010 |first= Mark |last= Leftly}}</ref> ====Inter-city an international==== [[File:St Pancras railway station MMB B9 373213.jpg|thumb|[[St Pancras railway station]] is the main terminal for heich speed [[Eurostar]] an [[HS1]] services, as well as suburban [[Thameslink]] an [[East Midlands Trains]] services.]] Lunnon is the centre o the [[National Rail]] network, wi 70 percent o rail journeys stairtin or endin in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rail|url=http://londonfirst.co.uk/our-focus/londons-transport-infrastructure/rail/|work=Lunnon First|publisher=Lunnon First|accessdate=5 April 2014|archive-date=2014-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083946/http://londonfirst.co.uk/our-focus/londons-transport-infrastructure/rail/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lik suburban rail services, regional an inter-ceety trains depart frae several termini aroon the ceety centre, linkin Lunnon wi the rest o Britain includin [[Cambridge]], [[Bristol]], [[Cardiff]], [[Exeter]], [[Birmingham]], [[Holyhead]], [[Sheffield]], [[Southampton]], [[Leeds]], [[Manchester]], [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]], [[Edinburgh]] an [[Glasgow]]. Some international railway services tae [[Continental Europe]] wis operatit during the 20t century as [[boat train]]s, lik the ''[[Admiraal de Ruijter (train)|Admiraal de Ruijter]]'' tae [[Amsterdam]] an the ''[[Night Ferry]]'' tae Paris an Brussels. The openin o the [[Channel Tunnel]] in 1994 connectit Lunnon directly tae the continental rail network, allouin [[Eurostar]] services tae begin. Syne 2007, heich-speed trains link [[St Pancras railway station|St. Pancras International]] wi [[Lille]], [[Paris]], [[Brussels]] an European tourist destinations via the [[High Speed 1]] rail link an the [[Channel Tunnel]].<ref name=Lunnon_128>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurostar.com/dynamic/index.jsp;ERSPRDSession=LJqZB7nyKlW9lVLvZzK534LvMjL519fPDS4R0QGn51CprylVmjH8!685848002 |title=Eurostar |publisher=Eurostar |accessdate=6 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJz4xiY?url=http://www.eurostar.com/dynamic/index.jsp;ERSPRDSession=LJqZB7nyKlW9lVLvZzK534LvMjL519fPDS4R0QGn51CprylVmjH8!685848002 |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first [[Southeastern (train operating company)|heich-speed domestic]] trains stairtit in Juin 2009 linking [[Kent]] tae Lunnon.<ref name="Southeastern Highspeed">{{cite web |url=http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/highspeed/ |title=Highspeed |publisher=Southeastern |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJzQVXK?url=http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/highspeed/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare plans for a [[High Speed 2|seicont heich speed line]] linkin Lunnon tae the Midlands, North West England, an Yorkshire. ====Freight==== Awtho [[rail freight]] levels are far doun compared tae thair heicht, significant quantities o cargo are forby carried intae an oot o Lunnon by rail; chiefly biggin materials an [[landfill]] waste.<ref name="Freight Plan">August 2007, [https://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/rail-freight-strategy-aug-2007.pdf Rail Freight Strategy], [[Lunnon Rail]]</ref> As a major hub o the British railway network, Lunnon's tracks forby cairy lairge amounts o freight for the ither regions, sic as [[containerisation|container freight]] frae the Channel Tunnel an [[English Channel]] ports, an [[nuclear waste]] for [[nuclear reprocessing|reprocessing]] at [[Sellafield]].<ref name="Freight Plan"/> ===Buses an trams=== [[File:Arriva London bus DW262 (LJ59 GUA), 18 September 2010.jpg|thumb|The [[Lunnon buses|red double decker bus]] is an iconic seembol o Lunnon]] Lunnon's [[Lunnon Buses|bus network]] is ane o the lairgest in the warld, runnin 24 oor a day, wi aboot 8,500 buses, mair nor 700 bus routes an aroond 19,500 bus stops.<ref name="Buses">{{cite web|title=What we do – Buses|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/buses|work=Transport for Lunnon|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref> In 2013, the network haed mair nor 2 billion commuter trips per annum, mair nor the Underground.<ref name="Buses"/> Aroond £850&nbsp;million is taen in revenue ilk a year. Lunnon haes the lairgest wheelchair accessible network in the warld<ref name=Lunnon_131>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3609.html|title=London's bus improvements get Parliamentary seal of approval|date=23 May 2006|publisher=Transport For Lunnon|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1M9NgV?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3609.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> an, frae the 3rd quarter o 2007, becam mair accessible tae hearin- an sicht- impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements wis introduced. The distinctive reid [[double-decker bus]]es is a international recognised trademark o Lunnon transport alang wi [[Hackney carriage|black cabs]] an the Tube.<ref name=Lunnon_132>{{cite web |url= http://www.londonblackcabs.co.uk/ |title= London Black Cabs |publisher= Lunnon Black Cabs |accessdate= 27 April 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1MLOHV?url=http://www.londonblackcabs.co.uk/ |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_133>{{cite web |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modalpages/2625.aspx |title= Tube |publisher= [[Transport for Lunnon]] |accessdate= 27 April 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJwfagc?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modalpages/2625.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-20 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon haes a modern tram network, kent as [[Tramlink]], centred on [[Croydon]] in [[South Lunnon]]. The network haes 39 stops an fower routes, an carried 28&nbsp;million bodies in 2013.<ref name=Trams>{{cite web|title=What we do – Trams|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/tramlink|work=Transport for Lunnon|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref> Syne Juin 2008 [[Transport for Lunnon]] haes completely owned Tramlink, an it plans tae spend £54m by 2015 on maintenance, renewals, upgrades an capacity enhancements.<ref name=Lunnon_134>{{cite web |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/tramlink-factsheet.pdf |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5o8t78IGj?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/tramlink-factsheet.pdf |archivedate= 2010-03-11 |date= Summer 2009 |publisher= Transport for Lunnon |title= Tramlink Factsheet |accessdate= 19 February 2010 |url-status= live }}</ref> ===Cable car=== Lunnon's first an anly cable car, kent as the [[Emirates Air Line (cable car)|Emirates Air Line]], opened in Juin 2012. Crossin the [[River Thames]], linking [[Greenwich Peninsula]] an the [[Royal Docks]] in the east o the ceety, the cable car is integratit wi Lunnon's Oyster Card ticketing system. ===Cycling=== [[File:Blue, Yellow and Red Boris Bikes 2015-05-01.jpg|thumb|[[Santander Cycles|Cycle hire]] docking station|200x200px]] [[Cycling in Lunnon|Cycling]] is an increasingly popular wey tae get aroond Lunnon. The launch o [[Santander Cycles|a cycle hire scheme]] in Julie 2010 haes been successfu an generally weel received. The [[Lunnon Cycling Campaign]] lobbies for better provision.<ref name="Lunnon_122">{{cite web|url=http://www.lcc.org.uk/|title=London Cycling Campaign|date=20 November 2006|publisher=Rosanna Downes|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Hlskj?url=http://www.lcc.org.uk/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Port an river boats=== Frae bein the lairgest port in the warld, the [[Port o Lunnon]] is nou anly the seicont-lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick, handling 45 million tonnes o cargo each year.<ref name=handling>{{cite web |url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/maritime/ports/provportstats2009 |title=ARCHIVED CONTENT&#93; Provisional Port Statistics 2009 |publisher=Department for Transport&nbsp;– Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |accessdate=26 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJx5cho?url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/maritime/ports/provportstats2009 |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Most o this actually passes throu the [[Port o Tilbury]], ootside the boundary o Greater Lunnon. Lunnon haes frequent river boat services on the Thames kent as [[Thames Clippers]]. Thir run up tae every 20 minutes atween [[Embankment Pier]] an [[North Greenwich Pier]]. The [[Woolwich Ferry]], wi 2.5 million passengers every year,<ref>[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/27762.aspx Transport for London: Woolwich Ferry, 50 years on] Retrieved 8 September 2013</ref> is a frequent service linking the [[North Circular Road|North]] an [[South Circular Road|South Circular]] Roads. Other operators run baith commuter an tourist boat services in Lunnon. ===Roads=== [[File:Rush hour on the A102 - geograph.org.uk - 205323.jpg|thumb|right|The [[A102 road|A102]], near [[Greenwich]]. This wis ane o the few routes proposed in the [[Lunnon Ringways|Ringways Plan]] wiin [[Inner Lunnon]] tae be biggit.]] Awtho the majority o journeys involvin central Lunnon are made bi public transport, car traivel is common in the suburbs. The [[Lunnon Inner Ring Road|inner ring road]] (aroond the ceety centre), the [[A406 road|North]] an [[A205 road|South Circular]] roads (in the suburbs), an the outer orbital [[motorway]] (the [[M25 motorway|M25]], athoot the biggit-up area) encircle the ceety an are intersectit by a nummer o busy radial routes—but verra few motorways penetrate intae [[inner Lunnon]]. A plan for a comprehensive network o motorways atouer the ceety (the [[Lunnon Ringways|Ringways Plan]]) wis prepared in the 1960s but wis maistly cancelt in the air 1970s. The M25 is the langest ring-road motorway in the warld at {{convert|121.5|mi|km|abbr=on}} long.<ref>Campbell, Ken (2000). "Guinness World Records 2001". p. 150.</ref><ref name=Lunnon_143>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/travel/m25/m25_facts.shtml |title=Beds, Herts and Bucks Travel&nbsp;— All you need tae know about the M25 |publisher=BBC |date=17 August 1988 |accessdate=20 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK0nLrV?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/travel/m25/m25_facts.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[A1 road (Great Britain)|A1]] an [[M1 motorway|M1]] connect Lunnon tae [[Leeds]], an [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] an [[Edinburgh]]. Lunnon is notorious for its traffic congestion, wi the M25 motorway the busiest stretch in the kintra. The average speed o a car in the rush oor is {{convert|10.6|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Lunnon_147>{{cite news |accessdate=1 September 2009 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/mar/16/boris-johnson-congestion-charge |title=Boris Johnson mulls 'intelligent' congestion charge system for London |work=The Guardian |location=Lunnon |first=Hélène |last=Mulholland |date=16 March 2009 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK1Mq9U?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/mar/16/boris-johnson-congestion-charge |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2003, a [[Lunnon congestion charge|congestion charge]] wis introduced tae reduce traffic volumes in the ceety centre. Wi a few exceptions, motorists are required tae pey £10 a day tae drive wiin a defined zone encompassing a fair bit o central Lunnon.<ref name="Lunnon_144">{{Cite journal |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/roadusers/congestioncharge/whereandwhen/ |title= Charging Zone |publisher= Transport for Lunnon |accessdate= 7 June 2008 |ref= harv |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK0vSxb?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/roadusers/congestioncharge/whereandwhen/ |archivedate= 2011-05-20 |journal= |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Lunnon_145">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6741.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608124006/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6741.aspx |archivedate=2008-06-08 |title=Who pays what |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=7 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Motorists wha is resident o the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced saison pass.<ref name="Lunnon_146">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6735.aspx |title=Residents |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=7 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK17mHL?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6735.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon government initially expectit the Congestion Charge Zone tae increase daily peak period Underground an bus users by 20,000 people, reduce road traffic bi 10 tae 15 per cent, increase traffic speeds by 10 tae 15 per cent, an reduce queues by 20 tae 30 per cent.<ref>Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "Lunnon Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs. 15287084 (2008): 177,177–234.</ref> Ower the course o several years, the average nummer o cars enterin the centre o Lunnon on a weekday wis reduced frae 195,000 tae 125,000 cars&nbsp;– a 35-per-cent reduction o vehicles driven a day.<ref>Table 3 in Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "Lunnon Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs.15287084 (2008): 177,177–234.</ref> ==Eddication== {{Main|Eddication in Lunnon}} ===Tertiary eddication=== [[File:Strand102.jpg|thumb|[[Keeng's College Lunnon]], established by Royal Charter haein been foondit by [[Keeng George IV]] an [[Duke o Wellington]] in 1829, is ane o the foundin colleges o the [[University o Lunnon]].]] [[File:Wilkins Building 2, UCL, London - Diliff.jpg|thumb|The Wilkins biggin at [[University College Lunnon]]]] Lunnon is a major centre o heicher eddication lair an research an its 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o heicher education institutes in Europe.<ref name="Lunnon2"/> In 2008/09 it haed a higher education student population o aroond 412,000 (aboot 17 per cent o the UK tot); oot o thaim, aroond 287,000 wis registered for unnergraduate degrees an 118,000 war studyin at postgraduate level.<ref name=Lunnonhigher>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonhigher.ac.uk/396.html?&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=95&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=393&cHash=66a6e680d7|title=Numbers of students in London|accessdate=26 August 2010|publisher=Lunnon Higher|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK24fXt?url=http://www.londonhigher.ac.uk/396.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008/09 thare war aroond 97,150 international students in Lunnon, aboot 25 per cent o aw international students in the UK.<ref name=Lunnonhigher/> A nummer o warld-leadin education institutions are based in Lunnon. In the 2014/15 ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'', [[Imperial College Lunnon]] is ranked jynt 2nt in the warld (alongside [[The University o Cambridge]]), [[University College Lunnon]] (UCL) is ranked 5t, an [[Keeng's College Lunnon]] (KCL) is ranked 16t.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2014|title=QS World University Rankings – Overall for 2014|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> The [[Lunnon School o Economics]] haes been describit as the warld's leadin social science institution for baith teaching an research.<ref name=Lunnon_156>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |title=The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2007&nbsp;– Profile for London School of Economics |work=The Sunday Times |location=Lunnon |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=23 September 2007 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK36cad?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |archivedate=2011-05-20 |first=Deirdre |last=Hipwell |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Business School]] is considert ane o the warld's leadin business schuils an in 2015 its MBA programme wis ranked seicont best in the warld bi the ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref name = "ft">{{cite news |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |title=FT Global MBA Rankings |work=Financial Times |location=Lunnon |accessdate=25 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK3NXwE?url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wi 120,000 students in Lunnon,<ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/aboutus.html|publisher=University o Lunnon|accessdate=1 December 2014|archive-date=2016-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905140556/http://www.london.ac.uk/aboutus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> the federal [[University o Lunnon]] is the lairgest contact teaching varsity in the UK.<ref>[http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0506.xls HESA Statistics: United Kingdom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044330/http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0506.xls |date=2007-09-28 }}. HESA. Retrieved 6 April 2015</ref> It includes fower lairge multi-faculty varsities&nbsp;– [[Keeng's College Lunnon]], [[Queen Mary, University o Lunnon|Queen Mary]], [[Royal Holloway]] an [[University College Lunnon|UCL]]&nbsp;– an a nummer o smawer an mair specialised institutions includin [[Birkbeck College|Birkbeck]], the [[Courtauld Institute o Art]], [[Goldsmiths, University o Lunnon|Goldsmiths]], [[Guildhall School o Music an Drama]], the [[Institute o Education]], the [[Lunnon Business School]], the [[Lunnon School o Economics]], the [[Lunnon School o Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]], the [[Royal Academy o Music]], the [[Central School o Speech an Drama]], the [[Royal Veterinary College]] an the [[School o Oriental an African Studies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/colleges_institutes.html|title=Colleges and Institutes|accessdate=23 September 2010|publisher=University o Lunnon|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK4QvPy?url=http://www.london.ac.uk/colleges_institutes.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Members o the University o Lunnon hae thair ain [[University an college admission|admissions]] procedures, an some awaird thair ain degrees. Thare a nummer o varsities in Lunnon that is ootwi the University o Lunnon system, includin [[Brunel University]], [[City University Lunnon]], [[Imperial College Lunnon]], [[Keengston University]], [[Lunnon Metropolitan University]], [[Middlesex University]], [[University o East Lunnon]], [[University o West Lunnon]] an [[University o Westminster]], (wi ower 34,000 students, the lairgest unitary varsity in Lunnon),<ref name=Lunnon_157>[http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/o90402_3.pdf About London Met] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124143209/http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/o90402_3.pdf |date=2009-01-24 }} Lunnon Metropolitan University, August 2008</ref> [[Lunnon South Bank University]], [[Middlesex University]], [[University o the Arts Lunnon]] (the lairgest varsity o airt, design, fashion, communication an the performin arts in Europe),<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/01/universityguide.highereducation42|title=University of the Arts London|accessdate=27 August 2010|work=The Guardian|location=Lunnon|date=1 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK4mSBu?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/01/universityguide.highereducation42|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> [[University o East Lunnon]], the [[University o West Lunnon]] an the [[University o Westminster]]. In addition, thare three international varsities in Lunnon&nbsp;– [[Regent's College]], [[Richmond University]] an [[Schiller International University]]. [[File:Royal College of Music - April 2007.jpg|thumb|The front façade o the [[Royal College o Music]]]] Lunnon is home tae [[Unitit Hospitals|five major medical schools]]&nbsp;– [[Barts an The Lunnon School o Medicine an Dentistry]] (pairt o [[Queen Mary, University o Lunnon|Queen Mary]]), [[Keeng's College Lunnon School o Medicine]] (the lairgest medical schuil in Europe), [[Imperial College School o Medicine]], [[UCL Medical School]] an [[St George's, University o Lunnon]]&nbsp;– an haes numerous affiliatit teaching hospitals. Forbye, it is a major centre for biomedical research, an three o the UK's five [[academic health science centre]]s is based in the ceety&nbsp;– [[Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust|Imperial College Healthcare]], [[Keeng's Health Partners]] an [[UCL Partners]] (the lairgest sic centre in Europe).<ref>{{Cite news |work=The Guardian |location=Lunnon |title=NHS hospitals tae forge £2bn research link-up with university |accessdate=6 September 2010 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/aug/07/health.highereducation |date=7 August 2008 |first=John |last=Carvel |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK5JH6x?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/aug/07/health.highereducation |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Thare are a nummer o business schuils in Lunnon, includin the [[Lunnon School o Business an Finance]], [[Cass Business School]] (pairt o [[City University Lunnon]]), [[Hult International Business School]], [[ESCP Europe]], [[European Business School Lunnon]], [[Imperial College Business School]] an the [[Lunnon Business School]]. Lunnon is hame tae mony specialeet arts education institutions an aa, includin the [[Lunnon College o Contemporary Arts (LCCA)]], the [[Academy o Live an Recorded Arts]], the [[Lunnon Contemporary Dance Scuil]], [[Royal Academy o Dramatic Art|RADA]], the [[Royal College o Art]], the [[Royal College o Music]] an [[Trinity Laban]]. ===Primary an secondary education=== The majority o primary an seicontar schuils an faur education colleges in Lunnon is controlt bi the [[Lunnon boroughs]] or otherwise state-funded; leadin ensaumples include [[City an Islington College]], [[Ealing, Hammersmith an West Lunnon College]], [[Leyton Sixth Form College]], [[Tower Hamlets College]] an [[Bethnal Green Academy]]. Thare a nummer o private schuils an colleges in Lunnon an aa, some auld an famous, lik [[City o Lunnon Scuil]], [[Harrow Scuil|Harrow]], [[St Paul's Scuil (Lunnon)|St Paul's Scuil]], [[University College Scuil]], [[Highgate Scuil]] an [[Westminster Scuil]]. ==Cultur== {{Main|Cultur o Lunnon}} ===Leisure an entertainment=== [[File:Open Happiness Piccadilly Circus Blue-Pink Hour 120917-1126-jikatu.jpg|thumb|right|[[Piccadilly Circus]]]] Wiin the [[City o Westminster]], the entertainment destrict o the [[West End o Lunnon|West End]] haes its focus aroond [[Leicester squerr]], whaur Lunnon an warld film [[premieres]] are held, an [[Piccadilly Circus]], wi its giant electronic advertisements.<ref name=Lunnon_160>{{cite web|url=http://www.piccadillylights.co.uk/|title=Piccadilly Lights|publisher=Land Securities|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK7QmKt?url=http://www.piccadillylights.co.uk/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lunnon's [[West End theatre|theatre]] destrict is here, as is mony cinemas, bars, clubs an restaurants, includin the ceety's [[Chinatown, Lunnon|Chinatown]] destrict (in [[Soho]]), an juist tae the east is [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]], an area hoosin speciality shops. The ceety is the hame o [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], whase musicals hae dominate the West End theatre syne the late 20t century.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=AWaZ1LAFAZEC&dq=lloyd+webber+%22the+most+commercially+successful+composer+in+history.%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s Sondheim and Lloyd-Webber: the new musical] ''The New York Times''.. refert tae Andrew Lloyd Webber as "the maist commercially successful composer in history"</ref> The Unitit Kinrick's [[Royal Ballet]], [[English National Ballet]], [[Royal Opera, Lunnon|Royal Opera]] an [[English National Opera]] are based in Lunnon an perform at the [[Royal Opera House]], the [[Lunnon Coliseum]], [[Sadler's Wells Theatre]] an the [[Royal Albert Hall]] as weel as tourin the kintra.<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts">{{cite web|url=http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/visiting/topic.jsp?topicid=6482&search_title=Theatres+and+concert+halls|title=Theatres and concert halls.|publisher=Your Lunnon|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124185332/http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/visiting/topic.jsp?topicid=6482&search_title=Theatres+and+concert+halls|archivedate=2008-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Harrods at Night, London - Nov 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Harrods]] in [[Knightsbridge]]]] [[Islington]]'s {{convert|1|mi|km}} lang Upper Street, extendin northlins frae [[Angel, Lunnon|Angel]], haes mair bars an restaurants nor ony ither street in the Unitit Kinrick.<ref name=Lunnon_161>{{Cite journal|title=2001: Public houses|publisher=BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/local_history/city/street_03.shtml?publichouses|accessdate=4 June 2008|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK7ebGH?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/local_history/city/street_03.shtml?publichouses|archivedate=2011-05-20|journal=|url-status=live}}</ref> Europe's busiest shoppin airt is [[Oxford Street]], a shoppin street near {{convert|1|mi|km}} lang, makin it the langest shoppin street in the Unitit Kinrick. Oxford Street is hame tae vast nummers o retailers an [[department stores]], includin the warld-famous [[Selfridges]] [[Flagship store#Retailing|flagship store]].<ref name=Lunnon_162>{{Cite journal| url=http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06sep/p7a.jsp| publisher=[[The Lunnoner]]| title=Oxford Street gets its own dedicated local police team| date=September 2006| accessdate=19 June 2007| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204913/http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06sep/p7a.jsp| archivedate=2007-09-30| ref=harv| journal=| url-status=live}}</ref> [[Knightsbridge]], hame tae the equally renowned [[Harrods]] [[department store]], lees tae the sooth-wast. [[File:London, UK (August 2014) - 156.JPG|thumb|right|[[Shakespeare's Globe]] is a modren reconstruction o the Globe Theatre on the sooth bank o the River Thames]] Lunnon is home tae designers [[Vivienne Westwood]], [[John Galliano|Galliano]], [[Stella McCartney]], [[Manolo Blahnik]], an [[Jimmy Choo]] amang others; its renowned airt an fashion schuils mak it an international centre o fashion alang wi [[Paris]], [[Milan]], an [[New York ceety]]. Lunnon offers a great variety o cuisine as a result o its ethnically diverse population. Gastronomic centres include the [[Bangladesh]]i restaurants o [[Brick Lane]] an the [[Chinese food]] restaurants o [[Chinatown, Lunnon|Chinatown]].<ref name=Lunnon_163>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinatownlondon.org/|title=Chinatown&nbsp;— Official website|publisher=Chinatown Lunnon|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK84XXn?url=http://www.chinatownlondon.org/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thare is a variety o [[Leet o annual events in Lunnon|annual events]], beginnin wi the relatively new [[New Year's Day Parade]], fireworks display at the [[Lunnon Eye]], the warld's seicont lairgest [[street party]], the [[Notting Hill Carnival]] is held durin the late [[August Bank Holiday]] ilka year. Traditional parades include November's [[Lord Mayor's Show]], a centuries-auld event celebrating the annual appointment o a new [[Lord Mayor o the ceety o Lunnon]] wi a procession alang the streets o the ceety, an Juin's [[Trooping the Colour]], a formal military pageant performed by regiments o the [[Commonwealth o Nations|Commonwealth]] an [[British Army|British]] armies tae celebrate the [[Queen's Official Birthday]].<ref name=Lunnon_164>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4820.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620233221/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4820.asp|archivedate=2008-06-20|title=One Queen, Two Birthdays|publisher=Royal Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Literature, film an television=== {{Main|Lunnon in fiction|Lunnon in film|Leet o films set in Lunnon|Leet o television shows set in Lunnon|Lunnon Television Archive}} [[File:Keats House.jpg|thumb|[[Keats House]], whaur [[John Keats|Keats]] wrote his ''[[Ode tae a Nightingale]]''. The veelage o [[Hampstead]] haes historically been a literary centre in Lunnon.]] Lunnon haes been the setting for mony works o literature. The literary centres o Lunnon hae tradeetionally been hilly [[Hampstead]] an (syne the early 20t century) [[Bloomsbury]]. Writers closely associatit wi the ceety are the diarist [[Samuel Pepys]], notit for his eyewitness accoont o the [[Great Fire o Lunnon|Great Fire]], [[Charles Dickens]], whose representation o a foggy, snawy, grimy Lunnon o street sweepers an pickpockets haes been a major influence on people's vision o early [[Victorian era|Victorian]] Lunnon, an [[Virginia Woolf]], regarded as ane o the foremost [[modrenism|modrenist]] literary figurs o the 20t century.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature">{{cite web|url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/london/londoninliterature.shtml|title=London in Literature,|publisher=Bryn Mawr College|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK8S7iR?url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/london/londoninliterature.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Sherlock Holmes Museum.jpg|left|thumb|[[Sherlock Holmes Museum]] in [[Baker Street]], bearing the nummer 221B]] The pilgrims in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s late 14t-century ''[[The Canterbury Tales|Canterbury Tales]]'' set oot for [[Canterbury]] frae Lunnon&nbsp;– specifically, frae the [[The Tabard|Tabard]] inn, [[Southwark]]. [[William Shakespeare]] spent a lairge pairt o his life livin an working in Lunnon; his contemporary [[Ben Jonson]] wis forby based thare, an some o his work—maist notably his play ''[[The Alchemist (play)|The Alchemist]]''—wis set in the ceety.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> ''[[A Journal o the Plague Year]]'' (1722) bi [[Daniel Defoe]] is a fictionalisation o the events o the 1665 [[Great Plague o Lunnon|Great Plague]].<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> Later important depictions o Lunnon frae the 19t an early 20t centuries are Dickens' novels, an [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s [[Sherlock Holmes]] stories.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> Modern writers pervasively influenced bi the ceety include [[Peter Ackroyd]], author o a "biography" o Lunnon, an [[Iain Sinclair]], wha writes in the genre o [[psychogeography]]. Lunnon haes played a significant role in the film industry, an haes major studios at [[Ealing Studios|Ealing]] an a [[special effect]]s an [[post-production]] community centred in [[Soho]]. [[Working Title Films]] haes its headquarters in Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_165>{{cite web|url=http://www.workingtitlefilms.com/|title=Working Title Films|publisher=Universal Studios|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK8c0bN?url=http://www.workingtitlefilms.com/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Lunnon haes been the setting for films includin ''[[Oliver Twist (1948 film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1948), ''[[Scrooge (1951 film)|Scrooge]]'' (1951), ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' (1953), ''[[101 Dalmatians (1996 film)|The 101 Dalmatians]]'' (1961), ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]'' (1964), ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964), ''[[Blowup]]'' (1966), ''[[The Long Good Friday]]'' (1980), ''[[Notting Hill (film)|Notting Hill]]'' (1999), ''[[Love Actually]]'' (2003), ''[[V For Vendetta (film)|V For Vendetta]]'' (2005), ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber o Fleet Street]]'' (2008) an ''[[The King's Speech]]'' (2010). Notable actors an filmmakers frae Lunnon include; [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Alfred Hitchcock]], [[Michael Caine]], [[Helen Mirren]], [[Gary Oldman]], [[Christopher Nolan]], [[Jude Law]], [[Tom Hardy]], [[Keira Knightley]] an [[Daniel Day-Lewis]]. As o 2008, the [[British Academy Film Awards]] haes taen place at the [[Royal Opera House]]. Lunnon is a major centre for television production, wi studios includin [[BBC Television Centre]], [[The Fountain Studios]] an [[The Lunnon Studios]]. Mony television programmes hae been set in Lunnon, includin the popular television soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]'', broadcast bi the BBC syne 1985. ===Museums an art galleries=== [[File:Galería Nacional, Londres, Inglaterra, 2014-08-07, DD 035.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[National Gallery|The National Gallery]]]] Lunnon is [[Leet o museums in Lunnon|home tae mony museums]], galleries, an ither institutions, mony o thaim free o admission charges an are major [[tourist attraction]]s as weel as playin a research role. The first o thaim tae be established wis the [[British Museum]] in [[Bloomsbury]], in 1753. oreeginally containin antiquities, naitural history specimens an the national leebrar, the museum nou haes 7&nbsp;million artefacts frae aroond the globe. In 1824 the [[National Gallery]] wis foondit tae hoose the British national collection o Western pentins; this nou occupies a prominent poseetion in [[Trafalgar squerr]]. In the latter hauf o the 19t century the locale o [[South Kensington]] wis developed as "[[Albertopolis]]", a cultural an scientific quarter. Three major national museums are thare: the [[Victoria an Albert Museum]] (for the [[applied arts]]), the [[Natural History Museum, Lunnon|Natural History Museum]] an the [[Lunnon Science Museum|Science Museum]]. The [[National Portrait Gallery, Lunnon|National Portrait Gallery]] wis foondit in 1856 tae hoose depictions o figurs frae British history; its holdings nou comprise the warld's maist extensive collection o portraits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/about/organisation.php|title=Organisation|publisher=National Portrait Gallery|accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref> The national gallery o British airt is at [[Tate Britain]], oreeginally established as an annexe o the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it wis umwhile kent, became a major centre for modern airt an aa; in 2000 this collection muived tae [[Tate Modern]], a new gallery housed in the umwhile [[Bankside Power Station]]. ===Music=== [[File:Royal Albert Hall Crop, London - Nov 2012.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Royal Albert Hall]] hosts concerts an muisical events]] Lunnon is ane o the major [[Classical music|classical]] an [[popular music]] capitals o the warld an is hame tae major muisic corporations, sic as [[EMI]] an [[Warner Music Group]] as weel as countless bands, musicians an industry professionals. The ceety is home tae mony orchestras an concert halls an aa, lik the [[Barbican Arts Centre]] (principal base o the [[Lunnon Symphony Orchestra]] an the [[Lunnon Symphony Chorus]]), [[Cadogan Hall]] ([[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]]) an the [[Royal Albert Hall]] ([[The Proms]]).<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> Lunnon's twa main opera houses are the [[Royal Opera House]] an the [[Coliseum Theatre]].<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> The UK's lairgest [[pipe organ]] is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are at the cathedrals an major kirks. Several [[conservatoire]]s are wiin the ceety: [[Royal Academy o Music]], [[Royal College o Music]], [[Guildhall School o Music an Drama]] an [[Trinity College o Music]]. [[File:Abbey Rd Studios.jpg|right|thumb|[[Abbey Road Studios]], 3 [[Abbey Road (street)|Abbey Road]], [[St John's Wood]], ceety o Westminster]] Lunnon haes numerous venues for rock an pop concerts, includin lairge arenas sic as [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre|Earls Court]], [[Wembley Arena]] an the [[The O2 Arena (Lunnon)|O<sub>2</sub> Arena]], as weel as mony mid-sized venues, sic as [[Brixton Academy]], the [[Hammersmith Apollo]] an the [[Shepherd's Bush Empire]].<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> Several [[music festivals]], includin the [[Wireless Festival]], are held in Lunnon. The ceety is hame tae the first an oreeginal [[Hard Rock Cafe]] an the [[Abbey Road Studios]] whaur [[The Beatles]] recorded mony o thair hits. In the 1960s, 1970s an 1980s, musicians an groups lik [[Elton John]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[David Bowie]], [[Queen (baund)|Queen]], [[The Kinks]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[The Who]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[The Small Faces]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[Fleetwood Mac]], [[Elvis Costello]], [[Cat Stevens]], [[The Police]], [[The Cure]], [[Madness (baund)|Madness]], [[The Jam]], [[Dusty Springfield]], [[Phil Collins]], [[Rod Stewart]] an [[Sade (baund)|Sade]], derived thair sound frae the streets an rhythms vibrating throu Lunnon.<ref name="Top40">{{cite book |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2006/04/06/garycrowley_londontop40_feature.shtml |title=London's top 40 artists |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=9 September 2008 |isbn=978-0-89820-135-2}}</ref> Lunnon wis instrumental in the development o [[punk muisic]],<ref name=Lunnon_172>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d204 |publisher=Allmusic |title=Punk |accessdate=19 February 2010 |archive-date=2011-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426153907/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d204 |url-status=dead }}</ref> wi figurs sic as the [[Sex Pistols]], [[The Clash]],<ref name="Top40"/> an [[Vivienne Westwood]] aw based in the ceety. Mair recent artists tae emerge frae the Lunnon music scene include [[George Michael]], [[Kate Bush]], [[Seal (muisicker)|Seal]], [[Siouxsie an the Banshees]], [[Bush (baund)|Bush]], the [[Spice Girls]], [[Jamiroquai]], [[Blur (baund)|Blur]], [[The Prodigy]], [[Gorillaz]], [[Mumford & Sons]], [[Coldplay]], [[Amy Winehouse]] an [[Adele]].<ref name="Scene">{{cite web|url=http://www.londonbc.co.uk/history-of-music-in-london.html|title=History of music in London|publisher=The Lunnon Music Scene|accessdate=2 August 2009|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK9hhlR?url=http://www.londonbc.co.uk/history-of-music-in-london.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Walker, Tim (28 July 2008). [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/mumford--sons-the-luminaire-london-878562.html "Mumford & Sons, The Luminaire, London"]. ''The Independent'' (Lunnon). Retrieved 13 October 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2011/dec/09/10-classic-club-nights |title=From the Dug Out and dreads tae DMZ and dubstep: 10 classic club nights |work=Guardian Music Blog |location =Lunnon |author=Warren, Emma |accessdate= 13 October 2012 |date=9 December 2011}}</ref> Lunnon is a centre for urban music an aa. In parteecular, the genres [[UK garage]], [[drum an bass]], [[dubstep]] an [[grime (music)|grime]] evolved in the ceety frae the furren genres o [[hip hop]] an [[reggae]], anent local [[drum an bass]]. Black music station [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]] wis set up tae support the rise o home-grown urban music baith in Lunnon an in the rest o the UK. ==Notable fowk== {{Main|Leet o fowk frae Lunnon}} ==Recreation== ===Parks an open spaces=== {{Main|Parks an open spaces in Lunnon|Royal Parks o Lunnon}} {{see also|Leet o Sites o Special Scientific Interest in Greater Lunnon|Leet o Local Nature Reserves in Greater Lunnon}} {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Aerial view of Hyde Park.jpg | width1 = 220 | caption1 = Aerial view o [[Hyde Park, Lunnon|Hyde Park]] | alt1 = Hyde Park | image2 = St James's Park Lake – East from the Blue Bridge - 2012-10-06.jpg | width2 = 220 | caption2 = [[St. James's Park]] lake wi the Lunnon Eye in the distance | alt2 = Lake wi Lunnon Eye in the background }} The mucklest pairks in the [[Central Lunnon|central area o Lunnon]] are three o the aicht [[Royal Parks o Lunnon|Royal Parks]], namely [[Hyde Park, Lunnon|Hyde Park]] an its neebur [[Kensington Gardens]] in the wast, an [[Regent's Park]] tae the north.<ref name=Lunnon_080>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens/|title=Kensington Gardens|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0tndiN?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hyde Park in parteecular is popular for [[Lunnon#Sports|sports]] an whiles hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park conteens [[Lunnon Zoo]], the warld's auldest scientific zoo, an is near the tourist attraction o [[Madame Tussauds]] Wax Museum.<ref name=Lunnon_081>{{cite web|url=http://www.madametussauds.com/London/About.aspx|title=Madame Tussauds&nbsp;— Official website|publisher=Madame Tussauds|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0uQJ4x?url=http://www.madametussauds.com/London/About.aspx|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_082>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourist-information-uk.com/madame-tussauds.htm|title=Madame Tussauds&nbsp;— Tourist Information|publisher=Tourist Information UK|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0v6PMD?url=http://www.tourist-information-uk.com/madame-tussauds.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Primrose Hill]] in the northren pairt o Regent's Park at {{convert|256|ft|0}}<ref name=mills>Mills, A., ''Dictionary o Lunnon Place Names'', (2001)</ref> is a popular spot tae view the ceety skyline. Close tae Hyde Park are smawer Royal Parks, [[Green Park]] an [[St. James's Park]].<ref name=Lunnon_083>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/green_park/|title=Green Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nE6fuYvF?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/green_park/|archivedate=2010-02-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> A nummer o lairge parks lie ootside the ceety centre, includin the remainin Royal Parks o [[Greenwich Park]] tae the sooth-east<ref name=Lunnon_170>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/greenwich_park/|title=Greenwich Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0w5wlZ?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/greenwich_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[Bushy Park]] an [[Richmond Park]] (the lairgest) tae the sooth-wast,<ref name=Lunnon_084>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/bushy_park/|title=Bushy Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0wb1mJ?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/bushy_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_085>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond_park/|title=Richmond Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0x5bB5?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Hampton Court Park]] is a royal park an aa, but, acause it conteens a palace, it is administered bi the [[Historic Royal Palaces]], unlik the aicht [[Royal Parks o Lunnon|Royal Parks]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/services/leisure_and_culture/parks_and_open_spaces/park_details.htm?parkId=268 |title=Richmond Borough Council |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2015-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826172424/http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/services/leisure_and_culture/parks_and_open_spaces/park_details.htm?parkId=268 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Close tae Richmond Park is [[Kew Gardens]] whilk haes the warld's lairgest collection o livin plants. In 2003, the gardens war pit on the [[Unitit Nations Educational, Scientific an Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] leet o [[Leet o World Heritage Sites o the Unitit Kinrick|World Heritage Sites]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.kew.org/ksheets/pdfs/k16kewhistory.pdf|title= Kew, History & Heritage|author= |work= |publisher= [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|accessdate= 24 January 2013|archive-date= 2008-08-29|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080829192523/http://www.kew.org/ksheets/pdfs/k16kewhistory.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> Thare a thrang o parks administert bi Lunnon's borough cooncils, includin [[Victoria Park, Lunnon|Victoria Park]] in the [[East End]] an [[Battersea Park]] in the centre. Some mair informal, semi-naitural open spaces exist, includin the {{convert|320|ha|acre|sing=on}} [[Hampstead Heath]] o [[North Lunnon]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Environment_and_planning/Parks_and_open_spaces/Hampstead_Heath/|title=City of London Corporation Hampstead Heath|publisher=City o Lunnon Corporation|accessdate=19 February 2010|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0xBire?url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Environment_and_planning/Parks_and_open_spaces/Hampstead_Heath/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> an [[Epping Forest]], whilk covers 2,476 hectares (6,118.32 acres)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://217.154.230.195/NR/rdonlyres/A3CB6563-4D0D-4C35-AC7F-818C28306E79/0/OS_EF_Dogs.pdf |title= Epping Forest You & Your Dog |work= brochure |publisher= ceety o Lunnon |accessdate= 13 March 2010 |archive-date= 2011-07-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110704191340/http://217.154.230.195/NR/rdonlyres/A3CB6563-4D0D-4C35-AC7F-818C28306E79/0/OS_EF_Dogs.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> in the east. Baith is controlt bi the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Ramblers |url=http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/parks/name/c/corporationoflondon.htm |title=Corporation of London Open Spaces |publisher=Ramblers.org.uk |accessdate=12 December 2011 |archive-date=2008-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029232404/http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/parks/name/c/corporationoflondon.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=City o Lunnon|title=Green spaces|accessdate=27 July 2012|archive-date=2012-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721005003/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hampstead Heath incorporates [[Kenwood House]], the umwhile [[stately home]] an a popular location in the summer months whaur classical muisical concerts is held bi the lake, attracting thousans o fowk ilka weekend tae enjoy the muisic, scenery an fireworks.<ref name=Lunnon_086>{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.00100200800k00800f|title=Kenwood House|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0xs5EE?url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.00100200800k00800f|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, includin moontain biking, walking, horse ridin, golf, anglin, an orienteerin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/Pages/default.aspx|title=Epping Forest|work=cityofLunnon.gov.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2012-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811004010/https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Walking=== [[File:Carshalton 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Carshalton]] Ponds, on the [[Wandle Trail]] in the [[Lunnon Borough o Sutton]]]] [[Walking in Lunnon|Walking is a popular recreational activity in Lunnon]]. Areas that provide for walks include [[Wimbledon Common]], [[Epping Forest]], [[Hampton Court Park]], [[Hampstead Heath]], the aicht [[Royal Parks]], canals an disuised railway tracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.innerlondonramblers.org.uk/ideasforwalks.html|title=Inner London Ramblers - Walk Ideas|author=Phil Marson|work=innerLunnonramblers.org.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2020-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119050940/https://www.innerlondonramblers.org.uk/ideasforwalks.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Access tae canals an rivers haes improved recently, includin the creation o the [[Thames Path]], some {{convert|28|mi|km}} o whilk is wiin [[Greater Lunnon]], an The [[Wandle Trail]]; this rins {{convert|12|mi|km}} throu [[South Lunnon]] alang the [[River Wandle]], a [[tributaries o the River Thames|tributary o the River Thames]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sustrans.org.uk/ncn/map/route/wandle-trail|title=Wandle Trail - Map|work=Sustrans}}</ref> Ither [[long distance path]]s, linkin green spaces, hae been creatit an aa, includin the [[Capital Ring]], the [[Green Chain Walk]], [[Lunnon Outer Orbital Path]] ("Loop"), [[Jubilee Walkway]], [[Lea Valley Walk]], an the [[Diana, Princess o Wales Memorial Walk]].<ref>Ideas for Lunnon walks frae the Inner Lunnon Walking Group</ref> ===Sports=== {{Main|Sport in Lunnon}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = Wembley Stadium interior.jpg | width1 = 225 | caption1 = [[Wembley Stadium]], hame o the [[Ingland fitba team]], has a 90,000 capacity. It is the UK's mucklemaist stadium | alt1 = The interior o a empy stadium as viewed frae its upper tier o seatin. The seats is a vivid red an the pick is a vivid green. The pale grey sky is visible throuch a openin in the ceilin abuin the pick. | image2 = Twickenham Stadium - May 2012.jpg | width2 = 225 | caption2 = [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]], hame o the [[Ingland naitional rugby union team|Ingland rugby union team]], has an 82,000 capacity, the warld's lairgest rugby union stadium | alt2 = A rugby union stadium packed wi fans watchin a game | image3 = Centre Court, 28 March 2012.jpg | width3 = 225 | caption3 = [[Centre Court]] at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]. First played in 1877, the Championships is the auldest tennis tournament in the warld.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html 125 years of Wimbledon: frae birth of lawn tennis tae modren marvels] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218114004/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html |date=2020-02-18 }} CNN. Retrieved 28 September 2011</ref> | alt3 = Centre Court, Wimbledon | image4 = Lord's in 2005.jpg | width4 = 225 | caption4 = [[Lord's Cricket Ground]] is widely referred tae as the "hame o cricket".<ref>{{cite web|title=Lord's|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57129.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|accessdate=22 August 2009}}</ref> | alt4 = A cricket ground during a game }} Lunnon haes hostit the [[Summer Olympic Gemmes|Simmer Olympics]] three times: in [[1908 Summer Olympics|1908]], [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]], an [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]].<ref name=Lunnon_173>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1908-summer-olympics|title=London 1908|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK9wPnn?url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1908-summer-olympics|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_174>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1948-summer-olympics|title=London 1948|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKBZHIo?url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1948-summer-olympics|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> It wis chosen in Julie 2005 tae host the 2012 Olympics an [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]], makin it the first ceety tae host the modren Gemmes three times.<ref name=IOC/> The ceety wis forby the host o the [[Commonweel Gemmes|Breetish Empire Gemmes]] in [[1934 Breetish Empire Gemmes|1934]].<ref name=Lunnon_175>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=ENG|title=England&nbsp;— Introduction|publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKDfTeZ?url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=ENG|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2017 Lunnon hostit the [[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships in Athletics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/other_news/1216135963.html |title=London Defeats Doha tae host 2017 International Athletics Championships |publisher=Gamesbids.com |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113180038/http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/other_news/1216135963.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon's [[Sport in the Unitit Kinrick#Popularity|maist popular sport]] is [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] an it haes fourteen [[The Football League|League]] fitbaa clubs, includin sax in the [[Premier League]]: [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]], [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], an [[West Ham Unitit F.C.|West Ham United]].<ref name=Lunnon_176>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/ContactUs/Postings/2004/03/premier_league_contacts.htm|title=TheFA.com&nbsp;— Premier League|date=17 January 2004|work=The FA.com|publisher=The Football Association|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027030131/http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/ContactUs/Postings/2004/03/premier_league_contacts.htm|archivedate=2004-10-27|url-status=live}}</ref> In Mey 2012, Chelsea becam the first Lunnon club tae win the [[UEFA Champions League]]. Frae 1924, the oreeginal [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] wis the hame o the [[Inglish naitional fitba team]]. It hostit the [[1966 FIFA World Cup Final]], wi Ingland defeatin Wast Germany, an serd as the venue for the [[FA Cup Final]] as weel as [[rugby league]]'s [[Challenge Cup]] final.<ref name=Lunnon_178>{{cite web|url=http://www.wembleystadium.com/GloriousPast/greatmoments/1steverwembleyFACupFinal.htm|title=Wembley Stadium History&nbsp;— Official Website|publisher=Wembley National Stadium Limited.|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403102710/http://www.wembleystadium.com/GloriousPast/greatmoments/1steverwembleyFACupFinal.htm|archivedate=2008-04-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new [[Wembley Stadium]] sers exactly the same purposes an haes a capacity o 90,000.<ref name="Wembley Stadium Facts an figurs">{{Cite journal | url=http://www.wembleystadium.com/pressbox/presspack/factsandFigures.htm | title=Wembley Stadium&nbsp;— Presspack&nbsp;— Facts and Figures | publisher=Wembley National Stadium Limitit | accessdate=6 June 2008 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516051636/http://www.wembleystadium.com/pressbox/presspack/factsandFigures.htm | archivedate=2008-05-16 | journal= | url-status=live }}</ref> Five [[English Premiership (rugby union)|Aviva Premiership]] rugby union teams is based in Lunnon, ([[Lunnon Irish]], [[Saracens F.C.|Saracens]], [[Lunnon Wasps|Wasps]], [[Lunnon Welsh]] an [[Harlequin F.C.|Harlequins]]), awbesit currently anly Harlequins an Saracens play thair hame gemmes wiin Greater Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_177>{{cite web |url=http://www.premiershiprugby.com/clubs/index.php |title=Premiership Rugby: Clubs |publisher=Premier Rugby |accessdate=5 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKEiEV8?url=http://www.premiershiprugby.com/clubs/index.php |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lunnon Scottish F.C.|Lunnon Scottish]] play in the [[RFU Championship]] club an ither rugby union clubs in the ceety include [[Richmond F.C.]], [[Rosslyn Park F.C.]], [[Westcombe Park R.F.C.]] an [[Blackheath F.C.]]. [[Twickenham Stadium]] in sooth-wast Lunnon is the naitional [[rugby union]] stadium, an haes a capacity o 82,000 nou that the new sooth staund haes been completit.<ref name="musiccap">{{Cite press release |publisher=Twickenham Rugby Stadium |title=RFU apply for two additional concerts at Twickenham Stadium in 2007 |url=http://www.rfu.com/microsites/twickenham/index.cfm?StoryID=14822 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625050620/http://www.rfu.com/microsites/twickenham/index.cfm?StoryID=14822 |archivedate=2008-06-25 |date=3 October 2006 |ref=harv |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> While [[rugby league]] is mair popular in the north o England, thare are twa professional rugby league clubs in Lunnon&nbsp;– the seicont tier [[Rugby League National Championship 1|Championship One]] team the [[Lunnon Broncos]] wha play at [[The Hive Stadium|The Hive]] in [[Edgware]] an the third tier [[League 1 (rugby league)|League 1]] team the [[Lunnon Skolars]] frae [[Wood Green]], [[Lunnon Borough o Haringey|Haringey]]; in addition, [[Hemel Stags]] frae [[Hemel Hempstead]] north o Lunnon play in League 1 an aa. Ane o Lunnon's best-kent annual sports competitions is the [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon Tennis Championships]], held at the [[All England Lawn Tennis an Croquet Club|All England Club]] in the sooth-wastren suburb o [[Wimbledon, Lunnon|Wimbledon]].<ref name=Lunnon_181>{{cite web|url=http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423182334/http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/index.html|archivedate=2008-04-23|title=Wimbledon&nbsp;— official website|publisher=The aw England Tennis an Croquet Club (AELTC)|accessdate=29 April 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Played in late Juin tae early Julie, it is the auldest tennis tournament in the warld, an widely considered the maist prestigious.<ref>{{cite news|title=Traditional Final: It's Nadal and Federer|work=The New York Times | date=7 May 2008| first=Christopher| last = Clarey| quote = Federer said[:] 'I love playing wi him, especially here at Wimbledon, the most prestigious tournament we have.'| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/05/sports/tennis/05wimbledon.html?ref=tennis|accessdate = 17 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia| editor = Will Kaufman & Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson| encyclopedia = Britain an the Americas| title = Tennis|year = 2005 | publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]| volume=1 : Culture, Politics, an History| isbn = 1-85109-431-8| page=958 |quote = this first tennis championship, whilk later evolved intae the Wimbledon Tournament ... continues as the warld's maist prestigious event.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What Is The Most Prestigious Grand Slam Tennis Tournament?|url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/monteburke/2012/05/30/what-is-the-most-prestigious-grand-slam-tennis-tournament/ |work=Forbes |location= New York |date= 30 May 2012 |accessdate=25 June 2013 |author=Burke, Monte}}</ref> [[Cricket]] in Lunnon is served by twa [[Test cricket]] grunds [[Lord's Cricket Ground|Lord's]] (hame o [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex C.C.C.]]) in [[St John's Wood]]<ref name=Lunnon_179>{{cite web|url=http://www.lords.org/lords-ground/about-lords/|title=About Lord's—the home of cricket&nbsp;— official website|year=2008|publisher=MCC|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKGCiA3?url=http://www.lords.org/lords-ground/about-lords/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[the Oval]] (home o [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey C.C.C.]]) in [[Kennington]].<ref name=Lunnon_180>{{cite web|url=http://www.surreycricket.com/the-brit-oval|title=The Brit Oval&nbsp;— Official Website|year=2008|publisher=Surrey CCC|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKH3JOW?url=http://www.surreycricket.com/the-brit-oval|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lord's haes hostit fower finals o the [[Cricket World Cup]]. Ither key events is the annual mass-participation [[Lunnon Marathon]], in whilk some 35,000 runners attemp a {{convert|26.2|mi|km}} course aroond the ceety,<ref name=Lunnon_182>{{cite web |url=http://www.london-marathon.co.uk/site/ |title=Flora London Marathon 2008 |publisher=Lunnon Marathon Ltd |accessdate=29 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426224024/http://www.london-marathon.co.uk/site/ |archivedate=2008-04-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the [[The Boat Race|Oxford an Cambridge Boat Race]] on the [[River Thames]] atween [[Putney]] an [[Mortlake]].<ref name=Lunnon_183>{{cite web |url=http://www.theboatrace.org/ |title=The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race&nbsp;— Official Website |publisher=The Oxford an Cambridge Boat Race |accessdate=29 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKHGidM?url=http://www.theboatrace.org/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Sister ceities == == Twin ceeties == {{Main|Leet o twin touns in the Unitit Kinrick#Lunnon|l1=Leet o touns an ceeties twinned wi Lunnon}} Thare 46 ither places on sax continents namit efter Lunnon. As weel as Lunnon's twinnin, the [[Lunnon burgh]]s hae [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinnins]] wi pairts o ither ceeties the warld ower. Shawn ablo is the leet o ceeties that the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] haes twinnin arrangements wi: {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Peru}} [[Arequipa]], Peru * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Delhi]], Indie * {{Flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá]], Colombie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|South Africa}} [[Johannesburg]], Sooth Africae * {{Flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysie * {{Flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait Ceety]], Kuwait * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], Roushie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[New York Ceety]], Unitit States * {{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Oslo]], Norawa * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]], Cheenae * {{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]], Iran |} The follaein ceeties hiv a freendship greement wi Lunnon: {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], Algerie * {{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], Cheenae * {{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Bucharest]], Romanie * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentinae |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Delhi]], Indie * {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh * {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[Los Angeles]], Unitit States * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Mumbai]], Indie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], Fraunce * {{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Podgorica]], Montenegro * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Roum]], Italy * {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], Bulgarie * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], Japan * {{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], Croatie |} ==Notes== <references group="note"/> == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Commonscat|Lunnon}} [[Category:Lunnon| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:Ceeties in Ingland]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1st century]] rb8i05bbmku105wmth891at80x8jueu Unitit States 0 1690 916415 915429 2026-05-07T17:48:03Z ~2026-27625-66 130905 I changed it because eepfrankstein love that place 916415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2021}} {{hatnote|For the landmass comprisin North an Sooth Americae, see [[America]]. For ither uisses, see [[America (disambiguation)]].}}Eeepfrankstein lov dis place{{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Unitit States o Americae |common_name = Unitit States |native_name = {{lang-en|United States of America}}</br>{{lang-es|Estados Unidos de América|label=[[Spainish leid|Spainish]]}}</br>{{lang-chr|ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ}}</br>{{lang-nv|Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí}} |image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg |image_coat = Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg |symbol_type = Great Seal |national_motto = <div style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">"[[In God we trust]]" {{small|(offeecial)}}<ref>{{USC|36|302}} ''National motto''</ref><ref>[[#Simonson|Simonson, 2010]]</ref><ref>[[#God|Dept. of Treasury, 2011]]</ref></div> <div style="line-height:1.15em;">{{native phrase|la|"[[E pluribus unum]]"|italics=off}} {{small|(tradeetional)}} <br />{{small|"Oot o mony, ane"}} </div> |national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<br /><center>[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = USA orthographic.svg |alt_map = Projection o North Americae wi the Unitit States in green |map_width = 220px |capital = [[Washington, D.C.]] |coordinates = {{Coord|38|53|N|77|01|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[New York Ceety]] |official_languages = {{nowrap|None at [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal level]]{{ref label|engoffbox|a|}}}} |languages_type = [[Naitional leid]] |languages = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]{{ref label|engfactobox|b|}}<!---NOTE: Just English, don't add "American English"---> |official_religion = none |demonym = [[America]]n |government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] |leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Donald Trump]] ([[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|R]])}} |leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]] |leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[J.D. Vance]] (R)}} |leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Speaker o the Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Speaker o the Hoose]]}} |leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[Mike Johnson]] (R)}} |leader_title4 = [[Chief Juistice o the Unitit States|Chief Juistice]] |leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]] |legislature = [[Unitit States Congress|Congress]] |upper_house = [[Senate (Unitit States)|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Hoose o Representatives (Unitit States)|Hoose o Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[American Revolution|Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = from [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] |established_event1 = [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declared]] |established_date1 = 4 Julie 1776 |established_event2 = [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|Recognized]] |established_date2 = 3 September 1783 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution]]}} |established_date3 = 21 Juin 1788 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_sq_mi = 3794101 |area_km2 = 9826675 |area_rank = 3rd/4th |area_footnote = <ref name="WF">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=United States |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=September 30, 2009 |accessdate=January 5, 2010 (area given in square kilometers) |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{ref label|areabox|c|}} |percent_water = 6.76 | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 331,449,281<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |url-status=dead |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.</ref> | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census_rank = 3rd | population_density_sq_mi = 87<!-- Figure uses (population/land + water area) as of July 2019. --> | population_density_rank = 146t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 2nt | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=October 13, 2021}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 8t | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 1st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 5t | Gini = 48.5<!-- Number only. --> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show/ |title=Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.926<!-- Number only. --> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020: The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=December 15, 2020|access-date=December 15, 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 17t |EF_year = 2007 |EF = {{decrease}} 8.0 gha<ref name="EF">{{cite web |url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |title=Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 |publisher=Global Footprint Network |accessdate=July 11, 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709224423/http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |EF_rank = 6t |currency = [[{{#property:p38}}]] ($) |currency_code = USD |country_code = USA |utc_offset = −5 to −10 |utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{ref label|UTCbox|e|}} |calling_code = [[North American Nummerin Plan|+1]] |iso3166code = US |drives_on = richt{{ref label|driving|g|}} |cctld = {{nowrap|[[.us]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.gov]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.mil]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.edu]]}} |footnote_a = {{note|engoffbox}} Inglish is the [[Offeecial leid o the Unitit States|offeecial leid]] o at least 28 states; some soorces gie heicher figurs, based on differin defineetions o "offeecial".{{big|<ref name=ILW>{{cite web |author=Feder, Jody |url= http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf |title= English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress |date=January 25, 2007 |publisher= Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service) |accessdate= June 19, 2007}}</ref>}} Inglish an [[Hawaiian leid|Hawaiian]] are baith offeecial leids in the state o [[Hawaii]]. |footnote_b = {{note|engfactobox}} Inglis is the ''[[de facto]]'' leid o American govrenment an the sole leid spoken at home bi 80 percent o Americans aged five an aulder. [[Spainyie leid in the Unitit States|Spainyie is the seicont maist commonly spoken leid]]. |footnote_c = {{note|areabox}} Whether the Unitit States or [[Cheenae]] is lairger haes been [[Leet o kintras bi aurie|disputit]]. The figur gien is frae the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''[[The Warld Factbeuk]]''. Ither soorces gie smawer figurs. Aw authoritative calculations o the kintra's size include anly the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, nae the [[Territories o the Unitit States|territories]]. |footnote_d = {{note|popbox}} The population estimate is o fowk whose uisual residence is within the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, regardless o naitionality. It daes nae include those livin in the territories (ower 4&nbsp;million fowk, maistly in [[Puerto Rico]]). |footnote_e = {{note|UTCbox}} See [[Time in the Unitit States]] for details aboot laws govrenin time zones in the Unitit States. |footnote_f = {{note|ISO3166box}} Daes nae include [[insular aurie]]s an [[Unitit States Minor Ootlyin Islands]], which hae thair ain [[ISO 3166]] codes. |footnote_g = {{note|driving}} Except [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]. }} [[File:ReliefUSA map.gif|thumb|right|280px|A pictur o the lawer 48 states Americae.]] The '''Unitit States o Americae''' ({{lang-en|United States of America|link=yes}}, '''USA'''), commonly referred tae as the '''Unitit States''' ({{lang-en|United States|link=no}}, '''US''', '''U.S.''') or '''Americae''' ({{lang-en|America|link=no}}), is a [[Constitution|constitutional]] [[federal republic]] componed o 50 [[state o the Unitit States|federatit states]], the federal destrict [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], five main sel-govrening territories, an ither possessions.{{refn|group=fn|The five major territories are [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northren Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], an the [[Unitit States Virgin Islands]]. Thare are eleven smawer island auries withoot permanent populations: [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], an [[Palmyra Atoll]]. U.S. sovereignty ower [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]], [[Navassa Island]], [[Serranilla Bank]], an [[Wake Island]] is disputit.<ref>U.S. State Department, [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights], December 30, 2011, Item 22, 27, 80.— an U.S. General Accounting Office Report, [http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229153648/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |date=2020-02-29 }}, November 1997, p. 1, 6, 39n. Both viewed April 6, 2016.</ref>}} Forty-aicht o the fifty states an the federal destrict border each ither an locatit in [[North Americae]] atween [[Canadae]] an [[Mexico]]. The [[Alaska|state o Alaska]] is in the northwast neuk o North Americae, bordered bi Canadae tae the east an athort the [[Bering Strait]] frae [[Roushie]] tae the wast. The [[Hawaii|state o Hawaii]] is an [[airchipelago]] in the mid-[[Pacific Ocean]]. The U.S. territories are scattered aboot the Paceefic Ocean an the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Nine time zones are covered. The geografie, climate an wildlife o the kintra are extremely diverse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwf.org/wildlife.aspx|title=Wildlife Library|publisher=National Wildlife Federation|accessdate= December 23, 2014}}</ref> At 3.8&nbsp;million squerr miles (9.8&nbsp;million km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="State and other areas">"[https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html State and other areas]", U.S. Census Bureau, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620155719/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/solutions/products/census/maf-tiger.asp MAF/TIGER] database as of August 2010, excluding the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. viewed October 22, 2014.</ref> an wi ower 324 million fowk, the Unitit States is the warld's [[Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi aurie|fowert-lairgest kintra bi tot aurie]] (an fowerth-mucklest bi laund aurie){{refn|group=fn|The follaein twa primary soorces (non-mirrored) represent the range (min./max.) o tot aurie for Cheenae an the Unitit States. Baith soorces ''exclude'' Taiwan frae the aurie o Cheenae. {{ordered list |1= The Encyclopædia Britannica lets Cheenae as warld's third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi a tot aurie o 9,572,900 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/111803/China-quick-facts|title=China|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> an the Unitit States as fowert-lairgest at 9,526,468 sq km. The figur for the Unitit States is less nor in the CIA Factbook acause it ''excludes'' coastal an territorial watters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts|title=United States|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> |2= The CIA World Factbook leets the Unitit States as the third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi tot aurie o 9,833,517 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|title=United States|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Cheenae as fowert-lairgest at 9,596,960 sq km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|title=China|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This figur for the Unitit States is greater nor in the Encyclopædia Britannica acause it ''includes'' coastal an territorial watters.}}}} an the [[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population|third-maist populous]]. It is ane o the warld's maist ethnically diverse an [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] naitions, an is hame tae the warld's mucklest nummer o immigrant fowk.<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref> Urbanisation climbed tae oweer 80% in 2010 an leads tae growin megaregions. The kintra's caipital is [[Washington, D.C.]] an its mucklest ceety is [[New York Ceety]]; the ither major metropolitan auries, aw wi aroond five million or mair indwallers, are [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], [[San Francisco]], [[Boston]], [[Dallas]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Houston]], [[Miami]], an [[Atlanta]]. Paleo-Indians migrated frae Asie tae the North American mainland at least 15,000 year ago.<ref name=earliest>{{cite news|title=Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/12/science/la-sci-sn-paisley-caves-20120712|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles County, California|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=July 12, 2012|first=Thomas H.|last=Maugh II|accessdate=February 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web |url= http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archivedate=November 28, 2007 |ref=HumanOrigins |title=What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America? |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |date=June 2004 |accessdate=June 19, 2007}}<br />{{cite web |first=Nicolas |last=Kudeba |url=http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |title=Chapter 1&nbsp;– The First Big Steppe&nbsp;– Aboriginal Canadian History |website=The History of Canada Podcast |date=February 28, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301013552/http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |archivedate=March 1, 2014 |deadurl=no}}<br />{{cite journal |author=Guy Gugliotta |title=When Did Humans Come to the Americas? |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-did-humans-come-to-the-americas-4209273/?all |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |date=February 2013 |access-date=June 25, 2015 }}</ref> [[European colonisation o the Americas|European colonisation]] began in the 16t century. The Unitit States emerged frae [[Thirteen Colonies|13 Breetish colonies]] alang the [[East Coast o the Unitit States|East Coast]]. Mony disputes atween [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] an the colonies in the eftermath o the [[Seiven Years' War]] led tae the [[American Revolution]], whilk began in 1775. On Julie 4, 1776, as the colonies war fichtin Great Breetain in the [[American Revolutionary War]], delegates frae the 13 colonies unanimously adoptit the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declaration o Unthirldom]]. The war endit in 1783 wi [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|recogneetion o the unthirldom o the Unitit States]] bi [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]], an wis the first successfu war o unthirldom against a European colonial empire.<ref>Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., eds. (2008). ''A Companion to the American Revolution''. pp. 352–361.<br />{{cite book |author=Bender, Thomas |title=A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wQHlrIz4gpYC&pg=PA61 |year=2006 |publisher=Hill & Wang |location=New York |page=61 |isbn=978-0-8090-7235-4}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=4&smtid=1 |title=Overview of the Early National Period |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> The [[Unitit States Constitution|current constitution]] wis adoptit in 1788, efter the [[Airticles o Confederation]], adoptit in 1781, war felt tae hae providit inadequate federal pouers. The first ten amendments, collectively named the [[Unitit States Bill o Richts|Bill o Richts]], war ratified in 1791 an designed tae guarantee mony fundamental ceevil liberties. The Unitit States gaed on a vigorous expansion athort North Americae throuoot the 19t century,<ref name="MD2007" /> displacin American Indian tribes, acquirin new territories, an gradually admittin new states till it spanned the continent in 1848.<ref name="MD2007">{{cite book |last=Carlisle |first=Rodney P. |first2=J. Geoffrey |last2=Golson |title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America |series=Turning Points in History Series |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ka6LxulZaEwC&vq=annexation&dq=territorial+expansion+United+States+%22manifest+destiny%22 |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-833-0 |page=238}}</ref> During the seicont hauf o the 19t century, the [[American Ceevil War]] led tae the end o legal slavery in the kintra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html|title=The Civil War and emancipation 1861–1865 |work=Africans in America |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|location=Boston, Massachusetts|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012054217/http://pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html |archivedate=October 12, 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Jeffrey H. |editor1-last=Wallenfeldt |author=Britannica Educational Publishing |series=America at War |title=The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power |url=https://books.google.com/?id=T_0TrXXiDbUC&dq=slavery+%22American+Civil+War%22 |year=2009 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-045-7 |page=264}}</ref> Bi the end o that century, the Unitit States extendit intae the Pacific Ocean,<ref name="AmCentNYT">{{cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/white-century.html |title=The American Century |author=White, Donald W. |year=1996 |isbn=0-300-05721-0 |publisher=Yale University Press |chapter=1: The Frontiers |accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> an its economy, driven in muckle pairt bi the [[Industrial Revolution]], began tae growe a lot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Work in the Late 19th Century|url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/|website=Library of Congress|accessdate=January 16, 2015}}</ref> The [[Spaingie–American War]] an {{nowrap|[[Warld War I]]}} confirmed the kintra's status as a global militar pouer. The Unitit States emerged frae {{nowrap|[[Warld War II]]}} as a global [[superpouer]], the first kintra tae develop nuclear wappens, the anly kintra tae [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|uise them]] in warfare, an a permanent member o the [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]]. It is a foondin member o the [[Organisation o American States]] (OAS) an various ither [[Pan-Americanism|Pan-American]] an internaitional organisations. The end o the [[Cauld War]] an the [[dissolution o the Soviet Union|end o the Soviet Union]] in 1991 left the Unitit States as the warld's sole superpouer.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tony Judt|author2=Denis Lacorne|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=June 4, 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}<br />{{cite book|author=Richard J. Samuels|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666|date=December 21, 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}<br />{{cite book|author=Paul R. Pillar|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GYklwy6booC&pg=PA57|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-0004-0|page=57}}<br />{{cite book|author=Gabe T. Wang|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179|date=January 1, 2006|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}<br />{{cite book|title=Understanding the "Victory Disease," From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}</ref> The Unitit States is a heichly developed kintra, wi the warld's mucklest [[Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal)|economy bi nominal GDP]]. It ranks heichly in several meisurs o socioeconomic performance, includin average wage,<ref>{{cite web|title=Average annual wages, 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices|url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=64115|website=OECD|accessdate=April 30, 2016}}</ref> [[Human Development Index|human development]], per capita GDP, an productivity per person.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500395_162-3228735.html |title=U.S. Workers World's Most Productive |publisher=CBS News |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref> While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, chairacterised bi the dominance o [[Service (economics)|services]] an knawledge economy, the manufacturin sector remains the seicont-mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$)|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD|website=World Bank Open Data|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref> Tho its population is anly 4.3% o the warld tot,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. and World Population Clock|url=http://www.census.gov/popclock/|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> the Unitit States accoonts for nearly a quarter o warld GDP<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=23&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title = World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = }}</ref> an ower a third o global militar spendin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |title=Trends in world military expenditure, 2013 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=April 2014 |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104033821/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |url-status=dead }}</ref> makkin it the warld's foremaist economic an [[Unitit States Airmed Forces|militar]] pouer. The Unitit States is a prominent poleetical an cultural force internaitionally, an a leader in scienteefic resairch an technological innovations.<ref>[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]<br />[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|title=Geographical trends of research output|publisher=Research Trends|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317092424/http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|title=The top 20 countries for scientific output|publisher=Open Access Week|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317105014/http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|title=Granted patents|publisher=European Patent Office|accessdate=March 16, 2014}}</ref> == History == Follaein the European colonisation o the Americaes, aw thirteen o [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]'s American colonies spleet frae the mither kintra an formit the Unitit States, the warld's first [[constitution]]al an [[democracy|democratic]] [[federation|federal]] [[republic]], efter thair [[American Declaration o Unthirldom|declaration o unthirldom]] in [[1776]] an the [[American Weir o Unthirldom|Weir o Unthirldom]] ([[1775]]–[[1783]]). Great Breetain made peace wi the rebols an wi the [[Treaty o Pairis (1783)|Treaty o Pairis]] in 1783. For tae mak a stoot colonol govrenment, the [[Philadelphia Convention]] wis foondit in 1787 an raitifeet a [[Constitution o the Unitit States|constitution]] in 1788, an the farst Unitit States Senate, Hoose o Representatives, an preses tak office in 1789. [[George Washington]] wis the first preses. Differences o opinion an social order atween northren an soothern states in early Unitit States society, pairteecularly regairdin Black sclavery, ultimately led tae the American Ceevil War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stuart Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76|accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book|author=Harold T. Lewis|title=Christian Social Witness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-56101-188-9|page=53}}</ref> Follaein the Union victory in 1865, three amendments war addit tae the U.S. Constitution: the [[Thirteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Thirteent Amendment]] prohibitit sclavery, the [[Fowerteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fowerteent Amendment]] providit ceetizenship tae the nearly fower million [[African American]]s wha haed been sclaves,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf |title=1860 Census |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 10, 2007}} Page 7 leets a tot sclave population o 3,953,760.</ref> an the [[Fifteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fifteent Amendment]] ensured that thay haed the richt tae vote. The Unitit States remained neutral frae the ootbreak o [[Warld War I]], in 1914, till 1917 whan it jyned the war as an "associatit pouer", alangside the formal [[Allies o Warld War I]], helpin tae turn the tide against the [[Central Pouers]]. In 1920, the weemen's richts muivement wan passage o a constitutional amendment grantin weemen's suffrage.<ref name="voris">{{cite book |last1=Voris |first1=Jacqueline Van |title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life |url=https://archive.org/details/carriechapmancat0000vanv |series=Women and Peace Series |year=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |location=New York City |isbn=1-55861-139-8 |page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920.&nbsp;... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}}</ref> The 1920s an 1930s saw the rise o [[radio]] for mass communication an the invention o early [[televeesion]].<ref>Winchester pp. 410–411</ref> The prosperity o the Roaring Twenties endit wi the [[Wall Street Crash o 1929]] an the onset o the [[Great Depression]]. Efter his election as preses in 1932, [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] respondit wi the [[New Deal]], whit included the establishment o the [[Social Security (Unitit States)|Social Security]] seestem.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |first1=June |last1=Axinn |first2=Mark J. |last2=Stern |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |location=Boston |year=2007}}</ref> At first effectively neutral during [[Warld War II]] while Germany conquered much o continental Europe, the Unitit States began supplyin material tae the [[Allies o Warld War II|Allies]] in Mairch 1941 throu the Lend-Lease programme. On December 7, 1941, the [[Empire o Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], promptin the Unitit States tae jyn the Allies against the [[Axis pouers]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor">{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|accessdate=January 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archivedate=December 13, 2014 }}</ref> The Unitit States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear wappens]] an uised them on Japan [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|in the ceeties o Hiroshima an Nagasaki]]; causin the Japanese tae surrender on September 2, endin Warld War II.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? {{!}} The Japan Times|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=2017-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.</ref> Efter Warld War II the Unitit States an the [[Soviet Union]] jockeyed for pouer during whit acame kent as the [[Cauld War]], driven bi an ideological divide atween [[caipitalism]] an [[communism]]<ref name="WaggAndrews2012">{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}}</ref> an, accordin tae the schuil o [[geopolitics]], a divide atween the maritime Atlantic an the continental Eurasian camps. American truips focht communist [[Fowk's Liberation Airmy|Cheenese]] an [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] o 1950–53.<ref name="Proxy" /> The Soviet Union's 1957 launch o the [[Sputnik 1|first airtifeecial satellite]] an its 1961 launch o the [[Vostok 1|first manned spaceflicht]] ineetiatit a "[[Space Race]]" in whit the Unitit States acame the first naition tae [[Apollo 11|laund a man on the muin]] in 1969.<ref name="Proxy">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}}</ref> A proxy war in Sootheast Asie eventually evolved intae full American pairteecipation, as the [[Vietnam War]]. At hame in the 1960s, the growin [[African-American Ceevil Richts Muivement (1954–68)|Ceevil Richts Muivement]] uised nonviolence tae confront segregation an discrimination, wi [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] acomin a prominent leader an figurheid. The late 1980s, unner the presidency o [[Ronald Reagan]], brocht a "thowe" in relations wi the USSR, an [[Dissolution o the Soviet Union|its collapse]] in 1991 finally endit the Cauld War.<ref>{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rhetoric_of_Presidential_Summit_Dipl.html?id=LctvjhxJ-bsC |year=2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Kissinger |title=Diplomacy |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0IZboamhb5EC&lpg=PA731 |year=2011 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12|year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}<br /></ref><ref>[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref><ref>[[#ushistory13|US History.org, 2013]]</ref> On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists struck the [[Warld Trade Center (1973–2001)|Warld Trade Center]] in New York Ceety an [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killin nearly 3,000 fowk.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened |url=http://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/ |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |publisher=Fox News}}<br />{{cite news |title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |publisher=CBS News |date=September 11, 2012 |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215138/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html |title=Day of Terror Video Archive |year=2005 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=March 6, 2013 }}</ref> In response, the Unitit States launched the [[War on Terror]], whilk included [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] an the 2003–11 [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy |author=Walsh, Kenneth T. |url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |date=December 9, 2008 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}<br />{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-921-9 |page=872 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Overview: The Iraq War |last=Wong |first=Edward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 15, 2008 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&dq=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |accessdate=October 25, 2015 }}<br />{{cite news |title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War |author=Durando, Jessica |author2=Green, Shannon Rae |agency=Associated Press |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=December 21, 2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 |archive-date=2020-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unner Preses [[Barack Obama]], American forces in Iraq war widrawn in muckle nummers in 2009 an 2010, an the war in the region wis declared formally ower in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/world/middleeast/panetta-in-baghdad-for-iraq-military-handover-ceremony.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Thom | last1=Shanker | first2=Michael S. | last2=Schmidt | first3=Robert F. | last3=Worth | title=In Baghdad, Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict | date=December 15, 2011}}</ref> The widrawal caused [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)|an escalation o sectarian insurgency]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |title=The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency &#124; Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |publisher=[[United States Military Academy]] |accessdate=January 26, 2017 |archive-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043422/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |url-status=dead }}</ref> leadin tae the rise o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]], the successor o al-Qaeda in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|title=Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests|publisher=U.S Department of State|accessdate=November 26, 2010|date=January 26, 2017|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141714/https://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Geografie, climate, an environs == The laund aurie o the [[contiguous Unitit States]] is {{convert|2959064|sqmi|km2|1}}. Alaska, separatit frae the contiguous Unitit States bi Canadae, is the mucklest state at {{convert|663268|sqmi|km2|1}}. [[Hawaii]], occupyin an airchipelago in the central [[Paceefic Ocean|Paceefic]], soothwast o North Americae, is {{convert|10931|sqmi|km2|0}} in aurie. The populatit territories o [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northren Mariana Islands]], an [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] thegither civer {{convert|9185|sqmi|km2|0}}.<ref name="Land Area of US and states">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|page=41|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}</ref> The Unitit States, wi its muckle size an geografic variety, includes maist climate teepes. Tae the east o the 100t meridian, the climate ranges frae humid continental in the north tae humid subtropical in the sooth.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 24, 2014|archive-date=2014-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225073246/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Great Plains wast o the 100t meridian are semi-arid. Much o the Wastren moontains hae an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Soothwast, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in coastal Californie, an [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] an [[Washington (state)|Washington]] an soothren Alaska. Maist o Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii an the soothren tip o [[Florida]] are tropical, as are the populatit territories in the Caribbean an the Paceefic.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> === Wildlife === The U.S. ecology is megadiverse: aboot 17,000 species o [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous Unitit States an Alaska, an ower 1,800 species o flouering plants are foond in Hawaii, few o whit occur on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |url=http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |publisher=National Biological Service |work=Plants |accessdate=October 27, 2008 |archivedate=July 24, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |date=2013-07-24 }}</ref> The Unitit States is hame tae 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, an 295 amphibian species.<ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Aboot 91,000 insect species hae been describit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref> The [[bauld eagle]] is baith the naitional bird an naitional ainimal o the Unitit States, an is an endurin seembol o the kintra itsel.<ref name=j23>{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=E.A. |year=1990 |title=Symbol of a Nation: The Bald Eagle in American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-culture_spring-1990_13_1/page/63 |journal=The Journal of American Culture |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=63–69|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.1990.1301_63.x }}</ref> == Cultur == The Unitit States is hame tae [[Multiculturalism|mony culturs]] an a wide variety o ethnic groups, tradeetions, an values.<ref name="DD" /><ref name="Society in Focus">Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.</ref> Aside frae the [[Hamespun Americans in the Unitit States|Hamespun American]], [[Hamespun Hawaiians|Hamespun Hawaiian]], an [[Alaska Hamespuns|Hamespun Alaskan]] populations, nearly aw Americans or thair ancestors settled or emigratit within the past five centuries.<ref>Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E. (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.</ref> Mainstream American cultur is a Wastren cultur mucklely derived frae the tradeetions o European emigrants wi influences frae mony ither soorces, sic as tradeetions brocht bi slaves frae Africae.<ref name="DD" /><ref>Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.</ref> ===Cuisine=== Mainstream American cuisine is seemilar tae that in ither Wastren kintras. Chairactereestic dishes sic as aiple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, an het dogs derive frae the recipes o various emigrants. French fries, [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] dishes sic as burritos an tacos, an pasta dishes freely adaptit frae Italian soorces are widely consumed.<ref name="IFT">{{cite web |url=http://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N. |title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003 |publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists |date=August 23, 2003|accessdate=June 19, 2007}}</ref> Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea.<ref name=coffeeandtea>{{cite news|last1=H|first1=D|title=The coffee insurgency|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/12/daily-chart-17|website=The Economist|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Mercatin bi U.S. industries is mucklely responsible for makkin orange juice an milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages.<ref>[[#Smith2004|Smith, 2004]], pp. 131–132</ref><ref>[[#Levenstein|Levenstein, 2003]], pp. 154–55</ref> ===Airts=== In leeturatur, [[Edgar Allen Poe]], [[Emily Dickenson]], [[Mark Twain]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], [[Herman Melville]], an [[John Steinbeck]] are amang the maist weel kent Americans, while [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Georgia O'Keefe]], an [[Andy Warhol]] are some o the maist weel kent American painters. [[Hollywood]], a northren destrict o [[Los Angeles]], Californie, is ane o the leaders in motion pictur production.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 |title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer |publisher=United Nations |date=May 5, 2009 |accessdate=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Syne the early 20t century, the U.S. film industry haes mucklely been based in an aroond Hollywood, awtho in the 21st century an increasin nummer o films are nae made thare, an film companies hae been subject tae the forces o globalisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|publisher=''The Hollywood Reporter''|accessdate=January 24, 2015}}</ref> Muisic in Americae haes been influenced bi [[African-American]] cultur, wi [[Duke Ellington]] an [[Louis Armstrong]] pioneerin the [[Jazz]] genre. [[Elvis Presley]] an [[Buddy Holly]] war leadin airtists in pioneerin popular muisic in the 1950s. Syne then, the Unitit States haes produced mony popular airtists, includin [[Michael Jackson]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Madonna]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Taylor Swift]], an [[Beyoncé]], amang mony ithers. ==Sport== [[American fitba]] is the maist popular sport in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web |author=Krane, David K. |title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |publisher=Harris Interactive |date=October 30, 2002 |accessdate=September 14, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |archivedate=July 9, 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |date=2010-07-09 }} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0.</ref> The [[National Football League]] (NFL) haes the heichest average attendance o ony sports league in the warld, an the [[Super Bowl]] is watched bi millions globally. [[Basebaw]] haes been regairdit as the U.S. [[naitional sport]] syne the late 19t century, wi [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) bein the tap league. [[Basketbaw]] an [[ice hockey]] are the kintra's next twa [[Major professional sports leagues in the Unitit States an Canadae|leadin professional team sports]], wi the tap leagues bein the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) an the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). Aight [[Olympic Gemmes]] hae taken place in the Unitit States. As o 2014, the Unitit States haes wan 2,400 medals at the [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]], mair nor ony ither kintra, an 281 in the [[Winter Olympic Gemmes]], the seicont maist behind Norawa.<ref>{{cite news |title= The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings |first= Chris |last= Chase |date= February 7, 2014 |work= [[USA Today]] |url= http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/ |accessdate= February 28, 2014 |archive-date= 2019-12-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191215084716/https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts |url-status= dead }} {{cite news |title= With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals |date= February 6, 2014 |first= Dan |last= Loumena |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206 |accessdate= February 28, 2014 }}</ref> == States o the Unitit States == {{main|U.S. state}} {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * [[Alabama]] * [[Alaska]] * [[Arizona]] * [[Arkansas]] * [[Californie]] * [[Colorado]] * [[Connecticut]] * [[Delaware]] * [[Florida]] * [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] | valign="top" | * [[Hawaii]] * [[Idaho]] * [[Illinois]] * [[Indiana]] * [[Iowa]] * [[Kansas]] * [[Kentucky]] * [[Louisiana]] * [[Maine]] * [[Maryland]] | valign="top" | * [[Massachusetts]] * [[Michigan]] * [[Minnesota]] * [[Mississippi]] * [[Missouri]] * [[Montana]] * [[Nebraska]] * [[Nevada]] * [[New Hampshire]] * [[New Jersey]] | valign="top" | * [[New Mexico]] * [[New York]] * [[North Carolina]] * [[North Dakota]] * [[Ohio]] * [[Oklahoma]] * [[Oregon]] * [[Pennsylvanie]] * [[Rhode Island]] * [[Sooth Carolina]] | valign="top" | * [[Sooth Dakota]] * [[Tennessee]] * [[Texas]] * [[Utah]] * [[Vermont]] * [[Wast Virginie]] * [[Virginie]] * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] * [[Wisconsin]] * [[Wyoming]] |} ==Notes== <references group="fn"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Soorces=== {{Commonscat|United States}} * {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book] * {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}} * {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}} * {{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1}} {{Unitit States topics}} [[Category:Unitit States| ]] [[Category:1776 establishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile confederations]] [[Category:G8 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1776]] 3m5o6oq6jid6budvy4yeg3zjrtik18p 916418 916415 2026-05-07T19:07:14Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Vandalism remuived 916418 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fix Scots|date=Januar 2021}} {{hatnote|For the landmass comprisin North an Sooth Americae, see [[America]]. For ither uisses, see [[America (disambiguation)]].}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Unitit States o Americae |common_name = Unitit States |native_name = {{lang-en|United States of America}}</br>{{lang-es|Estados Unidos de América|label=[[Spainish leid|Spainish]]}}</br>{{lang-chr|ᏌᏊᎢᏳᎾᎵᏍᏔᏅᏍᎦᏚᎩ ᎾᎿ ᎠᎺᏰᏟ}}</br>{{lang-nv|Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí}} |image_flag = Flag of the United States.svg |image_coat = Great Seal of the United States (obverse).svg |symbol_type = Great Seal |national_motto = <div style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">"[[In God we trust]]" {{small|(offeecial)}}<ref>{{USC|36|302}} ''National motto''</ref><ref>[[#Simonson|Simonson, 2010]]</ref><ref>[[#God|Dept. of Treasury, 2011]]</ref></div> <div style="line-height:1.15em;">{{native phrase|la|"[[E pluribus unum]]"|italics=off}} {{small|(tradeetional)}} <br />{{small|"Oot o mony, ane"}} </div> |national_anthem = "[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]"<br /><center>[[File:Star Spangled Banner instrumental.ogg]]</center> |image_map = USA orthographic.svg |alt_map = Projection o North Americae wi the Unitit States in green |map_width = 220px |capital = [[Washington, D.C.]] |coordinates = {{Coord|38|53|N|77|01|W|type:city}} |largest_city = [[New York Ceety]] |official_languages = {{nowrap|None at [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|federal level]]{{ref label|engoffbox|a|}}}} |languages_type = [[Naitional leid]] |languages = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]{{ref label|engfactobox|b|}}<!---NOTE: Just English, don't add "American English"---> |official_religion = none |demonym = [[America]]n |government_type = [[Federalism|Federal]] [[Presidential seestem|presidential]] [[constitutional republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o the Unitit States|Preses]] |leader_name1 = {{nowrap|[[Donald Trump]] ([[Republican Pairty (Unitit States)|R]])}} |leader_title2 = [[Vice Preses o the Unitit States|Vice Preses]] |leader_name2 = {{nowrap|[[J.D. Vance]] (R)}} |leader_title3 = {{nowrap|[[Speaker o the Unitit States Hoose o Representatives|Speaker o the Hoose]]}} |leader_name3 = {{nowrap|[[Mike Johnson]] (R)}} |leader_title4 = [[Chief Juistice o the Unitit States|Chief Juistice]] |leader_name4 = [[John Roberts]] |legislature = [[Unitit States Congress|Congress]] |upper_house = [[Senate (Unitit States)|Senate]] |lower_house = [[Hoose o Representatives (Unitit States)|Hoose o Representatives]] |sovereignty_type = [[American Revolution|Unthirldom]] |sovereignty_note = from [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] |established_event1 = [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declared]] |established_date1 = 4 Julie 1776 |established_event2 = [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|Recognized]] |established_date2 = 3 September 1783 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Unitit States Constitution|Constitution]]}} |established_date3 = 21 Juin 1788 |area_magnitude = 1 E12 |area_sq_mi = 3794101 |area_km2 = 9826675 |area_rank = 3rd/4th |area_footnote = <ref name="WF">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |title=United States |publisher=CIA |work=The World Factbook |date=September 30, 2009 |accessdate=January 5, 2010 (area given in square kilometers) |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>{{ref label|areabox|c|}} |percent_water = 6.76 | population_census = {{IncreaseNeutral}} 331,449,281<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.htmlpid=2020CENSUS&src=pt |url-status=dead |title=Census Bureau's 2020 Population Count |work=[[United States Census]] |access-date=April 26, 2021}} The 2020 census is as of April 1, 2020.</ref> | population_census_year = 2020 | population_census_rank = 3rd | population_density_sq_mi = 87<!-- Figure uses (population/land + water area) as of July 2019. --> | population_density_rank = 146t | GDP_PPP = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_PPP_year = 2021 | GDP_PPP_rank = 2nt | GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c=111,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2021&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1 |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021|publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=October 13, 2021}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 8t | GDP_nominal = {{increase}} {{nowrap|$22.940 trillion}}<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2021 | GDP_nominal_rank = 1st | GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $69,375<ref name="IMFWEOUS"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 5t | Gini = 48.5<!-- Number only. --> | Gini_year = 2020 | Gini_change = increase | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/09/26/income-inequality-america-highest-its-been-since-census-started-tracking-it-data-show/ |title=Income inequality in America is the highest it's been since Census Bureau started tracking it, data shows |work=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=July 27, 2020}}</ref> | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.926<!-- Number only. --> | HDI_year = 2019<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2020.pdf|title=Human Development Report 2020: The Next Frontier: Human Development and the Anthropocene|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=December 15, 2020|access-date=December 15, 2020}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 17t |EF_year = 2007 |EF = {{decrease}} 8.0 gha<ref name="EF">{{cite web |url=http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |title=Ecological Footprint Atlas 2010 |publisher=Global Footprint Network |accessdate=July 11, 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110709224423/http://www.footprintnetwork.org/images/uploads/Ecological_Footprint_Atlas_2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |EF_rank = 6t |currency = [[{{#property:p38}}]] ($) |currency_code = USD |country_code = USA |utc_offset = −5 to −10 |utc_offset_DST = −4 to −10{{ref label|UTCbox|e|}} |calling_code = [[North American Nummerin Plan|+1]] |iso3166code = US |drives_on = richt{{ref label|driving|g|}} |cctld = {{nowrap|[[.us]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.gov]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.mil]]{{nbsp|3}}[[.edu]]}} |footnote_a = {{note|engoffbox}} Inglish is the [[Offeecial leid o the Unitit States|offeecial leid]] o at least 28 states; some soorces gie heicher figurs, based on differin defineetions o "offeecial".{{big|<ref name=ILW>{{cite web |author=Feder, Jody |url= http://www.ilw.com/immigrationdaily/news/2007,0515-crs.pdf |title= English as the Official Language of the United States: Legal Background and Analysis of Legislation in the 110th Congress |date=January 25, 2007 |publisher= Ilw.com (Congressional Research Service) |accessdate= June 19, 2007}}</ref>}} Inglish an [[Hawaiian leid|Hawaiian]] are baith offeecial leids in the state o [[Hawaii]]. |footnote_b = {{note|engfactobox}} Inglis is the ''[[de facto]]'' leid o American govrenment an the sole leid spoken at home bi 80 percent o Americans aged five an aulder. [[Spainyie leid in the Unitit States|Spainyie is the seicont maist commonly spoken leid]]. |footnote_c = {{note|areabox}} Whether the Unitit States or [[Cheenae]] is lairger haes been [[Leet o kintras bi aurie|disputit]]. The figur gien is frae the U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]]'s ''[[The Warld Factbeuk]]''. Ither soorces gie smawer figurs. Aw authoritative calculations o the kintra's size include anly the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, nae the [[Territories o the Unitit States|territories]]. |footnote_d = {{note|popbox}} The population estimate is o fowk whose uisual residence is within the 50 states an the Destrict o Columbia, regardless o naitionality. It daes nae include those livin in the territories (ower 4&nbsp;million fowk, maistly in [[Puerto Rico]]). |footnote_e = {{note|UTCbox}} See [[Time in the Unitit States]] for details aboot laws govrenin time zones in the Unitit States. |footnote_f = {{note|ISO3166box}} Daes nae include [[insular aurie]]s an [[Unitit States Minor Ootlyin Islands]], which hae thair ain [[ISO 3166]] codes. |footnote_g = {{note|driving}} Except [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]. }} [[File:ReliefUSA map.gif|thumb|right|280px|A pictur o the lawer 48 states Americae.]] The '''Unitit States o Americae''' ({{lang-en|United States of America|link=yes}}, '''USA'''), commonly referred tae as the '''Unitit States''' ({{lang-en|United States|link=no}}, '''US''', '''U.S.''') or '''Americae''' ({{lang-en|America|link=no}}), is a [[Constitution|constitutional]] [[federal republic]] componed o 50 [[state o the Unitit States|federatit states]], the federal destrict [[Washington, D.C.|Washington D.C.]], five main sel-govrening territories, an ither possessions.{{refn|group=fn|The five major territories are [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], the [[Northren Mariana Islands]], [[Puerto Rico]], an the [[Unitit States Virgin Islands]]. Thare are eleven smawer island auries withoot permanent populations: [[Baker Island]], [[Howland Island]], [[Jarvis Island]], [[Johnston Atoll]], [[Kingman Reef]], [[Midway Atoll]], an [[Palmyra Atoll]]. U.S. sovereignty ower [[Bajo Nuevo Bank]], [[Navassa Island]], [[Serranilla Bank]], an [[Wake Island]] is disputit.<ref>U.S. State Department, [http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/179780.htm Common Core Document to U.N. Committee on Human Rights], December 30, 2011, Item 22, 27, 80.— an U.S. General Accounting Office Report, [http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf U.S. Insular Areas: application of the U.S. Constitution] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229153648/https://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |date=2020-02-29 }}, November 1997, p. 1, 6, 39n. Both viewed April 6, 2016.</ref>}} Forty-aicht o the fifty states an the federal destrict border each ither an locatit in [[North Americae]] atween [[Canadae]] an [[Mexico]]. The [[Alaska|state o Alaska]] is in the northwast neuk o North Americae, bordered bi Canadae tae the east an athort the [[Bering Strait]] frae [[Roushie]] tae the wast. The [[Hawaii|state o Hawaii]] is an [[airchipelago]] in the mid-[[Pacific Ocean]]. The U.S. territories are scattered aboot the Paceefic Ocean an the [[Caribbean Sea]]. Nine time zones are covered. The geografie, climate an wildlife o the kintra are extremely diverse.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwf.org/wildlife.aspx|title=Wildlife Library|publisher=National Wildlife Federation|accessdate= December 23, 2014}}</ref> At 3.8&nbsp;million squerr miles (9.8&nbsp;million km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="State and other areas">"[https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/state-area.html State and other areas]", U.S. Census Bureau, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120620155719/http://www.govcomm.harris.com/solutions/products/census/maf-tiger.asp MAF/TIGER] database as of August 2010, excluding the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. viewed October 22, 2014.</ref> an wi ower 324 million fowk, the Unitit States is the warld's [[Leet o sovereign states an dependencies bi aurie|fowert-lairgest kintra bi tot aurie]] (an fowerth-mucklest bi laund aurie){{refn|group=fn|The follaein twa primary soorces (non-mirrored) represent the range (min./max.) o tot aurie for Cheenae an the Unitit States. Baith soorces ''exclude'' Taiwan frae the aurie o Cheenae. {{ordered list |1= The Encyclopædia Britannica lets Cheenae as warld's third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi a tot aurie o 9,572,900 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/111803/China-quick-facts|title=China|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> an the Unitit States as fowert-lairgest at 9,526,468 sq km. The figur for the Unitit States is less nor in the CIA Factbook acause it ''excludes'' coastal an territorial watters.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/616563/United-States-quick-facts|title=United States|publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica|accessdate=January 31, 2010}}</ref> |2= The CIA World Factbook leets the Unitit States as the third-lairgest kintra (efter Roushie an Canadae) wi tot aurie o 9,833,517 sq km,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|title=United States|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225135647/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> an Cheenae as fowert-lairgest at 9,596,960 sq km.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|title=China|publisher=CIA|accessdate=June 10, 2016|archive-date=2016-10-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013030611/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ch.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> This figur for the Unitit States is greater nor in the Encyclopædia Britannica acause it ''includes'' coastal an territorial watters.}}}} an the [[Leet o kintras an dependencies bi population|third-maist populous]]. It is ane o the warld's maist ethnically diverse an [[Multiculturalism|multicultural]] naitions, an is hame tae the warld's mucklest nummer o immigrant fowk.<ref name="DD">Adams, J.Q.; Strother-Adams, Pearlie (2001). ''Dealing with Diversity''. Chicago: Kendall/Hunt. ISBN 0-7872-8145-X.</ref> Urbanisation climbed tae oweer 80% in 2010 an leads tae growin megaregions. The kintra's caipital is [[Washington, D.C.]] an its mucklest ceety is [[New York Ceety]]; the ither major metropolitan auries, aw wi aroond five million or mair indwallers, are [[Los Angeles]], [[Chicago]], [[San Francisco]], [[Boston]], [[Dallas]], [[Philadelphia]], [[Houston]], [[Miami]], an [[Atlanta]]. Paleo-Indians migrated frae Asie tae the North American mainland at least 15,000 year ago.<ref name=earliest>{{cite news|title=Who was first? New info on North America's earliest residents|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2012/jul/12/science/la-sci-sn-paisley-caves-20120712|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|location=Los Angeles County, California|publisher=Los Angeles Times|date=July 12, 2012|first=Thomas H.|last=Maugh II|accessdate=February 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite web |url= http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071128083459/http://anthropology.si.edu/HumanOrigins/faq/americas.htm |archivedate=November 28, 2007 |ref=HumanOrigins |title=What is the earliest evidence of the peopling of North and South America? |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History |date=June 2004 |accessdate=June 19, 2007}}<br />{{cite web |first=Nicolas |last=Kudeba |url=http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |title=Chapter 1&nbsp;– The First Big Steppe&nbsp;– Aboriginal Canadian History |website=The History of Canada Podcast |date=February 28, 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301013552/http://www.thehistoryofcanadapodcast.com/chapter-1-first-big-steppe/ |archivedate=March 1, 2014 |deadurl=no}}<br />{{cite journal |author=Guy Gugliotta |title=When Did Humans Come to the Americas? |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/when-did-humans-come-to-the-americas-4209273/?all |journal=Smithsonian Magazine |location=Washington, DC |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |date=February 2013 |access-date=June 25, 2015 }}</ref> [[European colonisation o the Americas|European colonisation]] began in the 16t century. The Unitit States emerged frae [[Thirteen Colonies|13 Breetish colonies]] alang the [[East Coast o the Unitit States|East Coast]]. Mony disputes atween [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]] an the colonies in the eftermath o the [[Seiven Years' War]] led tae the [[American Revolution]], whilk began in 1775. On Julie 4, 1776, as the colonies war fichtin Great Breetain in the [[American Revolutionary War]], delegates frae the 13 colonies unanimously adoptit the [[Unitit States Declaration o Unthirldom|Declaration o Unthirldom]]. The war endit in 1783 wi [[Treaty o Paris (1783)|recogneetion o the unthirldom o the Unitit States]] bi [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]], an wis the first successfu war o unthirldom against a European colonial empire.<ref>Greene, Jack P.; Pole, J.R., eds. (2008). ''A Companion to the American Revolution''. pp. 352–361.<br />{{cite book |author=Bender, Thomas |title=A Nation Among Nations: America's Place in World History |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=wQHlrIz4gpYC&pg=PA61 |year=2006 |publisher=Hill & Wang |location=New York |page=61 |isbn=978-0-8090-7235-4}}<br />{{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/era.cfm?eraid=4&smtid=1 |title=Overview of the Early National Period |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=2014 |website=Digital History |publisher=University of Houston |access-date=February 25, 2015}}</ref> The [[Unitit States Constitution|current constitution]] wis adoptit in 1788, efter the [[Airticles o Confederation]], adoptit in 1781, war felt tae hae providit inadequate federal pouers. The first ten amendments, collectively named the [[Unitit States Bill o Richts|Bill o Richts]], war ratified in 1791 an designed tae guarantee mony fundamental ceevil liberties. The Unitit States gaed on a vigorous expansion athort North Americae throuoot the 19t century,<ref name="MD2007" /> displacin American Indian tribes, acquirin new territories, an gradually admittin new states till it spanned the continent in 1848.<ref name="MD2007">{{cite book |last=Carlisle |first=Rodney P. |first2=J. Geoffrey |last2=Golson |title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America |series=Turning Points in History Series |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ka6LxulZaEwC&vq=annexation&dq=territorial+expansion+United+States+%22manifest+destiny%22 |year=2007 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-85109-833-0 |page=238}}</ref> During the seicont hauf o the 19t century, the [[American Ceevil War]] led tae the end o legal slavery in the kintra.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html|title=The Civil War and emancipation 1861–1865 |work=Africans in America |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation|location=Boston, Massachusetts|year=1999|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991012054217/http://pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p2967.html |archivedate=October 12, 1999 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |editor1-first=Jeffrey H. |editor1-last=Wallenfeldt |author=Britannica Educational Publishing |series=America at War |title=The American Civil War and Reconstruction: People, Politics, and Power |url=https://books.google.com/?id=T_0TrXXiDbUC&dq=slavery+%22American+Civil+War%22 |year=2009 |publisher=Rosen Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-61530-045-7 |page=264}}</ref> Bi the end o that century, the Unitit States extendit intae the Pacific Ocean,<ref name="AmCentNYT">{{cite book |url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/first/w/white-century.html |title=The American Century |author=White, Donald W. |year=1996 |isbn=0-300-05721-0 |publisher=Yale University Press |chapter=1: The Frontiers |accessdate=March 26, 2013}}</ref> an its economy, driven in muckle pairt bi the [[Industrial Revolution]], began tae growe a lot.<ref>{{cite web|title=Work in the Late 19th Century|url=http://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/timeline/riseind/work/|website=Library of Congress|accessdate=January 16, 2015}}</ref> The [[Spaingie–American War]] an {{nowrap|[[Warld War I]]}} confirmed the kintra's status as a global militar pouer. The Unitit States emerged frae {{nowrap|[[Warld War II]]}} as a global [[superpouer]], the first kintra tae develop nuclear wappens, the anly kintra tae [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|uise them]] in warfare, an a permanent member o the [[Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil]]. It is a foondin member o the [[Organisation o American States]] (OAS) an various ither [[Pan-Americanism|Pan-American]] an internaitional organisations. The end o the [[Cauld War]] an the [[dissolution o the Soviet Union|end o the Soviet Union]] in 1991 left the Unitit States as the warld's sole superpouer.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Tony Judt|author2=Denis Lacorne|title=With Us Or Against Us: Studies in Global Anti-Americanism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nVDHAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA61|date=June 4, 2005|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-4039-8085-4|page=61}}<br />{{cite book|author=Richard J. Samuels|title=Encyclopedia of United States National Security|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K751AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT666|date=December 21, 2005|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-4522-6535-3|page=666}}<br />{{cite book|author=Paul R. Pillar|title=Terrorism and U.S. Foreign Policy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_GYklwy6booC&pg=PA57|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Brookings Institution Press|isbn=0-8157-0004-0|page=57}}<br />{{cite book|author=Gabe T. Wang|title=China and the Taiwan Issue: Impending War at Taiwan Strait|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CbPJ7KZ9FvIC&pg=PA179|date=January 1, 2006|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-3434-2|page=179}}<br />{{cite book|title=Understanding the "Victory Disease," From the Little Bighorn to Mogadishu and Beyond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qgdmiw4VUHsC&pg=PA1|publisher=DIANE Publishing|isbn=978-1-4289-1052-2|page=1}}<br />{{cite book|author1=Akis Kalaitzidis|author2=Gregory W. Streich|title=U.S. Foreign Policy: A Documentary and Reference Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tzwYzL9KcwEC&pg=PA313|year=2011|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-313-38375-5|page=313}}</ref> The Unitit States is a heichly developed kintra, wi the warld's mucklest [[Leet o kintras bi GDP (nominal)|economy bi nominal GDP]]. It ranks heichly in several meisurs o socioeconomic performance, includin average wage,<ref>{{cite web|title=Average annual wages, 2013 USD PPPs and 2013 constant prices|url=http://stats.oecd.org//Index.aspx?QueryId=64115|website=OECD|accessdate=April 30, 2016}}</ref> [[Human Development Index|human development]], per capita GDP, an productivity per person.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500395_162-3228735.html |title=U.S. Workers World's Most Productive |publisher=CBS News |date=February 11, 2009 |accessdate=April 23, 2013}}</ref> While the U.S. economy is considered post-industrial, chairacterised bi the dominance o [[Service (economics)|services]] an knawledge economy, the manufacturin sector remains the seicont-mucklest in the warld.<ref>{{cite web|title=Manufacturing, value added (current US$)|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.IND.MANF.CD|website=World Bank Open Data|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=11 February 2017}}</ref> Tho its population is anly 4.3% o the warld tot,<ref>{{cite web|title=U.S. and World Population Clock|url=http://www.census.gov/popclock/|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=July 11, 2016}}</ref> the Unitit States accoonts for nearly a quarter o warld GDP<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=23&pr.y=9&sy=2014&ey=2014&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&s=NGDPD&grp=0&a=|title = World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = }}</ref> an ower a third o global militar spendin,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |title=Trends in world military expenditure, 2013 |publisher=Stockholm International Peace Research Institute |date=April 2014 |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |archive-date=2015-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104033821/http://books.sipri.org/product_info?c_product_id=476 |url-status=dead }}</ref> makkin it the warld's foremaist economic an [[Unitit States Airmed Forces|militar]] pouer. The Unitit States is a prominent poleetical an cultural force internaitionally, an a leader in scienteefic resairch an technological innovations.<ref>[[#Cohen|Cohen, 2004: History and the Hyperpower]]<br />[[#BBC18may|BBC, April 2008: Country Profile: United States of America]]<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|title=Geographical trends of research output|publisher=Research Trends|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317092424/http://www.researchtrends.com/issue8-november-2008/geographical-trends-of-research-output/|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|title=The top 20 countries for scientific output|publisher=Open Access Week|accessdate=March 16, 2014|archive-date=2014-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317105014/http://www.openaccessweek.org/profiles/blogs/the-top-20-countries-for-scientific-output|url-status=dead}}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.epo.org/about-us/annual-reports-statistics/annual-report/2012/statistics-trends/granted-patents.html|title=Granted patents|publisher=European Patent Office|accessdate=March 16, 2014}}</ref> == History == Follaein the European colonisation o the Americaes, aw thirteen o [[Kinrick o Great Breetain|Great Breetain]]'s American colonies spleet frae the mither kintra an formit the Unitit States, the warld's first [[constitution]]al an [[democracy|democratic]] [[federation|federal]] [[republic]], efter thair [[American Declaration o Unthirldom|declaration o unthirldom]] in [[1776]] an the [[American Weir o Unthirldom|Weir o Unthirldom]] ([[1775]]–[[1783]]). Great Breetain made peace wi the rebols an wi the [[Treaty o Pairis (1783)|Treaty o Pairis]] in 1783. For tae mak a stoot colonol govrenment, the [[Philadelphia Convention]] wis foondit in 1787 an raitifeet a [[Constitution o the Unitit States|constitution]] in 1788, an the farst Unitit States Senate, Hoose o Representatives, an preses tak office in 1789. [[George Washington]] wis the first preses. Differences o opinion an social order atween northren an soothern states in early Unitit States society, pairteecularly regairdin Black sclavery, ultimately led tae the American Ceevil War.<ref>{{cite book|author=Stuart Murray|title=Atlas of American Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&pg=PA76|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5|page=76|accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book|author=Harold T. Lewis|title=Christian Social Witness|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&pg=PA53|date=January 1, 2001|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-56101-188-9|page=53}}</ref> Follaein the Union victory in 1865, three amendments war addit tae the U.S. Constitution: the [[Thirteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Thirteent Amendment]] prohibitit sclavery, the [[Fowerteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fowerteent Amendment]] providit ceetizenship tae the nearly fower million [[African American]]s wha haed been sclaves,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-02.pdf |title=1860 Census |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=June 10, 2007}} Page 7 leets a tot sclave population o 3,953,760.</ref> an the [[Fifteent Amendment tae the Unitit States Constitution|Fifteent Amendment]] ensured that thay haed the richt tae vote. The Unitit States remained neutral frae the ootbreak o [[Warld War I]], in 1914, till 1917 whan it jyned the war as an "associatit pouer", alangside the formal [[Allies o Warld War I]], helpin tae turn the tide against the [[Central Pouers]]. In 1920, the weemen's richts muivement wan passage o a constitutional amendment grantin weemen's suffrage.<ref name="voris">{{cite book |last1=Voris |first1=Jacqueline Van |title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life |url=https://archive.org/details/carriechapmancat0000vanv |series=Women and Peace Series |year=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |location=New York City |isbn=1-55861-139-8 |page=vii|quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920.&nbsp;... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}}</ref> The 1920s an 1930s saw the rise o [[radio]] for mass communication an the invention o early [[televeesion]].<ref>Winchester pp. 410–411</ref> The prosperity o the Roaring Twenties endit wi the [[Wall Street Crash o 1929]] an the onset o the [[Great Depression]]. Efter his election as preses in 1932, [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] respondit wi the [[New Deal]], whit included the establishment o the [[Social Security (Unitit States)|Social Security]] seestem.<ref>{{cite book |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |first1=June |last1=Axinn |first2=Mark J. |last2=Stern |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |publisher=Allyn & Bacon |location=Boston |year=2007}}</ref> At first effectively neutral during [[Warld War II]] while Germany conquered much o continental Europe, the Unitit States began supplyin material tae the [[Allies o Warld War II|Allies]] in Mairch 1941 throu the Lend-Lease programme. On December 7, 1941, the [[Empire o Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], promptin the Unitit States tae jyn the Allies against the [[Axis pouers]].<ref name="Pearl Harbor">{{cite web|last1=Yamasaki|first1=Mitch|title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History|url=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii|accessdate=January 14, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf|archivedate=December 13, 2014 }}</ref> The Unitit States developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear wappens]] an uised them on Japan [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|in the ceeties o Hiroshima an Nagasaki]]; causin the Japanese tae surrender on September 2, endin Warld War II.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/|title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? {{!}} The Japan Times|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=2017-02-08|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 4-7700-2887-3.</ref> Efter Warld War II the Unitit States an the [[Soviet Union]] jockeyed for pouer during whit acame kent as the [[Cauld War]], driven bi an ideological divide atween [[caipitalism]] an [[communism]]<ref name="WaggAndrews2012">{{cite book|last1=Wagg|first1=Stephen|last2=Andrews|first2=David|title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&pg=PR11|date=September 10, 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-24167-5|page=11}}</ref> an, accordin tae the schuil o [[geopolitics]], a divide atween the maritime Atlantic an the continental Eurasian camps. American truips focht communist [[Fowk's Liberation Airmy|Cheenese]] an [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] o 1950–53.<ref name="Proxy" /> The Soviet Union's 1957 launch o the [[Sputnik 1|first airtifeecial satellite]] an its 1961 launch o the [[Vostok 1|first manned spaceflicht]] ineetiatit a "[[Space Race]]" in whit the Unitit States acame the first naition tae [[Apollo 11|laund a man on the muin]] in 1969.<ref name="Proxy">{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}}</ref> A proxy war in Sootheast Asie eventually evolved intae full American pairteecipation, as the [[Vietnam War]]. At hame in the 1960s, the growin [[African-American Ceevil Richts Muivement (1954–68)|Ceevil Richts Muivement]] uised nonviolence tae confront segregation an discrimination, wi [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] acomin a prominent leader an figurheid. The late 1980s, unner the presidency o [[Ronald Reagan]], brocht a "thowe" in relations wi the USSR, an [[Dissolution o the Soviet Union|its collapse]] in 1991 finally endit the Cauld War.<ref>{{cite book |last=Howell |first=Buddy Wayne |title=The Rhetoric of Presidential Summit Diplomacy: Ronald Reagan and the U.S.-Soviet Summits, 1985–1988 |url=https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Rhetoric_of_Presidential_Summit_Dipl.html?id=LctvjhxJ-bsC |year=2006 |publisher=Texas A&M University |isbn=978-0-549-41658-6 |page=352 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Kissinger |first=Henry |authorlink=Henry Kissinger |title=Diplomacy |url=https://books.google.com/?id=0IZboamhb5EC&lpg=PA731 |year=2011 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1-4391-2631-8 |pages=781–784 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}<br />{{cite book |last=Mann |first=James |title=The Rebellion of Ronald Reagan: A History of the End of the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/?id=BgZyXNIrvB4C&pg=PT12|year=2009 |publisher=Penguin |isbn=978-1-4406-8639-9 |page=432}}<br /></ref><ref>[[#Hayes|Hayes, 2009]]</ref><ref>[[#ushistory13|US History.org, 2013]]</ref> On [[September 11 attacks|September 11, 2001]], [[Al-Qaeda]] terrorists struck the [[Warld Trade Center (1973–2001)|Warld Trade Center]] in New York Ceety an [[the Pentagon]] near Washington, D.C., killin nearly 3,000 fowk.<ref>{{cite AV media |date=September 9, 2011 |title=Flashback 9/11: As It Happened |url=http://video.foxnews.com/v/1151859712001/flashback-911-as-it-happened/ |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |publisher=Fox News}}<br />{{cite news |title=America remembers Sept. 11 attacks 11 years later |agency=Associated Press |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |publisher=CBS News |date=September 11, 2012 |accessdate=March 6, 2013 |archive-date=2013-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017215138/http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-201_162-57510234/america-remembers-sept-11-attacks-11-years-later/ |url-status=dead }}<br />{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/trade.center/multimedia.day.html |title=Day of Terror Video Archive |year=2005 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=March 6, 2013 }}</ref> In response, the Unitit States launched the [[War on Terror]], whilk included [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|war in Afghanistan]] an the 2003–11 [[Iraq War]].<ref>{{cite news |title=The 'War on Terror' Is Critical to President George W. Bush's Legacy |author=Walsh, Kenneth T. |url=http://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2008/12/09/the-war-on-terror-is-critical-to-president-george-w-bushs-legacy |newspaper=U.S. News & World Report |date=December 9, 2008 |accessdate=March 6, 2013}}<br />{{cite book |last=Atkins |first=Stephen E. |title=The 9/11 Encyclopedia: Second Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PDDIgWRN_HQC&pg=PA210 |year=2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-59884-921-9 |page=872 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Overview: The Iraq War |last=Wong |first=Edward |url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/timestopics/topics_iraq.html |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 15, 2008 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 }}<br />{{cite book |last=Johnson |first=James Turner |title=The War to Oust Saddam Hussein: Just War and the New Face of Conflict |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SF7U27JsLC4C&dq=iraq+invasion+removes+hussein |year=2005 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-4956-2 |page=159 |accessdate=October 25, 2015 }}<br />{{cite news |title=Timeline: Key moments in the Iraq War |author=Durando, Jessica |author2=Green, Shannon Rae |agency=Associated Press |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |newspaper=USA Today |date=December 21, 2011 |accessdate=March 7, 2013 |archive-date=2020-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904084312/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/iraq/story/2011-12-21/iraq-war-timeline/52147680/1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Unner Preses [[Barack Obama]], American forces in Iraq war widrawn in muckle nummers in 2009 an 2010, an the war in the region wis declared formally ower in December 2011.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/16/world/middleeast/panetta-in-baghdad-for-iraq-military-handover-ceremony.html | work=The New York Times | first1=Thom | last1=Shanker | first2=Michael S. | last2=Schmidt | first3=Robert F. | last3=Worth | title=In Baghdad, Panetta Leads Uneasy Closure to Conflict | date=December 15, 2011}}</ref> The widrawal caused [[Iraqi insurgency (2011–13)|an escalation o sectarian insurgency]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |title=The JRTN Movement and Iraq's Next Insurgency &#124; Combating Terrorism Center at West Point |publisher=[[United States Military Academy]] |accessdate=January 26, 2017 |archive-date=2011-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826043422/http://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-jrtn-movement-and-iraq%E2%80%99s-next-insurgency |url-status=dead }}</ref> leadin tae the rise o the [[Islamic State o Iraq an the Levant]], the successor o al-Qaeda in the region.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|title=Al-Qaeda's Resurgence in Iraq: A Threat to U.S. Interests|publisher=U.S Department of State|accessdate=November 26, 2010|date=January 26, 2017|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141714/https://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/rm/221274.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Geografie, climate, an environs == The laund aurie o the [[contiguous Unitit States]] is {{convert|2959064|sqmi|km2|1}}. Alaska, separatit frae the contiguous Unitit States bi Canadae, is the mucklest state at {{convert|663268|sqmi|km2|1}}. [[Hawaii]], occupyin an airchipelago in the central [[Paceefic Ocean|Paceefic]], soothwast o North Americae, is {{convert|10931|sqmi|km2|0}} in aurie. The populatit territories o [[Puerto Rico]], [[American Samoa]], [[Guam]], [[Northren Mariana Islands]], an [[Unitit States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] thegither civer {{convert|9185|sqmi|km2|0}}.<ref name="Land Area of US and states">{{cite web|title=2010 Census Area|url=http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/cph-2-1.pdf|website=census.gov|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|page=41|accessdate=January 18, 2015}}</ref> The Unitit States, wi its muckle size an geografic variety, includes maist climate teepes. Tae the east o the 100t meridian, the climate ranges frae humid continental in the north tae humid subtropical in the sooth.<ref>{{cite web|last=Boyden|first=Jennifer|title=Climate Regions of the United States|url=http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|website=Travel Tips|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=December 24, 2014|archive-date=2014-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141225073246/http://traveltips.usatoday.com/climate-regions-united-states-21570.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Great Plains wast o the 100t meridian are semi-arid. Much o the Wastren moontains hae an alpine climate. The climate is arid in the Great Basin, desert in the Soothwast, [[Mediterranean climate|Mediterranean]] in coastal Californie, an [[oceanic climate|oceanic]] in coastal [[Oregon]] an [[Washington (state)|Washington]] an soothren Alaska. Maist o Alaska is subarctic or polar. Hawaii an the soothren tip o [[Florida]] are tropical, as are the populatit territories in the Caribbean an the Paceefic.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Map of Köppen−Geiger Climate Classification|url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/kottek_et_al_2006_A4.pdf|accessdate=August 19, 2015}}</ref> === Wildlife === The U.S. ecology is megadiverse: aboot 17,000 species o [[vascular plant]]s occur in the contiguous Unitit States an Alaska, an ower 1,800 species o flouering plants are foond in Hawaii, few o whit occur on the mainland.<ref>{{cite web |author=Morin, Nancy |url=http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |title=Vascular Plants of the United States |publisher=National Biological Service |work=Plants |accessdate=October 27, 2008 |archivedate=July 24, 2013 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724222726/http://www.fungaljungal.org/papers/National_Biological_Service.pdf |date=2013-07-24 }}</ref> The Unitit States is hame tae 428 mammal species, 784 bird species, 311 reptile species, an 295 amphibian species.<ref name="Current Results # of native species in the US">{{cite web|last1=Osborn|first1=Liz|title=Number of Native Species in United States|url=http://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/Plants-Animals/number-of-native-species-in-united-states.php|publisher=Current Results Nexus|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Aboot 91,000 insect species hae been describit.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.si.edu/Encyclopedia_SI/nmnh/buginfo/bugnos.htm |title=Numbers of Insects (Species and Individuals) |publisher=Smithsonian Institution |accessdate=January 20, 2009}}</ref> The [[bauld eagle]] is baith the naitional bird an naitional ainimal o the Unitit States, an is an endurin seembol o the kintra itsel.<ref name=j23>{{cite journal |last1=Lawrence |first1=E.A. |year=1990 |title=Symbol of a Nation: The Bald Eagle in American Culture |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-culture_spring-1990_13_1/page/63 |journal=The Journal of American Culture |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=63–69|doi=10.1111/j.1542-734X.1990.1301_63.x }}</ref> == Cultur == The Unitit States is hame tae [[Multiculturalism|mony culturs]] an a wide variety o ethnic groups, tradeetions, an values.<ref name="DD" /><ref name="Society in Focus">Thompson, William; Hickey, Joseph (2005). ''Society in Focus''. Boston: Pearson. ISBN 0-205-41365-X.</ref> Aside frae the [[Hamespun Americans in the Unitit States|Hamespun American]], [[Hamespun Hawaiians|Hamespun Hawaiian]], an [[Alaska Hamespuns|Hamespun Alaskan]] populations, nearly aw Americans or thair ancestors settled or emigratit within the past five centuries.<ref>Fiorina, Morris P.; Peterson, Paul E. (2000). ''The New American Democracy''. London: Longman, p. 97. ISBN 0-321-07058-5.</ref> Mainstream American cultur is a Wastren cultur mucklely derived frae the tradeetions o European emigrants wi influences frae mony ither soorces, sic as tradeetions brocht bi slaves frae Africae.<ref name="DD" /><ref>Holloway, Joseph E. (2005). ''Africanisms in American Culture'', 2d ed. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, pp. 18–38. ISBN 0-253-34479-4. Johnson, Fern L. (1999). ''Speaking Culturally: Language Diversity in the United States''. Thousand Oaks, Calif., London, and New Delhi: Sage, p. 116. ISBN 0-8039-5912-5.</ref> ===Cuisine=== Mainstream American cuisine is seemilar tae that in ither Wastren kintras. Chairactereestic dishes sic as aiple pie, fried chicken, pizza, hamburgers, an het dogs derive frae the recipes o various emigrants. French fries, [[Mexican cuisine|Mexican]] dishes sic as burritos an tacos, an pasta dishes freely adaptit frae Italian soorces are widely consumed.<ref name="IFT">{{cite web |url=http://www.newswise.com/articles/what-when-and-where-americans-eat-in-2003|author=Klapthor, James N. |title=What, When, and Where Americans Eat in 2003 |publisher=Newswise/Institute of Food Technologists |date=August 23, 2003|accessdate=June 19, 2007}}</ref> Americans drink three times as much coffee as tea.<ref name=coffeeandtea>{{cite news|last1=H|first1=D|title=The coffee insurgency|url=http://www.economist.com/blogs/graphicdetail/2013/12/daily-chart-17|website=The Economist|accessdate=January 15, 2015}}</ref> Mercatin bi U.S. industries is mucklely responsible for makkin orange juice an milk ubiquitous breakfast beverages.<ref>[[#Smith2004|Smith, 2004]], pp. 131–132</ref><ref>[[#Levenstein|Levenstein, 2003]], pp. 154–55</ref> ===Airts=== In leeturatur, [[Edgar Allen Poe]], [[Emily Dickenson]], [[Mark Twain]], [[William Faulkner]], [[Ernest Hemingway]], [[F. Scott Fitzgerald]], [[Herman Melville]], an [[John Steinbeck]] are amang the maist weel kent Americans, while [[Jackson Pollock]], [[Georgia O'Keefe]], an [[Andy Warhol]] are some o the maist weel kent American painters. [[Hollywood]], a northren destrict o [[Los Angeles]], Californie, is ane o the leaders in motion pictur production.<ref>{{cite press release |url= http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=30707 |title=Nigeria surpasses Hollywood as world's second largest film producer |publisher=United Nations |date=May 5, 2009 |accessdate=February 17, 2013}}</ref> Syne the early 20t century, the U.S. film industry haes mucklely been based in an aroond Hollywood, awtho in the 21st century an increasin nummer o films are nae made thare, an film companies hae been subject tae the forces o globalisation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/john-landis-rails-studios-theyre-659222|title=John Landis Rails Against Studios: 'They're Not in the Movie Business Anymore'|publisher=''The Hollywood Reporter''|accessdate=January 24, 2015}}</ref> Muisic in Americae haes been influenced bi [[African-American]] cultur, wi [[Duke Ellington]] an [[Louis Armstrong]] pioneerin the [[Jazz]] genre. [[Elvis Presley]] an [[Buddy Holly]] war leadin airtists in pioneerin popular muisic in the 1950s. Syne then, the Unitit States haes produced mony popular airtists, includin [[Michael Jackson]], [[Whitney Houston]], [[Madonna]], [[Katy Perry]], [[Taylor Swift]], an [[Beyoncé]], amang mony ithers. ==Sport== [[American fitba]] is the maist popular sport in the Unitit States.<ref>{{cite web |author=Krane, David K. |title=Professional Football Widens Its Lead Over Baseball as Nation's Favorite Sport |url=http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |publisher=Harris Interactive |date=October 30, 2002 |accessdate=September 14, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |archivedate=July 9, 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100709111448/http://www.harrisinteractive.com/Insights/HarrisVault8482.aspx?PID=337 |date=2010-07-09 }} MacCambridge, Michael (2004). ''America's Game: The Epic Story of How Pro Football Captured a Nation''. New York: Random House. ISBN 0-375-50454-0.</ref> The [[National Football League]] (NFL) haes the heichest average attendance o ony sports league in the warld, an the [[Super Bowl]] is watched bi millions globally. [[Basebaw]] haes been regairdit as the U.S. [[naitional sport]] syne the late 19t century, wi [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) bein the tap league. [[Basketbaw]] an [[ice hockey]] are the kintra's next twa [[Major professional sports leagues in the Unitit States an Canadae|leadin professional team sports]], wi the tap leagues bein the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA) an the [[National Hockey League]] (NHL). Aight [[Olympic Gemmes]] hae taken place in the Unitit States. As o 2014, the Unitit States haes wan 2,400 medals at the [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]], mair nor ony ither kintra, an 281 in the [[Winter Olympic Gemmes]], the seicont maist behind Norawa.<ref>{{cite news |title= The 10 most fascinating facts about the all-time Winter Olympics medal standings |first= Chris |last= Chase |date= February 7, 2014 |work= [[USA Today]] |url= http://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts/ |accessdate= February 28, 2014 |archive-date= 2019-12-15 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191215084716/https://ftw.usatoday.com/2014/02/winter-olympics-medal-count-sochi-all-time-facts |url-status= dead }} {{cite news |title= With Sochi Olympics approaching, a history of Winter Olympic medals |date= February 6, 2014 |first= Dan |last= Loumena |work= [[Los Angeles Times]] |url= http://articles.latimes.com/2014/feb/06/sports/la-sp-a-history-of-the-winter-olympic-medals-20140206 |accessdate= February 28, 2014 }}</ref> == States o the Unitit States == {{main|U.S. state}} {| border="0" |----- | valign="top" | * [[Alabama]] * [[Alaska]] * [[Arizona]] * [[Arkansas]] * [[Californie]] * [[Colorado]] * [[Connecticut]] * [[Delaware]] * [[Florida]] * [[Georgie (U.S. state)|Georgie]] | valign="top" | * [[Hawaii]] * [[Idaho]] * [[Illinois]] * [[Indiana]] * [[Iowa]] * [[Kansas]] * [[Kentucky]] * [[Louisiana]] * [[Maine]] * [[Maryland]] | valign="top" | * [[Massachusetts]] * [[Michigan]] * [[Minnesota]] * [[Mississippi]] * [[Missouri]] * [[Montana]] * [[Nebraska]] * [[Nevada]] * [[New Hampshire]] * [[New Jersey]] | valign="top" | * [[New Mexico]] * [[New York]] * [[North Carolina]] * [[North Dakota]] * [[Ohio]] * [[Oklahoma]] * [[Oregon]] * [[Pennsylvanie]] * [[Rhode Island]] * [[Sooth Carolina]] | valign="top" | * [[Sooth Dakota]] * [[Tennessee]] * [[Texas]] * [[Utah]] * [[Vermont]] * [[Wast Virginie]] * [[Virginie]] * [[Washington (state)|Washington]] * [[Wisconsin]] * [[Wyoming]] |} ==Notes== <references group="fn"/> ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ===Soorces=== {{Commonscat|United States}} * {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |url=https://archive.org/details/refiguringmassco0000simo |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=[[University of Illinois Press]]|quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&pg=PA79&dq=#v=onepage&q&f=false Book] * {{cite web |url= http://www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx |title=History of "In God We Trust" |ref=God |publisher=U.S. Department of the Treasury |date=March 8, 2011 |accessdate=February 23, 2013}} * {{cite news |title=Looking back 20 years: Who deserves credit for ending the Cold War? |author=Nick Hayes |ref=Hayes |url=http://www.minnpost.com/politics-policy/2009/11/looking-back-20-years-who-deserves-credit-ending-cold-war |newspaper=MinnPost |date=November 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 11, 2013}} * {{cite web |url=http://www.ushistory.org/us/59e.asp |title=59e. The End of the Cold War |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |work=U.S. History.org |ref=ushistory13|publisher=Independence Hall Association |accessdate=March 10, 2013}} * {{cite book |last=Smith |first= Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America'' |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 131–32. ISBN 0-19-515437-1}} * {{cite book |last=Levenstein |first=Harvey |title=Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet |url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionattabl0000leve_d6o6 |ref=Levenstein |publisher=University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles |year=2003 |isbn=0-520-23439-1}} {{Unitit States topics}} [[Category:Unitit States| ]] [[Category:1776 establishments in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Umwhile Breetish colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile confederations]] [[Category:G8 naitions]] [[Category:G20 naitions]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1776]] cy6by7uwywljtvui6fq4k6fsckgn191 Wales 0 1829 916428 915922 2026-05-07T23:32:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916428 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country UK |native_name = Cymru ([[Welsh leid|Welsh]]) |image_flag = Flag of Wales (1959–present).svg |national_motto = {{native phrase|cy|"Cymru am byth"|italics=off}}<br/>{{small|"Wales Foriver" or "Lang leeve Wales"}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/lifestyle/fun-stuff/cymru-am-byth-meaning-behind-8592076 |title=Cymru am byth! The meaning behind the Welsh motto |publisher=[[WalesOnline]] |date=6 February 2015 |accessdate=22 March 2016}}</ref> |national_anthem = "{{lang|cy|[[Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau]]}}"<br/>{{small|"Laund o My Fathers"}} |status = [[Kintra o the Unitit Kinrick|Kintra]] |capital = [[Cairdiff]] {{small|(''{{lang|cy|Caerdydd}}'')}} |coordinates ={{coord|52.3|N|3.6|W|display=title|scale:5000000}} |largest_city = caipital |languages_type = [[Leids o Wales|Offeecial leids]] |languages = {{flatlist| * [[Welsh leid|Welsh]] * [[Inglis leid|Inglis]]}} |demonym = [[Welsh fowk|Welsh]] {{small|(''{{lang|cy|Cymry}}'')}} <!--Government--> |legal_jurisdiction = [[Ingland an Wales]] |politics_link = Politics o Wales |government_type = [[Welsh devolution|Devolved]] [[Pairlament|pairlamentar legislatur]] within [[Pairlamentar seestem|pairlamentar]] [[constitutional monarchy]] |monarch = [[Charles&nbsp;III]] |first_minister = {{nowrap|[[Eluned Morgan]]}} |prime_minister = [[Keir Starmer]] |secretary_of_state = {{nowrap|[[Jo Stevens]]}} |number_of_mps = 32 |legislature = {{plainlist| *[[Naitional Assembly for Wales|Naitional Assembly]] *[[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK Pairlament]]}} |sovereignty_type = [[Wales in the High Middle Ages|Formation]] |established_event1 = Unification bi {{nowrap|[[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]]}} |established_date1 = 1057<ref name="Wales Hist 100">Davies (1994) p. 100</ref> |established_event2 = {{nowrap|[[Statute o Rhuddlan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100419253|title=Statute of Rhuddlan| publisher=legislation.gov.uk|accessdate=26 July 2014 }}</ref>}} |established_date2 = 3 Mairch 1284 |established_event3 = {{nowrap|[[Laws in Wales Act]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/aep/Hen8/27/26/contents|title=Laws in Wales Act 1535 (repealed 21.12.1993)|publisher=legislation.gov.uk|accessdate=26 July 2014 }}</ref>}} |established_date3 = 1535 |established_event4 = [[Govrenment o Wales Act 1998|Devolution]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/38/contents|title=Government of Wales Act 1998| publisher=legislation.gov.uk|accessdate=26 July 2014 }}</ref> |established_date4 = 31 Julie 1998 |area_rank = |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |area_km2 = 20,779 |area_sq_mi = 8,022 |percent_water = |population_estimate = |population_estimate_rank = |population_estimate_year = |population_census = 3,107,494 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = £18,000 |GVA_rank = |GVA = £56 billion<ref name=GVA>{{cite web |title=Regional gross value added (income approach), UK: 1997 to 2015, December 2015 |url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/bulletins/regionalgrossvalueaddedincomeapproach/december2016|author=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=24 April 2017}}</ref> |GVA_year = 2015 |GVA_per_capita = £18,002<ref name=GVA/> |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = |HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = |patron_saint = [[Saunt Dauvit]] {{small|(''{{lang|cy|Dewi&nbsp;Sant}}'')}} |official_website = {{URL|http://www.wales.com/}} |population_census_year=2021|population_density_km2=154|population_density_sq_mi=398.9}} '''Wales''' ({{lang-cy|Cymru}} {{IPA-cy|ˈkəm.rɨ||Cymru.ogg}}) is a [[kintra]] that is [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|pairt]] o the [[Unitit Kinrick]] an the island o [[Great Breetain]].<ref name="Stats 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/the-countries-of-the-uk/index.html|title=The Countries of the UK|publisher=statistics.gov.uk|accessdate=10 October 2008|archive-date=2016-01-05|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/the-countries-of-the-uk/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is mairchit bi [[Ingland]] tae the [[Wales–Ingland mairch|east]], the [[Erse Sea]] tae the north an wast, an the [[Bristol Channel]] tae the sooth. It haed a population in 2011 o 3,063,456 an haes a tot aurie o {{convert|20779|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. Wales haes ower {{convert|1680|mi}} o coastline an is lairgely moontainous, wi its heicher peaks in the north an central auries, includin [[Snowdon]] ({{lang|cy|Yr Wyddfa}}), its heichest summit. The kintra lees within the [[Temperateness|north temperate zone]] an haes a cheengeable, [[maritime climate]]. [[Welsh fowk|Welsh naitional identity]] kythed amang the [[Celts|Celtic]] [[Britons (historical)|Britons]] efter the [[Roman widrawal frae Britain]] in the 5t century, an Wales is regairdit as ane o the modren [[Celtic naitions]]. [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]]'s daith in 1282 merkit the completion o [[Edward I o Ingland]]'s [[Conquest o Wales bi Edward I|conquest]] o Wales, tho [[Owain Glyndŵr]] briefly sturkent unthirldom tae Wales in the early 15t century. The hale o Wales wis annexed bi Ingland an incorporate within the [[Inglis law|Inglis legal seestem]] unner the [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542]]. Distinctive [[Welsh politics]] developit in the 19t century. Welsh [[Leeberal Pairty (UK)|Leeberalism]], exemplifeed in the early 20t century bi [[David Lloyd George|Lloyd George]], wis displaced bi the growthe o [[socialism]] an the [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour Pairty]]. Welsh naitional feelin growed ower the century; ''[[Plaid Cymru]]'' wis formed in 1925 an the [[Welsh Leid Society]] in 1962. Established unner the [[Government o Wales Act 1998]], the [[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] hauds responsibeelity for a range o [[Contemporary Welsh Law#Auries toae legislate: The devolved auries|devolved policy matters]]. At the dawn o the [[Industrial Revolution]], development o the [[minin in Wales|minin]] an [[metallurgy|metallurgical]] industries transformed the kintra frae an agricultural society intae an industrial naition; the [[South Wales Coalfield]]'s exploitation gart a fest waxin o Wales' population. Twa-thirds o the population leeve in [[sooth Wales]], mainly in an aroond [[Cairdiff]] (the caipital), [[Swansea]] an [[Newport, Wales|Newport]], an in the naurhaun [[Sooth Wales valleys|valleys]]. Nou that the kintra's tradeetional howkin an hivy industries hae gane or is dwynin, Wales' economy depends on the [[public sector]], licht an service industries an [[Tourism in Wales|tourism]]. Wales' 2010 [[Gross Value Added|gross vailyie addit (GVA)]] wis £45.5 billion (£15,145 per heid, 74.0% o the average for the UK, an the lawest GVA per heid in Breetain). Awtho Wales closely skares its poleetical an social history wi the rest o Great Breetain, an the vast majority o the population speaks [[Inglis leid|Inglis]], the kintra haes reteened a distinct [[Welsh cultur|cultural identity]] an is offeecially [[bilingual]]. Ower 560,000 [[Welsh leid]] speakers leeve in Wales, an the leid is spoken bi a majority o the population in pairts o the north an wast. Frae the late 19t century onwart, Wales acquired its popular eemage as the "laund o sang", in pairt due tae the ''[[eisteddfod]]'' tradeetion. At mony internaitional sportin events, sic as the [[FIFA Warld Cup]], [[Rugby Warld Cup]] an the [[Commonweel Gemmes]], Wales haes its awn naitional teams, tho at the [[Olympic Gemmes]], Welsh athletes compete as pairt o a [[Great Breetain at the Olympics|Great Breetain team]]. [[Rugby union]] is seen as a seembol o Welsh identity an an expression o naitional awaurness. ==Etymology== The wirds "Wales" an "Welsh" derive frae the same [[German leids|Germanic]] ruit (singular ''[[Walha|Walh]]'', plural ''Walha''), that wis itsel derived frae the name o the Celtic tribe kent tae the Romans as [[Volcae]] an that cam tae refer haund ower heid tae aw Celts. The modren Welsh name for thairsels is ''Cymry'', an ''Cymru'' is the Welsh name for Wales. Thir words (baith o which are pronoonced {{IPA-cy|ˈkəm.rɨ|}}) are descendit frae the [[Breetish leid (Celtic)|Brythonic]] wird ''combrogi'', meanin "fellae-kintramen".<ref name="Hist Wales 69">Davies (1994) p. 69</ref> The uise o the wird ''Cymry'' as a sel-designation derives frae the location in the [[Sub-Roman Britain|post-Roman Era]] (efter the arrival o the Anglo-Saxons) o the Welsh (Brythonic-speakin) fowk in modren Wales as well as in northren Ingland an soothren Scotland ("[[Hen Ogledd|Yr Hen Ogledd]]") ({{lang-sco|The Auld North}}). It emphasised that the Welsh in modren Wales an in the ''Hen Ogledd'' war ane fowk, different frae ither fowks.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lloyd |first=John Edward |author-link=John Edward Lloyd |year=1911 |title=A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest (Note to Chapter VI, the Name "Cymry") |volume=I |edition=Second |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Co. |publication-date=1912 |publication-place=London |pages=191–192 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NYwNAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA191 }}</ref> ==History== ===Auncient an Roman eras=== [[File:BrynCelliDdu3.jpg|left|thumb|[[Bryn Celli Ddu]], a late Neolithic chambered tomb on Anglesey|alt=A law grassy mound wi an entrance at its centre framed bi cyclopean stones]] Accordin tae paleontologists, Wales haes been indwellt bi [[anatomically modren humans|modren humans]] for at least 29,000 year.<ref name="CA 2007">{{cite web|date=6 November 2007|title=Welsh skeleton re-dated: even older!|url=http://www.archaeology.co.uk/articles/welsh-skeleton-re-dated-even-older.htm|accessdate=28 September 2010|work=archaeology.co.uk website|publisher=Current Archaeology}} : ''see'' [[Reid Lady o Paviland]]</ref> Conteenuous human habitation dates frae the end o the [[Last glacial period|last ice age]], atween 12,000 an 10,000&nbsp;[[Afore Present|years afore present (BP)]], whan [[Mesolithic]] [[hunter-gatherers]] frae [[central Europe]] begoud tae migrate tae Great Breetain. Neolithic colonists integratit wi the indigenous fowk, gradually cheengin thair lifestyles frae a nomadic life o huntin an gaitherin, tae acome settled fermers aboot 6,000&nbsp;BP – the [[Neolithic Revolution]].<ref name="Wales Hist 4–6">Davies (1994) pp. 4–6</ref><ref name="GGAT 72">{{cite web|title=GGAT 72 Overviews|url=http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/cadw_reports/pdfs/GGAT%2072%20Overviews.pdf|page=47|accessdate=30 December 2008|publisher=Glamorgan-Gwent Archaeological Trust|year=2003|work=A Report for Cadw by Edith Evans BA PhD MIFA and Richard Lewis BA|archive-date=2023-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201003802/http://www.ggat.org.uk/cadw/cadw_reports/pdfs/GGAT%2072%20Overviews.pdf|url-status=dead}} <!-- Not a dead link, though the ggat web site is sometimes down --></ref> Thay cleared the forests tae establish pastur an tae cultivate the laund, developit new technologies sic as ceramics an textile production, an biggit [[Dolmen|cromlechs]] sic as [[Pentre Ifan]], [[Bryn Celli Ddu]] an [[Parc Cwm long cairn]] atween aboot 5,800&nbsp;BP an 5,500&nbsp;BP.<ref>{{cite web|title=Stones of Wales – Pentre Ifan Dolmen|url=http://www.stonepages.com/wales/pentreifan.html|accessdate=17 November 2008|publisher=Paola Arosio/Diego Meozzi|year=2003|work=Stone Pages website}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Stones of Wales – Bryn Celli Ddu Burial chamber|url=http://www.stonepages.com/wales/bryncelliddu.html|accessdate=17 November 2008|publisher=Paola Arosio/Diego Meozzi|year=2003|work=Stone Pages website}}</ref><ref name="Coflein1">{{cite web|title=Parc le Breos Burial Chamber; Parc CWM Long Cairn|url=http://www.coflein.gov.uk/en/site/93072/details/PARC+LE+BREOS+BURIAL+CHAMBER%3BPARC+CWM+LONG+CAIRN/|accessdate=24 October 2008|publisher=Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales|year=2006|work=The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales website|archive-date=2016-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406052935/http://coflein.gov.uk/en/site/93072/details/PARC+LE+BREOS+BURIAL+CHAMBER%3BPARC+CWM+LONG+CAIRN/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="BBC Wales History">{{cite web|title=Themes Prehistoric Wales: The Stone Age|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/periods/prehistoric02.shtml|accessdate=24 October 2008|publisher=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] |year=2008|work=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] website}}</ref> In common wi fowk leevin aw ower Great Breetain, ower the follaein centuries the fowk leevin in whit wis tae acome kent as Wales assimilatit immigrants an excheenged ideas o the [[Bronze Age]] an [[Airn Age]] [[Celts|Celtic]] culturs. Bi the time o the [[Roman conquest o Breetain|Roman invasion o Britain]] the aurie o modren Wales haed been dividit amang the tribes o the [[Deceangli]], [[Ordovices]], [[Cornovii (Midlands)|Cornovii]], [[Demetae]] an [[Silures]] for centuries.<ref name="Wales Hist 4–6"/> The Roman conquest o Wales begoud in AD 48 an teuk 30 year tae complete. Roman rule lastit ower 300 year. The campaigns o conquest are the maist widely kent featur o Wales during the [[Roman Empire|Roman era]], acause o the speeritit, but hinderly unsuccessfu, defence o thair hamelands bi twa native tribes: the [[Silures]] an the [[Ordovices]]. Roman rule in Wales wis a militar occupation, sauf for the soothren coastal region o [[sooth Wales]], east o the [[Gower Peninsula]], whaur thare is a legacy o Romanisation.<ref name=Jones1>{{Cite book |last1=Jones|first1=Barri|last2=Mattingly| first2=David|year=1990 |contribution=The Development of the Provinces|title=An Atlas of Roman Britain|url=https://archive.org/details/atlasofromanbrit0000jone|publisher=Blackwell Publishers|publication-date=2007|location=Cambridge|page=[https://archive.org/details/atlasofromanbrit0000jone/page/151 151]|isbn=978-1-84217-067-0}}</ref> Awtho Laitin acame the offeecial leid o Wales, the fowk tendit tae conteena tae speak in [[Breetish leid (Celtic)|Brythonic]]. Forder Roman influence cam throu the spreid o [[Christianity]], that gained mony follaers whan Christians war allaed tae worship freely; state persecution ceased in the 4t&nbsp;century, as a result o [[Constantine I]] issuin an [[Edict o Milan|edict o toleration]] in 313.<ref name="Davies915">Davies (2008) p.915</ref> Early historians, includin the 6t century cleric [[Gildas]], hae notit 383 as a signeeficant pynt in Welsh history,<ref name="Davies531">Davies (2008) p.531</ref> as it is statit in leeteratur as the foondation pynt o several medieval ryal dynasties. In that year the Roman general [[Magnus Maximus]], or Macsen Wledig, strippit aw o wastren an northren Breetain o truips an senior admeenistrators, tae faw tae a sonsie bid for imperial pouer; conteenuin tae rule Breetain frae [[Gaul]] as emperor.<ref name=Frere1> {{Cite book |last=Frere |first=Sheppard Sunderland |author-link=Sheppard Frere |year=1987 |contribution=The End of Roman Britain |title=Britannia: A History of Roman Britain |url=https://archive.org/details/britanniahistory0000frer_g6r4 |edition=3rd, revised |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |publication-date=1987 |publication-place=London |page=[https://archive.org/details/britanniahistory0000frer_g6r4/page/354 354] |isbn=0-7102-1215-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |year=1841 |editor-last=Giles |editor-first=John Allen |editor-link=John Allen Giles |contribution=The Works of Gildas, The History, Ch. 14 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3R1mCE7p44MC&pg=PA1 |title=The Works of Gildas and Nennius |publisher=James Bohn |publication-date=1841 |publication-place=London |page=13 }}</ref> Gildas, writin in aboot 540, says that Maximus depairtit Britain, takkin wi him aw o its Roman truips, airmed baunds, govrenors an the flouer o its youth, niver tae return. Haein left wi the truips an Roman admeenistrators, an plannin tae conteena as the ruler o Breetain in the futur, his practical coorse wis tae transfer local authority tae local rulers. The earliest Welsh genealogies gie Maximus the role o foondin faither for several ryal dynasties, includin thae o [[Kinrick o Powys|Powys]] an [[Kinrick o Gwent|Gwent]].<ref>{{Cite book|year=1887 |editor-last=Phillimore |editor-first=Egerton |contribution=Pedigrees from Jesus College MS. 20 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HlUrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA83 |title=Y Cymmrodor |volume=VIII |publisher=[[Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]] |publication-date=1887 |pages=83–92}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Phillimore |first=Egerton|year=1888 |editor-last=Phillimore |editor-first=Egerton |contribution=The Annales Cambriae and Old Welsh Genealogies, from Harleian MS. 3859 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFMrAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA141 |title=Y Cymmrodor |volume=IX |publisher=[[Honourable Society of Cymmrodorion]] |publication-date=1888 |pages=141–183}}</ref> It wis this transfer o pouer that haes gien rise tae the belief that he wis the faither o the Welsh Naition.<ref name="Davies531"/> He is gien as the auncestor o a Welsh king on the [[Pillar o Eliseg]], erectit near 500 year efter he left Breetain, an he feegurs in leets o the [[Fifteen Tribes o Wales]].<ref name="Rachel Bromwich 2006">Rachel Bromwich, eeditor an translator. Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Welsh Triads. Cardiff: [[University of Wales Press]], Third Edition, 2006. 441–444</ref> ===Post-Roman era=== The 400-year period follaein the collapse o Roman rule is the maist difficult tae interpret in the history o Wales.<ref name="Davies915"/> Efter the [[End o Roman rule in Breetain|Roman depairtur frae Breetain]] in AD 410, muckle o the lawlands o Breetain tae the east an sooth-east wis owerrun bi various [[Germanic fowks]]. Afore extensive studies o the distribution o [[Haplogroup R1b (Y-DNA)|R1b Y-DNA subclades]], some previously mainteened that native [[Britons (historical)|Britons]] war displaced bi the invaders.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/07/060721-england.html |title=Ancient Britain Had Apartheid-Like Society, Study Suggests |publisher=National Geographic News |first=Kate |last=Ravilious |date=21 July 2006 |accessdate=9 September 2010}}</ref> This idea haes been discairdit in the face o evidence that muckle o the population haes, at the latest, [[Hallstatt cultur|Hallstatt]] era oreegins, but probably late [[European Neolithic|Neolithic]], or at earliest [[Mesolithic]] oreegins wi little contreibution frae Anglo-Saxon soorce auries.<ref name=Myres2010>{{Cite journal|title=A major Y-chromosome haplogroup R1b Holocene effect in Central and Western Europe – see discussion results at end of article, the distribution maps and the supplementary tables|year=2010|last1=Myres|first1=Natalie|journal=European Journal of Human Genetics|doi=10.1038/ejhg.2010.146|url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v19/n1/full/ejhg2010146a.html|pmid=20736979|volume=19|issue=1|pmc=3039512|last2=Rootsi|first2=Siiri|last3=Lin|first3=Alice A|last4=Järve|first4=Mari|last5=King|first5=Roy J|last6=Kutuev|first6=Ildus|last7=Cabrera|first7=Vicente M|last8=Khusnutdinova|first8=Elza K|last9=Pshenichnov|first9=Andrey|last10=Yunusbayev|first10=Bayazit|last11=Balanovsky|first11=Oleg|last12=Balanovska|first12=Elena|last13=Rudan|first13=Pavao|last14=Baldovic|first14=Marian|last15=Herrera|first15=Rene J|last16=Chiaroni|first16=Jacques|last17=Di Cristofaro|first17=Julie|last18=Villems|first18=Richard|last19=Kivisild|first19=Toomas|last20=Underhill|first20=Peter A|pages=95–101}}</ref> Houiver, bi AD 500, the laund that wad acome Wales haed dividit intae a nummer o kinricks free frae Anglo-Saxon rule.<ref name="Davies915"/> The kinricks o [[kinrick o Gwynedd|Gwynedd]], [[kinrick o Powys|Powys]], [[kinrick o Deheubarth|Dyfed an Seisyllwg]], [[Glywysing|Morgannwg]] an [[Kinrick o Gwent|Gwent]] emerged as independent Welsh [[successor states]].<ref name="Davies915"/> In this period, thare wis conflict atween thir states. In 853, the [[Viking]]s raidit Anglesey, but in 856, [[Rhodri the Great|Rhodri Mawr]] defeatit an killed thair leader, Gorm.<ref>Davies (2008) p. 911</ref> ===Medieval era=== [[File:Dolwyddelan Castle2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dolwyddelan Castle]] – biggit bi [[Llywelyn ab Iorwerth]] in the early 13t century tae watch ower ane o the valley routes intae Gwynedd]] Frae 800 onwart, a series o dynastic mairiages led tae [[Rhodri the Great|Rhodri Mawr]]'s (r. 844–77) inheritance o [[Gwynedd]] an [[Powys]]. His sons in turn wad foond three principal dynasties ([[Aberffraw]] for Gwynedd, [[Hoose o Dinefwr|Dinefwr]] for [[Deheubarth]] an [[Mathrafal]] for Powys). Rhodri's grandson [[Hywel Dda]] (r. 900–50) foondit Deheubarth oot o his maternal an paternal inheritances o [[Dyfed]] an [[Seisyllwg]] in 930, oustit the [[Aberffraw]] dynasty frae Gwynedd an Powys an then codified [[Cyfraith Hywel|Welsh law]] in the 940s.<ref>Davies (2008) p. 388</ref> [[Maredudd ab Owain]] (r. 986–99) o Deheubarth (Hywel's grandson) wad, (again) temporarily oust the Aberffraw line frae control o Gwynedd an Powys. Maredudd's great-grandson (throu his dauchter Princess [[Angharad]]) [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]] (r. 1039–63) wad conquer his cousins' realms frae his base in Powys, an even extend his authority intae Ingland. [[Owain Gwynedd]] (1100–70) o the Aberffraw line wis the first Welsh ruler tae uise the teetle ''princeps Wallensium'' (prince o the Welsh), a teetle o substance gien his veectory on the [[Berwyn Moontains]], accordin tae John Davies.<ref name="Wales Hist 128">Davies (1994) p. 128</ref> Owain Gwynedd's grandson [[Llywelyn the Great|Llywelyn Fawr]] (the Great, 1173–1240), wrestit concessions throu the [[Magna Carta]] in 1215 an receivin the [[fealty]] o ither Welsh lairds in 1216 at the cooncil at [[Aberdyfi]], acame the first [[Prince o Wales]].<ref>Davies (1994) pp. 133–134</ref> His grandson [[Llywelyn ap Gruffudd]] an aa secured the recogneetion o the title ''[[Prince o Wales]]'' frae [[Henry III o Ingland|Henry III]] wi the [[Treaty o Montgomery]] in 1267.<ref>Davies (1994) pp. 143–144</ref> Later houiver, a succession o disputes, includin the impreesonment o Llywelyn's wife [[Eleanor de Montfort|Eleanor]], dauchter o [[Simon de Montfort, 6t Earl o Leicester|Simon de Montfort]], culminatit in the first invasion bi [[Edward I o Ingland|Keeng Edward I o Ingland]].<ref name="Davies151">Davies (1994) pp. 151–152</ref> As a result o militar defeat, the [[Treaty o Aberconwy]] exactit Llywelyn's fealty tae Ingland in 1277.<ref name="Davies151"/> Peace wis short leeved an, wi the 1282 [[Conquest o Wales bi Edward I|Edwardian conquest]], the rule o the Welsh princes permanently endit. Wi Llywelyn's daith an his brither prince [[Dafydd ap Gruffydd|Dafydd]]'s execution, the few remeenin [[Welsh Peers|Welsh lairds]] did homage for thair launds tae [[Edward I]]. Llywelyn's heid wis cairied throu Lunnon on a spear; his baby dauchter [[Gwenllian ferch Llywelyn|Gwenllian]] wis locked in the [[priory]] at [[Sempringham]], whaur she remeened till her daith 54&nbsp;years later.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/wales/786625.stm |title=Tribute to lost Welsh princess |publisher=BBC News |date=12 June 2000|accessdate=5 March 2007}}</ref> Tae help mainteen his dominance, Edward constructit a series o great stane castles: [[Beaumaris Castle|Beaumaris]], [[Caernarfon Castle|Caernarfon]] an [[Conwy Castle|Conwy]]. His son, the futur [[Edward II o Ingland|Keeng Edward II o Ingland]], wis born at Edward's new castle at [[Caernarfon]] in 1284.<ref>Davies (1994) p. 162</ref> He acame the first Inglis [[Prince o Wales]], nae as an infant, but in 1301. Efter the failed revolt in 1294–95 o [[Madog ap Llywelyn]] – wha styled himsel Prince o Wales in the [[Penmachno Document]] – an the risin o [[Llywelyn Bren]] (1316), the next major uprisin wis that led bi [[Owain Glyndŵr]] , against [[Henry IV o Ingland]]. In 1404, Owain wis reputitly crouned Prince o Wales in the presence o emissaries frae Fraunce, Spain an Scotland.<ref name="Wales Hist 194">Davies (1994) p. 194</ref> Glyndŵr went on tae haud pairlamentar assemblies at several Welsh touns, includin [[Machynlleth]]. But the rebellion failed, an Owain went intae hidin in 1412; peace wis essentially restored in Wales bi 1415. Awtho the [[Statute o Rhuddlan]] in 1284 providit the constitutional basis for post-conquest government o the Principality o north Wales frae 1284 till 1536, thare wis na formal Union till 1536.<ref name="RDEOGB1999">{{cite book|title=Illustrated Encyclopedia of Britain |url=https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000unse_r1i1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000unse_r1i1/page/459 459] |publisher=Reader's Digest|year=1999 |location=London |isbn=0-276-42412-3 |quote=A country and principality within the mainland of Britain&nbsp;... about half a million}}</ref> Shortly efterwarts Welsh law, that haed conteena'd tae be uised in Wales efter the Norman conquest, wis fully replaced bi Inglis law, unner whit wad acome kent as the [[Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542|Act o Union]].<ref name="BBC Tudors">{{cite web|title=BBC – History – British History in Depth – Wales under the Tudors |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/wales_tudors_01.shtml|accessdate=21 September 2010|publisher=BBC|date=5 November 2009|work=BBC website}}</ref> ===Earlie Modren Wales=== Prior tae the Breetish [[Industrial Revolution]], that saw a rapid economic expansion atween 1750 an 1850, thare war signs o smaw-scale industries scaitert ootthrou Wales.<ref name="Davies392">Davies (2008) p. 392</ref> Thir ranged frae industries connectit tae agricultur, sic as millin an the [[Oo industry in Wales|manufacture o ooen textiles]], throu tae minin an quarrelin.<ref name="Davies392"/> Till the Industrial Revolution, Wales haed ayeweys been reliant on its agricultural ootput for its walth an employment an the earliest industrial businesses war smaw scale an localised in manner.<ref name="Davies392"/> In the late 18t century, slate quarrelin begoud tae expand rapidly, maist notably in north Wales. The [[Penrhyn Quarry]], appent in 1770 bi [[Richard Pennant]], wis employin 15,000 men bi the late 19t century,<ref name="Davies818">Davies (2008) p. 818</ref> an alang wi [[Dinorwic Quarry]], it dominatit the Welsh slate tred. As the [[sooth Wales coalfield]] wis exploitit, mainly in the upland valleys aroond [[Aberdare]] an later the [[Rhondda]], the ports o Swansea, Cairdiff an later Penarth, growed intae warld exporters ofcoal an, wi them, cam a population buim. Historian [[Kenneth O. Morgan|Kenneth Morgan]] descrived Wales on the even o the [[First Warld War]] as a "relatively placid, sel-confident an successfu naition". Ootput frae the coalfields continued tae increase, wi the Rhondda Valley recordin a peak o 9.6 million tons o coal extractit in 1913.<ref>{{cite book |last=John |first=Arthur H. |title=Glamorgan County History, Volume V, Industrial Glamorgan from 1700 to 1970 |year=1980 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff|page=183}}</ref> The ootbreak o the First Warld War (1914–1918) saw Wales send 272,924 Welshmen in the war, representin 21.5% o the male population. The twa maist notable battles o the War tae include [[38t (Welsh) Infantry Diveesion|Welsh forces]] war thae at [[Mametz Wood Memorial|Mametz Wood]] on the Somme an the [[Battle o Passchendaele]].<ref>Davies (2008) p. 285</ref> ===Late Modren Wales=== The first quarter o the 20t century an aa saw a shift in the poleetical laundscape o Wales. Syne 1865, the [[Leeberal Pairty (UK)|Leeberal Pairty]] haed held a pairlamentar majority in Wales an, follaein the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1906|general election o 1906]], anerly ane non-Leeberal Member o Pairlament, [[Keir Hardie]] o [[Merthyr Tydfil (UK Pairlament constituency)|Merthyr Tydfil]], representit a Welsh constituency at Wastmeenster.<ref name="Davies461">Davies (2008) p. 461</ref> Yet bi 1906, industrial dissension an poleetical militancy haed began tae unnermine Leeberal consensus in the soothren coalfields.<ref name="Davies461"/> In 1916, [[David Lloyd George]] acame the first Welshman tae acome Prime Meenister o Breetain whan he wis made heid o the [[Unitit Kinrick coaleetion govrenment (1916–1922)|1916 coaleetion govrenment]].<ref>{{cite web|title=David Lloyd George (1863–1945)|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/figures/lloyd_george.shtml |accessdate=26 September 2010|publisher=[[BBC Cymru Wales]]|work=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] website}}</ref> In December 1918, Lloyd George wis re-electit at the heid o a Conservative-dominated coaleetion govrenment, an his puir haundlin o the 1919 coalminers' strike wis a key factor in destroyin support for the Leeberal pairty in sooth Wales.<ref name="Davies515">Davies (2008) p. 515</ref> The industrial wirkers o Wales begoud shiftin taewart a new poleetical organisation, established bi Hardie an ithers tae ensur an electit representation for the wirkin cless, that is nou cried the Labour Pairty.<ref name="Davies439">Davies (2008) p. 439</ref> Whan in 1908 the [[Naitional Union o Minewirkers (Great Breetain)|Miners' Federation o Great Breetain]] acame affiliatit tae the Labour Pairty, the fower Labour candidates sponsored bi miners war aw electit as MPs.<ref name="Davies439"/> Bi 1922, hauf o the Welsh seats at Wastmeenster war held bi Labour politeecians—the stairt o a Labour hegemony that wad dominate Wales intae the 21st century.<ref name="Davies439"/> Efter economic growthe in the first twa decades o the 20t century, Wales' staple industries endured a prolanged slump frae the early 1920s tae the late 1930s, leadin tae widespread unemployment an poverty in the sooth Wales valleys.<ref>{{cite book|last=Morgan|first=Kenneth O.|title=Rebirth of a Nation: Wales 1880–1980|url=https://archive.org/details/wales18801980reb0000morg|year=1982|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0-19-821760-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/wales18801980reb0000morg/page/208 208]–210|location=Oxford}}</ref> For the first time in centuries, the population o Wales went intae decline. The Seicont Warld War (1939–1945) saw Welsh servicemen an weemen fecht in aw the major theatres o war, wi some 15,000 o them killed.<ref name="Davies807">Davies (2008) p. 807</ref> Bombin raids brocht major loss o life as the [[Luftwaffe|German Air Force]] tairgetit the docks at [[Swansea Blitz|Swansea]], [[Cairdiff Blitz|Cairdiff]] an [[Pembroke Dock|Pembroke]].<ref name="Davies807"/> The 20t century saw a revival in Welsh naitional feelin. Plaid Cymru wis formed in 1925, seekin greater autonomy or unthirldom frae the rest o the UK.<ref name="LLGC Plaid">{{cite web |title=Disestablishment, Cymru Fydd and Plaid Cymru |url=http://www.llgc.org.uk/ymgyrchu/Datganoli/PlaidCymru/index-e.htm |accessdate=25 November 2010 |publisher=llgc.org.uk |work=National Library of Wales |archive-date=2010-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101206031034/http://www.llgc.org.uk/ymgyrchu/Datganoli/PlaidCymru/index-e.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> The term "[[Ingland an Wales]]" acame common for descrivin the aurie tae that Inglis law applee'd, an in 1955 Cairdiff wis proclaimed as caipital ceety o Wales. ''[[Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg]]'' ({{lang|sco|The Welsh Leid Society}}) wis formed in 1962, in response tae lang-held fears that the leid micht suin dee oot.<ref name="GTJ Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg">{{cite web |title=Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg's first protest, 1963 |url=http://www.gtj.org.uk/index.php?id=5192 |accessdate=25 November 2010 |publisher=gtj.org.uk |work=Gathering the Jewels |archive-date=2012-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118054912/http://www.gtj.org.uk/index.php?id=5192 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Efter watter projects caused tensions, naitionalist feelins growed. At a bi-election in 1966, [[Gwynfor Evans]] wan the pairlamentar seat o [[Carmarthen (UK Pairlament constituency)|Carmarthen]], Plaid Cymru's first Pairlamentar seat.<ref name="Gwynfor">{{cite book|last=Gwynfor |first=Evans |authorlink =Gwynfor Evans |title=The Fight for Welsh Freedom |url=https://archive.org/details/fightforwelshfre0000evan |publisher=Y Lolfa Cyf., Talybont |year=2000 |isbn=0-86243-515-3 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fightforwelshfre0000evan/page/152 152]}}</ref> In the first [[Wales referendum, 1979|referendum]], in 1979, the Welsh electorate votit on the creaution o an assembly for Wales, but thare wis a lairge majority for the "na" vote.<ref name="Long Walk">{{cite news|first=Betsan|last=Powys|title=The long Welsh walk to devolution|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/wales_politics/7813837.stm|accessdate=26 September 2010|publisher=BBC |date=12 January 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] website}}</ref> Houiver in 1997 a referendum on the same issue siccared a "ay", awtho bi a verra narrae majority.<ref name="Long Walk"/> The [[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] (''Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru'') wis set up in 1999 (unner the [[Govrenment o Wales Act 1998]]) an haes the pouer tae determine hou the central govrenment budget for Wales is spent an admeenistert, awtho the UK pairlament reserves the richt tae set leemits on the pouers o the Welsh Assembly. ==Govrenment an politics== Wales is a kintra that is pairt o the Unitit Kinrick.<ref name="Stats 1"/><ref>[http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_3166-2_newsletter_ii-3_2011-12-13.pdf ISO 3166-2 NEWSLETTER, 2011, p.27]. Accessed 8 March 2012</ref> Constitutionally, the UK is a ''[[de jure]]'' [[unitar state]], its pairlament an govrenment in [[Unitit Kinrick Pairlament|Wastmeenster]]. In the [[Hoose o Commons o the Unitit Kinrick|Hoose o Commons]] – the lawer hoose o the UK govrenment – Wales is representit bi 40 [[Member o Pairlament|MPs]] (oot o 650) frae [[Unitit Kinrick constituencies#Wales|Welsh constituencies]]. [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]] MPs haud 25 o the 40 seats, the [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservatives]] eleiven, [[Plaid Cymru]] three an the [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|Leeberal Democrats]] haud ane seat. Referendums held in Wales an Scotland in [[Welsh devolution referendum, 1997|1997]] chuise tae establish a form o sel-govrenment in baith kintras. In Wales, the consequent process o [[Devolution in the Unitit Kinrick|devolution]] begoud wi the [[Govrenment o Wales Act 1998]], that creatit the [[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] ({{lang-cy|Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru}}).<ref name="Westminster 1">{{cite web|title=UK Parliament -Parliament's role|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/role.cfm|accessdate=1 September 2009|publisher=[[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|United Kingdom Parliament]]|date=29 June 2009|work=United Kingdom Parliament website}}</ref> Labour remained the lairgest Assembly pairty follaein the [[Naitional Assembly for Wales election, 2007|2007 election]], winnin 26 o the 60 seats.<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6622157.stm |title=Plaid gamble pays off in Llanelli |publisher= BBC |date=4 May 2007|accessdate=6 October 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] website}}</ref> Haein insufficient support tae form a govrenment, the Labour Pairty entered intae the '[[Ane Wales]]' agreement wi Plaid Cymru, formin a [[coaleetion]], wi the Labour leader as First Meenister.<ref name="Cynulliad 2">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6278848.stm |title=Labour-Plaid coalition is sealed|publisher= BBC |date=7 July 2007 |accessdate=29 September 2010 |work=[[BBC News]] website}}</ref> [[Carwyn Jones]] haes been First Meenister an leader o [[Welsh Labour]] syne [[Rhodri Morgan]] retired frae office in December 2009, efter nine year an ten month as First Meenister.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/welsh-politics/welsh-politics-news/2009/12/09/carwyn-jones-officially-nominated-as-first-minister-91466-25357282/|title=Carwyn Jones officially nominated as First Minister |publisher=[[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]] |date=9 December 2009 |accessdate=9 December 2009 |work=[[WalesOnline]] website}}</ref> The twinty auries o responsibeelity devolved tae the Welsh Govrenment, kent as "subjects", include agricultur, economic development, eddication, heal, hoosin, local govrenment, social services, tourism, transport an the Welsh leid.<ref name="Cynulliad 3">{{cite web |title=Making laws for Wales |url=http://www.assemblywales.org/abthome/making-laws-for-wales.htm |accessdate=6 October 2010 |publisher=[[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] |year=2010 |work=[[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] website |archive-date=2010-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922170818/http://assemblywales.org/abthome/making-laws-for-wales.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Cynulliad 4">{{cite web |title=Schedule 5 to the Government of Wales Act 2006 (as amended) |url=http://www.assemblywales.org/bus-home/bus-legislation/bus-legislation-guidance/bus-legislation-guidance-documents/legislation_fields/schedule-5.htm |accessdate=6 October 2010 |publisher=[[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] |year=2006 |work=[[Naitional Assembly for Wales]] website |archive-date=2010-11-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120052232/http://assemblywales.org/bus-home/bus-legislation/bus-legislation-guidance/bus-legislation-guidance-documents/legislation_fields/schedule-5.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> On its creaution in 1999, the Naitional Assembly for Wales haed na primar legislative pouers.<ref name="Cynulliad 5">{{cite web|title=Government of Wales Act 1998 |url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/38/contents |accessdate=6 October 2010|publisher=[[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick|HM Government]] |year=2010 |work=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]] website}}</ref> Wales is an aa a distinct UK [[Wales (European Pairlament constituency)|electoral region]] o the European Union representit bi fower [[Members o the European Pairlament]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Your Members in the European Parliament|url=http://www.europarl.org.uk/en/your_meps.html|publisher=European Parliament|accessdate=8 June 2015|archive-date=2015-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423101202/http://www.europarl.org.uk/en/your_meps.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> For the purposes o local govrenment, Wales haes been dividit intae 22 cooncil auries syne 1996. Thir "principal auries"<ref>Part 1, Local Government (Wales) Act 1994</ref> are responsible for the provision o aw local govrenment services, includin eddication, social wark, environment an roads services.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/localgovernment/localauthorities/?lang=en |title=Local Authorities |publisher=[[Welsh Govrenment]] |accessdate=9 September 2010 |archive-date=2014-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530004428/http://new.wales.gov.uk/topics/localgovernment/localauthorities/?lang=en |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Geografie== [[File:Snowdon from Llyn Llydaw.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Snowdon|Yr Wyddfa (Snowdon)]], [[Gwynedd]], the heichest moontain in Wales]] Wales is a generally moontainous [[kintra]] on the wastren side o central soothren [[Great Breetain]].<ref name="ONS Cymru">{{Cite book|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/social-trends-rd/the-official-yearbook-of-the-united-kingdom/2005-edition/the-official-yearbook-of-the-united-kingdom---2005-edition.pdf|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |year=2004 |title=UK 2005 – The Official Yearbook of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |pages=2 & 30|accessdate=10 February 2012 |isbn=0-11-621738-3}}</ref> It is aboot {{convert|170|mi}} north–sooth an {{convert|60|mi}} east–wast.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitwales.co.uk/about-wales-guide-to-wales-culture-people-and-language/welsh-geography/|title=Geography: About Wales|publisher=[[Welsh Govrenment]]|year=2010|accessdate=3 October 2010|work=[[Visit Wales]] website|archive-date=2010-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028210819/http://www.visitwales.co.uk/about-wales-guide-to-wales-culture-people-and-language/welsh-geography/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The oft-quotit '[[The size o Wales|size o Wales]]' is aboot {{convert|20779|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Size of Wales project|url=http://more.sizeofwales.org.uk/index.php/aboutus/what-is-size/|accessdate=10 February 2012|publisher=Size of Wales|year=|archive-date=2012-01-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120129074121/http://more.sizeofwales.org.uk/index.php/aboutus/what-is-size/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://eulis.eu/service/countries-profile/england-and-wales/ |publisher=[[EULIS|European Land Information Service]] |title=England and Wales |accessdate=2 October 2010 |archive-date=2017-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727105357/http://eulis.eu/service/countries-profile/england-and-wales/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wales is mairchit bi Ingland tae the east an bi sea in aw ither directions: the [[Erse Sea]] tae the north an wast, [[St George's Channel]] an the [[Celtic Sea]] tae the soothwast an the [[Bristol Channel]] tae the sooth.<ref>{{cite hansard |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1974/dec/16/celtic-sea#S5CV0883P0-06989 |title=Celtic Sea |house=House of Commons |date=16 December 1974 |volume=883 |column=317W }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815171657/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1974/dec/16/celtic-sea#S5CV0883P0-06989 |date=2021-08-15 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|title=Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition + corrections|year=1971|publisher=[[International Hydrographic Organization]]|accessdate=12 November 2010|page=42 [corrections to page 13]|archive-date=2011-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Wales haes aboot {{convert|1680|mi}} o coastline (alang the mean heich watter merk), includin the mainland, Anglesey an Holyhead.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |title=How long is the UK coastline? |first=Giles |last=Darkes |date=January 2008 |access-date=6 October 2015 |publisher=The [[British Cartographic Society]] |archive-date=2012-05-27 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/67yAn3CWU?url=http://www.cartography.org.uk/default.asp?contentID=749 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Leet o islands o Wales|Ower 50 islands]] lee aff the Welsh mainland; the lairgest bein [[Isle o Anglesey|Anglesey]], in the north-wast. Muckle o Wales' diverse laundscape is moontainous, pairticularly in the north an central regions. The moontains war shapit during the last ice age, the [[Devensian glaciation]]. The heichest moontains in Wales are in [[Snowdonia]] ({{lang|cy|Eryri}}), o that five are ower {{convert|1000|m|ft|abbr=on}}. The heichest o thir is [[Snowdon]] ({{lang|cy|Yr Wyddfa}}), at {{convert|1085|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2009/aug/02/mount-snowdon-cafe|publisher=[[guardian.co.uk]] |date=2 August 2009|title=High tea: Mount Snowdon's magical mountaintop cafe |accessdate=28 September 2010 |location=London |first=Jonathan |last=Glancey}}</ref><ref name="WalesOnline mynyddoedd">{{cite web |url =http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2010/09/22/mountain-upgraded-to-super-status-91466-27315826/ |title = Mountain upgraded to 'super' status |accessdate = 30 September 2010 |date = 22 September 2010 |publisher = [[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]] |work=[[WalesOnline]] website}}</ref> The ''[[Seiven Wunners o Wales]]'' is a leet in [[doggerel]] verse o seiven geographic an cultural laundmerks in Wales probably componed in the late 18t century unner the influence o tourism frae Ingland.<ref>See Meic Stephens (ed.), ''Companion to Welsh Literature''. The doggerel verse wis componed in Inglis, probably for the benefit o veesitors frae athort [[Offa's Dyke]].</ref> Aw the "wonders" are in north Wales: Snowdon (the heichest moontain), the [[Gresford]] bells (the peal o bells in the medieval kirk o [[All Saints' Church, Gresford|All Saints]] at Gresford), the [[Llangollen]] brig (biggit in 1347 ower the River Dee), [[St Winefride's Well]] (a [[pilgrimage]] steid at [[Holywell]]) in [[Flintshire]], the [[Wrexham]] ({{lang|cy|Wrecsam}}) [[steeple (airchitectur)|steeple]] (16t-century touer o [[St Giles' Church, Wrexham]]), the [[Overton-on-Dee|Overton]] [[taxus|yew]] trees (auncient yew trees in the kirkyaird o St. Mary's at Overton-on-Dee) an [[Pistyll Rhaeadr]] – a taw watterfaw, at {{convert|240|ft|m|abbr=on}}.<ref name=wonders>{{cite web|title=Seven Wonders of Wales|url=http://www.visitflintshire.com/Location/Seven-Wonders-of-Wales|publisher=Visit Flintshire|accessdate=3 April 2016|archive-date=2016-03-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331140709/http://visitflintshire.com/Location/Seven-Wonders-of-Wales|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Climate=== {{climate chart |Wales |1.3|6.5|158.6 |1.1|6.6|114 |2.4|8.6|118.8 |3.4|11|85.9 |6|14.5|80.7 |8.6|16.8|86.2 |10.9|19.1|78.4 |10.7|18.8|106 |8.8|16.2|124 |6.5|12.8|153.2 |3.7|9.3|156.8 |2.2|7.4|173.3 |source=[http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/19712000/areal/wales.html Met Office] |float=right }} Wales lies within the [[Temperateness|north temperate zone]]. It haes a cheengeable, [[maritime climate]] an is ane o the weetest kintras in Europe.<ref name="Met Off 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/regional-climates/wl/ |publisher=[[Met Office]] |year=2010|title=Met Office: Regional Climate: Wales|accessdate=26 September 2010 |work=[[Met Office]] website}}</ref><ref name="Davies148-150">Davies (2008) pp. 148–150</ref> Welsh wather is eften cloody, weet an windy, wi wairm simmers an mild winters.<ref name="Met Off 1"/><ref name="WalesOnline soggy"> {{cite web|url=http://icwales.icnetwork.co.uk/0100news/0200wales/tm_objectid=14140027&method=full&siteid=50082&headline=soggiest-city-in-britain-pays-high-price-for-rain-name_page.html|title=Soggiest city in Britain pays high price for rain|publisher=[[Media Wales|Media Wales Ltd]]|last=Turner |first=Robert|accessdate = 26 September 2010|date = 26 July 2010}} </ref> Rainfaw patterns shaw signeeficant variation. The forder wast, the heicher the expectit rainfaw; up tae 40% mair.<ref name="Davies148-150"/> At law elevations, rain is unpredictable at ony time o year, awtho the shouers tend tae be shorter in simmer.<ref name="Airport guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.cardiff-cwl.airports-guides.com/cwl_climate.html|publisher=TravelSmart Ltd|year=2010|title=Weather at Cardiff Airport (CWL):Weather and Climate in Cardiff Area, Wales, U|accessdate= 26 September 2010|work=Airports guides website}}</ref> The uplands o Wales hae maist rain, normally mair nor 50 days o rain during the winter months (December tae Februar), fawin tae aroond 35 rainy days during the simmer months (Juin tae August). {{Weather box |location = Wales |metric first = Yes |single line = Yes |collapsed = Yes |Jan record high C = 18.3 |Feb record high C = 18.7 |Mar record high C = 23.9 |Apr record high C = 26.2 |May record high C = 29.2 |Jun record high C = 33.7 |Jul record high C = 34.6 |Aug record high C = 35.2 |Sep record high C = 31.1 |Oct record high C = 28.2 |Nov record high C = 22.4 |Dec record high C = 18.0 |year record high C = 35.2 |Jan record low C = -23.3 |Feb record low C = -20.0 |Mar record low C = -21.7 |Apr record low C = -11.2 |May record low C = -6.1 |Jun record low C = -4.0 |Jul record low C = -2.5 |Aug record low C = -2.8 |Sep record low C = -5.5 |Oct record low C = -9.0 |Nov record low C = -18.0 |Dec record low C = -22.7 |year record low C = -23.3 |source 1 = Met Office }} ==Economy== Ower the last 250 year, Wales haes been transformed first frae a predominantly agricultural kintra tae an industrial, an nou a [[post-industrial economy]].<ref>Davies (2008), p.233</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Day|first=Graham|title=Making sense of Wales|url=https://archive.org/details/makingsensewales00dayg|year=2002|publisher=University of Wales Press|isbn=0-7083-1771-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/makingsensewales00dayg/page/n96 87]|location=Cardiff}}</ref> Syne the Seicont Warld War, the [[service sector]] haes come tae accoont for the majority o jobs, a featur teepifyin maist advanced economies.<ref>Davies (2008), p.233–4</ref> Frae the middle o the 19t century till the post-war era, the minin an export o coal wis a dominant industrie. Accordin tae [[Phil Williams (Welsh politeecian)|Professor Phil Williams]], the [[Great Depression]] "devastatit Wales", north an sooth, acause o its "owerwhelmin dependence on coal an steel".<ref name="IWA 2003">{{Cite book|last=Williams |first=Professor Phil |authorlink=Phil Williams (Welsh politician) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6oXtL_7xFssC&pg=PA31|title=The psychology of distance: Wales: one nation |series=Papurau Gregynog |volume=3 |publisher=[[Institute of Welsh Affairs]] |publication-date=2003 |location=Cardiff |page=31 |isbn=1-86057-066-6| date=September 2003 }}</ref> Acause o puir-quality sile, muckle o Wales is unsuitable for crap-growin an [[fermstockin]] fermin haes tradeetionally been the focus o agricultur. The Welsh laundscape (pertectit bi three naitional parks) an 45 [[Blue Flag saunds]], as well as the unique cultur o Wales, attract lairge nummers o tourists, wha play an especially vital role in the economy o rural auries.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/south_west/8672318.stm |title=Tourism hope over record 45 beach flags in Wales |publisher=BBC|date=11 May 2010|accessdate=7 September 2010|work=[[BBC News]] website}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gowales.co.uk/en/graduate/workingInWales/keyIndustryProfiles/tourism/index.html |title=Tourism – Sector Overview Wales |publisher=[[GO Wales]] |accessdate=7 September 2010 |work=[[GO Wales]] website |archive-date=2010-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100409072132/http://www.gowales.co.uk/en/graduate/workingInWales/keyIndustryProfiles/tourism/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[poond sterling]] is the siller uised in Wales. ==Demografie== {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Population o Wales |- | 1536 | 278,000 |- | 1620 | 360,000 |- | 1770 | 500,000 |- | 1801 | 587,000 |- | 1851 | 1,163,000 |- | 1911 | 2,421,000 |- | 1921 | 2,656,000 |- | 1939 | 2,487,000 |- | 1961 | 2,644,000 |- | 1991 | 2,811,865 |- | 2011 | 3,063,000 |- |2021 |3,107,494 |} Soorce: {{cite book|author=John Davies|title=A History of Wales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ogTq2KRuu9IC&pg=PT257|year=1993|pages=258–59, 319}}; Census 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090319202324/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/bicentenary/pdfs/wales.pdf ''200 Years of the Census in ... Wales'' (2001)]; 2021 Census, [https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/sources/census_2021/report?compare=W92000004 Wales Region 2021 Census Area Profile] The population o Wales doobled frae 587,000 in 1801 tae 1,163,000 in 1851 an haed reached 2,421,000 bi 1911. Maist o the increase cam in the coal minin destricts, especially [[Glamorganshire]], which grew frae 71,000 in 1801 tae 232,000 in 1851 an 1,122,000 in 1911.<ref>Brian R. Mitchell and Phyllis Deane, ''Abstract of British Historical Statistics'' (Cambridge, 1962) pp 20, 22</ref> Pairt o this increase can be attributit tae the [[demografic transeetion]] seen in maist industrialisin kintras in the [[Industrial Revolution]], as daith rates dropped an birth rates remeened steady. Houever, thare wis an aa lairge-scale migration intae Wales in the Industrial Revolution. The Inglis war the maist numerous group, but thare war an aa conseederable nummers o Erse an smawer nummers o ither ethnic groups,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/storyofwelsh/content/industrialrevolution.shtml |title=Industrial Revolution |publisher=BBC |accessdate=17 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=LSJ Services [Wales] Ltd |url=http://www.therhondda.co.uk/living/population.html |title=Population '&#39;therhondda.co.uk'&#39;. Retrieved 9 May 2006 |publisher=Therhondda.co.uk |accessdate=17 October 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520075715/http://www.therhondda.co.uk/living/population.html |archivedate=20 May 2008 }} {{Cite web |url=http://www.therhondda.co.uk/living/population.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-07-01 |archive-date=2008-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080520075715/http://www.therhondda.co.uk/living/population.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> includin [[Welsh Italians|Italians]], wha migratit tae South Wales.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/migration_italian.shtml |title=BBC Wales&nbsp;— History&nbsp;— Themes&nbsp;— Italian immigration |publisher=BBC |accessdate=17 October 2009}}</ref> Wales an aa received immigration frae various pairts o the Breetish [[Commonweel o Naitions]] in the 20t century, an [[Black Breetish|African-Caribbean]] an [[Breetish Asian|Asian]] commonties add tae the ethno-cultural mix, pairteecularly in urban Wales. Mony o thir sel-identify as Welsh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.socialistunity.com/?p=1587|title=Socialist Unity – Debate & analysis for activists & trade unionists|publisher=|access-date=2017-07-01|archive-date=2011-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018050201/http://www.socialistunity.com/?p=1587|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011 census]] shawed Wales' population tae be 3,063,456, the seicont heichest in its history.<ref name="2011census">{{cite web |title=2011 Census – Population and Household Estimates for Wales |page=6 |date=March 2011 |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_272571.pdf |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |format=PDF |accessdate=13 December 2012 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_272571.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2011, 27% (837,000) o the tot population o Wales war nae born in Wales,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/stb-2011-census-key-statistics-for-wales.html#tab---Usual-residents-born-outside-the-UK |title=O2011 Census: Key Statistics for Wales, March 2011 |publisher=Ons.gov.uk |date=March 2011 |accessdate=9 January 2016}}</ref> includin 636,000 fowk (21% o the tot population o Wales) wha war born in Ingland.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/stb-2011-census-key-statistics-for-wales.html#tab---Usual-residents-born-outside-the-UK |title=O2011 Census: Key Statistics for Wales, March 2011 |publisher=Ons.gov.uk |date=March 2011 |accessdate=15 January 2016}}</ref> Accordin tae the 2001 census, 96% o the population wis [[White Breetish]], an 2.1% non-white (mainly o [[Breetish Asian]] oreegin).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.esds.ac.uk/government/themes/ethnicity/sb53-2004.pdf |title=A Statistical Focus on Ethnicity in Wales |publisher=National Assembly for Wales |page=1 |year=2004 |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2011-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111214010543/http://www.esds.ac.uk/government/themes/ethnicity/sb53-2004.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maist non-white groups war concentratit in Cardiff, Newport an Swansea. The [[tot fertility rate]] (TFR) in Wales wis 1.90 in 2011,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://statswales.wales.gov.uk/Catalogue/Health-and-Social-Care/Births-Deaths-and-Conceptions/Births/TotalFertilityRateAndGeneralFertilityRate-by-Year |title=Total Fertility Rate and General Fertility Rate by year |publisher=Statswales.wales.gov.uk |accessdate=17 July 2013 |archive-date=2014-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228112127/https://statswales.wales.gov.uk/Catalogue/Health-and-Social-Care/Births-Deaths-and-Conceptions/Births/TotalFertilityRateAndGeneralFertilityRate-by-Year |url-status=dead }}</ref> that is ablo the [[replacement rate]] o 2.1. {{Largest cities | name = Lairgest ceeties o Wales | class = info | country = Wales | stat_ref = [[Office for National Statistics]] 2011 Census<ref>{{United Kingdom district population citation}}</ref> | list_by_pop = Leet o touns an ceeties in Wales bi population | div_name = Cooncil aurie | div_link = | city_1 = Cairdiff | div_1 = Cardiff Cooncil{{!}}Ceety & Coonty o Cairdiff | pop_1 = 335,145 | img_1 = Cardiff Castle and Millennium Stadium.jpg | city_2 = Swansea | div_2 = Ceety an County o Swansea Council{{!}}Ceety & Coonty o Swansea | pop_2 = 239,000 | img_2 = Meridian Tower Swansea Skyline.jpg | city_3 = Newport, Wales{{!}}Newport | div_3 = Newport Ceety Cooncil{{!}}Newport Ceety | pop_3 = 128,060 | img_3 = Newportciviccentre.jpg | city_4 = Wrexham | div_4 = Wrexham Coonty Burgh | pop_4 = 61,603 | img_4 = Wrexham - geograph.org.uk - 163421.jpg | city_5 = Barry, Wales{{!}}Barry | div_5 = Vale o Glamorgan | pop_5 = 54,673 | city_6 = Neath | div_6 = Neath Port Talbot | pop_6 = 50,658 | city_7 = Cwmbran | div_7 = Torfaen | pop_7 = 46,915 | city_8 = Bridgend | div_8 = Bridgend Coonty Burgh| pop_8 = 46,757 | city_9 = Llanelli | div_9 = Carmarthenshire | pop_9 = 43,878 | city_10 = Merthyr Tydfil | div_10 = Merthyr Tydfil | pop_10 = 43,820 | city_11 = Caerphilly | div_11 = Caerphilly Coonty Burgh | pop_11 = 41,402 | city_12 = Port Talbot | div_12 = Neath Port Talbot | pop_12 = 37,276 | city_13 = Pontypridd | div_13 = Rhondda Cynon Taf | pop_13 = 30,457 | city_14 = Aberdare | div_14 = Rhondda Cynon Taf | pop_14 = 29,748 | city_15 = Colwyn Bay| div_15 = Conwy Coonty Burgh | pop_15 = 29,405 | city_16 = Pontypool| div_16 = Torfaen | pop_16 = 28,334 | city_17 = Penarth| div_17 = Vale of Glamorgan | pop_17 = 27,226 | city_18 = Rhyl| div_18 = Denbighshire | pop_18 = 25,149 | city_19 = Blackwood, Wales{{!}}Blackwood| div_19 = Caerphilly Coonty Burgh | pop_19 = 24,042 | city_20 = Maesteg | div_20 = Bridgend Coonty Burgh | pop_20 = 18,888 }} Baith Inglis an Welsh are conseedert offeecial leids o Wales,<ref>[http://www.assembly.wales/NAfW%20Documents/About%20the%20Assembly%20section%20documents/ols/ols-en.pdf Official Languages Scheme, July 2013], Assembly Commission. Retrieved 20 September 2016.</ref> wi Welsh forder recognised in law as haein "offeecial status".<ref>Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011</ref> Inglis is spoken bi awmaist aw fowk in Wales an is the main leid in maist o the kintra. The lairgest releegion in Wales is Christianity, wi 57.6% o the population descrivin themsels as Christian in the 2011 census.<ref name="2011 Census Faith">{{cite news|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/stb-2011-census-key-statistics-for-wales.html#tab---Religion |title=Statistical bulletin: 2011 Census: Key Statistics for Wales, March 2011 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=11 December 2012|accessdate=11 December 2012}}</ref> The seicont lairgest attendin faith in Wales is [[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]], wi an estimatit 43,000 adherents.<ref name="Faith in Wales">{{cite web |url=http://www.gweini.org.uk/download/English%2003_03%20comp%20smaller.pdf |title=Faith in Wales, Counting for Communities |page=21 |year=2008 |accessdate=6 September 2010 |archive-date=2013-10-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024162623/http://www.gweini.org.uk/download/English%2003_03%20comp%20smaller.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Islam]] is the lairgest non-Christian releegion in Wales, wi mair nor 24,000 (0.8%) reportit Muslims in the 2011 census.<ref name="2011 Census Faith"/> ==Cultur== Wales haes a distinctive cultur includin its awn leid, customs, halidays an muisic. Wales haes three [[UNESCO]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]]s: [[Castles an Toun Waws o Keeng Edward in Gwynedd|The Castles an Toun wals o Keeng Edward I in Gwynedd]]; [[Pontcysyllte Aqueduct]]; an the [[Blaenavon Industrial Laundscape]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gb |title=World Heritage – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |year=2010 |accessdate=9 September 2010 |work=[[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Convention]] website}}</ref> ===Airts=== Wales can claim ane o the auldest unbreuken leeterar tradeetions in Europe.<ref name="Davies464">Davies (2008) p. 464</ref> The leeterar tradeetion o Wales stretches back tae the saxt century an includes [[Geoffrey o Monmouth]] an [[Gerald o Wales]], regairdit bi historian [[John Davies (historian)|John Davies]] as amang the finest Laitin authors o the Middle Ages.<ref name="Davies464"/> In 1588 [[William Morgan (Bible translator)|William Morgan]] acame the first person tae translate the [[Welsh Bible|Bible intae Welsh]], frae Greek an Ebreu.<ref name="Davies465">Davies (2008) p. 465</ref> 1885 saw the publication o ''[[Rhys Lewis (novelle)|Rhys Lewis]]'' bi [[Daniel Owen]], creeditit as the first novelle written in the Welsh leid. Mony warks o [[Celtic airt]] hae been foond in Wales.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1938/ |title=Celtic Art in Iron Age Wales, NMOW |publisher=[[National Museum Wales|Amgueddfa Cymru – National Museum Wales]] |accessdate=19 June 2010 |archive-date=2010-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113023922/http://www.museumwales.ac.uk/en/rhagor/article/1938 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Maist Welsh pented left Wales tae dae thair wirk. Wales is eften referred tae as "the laund o sang",<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|encyclopedia=Britannica|edition=Online|year=2006|title=Wales: Cultural life: Music, literature and film}}</ref> an is notable for its hairpists, male choirs, an solo airtists. Tradeetional instruments o Wales include ''telyn deires'' ([[triple hairp]]), fiddle, [[crwth]], ''pibgorn'' (hornpipe) an ither instruments.<ref>Davies (2008) p. 179</ref><ref>Davies (2008) p. 281</ref><ref>Davies (2008) p. 353</ref><ref>Davies (2008) p. 677</ref> ===Seembols=== The [[Banner o Wales]] incorporates the [[Welsh Draigon|reid draigon]] ({{lang|cy|Y Ddraig Goch}}) o [[Cadwaladr ap Gruffydd|Prince Cadwalader]] alang wi the [[Tudor dynasty|Tudor]] colours o green an white.<ref name="dragon and war">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/flag_war.shtml |title=The dragon and war |accessdate=2 October 2010 |year=2010 |publisher=BBC |work=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] website |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128093849/http://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/history/sites/themes/society/flag_war.shtml |archivedate=28 January 2011}}</ref> It wis uised bi [[Henry VII o Ingland|Henry VII]] at the [[Battle o Bosworth Field|Battle o Bosworth]] in 1485 efter that it wis cairied in state tae [[St. Paul's Cathedral]].<ref name="dragon and war"/> The reid draigon wis then includit in the Tudor ryal airms tae signifee thair Welsh strynd. It wis offeecially recognised as the Welsh naitional banner in 1959.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1959/feb/23/welsh-flag#S5CV0600P0-04661|title=Welsh flag, 23 February 1959 vol 600 cc121-2W|accessdate=3 October 2010|publisher=[[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick]]|work=[[Hansard]]|archive-date=2021-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506145352/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1959/feb/23/welsh-flag#S5CV0600P0-04661|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[daffodil]] an the [[leek]] are an aa seembols o Wales. The Prince o Wales' [[heraldic badge]] is an aa whiles uised tae seembolise Wales. The badge, kent as the [[Prince o Wales's feathers]], conseests o three white feathers emerging frae a gowd coronet. ''"[[Hen Wlad fy Nhadau]]" ({{lang-sco|Laund o My Faithers}})'' is the Naitional Anthem o Wales, an is played at events sic as fitbaa or rugby matches involvin the Wales naitional team as weel as the openin o the Welsh Assembly an ither offeecial occasions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visitwales.co.uk/about-wales-guide-to-wales-culture-people-and-language/welsh-history/welsh-national-anthem/ |title=Welsh National Anthem: History: About Wales|publisher=[[Welsh Govrenment]] |year= 2010 |accessdate=21 October 2010 |work=[[Visit Wales]] website}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title= The anthem in more recent years |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/6586105.stm|accessdate=21 October 2010 |publisher=BBC |date=1 December 2008 |work=[[BBC Cymru Wales]] website}}</ref> In sport, [[rugby union]] is seen as a seembol o Welsh identity an an expression o naitional consciousness. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Bibliografie== * Census 2001, [https://web.archive.org/web/20090319202324/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/bicentenary/pdfs/wales.pdf ''200 Years of the Census in ... Wales'' (2001)] *{{Cite book|last=Davies|first=John|authorlink=John Davies (historian)|title=A History of Wales|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwales0000davi_g1b0| publisher=Penguin| year=1994| location=London|isbn = 0-14-014581-8}} *{{cite encyclopedia |editor1-first=John |editor1-last=Davies |editor2-first=Nigel |editor2-last=Jenkins |editor2-link=Nigel Jenkins |editor3-first=Menna |editor3-last=Baines|editor4-first=Peredur I. |editor4-last=Lynch|editor4-link=Peredur Lynch|title=[[Encyclopaedia of Wales|The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales]] |year=2008 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6 }} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Wales| ]] [[Category:Celtic naitions]] [[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]] [[Category:Island kintras]] [[Category:NUTS 1 stateestical regions o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Unitit Kinrick bi kintra]] [[Category:Great Breetain]] 3w388aysdd9vy2o9dvwv5blze7eyjc3 Iceland 0 4966 916395 912900 2026-05-07T15:12:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Iceland |common_name = Iceland |native_name = Ísland ([[Icelandic leid|Icelandic]]) |image_flag = Flag of Iceland.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Iceland.svg |national_anthem = "[[Lofsöngur]]" <center>[[File:Lofsöngur.ogg]]</center> |image_map = Island (orthographic projection).svg |map_width = 220px |capital = [[Reykjavík]] |coordinates = {{Coord|64|08|N|21|56|W|type:city}} |largest_city = caipital |languages_type = Official leid<br>{{nobold|an naitional leid}} |languages = [[Icelandic leid|Icelandic]] |ethnic_groups = {{Unbulleted list|92.04%&nbsp;[[Icelanders|Icelandic]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Ibuar/Ibuar__mannfjoldi__3_bakgrunnur__Rikisfang/MAN04103.px |title=Population by country of citizenship, sex and age 1 January 1998–2016 |publisher=[[Statistics Iceland]] |location=Reykjavík, Iceland |accessdate=27 January 2017}}</ref>|3.63%&nbsp;[[Poles|Pols]]|4.33%&nbsp;other}} |ethnic_groups_year = 2016 |demonym = [[Icelanders|Icelander]] |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitar state|Unitar]] [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentar]]}} [[republic]] |leader_title1 = [[Preses o Iceland|Preses]] |leader_name1 = [[Halla Tómasdóttir]] |leader_title2 = [[Prime Meenister o Iceland|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name2 = [[Bjarni Benediktsson]] |legislature = [[Althingi]] |sovereignty_type = [[History o Iceland|Formation]] |established_event1 = [[Settlement o Iceland|Settlement]] |established_date1 = 9t century |established_event2 = [[Þjóðveldið|Commonwealth]] |established_date2 = 930–1262 |established_event3 = {{Nowrap|[[Norse Empire|Union wi Norawa]]}} |established_date3 = [[Auld Covenant (Iceland)|1262]]–1814 |established_event4 = [[Monarchy o Denmark|Dens monarchy]] |established_date4 = 1380–1944 |established_event5 = [[Constitution o Iceland|Constitution]] |established_date5 = 5 Januar 1874 |established_event6 = {{Nowrap|[[Kinrick o Iceland|Kinrick]]}} |established_date6 = 1 December 1918 |established_event7 = [[Icelandic constitutional referendum, 1944|Republic]] |established_date7 = 17 Juin 1944 |area_km2 = 102,775<ref name="ruv20150226">{{cite web|url=http://www.ruv.is/frett/island-er-minna-en-talid-var|title=Ísland er minna en talið var|publisher=RÚV|date=26 February 2015|accessdate=10 March 2015|language=is}}</ref> |area_rank = 106t |area_sq_mi = 39,699 |percent_water = 2.7 | population_estimate = 360,390<ref name="population">Estimate given for 30 June 2019.<br/>{{cite web|title=The population increased by 1,610 in the second quarter of 2019|publisher=[[Statistics Iceland]]|date=29 July 2019|url=https://www.statice.is/publications/news-archive/inhabitants/population-in-the-2nd-quarter-2019/|accessdate=29 July 2019|language=en}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = <!--31 March-->2019 | population_estimate_rank = 172nt | population_density_km2 = 3.4 | population_density_sq_mi = 8.29 | population_density_rank = 233rd | GDP_PPP = $19&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2">{{cite web|url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2018/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=66&pr.y=8&sy=2018&ey=2023&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=176&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a=|title=Iceland|publisher=International Monetary Fund}}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2018 | GDP_PPP_rank = 142nt | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $54,753<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 16t | GDP_nominal = $27&nbsp;billion<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_year = 2018 | GDP_nominal_rank = | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $75,700<ref name="imf2"/> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 5t | Gini = 24.1 | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref name="eurogini">{{cite web |url=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=tessi190&plugin=1 |title=Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey |publisher=[[Eurostat]] |website=ec.europa.eu |access-date=7 March 2019}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 2nt | HDI = 0.935<!--number only, between 0 and 1--> | HDI_year = 2017<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase <!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/composite/HDI |title=2017 Human Development Report|year=2017|accessdate=14 September 2018|publisher=United Nations Development Programme}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 6t |currency = [[Icelandic króna]] |currency_code = ISK |time_zone = [[Wastren European Time|WET]] |utc_offset = +0 |utc_offset_DST = |time_zone_DST = |date_format = dd/mm/yyyy |drives_on = [[Richt- an caur-fist traffeck|richt]] |calling_code = [[Telephone nummers in Iceland|+354]] |patron_saint = [[Saunt Thorlak]] |cctld = [[.is]] |footnote_a = {{Note|aaa}} {{cite web|title = Statistics Iceland: Key figures|publisher = Statistics Iceland|date = 1 January 2014|url = http://www.statice.is/?PageID=1390|accessdate = 30 March 2014}} |footnote_b = {{Note|bbb}} {{cite web|title = CIA&nbsp;– The World Factbook&nbsp;– Field Listing&nbsp;– Distribution of family income&nbsp;– Gini index|publisher = United States government|url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html#Govt|accessdate = 14 September 2008|archive-date = 2007-06-13|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070613005439/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html#Govt|url-status = dead}} |religion = [[Kirk o Iceland]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Constitution of Iceland|url=http://www.government.is/constitution/|publisher=Government of Iceland|accessdate=14 October 2014|archive-date=2017-11-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171122180852/http://www.government.is/constitution|url-status=dead}} Section VI deals wi releegion an Airticle 62 states "The Evangelical Lutheran Church shall be the State Kirk in Iceland an, as sic, it shall be supportit an pertectit bi the State". In Scots this kirk is commonly cried the Kirk o Iceland.</ref> |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |country_code = ISK }} [[File:Sýslur á Íslandi.png|thumb|Citys and countys (Sýslur)]] '''Iceland''' ({{Lang-is|Ísland}} {{IPA-is|ˈistlant|}})<ref>''Interinstitutional Style Guide of the European Union'' guidance on Iceland reading "Do not use 'Republic of Iceland'. Although this name is found in some documents, it does not have official status."</ref> is a [[Nordic kintras|Nordic]] [[island kintra]] in the [[North Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic]], wi a population o {{Ispop}} and an aurie o {{Convert|103000|km2|abbr=on}}, makkin it the maist sparsely populatit kintra in [[Europe]].<ref name="Statice">{{cite web|authorlink=Statistics Iceland|title=Statistics Iceland|work=Government|publisher=The National Statistical Institute of Iceland|date=14 September 2008|url=http://www.statice.is#Govt|accessdate=14 September 2008}}</ref> The caipital an lairgest ceety is [[Reykjavík]]. Reykjavík an the surroondin auries in the soothwast o the kintra are hame tae ower twa-thirds o the population. Iceland is [[Heich island|volcanically]] an [[geothermal (geology)|geologically active]]. The interior conseests o a plateau chairactereesit bi sand an [[lava field]]s, [[muntains]], an [[glacier]]s, an mony [[river|glacial rivers]] flowe tae the sea throu the lawlands. Iceland is wairmed bi the [[Gulf Stream]] an haes a temperate climate, despite a heich latitude juist ootside the [[Arctic Circle]]. Its heich latitude an marine influence keep simmers chilly, wi maist o the archipelago haein a [[tundra climate]]. Accordin tae the auncient manuscript ''[[Landnámabók]]'', the [[settlement o Iceland]] begoud in 874 AD whan the [[Norawa|Norse]] chieftain [[Ingólfr Arnarson]] becam the first permanent settler on the island.<ref name = tomasson>{{Cite book|last = Tomasson|first = Richard F.|title = Iceland, the first new society|url = https://archive.org/details/icelandfirstnews0000toma|publisher = U of Minnesota Press|year = 1980|isbn = 0-8166-0913-6|page = [https://archive.org/details/icelandfirstnews0000toma/page/63 63]}}</ref> In the follaein centuries, [[Norses]], an tae a lesser extent ither [[Scandinavie]]s, emigratit tae Iceland, bringin wi them [[thirl]]s (i.e., sclaves or serfs) o [[Gaels|Gaelic]] oreegin. The island wis govrened as an [[Icelandic Commonweel|independent commonweel]] unner the [[Althing]], ane o the warld's auldest functionin legislative assemmlies. Follaein a [[Age o Sturlungs|period o ceevil strife]], Iceland accedit tae Norse rule in the 13t century. The establishment o the [[Kalmar Union]] in 1397 unitit the kinricks o Norawa, Denmark, an Swaden. Iceland sicweys follaed Norawa's integration tae that union an cam unner Dens rule, efter Swaden's secession frae that union in 1523. Awtho the Dens kinrick introduced [[Lutheranism]] forcefully in 1550, Iceland remeened a distant semi-colonial territory in that Dens institutions an infrastructurs war conspeecuous bi thair absence. In the wauk o the [[French Revolution]] an the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Iceland's struggle for unthirldom teuk form an culminatit in [[Dens–Icelandic Act o Union|untirldom in 1918]] an the foondin o a [[Foondin o the Republic o Iceland|republic in 1944]]. Till the 20t century, Iceland relied lairgely on subsistence fishin an agricultur, an wis amang the puirest kintra in Europe. Industrialisation o the fisheries an [[Marshall Plan]] aid follaein [[Warld War II]] brocht prosperity, an Iceland becam ane o the walthiest an maist developit naitions in the warld. In 1994, it becam a pairt o the [[European Economic Aurie]], that forder diversifee'd the economy intae sectors sic as finance, biotechnology, an manufacturin. Iceland haes a [[mercat economy]] wi relatively law taxes, compared tae ither [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation an Development|OECD]] kintras.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oecd.org/document/60/0,2340,en_2649_34533_1942460_1_1_1_1,00.html |title=OECD Tax Database |website=Oecd.org |accessdate=26 January 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125144548/http://www.oecd.org/document/60/0%2C2340%2Cen_2649_34533_1942460_1_1_1_1%2C00.html |archivedate=25 January 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> It mainteens a [[Nordic model|Nordic social welfare seestem]] that provides [[universal heal care]] an tertiary eddication for its ceetizens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.borg.hi.is/ChildWelfare |title=The Icelandic Welfare State and the Conditions of Children |last=Ólafsson |first=Stefán |date=12 May 2004 |website=borg.hi.is |accessdate=22 April 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050818131819/http://www.borg.hi.is/ChildWelfare |archivedate=18 August 2005 }}</ref> Iceland ranks heich in economic, poleetical, an social stabeelity an equality. In 2016, it wis rankit as the nint maist developit kintra in the warld bi the [[Human Development Index|Unitit Naitions' Human Development Index]], an it ranks first on the [[Global Peace Index]].<ref name = "HDI" /> Iceland runs awmaist completely on [[renewable energy]]. Affectit bi the ongaein [[Financial creesis o 2007–2008|warldwide financial creesis]], the naition's entire bankin seestem [[2008–2011 Icelandic financial creesis|seestemically failed]] in October 2008, leadin tae a [[Depression (economics)|severe depression]], substantial [[2009 Icelandic financial creesis protests|poleetical unrest]], the [[Icesave dispute]], an the institution o [[caipital control]]s. Some bankers war jyled.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2015/10/24/if-iceland-can-jail-bankers-for-the-crash-then-why-cant-america/|title=If Iceland Can Jail Bankers For The Crash Then Why Can't America?|first=Tim|last=Worstall|date=|work=Forbes}}</ref> Syne then, the economy haes made a signeeficant recovery, in lairge pairt due tae a surge in [[Tourism in Iceland|tourism]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/traceygreenstein/2013/02/20/icelands-stabilized-economy-is-a-surprising-success-story/ |title=Iceland's Stabilized Economy Is A Surprising Success Story |last1=Greenstein |first1=Tracey |date=20 February 2013 |work=[[Forbes]]|website= |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/financial-recovery-of-iceland-a-case-worth-studying-a-942387.html |title= Out of the Abyss: Looking for Lessons in Iceland's Recovery |last1=Mingels |first1=Guido |date=10 January 2014 |work=[[Der Spiegel]]|website= |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/oct/06/iceland-financial-recovery-banking-collapse |title=Iceland rises from the ashes of banking collapse |last1=Bowers |first1=Simon |date=6 November 2013 |work=[[The Guardian]]|website= |accessdate=11 April 2014}}</ref> [[Cultur o Iceland|Icelandic cultur]] is foondit upon the naition's Scandinavian heritage. Maist Icelanders are descendants o [[Norsemen|Norse]] an [[Gael]]ic settlers. [[Icelandic leid|Icelandic]], a [[North Germanic leids|North Germanic leid]], is descendit frae [[Auld Wast Norse]] an is closely relatit tae [[Faroese language|Faroese]] an [[Norse dialects|Wast Norse dialects]]. The kintra's cultural heritage includes tradeetional [[Icelandic cuisine]], [[Icelandic leeteratur]], an [[Sagas o Icelanders|medieval sagas]]. Iceland haes the smawest population o ony [[Member states o NATO|NATO member]] an is the anerly ane wi [[Leet o kintras withoot airmed forces|na staundin airmy]], wi a lichtly airmed [[Icelandic Coast Gaird|coast gaird]] in chairge o defence.<ref>{{Cite book|title = The Military Balance 2014|publisher = The International Institute of Strategic Studies (IISS)|year = 2014|isbn = |location = |pages = }}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Iceland| ]] [[Category:Kintras in Europe]] [[Category:Umwhile Dens colonies]] [[Category:Umwhile Norse colonies]] [[Category:Island kintras]] [[Category:Islands o Iceland]]<!-- Mainland Iceland is one of its own islands. --> [[Category:Northren European kintra]] [[Category:Members o the Nordic Cooncil]] [[Category:Member states o NATO]] [[Category:Member states o the Cooncil o Europe]] [[Category:Member states o the Unitit Naitions]] [[Category:Republics]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1944]] [[Category:Christian states]] [[Category:Mid-Atlantic Rig]] nxnfkg3o506z1dgvemupzzs20igdmcz Croatie leid 0 4998 916382 855785 2026-05-07T13:12:06Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Croatie | nativename = {{lang|sh|hrvatski}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-sh|xř̩ʋaːtskiː|}} | states = [[Croatie]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]], [[Serbia]] ([[Vojvodina]]), [[Montenegro]], [[Romanie]] ([[Caraș-Severin Coonty]]), an [[Croatie diaspora|diaspora]] | region = | speakers = 5.6 million, includin ither dialects spoken bi Croats | date = 1991–2006 | ref = e18 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Balto-Slavic leids|Balto-Slavic]] | fam3 = [[Slavic leids|Slavic]] | fam4 = [[Sooth Slavic leids|South Slavic]] | fam5 = Wastren<ref name=e18/> | fam6 = [[Serbo-Croatie]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hbs |title=Serbo-Croatian |publisher=Ethnologue.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-24}}<br> ''The official language of Croatia is Croatian (Serbo-Croatian). ''[...]'' The same language is referred to by different names, Serbian (srpski), Serbo-Croat (in Croatia: hrvatsko-srpski), Bosnian (bosanski), based on political and ethnic grounds.'' [...]'' the language that used to be officially called Serbo-Croat has gotten several new ethnically and politically based names. Thus, the names Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are politically determined and refer to the same language with possible slight variations.'' ("Croatia: Language Situation", in ''[[Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics]]'', 2 ed., 2006.)</ref> | fam7 = ''[[Shtokavian dialect|Shtokavian]]'' | fam8 = ''Neo-Shtokavian'' | fam9 = ''[[Eastren Herzegovinian dialect|Eastren Herzegovinian]]'' | script = [[Laitin script|Latin]] <small>([[Gaj's Laitin alphabet|Gaj's alphabet]])</small><br>[[Yugoslav Braille]] | nation = {{HRV}}<br>{{BIH}} (co-offeecial)<br>{{SRB}} (in [[Vojvodina]])<br>{{AUT}} (in [[Burgenland]])<br>{{EU}} | minority = {{MNE}}<br>{{SVK}}<br> {{CZE}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vlada.cz/assets/ppov/rnm/dokumenty/mezinarodni-dokumenty/duvodova_zprava_vlada_2005.pdf |title=Národnostní menšiny v České republice a jejich jazyky |trans-title=National Minorities in Czech Republic and Their Language |publisher=Government of Czech Republic|page=2 |quote=Podle čl. 3 odst. 2 Statutu Rady je jejich počet 12 a jsou uživateli těchto menšinových jazyků: [...], srbština a ukrajinština |language=Czech}}</ref><br>{{HUN}} (in [[Baranya Coonty]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=A1100179.TV |title=2011. évi CLXXIX. törvény a nemzetiségek jogairól |trans-title=Act CLXXIX/2011 on the Rights of Nationalities |publisher=Government of Hungary |quote=22. § (1) E törvény értelmében nemzetiségek által használt nyelvnek számít [...] a horvát |language=Hungarian}}</ref><br />{{ITA}} (in [[Molise]])<br />{{ROM}} (in [[Carașova]], [[Lupac]]) | agency = [[Institute o Croatie Leid an Lingueestics]] | iso1 = hr | iso2 = hrv | iso3 = hrv | lingua = pairt o [[53-AAA-g]] | map = Croatian_dialects_in_RH_and_BiH.PNG | mapcaption = Tradeetional extent o Serbo-Croatie dialects in Croatie and in Bosnie an Herzegovinae | notice = IPA | glotto = croa1245 | glottorefname = Croatian Standard }} '''Croatian''' or '''Croatie''' (''hrvatski'') is a [[Slavic leids|Sooth Slavic leid]] that's tae the maist pairt uised bi [[Croats]]. It is spak bi juist ower 6.2 million fowk an as weel as bein the naitional leid o [[Croatie]] is an offeecial leid o [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] an aw. [[File:Croatian dialects in Cro and BiH 1.PNG|right|300px|Croatie leid]] <gallery widths="100px" heights="100px" perrow="3"> Image:Latin alphabet Aa.svg|('''a''') Image:Latin alphabet Bb.svg|('''be''') Image:Latin alphabet Cc.svg|('''ce''') Image:Latin alphabet Čč.png|('''če''') Image:Latin alphabet Ćć.svg|('''će''') Image:Latin alphabet Dd.svg|('''de''') Image:Latin alphabet Dždž.png|('''dže''') Image:Latin alphabet Đđ.svg|('''đe''') Image:Latin alphabet Ee.svg|('''e''') Image:Latin alphabet Ff.svg|('''ef''') Image:Latin alphabet Gg.svg|('''ge''') Image:Latin alphabet Hh.svg|('''ha''') Image:Latin alphabet Ii.svg|('''i''') Image:Latin alphabet Jj.svg|('''je''') Image:Latin alphabet Kk.svg|('''ka''') Image:Latin alphabet Ll.svg|('''el''') Image:Latin alphabet Ljlj.png|('''elj''') Image:Latin alphabet Mm.svg|('''em''') Image:Latin alphabet Nn.svg|('''en''') Image:Latin alphabet Njnj.png|('''enj''') Image:Latin alphabet Oo.svg|('''o''') Image:Latin alphabet Pp.svg|('''pe''') Image:Latin alphabet Rr.svg|('''er''') Image:Latin alphabet Ss.svg|('''es''') Image:Latin alphabet Šš.png|('''eš''') Image:Latin alphabet Tt.svg|('''te''') Image:Latin alphabet Uu.svg|('''u''') Image:Latin alphabet Vv.svg|('''ve''') Image:Latin alphabet Zz.svg|('''ze''') Image:Latin alphabet Žž.png|('''že''') <!-- Image:Latin alphabet i+e.svg|(''i(j)e'') --> <!-- Image:Latin alphabet r+r.svg|(''ŕ'') --> </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Croatian language}} <!-- {{Wikibooks|Croatian}} {{wikibookslang|code=hr}} {{wikisourcelang|hr}} {{wikiquotelang|code=hr}} {{Wiktionarylang|code=hr}} --> ==Fremmit airtins== * [http://www.eudict.com EUdict - online dictionary - translation from Croatian into many languages and vice versa] * [http://hjp.srce.hr/ Croatian Language Portal] * [http://crodip.ffzg.hr/default_e.aspx Croatian Old Dictionary Portal] * [http://www.hr/hrvatska/language/index.en.htm Croatian language - basic phrases and general expressions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918012426/http://www.hr/hrvatska/language/index.en.htm |date=2020-09-18 }} * [http://www.visit-croatia.co.uk/croatianfortravellers/ Croatian for travellers] * [http://education.con-sole.hr Croatian Language Study abroad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306192651/http://education.con-sole.hr/ |date=2012-03-06 }} * [http://www.hr/darko/etf/et03.html Croatian Glagolitic Script] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314051303/http://www.hr/darko/etf/et03.html |date=2007-03-14 }} * [http://www.hr/darko/etf/et04.html Croatian Cyrillic Script] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001205504/http://www.hr/darko/etf/et04.html |date=2006-10-01 }} * [http://www.hr/darko/etf/novi.html Croatian Glagolitic Manuscripts held outside of Croatia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040606041856/http://www.cam.ac.uk/societies/cro/crolang.htm The Croatian Language Today], a lecture gien bi dr. Branko Franolić [[Category:Croatie leid]] [[Category:Leids o Croatie]] [[Category:Leids o Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] [[Category:Leids o Serbie]] [[Category:Leids o Vojvodina]] [[Category:Leids o Austrick]] [[Category:Leids o Hungary]] [[Category:Leids o Molise]] [[Category:Sooth Slavic leids]] {{Stub/Balk}} {{Stub/Leid}} 8zpu8ysyh4obyh1d1jl1oahes0pxmhx Cairo 0 5298 916380 903879 2026-05-07T12:32:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Cairo | French = Le Caire | native_name = القاهرة {{ar icon}}<br />''{{transl|ar|DIN|al-Qāhira}}'' | settlement_type = Ceety |image_skyline = Cairo Montage.png |image_caption = Top left: [[Cairo Ceety Centre]]; top richt: [[Ibn Tulun Mosque]]; Middle: [[Cairo Citadel]]; Bottom left: [[Nile]] [[Felucca]]; Bottom middle: [[Cairo Touer]]; Bottom richt: [[Muizz Street]] | image_flag = Flag_of_Cairo.svg|thumb| | image_shield = |thumb| | nickname = The Ceety o a Thoosan Minarets, Caipital o the Arab Warld | pushpin_map = Egypt | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | map_caption = [[Egyp]]: Steid o Cairo (top center) | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{Flag|Egyp}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Egyp|Govrenorate]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Cairo Govrenorate|Cairo]] | leader_title = Govrenor | leader_name = Abdel Qawi Khalifa | area_magnitude = | area_total_km2 = 453 | area_urban_km2 = 6,640 | area_metro_km2 = 86,369 | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | population_as_of = 2006 | population_note = | population_total = 11.6 million | population_urban = 17,290,000 | population_metro = 19,439,541 | population_density_km2 = 17190 | timezone = [[Eastren European Time|EET]] | utc_offset = +2 | timezone_DST = | utc_offset_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|30|3|29|N|31|13|44|E|region:EG|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = 23 | elevation_ft = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code = 2 | website = [http://www.cairo.gov.eg/default.aspx www.cairo.gov.eg] | footnotes = | population_blank1_title = [[Demonym]] | population_blank1 = Cairene }} '''Cairo''' ({{lang-ar|القاهرة}}, {{Transl|ar|'''al-Qāhira'''}}, {{lang-arz|القاهره}}, literally "The Vanquisher" or "The Conqueror") is the caipital ceety o [[Egyp]], the lairgest ceety in [[Africae]] an the [[Arab Warld]], an ane o the [[Leet o ceeties proper bi population density|maist densely populatit ceeties]] in the warld.<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.prlog.org/10332580-cairo-alqahira-is-egypts-capital-and-the-largest-city-in-the-middle-east-and-africa.html}}</ref><ref name="forbes1">{{cite web|url=http://www.forbes.com/2006/12/20/worlds-most-congested-cities-biz-energy-cx_rm_1221congested_slide.html|title=Warld's Densest Cities|date=21 December 2006|publisher=Forbes|accessdate=27 October 2010}}</ref> Nicknamed "The Ceety o a Thoosan [[Minaret]]s" for its preponderance o [[Islamic airchitectur]], Cairo haes lang been a centre o the region's poleetical an cultural life. Even afore Cairo wis established in the 10t century, the land composin the present-day ceety wis the site o naitional caipitals whose remnants remain visible in pairts o [[Auld Cairo]]. Cairo is an aa associatit wi [[Auncient Egyp]] due tae its proximity tae the [[Great Sphinx o Giza|Great Sphinx]] an the [[Giza Necropolis|pyramids]] in adjacent [[Giza]]. Egyptians the day aften refer tae Cairo as ''Maṣr'' ([[Arabic leid|Arabic]]:''مصر''), the [[Arabic leid|Arabic]] pronunciation o the name for Egyp itsel, emphasizin the ceety's continued role in Egyptian influence.<ref>{{Harvnb|Behrens-Abouseif|1992|p=8}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Golia|2004|p=152}}</ref> Cairo haes the auldest an lairgest film an muisic industries in the Arab Warld, as well as the warld's seicont-auldest institution o hichter learnin, [[al-Azhar University]]. Mony internaitional media, businesses, an organisations hae regional heidquarters in the ceety, an the [[Arab League]] haes haed its heidquarters in Cairo for maist o its existence. == Geography == [[File:View from Cairo Tower 31march2007.jpg|thumb|right|Cairo's focal pynt, the [[Nile]], adjacent tae the European-inspired destricts near the ceety's centre|alt=A sharp blue river divides the ceetyscape, which is primarily greenery an sparse law-rise biggins in the foregrund, an dense wi several modren heich-rises in the backgrund]] Cairo is locatit in northren [[Egyp]], kent as [[Lawer Egyp]], 165 kilometers (100&nbsp;mi) sooth o the [[Mediterranean Sea]] an 120 kilometers (75&nbsp;mi) wast o the [[Gulf o Suez]] an [[Suez Canal]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=cairo+to+suez |work=WolframAlpha |publisher=Wolfram Research |accessdate=10 September 2009 |title=Cairo to Suez}}</ref> The ceety is alang the [[Nile|Nile River]], immediately sooth o the pynt whaur the river leaves its desert-bund valley an branches intae the law-lyin [[Nile Delta]] region. Awtho the Cairo metropolis extends away frae the Nile in aw directions, the ceety o Cairo resides anerlie on the east bank o the river an twa islands athin it on a tot aurie o 453 square kilometers (175 sq mi).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cairo.gov.eg/C17/C8/Cairo%20Maps/default.aspx|publisher=Cairo Governorate|accessdate=10 September 2009|title=Cairo Maps|archive-date=2009-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419130737/http://www.cairo.gov.eg/C17/C8/Cairo%20Maps/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="citypop">{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Egypt.html |publisher=City Population |last=Brinkhoff |first=Thomas |accessdate=12 September 2009 |title=Egypt: Governorates & Cities}}</ref> [[File:Cairo Nile River.jpg|thumb|right|The river [[Nile]] flows throu Cairo, here contrastin auncient customs o daily life wi the modren ceety o the day.]] Till the mid-19t century, when the river wis tamed bi dams, levees, an ither controls, the Nile in the vicinity o Cairo wis heichlie susceptible tae chynges in course an surface level. Ower the years, the Nile gradually shiftit wastward, providin the site atween the eastren edge o the river an the [[Mokattam]] hielands on which the ceety nou staunds. The land on which Cairo wis established in 969 (present-day [[Islamic Cairo]]) wis locatit unnerwater juist ower three hunder years earlier, when [[Fustat]] wis first biggit.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=125}}</ref> Law periods o the Nile durin the 11t century continued tae add tae the landscape o Cairo; a new island, kent as ''Geziret al-Fil'', first appeared in 1174, but eventually became connectit tae the mainland. The day, the site o ''Geziret al-Fil'' is occupied bi the [[Shubra]] destrict. The law periods creatit anither island at the turn o the 14t century that nou composes [[Zamalek]] an [[Gezira Island|Gezira]]. [[Land reclamation]] efforts bi the [[Mamluk]]s an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]] faur contributit tae expansion on the east bank o the river.<ref>{{harvnb|Collins|2002|p=126}}</ref> [[File:Islamic-cairo-street.jpg|left|thumb|The streets o [[Islamic Cairo]], adorned bi [[Islamic architecture]], are narraer an aulder than thae in the ceety centre|alt=Several fowk walk doun a sma empty lane owershadaed on baith sides bi three-story biggins wi shroudit balconies an windaes o Islamic style]] Acause o the Nile's movement, the newer pairts o the ceety – [[Garden Ceety (Cairo)|Garden Ceety]], [[Cairo Ceety Centre]], an Zamalek – are locatit closest tae the riverbank. The auries, which are hame tae maist o Cairo's [[diplomatic mission|embassies]], are surroondit on the north, east, an sooth bi the aulder pairts o the ceety. [[Auld Cairo]], locatit sooth o the centre, haulds the remnants o [[Fustat]] an the hert o Egyp's [[Coptic Orthodox Kirk o Alexandria|Coptic Christian]] community, [[Coptic Cairo]]. The [[Boulaq]] destrict, which lies in the northren pairt o the ceety, wis born oot o a major 16t-century port an is nou a major industrial centrer. The [[Cairo Citadel|Citadel]] is locatit east o the ceety centre aroond [[Islamic Cairo]], which dates back tae the [[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] era an the foondation o Cairo. While wastren Cairo is dominatit bi wide boulevards, open spaces, an [[modren architecture]] o European influence, the eastren hauf, haein grown haphazardly ower the centuries, is dominatit bi sma lanes, croudit tenements, an [[Islamic architecture]]. Northren an extreme eastren pairts o Cairo, which include [[satellite toun]]s, are amang the maist recent additions tae the ceety, as thay developit in the late-20t an early-21st centuries tae accommodate the ceety's rapid growthe. The wastren bank o the Nile is commonly includit athin the urban aurie o Cairo, but it composes the ceety o [[Giza]] an the [[Giza Govrenorate]]. Giza haes an aa unnergane significant expansion ower recent years, an the day the ceety, awtho still a [[suburb]] o Cairo, haes a population o 2.7 million.<ref name="citypop" /> The Cairo Govrenorate is juist north o the [[Helwan Govrenorate]], which wis creatit in 2008 when some o Cairo's soothren destricts, includin [[Maadi]] an [[New Cairo]], wur split aff an annexed intae the new [[govrenorate]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2008/894/eg6.htm |publisher=al-Ahram Weekly |last=Leila |first=Reem |number=894 |date=24–30 April 2008 |accessdate=12 September 2009 |title=Redrawing the Map |archive-date=2009-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810065313/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2008/894/eg6.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Economy == Cairo is an aa in ivery respect the centre o Egyp, as it haes been amaist syne its foondin in 969 AD. The majority o the naition's commerce is generatit thare, or passes throu the ceety. The great majority o [[publishin|publishin hooses]] an media ootlets an nearly aw [[Movie studio|film studios]] are thare, as are hauf o the naition's hospital beds an varsities. This haes fueled rapid construction in the ceety—ane biggin in five is less nor 15 year auld. This astonishin growthe til recently surged well aheid o [[Municipal services|ceety services]]. Hames, roads, electricity, telephone an sewer services wur aw suddent in short supply. Analysts tryin tae grasp the magnitude o the chynge coined terms lik "hyper-urbanization". === Cairos Automobile assembler & manufacturer === *[[Arab American Vehicles|Arab American Vehicles Company]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aav.com.eg/ |title=Arab American Vehicles Co |publisher=Aav.com.eg |date= |accessdate=2010-06-14 |archive-date=2010-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101112035234/http://www.aav.com.eg/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[:de:Egyptian Light Transport Manufacturing Company|Egyptian Light Transport Manufacturing Company]] (Egyptian NSU pedant) *[[Ghabbour Group]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ghabbourauto.com/ |title=Ghabbourauto.com |access-date=2011-05-05 |archive-date=2011-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203160336/http://www.ghabbourauto.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (Fuso, Hyundai an Volvo) *[[Manufacturing Commercial Vehicles|MCV Corporate Group]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcv-eg.com/ |title=Welcome to MCV Web Site |publisher=Mcv-eg.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-14 |archive-date=2010-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516112739/http://mcv-eg.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (a pairt o the [[Daimler AG]]) *Mod Car<ref>{{cite web |author=TradeHolding.com B2B Network |url=http://gulfbusiness.tradeholding.com/default.cgi/action/viewproducts/productid/61183/productname/Panda/ |title=Panda, Buy from Mod Car. Egypt - Ash Sharqiyah - Middle East Business B2B Directory - Saudi Arabia, UAE, Bahrain Companies, Middle East Businesses, Products & Trade Leads, Arab Business |publisher=Gulfbusiness.tradeholding.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-14 |archive-date=2011-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717083119/http://gulfbusiness.tradeholding.com/default.cgi/action/viewproducts/productid/61183/productname/Panda/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Seoudi Group]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seoudi.com/ |title=Seoudi Group 1001 opportunities for investment in Egypt and Arab World |publisher=Seoudi.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-14}}</ref> (Modren Motors: Nissan, BMW (formerly); El-Mashreq: Alfa Romeo an Fiat) *[[Speranza Chery]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.speranza-egypt.com/ |title=اسبرانزا ايجيبت |publisher=Speranza Egypt |date= |accessdate=2010-06-14 |archive-date=2009-08-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830062334/http://www.speranza-egypt.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aboulfotouh.com/ |title=Welcome to Daewoo Motor Website |publisher=Aboulfotouh.com |date= |accessdate=2010-06-14 |archive-date=2010-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131074224/http://www.aboulfotouh.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> (DME Daewoo Motors Egyp: Chery, Daewoo) == Main sichts == :''For a complete leet, see [[:Category:Veesitor attractions in Cairo|Visitor attractions in Cairo]], [[Leet o mosques in Cairo|leet o mosques]]'' === Tahrir Square === {{Main|Tahrir Square}} [[Tahrir Square]] wis foondit durin the mid 19t century wi the establishment o modren doun-toun Cairo. It wis first named Ismailia Square, efter the 19t-century ruler [[Isma'il Pasha]], who commissioned the new dountoun destrict's 'Paris on the Nile' design. Efter the [[Egyptian Revolution o 1919]] the square became widely kent as Tahrir (Liberation) Square. Several notable biggins surroond the square includin, [[The American University in Cairo]]'s dountoun campus, the [[Mogamma]] govrenmental admeenistrative biggin, the heidquarters o the [[Arab League]], the Nile Ritz Carlton Hotel, the heidquarters o the [[Naitional Democratic Pairty]], an the [[Egyptian Museum]]. Bein at the hert o Cairo, the square witnessed several major protests ower the years. Housomeivver, the maist notable event in the square wis bein the focal pynt o the [[Egyptian Revolution o 2011]] against umwhile preses [[Hosni Mubarak]]. === The Egyptian Museum === {{Main|Egyptian Museum}} [[File:Egyptian Museum 19.JPG|175px|thumb|upright|Main entrance o the [[Egyptian Museum]]]] [[File:Cairo Cafe.JPG|175px|Cairo Cafe|thumb]] [[File:Cairo Tower by day.jpg|175px|thumb|upright|[[Cairo Touer]]]] The Museum o Egyptian Antiquities, kent commonly as the [[Egyptian Museum]], is hame tae the maist extensive collection o [[auncient Egyp]]tian antiquities in the warld. It haes 136,000 items on display, wi mony mair hunders o thoosans in its basement storerooms. === Khan El-Khalili === {{Main|Khan El-Khalili}} Khan el-Khalili is an auncient [[bazaar]], or mercatplace. It dates back tae 1382, when Emir Djaharks el-Khalili biggit a lairge [[caravanserai]], or khan. A caravanserai is a hotel for traders, an uisually the focal pynt for ony surroondin aurie. The caravanserai remains the day. === Auld Cairo === {{Main|Auld Cairo}} The pairt o Cairo that contains [[Coptic Cairo]] an [[Fustat|Fostat]], which contains the [[Coptic Museum]], [[Babylon Fortress]], [[The Hangin Kirk|Hangin Kirk]], the [[Greek Orthodox Kirk|Greek Kirk]] o St. George, mony ither [[Coptic Orthodox Kirk o Alexandria|Coptic]] kirks, the [[Ben Ezra Synagogue]] an [['Amr ibn al-'As|Amr ibn al-'As]] [[Mosque]]. === Cairo Touer === {{Main|Cairo Touer}} The Cairo Touer is a free-staundin concrete TV touer in Cairo. It staunds in the Zamalek destrict on Gezira Island in the Nile River, in the ceety centre. At 187 meters, it is 43 metres heicher than the Great Pyramid o Giza, which staunds some 15&nbsp;km tae the soothwast. === Qahira Fatimid Mosque === * Al-Azhar Mosque {{Main|Al-Azhar Mosque}} Established in 972, Al-Azhar mosque wis historically the site o the renouned [[Al-Azhar University]], till the varsity's muive in the late 20t century tae a new campus in [[Nasr Ceety]]. * [[Al-Hakim Mosque]] Jame-al-Anwar, 928 * [[Aqmar Mosque]], 1125 * [[Juyushi Mosque]], 1085 * [[Lulua Mosque]], 1015 <gallery perrow=5> File:Al-Azhar (inside) 2006.jpg|[[Al-Azhar Mosque]]. Marble paved interior courtyard addit durin the Fatimid period File:Aqmar Mosque .jpg|[[Aqmar Mosque]], Cairo (as renovatit bi [[Fatimid]]/[[Dawoodi Bohra]]) </gallery> === Islamic sites in the auld ceety === * Imam Husayn Mosque * Mosque-Mausoleum Zaynab * Sayyidah Ruqayya Mashhad * Sayyeda Nafisa Mosque * Mohammed Ali Basha Mosque <gallery perrow=5> File:Mohammed-ali-basha-mosque.jpg|Mohammed Ali Basha Mosque, Cairo </gallery> == Galery == <gallery> Image:Kairo 001.jpg|The toun centre o Cairo, seen fae the Cairo touer. Image:Egypt.Cairo.EgyptianMuseum.01.jpg|The Egyptian museum </gallery> == Internaitional relations == === Twin touns — Sister ceeties === Cairo is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref name="sistercities">{{cite web|title=Sister city agreements|url=http://www.cairo.gov.eg/EnglishPortal/Sister%20.aspx?ID=2|publisher=Cairo Governorate|accessdate=23 September 2010|archive-date=2012-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313191658/http://www.cairo.gov.eg/EnglishPortal/Sister%20.aspx?ID=2|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==== North Americae ==== * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[Houston]], [[Unitit States]] * {{Flagicon|USA}} [[New York Ceety]], [[Unitit States]] (1982)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml|title=New York City Global Partners|year=2010|publisher=The City of New York|accessdate=27 January 2010|archive-date=2008-05-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521052322/http://www.nyc.gov/html/unccp/scp/html/sc/main.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{Flagicon|Canada}} [[Ottawa]], [[Ontario]] (1989) ==== Asie ==== * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] (1990) * {{Flagicon|South Korea}} [[Seoul]], [[Republic o Korea|Sooth Korea]] (1997) * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], [[Japan]] (1990) * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Xi'an]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] (1997) * {{Flagicon|Jordan}} [[Amman]], [[Jordan]] (1988) ==== Europe ==== * {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Ankara]], [[Turkey]] (2004) * {{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Barcelona]], [[Spain]] (1992) * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Frankfurt]], [[Germany]] (1979) * {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]] (1988) * {{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[Minsk]], [[Belaroushie]] (1998) * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], [[Fraunce]] (1985) * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Stuttgart]], [[Germany]] (1979) == Notes == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.cairo.yatb.info/ Cairo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070221124548/http://cairo.yatb.info/ |date=2007-02-21 }} {{Commonscat}} {{Leet o African caipitals}} [[Category:Cairo| ]] [[Category:Cairo Govrenorate]] [[Category:Caipitals in Africae]] [[Category:Destricts o Greater Cairo]] [[Category:Populatit places in Egyp]] [[Category:Commonties on the Nile River]] [[Category:Govrenorate caipitals in Egyp]] [[Category:Metropolitan auries o Egyp]] [[Category:Nile River Delta]] [[Category:Veesitor attractions in Cairo]] he71wm5c9nqfxt6mjj0l0saujhnaab8 Tuvalu 0 7025 916426 907856 2026-05-07T23:00:51Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916426 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Coord|8|31|15|S|179|11|55|E|display=title}} {{Infobox country |conventional_long_name = Tuvalu |common_name = Tuvalu |image_flag = Flag of Tuvalu.svg |image_coat = Coat of arms of Tuvalu.svg |image_map = Tuvalu on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg |national_motto = {{lang|tvl|"Tuvalu mo te Atua"}} {{smaller|([[Tuvaluan language|Tuvaluan]])<br />"Tuvalu for the Awmichty"}} |national_anthem = {{lang|tvl|''[[Tuvalu mo te Atua]]''}} {{smaller|(Tuvaluan)<br />''Tuvalu for the Awmichty''}} |royal_anthem = ''[[God Save the Queen]]'' |official_languages = {{hlist |[[:en:Tuvaluan language|Tuvaluan]] |[[Inglis leid|Inglis]]}} |religion = [[Christianity]] ([[:en:Church of Tuvalu|Kirk o Tuvalu]]) |demonym = Tuvaluan |ethnic_groups = {{unbulleted list | 96% [[Polynesies|Polynesie]] | 4% [[Micronesie]] }} |capital = [[:en:Funafuti|Funafuti]] |coordinates = {{Coord|8|31|S|179|12|E|type:city}} |largest_city = |government_type = {{nowrap|[[Non-partisan democracy|Non-partisan]] [[Pairlamentary seestem|pairlamentar]]}} [[Representative democracy|democracy]] unner [[constitutional monarchy]] |leader_title1 = [[:en:Monarchy of Tuvalu|Monarch]] |leader_name1 = [[Charles III]] |leader_title2 = [[:en:Govenor-General of Tuvalu|Govrenor-General]] |leader_name2 = [[Tofiga Vaevalu Falani]] |leader_title3 = [[:en:Prime Minister of Tuvalu|Prime Meenister]] |leader_name3 = [[:en:Feleti Teo|Feleti Teo]] |legislature = [[:en:Parliament of Tuvalu|Pairlament]] |sovereignty_type = Unthirldom |established_event1 = frae the [[Unitit Kinrick]] |established_date1 = 1 October 1978 |area_rank = 192nd <!-- Should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> |area_magnitude = |area_km2 = 26 |area_sq_mi = 10 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |percent_water = negligible |population_estimate = |population_estimate_rank = |population_estimate_year = |population_census = 10,645 |population_census_year =2017 |population_census_rank = 229t |population_density_km2 = 475.88 |population_density_sq_mi = 1,142 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--> |population_density_rank = 27t |GDP_PPP = $39 million<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_rank = 226t <!--cia.gov--> |GDP_PPP_year = 2016 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $3,566<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 156t <!--cia.gov--> |GDP_nominal_year = 2016 |GDP_nominal = $32 million<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|title= Tuvalu|url= http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=70&pr.y=8&sy=2016&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=869&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=|publisher= International Monetary Fund }}</ref> |GDP_nominal_rank = 194th |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,970<ref name=imf2/> |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 118t |Gini_year = |Gini_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |Gini = <!--number only--> |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = |HDI_change = <!--increase/decrease/steady--> |HDI = <!--number only--> |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = |currency = [[Tuvaluan dollar]] <br /> Australian dollar |currency_code = AUD |country_code = TV |time_zone = |utc_offset = +12 |time_zone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |drives_on = caur |calling_code = [[+688]] |cctld = [[.tv]] }} '''Tuvalu''' is a [[Polynesie]] [[island kintra]] locatit in the [[Paceefic Ocean|Pacific Ocean]], situatit in [[Oceania]], aboot haufwey atween [[Hawaii]] an [[Australie]]. It lies east-northeast o the [[Santa Cruz Islands]] (that belang tae the [[Solomon Islands]]), sootheast o [[Nauru]], sooth o [[Kiribati]], wast o [[Tokelau]], northwast o [[Samoa]] an [[Wallis an Futuna]], an north o [[Fiji]]. It is makkit up o three [[reef]] islands an sax true [[atoll]]s spreid oot atween the [[latitude]] o [[5t parallel sooth|5°]] tae [[10t parallel sooth|10° sooth]] an [[longitude]] o [[176t meridian east|176°]] tae [[180t meridian|180°]], wast o the [[Internaitional Date Line]]. Tuvalu haes a population o 10,640 (2012 census).<ref name="1C2012">{{cite web |title=Population of communities in Tuvalu |publisher=world-statistics.org |date=11 April 2012 |url=http://tuvalu.popgis.spc.int/#l=en;i=ethnic.t_tuvaluan;v=map1;sid=39;z=717733,9074628,48863,33709;sly=eas_32760_xy_def_DR |accessdate=20 March 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020216/http://tuvalu.popgis.spc.int/#l=en;i=ethnic.t_tuvaluan;v=map1;sid=39;z=717733,9074628,48863,33709;sly=eas_32760_xy_def_DR |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="2C2012">{{cite web |title=Population of communities in Tuvalu |publisher=Thomas Brinkhoff |date=11 April 2012 |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Tuvalu.html |accessdate=20 March 2016}}</ref> The tot laund area o the islands o Tuvalu is {{convert|26|km2|sqmi}}. The first indwallers o Tuvalu war [[Polynesians]]. The oreegins o the fowk o Tuvalu are addressed in the [[Polynesia#History o the Polynesian people|theories regairdin migration intae the Pacific]] that begoud aboot 3000 year ago.<ref name=Howe1>{{cite book |last=Howe |first=Kerry |title=The Quest for Origins |year=2003 |publisher=Penguin |location=New Zealand |isbn=0-14-301857-4 |pages=68-70 }}</ref> In pre-European-contact times thare wis frequent canoe voyagin atween the islands as [[Polynesian navigation]] skills are recognised tae hae alloued deliberate jurneys on dooble-huil sailin canoes or [[ootrigger canoe]]s.<ref name="Belwood1">{{cite book |last1= Bellwood|first1= Peter|title=The Polynesians – Prehistory of an Island People |url=https://archive.org/details/polynesiansprehi00unse|format= |accessdate= |year= 1987 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location= |language= |isbn=|oclc= |doi= |id= |page= |pages=39–44|chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= |ref= |bibcode= }}</ref> The paitern o settlement that is believit tae hae occurred is that the Polynesies spreid oot frae [[Samoa]] an [[Tonga]] intae the Tuvaluan atolls, wi Tuvalu providin a steppin stane tae faur migration intae the [[Polynesie ootlier]]s in [[Melanesie]] an [[Micronesie]].<ref name="Belwood2">{{cite book |last1= Bellwood|first1= Peter|title=The Polynesians – Prehistory of an Island People |url=https://archive.org/details/polynesiansprehi00unse|format= |accessdate= |year= 1987 |publisher=Thames and Hudson |location= |language= |isbn=|oclc= |doi= |id= |page= |pages=29 & 54|chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= |ref= |bibcode= }}</ref><ref name="Bayard">{{cite book |last1=Bayard|first1=D.T.|title=The Cultural Relationships of the Polynesian Outiers |url= |format= |accessdate= |year= 1976 |publisher=Otago University, Studies in Prehistoric Anthropology, Vol. 9|location= |language= |isbn=|oclc= |doi= |id= |page= |pages=|chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= |ref= |bibcode= }}</ref><ref name="Kirch">{{cite book |last1=Kirch|first1=P.V.|title=The Polynesian Outiers |url= |format= |accessdate= |year= 1984 |publisher=95 (4) Journal of Pacific History|location= |language= |isbn=|oclc= |doi= |id= |pages=224–238 |chapter= |chapterurl= |quote= |ref= |bibcode= }}</ref> In 1568, Spainish navigator [[Álvaro de Mendaña de Neira|Álvaro de Mendaña]] wis the first European tae sail throu the airchipelago, sichtin the island o [[Nui (atoll)|Nui]] in his expedition in sairch o [[Terra Australis]]. The island o [[Funafuti]] wis cried Ellice's Island in 1819; the name Ellice wis applied tae aw o the nine islands efter the wark o Inglis hydrografer [[Alexander George Findlay]]. The Ellice Islands cam intae Great Breetain's sphere o influence in the late 19t yeirhunner, as the result o a treaty atween Great Breetain an Germany relatin tae the demarcation o the spheres o influence in the Paceefic Ocean.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_between_Great_Britain_and_Germany_relating_to_the_Demarcation_of_the_Spheres_of_Influence |title=Declaration between the Governments of Great Britain and the German Empire relating to the Demarcation of the British and German Spheres of Influence in the Western Pacific, signed at Berlin, April 6, 1886, |year=1886 |accessdate=22 October 2017}}</ref> Ilk o the Ellice Islands wis declarit a [[Breetish protectorates|British Protectorate]] bi Caiptain Gibson o {{HMS|Curacoa|1878|6}} atween 9 an 16 October 1892. The Ellice Islands war admeenistered as a British pertectorate bi a [[Resident Commissioner]] frae 1892 tae 1916, as pairt o the [[Breetish Wastren Paceefic Territories]] (BWPT), an then as pairt o the [[Gilbert an Ellice Islands]] colony frae 1916 tae 1976. A [[Ellice Islands sel-determination referendum, 1974|referendum wis held in December 1974]] tae determine if the Gilbert Islands an Ellice Islands shoud ilk hae thair ain admeenistration. As a consequence o the referendum, the Gilbert an Ellice Islands colony ceased tae exist on 1 Januar 1976, an the separate Breetish colonies o [[Kiribati]] an Tuvalu cam intae existence. Tuvalu becam fully independent athin the [[Commonweel realm|Commonweel]] on 1 October 1978. On 5 September 2000, Tuvalu becam the [[Unitit Naitions Siccarity Cooncil Resolution 1290|189t member o the Unitit Naitions]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Tuvalu| ]] [[Category:Kintras in Oceanie]] [[Category:Airchipelagoes o the Paceefic Ocean]] [[Category:Polynesie]] [[Category:Constitutional monarchies]] [[Category:Leeberal democracies]] [[Category:Island kintras]] [[Category:Least Developed Kintras]] [[Category:Members o the Commonweel o Naitions]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1978]] [[Category:Inglis-speakin kintras an territories]] {{Stub/Oceanie}} 41jn78my34yuq967xmzwi04zlxaxfop Newcastle upon Tyne 0 7341 916413 851839 2026-05-07T17:02:32Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916413 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Newcastle upon Tyne |nickname = Newcastle, The Toon, Paris of the North |settlement_type = [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|Ceety]] & [[metropolitan&nbsp;borough]] |motto = "Fortiter Defendit Triumphans"<br><small>(Latin: "Triumphing bi brave defence")</small> |image_skyline = [[File:Newcastle-upon-Tyne-bridges-and-skyline cropped.jpg|278px]]<br>[[File:St James Park Newcastle south west corner.jpg|148px]][[File:Theatre Royal, Newcastle upon Tyne.jpg|130px]]<br>[[File:Newcastle greys monument.jpg|169px]][[File:Newcastle schloss.jpg|109px]] |image_caption = Frae tap-left: [[Newcastle Quayside]] an [[River Tyne]], [[St James' Park]] stadium, [[Theatre Royal, Newcastle|Theatre Royal]], Georgian airchitectur aroond [[Grey's Monument]], [[The Castle, Newcastle|the Castle]] |image_shield = Coat of arms of Newcastle upon Tyne City Council.png |shield_link = |shield_size = |image_map = Newcastle upon Tyne in England (zoom).svg |mapsize = 200px |map_caption = Location o Newcastle upon Tyne in Ingland |coordinates = {{coord|54|58|N|1|36|W|region:GB|display=inline,title}} |subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Sovereign&nbsp;state]] |subdivision_name = [[Unitit Kinrick]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Constituent&nbsp;kintra]] |subdivision_name1 = [[England]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Regions o Ingland|Region]] |subdivision_name2 = [[North East Ingland|North&nbsp;East]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Ceremonial coonties o Ingland|Coonty]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Tyne an Wear]] |seat_type = Status |seat = {{nowrap|[[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|Ceety]] & [[metropolitan borough]]}} |leader_title = Govrenin&nbsp;body |leader_name = [[Newcastle Ceety Cooncil]] |leader_title1 = Lord Mayor |leader_name1 = Cooncillor Jackie Slesenger<ref>[http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/your-council/lord-mayor Lord Mayor | Newcastle City Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030210937/http://www.newcastle.gov.uk/your-council/lord-mayor |date=2013-10-30 }}. Newcastle.gov.uk (1 April 2013). Retrieved on 17 July 2013.</ref> |leader_title2 = Admeenistrative&nbsp;HQ |leader_name2 = [[Newcastle Civic Centre]] |established_title = Foondit |established_date = 2nt century |established_title2 = Toun charter |established_date2 = Henry II |established_title3 = Coonty Corporate |established_date3 = 1400 |established_title4 = Ceety status |established_date4 = 1882 |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |total_type=City |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 225 |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi =139 |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = |population_as_of = {{English statistics year}} |population_footnotes =<ref name="pop">{{cite web| last = Pointer| first = Graham| title = The UK's major urban areas| publisher = statistics.gov.uk| url = http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/fertility-analysis/focus-on-people-and-migration/december-2005/focus-on-people-and-migration---focus-on-people-and-migration---chapter-3.pdf| accessdate = 8 April 2007| archive-date = 2015-04-11| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150411093409/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/fertility-analysis/focus-on-people-and-migration/december-2005/focus-on-people-and-migration---focus-on-people-and-migration---chapter-3.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref> |population_note = |population_total = {{English district population|GSS = E08000021}} ([[Leet o Inglis destricts bi population|Ranked {{English district rank|GSS = E08000021}}]]) |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = 1,650,000 ([[Ceety Region (Unitit Kinrick)|Tyne an Wear Ceety Region]]) (Ranked 6t) |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = 879,996 ([[Tyneside]]) (Ranked 7t) |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_title = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |population_blank2_title = |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank2_km2 = |population_density_blank2_sq_mi = |population_demonym = |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] ([[UTC±00:00|UTC]]) |timezone_DST = [[British Simmer Time|BST]] |utc_offset_DST = +1 |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use<ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = Postcode |postal_code = [[NE postcode aurie|NE]] |area_code = 0191 |blank_name = Ethnicity<br /><small>([[Unitit Kinrick Census 2001|2006 Estimates]]) </small> |blank_info = |blank1_name = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|ISO 3166-2]] |blank1_info = GB-NET |blank2_name = [[ONS codin seestem|ONS code]] |blank2_info = 00CJ (ONS)<br />E08000021 (GSS) |blank3_name = [[Breetish naitional grid reference seestem|OS grid reference]] |blank3_info = {{gbmappingsmall|NZ249645}} |blank4_name = [[Nomenclatur o Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] 3 |blank4_info = UKC22 |blank5_name = [[Demonym]] |blank5_info = [[Geordie]], Novocastrian |website = [https://www.newcastle.gov.uk/ www.newcastle.gov.uk] |footnotes = }} '''Newcastle upon Tyne''' (for ordinar cried juist '''Newcastle''') is a [[ceety]] in the north-east o [[Ingland]]. It is locatit alang the north baunk o the [[River Tyne, Ingland|River Tyne]] an the umwhile [[coonty toun]] o [[Northumberland]]. Mair nor 190,000 fowk bide in the ceety, but e'en mair bides in the surroondin aurie. == Byleid == {{main|Geordie}} The [[byleid]] o Newcastle is kent as Geordie, an haes a muckle amoont o [[vocabulary]] an distinctive wird [[pronunciation]]s no uised in ither pairts o Ingland, bit that are sib tae Scots. The Geordie byleid, lik Scots an Staundart Inglis, haes its oreegins in the leid spoken bi the [[Anglo-Saxons|Anglo-Saxon]] that settlet in Breetian efter the Romans left in the 4t century. But whiles the byleids o ither Inglis regions hae been muckle chyngit bi the influences o ither furrin leids — [[Laitin leid|Norman]] an [[Norman leid|Norman–French]] in parteecular — the Geordie byleid, lik Scots, hauds ontae mony chairicteristics o the auld leid. Some wirds uised in the Geordie byleid is uised in Scots an aw, sic lik ''bonny'', ''stot'', ''canny'', ''strang'' an ''coo''. Mony wirds, houaniver, appear tae be uised alanery in Newcastle an the surroondin aurie, sic lik ''bait'' ("fuid") an ''hacky'' ("clarty").<ref>{{cite web | title=Newcastle English ("Geordie") – Vocabulary | work=www.une.edu.au | url=http://www.une.edu.au/langnet/definitions/geordie.html | accessdate=2008-02-05 | archive-date=2007-10-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025061829/http://www.une.edu.au/langnet/definitions/geordie.html#vocab-hce | url-status=dead }}</ref> == Notes == <references/> {{Commonscat}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Newcastle Upon Tyne}} [[Category:Newcastle upon Tyne| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in North East England]] [[Category:History o Newcastle upon Tyne]] [[Category:Local govrenment destricts o North East Ingland]] [[Category:Metropolitan burghs]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 2nt century]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Ingland]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns o the North Sea]] [[Category:Ports an harbours o Tyne an Wear]] [[Category:Post touns in the NE postcode aurie]] [[Category:Staple ports]] [[Category:Touns in Tyne an Wear]] [[Category:Tredin posts o the Hanseatic League]] {{Stub/Ingland}} {{Stub/Ceity}} 2ndc4t272hwigyixjg8sox50tclrxxj Manchester 0 7432 916410 914456 2026-05-07T16:35:12Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916410 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> |official_name = Manchester |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = "[[Cottonopolis]]", "[[List of warehouses in Manchester|Warehouse City]]", [[Madchester]] |settlement_type = [[ceety status in the United Kingdom|City]] and [[Metropolitan borough]] |motto = "Concilio Et Labore" <small>''"By wisdom and effort"''</small> <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Montage of Manchester 2012.jpg |imagesize = 270px |image_caption = Clockwise from top: Skyline of Manchester City Centre, [[Beetham Tower, Manchester|Beetham Tower]], [[Manchester Civil Justice Centre]], [[Midland Hotel, Manchester|Midland Hotel]], [[One Angel Square]], [[Manchester Town Hall]] |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield =Arms of the City of Manchester.svg |shield_link =Symbols of Manchester |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |blank_emblem_link = |image_map =Manchester UK locator map.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Manchester shown within [[Greater Manchester]] |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Sovereign state]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|United Kingdom}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Countries of the United Kingdom|Constituent country]] |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|England}} |subdivision_type2 = [[Regions of England|Region]] |subdivision_name2 = [[North West England]] |subdivision_type3 = [[ceety region (United Kingdom)|City region]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Greater Manchester Statutory City Region|Manchester]] |subdivision_type4 = [[Ceremonial counties of England|Ceremonial county]] |subdivision_name4 = {{flag|Greater Manchester}} |subdivision_type5 = [[Historic counties of England|Historic county]] |subdivision_name5 = [[Lancashire]]<br/> <small>(north of [[River Mersey]])</small><br/> [[Cheshire]]<br/> <small>(south of [[River Mersey]])</small> <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |governing_body = [[Manchester City Council]] |government_type = [[Metropolitan borough]] |leader_title = [[Executive arrangements#Leader and cabinet|Leadership]] |leader_name = Leader and Cabinet |leader_title1 = [[Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom#Unitary authorities|Executive]] |leader_name1 = {{English district control|GSS=E08000003}} |leader_title2 = Leader |leader_name2 = [[Sir Richard Leese]] |leader_title3 = [[Lord Mayor of Manchester|Lord Mayor]] |leader_name3 = [[Carl Austin-Behan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/200033/councillors_and_decision-making/1158/the_lord_mayor_s_office |title=Manchester's Lord Mayor |publisher=Manchester.gov.uk |accessdate=24 July 2015 |archive-date=2019-05-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503180954/https://www.manchester.gov.uk/info/200033/councillors_and_decision-making/1158/the_lord_mayor_s_office |url-status=dead }}</ref> |leader_title4 = [[Manchester City Council#Chief Executive|Chief Executive]] |leader_name4 = [[Joanne Roney]] |established_title = Founded |established_date = 1st century |established_title2 = Town charter |established_date2 = 1301 |established_title3 = City status |established_date3 = [[List of cities in the United Kingdom|29 March 1853]] |seat_type = Administrative HQ |seat = Manchester <small>([[Manchester Town Hall|Town Hall]])</small> <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Imperial |total_type= [[ceety]] |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = {{English district area|GSS=E08000003}} |area_rank = [[List of English districts by area|{{English district area rank|GSS=E08000003}}]] |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = 630.3 |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = {{English statistics year}} |population_total = {{English district population|GSS = E08000003}} |population_footnotes = |population_rank = [[List of English districts by population|{{English district rank|GSS = E08000003}}]] |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_km2 = {{English district density|GSS=E08000003}} |population_blank2_title = Ethnicity<ref name=2011censusdemo>{{cite web |title=2011 Census – Key statistics for local authorities in England and Wales |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] |accessdate=7 November 2013 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_blank2 = White groups (66.7% )<br /> Asian (14.4%)<br />Black (8.6%)<br />Mixed (4.7%)<br />Chinese (2.7%)<br />Arab (1.9%)<br /> Other (1.2%) |population_density_sq_mi = |population_urban = 2,553,379 ([[List of urban areas in the United Kingdom|2nd]]) |population_density_urban_km2 = 4051 |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_metro = 2,794,000 ([[List of metropolitan areas in the United Kingdom|3rd]]) |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_demonym = [[List of people from Manchester|Mancunian]]<br/>Manc (''colloq''.) <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]] |utc_offset = +0 | timezone_DST = [[British Summer Time]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 |coordinates = {{coord|53|28|N|2|14|W|region:GB|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use tags--> |elevation_m = 38 |elevation_ft = 125 |blank_name_sec1 = [[Government Statistical Service|GSS]] code |blank_info_sec1 = E08000003 |blank1_name_sec1 = [[NUTS of the United Kingdom|NUTS 3 code]] |blank1_info_sec1 = UKD33 |blank2_name_sec1 = [[Ordnance Survey National Grid|OS grid reference]] |blank2_info_sec1 = {{gbmappingsmall|SJ838980}} |blank3_name_sec1 = [[List of motorways in the United Kingdom|Motorways]] |blank3_info_sec1 = [[M56 motorway|M56]]<br>[[M60 motorway|M60]]<br>[[A57(M) motorway (Great Britain)|A57(M)]]<br>[[A635(M) motorway|A635(M)]] |blank4_name_sec1 = [[Highways England#The strategic road network|Trunk primary routes]] |blank4_info_sec1 = [[A5103 road|A5103]] |blank5_name_sec1 = [[UK railway stations|Major railway stations]] |blank5_info_sec1 = [[Manchester Airport station|Manchester Airport]] ([[United Kingdom railway station categories|B]])<br>[[Manchester Oxford Road railway station|Manchester Oxford Road]] ([[United Kingdom railway station categories|C1]])<br>[[Manchester Piccadilly station|Manchester Piccadilly]] ([[United Kingdom railway station categories|A]])<br>[[Manchester Victoria station|Manchester Victoria]] ([[United Kingdom railway station categories|B]]) |blank6_name_sec1 = [[List of modern tramway & light rail systems in England|Tramways]] |blank6_info_sec1 = [[Manchester Metrolink|Metrolink]] |blank7_name_sec1 = [[Leet o airports in the Unitit Kinrick an the Breetish Croun Dependencies|Internaitional airports]] |blank7_info_sec1 = [[Manchester Airport|Manchester]] ([[International Air Transport Association airport code|MAN]]) <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = [[Leet o postcode auries in the Unitit Kinrick|Postcode auries]] |postal_code = [[M postcode area|M]]<br/>[[WA postcode area|WA]] |area_code_type = [[Leet o diallin codes in the Unitit Kinrick|Diallin code]] |area_code = 0161 |iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|GB-MAN]] |blank_name_sec2 = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] |blank_info_sec2 = [[American dollar|US$]] 92.3&nbsp;billion <ref name="brookingsgdp">{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports2/2015/01/22-global-metro-monitor|title=Global city GDP 2013–2014|publisher=Brookings Institution|accessdate=25 March 2015}}</ref> |blank1_name_sec2 = - Per capita |blank1_info_sec2 = [[American dollar|US$]] 35,029<ref name="brookingsgdp" /> |blank2_name_sec2 = [[Leet o MPs electit in the Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|MPs]] |blank2_info_sec2 = [[Graham Stringer]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]])<br/>[[Lucy Powell]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]])<br/>[[Gerald Kaufman|Sir Gerald Kaufman]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]])<br/>[[:en:Jeff Smith (British politician)|Jeff Smith]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]])<br/>[[Mike Kane]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]]) |blank3_name_sec2 = Councillors |blank3_info_sec2 = 96 |blank4_name_sec2 = [[European Pairlament]] |blank4_info_sec2 = [[North West England (European Pairlament constituency)|North Wast Ingland]] |blank5_name_sec2 = [[Leet o law enforcement agencies in the Unitit Kinrick|Polis aurie]] |blank5_info_sec2 = [[Greater Manchester Police|Greater Manchester]] |blank6_name_sec2 = [[Fire services in the Unitit Kinrick|Fire service]] |blank6_info_sec2 = [[Greater Manchester Fire and Rescue Service|Greater Manchester]] |blank7_name_sec2 = [[Emergency medical services in the Unitit Kinrick|Ambulance service]] |blank7_info_sec2 = [[North West Ambulance Service|North West]] |website = [http://www.manchester.gov.uk/ www.manchester.gov.uk] |footnotes = }} [[File:Ordnance Survey One-Inch Sheet 101 Manchester, Published 1947.jpg|thumb|left|Manchester, 1947]] '''Manchester''' ("Mahnchestur") is a ceety an metropolitan borough o [[Greater Manchester]], in nor-wast [[Ingland]]. Mair nor 452,000 fowk bide in the ceety, but 2,240,230 bides in the surroondin area. The ceety haes a lang history, datin back tae the Roman era. The rowth o [[cotton]] in [[Great Breetain]] led tae Manchester becomin an industrial ceety. The Manchester Ship Canal alloued ships tae muive faurther up tae the ceety in the 18t century. Cotton factories an textile mills becam employers o monie fowk in Manchester an the local airt. Manchester's main sport is nae dout [[fitbaw]] as the ceety is hame tae Ingland's twa maist muckle fitbaw teams [[Manchester United]] an [[Manchester City]]. United play thair hame gemmes at Auld Trafford in Greater Manchester, the maist muckle fitbaw stadium in the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. Thay war the maist succesfu Inglis fitbaw team syne the beginin o the [[Inglis Premiership]]. Syne the Premiership began thay hiv wan the 8 League teetles. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Ceeties in North Wast Ingland]] {{Stub/Ingland}} {{Stub/Ceety}} j7905nqb026krfx0u467vjv0ugbl6hb Ceety o Lunnon 0 14370 916381 873521 2026-05-07T12:43:56Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Lunnon}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Ceety o Lunnon |settlement_type = [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|Ceety]] an [[Coonties o Ingland|coonty]] |motto = ''Domine Dirige Nos''<br><small>("O Lord Direct us", motto o [[City of London Corporation]])</small> |image_skyline = City of London skyline from London City Hall - Sept 2015 - Crop Aligned.jpg |imagesize = 275px |image_caption = <small>The Ceety o Lunnon, seen frae the sooth bank o the Thames in September 2015</small> |image_flag = Flag of the City of London.svg |flag_size = 125px |image_shield = Coat of Arms of The City of London.svg |shield_size = 100px |shield_link = Coat o airms o the Ceety o Lunnon |image_map = City of London in Greater London.svg |mapsize = 275px |map_caption = Ceety o Lunnon athin [[Greater Lunnon]] |nickname = the Square Mile, the City |subdivision_type = Status |subdivision_name = ''[[Sui generis]]''; [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety]] an [[coonties o Ingland|coonty]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Sovereign state]] |subdivision_name1 = Unitit Kinrick |subdivision_type2 = [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|Kintra]] |subdivision_name2 = Ingland |subdivision_type3 = [[Regions o Ingland|Region]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Greater Lunnon|Lunnon]] |established_title = [[Roman Empire|Roman]] dounset |established_date = c. 47 AD<br />(''[[Londinium]]'') |established_title2 = [[Kinrick o Wessex|Wessex]] dounset |established_date2 = 886 AD<br />(''[[Anglo-Saxon Lunnon|Lundenburh]]'') |parts_type = [[Wairds an electoral diveesions o the Unitit Kinrick|Wairds]] |parts_style = coll |parts = {{nobold|[[Wairds o the Ceety o Lunnon|25 wairds]]}} |p1 = [[Aldersgate]] |p2 = [[Aldgate]] |p3 = [[Bassishaw]] |p4 = [[Billingsgate]] |p5 = [[Bishopsgate]] |p6 = [[Bread Street]] |p7 = [[Bridge (waird)|Bridge]] |p8 = [[Broad Street (waird)|Broad Street]] |p9 = [[Candlewick]] |p10 = [[Castle Baynard]] |p11 = [[Cheap (waird)|Cheap]] |p12 = [[Coleman Street]] |p13 = [[Cordwainer (waird)|Cordwainer]] |p14 = [[Cornhill, Lunnon|Cornhill]] |p15 = [[Cripplegate]] |p16 = [[Dowgate]] |p17 = [[Farringdon Within]] |p18 = [[Farringdon Without]] |p19 = [[Langbourn]] |p20 = [[Lime Street (waird)|Lime Street]] |p21 = [[Portsoken]] |p22 = [[Queenhithe]] |p23 = [[Tower (waird)|Tower]] |p24 = [[Vintry]] |p25 = [[Walbrook]] |governing_body = [[City of London Corporation]] |leader_title = [[:en:Lord Mayor of London|Lord Mayor]] |leader_name = [[Andrew Parmley]] |leader_title1 = [[:en:Town Clerk of London|Town Clerk]] |leader_name1 = John Barradell |leader_title2 = Admeenistrative HQ |leader_name2 = [[Guildhall, Lunnon|Guildhall]] |leader_title3 = [[London Assembly]] |leader_name3 = [[Unmesh Desai]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|Lab]]) ([[City and East (London Assembly constituency)|City and East]]) |leader_title4 = [[:en:MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 2010|Member o Pairliament]] |leader_name4 = [[Mark Field]] ([[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Con]]) ([[Cities of London and Westminster (UK Pairlament constituency)|Cities of London and Westminster]]) |area_magnitude = 1 E6 |unit_pref = Metric<!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_total_km2 = 2.90 |population_as_of = [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011]] |population_footnotes = <ref name="2010pop"/> |population_total = 8072 |population_rank = [[Leet o Inglis destricts bi population|325t]] (o 326) |population_density_km2 = auto |demographics_type1 = Ethnicity {{nobold|(2011)}} |demographics1_footnotes = <ref name=LBEthnicPercentages>''[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls 2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |date=2016-01-05 }}'', Office for National Statistics (2012). See [[Clessification o ethnicity in the Unitit Kinrick]] for the full descriptions used in the 2011 Census.</ref> |demographics1_title1 = Percentage |demographics1_info1 = {{ubl|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|WB}}% [[White Breetish]]|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|WI}}% [[Erse Breeton|White Erse]]|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|WG}}% White Gypsy or [[Erse Traveller]]|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|OW}}% [[White Ither (Unitit Kinrick Census)|Ither White]]|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|MWBC}}% White & Black Caribbean|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|MWBA}}% White & Black African|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|MWA}}% White & Asian|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|OM}}% Other Mixed|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|I}}% [[Breetish Indie|Indie]]|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|P}}% [[Breetish Pakistanis|Pakistani]]|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|B}}% [[Breetish Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]]|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|C}}% [[Breetish Cheenese|Cheenese]]|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|OA}}% Ither Asie|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|BA}}% [[Black Breetish#Census clessification|Black African]]|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|BC}}% [[Breetish African-Caribbean commonty|Black Caribbean]]|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|OB}}% Ither Black|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|AR}}% [[Breetish Arab|Arab]]|{{Infobox London Borough/ethnicity|City of London|O}}% [[Ither ethnic group (Unitit Kinrick Census)|Ither]]}} |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] |utc_offset = ±00:00{{!}}UTC |timezone_DST = [[Breetish Simmer Time|BST]] |utc_offset_DST = +1 |coordinates = {{coord|51.5155|-0.0922|region:GB|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_min_m = 0 |elevation_max_m = 21 |postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the Unitit Kinrick|Postcodes]] |postal_code = [[EC postcode aurie|EC]], [[WC postcode aurie|WC]], [[E postcode aurie|E]] |postal2_code_type = [[ONS codin seestem|ONS code]] |postal2_code = 00AA |area_code = 020 |blank_name_sec1 = [[Patron saunt]] |blank_info_sec1 = [[Saunt Paul]] |blank_name_sec2 = [[:en:List of law enforcement agencies in the United Kingdom|Polis force]] |blank_info_sec2 = [[City of London Police]] |blank1_name_sec2 = [[Transport for London]] zones |blank1_info_sec2 = [[:en:List of stations in London fare zone 1|Fare zone 1]]; [[:en:London congestion charge|congestion charge zone]] |website = [http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk cityoflondon.gov.uk] |footnotes = }}<!-- Infobox ends --> The '''Ceety o Lunnon''' ({{lang-en|City of London}}) is a sma aurie athin [[Greater Lunnon]], [[Unitit Kinrick]]. It is the historic core o [[Lunnon]] aroond whilk the modren [[conurbation]] grew an haes held [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety status]] syne [[time immemorial]]. The Ceety’s boondaries haes remeened amaist wanchynged syne the [[Middle Ages]], an it is nou anerlie a tiny pairt o the [[metropolis]] o Lunnon, tho remeens a notable pairt o [[Central Lunnon]]. It is aften referred tae as '''the Ceety''' (aften written on [[map]]s as "Ceety") or the '''Square Mile''', as it is juist ower ane square mile (1.12 sq mi/2.90 km2)<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/nr/rdonlyres/10feeb0b-3ded-4c2d-93d1-8534fcb28cc5/0/Census%202001.pdf | format=PDF | accessdate=2009-04-10 | title=City of London Resident Population Census 2001 | publisher=''Corporation of London'' | month=July | year=2005 | archive-date=2012-09-12 | archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120912040734/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/nr/rdonlyres/10feeb0b-3ded-4c2d-93d1-8534fcb28cc5/0/Census%202001.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> in aurie. Thir terms are an' a' aften uised as [[Metonymy|metonyms]] for the [[Unitit Kinrick]]'s [[financial services]] industry, which haes historically been based here. In the medieval period, the Ceety wis the fou stent o Lunnon. The term ''Lunnon'' nou refers tae a muckle lairger conurbation thareaboot correspondin tae Greater Lunnon, a local govrenment aurie whilk includes 32 [[Lunnon borough]]s as weel as the Ceety o Lunnon. The local authority for the Ceety, the [[City of London Corporation]], is unique in the Unitit Kinrick, an haes some unuisual responsibilities for a local authority in Breetain, lik bein the polis authority for the Ceety. It haes forby responsibilities an awnerships ayont the Ceety's boondaries. The Corporation is heidit bi the [[Lord Mayor o the Ceety o Lunnon]], an office separate frae (an muckle aulder nor) the [[Mayor o Lunnon]]. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commonscat|City of London}} {{Ingland coonties}} [[Category:Ceety o Lunnon|*]] [[Category:Auries o Lunnon]] [[Category:Local govrenment in Lunnon]] [[Category:Financial destricts|Lunnon, Ceety o]] [[Category:Economy o Lunnon]] [[Category:Ceeties in Lunnon|Lunnon, Ceety o]] [[Category:Local authorities adjoinin the River Thames|Lunnon, Ceety o]] [[Category:Central business destricts in the Unitit Kinrick|Lunnon, Ceety o]] 5brah78gz5u6qxj2h3n5msvrmqf5x68 Norwich 0 15791 916414 795687 2026-05-07T17:12:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916414 wikitext text/x-wiki {{itheruises}} {{Infobox settlement <!-- Basic info -------------- --> | name = Norwich | official_name = | native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --> | settlement_type = [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|Ceety]] & [[Nan-metropolitan destrict]] <!-- images and maps --------- --> | image_skyline = Norwich Skyline.jpg | image_caption = Norwich in March 2009 | image_flag = | image_seal = | image_shield = Arms of Norwich.svg | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Norwich UK locator map.svg | map_caption = Shown athin [[Norfolk]] <!-- Location ---------------- --> | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = Unitit Kinrick | subdivision_type1 = [[Hame Naitions|Constituent kintra]] | subdivision_name1 = Ingland | subdivision_type2 = [[Regions o Ingland|Region]] | subdivision_name2 = [[East o Ingland]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Ceremonial coonty|Coonty]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Norfolk]] | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | named_for = <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> | seat_type = | seat = | government_type = [[Nan-metropolitan destrict]] <!-- Politics --------------- --> | government_footnotes = | leader_title = Local Authority | leader_name = [[Norwich City Council]] | leader_title1 = [[:en:MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 2005|MPs]] | leader_name1 = [[:en:Clive Lewis (politician)|Clive Lewis]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]])<br />[[Chloe Smith]] ([[Conservative Pairty (UK)|Conservative]]) | total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | unit_pref = <!-- Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric --> | area_footnotes = <!-- Area ------------------- --> | area_magnitude = <!-- use only to set a special wikilink --> | area_total_km2 = 39.02 | area_land_km2 = <!-- See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion --> | area_water_km2 = <!-- Elevation ------------------------ --> | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | elevation_max_m = | elevation_min_m = <!-- Population --------------------- --> | population_footnotes = | population_total = {{English district population|GSS = E07000123}} ([[List of English districts by population|Ranked {{English district rank|GSS = E07000123}}]]) | population_as_of = {{English statistics year}} | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 213,166 | population_density_urban_km2 = 3388 | population_metro = 376,500 (Travel to Work Area)<ref name=norwich>{{cite web|url=http://www.norwich.gov.uk |title=Home |publisher=Norwich.gov.uk |date=7 October 2010 |accessdate=13 September 2013}}</ref> | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_note = | population_blank1_title = Ethnicity <br /><small>(2011 census)<ref name=census2011ethnicities>{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales |publisher=ONS |accessdate=10 March 2014 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref></small> | population_blank1 = White (90.9%)<br />Asian (4.5%)<br />Mixed (2.3%)<br />Black (1.6%)<br />Arab (0.5%)<br />Other (0.4%) <!-- General information ------------- --> | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]] | utc_offset = +0 | timezone_DST = | coordinates = {{coord|52|37|42|N|1|17|48|E|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(TG232085)_type:city|display=inline,title}} | utc_offset_DST = | postal_code_type = Postcode | postal_code = NR1–NR16 | area_code = 01603 | blank_name = [[ONS codin seestem|ONS code]] | blank_info = 33UK | website = | footnotes = }} '''Norwich''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɒr|ɨ|dʒ}} {{respell|NORR|ij}} or {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɒr|ɨ|tʃ}} {{respell|NORR|ich}}) is a [[ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety]] in Ingland. It is the regional admeenistrative centre an [[coonty toun]] o [[Norfolk]]. Durin the 11t century, Norwich wis the seicont lairgest ceety in [[Kinrick o Ingland|Ingland]], efter [[Lunnon]], an ane o the maist important places in the kinrick. The built-up area o Norwich haes a population o 259,100. This aurie extends ayont the ceety bundary, wi extensive suburban auries on the wastren, northren an eastren sides, includin [[Costessey]], [[Hellesdon]], [[Old Catton]], [[Sprowston]] an [[Thorpe St Andrew]]. The parliamentary seats cross ower intae adjacent local govrenment destricts. 135,800 (2008 est.) fowk live in the City of Norwich an the population o the Norwich Travel tae Wirk Aurie (i.e. the aurie o Norwich in which maist fowk baith live an wirk) is 367,035 (the 1991 figure wis 351,340). Norwich is the fowert maist densely populated [[local govrenment]] [[destrict]] athin the [[East o Ingland]] wi 3,480 fowk per square kilometre (8,993 per square mile). == Twinned ceeties == Offeecially: * {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Novi Sad]], [[Serbie]] * {{flagicon|France}} [[Rouen]], [[Fraunce]] * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Koblenz]], [[Germany]] Unoffeecially: * {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[El Viejo]], [[Nicaragua]]. == References == {{reflist}} {{Commons category}} [[Category:Ceeties in the East o Ingland]] [[Category:Coonty touns in Ingland]] [[Category:Norwich|*]] [[Category:Non-metropolitan destricts o Norfolk]] [[Category:Local govrenment destricts o the East o Ingland]] 78eqppqb9v64amzl80gf46kcxj1zrbi Leeds 0 15988 916404 733679 2026-05-07T16:05:34Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage-->| name = Leeds | official_name = | other_name = | native_name = <!--F for cities whose native name is not in English --> | settlement_type = | motto = ''Pro rege et lege''<br /><small>(Laitin: "For keeng an the law")</small> | nickname = <!-- images and maps -----------> | image_skyline = Leeds Montage.jpg | imagesize = 270px | image_alt = Leeds | image_caption = Clockwise frae tap left: [[Leeds Toun Haw]], [[Trinity Leeds]], [[Bridgewater Place, Leeds|Bridgewater Place]], [[Leeds Dock]], [[First Direct Arena]]. | image_flag = | flag_size = | image_seal = | seal_size = | image_shield = Arms of Leeds.svg | shield_link = Coat o airms o Leeds | shield_size = 70px | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | blank_emblem_link = Coat o airms o Leeds | image_map = Leeds UK locator map.svg | mapsize = 250px | map_alt = | map_caption = Leeds shawn within [[Wast Yorkshire]] | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_caption1 = [[The Headrow, Leeds|The Headrow]] | pushpin_map_caption = Location o Leeds in the Unitit Kinrick <!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|Constituent kintra]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Ingland}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Regions o Ingland|Region]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Yorkshire an the Humber]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Ceety region (Unitit Kinrick)|Ceety region]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Leeds Ceety Region|Leeds]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Ceremonial coonties o Ingland|Ceremonial coonty]] | subdivision_name4 = {{flag|Wast Yorkshire}} | subdivision_type5 = [[Historic coonties o Ingland|Historic coonty]] | subdivision_name5 = [[Yorkshire]] <!-- Politics ----------------->| government_footnotes = | government_type = [[Metropolitan burgh]] | governing_body = [[Leeds Ceety Cooncil]] | leader_title = [[Executive arrangements#Leader an cabinet|Leadership]] | leader_name = [[Local Government Act 2000#Options for cooncil executive forms|Leader an cabinet]] | leader_title1 = [[Poleetical mak-up o local cooncils in the Unitit Kinrick#Unitar authorities|Executive]] | leader_name1 = {{English district control|GSS=E08000035}} | leader_title2 = Leader | leader_name2 = Judith Blake | leader_title3 = [[Laird Mayor o Leeds|Laird Mayor]] | leader_name3 = Jane Dowson | leader_title4 = Chief Executive | leader_name4 = Tom Riordan | established_title = [[Auncient burgh|Burgh chairter]] | established_date = 1207 | established_title2 = [[Municipal chairter]] | established_date2 = 1626 | established_title3 = [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|Ceety status]] | established_date3 = [[Leet o ceeties in the Unitit Kinrick|1893]] | seat_type = Admeenistrative HQ | seat = [[Leeds Civic Hall]],<br />[[Millennium Square (Leeds)|Millennium Square]] <!-- Area --------------------->| area_magnitude = | total_type = Ceety | unit_pref = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = {{English district area|GSS=E08000035}} | area_rank = [[Leet o Inglis destricts bi aurie|{{English district area rank|GSS=E08000035}}]] | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_urban_km2 = 487.8 | area_urban_sq_mi = | area_metro_km2 = | area_metro_sq_mi = | area_blank1_title = | area_blank1_km2 = | area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> | population_as_of = {{English statistics year}} | population_footnotes = | population_note = | population_total = {{English district population|GSS=E08000035}} | population_rank = [[Leet o Inglis destricts bi population|{{English district rank|GSS=E08000035}}]] | population_density_km2 = {{English district density|GSS=E08000035}} | population_density_sq_mi = | population_metro = 2,638,127 ([[Leet_o_metropolitan_auries_in_Europe|4t]]) | population_density_metro_km2 = | population_density_metro_sq_mi = | population_urban = 1,901,934 ([[Leet o urban auries in the Unitit Kinrick|4t]]) | population_density_urban_km2 = 3,645 | population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank2_title = Ethnicity <br /><small>(2011 census)</small><ref name=stats_1>{{cite web | url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html | author=National Statistics: Neighbourhood Statistics | title=Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales 2011 | accessdate=29 April 2015 | archive-date=2016-01-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124090812/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rpt-ethnicity.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_blank2 = 85% White<br />5.7% Asie or Asie Breetish<br />3.5% Black or Black Breetish<br />2.7% Mixed Race<br />3.1% Ither | population_blank1 = | population_density_blank1_km2 = | population_density_blank1_sq_mi = | population_demonym = Loiner, Leodensian <!-- General information --------------->| timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]] | utc_offset = +0 | timezone_DST = [[Breetish Simmer Time]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | coordinates = {{coord|53|47|59|N|1|32|57|W|region:GB|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_max_footnotes = <ref>Max (Ceety o Leeds) at SE140445 Hawksworth Moor in extreme wast o destrict.</ref> | elevation_min_footnotes = <ref>Min (Ceety o Leeds) at pynts whaur destrict boondary crosses Rivers Aire an Wharfe in extreme east.</ref> | elevation_min_ft = 33 | elevation_max_ft = 1115 | elevation_min_m = 10 | elevation_max_m = 340 <!-- Area/postal codes & others -------->| postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the Unitit Kinrick|Postcode auries]] | postal_code = [[LS postcode aurie|LS]]<br />[[WF postcode aurie|WF]], [[BD postcode aurie|BD]] (''pairts'') | area_code_type = [[Leet o diallin codes in the Unitit Kinrick|Diallin codes]] | area_code = 0113 <small>(Leeds)<big><br />01924 <small>(''[[Wakefield]]'')<big><br />01937 <small>([[Wetherby]])<big><br />01943 <small>([[Guiseley]])<big><br />01977 <small>(''[[Pontefract]]'') | iso_code = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|GB-LDS]] | blank_name_sec1 = [[Govrenment Stateestical Service|GSS]] code | blank_info_sec1 = E08000035 | blank1_name_sec1 = [[NUTS o the Unitit Kinrick|NUTS 3 code]] | blank1_info_sec1 = UKE42 | blank2_name_sec1 = [[ONS codin seestem|ONS code]] | blank2_info_sec1 = 00DA | blank3_name_sec1 = [[Ordnance Survey Naitional Grid|OS grid reference]] | blank3_info_sec1 = {{gbmappingsmall|SE296338}} | blank4_name_sec1 = [[Leet o motorweys in the Unitit Kinrick|Motorweys]] | blank4_info_sec1 = [[M1 motorwey|M1]]<br />[[M62 motorwey|M62]]<br />[[M621 motorwey|M621]]<br />[[A1(M) motorwey|A1(M)]]<br />[[A58(M) motorwey|A58(M)]]<br />[[A64(M) motorwey|A64(M)]] | blank5_name_sec1 = [[UK railwey stations|Major railwey stations]] | blank5_info_sec1 = [[Leeds railwey station|Leeds]] ([[Unitit Kinrick railwey station categories|A]]) | blank6_name_sec1 = [[Leet o airports in the Unitit Kinrick an the Breetish Croun Dependencies|Internaitional airports]] | blank6_info_sec1 = [[Leeds Bradford Airport|Leeds Bradford]] ([[Internaitional Air Transport Association airport code|LBA]]) | blank_name_sec2 = GDP | blank_info_sec2 = [[American dollar|US$]] 82.98&nbsp;billion<ref name="brookingsgdp">{{cite web |url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |title=Global city GDP 2014 |publisher=Brookings Institution |access-date=18 November 2014 |deadurl=yes |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3 |archive-date=4 June 2013 |df=dmy }}</ref><ref name="leeds.gov.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.leeds.gov.uk/Business/Pages/Leeds-economy.aspx|title=Leeds economy|publisher=|deadurl=yes|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118082315/http://www.leeds.gov.uk/Business/Pages/Leeds-economy.aspx|archive-date=18 January 2017|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | blank1_name_sec2 = – Per capita | blank1_info_sec2 = US$33,355<ref name="brookingsgdp"/> | blank2_name_sec2 = [[Gross Vailyie Addit|GVA]] (2015) | blank2_info_sec2 = [[GBP|£]]21.3bn ([[Leet o UK ceeties bi GVA|4t]]) {{Increase}} 14.6% | blank3_name_sec2 = – Per capita | blank3_info_sec2 = [[GBP|£]]27,466 ([[Leet o UK ceeties bi GVA|4t]]) {{Increase}} 14.6% | blank4_name_sec2 = Councillors | blank4_info_sec2 = 99 | blank5_name_sec2 = [[Leet o MPs electit in the Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|MPs]] | blank5_info_sec2 = {{Collapsible list |title = Leet o MPs |frame_style=border:none; padding: 0; |title_style = |list_style = text-align:left;display:none; |1=[[Alec Shelbrooke]] ([[Conservative Pairty (UK)|C]]) |2=[[Hilary Benn]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]]) |3=[[Richard Burgon]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]]) |4=[[Fabian Hamilton]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]]) |5=[[Greg Mulholland]] ([[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|LD]]) |6=[[Rachel Reeves]] ([[Labour Pairty (UK)|L]]) |7=[[Andrea Jenkyns]] ([[Conservative Pairty (UK)|C]]) |8=[[Stuart Andrew]] ([[Conservative Pairty (UK)|C]]) }} | blank6_name_sec2 = [[European Parliament]] | blank6_info_sec2 = [[Yorkshire and the Humber (European Parliament constituency)|Yorkshire and the Humber]] | website = [http://www.leeds.gov.uk/ www.leeds.gov.uk] | footnotes = }} '''Leeds''' is a [[ceety]] an [[metropolitan borough]] in [[Wast Yorkshire]], [[Ingland]]. In 2001 Leeds' main urban subdiveesion haed a population o 443,247, while the [[Ceety o Leeds|entire ceety]] haed a population o 770,800 (2008 est.). Leeds is the cultural, financial an commercial hert of the Wast Yorkshire Urban Aurie, which at the 2001 census haed a population o 1.5 million, an the Leeds ceety region, an economic aurie wi Leeds at its core, haed a population o 2.9 million. Leeds is the UK's lairgest centre for business, legal, an financial services ootside [[Lunnon]]. == Twin touns == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in the Unitit Kinrick}} The ceety haes several [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinnin]] or pairtnership arrangements: {| |- | valign="top" | * {{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Brno]], Czech Republic * {{Flagicon|Sri Lanka}} [[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]] * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Dortmund]], Germany * {{Flagicon|South Africa}} [[Durban]], Sooth Africae | valign="top" | * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Hangzhou]], Cheenae * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Lille]], Fraunce * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]], Unitit States * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Siegen]], Germany |} The ceety an aa haes "strang contacts" wi the follaein ceeties "for the purposes o ongoin projects": {| |- | valign="top" | * {{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Braşov]], Romanie * {{Flagicon|Jamaica}} [[Saint Mary Parish, Jamaica|St Mary]], [[Jamaica]] | valign="top" | * {{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Stockholm]], Swaden |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Leeds| ]] [[Category:Leeds Ceety Region]] [[Category:Varsity touns in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Mercat touns in Wast Yorkshire]] [[Category:Touns in Wast Yorkshire]] c9x64lso2rr0xn6px6gb0djzzscr8vy Leicester 0 16034 916407 913790 2026-05-07T16:11:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at zSettlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> |name = Leicester |official_name = |other_name = City of Leicester|native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |settlement_type = [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|Ceety]] an [[Unitar authorities o Ingland|unitar authority aurie]] |nickname = |motto =''Semper Eadem'' {Constant/Always the Same//"'the Eternal Urbs'"} <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = Leicester landmarks montage.jpg |imagesize = 280px |image_caption = Leicester landmarks: (clockwise frae top-left) [[Jewry Wall]], [[National Space Centre]], [[Arch of Remembrance]], [[Leicester City Centre|Central Leicester]], [[Curve (theatre)|Curve theatre]], [[Leicester Cathedral]] an [[Leicester Guildhall|Guildhall]], [[Welford Road Stadium]], [[Leicester Market]] |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = Leicester CoA.png |shield_link = |shield_size = 150px |image_map = Leicester UK locator map.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Location athin Leicestershire an Ingland |pushpin_map = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Sovereign state |subdivision_name = {{Flagcountry|Unitit Kinrick}} |subdivision_type1 = {{nowrap|[[Constituent kintra]]}} |subdivision_name1 = [[Ingland]] |subdivision_type2 = Region |subdivision_name2 = [[East Midlands]] |subdivision_type3 = {{nowrap|[[Ceremonial coonties o Ingland|Ceremonial coonty]]}} |subdivision_name3 =[[Leicestershire]] |subdivision_type4 = Admin HQ |subdivision_name4 = City Hall<br/>115 Charles St<br/>Leicester<br/>LE1 1FZ <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type =[[Unitar authority]], [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|Ceety]] |leader_title = [[:en:Lord Mayor of Leicester|Lord Mayor]] |leader_name = Ted Cassidy<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Ted-Cassidy-takes-chains-Leicester-s-new/story-26547994-detail/story.html|title=Ted Cassidy takes the chains as Leicester's new ceremonial lord mayor|work=Leicester Mercury|author=Dan J Martin|date=21 May 2015|accessdate=11 May 2015|archive-date=2015-05-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150522014949/http://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/Ted-Cassidy-takes-chains-Leicester-s-new/story-26547994-detail/story.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |leader_title1 =[[:en:Directly elected mayor of Leicester|Ceety Mayor]] |leader_name1 =[[Peter Soulsby]] |leader_title2 =[[:en:Local government in England#Councillors and mayors|Leadership]] |leader_name2 =[[:en:Directly elected mayor of Leicester|Electit mayor]] an cabinet |leader_title3 =Unitar authority |leader_name3 =[[Leicester City Council]] |leader_title4 =Leet o MPs |leader_name4 ={{Collapsible list |title = Leet o MPs |1 = [[Jon Ashworth]] ([[Leicester South]]) |2 = [[Liz Kendall]] ([[Leicester West]]) |3 = [[Keith Vaz]] ([[Leicester East]])}} |twin1 ={{flagicon|FRA}} – [[Strasbourg]] |twin1_country =Fraunce (syne 1960) |twin2 ={{flagicon|GER}} – [[Krefeld]] |twin2_country =Germany (syne 1969) |twin3 ={{flagicon|NCA}} – [[Masaya]] |twin3_country =[[Nicaragua]] (syne 1987) |twin4 ={{flagicon|PRC}} – [[Chongqing]] |twin4_country =Cheenae (syne 1993) |twin5 ={{flagicon|IND}} – [[Rajkot]] |twin5_country =[[Indie]] (syne 1996) |twin6 ={{flagicon|BUL}} – [[Haskovo]] |twin6_country =[[Bulgarie]] (syne 2008) |established_title = Encastellation o pre-existin cælto-mercian inhabitit centrality |established_date = [[Anno Domini|AD]]&nbsp;c.47<br> <small>as [[Ratae Corieltauvorum]] bi the Romans</small> |established_title2 = Ceety Status |established_date2 = restored 1919 |established_title3 = |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = 1 E7 |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 73.32<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of ={{English statistics year}} |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total ={{English district population|GSS=E06000016}} ([[Leet o Inglis destricts bi population|Rankit {{English district rank|GSS=E06000016}}]]) |population_density_km2 = 4,605 |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = 836,484<ref name="epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu">{{cite web |url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/region_cities/city_urban/data_cities/database_sub1 |title=Population on 1 January by age groups and sex - larger urban zone |accessdate=19 September 2014 |archive-date=2013-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131124191101/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/region_cities/city_urban/data_cities/database_sub1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = 509,000 |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |population_blank2_title =Ethnicity <br><small>(United Kingdom Census 2011 Figures)</small><ref name="ons.gov.uk">{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks202ew.xls |title=2011 Census: Ethnic group, local authorities in England and Wales |publisher=ONS |accessdate=12 December 2012 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226040443/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks202ew.xls%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_density_blank2_km2 = |population_density_blank2_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST =[[Breetish Simmer Time]] |utc_offset_DST =+1 |coordinates = {{coord|52|38|N|1|08|W|region:GB|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type=Postcode |postal_code = [[LE postcode aurie|LE]]<sup>+</sup>'...<small> </small> :<small> </small> (LE1-5); [LE8-9,<small> </small> LE18-19]; {LE6-LE7,<small> </small>LE10,<small> </small> LE17,<small> </small> LE12<small> </small> partial<small> </small> &<small> </small> LE67} <br/>(urban);[metropolitan];{city-regional} |area_code_type = [[Leet o diallin codes in the Unitit Kinrick|Diallin code]] |area_code = 0116 |blank_name =[[Breetish naitional grid reference seestem|Grid Ref.]] |blank_info ={{gbmappingsmall|SK584044}} |blank1_name =[[ONS coding system|ONS code]] |blank1_info =00FN (ONS)<br/>E06000016 (GSS) |blank2_name =[[ISO 3166-2:GB|ISO 3166-2]] |blank2_info =GB-LCE |blank3_name =[[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] 3 |blank3_info =UKF21 |blank4_name =Distance tae London |blank4_info ={{convert|102.8|mi|km|abbr=on}} | blank5_name = Ethnicity<br /><small>(2011 Census) <ref name=2011censusdemo>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls "2011 Census: Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales"] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |date=2016-01-05 }}. [[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]. Retrieved 25 December 2012</ref> </small> | blank5_info = {{Plainlist| * 50.5% White (45.1% White Breetish) * 37.1% Asie * 6.2% Black * 3.5% Mixed Race * 2.6% Ither }} |website ={{URL|http://www.leicester.gov.uk/}} |footnotes = }} '''Leicester''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Leicester.ogg|ˈ|l|ɛ|s|t|ər}} {{respell|LESS|tər}},<ref>"[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/leicester Leicester]", ''Merriam-Webster Dictionary''. Retrieved 28 August 2015</ref> [[East Midlands Inglis|but aften locally]] {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɛ|s|t|ɒ}}) is a [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety]] an [[Unitar authorities o Ingland|unitar authority aurie]] in the [[East Midlands]] o [[Ingland]], an the [[coonty toun]] o [[Leicestershire]]. The ceety lees on the [[River Soar]] an at the edge o the [[National Forest, Ingland|National Forest]]. In the 2011 census the population o the City of Leicester [[unitar authority]] wis c.330,000 makkin it the maist populous municipality in the East Midlands region. The associatit [[Urban aurie#Unitit Kinrick|urban aurie]] is the 11t lairgest bi population in Ingland an aw an the 13t lairgest in [[Leet o urban auries in the Unitit Kinrick|the Unitit Kinrick]].<ref>{{cite web|title=United Kingdom: Urban Areas|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/UK-UA.html|website=Citypopulation.de|accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref> Leicester is at the intersection o the north/sooth [[Midland Main Line]] an east/wast Birmingham/Leicester/Cambridge [[CrossCountry]] railwey lines an the confluence o the [[M1 motorway|M1]]/[[M69 motorway]]s an the [[A6 road|A6]]/[[A46 road|A46]] trunk routes. == Etymologie == The name "Leicester" is thocht tae derive frae the wirds [[castra]] o the "Ligore", meanin a camp on the River Legro, an early name for the River Soar. Leicester appears in the ''[[Domesday Book]]'' as "Ledecestre". Leicester continued tae grow throuoot the [[Early Modren Breetain|Early Modren period]] as a [[mercat toun]], awtho it wis the [[Industrial Revolution]] that facilitatit an unparalleled process o unplanned urbanisation in the aurie. == Sister ceeties == Leicester haes a nummer o twin/sister ceties,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/lc/twinning/|title=Twinning|publisher=Leicester City council|accessdate=5 February 2010|archive-date=2010-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002090459/http://www.leicester.gov.uk/your-council-services/lc/twinning/|url-status=dead}}</ref> thir are: * [[Strasbourg]] (Fraunce), * [[Krefeld]] (Germany), * [[Haskovo]] (Bulgarie), * [[Masaya]] (Nicaragua), * [[Rajkot]] (Indie) an * [[Chongqing]] (Cheenae) == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{UK ceeties}} {{Coord|52|38|N|1|8|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SK584044)|display=title}} [[Category:Leicester|*]] [[Category:Local govrenment in Leicestershire]] [[Category:Unitar authority destricts o Ingland]] [[Category:50 establishments]] [[Category:Ceeties in the East Midlands]] [[Category:Coonty touns in Ingland]] [[Category:Local govrenment destricts o the East Midlands]] iwm6z3k7wti4ao2u4acgqua1h72xn9k Wast Midlands conurbation 0 19402 916431 744330 2026-05-07T23:39:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916431 wikitext text/x-wiki {{distinguish|Wast Midlands (coonty)|Wast Midlands (region)}} [[Image:WestMidlandsUrbanArea.svg|300px|thumb|Cairt o the Wast Midlands Urban Aurie.]] The '''Wast Midlands conurbation''' is the name gien tae the lairge [[conurbation]] that includes the ceeties o [[Birmingham]] an [[Wolverhampton]] an the lairge touns o [[Dudley]], [[Walsall]], [[Wast Bromwich]], [[Solihull]], [[Stourbridge]], [[Halesowen]] in the [[Ingland|Englis]] [[Wast Midlands (region)|Wast Midlands]]. No tae be ramfeeselt wi the [[Wast Midlands (region)|region]] or [[Wast Midlands (coonty)|metropolitan coonty]] o the same name, the conurbation daes no include pairts o the coonty such as [[Coventry]], but daes include pairts o the surroondin coonties o Staffordshire (e.g. [[Little Aston]], [[Perton]]), [[Warwickshire]] (specifically [[Coleshill, Warwickshire|Coleshill]] an [[Water Orton]]) an [[Worcestershire]] ([[Hagley]], [[Hollywood, Worcestershire|Hollywood]]). Accordin tae the [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2001|2001 Census]] the aurie haed a population o 2,284,093, makkin it the [[Leet o conurbations in the Unitit Kinrick|seicont maist populatit in the Unitit Kinrick]]. ==Constituent Pairts== Awtho the exact bundaries o ony conurbation are open tae debate, dependent on wha criteria are uised tae determine whaur an urban aurie ceases, the [[Office for Naitional Statistics]] defines the '''Wast Midlands Urban Aurie''' as includin the urban auries (in decreasin size) o Birmingham, Wolverhampton, [[Dudley]], an [[Walsall]] amangst ithers. Thir settlements are no coterminous wi the Metropolitan Boroughs o the same name, an the [[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] takes its dounset bundaries athin the conurbation as the pre-1974 local authorities. The conurbation is unuisual in haein a nummer o lairge settlements athin, wi Birmingham (2nt), Wolverhampton (13t), Dudley (19t) an Walsall (28t) aw bein amangst the lairgest 30 urban sub-auries in Ingland. The aurie o conurbation atween Birmingham an Wolverhampton is kent as the [[Black Kintra]]. The Black Kintra is unuisual in that it haes nae single centre, haein grown up frae a nummer o historic mercat touns an industrial veelages that coalesced durin the 20t century. It remains essentially polyfocal wi mony o the touns an veelages remainin recognisable communities. Inhabitants o the Black Kintra generally resist hints at ony relationship tae fowk livin in Birmingham. This can be seen bi recent (2006) controversy regardin the name o the newly creatit [[ceety region]]. "Greater Birmingham" wis seen as unacceptable, an the feenal name gien wis "Birmingham, Coventry an the Black Kintra". [[Coventry]] is separate frae the Wast Midlands conurbation, an ither urban auries, such as [[Cannock]] an [[Codsall]] are an aa anerlie narraely avoidit. ==Relationship tae Metropolitan Coonty== Occasionally the conurbation is seen as bein coterminous wi the [[Wast Midlands (coonty)|Wast Midlands coonty]]; housomeivver, this includes [[Coventry]], which is separate frae the main urban aurie, an excludes the pairts o the surroondin coonties o [[Staffordshire]], [[Warwickshire]] an [[Worcestershire]] that faw athin the conurbation. For admeenistrative purposes, the vast majority o the conurbation faws athin the sax [[Metropolitan Borough]]s o Birmingham, [[Metropolitan Borough o Dudley|Dudley]], [[Sandwell]], [[Metropolitan Borough o Solihull|Solihull]], [[Metropolitan Borough o Walsall|Walsall]] an Wolverhampton. Atween 1974 an 1986 thir auries (alang wi Coventry) wur additionally admeenistered bi the [[Wast Midlands Coonty Cooncil]]. Some bodies such as the [[Wast Midlands Polis]] an Centro (the [[Wast Midlands Passenger Transport Executive]]) still cover the Metropolitan Coonty, but no the entire urban aurie. ==Settlements== The Wast Midlands conurbation consists o the follaein settlements: {|class="wikitable sortable" |- !Rank (2001) !Settlement !Population (2001)<ref>{{cite web |title=2001 census: Key Statistics for Urban Areas|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/ssdataset.asp?vlnk=8271&More=Y|publisher=ONS |accessdate=2008-12-04}}</ref> !Population (1991)<ref>{{cite web |title=1991 Census: West Midlands Urban Area |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/west_midlands_urban_area.asp |publisher=ONS |accessdate=2008-12-04 |archive-date=2008-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516095745/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/west_midlands_urban_area.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> !Population (1981)<ref>{{Cite document |title=1981 Key Statistics for Urban Areas: The Midlands Table 1 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=1981 |postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> |- |1 |[[Birmingham]] |970,892 |965,928 |1,024,118 |- |2 |[[Wolverhampton]] |251,462 |257,943 |265,631 |- |3 |[[Dudley]] |194,919 |192,171 |187,367 |- |4 |[[Walsall]] |170,994 |174,739 |178,852 |- |5 |[[Oldbury, Wast Midlands|Oldbury]] / [[Smethwick]] |139,855 |145,542 |153,461 |- |6 |[[West Bromwich]] |136,940 |146,386 |154,531 |- |7 |[[Sutton Coldfield]] |105,452 |106,001 |103,097 |- |8 |[[Solihull]] |94,753 |94,531 |94,613 |- |9 |[[Stourbridge]] |55,480 |55,624 |55,499 |- |10 |[[Halesowen]] |55,273 |57,918 |57,532 |- |11 |[[Brownhills]] |19,866 |18,159 |18,200 |- |12 |[[Knowle]] / [[Bentley Heath]] |18,452 | | |- |13 |[[Aldridge]] |15,659 |16,832 |17,589 |- |14 |[[Pelsall]] |10,524 |10,007 |10,328 |- |15 |[[Shelfield]] |6,807 |7,079 |6,029 |- |16 |[[Coleshill, Warwickshire|Coleshill]] |6,235 |6,324 | |- |17 |[[Yew Tree, Wast Bromwich|Yew Tree]] |6,109 | | |- |18 |[[Rushall, Wast Midlands|Rushall]] |5,864 |5,871 |6,137 |- |19 |[[Hagley]] |5,723 |5,417 |5,754 |- |20 |[[Shelly Green]] |5,702 | | |- |21 |[[Water Orton]] |3,573 |3,555 | |- |22 |[[Cheswick Green]] |2,261 |2,511 | |- | |[[Knowle]] | |17,588 |16,872 |- | |[[Bentley Heath]] | |5,984 | |} '''Notes''': <small> * Knowle an Bentley Heath are considered as ane dounset in 2001, but are considered separately in 1991 an 1981. Bentley Heath wis no considered tae be a dounset athin the Wast Midlands Urban Aurie in 1981. * Coleshill an Water Orton wur no considered tae be pairt o the Wast Midlands Urban Aurie in 1981, but a separate Coleshill/Water Orton Urban Aurie wi a tot population o 9,554; made up o Coleshill (6,113) an Water Orton (3,441). * Yew Tree is anerlie considered pairt o the Wast Midlands Urban Aurie in the 2001 census. * Cheswick Green wis no considered tae be a dounset athin the Wast Midlands Urban Aurie in 1981. * Shelly Green wis no considered tae be a dounset athin the Wast Midlands Urban Aurie in 1981 or 1991. </small> ==See an aw== * [[Constituent auries o Birmingham, Ingland]] * [[Leet o auries in Dudley]] * [[leet o auries in Sandwell]] * [[Leet o auries in Walsall]] * [[Leet o auries in Wolverhampton]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== Maps showin breakup o the conurbation accordin tae the [[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] in the 2001 census (PDF): *[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20040724075058/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/census2001/ks_urban_midlands_part_8.pdf North West, includin Wolverhampton] *[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20040724075214/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/census2001/ks_urban_midlands_part_9.pdf North East, includin Walsall] *[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20040724075129/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/census2001/ks_urban_midlands_part_4.pdf South West, includin Dudley] *[http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20040724075111/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/census2001/ks_urban_midlands_part_5.pdf South East, includin Birmingham an Solihull] {{coord | 52.511794 | -1.975307 | region:GB_type:city | display=title}} <!-- points to M5/A41 junction; roughly in the middle, and fitting that it should be a road junction! --> {{DEFAULTSORT:Wast Midlands Conurbation}} [[Category:Urban auries o Ingland]] [[Category:Wast Midlands (coonty)]] [[Category:Wast Midlands (region)]] m4llyg5pslgfl7vz7op6hhq7hwj2rea Fascism 0 20178 916398 905417 2026-05-07T15:15:30Z ~2026-27848-05 130897 /* References */ 916398 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fascism''' is a [[Poleetical radicalism|radical]] [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] [[Naitionalism|nationalism]] political [[ideology]].<ref>Turner, Henry Ashby, ''Reappraisals of Fascism''. New Viewpoints, 1975. p. 162. States fascism's "goals of radical and authoritarian nationalism".</ref><ref>Larsen, Stein Ugelvik, Bernt Hagtvet and Jan Petter Myklebust, ''Who were the Fascists: Social Roots of European Fascism'', p. 424, "organized form of integrative radical nationalist authoritarianism"</ref> Fascists seek tae rejuvenate their [[naition|nation]] based on commitment tae the national community as an organic entity, in which individuals are bund thegither in [[naitional identity|national identity]] by suprapersonal connections o [[ancestry]], [[cultur|culture]], an [[Heredity|bluid]].<ref name="Blamires, Cyprian 2006 pp. 140-141">Blamires, Cyprian, ''World Fascism: a Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1'' (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2006) pp. 140-141.</ref> To achieve this, fascists purge forces, ideas, fowk, an systems deemed to be the cause of [[decadence]] an [[degeneration]].<ref name="Blamires, Cyprian 2006 pp. 140-141"/> Fascists advocate the creation o a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] [[single-pairty state]] that seeks the mass mobilization of a nation through [[indoctrination]], [[pheesical education|physical education]], [[discipline]] an family policy (sic as [[eugenics]]).<ref name=gj120>Grčić, Joseph. ''Ethics and Political Theory'' (Lanham, Maryland: University of America, Inc, 2000) p. 120</ref><ref>Blamires, Cyprian, ''World Fascism: a Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1'' (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2006) p. 670.</ref> That state is led bi a [[supreme leader]] who exercises a [[dictatorship]] over the fascist movement, the government an other state institutions.<ref>Bhushan, Vidya, ''Comparative Politics'', 3rd ed. (New Delhi, India: Atlantic Publishers, 2006) p. 208.</ref> Fascist governments forbid an suppress opposition.<ref>Kent, Allen, Harold Lancour and William Z. Nasri, ''Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 62, Supplement 25, Automated Discourse Generation to the User-Centered Revolution: 1970–1995.'' (CRC Press, 1998) ISBN 978-0-8247-2062-9, p. 69.</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Fascism| ]] [[Category:Anti-caipitalism]] [[Category:Anti-communism]] [[Category:Anti-intellectualism]] [[Category:Dictatorship]] [[Category:Naitionalism]] [[Category:Poleetical ideologies]] [[Category:Poleetical seestems]] [[Category:Syncretic poleetical muivements]] [[Category:Collectivism]] sy3jo63e3jfzh4y38gl62vfn6fithhv 916417 916398 2026-05-07T19:06:38Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Nae the Inglis wiki 916417 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fascism''' is a [[Poleetical radicalism|radical]] [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]] [[Naitionalism|naitionalist]] poleetical [[ideology]].<ref>Turner, Henry Ashby, ''Reappraisals of Fascism''. New Viewpoints, 1975. p. 162. States fascism's "goals of radical and authoritarian nationalism".</ref><ref>Larsen, Stein Ugelvik, Bernt Hagtvet and Jan Petter Myklebust, ''Who were the Fascists: Social Roots of European Fascism'', p. 424, "organized form of integrative radical nationalist authoritarianism"</ref> Fascists seek tae rejuvenate thair [[naition]] based on commitment tae the naitional community as an organic entity, in which individuals are bund thegither in [[naitional identity]] bi suprapersonal connections o [[ancestry]], [[cultur]], an [[Heredity|bluid]].<ref name="Blamires, Cyprian 2006 pp. 140-141">Blamires, Cyprian, ''World Fascism: a Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1'' (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2006) pp. 140-141.</ref> Tae achieve this, fascists purge forces, ideas, fowk, an seestems deemed tae be the cause o [[decadence]] an [[degeneration]].<ref name="Blamires, Cyprian 2006 pp. 140-141"/> Fascists advocate the creation o a [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]] [[single-pairty state]] that seeks the mass mobilization o a naition throu [[indoctrination]], [[pheesical education]], [[discipline]] an faimily policy (sic as [[eugenics]]).<ref name=gj120>Grčić, Joseph. ''Ethics and Political Theory'' (Lanham, Maryland: University of America, Inc, 2000) p. 120</ref><ref>Blamires, Cyprian, ''World Fascism: a Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1'' (Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2006) p. 670.</ref> That state is led bi a [[supreme leader]] who exercises a [[dictatorship]] ower the fascist muivement, the government an ither state institutions.<ref>Bhushan, Vidya, ''Comparative Politics'', 3rd ed. (New Delhi, India: Atlantic Publishers, 2006) p. 208.</ref> Fascist governments forbid an suppress opposition.<ref>Kent, Allen, Harold Lancour and William Z. Nasri, ''Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 62, Supplement 25, Automated Discourse Generation to the User-Centered Revolution: 1970–1995.'' (CRC Press, 1998) ISBN 978-0-8247-2062-9, p. 69.</ref> == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Fascism| ]] [[Category:Anti-caipitalism]] [[Category:Anti-communism]] [[Category:Anti-intellectualism]] [[Category:Dictatorship]] [[Category:Naitionalism]] [[Category:Poleetical ideologies]] [[Category:Poleetical seestems]] [[Category:Syncretic poleetical muivements]] [[Category:Collectivism]] 1ubr9ntxkcdfhqvj1igw48hz1wsgxwt Minato-ku, Osaka 0 32465 916470 828706 2026-05-08T10:04:07Z Sakai Yayoi 113660 916470 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Minato-ku in Osaka City.svg|thumb|Location o Minato-ku in Osaka Ceety]] {{nihongo|'''Minato'''|港区|Minato-ku}} is ane o 24 [[wairds o Japan|wairds]] o [[Osaka]], [[Japan]]. It haes an aurie o 7.9&nbsp;km², an a population o 84,961. Minato-ku leeterally translated means Harbor Waird. [[Image:Kaiyūkan.jpg|thumb|right|[[Kaiyukan]] aquarium]] [[Image:Osaka Seven-Seas-Mariner02n3200.jpg|thumb|right|Kaiyukan ferris wheel]] [[Image:ORC200.jpg|thumb|right|ORC 200 buildings]] == Landmarks == *[[Kaiyukan]] (Osaka Aquarium) *[[Port o Osaka]] *[[Tempozan Harbor Village]] *[[Modern Transportation Museum]] *[[ORC 200 Building]] ==Mass media== *[[Osaka Broadcasting Corporation|Radio Osaka]] (ORC 200 Building, Benten) == Train stations == ;[[West Japan Railway Company]] (JR West) :[[Osaka Loop Line]] ::[[Bentencho Station]] ;[[Osaka Municipal Subway]] :[[Chūō Line (Osaka)|Chūō Line]] ::[[Osakako Station]] - [[Asashiobashi Station]] - [[Bentencho Station]] ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category-inline}} *[http://www.city.osaka.jp/minato/english/index.html Offeecial wabsteid o Minato] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312054233/http://www.city.osaka.jp/minato/english/index.html |date=2009-03-12 }} {{en icon}} {{Osaka}} [[Category:Wairds o Osaka]] 5v239wldnlb69xsscbr4vd3mc9p0u9m Slough 0 33196 916423 596779 2026-05-07T21:51:23Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox UK place |country = Ingland |official_name= Slough | coordinates = {{coord|51.51|-0.59|region:GB|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |static_image= [[File:Aerial View of Slough Trading Estate.JPG|240px]] |static_image_caption= <small>The Slough Trading Estate</small> |statistic= 119,070 (2001) |statistic_title = [[Population]] burgh |statistic1= 141,848 <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales-ks01-usual-resident-population.xls |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-04-24 |archive-date=2012-10-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022000531/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales-ks01-usual-resident-population.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> |statistic_title1 = [[Urban aurie]] | unitary_england= [[Slough Borough Council|Slough]] | lieutenancy_england= [[Berkshire]] |region= Sooth East Ingland |constituency_westminster= [[Slough (UK Parliament constituency)|Slough]] |post_town= SLOUGH |postcode_area= SL |postcode_district = SL1-SL3 |dial_code= 01753 |os_grid_reference= SU978797 |website= [http://www.slough.gov.uk/ www.slough.gov.uk] |london_distance={{convert|22|mi|km|0|abbr=on}} [[Boxing the compass|E]] }} '''Slough''' {{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-Slough.ogg|ˈ|s|l|aʊ}} is a [[Burgh status in the Unitit Kinrick|burgh]] an [[unitary authority]] athin the [[Ceremonial coonties o Ingland|ceremonial coonty]] o Ryal [[Berkshire]], Ingland. The toun straddles the A4 Bath Road (it becomes the Great West Road closer tae Lunnon) an the [[Great Western Main Line]], {{convert|22|mi|km|0}} wast o central Lunnon. At the 2001 census, the [[Demography o Slough|population o Slough]] wis 119,070 (est.&nbsp;122,000 in 2006) an the burgh aurie wis the maist ethnically diverse local authority aurie ootside Lunnon in the Unitit Kinrick.<ref>[http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=1700 Focus on Ethnicity and Diversity]. UK National Statistics. Retrieved 16 February 2008.</ref> Slough has the highest proportion of religious adherents in England.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2010/sep/23/gay-bisexual-population-uk | title = 1.5% of Britons say they are gay or bisexual, ONS survey finds | first = Alan | last = Travis | newspaper = [[The Guardian]] | location = London | date = 23 September 2010 }}</ref> ==Notes== {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} [[Category:Slough| ]] [[Category:Unitary authorities o Ingland]] [[Category:Local govrenment in Berkshire]] [[Category:Airticles includin recordit pronunciations (UK Inglis)]] [[Category:Local govrenment destricts o Sooth East England]] q7kmar732hp30wuilxwi82po5q4zuqj Duisburg 0 33227 916383 825396 2026-05-07T13:29:22Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German Location |Name = Duisburg |Art = Ceety |image_photo = Innenhafen Duisburg.jpg |image_caption = [[Duisburg Inner Harbour]] |Wappen =DEU_Duisburg_COA.svg |image_flag = Flagge der Stadt Duisburg mit Wappen.svg |coordinates = {{coord|51|26|6.53|N|6|45|45.69|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |Lageplan = North rhine w DU.svg |Bundesland = NRW |Regierungsbezirk = Düsseldorf |Landkreis = urban |Höhe = 31 |Fläche = 232.82 |Einwohner = 488005 |Stand = 2011-12-31 |pop_ref = |PLZ = 47001–47279 |Vorwahl = 0203 |Kfz = DU |Gemeindeschlüssel = 05 1 12 000 |LOCODE = DU DUI |Gliederung = 7 boroughs, 46 suburbs |Website = [http://www.duisburg.de/ www.duisburg.de] |Bürgermeister = Sören Link |Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister |Partei = SPD |ruling_party1 = SPD |ruling_party2 = Greens }} '''Duisburg''' ({{IPA-de|ˈdyːsbʊɐ̯k|lang|De-Duisburg.ogg}}) is a [[Germany|German]] ceety in the wastren pairt o the [[Ruhr]] (''Ruhrgebiet'') in [[North Rhine-Westphalie]]. It is a unthirlt metropolitan burgh athin [[Düsseldorf (region)|Regierungsbezirk Düsseldorf]]. Wi the warld's biggest [[Inland port|inland harbour]] an its proximity tae [[Düsseldorf Internaitional Airport]], Duisburg haes become an important venue for commerce an steel production. The day's ceety is a result o numerous incorporations o surroondin touns an smawer ceeties. It is the fifteent-mucklest ceety in Germany an the fift-mucklest ceety in [[North Rhine-Westphalie]] wi 495,668 residents as o 31 December 2007. The ceety is renouned for its [[Steel|steel industry]]. The last remainin [[Coal mining|coal mine]] closed doun in the simmer o 2009, but Duisburg haes niver been a coal-minin centre tae the same extent as ither places in the Ruhr region (German= Ruhrgebiet). Aw [[blast furnace]]s in the Ruhr are nou locatit in Duisburg. 49% o aw hot metal an 34.4% o aw [[Pig iron|pig-iron]] in Germany is producit here (as o 2000). It haes a muckle brewery an aw, the [[König Brauerei]], locatit in Duisburg-Beeck, which maks the König Pilsener brand. The [[University o Duisburg-Essen]], wi 37,000 students, ranks amang the 10 mucklest German varsities. == Internaitional relations == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Germany}} === Twin touns – Sister ceeties === Duisburg is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref name="Duisburg">{{cite web|url=http://www.duisburg.de/micro/english/introducing/102010100000187829.php|title=Cities Twinned with Duisburg|publisher=www.duisburg.de|accessdate=2009-05-07}}</ref><ref name="RuhrTwins2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd|title=List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District|publisher=© 2009 [http://www.twins2010.com/index.php?id=home&L=1 Twins2010.com]|accessdate=2009-10-28|archive-date=2009-11-28|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5lctsW5KG?url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd|url-status=dead}}</ref> {| cellpadding="10" |- style="vertical-align:top;" | *{{flagicon|UK}} [[Portsmouth]], [[Hampshire]], [[Unitit Kinrick]] <small>(syne 1950)</small><ref name="Duisburg"/><ref name="RuhrTwins2010"/><ref>Portsmouth City Council. ''[http://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/yourcouncil/1396.html Twinning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107183316/http://www.portsmouth.gov.uk/yourcouncil/1396.html |date=2009-01-07 }}''. Retrieved 22 August 2007.</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Brian Daugherty |url=http://portsmouth-duisburg.tripod.com/ |title=Portsmouth Duisburg Anglo-German Friends |publisher=Portsmouth-duisburg.tripod.com |date= |accessdate=2011-04-07 |archive-date=2011-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717103404/http://portsmouth-duisburg.tripod.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.portsmouthfreunde.de/ |title=Duisburger Portsmouthfreunde |publisher=Portsmouthfreunde.de |date= |accessdate=2011-04-07}}</ref> *{{flagicon|France}} [[Calais]], [[Nord-Pas-de-Calais|Nord]], [[Fraunce]] <small>(syne 1964)</small><ref name="Duisburg"/><ref name="RuhrTwins2010"/> *{{flagicon|Togo}} [[Lomé]], [[Togo]] <small>(syne 1973)</small><ref name="Duisburg"/> || *{{flagicon|China}} [[Wuhan]], [[Hubei]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae]] <small>(syne 1982)</small><ref name="Duisburg"/> *{{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuanie]] <small>(syne 1985)</small><ref name="Duisburg"/><ref name="RuhrTwins2010"/> *{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Gaziantep]], [[Turkey]] <small>(syne 2005)</small><ref name="Duisburg"/><ref name="RuhrTwins2010"/> || *{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Perm]], [[Perm Krai]], [[Roushie]]<ref name="RuhrTwins2010"/> *{{flagicon|Honduras}} [[San Pedro Sula]], [[Honduras]] *{{flagicon|USA}} [[Fort Lauderdale]], [[Florida]], [[Unitit States]] |} == References == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Freemit airtins == * [http://www.duisburg.de/micro/english/index.php Offeecial wabsteid] {{en}} {{Commons|Duisburg}} {{Ceeties in Germany}} {{Germany destricts north rhine-westphalie}} [[Category:Warld War II strategic bombin]] [[Category:Duisburg| ]] [[Category:Ceeties in North Rhine-Westphalie]] [[Category:Populatit places on the Rhine]] [[Category:Port ceeties an touns in Germany]] [[Category:Members o the Hanseatic League]] [[Category:Imperial free ceeties]] [[Category:Turkis commonties in Germany]] {{Stub/Germany}} {{Stub/Ceety}} foq4vmjsia78kloa9yro34q2t4ty9ov Reading, Berkshire 0 33378 916421 878903 2026-05-07T20:37:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916421 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Reading |official_name = |other_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = [[Toun status in the Unitit Kinrick|Toun]] & [[Burgh status in the Unitit Kinrick|Burgh]] |motto = A Deo et Regina<br /><small>''Wi God an Queen''</small> |image_skyline = Reading, Berkshire montage.jpg |imagesize = 280px |image_caption = [[The Oracle, Reading|The Oracle]], [[Reading Town Hall|Town Hall]] an [[St Laurence's Church, Reading|St Laurence's Church]], Skyline frae [[Reading West railway station|Reading West]], [[Reading Abbey]] an [[Reading and Leeds Festivals|Reading Festival]] |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_link = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_size = 140px |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_link = |image_map = Reading UK locator map.svg |mapsize = 200px |map_caption = Reading shown athin Berkshire |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Sovereign state]] |subdivision_name = Unitit Kinrick |subdivision_type1 = {{nowrap|[[Constituent kintra]]}} |subdivision_name1 = Ingland |subdivision_type2 = [[Regions o England|Region]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Sooth East England]] |subdivision_type3 = {{nowrap|[[Ceremonial coonties o Ingland|Ceremonial county]]}} |subdivision_name3 = [[Berkshire]] |subdivision_type4 = Admin HQ |subdivision_name4 = Reading |established_title = [[Settler|Settled]] |established_date = 871 or earlier |established_title2 = [[Toun status in the Unitit Kinrick|Toun Status]] |established_date2 = 1086 or earlier |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |government_footnotes = |government_type = [[Unitary authority|Unitary authorities]] |leader_title = Govrenin bodies |leader_name = Reading Borough Council, but includin pairts o [[Wokingham (burg)|Wokingham Borough]] an [[Wast Berkshire]] an aw |leader_party = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Metric |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = {{English statistics year}}<ref name=popstats>{{English district population citation}}</ref> |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = {{EnglishDistrictPopulation|ONS = 00MC}} ([[Leet o Inglis destricts bi population|Rankit {{EnglishDistrictRank|ONS = 00MC}}]]) |population_density_km2 = {{English district density|ONS= 00MC}} |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = 369,804 ([[Leet o urban auries in the Unitit Kinrick|Ranked 17t in UK]]) |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = Borough |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_title = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |population_blank2_title = Ethnicity<ref name=ethstats>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls|title=Resident Population Estimates by Ethnic Group (Percentages)|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]]|accessdate=12 October 2011|format=XLS|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226065719/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls%20|url-status=dead}}</ref> |population_blank2 = 82.0% [[White fowk|White]] (74.2% [[White Breetish]])<br />8.4% [[Breetish Asie|Sooth Asie]]<br />4.3 % [[Black Breetish|Black]]<br /> 2.7% [[Breetish Mixed|Mixed Race]]<br />1.1% [[Breetish Cheenese|Cheenese]]<br />1.5% Ither |population_demonym = Redingensian, Readingite |population_note = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = [[Breetish Simmer Time|BST]] |utc_offset_DST = +1 |coordinates = {{coord|51|27|15|N|0|58|23|W|region:GB|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 61 |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = Postal Code |postal_code = [[RG postcode aurie|RG]] |area_code = 0118 |twin1 =[[Düsseldorf]] |twin1_country =Germany (syne 1988) |twin2 =[[Clonmel]] |twin2_country =Ireland (syne 1994) |twin3 =[[San Francisco Libre|S.Francisco Libre]] |twin3_country =Nicaragua (syne 1994) |twin4 =[[Speightstown]] |twin4_country =Barbados (syne 2003) |blank_name = [[Breetish naitional grid reference seestem|Grid Ref.]] |blank_info = {{gbmappingsmall|SU713733}} |blank1_name = [[ONS codin seestem|ONS code]] |blank1_info = 00MC |blank2_name = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|ISO 3166-2]] |blank2_info = GB-RDG |blank3_name = [[Nomenclatur o Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] 3 |blank3_info = UKJ11 |blank4_name = |blank4_info = |website = [http://www.reading.gov.uk/ reading.gov.uk] |footnotes = }} '''Reading''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-uk-Reading.ogg|ˈ|r|ɛ|d|ɪ|ŋ}} {{respell|RED|ing}}) is a lairge [[toun status in the Unitit Kinrick|toun]] an [[unitary authorities o England|unitary authority aurie]] in [[Ingland]]. It is locatit in the [[Thames Valley]] at the [[confluence]] o the [[River Thames]] an [[River Kennet]], an on baith the [[Great Western Main Line]] railwey an the [[M4 motorway]], some {{convert|40|mi|km}} wast o Lunnon. The '''Borough of Reading''' haes a population o 145,700 (2008 estimate) an the toun formit the lairgest pairt o the [[Reading/Wokingham Urban Aurie]] which haed a population o 369,804 (2001 census). The toun is currently representit in the [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK parliament]] bi twa members, an haes been continuously representit thare syne 1295. For [[Ceremonial coonties o England|ceremonial purposes]] the toun is in the coonty o [[Berkshire]] an haes servit as its [[coonty toun]] syne 1867, previously sharin this status wi [[Abingdon, Oxfordshire|Abingdon]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Berkshire Quarter Sessions |newspaper=Jackson's Oxford Journal |date=4 July 1868}}</ref> ==Town twinnin== Reading is [[Twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: *[[Düsseldorf]], Germany (syne 1947, offeecially syne 1988)<ref>{{cite web|title=Twinning with Düsseldorf|url=http://www.reading.gov.uk/residents/community-and-living/town-twinning/twinning-with-d-sseldorf/|publisher=Reading Borough Council|accessdate=5 April 2012|archive-date=2012-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830023010/http://www.reading.gov.uk/residents/community-and-living/town-twinning/twinning-with-d-sseldorf/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Düsseldorf">{{cite web |url=http://www.amazingdusseldorf.com/community-local/people/twin-towns.html |title=Twin Towns |publisher=Amazing Düsseldorf |accessdate=29 October 2009 |archive-date=2014-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017104519/http://www.amazingdusseldorf.com/community-local/people/twin-towns.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Clonmel]], Ireland (syne 1994)<ref>{{cite web|title=Twinning with Clonmel|url=http://www.reading.gov.uk/residents/community-and-living/town-twinning/twinning-with-clonmel/|publisher=Reading Borough Council|accessdate=5 April 2012|archive-date=2012-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830022838/http://www.reading.gov.uk/residents/community-and-living/town-twinning/twinning-with-clonmel/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[San Francisco Libre]], Nicaragua (syne 1994)<ref>{{cite web|title=Twinning with San Francisco Libre|url=http://www.reading.gov.uk/residents/community-and-living/town-twinning/twinning-with-san-francisco-libre/|publisher=Reading Borough Council|accessdate=5 April 2012|archive-date=2012-08-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120830023232/http://www.reading.gov.uk/residents/community-and-living/town-twinning/twinning-with-san-francisco-libre/|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Speightstown]], Barbados (syne 2003)<ref>{{cite web|title=Twinning with Speightstown|url=http://www.reading.gov.uk/communityandliving/towntwinning/General.asp?id=SX9452-A77F74B8|publisher=Reading Borough Council|accessdate=26 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527204855/http://www.reading.gov.uk/communityandliving/towntwinning/General.asp?id=SX9452-A77F74B8|archivedate=2011-05-27|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.reading.gov.uk/communityandliving/towntwinning/General.asp?id=SX9452-A77F74B8 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-05-08 |archive-date=2011-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527204855/http://www.reading.gov.uk/communityandliving/towntwinning/General.asp?id=SX9452-A77F74B8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Reading is a sister ceety o an aw: *[[Beruwala]], Sri Lanka (syne 2004)<ref name=towntwinning>{{cite web|title=Town Twinning|url=http://www.reading.gov.uk/communityandliving/towntwinning/|publisher=Reading Borough Council|accessdate=26 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110527204902/http://www.reading.gov.uk/communityandliving/towntwinning/|archivedate=2011-05-27|url-status=live}}</ref> *[[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]], Pennsylvania<ref name=towntwinning /> ==References== ;Notes {{Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Reading, Berkshire| ]] [[Category:Touns in Berkshire]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 8t century]] [[Category:Places in Berkshire leetit in the Domesday Book]] [[Category:Local govrenment in Berkshire]] [[Category:Local govrenment destricts o Sooth East Ingland]] [[Category:Unitary authorities o Ingland]] [[Category:Local authorities adjoinin the River Thames]] [[Category:Kennet an Avon Canal]] b2hrikhuy263i8f3dm5c8f49gqjcrwt York 0 35104 916447 905741 2026-05-07T23:52:01Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Aboot|the ceety in the Unitit Kinrick|ither uises}} {{Infobox settlement |official_name = York |nickname = "Caipital o the North",<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/mar/26/2|publisher=The Guardian|title=Head to the capital of the north|accessdate=30 September 2008 | location=London | first=Debbie | last=Andalo | date=26 March 2008}}</ref> "Chocolate Ceety"<ref>{{cite news|url=http://archive.yorkpress.co.uk/1999/8/24/322649.html|work=York Press|title=The Chocolate City|year=1999|accessdate=30 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523015053/http://archive.yorkpress.co.uk/1999/8/24/322649.html|archivedate=2010-05-23|url-status=live}}</ref> |settlement_type = {{nowrap|[[Unitary Authority]] an [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety]]}} |motto = 'Let the Banner of York Fly High' |image_skyline = York (Aerial view).jpg |imagesize = 260px |image_caption = An aerial view o York, wi [[York Minster]] in the centre |image_blank_emblem = Coat of Arms of City of York.svg |blank_emblem_type = Airms of City of York Cooncil |blank_emblem_size = 150px |blank_emblem_link = Coat o airms o York |pushpin_map =United Kingdom North Yorkshire |pushpin_map_alt = York athin North Yorkshire |map_caption = York shown athin North Yorkshire an Ingland |subdivision_type = Sovereign state |subdivision_name = [[Unitit Kinrick]] |subdivision_type1 = [[Constituent kintra]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Ingland]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Regions o Ingland|Region]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Yorkshire an the Humber]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Ceremonial coonties o Ingland|Ceremonial coonty]] |subdivision_name3 = [[North Yorkshire]] |subdivision_type4 = Admin HQ |subdivision_name4 = York City Centre | |government_footnotes = |government_type = [[Unitary authority|Unitary Authority]], [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|Ceety]] |leader_title = Govrenin&nbsp;body |leader_name = City of York Council |leader_title1 = [[Local govrenment in Ingland#Cooncillors an mayors|Leadership]]: |leader_name1 = Leader an Executive |leader_title2 = Executive: |leader_name2 = [[Labour Pairty (UK)|Labour]] |leader_title3 = [[MPs electit in the UK general election, 2010|MPs]]: |leader_name3 = [[Hugh Bayley]] [[Labour Pairty (UK)|(L)]]<br />[[Julian Sturdy]] [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|(C)]] |established_title = Foondit |established_date = as [[Eboracum]] [[circa|c.]] 71&nbsp;[[Anno Domini|AD]] |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = | |area_total_km2 = 271.94 | |population_as_of = {{English statistics year}} |population_total = {{EnglishDistrictPopulation|ONS=00FF}} ([[Leet o Inglis destricts bi population|Ranked {{EnglishDistrictRank|ONS=00FF}}]]) |population_density_km2 = 687 |population_blank2_title = Ethnicity<br /><small>('''2009 Estimates''')<ref name=Stats>{{cite web | year = 2010 | title = Key Figures for People and Society: Population and Migration | publisher = Office for National Statistics | url = http://neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=276825&c=york&d=13&e=13&g=392932&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1331488262338&enc=1 | accessdate = 11 March 2012 | archive-date = 2019-01-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190107082840/https://www.ons.gov.uk/help/localstatistics | url-status = dead }}</ref> </small> |population_blank2 = 92.8% Ony [[White Breetish|White]]<br />3.4% Ony [[Breetish Asie|Asie]]<br />1.3% [[Multiracial|Mixed]]<br />1.2% Ony [[Black Breetish|Black]]<br />1.4% Ony [[Cheenese fowk|Chinese]] or ither | |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = [[Breetish Simmer Time]] |utc_offset_DST = +1 |coordinates = {{coord|53|57|30|N|1|4|49|W|region:GB|display=inline}} |postal-code_type 102.32 |postal_code_type = Postcode |postal_code = [[YO postcode aurie|YO]] |area_code = 01904 |blank_name = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|ISO 3166-2]] |blank_info = GB-YOR |blank1_name = [[ONS coding system|ONS code]] |blank1_info = 00FF |blank2_name = [[Breetish naitional grid reference seestem|OS grid reference]] |blank2_info = SE603517 |blank3_name = [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] 3 |blank3_info = UKE21 | |website = [http://www.york.gov.uk/ www.york.gov.uk] |footnotes = }} '''York''' ({{IPA-endia|ˈjɔːk|Inglis pronunciation:}}) is a [[Defensive waw|wawed ceety]], situatit at the confluence o the Rivers [[River Ouse, Yorkshire|Ouse]] an [[River Foss|Foss]] in [[North Yorkshire]], [[Ingland]]. The [[ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety]] haes a rich heritage an haes providit the backdrop tae major poleetical events throughoot hintle o its twa millennia o existence. The ceety affers a walth o historic attractions, o which [[York Minster]] is the maist prominent, an a variety o cultural an sportin activities. The ceety wis foondit bi the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] in 71&nbsp;AD, unner the name o [[Eboracum]]. It became in turn the caipital o the Roman province o [[Britannia Inferior]], an o the kinricks o [[Northumbrie]] an [[Jorvik]]. In the [[Middle Ages]], York grew as a major oo tradin centre an became the caipital o the northren [[ecclesiastical province]] o the [[Kirk o Ingland]], a role it haes retained.<ref name="timeline">{{cite web| url= http://www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108205146/http://www.visityork.org/information/timeline.asp|archivedate=8 January 2008|publisher=York Tourism Bureau|work=Visit York|title=Timeline|year=2005|accessdate=25 October 2007}}</ref> In the 19t&nbsp;century York became a hub o the railwa netwirk an a confectionery manufacturing centre. In recent decades, the economy of York haes moved frae bein dominated bi its confectionery an railwey-relatit industries tae ane that provides services. The [[University of York]] an heal services hae acome major employers, whilst tourism haes acome an important element o the local economy. Frae 1996, the term City of York describes a [[unitary authority aurie]] which includes rural auries ayont the auld ceety boondaries. In 2001 the urban aurie haed a population o [[Leet o urban auries in Ingland bi population|137,505]],<ref name="KS01">{{cite web |url = http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/index.html |title = KS01 Usual resident population: Census 2001, Key Statistics for urban areas |publisher = Office for National Statistics |accessdate = 11 March 2012 |archive-date = 2012-03-16 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120316014926/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/census-2001-key-statistics/urban-areas-in-england-and-wales/index.html |url-status = dead }}</ref> while in 2010 the entire unitary authority haed an estimatit population o 202,400 <ref name=Stats /> ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category|York}} <!--======================== {{No more links}} ============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. Wikipedia | | is not a collection of links nor should it be used for advertising. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--> {{Hanseatic League}} {{Yorkshire an the Humber}} {{North Yorkshire}} {{UK ceeties}} [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1st century]] [[Category:Coonty touns in Ingland]] [[Category:Unitary authorities o Ingland]] [[Category:Tredin posts o the Hanseatic League]] [[Category:Varsity touns in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Roman colonies]] [[Category:Ceeties in Yorkshire an the Humber]] jsa8vf3a9dnf143oo5oj3kmjy6oft3e Carinthie 0 36375 916420 877789 2026-05-07T19:11:50Z RaveDog 27771 better audio quality 916420 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | official_name = Carinthie | native_name = {{#if:Kärnten<br />Koroška |Kärnten<br />Koroška}} | native_name_lang = de | settlement_type = [[States o Austrick|State o Austrick]] | image_flag = Flag of Kärnten.svg | flag_size = 120px | image_shield = Kaernten CoA.svg | shield_size = 75px | image_map = Kärnten in Austria.svg | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Austrick}} | seat_type = Caipital | seat = [[Klagenfurt]] | leader_party = [[Freedom Pairty in Carinthie|FPK]] | leader_title = [[Landeshauptmann|Governor]] | leader_name = [[Gerhard Dörfler]] | area_total_km2 = 9538.01 | population_footnotes = {{#if: |{{{pop ref}}}}} | population_total = 558300 | population_as_of = {{#if: |{{{pop date}}}}} | population_density_km2 = auto | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | blank_name_sec1 = {{#if: |[[Gross domestic product|GDP/ Nominal]]}} | blank_info_sec1 = {{#if: |€ {{{GDP}}} billion ({{{GDP year}}}){{{GDP ref}}}}} | blank1_name_sec1 = {{#if: |[[Gross domestic product|GDP per capita]]}} | blank1_info_sec1 = {{#if: |€ {{{GDP_per capita}}} ({{{GDP_cap year}}}){{{GDP_cap ref}}}}} | blank1_name_sec2 = [[Federal Cooncil o Austrick|Votes in Bundesrat]] | blank1_info_sec2 = 4 (of 62) | blank_name_sec2 = [[First level NUTS o the European Union#Austrick|NUTS Region]] | blank_info_sec2 = AT2 | iso_code = AT-2 | website = [http://www.ktn.gv.at/ www.ktn.gv.at] | footnotes = }} '''Carinthie''' ({{lang-de|Kärnten}}, {{IPA-de|ˈkɛɐ̯ntn̩|-|De-at-Kärnten.ogg}}, {{lang-sl|Koroška}}, {{Audio|Koroška.ogg|pronounciation}}, {{lang-hr|Koruška}}) is the soothmaist [[States o Austrick|Austrian state]] or ''Land''. Situatit athin the [[Eastren Alps]] it is chiefly notit for its muntains an lakes. The main leid is German. Its regional dialects belang tae the [[Soothren Austro-Bavarie]] group. Carinthie's main [[industries]] are [[tourism]], [[electronics]], [[ingineerin]], [[forestry]] an [[agricultur]]. The [[multinational corporation]]s [[Philips]] an [[Siemens AG|Siemens]] hae muckle operations there. ==References== ===Notes=== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{States o Austrick}} {{Carinthie}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Carinthie (State)}} [[Category:States o Austrick]] [[Category:Carinthie (state)| ]] [[Category:Dividit regions]] [[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions o the European Union]] [[Category:Slovene ethnic territory]] 5vpz6ctwgkoskxkbwkbs00fn90bz9et Warld War II 0 38099 916429 915620 2026-05-07T23:37:06Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{WW2InfoBox}} '''Warld War II''', or the '''Seicont Warld War''' (aften abbreviatit as '''WWII''' or WW2), wis a global war that stertit in 1939 an endit in 1945. It inrowed [[Warld War II bi country|the wappin forces o the warld's naitions]]—includin aw o the [[great pouer]]s—at the hinner en formin twa opponin [[military alliance]]s: the [[Feres o Warld War II|Feres]] an the [[Axis pouers|Axis]]. It wis the braidest [[war]] in history, an directly inrowed mair nor 100 million fowk frae ower 30 kintras. In a state o "[[tot war]]", the major participants funged thair hail economic, industrial, an scienteefic cawpabilities ahint the [[war brash]], erasin the distinction atween [[ceevilian]] an [[militar]] resoorces. Merkit bi mass daiths o ceevilians, includin the [[Holocaust]] (in whilk thareaboot 11 million fowk wis killt)<ref>{{Harvnb|Fitzgerald|2011|p=4}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Hedgepeth|Saidel|2010|p=16}}</ref> an the [[strategic bombin during Warld War II|strategic bombin o industrial an population centres]] (in whilk thareaboot ane million fowk wis killt, includin the [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|uise o twa nuclear wappens in combat]]),<ref>{{cite book |title=War, Violence, and Population: Making the Body Count |url=https://archive.org/details/warviolencepopul00tyne |author=James A. Tyner |page=[https://archive.org/details/warviolencepopul00tyne/page/n63 49] |date=March 3, 2009 |publisher=The Guilford Press; 1 edition |isbn=1-6062-3038-7}}</ref> it resultit in an estimate [[Warld War II casualties|50 million tae 85 million fatalities]]. Thir made Warld War&nbsp;II the [[Leet o wars an disasters by death toll|deidliest pingle]] in [[History o the warld|human history]].<ref name="Sommerville 2008 5">{{Harvnb|Sommerville|2011|p=5}}.</ref> The [[Empire o Japan]] ettilt tae dominate [[Asie]] an the [[Paceefic]] an wis awready [[Seicont Sino-Japanese War|at war]] wi the [[Republic o Cheenae (1912–1949)|Republic o Cheenae]] in 1937,<ref name="Bar&Shyu 2001 6">{{Harvnb|Barrett|Shyu|2001|p=6}}.</ref> but the warld war is generally said tae hae began on 1 September 1939<ref>Axelrod, Alan (2007) ''Encyclopedia of World War II, Volume 1''. Infobase Publishing. pp. 659.</ref> wi the [[invasion o Poland|invasion]] o [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland]] bi [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] an subsequent declarations o war on Germany bi [[French Third Republic|Fraunce]] an the [[Unitit Kinrick]]. Frae late 1939 tae early 1941, in a series o campaigns an [[Tripartite Pact|treaties]], Germany vinkisht or maunt the feck o continental Europe, an formed the Axis alliance wi [[Kinrick o Italy|Italy]] an [[Empire o Japan|Japan]]. Follaein the [[Treaty o Non-Aggression atween Germany an the Soviet Union|Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], Germany an the Soviet Union pairteetioned an annexed territories o thair European neighbours, [[Soviet invasion o Poland|Poland]], [[Winter War|Finland]], [[Soviet occupation o Bessarabia an Northren Bukovina|Romanie]] an the [[Occupation o the Baltic states|Baltic states]]. The Unitit Kinrick an the [[Commonweel o Naitions|Breetish Commonweel]] wis the anerly Allied forces continuin the fecht agin the European Axis pouers, wi campaigns in [[Wastren Desert Campaign|North Africae]] an the [[East African Campaign (Warld War II)|Horn o Africae]] as weel as the lang-rinnin [[Battle o the Atlantic]]. In Juin 1941, the European Axis pouers lencht [[Operation Barbarossa|an invasion o the Soviet Union]], appenin the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|lairgest laund war theatre in history]], whilk trappit the feck o the Axis' militar forces intae a [[Attrition warfare|attrition war]]. In December 1941, Japan [[Attack on Pearl Harbor|attackit the Unitit States]] an [[Japanese invasion o Malaya|European territories]] in the Paceefic Ocean, an swith vinkisht a fait feck o the Wastren Paceefic. The Axis forderin hautit in 1942 whan Japan lost the creetical [[Battle o Midway]], near [[Hawaii]], an Germany wis defait in the [[Seicont Battle o El Alamein|North Africae]] an syne, decisively, at [[Battle o Stalingrad|Stalingrad]] in the Soviet Union. In 1943, wi a series o German defaits on the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front]], the [[Allied invasion o Sicily|Allied invasion]] o Italy whilk rase Italian renooncement, an Allied owerhauns in the Paceefic, the Axis lost the initiative an taen legbail on haun on aw fronts. In 1944, the Wastren Allies [[Normandy landings|invadit German-occupied Fraunce]], while the Soviet Union won back aw o its territorial losses an invadit Germany an its feres. Durin 1944 an 1945 the Japanese dreed major reverses in mainland Asie in [[Second Guangxi Campaign|Sooth]] [[Battle o Wast Hunan|Central Cheenae]] an [[Burma Campaign|Burma]], while the Allies lamed the [[Imperial Japanese Navy|Japanese Navy]] an fangt key Wastren Paceefic islands. The war in Europe endit wi an [[Wastren Allied invasion o Germany|invasion o Germany]] bi the Wastren Allies an the Soviet Union culminatin in the [[Battle o Berlin|tak o Berlin]] bi Soviet an Pols truips an the subsequent [[German Instrument o Surrender|German uncondeetional surrender]] on [[Victory in Europe Day|8 Mey 1945]]. Follaein the [[Potsdam Declaration]] bi the Allies on the 26t Julie 1945 an Japan's refuise o tae renoonce unner its terms, the Unitit States [[Atomic bombins o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|drappit atomic bombs]] on the Japanese ceeties o [[Hiroshima]] an [[Nagasaki]] on the 6t August an the 9t August respectively. Wi an [[Operation Downfall|invasion o the Japanese airchipelago]] imminent, the possibility o addeetional atomic bombins, an the [[Soviet-Japanese War (1945)|Soviet Union's declaration o war on Japan]] an [[Soviet invasion o Manchuria|invasion o Manchuria]], [[Surrender o Japan|Japan renoonced]] on the 15t August 1945. Sicweys endit the war in Asie, souderin the Allies' tot victory. Warld War&nbsp;II chynged the warld's poleetical alignment an social structur. The [[Unitit Naitions]] (UN) wis estaiblisht fur tae forder internaitional comploutherin an fur tae prevene futur conflicks. The gree-bearin [[great pouer]]s—the Unitit States, the Soviet Union, Cheenae, the Unitit Kinrick, an Fraunce—became the [[Permanent members o the Unitit Naitions Security Council|permanent memmers]] o the [[Unitit Naotions Security Cooncil]].<ref name="The UN Security Council">{{Citation|title=The UN Security Council|url=http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html|accessdate=15 May 2012|archive-date=2012-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620101548/http://www.unfoundation.org/what-we-do/issues/united-nations/the-un-security-council.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The Soviet Union an the Unitit States ootcam as rival [[superpouer]]s, settin the stage fur the [[Cauld War]], whilk lastit fur the neist 46 year. Atween haun, the European great pouers' hank waned, while the [[decolonisation o Asie]] an [[decolonisation o Africae|Africae]] began. Maist kintras whase industries haed been damaged muived taewart [[post-Warld War II economic expansion|economic betterness]]. Poleetical integration, inspecially [[European integration|in Europe]], wis a war ootcome, as pairt o a ettle at endin afore-war laith an creautin a common identity.<ref>{{cite web|title=From War to Peace: A European Tale|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2012/eu-lecture_en.html|publisher=Nobel Lecture by the European Union|accessdate=4 January 2014|author=Herman Van Rompuy, President of the European Council|author2=José Manuel Durão Barroso, President of the European Commission|date=10 December 2012}}</ref> ==Backgrund== === Europe === [[Warld War I]] haed radically altert the [[Geopolitics|poleetical]] European map, wi the defeat o the [[Central Powers]]—includin [[Austrick-Hungary]], [[German Empire|Germany]], [[Kinrick o Bulgarie|Bulgarie]] an the [[Ottoman Empire]]—an the 1917 [[October Revolution|Bolshevik seizur o pouer]] in [[Roushie Republic|Roushie]], that hinderly led tae the foondin o the [[Soviet Union]]. Atween haun, the veectorious [[Allies o Warld War I]], sic as Fraunce, Belgium, Italy, Romanie an Greece, gained territory, an new [[naition-states]] wis creatit oot o the collapse o Austrick-Hungary an the Ottoman an [[Roushie Empire]]s. Fur tae prevene a futur warld war, the [[League o Naitions]] wis creatit in the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|1919 Paris Peace Conference]]. Maugre strang [[pacifism|pacifist]] sentiment [[eftermath o Warld War I|efter Warld War I]],{{sfn|Ingram|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bREQibN9i-sC&pg=PA76 76–8]}} its eftermath still caused [[irredentist]] an [[revanchist]] [[naitionalism]] in several European states. Thir sentiments wis especially merkit in Germany acause o the signeeficant territorial, colonial, an financial losses incurred bi the [[Treaty o Versailles]]. Unner the treaty, Germany lost aroond 13 percent o its hame territory an aw o [[German colonial empire|its owerseas possessions]], while German annexation o ither states wis prohibitit, [[Warld War I reparations|reparations]] war imposed, an leemits wis placed on the size an capability o the kintra's [[Reichswehr|airmed forces]].{{sfn|Kantowicz|1999|p=149}} The German Empire wis dissolved in the [[German Revolution o 1918–1919]], an a democratic govrenment, later kent as the [[Weimar Republic]], wis creautit. The interwar period saw strife atween supporters o the new republic an hardline opponents on baith the [[richt-weeng politics|richt]] an [[left-weeng politics|left]]. Italy, as an Entente ally, haed made some post-war territorial gains; houiver, Italian naitionalists wis angert that the [[Treaty o Lunnon (1915)|promises made]] bi Breetain an Fraunce tae siccar Italian entrance intae the war wisnae fulfilt in the peace dounset. Frae 1922 tae 1925, the [[Italian Fascism|Fascist]] muivement led bi [[Benito Mussolini]] seized pouer in Italy wi a naitionalist, [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]], an [[cless collaboration]]ist agenda that abolisht representative democracy, repressed socialist, left-weeng an leeberal forces, an pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at makkin Italy a [[warld pouer]], promisin the creaution o a "[[New Roman Empire]]".{{sfn|Shaw|2000|p=35}} [[File:Nürnberg Reichsparteitag Hitler retouched.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] at a German [[Naitional Socialist]] poleetical rally in [[Nürnberg]], August 1933]] [[Adolf Hitler]], efter an [[Beer Hall Putsch|unsuccessfu attempt tae owerthraw the German govrenment]] in 1923, eventually acame the [[Adolf Hitler's rise tae pouer|Chancellor o Germany in 1933]]. He abolisht democracy, espoosin a [[New Order (Nazism)|radical, racially motivatit revision o the warld order]], an suin begoud a massive [[German re-airmament|reairmament campaign]].{{sfn|Brody|1999|p=4}} Meanwhile, Fraunce, tae siccar its alliance, [[Franco-Italian Greement|alloued Italy a free haund in Ethiopie]], that Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation wis aggravatit in early 1935 whan the [[Saar (League o Naitions)|Territory o the Saar Basin]] wis legally reunitit wi Germany an Hitler repudiatit the Treaty o Versailles, acceleratit his reairmament programme, an introduced [[conscription]].{{sfn|Zalampas|1989|p=62}} Hitler defee'd the Versailles an [[Locarno treaties]] bi [[Remilitarisation o the Rhineland|remilitarisin]] the [[Rhineland]] in Mairch 1936, [[Appeasement|encoonterin little opposeetion]].{{sfn|Adamthwaite|1992|p=52}} In October 1936, Germany an Italy formed the [[Roum–Berlin Axis]]. A month later, Germany an Japan signed the [[Anti-Comintern Pact]], that Italy wad jyne in the follaein year. === Asie === The [[Kuomintang]] (KMT) pairty in Cheenae launched a [[Northren Expedition|unification campaign]] against [[Warlaird Era|regional warlairds]] an nominally unifee'd Cheenae in the mid-1920s, but wis suin embrulyie'd in a [[Cheenese Ceevil War|ceevil war]] against its umwhile [[Cheenese Communist Pairty]] allies{{sfn|Preston|1998|p=104}} an [[Central Plains War|new regional warlairds]]. In 1931, an [[Statism in Shōwa Japan|increasinly militareestic]] [[Empire o Japan]], that haed lang soct influence in Cheenae{{sfn|Myers|Peattie|1987|p=458}} as the first step o whit its govrenment saw as the kintra's [[Hakko ichiu|richt tae rule Asie]], uised the [[Mukden Incident]] as a pretext tae [[Japanese invasion o Manchurie|launch an invasion o Manchurie]] an establish the [[puppet state]] o [[Manchukuo]].{{sfn|Smith|Steadman|2004|p=28}} Ower waik tae resist Japan, Cheenae appealt tae the [[League o Naitions]] fur help. Japan widrew frae the League o Naitions efter bein [[Lytton Report|condemned]] fur its incursion intae Manchurie. The twa naitions syne focht several battles, in [[28 Januar Incident|Shanghai]], [[Battle o Rehe|Rehe]] an [[Defence o the Great Waw|Hebei]], till the [[Tanggu Truce]] wis signed in 1933. Thareefter, Cheenese volunteer forces conteena'd the reseestance tae Japanese aggression in [[Pacification o Manchukuo|Manchurie]], an [[Actions in Inner Mongolie (1933–1936)|Chahar an Suiyuan]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Coogan|1993}}: "Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south, others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders, or surrender. A few commanders submitted, receiving high office in the puppet government, but others took up arms against the invader. The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies."</ref> Efter the 1936 [[Xi'an Incident]], the Kuomintang an communist forces greed on a ceasefire tae present a [[Seicont Unitit Front|unitit front]] fur tae oppone Japan.{{sfn|Busky|2002|p=10}} == Pre-war events == === Spaingie Ceevil War (1936–39) === {{Main|Spaingie Ceevil War}} Whan ceevil war ootbrak in Spain, Hitler an Mussolini lent militar uphaudin tae the [[Naitionalist faction (Spaingie Ceevil War)|Naitionalist rebels]], led bi General [[Francisco Franco]]. The Soviet Union uphaudit the existin govrenment, the [[Seicont Spaingie Republic|Spaingie Republic]]. Ower 30,000 foreign volunteers, kent as the [[Internaitional Brigades]], forby focht agin the Naitionalists. Baith Germany an the USSR uised this [[proxy war]] as an opportunity fur tae test in combat thair maist advanced wappens an tactics. The Naitionalists wan the ceevil war in Apryle 1939; Franco, nou dictator, remeened offeecially neutral in World War II but generally favoured the Axis.{{sfn|Payne|2008|page=271}} His greatest collaboration wi Germany wis the sendin o [[Blue Diveesion|volunteers]] tae fecht on the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front]].{{sfn|Payne|2008|page=146}} === Japanese invasion o Cheenae (1937) === {{Main|Seicont Sino-Japanese War}} In Julie 1937, Japan capturt the umwhile Cheenese imperial caipital o [[Peking]] efter instigatin the [[Marco Polo Brig Incident]], that culminatit in the Japanese campaign tae invade aw o Cheenae.{{sfn|Eastman|1986|pp=547–51}} The Soviets quickly signed a [[Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact|non-aggression pact wi Cheenae]] tae lend [[materiel]] uphaudin, effectively endin Cheenae's prior [[Sino-German comploutherin 1926–1941|comploutherin wi Germany]]. Frae September tae November, the Japanese attackit [[Battle o Taiyuan|Taiyuan]],<ref name="Guo 1971 221">{{Harvnb|Guo|2005}}</ref><ref name="Hsu & Chang 1971 221">{{Harvnb|Hsu|Chang|1971|pp=195–200}}.</ref> as weel as engagin the [[Naitional Revolutionary Airmy|Kuomintang Airmy]] [[Battle o Xinkou|aroond Xinkou]]<ref name="Guo 1971 221"/><ref name="Hsu & Chang 1971 221"/> an [[Communist Pairty o Cheenae|Communist forces]] [[battle o Pingxingguan|in Pingxingguan]].<ref name=Tucker2009>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1873|title=A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East|first=Spencer C.|last=Tucker|date=23 December 2009|publisher=ABC-CLIO|accessdate=27 August 2017|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name=yang>Yang Kuisong, "On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan"</ref> [[Generalissimo]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]] deployed his [[German-trained diveesions in the Naitional Revolutionary Airmy|best airmy]] tae [[Battle o Shanghai|defend Shanghai]], but, efter three month o fechtin, Shanghai fell. The Japanese conteena'd tae push the Cheenese forces back, [[Battle o Nanking|capturin the caipital Nanking]] in December 1937. Efter the faw o Nanking, tens o thoosands, gif no hunders o thoosands, o Cheenese ceevilians an disairmed combatants wis [[Nanking Massacre|murthert bi the Japanese]].<ref>Levene, Mark and Roberts, Penny. ''The Massacre in History''. 1999, page 223-4</ref><ref name=tot>Totten, Samuel. ''Dictionary of Genocide''. 2008, 298–9.</ref> In Mairch 1938, Naitionalist Cheenese forces wan thair [[Battle o Taierzhuang|first major veectory at Taierzhuang]] but then the ceety o [[Xuzhou]] [[Battle o Xuzhou|wis taken bi Japanese]] in Mey.{{sfn|Hsu|Chang|1971|pp=221–230}} In Juin 1938, Cheenese forces stawed the Japanese advance bi [[1938 Yellae River fluid|fluidin the Yellae River]]; this manoeuvre bocht time fur the Cheenese tae prepare thair defences at [[Wuhan]], but the [[Battle o Wuhan|ceety wis takken]] bi October.{{sfn|Eastman|1986|p=566}} Japanese militar veectories didnae bring aboot the collapse o Cheenese resistance that Japan haed howpit tae achieve; insteid the Cheenese govrenment relocatit inland tae [[Chongqing]] an conteena'd the war.{{sfn|Taylor|2009|pp=150–2}}{{sfn|Sella|1983|pp=651–87}} === European occupations an agreements === [[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-H27337, Moskau, Stalin und Ribbentrop im Kreml.jpg|right|thumb|upright|German Foreign Meenister [[Joachim von Ribbentrop]] (richt) an the Soviet leader [[Joseph Stalin]], efter signin the [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact]], 23 August 1939]] In Europe, Germany an Italy wis becomin aggressiver. In Mairch 1938, Germany [[Anschluss|annexed Austrick]], again provokin [[Appeasement o Hitler|a bittock response]] frae ither European pouers.{{sfn|Collier|Pedley|2000|p=144}} Encouraged, Hitler begoud pressin German claims on the [[Sudetenland]], an aurie o [[Czechoslovakie]] wi a predominantly [[ethnic German]] population; an suin Breetain an Fraunce follaed the coonsel o Breetish Prime Meenister [[Neville Chamberlain]] an concedit this territory tae Germany in the [[Munich Greement]], that wis made agin the wishes o the Czechoslovak govrenment, in exchynge fur a promise o nae mair territorial demands.{{sfn|Kershaw|2001|pp=121–2}} Suin efterwart, Germany an Italy forced Czechoslovakie tae [[First Vienna Awaird|cede addeetional territory]] tae [[Hungary]] an Poland annexed Czechoslovakie's [[Zaolzie]] region.{{sfn|Kershaw|2001|p=157}} Awtho aw o Germany's statit demands haed been satisfee'd bi the greement, preevatly Hitler wis furious that Breetish interference haed preventit him frae seizin aw o Czechoslovakie in ane operation. In subsequent speeches, Hitler attackit Breetish an Jewish "war-mongers" an in Januar 1939 [[Plan Z|saicretly ordered a major big-up o the German navy]] tae challenge Breetish naval supremacy. In Mairch 1939, [[German occupation o Czechoslovakie|Germany invadit the remeender o Czechoslovakie]] an subsequently split it intae the German [[Pertectorate o Bohemie an Moravie]] an a pro-German [[client state]], the [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovak Republic]].{{sfn|Davies|2006|loc=pp. 143–4 (2008 ed.)}} Hitler forby deleevered the 20 Mairch 1939 [[1939 German ultimatum tae Lithuanie|ultimatum tae Lithuanie]], forcin the concession o the [[Klaipėda Region]]. Greatly alairmed an wi Hitler makkin forder demands on the [[Free Ceety o Danzig]], Breetain an Fraunce [[Anglo-Pols militar alliance#Breetish Guarantee tae Poland|guaranteed thair uphaudin o Pols unthirldom]]; whan [[Italian invasion o Albanie|Italy conquered Albanie]] in Apryle 1939, the same guarantee wis extendit tae Romanie an [[Greece]].{{sfn|Lowe|Marzari|2002|p=330}} Shortly efter the [[Franco-Pols Militar Alliance|Franco]]-Breetish pledge tae Poland, Germany an Italy formalised thair awn alliance wi the [[Pact o Steel]].{{sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|p=234}} Hitler accuised Breetain an Poland o tryin tae "encircle" Germany an renoonced the [[Anglo-German Naval Greement]] an the [[German–Pols Non-Aggression Pact]]. The situation reakit a general creesis in late August as German truips conteena'd tae mobilise agin the Pols mairch. In August 23, whan tripartite negotiations aboot a militar alliance atween Fraunce, Breetain an USSR stawed<ref>Derek Watson, Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939, ''Europe-Asia Studies'', Vol. 52, No. 4 (Jun., 2000), pp. 695-722 [http://www.jstor.org/stable/153322]</ref>, Soviet Union signed [[Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact|a non-aggression pact]] wi Germany.{{sfn|Shore|2003|p=108}} This pact haed a saicret protocol that defined German an Soviet "spheres o influence" (wastren [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland]] an [[Lithuanie]] for Germany; [[Territories o Poland annexed bi the Soviet Union|eastren Poland]], Finland, [[Estonie]], Latvie an [[Bessarabie]] fur the USSR), an raised the quaisten o conteenuin Pols unthirldom.{{sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|p=608}} The pact neutralised the possibility o Soviet opposeetion tae a campaign against Poland an assured that Germany wad nae hae tae face the prospect o a twa-front war, as it haed in Warld War I. Immediately efter that, Hitler ordert the attack tae proceed on 26 August, but upon hearin that Breetain haed concludit a formal mutual assistance pact wi Poland, an that Italy wad mainteen neutrality, he decidit tae delay it.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/DAP-Poland/Campaign-II.html#chapter5|title=The German Campaign In Poland (1939)|publisher=|accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> In response tae Breetish requests fur direct negotiations fur tae evit war, Germany made demands on Poland, that anerly served as a pretext tae worsen relations.<ref name=ww2db_com>{{cite web |url=http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=162 |title=The Danzig Crisis |website=ww2db.com}}</ref> On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Pols [[plenipotentiary]] immediately traivel fur tae Berlin tae negotiate the haundower o [[Danzig]], an tae allou a [[plebiscite]] in the [[Pols Corridor]] in that the German minority wad vote on secession.<ref name=ww2db_com/> The Poles refuised tae complee wi the German demands, an on the nicht o 30–31 August in a veeolent meetin wi the Breetish ambassador [[Neville Henderson]], Ribbentrop declared that Germany conseedert its claims rejectit.<ref name=ibiblio1939>{{cite web |title=Major international events of 1939, with explanation |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1939.html |publisher=Ibiblio.org}}</ref> == Coorse o the war == === War braks oot in Europe (1939–40) === [[File:Schleswig Holstein firing Gdynia 13.09.1939.jpg|left|thumb|German battleship [[SMS Schleswig-Holstein|Schleswig-Holstein]] firin first salvos o WWII in the attack o [[battle o Westerplatte|Westerplatte]]. Gdańsk, 1 September 1939]] On 1 September 1939, upon [[Operation Himmler|haein staged]] several [[Gleiwitz incident|mairch incidents]], Germany [[Invasion o Poland|invadit Poland]]. {{sfn|Evans|2008|pp=1–2}} The [[Battle o Westerplatte]] is aften descrived as the first European battle o Warld War II. Breetain respondit wi an ultimatum tae Germany tae cease militar operations, an on 3 September, efter the ultimatum wis ignored, Fraunce, Breetain, [[Australie]], an [[New Zealand]] declared a war on Germany. This alliance wis jynt bi [[Union o Sooth Africae|Sooth Africae]] (6 September) an [[Canadae]] (10 September). The alliance providit [[Phoney War|na direct militar support]] tae Poland, ootside o a [[Saar Offensive|cautious French probe intae the Saarland]].<ref name="Keegan 1997 35">{{Harvnb|Keegan|1997|p=35}}.<br />{{Harvnb|Cienciala|2010|p=128}}, observes that, while it is true that Poland wis faur awey, makkin it difficult for the French an Breetish tae provide support, "[f]ew Western historians of World War II&nbsp;... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland, but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshafen. The French, who committed to attack Germany in the west, had no intention of doing so."</ref> The [[Allies o Warld War II|Wastren Allies]] forby begoud a [[Blockade o Germany (1939–45)|naval blockade o Germany]], that aimed tae damage the kintra's economy an war effort.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beevor|2012|p=32}}; {{Harvnb|Dear|Foot|2001|pp=248–9}}; {{Harvnb|Roskill|1954|p=64}}.</ref> Germany respondit bi orderin [[Submarine warfare#Warld War II|U-boat warfare]] agin Allied merchand an warships, that wad later escalate intae the [[Battle o the Atlantic]]. On 8 September, German truips reached suburbs o [[Warsaw]]. The Pols wastlin [[Battle o Bzura|coonter offensive]] hautit the German advance fur several day, but it wis ootflankit an encircled bi the ''[[Wehrmacht]]''. Remnants o the Pols airmy brak throu tae [[Battle o Warsaw (1939)|besieged Warsaw]]. On 17 September 1939, efter signin a [[Battles o Khalkhin Gol|cease-fire wi Japan]], the [[Soviet invasion o Poland|Soviets invadit Eastren Poland]].{{sfn|Zaloga|2002|pp=80, 83}} On 27 September, Warsaw gairison signed a cease-fire an surrendered tae the Germans, an [[Samodzielna Grupa Operacyjna Polesie|the last lairge operational unit o the Pols Airmy]] [[Battle o Kock (1939)|surrendered on 6 October]]. Maugre a militar defeat, the Pols govrenment niver surrendered; the Pols resistance established an [[Pols Unnergrund State|Unnergrund State]] an a pairtisan [[Hame Airmy]].{{sfn|Hempel|2005|p=24}}. Germany [[Pols auries annexed bi Nazi Germany|annexed]] the wastren an [[General Govrenment|occupied]] the central pairt o Poland, an the USSR [[Pols auries annexed bi Nazi Germany|annexed]] its eastren pairt; smaw shares o Pols territory war transferred tae [[Territorial chynges o Poland#Warld War II|Lithuanie]] an [[Slovak invasion o Poland|Slovakie]]. On the 6t October, Hitler made a public peace owertur tae Breetain an Fraunce, but said that the futur o Poland wis tae be determined exclusively bi Germany an the Soviet Union. The proposal wis rejectit<ref name=ibiblio1939/>, an Hitler ordered an immediate offensive agin Fraunce,<ref>Nuremberg Documents C-62/GB86, a directive frae Hitler in October 1939 whilk concludes: "The attack [on France] is tae be launcht this Autumn if conditions is possible ava."</ref> that wad be postponed till the ware o 1940 due tae bad wather. {{sfn|Liddell Hart|1977|pp=39–40}}{{sfn|Bullock|1990|loc=pp. 563–4, 566, 568–9, 574–5 (1983 ed.)}}<ref>Blitzkrieg: From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk, L Deighton, Jonathan Cape, 1993, p186-7. Deighton states that "the offensive was postponed twenty-nine times before it finally took place."</ref> The Soviet Union forced the [[Baltic states|Baltic kintras]]—Estonie, Latvie an Lithuanie, the states that war in a Soviet [[Molotov-Ribbentrop pact|sphere o influence]]"—tae sign [[Backgrund o the occupation o the Baltic states#Soviet ultimatums an occupation|"mutual assistance pacts"]] that stipulatit stationin Soviet truips in thir kintras. Suin efter that, signeeficant Soviet militar contingent wis muived thare.{{sfn|Smith|Pabriks|Purs|Lane|2002|p=24}}{{sfn|Bilinsky|1999|p=9}}{{sfn|Murray|Millett|2001|pp=55–6}}. Finland refuised tae sign a seemilar pact an rejectit tae cede pairt o its territory tae the USSR, thar promptit a Soviet invasion in November 1939{{sfn|Spring|1986|p=207-226}}, an the USSR wis expelt frae the League o Naitions<ref>Carl van Dyke. The Soviet Invasion of Finland. Frank Cass Publishers, Lindon, Portland, OR. {{ISBN|0-7146-4753-5}}, p. 71.</ref>. Despite owerwhelmin numerical superiority, Soviet militar sonse wis modest, an the [[Winter War|Finno-Soviet war]] endit in Mairch 1940 wi [[Moscow Peace Treaty|meenimal Finnish concessions]].{{sfn|Hanhimäki|1997|p=12}} In Juin 1940, the Soviet Union forcibly annexed [[Soviet occupation o the Baltic states (1940)|Estonie, Latvie an Lithuanie]],{{sfn|Bilinsky|1999|p=9}} an the disputit Romanie regions o [[Soviet occupation o Bessarabie an Northren Bukovina|Bessarabie, Northren Bukovina an Hertza]]. Meanwhile, Nazi-Soviet poleetical rapprochement an economic co-operation{{sfn|Ferguson|2006|pp=367, 376, 379, 417}}{{sfn|Snyder|2010|p=118ff}} gradually stawed,{{sfn|Koch|1983}}{{sfn|Roberts|2006|p=56}} an baith states begoud preparations for war.{{sfn|Roberts|2006|p=59}} === Wastren Europe (1940–41) === {{main|Wastren Front (Warld War II)}} [[File:Maginot Line ln-en.svg|thumb|upright=1.5|Map o the French [[Maginot Line]]]] In Apryle 1940, [[Operation Weserübung|Germany invadit Denmark an Norawa]] tae pertect shipments o [[Swwadish airn-ure minin in World War II|airn ore frae Swaden]], that the Allies war [[Operation Wilfred|attemptin tae cut aff]] bi unilaterally minin neutral Norse watters.<ref>{{Harvnb|Murray|Millett|2001|pp=57–63}}.</ref> [[Denmark]] capitulatit efter a few oors, an [[Norse Campaign|mauggre Allied support]], in that the important herbour o [[Narvik]] temporarily wis recapturt frae the Germans, [[Norawa]] wis conquert within twa month.{{sfn|Commager|2004|p=9}} [[Norawa Debate|Breetish discontent ower the Norse campaign]] led tae the replacement o the Breetish Prime Meenister, [[Neville Chamberlain]], wi [[Winston Churchill]] on 10 Mey 1940.{{sfn|Reynolds|2006|p=76}} Germany [[Battle o Fraunce|launcht an offensive agin Fraunce]] an, adherin tae the [[Manstein Plan]] forby attackit the neutral naitions o [[Battle o Belgium|Belgium]], [[Battle o the Netherlands|the Netherlands]], an [[German invasion o Luxembourg|Luxembourg]] on 10 Mey 1940.{{sfn|Evans|2008|pp=122–3}} That same day, Breetish forces laundit in [[Invasion o Iceland|Iceland]] an the [[Breetish occupation o the Faroe Islands|Faroes]] tae preempt a possible German invasion o the islands.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dear|Foot|2001|p=436}}. The Americans later relieved the Breetish, wi marines arrivin in Reykjavik on 7 Julie 1941 ({{Harvnb|Schofield|1981|p=122}}).</ref> The US, in close co-operation wi [[Henrik Kauffmann|the Dens envoy tae Washington D.C.]], greed tae pertect [[Greenland in Warld War II|Greenland]], layin the poleetical framewark for the formal establishment o bases in Apryle 1941. The [[Netherlands in Warld War II|Netherlands]] an [[Belgium in Warld War II|Belgium]] wis owerrun uisin [[blitzkrieg]] tactics in a few days an weeks, respectively.{{sfn|Shirer|1990|pp=721–3}} The French-fortifee'd [[Maginot Line]] an the main bouk o the Allied forces that haed muived intae Belgium wae circumventit bi a flankin muivement throu the thickly widdit [[Ardennes]] region,{{sfn|Keegan|1997|pp=59–60}} mistakenly perceived bi Allied planners as an impenetrable naitural barrier against airmoured vehicles.{{sfn|Regan|2004|p=152}}{{sfn|Liddell Hart|1977|p=48}} As a result, the bouk o the Allied airmies foond themsels trappit in an encirclement an war beaten. The majority war takken prisoner, whilst ower 300,000, maistly Breetish an French, war [[Dunkirk evacuation|evacuated frae the continent at Dunkirk]] bi early Juin, awtho abandonin awmaist aw o thair equipment.{{sfn|Keegan|1997|pp=66–7}} On the 10t Juin, [[Italian invasion o Fraunce|Italy invadit Fraunce]], declarin war on baith Fraunce an the Unitit Kinrick.{{sfn|Overy|Wheatcroft|1999|p=207}} Paris fell tae the Germans on the 14t Juin an aicht days later [[Airmistice o 22 Juin 1940|Fraunce signed an airmistice wi Germany]] an wis suin dividit intae [[German militar admeenistration in occupied Fraunce in Warld War II|German]] an [[Italian occupation o Fraunce|Italian occupation zones]],{{sfn|Umbreit|1991|p=311}} an a wanoccupied [[rump state]] unner the [[Vichy Regime]], that, tho offeecially neutral, wis generally aligned wi Germany. Fraunce kept its fleet but the Breetish feared the Germans wad seize it, sae on 3 Julie, the Breetish [[Attack on Mers-el-Kébir|attacked it]].{{sfn|Brown|2004|p=xxx}} The [[Battle o Breetain]]{{sfn|Keegan|1997|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=TF8kcx9hTssC&pg=PA72 72]}} begoud in early Julie wi [[Kanalkampf|Luftwaffe attacks on shippin an herbours]].<ref name=Murray_BoB>{{harvnb|Murray|1983|loc=[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/AAF-Luftwaffe-2.html#cn70 The Battle of Britain].}}</ref> On 19 Julie, Hitler again publicly offert tae end the war, sayin he wisna wantin tae destroy the [[Breetish Empire]]. The Unitit Kinrick rejectit this ultimatum.<ref name=ibiblio_1940>{{cite web |title=Major international events of 1940, with explanation |url= http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1940.html |publisher=Ibiblio.org |accessdate=}}</ref> The main [[Adlertag|German air superiority campaign]] stairtit in August but failed tae defeat [[RAF Fechter Command]], an a [[Operation Sea Lion|proponed invasion]] wis postponed indefinitely on 17 September. The German [[strategic bombin]] offensive intensifee'd as nicht attacks on Lunnon an ither ceeties in [[the Blitz]], but lairgely failed tae disrupt the Breetish war effort.{{r|Murray_BoB}} Uisin newly capturt French ports, the German Navy [[Battle o the Atlantic#'Happy Time' (Juin 1940&nbsp;– Februar 1941)|enjoyed success]] against an ower-extendit [[Ryal Navy]], uisin [[U-boat]]s agin Breetish shippin in the [[Battle o the Atlantic|Atlantic]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Goldstein|2004|p=35}}. Aircraft played a heichly important role in defeatin the German U-boats ({{Harvnb|Schofield|1981|p=122}}).</ref> <!-- REFERENCES NEEDED FOR THIS --> The Breetish scored a signeeficant veectory on 27 Mey 1941 bi [[Last battle o the battleship Bismarck|sinkin the German battleship ''Bismarck'']].<ref>{{Harvnb|Steury|1987|p=209}}; {{Harvnb|Zetterling|Tamelander|2009|p=282}}.</ref> Aiblins maist importantly, in the Battle o Breetain the [[Ryal Air Force]] haed successfully reseestit the Luftwaffe's assault, an the German bombin campaign lairgely endit in Mey 1941.{{sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|pp=108–9}} Ootthrou this period, the neutral Unitit States teuk meisurs tae assist Cheenae an the Wastren Allies. In November 1939, the American [[Neutrality Acts o 1930s|Neutrality Act]] wis amendit tae allou [[Cash an cairy (World War II)|"cash an cairy"]] purchases bi the Allies.{{sfn|Overy|Wheatcroft|1999|pp=328–30}} In 1940, follaein the German captur o Paris, the size o the [[Unitit States Navy]] wis [[Two-Ocean Navy Act|signeeficantly increased]]. In September, the Unitit States forder greed tae a [[Destroyers for Bases Agreement|tred o American destroyers for Breetish bases]].{{sfn|Maingot|1994|p=52}} Still, a lairge majority o the American public conteena'd tae oppone ony direct militar intervention intae the conflict weel inte 1941.{{sfn|Cantril|1940|p=390}} Awtho Roosevelt haed promised tae keep the Unitit States oot o the war, he nivertheless teuk concrete steps tae prepare for war. At the end o September 1940, the [[Tripartite Pact]] unitit Japan, Italy an Germany tae formalise the [[Axis Pouers]]. The Tripartite Pact stipulatit that ony kintra, wi the exception o the Soviet Union, no in the war that attacked ony Axis Power wad be forced tae gae tae war agin aw three.{{Sfn|Bilhartz|Elliott|2007|p=179}} The Axis expandit in November 1940 whan Hungary, Slovakie an [[Kinrick o Romanie|Romanie]] jynt the Tripartite Pact.{{Sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|p=877}} Romanie wad mak a [[Romanie in Warld War II|major contreibution]] (as [[Hungary in Warld War II|did Hungary]]) tae the Axis war agin the USSR, pairtially tae recaptur [[Soviet occupation o Bessarabie an Northren Bukovina|territory cedit tae the USSR]], pairtially tae pursue its leader [[Ion Antonescu]]'s desire tae combat communism.{{Sfn|Dear|Foot|2001|pp=745–6}} === Mediterranean (1940–41) === [[File:9 Div Tobruk(AWM 020779).jpg|thumb|right|Sodgers o the [[Breetish Empire in Warld War II|Breetish Commonweel forces]] frae the Australie Airmy's [[9t Diveesion (Australie)|9t Diveesion]] in the [[Siege o Tobruk]]; [[North African Campaign]], August 1941]] Italy begoud operations in the Mediterranean, ineetiatin a [[Siege o Maltae (Warld War II)|siege o Maltae]] in Juin, [[Italian conquest o Breetish Somaliland|conquerin Breetish Somaliland]] in August, an [[Italian invasion o Egyp|makkin an incursion intae Breetish-held Egyp]] in September 1940. In October 1940, Italy stairtit the [[Greco-Italian War]] acause o Mussolini's jealousy o Hitler's success but within days wis repulsed wi few territorial gains an a stalemate suin occurred.{{sfn|Clogg|2002|p=118}} The Unitit Kinrick respondit tae Greek requests for assistance bi sendin truips tae Crete an providin air support tae Greece. Hitler decidit that whan the wather impruived he wad tak action against Greece tae assist the Italians an prevent the Breetish frae gaining a fithauld in the Balkans, tae strike against the Breetish naval dominance o the Mediterranean, an tae siccar his hauld on Romanie ile.<ref>{{Harvnb|Evans|2008|pp=146, 152}}; {{Harvnb|US Army|1986|pp=[http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/20_260_1.htm 4–6]}}</ref> Bi late Mairch 1941, follaein [[Bulgarie]]'s signin o the [[Tripartite Pact]], the Germans war in poseetion tae intervene in Greece. Plans chynged, houiver, acause o developments in neighbourin [[Yugoslavie]]. The Yugoslav govrenment haed signed the Tripartite Pact on 25 Mairch, anerly tae be owerthrawn twa day efter bi a [[Yugoslav coup d'état|Breetish-encouraged coup]]. Hitler viewed the new regime as hostile an immediately decidit tae eliminate it. On 6 Apryle Germany simultaneously invadit baith [[Invasion o Yugoslavie|Yugoslavie]] an [[Battle o Greece|Greece]], makkin rapid progress an forcin baith naitions tae surrender within the month. The Breetish war driven frae the Balkans efter Germany [[Battle o Crete|conquered the Greek island o Crete]] bi the end o Mey.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=229}} <!-- REFERENCE SEEMS VERY NARROW FOR RANGE OF EVENTS COVERED --> Awtho the Axis veectory wis swift, bitter pairtisan warfare subsequently brak oot agin the [[Axis occupation o Yugoslavie]], whilk conteena'd till the end o the war. === Axis attack on the USSR (1941) === Wi the situation in Europe an Asie relatively stable, Germany, Japan, an the Soviet Union made preparations. Wi the Soviets waurie o moontin tensions wi Germany an the Japanese plannin tae tak advantage o the European War bi seizin resoorce-rich European possessions in [[Sootheast Asie]], the twa pouers signed the [[Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact]] in Apryle 1941.{{sfn|Garver|1988|p=114}} Bi contrast, the Germans war steadily makkin preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massin forces on the Soviet mairch.{{sfn|Weinberg|2005|p=195}} Hitler believed that Breetain's refuisal tae end the war wis based on the howp that the Unitit States an the Soviet Union wad enter the war agin Germany suiner or later.{{sfn|Murray|1983|p=[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/AAF-Luftwaffe/AAF-Luftwaffe-3.html 69]}} He tharefore decidit tae try tae strenthen Germany's relations wi the Soviets, or failin that, tae attack an eliminate them as a factor. In November 1940, [[German–Soviet Axis talks|negotiations teuk place]] tae determine if the Soviet Union wad jyne the Tripartite Pact. The Soviets shawed some interest, but asked for concessions frae Finland, Bulgarie, Turkey, an Japan that Germany conseedert unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive tae prepare for an invasion o the Soviet Union. On 22 Juin 1941, Germany, supportit bi Italy an Romanie, invadit the Soviet Union in [[Operation Barbarossa]], wi Germany accusin the Soviets o plottin agin them. Thay war jynt shortly bi Finland an Hungary.<ref name=Events1941>{{citation |last1=Klooz |first1=Marle |last2=Wiley |first2=Evelyn |others=Director: Humphrey, Richard A. |year=1944 |title=Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History |series=78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541 |location=Washington |publisher=US Government Printing Office |at=pp. 267–312 ([http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1941.html 1941]) |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/}}.</ref> The primar targets o this surprise offensive{{sfn|Sella|1978}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} war the [[Baltic region]], Moscow an [[Ukraine]], wi the [[Strategic goal (militar)|ultimate goal]] o endin the 1941 campaign near the [[A-A line|Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line]], frae the [[Caspian sea|Caspian]] tae the [[White Sea]]s. Hitler's objectives war tae eliminate the Soviet Union as a militar pouer, exterminate Communism, generate ''[[Lebensraum]]'' ("leevin space"){{sfn|Kershaw|2007|pp=66–9}} bi [[Generalplan Ost|dispossessin the native population]]{{sfn|Steinberg|1995}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} an guarantee access tae the strategic resoorces needit tae defeat Germany's remeenin rivals.{{sfn|Hauner|1978}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} [[File:German troops in Russia, 1941 - NARA - 540155.jpg|thumb|left|German sodgers in the invasion o the Soviet Union bi the [[Axis pouers]], 1941]] Awtho the [[Reid Airmy]] wis preparin for strategic [[coonter-offensive]]s afore the war,{{sfn|Roberts|1995}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} ''Barbarossa'' forced the [[Stavka|Soviet supreme command]] tae adopt a [[strategic defence]]. In the simmer, the Axis made signeeficant gains intae Soviet territory, inflictin immense losses in baith personnel an materiel. By the middle o August, houiver, the German [[Oberkommando des Heeres|Airmy Heich Command]] decidit tae [[Battle o Smolensk (1941)|suspend the offensive]] o a conseederably depletit [[Airmy Group Centre]], an tae divert the [[2nt Panzer Group]] tae reinforce truips advancin taewart central Ukraine an Leningrad.{{sfn|Wilt|1981}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} The [[Battle o Kiev (1941)|Kiev offensive]] wis owerwhalminly successfu, resultin in encirclement an elimination o fower Soviet airmies, an made possible further [[Crimean Campaign|advance intae Crimea]] an industrially developit Eastren Ukraine (the [[First Battle o Kharkov]]).{{sfn|Erickson|2003|pp=114–37}} The diversion o three quarter o the Axis truips an the majority o thair air forces frae Fraunce an the central Mediterranean tae the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front]]{{sfn|Glantz|2001|p=9}} promptit Breetain tae reconseeder its [[grand strategy]].{{sfn|Farrell|1993}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} In Julie, the UK an the Soviet Union formed a [[Anglo-Soviet Greement|militar alliance against Germany]]{{sfn|Keeble|1990|p=29}} The Breetish an Soviets [[Anglo-Soviet invasion o Iran|invadit neutral Iran]] tae siccar the [[Persian Corridor]] an Iran's [[ile field]]s.{{sfn|Bueno de Mesquita|Smith|Siverson|Morrow|2003|p=425}} In August, the Unitit Kinrick an the Unitit States jyntly issued the [[Atlantic Chairter]].{{sfn|Beevor|2012|p=220}} Bi October Axis [[operational objective]]s in Ukraine an the Baltic region war achieved, wi anerly the sieges o [[siege o Leningrad|Leningrad]]{{sfn|Kleinfeld|1983}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} an [[Siege o Sevastopol (1941–42)|Sevastopol]] conteenain.{{sfn|Jukes|2001|p=113}} A major [[battle o Moscow|offensive against Moscow]] wis renewed; efter twa month o fierce battles in increasinly hersh wather the German airmy awmaist reached the ooter suburbs o Moscow, whaur the exhaustit truips<ref>{{Harvnb|Glantz|2001|p=26}}: "By 1 November [the Wehrmacht] had lost fully 20% of its committed strength (686,000 men), up to 2/3 of its ½-million motor vehicles, and 65 percent of its tanks. The German Army High Command (OKH) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full-strength divisions."</ref> war forced tae suspend thair offensive.{{sfn|Reinhardt|1992|p=227}} Lairge territorial gains war made bi Axis forces, but thair campaign haed failed tae achieve its main objectives: twa key ceeties remeened in Soviet haunds, the Soviet [[Militar capability|capability tae resist]] wis nae brak, an the Soviet Union reteened a conseederable pairt o its militar potential. The ''blitzkrieg'' [[Phase (combat)|phase]] o the war in Europe haed endit.{{sfn|Milward|1964}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} Bi early December, freshly mobilised [[Militar reserve force|reserves]]{{sfn|Rotundo|1986}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} alloued the Soviets tae achieve numerical parity wi Axis truips.{{sfn|Glantz|2001|p=26}} This, as weel as [[Richard Sorge#Wartime intelligence supplee'd bi the Sorge Ring|intelligence data]] that established that a meenimal nummer o Soviet truips in the East wad be sufficient tae deter ony attack bi the Japanese [[Kwantung Airmy]],{{sfn|Garthoff|1969}}{{page needed|date=July 2016}} alloued the Soviets tae begin a [[Soviet Offensive (1941–1942)|massive coonter-offensive]] that stairtit on 5 December aw alang the front an pushed German truips {{convert|100|-|250|km|mi}} wast.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beevor|1998|pp=41–2}}; {{Harvnb|Evans|2008|pp=213–4}}, notes that "Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before.&nbsp;... Only Stalin's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all-out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse."</ref> === War braks out in the Paceefic (1941) === {{main|Paceefic War}} In 1939, the Unitit States haed renoonced its tred treaty wi Japan; an, beginnin wi an [[aviation petrol]] ban in Julie 1940, Japan becam subject tae increasin economic pressur.{{r|ibiblio_1940}} In this time, Japan launched its [[Battle o Changsha (1939)|first attack against Changsha]], a strategically important Cheenese ceety, but wis repulsed bi late September.{{sfn|Jowett|Andrew|2002|p=14}} Despite [[1939–40 Winter Offensive|several offensives]] bi baith sides, the war atween Cheenae an Japan wis stalematit bi 1940. Tae increase pressur on Cheenae bi blockin supply routes, an tae better poseetion Japanese forces in the event o a war wi the Wastren powers, Japan invadit an [[Japanese invasion o French Indocheenae|occupied northren Indocheenae]].{{sfn|Overy|Wheatcroft|1999|p=289}} Efterwart, the Unitit States [[embargo]]ed airn, steel an mechanical pairts against Japan.{{sfn|Morison|2002|p=60}} Ither sanctions suin follaed. [[File:The USS Arizona (BB-39) burnin efter the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - NARA 195617 - Edit.jpg|thumb|right|{{USS|Arizona|BB-39|6}} in the Japanese surprise air attack on the [[Unitit States Paceefic Fleet|American paceefic fleet]], 7 December 1941]] Syne early 1941 the Unitit States an Japan haed been engaged in negotiations in an attempt tae impruive thair streened relations an end the war in Cheenae. In thir negotiations Japan advanced a nummer o proponements that war dismissed bi the Americans as inadequate.<ref name=USAWWIIcp5>{{cite web |title=The decision for War |website=US Army in WWII – Strategy and Command: The First Two Years |pp=113–27 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Strategy/Strategy-5.html}}</ref> At the same time the US, Breetain, an the Netherlands engaged in saicret discussions for the jynt defence o thair territories, in the event o a Japanese attack against ony o them.<ref name=USAWWIIcp4>{{cite web |title=The Showdown With Japan Aug–Dec 1941 |website=US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare |pp=63–96 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-4.html}}</ref> Roosevelt reinforced [[Commonweel o the Philippines|the Philippines (an American pertectorate scheduled for unthirldom in 1946)]] an wairned Japan that the US wad react tae Japanese attacks against ony "neebourin kintra".{{r|USAWWIIcp4}} Japan prepared for war efter failed negotiations. On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asie time zones), Japan attacked Breetish an American hauldins wi near-simultaneous [[Japanese expansion (1941–1942)|offensives against Sootheast Asie an the Central Paceefic]].{{sfn|Wohlstetter|1962|pp=341–3}} Thir includit an [[attack on Pearl Harbor|attack on the American fleet at Pearl Harbor]], [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|the Philippines]], [[Malayan Campaign|landings in Thailand an Malaya]]{{sfn|Wohlstetter|1962|pp=341–3}} an the [[battle o Hong Kong]]. Thir attacks led the [[Unitit States declaration o war on Japan|Unitit States]], [[Unitit Kinrick declaration o war on Japan|Unitit Kinrick]], Cheenae, Australie an several ither states tae formally declare war on Japan, whauras the Soviet Union, bein hivily involved in lairge-scale hostilities wi European Axis kintras, mainteened its neutrality agreement wi Japan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dunn|1998|p=157}}. According to {{Harvnb|May|1955|p=155}}, Churchill stated: "Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage, provided, but only provided, that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front."</ref> Germany, follaed bi the ither Axis states, declared war on the Unitit States<ref>[[s:Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States|Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States]] in Wikisource.</ref> in solidarity wi Japan, citin as juistification the American attacks on German war veshels that haed been ordered bi Roosevelt.{{r|Events1941}}<ref>{{citation |last1=Klooz |first1=Marle |last2=Wiley |first2=Evelyn |others=Director: Humphrey, Richard A. |year=1944 |title=Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History |series=78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541 |location=Washington |publisher=US Government Printing Office |at=p. 310 ([http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/1941.html 1941]) |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/events/}}.</ref> === Axis advance staws (1942–43) === In 1942, Allied offeecials debatit on the appropriate [[grand strategy]] tae pursue. Aw agreed that [[Europe first|defeatin Germany]] wis the primar objective. The Americans favourt a straichtforrit, [[Operation Sledgehammer|lairge-scale attack]] on Germany throu Fraunce. The Soviets wis forby demandin a seicont front. The Breetish, on the ither haund, argied that militar operations shoud target peripheral auries tae weir oot German strenth, leadin tae increasin demoralisation, an bolster resistance forces. Germany itsel wad be subject tae a hivy bombin campaign. An offensive agin Germany wad then be launched primarily bi Allied airmour withoot uisin lairge-scale airmies.<ref>{{cite web |title=The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment. Dec 1941 – Jan 1942 |website=US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare |pp=97–119 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-5.html}}</ref> Eventually, the Breetish persuadit the Americans that a laundingin Fraunce wis infeasible in 1942 an thay shoud insteid focus on drivin the Axis oot o North Africae.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Elimination of the Alternatives. Jul–Aug 1942 |website=US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare |pp=266–92 |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/USA-WD-Strategic1/USA-WD-Strategic1-12.html}}</ref> ==== Paceefic (1942–43) ==== Bi the end o Apryle 1942, Japan an its ally Thailand haed awmaist fully conquered [[Japanese conquest o Burma|Burma]], [[Battle o Malaya|Malaya]], [[Dutch East Indies campaign|the Dutch East Indies]], [[Battle o Singapore|Singapore]], an [[Rabaul]], inflictin severe losses on Allied truips an takkin a lairge nummer o preesoners.{{sfn|Beevor|2012|pp=247–267, 345}} Despite stubborn [[Philippines Campaign (1941–42)|resistance]] bi Filipino an US forces, the [[Philippine Commonweel]] wis eventually capturt in Mey 1942, forcin its govrenment intae exile.{{sfn|Lewis|1953|loc=p. 529 (Table 11)}} In airly Mey 1942, Japan ineetiatit operations tae [[Operation Mo|captur Port Moresby]] bi [[amphibious assault]] an sicweys sever communications an supply lines atween the Unitit States an Australie. The plant invasion wis thortert whan an Allied task force, centred on twa American fleet cairiers, focht Japanese naval forces tae a draw in the [[Battle o the Coral Sea]].{{sfn|Maddox|1992|pp=111–2}} Japan's next plan, motivatit bi the earlier [[Doolittle Raid]], wis tae seize [[Midway Atoll]] an wyse American cairiers intae battle tae be eliminatit; as a diversion, Japan wad forby send forces tae [[Aleutian Islands Campaign|occupy the Aleutian Islands]] in Alaska.{{sfn|Salecker|2001|p=186}} In mid-Mey, Japan stairtit the [[Zhejiang-Jiangxi Campaign]] in Cheenae, wi the goal o inflictin retribution on the Cheenese that aidit the survivin American airmen in the Doolittle Raid bi destroyin air bases an fechtin against the Cheenese 23rd an 32nd Airmy Groups.<ref>{{Harvnb|Schoppa|2011|p=28}}.</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=lILltXBTo8oC&pg=PA19 Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004], p.19.</ref> In early Juin, Japan put its operations intae action but the Americans, haein brak [[Japanese naval codes]] in late Mey, war fully awaur o plans an order o battle, an uised this knawledge tae achieve a decisive [[Battle o Midway|veectory at Midway]] ower the [[Imperial Japanese Navy]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Ropp|2000|p=368}}.</ref> ==== Eastren Front (1942–43) ==== [[File:RIAN archive 44732 Soviet soldiers attack house.jpg|left|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Reid Airmy]] sodgers on the coonterattack, in the [[Battle o Stalingrad]], Februar 1943]] Maugre conseederable losses, in airly 1942 Germany an its allies stappit a major Soviet offensive in central an soothren Roushie, keepin maist territorial gains thay haed achieved in the umwhile year.{{sfn|Glantz|2001|p=31}} Bi mid-November, the Germans haed [[Battle o Stalingrad|nearly takken Stalingrad]] in bitter [[urban warfare|street fechtin]] whan the Soviets begoud thair seicont winter coonter-offensive, stairtin wi an [[Operation Uranus|encirclement o German forces at Stalingrad]]{{sfn|Beevor|1998|pp=239–65}} an an assault on the [[Operation Mars|Rzhev salient near Moscow]], tho the latter failed disastrously.{{sfn|Black|2003|p=119}} Bi early Februar 1943, the German Airmy haed taen tremendous losses; German truips at Stalingrad haed been forced tae surrender,{{sfn|Beevor|1998|pp=383–91}} an the front-line haed been pushed back ayont its poseetion afore the simmer offensive. In mid-Februar, efter the Soviet push haed tapered aff, the Germans launcht anither [[Third Battle o Kharkov|attack on Kharkov]], creautin a [[Salients, re-entrants an pockets|salient]] in thair front line aroond the Soviet ceety o [[Kursk]].{{sfn|Erickson|2001|p=142}} ==== Wastren Europe/Atlantic an Mediterranean (1942–43) ==== Exploitin puir American naval command deceesions, [[Seicont Happy Time|the German navy ravaged Allied shippin aff the American Atlantic coast]].{{sfn|Milner|1990|p=52}} Bi November 1941, Commonweel forces haed launched a coonter-offensive, [[Operation Crusader]], in North Africae, an reclaimed aw the gains the Germans an Italians haed made.{{sfn|Beevor|2012|pp=224–8}} In Juin 1943 the Breetish an Americans begoud [[Combined Bomber Offensive|a strategic bombin campaign]] against Germany wi a goal tae disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, an "[[de-hoosin|de-hoose]]" the ceevilian population.<ref>[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/AAF/USSBS/ETO-Summary.html#tc "The Civilians"] United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (European War)</ref> The [[Bombin o Hamburg in Warld War II|firebombin o Hamburg]] wis amang the first attacks in this campaign, it lead tae signeeficant causalities an inflictit conseederable losses on infrastructur o this important industrial centre.{{sfn|Overy|1995|pp=119–120}} === Allies gain momentum (1943–44) === On 3 September 1943, the Wastren Allies [[Allied invasion o Italy|invadit the Italian mainland]], follaein [[Airmistice o Cassibile|Italy's airmistice wi the Allies]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Kolko|1990|p=45}}</ref> Germany wi the help o fascists respondit bi disairmin Italian forces that wis in mony places withoot superior orders, seizin militar control o Italian auries,{{sfn|Mazower|2008|p=362}} an creautin a series o defensive lines.{{sfn|Hart|Hart|Hughes|2000|p=151}} German special forces then [[Gran Sasso raid|rescued Mussolini]], that then suin established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the [[Italian Social Republic]],{{sfn|Blinkhorn|2006|p=52}} causin an [[Italian Ceevil War|Italian ceevil war]]. The Wastren Allies focht throu several lines till reachin the [[Winter Line|main German defensive line]] in mid-November.{{sfn|Read|Fisher|2002|p=129}} In November 1943, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] an Winston Churchill met wi [[Chiang Kai-shek]] [[Cairo Conference|in Cairo]] an then wi Joseph Stalin [[Tehran Conference|in Tehran]].<ref name="Kolko 1990 211,235,267_268">{{Harvnb|Kolko|1990|pp=211, 235, 267–8}}.</ref> The umwhile conference determined the post-war return o Japanese territory<ref name="Iriye 1981 154">{{Harvnb|Iriye|1981|p=154}}.</ref> an the militar plannin fur the [[Burma Campaign]],{{sfn|Mitter|2014|p=286}} while the latter includit greement that the Wastren Allies wad invade Europe in 1944 an that the Soviet Union wad declare war on Japan within three month o Germany's defeat.<ref name="polley148">{{Harvnb|Polley|2000|p=148}}.</ref> Bi the end o Januar 1944, a major [[Leningrad Front|Soviet]] [[Siege o Leningrad#Soviet relief o the siege|offensive herried oot German forces]] frae the [[Leningrad Oblast|Leningrad region]],<ref name="Glantz 2002 327_366">{{Harvnb|Glantz|2002|pp=327–66}}.</ref> endin the langest an [[Leet o battles bi casualties#Sieges an urban combat|maist lethal siege in history]]. Bi late Mey, the Soviets haed [[Crimean Offensive|leeberatit Crimea]], lairgely expelled Axis forces frae Ukraine, an made [[First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive|incursions intae Romanie]], that war repulsed bi the Axis truips.<ref name="Chubarov 2001 122">{{Harvnb|Chubarov|2001|p=122}}.</ref> The Allied offensives in Italy haed succeedit an, at the expense o allouin several German diveesions tae retreat, on 4 Juin, Roum wis capturt.<ref>{{Harvnb|Holland|2008|pp=169–84}}; {{Harvnb|Beevor|2012|pp=568–73}}.<br />The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy ({{Harvnb|Mazower|2008|pp=500–2}}). The period featurt massacres wi victims in the hundrers at [[Civitella in Val di Chiana|Civitella]] ({{Harvnb|de Grazia|Paggi|1991}}; {{Harvnb|Belco|2010}}), [[Ardeatine massacre|Fosse Ardeatine]] ({{Harvnb|Portelli|2003}}), an [[Sant'Anna di Stazzema massacre|Sant'Anna di Stazzema]] ({{Harvnb|Gordon|2012|pp=10–1}}), an is kaipit wi the [[Marzabotto massacre]].</ref> === Allies close in (1944) === [[File:Approaching Omaha.jpg|thumb|American truips approachin [[Omaha Beach]], in the [[invasion o Normandy]] on [[Normandy laundins|D-Day]], 6 Juin 1944]] On 6 Juin 1944 (kent as [[Normandy laundins|D-Day]]), efter three year o Soviet pressur,<ref name=rees406>{{Harvnb|Rees|2008|pp=406–7}}: "Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war."</ref> the Wastren Allies [[Invasion o Normandy|invadit northren Fraunce]]. Efter reassignin several Allied divisions frae Italy, thay forby [[Operation Dragoon|attacked soothren Fraunce]].<ref name="Weinberg 2005 695">{{Harvnb|Weinberg|2005|p=695}}.</ref> Thir laundins war successfu, an led tae the defeat o the [[Falaise Pocket|German Airmy units]] in Fraunce. Paris wis [[Leeberation o Paris|leeberatit]] bi the [[French Reseestance|local reseestance]] assistit bi the [[Free French Forces]], baith led bi General [[Charles de Gaulle]], on 25 August<ref>{{Harvnb|Badsey|1990|p=91}}.</ref> an the Wastren Allies conteena'd tae [[Allied advance frae Paris tae the Rhine|push back German forces]] in wastren Europe in the latter pairt o the year. An attempt tae advance intae northren Germany speirheidit bi [[Operation Market Garden|a major airborne operation]] in the Netherlands failed.<ref>{{Harvnb|Dear|Foot|2001|p=562}}.</ref> Thareefter, the Wastren Allies slawly pushed intae Germany, but [[Operation Queen|failed tae cross the Ruhr river]] in a lairge offensive. In Italy, Allied advance forby slawed due tae the [[Gothic Line|last major German defensive line]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Forrest|Evans|Gibbons|2012|p=191}}</ref> On 22 Juin, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belaroushie ("[[Operation Bagration]]") that destroyed the German [[Airmy Group Centre]] awmaist completely.<ref name="Zaloga 1996 7">{{Harvnb|Zaloga|1996|p=7}}: "It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II."</ref> Suin efter that [[Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive|anither Soviet strategic offensive]] forced German truips frae Wastren Ukraine an Eastren Poland. The Soviet advance promptit [[Armia Krajowa|reseestance forces in Poland]] tae [[Operation Tempest|ineetiate several uprisins]] agin the German occupation. Houiver, the lairgest o thir [[Warsaw Uprisin|in Warsaw]], whaur German sodgers massacred 200,000 ceevilians, an a [[Slovak Naitional Uprisin|naitional uprisin]] in [[Slovak Republic (1939–1945)|Slovakie]], did nae receive Soviet support an war subsequently suppressed bi the Germans.<ref>{{Harvnb|Berend|1996|p=8}}.</ref> The Reid Airmy's [[Jassy–Kishinev Offensive|strategic offensive in eastren Romanie]] cut aff an destroyed the [[Airmy Group Sooth Ukraine|conseederable German truips thare]] an triggered [[Keeng Michael's Coup|a successfu coup d'état in Romanie]] an [[Bulgarie coup d'état o 1944|in Bulgarie]], follaed bi thae kintras' shift tae the Allied side.<ref name="countrystudies.us">{{cite web|url=http://countrystudies.us/romania/23.htm|title=Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation|publisher=US Library of Congress|accessdate=14 November 2009|quote=The coup speeded the Red Army's advance, and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his personal courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania's war agin the Allies. Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists jist played a uphaudin role in the coup; efter-war Romanian historians, housomeir, ascribe tae the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu's overthrow}}</ref> In September 1944, Soviet truips advanced intae [[Democratic Federal Yugoslavie|Yugoslavie]] an forced the rapid widrawal o German Airmy Groups [[Airmy Group E|E]] an [[Airmy Group F|F]] in [[Axis occupation o Greece|Greece]], [[Albanie Kinrick (1943–44)|Albanie]] an Yugoslavie tae rescue them frae bein cut aff.<ref name="Evans 2008 653">{{Harvnb|Evans|2008|p=653}}.</ref> Bi this pynt, the Communist-led [[Yugoslav Pairtisans|Pairtisans]] unner Marshal [[Josip Broz Tito]], that haed led an [[Warld War II in Yugoslavia|increasinly successfu guerrilla campaign]] against the occupation syne 1941, controlled muckle o the territory o Yugoslavie an engaged in delayin efforts against German forces forder sooth. In northren [[Serbie (1941–1944)|Serbie]], the [[Reid Airmy]], wi leemitit support frae Bulgarie forces, assisted the Pairtisans in a jynt [[Belgrade Offensive|leeberation o the caipital ceety o Belgrade]] on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a [[Budapest Offensive|massive assault]] against [[Operation Panzerfaust|German-occupied]] Hungary that lastit till [[Battle o Budapest|the faw o Budapest]] in Februar 1945.<ref>{{Harvnb|Wiest|Barbier|2002|pp=65–6}}.</ref> Unlik impressive Soviet veectories in the Balkans, [[Continuation War|bitter Finnish reseestance]] tae the [[Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive|Soviet offensive]] in the [[Karelie Isthmus]] denee'd the Soviets occupation o Finland an led tae a [[Moscow Airmistice|Soviet-Finnish airmistice]] on relatively mild condeetions,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wiktor|first=Christian L|title=Multilateral Treaty Calendar – 1648–1995|url=https://archive.org/details/multilateraltrea0000wikt|publisher=Kluwer Law International|year=1998|isbn=90-411-0584-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/multilateraltrea0000wikt/page/426 426]}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Newton|2004}}.</ref> awtho Finland wis forced tae [[Lapland War|fecht thair umwhile allies]]. In the Paceefic, US forces conteena'd tae press back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-Juin 1944, thay begoud thair [[Mariana an Palau Islands campaign|offensive agin the Mariana an Palau islands]], an decisively defeatit Japanese forces in the [[Battle o the Philippine Sea]]. Thir defeats led tae the resignation o the Japanese Prime Meenister, [[Hideki Tojo]], an providit the Unitit States wi air bases tae launch intensive hivy bomber attacks on the Japanese hame islands. In late October, American forces [[Battle o Leyte|invadit the Filipino island o Leyte]]; suin efter, Allied naval forces scored anither lairge veectory in the [[Battle o Leyte Gulf]], ane o the lairgest naval battles in history.<ref>{{Harvnb|Cook|Bewes|1997|p=305}}.</ref> === Axis collapse, Allied veectory (1944–45) === [[File:Yalta Conference (Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin) (B&W).jpg|thumb|[[Yalta Conference]] held in Februar 1945, wi [[Winston Churchill]], [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] an [[Joseph Stalin]]]] On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt on the Wastren Front bi uisin maist o its remeenin reserves tae launch [[Battle o the Bulge|a massive coonter-offensive in the Ardennes]] an [[Operation Nordwind|alang the French–German mairch]] tae split the Wastren Allies, encircle lairge portions o Wastren Allied truips an captur thair primar supply port at [[Antwerp]] tae prompt a poleetical dounset.<ref name="parkerxiii">{{Harvnb|Parker|2004|pp=xiii–xiv, 6–8, 68–70, 329–330}}</ref> Bi Januar, the offensive haed been repulsed wi na strategic objectives fulfilled.<ref name="parkerxiii"/> In Italy, the Wastren Allies remeened stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-Januar 1945, the Soviets an Poles attacked in Poland, [[Vistula–Oder Offensive|pushin frae the Vistula tae the Oder]] river in Germany, an [[East Proushie Offensive|overran East Proushie]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Glantz|2001|p=85}}.</ref> On 4 Februar, Soviet, Breetish an US leaders met for the [[Yalta Conference]]. Thay greed on the occupation o post-war Germany, an on whan the Soviet Union wad jyne the war against Japan.<ref>{{Harvnb|Beevor|2012|pp=709–22}}.</ref> In Februar, the Soviets [[Silesie Offensives|entered Silesie]] an [[East Pomeranie Offensive|Pomeranie]], while [[Wastren Allied invasion o Germany|Wastren Allies entered wastren Germany]] an closed tae the [[Rhine]] river. Bi Mairch, the Wastren Allies crossed the Rhine [[Operation Plunder|north]] an [[Remagen|sooth]] o the [[Rhine-Ruhr|Ruhr]], [[Ruhr Pocket|encirclin the German Airmy Group B]],<ref>{{Harvnb|Buchanan|2006|p=21}}.</ref> while the Soviets advanced tae [[Vienna offensive|Vienna]]. In early Apryle, the Wastren Allies feenally [[Ware 1945 offensive in Italy|pushed forrit in Italy]] an soopit athort wastren Germany capturin [[Battle o Hamburg (1945)|Hamburg]] an [[Battle o Nuremberg (1945)|Nuremberg]], while Soviet an Polshforces [[Battle o Berlin|stormed Berlin]] in late Apryle. [[Elbe Day|American an Soviet forces met at the Elbe river]] on 25 Apryle. On 30 Apryle 1945, the [[Reichstag biggin|Reichstag]] wis capturt, seegnallin the militar defeat o Nazi Germany.<ref name="Shepardson 1998">{{Harvnb|Shepardson|1998}}.</ref> Several chynges in leadership occurred in this period. On 12 Apryle, Preses Roosevelt dee'd an wis succeedit bi [[Harry S. Truman]]. Benito Mussolini [[Daith o Benito Mussolini|wis killt]] bi [[Italian reseestance muivement|Italian pairtisans]] on 28 Apryle.<ref name="O'Reilly 2001 244">{{Harvnb|O'Reilly|2001||p=244}}.</ref> Twa days later, [[Daith o Adolf Hitler|Hitler committit suicide]], an wis succeedit bi [[Grand Admiral]] [[Karl Dönitz]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Kershaw|2001|p=823}}.</ref> German forces surrendered in Italy on 29 Apryle. [[German Instrument o Surrender|Tot an uncondeetional surrender]] wis signed [[Veectory in Europe Day|on 7 Mey]], tae be effective bi the end o [[Veectory Day (Eastren Front)|8 Mey]].<ref name="Evans 2008 737">{{Harvnb|Evans|2008|p=737}}.</ref> German Airmy Group Centre [[Prague Offensive|reseestit in Prague]] till 11 Mey.<ref name="Glantz 1998 34">{{Harvnb|Glantz|1998|p=24}}.</ref> In the Paceefic theatre, American forces accompanied bi the forces o the [[Philippine Commonweel]] advanced [[Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)|in the Philippines]], [[Battle o Leyte|clearin Leyte]] bi the end o Apryle 1945. Thay [[Battle o Luzon|laundit on Luzon]] in Januar 1945 an [[Battle o Manila (1945)|recapturt Manila]] in Mairch follaein a battle that reduced the ceety tae ruins. Fechtin conteena'd on Luzon, [[Battle o Mindanao|Mindanao]], an ither islands o the Philippines till the [[End o Warld War II in Asie|end o the war]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Chant|first=Christopher|year=1986|title=The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco0000chan|publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofco0000chan/page/118 118]|isbn=0-7102-0718-2}}</ref> Meanwhile, the [[Unitit States Airmy Air Forces]] (USAAF) war destroyin strategic an populatit ceeties an touns in Japan in an effort tae destroy Japanese war industrie an ceevilian morale. On the nicht o 9–10 Mairch, USAAF [[Boeing B-29 Superfortress|B-29]] [[bomber]]s [[Bombin o Tokyo|struck Tokyo]] wi thoosands o [[Incendiary device|incendiary bombs]], that killt 100,000 ceevilians an destroyed {{convert|16|sqmi}} within a few oors. Ower the next five month, the USAAF [[Air raids on Japan|firebombed a tot o 67 Japanese ceeties]], killin 393,000 ceevilians an destroyin 65% o biggit-up auries.<ref>{{cite journal|author=John Dower|title=Lessons from Iwo Jima|journal=Perspectives|year=2007|volume= 45|issue=6|pages=54–56|url=http://www.historians.org/perspectives/issues/2007/0709/index.cfm}}</ref> On 11 Julie, Allied leaders [[Potsdam Conference|met in Potsdam, Germany]]. Thay [[Potsdam Greement|confirmed earlier greements]] aboot Germany,<ref name="Williams 2006 90">{{Harvnb|Williams|2006|p=90}}.</ref> an reiteratit the demand for uncondeetional surrender o aw Japanese forces bi Japan, speceefically statin that "the alternative for Japan is prompt an utter destruction".<ref name="Miscamble 2007 201">{{Harvnb|Miscamble|2007|p=201}}.</ref> In this conference, the [[Unitit Kinrick general election, 1945|Unitit Kinrick held its general election]], an [[Clement Attlee]] replaced Churchill as Prime Meenister.<ref name="Miscamble 2007 203_204">{{Harvnb|Miscamble|2007|pp=203–4}}.</ref> [[File:Shigemitsu-signs-surrender.jpg|thumb|right|Japanese foreign affairs meenister [[Mamoru Shigemitsu]] signs the [[Japanese Instrument o Surrender]] on buird {{USS|Missouri|BB-63|6}}, 2 September 1945]] The Allies cried for uncondeetional Japanese surrender in the [[Potsdam Declaration]] o 27 Julie, but the Japanese govrenment rejectit the cry. In early August, the USAAF [[Atomic bombings o Hiroshima an Nagasaki|drappit atomic bombs]] on the Japanese ceeties o [[Hiroshima]] an [[Nagasaki]]. Atween the twa bombins, the Soviets, pursuant tae the Yalta greement, [[Soviet invasion o Manchurie|invadit Japanese-held Manchurie]], an quickly defeatit the [[Kwantung Airmy]], that wis the lairgest Japanese fechtin force.<ref>{{Harvnb|Glantz|2005}}.</ref><ref name="Pape 1993">{{Harvnb|Pape|1993}}.</ref> The Reid Airmy an aw capturt [[Sakhalin]] Island an the [[Kuril Islands]]. On 15 August 1945, [[Surrender o Japan|Japan surrendered]], wi the [[Japanese Instrument o Surrender|surrender documents]] feenally signed at [[Tokyo Bay]] on the deck o the American battleship [[USS Missouri (BB-63)|USS ''Missouri'']] on 2 September 1945, endin the war.<ref name="Beevor 2012 776">{{Harvnb|Beevor|2012|p=776}}.</ref> == Eftermath == The Allies established occupation admeenistrations in [[Allied-occupied Austrick|Austrick]] an [[Allied-occupied Germany|Germany]]. The umwhile becam a neutral state, non-aligned wi ony poleetical bloc. The latter wis dividit intae wastren an eastren occupation zones controlled bi the Wastren Allies an the USSR, accordinly. A [[denazification]] programme in Germany led tae the [[Nuremberg trials|prosecution o Nazi war criminals]] an the remuival o ex-Nazis frae power, awtho this policy muived taewart amnesty an re-integration o ex-Nazis intae Wast German society.<ref name="Frei 2002 41_66">{{Harvnb|Frei|2002|pp=41–66}}.</ref> In an effort tae mainteen [[warld peace]],<ref name="Yoder 1997 39">{{Harvnb|Yoder|1997|p=39}}.</ref> the Allies formed the [[Unitit Naitions]], that offeecially cam intae exeestence on 24 October 1945,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm |title=History of the UN |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=25 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218221016/http://www.un.org/aboutun/history.htm |archivedate=18 February 2010 }}</ref> an adoptit the [[Universal Declaration o Human Richts]] in 1948, as a common staundart for aw [[Member states o the Unitit Naitions|member naitions]].<ref name="Waltz 2002">{{Harvnb|Waltz|2002}}.<br /> The UDHR is viewable here [https://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/].</ref> Post-war diveesion o the warld wis formalised bi twa internaitional militar alliances, the Unitit States-led [[NATO]] an the Soviet-led [[Warsaw Pact]];<ref name="Borstelmann 2005 318">{{Harvnb|Borstelmann|2005|p=318}}.</ref> the lang period o poleetical tensions an militar competeetion atween them, the [[Cauld War]], wad be accompanied bi an unprecedentit [[airms race]] an [[proxy war]]s.<ref>{{Harvnb|Leffler|Westad|2010}}.</ref> [[Korea]], umwhile [[Korea unner Japanese rule|unner Japanese rule]], wis [[Diveesion o Korea|dividit an occupied]] bi the Soviet Union in the [[North Korea|North]] an the US in the [[Sooth Korea|Sooth]] atween 1945 an 1948. Separate republics emerged on baith sides o the 38t parallel in 1948, ilk claimin tae be the legitimate govrenment for aw o Korea, that led ultimately tae the [[Korean War]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Stueck|2010}}.</ref> In Cheenae, naitionalist an communist forces resumed [[Cheenese Ceevil War|the ceevil war]] in Juin 1946. Communist forces war veectorious an established the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae on the mainland, while naitionalist forces retreatit tae [[Taiwan]] in 1949.<ref name="Lynch 2010 12_13">{{Harvnb|Lynch|2010|pp=12–3}}.</ref> == Impact == === Casualties an war crimes === Estimates fur the tot nummer o casualties in the war varies, acause mony diaths went wanrecordit. Maist suggests that some 60 million fowk dee'd in the war, includin aboot [[Battle casualties o Warld War II|20 million militar personnel]] an 40 million ceevilians.<ref name="WWII: C&C">{{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Prof. Joseph V |title=World War II: Combatants and Casualties (1937–1945) |url=http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225004221/http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html |archivedate=25 December 2010 |work=Obee's History Page |publisher=John Jay College of Criminal Justice |accessdate=28 December 2013|df=dmy-all }} {{Cite web |url=http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2018-06-02 |archive-date=2010-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225004221/http://web.jjay.cuny.edu/~jobrien/reference/ob62.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Matthew|last=White|title=Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm|url=http://necrometrics.com/20c5m.htm#Second|work=Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century|publisher=Matthew White's Homepage|accessdate=20 April 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=World War II Fatalities|url=http://secondworldwar.co.uk/index.php/fatalities|publisher=secondworldwar.co.uk|accessdate=20 April 2007|archive-date=2008-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080922185149/http://secondworldwar.co.uk/index.php/fatalities|url-status=dead}}</ref> Mony o the ceevilians dee'd acause o deliberate [[genocide]], [[Leet o massacres|massacres]], [[Strategic bombin in Warld War II|mass-bombins]], [[Infectious disease|disease]], an [[stairvation]]. [[File:Chinese civilians to be buried alive.jpg|thumb|Cheenese civilians bein buiried alive bi sodgers o the [[Imperial Japanese Airmy]], in the [[Nanking Massacre]], December 1937]] In Asie an the Paceefic, atween 3 million an mair nor 10 million ceevilians, maistly Cheenese (estimatit at 7.5 million<ref>{{Harvnb|Dear|Foot|2001|p=290}}.</ref>), wis killt bi the Japanese occupation forces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii.edu/powerkills/SOD.CHAP3.HTM|title=Statistics|last=Rummell|first=R. J|work=Freedom, Democide, War|publisher=The University of Hawaii System|accessdate=25 January 2010}}</ref> The best-kent Japanese atrocity wis the [[Nanking Massacre]], in that fifty tae three hunder thoosand Cheenese ceevilians war raped an murthert.<ref>{{Harvnb|Chang|1997|p=102}}.</ref> Mitsuyoshi Himeta reportit that 2.7 million casualties occurred in the ''[[Three Alls Policy|Sankō Sakusen]]''. General [[Yasuji Okamura]] implementit the policy in Heipei an [[Shantung]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Bix|2000|p=?}}.</ref> The Soviet Union wis responsible for the [[Katyn massacre]] o 22,000 Pols officers,<ref>Kużniar-Plota, Małgorzata (30 November 2004). "Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre". Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation. Retrieved 4 August 2011.</ref> an the impreesonment or execution o thoosands o poleetical preesoners bi the [[NKVD]],<ref>Robert Gellately. Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe. Knopf, 2007 {{ISBN|1-4000-4005-1}} p. 391</ref> === Genocide an concentration camps === The German govrenment led bi [[Adolf Hitler]] an the [[Nazi Pairty]] wis responsible for [[the Holocaust]] (killin o thareaboot 6 million Jews), as weel as fur killin o 2.7 million ethnic [[Nazi crimes agin the Pols nation|Poles]],<ref>Institute of National Remembrance, Polska 1939–1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Materski an Szarota. page 9 ''"Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000"''.</ref> an 4 million ithers that war deemed "[[life unworthy o life|unworthy o life]]" (includin the [[Disabeelity|disabled]] an [[Mental disorder|mentally ill]], [[German mistreatment o Soviet preesoners o war|Soviet preesoners o war]], [[homosexuals]], [[Freemasons]], [[Jehovah's Witnesses]], an [[Romani fowk|Romani]]) as pairt o a programme o deliberate extermination. [[German mistreatment o Soviet preesoners o war|Soviet POWs]] wis kept in especially unbeirable condeetion, an, awtho thair extermination wisnae an offeecial goal, 3.6 million o Soviet POWs oot o 5.7 dee'd in Nazi camps in the war.<ref>{{Harvnb|Herbert|1994|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=M7Y9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA222 222]}}</ref><ref name="Overy 2004 568_569">{{Harvnb|Overy|2004|pp=568–9}}.</ref> In addeetion tae [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]], [[Extermination camp|daith camps]] wis creatit in Nazi Germany fur tae exterminate fowk at an industrial scale. ==Notes== <references group="lower-alpha"/> ==Citations== {{Reflist}} == References == {{Reflist|group=nb}} {{Refbegin|indent=yes|30em}} :{{Cite book|last=Adamthwaite|first=Anthony P.<!--was small caps-->|year=1992|title=The Making of the Second World War|isbn=0-415-90716-0|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=Irvine H., Jr.<!--was small caps-->|year=1975|title=The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex|journal=The Pacific Historical Review|volume=44|issue=2|jstor=3638003|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Applebaum|first=Anne<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Anne Applebaum|year=2003|title=[[Gulag: A History|Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps]]|location=London|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Allen Lane]]|isbn=978-0-7139-9322-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|author=———|year=2012|title=Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–56|location=London|publisher=[[Penguin Books|Allen Lane]]|isbn=978-0-7139-9868-9|ref=CITEREFApplebaum2012}} :{{Cite journal|last=Bacon|first=Edwin<!--was small caps-->|year=1992|title=Glasnost' and the Gulag: New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II|journal=[[Soviet Studies]]|volume=44|issue=6|pages=1069–1086|jstor=152330|doi=10.1080/09668139208412066|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Badsey|first=Stephen<!--was small caps-->|year=1990|title=Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout|url=https://archive.org/details/normandy1944alli0000bads_o8g0|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-0-85045-921-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Balabkins|first=Nicholas<!--was small caps-->|year=1964|title=Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945–1948|url=https://archive.org/details/germanyunderdire0000bala|location=New Brunswick, NJ|publisher=[[Rutgers University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8135-0449-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Barber|first1=John<!--was small caps-->|last2=Harrison|first2=Mark|year=2006|chapter=Patriotic War, 1941–1945|title=''In Ronald Grigor Suny, ed.,''' The Cambridge History of Russia, Volume III: The Twentieth Century ''(pp.&nbsp;217–242)''|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-81144-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Barker|first=A. 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Keith|year=2011|title=In a Sea of Bitterness, Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War|url=https://archive.org/details/inseaofbitternes0000scho|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-6740-5988-7|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Sella|first=Amnon<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Amnon Sella|year=1978|title="Barbarossa": Surprise Attack and Communication|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=13|issue=3|pages=555–583|jstor=260209|doi=10.1177/002200947801300308|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|author=———|year=1983|title=Khalkhin-Gol: The Forgotten War|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1983-10_18_4/page/651|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=18|issue=4|pages=651–687|jstor=260307|ref=CITEREFSella1983}} :{{Cite book|last=Senn|first=Alfred Erich<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Alfred E. Senn|year=2007|title=Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above|url=https://archive.org/details/lithuania1940rev0000senn|location=Amsterdam & New York,&nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Rodopi (publisher)|Rodopi]]|isbn=978-90-420-2225-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Shaw|first=Anthony<!--was small caps-->|year=2000|title=World War II: Day by Day|location=Osceola,&nbsp;WI|publisher=[[MBI Publishing Company]]|isbn=978-0-7603-0939-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Shepardson|first=Donald E.<!--was small caps-->|year=1998|title=The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-military-history_1998-01_62_1/page/135|journal=[[Journal of Military History]]|volume=62|issue=1|pages=135–154|jstor=120398|doi=10.2307/120398|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Shirer|first=William L.<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=William L. Shirer|year=1990|origyear=1960|title=[[The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich|The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany]]|location=New York,&nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|isbn=0-671-72868-7 |ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Shore|first=Zachary<!--was small caps-->|year=2003|title=What Hitler Knew: The Battle for Information in Nazi Foreign Policy|url=https://archive.org/details/whathitlerknewba00shor_0|location=New York,&nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-518261-3|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Slim|first=William<!--was small caps-->|year=1956|title=Defeat into Victory|url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_KU-154-859|location=London|publisher=Cassell|isbn=0-304-29114-5|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Alan<!--was small caps-->|year=1993|title=Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration|url=https://archive.org/details/russiaworldecono00smit|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-08924-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=J.W.<!--was small caps-->|year=1994|title=The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment|url=https://archive.org/details/worldswastedweal0000smit_l8e5|publisher=Institute for Economic Democracy|isbn=0-9624423-2-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Smith|first=Peter C.<!--was small caps-->|year=2002|origyear=1970|title=Pedestal: The Convoy That Saved Malta|url=https://archive.org/details/pedestalmaltacon0000pete|edition=5th|location=Manchester|publisher=Goodall|isbn=978-0-907579-19-9|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Smith|first1=David&nbsp;J.<!--was small caps-->|last2=Pabriks|first2=Artis|last3=Purs|first3=Aldis|last4=Lane|first4=Thomas|year=2002|title=The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania|url=https://archive.org/details/balticstatesesto0000smit_l0z8|location=London|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-28580-3|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Smith|first1=Winston<!--was small caps-->|last2=Steadman|first2=Ralph|year=2004|title=All Riot on the Western Front, Volume 3|publisher=Last Gasp|isbn=978-0-86719-616-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Snyder|first=Timothy<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Timothy D. Snyder|year=2010|title=Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin|url=https://archive.org/details/bloodlandseurope0000snyd_e5a3|location=London|publisher=[[The Bodley Head]]|isbn=978-0-224-08141-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book |last=Sommerville |first=Donald |year=2008 |title=The Complete Illustrated History of World War Two: An Authoritative Account of the Deadliest Conflict in Human History with Analysis of Decisive Encounters and Landmark Engagements |url=https://archive.org/details/completeillustra0000somm |location=Leicester |publisher=Lorenz Books |isbn=978-075481898-4 |ref=harv }} :{{Cite journal|last=Spring|first=D.&nbsp;W.<!--was small caps-->|year=1986|title=The Soviet Decision for War against Finland, 30 November 1939|journal=[[Soviet Studies]]|volume=38|issue=2|pages=207–226|jstor=151203|doi=10.1080/09668138608411636|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Steinberg|first=Jonathan<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Jonathan Steinberg|year=1995|title=The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_english-historical-review_1995-06_110_437/page/620|journal=[[The English Historical Review]]|volume=110|issue=437|pages=620–651|jstor=578338|ref=harv|doi=10.1093/ehr/cx.437.620}} :{{Cite journal|last=Steury|first=Donald P.<!--was small caps-->|year=1987|title=Naval Intelligence, the Atlantic Campaign and the Sinking of the Bismarck: A Study in the Integration of Intelligence into the Conduct of Naval Warfare|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-history_1987-04_22_2/page/209|journal=[[Journal of Contemporary History]]|volume=22|issue=2|pages=209–233|jstor=260931|doi=10.1177/002200948702200202|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Stueck|first=William<!--was small caps-->|year=2010|chapter=The Korean War|title=''In [[Melvyn P. Leffler]] and [[Odd Arne Westad]], eds.,'' The Cambridge History of the Cold War, Volume&nbsp;I: Origins ''(pp.&nbsp;266–287)'' |location= Cambridge |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-83719-4 |ref= harv }} :{{Cite book|last1=Sumner|first1=Ian<!--was small caps-->|last2=Baker|first2=Alix|year=2001|title=The Royal Navy 1939–45|url=https://archive.org/details/royalnavy19391940000sumn|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84176-195-4|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Swain|first=Bruce<!--was small caps-->|year=2001|title=A Chronology of Australian Armed Forces at War 1939–45|location=Crows Nest|publisher=[[Allen & Unwin]]|isbn=978-1-86508-352-0|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Swain|first=Geoffrey<!--was small caps-->|year=1992|title=The Cominform: Tito's International?|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_historical-journal_1992-09_35_3/page/641|journal=[[The Historical Journal]]|volume=35|issue=3|pages=641–663|doi=10.1017/S0018246X00026017|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Tanaka|first=Yuki<!--was small caps-->|year=1996|title=Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/hiddenhorrorsjap0000tana|location=Boulder, CO|publisher=[[Westview Press]]|isbn=978-0-8133-2717-4|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=A. J. P.<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=A. J. P. Taylor|year=1961|title=The Origins of the Second World War|location=London|publisher=[[Hamish Hamilton]]|isbn=|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|author=———|year=1979|title=How Wars Begin|url=https://archive.org/details/howwarsbegin0000tayl|location=London|publisher=[[Hamish Hamilton]]|isbn=978-0-241-10017-2|ref={{sfnRef|Taylor|1979}}}} :{{Cite book|last=Taylor|first=Jay<!--was small caps-->|year=2009|title=The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China|url=https://archive.org/details/generalissimochi00tayl|location=Cambridge,&nbsp;MA|publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|isbn=978-0-674-03338-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Thomas|first1=Nigel<!--was small caps-->|last2=Andrew|first2=Stephen|year=1998|title=German Army 1939–1945 (2): North Africa & Balkans|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-85532-640-8|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Thompson|first1=John Herd<!--was small caps-->|last2=Randall|first2=Stephen J.|author2-link=Stephen Randall (political scientist)|year=2008|title=Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies|url=https://archive.org/details/canadaunitedsta00thom|edition=4th|location=Athens, GA|publisher=[[University of Georgia Press]]|isbn=978-0-8203-3113-3|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Trachtenberg|first=Marc<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Marc Trachtenberg|year=1999|title=A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963|url=https://archive.org/details/constructedpeace0000trac|location=Princeton,&nbsp;NJ|publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|isbn=978-0-691-00273-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Tucker|first1=Spencer C.<!--was small caps-->|authorlink1=Spencer C. Tucker|last2=Roberts|first2=Priscilla Mary|title=Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History|year=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=1-57607-999-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Umbreit|first=Hans<!--was small caps-->|year=1991|chapter=The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe|title=''In P.&nbsp;S. Falla,&nbsp;ed.,'' Germany and the Second World War, Volume&nbsp;2: Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe ''(pp.&nbsp;227–326)''|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-822885-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|author=United States Army<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=United States Army|year=1986|origyear=1953|title=The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941)|url=http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm|location=Washington, DC|publisher=[[Department of the Army]]|ref=CITEREFUS_Army1986|access-date=2018-06-02|archive-date=2009-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619234443/http://history.army.mil/books/wwii/balkan/intro.htm|url-status=dead}} :{{Cite journal|last=Waltz|first=Susan<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Susan Waltz|year=2002|title=Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_third-world-quarterly_2002_23_3/page/437|journal=[[Third World Quarterly]]|volume=23|issue=3|pages=437–448|jstor=3993535|doi=10.1080/01436590220138378|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Ward|first=Thomas A.<!--was small caps-->|year=2010|title=Aerospace Propulsion Systems|location=Singapore|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-0-470-82497-9|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Watson|first=William E.<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=William E. Watson|year=2003|title=Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World|url=https://archive.org/details/tricolorcrescent0000wats|location=Westport,&nbsp;CT|publisher=[[Praeger Publishers|Praeger]]|isbn=0-275-97470-7|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Weinberg|first=Gerhard L.| authorlink=Gerhard Weinberg<!--was small caps-->|year=2005|title=A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II|edition=2nd|location=Cambridge|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-85316-3|ref=harv}}; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy :{{Cite book|last=Wettig|first=Gerhard<!--was small caps-->|year=2008|title=Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953|location=Lanham,&nbsp;MD|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-5542-6|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Wiest|first1=Andrew<!--was small caps-->|last2=Barbier|first2=M. K.|year=2002|title=Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare|location=St Paul, MN|publisher=[[MBI Publishing Company]]|isbn=978-0-7603-1401-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Williams|first=Andrew<!--was small caps-->|year=2006|title=Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished|url=https://archive.org/details/liberalismwarvic0000will|location=Abingdon & New York,&nbsp;NY|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-415-35980-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite journal|last=Wilt|first=Alan F.<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Alan F. Wilt|year=1981|title=Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941|journal=Military Affairs|volume=45|issue=4|pages=187–91|jstor=1987464|doi=10.2307/1987464|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Wohlstetter|first=Roberta<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Roberta Wohlstetter|year=1962|title=Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision|url=https://archive.org/details/pearlharborwarni0000wohl|location=Palo Alto,&nbsp;CA|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-8047-0597-4|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Wolf|first=Holger C.<!--was small caps-->|year=1993|chapter=The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951|title=''In [[Rudi Dornbusch|Rudiger Dornbusch]], Wilhelm Nölling and [[Richard Layard, Baron Layard|Richard Layard]], eds.,'' Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today ''(pp.&nbsp;29–56)''|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|publisher=[[MIT Press]]|isbn=978-0-262-04136-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Wood|first=James&nbsp;B.<!--was small caps-->|year=2007|title=Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable?|url=https://archive.org/details/japanesemilitary0000wood|location=Lanham, MD|publisher=[[Rowman & Littlefield]]|isbn=978-0-7425-5339-2|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Yoder|first=Amos<!--was small caps-->|year=1997|title=The Evolution of the United Nations System|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofunite0000yode|edition=3rd|location=London & Washington,&nbsp;DC|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=1-56032-546-1|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Zalampas|first=Michael<!--was small caps-->|year=1989|title=Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939|url=https://archive.org/details/adolfhitlerthird0000zala|publisher=Bowling Green University Popular Press|isbn=0-87972-462-5|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last=Zaloga|first=Steven&nbsp;J.<!--was small caps-->|authorlink=Steven Zaloga|year=1996|title=Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-85532-478-7|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|author=———|year=2002|title=Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg|url=https://archive.org/details/poland1939birtho0000zalo|location=Oxford|publisher=[[Osprey Publishing]]|isbn=978-1-84176-408-5|ref=CITEREFZaloga2002}} : Zeiler, Thomas W. and Daniel M. DuBois, eds. ''A Companion to World War II'' (2 vol 2013), 1030pp; comprehensive overview by scholars :{{Cite book|last=Zeiler|first=Thomas W.<!--was small caps-->|year=2004|title=Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II|url=https://archive.org/details/unconditionaldef0000zeil|location=Wilmington, DE|publisher=Scholarly Resources|isbn=978-0-8420-2991-9|ref=harv}} :{{Cite book|last1=Zetterling|first1=Niklas<!--was small caps-->|last2=Tamelander|first2=Michael|year=2009|title=''Bismarck'': The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship|url=https://archive.org/details/bismarckfinalday0000zett|location=Drexel Hill,&nbsp;PA|publisher=[[Casemate Publishers|Casemate]]|isbn=978-1-935149-04-0|ref=harv}} {{Refend}} [[Category:Conflicts in 1939]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1940]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1941]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1942]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1943]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1944]] [[Category:Conflicts in 1945]] [[Category:Global conflicts]] [[Category:History o Montenegro]] [[Category:History o the Soviet Union an Soviet Roushie]] [[Category:History o the Unitit States (1918–45)]] [[Category:Modren Europe]] [[Category:Modren history]] [[Category:Nuclear warfare]] [[Category:Wars involvin Albanie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Australie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Austrick]] [[Category:Wars involvin Belgium]] [[Category:Wars involvin Bolivie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Brazil]] [[Category:Wars involvin Breetish Indie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Bulgarie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Burma]] [[Category:Wars involvin Cambodie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Canadae]] [[Category:Wars involvin Chile]] [[Category:Wars involvin Colombie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Costa Rica]] [[Category:Wars involvin Croatie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Cuba]] [[Category:Wars involvin Czechoslovakie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Denmark]] [[Category:Wars involvin Ecuador]] [[Category:Wars involvin Egyp]] [[Category:Wars involvin El Salvador]] [[Category:Wars involvin Estonie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Ethiopie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Finland]] [[Category:Wars involvin Fraunce]] [[Category:Wars involvin Germany]] [[Category:Wars involvin Greece]] [[Category:Wars involvin Guatemala]] [[Category:Wars involvin Haiti]] [[Category:Wars involvin Honduras]] [[Category:Wars involvin Hungary]] [[Category:Wars involvin Iceland]] [[Category:Wars involvin Indonesie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Italy]] [[Category:Wars involvin Iran]] [[Category:Wars involvin Iraq]] [[Category:Wars involvin Japan]] [[Category:Wars involvin Laos]] [[Category:Wars involvin Latvie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Lebanon]] [[Category:Wars involvin Liberie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Lithuanie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Luxembourg]] [[Category:Wars involvin Mexico]] [[Category:Wars involvin Mongolie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Montenegro]] [[Category:Wars involvin Nepal]] [[Category:Wars involvin Norawa]] [[Category:Wars involvin Nicaragua]] [[Category:Wars involvin Panama]] [[Category:Wars involvin Paraguay]] [[Category:Wars involvin Peru]] [[Category:Wars involvin Poland]] [[Category:Wars involvin Romanie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Saudi Arabie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Serbie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Slovakie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Slovenie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Sooth Africae]] [[Category:Wars involvin Sri Lanka]] [[Category:Wars involvin Sirie]] [[Category:Wars involvin Thailand]] [[Category:Wars involvin Turkey]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Dominican Republic]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Netherlands]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Philippines]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Republic o Cheenae]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Republic o Macedonie]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Wars involvin the Unitit States]] [[Category:Wars involvin Uruguay]] [[Category:Wars involvin Venezuela]] [[Category:Wars involvin Vietnam]] [[Category:Warld War II|*]] h4ob79n5876vagyfiyl9u60st9942sv Futaleufú Depairtment 0 47202 916385 643115 2026-05-07T14:07:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See Template:Infobox Settlement for additional fields that may be available--> <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Futaleufú |official_name = Departamento Futaleufú |other_name = |native_name = <!-- if different from the English name --> |native_name_lang = <!-- Use ISO639 code, e.g. "fr" for French. If there is more than one native name, in differenet languages, enter those names using {{tl|lang}}, instead --> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!-- e.g. Town, Village, City, etc.--> |total_type = <!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Futaleufu department.gif |mapsize = 125px |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = |pushpin_mapsize = <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Argentinae}} |subdivision_type1 = Province |subdivision_name1 = [[Chubut]] |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = <!-- Smaller parts (e.g. boroughs of a city) and seat of government --> |seat_type = Caipital |seat = [[Esquel]] |parts_type = |parts_style = <!-- =list (for list), coll (for collapsed list), para (for paragraph format) Default is list if up to 5 items, coll if more than 5--> |parts = <!-- parts text, or header for parts list --> |p1 = |p2 = <!-- etc. up to p50: for separate parts to be listed--> <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Rafael Williams [[Partido Justicialista|PJ]] |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |established_title = Foondation |established_date = 25 Februar 1906 |founder = ? <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = <!--Enter: Imperial, to display imperial before metric--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 9435 <!-- ALL fields with measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_water_percent = <!-- Elevation --------------------------> |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_max_m = |elevation_min_m = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of = 2001 |population_footnotes = {{census-ar|2001}} |population_blank1_title = Chynge 1991-2001 |population_blank1 = +21.95% |population_total = 37540 |population_est = |pop_est_as_of = |population_density_km2 = auto <!--For automatic calculation, any density field may contain: auto --> |population_density_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coor_pinpoint =<!-- can be used to specify exactly where/what the coordinates refer to --> |coordinates = {{coord|42|54|S|71|19|W|region:AR-U_type:adm2nd|display=inline}} |postal_code_type = Post Code |postal_code = U9200 |area_code = 02945 |website = http://www.esquel.gov.ar |footnotes = |blank_name = Resident |blank_info = ? |blank1_name = Distance tae [[Buenos Aires]] |blank1_info = 1,998km |blank2_name = Distance tae [[Rawson, Chubut]] |blank2_info = ? |blank3_name = Patron |blank3_info = ? }} '''Futaleufú''' is a [[Depairtments o Argentinae|depairtment]] in the north wast o [[Chubut]], [[Argentinae]]. Its main toun an caipital is [[Esquel]] tae the north, wi [[Trevelin]] an [[El Corcovado]] as the anerlie ither touns o significant size. Ither dounsets are [[Cerro Centinela]], [[Aldea Escolar]], [[Los Cipreses]] an [[Lago Rosario]]. The population o the depairtment is 37,500 inhabitants as per the {{census-ar|2001}}, which represents a population density o fewer than 4 inhabitants/km². The partido is bordered tae the north bi the [[Cushamen Depairtment]], tae the sooth an east bi the Languiñeo depairtment an tae the wast bi [[Chile]]. The name comes frae the [[Futaleufú River]] which rises in the [[Los Alerces Naitional Pairk]] an flows throu the depairtment intae Chile an on tae the [[Paceefic Ocean]]. ==Dounsets== *'''[[Esquel]]''' *[[Trevelin]] *[[Corcovado, Chubut|Corcovado]] *[[Lago Rosario]] *[[Aldea Escolar]] *[[Los Cipreses]] *[[Villa Futalaufquen]] *[[Cerro Centinela]] *Nahuel Pan *Los Tepues *Barrancas *Cabaña A. Pescado ==Attractions== *La Hoya Ski Resort *[[Los Alerces Naitional Pairk]] *[[La Trochita]], historic 1922 narrae gauge railwey ==References== * {{ar-mi-dept|1842}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{es icon}} [http://www.esquelonline.com.ar Esquel Online] *{{es icon}} [http://www.esquel.gov.ar Esquel Municipal Wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130234327/http://www.esquel.gov.ar/ |date=2020-11-30 }} {{Depairtments Chubut}} [[Category:States an territories established in 1906]] [[Category:Depairtments o Chubut]] [[Category:Patagonie]] d45ojywq9wrmh3wjhuj24udnbtpx9n2 Leet o ceeties proper bi population 0 53335 916405 898494 2026-05-07T16:08:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916405 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a leet o the maist populous ceeties in the warld defined accordin tae a concept o [[ceety proper]] (an urban locality wioot its suburbs). A ceety proper is a locality defined accordin tae legal or poleetical boundaries an an admeenistratively recognised urban status that is uisually characterized bi some fairm o local govrenment.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=6 |title=World Urbanization Prospects: The 2007 Revision Population Database |publisher=Esa.un.org |date= |accessdate=2010-07-26 |archive-date=2010-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822053414/http://esa.un.org/unup/index.asp?panel=6 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/densurb/densurbanNotes.htm |title=United Nations Statistics Division - Demographic and Social Statistics |publisher=Millenniumindicators.un.org |date= |accessdate=2010-07-26 |archive-date=2011-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623192351/http://millenniumindicators.un.org/unsd/demographic/sconcerns/densurb/densurbanNotes.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Demographic Yearbook 2005, Volume 57 |year=2008 |publisher=United Nations |isbn=92-1-051099-2 |page=756 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=OwfGJtkpCbwC&pg=PA241&lpg=PA241& |accessdate=2010-07-19 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> "Warld Urbanization Prospects", a [[Unitit Naitions]] publication, defines the population o a ceety proper as "the population livin within the admeenistrative boundaries o a ceety."<ref name=wup1>{{cite book |title=World Urbanization Prospects: The 2003 Revision |year=2004 |publisher=United Nations |isbn=92-1-151396-0 <!-- This is the correct ISBN. The number on the copyright page of the book is invalid. --> |page=105 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=oxOAckK2stYC&pg=PA105 |accessdate=2010-07-19 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> The beuk continues tae say that "ceety proper as defined bi admeenistrative boundaries mey nae include suburban auries whur an important proportion o the population wirkin or studyin in the ceety lives." The term [[ceety]] can tak on mony meanins in different pairts o the warld. For the purposes o this leet, the definition o a ceety as a primarily urban locality is uised. This leet enumerates the populations o some o the warld's lairgest ceeties, the boundaries o which mey or mey nae correspond tae those o [[municipality|municipalities]]. The populations leetit are for the admeenistratively defined ceety an nae for the [[urban aurie]] nor the [[metropolitan aurie]]. Statistical definitions for each ceety, approximate surface aurie, an [[population density]] are an aa indicatit. ==Ceeties proper bi population== {| class="sortable wikitable" |- !Rank !Ceety !Image !Population !Defineetion !Aurie (km²) !Population density (/km²) !Kintra |- |1 | [[Shanghai]] | [[File:Shanghai - Pudong - Lujiazui.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|24,150,000}}<ref>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-02/27/content_17311272.htm Shanghai's permanent population exceeds 24 million]</ref> | [[Leet o admeenistrative diveesions o Shanghai|Direct-controlled Municipality]]<ref>{{cite web|title=CHINA: Administrative Division of Shanghai (上海市)|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-township-shanghai-admin.php|publisher=CityPopulation.De|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref><ref>The ceety proper based on the destricts o Huangpu, Xuhui, Changning, Jing'an, Putuo, Zhabei, Hongkou an Yangpu considered "core destricts"-the aulder pairt (Puxi) + Inner suburbs (destricts): Jiading, Baoshan, Minhang an Pudong New Aurie.</ref> | {{nts|6340.5}} | {{nts|3800}} | {{CHN}} |- |2 | [[Beijing]] | [[File:View of Beijing.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|21,150,000}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/xwgb/tjgb/ndgb/201302/t20130207_243837.htm|title=北京市2012年国民经济和社会发展统计公报|date=2013-02-07|accessdate=2013-02-18|publisher=Beijing Statistics Bureau|archive-date=2013-10-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003092900/http://www.bjstats.gov.cn/xwgb/tjgb/ndgb/201302/t20130207_243837.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Leet o admeenistrative diveesions o Beijing|Direct-controlled Municipality]]<ref>Beijing is ane o the fower direct-controlled municipalities o Fowkrepublic o Cheenae, an is dividit intae 14 destricts an 2 coonties. The ceety proper based on the destricts o Dongcheng an Xicheng considered "core destricts" - the aulder pairt + Inner suburbs (destricts): Chaoyang, Haidian, Fengtai an Shijingshan.</ref> | {{nts|16410.54}} | {{nts|1288}} | {{CHN}} |- |3 | [[Karachi]] | | {{nts|21142625}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Pakistan: Karachi City|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Pakistan-Karachi.html|publisher=citypopulation.de - Archive|accessdate=8 May 2014}}</ref>{{full|date=March 2014}} | [[Leet o Union Councils o Karachi|Ceety Destrict Govrenment]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=94|title=Town/District Maps|publisher=Karachi Metropolitan Corporation (KMC)|access-date=2014-06-03|archive-date=2014-02-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209055206/http://kmc.gos.pk/Contents.aspx?id=94|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nts|3527}} | {{nts|5994}} | {{PAK}} |- |4 | [[Lagos]] | | {{nts|16,060,307}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Local Government Lagos - Population (2006)|url=http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6|publisher=Lagos Bureau of Statistics|accessdate=13 March 2014|archive-date=2015-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018094514/http://www.lagosstate.gov.ng/pagelinks.php?p=6|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nigerianmuse.com/20070207234037zg/sections/important-documents/document-errors-miscalculations-omissions-in-lagos-census-figures/ Nigerian Muse: "Errors, Miscalculations, Omissions in Lagos Census Figures" Table 7]</ref> | [[Lagos State|Local Govrenment Areas (LGAs)]]<ref>{{cite web|title=NIGERIA: Metro Lagos|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/nigeria-metrolagos.php|publisher=CityPopulation.De|accessdate=13 March 2014}}</ref><ref>The Lagos State is made up o 20 destricts (3568 square kilometers). The Metropolitan Lagos (Ceety proper) is made up o 16 destricts: Agege; Ajeromi-Ifelodun; Alimosho; Amuwo-Odofin; Apapa; Eti-Osa; Ifako-Ijaye; Ikeja; Kosofe; Lagos Island; Lagos Mainland; Mushin; Ojo; Oshodi-Isolo; Shomolu; Surulere (1171 square kilometres).</ref> | {{nts|999.58}}<ref>The surface o the Metropolitan Lagos is 1171 square kilometres, but 171 square kilometres is watter (lagoon).</ref> | {{nts|16067}} | {{NGR}} |- |5 | [[Istanbul]] | [[File:Istanbul Fatih Sultan Mehmet Bridge IMG 7249 1725.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|14,160,467}}<ref name="Population of Turkey">{{cite web|url=http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/HbGetirHTML.do?id=15974|publisher=[[Turkish Statistical Institute]]|title=The Results of Address Based Population Registration System, 2013|date=31 December 2013|accessdate=29 January 2014|archive-date=2018-12-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226013102/http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/jsp/hata/body/hata.jsp;jsessionid=HGjjcvZFPzJRWLtt5XnWKh0zTzfWZ1F78DYr0jTsygZWkPpWNxSX!-604987181|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Leet o destricts o Istanbul|Metropolitan Municipality-Province]]<ref>The ceety, considered caipital o Istanbul Province, is admeenistered bi the Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IMM), which owersees the thirty-nine destricts o the ceety-province (thirty-sax urban destricts an three rural destricts).</ref> | {{nts|2189.79}}<ref>Accordin tae the new Metropolitan Municipal Law (No.5216/2004-5), Jurisdiction o Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IMM), the ceety aurie is 5343.02 square kilometers. Destricts: Çatalca, Silivri an Şile (tot aurie 3153.23 square kilometers) are almaist entirely rural.</ref> | {{nts|6467}} | {{TUR}} |- |6 | [[Guangzhou]] | [[File:Pearl River Night Cruise.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|12700800}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gzstats.gov.cn/tjgb/glpcgb/201105/t20110517_25227.htm|title=广州市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报|publisher=China National Census|accessdate=9 May 2014|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225115149/http://www.gzstats.gov.cn/gzstats/error404.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Leet o admeenistrative diveesions o Guangzhou|Sub-Provincial Ceety]]<ref>Guangzhou Ceety is a sub-provincial ceety an it is dividit intae 10 destricts an 2 Coonty-level ceeties. Guangzhou is further dividit intae 131 Subdestricts an 38 Touns. The ceety proper (destricts): Yuexiu, Liwan, Haizhu, Tianhe, Baiyun, Huangpu, Panyu, Huadu an Industrial Destricts - Nansha, Luogang.</ref> | {{nts|3843.43}} | {{nts|3305}} | {{CHN}} |- |7 | [[Mumbai]] | [[File:Mumbai 03-2016 10 skyline of Lotus Colony.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|12478447}}<ref name="india1">{{cite web |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|publisher=Census of India|title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011|accessdate=2011-10-18}}</ref> | [[Admeenistrative divisions o Mumbai|Municipal Corporation]]<ref>Mumbai Ceety consists o twa distinct regions: Mumbai Ceety destrict (Island Ceety) an Mumbai Suburban destrict (Wastren Suburban an Eastren Suburban), grouped intae 24 wards, unner the admeenistration o Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC). The remainin aurie belangs tae Defence, Mumbai Port Trust, Atomic Energy Commission an Borivali Naitional Pairk, which are oot o the jurisdiction o the BMC.</ref> | {{nts|603.4}} | {{nts|20680}} | {{IND}} |- |8 | [[Moscow]] | [[File:Москва-Сити 10 ноября 2013.JPG|125px]] | {{nts|12111194}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/PrPopul.xls|title=RUSSIA: Moscow|publisher=mos.ru|accessdate=2014|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225132215/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/PrPopul.xls%0A|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Moscow|Federal Ceety]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mos.ru/en/authority/structure/|title=Территориальное устройство|publisher=Moscow City Government|access-date=2014-06-03|archive-date=2013-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130108044822/http://mos.ru/en/authority/structure/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>The federal ceety o Moscow is dividit intae twelve admeenistrative okrugs, which are in turn subdividit intae destricts (raions).</ref> | {{nts|2510.12}}<ref name="RusArea2009">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rosreestr.ru/upload/www/files/gos_doclad_2008.pdf |title=Ministry of Economic Development of the Russian Federation. Federal Registration, Cadastre&Cartograhy Service. Russia Landuse National Report 2008, p.187-188 ('''in Russian''') |access-date=2013-06-29 |archive-date=2014-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141010021939/https://rosreestr.ru/upload/www/files/gos_doclad_2008.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{nts|4825}} | {{RUS}} |- |9 | [[São Paulo]] | [[File:Radial Leste.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|11821873}}<ref name="brazil1">{{cite web|url=ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2013/estimativa_2013_dou.pdf|title=ESTIMATIVAS DA POPULAÇÃO RESIDENTE NOS MUNICÍPIOS BRASILEIROS COM DATA DE REFERÊNCIA EM 1º DE JULHO DE 2013|publisher=[[Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística|IBGE]]|language=Portuguese|accessdate=31 August 2013}}</ref> | [[Subdiveesions o São Paulo|Municipality Ceety]]<ref>Administratively, the Municipality o São Paulo is dividit intae 31 subprefecturs, each in turn dividit intae 96 destricts. Locally, deestricts mey contain ane or mair neighborhoods (bairros). The ceety o São Paulo recognizes ten geographical auries uised tae reference locations in the ceety.</ref> | {{nts|1521.11}}<ref name="IBGE">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/areaterritorial/area.php?nome=Rio+de+Janeiro |title=Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2013) |access-date=2012-10-10 |archive-date=2012-10-10 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BIdrjSEI?url=http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/geociencias/areaterritorial/area.php?nome=Rio+de+Janeiro |url-status=live }}</ref> | {{nts|7772}} | {{BRA}} |- |10 | [[Delhi]] | [[File:Skyscrapers connaught place New Delhi.JPG|125px]] | {{nts|11007835}}<ref name="india1" /> | [[Leet o destricts o Delhi|Naitional Caipital Region]]<ref>The Naitional Caipital Territory o Delhi (NCR) is dividit intae eleven revenue destricts, but anly 30% - Ceety proper (urban).</ref> | {{nts|431.09}} | {{nts|25535}} | {{IND}} |- |11 | [[Shenzhen]] | [[File:Shenzhen night street.JPG|125px]] | {{nts|10467400}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2012/szcn/3-1_1ch.htm|title=Shenzhen Statistics|publisher=Shenzhen Government Online|accessdate=2011|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303202329/http://www.sztj.gov.cn/nj2012/szcn/3-1_1ch.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Shenzhen#Admeenistrative diveesions|Sub-Provincial Ceety]] | {{nts|1991.64}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.sz.gov.cn/gi/|title=Shenzhen General Info|publisher=Shenzhen Government Online|accessdate=2011|archive-date=2017-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525115028/http://english.sz.gov.cn/gi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nts|5255}} | {{CHN}} |- |12 | [[Seoul]] | | {{nts|10388055}}<ref name="seoul2">{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/Seoul_System5.jsp?stc_cd=418|title=Seoul Statistics (Population)(2013)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=3 March 2014|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220844/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/Seoul_System5.jsp?stc_cd=418|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Leet o destricts o Seoul|Special Ceety]] | {{nts|605.21}}<ref name="seoul1">{{cite web|url=http://stat.seoul.go.kr/Seoul_System5.jsp?stc_cd=418|title=Seoul Statistics (Land Area)|publisher=Seoul Metropolitan Government|accessdate=2012|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220844/http://stat.seoul.go.kr/Seoul_System5.jsp?stc_cd=418|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nts|17164}} | {{KOR}} |- |13 | [[Jakarta]] | [[File:Jakarta Car Free Day.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|9988329}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://dki.kependudukancapil.go.id/index.php/statistik |title=Jumlah Penduduk Provinsi DKI Jakarta (2013) |work=Dinas Kependudukan dan Pencatatan Sipil Provinsi DKI Jakarta |accessdate=15 March 2014 |archive-date=2014-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326015559/http://dki.kependudukancapil.go.id/index.php/statistik |url-status=dead }}</ref> | [[Jakarta#Admeenistration|Caipital Region - Five Kota]]<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/php/indonesia-admin.php INDONESIA: Administrative Division]</ref> | {{nts|664.12}} | {{nts|15040}} | {{IDN}} |- |14 | [[Lima]] | [[File:Lima Plaza Mayor1 cropped.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|9751717}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/peru-limametro.php|title=PERU: Lima Metropolitan Area|publisher=CITY POPULATION.DE}}</ref><ref>[http://www.inei.gob.pe/= INEI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018070956/https://www.inei.gob.pe/= |date=2021-10-18 }}(source)(2014)</ref> | [[Leet o destricts o Lima|Metropolitan Municipality-Province]]<ref>The province o Lima is dividit intae fowerty three "destricts o Lima" which are admeenistered bi the Metropolitan Municipality o Lima. The ceety proper (urban aurie) o Lima is generally considered tae be formed bi thirty o these destricts. The remainin thirteen destricts consist o maistly rural an sparsely populatit desert an moontainous auries. The Metropolitan Municipality o Callao is dividit intae sax destricts.</ref> | {{nts|933.63}}<ref>The ceeties o Lima an Callao forms a single ceety "continues". Callao is juist a ceety "admeenistrative". Economically an geographically is a destrict o the Metropolitan Municipality o Lima.</ref> | {{nts|9489}} | {{PER}}| |- |15 | [[Kinshasa]] | [[File:Kinshasa-Gombe, from CCIC.JPG|125px]] | {{nts|9735000}}<ref name="demographia">{{cite web|title=Demographia World Urban Areas (2014)|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|publisher=Demographia|accessdate=17 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Evenements: "Avec une population de 9,5 millions, Kinshasa est la troisième plus grande ville sur le continent africain, de taille égale à Johannesburg. Le Kinois (habitants de Kinshasa) sont connus pour leur sens de l'humour, leur musique et leur amour pour la danse."(2013)|url=http://www.kinshasa.cd/|publisher=Ville de Kinshasa|access-date=2014-06-03|archive-date=2001-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011027044821/http://www.kinshasa.cd/|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{full|date=March 2014}} | [[Communes o Kinshasa|Metropolitan Municipality-Province]]<ref>The province o Kinshasa is dividit intae twenty-fower destricts, admeenistered bi the Metropolitan Municipality o Kinshasa. But the destricts (communes) o Maluku an Nsele (N'Sele) are rural an nae pairt o the ceety proper. The ceety proper (urban area) o Kinshasa is generally considered tae be formed bi twenty-twa "communes".</ref> | {{nts|1117.62}}<ref>Accordin tae the Constitution o Democratic Republic o the Congo, the province o Kinshasa covers 9965.21 km<sup>2</sup>. Maluku an N'Sele (tot area 8847.59 km<sup>2</sup>) are entirely rural, wi a very very law density.</ref> | {{nts|8710}} | {{COD}} |- |16 | [[Tianjin]] | [[File:天津南京路滨江道交口.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|9341844}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.enorth.com.cn/system/2011/04/29/006466166.shtml|title=天津市公报2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据|publisher=Enorth.com.cn|accessdate=29 April 2011}}</ref> | [[Leet o administrative diveesions o Tianjin|Direct-controlled Municipality]]<ref>Based on the destricts o Heping, Hexi, Hebei, Nankai, Hedong, Hongqiao, Jinnan, Dongli, Xiqing, Beichen an Binhai New Aurie, considered "core destricts". Stairtin frae November 2009, Binhai New Aurie wis consolidatit intae a district, an the umwhile subordinate destricts o Tanggu, Hangu an Dagang wur abolished. Binhai is pairt o the Bohai Economic Rim an is expectit tae acome anither asset tae regional development, follaein the rise o Shenzhen Special Economic Zone an Shanghai Pudong New Aurie. It is a Special Economic Zone (SEZ) o the PRC, meanin experimental reforms are takin place here.</ref> | {{nts|4037}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-township-tianjin-admin.php|title= CHINA: Administrative Division of Tianjin (天津市)}}</ref> | {{nts|2314}} | {{CHN}} |- |17 | [[Tokyo]] | [[File:Skyscrapers of Shinjuku 2009 January (revised).jpg|125px]] | {{nts|9071577}}<ref>{{cite web|title=「東京都の人口（推計）」の概要（平成26年2月1日現在） (2014)|url=http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/INET/CHOUSA/2014/02/60o2r100.htm|work=Tokyo Metropolitan Government (JPN)|accessdate=20 March 2014|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053154/http://www.metro.tokyo.jp/INET/CHOUSA/2014/02/60o2r100.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Special wards o Tokyo|23 Special Wards (tokubetsu-ku)]] | {{nts|622.99}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Land Area by District|url=http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/tnenkan/2011/tn11q3e001.htm|work=Tokyo Metropolitan Government (ENG)|accessdate=20 March 2014}}</ref> | {{nts|14562}} | {{JPN}} |- |18 | [[Cairo]] | [[File:Kairo 001.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|8922949}}<ref name="Capmas2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/Electronic%20Static%20Book2013/english/population/untitled1/pop.aspx|title=Estimated Population by Governorate|publisher=[[CAPMAS]]|accessdate=September 2013|archive-date=2013-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131231000306/http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/Electronic%20Static%20Book2013/english/population/untitled1/pop.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Cairo Governorate|Governorate]]<ref>In Aprile 2011, Prime Meenister Essam Sharaf abolished the Helwan Govrenorate an reincorporatit its territory intae the Cairo Govrenorate. The tot aurie o the govrenorate is 3085.1 square kilometers, the ceety aurie is 453 square kilometers, but the Egyptian govrenment considered the Cairo Govrenorate is that a whole ceety an aw statistics relate tae the "govrenorate".</ref> | {{nts|3085.1}}<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/php/egypt-cairo-admin.php EGYPT: Cairo]</ref> | {{nts|2892}} | {{EGY}} |- |19 | [[Dhaka]] | [[File:Dhaka-Bangladesh.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|8906039}}<ref>{{cite web|title=BANGLADESH: Dhaka (Census 2011)|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/bangladesh-admin.php|work=CityPopulation.De|accessdate=10 March 2014}}</ref> | [[Dhaka Ceety Corporation|Ceety Corporation]]<ref>Dhaka Ceety Corporation wis established as the Dhaka Municipality on August 1, 1864. The Awami League govrenment on 29 November 2011 dissolved the Dhaka Ceety Corporation bi the Local Govrenment (Ceety Corporation) Amendment Bill 2011 passed bi the Pairlament o Bangladesh efter bein placed in the Pairlament on November 23. The ceety corporation will be split intae twa corporations, North an Sooth. The municipal aurie o Dhaka ceety is unner the jurisdiction o the Dhaka Ceety Corporation (North - Sooth) an the municipal aurie is dividit intae 92 wards.</ref> | {{nts|302.92}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Dhaka Zila|url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/bangladesh.aspx|work=GeoHive|accessdate=10 March 2014|archive-date=2014-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140226131728/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/bangladesh.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>The Dhaka City Corporation (North-South) not included the cities: Keraniganj, Gāzipur, Sābhār, Rupganj, Narayanganj.</ref> | {{nts|29401}} | {{BAN}} |- |20 | [[Mexico Ceety]] | [[File:Ciudad.de.Mexico.City.Distrito.Federal.DF.Paseo.Reforma.Skyline.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|8874724}}<ref>{{cite web|title=MEXICO: Mexico City (2014)|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/mexico-mexicocity.php|work=CityPopulation.De|accessdate=15 March 2014}}</ref> | [[Mexico Ceety's boroughs|Federal Destrict]] | {{nts|1485.49}}<ref name="ConapoZM">[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133&Itemid=212 Consejo Nacional de Población, México; Delimitación de las zonas metropolitanas de México 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202063503/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133&Itemid=212 |date=2010-12-02 }} Retrieved on 2010-11-26.</ref> | {{nts|5974}} | {{MEX}} |- |21 | [[Bangalore]] | [[File:UB City.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|8425970}}<ref name=india1/> | [[Leet o destricts o Karnataka#Alphabetical leetin|Municipal Corporation]] | {{nts|709.5}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mapofbangalore.com/trip/|title=trip from Bangalore|accessdate=5 April 2014|archive-date=2016-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504021007/http://www.mapofbangalore.com/trip/|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nts|11876}} | {{IND}} |- |22 | [[New York Ceety]] | [[File:LowerManhattanSept2013.png|125px]] | {{nts|8405837}}<ref name="United States">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=bkmk|title=Census Estimates (2013)|publisher=United States Census Bureau|accessdate=31 March 2014}}</ref> | [[Borough (New York Ceety)|Five Boroughs]]<ref>New York Ceety is componed o five boroughs: Manhattan, The Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, Staten Island</ref> | {{nts|783.84}} | {{nts|10724}} | {{USA}} |- |23 | [[Lunnon]] | [[File:Canary Wharf Skyline 2, London UK - Oct 2012.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|8308369}}<ref name="2012 ONS Population">[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-england-and-wales/mid-2012/mid-2012-population-estimates-for-england-and-wales.html Annual Mid-year Population Estimates for England and Wales, 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001024944/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-england-and-wales/mid-2012/mid-2012-population-estimates-for-england-and-wales.html |date=2015-10-01 }} (press release). Ons.gov.uk (2013-06-26). Retrieved 2013-06-26.</ref> | [[Local govrenment in Lunnon|Greater Lunnon Authority]]<ref>The 33 local authorities are the 32 Lunnon borough cooncils an the Ceety o Lunnon Corporation.</ref> | {{nts|1572.15}} | {{nts|5285}} | {{UK}} |- |24 | [[Bangkok]] | [[File:The Baiyoke Tower II in Bangkok, Thailand.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|8280925}}<ref name="2010 census 1">{{cite web|title=Table 1 Population by sex, household type and household by type, average size of private household by region and area: 2010 |url=http://service.nso.go.th/nso/nso_center/project/table/files/C-pop/2553/000/00_C-pop_2553_000_010000_00100.xls |publisher=National Statistics Office|work=Statistic tables, NSO website|accessdate=18 September 2012}}</ref> | [[Leet o destricts o Bangkok|Metropolitan Municipality-Province]]<ref>Bangkok is subdividit intae 50 destricts (khet เขต, an aa sometimes wrangly cried amphoe อำเภอ as in the ither provinces, derived frae Pali khetta, cognate tae Sanskrit kṣetra), which are further subdividit intae 169 khwaeng แขวง, roughly equivalent tae tambon ตำบล in the ither provinces.</ref> | {{nts|1568.74}} | {{nts|5280}} | {{THA}} |- |25 | [[Dongguan]] | [[File:Dongguan Avenue (CBD) 2010.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|8220207}}<ref>{{cite web|title=China - Guangdong Province (2010)|url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/cn-44.aspx|publisher=GeoHive|accessdate=14 March 2014|archive-date=2016-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316085121/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/cn-44.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Dongguan#Admeenistration|Sub-Provincial Ceety]] | {{nts|2469.4}} | {{nts|3329}} | {{CHN}} |- |26 | [[Tehran]] | [[File:Tehran tower view.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|8154051}}<ref>{{cite web|title=IRAN: Tehran City (Census 2011)|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/iran-tehrancity.php|publisher=CITY POPULATION.DE|accessdate=25 February 2014}}</ref> | [[Tehran#Location an subdiveesions|Ceety Municipality]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=88 |title=TEHRAN: Administrative Districts |access-date=2014-06-03 |archive-date=2014-07-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726092302/http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=88 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{nts|686}}<ref>{{cite web|title=About Teheran|url=http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=104|publisher=Tehran Municipality|accessdate=25 February 2014|archive-date=2014-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219204318/http://en.tehran.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=104|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nts|11886}} | {{IRN}} |- |27 | [[Bogotá]] | [[File:Centro-Internacional-Bogotá.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|7776845}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/poblacion-y-demografia/proyecciones-de-poblacion|title=Estimaciones y proyecciones de hogares y viviendas|publisher=DANE (2014)|access-date=2014-06-03|archive-date=2016-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202154631/http://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/poblacion-y-demografia/proyecciones-de-poblacion|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Bogotá#Govrenment|Capital Destrict]]<ref>The Caipital Destrict o Bogotá is dividit intae twenty destricts, admeenistered bi the Metropolitan Municipality o Bogotá.</ref> | {{nts|859.11}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bogota.gov.co/|title=Límites|publisher=Bogota Government Corporation}}</ref><ref>The destrict o Sumapaz is completely rural (no ceety services) an is nae pairt o the ceety proper. The aurie wis an important pilgrimage arheoligic steid for the Muisca indigenous fowks in pre-Columbian times an for veesitin the Sumapaz Naitional Pairk. The destrict o Sumapaz represents 0.1% o the population (48% "aurie") o Bogotá Municipality.</ref> | {{nts|9052}} | {{COL}} |- |28 | [[Ho Chi Minh Ceety]] | [[File:Một khúc sông Sài Gòn.JPG|125px]] | {{nts|7681700}}<ref name="vietnam1">{{cite web|url=http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=467&idmid=3&ItemID=14457|title=Average population by province|publisher=General Statistics Office Of Vietnam|accessdate=2012}}</ref> | [[Ho Chi Minh City#Poleetical an admeenistrative system|Metropolitan Municipality-Province]] | {{nts|2095.6}}<ref name="vietnam2">{{cite web|url=http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=467&idmid=3&ItemID=14459|title=Area, population and population density in 2012 by province|publisher=General Statistics Office Of Vietnam}}</ref> | {{nts|3667}} | {{VIE}} |- |29 | [[Hong Kong]] | [[File:Hong Kong view from The Peak 01.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|7219700}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/press_release/pressReleaseDetail.jsp?charsetID=1&pressRID=3405|title=Year-end population for 2013|publisher=The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region|accessdate=10 March 2014}}</ref> | [[Destricts o Hong Kong|Special Admeenistrative Region]] | {{nts|1104.43}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.landsd.gov.hk/mapping/en/publications/hk_geographic_data_sheet.pdf|title=Hong Kong Geographic|publisher=The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administration Region|accessdate=10 March 2014}}</ref> | {{nts|6537}} | {{CHN}} |- |30 | [[Baghdad]] | [[File:Haifa street, as seen from the medical city hospital across the tigres.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|7180889}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Demographic Statistics of Iraq (2009)|url=http://cosit.gov.iq/en/population-manpower-staatistics/life|work=Central Statistical Government of Iraq|accessdate=5 March 2014|archive-date=2014-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305055657/http://cosit.gov.iq/en/population-manpower-staatistics/life|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Admeenistrative destricts in Baghdad|Metropolitan Municipality-Province]]<ref>The province o Baghdad is dividit intae nine destrict, admeenistered bi the Metropolitan Municipality o Baghdad. The destricts are distributit intae 89 Neighborhuid Cooncils.</ref> | {{nts|4555}}<ref>Thare are mony disputes aboot Baghdad ceety (urban) aurie. The ceety o Baghdad haes the special status o provincial. The demographic information reportit tae the ceety proper are non-existent or are the estimates, projections inconclusive. The Metropolitan Municipality o Baghdad is a ceety "federal destrict - province". Is seemilar tae the case o Cairo Govrenorate.</ref> | {{nts|1577}} | {{IRQ}} |- |31 | [[Wuhan]] | [[File:Wuchang-Uprising-Memorial-Square-0127.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|6886253}}<ref>{{cite web|title=武汉市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报 (Main Data from Wuhan 2010 Census)|url=http://www.whtj.gov.cn/Article/ShowArticle.aspx?id=6417|publisher=Wuhan Statistics Bureau|date=10 May 2011|accessdate=31 July 2011|archive-date=2011-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025103716/http://www.whtj.gov.cn/Article/ShowArticle.aspx?id=6417|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Wuhan#Admeenistrative diveesions|Sub-Provincial City]]<ref>The sub-provincial ceety o Wuhan haes direct jurisdiction ower 13 destricts (aicht urban/five rural). The ceety proper (urban) based on the destricts o Jiang'an, Jianghan, Qiaokou, Hanyang, Wuchang an Qingshan considered "core destricts" + Inner suburbs (destricts): Hongshan, Dongxihu.</ref> | {{nts|1327.61}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20111105213243/http://www.whtj.gov.cn/documents/tjnj2010.pdf Wuhan Statistical Yearbook 2010] p. 15</ref> | {{nts|5187}} | {{CHN}} |- |32 | [[Hanoi]] | [[File:Hanoi Cityscape.jpg |125px]] | {{nts|6844100}}<ref name="vietnam1" /> | [[Hanoi#Destricts|Metropolitan Municipality-Province]] | {{nts|3323.6}}<ref name="vietnam2" /> | {{nts|2059}} | {{VIE}} |- |33 | [[Hyderabad]] | [[File:MindSpace campus in Hyderabad, India.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|6809970}}<ref name=india1/> | [[Leet o destricts o Andhra Pradesh|Municipal Corporation]] | {{nts|621.48}}<ref name="Hyd1">{{cite web|url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/greaterhyd.asp|title=Greater Hyderabad Municipal corporation 2010|publisher=GHMC|accessdate=12-04-2010|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225201010/https://www.ghmc.gov.in/greaterhyd.asp|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nts|10958}} | {{IND}} |- |34 | [[Rio de Janeiro]] | [[File:Vista aérea Centro do Rio de Janeiro RJ.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|6429923}}<ref name="brazil1"/> | [[Rio de Janeiro#Ceety destricts|Municipality Ceety]] | {{nts|1200.27}}<ref name="IBGE"/> | {{nts|5357}} | {{BRA}} |- |35 | [[Lahore]] | [[File:Kalma Underpass1.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|6318745}}<ref name=pakistan/> | [[Leet o touns in Lahore|Ceety Destrict]] | {{nts|1772}}<ref name=pakistan>{{cite web|url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/pakistan.aspx|title=Lahore City District - Lahore City Tehsil|publisher=GeoHive|accessdate=10 March 2014|archive-date=2013-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130406012611/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/pakistan.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nts|3566}} | {{PAK}} |- |36 | [[Foshan]] | [[File:Downtown of Guicheng.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|6151622}}<ref>{{cite web|title=佛山2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报[1]|url=http://fs.house.sina.com.cn/news/2011-05-16/094028198.shtml|work=City of Foshan|accessdate=30 January 2014|archive-date=2014-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202204550/http://fs.house.sina.com.cn/news/2011-05-16/094028198.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>Districts of Changcheng, Nanhai, Shunde; see [[Foshan#Admeenistration]]</ref> | [[Foshan#Admeenistration|Sub-Provincial Ceety]] | {{nts|2034.62}}<ref>{{cite web|title=About Foshan|url=http://www.foshan.gov.cn/english/|work=City of Foshan|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref> | {{nts|3023}} | {{CHN}} |- |37 | [[Santiago]] | [[File:Santiago de Chile.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|5743719}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Chile - Santiago (Census 2012)|url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/chile.aspx|accessdate=1 March 2014}}</ref> | [[Santiago Province, Chile|Metropolitan Municipality-Province]]<ref>The province o Santiago is dividit intae thirty-twa destricts, admeenistered bi the Metropolitan Municipality o Santiago. But the destrict o Lo Barnechea is rural (moontains) an is nae pairt o the ceety proper. The ceety proper (urban aurie) o Santiago is generally considered tae be formed bi thirty-ane destricts (Province o Santiago), the destrict o Puente Alto (Province o Cordillera), an the destrict o San Bernardo (Province o Maipo).</ref> | {{nts|1249.9}} | {{nts|4595}} | {{CHI}} |- |38 | [[Riyadh]] | [[File:Riyadh 1337.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|5676621}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Composition of Population (2012)|url=http://www.arriyadh.com/openshare/Eng/ADA/Content/ADA-Public/Investment_Arriyadh_2013.pdf|work=Arriyadh Development Authority|accessdate=4 March 2014|archive-date=2013-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130823065650/http://www.arriyadh.com/openshare/Eng/ADA/Content/ADA-Public/Investment_Arriyadh_2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Riyadh#Geography and climate|Municipality City]]<ref>Riyadh is dividit intae 15 branch municipalities, in addeetion tae the Diplomatic Quarter. Each branch municipality in turn contains several districts, amoontin tae ower 130 in tot, tho some destricts are dividit atween mair nor ane branch municipality. The branch municipalities are Al-Shemaysi, Irqah, Al-Ma'athar, Al-Olayya, Al-Aziziyya, Al-Malaz, Al-Selayy, Nemar, Al-Neseem, Al-Shifa, Al-'Urayja, Al-Bat'ha, Al-Ha'ir, Al-Rawdha, an Al-Shimal ("the North").</ref> | {{nts|1233.98}}<ref>Arriyadh Development Authority (Investment_Arriyadh_2013)</ref> | {{nts|4600}} | {{KSA}} |- |39 | [[Ahmedabad]] | [[File:Amdavad Aerial.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|5570585}}<ref name=india1/> | [[Ahmedabad destrict|Municipal Corporation]] | {{nts|475}} | {{nts|11727}} | {{IND}} |- |40 | [[Singapore]] | [[File:Singapore CBD skyline from Esplanade at dusk.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|5399200}}<ref>{{cite web|title=POPULATION IN BRIEF 2013|url=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/browse_by_theme/population/statistical_tables/popinbrief2013.pdf|work=http://www.singstat.gov.sg/|publisher=Singapore|accessdate=22 January 2014|archive-date=2013-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113144038/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/statistics/browse_by_theme/population/statistical_tables/popinbrief2013.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Singapore|Ceety State]] | {{nts|712.4}} | {{nts|7579}} | {{SIN}} |- |41 | [[Shantou]] | [[File:China-shantou03.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|5391028}}<ref>{{cite web|title=现将汕头市2010年第六次全国人口普查分区县常住人口[2]数据公布如下：|url=http://sttj.shantou.gov.cn/6rkpc/20110519.html|work=汕头市2010年第六次全国人口普查 主要数据公报[1]|accessdate=30 January 2014|archive-date=2014-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424121611/http://sttj.shantou.gov.cn/6rkpc/20110519.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Shantou#Admeenistration|Sub-Provincial Ceety]] | {{nts|2064.42}} | {{nts|2611}} | {{CHN}} |- |42 | [[Luanda]] | [[File:Marginal Avenida 4 de Fevreiro Luanda March 2013 05 (cropped).JPG|125px]] | {{nts|5278800}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Angola (2013)|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Angola.html|work=CityPopulation.De|accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref> | [[Luanda Province|Metropolitan Municipality-Province]]<ref>Luanda is a ceety-province o Angola. In 2011 Luanda Province wis subdividit intae seiven municipalities: Belas, Cacuaco, Cazenga, Ícolo e Bengo, Luanda, Quiçama an Viana, admeenistered bi the Metropolitan Municipality o Luanda (18825.28 square kilometres). These are again subdividit intae 47 Communes (Comunas). The ceety proper o Luanda is formed bi five destricts: Belas, Viana, Luanda, Cazenga an Cacuaco.</ref> | {{nts|2180.29}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Divisão Político-Administrativa da Província de Luanda|url=http://www.info-angola.ao/images/stories/dpa-grande.png|work=Info-Angola|accessdate=22 March 2014|archive-date=2015-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034703/http://www.info-angola.ao/images/stories/dpa-grande.png|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nts|2421}} | {{ANG}} |- |43 | [[Saunt Petersburg]] | [[File:Petersburg-square.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|5131967}}<ref name="2014Est">[[Goskomstat|Rosstat]]. [http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/PrPopul.xls Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2014 г.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225132215/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/PrPopul.xls%0A |date=2018-12-25 }} {{ru icon}}</ref> | [[Admeenistrative diveesions o Saunt Petersburg|Federal Ceety]] | {{nts|1439}}<ref name="RusArea2009"/> | {{nts|3566}} | {{RUS}} |- |44 | [[Abidjan]] | [[File:Plateau Centre-est.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|4765000}}<ref name="demographia"/> | [[Abidjan#Politics|Department/Ceety Destrict]] | {{nts|2119}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Presentation|url=http://www.districtabidjan.ci/presentation.php|publisher=District Autonome D'Abidjan|accessdate=17 March 2014|archive-date=2014-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140321123118/http://www.districtabidjan.ci/presentation.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nts|2249}} | {{CIV}} |- |45 | [[Chengdu]] | | {{nts|4741929}}<ref name="2010census">{{cite web|url=http://www.chengdu.gov.cn/govAffairInfo/detail.jsp?id=425258|title=我市2010年第六次全国人口普查数据公报 |publisher=Government of Chengdu|date=2011-05-13|language=Chinese|accessdate=2011-08-04}}</ref> | [[Chengdu#Admeenistrative diveesions|Sub-Provincial Ceety]] | {{nts|421}}<ref name="2010census"/> | {{nts|11260}} | {{CHN}} |- |46 | [[Yangon]] | [[File:Downtown Yangon (2006).jpg|125px]] | {{nts|4714000}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Demographia World Urban Areas (2014)|url=http://www.demographia.com/db-worldua.pdf|publisher=Demographia|accessdate=11 March 2014}}</ref> | [[Leet o destricts an neighborhoods o Yangon|Metropolitan Municipality-Province]]<ref>Yangon is admeenistered bi the Yangon Ceety Development Committee (YCDC). The ceety proper is dividit intae fower destricts: Wastren Destrict, Eastren Destrict, Soothren Destrict an Northren Destrict. The destricts combined hae a tot o 33 tounships.</ref> | {{nts|598.75}}<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090226114154/http://www.uncrd.or.jp/env/3rd-regional-est-forum/doc/23_Myanmar.pdf Third Regional EST Forum, Presentation of Myanmar]. Retrieved 11 March 2014.</ref> | {{nts|7873}} | {{MYA}} |- |47 | [[Chennai]] | [[File:Southern Railway HQ.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|4681087}}<ref name=2011city>{{cite web|title=Cities having population 1 lakh and above|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf|work=censusindia|publisher=The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India|accessdate=18 October 2011}}</ref> | [[Administration of Chennai|Municipal Corporation]]<ref>Chennai ceety is govrened bi the Chennai Corporation, dividin intae three regions - fifteen destricts: North (Tiruvottiyur, Manali, Madhavaram, Tondiarpet an Royapuram), Sooth (Valasaravakkam, Alandur, Adyar, Perungudi an Sholinganallur) an Central (Thiru-Vi-Ka Nagar, Ambattur, Anna Nagar, Teynampet an Kodambakkam), which covers 200 wards. O the tot land aurie, reserved forests cover 2.71 km2 an is concentratit in an aroond the Guindy Naitional Pairk region, ane o the few naitional pairks in the warld locatit within a ceety.</ref> | {{nts|426.51}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Expanded Chennai Corporationto be divided into 3 regions|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Chennai/article2658830.ece|work=The Hindu|accessdate=22 March 2014}}</ref> | {{nts|21057}} | {{IND}} |- |48 | [[Sydney]] | [[File:Sydney Harbour01.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|4676118}}<ref name=australia>{{cite web|url=http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/3218.0~2012-13~Main+Features~Main+Features|title=Regional Population Growth, Australia, 2012-13|publisher=ABS|accessdate=20 May 2014}}</ref> | [[Leet o Sydney suburbs|Municipality]] | {{nts|2036.55}} | {{nts|1919}} | {{AUS}} |- |49 | [[Alexandria]] | [[File:Alexandria - Egypt.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|4616625}}<ref name="Capmas2013"/> | [[Alexandria Governorate|Governorate]] | {{nts|2300}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Egypt: Administrative Units|url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/egypt.aspx|work=GeoHive|accessdate=4 March 2014}}</ref><ref>The ceety o Alexandria haes an aurie o approximately 400 square kilometres. Egyptian offeecials provides information at govrenorate level. In the case o "ceety proper" provides information at intervals o mony years. It is impossible tae assess the population (offeecial) reportit in the ceety proper aurie.</ref> | {{nts|2007}} | {{EGY}} |- |50 | [[Chongqing]] | [[File:Chongqing Night Yuzhong.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|4513137}}<ref>{{cite web|title=China - Chongqing City (2010)|url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/cn-50.aspx|work=GeoHive|accessdate=14 March 2014}}</ref> | [[Leet o admeenistrative diveesions o Chongqing|Direct-controlled Municipality]]<ref>Chongqing is the lairgest o the fower direct-controlled municipalities o the Fowkrepublic o Cheenae. The municipality is dividit intae 38 subdiveesions (3 wur abolished in 1997, an Wansheng an Shuangqiao destricts wur abolished in October 2011), consistin o 19 destricts, 15 coonties, an 4 autonomous coonties. The ceety proper based on the destricts o Yuzhong, Dadukou, Jiangbei, Shapingba, Jiulongpo, Nan'an considered "Central Chongqing (重庆市中心)".</ref> | {{nts|1435.07}} | {{nts|3145}} | {{CHN}} |- |51 | [[Kolkata]] | [[File:Victoria Memorial Hall, Kolkata.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|4486679}}<ref name="india1"/> | [[Municipal Corporation]] | {{nts|200.7}} | {{nts|24252}} | {{IND}} |- |52 | [[Xi'an]] | [[File:Xi'an erhuan southeast.JPG|125px]] | {{nts|4483426}}<ref>{{cite web|title=西安市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报[1]|url=http://news.163.com/11/0525/03/74SC9U2E00014AED.html|work=Chinese Census 2010|accessdate=14 March 2014|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208053640/http://news.163.com/11/0525/03/74SC9U2E00014AED.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Xi'an#Subdiveesion|Sub-Provincial Ceety]]<ref>The sub-provincial ceety o Xi'an haes direct jurisdiction ower 9 destricts (区 qu) an 4 coonties (县 xian). The ceety proper based on the destricts o Xīnchéng, Bēilín an Liánhú considered "core destricts" + Inner suburbs (destricts): Bàqiáo, Wèiyāng an Yàntǎ.</ref> | {{nts|832.17}} | {{nts|5388}} | {{CHN}} |- |53 | [[Surat]] | [[File:GauravPath1.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|4462002}}<ref name=india1/> | [[Municipal Corporation]] | {{nts|326.515}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/content/city/demographics.shtml |title=Demographics: Surat Municipal Corporation |access-date=2013-06-29 |archive-date=2009-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404112933/http://www.suratmunicipal.gov.in/content/city/demographics.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{nts|13666}} | {{IND}} |- |54 | [[Johannesburg]] | [[File:Johannesburg CBD.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|4434827}}<ref name="South Africa"/> | [[Ceety o Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality|Municipality Ceety]] | {{nts|1644.98}} | {{nts|2696}} | {{ZAF}} |- |55 | [[Nanjing]] | [[File:紫峰大厦.jpeg|125px]] | {{nts|4393857}}<ref>Destricts o Xuanwu, Qinhuai, Jianye, Gulou, Yuhuatai, Qixia; see [[Nanjing#Admeenistrative diveesions|Admeenistrative diveesions]]</ref> | [[Nanjing#Admeenistrative diveesions|Sub-Provincial Ceety]] | {{nts|742.85}} | {{nts|5915}} | {{CHN}} |- |56 | [[Dar es Salaam]] | [[File:Dar es Salaam aerial.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|4364541}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Pinda|first=Mizengo Peter|title=Welcome to the 2012 Tanzania Population and Housing Census WebPage.|url=http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/new.html|work=Census General Report (pdf); available by clicking “Population Distribution by Administrative Units”|publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of Tanzania|accessdate=28 December 2013|archive-date=2014-01-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105051305/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/new.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Dar es Salaam Region|Metropolitan Municipality-Province]]<ref>Dar es Salaam is dividit intae three destricts: Ilala, Kinondoni, an Temeke. Aw three are govrened as municipal cooncils, an so aw o the ceety's suburbs or wards are affiliated wi them.</ref> | {{nts|1631.12}}<ref>[http://www.citypopulation.de/php/tanzania-admin.php TANZANIA:Administrative Division]</ref> | {{nts|2676}} | {{TZA}} |- |57 | [[Ankara]] | [[File:Ankara and mosque wza.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|4360438}}<ref>{{cite web|title=TURKEY: Ankara (2013)|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/turkey-ankaracity.php|publisher=CityPopulation.De|accessdate=4 March 2014}}</ref> | [[Ankara Province|Metropolitan Municipality-Province]]<ref>The province o Ankara is dividit intae twenty five destricts, admeenistered bi the Metropolitan Municipality o Ankara. The ceety proper (urban aurie) o Ankara is generally considered tae be formed bi aicht destricts (Sincan, Yenimahalle, Etimesgut, Keçiören, Pursaklar, Altındağ, Mamak, Çankaya). In some criteria, Gölbaşı destrict is pairt o the ceety, but the deestrict o Gölbaşı is rural.</ref> | {{nts|1910.92}} | {{nts|2282}} | {{TUR}} |- |58 | [[Suzhou]] | [[File:China Suzhou Jinjihu Lake.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|4327066}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sztjj.gov.cn/tjnj/sqsl2014.pdf|title=Suzhou (Statistics 2013)|publisher=Sztjj.gov.cn|accessdate=20 April 2014|archive-date=2014-04-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140419145824/http://www.sztjj.gov.cn/tjnj/sqsl2014.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Suzhou#Admeenistrative diveesions|Sub-Provincial Ceety]]<ref>The ceety proper based on the destricts o Gūsū, Wúzhōng, Sūzhōu Gōngyèyuán (Industrial Park), Xiàngchéng and Sūzhōu Gāo Xīnjìshù Chǎnyè Kāifāqū (New Destrict)</ref> | {{nts|1649.72}}<ref>Sztjj.gov.cn</ref> | {{nts|2526}} | {{CHN}} |- |59 | [[Harbin]] | [[File:Tower at Harbin Ice and Snow Festival 2012.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|4280701}}<ref>{{cite web|title=黑龙江省2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报|url=http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/rkpcgb/dfrkpcgb/201202/t20120228_30390.html|publisher=National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China|accessdate=3 February 2014}}</ref><ref>Aw ceety proper destricts except Sōngběi; namely Dàolǐ, Nángǎng, Dàowài, Píngfáng, Xiāngfang; see [[Harbin#Admeenistrative diveesions]]</ref> | [[Harbin#Administrative divisions|Sub-Provincial City]] | {{nts|1718.2}}<ref>{{cite web|title=中国年鉴信息网--中国规模最大、实力最强的研究报告提供商！|url=http://www.chinayearbook.com/pcbook/item/1/153934.html|work=Harbin Yearbook|publisher=China Yearbook|accessdate=3 February 2014|archive-date=2016-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506174236/http://www.chinayearbook.com/pcbook/item/1/153934.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nts|2491.4}} | {{CHN}} |- |60 | [[Melbourne]] | [[File:Melbourne by night.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|4252458}}<ref name=australia/> | [[Leet o Melbourne suburbs|Municipality]] | {{nts|9990.5}}<ref name=ABSGCCSAXLS>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~2GMEL/$File/BCP_2GMEL.zip?OpenElement|title=Greater Melbourne: Basic Community Profile|publisher=[[Australian Bureau of Statistics]]|work=2011 Census Community Profiles|date=28 March 2013|format=xls|accessdate=20 May 2014|archive-date=2014-02-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140211205604/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/CensusOutput/copsub.NSF/All%20docs%20by%20catNo/2011~Community%20Profile~2GMEL/$File/BCP_2GMEL.zip?OpenElement|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nts|1458}} | {{AUS}} |- |61 | [[Giza]] | [[File:Egipt 383.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|4239988}}<ref>{{cite web|title=EGYPT: Greater Cairo (2006)|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/egypt-greatercairo.php|work=citypopulation.de|accessdate=20 February 2014}}</ref> | [[Giza#Destricts an neighbourhuids o Giza|Govrenorate]]<ref>Aw destricts that are leetit as bein in Greater Cairo an are contiguous; namely Ad-Duqī, Al-Ahrām; Al-'Ajūzah; Al-Badrashayn; Al-Ḥawāmidiyah; Al-Jīzah; Al-Jīzah; Al-'Umrāniyah; Al-Warrāq; Awsīm; Būlāq al-Dakrūr; Imbābah; Kirdāsah.</ref> | {{nts|289.08}} | {{nts|14667}} | {{EGY}} |- |62 | [[Zhengzhou]] | | {{nts|4122087}}<ref>[[Zhengzhou#Admeenistration an demografie|Sub-Provincial Ceety]] (Census 2010)</ref> | [[Zhengzhou#Admeenistration an demografie|Sub-Provincial Ceety]]<ref>The ceety proper based on the destricts o Zhōngyuán, Èrqī, Guǎnchéng Huízú, Jīnshuǐ an Huìjì</ref> | {{nts|1015.66}} | {{nts|4059}} | {{CHN}} |- |63 | [[New Taipei Ceety]] | [[File:Skyline of Sanchong, New Taipei 2024.jpg |125px]] | {{nts|3954929}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/taiwan-admin.php|title=TAIWAN: Administrative Division (Census 2013)|publisher=CityPopulation.De|accessdate=23 March 2014}}</ref> | [[Special municipality (Republic of China)|Special Municipality]] | {{nts|2052.57}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://foreigner.ntpc.gov.tw/web/SG?command=display&pageID=36568&FP=D40000002968000000_5|title=New Taipei City|publisher=New Taipei City Government|accessdate=18 October 2011|archive-date=2012-07-09|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709080120/http://foreigner.ntpc.gov.tw/web/SG?command=display&pageID=36568&FP=D40000002968000000_5|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nts|1927}} | {{ROC-TW}} |- |64 | [[Los Angeles]] | [[File:LA Skyline Mountains2.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|3857799}}<ref name="United States"/> | Municipality Ceety<ref>Los Angeles Ceety is dividit intae ower 80 destricts an neighborhuids.</ref> | {{nts|1213.85}} | {{nts|3178}} | {{USA}} |- |65 | [[Cape Toun]] | [[File:Central Cape Town.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|3740026}}<ref name="South Africa"/> | [[Leet o Cape Toun suburbs|Municipality Ceety]] | {{nts|2444.97}} | {{nts|1530}} | {{ZAF}} |- |66 | [[Shenyang]] | [[File:Shenyang Zentrum.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|3717098 }}<ref>Destricts o Shenhe, Heping, Dadong, Huangu, Tiexi; see [[Shenyang#Destricts an zones|Destricts an zones]]</ref> | Sub-Provincial Ceety | {{nts|166}} | {{nts|22392}} | {{CHN}} |- |67 | [[Yokohama]] | [[File:Minato Mirai In Blue.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|3680267}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/tokei/tokei/204/jinko.html|title=Official monthly estimated de jure population by the Kanagawa Prefectural Government (2010)|publisher=StatJapMonthlyCityYokohama|accessdate=3 March 2014|archive-date=2012-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424041142/http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/tokei/tokei/204/jinko.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Ceeties o Japan|Municipality Ceety]] | {{nts|437.38}} | {{nts|8414}} | {{JPN}} |- |68 | [[Busan]] | [[File:August Afternoon in Haeundae 2.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|3590101}}<ref name="kosispop">[http://www.mospa.go.kr/gpms/ns/mogaha/user/userlayout/bulletin/userBtView.action?userBtBean.bbsSeq=1023919&userBtBean.ctxCd=1012&userBtBean.ctxType=21010002&userBtBean.categoryCd=] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090806/http://www.mospa.go.kr/gpms/ns/mogaha/user/userlayout/bulletin/userBtView.action?userBtBean.bbsSeq=1023919&userBtBean.ctxCd=1012&userBtBean.ctxType=21010002&userBtBean.categoryCd= |date=2016-03-04 }}, Retrieved 2013-07-01.</ref> | Municipality Ceety | {{nts|766.12}}<ref name="kosispop"/> | {{nts|4686}} | {{KOR}} |- |69 | [[Hangzhou]] | [[File:Hangzhou-yellow-dragon-stad.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|3560391}}<ref name="stat">{{cite web |url=http://www.hzstats.gov.cn/web/ShowNews.aspx?id=DwGeRFDvlVg= |title=杭州市 2010年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 |accessdate=2011-09-15 |date=2011-02-24 |publisher=Hangzhou Municipal Statistic Bureau |language=Simplified Chinese |archive-date=2011-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903121404/http://www.hzstats.gov.cn/web/ShowNews.aspx?id=DwGeRFDvlVg%3D |url-status=dead }}</ref> | Sub-Provincial Ceety | {{nts|728.19}}<ref name="stat"/> | {{nts|4889}} | {{CHN}} |- |70 | [[Xiamen]] | [[File:Buddhism library.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|3531347}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Xiamen (Sub-provincial city, Fujian)|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-admin.php?adm2id=3502|work=citypopulation.de|accessdate=4 March 2014|date=November 1, 2010}}</ref> | Sub-Provincial Ceety | {{nts|1699}} | {{nts|2078}} | {{CHN}} |- |71 | [[Quanzhou]] | [[File:Lingshan Islamic Cemetery - city view - DSCF8486.JPG|125px]] | {{nts|3520846}}<ref>Following sections: Licheng District, Fengze District, Shishi City, Jinjiang City; see [[Quanzhou#Administrative divisions]]</ref> | [[Quanzhou#Admeenistrative diveesions|Sub-Provincial Ceety]] | {{nts|1062}} | {{nts|3315}} | {{CHN}} |- |72 | [[Berlin]] | [[File:PotsdamerPlatz Vogelperspektive 2004 1.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|3517424}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.statistik-berlin-brandenburg.de/pms/2014/14-02-18.pdf|title=Population of Berlin(01.01.2014)|publisher=Statistics Agency Berlin-Brandenburg|accessdate= 3 March 2014}}</ref> | [[Boroughs an localities o Berlin|Ceety State]] | {{nts|891.75}} | {{nts|3944}} | {{DEU}} |- |73 |[[Jeddah]] | [[File:Jeddeh4.jpg|125px]] |{{nts|3456259}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Saudi Census-2010|url=http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/yb47/Pages/MixChapter2.htm|work=Central Departament of Statistics Saudi Government|accessdate=4 March 2014|archive-date=2013-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131201022443/http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/yb47/Pages/MixChapter2.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Municipality Ceety |{{nts|1765}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Area and Population|url=http://www.jeddah.gov.sa/english/JeddahCity/Geographical.php|work=Jeddah Municipality|accessdate=4 March 2014|archive-date=2014-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421215956/http://www.jeddah.gov.sa/english/JeddahCity/Geographical.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> |{{nts|1958}} |{{SAU}} |- |74 | [[Durban]] | [[File:VWestDurban.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|3442361}}<ref name="South Africa">{{cite web|title=Census (2011)|url=http://census2011.adrianfrith.com/|publisher=Statistics South Africa|accessdate=23 March 2014}}</ref> | [[Durban#Suburbs|Municipality Ceety]] | {{nts|2291.31}} | {{nts|1502}} | {{ZAF}} |- |75 | [[Kabul]] | [[File:Khair Khana in 2012.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|3414100}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Afghanistan (2013)|url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/afghanistan.aspx|publisher=GeoHive|accessdate=21 March 2014}}</ref> | [[Kabul#Neighborhuids|Municipality Ceety]] | {{nts|275}} | {{nts|12415}} | {{AFG}} |- |76 | [[Hefei]] | | {{nts|3352076}}<ref>{{cite web|title=合肥市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报: 合肥市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公 报[1]|url=http://wenku.baidu.com/view/5adc27c29ec3d5bbfd0a74db.html|publisher=Baidu|accessdate=15 February 2014|archive-date=2017-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711083138/https://wenku.baidu.com/view/5adc27c29ec3d5bbfd0a74db.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Hefei#Admeenistration|Sub-Provincial Ceety]]<ref>The prefectur-level ceety o Hefei admeenisters 9 coonty-level diveesions, includin 4 destricts, 1 Coonty-ceety an 4 coonties. The ceety proper based on the destricts o Luyang, Yaohai, Shushan an Baohe considered "core destricts".</ref> | {{nts|838.52}} | {{nts|3998}} | {{CHN}} |- |77 | [[Pyongyang]] | [[File:0322 Pyongyang Turm der Juche Idee Aussicht.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|3255388}}<ref>[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/North_Korea/2008_North_Korea_Census.pdf United Nations Statistics Division; Preliminary results of the 2008 Census of Population of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea conducted on 1-15 October 2008 ('''pdf-file''')] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325102712/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/North_Korea/2008_North_Korea_Census.pdf |date=2009-03-25 }} Retrieved on 2009-03-01.</ref> | [[Pyongyang#Admeenistrative status an diveesions|Direct-controlled Municipality]] | {{nts|2113}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.northkorea1on1.com/cities.cfm?cid=pyongyan |title=PYONGYANG |access-date=2014-06-03 |archive-date=2014-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717220924/http://www.northkorea1on1.com/cities.cfm?cid=pyongyan |url-status=dead }}</ref> | {{nts|1541}} | {{PRK}} |- |78 | [[Madrid]] | [[File:Gran Vía (Madrid) 1.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|3207247}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Municipal Register: Last data published: Population at 1st January (2013)|url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fe260&file=inebase&L=|publisher=Instituto Nacional de Estadística (INE - Spain)|accessdate=3 March 2014|archive-date=2013-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131208094936/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fe260&file=inebase&L=|url-status=dead}}</ref> | [[Destricts o Madrid|Municipality Ceety]] | {{nts|605.77}} | {{nts|5294}} | {{ESP}} |- |79 | [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality|Ekurhuleni]] | [[File:Germiston CBD.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|3178470}}<ref name="South Africa"/> | [[Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality|Municipality Ceety]] | {{nts|1975.31}} | {{nts|1609}} | {{ZAF}} |- |80 |[[Nairobi]] | [[File:NBO5.jpg|125px]] |{{nts|3138369}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Kenya (Census 2009)|url=http://www.geohive.com/cntry/kenya.aspx|publisher=Geohive|accessdate=3 March 2014|archive-date=2014-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303020641/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/kenya.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Provinces o Kenyae|Caipital Destrict]] |{{nts|694.9}} |{{nts|4516}} |{{KEN}} |- |81 | [[Pune]] | [[File:AmonoraTownCentre.jpg|125px]] | {{nts|3115431}}<ref name=india1/> | [[Municipal Corporation]] | {{nts|450.69}} | {{nts|6913}} | {{IND}} |- |82 | [[Addis Ababa]] | [[File:Aerials Ethiopia 2009-08-27 15-26-13.JPG|125px]] | {{nts|3103673}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/images/documents/pdf_files/nationalstatisticsabstract/2012/2012%20POPULATION.pdf|title=Population Size of Towns by Sex, Region, Zone and Wereda: July 2013|publisher=Central Statistical Agency - CSA|accessdate=July 2013|archive-date=2015-09-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211418/http://www.csa.gov.et/images/documents/pdf_files/nationalstatisticsabstract/2012/2012%20POPULATION.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Metropolitan Municipality-Province<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php|title=based on the districts of Akaki Kaliti-Sub City, Nefas Silk-Lafto-Sub City, Kolfe Keraniyo-Sub City, Gulele-Sub City, Lideta-Sub City, Kirkos-Sub City, Arada-Sub City, Addis Ketema-Sub City, Yeka-Sub City, Bole-Sub City considered "districts"|access-date=2013-06-29|archive-date=2014-02-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140214085603/http://www.csa.gov.et/index.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> | {{nts|526.99}} | {{nts|5889}} |{{ETH}} |- |83 |[[Changsha]] | [[File:The Huángxīng Lù Commercial Pedestrian Street in Changsha.jpg|125px]] |{{nts|3093980}} | [[Changsha#Admeenistration|Sub-Provincial Ceety]]<ref>Based on the follaein destricts: Furong, Tianxin, Yuelu, Kaifu, Yuhua; see [[Changsha#Admeenistration|Admeenistration]]</ref> |{{nts|969}} |{{nts|3193}} |{{CHN}} |- |84 | [[Jaipur]] | [[File:DSCN1444.JPG|125px]] | {{nts|3073350}}<ref name=india1/> | [[Municipal Corporation]] | {{nts|485}} | {{nts|6337}} | {{IND}} |- |85 |[[Wenzhou]] |[[File:Shopping street in Wenzhou.jpg|125px]] |{{nts|3039439}}<ref name="Wenzhou City, in 2010 the sixth national census data bulletin">{{cite web|title=1103-浙江省温州市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报: 温州市2010年第六次全国人口普查主要数据公报|url=http://wenku.baidu.com/view/68e6f74d852458fb770b5630|publisher=Baidu|accessdate=3 March 2014|archive-date=2017-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711083254/https://wenku.baidu.com/view/68e6f74d852458fb770b5630|url-status=dead}}</ref> |[[Wenzhou#Admeenistration|Sub-Provincial Ceety]]<ref>Based on the follaein destricts: Lucheng, Longwan, Ouhai; see [[Wenzhou#Admeenistration|Admeenistration]]</ref> |{{nts|1187.88}} |{{nts|2559}} |{{CHN}} |- |} ==Notes an references== {{Reflist|30em}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leet O Ceeties Proper Bi Population}} [[Category:Leets o ceeties bi demografie|Population]] [[Category:Leets o ceeties bi population]] [[Category:Populatit places bi teep]] [[Category:Demographics]] [[Category:Demographic leets]] [[Category:Censuses]] ogurx3jy85ety1it296kq4277wuu1qe Tübingen 0 54354 916416 905625 2026-05-07T18:50:57Z RaveDog 27771 better audio quality 916416 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |Art = Stadt |image_photo = TuebingenAltstadt.jpg |image_caption = Tübingen [[Altstadt]] frae the [[Stiftskirche (Tübingen)|Stiftskirche]] bell tower. |Wappen = Wappen Tuebingen.svg |coordinates = {{coord|48|31|12|N|09|03|20|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |Lageplan = Karte Tübingen.png |Bundesland = Baden-Württemberg |Regierungsbezirk = Tübingen |Landkreis = Tübingen |Höhe = 341 |Fläche = 108.12 |Einwohner = 87540 |Stand = 2006-12-31 |PLZ = 72001–72099 |Gemeindeschlüssel = 08416041 |Vorwahl = 07071<br>07073 <small>(Unterjesingen)</small><br>07472 <small>(Bühl)</small> |Kfz = TÜ |Website = [http://www.tuebingen.de/ www.tuebingen.de] |Bürgermeister = [[Boris Palmer]] |Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister |Partei = Green }} '''Tübingen''' ({{Audio|De-Tübingen2.ogg|listen}}) is a tradeetional [[university toun]] in central [[Baden-Württemberg]], [[Germany]]. It is situatit {{convert|30|km|mi|abbr=on}} sooth o the state caipital, [[Stuttgart]], on a ridge atween the [[Neckar]] an [[Ammer (Neckar)|Ammer]] rivers. About one in ten fowk livin in Tübingen is a student. ==Internaitional relations== {{See an aw|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Germany}} Tübingen is [[Toun twinnin|twinned]] wi: {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | * [[Monthey]], Swisserland, syne 1959 * [[Aix-en-Provence]], Fraunce, syne 1960<ref>[http://www.aix-jumelages.com/ Association of twinnings and international relations of Aix-en-Provence]</ref><ref>[http://www.mairie-aixenprovence.fr/article.php3?id_article=2981 Mairie of Aix-en-Provence - Twinnings and partnerships] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113162049/http://www.mairie-aixenprovence.fr/article.php3?id_article=2981 |date=2009-01-13 }}</ref> * [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]], USA, syne 1965 * [[Durham]], Unitit Kinrick, syne 1969 * [[Aigle, Swisserland|Aigle]], Swisserland, syne 1973 || * [[Petrozavodsk]], Roushie, syne 1989 * [[Perugia]], Italy, syne 1994<ref>[http://www.comune.perugia.it/news.asp?idcat=55 Perugia Official site - Relazioni Internazionali] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215042936/http://www.comune.perugia.it/news.asp?idcat=55 |date=2012-02-15 }}{{it}}</ref> * [[Villa El Salvador]], Peru, syne 2006 * [[Kilchberg, Zurich|Kilchberg]], Swisserland, anerlie destrict o [[Kilchberg (Tübingen)|Kilchberg]], syne 1956 * [[Kingersheim]], Fraunce, anerlie destrict o [[Hirschau (Tübingen)|Hirschau]], syne 1963 |} In November 2009 Tübingen's ceety cooncil votit tae enter intae talks wi the ceety o [[Moshi, Kilimanjaro|Moshi]] in [[Tanzanie]], wi the aim o Moshi becomin Tübingen's eleivent twin ceety.<ref name="tagblatt20091117-moshi">{{cite news | title = Tansanische Stadt auserwählt. Tübinger Rat ist für Partnerschaft mit Moshi. | first = Ute | last = Kaiser | authorlink = | url = http://www.tagblatt.de/Home/nachrichten/tuebingen_artikel,-Tuebinger-Rat-ist-fuer-Partnerschaft-mit-Moshi-_arid,83904.html | newspaper = Schwäbisches Tagblatt | location = Tübingen | date = 17 November 2009 | accessdate = 14 December 2009 | language = German | trans_title = Tanzanian town chosen. Tübingen city council in favour of partnership with Moshi. | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tagblatt.de%2FHome%2Fnachrichten%2Ftuebingen_artikel%2C-Tuebinger-Rat-ist-fuer-Partnerschaft-mit-Moshi-_arid%2C83904.html&date=2009-12-14 | archivedate = 2009-12-14 | url-status = live }}</ref> For their commitment tae their internaitional pairtnership, the [[Cooncil o Europe]] awairdit the [[Europe Prize]] tae Tübingen an Aix-en-Provence in 1965.<ref name="sistercities">{{cite web |url = http://www.tuebingen.de/en/1560_1587.html |title = Sister Cities |publisher = Universitätsstadt Tübingen |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuebingen.de%2Fen%2F1560_1587.html&date=2009-12-14 |archivedate = 2009-12-14 |access-date = 2013-07-16 |url-status = live }}</ref> The ceety's dedication tae a European unnerstaundin is reflectit in the namin o several streets an squares an aw, includin the lairge ''Europaplatz'' (Europe Square) ootside the railwey station. ==References== ;Notes {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons}} * [http://www.tuebingen.de/ Ceety's offeecial wabsteid] {{de icon}} {{Ceeties an touns in Tübingen (destrict)}} {{Caipitals o the states o the Federal Republic o Germany}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tubingen}} [[Category:Tübingen| ]] [[Category:Touns in Baden-Württemberg]] [[Category:Tübingen (destrict)]] [[Category:University touns in Germany]] qpm3at58a0b0ptktj9ssxakift1jkzt Leet o kintras bi population 0 56122 916406 914099 2026-05-07T16:10:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916406 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:World Population.svg|thumb|right|300px|A cairt o warld population.]] This is a leet o [[leet o sovereign states|independent kintras]] an inhabitit [[dependent territory|dependent territories]]—based on the ISO staundart [[ISO 3166-1]]—bi [[population]]. An aa gien in percent is each kintra's population compared tae the [[Warld population|population o the warld]], which accordin tae the [[Unitit States Census Bureau]] population clock is estimatit at 7.104 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.census.gov/main/www/popclock.html | title=U.S. & World Population Clocks | publisher=Census.gov | date=2012-04-06 | accessdate=2012-04-17}}</ref> Accordin tae a separate estimate bi the [[Unitit Nations]], warld population exceedit 7&nbsp;billion in October 2011.<ref name=UN7bn> {{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-15459643 | title=Population seven billion: UN sets out challenges | date=2011-10-26 | publisher=BBC | accessdate=2011-10-27}} </ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/oct/31/seven-billionth-baby-born-philippines?intcmp=122 | title=World's 'seven billionth baby' is born | date=2011-10-31 | publisher=The Guardian |accessdate=2011-10-31}}</ref><ref>[http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2011/10/31/7-billion-people-is-a-serious-challenge/UPI-73301320046200 "7 billion people is a 'serious challenge'"]. UPI, 31 October 2011. Retrieved 2011-11-09.</ref> Auries that form integral pairts o sovereign states, sic as the [[kintras o the Unitit Kinrick]], are coontit as pairt o the sovereign states concerned. Nae included are ither entities, sic as the [[European Union]],<ref>The European Union is a ''[[sui generis]]'' [[supranational union]] whose sovereign members delegate to it by treaty certain powers that are often exercised by sovereign states. Its combined population has been estimated at 503,491,975 on January 1, 2012, it would be ranked 3rd if it were included in the list, and it has {{#expr: 503491975 / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% of the world's population&nbsp;— see {{cite web | title=Total population | publisher=[[Eurostat]] | url=http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001 | accessdate=2010-06-18}}</ref> that are nae sovereign states, an dependent territories that dae nae hae permanent populations, sic as [[Territorial claims o Antarctica|various kintras' claims]] tae [[Antarctica]].{{ref|n1|n1}} Figures uised in this chart are based on the maist up tae date estimate or projections<ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/18651512 China's Population: The Most Surprising Demographic Crisis], The Economist, 2013.</ref> bi the naitional [[census]] authority whaur available, an are uisually roondit aff. Whaur updatit naitional data are nae available, figurs are based on the 2013 estimates bi the Population Diveesion o the [[Unitit Naitions Depairtment o Economic an Social Affairs]].<ref name=unpop>{{cite journal |url=http://esa.un.org/unpd/wpp/unpp/panel_population.htm | title=World Population Prospects| version=2012 revision | publisher=United Nations | author=Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division | year=2013 | accessdate= 2013-06-15}}</ref> Acause the compiled figurs are nae collectit at the same time in every kintra, or at the same level o [[statistics|accuracy]], the resultin numerical comparisons mey creaut misleadin conclusions. Furthermair, the addeetion o figures frae aw kintras mey nae equal the warld tot. For a graphical version o this leet, see [[leet o kintras bi population (graphical)]]. See an aa [[Leet o sovereign states an dependent territories bi population density]] an the [[leet o regional organisations bi population]]. ==Kintras== <!-- PLEASE READ BEFORE EDITING! WHEN YOU UPDATE A COUNTRY'S POPULATION - PLEASE ALSO UPDATE THE EXPRESSION NEXT TO IT (column "% of world population") WITH THE SAME NUMBER EXCLUDING COMMAS (the #expr: equation). --> '''Note:''' Aw dependent territories are shawn in ''italics''. {|class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right" |- !Rank!!Kintra (or dependent territory)!!Population!!Date!!% o warld<br />population!!Soorce |- | - |align=left|[[Warld]] |{{formatnum: {{#expr: {{worldpop}} round -5}}}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |100.00% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/popclock USCB's warld population clock] |- |1 |align=left|{{CHN}}<ref>Census figure refers to mainland [[China]], excluding its Special Administrative Regions (SARs) of [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]. The first one returned to Chinese sovereignty in mid-1997 and the second one did so on December 20, 1999.</ref> |{{data Cheenae|poptoday 1}} |align=left|[http://www.cpirc.org.cn/index.asp Chinese Official Population Clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031204051308/http://www.cpirc.org.cn/index.asp |date=2003-12-04 }} |- |2 |align=left|{{IND}} |{{data Indie|poptoday 1}} |align=left|[http://www.indiastat.com/ Indian Official Population Clock] |- |3 |align=left|{{USA}} |{{data Unitit States|poptoday 1}} |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/popclock Official population clock] |- |4 |align=left|{{IDN}} |237,641,326 |Mey 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 237641326/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.bps.go.id/eng/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=12&notab=1 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014161735/http://www.bps.go.id/eng/tab_sub/view.php?kat=1&tabel=1&daftar=1&id_subyek=12&notab=1 |date=2014-10-14 }} |- |5 |align=left|{{BRA}} |193,946,886 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 193946886/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias/noticia_visualiza.php?id_noticia=2204&id_pagina=1 Official estimate] |- |6 |align=left|{{PAK}} |{{data Pakistan|poptoday 1}} |align=left|[http://www.census.gov.pk Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225211657/http://www.census.gov.pk/%20 |date=2018-12-25 }} |- |7 |align=left|{{NGA}} |173,615,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 173615000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |8 |align=left|{{BGD}} |152,518,015 |Julie 16, 2012 |{{#expr: 152518015/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20121009045253/http://www.bbs.gov.bd/WebTestApplication/userfiles/Image/Census2011/Bangladesh_glance.pdf Official estimate] |- |9 |align=left|{{RUS}} |143,400,000 |julie 1, 2019 |{{#expr: 143400000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B13_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk04/8-0.htm Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326010717/http://www.gks.ru/bgd/free/B13_00/IssWWW.exe/Stg/dk04/8-0.htm |date=2014-03-26 }} |- |10 |align=left|{{MEX}} |126,577,691 |Julie 1, 2019 |{{#expr: 126577691/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Mapa_Ind_Dem18/index_2.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190103091405/http://www.conapo.gob.mx/work/models/CONAPO/Mapa_Ind_Dem18/index_2.html |date=2019-01-03 }} |- |11 |align=left|{{JPN}} |126,200,000 |Mey 1, 2019 |{{#expr: 126200000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/jinsui/tsuki/index.htm Monthly official estimate] |- |12 |align=left|{{PHL}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (92337.852+4.881*{{Age in days|2010|5|1}}) round 0}}000}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (92337852+4881*{{Age in days|2010|5|1}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.popcom.gov.ph Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403061418/http://www.popcom.gov.ph/ |date=2019-04-03 }} |- |13 |align=left|{{VNM}} |88,780,000 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 88780000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.gso.gov.vn/default_en.aspx?tabid=508&ItemID=13500 Official estimate] |- |14 |align=left|{{ETH}} |86,613,986 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 86613986/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.csa.gov.et/images/documents/pdf_files/nationalstatisticsabstract/2012/2012%20POPULATION.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211418/http://www.csa.gov.et/images/documents/pdf_files/nationalstatisticsabstract/2012/2012%20POPULATION.pdf |date=2015-09-23 }} |- |15 |align=left|{{EGY}} |83,661,000 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 83661000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptInFigure/EgyptinFigures/Tables/English/pop/population/index.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525221856/http://www.capmas.gov.eg/pdf/EgyptInFigure/EgyptinFigures/Tables/English/pop/population/index.html |date=2013-05-25 }} |- |16 |align=left|{{DEU}} |80,493,000 |September 30, 2012 |{{#expr: 80493000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/Zensus_Geschlecht_Staatsangehoerigkeit.html Quarterly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113161057/https://www.destatis.de/DE/ZahlenFakten/GesellschaftStaat/Bevoelkerung/Bevoelkerungsstand/Tabellen/Zensus_Geschlecht_Staatsangehoerigkeit.html |date=2013-11-13 }} |- |17 |align=left|{{IRN}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (75149.669+2.531*{{Age in days|2011|10|24}}) round 0}}000}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (75149669+2531*{{Age in days|2011|10|24}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.amar.org.ir/Default.aspx?tabid=133 Official population clock] |- |18 |align=left|{{TUR}} |75,627,384 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 75627384/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=13425 Official estimate]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130829011325/http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=13425 |date=2013-08-29 }} |- |19 |align=left|{{COD}} |67,514,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 67514000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |20 |align=left|{{THA}} |65,926,261 |September 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 65926261/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://web.nso.go.th/index.htm 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925201333/http://web.nso.go.th/index.htm |date=2015-09-25 }} |- |21 |align=left|{{FRA}}<ref>Estimate not only refers to [[metropolitan France]], but also includes its separatedly listed [[overseas departments]] ''(Départements d'outre-mer'', DOM) of [[French Guiana]], [[Guadeloupe]], [[Martinique]], [[Mayotte]] (from March 31, 2011) and [[Réunion]] and its [[overseas collectivities]] ''(Collectivités d'outre-mer,'' COM) of [[French Polynesia]], [[Saint Barthélemy]], [[Saint Martin (France)|Saint Martin]], [[Saint Pierre and Miquelon]] and [[Wallis and Futuna]]. The population of [[metropolitan France]] alone stood at 63,822,000 in 1 July 2013, according to a monthly official estimate [www.insee.fr/fr/bases-de-donnees/bsweb/serie.asp?idbank=000436387].</ref> |65,707,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 65707000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/en/bases-de-donnees/bsweb/serie.asp?idbank=001641607 Monthly official estimate] |- |22 |align=left|{{GBR}} |63,705,000 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 63705000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/pop-estimate/population-estimates-for-uk--england-and-wales--scotland-and-northern-ireland/mid-2011-and-mid-2012/index.html Official estimate]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |23 |align=left|{{ITA}} |59,704,082 |Januar 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 59704082/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2013gen/index_e.html Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803023947/http://demo.istat.it/bilmens2013gen/index_e.html |date=2013-08-03 }} |- |24 |align=left|{{MMR}} |53,259,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 53259000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |25 |align=left|{{ZAF}} |52,981,991 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 52981991/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022013.pdf Official estimate] |- |26 |align=left|{{KOR}} |50,219,669 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 50219669/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://kosis.kr/gen_etl/check_miplatform.jsp?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1B35001&vw_cd=MT_ETITLE&list_id=&empId=&scrId=&seqNo=&dbkind=ETLDB&lang_mode=ko_en&dsu=nsi&conn_path=A6 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110012919/http://kosis.kr/gen_etl/check_miplatform.jsp?orgId=101&tblId=DT_1B35001&vw_cd=MT_ETITLE&list_id=&empId=&scrId=&seqNo=&dbkind=ETLDB&lang_mode=ko_en&dsu=nsi&conn_path=A6 |date=2013-11-10 }} |- |27 |align=left|{{COL}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (42888.592+1.449*{{Age in days|2005|6|30}}) round 0}}000}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (42888592+1449*{{Age in days|2005|6|30}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114091321/http://www.dane.gov.co/reloj/reloj_animado.php |date=2012-01-14 }} |- |28 |align=left|{{ESP}} |47,059,533 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 47059533/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.es/prensa/np776.pdf Annual official estimate] |- |29 |align=left|{{UKR}} |45,480,315 |Juin 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 45480315/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ukrstat.gov.ua/operativ/operativ2013/ds/kn/kn_e/kn0613_e.html Monthly official estimate] |- |30 |align=left|{{TZA}} |44,928,923 |August 26, 2012 |{{#expr: 44928923/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230453/http://www.nbs.go.tz/sensa/PDF/Census%20General%20Report%20-%2029%20March%202013_Combined_Final%20for%20Printing.pdf 2012 census result] |- |31 |align=left|{{KEN}} |44,354,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 44354000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |32 |align=left|{{ARG}} |40,117,096 |October 27, 2010 |{{#expr: 40117096/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/novedades/gacetilla_01_09_11.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924034527/http://www.indec.gov.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/novedades/gacetilla_01_09_11.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} |- |33 |align=left|{{POL}} |38,533,299 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 38533299/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LU_ludnosc_stan_struktura_31_12_2012.pdf Official estimate] |- |34 |align=left|{{SDN}} |37,964,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 37964000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |35 |align=left|{{DZA}} |37,900,000 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 37900000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306220607/http://www.ons.dz/-Demographie-.html |date=2012-03-06 }} |- |36 |align=left|{{IRQ}} |35,404,000 |August 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 33330000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://cosit.gov.iq/english/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029160543/http://cosit.gov.iq/english/AAS2012/section_2/1.htm |date=2012-10-29 }} |- |37 |align=left|{{CAN}} |35,141,542 |Aprile 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 35141542/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statcan.gc.ca/start-debut-eng.html Official estimate] |- |38 |align=left|{{UGA}} |34,131,400 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 34131400/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/Popn_T3_2011.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140802021657/http://www.ubos.org/onlinefiles/uploads/ubos/pdf%20documents/Popn_T3_2011.pdf |date=2014-08-02 }} |- |39 |align=left|{{MAR}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (329500+9.7*{{Age in days|2013|7|1}}) round 0}}00}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (32950000+970*{{Age in days|2013|7|1}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.hcp.ma Official population clock] |- |40 |align=left|{{PER}} |30,475,144 |Juin 30, 2013 |{{#expr: 30475144/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0842/cap03.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120601002017/http://www.inei.gob.pe/biblioineipub/bancopub/Est/Lib0842/cap03.htm |date=2012-06-01 }} |- |41 |align=left|{{MYS}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (297466.33+0.8750411*{{Age in days|2012|6|1}}) round 0}}00}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (2974663+87.50411*{{Age in days|2012|6|1}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=213&lang=en Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205145703/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=213&lang=en |date=2013-12-05 }} <!-- source code at http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/populationclockNEW/BI.php --> |- |42 |align=left|{{UZB}} |29,559,100 |Januar 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 29559100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.uz/press/1/3399/ Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130809003329/http://www.stat.uz/press/1/3399/ |date=2013-08-09 }} |- |43 |align=left|{{SAU}} |29,195,895 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 29195895/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919225542/http://www.cdsi.gov.sa/english/ |date=2012-09-19 }} |- |44 |align=left|{{VEN}} |28,946,101 |October 30, 2011 |{{#expr: 28946101/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=473:para-el-30102011-28946101-total-preliminar-de-personas-en-venezuela&catid=121:censo-2011 Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002094142/http://www.ine.gob.ve/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=473:para-el-30102011-28946101-total-preliminar-de-personas-en-venezuela&catid=121:censo-2011 |date=2013-10-02 }} |- |45 |align=left|{{NPL}} |26,494,504 |Juin 22, 2011 |{{#expr: 26494504/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717170017/http://cbs.gov.np/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Major-Finding.pdf |date=2013-07-17 }} |- |46 |align=left|{{AFG}} |25,500,100 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 25500100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Settled%20Population%20by%20Civil%20Division,.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918003706/http://cso.gov.af/Content/files/Settled%20Population%20by%20Civil%20Division,.pdf |date=2012-09-18 }} |- |47 |align=left|{{PRK}} |24,895,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 24895000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |48 |align=left|{{GHA}} |24,658,823 |September 26, 2010 |{{#expr: 24658823/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/2010_population_and_housing_census%28view_summary_of_final_results%29.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105945/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/2010_population_and_housing_census%28view_summary_of_final_results%29.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} |- |49 |align=left|{{YEM}} |24,527,000 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 24527000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.cso-yemen.org/content.php?lng=arabic&id=553 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211602/http://www.cso-yemen.org/content.php?lng=arabic&id=553 |date=2015-09-23 }} |- |50 |align=left|{{MOZ}} |23,700,715 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 23700715/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gov.mz/Dashboards.aspx Official estimate] |- |51 |align=left|{{TWN}}<ref>[[Political status of Taiwan|Partially recognized state]], claimed by the [[People's Republic of China]] as one of its provinces. [[Taiwan]] also includes the minor islands of [[Kinmen]], [[Matsu]], [[Pescadores]], etc.</ref> |23,344,213 |Juin 30, 2013 |{{#expr: 23344213/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704022127/http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 |date=2014-07-04 }} |- |52 |align=left|{{CIV}} |23,202,000 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 23202000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ins.ci/n Official estimate] |- |53 |align=left|{{AUS}} <!--Please do not change the following formula. It automatically calculates the estimated population each day at 00:00 UTC based on the official population clock. Changing to a different formula makes it difficult to update on the three or four occasions each year when the rate of change varies. These formulae are used in multiple articles and provide consistency.--> |{{formatnum:{{#expr: 23000527 + (86400 / 83) * {{Age in days|2013|4|24}} round 0}}}} <!--AUTOUPDATES DAILY at 00:00 UTC, Australia pop clock adds 1 person every 83 seconds.--> |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (23000527 + (86400 / 83) * {{Age in days|2013|4|24}}) / {{worldpop}} * 100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/1647509ef7e25faaca2568a900154b63?OpenDocument Official population clock] |- |54 |align=left|{{SYR}} |21,377,000 |December 31, 2011 |{{#expr: 21377000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Syria.html Official estimate] |- |55 |align=left|{{MDG}} |20,696,070 |Julie 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 20696070/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.instat.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=56 Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110520005948/http://www.instat.mg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33&Itemid=56 |date=2011-05-20 }} |- |56 |align=left|{{AGO}} |20,609,294 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 20609294/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gov.ao Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126193220/http://www.ine.gov.ao/ |date=2015-11-26 }} |- |57 |align=left|{{CMR}} |20,386,799 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 20386799/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.cm/downloads/annuaire/2012/Annuaire-2012-chapitre-4.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180517031000/http://www.stat.cm/downloads/annuaire/2012/Annuaire-2012-chapitre-4.pdf |date=2018-05-17 }} |- |58 |align=left|{{LKA}} |20,277,597 |Mairch 21, 2012 |{{#expr: 20277597/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/sm/CPH%202011_R1.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206021926/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/Pages/sm/CPH%202011_R1.pdf |date=2013-12-06 }} |- |59 |align=left|{{ROU}} |20,121,641 |October 20, 2011 |{{#expr: 20121641/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RPL_2011.pdf |date=2013-07-17 }} |- |60 |align=left|{{BFA}} |17,322,796 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 17322796/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.insd.bf/fr Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814084502/http://www.insd.bf/fr |date=2012-08-14 }} |- |61 |align=left|{{NER}} |17,129,076 |December 10, 2012 |{{#expr: 17129076/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat-niger.org/statistique/file/rgph2012.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] |- |62 |align=left|{{KAZ}} |17,028,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 17010000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.eng.stat.kz/Pages/default.aspx Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117231623/http://www.eng.stat.kz/Pages/default.aspx |date=2014-01-17 }} |- |63 |align=left|{{NLD}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (167432.82+1.19*{{Age in days|2012|5|31}}) round 0}}00}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (16743282+119*{{Age in days|2012|5|31}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090617194723/http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/cijfers/extra/bevolkingsteller.htm |date=2009-06-17 }} |- |64 |align=left|{{CHL}} |16,634,603 |Aprile 9, 2012 |{{#expr: 16634603/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.censo.cl/contenido/sintesis_resultados_censo_2012.pdf Final 2012 census result]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |65 |align=left|{{ECU}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (150000+6.95*{{Age in days|2011|6|15}}) round 0}}00}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (15000000+695*{{Age in days|2011|6|15}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.inec.gob.ec/proyecciones_poblacionales/relojnew.swf Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121131641/http://www.inec.gob.ec/proyecciones_poblacionales/relojnew.swf |date=2013-01-21 }} |- |66 |align=left|{{GTM}} |15,438,384 |Juin 30, 2013 |{{#expr: 15438384/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.gt/np/poblacion/index.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111007193855/http://www.ine.gob.gt/np/poblacion/index.htm |date=2011-10-07 }} |- |67 |align=left|{{MLI}} |15,302,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 15302000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |68 |align=left|{{KHM}} |15,135,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 15135000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |69 |align=left|{{MWI}} |14,388,600 |Julie 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 14388600/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Malawi.html Official estimate] |- |70 |align=left|{{SEN}} |13,567,338 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 13567338/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ansd.sn/senegal_indicateurs.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117060113/http://www.ansd.sn/senegal_indicateurs.html |date=2012-01-17 }} |- |71 |align=left|{{ZMB}} |13,092,666 |October 16, 2010 |{{#expr: 13092666/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Zambia.html Final 2010 census result] |- |72 |align=left|{{ZWE}} |12,973,808 |August 17, 2012 |{{#expr: 12973808/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903060905/http://www.zimstat.co.zw/dmdocuments/CensusPreliminary2012.pdf |date=2013-09-03 }} |- |73 |align=left|{{TCD}} |12,825,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 12825000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |74 |align=left|{{SSD}} |11,296,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 11296000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |75 |align=left|{{CUB}} |11,163,934 |September 15, 2012 |{{#expr: 11163934/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20121212cifraspreliminares/resultados%20preliminares.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130718202826/http://www.one.cu/publicaciones/cepde/cpv2012/20121212cifraspreliminares/resultados%20preliminares.pdf |date=2013-07-18 }} |- |76 |align=left|{{BEL}} |11,156,136 |Juin 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 11156136/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20090419074752/http://www.ibz.rrn.fgov.be/fileadmin/user_upload/Registre/fr/statistiques_population/stat_1_f.pdf Monthly official estimate] |- |77 |align=left|{{GIN}} |10,824,200 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 10824200/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat-guinee.org Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120712050037/http://www.stat-guinee.org/ |date=2012-07-12 }} |- |78 |align=left|{{GRC}} |10,815,197 |Mey 24, 2011 |{{#expr: 10815197/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_GR.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140817195146/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/A1602_SAM01_DT_DC_00_2011_02_F_GR.pdf |date=2014-08-17 }} |- |79 |align=left|{{TUN}} |10,777,500 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 10777500/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150904023615/http://www.ins.nat.tn/indexen.php |date=2015-09-04 }} |- |80 |align=left|{{PRT}} |10,562,178 |Mairch 21, 2011 |{{#expr: 10562178/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.pt/scripts/flex_definitivos/Main.html Final 2011 census result] |- |81 |align=left|{{RWA}} |10,537,222 |August 15, 2012 |{{#expr: 10537222/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistics.gov.rw/system/files/user_uploads/files/books/provisional%20results%20-%20eng.pdf Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019174254/http://www.statistics.gov.rw/system/files/user_uploads/files/books/provisional%20results%20-%20eng.pdf |date=2013-10-19 }} |- |82 |align=left|{{CZE}} |10,512,800 |Mairch 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 10512800/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.czso.cz/csu/csu.nsf/enginformace/coby061213.doc Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130903205850/http://www.czso.cz/csu/csu.nsf/enginformace/coby061213.doc |date=2013-09-03 }} |- |83 |align=left|{{SOM}}<ref>Includes [[Puntland]] (with a population of about 3,900,000 inhabitants) and [[Somaliland]] (some 3,500,000 inhabitants).</ref> |10,496,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 10496000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |84 |align=left|{{HTI}} |10,413,211 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 10413211/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ihsi.ht/produit_demo_soc.htm Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721103153/http://www.ihsi.ht/produit_demo_soc.htm |date=2011-07-21 }} |- |85 |align=left|{{BEN}} |10,323,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 10323000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |86 |align=left|{{BDI}} |10,163,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 10163000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |87 |align=left|{{BOL}} |10,027,254 |November 21, 2012 |{{#expr: 10027254/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.bo:8081/censo2012/PDF/resultadosCPV2012.pdf 2012 census result] |- |88 |align=left|{{HUN}} |9,906,000 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 9906000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://portal.ksh.hu/pls/ksh/docs/eng/xstadat/xstadat_annual/i_wdsd003b.html Annual official estimate] |- |89 |align=left|{{SWE}} |9,588,569 |Mey 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 9588569/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.scb.se/Pages/TableAndChart____25897.aspx Monthly official estimate] |- |90 |align=left|{{BLR}} |9,459,800 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 9459800/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[https://archive.today/20121128000236/belstat.gov.by/homep/en/indicators/press/demographics.php Monthly official estimate] |- |91 |align=left|{{DOM}} |9,445,281 |December 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 9445281/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.one.gov.do/index.php?module=articles&func=display&aid=2387 Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404103147/http://www.one.gov.do/index.php?module=articles&func=display&aid=2387 |date=2013-04-04 }} |- |92 |align=left|{{AZE}} |9,235,100 |Januar 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 9235100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/AP_1.shtml Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207012257/http://www.azstat.org/statinfo/demoqraphic/en/AP_/AP_1.shtml |date=2012-02-07 }} |- |93 |align=left|{{AUT}} |8,464,554 |Aprile 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 8464554/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistik.at/web_de/presse/071726 Official estimate] |- |94 |align=left|{{HND}} |8,385,072 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 8385072/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/node/205 Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017031001/http://www.ine.gob.hn/drupal/node/205 |date=2010-10-17 }} |- |95 |align=left|{{ARE}} |8,264,070 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 8264070/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.uaestatistics.gov.ae/ReportPDF/Population%20Estimates%202006%20-%202010.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008044353/http://www.uaestatistics.gov.ae/ReportPDF/Population%20Estimates%202006%20-%202010.pdf |date=2013-10-08 }} |- |96 |align=left|{{CHE}} |8,058,100 |Mairch 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 8058100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/en/index/themen/01/02/blank/key/bevoelkerungsstand/01.html Quarterly official estimate] |- |97 |align=left|{{ISR}} |8,051,200 |Juin 30, 2013 |{{#expr: 8051200/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www1.cbs.gov.il/publications13/yarhon0713/pdf/b1.pdf Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002094329/http://www1.cbs.gov.il/publications13/yarhon0713/pdf/b1.pdf |date=2013-10-02 }} |- |98 |align=left|{{TJK}} |8,000,000 |Aprile 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 8000000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.tj/en Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306125630/http://www.stat.tj/en/ |date=2012-03-06 }} |- |99 |align=left|{{BGR}} |7,282,041 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 7282041/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.nsi.bg/otrasal.php?otr=19&a1=376&a2=377&a3=378#cont Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113220442/http://www.nsi.bg/otrasal.php?otr=19&a1=376&a2=377&a3=378#cont |date=2012-11-13 }} |- |100 |align=left|{{SRB}}<ref>Excludes the [[Kosovo]] (1,733,872, [https://web.archive.org/web/20111112084432/http://esk.rks-gov.net/rekos2011/repository/docs/REKOS%20LEAFLET%20ALB%20FINAL.pdf 2011]).</ref> |7,241,295 |Januar 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 7241295/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/PageView.aspx?pKey=2 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151225081855/http://webrzs.stat.gov.rs/WebSite/Public/PageView.aspx?pKey=2 |date=2015-12-25 }} |- |101 |align=left|{{HKG}}<ref>Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the [[People's Republic of China]] from July 1, 1997.</ref> |7,173,900 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 7173900/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/index.jsp?subjectID=1&charsetID=2&displayMode=T Official estimate]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609015356/http://www.censtatd.gov.hk/hong_kong_statistics/statistics_by_subject/index.jsp?subjectID=1&charsetID=2&displayMode=T |date=2007-06-09 }} |- |102 |align=left|{{PNG}} |7,059,653 |Julie 10, 2011 |{{#expr: 7059653/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/PapuaNewGuinea.html 2011 census result] |- |103 |align=left|{{PRY}} |6,672,631 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 6672631/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.dgeec.gov.py/sub_index/Pobreza/Paraguay%20Evolucion%20de%20la%20Poblacion%20Total%20Periodo%201950-2002%20Proyeccion%202012.pdf Official estimate] |- |104 |align=left|{{LAO}} |6,580,800 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 6580800/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.nsc.gov.la/Statistics/Selected%20Statistics/Population.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120517150036/http://www.nsc.gov.la/Statistics/Selected%20Statistics/Population.htm |date=2012-05-17 }} |- |105 |align=left|{{JOR}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (62490+3.82*{{Age in days|2011|12|31}}) round 0}}00}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (6249000+382*{{Age in days|2011|12|31}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/index.htm Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117225318/http://www.dos.gov.jo/dos_home_e/main/index.htm |date=2012-01-17 }} |- |106 |align=left|{{ERI}} |6,333,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 6333000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |107 |align=left|{{LBY}} |6,202,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 6202000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |108 |align=left|{{TGO}} |6,191,155 |November 6, 2010 |{{#expr: 6191155/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat-togo.org/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=14&&Itemid=56 Final 2010 census result] |- |109 |align=left|{{SLE}} |6,190,280 |2013 |{{#expr: 6190280/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistics.sl/2004_pop._&_hou._census_analytical_reports/2004_population_and_housing_census_report_on_projection_for_sierra_leone.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730173852/http://www.statistics.sl/2004_pop._%26_hou._census_analytical_reports/2004_population_and_housing_census_report_on_projection_for_sierra_leone.pdf |date=2013-07-30 }} |- |110 |align=left|{{SLV}} |6,183,000 |Juin 30, 2010 |{{#expr: 6183000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/ElSalvador.html Official estimate] |- |111 |align=left|{{NIC}} |6,071,045 |Juin 30, 2012 |{{#expr: 6071045/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.inide.gob.ni/estadisticas/Cifras%20municipales%20año%202012%20INIDE.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230512/http://www.inide.gob.ni/estadisticas/Cifras%20municipales%20a%C3%B1o%202012%20INIDE.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |112 |align=left|{{DNK}} |5,605,836 |Aprile 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 5605836/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.dst.dk/en/Statistik/emner/befolkning-og-befolkningsfremskrivning.aspx Quarterly official estimate] |- |113 |align=left|{{KGZ}} |5,551,900 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 5551900/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://stat.kg/images/stories/docs/KZ/Demo/demo2.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150909195539/http://stat.kg/images/stories/docs/KZ/Demo/demo2.pdf |date=2015-09-09 }} |- |114 |align=left|{{FIN}} |5,434,357 |Mey 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 5434357/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.fi/til/vrm_en.html Monthly official estimate] |- |115 |align=left|{{SVK}} |5,410,728 |Mairch 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 5410728/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=68588 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031417/http://portal.statistics.sk/showdoc.do?docid=68588 |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |116 |align=left|{{SGP}} |5,310,000 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 5310000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.singstat.gov.sg Official estimate] |- |117 |align=left|{{TKM}} |5,240,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 5240000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |118 |align=left|{{NOR}} |5,063,709 |Mairch 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 5063709/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/folkendrkv/kvartal Quarterly official estimate] |- |119 |align=left|{{LBN}} |4,822,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4822000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |120 |align=left|{{CRI}} |4,667,096 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4667096/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.inec.go.cr/Web/Home/pagPrincipal.aspx Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327062704/http://www.inec.go.cr/Web/Home/pagPrincipal.aspx |date=2012-03-27 }} |- |121 |align=left|{{CAF}} |4,616,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4616000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |122 |align=left|{{IRL}} |4,585,400 |Aprile 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 4585400/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.cso.ie/en/media/csoie/releasespublications/documents/population/2012/popmig_2012.pdf Annual official estimate] |- |123 |align=left|{{GEO}}<ref>Excludes ([http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/01%20Population%20by%20municipalities%20for%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20year.xls 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140722065134/http://www.geostat.ge/cms/site_images/_files/english/population/01%20Population%20by%20municipalities%20for%20the%20beginning%20of%20the%20year.xls |date=2014-07-22 }}) the [[Republic of Abkhazia]] (242,862, census 2011) and [[South Ossetia]] (70,000, 2006).</ref> |4,483,800 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4483800/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=152&lang=eng Annual official estimate] |- |124 |align=left|{{NZL}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (440000+6.3*{{Age in days|2010|6|18}}) round 0}}0}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (4400000+63*{{Age in days|2010|6|18}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/population_clock.aspx Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100604223109/http://www.stats.govt.nz/methods_and_services/population_clock.aspx |date=2010-06-04 }} |- |125 |align=left|{{COG}} |4,448,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4448000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |126 |align=left|{{PSE}}<ref>It comprises the [[Gaza Strip]] and the [[West Bank]].</ref> |4,420,549 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4420549/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610214618/http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/site/881/default.aspx#Population |date=2015-06-10 }} |- |127 |align=left|{{LBR}} |4,294,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 4294000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |128 |align=left|{{HRV}} |4,290,612 |Mairch 31, 2011 |{{#expr: 4290612/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151123094014/http://www.dzs.hr/default_e.htm |date=2015-11-23 }} |- |129 |align=left|{{BIH}} |3,839,737 |Juin 30, 2011 |{{#expr: 3839737/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.bhas.ba/index.php?option=com_publikacija&id=1&lang=en&Itemid= Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923184402/http://www.bhas.ba/index.php?option=com_publikacija&id=1&lang=en&Itemid= |date=2015-09-23 }} |- |130 |align=left|{{OMN}} |3,831,553 |Februar 28, 2013 |{{#expr: 3831553/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.ncsi.gov.om/book/mb/Mar2013/T2.pdf Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230516/http://www.ncsi.gov.om/book/mb/Mar2013/T2.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |131 |align=left|{{PRI}}<ref>Commonwealth ({{lang-es|Estado Libre Asociado}}) belonging to the [[United States]].</ref> |3,667,084 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 3667084/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/PuertoRico-Towns.html Official estimate] |- |132 |align=left|{{KWT}} |3,582,054 |December 31, 2010 |{{#expr: 3582054/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Kuwait.html Official estimate] |- |133 |align=left|{{MDA}}<ref>Excludes ([http://www.statistica.md/public/files/publicatii_electronice/populatia/Populatia_Republicii_Moldova_2010.pdf statistica.md.2010.pdf]) [[Transnistria]] (555,347, census 2005).</ref> |3,559,500 |Januar 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 3559500/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistica.md/category.php?l=ro&idc=103& Official estimate] |- |134 |align=left|{{MRT}} |3,461,041 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 3461041/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.ons.mr/doc/publication/Projectionpopulation.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925151255/http://www.ons.mr/doc/publication/Projectionpopulation.pdf |date=2015-09-25 }} |- |135 |align=left|{{PAN}} |3,405,813 |Mey 16, 2010 |{{#expr: 3405813/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.censos2010.gob.pa/Resultados/cuadros.aspx Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110307170158/http://www.censos2010.gob.pa/Resultados/Cuadros.aspx |date=2011-03-07 }} |- |136 |align=left|{{URY}} |3,286,314 |September 30, 2011 |{{#expr: 3286314/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/index.html Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112153208/http://www.ine.gub.uy/censos2011/index.html |date=2012-01-12 }} |- |137 |align=left|{{ARM}} |3,024,100 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 3024100/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.armstat.am/en/?nid=126&id=11001 Annual official estimate] |- |138 |align=left|{{LTU}} |2,955,986 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 2955986/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100819130935/http://db1.stat.gov.lt/statbank/selectvarval/saveselections.asp?MainTable=M3010101&PLanguage=1&TableStyle=&Buttons=&PXSId=7743&IQY=&TC=&ST=ST&rvar0=&rvar1=&rvar2=&rvar3=&rvar4=&rvar5=&rvar6=&rvar7=&rvar8=&rvar9=&rvar10=&rvar11=&rvar12=&rvar13=&rvar14= |date=2010-08-19 }} |- |139 |align=left|{{ALB}} |2,821,977 |October 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 2821977/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177354/main_results__population_and_housing_census_2011.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170630084756/http://www.instat.gov.al/media/177354/main_results__population_and_housing_census_2011.pdf |date=2017-06-30 }} |- |140 |align=left|{{MNG}} |2,754,685 |November 11, 2010 |{{#expr: 2754685/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.nso.mn/v3/index2.php?page=news_more&id=722 2010 census result]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |141 |align=left|{{JAM}} |2,711,476 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 2711476/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://statinja.gov.jm/Demo_SocialStats/population.aspx Annual official estimate] |- |142 |align=left|{{NAM}} |2,113,077 |August 28, 2011 |{{#expr: 2113077/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Namibia.html Final 2011 census result] |- |143 |align=left|{{LSO}} |2,074,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 2074000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |144 |align=left|{{SVN}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (2058821+8*{{Age in days|2013|1|1}}) round 0}}}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (2058821+8*{{Age in days|2013|1|1}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.si/eng/tema_demografsko_prebivalstvo.asp Official population clock] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618041010/http://www.stat.si/eng/tema_demografsko_prebivalstvo.asp |date=2009-06-18 }} |- |145 |align=left|{{MKD}} |2,059,794 |December 31, 2011 |{{#expr: 2059794/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.gov.mk/OblastOpsto_en.aspx?id=2 Official estimate] |- |146 |align=left|{{BWA}} |2,024,904 |August 22, 2011 |{{#expr: 2024904/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.cso.gov.bw/media/2011%20Census%20_Alphabetical%20Index%20of%20Districts.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525113252/http://www.cso.gov.bw/media/2011%20Census%20_Alphabetical%20Index%20of%20Districts.pdf |date=2013-05-25 }} |- |147 |align=left|{{LVA}} |2,013,400 |Juin 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 2013400/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628214416/http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/statistikas-temas/population-key-indicators-30624.html |date=2013-06-28 }} |- |148 |align=left|{{QAT}} |1,916,426 |Juin 30, 2013 |{{#expr: 1916426/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/PopulationStructure.htm Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121130220032/http://www.qsa.gov.qa/eng/PopulationStructure.htm |date=2012-11-30 }} |- |149 |align=left|{{GMB}} |1,849,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 1849000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |150 |align=left|{{GNB}} |1,704,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 1704000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |151 |align=left|{{GAB}} |1,672,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 1672000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |152 |align=left|{{GNQ}} |1,622,000 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 1622000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/estadistica.php Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107063158/https://www.guineaecuatorialpress.com/404.shtml |date=2019-01-07 }} |- |153 |align=left|{{TTO}} |1,328,019 |Januar 9, 2011 |{{#expr: 1328019/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230527/http://www.cso.gov.tt/sites/default/files/content/images/census/TRINIDAD%20AND%20TOBAGO%202011%20Demographic%20Report.pdf 2011 census result] |- |154 |align=left|{{EST}} |1,286,540 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 1286540/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.ee/main-indicators Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121123153505/http://www.stat.ee/main-indicators |date=2012-11-23 }} |- |155 |align=left|{{MUS}} |1,257,900 |Julie 3, 2011 |{{#expr: 1257900/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/ei915/esi2011.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230510/http://www.gov.mu/portal/goc/cso/ei915/esi2011.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |156 |align=left|{{SWZ}} |1,250,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 1250000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |157 |align=left|{{BHR}} |1,234,571 |Aprile 27, 2010 |{{#expr: 1234571/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.cio.gov.bh/CIO_ARA/English/Publications/Census/2011%2009%2018%20Final%20English%20Census%202010%20Summary%20%20Results%20-%20Review%201.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230515/http://www.cio.gov.bh/CIO_ARA/English/Publications/Census/2011%2009%2018%20Final%20English%20Census%202010%20Summary%20%20Results%20-%20Review%201.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |158 |align=left|{{TLS}} |1,066,409 |Julie 11, 2010 |{{#expr: 1066409/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://dne.mof.gov.tl Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816060817/http://dne.mof.gov.tl/ |date=2012-08-16 }} |- |159 |align=left|{{DJI}} |864,618 |Julie 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 864618/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.ministere-finances.dj/Annuaire2012Ver02102012-Correct3.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304053048/http://www.ministere-finances.dj/Annuaire2012Ver02102012-Correct3.pdf |date=2016-03-04 }} |- |160 |align=left|{{CYP}}<ref>Excludes [[Northern Cyprus]] (294,906, 04 Dec 2011 Census under the auspieces of the UN observers, ([http://www.worldbulletin.net/?aType=haber&ArticleID=82777 North Cyprus State Planning Organization]).</ref> |862,000 |December 31, 2011 |{{#expr: 862000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.mof.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/C6ECE5795EAC1ED8C2257AB70038FCD4?OpenDocument&sub=1&sel=1&e=&print Official estimate] |- |161 |align=left|{{FJI}} |858,038 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 858038/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20111113144319/http://www.statsfiji.gov.fj/Key%20Stats/Population/1.2%20pop%20by%20ethnicity.pdf Annual official estimate] |- |162 |align=left|''{{REU}}'' ([[France]]) |821,136 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 821136/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Official estimate] |- |163 |align=left|{{GUY}} |784,894 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 784894/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Guyana_Population_Projections_2005-2025.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031300/http://www.statisticsguyana.gov.gy/pubs/Guyana_Population_Projections_2005-2025.pdf |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |164 |align=left|{{BTN}} |{{formatnum: {{#expr: (72000+3.6*{{Age in days|2012|4|16}}) round 0}}0}} |{{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}} |{{#expr: (720000+36*{{Age in days|2012|4|16}})/{{worldpop}}*100 round 2}}% |align=left|[http://www.nsb.gov.bt/main/main.php#&slider1=1 Official population clock]{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |165 |align=left|{{COM}} |724,300 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 724300/{{worldpop}}*100 round 3}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Comores.html Official estimate] |- |166 |align=left|{{MNE}} |620,029 |Aprile 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 620029/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.monstat.org/userfiles/file/popis2011/saopstenje/saopstenje%281%29.pdf Final 2011 census result] |- |167 |align=left|{{MAC}}<ref>Special Administrative Region (SAR) of the [[People's Republic of China]] from December 20, 1999.</ref> |582,000 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 582000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.dsec.gov.mo/default.aspx Official estimate] |- |168 |align=left|{{ESH}}<ref>Administration is split between [[Morocco]] and the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]], both of which claim the entire territory.</ref> |567,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 567000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |169 |align=left|{{SLB}} |561,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 561000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |170 |align=left|{{LUX}} |537,000 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 537000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistiques.public.lu/stat/TableViewer/tableViewHTML.aspx?ReportId=383&IF_Language=fra&MainTheme=2&FldrName=1 Annual official estimate]{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |171 |align=left|{{SUR}} |534,189 |August 13, 2012 |{{#expr: 534189/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Suriname.html Preliminary 2012 census result] |- |172 |align=left|{{CPV}} |491,875 |Juin 16, 2010 |{{#expr: 491875/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.ine.cv/actualise/dadostat/files/7ba5fbd5-bf0a-4faf-a734-0495ba9f80f0evolução%20da%20população%20residente%20em%20cabo%20verde,%201900%20-2010.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003130545/http://www.ine.cv/actualise/dadostat/files/7ba5fbd5-bf0a-4faf-a734-0495ba9f80f0evolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20da%20popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o%20residente%20em%20cabo%20verde%2C%201900%20-2010.pdf |date=2012-10-03 }} |- |173 |align=left|{{MLT}} |416,055 |November 20, 2011 |{{#expr: 416055/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=3424 Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113194522/http://www.nso.gov.mt/statdoc/document_file.aspx?id=3424 |date=2013-11-13 }} |- |174 |align=left|''{{GLP}}'' ([[France]]) |403,355 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 403355/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Official estimate] |- |175 |align=left|''{{MTQ}}'' ([[France]]) |394,173 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 394173/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Official estimate] |- |176 |align=left|{{BRN}} |393,162 |Juin 20, 2011 |{{#expr: 393162/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.depd.gov.bn/projects/BPP/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20BPP%202011_updated_20Feb2012.pdf Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121010121333/http://www.depd.gov.bn/projects/BPP/Preliminary%20Report%20of%20BPP%202011_updated_20Feb2012.pdf |date=2012-10-10 }} |- |177 |align=left|{{BHS}} |351,461 |Mey 3, 2010 |{{#expr: 351461/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://statistics.bahamas.gov.bs/download/056411800.pdf Final 2010 census result]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |178 |align=left|{{ISL}} |323,810 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 323810/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.statice.is Official estimate] |- |179 |align=left|{{MDV}} |317,280 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 317280/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://planning.gov.mv/en/images/stories/publications/analysiscd/pdf/13.pdf Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224031/http://planning.gov.mv/en/images/stories/publications/analysiscd/pdf/13.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |- |180 |align=left|{{BLZ}} |312,971 |Mey 12, 2010 |{{#expr: 312971/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110813051640/http://www.statisticsbelize.org.bz/dms20uc/dynamicdata/docs/20110511165337_2.pdf Preliminary 2010 census result] |- |181 |align=left|{{BRB}} |274,200 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 274200/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Barbados.html Official estimate] |- |182 |align=left|''{{PYF}}'' ([[France]]) |268,270 |August 22, 2012 |{{#expr: 268270/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.ispf.pf/Libraries/RP2012/Premiers_résultats_population_légale.sflb.ashx Preliminary 2012 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221193409/http://www.ispf.pf/Libraries/RP2012/Premiers_r%C3%A9sultats_population_l%C3%A9gale.sflb.ashx |date=2014-02-21 }} |- |183 |align=left|{{VUT}} |264,652 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 264652/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |184 |align=left|''{{NCL}}'' ([[France]]) |258,958 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 258958/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |185 |align=left|''{{GUF}}'' ([[France]]) |229,040 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 229040/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-regions.asp Official estimate] |- |186 |align=left|''{{MYT}}'' ([[France]]) |212,600 |August 21, 2012 |{{#expr: 212600/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/themes/document.asp?ref_id=19214&reg_id=27 2012 census result] |- |187 |align=left|{{WSM}} |187,820 |November 7, 2011 |{{#expr: 187820/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.sbs.gov.ws Final 2011 census result] |- |188 |align=left|{{STP}} |187,356 |Mey 13, 2012 |{{#expr: 187356/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/SaoTome.html 2012 census result] |- |189 |align=left|{{LCA}} |166,526 |Mey 10, 2010 |{{#expr: 166526/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[https://web.archive.org/web/20110830112605/http://www.stats.gov.lc/StLuciaPreliminaryCensusReport2010.pdf Preliminary 2010 census result] |- |190 |align=left|''{{GUM}}'' ([[United States|USA]]) |159,358 |Aprile 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 159358/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn179.html Final 2010 census result] |- |191 |align=left|''{{CUW}}'' ([[Netherlands]]) |150,563 |Mairch 26, 2011 |{{#expr: 150563/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Curacao.html 2011 census result] |- |192 |align=left|{{VCT}} |109,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 109000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |193 |align=left|{{KIR}} |106,461 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 106461/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |194 |align=left|''{{VIR}}'' ([[United States|USA]]) |106,405 |Aprile 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 106405/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn180.html Final 2010 census result] |- |195 |align=left|{{GRD}} |103,328 |Mey 12, 2011 |{{#expr: 103328/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.geohive.com/cntry/grenada.aspx 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614004809/http://www.geohive.com/cntry/grenada.aspx |date=2012-06-14 }} |- |196 |align=left|{{TON}} |103,036 |November 30, 2011 |{{#expr: 103036/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tonga/release.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230502/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tonga/release.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |197 |align=left|''{{ABW}}'' ([[Netherlands]]) |101,484 |September 29, 2010 |{{#expr: 101484/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.cbs.aw/cbs/readBlob.do?id=4199 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113151207/http://www.cbs.aw/cbs/readBlob.do?id=4199 |date=2012-11-13 }} |- |198 |align=left|{{FSM}} |101,351 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 101351/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |199 |align=left|''{{JEY}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |97,857 |Mairch 27, 2011 |{{#expr: 97857/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020111208%20SU.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918003705/http://www.gov.je/SiteCollectionDocuments/Government%20and%20administration/R%20CensusBulletin1%2020111208%20SU.pdf |date=2012-09-18 }} |- |200 |align=left|{{SYC}} |90,945 |August 26, 2010 |{{#expr: 90945/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.nbs.gov.sc/archives/82 Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120221021324/http://www.nbs.gov.sc/archives/82 |date=2012-02-21 }} |- |201 |align=left|{{ATG}} |86,295 |Mey 27, 2011 |{{#expr: 86295/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Antigua.html Preliminary 2011 census result] |- |202 |align=left|''{{IMN}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |84,497 |Mairch 27, 2011 |{{#expr: 84497/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/IsleOfMan.html 2011 census result] |- |203 |align=left|{{AND}} |76,246 |Julie 1, 2012 |{{#expr: 76246/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/web/banc_dades4.asp?tipus_grafic=&bGrafic=&formules=inici&any1=01/01/2000&any2=01/01/2012&codi_divisio=8&lang=1&codi_subtemes=8&codi_tema=2&chkseries= Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171113143444/http://www.estadistica.ad/serveiestudis/web/banc_dades4.asp?tipus_grafic= |date=2017-11-13 }} |- |204 |align=left|{{DMA}} |71,293 |Mey 14, 2011 |{{#expr: 71293/{{worldpop}}*100 round 4}}% |align=left|[http://www.dominica.gov.dm/cms/files/2011_census_report.pdf Preliminary 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608104411/http://www.dominica.gov.dm/cms/files/2011_census_report.pdf |date=2019-06-08 }} |- |205 |align=left|''{{BMU}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |64,237 |Mey 20, 2010 |{{#expr: 64237/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_980_227_1014_43/http%3B/ptpublisher.gov.bm%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/statistics/dept___statistics___additonal_files/2012_facts___figures_0.pdf Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520190010/http://www.gov.bm/portal/server.pt/gateway/PTARGS_0_2_980_227_1014_43/http%3B/ptpublisher.gov.bm%3B7087/publishedcontent/publish/cabinet_office/statistics/dept___statistics___additonal_files/2012_facts___figures_0.pdf |date=2013-05-20 }} |- |206 |align=left|''{{GGY}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |62,431 |Mairch 31, 2010 |{{#expr: 62431/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.gov.gg/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=5506&p=0 Annual official estimate] |- |207 |align=left|''{{GRL}}'' ([[Denmark]]) |56,370 |Januar 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 56370/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.stat.gl/dialog/main.asp?lang=en&theme=Population&link=BE Annual official estimate] |- |208 |align=left|{{MHL}} |56,086 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 56086/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |209 |align=left|''{{ASM}}'' ([[United States|USA]]) |55,519 |Aprile 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 55519/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn177.html Final 2010 census result] |- |210 |align=left|''{{CYM}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |55,456 |October 10, 2010 |{{#expr: 55456/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.eso.ky/pages.php?page=2010censusofpopulationandhousingfinalreport Final 2010 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921135615/http://eso.ky/pages.php?page=2010censusofpopulationandhousingfinalreport |date=2013-09-21 }} |- |211 |align=left|{{KNA}} |54,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 54000/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|UN estimate |- |212 |align=left|''{{MNP}}'' ([[United States|USA]]) |53,883 |Aprile 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 53883/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.census.gov/newsroom/releases/archives/2010_census/cb11-cn178.html Final 2010 census result] |- |213 |align=left|''{{FRO}}'' ([[Denmark]]) |48,244 |Aprile 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 48244/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.hagstova.fo/portal/page/portal/HAGSTOVAN/Statistics_%20Faroe_Islands Monthly official estimate] |- |214 |align=left|''{{SXM}}'' ([[Netherlands]]) |37,429 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 37429/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/SintMaarten.html Official estimate] |- |215 |align=left|''{{MAF}}'' ([[France]]) |36,979 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 36979/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Official estimate] |- |216 |align=left|{{LIE}} |36,842 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 36842/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-bevoelkerung/llv-as-bevoelkerung-bevoelkerungsstatistik_per_31_dezember-vorlaeufig.htm Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331084716/http://www.llv.li/amtsstellen/llv-as-bevoelkerung/llv-as-bevoelkerung-bevoelkerungsstatistik_per_31_dezember-vorlaeufig.htm |date=2014-03-31 }} |- |217 |align=left|{{MCO}} |36,136 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 36136/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.monacostatistics.mc/News/Official-population-on-December-31-2012 Annual official estimate] |- |218 |align=left|{{SMR}} |32,382 |Mey 31, 2013 |{{#expr: 32382/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.statistica.sm/on-line/home/dati-statistici/popolazione.html# Monthly official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121228151338/http://www.statistica.sm/on-line/home/dati-statistici/popolazione.html |date=2012-12-28 }} |- |219 |align=left|''{{TCA}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |31,458 |Januar 25, 2012 |{{#expr: 31458/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/TurksCaicos.html 2012 census result] |- |220 |align=left|''{{GIB}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |29,752 |Julie 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 29752/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/images/stories/PDF/statistics/Key_Indicators_Website.pdf Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180928123433/http://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/images/stories/PDF/statistics/Key_Indicators_Website.pdf |date=2018-09-28 }} |- |221 |align=left|''{{VGB}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |29,537 |Julie 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 29537/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.dpu.gov.vg Annual official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020525210259/http://www.dpu.gov.vg/ |date=2002-05-25 }} |- |222 |align=left|''{{ALA}}'' ([[Finland]]) |28,502 |December 31, 2012 |{{#expr: 28502/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.asub.ax/start.con?iLan=2 Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161115211225/http://www.asub.ax/start.con?iLan=2 |date=2016-11-15 }} |- |223 |align=left|''{{BES}}'' ([[Netherlands]]) |21,133 |Januar 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 21133/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/NedAntillen.html Official estimate] |- |224 |align=left|{{PLW}} |20,901 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 20901/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |225 |align=left|''{{COK}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |14,974 |December 1, 2011 |{{#expr: 14974/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.mfem.gov.ck/docs/Stats/2012/Census/2011%20Cook%20Islands%20Population%20Census%20Report.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130502230514/http://www.mfem.gov.ck/docs/Stats/2012/Census/2011%20Cook%20Islands%20Population%20Census%20Report.pdf |date=2013-05-02 }} |- |226 |align=left|''{{AIA}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |13,452 |Mey 11, 2011 |{{#expr: 13452/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Anguilla.html Preliminary 2011 census result] |- |227 |align=left|''{{WLF}}'' ([[France]]) |13,135 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 13135/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |228 |align=left|{{TUV}} |11,323 |Julie 1, 2013 |{{#expr: 11323/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.spc.int/sdp/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_download&gid=158&Itemid=42&lang=en Annual official estimate] |- |229 |align=left|{{NRU}} |9,945 |October 30, 2011 |{{#expr: 9945/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Nauru.html 2011 census result] |- |230 |align=left|''{{BLM}}'' ([[France]]) |8,938 |Januar 1, 2010 |{{#expr: 8938/{{worldpop}}*100 round 5}}% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Official estimate] |- |231 |align=left|''{{SPM}}'' ([[France]]) |6,081 |Januar 1, 2010 |0.00006% |align=left|[http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/france-departements.asp?annee=2010 Official estimate] |- |232 |align=left|''{{MSR}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |4,922 |Mey 12, 2011 |0.00005% |align=left|[http://www.gov.ms/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Montserrat-At-A-Glance.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403071254/http://www.gov.ms/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Montserrat-At-A-Glance.pdf |date=2019-04-03 }} |- |233 |align=left|''{{SHN}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |4,000 |Julie 1, 2013 |0.00004% |align=left|UN estimate |- |234 |align=left|''{{SJM}}'' ([[Norawa]]) |2,655 |September 1, 2012 |0.00003% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Svalbard.html Official estimate] |- |235 |align=left|''{{FLK}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |2,563 |Aprile 15, 2012 |0.00003% |align=left|[http://www.falklands.gov.fk/our-people 2012 census result] |- |236 |align=left|''{{NFK}}'' ([[Australia]]) |2,302 |August 9, 2011 |0.00002% |align=left|[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Norfolk_Island/report.pdf 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303200110/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Norfolk_Island/report.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }} |- |237 |align=left|''{{CXR}}'' ([[Australia]]) |2,072 |August 9, 2011 |0.00002% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Australia-Agglo.html 2011 census result] |- |238 |align=left|''{{NIU}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |1,613 |September 10, 2011 |0.00002% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Niue.html Final 2011 census result] |- |239 |align=left|''{{TKL}}'' ([[New Zealand|NZ]]) |1,411 |October 18, 2011 |0.00001% |align=left|[http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tokelau/report.pdf Final 2011 census result] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815034343/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/sources/census/2010_PHC/Tokelau/report.pdf |date=2012-08-15 }} |- |240 |align=left|{{VAT}} |800 |Julie 1, 2012 |0.00001% |align=left|[http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/es/stato-e-governo/note-generali/popolazione.html Official estimate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202031317/http://www.vaticanstate.va/content/vaticanstate/es/stato-e-governo/note-generali/popolazione.html |date=2017-02-02 }} |- |241 |align=left|''{{CCK}}'' ([[Australia]]) |550 |August 9, 2011 |0.000001% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Australia-Agglo.html 2011 census result] |- |242 |align=left|''{{PCN}}'' ([[United Kingdom|UK]]) |66 |Julie 1, 2008 |0.0000000% |align=left|[http://www.citypopulation.de/Pitcairn.html 2008 census result] |} ==See an aa== {{Multicol}} *[[Leet o countries bi population (Unitit Naitions)]] *[[Leet o sovereign states an dependent territories bi population density]] *[[Leet o continents bi population]] *[[Leet o kintras bi refugee population]] *[[Leet o kintras bi urban population]] *[[Leet o regional organisations bi population]] *[[Leet o releegious populations]] *[[Leets o organisms bi population]] *[[Warld population]] '''Heestorical''' *[[Leet o kintras bi population in 1900]] *[[Leet o kintras bi population in 1907]] *[[Leet o kintras bi population in 2000]] *[[Leet o kintras bi population in 2005]] *[[Leet o kintras bi population in 2010]] *[[Leet o kintras bi past an futur population]] (1950–2050) '''Ceeties:''' *[[Warld's lairgest ceeties]] *[[Leet o naitional caipitals bi population]] {{Multicol-break}} {{portal|Geografie}} *'''Leets o kintras bi population''' **'''Continental''' ***[[Leet o African kintras by population|Africae]] ***[[Leet o Asian kintras by population|Asie]] ***[[Leet o European kintras by population|Europe]] ***[[Leet o North American kintras by population|North Americae]] ***[[Leet o Oceanian kintras by population|Oceanie]] ***[[Leet o South American kintras by population|Sooth Americae]] **'''Intercontinental''' ***[[Leet o Eurasian kintras bi population|Eurasie]] ***[[Leet o kintras in the Americas by population|Americas]] ***[[Leet o Arab kintras by population|Arab states]] ***[[Leet o members o the Commonweel o Naitions bi population|Commonweel o Naitions]] ***[[Leet o Laitin American kintras bi population|Latin Americae]] ***[[Leet o Middle East kintras bi population|Middle East]] **'''Subcontinental''' ***[[Leet o Caribbean island kintras bi population|Caribbean islands]] ***[[Leet o European Union member states bi population|European Union member states]] {{Multicol-end}} ==References an notes== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm United Nations Analytical Report for the 2004 revision of World Population Prospects] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815065906/http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/WPP2004/WPP2004_Volume3.htm |date=2018-08-15 }} (the analytical report for the 2006 revision is nae available online)&nbsp;— includes details of methodology and soorces uised for the population estimates abuin. [[Category:Demografie]] [[Category:Leets o kintras|Population]] [[Category:Leets bi population|Kintras]] 22rssb78400qjcqqbdvh4ko2vnxm16w Viggiù 0 58454 916427 636741 2026-05-07T23:24:28Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916427 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Italian comune | name = Viggiù | official_name = Comune di Viggiù | native_name = | image_skyline = | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | image_map = Map of comune of Viggiù (province of Varese, region Lombardy, Italy).svg | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | coordinates = {{coord|45|52|N|8|54|E|type:city(5,148)_region:IT|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | region = [[Lombardy]] | province = [[Province o Varese]] (VA) | frazioni = Baraggia | mayor_party = | mayor = Antonio Mario Giovanni Banfi | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 9.3 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 5148 | population_as_of = Dec. 2004 | pop_density_footnotes = | population_demonym = Viggiutesi | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 506 | twin1 = | twin1_country = | saint = | day = | postal_code = 21059 | area_code = 0332 | website = {{official|http://www.viggiu-in-rete.org}} | footnotes = }} '''Viggiù''' (''Vigiǘ'' in [[Milanese]]) is a ''[[comune]]'' (municipality) in the [[Province o Varese]] in the [[Italy|Italian]] region [[Lombardy]], locatit aboot 50&nbsp;km northwast o [[Milan]] an aboot 8&nbsp;km northeast o [[Varese]], on the border wi Swisserland. As o 31 Dizember 2004, it haed a population o 5,148 an a aurie o 9.3&nbsp;km².<ref name="istat">All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute [[National Institute of Statistics (Italy)|Istat]].</ref> The municipality o Viggiù contains the ''[[frazione]]'' (subdiveesion) Baraggia. Viggiù borders the follaein municipalities: [[Arcisate]], [[Besano]], [[Bisuschio]], [[Cantello]], [[Clivio]], [[Meride]] (Swisserland), [[Saltrio]]. ==Demographic evolution== <timeline> Colors= id:lightgrey value:gray(0.9) id:darkgrey value:gray(0.8) id:sfondo value:rgb(1,1,1) id:barra value:rgb(0.6,0.7,0.8) ImageSize = width:455 height:303 PlotArea = left:50 bottom:50 top:30 right:30 DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:5500 TimeAxis = orientation:vertical AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = gridcolor:darkgrey increment:500 start:0 ScaleMinor = gridcolor:lightgrey increment:100 start:0 BackgroundColors = canvas:sfondo BarData= bar:1861 text:1861 bar:1871 text:1871 bar:1881 text:1881 bar:1901 text:1901 bar:1911 text:1911 bar:1921 text:1921 bar:1931 text:1931 bar:1936 text:1936 bar:1951 text:1951 bar:1961 text:1961 bar:1971 text:1971 bar:1981 text:1981 bar:1991 text:1991 bar:2001 text:2001 PlotData= color:barra width:20 align:left bar:1861 from: 0 till:2360 bar:1871 from: 0 till:2395 bar:1881 from: 0 till:2488 bar:1901 from: 0 till:2532 bar:1911 from: 0 till:2504 bar:1921 from: 0 till:2500 bar:1931 from: 0 till:2524 bar:1936 from: 0 till:2420 bar:1951 from: 0 till:2918 bar:1961 from: 0 till:3803 bar:1971 from: 0 till:5171 bar:1981 from: 0 till:4714 bar:1991 from: 0 till:4829 bar:2001 from: 0 till:4968 PlotData= bar:1861 at:2360 fontsize:XS text: 2360 shift:(-8,5) bar:1871 at:2395 fontsize:XS text: 2395 shift:(-8,5) bar:1881 at:2488 fontsize:XS text: 2488 shift:(-8,5) bar:1901 at:2532 fontsize:XS text: 2532 shift:(-8,5) bar:1911 at:2504 fontsize:XS text: 2504 shift:(-8,5) bar:1921 at:2500 fontsize:XS text: 2500 shift:(-8,5) bar:1931 at:2524 fontsize:XS text: 2524 shift:(-8,5) bar:1936 at:2420 fontsize:XS text: 2420 shift:(-8,5) bar:1951 at:2918 fontsize:XS text: 2918 shift:(-8,5) bar:1961 at:3803 fontsize:XS text: 3803 shift:(-8,5) bar:1971 at:5171 fontsize:XS text: 5171 shift:(-8,5) bar:1981 at:4714 fontsize:XS text: 4714 shift:(-8,5) bar:1991 at:4829 fontsize:XS text: 4829 shift:(-8,5) bar:2001 at:4968 fontsize:XS text: 4968 shift:(-8,5) TextData= fontsize:S pos:(20,20) text:Data from ISTAT </timeline> ==Notable residents== *[[Gianni Danzi]] (1940–2007), [[Roman Catholic]] [[Airchbishop]] o the [[Prelature#Territorial prelatures|Territorial Prelature]] o [[Loreto, Marche|Loreto]] *[[Sandy Cane]], (1961 - ), the first black mayor o Italy electit in Juin 2009. ==References== <references/> ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.viggiu-in-rete.org www.viggiu-in-rete.org] * [http://www.scris.it www.scris.it]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{clear}} {{Province o Varese}} tsol1kzhrrgczsf4vallh76hpq9mwjn Rosario 0 61792 916422 859112 2026-05-07T20:50:55Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Itheruises}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Rosario | native_name = | native_name_lang = | settlement_type = Ceety | image_skyline = Montaje Rosario 01.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = Clockwise frae top: [[:en:National Flag Memorial (Argentina)|the National Flag Memorial's]] touer an propylaeum, aerial view o the ceety, [[Puente Rosario-Victoria|Rosario-Victoria Bridge]] an the ''[[Palacio de los Leones]]''. | image_flag = Bandera de la Ciudad de Rosario.svg | flag_size = | flag_alt = | image_seal = Escudo de armas de Rosario.svg | seal_size = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_size = | shield_alt = | image_blank_emblem = | blank_emblem_type = | blank_emblem_size = | blank_emblem_alt = | nickname = "[[Banner o Argentinae|Argentine Banner]]'s Cradle", "The Argentine [[Chicago]]"<ref>[http://www.rosario.gov.ar/sitio/lugaresVisual/verLugar.do?id=1921&nivel=Disfru&ult=Di_1 Monumento Histórico Nacional a la Bandera Argentina en la página de la Municipalidad de Rosario]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/20dejunio/monumento.html |title=Página del Ministerio de Educación de la Nación sobre el Monumento Histórico Nacional a la Bandera. |access-date=2013-11-06 |archive-date=2009-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090222000113/http://www.me.gov.ar/efeme/20dejunio/monumento.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | motto = | image_map = <!--Mapa de Rosario, Argentina.svg--> | mapsize = | map_alt = | map_caption = | image_map1 = | mapsize1 = | map_alt1 = | map_caption1 = | image_dot_map = | dot_mapsize = | dot_map_base_alt = | dot_map_alt = | dot_map_caption = | dot_x = |dot_y = | pushpin_map = Argentina | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = Location o Rosario in Argentinae | coordinates = {{coord|32|57|S|60|40|W|type:city(1159004)_region:AR|display=inline,title}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = [[File:Flag of Argentina.svg|20px]] [[Argentinae]] | subdivision_type1 = Province | subdivision_name1 = [[File:Bandera-StaFe-argentina.svg|20px]] [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]] | subdivision_type2 = Depairtment | subdivision_name2 = [[Rosario Depairtment]] | parts_type = | parts_style = | parts = | p1 = | p2 = | p3 = | p4 = | established_title = Foondit | established_date = 7 October 1793 | founder = | named_for = | seat_type = | seat = | government_type = [[Destricts o Rosario|6 municipal auries]] | government_footnotes = | leader_party = [[Socialist Pairty (Argentinae)|SPA]] | leader_title = [[Intendant#Argentinae|Intendant]] | leader_name = [[Mónica Fein]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rosario.gov.ar/sitio/intendente/trayectoria.jsp?nivel=Intendente&ult=In_2 |title=Municipalidad de Rosario official website |access-date=2013-11-06 |archive-date=2015-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150807202105/http://www.rosario.gov.ar/sitio/intendente/trayectoria.jsp?nivel=Intendente&ult=In_2 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | leader_title1 = | leader_name1 = 30 municipal mayors | total_type = | unit_pref = km | area_magnitude = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_total_sq_mi = | area_total_dunam = | area_land_km2 = | area_land_sq_mi = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_sq_mi = | area_water_percent = | area_blank1_title = City | area_blank1_km2 = 178.69 | elevation_m = 31 | elevation_ft = 102 | population_footnotes = <ref name=2010c>{{cite web|url=http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/CuadrosDefinitivos/P5-D_82_84.pdf|title=Provincia de Santa Fe, departamento Rosario. Población total por país de nacimiento, según sexo y grupo de edad. Año 2010.|publisher=INDEC|access-date=2013-11-06|archive-date=2014-08-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114846/http://www.censo2010.indec.gov.ar/CuadrosDefinitivos/P5-D_82_84.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> | population_total = 1,193,605 | population_as_of = 2010 Census | population_density_km2 = 6680 | population_density_sq_mi= | population_est = | pop_est_as_of = | population_demonym = Rosarian | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Time in Argentinae|ART]] | utc_offset1 = &minus;3 | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = Post code | postal_code = S2000 | area_code_type = Aurie code | area_code = 0341 | website = [http://www.rosario.gob.ar/ rosario.gob.ar] | footnotes = }} '''Rosario''' ({{IPA-es|roˈsaɾjo}}) is the lairgest ceety in the [[provinces o Argentinae|province]] o [[Santa Fe Province|Santa Fe]], in central [[Argentinae]]. It is located {{convert|300|km|0|abbr=on}} northwast o Buenos Aires, on the wastren shore o the [[Paraná River]]. Rosario is the third maist populous ceety in the kintra an is the maist populous nan-caipital ceety in [[Argentinae]], wi a growin an important [[metropolitan aurie]]; [[Greater Rosario]] haes a estimatit population o 1,276,000 as o 2012.<ref name=eph>{{cite web|url=http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/4/EPH_cont_2trim12.pdf|title=Encuesta Permanente de Hogares. Resultados del segundo trimestre de 2012|publisher=INDEC|access-date=2013-11-06|archive-date=2013-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192858/http://www.indec.mecon.ar/nuevaweb/cuadros/4/EPH_cont_2trim12.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ane o its main attractions includes the [[neoclessical airchitectur]] that haes been retained ower the centuries in hunders o residences, hooses, an public biggins. ==Twin ceeties== Rosario haes a nummer o [[toun twinnin|twin ceeties]] aroond the warld. Sisterheid greements are intendit tae foster solidarity an collaboration atween ceeties or regions that share historical links or common characteristics. {| |- | valign=top | *{{flagicon|BOL}} [[Santa Cruz de la Sierra]], Bolivie *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Alessandria]], Italy *{{flagicon|PAR}} [[Asunción]], Paraguay *{{flagicon|ESP}} [[Bilbao]], Spain *{{flagicon|VEN}} [[Caracas]], Venezuela *{{flagicon|SEN}} [[Dakar]], Senegal *{{flagicon|ISR}} [[Haifa]], Israel *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Imperia]], Italy *{{flagicon|COL}} [[Manizales]], Colombie *{{flagicon|URU}} [[Montevideo]], Uruguay *{{flagicon|CHI}} [[Valparaíso]], Chile *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Oppido Lucano]], Italy | {{in5|21}} || valign=top | *{{flagicon|LIB}} [[Zahlé]], Lebanon *{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Monterrey]], Mexico *{{flagicon|MEX}} [[Mexico Ceety]], Mexico *{{flagicon|GRE}} [[Piraeus]], Greece *{{flagicon|BAN}} [[Rangpur]], [[Bangladesh]] *{{flagicon|PER}} [[Pisco, Peru|Pisco]], Peru *{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Belo Horizonte]], Brazil *{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Porto Alegre]], Brazil *{{flagicon|BRA}} [[Campo Grande]], Brazil *{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Parma]], Italy *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Shanghai]], Fowkrepublic o Cheenae *{{flagicon|FRA}} [[Toulouse]], Fraunce |} ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons|Rosario}} * [http://www.rosario.gov.ar/ Municipality o Rosario] (offeecial wabsteid) {{Argentine ceeties}} [[Category:Rosario, Santa Fe| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in Santa Fe Province]] [[Category:Paraná River]] [[Category:Port dounsets in Argentinae]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1793]] 4efel62ypx0xkl0sl5e2s9p3r6ud83i Club Atlético River Plate 0 75854 916425 916366 2026-05-07T22:31:23Z Atlantic306 30244 removed empty reference 916425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club |clubname = River Plate |image = |fullname = Club Atlético River Plate |current = 2013–14 Club Atlético River Plate saison |nickname = ''Los Millonarios'' (The Millionaires)<br /> ''La Banda'' (The Strip)<br /> ''El Campeón del Siglo XX'' (The Champion o the 20t Century) <ref>[http://www.lanacion.com.ar/166487-el-campeon-del-siglo "El campeón del siglo"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203021029/http://www.lanacion.com.ar/166487-el-campeon-del-siglo |date=2013-12-03 }} on ''[[La Nación]]'', 29 December 1999</ref> |founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1901|5|25}} |ground = [[Estadio Monumental Antonio Vespucio Liberti]],<br />[[Belgrano, Buenos Aires]] |capacity = 66.266<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.diariouno.com.ar/deportes/River-podra-jugar-ante-mas-de-61-mil-espectadores-en-el-Monumental-20111208-0054.html, |title=''Diario Uno'' |access-date=2014-06-10 |archive-date=2014-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811005943/http://www.diariouno.com.ar/deportes/River-podra-jugar-ante-mas-de-61-mil-espectadores-en-el-Monumental-20111208-0054.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |chrtitle = President |chairman = [[Rodolfo D'Onofrio]] |manager = |league = [[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]] |season = 2025 |position = 4t |website = http://www.riverplate.com.ar | pattern_la1 = _left | pattern_b1 = _river1819h | pattern_ra1 = _right | pattern_sh1 = _adidaswhite | pattern_so1 = _river1819h | leftarm1 = ffffff | body1 = ffffff | rightarm1 = ffffff | shorts1 = 000000 | socks1 = FFFFFF | pattern_la2 = _river1819a | pattern_b2 = _river1819a | pattern_ra2 = _river1819a | pattern_sh2 = _adidaswhite | pattern_so2 = _3 stripes white | leftarm2 = ffffff | body2 = ffffff | rightarm2 = ffffff | shorts2 = 800080 | socks2 = 800080 }} '''Club Atlético River Plate''' is a professional [[Argentinae|Argentine]] [[sports club]] based in the [[Núñez, Buenos Aires|Nuñez]] neebourheid o [[Buenos Aires]]. Awtho mony sports are practisit at the club, River is best kent for its profeesional [[fitbaw]] team, which haes wan mony o the maist important tournaments in the warld, includin [[Copa Libertadores]], an [[Intercontinental Cup (fitbaw)|Intercontinental Cup]]. River is the maist successful fitbaw team o Argentinae, haein wan the [[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]] profeesional title a record 36 times.<ref name=amateur>[http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18842:campeones-de-la-primera-division-del-futbol-argentino-amateurismo-1891-1934&catid=110:torneos-superiores&Itemid=78 Campeones de la Primera División (era amateur 1891-1934) at AFA website]</ref><ref name=profes>[http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1599&Itemid=222 Campeones de la Primera División (era profesional: desde 1931) at AFA website]</ref><ref name=sobrefutbol>[http://www.sobrefutbol.com/torneos/torneo_argentino_equipo.htm "Torneo Argentino de Primera División - Títulos por Equipo", SobreFutbol.com]</ref> Ither domestic competitions wan bi River Plate wur defuncts trophies [[Copa Ibarguren|Copa Dr. Carlos Ibarguren]] (fower times)<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/argibargurencuphist.html Argentina – Copa Dr. Ibarguren at RSSSF]</ref> an [[Copa Adrián C. Escobar]] (ance).<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/argcuphist.html Domestic cups in Argentina (see point 6) at RSSSF]</ref> ==Honours== ===Domestic=== ;Offeecial honours *'''[[Argentine Primera División|Primera División]] (36)''': [[:en:1920 in Argentine football|1920 AAm]], [[:en:1932 Argentine Primera División|1932]], [[:en:1936 Argentine Primera División|1936 (Copa Campeonato)]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://biblioteca.afa.org.ar/libros/libro_13/ |title="Memoria y Balance 1936", p.33, AFA Library |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=2014-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140624014312/http://biblioteca.afa.org.ar/libros/libro_13/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[:en:1936 Argentine Primera División|1936 (Copa de Oro)]]{{efn|On 5 Julie 2013, The Argentine Fitball Association recognisit the 1936 Copa de Oro wan bi River Plate as a Primera División honour. The information wis addit tae AFA's wabsteid an aw.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.clarin.com/deportes/AFA-reconocio-San-Lorenzo-River_0_950905061.html |title="La AFA les reconoció otro título a San Lorenzo y a River", ''Clarín'', 6 July 2013 |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303231546/http://www.clarin.com/deportes/AFA-reconocio-San-Lorenzo-River_0_950905061.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cronica.com.ar/diario/2013/07/05/50257-san-lorenzo-y-river-campeones.html |title="77 años después: San Lorenzo y River, campeones!", ''Crónica'', 5 July 2013 |access-date=2014-06-26 |archive-date=2013-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20131216002759/http://cronica.com.ar/diario/2013/07/05/50257-san-lorenzo-y-river-campeones.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Copa de Oro was a final played between the champions of previous competitions held that same year: River Plate (Copa Campeonato) an San Lorenzo ([[Copa de Honor Municipalidad de Buenos Aires]]). River wan the feenal match bi 4-2.<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/arg36.html Argentina 1936 at RSSSF]</ref>}} [[:en:1937 Argentine Primera División|1937]], [[:en:1941 Argentine Primera División|1941]], [[:en:1942 Argentine Primera División|1942]], [[:en:1945 Argentine Primera División|1945]], [[:en:1947 Argentine Primera División|1947]], [[:en:1952 Argentine Primera División|1952]], [[:en:1953 Argentine Primera División|1953]], [[:en:1955 Argentine Primera División|1955]], [[:en:1956 Argentine Primera División|1956]], [[:en:1957 Argentine Primera División|1957]], [[:en:1975 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Metropolitano|1975 Metropolitano]], [[:en:1975 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Nacional|1975 Nacional]], [[:en:1977 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Metropolitano|1977 Metropolitano]], [[:en:1979 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Metropolitano|1979 Metropolitano]], [[:en:1979 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Nacional|1979 Nacional]], [[:en:1980 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Metropolitano|1980 Metropolitano]], [[:en:1981 Argentine Primera División#Campeonato Nacional|1981 Nacional]], [[:en:1985–86 Argentine Primera División|1985–86]], [[:en:1989–90 Argentine Primera División|1989–90]], [[:en:1991–92 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Apertura|1991 Apertura]], [[:en:1993–94 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Apertura|1993 Apertura]], [[:en:1994–95 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Apertura|1994 Apertura]], [[:en:1996–97 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Apertura|1996 Apertura]], [[:en:1997–98 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Apertura|1997 Apertura]], [[:en:1996–97 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Clausura|1997 Clausura]], [[:en:1999–2000 Argentine Primera División|1999 Apertura]], [[:en:1999–2000 Argentine Primera División#Torneo Clausura|2000 Clausura]], [[:en:2001–02 Argentine Primera División|2002 Clausura]], [[:en:2002–03 Argentine Primera División|2003 Clausura]], [[:en:2003–04 Argentine Primera División|2004 Clausura]], [[:en:2007–08 Argentine Primera División season|2008 Clausura]], [[:en:2013–14 Argentine Primera División season|2014 Final]] *'''Copa Campeonato (1)''': [[:en:2013–14 Argentine Primera División season#Superfinal|2014]] *'''[[Primera B Nacional]] (1)''': [[:en:2011-12 Primera B Nacional|2011–12]] *'''[[Primera B Metropolitana|Primera B]] (1)''': 1908 *'''[[Copa de Competencia Jockey Club]]<ref name=copasnac>[http://www.afa.org.ar/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=18832:copas-nacionales-campeones&catid=82:primera-division&Itemid=587&lang=es "Copas Nacionales" at AFA website]</ref> (1)''': 1914 *'''Copa de Competencia Liga Argentina de Football<ref name=copasnac/> (1)''': 1932 *'''[[Copa Ibarguren|Copa Dr. Carlos Ibarguren]]<ref name=copasnac/> (4)''': 1937, 1941, 1942, 1952 {{efn|Title shared [[ex aequo]] with Liga Cultural de Santiago del Estero.<ref>[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/argibargurencuphist.html#1952 1952 Copa Ibarguren at RSSSF]</ref>}} *'''[[Copa Adrián C. Escobar]]<ref name=copasnac/> (1)''': 1941 ;Ither honours No recognisit as offeecial titles bi the Argentine Fitbaa Association:<ref name=copasnac/> *'''Copa San Martín de Tours{{efn|The matches o this cup belanged tae the league or Naitional championship.}} (10)''': 1965, 1971, 1972, 1977, 1978, 1985, 1988, 1989, 1993, 1996 <ref>{{cite web |title=Argentina – Copa San Martín de Tours, Patrono de Buenos Aires |url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesa/argsanmartintours.html |first=Osvaldo José |last=Gorgazzi |publisher=[[Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation|RSSSF]] |date=7 April 2006 |accessdate=21 August 2011}}</ref> ===Internaitional=== *'''[[:en:Intercontinental Cup (fitbaw)|Intercontinental Cup]] (1)''': [[:en:1986 Intercontinental Cup|1986]] *'''[[Copa Libertadores]] (2)''': [[:en:1986 Copa Libertadores|1986]], [[:en:1996 Copa Libertadores|1996]] *'''[[Copa Sudamericana]] (1)''': [[2014]] *'''[[Recopa Sudamericana]] (1)''': [[2015]] *'''[[Supercopa Sudamericana]] (1)''': [[:en:1997 Supercopa Sudamericana|1997]] *'''[[Copa Interamericana]] (1)''': 1987 *'''[[Tie Cup]] (1)''': 1914 *'''[[Copa Aldao|Copa Dr. Ricardo Aldao]] (6)''': 1936, 1937, 1941, 1945, 1947, 1955 ====Internaitional youth==== *'''[[U-20 Copa Libertadores]] (1)''': [[:en:2012 U-20 Copa Libertadores|2012]] [[File:River_Monumental_Panoramic.jpg|center|800px|]] ==Notes== {{notelist}} ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commons category|River Plate}} * [http://www.cariverplate.com/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} {{Intercontinental Cup winners}} {{Copa Libertadores winners}} {{DEFAULTSORT:River Plate}} [[Category:River Plate| ]] [[Category:Multi-sport clubs in Argentinae]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1901]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Buenos Aires]] [[Category:Basketbaw teams in Argentinae]] [[Category:Argentine volleybaw teams]] [[Category:Argentine field hockey clubs]] [[Category:1901 establishments in Argentinae]] n3ylhlgvotx2gdl5x6aucvsj99lxvo3 Club Almirante Brown 0 79921 916464 844178 2026-05-08T08:19:12Z Makenzis 43742 916464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Almirante Brown | image = [[File:Escudo del Club Almirante Brown.svg|90px]] | fullname = Club Almirante Brown | nickname = ''Fragata'', ''Mirasol'', ''Aurinegro'' , ''Gigante Del Oeste'' | founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1922|1|17}} | ground = [[Estadio Fragata Presidente Sarmiento]], [[Isidro Casanova]], [[La Matanza Partido]], [[Greater Buenos Aires]] | capacity = 19,000 | chairman = | mánager = [Fabián nardozza Coach]] | league = [[Primera nacional]] | season = [[2020-2019 Primera b metropolitana|2020-2019]] | position = Primera nacional, '''1 st''' <small>(promoted)</small> | website = http://www.almirantebrown.org.ar/ |pattern_la1=_blackborder|pattern_b1=_fragata1314h|pattern_ra1=_blackborder|pattern_sh1 = _fragata1314h|leftarm1=FFCC00|body1=FFCC00|rightarm1=FFCC00|shorts1=000000|socks1=FFCC00 |pattern_la2=_goldborder|pattern_b2=_fragata1920a|pattern_ra2= _goldborder|pattern_sh2 = _fragata1920a|leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=FFFFFF|socks2=FFFFFF }} '''Club Almirante Brown''' (maistly kent simply as '''Almirante Brown''') is a [[Argentinae|Argentine]] [[sports club]] heidquairtered in the [[San Justo, Buenos Aires|San Justo]] destrict o [[La Matanza Partido]], in [[Greater Buenos Aires]]. Awtho ither sports are practisit at the club, Almirante Brown is maistly kent for its [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] team, which currently plays in the [[Primera B Metropolitana]], the 3rd diveesion o the [[Argentine fitbaw league seestem]]. The fitbaw stadium is locatit in the [[Isidro Casanova]] destrict o the same [[Partido]]. Ither activities hostit bi the institution are weemen's [[field hockey]], mairtial airts, [[roller skeitchin]] an tennis. ==Honours== *'''[[Primera B Metropolitana|Primera B]] (2)''': 2006–07, 2009–10,2019-20 *'''[[Primera C]] (1)''': 1965 *'''[[Primera D]] (1)''': 1956 ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} *[http://www.almirantebrown.org.ar/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} *[http://www.almirantepasion.com.ar/ Almirante Pasión] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516060716/http://www.almirantepasion.com.ar/ |date=2007-05-16 }} {{es icon}} [[Category:Almirante Brown| ]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Buenos Aires Province]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1922]] [[Category:La Matanza Partido]] [[Category:1922 establishments in Argentinae]] 8zlj2vmlamyqs0lz4xot1duco13o08r 916465 916464 2026-05-08T08:19:19Z Makenzis 43742 916465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Almirante Brown | image = [[File:Escudo del Club Almirante Brown.svg|90px]] | fullname = Club Almirante Brown | nickname = ''Fragata'', ''Mirasol'', ''Aurinegro'' , ''Gigante Del Oeste'' | founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1922|1|17}} | ground = [[Estadio Fragata Presidente Sarmiento]], [[Isidro Casanova]], [[La Matanza Partido]], [[Greater Buenos Aires]] | capacity = 19,000 | chairman = | mánager = | league = [[Primera nacional]] | season = [[2020-2019 Primera b metropolitana|2020-2019]] | position = Primera nacional, '''1 st''' <small>(promoted)</small> | website = http://www.almirantebrown.org.ar/ |pattern_la1=_blackborder|pattern_b1=_fragata1314h|pattern_ra1=_blackborder|pattern_sh1 = _fragata1314h|leftarm1=FFCC00|body1=FFCC00|rightarm1=FFCC00|shorts1=000000|socks1=FFCC00 |pattern_la2=_goldborder|pattern_b2=_fragata1920a|pattern_ra2= _goldborder|pattern_sh2 = _fragata1920a|leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=FFFFFF|socks2=FFFFFF }} '''Club Almirante Brown''' (maistly kent simply as '''Almirante Brown''') is a [[Argentinae|Argentine]] [[sports club]] heidquairtered in the [[San Justo, Buenos Aires|San Justo]] destrict o [[La Matanza Partido]], in [[Greater Buenos Aires]]. Awtho ither sports are practisit at the club, Almirante Brown is maistly kent for its [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] team, which currently plays in the [[Primera B Metropolitana]], the 3rd diveesion o the [[Argentine fitbaw league seestem]]. The fitbaw stadium is locatit in the [[Isidro Casanova]] destrict o the same [[Partido]]. Ither activities hostit bi the institution are weemen's [[field hockey]], mairtial airts, [[roller skeitchin]] an tennis. ==Honours== *'''[[Primera B Metropolitana|Primera B]] (2)''': 2006–07, 2009–10,2019-20 *'''[[Primera C]] (1)''': 1965 *'''[[Primera D]] (1)''': 1956 ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} *[http://www.almirantebrown.org.ar/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} *[http://www.almirantepasion.com.ar/ Almirante Pasión] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516060716/http://www.almirantepasion.com.ar/ |date=2007-05-16 }} {{es icon}} [[Category:Almirante Brown| ]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Buenos Aires Province]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1922]] [[Category:La Matanza Partido]] [[Category:1922 establishments in Argentinae]] 3i9ne9721v7nz8qnnbyu9omzhnwlssx 916466 916465 2026-05-08T08:20:03Z Makenzis 43742 916466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | clubname = Almirante Brown | image = [[File:Escudo del Club Almirante Brown.svg|90px]] | fullname = Club Almirante Brown | nickname = ''Fragata'', ''Mirasol'', ''Aurinegro'' , ''Gigante Del Oeste'' | founded = {{Start date and years ago|df=yes|1922|1|17}} | ground = [[Estadio Fragata Presidente Sarmiento]], [[Isidro Casanova]], [[La Matanza Partido]], [[Greater Buenos Aires]] | capacity = 19,000 | chairman = | mánager = | league = [[Primera Nacional]] | season = 2025-2026 | position = Primera nacional, '''14-t''' (zone A) | website = http://www.almirantebrown.org.ar/ |pattern_la1=_blackborder|pattern_b1=_fragata1314h|pattern_ra1=_blackborder|pattern_sh1 = _fragata1314h|leftarm1=FFCC00|body1=FFCC00|rightarm1=FFCC00|shorts1=000000|socks1=FFCC00 |pattern_la2=_goldborder|pattern_b2=_fragata1920a|pattern_ra2= _goldborder|pattern_sh2 = _fragata1920a|leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=FFFFFF|socks2=FFFFFF }} '''Club Almirante Brown''' (maistly kent simply as '''Almirante Brown''') is a [[Argentinae|Argentine]] [[sports club]] heidquairtered in the [[San Justo, Buenos Aires|San Justo]] destrict o [[La Matanza Partido]], in [[Greater Buenos Aires]]. Awtho ither sports are practisit at the club, Almirante Brown is maistly kent for its [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] team, which currently plays in the [[Primera B Metropolitana]], the 3rd diveesion o the [[Argentine fitbaw league seestem]]. The fitbaw stadium is locatit in the [[Isidro Casanova]] destrict o the same [[Partido]]. Ither activities hostit bi the institution are weemen's [[field hockey]], mairtial airts, [[roller skeitchin]] an tennis. ==Honours== *'''[[Primera B Metropolitana|Primera B]] (2)''': 2006–07, 2009–10,2019-20 *'''[[Primera C]] (1)''': 1965 *'''[[Primera D]] (1)''': 1956 ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} *[http://www.almirantebrown.org.ar/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} *[http://www.almirantepasion.com.ar/ Almirante Pasión] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070516060716/http://www.almirantepasion.com.ar/ |date=2007-05-16 }} {{es icon}} [[Category:Almirante Brown| ]] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Buenos Aires Province]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs established in 1922]] [[Category:La Matanza Partido]] [[Category:1922 establishments in Argentinae]] jiygmqqrgcirailm75779sioztqtrcx Mark Zuckerberg 0 81922 916463 914264 2026-05-08T07:59:26Z ~2026-27931-91 130936 Changed the wrong spelling and grammar 916463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Mark Zuckerberg | image = Mark Zuckerberg F8 2019 Keynote (32830578717) (cropped).jpg | caption = Zuckerberg in 2019 |birth_name = Mark Elliot Zuckerberg |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|5|14|mf=yes}}<ref name="dob">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/mar/09/forbes-rich-list-facebook-six |title=Forbes rich list: Facebook six stake their claims |work=The Guardian |location=UK |first=Ed |last=Pilkington |date=March 10, 2011 |accessdate=March 30, 2011}}</ref> |birth_place = [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Unitit States|U.S.]] |home_town = [[Dobbs Ferry, New York]], U.S. |residence = [[Palo Alto, Californie|Palo Alto]], [[Californie]], U.S.<ref name="NEWYORKER2010">{{cite web|accessdate=September 22, 2010|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/09/20/100920fa_fact_vargas|title=The Face of Facebook|work=The New Yorker|date=September 20, 2010|author=Vargas, Jose Antonio}}</ref> |alma_mater = [[Harvard Varsity]] |education = [[Ardsley Heich Schuil]]<br>[[Phillips Exeter Academy]] |years_active = 2004–present |occupation = Chairman & CEO o [[Facebook, Inc.]] |known_for = Co-foondin Facebook in 2004;<br>warld's 2nt youngest self-made billionaire (2012)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/03/10/forbess-youngest-billionaire-facebook-co-founder-dustin-moskovitz-edges-out-mark-zuckerberg/ |title=Forbes's Youngest Billionaire: Facebook Co-Founder Dustin Moskovitz Edges Out Mark Zuckerberg|publisher=Newsfeed.time.com |date=2011-03-10 |accessdate=2012-12-29}}</ref> | networth = US$76.4 billion (May 2020)<!--DO NOT UPDATE THIS UNLESS YOU UPDATE THE ACCESS DATE, no increase/decrease symbols--><ref name="forbes_networth">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/mark-zuckerberg/|title=Mark Zuckerberg|magazine=Forbes|access-date=May 5, 2020}}</ref> |spouse = {{marriage|Priscilla Chan|2012}} |children = Maxima Chan Zuckerberg |relatives = [[Randi Zuckerberg|Randi Jayne Zuckerberg]] (sister) |awards = [[Time Person o the Year]] 2010 |parents = Edward Zuckerberg<br>Karen Kempner |website = {{URL|https://www.facebook.com/zuck|facebook.com/zuck}} }} '''Mark Elliot Zuckerberg''' (born 14 Mey 1984) is an American [[computer programmer]] an Internet entrepreneur. He is the founder and CEO of [[Facebook|Meta Platforms]], an wis named [[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]]'s "Person o the Year" in [[2010]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zuckerberg, Mark}} [[Category:1984 births]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American computer businessfowk]] [[Category:American computer programmers]] [[Category:American Internet celebrities]] [[Category:American philanthropists]] [[Category:American technology chief executives]] [[Category:American technology company foonders]] [[Category:American fowk o Austrick-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Pols-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae New York]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae the San Francisco Bay Aurie]] [[Category:Directors o Facebook]] [[Category:Givin Pledgers]] [[Category:Facebook employees]] [[Category:Harvard Varsity fowk]] [[Category:Jewish American philanthropists]] [[Category:Life extensionists]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Dobbs Ferry, New York]] [[Category:Fowk frae Palo Alto, Californie]] [[Category:Fowk frae White Plains, New York]] [[Category:Phillips Exeter Academy alumni]] [[Category:Fowk wi colour blindness]] [[Category:Umwhile autheists an agnostics]] {{Stub}} 35076dkd5bgyw56ikis36vvdk8jy7sn 916468 916463 2026-05-08T08:56:40Z CiphriusKane 74958 Revertit edit o ~2026-27931-91, chynged back tae last version bi Atlantic306 914264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Mark Zuckerberg | image = Mark Zuckerberg F8 2019 Keynote (32830578717) (cropped).jpg | caption = Zuckerberg in 2019 |birth_name = Mark Elliot Zuckerberg |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|5|14|mf=yes}}<ref name="dob">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/mar/09/forbes-rich-list-facebook-six |title=Forbes rich list: Facebook six stake their claims |work=The Guardian |location=UK |first=Ed |last=Pilkington |date=March 10, 2011 |accessdate=March 30, 2011}}</ref> |birth_place = [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Unitit States|U.S.]] |home_town = [[Dobbs Ferry, New York]], U.S. |residence = [[Palo Alto, Californie|Palo Alto]], [[Californie]], U.S.<ref name="NEWYORKER2010">{{cite web|accessdate=September 22, 2010|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/09/20/100920fa_fact_vargas|title=The Face of Facebook|work=The New Yorker|date=September 20, 2010|author=Vargas, Jose Antonio}}</ref> |alma_mater = [[Harvard Varsity]] |education = [[Ardsley Heich Schuil]]<br>[[Phillips Exeter Academy]] |years_active = 2004–present |occupation = Chairman & CEO o [[Facebook, Inc.]] |known_for = Co-foondin Facebook in 2004;<br>warld's 2nt youngest self-made billionaire (2012)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/03/10/forbess-youngest-billionaire-facebook-co-founder-dustin-moskovitz-edges-out-mark-zuckerberg/ |title=Forbes's Youngest Billionaire: Facebook Co-Founder Dustin Moskovitz Edges Out Mark Zuckerberg|publisher=Newsfeed.time.com |date=2011-03-10 |accessdate=2012-12-29}}</ref> | networth = US$76.4 billion (May 2020)<!--DO NOT UPDATE THIS UNLESS YOU UPDATE THE ACCESS DATE, no increase/decrease symbols--><ref name="forbes_networth">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/mark-zuckerberg/|title=Mark Zuckerberg|magazine=Forbes|access-date=May 5, 2020}}</ref> |spouse = {{marriage|Priscilla Chan|2012}} |children = Maxima Chan Zuckerberg |relatives = [[Randi Zuckerberg|Randi Jayne Zuckerberg]] (sister) |awards = [[Time Person o the Year]] 2010 |parents = Edward Zuckerberg<br>Karen Kempner |website = {{URL|https://www.facebook.com/zuck|facebook.com/zuck}} }} '''Mark Elliot Zuckerberg''' (born 14 Mey 1984) is an American [[computer programmer]] an Internet entrepreneur. He is the foonder an CEO o [[Facebook|Meta Platforms]], an wis named [[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]]'s "Person o the Year" in [[2010]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zuckerberg, Mark}} [[Category:1984 births]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American computer businessfowk]] [[Category:American computer programmers]] [[Category:American Internet celebrities]] [[Category:American philanthropists]] [[Category:American technology chief executives]] [[Category:American technology company foonders]] [[Category:American fowk o Austrick-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Pols-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae New York]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae the San Francisco Bay Aurie]] [[Category:Directors o Facebook]] [[Category:Givin Pledgers]] [[Category:Facebook employees]] [[Category:Harvard Varsity fowk]] [[Category:Jewish American philanthropists]] [[Category:Life extensionists]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Dobbs Ferry, New York]] [[Category:Fowk frae Palo Alto, Californie]] [[Category:Fowk frae White Plains, New York]] [[Category:Phillips Exeter Academy alumni]] [[Category:Fowk wi colour blindness]] [[Category:Umwhile autheists an agnostics]] {{Stub}} f6itvfjfcp3nmisy29vklcsqgjhk80q Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick 0 85094 916403 835267 2026-05-07T15:50:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox subdivision type | name = Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick | map = <center>{{Image label begin|image=United Kingdom countries.svg|link=|width=250|float=none}} {{Image label small|x=0.625|y=1.2|scale=250|text =<big>[[Ingland]]</big>}} {{Image label small|x=0.375|y=0.7|scale=250|text=<big>[[Scotland]]</big>}} {{Image label small|x=0.4|y=1.3|scale=250|text= <big>[[Wales]]</big>}} {{Image label small|x=0.15|y=0.95|scale=250|text =<big>[[Northren Ireland|Northren<br>Ireland]]</big>}} {{Image label end}}</center> | territory = [[Unitit Kinrick]] | category = [[Admeenistrative diveesion]] | upper_unit = [[Law o the Unitit Kinrick#Three legal seestems|Jurisdictions]] | current_number = 4 | government = [[Devolution in the Unitit Kinrick|Devolved legislatur]] (3) | government1 = None (1) | status = [[First-level_NUTS_o_the_European_Union#Unitit_Kinrick|NUTS 1 region]] (3) | status1 = [[European constituency]] (3) | status2 = [[Law o the Unitit Kinrick#Three legal seestems|Jurisdiction]] (2) | exofficio = [[Hame Naitions]] }} The [[Unitit Kinrick]] (UK) comprises fower '''[[constituent kintras|kintras]]''': [[Ingland]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] an [[Northren Ireland]]. '''The [[Unitit Kinrick|Unitit Kinrick o Great Britain and Northren Ireland]]''' ({{lang-en|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland}}), haes syne 1922 comprised o fower kintras: [[Ingland]], [[Scotland]], [[Wales]] (that is aa pairts o [[Great Britain]]) and [[Northren Ireland]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/the-countries-of-the-uk/index.html|title=The Countries of the UK|publisher=statistics.gov.uk|accessdate=12 July 2015|archive-date=2016-01-05|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/guide-method/geography/beginner-s-guide/administrative/the-countries-of-the-uk/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Devolution Glossary|url=http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/devolution/guidance/glossary_of_devolution_terms.aspx|website=Cabinet Office|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101125191419/http://www.cabinetoffice.gov.uk/devolution/guidance/glossary_of_devolution_terms.aspx|archivedate=25 November 2010}} "United Kingdom: Term used most frequently for the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the modern sovereign state comprising England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland."</ref> (whiles described as a kintra, province, ir aurie).<ref name="alphabeticalNI">{{citation|author1=S. Dunn|author2=H. Dawson|year=2000|title=An Alphabetical Listing of Word, Name and Place in Northern Ireland and the Living Language of Conflict|publisher=Edwin Mellen Press|location=Lampeter|quote=One specific problem – in both general and particular senses – is to know what to call Northern Ireland itself: in the general sense, it is not a country, or a province, or a state – although some refer to it contemptuously as a statelet: the least controversial word appears to be jurisdiction, but this might change.}}</ref><ref name="interpretingNI">{{citation|author1=J. Whyte|author2=G. FitzGerald|year=1991|title=Interpreting Northern Ireland|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|quote=One problem must be adverted to in writing about Northern Ireland. This is the question of what name to give to the various geographical entities. These names can be controversial, with the choice often revealing one's political preferences. ... some refer to Northern Ireland as a 'province'. That usage can arouse irritation particularly among nationalists, who claim the title 'province' should be properly reserved to the four historic provinces of Ireland-Ulster, Leinster, Munster, and Connacht. If I want to a label to apply to Northern Ireland I shall call it a 'region'. Unionists should find that title as acceptable as 'province': Northern Ireland appears as a region in the regional statistics of the United Kingdom published by the British government.}}</ref><ref name="placeApart">{{citation|author=D. Murphy|year=1979|title=A Place Apart|publisher=Penguin Books|location=London|quote=Next – what noun is appropriate to Northern Ireland? 'Province' won't do since one-third of the province is on the wrong side of the border. 'State' implies more self-determination than Northern Ireland has ever had and 'country' or 'nation' are blatantly absurd. 'Colony' has overtones that would be resented by both communities and 'statelet' sounds too patronizing, though outsiders might consider it more precise than anything else; so one is left with the unsatisfactory word 'region'.}}</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kintras O The Unitit Kinrick}} [[Category:Geografie o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Terminology o the Breetish Isles]] {{stub}} 1ndpf8h0yq4zrfiu7bk3asluhhtaynh Lincoln, Ingland 0 134337 916408 910211 2026-05-07T16:17:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!-- See {{Infobox settlement}} for the full list of available fields --> | official_name = City of Lincoln | settlement_type = [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|Ceety]] & [[Burgh status in the Unitit Kinrick|Burgh]] | image_skyline = Cathedral and Castle Square - geograph.org.uk - 134108.jpg | image_alt = Aviw of Castle square - which is not a square at all. In the foreground is the cobbled surface of the open space which is surrounded by historic buildings. From left to right, the Regency Assembly Rooms, a Georgian three-storey house, Leigh-Pemberton house: a half-timbered building with the upper storey projecting, a medieval church, and the entrance to the Cathedral Close. In the left distance the towers of the Cathedral rise into a blue sky. | image_caption = Cathedral an Castle Square frae the castle observation touer | image_flag = Flag of Lincoln.svg | image_shield = Lincoln.svg | shield_size = 75px | shield_alt = | shield_link = | image_map = Lincoln UK locator map.svg | mapsize = 200px | map_alt = Map o Lincoln: a St Georges flag (a red cross on a white grund), wi a gowd fleur-de-lys at the hert o the reid cross. | map_caption = Lincoln shown athin Lincolnshire | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates = {{coord|53.23272|-0.537661|region:GB|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = [[Unitit Kinrick]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|Constituent kintra]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Regions o Ingland|Region]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Nan-metropolitan coonty]] | subdivision_type4 = Status | subdivision_type5 = Admeen HQ | subdivision_name1 = [[Ingland]] | subdivision_name2 = [[East Midlands]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Lincolnshire]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Nan-metropolitan destrict]], [[Burgh status in the Unitit Kinrick|Burgh]], [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|Ceety]] | subdivision_name5 = Lincoln | established_title1 = Incorporatit | established_date1 = 1 Apryle 1974 | government_type = Nan-metropolitan destrict cooncil | governing_body = City of Lincoln Council | leader_party = {{English district control|GSS=E07000138}} | leader_title = Leadership | leader_name = Leader & Cabinet | leader_title1 = [[Leet o MPs electit in the Unitit Kinrick general election, 2015|MPs]] | leader_name1 = [[Karen Lee (politeecian)|Karen Lee]] | area_total_km2 = 35.69 | area_rank = {{English district area rank|GSS=E07000138}} [[Leet o Inglis destricts bi aurie|(o {{English district total}})]] | population_total = 97,541<ref>http://www.research-lincs.org.uk/UI/Documents/2011%20Census%20Estimates%20Info%20Sheet_Lincoln%20unrounded.pdf</ref> | population_as_of = {{English statistics year}} | population_density_km2 = auto | population_urban = 130,200<ref>[[Leet o urban auries in the Unitit Kinrick]]</ref> | population_metro = 189,000<ref>[[Leet o metropolitan auries in the Unitit Kinrick]]</ref> | population_rank = {{English district rank|GSS=E07000138}} [[Leet o Inglis destricts bi population|(o {{English district total}})]] | population_blank1_title = Ethnicity | population_blank1 = 95.6% White<br/> 0.8% S. Asie<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls|publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] (ONS)|title=Neighbourhood Statistics|accessdate=22 December 2012|archive-date=2016-01-05|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> <br/>0.8% Erse<br/> 0.5% Cheenese<br/> 0.5% African | population_demonym = Lincolnian | postal_code_type = [[Postcodes in the Unitit Kinrick|Postcodes]] | postal_code = [[LN postcode aurie|LN1-LN6]] | area_code = 01522 | website = {{URL|www.lincoln.gov.uk}} | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = +0 | timezone_DST = [[Breetish Simmer Time|BST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | blank1_name = [[ONS codin seestem|ONS code]] | blank1_info = 32UD (ONS)<br />E07000138 (GSS) | blank2_name = [[Ordnance Survey National Grid|OS grid reference]] | blank2_info = {{gbmappingsmall|SK9771}} }} '''Lincoln''' is a [[cathedral ceety]] an the [[coonty toun]] o [[Lincolnshire]], athin the [[East Midlands]] o Ingland. The [[nan-metropolitan destrict]] o Lincoln haes a 2012 population o 94,600.<ref>[http://www.lincoln.gov.uk/your-council/data-transparency/policies-performance-and-finance/lincoln-drivers-report/111555.article/ ONS: ''Mid 2012 Population Estimates: cited in James Wilkinson : City of Lincoln Council Lincoln Drivers Report Winter 2013''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903081707/http://www.lincoln.gov.uk/your-council/data-transparency/policies-performance-and-finance/lincoln-drivers-report/111555.article/ |date=2014-09-03 }} Retrieved 29 August 2014</ref> ==Internaitional relations== ===Twin touns=== Lincoln is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref name="Lincoln's Twin Towns">{{cite web |url= http://www.lincoln.gov.uk/your-council/civic-and-twinning/lincolns-twin-towns/ |title = Lincoln's Twin Towns| accessdate = 11 June 2013|last =Fenn|first =Kate| publisher =City of Lincoln Council, City Hall, Beaumont Fee, Lincoln}}</ref> {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | *{{flagicon|GER}} [[Neustadt an der Weinstraße]], Germany <small>(syne 1969)<ref name="Lincoln's Twin Towns"/></small> *{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Port Lincoln]], Australie <small>(syne 1991)<ref name="Lincoln's Twin Towns"/></small> *{{flagicon|POL}} [[Radomsko]], Poland <small>(syne 2007)<ref name="Lincoln's Twin Towns"/></small> *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Tangshan]], Hebei, Cheenae <small>(syne 1988)<ref name="Lincoln's Twin Towns"/></small> *{{flagicon|PRC}} [[Nanchang]], Jiangxi, Cheenae <small>(syne 2014)<ref name="Lincoln twinning agreed with Chinese city">{{cite web|url =http://thelincolnite.co.uk/2014/10/lincoln-twinning-agreed-chinese-city/|title =Lincoln Twinning agreed with Chinese city|accessdate =22 October 2014|last =Norton|first =Emily|publisher =The Lincolnite, Stonebow Media Ltd, Sparkhouse Studios, Lincoln, LN6 7DQ|archive-date =2014-10-29|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20141029165656/http://thelincolnite.co.uk/2014/10/lincoln-twinning-agreed-chinese-city/|url-status =dead}}</ref></small> |} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{UK ceeties}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:The Five Boroughs]] [[Category:Lincoln, Ingland| ]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1st century BC]] [[Category:Local govrenment in Lincolnshire]] [[Category:Coonty touns in Ingland]] [[Category:Roman colonies]] [[Category:Nan-metropolitan destricts o Lincolnshire]] [[Category:Local govrenment destricts o the East Midlands]] nqvad5j8u3yeu7es38jgg3lpn12h7pp Georgies 0 135877 916386 889278 2026-05-07T14:22:15Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Georgians <br>{{nobold|[[Georgian script|ქართველები]]}} <br>''Kartvelebi'' | image = {{image array|perrow=5 | image1 = Pharnavaz I (face).jpg| caption1 = [[Pharnavaz I o Iberie|Pharnavaz]] | image2 = რადამისტი (სახე).jpg| caption2 = [[Rhadamistus]] | image3 = Zenobie retrouvee par les bergers sur les bords crop 2.jpg| caption3 = [[Zenobia the Iberian|Queen Zenobia]] | image4 = Pharasmanes II relief (3).jpg| caption4 = [[Pharasmanes II o Iberie|Pharasmanes the Valiant]] | image5 = პეტრე იბერი (სახე).jpg| caption5 = [[Peter the Iberian]] | image6 = Vakhtang I face.jpg| caption6 = [[Vakhtang I o Iberie|Vakhtang the Wouf Heid]] | image7 = Oshki (photo by Scott Dexter, June 23, 2012 ) (7993420831).jpg| caption7 = [[David III o Tao|David III the Great]] | image8 = Giorgi Mtatsmindeli face.jpg| caption8 = [[George the Hagiorite|George o Athos]] | image9 = Mariam Bagrationi (face).jpg| caption9 = [[Maria o Alania|Empress Maria]] | image10 = David IV (face).jpg| caption10 = [[David IV o Georgie|David IV the Bigger]] | image11 = Shota Rustaveli (crop & edit).jpg| caption11 = [[Shota Rustaveli]] | image12 = Tamar icon.jpg| caption12 = [[Tamar o Georgie|Tamar the Great]] | image13 = Simon I of Kartli (Custos).png| caption13 = [[Simon I o Kartli|Simon the Great]] | image14 = Queen Ketevan, Lisbon fresco (2).jpg| caption14 = [[Ketevan the Martyr]] | image15 = Saakadze by Castelli.jpg | caption15 = [[Giorgi Saakadze|Grand Mouravi]] | image16 = Saint Anthim portrait.jpg| caption16 = [[Anthim the Iberian]] | image17 = Vakhtang VI (miniature, 1703-24).jpg | caption17 = [[Vakhtang VI o Kartli|Vakhtang the Lawgiver]] | image18 = David Guramishvili.png| caption18 = [[David Guramishvili]] | image19 = Prince Pyotr Bagration.JPG| caption19 = [[Pyotr Bagration|General Bagration]] | image20 = Nino Dadiani, Princess of Samegrelo.jpg| caption20 = [[Nino, Princess o Mingrelia|Nino o Mingrelia]] | image21 = Ilia Chavchavadze by Alexander Roinashvili (digitally colorized).png| caption21 = [[Ilia Chavchavadze]] | image22 = ვაჟა-ფშაველა. ალექსანდრე როინაშვილი cropped.png| caption22 = [[Vazha Pshavela]] | image23 = Niko Pirosmani 1916.jpg| caption23 = [[Niko Pirosmani]] | image24 = Stalin.jpg| caption24 = [[Joseph Stalin]] | image25 = Princess Mary Eristavi (2).png| caption25 = [[Mary, Princess Eristavi|Mary Eristavi]] | image26 = Konstantine Gamsakhurdia.jpg| caption26 = [[Konstantine Gamsakhurdia]] | image27 =| caption27 = [[George Balanchine]] | image28 = Ilia II.jpg| caption28 = [[Ilia II o Georgie|Patriarch <br>Ilia II]] | image29 = Katie Melua - Apple Store Berlin - Germany - 25 Nov. 2013.jpg| caption29 = [[Katie Melua]] | image30 = Khatia Buniatishvili, 2008.jpg| caption30 = [[Khatia Buniatishvili]] }} | population = '''5–7 million''' | popplace = {{flag|Georgia}} 3,956,000<ref name=geostat>{{cite web|title=Population|author=GeoStat.Ge|date=Jan 1, 2014|accessdate=Dec 2, 2014|url=http://geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=152&lang=eng|archive-date=2020-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111231932/http://geostat.ge/index.php?action=page&p_id=152&lang=eng|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region1 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} | pop1 = 157,803<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/results2.html|title=Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года в отношении демографических и социально-экономических характеристик отдельных национальностей|publisher=|accessdate=21 August 2015|archive-date=2021-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209035558/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/croc/results2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region3 = {{flagicon|European Union}} [[European Union]] | pop3 = ~250,000 | region4 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} | pop4 = 100,000-1,000,000<ref name=googlebooks1>{{cite book|last=Levinson|first=David|title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA291 |publisher=Google Books|accessdate=25 May 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/turkiye-deki-kurtlerin-sayisi-/yasam/magazindetay/06.06.2008/873452/default.htm|title=Milliyet|publisher=|accessdate=21 August 2015}}</ref> | region5 = {{flagcountry|Iran}} | pop5 = 100,000+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://home.medewerker.uva.nl/b.rezvani/bestanden/The%20Islamization%20and%20Ethnogenesis%20of%20the%20Fereydani%20Georgians.pdf|title=dhr. dr. B. (Babak) Rezvani - Universiteit van Amsterdam|author=Universiteit van Amsterdam|publisher=|accessdate=21 August 2015|archive-date=2012-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714020222/http://home.medewerker.uva.nl/b.rezvani/bestanden/The|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region6 = {{flagcountry|Israel}} | pop6 = 80,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php?rog3=IS|title=Country - Israel :: Joshua Project|author=Joshua Project|publisher=|accessdate=21 August 2015}}</ref> | region7 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} | pop7 = 34,199<ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=20&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20&n_page=2|title=Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 - English version - Results - Nationality and citizenship - The distribution of the population by nationality and mother tongue - Selection:|publisher=|accessdate=21 August 2015}}</ref> | region8 = {{flagcountry|USA}} | pop8 = 30,000-100,000<ref>{{ge icon}} [http://www.diaspora.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=64&info_id=180 ქართული დიასპორა ამერიკის შეერთებულ შტატებში] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614065509/http://www.diaspora.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=64&info_id=180 |date=2013-06-14 }} ''State Ministry on Diaspora Issues of Georgia''</ref> | region9 = {{flagcountry|Greece}} | pop9 = 27,400<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/nws_SAM01_EN.PDF |title=Archived copy |access-date=2016-01-03 |archive-date=2015-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015142541/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/General/nws_SAM01_EN.PDF |url-status=dead }}</ref>-150,000+<ref>{{cite web|url=http://greece.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=415&info_id=17371|title=დიასპორა - საქართველოს საელჩო საბერძნეთის რესპუბლიკაში|publisher=|accessdate=21 August 2015|archive-date=2015-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151209203503/http://greece.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=415&info_id=17371|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region10 = {{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} | pop10 = 12,000<ref>{{ge icon}} [http://www.diaspora.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=64&info_id=177 ქართული დიასპორა დიდ ბრიტანეთში] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614211132/http://www.diaspora.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=GEO&sec_id=64&info_id=177 |date=2013-06-14 }} ''State Ministry on Diaspora Issues of Georgia''</ref> {{dead|date=December 2015}} | region11 = {{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}} | pop11 = 9,900<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm|title=Ethnic composition of Azerbaijan 2009|publisher=|accessdate=21 August 2015|archive-date=2012-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207161726/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/azerbaijan-ethnic2009.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region12 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} | pop12 = 3,148<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur/bevoelkerung_nach_staatsangehoerigkeit_geburtsland/index.html|title=Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland|author=STATISTIK AUSTRIA|publisher=|accessdate=21 August 2015}}</ref> | region13 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} | pop13 = 4,990<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Pages/default.aspx |title=Kazakhstan Census 2009 |access-date=2016-01-03 |archive-date=2012-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501091537/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Pages/default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{dead|date=December 2015}} | region14 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} | pop14 = 2,200<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000|title=Ethnocultural Portrait of Canada - Data table|date=2 April 2008|publisher=|accessdate=21 August 2015|archive-date=2016-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818195955/http://www12.statcan.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/hlt/97-562/pages/page.cfm?Lang=E&Geo=PR&Code=01&Table=2&Data=Count&StartRec=1&Sort=3&Display=All&CSDFilter=5000|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region15 = {{flag|Belarus}} | pop15 = 2,400<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/publications/bul_republic.rar Белстат. Предварительные итоги переписи населения Беларуси 2009 г.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917234113/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/publications/bul_republic.rar |date=2010-09-17 }}</ref> | region16 = {{flagcountry|Spain}} | pop16 = 11,231<ref>{{cite web|url=http://epa.com.es/padron/georgianos-en-espana/|title=Padrón municipal, cifras de población. Georgianos en España.|publisher=|accessdate=21 August 2015}}</ref> | region17 = {{flagcountry|Latvia}} | pop17 = 1,172<ref>{{lv icon}} [http://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/statistika/dokuments/2012/ISVN_Latvija_pec_TTB_VPD.pdf Latvijas iedzīvotāju sadalījums pēc nacionālā sastāva un valstiskās piederības] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830193543/http://www.pmlp.gov.lv/lv/statistika/dokuments/2012/ISVN_Latvija_pec_TTB_VPD.pdf |date=2017-08-30 }}</ref> | region18 = {{flagcountry|Argentina}} | pop18 = 1,050<ref>[La migración reciente de Europa central y oriental a la Argentina. ¿Un tratamiento "especial"? por María José Marcogliese http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/pdf/269/26900104.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722230520/http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/pdf/269/26900104.pdf |date=2011-07-22 }}] ''Revista Argentina de Sociología'', 2003.</ref><ref>Brisa Varela en "Geografías de la memoria: lugares, desarraigos y reconstitución identitaria en situación de genocidio"(EDULP, 2008)</ref><ref>[Los migrantes de Europa del Este y Central en el área metropolitana http://www.caref.org.ar/texto/europa_del_este.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003071328/http://www.caref.org.ar/texto/europa_del_este.pdf |date=2013-10-03 }}]INVESTIGACIÓN CAREF-OIM 1999-2002</ref> | region19 = {{flagcountry|Armenia}} | pop19 = 974<ref>[http://armstat.am/file/article/sv_03_13a_520.pdf 2011 Armenian Census]</ref> | region 20 = {{flag|Australia}} | pop 20 = ~500<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?breadcrumb=TLPD&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&subaction=-1&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&documentproductno=0&textversion=false&documenttype=Details&collection=Census&javascript=true&topic=Ancestry&action=404&productlabel=Ancestry%20%28full%20classification%20list%29%20by%20Sex&order=1&period=2006&tabname=Details&areacode=0&navmapdisplayed=true&|title=Redirect to Census data page|publisher=|accessdate=21 August 2015|archive-date=2008-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080806103321/http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/ABSNavigation/prenav/ViewData?breadcrumb=TLPD&method=Place%20of%20Usual%20Residence&subaction=-1&issue=2006&producttype=Census%20Tables&documentproductno=0&textversion=false&documenttype=Details&collection=Census&javascript=true&topic=Ancestry&action=404&productlabel=Ancestry%20(full%20classification%20list)%20by%20Sex&order=1&period=2006&tabname=Details&areacode=0&navmapdisplayed=true&|url-status=dead}}</ref> | languages = [[Georgie leid|Georgie]] an ither [[Kartvelian leids]] | religions =Predominantly [[Eastren Orthodox Kirk|Eastren Orthodox Christianity]] syne 324 AD<br>([[Georgie Orthodox Kirk]]) <br>Minority: [[Catholicism]], [[Islam]] }} '''Georgians''' ({{lang-ka|ქართველები|tr}}) are an [[Indigenous fowks|indigenous]] [[Fowks o the Caucasus|Caucasian]] [[naition]] an [[ethnic group]] who constitute a majority o the population in [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Georgian People}} [[Category:Fowks o the Caucasus]] [[Category:Auncient fowks]] [[Category:Caucasus]] [[Category:Fowk frae Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Asie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Roushie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Georgie (kintra)]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Azerbaijan]] [[Category:Society o Georgie (kintra)]] 56ifurjkmcspvfk9x0b4wg0y9t7gq7s Hambleton 0 137942 916389 849287 2026-05-07T14:53:45Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other uses}} {{coord|54.334|-1.429|display=title|region:GB_scale:50000}} {{Infobox settlement |name = Hambleton District |type = Destrict |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_blank_emblem= |blank_emblem_type = |image_map = Hambleton UK locator map.svg |map_caption = Shown athin [[North Yorkshire]] |mapsize = frameless |subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Sovereign state]] |subdivision_name = Unitit Kinrick |subdivision_type1 = [[Constituent kintra]] |subdivision_name1 = Ingland |subdivision_type2 = [[Regions o Ingland|Region]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Yorkshire an the Humber]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Admeenistrative coonties o England|Admeenistrative coonty]] |subdivision_name3 = [[North Yorkshire]] |seat_type = Admeen.&nbsp;HQ |seat = [[Northallerton]] |government_type = Hambleton District Council |leader_title = [[:en:Local government in England#Councillors and mayors|Leadership]]: |leader_name = Leader & Cabinet |leader_title1 = Executive: |leader_name1 = {{English district control|GSS=E07000164}} |leader_title2 = [[:en:MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 2010|MPs]]: |leader_name2 = [[Rishi Sunak]],<br>[[Kevin Hollinrake]] |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = |founder = |area_rank = [[Leet o Inglis destricts bi aurie|{{English district area rank|GSS=E07000164}}]] |area_total_km2 = {{formatnum:{{English district area|GSS=E07000164}}|R}} |population_as_of = {{English statistics year}} |population_total = {{formatnum:{{English district population|GSS=E07000164}}|R}} |population_rank = [[Leet o Inglis destricts bi population|Rankit {{English district rank|GSS= E07000164}}]] |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = [[Breetish Simmer Time]] |utc_offset_DST = +1 |postal_code_type = Postcode |postal_code = <!-- [[XX postcode area|XX]] --> |area_code = |blank_name = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|ISO 3166-2]] |blank_info = <!-- GB-?? --> |blank1_name = [[ONS codin seestem|ONS code]] |blank1_info = 36UC (ONS)<br />E07000164 (GSS) |blank2_name = [[Breetish naitional grid reference seestem|OS grid reference]] |blank2_info = <!-- {{gbmappingsmall|####}} --> |blank3_name = [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] 3 |blank3_info = <!-- UKG## --> |blank4_name = Ethnicity |blank4_info = 99.2% White |website = [http://www.hambleton.gov.uk/ hambleton.gov.uk] }} '''Hambleton''' is a [[Nan-metropolitan destrict|local govrenment destrict]] o [[North Yorkshire]], [[England]]. The main toun an admeenistrative centre is [[Northallerton]], an includes the mercat touns an major veelages o [[Bedale]], [[Thirsk]], [[Great Ayton]], [[Stokesley]] an [[Easingwold]]. The district wis shapit bi the [[Local Govrenment Act 1972]] on 1 Apryle 1974, as a merger o the [[:en:Urban district (Great Britain and Ireland)|urban destrict]] o Northallerton wi Bedale Rural District, Easingwold Rural District, Northallerton Rural District, an pairt o Thirsk Rural District, Stokesley Rural District an Croft Rural District, aw in the [[North Riding of Yorkshire]]. ==Geografie== [[File:Across the fields to Cowesby.jpg|thumb|left|upright|View o the Hambleton Hills an [[Cowesby]]]] Hambleton covers a aurie o 1,311.17&nbsp;km² maist o which, 1,254.90&nbsp;km², is [[Naitural environs|green space]].<ref>{{cite web | last = United Kingdom Census 2001 | title = Hambleton (Local Authority): Key Figures for Physical Environment | publisher = neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk | year = 2001 | url = http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=277070&c=hambleton&d=13&e=8&g=475526&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1229038338958&enc=1 | accessdate = 10 December 2008 | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203148/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=277070&c=hambleton&d=13&e=8&g=475526&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1229038338958&enc=1 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The destrict is namit efter the [[Hambleton Hills]], pairt o the [[North York Moors]] Naitional Pairk, on the eastren edge o the destrict. This aurie is the subject o a naitional habitat protection scheme as airticulatit in the [[Unitit Kinrick]]'s [[Biodiversity Action Plan]]. ==Touns== *[[Bedale]] *[[Easingwold]] *'''[[Northallerton]]''' *[[Thirsk]] '''Population Size''' <br /> 1. Northallerton <br /> 2. Thirsk <br /> 3. Bedale <br /> 4. Easingwold ==Demographics== [[File:Firby Hall, Hambleton.jpg|thumb|right|Firby Hall, [[Bedale]]]] [[File:Cod Beck Weir, Thirsk - geograph.org.uk - 1718027.jpg|thumb|right|Cod Beck Weir, [[Thirsk]]]] In 2007 Hambleton haed an estimatit population o 86,900 an increase o 3.2% on the population o 84,200 recordit in the [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2001|2001 UK census]].<ref>{{cite web | last = Performance, Research & Intelligence Team Chief Executive's Group | title = Population Estimates 2007 Parish | work = Page 5 | publisher = North Yorkshire County Council | year = 2007 | url = http://www.northyorks.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=1636&p=0 | format = pdf | accessdate = 9 December 2008 | archive-date = 2011-08-07 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110807154529/http://www.northyorks.gov.uk/CHttpHandler.ashx?id=1636&p=0 | url-status = dead }}</ref> In the 2001 census 83% o respondents identifee'd their [[releegion]] as [[Christians]] abuin the naitional average for [[Ingland]] which wis 71.74%. Nae ither releegion accoontit for mair nor 0.2% o the population wi the next twa lairgest groups o respondents whaur those wi nae releegion, at 10.40%, an who did no state a releegion, at 6.14%.<ref>{{cite web | last = United Kingdom Census 2001 | title = Hambleton (Local Authority) | publisher = neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk | year = 2001 | url = http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=277070&c=hambleton&d=13&e=16&g=475526&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1228857829555&enc=1 | accessdate = 9 December 2008 | archive-date = 2016-03-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205835/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=277070&c=hambleton&d=13&e=16&g=475526&i=1001x1003x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1228857829555&enc=1 | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Energy policy== In Mey 2006, a report commissioned bi [[Centrica|British Gas]]<ref>[http://www.britishgasnews.co.uk/managed_content/files/pdf/greenCity.pdf http://www.britishgasnews.co.uk/managed_content/files/pdf/greenCity.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626020736/http://www.britishgasnews.co.uk/managed_content/files/pdf/greenCity.pdf |date=2008-06-26 }} ''britishgasnews.co.uk''</ref> showed that hoosin in Hambleton producit the 8t heichest average carbon emissions in the kintra at 7,242&nbsp;kg o [[carbon dioxide]] per dwellin. Whilst this haes come unner some scrutiny, it is important tae remember that due tae the remote natur o the cooncils pairishes ([[Great Langton]], [[Scorton, North Yorkshire|Scorton]] etc.) carbon emissions are likely tae be heich. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further readin== *Golisti K.O.M. (1998) ''Hambleton and it's History''. Ashdown Products. ISBN 0952195054 ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|Hambleton}} * [http://www.hambleton.gov.uk/ Hambleton District Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140706221940/http://www.hambleton.gov.uk/ |date=2014-07-06 }} [[Category:Local govrenment destricts o North Yorkshire]] [[Category:Hambleton| ]] [[Category:Destricts o Ingland established in 1974]] [[Category:Nan-metropolitan destricts o North Yorkshire]] [[Category:Local govrenment destricts o Yorkshire an the Humber]] 36hbq28bcmeo1nes8ge8hiihpebf8ts Ilocos Region 0 141597 916397 522485 2026-05-07T15:12:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Philippine region | name = Region I | other_name = Ilocos Region | map_file = Ph_locator_region_1.png | island_group = [[Luzon]] | center = [[San Fernando, La Union|San Fernando {{small|(La Union)}}]] | area_km2 = 13,012.60 | population_footnotes = <ref name=NSO/> | population_as_of = 2010 | population = 4748372 | provinces = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;background-color:WhiteSmoke; | title = 4 | [[Ilocos Norte]] | [[Ilocos Sur]] | [[La Union]] | [[Pangasinan]] }} | cities = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal;text-align:left;background-color:WhiteSmoke; | title = 9 | [[Alaminos, Pangasinan|Alaminos]] | [[Batac]] | [[Candon]] | [[Dagupan]] | [[Laoag]] | [[San Carlos, Pangasinan|San Carlos]] | [[San Fernando, La Union|San Fernando]] | [[Urdaneta, Pangasinan|Urdaneta]] | [[Vigan]] }} | municipalities = 116 | barangays = 3,265 | districts = 12 | languages = {{hlist | item-style=white-space:nowrap; | [[Ilokano language|Ilocano]] | [[Pangasinan leid|Pangasinan]] | [[Bolinao language|Bolinao]] | [[Tagalog leid|Tagalog]] | [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] }} }} The '''Ilocos Region''' ({{lang-ilo|Rehion ti Ilocos or Deppaar ti Ilocos}}; {{lang-fil|Rehiyon ng Ilocos}}) is an [[Region o the Philippines|admeenistrative region]] o the Philippines, designatit as '''Region I''', occupeein the northwastren section o [[Luzon]]. It is bordered bi the [[Cordillera Administrative Region]] tae the east, the [[Cagayan Valley]] tae the northeast an sootheast, an the [[Central Luzon]] tae the sooth. Tae the wast lees the [[Sooth Cheenae Sea]]. The region comprises fower [[Provinces o the Philippines|provinces]]: [[Ilocos Norte]], [[Ilocos Sur]], [[La Union]] an [[Pangasinan]]. Its regional center is [[San Fernando, La Union|San Fernando]], La Union. ==References== {{reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} * {{OSM relation|1552186}} * [http://iloko.tripod.com/Ilocano.html Ilocano: Ti Pagsasao ti Amianan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010302185140/http://iloko.tripod.com/Ilocano.html |date=2001-03-02 }} [[Category:Ilocos Region| ]] [[Category:Regions o the Philippines]] [[Category:Luzon]] 9god7lxscszaujivd8txe6usf1uj9pf Bauld eagle 0 158878 916378 866707 2026-05-07T12:03:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Februar 2021}} {{speciesbox |name=Bauld eagle |image=Adler jagt.jpg |image_caption= Adult bauld eagle on the [[Alsek River]] | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = <ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN|id=22695144 |title=''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}}</ref> |genus=Haliaeetus |species=leucocephalus |authority=([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[:en:12th edition of Systema Naturae|1766]]) |subdivision_ranks=[[Subspecies]] |subdivision= ''H. l. leucocephalus'' – Soothren bald eagle<br /> ''H. l. washingtoniensis'' – Northren bald eagle |synonyms=''Falco leucocephalus'' {{Taxobox authority|author = Linnaeus|date=1766}} |range_map=Distribution H. leucocephalus.png |range_map_caption=Bald eagle range <div style="padding-left:100px; text-align:left;"> {{legend|#b13f31|border=1px solid #978e73|Breedin resident}} {{legend|#ce6256|border=1px solid #978e73|Breedin simmer visitor}} {{legend|#e58e7b|border=1px solid #978e73|Winter visitor}} {{legend|#f2c1ad|border=1px solid #978e73|On migration anerly}} <small>Star: accidental records</small></div>}} [[File:Haliaeetus leucocephalus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.96.5.jpg|thumb| ''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'']] The '''bauld eagle''' (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus'', frae Greek ''hali'' "sea", ''aiētos'' "[[eagle]]", ''leuco'' "white", ''cephalos'' "heid") is a [[bird o prey]] foond in [[North Americae]]. A [[sea eagle]], it haes twa kent subspecies an fuirms a [[Species complex|species pair]] wi the [[white-tailed eagle]] (''Haliaeetus albicilla''). Its range includes maist o Canadae an Alaska, aw o the [[contiguous Unitit States]], an northren Mexico. It is foond near muckle bouks o open watter wi a abundant fuid supply an auld-growth trees for nestin. The bauld eagle is a opportunistic feeder which subsists mainly on [[fish]], which it swoops doun an snatches frae the watter wi its talons. It bigs the maist muckle [[bird nest|nest]] o ony North Americane bird an the maist muckle tree nests iver recordit for ony ainimal species, up tae {{convert|4|m|ft|sp=us|abbr = on}} deep, {{convert|2.5|m|ft|sp=us|abbr = on}} wide, an {{convert|1|t|ST|lk = on|sp = us}} in wicht.<ref name=hbw>del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., & Sargatal, J., eds. (1994). ''[[Handbook of the Birds of the World]]'' Vol. 2. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona ISBN 84-87334-15-6.</ref> [[Sexual maturity]] is atteened at the age o fower tae five years. Bauld eagles are no actually [[bauld]]; the name derives frae a aulder meanin o the wird, "white heidit". The adult is mainly broun wi a white heid an tail. The sexes are identical in [[plumage]], but females are aboot 25 percent mair muckle nor males. The [[beak]] is muckle an heukit. The plumage o the immatur is broun. The bauld eagle is both the [[:en:List of national birds|naitional bird]] an [[:en:List of national animals|naitional ainimal]] o the [[Unitit States o Americae]]. The bauld eagle appears on its [[Great Seal o the Unitit States|seal]]. In the late 20t century it was on the brink o [[local extinction|extirpation]] in the contiguous Unitit States. Populations have since recovered and the species was removed from the [[Federal govrenment o the Unitit States|U.S. govrenment]]'s leet o [[endangered species]] on 12 Julie 1995 an transferred tae the leet o [[threatened species]]. It wis remuivit frae the List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife in the [[Continental Unitit States|Lower 48]] States on 28 Juin 2007. ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== <!--========================({{No More Links}})============================ | PLEASE BE CAUTIOUS IN ADDING MORE LINKS TO THIS ARTICLE. WIKIPEDIA | | IS NOT A COLLECTION OF LINKS NOR SHOULD IT BE USED FOR ADVERTISING. | | | | Excessive or inappropriate links WILL BE DELETED. | | See [[Wikipedia:External links]] & [[Wikipedia:Spam]] for details. | | | | If there are already plentiful links, please propose additions or | | replacements on this article's discussion page, or submit your link | | to the relevant category at the Open Directory Project (dmoz.org) | | and link back to that category using the {{dmoz}} template. | ({{No More Links}})=============================--> {{Commons and category|Haliaeetus leucocephalus|Haliaeetus leucocephalus}} {{Wikispecies|Haliaeetus leucocephalus|the bald eagle}} * [http://www.nationaleaglecenter.org The National Eagle Center] * [http://www.baldeagles.org American Bald Eagle Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230822151442/http://www.baldeagles.org/ |date=2023-08-22 }} * [http://baldeagleinfo.com American Bald Eagle Information] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116140704/http://www.baldeagleinfo.com/ |date=2009-01-16 }} * [http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/index.php/download_file/view/1198/724/ Bauld eagle bird soond] - Florida Museum of Natural History [[Category:Haliaeetus]] [[Category:Eagles]] [[Category:Birds o Canadae|Eagle, Bald]] [[Category:Birds o the Unitit States|Eagle, Bald]] [[Category:Birds o Mexico|Eagle, Bald]] [[Category:Birds o Belize|Eagle, Bald]] [[Category:Birds o Saunt Pierre an Miquelon|Eagle, Bald]] [[Category:Native birds o the Rocky Mountains]] [[Category:Naitional seembols o the Unitit States]] [[Category:Birds describit in 1766]] puuqr8qxssbrg574t8peg4jgaya5t0b John Cena 0 168382 916402 898105 2026-05-07T15:33:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = John Cena |image = John Cena 2024.jpg |caption = Cena in Mairch 2024 |birth_date = {{birth date|1975|4|23}} |birth_place = [[West Newbury, Massachusetts]], U.S. |death_date = |death_place = |residence = [[Tampa, Florida]], U.S. |occupation = Professional warstler, actor, rapper, televeesion host |years_active = 1997–present (wrestler)<br>2000–present (actor)<br>2004–2005; 2014 (rapper)<br>2016–present (TV host) |alma_mater = [[Springfield College (Massachusetts)|Springfield College]] |net_worth = |birth_name = John Felix Anthony Cena Jr. |spouse = {{marriage|Elizabeth Huberdeau|2009|2012|reason=divorced}} |partner = [[Nikki Bella]] (2012–present; engaged) |parents = |relatives = [[Tony Lupien]] (grandfaither)<br>[[Tha Trademarc]] (cousin) |module = {{Infobox professional wrestler|child=yes |names = '''John Cena'''<ref name="MyLifeDVD">{{cite video|date=2007|title=John Cena: My Life|medium=DVD|publisher=World Wrestling Entertainment}}</ref><br>The Prototype<ref name="CenaHist">{{cite web|url=http://www.upw.com/features/cenahistory.htm|title=John Cena's WWE History|accessdate=July 4, 2007|publisher=UPW|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070730205606/http://www.upw.com/features/cenahistory.htm|archivedate=July 30, 2007}}</ref> |height = {{height|feet=6|inch=1}}<ref name="WWEProfile">{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/johncena/|title=John Cena|accessdate=December 14, 2010|publisher=WWE}}</ref> |weight = {{convert|251|lb|kg|abbr=on}}<!-- Please do not change height or weight. These are the measures as officially stated and they should not be changed. IMPORTANT: Do not change this to 240 lbs. Cena was billed at 240 only from 2007–2011. Since October 2011, Cena has been billed at 251 lbs.--><ref name="WWEProfile"/> |billed = "[[Clessified information|Clessified]]" (UPW)<ref name="UPW">{{cite web|url=http://www.upw.com/superstars/prototype.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080417201115/http://www.upw.com/superstars/prototype.htm|archivedate=April 17, 2008|title=UPW: John "Prototype" Cena|accessdate=March 13, 2008|publisher=UPW}}</ref><br>'''West Newbury, Massachusetts''' (WWE)<ref name="WWEProfile"/> |trainer = [[Christopher Daniels]]<ref name="Cagematch"/><br>[[Dave Finlay]]<br>[[Ohio Valley Wrestling]]<ref name="OWOW">{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/j/john-cena.html|title=John Cena profile|accessdate=July 3, 2007|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}</ref><br>[[Ultimate Pro Wrestling]]<ref name="UPW"/> |debut = November 5, 1997<ref name="Cagematch">{{cite web|url=http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=691|title=John Cena " Wrestlers Database " CAGEMATCH – The Internet Wrestling Database|publisher=Cagematch.net|accessdate=August 3, 2014|archive-date=2019-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509111910/https://www.cagematch.net//?id=2&nr=691|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} }} '''John Felix Anthony Cena Jr.'''<ref>{{cite web|last1=Baggett|first1=Christopher|title=John Cena Files For Divorce|url=http://thehomeworld.net/2012/05/john-cena-files-for-divorce-2/|website=The HomeWorld|accessdate=March 3, 2017|archive-date=2017-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222193909/http://thehomeworld.net/2012/05/john-cena-files-for-divorce-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|n|ə}}; Aprile 23, 1975 - ) is an American professional warstler, rapper, actor, an reality telly shaw host. He is signed tae [[WWE]], whaur he performs on the [[WWE SmackDown|SmackDown]] name. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cena, John}} [[Category:1977 births]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:American caur collectors]] [[Category:American fitbaa offensive linemen]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male professional warstlers]] [[Category:American male rappers]] [[Category:American fowk o Inglis strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o French-Canadian strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Italian strynd]] [[Category:American televeesion hosts]] [[Category:Columbia Records airtists]] [[Category:Driftin drivers]] [[Category:East Coast hip hop muisickers]] [[Category:Exercise physiologists]] [[Category:Formula D drivers]] [[Category:LGBT richts activists frae the Unitit States]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors o Italian strynd]] [[Category:Fowk frae West Newbury, Massachusetts]] [[Category:Pop rappers]] [[Category:Players o American fitbaa frae Massachusetts]] [[Category:Professional warstlers frae Florida]] [[Category:Professional warstlers frae Massachusetts]] [[Category:Rappers frae Massachusetts]] [[Category:Sportsfowk frae Tampa, Florida]] [[Category:Springfield College (Massachusetts) alumni]] [[Category:Springfield Pride fitbaa players]] [[Category:WWF/WWE World Heavyweight Champions]] jbis79c5c61ivasdd0ahra6yvnv5dh2 Jack Russell Tarrie 0 183666 916390 620849 2026-05-07T15:05:22Z Cobra 3000 28371 Pit in tags 916390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Unsoorced}}{{Infobox Dogbreed | akcgroup = Terrier | akcstd = | altname = | ankcgroup = Group 2 (Terriers) | ankcstd = https://web.archive.org/web/20091228104237/http://www.ankc.org.au:80/home/breeds_details.asp?bid=60 | ckcgroup = | ckcstd = | country = Ingland | fcigroup = [[FCI Terrier Group|3]] | fcinum = 345 | fcisection = 2 Smaw Tarries | fcistd = http://www.fci.be/Nomenclature/Standards/345g03-en.pdf | image = Jack Russell Terrier 1.jpg | image_caption = | kcukgroup = | kcukstd = | name = Jack Russell Terrier | nickname = JRT<br/>Jack | nzkcgroup = Terrier | nzkcstd = https://web.archive.org/web/20100110003625/http://www.nzkc.org.nz/br245.html | ukcgroup = Terrier | ukcstd = https://web.archive.org/web/20091015222607/http://www.ukcdogs.com/WebSite.nsf/Breeds/JackRussellTerrierRevisedJanuary12009 }} The '''Jack Russell Tarrie''' is a smaw tarrie that haes its oreegins in tod huntin. It is principally white-bouked an smuith, reuch or braken-coatit but can be ony colour. {{Stub/Ainimal}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Dug breeds]] [[Category:Tarries]] [[Category:Dug breeds oreeginatin in Ingland]] 4gfj4uhb2cbo2rbj8qwyniffvwp0hgc Tadorna tadorna 0 185627 916430 908060 2026-05-07T23:37:19Z MPF 28077 better pic 916430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{speciesbox |name = |image = Common Shellduck (Tadorna tadorna) (26499348215).jpg |image_caption = Breeding male |image2 = Shelducks (42458242862).jpg |image2_caption = Adult female [[File:Common Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna) (W1CDR0001430 BD7).ogg|thumb|center| Bird sang recordit in Ingland]] |status = LC |status_system = IUCN3.1 |status_ref = <ref>{{IUCN|id=22680024|title=''Tadorna tadorna'' |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2|year=2012|accessdate=November 26, 2013}}</ref> |genus = Tadorna |species = tadorna |authority = ([[Carl Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[10t edeetion o Systema Naturae|1758]]) |range_map = Tadorna tadorna distribution.png |range_map_caption = Range o ''T. tadorna'' {{leftlegend|#F7E800|Breedin range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#25AD21|Year-roond range|outline=gray}}{{leftlegend|#0B8FFE|Winterin range|outline=gray}} |synonyms = See text }} [[File:Gravand (tadorna tadorna) - Ystad-2020.jpg|thumb|Female and ducklings.]] [[File:Tadorna tadorna MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.19.3.jpg|thumb| ''Tadorna tadorna'']] [[File:Common Shelduck.ogv|thumb|Tadorna tadorna]] The '''''Tadorna tadorna''''' ('''skell-drake''', '''stock ennet''', '''skell-deuk''', '''burrae deuk''') is a [[watterfoul]] [[species]] o the [[genus]], ''[[Tadorna]]''. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{taxonbar}} [[Category:Tadorna]] [[Category:Birds o Asie]] [[Category:Birds o the Breetish Isles]] [[Category:Birds o Europe]] [[Category:Birds descrived in 1758]] awa30pc46tc2xr0ptbd4y6ljdkyymuy Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane 3 222217 916456 916188 2026-05-08T04:21:03Z Henry Casper Miron 130474 /* Hey there */ new section 916456 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, CiphriusKane, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye faer [[Special:Contributions/CiphriusKane|yer werks]]. Some gibbles ye'll fynd uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isnae. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|How tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]<sup>[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]</sup></span> 10:00, 26 August 2020 (UTC) ==Scots skills== Hullo an walcome. A recommend makin a Uiser page fir yersel, an uisin the 'Babel Uiser Interface' infobox on it to share yer skills in Scots. (https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Babel#sco_-_Scots_(Scots)) [[Uiser:Soothrhins|Soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 22:09, 26 August 2020 (UTC) == Thank you == Thank you for doing that. --[[Uiser:LokaloSkotso|LokaloSkotso]] ([[Uiser collogue:LokaloSkotso|tauk]]) 01:22, 30 August 2020 (UTC) == +rollbacker +autopatroller == I have granted you new powers due to your obvious and present need for them. With rollback, you can revert vandalism in a single click. With autopatroller, all pages you create will no longer need to be reviewed by an admin. Use these tools wisely! &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]<sup>[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]</sup></span> 05:07, 3 September 2020 (UTC) == Just an idea... == Hi CiphriusKane, I really like your list of Scottish topics. If you're looking for suggestions, how about indigenous plants and animals, indigenous races and breeds (kettle, sheep, goats, dogs?), indigenous fruit varieties (apples, maybe?), produce and derived products (cheese?). Also, separate lists of animals, plants etc. would be interesting and maybe even useful for the upcoming edit-a-thon. Just an idea I had when I saw your list. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 18:41, 24 September 2020 (UTC) :{{Ping|Andreas}} Aye, I'd thought to add a "Nature" section at some point. I'm also happy with adding sublists if it's deemed necessary/neater. All are free to edit the list as necessary (should put that at the top of the page come to think of it) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:18, 24 September 2020 (UTC) ::Glad you don't hate the idea. I was gonna say the "sublists" can go straight into the article namespace but then I checked and found [[Scots plants|this]]. Maybe somebody could turn this into something more useful (for reading folks), along the lines of [[:als:Alemannischi Tiernäme (noch de zoologische Syschtematik)|that]] (Alemannic) or [[:gd:Liosta nam beathach|that]] (Scottish Gaelic) or even [[:rm:Glista da mammals da la Svizra|that]] (Romansh). I would offer a hand but I don't speak ''ae wird o Scots''. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 20:24, 24 September 2020 (UTC) :::{{Ping|Andreas}} Hmm, I could add a "See forby/Main" on my list for that type of list, but the list I'm making is meant to include specific articles closely associated with Scotland to focus on. Like if there was a list of birds, I'd probably only be listing the golden eagle and osprey (Scotland has a sizeable European golden eagle population I believe, and there's a famous osprey who bred in Scotland until 2014). That said, if ye've any thoughts on flora and fauna that match that criteria go ahead and add them (or list them here if ye're unsure) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:10, 24 September 2020 (UTC) ::::Sure, I get the idea of your list. I was just commenting on the "sublist" thing ;D Maybe the [[Teuchit|shochads]] of [[Caithness]] are worth mentioning? They kept cropping up in quick google. ::::By the way, ''did ye ken'' that several other small and mid-size Wikipedias keep similar lists and cross-link them via [[:d:Q12950581]]? Maybe you want to add yours once it reaches your (first) goal of 100 topics. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 21:40, 24 September 2020 (UTC) :::::{{Ping|Andreas}} Ah, now I see, sorry for the confusion. I've mentioned the wikidata idea to the others in the Scots Leid server, but it seems like a plan. Ye've given me a few things to think about, so thanks. Also I realised I never addressed the editathon point. The one happening in a few days already has a theme of places, but I can easily add nature to the list of potential themes (if I can find where we stuck the theme list...) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 23:37, 24 September 2020 (UTC) ::::::Glad I could do something useful. By the way, would you guys mind a lurker in the discord server? ;D --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 01:06, 25 September 2020 (UTC) Oh, and may I be curious and ask what dialect of Scots you speak? I noticed you use "ae" for English "of", which I haven't seen before. :::::::{{Ping|Andreas}} Sure, all are welcome in the server long as they respect the language and the rules, and it's primarily Doric but I think it's kinda been influenced by Glaswegian a bit by now. Need an invite link for the Discord server? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:11, 25 September 2020 (UTC) ::::::::Aye, please. --[[Uiser:Andreas|Andreas]] ([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|tauk]]) 01:21, 25 September 2020 (UTC) :::::::::{{Ping|Andreas}} https://discord.gg/RA4tyaN This should hopefully work [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:23, 25 September 2020 (UTC) == A barnstar for you! == {| style="border: 1.5px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7; padding-right: 5px" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Dark Blue Scottish Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Scots Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | Have I ever told you that you are the best anti-vandalism fighter and copy editor on this entire site? Well, you are!<br />I know you said you weren't interested, but you seriously would make a great admin. I sincerely look forward to your future contributions keeping up your great track record!! &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]<sup>[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]</sup></span> 06:08, 13 October 2020 (UTC) |} == Ratko Janev == Thanks for adding him.[[Special:Contributions/178.148.109.252|178.148.109.252]] ([[User talk:178.148.109.252|talk]]) 22:25, 1 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next Scots Wiki editathon - 14 & 15 November== Hey there, as you attended one of our previous editathons, thought you might like to know about the next one! 14 & 15 November, details [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|on the event page]], the theme is '''Weemin an Minorities fae Scotland an Ulster.''' :) [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 12:41, 10 November 2020 (UTC) == Sub categories == (en) I suggested at the editathon that People (Fowk) could be divided intae a group fir STEM ( Science Technology Engineering Medicine) an Nurses. And a subcategory for Scottish suffragettes /suffragists who are notable weemen who suffered fir tae give weemen votes. [[Uiser:Kaybeesquared|Kaybeesquared]] ([[Uiser collogue:Kaybeesquared|tauk]]) 19:09, 15 November 2020 (UTC) =={{en}} Next editathon== Hey there, as a previous attendee of a Scots Wiki editathon, I thought you might like to know about the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|December event, Sat 12 & Sun 13th.]] In addition to the usual wiki support, this month I'm really excited to say that we'll have '''language support in place from the Scots Language Centre''', who'll be online between 12-3 on Zoom on Saturday with us to help with any of your queries. * [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-tickets-131613729207 Eventbrite link to sign up to Saturday Zoom session] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|On-wiki event page]] Hope to see you there! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:49, 8 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == {{en}} Sunday 13th December - extra zoom session with the Scots Language Centre! == We've added another session for the [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|editathon this weekend,]] with the folks from the SLC. Join us on Zoom for editing 12-3 on Sunday now too; we can help with wiki and language queries :) [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-december-2020-sunday-13th-tickets-132517919665 Book your place on Eventbrite here.] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 16:34, 11 Dizember 2020 (UTC) == Hello, == I'll try to back off now to be honest. I don't want to cause ''any'' trouble at all. Thank you and sorry. Signed Tom AKA ([[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 12:34, 17 Dizember 2020 (UTC)) == [[Princess Marie Auguste o Thurn an Taxis]] -> Princess Maria Augusta o Thurn an Taxis == Hello, sorry to bother you. Would you be able to move the above link to Princess Maria Augusta o Thurn an Taxis at all? Thank you, sorry again but Happy New Year too. Signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 20:36, 1 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Cleanup == Hi, I'm continuing with my cleanup of the misuse of Scots words, and now I'm onto ''lairge''. The way I understand it, "lairge" only refers to large numbers/plentifulness, while "muckle" is about physical size. Am I right? --[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|That's how you do fake Cyrillic properly and phonetically]]) 10:17, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) :{{ping|Corsicanwarrah}} I believe either or can be used, but muckle/muckler/mucklest is preferred for size, that is correct. If this is about me removing the Fixscots template on [[eagle]], it's because I fixed the Scots back in October [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:29, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) == re: == Hi, tha mi troimh-chèile, duilich. An urrainn dhut a cheartachadh?--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 14:47, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) == re: == I have already created the page in Scottish Gaelic, the first one remains to be corrected (do it in Scottish)--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 15:08, 8 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Clubaichean de churaidhean saoghal ball-coise FIFA == Hi, the content is now ok, but i can't change the title, should be put: List FIFA of football clubs world champions. But in scots I do not know how to write it, you can do it? :-) --[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 19:07, 9 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Leet o warld champion fitba clubs == hello, ok, i add. See forby, this article in other wiki is annex o ''FIFA club warld cup'' an ''Intercontinental Cup''. In my opinion it has notability as it is the sum o tha teetles officially recognized bi FIFA--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 06:08, 10 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Intercontinental Cup == I created this page, it was necessary, I can't link it to other languages, can you do it?--[[Uiser:Tom Ravensburger|Tom Ravensburger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Tom Ravensburger|tauk]]) 08:35, 10 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Sorry about the edits I make == Hi, sorry to bother you but I’m sorry for the edits I make in English because I’m an English person. I enjoy writing articles to build the encyclopedia. [[Uiser:RedhotRod4|RedhotRod4]] ([[Uiser collogue:RedhotRod4|tauk]]) 10:44, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC) :{{ping|RedhotRod4}} Hey, in that case I'd encourage ye to make articles in yer personal userspace then ask for them to be translated. If ye're interested in learning to write Scots, we've got a [https://discord.gg/RA4tyaN Scots language Discord server] where we'd be happy to help. The other issue with the articles is the lack of substance to them. While there is some minor substance to [[Damageplan]], it'd still be good to have more content with references. The [[Frankenstrat]] article as it stands could easily be merged with [[Eddie Van Halen]] as per our [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability policy]] regarding broad articles before specific articles (thanks for expanding that article by the way. It's a better start but still could do with a bit of polish) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 12:15, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC) Uh...ok. [[Uiser:RedhotRod4|RedhotRod4]] ([[Uiser collogue:RedhotRod4|tauk]]) 12:21, 16 Januar 2021 (UTC) == New uiser warnin template for Notability == Hullo, a hae pit thegither a new uiser warnin template whan airticle's [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability]] is bein speirt. A hae noted hou ti uise it (as thair is some customisation) [[Wikipedia:Redd_Up#Notability_Speirt|here]]. [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 21:52, 19 Januar 2021 (UTC) :{{ping|Soothrhins}} The extra text pairt o the template micht need a bit o wirk as it dupes the text an maks reid airtins (see [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uiser_collogue:124.169.246.158&oldid=833961 iss edit] fur an ensaumple) [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:57, 22 Januar 2021 (UTC) ::<code><nowiki>{{{2|}}}</nowiki></code> was used twice: In the <code>if</code> for multiple violations(?) and for the "Extra text". I changed the first one to <code><nowiki>{{{3|}}}</nowiki></code> for now because the second one ("Extra text") is used in the documentation. --[[Uiser:Andreas|<span style="color:#cb005f">Lacey</span>]] <sup>([[Uiser collogue:Andreas|<span style="color:#cb005f">tauk</span>]])</sup> 20:19, 22 Januar 2021 (UTC) :::{{ping|Andreas}} {{ping|CiphriusKane}} Thanks! [[Uiser:Soothrhins|soothrhins]] ([[Uiser collogue:Soothrhins|tauk]]) 14:11, 24 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Leet o warld champion fitba clubs == I don't know who made this mess: the page in question has been merged with the page of the FIFA world federation, they are two things that have nothing to do with each other, one is the world federation, the other is the list of world champions clubs released by FIFA, you can correct?--[[Uiser:Kanoawi|Kanoawi]] ([[Uiser collogue:Kanoawi|tauk]]) 11:44, 23 Januar 2021 (UTC) : {{ping|Kanoawi}} Hey, I was the one who merged the articles. The list was tagged as a violation of our [[Wikipedia:Notability|notability policy]] in relation to article quality (zero context about the list, lack of sufficient sources) and was left untouched for over the stated improvement duration (1 week) so I merged it into FIFA, as it's basically just a list of clubs recognised by FIFA and the FIFA article itself is lacking. The alternate was I delete the list article outright, and we favour merging over deletion where possible. Should the list page be brought up to scratch, then it needn't be merged. Also, saying that the list of clubs '''recognised by FIFA''' is unrelated to FIFA seems contradictory [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 12:04, 23 Januar 2021 (UTC) =={{en}} January editathon== Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 30 & Sun 31 January. If you'd like help improving your written scots skills, then folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-saturday-30th-tickets-137925028473 Saturday (15:00-17:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-january-2021-sunday-31st-tickets-137925646321 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. Feedback last time was that the language support was really helpful (and fun!), and we'd love to see you. We're looking mainly at improving articles to do with politics, particularly articles about politicians. More info, article lists, and sign up details on the event page: [[wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021.]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 09:57, 27 Januar 2021 (UTC) == Frog article == Hi — I see you've been involved with the 'Frog' page on the Scots Wikipedia. I thought I might bring it to your attention that the page has been vandalised (overwritten with text from the Middle English Wikipedia) — I'm not savvy enough to fix the change myself but I hope flagging it is enough. [[Uiser:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[Uiser collogue:Æolus|tauk]]) 21:41, 31 Januar 2021 (UTC) =={{en}} Thanks for taking part in the January editathon!== Just as it says above - thanks for taking part. You can see [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_30-31_Januar_(30-31_Januar_2021) the results of January's event here], I reckon we did pretty well. Hope to see you at the next one! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 18:07, 3 Februar 2021 (UTC) == Hello, == This is Tom, I nopticed that my block has since been removed (I think it was for 3 months, THINK) and I was wondering IF I could contribute A BIT now? I mrean in terms of correcting spellings and small points like that not creating 900 articles an hour I mean so fear not [lol] But yes that was my question. I asked you as I think you were the user who blocked me (as I said I THINK it was you) Signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 16:07, 13 Februar 2021 (UTC) : Hey Tom, the block was actually only one month which expired a few days ago. The concern I have is that even outside of mass creation of pages, yer Scots ability is still lacking, such as [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gloria,_Princess_o_Thurn_an_Taxis&diff=prev&oldid=817654 this edit] which somehow turned English into incorrect English, let alone into Scots. Probably the best idea is to make suggestions for changes on relevant talk pages so that experienced Scots speakers can make the changes properly. This was one of the proposals on the AN thread which saw support. I'd suggest focusing on proving that existing articles are notable by themselves, rather than on making more genealogy pages. : If ye agree with this, I can inform the AN discussion and get consensus for the deal, with a possible stipulation that ye get an article namespace block to ensure enforcement, along with a single reminder per new IP, to account for yer memory problems and IP changes. This deal will also entail that ye stop maligning other editors, including accusing them of being spiteful. : I get ye want to help which is why I'm nae reblocking ye, but yer actions have had an adverse effect on other editors. If I may borrow yer words, keep in mind that we're human. How does this sound? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 05:28, 14 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::Yo, just saw this. I didn't accuse anyone on scowiki being spieful, that was some of the enwiki users. I can honestky say that everyone I 've encountered on scowiki have/has been lovely to be honest so I can't fault that a all. And ok, that makes sense as in bettering the pages that already exist I agree because as ye said my scots is lacking *blushes* but yes ok thank you for the swift reply too and happy Valentine's Day [lol] signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 18:08, 14 Februar 2021 (UTC) :::"that was some of the enwiki users" This is what I mean by maligning other users. Slandering them here is part of the reason why I blocked ye, because it indicates to me that ye think it's fine to disparage them because it was a different wiki. I dinnae care where it happened, or why, or whether or nae they've edited here or even ken this wiki exists, calling other users spiteful is out of line [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:00, 15 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::::It's purely frustration on my part, I'm not excusing it and I totally see your point but it is just sheer frustration and disappointment. Sorry :( [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 14:18, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) :::::Tom, this'll be yer reminder to keep to talk pages rather than editing articles directly. Also, I need ye to explicitly state that ye agree with the terms of the deal before I present it to the AN [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) == [[Friedrich, Duke o Mecklenburg-Grabow]] -> Duke Friedrich o Mecklenburg, Prince o Grabow == Hello, would you be able to move the above to the latter at all? I did some research and his title is wrong (my fault ''entirely'' having made it in the first place) Prince of/o Grabow was/wis in fact his title/teetle, not/nae Duke o Mecklenburg-Grabow. I also added a reference to his article too. Hope you're well, I must admit I'm quite proud of the addition of a reference to be honest [lol] forever in your debt signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 14:15, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) :'''Nae done''' - The source ye linked says Duke of Mecklenburg-Grabow. Provide a reliable source saying otherwise or it remains as is [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 16 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::However, rywiki says Grabow wis an appanage an dewiki says he wis styled *Prince* [o Grabow] plus, ruwiki has his page as *Frederick of Mecklenburg, Prince of Grabowsk(i)* the reference I added wis more to do with where he wis buried (I wis going create a ''Category:Buirials at the Schelfkirche, Schwerin'', in the very distant future, that's all that was for) [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 19:45, 17 Februar 2021 (UTC) The main point is he wasn't the Duke of/o *MG but the Prince of/o G. :::Wikipedia isnae a valid source, and neither of those pages list him as Duke and Prince in the title. The de wiki lists neither. Also, ye've technically broken the terms of the deal I proposed now, only reason I've nae blocked is because the deal wisnae ratified by the community [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:21, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC) ::::Ok, so I have located a source that does mention his title being an appanage BUT it reads prety much exactly the same as dewiki so I'm a bit confused right now. [https://wollongongmemorialgardens.com.au/history/search-our-records/deceased-search?sq_content_src=%2BdXJsPWh0dHBzJTNBJTJGJTJGZGUud2lraXBlZGlhLm9yZyUyRndpa2klMkZGcmllZHJpY2hfenVfTWVja2xlbmJ1cmcmYWxsPTE%3D ''Friedrich , Duke of Mecklenburg [-Schwerin], sometimes wrongly: Friedrich I , called Prince von Grabow (born February 13, 1638 in Schwerin , † April 28, 1688 in Grabow ) was an apanaged prince in Grabow.'' ] [[Special:Contributions/51.6.94.254|51.6.94.254]] ([[User talk:51.6.94.254|talk]]) 18:32, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC) what terms? :::::It's likely a mirror site then, and all this is saying to me is that the page should maybe be called "Freidrich o Mecklenburg" without any titles. As for the terms, scroll up [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:39, 18 Februar 2021 (UTC) ==Mairch editathon== {{en}}Just a wee reminder that the next scots wiki editathon takes place this weekend, Sat 20 & Sun 11 march, we'll be looking at Scots & Irish media & art. If you'd like to come and edit socially, then myself and folks from the Scots Language Centre will be on Zoom on [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-saturday-20th-tickets-145533926893 Saturday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] and [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/scots-wiki-editathon-march-2021-sunday-21st-tickets-145534247853 Sunday (12:00-14:00 GMT)] to do some collaborative editing, and I'll be around to help with any wiki queries. More info, article lists, and dashboard sign up details on the event page: [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021]] [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 15:29, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == RedhotRod4 == Hullo, CiphriusKane. I’m NinjaRobotPirate, an I can confirm that [[Uiser:RedhotRod4]] is a sockpuppet of PoliceOfficer124, an eeditor on enwiki. Thanks foar blockin the account. I speak a bit of French, but I do have an understanding of Scots as well. {{unsigned|89.168.3.43}} 00:46, 19 Mairch 2021 (UTC) :The abeen message wisna sent bi NinjaRobotPirate, but prolly bi PoliceOfficer124, impersonation wis confirmt [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:08, 20 Mairch 2021 (UTC) == Greetings fellow earthling. == Hope all is well on your end, I wanted to ask your permission to create a small page about María Francisca Fernanda Fitz-James Stuart y Stolberg-Gedern (to correspond with the sister article on eswiki) and wanted to ask your permission before jumping the gun and creating it and then going a bit mad and making 10 others then being labelled god only knows what. So am I ok to do this? (I have also found a few online references to include in to the creation of said article. It may interest you to know, that I've emailed the stewards but am still awaiting a response, I even emailed User:Jimbo Wales but again am awaiting a response and am still praying desperately. I'll check this later signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:27, 12 Mey 2021 (UTC) :Tom, you've got a community block. This means that you will only be allowed to edit if you can convince the community to unblock you, both on here and on enwiki. So no, you're not making any more pages, especially not badly translated genealogy pages. Rightfully I should be blocking this IP as well, but I'm not going to yet, not unless you give me a reason to [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:53, 12 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::Hello, thank you for giving me the chance to reply too, as I said I have emailed the stewards seeking assistance but don't hold out much hope that anyone will be overly helpful plus I'm not convinced Jimbo will even acknowledge me, plus I'm far to scared to write on his en talkpage for fear of being blocked or generally moaned at. How can I actually get any help from people via email though, it's easy for people to dismiss others via email, I doubt these people would be as dismissive in person but then we'll never know. I honestly don't know what else or whom else to contact (I also contacted an en admin via email and she ignored me, then I found her on Twitter and she blocked me. :| prior to me saying I just need your help I don't want your bank details. Also, I initially started making pages on here to try to make people aware that several pagenames on enwiki are in fact wrong, for example #en wiki : Maria Theresa of Spain vs sco [[Marie Thérèse o Austrick]] (She was a Habsburg of Spain, but an Archduchess of Austria, thus Spain is incorrect, even her grave says M T of A in French obviously) #en wiki : Charles of Mecklenburg-Güstrow vs sco [[Karl, Hereditary Prince o Mecklenburg-Güstrow]] (heir to the throne and thus styled Hereditary Prince) #en wiki : María Josefa Pimentel, Duchess of Osuna vs sco : [[María Josefa Pimentel y Téllez-Girón, Duchess o Osuna]] (Spanish nobility uses paternal names first followed by maternal maiden names thus en is incorrect and misleading) #en wiki Ángela Téllez-Girón, 16th Duchess of Osuna vs sco [[Ángela Téllez-Girón y Duque de Estrada, 16t Duchess o Osuna]] (same situation as above) I honestly don't know what to do. This is all so frustrating and unfair, as I said I doubt I'd be ignored in person. Pleaseeeeeeeeee help me. :( signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:56, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::Frankly all these pages should be VfD'd. This wiki is not your playpen [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:16, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::Also Tom, let me make myself clear: it is the communities that you have to ask to be unblocked. The COMMUNITIES. Not the stewards, not Jimbo Wales, not me, the communities. Evading your block just because you don't like it is why you keep being blocked [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:23, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::::I was unaware that I had to contact the communities to be fair. How do I go about doing so, as I've not even heard of this (thank you for informing me of this though) :::::[[:en:Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System]] Use this for enwiki, and for here, post [[Template:Unblock]] with your appeal on your IP talk page. Make it clear that you understand why you were blocked and what you will do differently, and most importantly do not make negative aspersions about anybody in your appeal. Calling others bullies and claiming vendettas is a surefire way to having an instant decline [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:19, 13 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::::::OH I SEE, so just to be clear, I'm putting the unblock template on SeaSnail's talk page yes? I'm a tiny bit scared to do so for fear of just immeadiately being blocked to be honest =[ signed Tom. [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 10:09, 14 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::::::Naw, on your IP talk page. There is no way we can unblock the SeaSnail account [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:16, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC) ::::::::Oh you mean the talk page for ''' 31.125.215.135'''? Because I haven't edited enwiki on this IP address though so surely it'd make more sense to do it on SeaSnails as that's the one that's blocked? Signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 13:08, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC) Tom, I'm going to level with you here. Any unblock appeal you make is probably going to fail. In your last appeal, you immediately resorted to personal attacks, and that was six weeks ago. The standard offer on enwiki has six months minimum good behaviour from what I understand, and this includes no block evasion or personal attacks. If I help you with the appeals any further, I'm just setting you up for failure [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:16, 15 Mey 2021 (UTC) :::::::: hello, sorry for the late reply, I saw you had replied when I was on my phone but the screen is too small for me to see what I was actually typing (I'm 75% blind as a result of the previously mentioned brain injury I had in 2012 so I'm writing this on my laptop. Anyway, I do genuinely feel that the way I have been treated has been totally fair, I highly doubt people would have treated me like this if if was in person but because this is the internet it's ok to treat other human beings like dirt, apart from the fact I have made hundreds on articles (on scowiki alone) ''some'' of which I ''think'' have been deleted presumably due to the poor linguistics so fine but I also though Wikipedia was for everyone? Not just a lucky few. I set up SeaSnail using an email address for a faceboik account I have (email address is lmadebourbon@gmail.com look it up IF you don't believe me) and my ip address at that point was not blocked so thought it would be ok but MY email was blocked (tom.june13@gmail.com) so it does sort of feel like I can never win :| as I have said to you countless times (and probably other) I'm a hguman being, with feelings I don't deserve to be treated like a bad person when I'm not, plus I've never vandalised Wikipedia corrected yes, but not vandalised. Signed Tom [[Special:Contributions/31.125.215.135|31.125.215.135]] ([[User talk:31.125.215.135|talk]]) 16:12, 17 Mey 2021 (UTC) : Six months Tom. That is the minimum I expect you to wait before making any further appeals. I'll also be blocking this IP because you were on thin ice as it was, but resorting to casting aspersions again cracked it [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:11, 20 Mey 2021 (UTC) :: Tom, I have advised CK to not unblock you under any circumstances without my approval. My talk page is [[uiser collogue:MJL|here]] to discuss your next appeal in 6 months.<br />Please consider editing [https://familypedia.wikia.org/wiki/Family_History_and_Genealogy_Wiki the Family History and Genealogy Wiki]; it's more attuned to your interests anyways.<br />In the meantime, please stop bothering CiphriusKane about this. &#8211;<span style="font-family:CG Times, times">[[User:MJL|<span style="color:black">MJL</span>]]&thinsp;[[User talk:MJL|‐'''Tauk'''‐]]<sup>[[Special:CentralAuth/MJL|☖]]</sup></span> 18:32, 21 Mey 2021 (UTC) == {{en}} Next Editathon == Heya, heads up that the next Editathon will take place this weekend (5 & 6 June), we're looking at Scots in STEM as a starting point. More info on the event page [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|here.]] Hope to see ou at the Zoom sessions! [[Uiser:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|Sara Thomas (WMUK)]] ([[Uiser collogue:Sara Thomas (WMUK)|tauk]]) 13:09, 3 Juin 2021 (UTC) == Invitation for Functionary consultation 2021 == Greetings, Admins of the emerging community, I'm letting you know in advance about a meeting I'd like to invite you to regarding the [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] and the community's ownership of its future enforcement. I'm still in the process of putting together the details, but I wanted to share the date with you: 10/11 July, 2021. I do not have a time on this date yet, but I will let you soon. We have created a [[:m:Universal Code of Conduct/Functionary consultations/June and July 2021|meta page]] with basic information. Please take a look at the meta page and sign up your name under the appropriate section. Thank you for your time.--[[User:BAnand (WMF)|BAnand (WMF)]] 15:14, 10 June 2021 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:BAnand (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/UCoC_Group&oldid=21568660 --> == Translation request == Hello. Can you translate and upload the articles [[:en:Flag of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]], [[:en:Emblem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] and [[:en:Anthem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]] in Scots Wikipedia? They should not be long. Yours sincerely, [[Uiser:Multituberculata|Multituberculata]] ([[Uiser collogue:Multituberculata|tauk]]) 15:16, 1 Julie 2021 (UTC) == [[Lycalopex]] == How is my Scots on the article [[Lycalopex]]? Also, due to my passion in righting the Scots Wikipedia, I've been rewriting increasingly large sections of articles (about animals, for the time being) in what I think is correct Scots. Am I at risk of becoming the new AG? --[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|юзер толк]]) 17:56, 18 Julie 2021 (UTC) == Honda 70== Dear I have corrected from Honda 70 to Honda CD70 and you had deleted the link, kindly note that Honda CD70 is the brand and it is the largest selling motorcycle in Pakistan. Please revert your changes... :It's unnecessary external airtins in the body ae the airticle. We'r nae here tae be an advertisn platform fur the bike [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 10:20, 19 Julie 2021 (UTC) == Hello == Hello, please save the [[Qaem Shahr]] article and link it to the wiki data item. Thanks [[Uiser:Viera iran|Viera iran]] ([[Uiser collogue:Viera iran|tauk]]) 13:56, 25 Julie 2021 (UTC) == Restore Charlotte's Web == The page [[Charlotte's Web]] wis delytit, but had useful content. Can ye restore it? Thank ye. [[Special:Contributions/104.58.147.208|104.58.147.208]] ([[User talk:104.58.147.208|talk]]) 02:20, 1 November 2021 (UTC) :Please note: that page had been taen fae [[:en:Charlotte's Web]]. [[Special:Contributions/104.58.147.208|104.58.147.208]] ([[User talk:104.58.147.208|talk]]) 02:22, 1 November 2021 (UTC) ::A'v undeletit the airticle as requestit. Deletion raisonin leuked shaky ti me onyweys [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 05:14, 1 November 2021 (UTC) :::The page still needs tae be translated some more. Can ye work on it? Also, can ye restore [[Descendants 3]]? It too seemed tae be a shaky deletion bi a non-Scots global admin. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|talk]]) 20:57, 25 November 2021 (UTC) ::::Also, Charlotte's Web needs tae be connected tae Wikidata. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:53F0:AD70:7455:930:5B0D:E8DF|talk]]) 20:59, 25 November 2021 (UTC) == DRV == I suggest you block 2601:43:0:3970:0:0:0:0/64 instead. IP users on this particular ISP can hop IP's in a /64 range pretty easily (switching from devices, opening a new browser window) [[Uiser:Wizzito|Wizzito]] ([[Uiser collogue:Wizzito|tauk]]) 20:46, 19 December 2021 (UTC) == How we will see unregistered users == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin=content/> Hi! You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki. When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed. Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help. If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]]. We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January. Thank you. /[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]<section end=content/> </div> 18:19, 4 Januar 2022 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(6)&oldid=22532666 --> == (en) Zoom editing session & guest speaker - Thursday 20th January == Hey there! Just a wee reminder that we've got a social editing session this evening as part of the January writing drive, 7-9, featuring guest speaker Dr Michael Dempster from the Scots Language Centre! [https://www.eventbrite.co.uk/e/245743775247 You can sign up on Eventbrite here]. Be great to see you! [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 11:02, 20 Januar 2022 (UTC) == Barnstar! == {| style="border: 1.5px solid gray; background-color: #fdffe7; padding-right: 5px" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;" | [[File:Dark Blue Scottish Barnstar.png|100px]] |rowspan="2" | |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 0; vertical-align: middle; height: 1.1em;" | '''The Scots Barnstar''' |- |style="vertical-align: middle; border-top: 1px solid gray;" | <var>This barnstar is bein gien as an awaird tae ken yer contreebution tae the Scots wiki bi gien a haun in the Januar 2022 Writin Drive</var> [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 17:40, 26 Januar 2022 (UTC) |} [[Uiser:Lirazelf|Lirazelf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Lirazelf|tauk]]) 17:40, 26 Januar 2022 (UTC) ==Whauriver ye be...== ...lang may yer lum reek! == Scots question. == Is it true that in the Scots language, "in" means the same thing in both English & Scots? I am still not the best at Scots at the moment, especially with the Scottish equivalent of "sight words". Could you redirect me to some resources for learning Scots? It would be greatly helpful and appreciated as I am having some difficulty finding nice resources. Best Regards, [[Uiser:L&#39;Mainerque|L&#39;Mainerque]] ([[Uiser collogue:L&#39;Mainerque|tauk]]) 00:57, 8 October 2022 (UTC) :(en) {{ping|L'Mainerque}} Yep, though some people spell it as i and drop the n. "an" would mean either "an" or "and" in English. As for resources, Michael Dempster has a 10-hour course on Scots [https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLmk3hiyUEgWl7Qa9pBGN3r94ahQiSXJ2U here] and there's a Scots language Discord server [https://discord.gg/sMceZgcd here] [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 01:04, 8 October 2022 (UTC) ::(en) @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] I figured, I thought "an" meant both "and" & "in" from something I read, but I wasn't 100% sure. I will take a look onto that 10hr course & I have joined the Discord. ::Thank you so much, ::[[Uiser:L&#39;Mainerque|L&#39;Mainerque]] ([[Uiser collogue:L&#39;Mainerque|tauk]]) 01:14, 8 October 2022 (UTC) == CrossWiki spam == Hello, [[NateNet]] article is a CrossWiki spam created by the same user on all Wikis. Thanks. [[Uiser:Wooze|Wooze]] ([[Uiser collogue:Wooze|tauk]]) 20:24, 24 October 2022 (UTC) :(en) I'm aware and am addressing the situation, but thanks for the heads up [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:33, 24 October 2022 (UTC) == WE NEED YOU BACK == Can you please come back to editing and change xxxtenacion’s picture from the mugshot to something better!!!! 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏 [[Special:Contributions/24.121.43.130|24.121.43.130]] ([[User talk:24.121.43.130|talk]]) 06:48, 6 December 2022 (UTC) == Quick question / main page == Hi there. I'm [[Uiser:Alison]] - bureaucrat and admin on the [[:ga:Príomhleathanach|Irish]] and [[:gv:Ard-ghuillag|Manx Wikipedias]]. I just happened to stop by and saw that the mainpage here could use a little makeover. I did this successfully for both the Irish and Manx wikis, including setting up daily rolling content, updating the CSS and Modules, etc. I don't speak Scots, I have to say, so would need a little bit of your help on a few things - but I can easily handle all the technical stuff. Let me know what you think - [[Uiser:Alison|Alison]] ([[Uiser collogue:Alison|tauk]]) 21:40, 27 December 2022 (UTC) :(en) {{ping|Alison}} Hey, I appreciate the offer. The main page is something that's not been touched since Leidgate, so could probably do with a fresh coat of paint, so to speak. If you're willing, we can talk more in the E Scots Leid discord server ([https://discord.gg/YfgwV4He invite]), as while I try and keep discussions onwiki I feel like this could benefit from real time chat, plus there's other editors on there that prefer Discord over onwiki discussions [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:31, 28 December 2022 (UTC) == River Duin == See [[Collogue:River Doon|Collogue]] [[Uiser:Nogger|Nogger]] ([[Uiser collogue:Nogger|tauk]]) 22:23, 23 Januar 2023 (UTC) :A aareidy replied there, an a still sey it's conjectur [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:25, 23 Januar 2023 (UTC) == Discouraged == Hello Ciphrius. I can see that according to your userpage you're feeling a bit discouraged at the moment. Keep up the good work here. I always enjoy chatting with you on Discord, it actually helps me learn more about different cultures without having to travel to them! (no I'm not going to rewrite this in Scots, I can read it but not speak it. If I did I would probably sound like someone trying to sound like [[Shrek]]) [[Uiser:Blaze Wolf|Blaze Wolf]] ([[Uiser collogue:Blaze Wolf|tauk]]) 14:10, 30 Januar 2023 (UTC) == Non-free use rationale == How dae ye uplaid ''non-free'' files? It airts tae a Wikimedia commons link.[[Uiser:That Northern Irish Historian|That Northern Irish Historian]] ([[Uiser collogue:That Northern Irish Historian|tauk]]) 00:45, 5 Mey 2023 (UTC) :Try [[Special:Upload]] [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 00:58, 5 Mey 2023 (UTC) ::'The action that ye hae requestit is leemitit til uisers in the groop: [[Wikipedia:Admeenistraters|Admeenistraters]].' [[Uiser:That Northern Irish Historian|That Northern Irish Historian]] ([[Uiser collogue:That Northern Irish Historian|tauk]]) 17:05, 29 Mey 2023 (UTC) == Uill feumaidh mi cuideachadh. == Uill feumaidh mi cuideachadh. Carson a tha thu ag aontachadh. Chan eil fios agam ciamar a dh 'fheumas mi a'raf a th' ann. Dè an seòrsa dùilean a tha thu ag iarraidh? [[Special:Contributions/172.103.168.17|172.103.168.17]] ([[User talk:172.103.168.17|talk]]) 01:51, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC) == Hey == Feumaidh mi cuideachadh le Scot cànan. An urrainn dhut innse dhomh dè an riatanas a th 'ann airson Wikipedia? [[Uiser:Gracewan2012|Gracewan2012]] ([[Uiser collogue:Gracewan2012|tauk]]) 01:59, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC) :Ye kin stairt bi pittin yer messages in the [[Scots leid]], fit is the leid o iss projeck, insteid ae Scottish Gaelic, an stappin wi editin fae yer IP. A cannna actual spik Scottish Gaelic [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:05, 2 Juin 2023 (UTC) == Recreation of some deleted pages for Car manufacturers == @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] Hi Ciphrius! Please can you recreate some deleted pages about Car manufacturers which you deleted them on Scots Wikipedia: * Aston Martin * Audi * Bentley * Chevrolet * Jeep * Nissan * Porsche * Škoda Auto * Volvo Cars In addition, can you create a new page for the newborn German Car manufacturer Borgward: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borgward and also for Cadillac: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadillac and VinFast: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/VinFast which are missing on Scots Wikipedia. Thanks [[Uiser:EDASHI|EDASHI]] ([[Uiser collogue:EDASHI|tauk]]) 05:36, 11 September 2023 (UTC) :(en) Those articles were all deleted for being [[Scotched English|Scotched]], and checking over the deleted revisions they were also extremely threadbare and quantity-over-quality creations (i.e. 1-2 unsourced sentences). Given how much of this wiki is still like that, I'm disinclined to recreate those pages myself but I'll not stop anybody that wishes to (re)create the pages while addressing the issues I listed [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:20, 11 September 2023 (UTC) == Hertenin an speirin == Aye aye! Gaun yersel! Keep on giein it laldie! Cud ye please gies a haun wi the wirds that's misscotched in the airticles, kettegories an templates? Dae ye ken hou tae modifee mony kettegories at aince? Fur ensaumple, chyngin 'establishment' tae 'estaiblishment' as i [[:Category:1997 establishments]]? [[Uiser:Munci|Munci]] ([[Uiser collogue:Munci|tauk]]) 18:01, 16 October 2023 (UTC) :{{ping|Munci}} Hiv ye gien HotCat ae twirl? Ye cin pit it up bi gangin ti [[Special:Preferences]], dabbin the "Gadgets" heider an tickin the HotCat box? An sairie fur the lang reply, internet wis oot the past week [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:03, 23 October 2023 (UTC) ::Thank ye, A'd haurd o HotCat bit A didnae ken hou tae wirk it ir whit it daes. A'll gie hit a shot! Nae bather! [[Uiser:Munci|Munci]] ([[Uiser collogue:Munci|tauk]]) 15:30, 5 November 2023 (UTC) :::A'd advise uisin "mak" ower "creaut". Whiles there is hits fur creaut in Gilmour's Corpus, it's rare sae a'v been in the wey ae changin aa the "creaut"/"ceaut"/"craeft" on the wiki ti "mak", bit it's yer walin [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:38, 5 November 2023 (UTC) == Hebrew == Thanks a lot for your edit to [[Template:lang-he]]. Still "lang-he-n" and "lang-he-a" to go, pretty please... -[[User:Corsicanwarrah|Корсикэн-Уара]] ([[Uiser collogue:Corsicanwarrah|юзер толк]]) 18:08, 29 October 2023 (UTC) :Deen, still some airtins til Ebreu left bit sud aa jist be airticle-level insteid ae template level [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:45, 29 October 2023 (UTC) == TNA == Im anly copypastin A want tae rename the page tae total nonstop action, the uiser wha eeditit put it wrong, the company is namit Total Nonstop Action no TNA Wrestling that's why a did whita did juist correctin uiser mistak. [[Uiser:TNAFan55|TNAFan55]] ([[Uiser collogue:TNAFan55|tauk]]) 13:28, 5 Februar 2024 (UTC) :{{ping|TNAFan55}} An in daein sae, ye essentially erased the airticle's edit history. The CC-BY-SA license requires attreibution ti be gien/keppit up, hence foo come ye flit pages ti preserv the edit history, ye dinna jist copypaste it acause aat remuives the edit history an gies ye credit fur edits ye didna mak insteid ae the actual awthor [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 13:38, 5 Februar 2024 (UTC) ::Lorg mi an cànan Albannach. Faodaidh tu na h-artaigilean ùra a leantainn. ::([[Uiser:Ahmed brens|Ahmed brens]] ([[Uiser collogue:Ahmed brens|tauk]]) 20:34, 16 Februar 2024 (UTC)) == Is this page in Scots, or phonetically spelled English == [[Electronic cigarette]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|talk]]) 17:36, 14 Mairch 2024 (UTC) This too: [[Ford Vedette]] [[Special:Contributions/2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0]] ([[User talk:2601:644:907E:A450:159E:4B95:CCA0:7C0|talk]]) 17:40, 14 Mairch 2024 (UTC) == The Missin Links == There's a lot o missin links in many Scots airticles. They arenae doin any guid tae the airticles, so should I remove them? [[Uiser:EVTOfficial|EVTOfficial]] ([[Uiser collogue:EVTOfficial|tauk]]) 00:31, 5 Juin 2024 (UTC) :{{ping|EVTOfficial}} Ay, remuiv reid airtins an categories. Thay wis pit ower athoot thocht anent foo appropriate thay war fur iss wiki [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 09:18, 6 Juin 2024 (UTC) == Thank you for your hard work == Thank you. Can you tell if [[Special:Contributions/Crotot|User:Crotot]] is a Scots speaker? They wrote almost all the pages in [[:Category:Ceeties in North Dakota]], such as [[Ashley, North Dakota]]. [[Uiser:Foxes die!|Foxes die!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Foxes die!|tauk]]) 18:38, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) :(en) Looks like they just did a heap of copypasting and managed to make the lairge/muckle mistake, so there's a high chance that they were just copying out of the same faulty dictionary as the others, but they're nae X1-eligible on that grounds [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:46, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) ::Does X1 only apply to the users here? https://quarry.wmcloud.org/query/49315 [[Uiser:Foxes die!|Foxes die!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Foxes die!|tauk]]) 21:17, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) :::(en) It applies to a specific subset of 11 users ay, those targeted in the Massive Kirkyaird cleanup. It acts as an extension intending to catch articles that were invalid either due to other edits (e.g. file moves, vandalism) or, in one user's case, due to using alts that were excluded. I'd also rather avoid naming said users in edit summaries because most of them never meant any harm, some of them just got carried away [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:38, 21 Juin 2024 (UTC) == Translate == Hello. Unfortunately, I don’t know Scots language, but I can help. I began to rework articles about Ukrainian administrative units, since in 2020 an administrative-territorial reform was carried out in Ukraine, according to which new districts and a new administrative unit were created - the hromadas (громади) instead of city, town and village councils. Do you know how the word ''громада'' is translated into Scots? [[Uiser:VolnyiLev|VolnyiLev]] ([[Uiser collogue:VolnyiLev|tauk]]) 06:04, 25 Juin 2024 (UTC) :(en) Literally it'd be "territorial commonity" if the enwiki article is accurate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:48, 25 Juin 2024 (UTC) == Novi Sad railway station windae-canapy coup == Please sort oot the airticle wi spellin mistaks. I'm awfy grateful. [[Special:Contributions/188.255.145.157|188.255.145.157]] ([[User talk:188.255.145.157|talk]]) 22:58, 2 November 2024 (UTC) == Thank you for being a medical contributors! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {| style="background-color: #fdffe7; border: 1px solid #fceb92;" |rowspan="2" style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 5px;" | [[File:Wiki Project Med Foundation logo.svg|130px]] |style="font-size: x-large; padding: 3px 3px 0 3px; height: 1.5em;" |'''The 2024 Cure Award''' |- | style="vertical-align: middle; padding: 3px;" |In 2024 you '''[[mdwiki:WikiProjectMed:WikiProject_Medicine/Stats/Top_medical_editors_2024_(all)|were one of the top medical editors in your language]]'''. Thank you from [[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med]] for helping bring free, complete, accurate, up-to-date health information to the public. We really appreciate you and the vital work you do! Wiki Project Med Foundation is a [[meta:Wikimedia_thematic_organizations|thematic organization]] whose mission is to improve our health content. '''[[meta:Wiki_Project_Med#People_interested|Consider joining for 2025]]''', there are no associated costs. Additionally one of our primary efforts revolves around translating health content. We invite you to '''[https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/index.php try our new workflow]''' if you have not already. Our dashboard automatically [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/Translation_Dashboard/leaderboard.php collects statistics] of your efforts and we are working on [https://mdwiki.toolforge.org/fixwikirefs.php tools to automatically improve formating]. |} Thanks again :-) -- [[mdwiki:User:Doc_James|<span style="color:#0000f1">'''Doc James'''</span>]] along with the rest of the team at '''[[m:WikiProject_Med|Wiki Project Med Foundation]]''' 06:24, 26 Januar 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Doc James@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Top_Other_Language_Editors_2024&oldid=28172893 --> == Notable films == Hi, I disagree with deleting film articles on the basis of notability when they are obviously notable, just not properly referenced, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:30, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :{{ping|Atlantic306}} then impruiv them! Or is iss wiki meant ti hae nae form ae quality control an ivery airticle aat's ae sentence lang athoot references be allooed ti staan? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:32, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :: It's just as much your responsibility to improve the articles before deleting them. On the english wiki articles are kept if they are notable topics not based on their current appearance, [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:36, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :::{{ping|Atlantic306}} Iss isna enwiki tho, an enwiki didna hae ae bunch ae lairners rinnin aroon wi fauty dictionairs puttin fuck aa effort inti thair airticle churn spam [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:38, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) ::::From the Scots notability page: "If ye jalous that a topic or airticle isnae 'notable', ye shuid leuk for soorces yersel." this provision is being ignored. Maybe they should be deleted on low quality grounds and not Scottish rather than notability, [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:53, 30 Apryle 2025 (UTC) :::::{{ping|Atlantic306}} There's iss as weel: "Seiven days ar than gien ti mak impruivments that kythe 'notability'. The tag shuidna be taen awa in that week. Syne, action maun be taen tae mell wi anither airticle or delete it if nae impruivments war made." Maist o the film pages dinna hae ony page aat thay kin be mellt inti. It gets treatit as a enwiki PROD essentially. An it's ironic aat ye gie bein law quality as bein ae raeson fan ye wis remuivin tags fur aat exac raeson [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:09, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :As asked [[#Restore Charlotte's Web|before]], can ye restore [[Descendants 3]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 17:22, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Gin ye wint it remak it fine, bit leukin ower it a didna restore it back then acause a didna dispute the raeson fur the deletion [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:53, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::I need help with the translation. Same for [[Descendants (2015 film)]] and [[Descendants 2]]. There are also many missing articles in [[Template:Disney theatrical animatit featurs]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 18:57, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::Template's pit up fur deletion. Yet anither ridiculous "enwiki has it so scowiki needs it too" case [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:13, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :Could you help with the translation on the Descendants pages? I personally think that these Disney animated films deserve pages. If I start some, could you help me? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 19:22, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Also, another template: [[Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 19:27, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::Another thing, [[robbery]] and [[God]] are really short articles, should they be deleted? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 20:29, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::Bein short is in itsel nae ae threipin fur deletion, an a hae ti speir at ye, seein as it's clear aat yer lackin the Scots skills, fit tuils is ye uisin fur yer owersettins? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:18, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::An ti be frank a'd raither fowk focus on reddin up fit we hae insteid ae eikin ti the pile, an navboxen aat's 95% reid airtins is uissless, as the pint ae the navbox is ti navigate atween relatit pages, nae gie ae list ae suggestit pages [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:21, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) :OK, I have to be clear. I wasn't actually using a machine translation, but now I see the problem, I was "scotching" basically. That's what I was asking about with the two Descendants pages, do they need fixing? I had written these before the big controversy happened. Since then, I've tried to get low quality pages deleted. Even that was for a petty reason, because of [[Bambi]] being deleted for this reason. I actually would like a proper page about Bambi. {{ping|Atlantic306}}, do you know if you could bring Bambi into scowiki? I've seen you edit the English version. Speaking of which, there is an error on it. The section "sequel" should be "follow-up", because Bambi II isn't a sequel, but a midquel. As for robbery and God, could they be expanded? The former is also unreferenced. I've also looked in the film categories and found more pages that might be X1, AmaryllisGardener created several. {{ping|Cobra 3000}}, would you be interested in creating any Disney pages in sco or gdwiki? Gdwiki had some stubs that were deleted for being low quality. They include a few that still exist in sco, which are [[The Fox and the Hound]], [[The Lion King]], [[Lady and the Tramp]], [[Oliver & Company]], [[Finding Nemo]], and [[The Princess and the Frog]]. These were like the X1 deleted articles, even if they weren't "scotcher" pages, but really short and unreferenced pages. Finally, shouldn't Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios be put up for deletion? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:1D5C:2DF:53AE:6684|talk]]) 21:53, 1 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::I mean I can help out if you want! It would be a good opportunity to provide Scots versions of the stories in the form of plot synopses! [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 00:24, 2 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Actually, it might a good idea for an editathon topic. I’ll speak to Wikimedia aboot it! [[Uiser:Cobra 3000|Cobra!]] ([[Uiser collogue:Cobra 3000|tauk]]) 00:25, 2 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Notable films == Hi, these film articles have notability proving references [[Avatar (2009 film)]] and [[The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King]] yet have been tagged for notability anyway. I think this ip editor is going too fast with his nominations, [https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:988C:F8D7:BDCB:9475 shown here] imv [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:57, 6 Mey 2025 (UTC) :The feck ae the references is in the infobox an baith films is twa sentences lang aat near eneuch jist seys "This film exists"; infoboxes shid complement airticles, nae be the hale o thaim, fit is happenin there. Stick the text fae ROTK ontil [[The Lord of the Rings]] an there's nae quality lost (an aat's prolly fit a'll dae), aat's the issue here. The film pages exist acause sumbidy decidit aat machine owersettins an airticle quantity maittert mair nor actual airticle quality [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:23, 8 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Doesn't Avatar qualify as an X1 article? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|talk]]) 18:37, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::Normally ay bit gien aa iss collogue anent it a'm haudin aff on actin on it jist yet [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:55, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Useless templates == There are more useless templates linked at [[The Princess and the Frog]]. Shouldn't they be put up for deletion? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81|2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:29E3:3D04:1789:D81|talk]]) 23:43, 15 Mey 2025 (UTC) :Gie me a list ae aa the templates then. Aat wey a kin jist dae a batch nomination raither nor takkin potshots at the templates [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:45, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::Walt Disney Animation Studios, Ron Clements an John Musker, John Lasseter, an Randy Newman. Also found [[Template:GoldenGlobeBestMotionPictureMusicalComedy 1981-2000]] linked at [[Beauty and the Beast (1991 film)]]. Also, what to do about pages nominated for deletion like [[The Dark Knight (film)]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9DB:4232:8292:CA26|talk]]) 18:36, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::The other pages nominated for deletion: [[The Dark Knight Rises]], [[Local Hero]], [[Gregory's Girl]], and [[Gandhi (film)]]. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F|2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:A473:DF3C:6B58:544F|talk]]) 00:56, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::A'm able ti chack the category masel, a dinna need ti be telt fit ti dae [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 07:49, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) :::::When will the templates be put up for deletion? And for the nominated pages, when will they be deleted? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9|2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:5C9E:745B:E1C3:14A9|talk]]) 19:44, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) ::::::A'm seein gin there's alternates acause despite fit it micht seem lik a'm nae wintin ti tak ae axe ti aahing a see, an the wiki's nae gaun disappear acause it's a bit delayed noo is it? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:45, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Jock Stein == Hi, this diff [https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jock_Stein&diff=prev&oldid=904946 here] may need suppressing, regards [[Uiser:Atlantic306|Atlantic306]] ([[Uiser collogue:Atlantic306|tauk]]) 19:35, 16 Mey 2025 (UTC) :Dealt wi't afore a leukit at iss message, bit ta fur reportin it [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 08:00, 17 Mey 2025 (UTC) == Category:Cleanup tagged airticles withoot a raison field == What to do about these pages? I tried replacing them with the fixscots template, but was warned that that was wrong. Also, what to do about the deletion candidates and those useless templates linked at [[The Princess and the Frog]]? [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4|2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:C910:2960:9D8F:B7C1:BDBA:E2B4|talk]]) 18:47, 2 Juin 2025 (UTC) == Notice of expiration of your sysop right == <div dir="ltr">Hi, as part of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot|Global reminder bot]], this is an automated reminder to let you know that your permission "sysop" (Administrators) will expire on 2025-06-30 01:22:50. Please renew this right if you would like to continue using it. <i>In other languages: [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global reminder bot/Messages/default|click here]]</i> [[Uiser:Leaderbot|Leaderbot]] ([[Uiser collogue:Leaderbot|tauk]]) 19:45, 23 Juin 2025 (UTC)</div> == Monthly cleanup categories == To change "from" to "fae" ([[Special:Redirect/logid/409338]]), edit line 370 in [[Module:Message box]] to say <blockquote>local preposition = 'fae'</blockquote> You can see examples on [[:pt:Módulo:Message box|Portuguese Wikipedia]], [[:vi:Mô đun:Message box|Vietnamese Wikipedia]], [[:ru:Модуль:Message box|Russian Wikipedia]]. This will change all pages in categories of this form ([https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=intitle%3Afrom&title=Special%3ASearch&profile=advanced&fulltext=1&ns14=1]). Eventually those categories will become empty but the pages may need to be purged first - I am not sure. [[Special:Contributions/96.79.100.209|96.79.100.209]] ([[User talk:96.79.100.209|talk]]) 17:32, 14 Julie 2025 (UTC) :Okay seems aat wirked, ta [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:55, 15 Julie 2025 (UTC) == JJS == Hello CiphriusKane, Help me rather than threatening me, thank you--[[Uiser:Jean700|Jean700]] ([[Uiser collogue:Jean700|tauk]]) 14:20, 23 Julie 2025 (UTC) :Excep there wisna ony threit. Ye postit ae setence-lang "airticle" aat makkit a vague claim wi nae claim thewarts notability, sae a taggit as sic. Gin iss wis enwiki aat airticle wid hae been deletit aareidies [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:27, 23 Julie 2025 (UTC) help me be useful--[[Uiser:Jean700|Jean700]] ([[Uiser collogue:Jean700|tauk]]) 06:53, 24 Julie 2025 (UTC) :Ye kin help yersel bi stendin oot the airticle insteid ae churnin oot fit leuks lik x-wiki spam. Turn it inti summat aat isna a sentence lang an claims aat French airt stairtit in the 1950s an we'll see anent the notability tag [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 19:32, 24 Julie 2025 (UTC) == Thanks for that == Thanks for accepting the changes [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-63184-6|&#126;2025-63184-6]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2025-63184-6|talk]]) 16:32, 16 September 2025 (UTC) == Update request == Hello, CiphriusKane. Can you rename [[Prince Andrew, Duke o York]] into the Scots version of [[Andra Mountbatten Windsor]]? After all his titles, honours and styles were stripped of him on 30 October 2025, he became plain (Mr.) Andrew Mountbatten Windsor. Here is the official statement from Buckingham Palace: https://www.royal.uk/news-and-activity/2025-10-30/a-statement-from-buckingham-palace Yours sincerely, [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-30714-02|&#126;2025-30714-02]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2025-30714-02|talk]]) 17:31, 1 November 2025 (UTC) == Clarification == A think there's been a misunderstanding here, so let me separate things clearly. ==== ScotsCheck (Uiser:BZPN/ScotsCheck/…) ==== The Translations, Dictionary-en, an Dictionary-sco pages belong tae '''ma personal on-wiki script'''. They are user-space working leets used only by that gadget in ma ain browser. They are '''nae a bot whitelist'''. They are '''nae''' community-approved standards. They are '''nae''' applied automatically by ony account. They are simply ma '''private working notes''', adjusted as A analyse scowiki airticles. If a translation entry is wrang (e.g. "ay" or "basit"), that juist means ma working leet needs corrected - it disnae affect the bot at aw. ==== The bot ([[Uiser:ScotsBot]]) ==== (EN for clarity) The bot executes only the tasks listed at '''[[Uiser:ScotsBot/Tasks]]'''. It does '''not''' read or use the on-wiki ScotsCheck dictionaries. It does not use the Translations page. It does not perform automatic oversettins. At present, the bot is inactive an waitin on the flag. There is currently '''no''' active, community-approved whitelist in operation (located by default at [[Uiser:BZPN/Whitelist.json]]). The bot is '''not''' applying translation replacements (and ''never'' was). If anything looked like oversetting in recent changes, that was my manual edit via my own script interface - not a bot action. ====enwiki block==== A received a community block in October 2025 related tae a content dispute an conduct issues on that project. It wis nae connected tae ony bots, automation, technical misuse, etc. There has been nae cross-wiki abuse, nae undisclosed bot activity, an nae sanctions related tae automation. A'm registered on ScoWiki for about a year, though A only started contributing recently. Scowiki is a separate project, an ma work here has been transparent an open tae scrutiny. A'm a trusted editor on other Wikimedia projects, including simplewiki, plwiki, mediawiki and others. If there are concerns about oversight or safeguards, A'm entirely willing tae operate under supervision. Best regards, [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 00:25, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) :Bot eesers need ti be trowstit members o the commonity. Ye stairtit editin twa weeks back an clearly dinna hae the leid skills ti edit, sae fit wye is it aat yer daein the same sort o botlik edits aat got heaps o bad press? Ye didna ask ti rin the script an e'en gied the impression aat ye'd nae dae iss sort o hing. E'en leukin inti simplewiki an plwiki a'm seein mair reid flags, lik the Discord ban an a hefty block log on plwiki, an fit's iss anent a UCOC case? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 00:39, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::I am responding in English because of your previous comment stating that ''"it's pretty obvious that they're not a Scots speaker"'' was personally humiliating. As I am learning Scots, I won't understand everything perfectly, but that does not justify personal attacks. Writing a full article on scowiki requires careful attention, just as composing text in Scots requires time and effort. The fact that I am learning Scots does not make me less capable or less committed to producing good quality contributions. Back to the point: I have several points to avoid further misunderstandings. First: user scripts. As stated on [[:en:WP:JAVASCRIPT]]: ''"You take full responsibility for any actions taken using any user script. You must read and abide by all relevant Wikipedia policies when using this tool; failure to do so may result in being blocked from editing.''" My script runs on-wiki, requires manual interaction, and does not perform any automatic edits. At no point have I violated any scowiki rules or policies. My edits are fully auditable in page histories. Also, your comments regarding my alleged "bot-like" (suspected "automatic") edits, supposed inexperience, and prior conduct on other wikis constitute a serious personal attack. I am not a vandal, nor have I violated local community norms. Targeting actions from other Wikimedia projects, including blocks or Discord issues, is inappropriate. This approach lacks [[:en:WP:AGF|AGF]] and creates an unfair, hostile environment. Your messages, especially drawing attention to prior blocks and suggesting misconduct, may fall under UCoC 3.1, which includes behaviour intended to outrage or intimidate a person, e.g. by hounding, i.e., repeated critique or questioning across projects, intended to discourage or upset. I encourage you to read and follow the global standards under UCoC and to evaluate my edits and actions on their merits within scowiki. Mischaracterizing my contributions based on assumptions or other projects is discriminatory and contrary to the standards. I am fully willing to discuss any ''legitimate'' concerns about edits on scowiki, and pause certain changes if the community requests. It is late here, so I will be signing off for now. Good night. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 01:15, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) :::Did ye tell that ti the fowks aat opponed yer simplewiki RfA based on yer UCOC case, Discord ban an ban on plwiki? Acause iss message leuks gey seemlir ti the kind o hing aat wis raised in ither places. A wis giein ye a chance ti explain in yer ain wirds, an it seems yer walin ti come oot fur a fecht. :::As fur "learning Scots", pairt o the raeson aat the wiki's in sic a mess is acause o fowks "learning Scots", fowks aat wi aa gweed intentions managed ti cause sic a mess wi bad owersettins aat there wis discussion anent shuttin the hale projeck doon, an fae fit a'm seein ye wis daein the same hing. We hae tasks fur learners, an it disna incluid rinnin gadgets based on clearly fauty lists. A wis daein spotchecks on seyed lists, nae fu analysis, an a'd wager a'd fin mair wrang wi thaim. An the mix o Scots an Inglis in yer messages disna gie mense ti the idea aat ye hae the needit skills fur editin. :::As fur me bringin ap reid flags, a need ti ken aat a kin trowst the bot operator, an crosswiki behaviour kin be a gweed indcator o sumbidy's reliability. Gin yer bein baured fur battlegrund behaviour an wikilawyerin an shawin aat same behaviour here, then fit wye shid a conclude differently fae enwiki an sey ye kin be trowstit? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:15, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) ::::Either ye want the ScotsBot for whit it actually daes, as clearly set oot in the documentation, or me an the bot will step awa fae this wiki tae save ye ony mair bother, hostility, or accusations. The choice is yours. [[Uiser:BZPN|BZPN]] ([[Uiser collogue:BZPN|tauk]]) 08:28, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) :::::Bye then [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 17:55, 14 Februar 2026 (UTC) == Request tae upload an eemage == Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], coud ye please dounload [[:fi:Tiedosto:13_Reasons_Why_tv-series_poster.jpg|this poster]] fur this series here fur local uise in the airticle, in accordance wi copyricht law ? Thank ye. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 03:49, 25 Mairch 2026 (UTC) :{{ping|Mr.Murdoch78}} Deen. As a'm nae shuir fit ye intend fur ti mak eese o't a'v left aat field in the license blank, sae please fill it in [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 06:36, 25 Mairch 2026 (UTC) == Request tae upload eemages == Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], A'll need tae upload some eemages tae the wiki. Is thare a role A can uise tae avoid haein tae gae throu ye ilka time an baitherin ye? A woud lik tae hae Rowback richts tae undae unwantit chynges an aa. Coud ye upload the eemages here? A'll tak care o eikin the information. * [[:en:File:The_Night_We_Met.jpg|The Night We Met airtwirk]] * [[:en:File:Katherine_Langford_as_Hannah_Baker.jpg|Pictur o Katherine Langford as Hannah Baker]] * [[:en:File:Clay_Jensen.png|Pictur o Dylan Minnette as Clay Jensen]] * [[:en:File:A_Star_is_Born.png|''A Star Is Born'' film poster]] * ''[[:en:File:From_title_card.jpg|From]]'' * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lewis_Capaldi_-_Someone_You_Loved.png ''Someone You Loved'' airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lewis_Capaldi_-_Wish_You_the_Best.png Wish You the Best airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SurvivebyLewisCapaldi.webp Survive airtwirk] *[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ed_Sheeran_Perfect_Single_cover.jpg Perfect airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shape_Of_You_(Official_Single_Cover)_by_Ed_Sheeran.png Shape of You airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_(Ed_Sheeran_song)_cover.png Photograph airtwirk] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_Notice_-_film_promotional_image.jpg ''Red Notice'' film poster] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:YOU_Tv_Series_LOGO.png Logo o the telly series ''YOU''] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Up_(2009_film).jpg ''Up ''film poster] Thank ye ! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:33, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :A'm nae shuir anent the image uploadin richt, bit gien foo yer still failin ti gie proper attreibution fur yer owersettins an violatin Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA licence a'd be temptit ti decline aat request [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 06:21, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::Aw credits an information regardin copyricht on eemages sic as films/series posters an sang/album airtwirks can be foond wi the eemage in ilka link. Whan owersettin airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, hou dae A comply wi the Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA licence? Dae A need tae eik a template tae the airticle's collogue page? Coud ye shaw me an ensaumple frae an airticle sae A can correct ma mistak an avoid repeatin it? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 11:08, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :::[[:en:Wikipedia:Translation#Attribution_requirements]]. A'll leuk at the images in a bit [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 11:12, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::::A juist mak the chynge tae comply wi Wikipaedia's CC-BY-SA license on the airticle [[History o Fraunce]], is that correct? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 22:43, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :::::Ay, bit dinna eese "eedit[s]". The Scots wird is "edit[s]" an a'v jist nae gotten roon ti gettin rid o the fake spellin [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:45, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::::::A'v jist edited the Lord Huron airtin, is it correct nou? [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 22:53, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :::::::Ay, ye dinna need ti speir at me aifter ivery een. Fit yer daein is fine noo [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:54, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Thank ye fur yer help! :) [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 23:04, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Okay leukin ower the requests... :From/A Star Is Born/Someone You Loved/Wish You the Best/Survive/Perfect/Shape of You/Red Notice dinna hae airticles sae we canna hae the images :YOU is ap fur deletion sae naw. There's a file on Commons :Langford/Minnette dinna need images o thair chairacters, an a'd really raither ye nae mak chairacter pages fur thaim. There's better places ti pit yer efforts nor inti makkin airticles fur fictional chairacters :Up a'll get roon ti at sum pint iss week [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:47, 22 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will be a week in between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30472482 --> == Scots == Hello. I'm looking for translation of descriptions "studio album by Basshunter", "song by Käärijä and Basshunter" and "single by Käärijä and Basshunter" for Wikidata items. I think "studio album" and "single" are the same as English and there is "sang" for "song" and "an" for "and". I curious if there should be "by" or "bi" (there is "by" in infoboxes). Would you help? [[Uiser:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Uiser collogue:Eurohunter|tauk]]) 18:09, 30 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :A hink aither or is fine bit we'd gang fur bi here. As fur the infobox stuff, aat's mair lik ti be shite owersettins missin hauf the wirds [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:04, 30 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :: Thanks [[Uiser:Eurohunter|Eurohunter]] ([[Uiser collogue:Eurohunter|tauk]]) 06:59, 1 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Translate button == Can ye translate the actin page on here an add the button for the original ane [[Uiser:Themeramisin|Themeramisin]] ([[Uiser collogue:Themeramisin|tauk]]) 19:53, 4 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Hey there == You are worth a lot, you're a Wikipedia editor! The most beautiful people on earth are Wikipedia editors and the Saints of God, your contributions will not go unnoticed, I will remember you kind Wikipedia editor. [[Uiser:Henry Casper Miron|Henry Casper Miron]] ([[Uiser collogue:Henry Casper Miron|tauk]]) 04:21, 8 Mey 2026 (UTC) 8uszntnwxfxjtsmp0ggyhzpmwgij55x Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Editathons 4 228727 916396 914532 2026-05-07T15:12:26Z Cobra 3000 28371 Updatit latest event date 916396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tab header}} We host an editathon ivery month or twa, uisually themed aroond a certain topic. These events tak place ower ae week whaur we hiv onwab meetins whaur we dae collaborative chyngin, drap in sessions whaur fowk kin speir fur a haund wi an airticle thay'r sortin oot, an hiv tawks fae notable Scots personalities. The nixt editathon will tak place in August, mair info on the [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive|on-wiki event page.]] {{en}} The next editathon will take place in August, more info on the [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive|on-wiki event page.]] You can see all the progress we've made since August 2020 [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/campaigns/scots_wiki/programs on the Dashboard campaign here.] ; Past events This whit we'v duin in past events sae faur. {| class="wikitable" |+ Past Editathons ! Editathon page !! Dashboard page |- | [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive|August 2026]] || |- | [[Wikipedia:November 2025 Writin Drive|November 2025]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_November_2025 November Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Julie-August 2025 Writin Drive|Julie/August 2025]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Julie_-_August_2025 Julie/August 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive|Mey/Juin 2025]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Mey_2025_(26_Mey_-_1_Juin_2025) Mey/Juin 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2025 Writin Drive|Mairch 2025]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Mairch_2025 Mairch 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Februar 2025 Writin Drive|Februar 2025]] ||[https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Februar_2025_(3-9_Februar_2025) Februar 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Winter 2024 Writin Drive|Winter 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Winter_2024_Writin_Drive_(25_November_-_1_December_2024) Winter 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:September 2024 Writin Drive|September 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_September_2024_Writin_Drive_(16-22_September_2024) September 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Juin 2024 Writin Drive|Juin 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Juin_2024_Writin_Drive_(24-30_Juin_2024) Juin 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Apryle 2024 Writin Drive|Apryle 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_April_2024_Writin_Drive_(15-21_April_2024) Apryle 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Januar 2024 Writin Drive|Januar 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_January_2024_Writin_Drive_(22_-_28_January_2024) Januar 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:October 2023 Writin Drive|October 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_October_2023_Writin_Drive_(16-22_October_2023) October 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:September 2023 Writin Drive|September 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_September_2023_Writin_Drive_(4-10_September_2023) September 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Julie 2023 Writin Drive|Julie 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Julie_2023_Writin_Drive_(24_-_30_July_2023) Julie 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mey 2023 Writin Drive|Mey 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Mey_2023_Writin_Drive_(15-21_May_2023) Mey 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2023 Writin Drive|Mairch 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Mairch_2023_Writin_Drive_(20-26_Mairch_2023) Mairch 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Januar 2023 Writin Drive|Januar 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Januar_2023_Writin_Drive_(23-29_Januar_2023) Januar 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:September 2022 Writin Drive|September 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_September_2022_Writing_Drive_(Monday_5th_Sept_-_Sunday_11th_Sept) September 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:November 2022 Writin Drive|November 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_November_2022_Writing_Drive_(14-20_November_2022) November 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:September 2022 Writin Drive|September 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_September_2022_Writing_Drive_(Monday_5th_Sept_-_Sunday_11th_Sept) September 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Julie 2022 Writin Drive|Julie 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_July_2022_Writing_Drive_(18_July_2022_-_24_July_2022) Julie 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mey 2022 Writin Drive|Mey 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_May_2022_Writing_Drive_(9th_-_15th_May_2022) Mey 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2022 Writin Drive|Mairch 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_March_2022_Writing_Drive_(21_-_27_March_2022) Mairch 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Januar 2022 Writin Drive|Januar 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_January_2022_Writing_Drive Januar 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|Juin 2021]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid,_WMUK/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_5-6_Juin_2021_(5-6_June_2021) Juin 2021 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Election Mini Editathon|Mey 2021]] || |- | [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021|Mairch 2021]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_20-21_Mairch_(Sat_20_-_Sun_21_Mairch) Mairch 2021 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Januar 2021]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_30-31_Januar_(30-31_Januar_2021) Januar 2021 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020 |Dizember 2020]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_12-13_December_(Sat_12th_and_Sun_13th_December_2020) Dizember 2020 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020 |November 2020]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_14-15_November_(Sat_14_-_Sun_15_November_2020) November 2020 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020 |September 2020]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leed/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_29_and_30_Sept_(29_and_30_Sept_2020) September 2020 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:E Scots Leed Editathon August 2020|August 2020]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leed/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_30_and_31_August August 2020 Dashboard] |} ; Ither Airtins * [[Wikipedia:Leet o editathon themes|Leet o editathon themes]] {{The Big Wiki Rewrite navbox}} k72l0isx66w6ez0jbcj73ygw8iizoao 916400 916396 2026-05-07T15:23:38Z Cobra 3000 28371 Sortit smaw error 916400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{:Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Tab header}} We host an editathon ivery month or twa, uisually themed aroond a certain topic. These events tak place ower ae week whaur we hiv onwab meetins whaur we dae collaborative chyngin, drap in sessions whaur fowk kin speir fur a haund wi an airticle thay'r sortin oot, an hiv tawks fae notable Scots personalities. The nixt editathon will tak place in August, mair info on the [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive|on-wiki event page.]] {{en}} The next editathon will take place in August, more info on the [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive|on-wiki event page.]] You can see all the progress we've made since August 2020 [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/campaigns/scots_wiki/programs on the Dashboard campaign here.] ; Past events This whit we'v duin in past events sae faur. {| class="wikitable" |+ Past Editathons ! Editathon page !! Dashboard page |- | [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive|August 2026]] || |- | [[Wikipedia:November 2025 Writin Drive|November 2025]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_November_2025 November 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Julie-August 2025 Writin Drive|Julie/August 2025]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Julie_-_August_2025 Julie/August 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive|Mey/Juin 2025]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Mey_2025_(26_Mey_-_1_Juin_2025) Mey/Juin 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2025 Writin Drive|Mairch 2025]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Mairch_2025 Mairch 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Februar 2025 Writin Drive|Februar 2025]] ||[https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Writin_Drive_Februar_2025_(3-9_Februar_2025) Februar 2025 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Winter 2024 Writin Drive|Winter 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Winter_2024_Writin_Drive_(25_November_-_1_December_2024) Winter 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:September 2024 Writin Drive|September 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_September_2024_Writin_Drive_(16-22_September_2024) September 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Juin 2024 Writin Drive|Juin 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Juin_2024_Writin_Drive_(24-30_Juin_2024) Juin 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Apryle 2024 Writin Drive|Apryle 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_April_2024_Writin_Drive_(15-21_April_2024) Apryle 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Januar 2024 Writin Drive|Januar 2024]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_January_2024_Writin_Drive_(22_-_28_January_2024) Januar 2024 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:October 2023 Writin Drive|October 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_October_2023_Writin_Drive_(16-22_October_2023) October 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:September 2023 Writin Drive|September 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_September_2023_Writin_Drive_(4-10_September_2023) September 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Julie 2023 Writin Drive|Julie 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Julie_2023_Writin_Drive_(24_-_30_July_2023) Julie 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mey 2023 Writin Drive|Mey 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Mey_2023_Writin_Drive_(15-21_May_2023) Mey 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2023 Writin Drive|Mairch 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Mairch_2023_Writin_Drive_(20-26_Mairch_2023) Mairch 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Januar 2023 Writin Drive|Januar 2023]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Januar_2023_Writin_Drive_(23-29_Januar_2023) Januar 2023 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:September 2022 Writin Drive|September 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_September_2022_Writing_Drive_(Monday_5th_Sept_-_Sunday_11th_Sept) September 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:November 2022 Writin Drive|November 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_November_2022_Writing_Drive_(14-20_November_2022) November 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:September 2022 Writin Drive|September 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_September_2022_Writing_Drive_(Monday_5th_Sept_-_Sunday_11th_Sept) September 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Julie 2022 Writin Drive|Julie 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_July_2022_Writing_Drive_(18_July_2022_-_24_July_2022) Julie 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mey 2022 Writin Drive|Mey 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_May_2022_Writing_Drive_(9th_-_15th_May_2022) Mey 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2022 Writin Drive|Mairch 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_March_2022_Writing_Drive_(21_-_27_March_2022) Mairch 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Januar 2022 Writin Drive|Januar 2022]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/WMUK_and_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_January_2022_Writing_Drive Januar 2022 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|Juin 2021]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid,_WMUK/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_5-6_Juin_2021_(5-6_June_2021) Juin 2021 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Election Mini Editathon|Mey 2021]] || |- | [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021|Mairch 2021]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_20-21_Mairch_(Sat_20_-_Sun_21_Mairch) Mairch 2021 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Januar 2021]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_30-31_Januar_(30-31_Januar_2021) Januar 2021 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020 |Dizember 2020]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_12-13_December_(Sat_12th_and_Sun_13th_December_2020) Dizember 2020 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020 |November 2020]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leid/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_14-15_November_(Sat_14_-_Sun_15_November_2020) November 2020 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020 |September 2020]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leed/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_29_and_30_Sept_(29_and_30_Sept_2020) September 2020 Dashboard] |- | [[Wikipedia:E Scots Leed Editathon August 2020|August 2020]] || [https://outreachdashboard.wmflabs.org/courses/E_Scots_Leed/Scots_Wiki_Editathon_30_and_31_August August 2020 Dashboard] |} ; Ither Airtins * [[Wikipedia:Leet o editathon themes|Leet o editathon themes]] {{The Big Wiki Rewrite navbox}} hger04ytbzc2do8gd4a5bu5j4csjm7x Template:The Big Wiki Rewrite navbox 10 229165 916394 914533 2026-05-07T15:11:32Z Cobra 3000 28371 Updattit latest event date 916394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = The Big Wiki Rewrite navbox | title = [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite|WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite]] | state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} | listclass = hlist | image = [[File:Pen-writing-notes-studying.jpg|160px]] |group1 = Past editathons |list1 = * [[Wikipedia:E Scots Leed Editathon August 2020|August 2020]] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon September 2020|September 2020]] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon November 2020|November 2020]] * [[Wikipedia:'E Scots Leid Editathon Dizember 2020|Dizember 2020]] * [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Januar 2021|Januar 2021]] * [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Mairch 2021|Mairch 2021]] * [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Election Mini Editathon|Mey 2021]] * [[Wikipedia:Scots Wikipedia Editathon Juin 2021|Juin 2021]] * [[Wikipedia:Januar 2022 Writin Drive|Januar 2022]] * [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2022 Writin Drive|Mairch 2022]] * [[Wikipedia:Mey 2022 Writin Drive|Mey 2022]] * [[Wikipedia:Julie 2022 Writin Drive|Julie 2022]] * [[Wikipedia:September 2022 Writin Drive|September 2022]] * [[Wikipedia:November 2022 Writin Drive|November 2022]] * [[Wikipedia:Januar 2023 Writin Drive|Januar 2023]] * [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2023 Writin Drive|Mairch 2023]] * [[Wikipedia:Mey 2023 Writin Drive|Mey 2023]] * [[Wikipedia:Julie 2023 Writin Drive|Julie 2023]] * [[Wikipedia:September 2023 Writin Drive|September 2023]] * [[Wikipedia:October 2023 Writin Drive|October 2023]] * [[Wikipedia:Januar 2024 Writin Drive|Januar 2024]] * [[Wikipedia:Apryle 2024 Writin Drive|Apryle 2024]] * [[Wikipedia:Juin 2024 Writin Drive|Juin 2024]] * [[Wikipedia:September 2024 Writin Drive|September 2024]] * [[Wikipedia:Winter 2024 Writin Drive|Winter 2024]] * [[Wikipedia:Februar 2025 Writin Drive|Februar 2025]] * [[Wikipedia:Mairch 2025 Writin Drive|Mairch 2025]] * [[Wikipedia:Mey-Juin 2025 Writin Drive|Mey-Juin 2025]] * [[Wikipedia:Julie-August 2025 Writin Drive|Julie-August 2025]] * [[Wikipedia:November 2025 Writin Drive|November 2025]] * [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive|August 2026]] |group2 = Forder readin |list2 = * [[Wikipedia:Leet o editathon themes|Leet o editathon themes]] * [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite|The Big Wiki Rewrite]] * [[Wikipedia:WikiProject The Big Wiki Rewrite/Editathons|Big Wiki Rewrite editathons]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Lessons]] * [https://www.scotslanguage.com/articles/node/id/1134 Scots Warks Uphaud an guidance for screivars] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=87D_yevD9AE YouTube - Scots Language coorse, Dr Michael Dempster] }} [[Category:Wikipedia Editathons| {{PAGENAME}}]] 23q1dex5uvxo907jqah0b9u75pob527 Everyone Knows That 0 231744 916459 916025 2026-05-08T05:14:23Z ~2026-27805-87 130928 916459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Ulterior Motives | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = Who's Who (Christopher and Philip Booth) | album = Ulterior Motives | recorded = August 1985 (original)<br>1990, early 2024 (remake) | released = 22 Juin 2024 | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Klee |first=Miles |date=November 12, 2023 |title=Internet Sleuths Want to Track Down This Mystery Pop Song. They Only Have 17 Seconds of It |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/everyone-knows-that-lost-mystery-song-1234875326/ |access-date=November 16, 2023 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> | length = 3:50 | label = Spooked Music Releasing | writer = Christopher Booth, Phillip Booth | producer = | misc = {{external music video|header=Snippet/recording| {{YouTube|qMHB0k8-wKg|"Everyone Knows That (Ulterior Motives)"}} | type = sang }}| | format = }} '''Ulterior Motives''' is a pop sang bi the Canadian sangers Christopher Saint Booth an Philip Booth uised in the 1986 porn film ''Angels of Passion''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=às 09:00|first=Bárbara Castro Publicado 24 de Fevereiro de 2024|date=2024-02-24|title=Mistério! Conheça a música "perdida" dos anos 1980 que intriga a internet|url=https://br.ign.com/tech/119914/news/misterio-conheca-a-musica-perdida-dos-anos-1980-que-intriga-a-internet|access-date=2024-02-25|website=IGN Brasil|language=pt-br}}</ref> The sang wisna kenspeckle til 2024, an wis umwhile kent as '''"Everyone Knows That"''' (Scots: ''awbodie kens that''). In 2026, the original 1985 version o the sang frae ''Angels of Passion'' wis found in Booth's airchives. == References == <references /> fa23kxp73oltxmdwclo1na58df8jbs0 916460 916459 2026-05-08T05:14:45Z ~2026-27805-87 130928 916460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Ulterior Motives | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = Who's Who (Christopher an Philip Booth) | album = Ulterior Motives | recorded = August 1985 (original)<br>1990, early 2024 (remake) | released = 22 Juin 2024 | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Klee |first=Miles |date=November 12, 2023 |title=Internet Sleuths Want to Track Down This Mystery Pop Song. They Only Have 17 Seconds of It |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/everyone-knows-that-lost-mystery-song-1234875326/ |access-date=November 16, 2023 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> | length = 3:50 | label = Spooked Music Releasing | writer = Christopher Booth, Phillip Booth | producer = | misc = {{external music video|header=Snippet/recording| {{YouTube|qMHB0k8-wKg|"Everyone Knows That (Ulterior Motives)"}} | type = sang }}| | format = }} '''Ulterior Motives''' is a pop sang bi the Canadian sangers Christopher an Philip Booth, uised in the 1986 porn film ''Angels of Passion''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=às 09:00|first=Bárbara Castro Publicado 24 de Fevereiro de 2024|date=2024-02-24|title=Mistério! Conheça a música "perdida" dos anos 1980 que intriga a internet|url=https://br.ign.com/tech/119914/news/misterio-conheca-a-musica-perdida-dos-anos-1980-que-intriga-a-internet|access-date=2024-02-25|website=IGN Brasil|language=pt-br}}</ref> The sang wisna kenspeckle til 2024, an wis umwhile kent as '''"Everyone Knows That"''' (Scots: ''awbodie kens that''). In 2026, the original 1985 version o the sang frae ''Angels of Passion'' wis found in Booth's airchives. == References == <references /> rgd34ab3hvru5ew7v3hvo7yqurb4icp 916461 916460 2026-05-08T05:14:59Z ~2026-27805-87 130928 916461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Ulterior Motives | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = Who's Who (Christopher an Philip Booth) | album = Ulterior Motives | recorded = August 1985 (original)<br>1990, early 2024 (remake) | released = 22 Juin 2024 | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Klee |first=Miles |date=November 12, 2023 |title=Internet Sleuths Want to Track Down This Mystery Pop Song. They Only Have 17 Seconds of It |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/everyone-knows-that-lost-mystery-song-1234875326/ |access-date=November 16, 2023 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> | length = 3:25 (original)<br>3:50 (remake) | label = Spooked Music Releasing | writer = Christopher Booth, Phillip Booth | producer = | misc = {{external music video|header=Snippet/recording| {{YouTube|qMHB0k8-wKg|"Everyone Knows That (Ulterior Motives)"}} | type = sang }}| | format = }} '''Ulterior Motives''' is a pop sang bi the Canadian sangers Christopher an Philip Booth, uised in the 1986 porn film ''Angels of Passion''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=às 09:00|first=Bárbara Castro Publicado 24 de Fevereiro de 2024|date=2024-02-24|title=Mistério! Conheça a música "perdida" dos anos 1980 que intriga a internet|url=https://br.ign.com/tech/119914/news/misterio-conheca-a-musica-perdida-dos-anos-1980-que-intriga-a-internet|access-date=2024-02-25|website=IGN Brasil|language=pt-br}}</ref> The sang wisna kenspeckle til 2024, an wis umwhile kent as '''"Everyone Knows That"''' (Scots: ''awbodie kens that''). In 2026, the original 1985 version o the sang frae ''Angels of Passion'' wis found in Booth's airchives. == References == <references /> atardkhvfue1973qmj34ivvuhf88lic 916462 916461 2026-05-08T05:17:18Z ~2026-27805-87 130928 916462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Ulterior Motives | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = Who's Who (Christopher an Philip Booth) | album = Ulterior Motives | recorded = August 1985 (original)<br>1990, early 2024 (remake) | released = 22 Juin 2024 | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Klee |first=Miles |date=November 12, 2023 |title=Internet Sleuths Want to Track Down This Mystery Pop Song. They Only Have 17 Seconds of It |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/everyone-knows-that-lost-mystery-song-1234875326/ |access-date=November 16, 2023 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> | length = 3:25 (original)<br>3:50 (remake) | label = Spooked Music Releasing | writer = Christopher Booth, Phillip Booth | producer = | misc = {{external music video|header=Snippet/recording| {{YouTube|qMHB0k8-wKg|"Everyone Knows That (Ulterior Motives)"}} | type = sang }}| | format = }} '''Ulterior Motives''' is a pop sang bi the Canadian sangers Christopher an Philip Booth, uised in the 1986 porn film ''Angels of Passion''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=às 09:00|first=Bárbara Castro Publicado 24 de Fevereiro de 2024|date=2024-02-24|title=Mistério! Conheça a música "perdida" dos anos 1980 que intriga a internet|url=https://br.ign.com/tech/119914/news/misterio-conheca-a-musica-perdida-dos-anos-1980-que-intriga-a-internet|access-date=2024-02-25|website=IGN Brasil|language=pt-br}}</ref> The sang wisna kenspeckle til 2024, an wis umwhile kent as '''"Everyone Knows That"''' (Scots: ''awbodie kens that''). In 2026, the original 1985 version o the sang frae ''Angels of Passion'' wis found in the Booths' airchives. == References == <references /> 7oqkqnb1pi28htm5l98q07bab2rorro 916472 916462 2026-05-08T10:08:26Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Mendit Scots 916472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox song | name = Ulterior Motives | cover = | alt = | type = | artist = Who's Who (Christopher an Philip Booth) | album = Ulterior Motives | recorded = August 1985 (oreeginal)<br>1990, early 2024 (remak) | released = 22 Juin 2024 | genre = [[Pop music|Pop]]<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Klee |first=Miles |date=November 12, 2023 |title=Internet Sleuths Want to Track Down This Mystery Pop Song. They Only Have 17 Seconds of It |url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/everyone-knows-that-lost-mystery-song-1234875326/ |access-date=November 16, 2023 |magazine=[[Rolling Stone]]}}</ref> | length = 3:25 (oreeginal)<br>3:50 (remak) | label = Spooked Music Releasing | writer = Christopher Booth, Phillip Booth | producer = | misc = {{external music video|header=Snippet/recording| {{YouTube|qMHB0k8-wKg|"Everyone Knows That (Ulterior Motives)"}} | type = sang }}| | format = }} '''Ulterior Motives''' is a [[Pop muisic|pop]] sang bi the Canadian sangsers Christopher an Philip Booth, uised in the 1986 porn film ''Angels of Passion''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=às 09:00|first=Bárbara Castro Publicado 24 de Fevereiro de 2024|date=2024-02-24|title=Mistério! Conheça a música "perdida" dos anos 1980 que intriga a internet|url=https://br.ign.com/tech/119914/news/misterio-conheca-a-musica-perdida-dos-anos-1980-que-intriga-a-internet|access-date=2024-02-25|website=IGN Brasil|language=pt-br}}</ref> The sang wisna kenspeckle til 2024, an wis umwhile kent as '''"Everyone Knows That"''' ([[Scots leid|Scots]]: ''awbodie kens that''). In 2026, the oreeginal 1985 version o the sang frae ''Angels of Passion'' wis foond in the Booths' airchives. == References == <references /> rlh6fnk7hf2u6cxcc1pnefegccc5n6a Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78 2 232706 916451 907207 2026-05-08T00:43:55Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |name= Mr.Murdoch |birth_date= 21 Mairch 1978 |birth_place= [[Glesga]], Scotland |residence= [[Lunnon]], Ingland |nationality= Scots |occupation= Wikipaedian |years active= Syne 2025 }} Hullo, this is Mr. Murdoch! A'm frae [[Glesga|Glesgae]], bit A bide in [[Lunnon]] nou. A mainly contreibute tae the [[Scots Wikipaedia]], bit ye kin also find me on the [[Simple Inglis Wikipaedia]] an Wikidata. A stairtit a profile tae help impruive the Scots Wikipaedia bi creatin new airticles an correctin existin anes. Maist o the time A contreibute bi owersettin airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, bit A creaut airticles wioot copyin content frae the Inglis Wikipaedia an aa, pairticulairly whan A diskiver a topic that isnae yit on Wikipaedia or that exists bit coud be impruivit. A'm here tae fecht vandalism an aa. f43p3zhkina2r3xvw3g7buon0y3bqqo 916452 916451 2026-05-08T01:15:26Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916452 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |name= Mr.Murdoch |birth_date= 21 Mairch 1978 |birth_place= [[Glesga]], Scotland |residence= [[Lunnon]], Ingland |nationality= Scots |occupation= Wikipaedian |years active= Syne 2025 }} Hullo, this is Mr. Murdoch! A'm frae [[Glesga|Glesgae]], bit a bide in [[Lunnon]] nou. A mainly contreibute tae the [[Scots Wikipaedia]], bit ye kin find me on the [[Simple Inglis Wikipaedia]] an Wikidata an aa. == Aboot me == === Whit a'm daein here === ==== The raeson why a'm here ==== A stairtit a profile tae help impruive the Scots Wikipaedia bi creatin new airticles an correctin existin anes. ==== Hou a write ma airticles ==== Maist o the time a contreibute bi owersettin airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, bit a creaut airticles wioot copyin content frae the Inglis Wikipaedia an aa, pairticulairly whan a diskiver a topic that isnae yit on Wikipaedia or that exists bit coud be impruivit. ==== Ma ither goal here ==== A dinna lik an a fecht against it. ==== Commonty ==== A'm forby ane o the fowk wha will walcome ye whan ye arrive here an will help ye if ye encoonter ony difficulties; if sae, ye kin write tae me on ma [[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|collogue page]]! :) == Leet o airticles a hae creatit == 8o2egkdua8m32k7a37ccv08m9zp8d1s 916453 916452 2026-05-08T01:31:24Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916453 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |name= Mr.Murdoch |birth_date= 21 Mairch 1978 |birth_place= [[Glesga]], Scotland |residence= [[Lunnon]], Ingland |nationality= Scots |occupation= Wikipaedian |years active= Syne 2025 }} Hullo, this is Mr. Murdoch! A'm frae [[Glesga|Glesgae]], bit a bide in [[Lunnon]] nou. A mainly contreibute tae the [[Scots Wikipaedia]], bit ye kin find me on the [[Simple Inglis Wikipaedia]] an Wikidata an aa. == Aboot me == === Whit a'm daein here === ==== The raeson why a'm here ==== A stairtit a profile tae help impruive the Scots Wikipaedia bi creatin new airticles an correctin existin anes. ==== Hou a write ma airticles ==== Maist o the time a contreibute bi owersettin airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, bit a creaut airticles wioot copyin content frae the Inglis Wikipaedia an aa, pairticulairly whan a diskiver a topic that isnae yit on Wikipaedia or that exists bit coud be impruivit. ==== Ma ither goal here ==== A dinna lik an a fecht against it. ==== Commonty ==== A'm forby ane o the fowk wha will walcome ye whan ye arrive here an will help ye if ye encoonter ony difficulties; if sae, ye kin write tae me on ma [[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|collogue page]]! :) == Leet o airticles a hae creatit == Currently, a hae creatit 41 airticles on the Scots Wikipaedia: * [[Companion (film)|''Companion'' (film)]] * [[Hrishikesh Hirway]] * [[Leet o actors wha hae pleyed the Doctor]] * ''[[It – Welcome to Derry]]'' * [[Jay Harrington]] * ''[[13 Reasons Why]]'' * [[Christophe Maé]] * [[Amir Haddad]] * [[Gaëtan Roussel]] * [[Louise Attaque]] * [[Molly Brown (actress)]] * ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' * ''[[TVLine]]'' * [[Katherine Langford]] * [[Dylan Minnette]] * [[Alisha Boe]] * [[Justin Prentice]] * [[Clay Jensen]] * [[Luke Bracey]] * [[Lord Huron]] * [[AllMusic]] * ''[[The Night We Met]]'' * [[Elizabeth Lail]] * [[Iris Mittenaere]] * ''[[La Voix du Nord]]'' * ''[[Le Parisien]]'' * ''[[Le Progrès]]'' * ''[[Gala (magazine)]]'' * ''[[Midi Libre]]'' * ''[[Paris Match]]'' * ''[[Me Before You]]'' * ''[[A Star Is Born (2018 film)]]'' * [[Eric Winter]] * [[Melissa O'Neil]] * [[Alyssa Diaz]] * ''[[Holidate]]'' * [[Jean-Pierre Pernaut]] * [[Mercedes Mason]] * [[Tru Valentino]] * [[Titus Makin Jr.]] * ''[[Red Notice (film)]]'' 0yhtawi07m9f9lbavr7l4i2oueovz8h 916454 916453 2026-05-08T02:03:35Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916454 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie |name= Mr.Murdoch |image= A small loch in the saddle between Beinn an Dothaidh and Beinn Dorain, Scotland 01.jpg |caption= This photae o a [[Loch|smaa loch]] locatit atween Beinn an Dothaidh an Beinn Dorain shaws hou bonnie oor [[Scotland|kintra]] is. |birth_date= 21 Mairch 1978 |birth_place= [[Glesga]], Scotland |residence= [[Lunnon]], Ingland |nationality= Scots |education= [[Glesga Varsity]] |occupation= Wikipaedian |years active= Syne 2025 |notable works= {{hlist|Creaut airticles on Wikipaedia|Fecht against vandalism|Walcomin new uisers an providin support whan needit}} |spouse= She wis a gey guid bairnheid freend; ane day we becam closer, an then we got marriet in 2002. Syne then, she haes been ma true luve. <3 |children= 3 }} Hullo, this is Mr. Murdoch! A'm frae [[Glesga|Glesgae]], bit a bide in [[Lunnon]] nou. A mainly contreibute tae the [[Scots Wikipaedia]], bit ye kin find me on the [[Simple Inglis Wikipaedia]] an Wikidata an aa. == Aboot me == === Whit a'm daein here === ==== The raeson why a'm here ==== A stairtit a profile tae help impruive the Scots Wikipaedia bi creatin new airticles an correctin existin anes. ==== Hou a write ma airticles ==== Maist o the time a contreibute bi owersettin airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, bit a creaut airticles wioot copyin content frae the Inglis Wikipaedia an aa, pairticulairly whan a diskiver a topic that isnae yit on Wikipaedia or that exists bit coud be impruivit. ==== Ma ither goal here ==== A dinna lik an a fecht against it. ==== Commonty ==== A'm forby ane o the fowk wha will walcome ye whan ye arrive here an will help ye if ye encoonter ony difficulties; if sae, ye kin write tae me on ma [[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|collogue page]]! :) == Leet o airticles a hae creatit == Currently, a hae creatit 41 airticles on the Scots Wikipaedia: * [[Companion (film)|''Companion'' (film)]] * [[Hrishikesh Hirway]] * [[Leet o actors wha hae pleyed the Doctor]] * ''[[It – Welcome to Derry]]'' * [[Jay Harrington]] * ''[[13 Reasons Why]]'' * [[Christophe Maé]] * [[Amir Haddad]] * [[Gaëtan Roussel]] * [[Louise Attaque]] * [[Molly Brown (actress)]] * ''[[Deadline Hollywood]]'' * ''[[TVLine]]'' * [[Katherine Langford]] * [[Dylan Minnette]] * [[Alisha Boe]] * [[Justin Prentice]] * [[Clay Jensen]] * [[Luke Bracey]] * [[Lord Huron]] * [[AllMusic]] * ''[[The Night We Met]]'' * [[Elizabeth Lail]] * [[Iris Mittenaere]] * ''[[La Voix du Nord]]'' * ''[[Le Parisien]]'' * ''[[Le Progrès]]'' * ''[[Gala (magazine)]]'' * ''[[Midi Libre]]'' * ''[[Paris Match]]'' * ''[[Me Before You]]'' * ''[[A Star Is Born (2018 film)]]'' * [[Eric Winter]] * [[Melissa O'Neil]] * [[Alyssa Diaz]] * ''[[Holidate]]'' * [[Jean-Pierre Pernaut]] * [[Mercedes Mason]] * [[Tru Valentino]] * [[Titus Makin Jr.]] * ''[[Red Notice (film)]]'' rtrz075cg1ci5ph1klbzhacrlwqw9qf Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78 3 232728 916424 915966 2026-05-07T22:09:54Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* Walcomin fowks */ new section 916424 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Mr.Murdoch78, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Mr.Murdoch78|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> ==Doctor actor list== Hey, wid ye be okay wi pittin [[Leet o actors wha hae pleyed the Doctor|iss airticle]] inti the [[Doctor Who]] airticle insteid? Gien the state o aat airticle, haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:34, 10 August 2025 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] an thank ye fur the walcome text. It's true that haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate, but Ah dinnae kent hou tae put all the names o the actors wha pleyed the doctor in the infobox. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:52, 12 August 2025 (UTC) ::We kin aye anchor it bi pittin <nowiki>[[#The Doctor]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[Doctor Who#The Doctor]]</nowiki> in the infobox insteid (an ditch the companion airtin). Is ye needin me ti mell the airticles or dae ye wint ti dae it yersel? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:00, 12 August 2025 (UTC) == Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios == Could you add more pages that are linked from Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios? The one I want the most is Bambi. Much obliged. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-20655-26|&#126;2026-20655-26]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2026-20655-26|talk]]) 00:58, 4 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo, A wil creaut the Bambi airticle fur ye whan A hae time, an meybe some ither airticles relatit tae Walt Disney Studio. Thank ye fur yer suggeestion tae impruive the Scots Wikipaedia, hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:02, 5 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :When's the Bambi airticle gonna be created? [[Uiser:LivMaddieFan2026|LivMaddieFan2026]] ([[Uiser collogue:LivMaddieFan2026|tauk]]) 20:03, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == Spellins == Kin a ask faar yer gettin yer spellins? Sum o thaim is gey unco, lik "haw" fur "how" an "wham" fur "whom" [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:39, 6 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], A dinnae uise "haw" but "hou" fur "how". A maistly owerset airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, bytimes A forget tae owerset certain wirds. A micht mak typos owin tae fatigue an aa. A dae ma best tae mak guid contreibutions tae the Scots Wikipaedia. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:51, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Knight&diff=next&oldid=907356 Ye eesed "haw" here an gin yer owersettin ye maun attreibut the oreiginal airticle ti abide bi Wikipaedia's Creative Commons license (the ideal method is ti pit a airtin ti the exact revision in the edit summary, bit jist <nowiki>[[:en:PAGENAME]]</nowiki> wirks in a pinch as weel). A'm jist askin acause we'v hid trouble in the past wi fowks relyin ower hivily on a bad dictionair aat heezed ap certain rare spellins as commonplace. Gif ye hae Discord, there's a [[WP:DISCORD|server]] fur spikkers aat we eese fur wiki wirk as weel [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:10, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == Walcomin fowks == Hey, fan yer giein fowks the walcom template kin ye pit "subst:" afore it? It shid leuk lik <nowiki>{{subst:walcome}}</nowiki>. Same applies fur aa collogue templates siclik wairnins. Iss pits the tex o the template on the page, meanin aat it'll nae be affeckit bi later changes ti the template [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:09, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) m2wob2u2mlyp9g4nsnztzhbocf55yjh 916448 916424 2026-05-07T23:58:46Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 /* Walcomin fowks */ Replie 916448 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Mr.Murdoch78, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Mr.Murdoch78|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> ==Doctor actor list== Hey, wid ye be okay wi pittin [[Leet o actors wha hae pleyed the Doctor|iss airticle]] inti the [[Doctor Who]] airticle insteid? Gien the state o aat airticle, haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:34, 10 August 2025 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] an thank ye fur the walcome text. It's true that haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate, but Ah dinnae kent hou tae put all the names o the actors wha pleyed the doctor in the infobox. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:52, 12 August 2025 (UTC) ::We kin aye anchor it bi pittin <nowiki>[[#The Doctor]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[Doctor Who#The Doctor]]</nowiki> in the infobox insteid (an ditch the companion airtin). Is ye needin me ti mell the airticles or dae ye wint ti dae it yersel? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:00, 12 August 2025 (UTC) == Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios == Could you add more pages that are linked from Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios? The one I want the most is Bambi. Much obliged. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-20655-26|&#126;2026-20655-26]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2026-20655-26|talk]]) 00:58, 4 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo, A wil creaut the Bambi airticle fur ye whan A hae time, an meybe some ither airticles relatit tae Walt Disney Studio. Thank ye fur yer suggeestion tae impruive the Scots Wikipaedia, hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:02, 5 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :When's the Bambi airticle gonna be created? [[Uiser:LivMaddieFan2026|LivMaddieFan2026]] ([[Uiser collogue:LivMaddieFan2026|tauk]]) 20:03, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == Spellins == Kin a ask faar yer gettin yer spellins? Sum o thaim is gey unco, lik "haw" fur "how" an "wham" fur "whom" [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:39, 6 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], A dinnae uise "haw" but "hou" fur "how". A maistly owerset airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, bytimes A forget tae owerset certain wirds. A micht mak typos owin tae fatigue an aa. A dae ma best tae mak guid contreibutions tae the Scots Wikipaedia. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:51, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Knight&diff=next&oldid=907356 Ye eesed "haw" here an gin yer owersettin ye maun attreibut the oreiginal airticle ti abide bi Wikipaedia's Creative Commons license (the ideal method is ti pit a airtin ti the exact revision in the edit summary, bit jist <nowiki>[[:en:PAGENAME]]</nowiki> wirks in a pinch as weel). A'm jist askin acause we'v hid trouble in the past wi fowks relyin ower hivily on a bad dictionair aat heezed ap certain rare spellins as commonplace. Gif ye hae Discord, there's a [[WP:DISCORD|server]] fur spikkers aat we eese fur wiki wirk as weel [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:10, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == Walcomin fowks == Hey, fan yer giein fowks the walcom template kin ye pit "subst:" afore it? It shid leuk lik <nowiki>{{subst:walcome}}</nowiki>. Same applies fur aa collogue templates siclik wairnins. Iss pits the tex o the template on the page, meanin aat it'll nae be affeckit bi later changes ti the template [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:09, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) :Hey @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], thank ye fur lettin me ken, it's fixed nou! Coud ye gie me the ither templates tae pit in uiser collogues? In pairticulair, the ane tae wairn a uiser nae tae replace Scots tex wi Inglis; that wad be helpfu. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 23:58, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) 71kd4gootr8fn0bnr1c8q4wtcxiqm1h 916449 916448 2026-05-08T00:12:38Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 /* Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios */ Replie 916449 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Mr.Murdoch78, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Mr.Murdoch78|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> ==Doctor actor list== Hey, wid ye be okay wi pittin [[Leet o actors wha hae pleyed the Doctor|iss airticle]] inti the [[Doctor Who]] airticle insteid? Gien the state o aat airticle, haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:34, 10 August 2025 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] an thank ye fur the walcome text. It's true that haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate, but Ah dinnae kent hou tae put all the names o the actors wha pleyed the doctor in the infobox. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:52, 12 August 2025 (UTC) ::We kin aye anchor it bi pittin <nowiki>[[#The Doctor]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[Doctor Who#The Doctor]]</nowiki> in the infobox insteid (an ditch the companion airtin). Is ye needin me ti mell the airticles or dae ye wint ti dae it yersel? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:00, 12 August 2025 (UTC) == Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios == Could you add more pages that are linked from Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios? The one I want the most is Bambi. Much obliged. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-20655-26|&#126;2026-20655-26]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2026-20655-26|talk]]) 00:58, 4 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo, A wil creaut the Bambi airticle fur ye whan A hae time, an meybe some ither airticles relatit tae Walt Disney Studio. Thank ye fur yer suggeestion tae impruive the Scots Wikipaedia, hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:02, 5 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :When's the Bambi airticle gonna be created? [[Uiser:LivMaddieFan2026|LivMaddieFan2026]] ([[Uiser collogue:LivMaddieFan2026|tauk]]) 20:03, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::Hullo, A'll dae it whan A hae time. A'm aye wirkin on mony airticles, an whan A'v finished thaim, A'll creaut yer Bambi airticle. If A kin, A will dae it on Monanday or Tysday o the comin week. Hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:12, 8 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Spellins == Kin a ask faar yer gettin yer spellins? Sum o thaim is gey unco, lik "haw" fur "how" an "wham" fur "whom" [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:39, 6 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], A dinnae uise "haw" but "hou" fur "how". A maistly owerset airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, bytimes A forget tae owerset certain wirds. A micht mak typos owin tae fatigue an aa. A dae ma best tae mak guid contreibutions tae the Scots Wikipaedia. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:51, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Knight&diff=next&oldid=907356 Ye eesed "haw" here an gin yer owersettin ye maun attreibut the oreiginal airticle ti abide bi Wikipaedia's Creative Commons license (the ideal method is ti pit a airtin ti the exact revision in the edit summary, bit jist <nowiki>[[:en:PAGENAME]]</nowiki> wirks in a pinch as weel). A'm jist askin acause we'v hid trouble in the past wi fowks relyin ower hivily on a bad dictionair aat heezed ap certain rare spellins as commonplace. Gif ye hae Discord, there's a [[WP:DISCORD|server]] fur spikkers aat we eese fur wiki wirk as weel [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:10, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == Walcomin fowks == Hey, fan yer giein fowks the walcom template kin ye pit "subst:" afore it? It shid leuk lik <nowiki>{{subst:walcome}}</nowiki>. Same applies fur aa collogue templates siclik wairnins. Iss pits the tex o the template on the page, meanin aat it'll nae be affeckit bi later changes ti the template [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:09, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) :Hey @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], thank ye fur lettin me ken, it's fixed nou! Coud ye gie me the ither templates tae pit in uiser collogues? In pairticulair, the ane tae wairn a uiser nae tae replace Scots tex wi Inglis; that wad be helpfu. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 23:58, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) 0nzvpzozrcgn892r33ozg3anfwbetmj 916450 916449 2026-05-08T00:16:03Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916450 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Mr.Murdoch78, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Mr.Murdoch78|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> ==Doctor actor list== Hey, wid ye be okay wi pittin [[Leet o actors wha hae pleyed the Doctor|iss airticle]] inti the [[Doctor Who]] airticle insteid? Gien the state o aat airticle, haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:34, 10 August 2025 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] an thank ye fur the walcome text. It's true that haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate, but Ah dinnae kent hou tae put all the names o the actors wha pleyed the doctor in the infobox. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:52, 12 August 2025 (UTC) ::We kin aye anchor it bi pittin <nowiki>[[#The Doctor]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[Doctor Who#The Doctor]]</nowiki> in the infobox insteid (an ditch the companion airtin). Is ye needin me ti mell the airticles or dae ye wint ti dae it yersel? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:00, 12 August 2025 (UTC) == Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios == Could you add more pages that are linked from Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios? The one I want the most is Bambi. Much obliged. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-20655-26|&#126;2026-20655-26]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2026-20655-26|talk]]) 00:58, 4 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo, A wil creaut the Bambi airticle fur ye whan A hae time, an meybe some ither airticles relatit tae Walt Disney Studio. Thank ye fur yer suggeestion tae impruive the Scots Wikipaedia, hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:02, 5 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :When's the Bambi airticle gonna be created? [[Uiser:LivMaddieFan2026|LivMaddieFan2026]] ([[Uiser collogue:LivMaddieFan2026|tauk]]) 20:03, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::Hullo, A'll dae it whan A hae time. A'm aye wirkin on mony airticles, an whan A'v finished thaim, A'll creaut yer Bambi airticle. If A kin, A will dae it on Monanday or Tysday o the comin week. Hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:12, 8 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Spellins == Kin a ask faar yer gettin yer spellins? Sum o thaim is gey unco, lik "haw" fur "how" an "wham" fur "whom" [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:39, 6 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], A dinnae uise "haw" but "hou" fur "how". A maistly owerset airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, bytimes A forget tae owerset certain wirds. A micht mak typos owin tae fatigue an aa. A dae ma best tae mak guid contreibutions tae the Scots Wikipaedia. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:51, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Knight&diff=next&oldid=907356 Ye eesed "haw" here an gin yer owersettin ye maun attreibut the oreiginal airticle ti abide bi Wikipaedia's Creative Commons license (the ideal method is ti pit a airtin ti the exact revision in the edit summary, bit jist <nowiki>[[:en:PAGENAME]]</nowiki> wirks in a pinch as weel). A'm jist askin acause we'v hid trouble in the past wi fowks relyin ower hivily on a bad dictionair aat heezed ap certain rare spellins as commonplace. Gif ye hae Discord, there's a [[WP:DISCORD|server]] fur spikkers aat we eese fur wiki wirk as weel [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:10, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == Walcomin fowks == Hey, fan yer giein fowks the walcom template kin ye pit "subst:" afore it? It shid leuk lik <nowiki>{{subst:walcome}}</nowiki>. Same applies fur aa collogue templates siclik wairnins. Iss pits the tex o the template on the page, meanin aat it'll nae be affeckit bi later changes ti the template [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:09, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) :Hey @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], thank ye fur lettin me ken, it's fixed nou! Coud ye gie me the ither templates tae pit in uiser collogues? In pairticulair, the ane tae wairn a uiser nae tae replace Scots tex wi Inglis; that wad be helpfu. Thank ye ! :) [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 23:58, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) tpf1jcpbtj3hxx6c7wuqmcurzx1ketc 916455 916450 2026-05-08T02:05:04Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916455 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Mr.Murdoch78, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Mr.Murdoch78|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> ==Doctor actor list== Hey, wid ye be okay wi pittin [[Leet o actors wha hae pleyed the Doctor|iss airticle]] inti the [[Doctor Who]] airticle insteid? Gien the state o aat airticle, haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:34, 10 August 2025 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] an thank ye fur the walcome text. It's true that haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate, but Ah dinnae kent hou tae put all the names o the actors wha pleyed the doctor in the infobox. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:52, 12 August 2025 (UTC) ::We kin aye anchor it bi pittin <nowiki>[[#The Doctor]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[Doctor Who#The Doctor]]</nowiki> in the infobox insteid (an ditch the companion airtin). Is ye needin me ti mell the airticles or dae ye wint ti dae it yersel? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:00, 12 August 2025 (UTC) == Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios == Could you add more pages that are linked from Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios? The one I want the most is Bambi. Much obliged. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-20655-26|&#126;2026-20655-26]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2026-20655-26|talk]]) 00:58, 4 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo, A wil creaut the Bambi airticle fur ye whan A hae time, an meybe some ither airticles relatit tae Walt Disney Studio. Thank ye fur yer suggeestion tae impruive the Scots Wikipaedia, hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:02, 5 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :When's the Bambi airticle gonna be created? [[Uiser:LivMaddieFan2026|LivMaddieFan2026]] ([[Uiser collogue:LivMaddieFan2026|tauk]]) 20:03, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::Hullo, a'll dae it whan a hae time. A'm aye wirkin on mony airticles, an whan a'v finished thaim, a'll creaut yer Bambi airticle. If a kin, a will dae it on Monanday or Tysday o the comin week. Hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:12, 8 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Spellins == Kin a ask faar yer gettin yer spellins? Sum o thaim is gey unco, lik "haw" fur "how" an "wham" fur "whom" [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:39, 6 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], A dinnae uise "haw" but "hou" fur "how". A maistly owerset airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, bytimes A forget tae owerset certain wirds. A micht mak typos owin tae fatigue an aa. A dae ma best tae mak guid contreibutions tae the Scots Wikipaedia. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:51, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Knight&diff=next&oldid=907356 Ye eesed "haw" here an gin yer owersettin ye maun attreibut the oreiginal airticle ti abide bi Wikipaedia's Creative Commons license (the ideal method is ti pit a airtin ti the exact revision in the edit summary, bit jist <nowiki>[[:en:PAGENAME]]</nowiki> wirks in a pinch as weel). A'm jist askin acause we'v hid trouble in the past wi fowks relyin ower hivily on a bad dictionair aat heezed ap certain rare spellins as commonplace. Gif ye hae Discord, there's a [[WP:DISCORD|server]] fur spikkers aat we eese fur wiki wirk as weel [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:10, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == Walcomin fowks == Hey, fan yer giein fowks the walcom template kin ye pit "subst:" afore it? It shid leuk lik <nowiki>{{subst:walcome}}</nowiki>. Same applies fur aa collogue templates siclik wairnins. Iss pits the tex o the template on the page, meanin aat it'll nae be affeckit bi later changes ti the template [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:09, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) :Hey @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], thank ye fur lettin me ken, it's fixed nou! Coud ye gie me the ither templates tae pit in uiser collogues? In pairticulair, the ane tae wairn a uiser nae tae replace Scots tex wi Inglis; that wad be helpfu. Thank ye ! :) [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 23:58, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) 2kndlb5i6fnjgzhfu6lkzshnmoz1gyz 916457 916455 2026-05-08T04:22:58Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* Walcomin fowks */ Replie 916457 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Mr.Murdoch78, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Mr.Murdoch78|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> ==Doctor actor list== Hey, wid ye be okay wi pittin [[Leet o actors wha hae pleyed the Doctor|iss airticle]] inti the [[Doctor Who]] airticle insteid? Gien the state o aat airticle, haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:34, 10 August 2025 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] an thank ye fur the walcome text. It's true that haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate, but Ah dinnae kent hou tae put all the names o the actors wha pleyed the doctor in the infobox. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:52, 12 August 2025 (UTC) ::We kin aye anchor it bi pittin <nowiki>[[#The Doctor]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[Doctor Who#The Doctor]]</nowiki> in the infobox insteid (an ditch the companion airtin). Is ye needin me ti mell the airticles or dae ye wint ti dae it yersel? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:00, 12 August 2025 (UTC) == Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios == Could you add more pages that are linked from Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios? The one I want the most is Bambi. Much obliged. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-20655-26|&#126;2026-20655-26]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2026-20655-26|talk]]) 00:58, 4 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo, A wil creaut the Bambi airticle fur ye whan A hae time, an meybe some ither airticles relatit tae Walt Disney Studio. Thank ye fur yer suggeestion tae impruive the Scots Wikipaedia, hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:02, 5 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :When's the Bambi airticle gonna be created? [[Uiser:LivMaddieFan2026|LivMaddieFan2026]] ([[Uiser collogue:LivMaddieFan2026|tauk]]) 20:03, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::Hullo, a'll dae it whan a hae time. A'm aye wirkin on mony airticles, an whan a'v finished thaim, a'll creaut yer Bambi airticle. If a kin, a will dae it on Monanday or Tysday o the comin week. Hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:12, 8 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Spellins == Kin a ask faar yer gettin yer spellins? Sum o thaim is gey unco, lik "haw" fur "how" an "wham" fur "whom" [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:39, 6 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], A dinnae uise "haw" but "hou" fur "how". A maistly owerset airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, bytimes A forget tae owerset certain wirds. A micht mak typos owin tae fatigue an aa. A dae ma best tae mak guid contreibutions tae the Scots Wikipaedia. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:51, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Knight&diff=next&oldid=907356 Ye eesed "haw" here an gin yer owersettin ye maun attreibut the oreiginal airticle ti abide bi Wikipaedia's Creative Commons license (the ideal method is ti pit a airtin ti the exact revision in the edit summary, bit jist <nowiki>[[:en:PAGENAME]]</nowiki> wirks in a pinch as weel). A'm jist askin acause we'v hid trouble in the past wi fowks relyin ower hivily on a bad dictionair aat heezed ap certain rare spellins as commonplace. Gif ye hae Discord, there's a [[WP:DISCORD|server]] fur spikkers aat we eese fur wiki wirk as weel [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:10, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == Walcomin fowks == Hey, fan yer giein fowks the walcom template kin ye pit "subst:" afore it? It shid leuk lik <nowiki>{{subst:walcome}}</nowiki>. Same applies fur aa collogue templates siclik wairnins. Iss pits the tex o the template on the page, meanin aat it'll nae be affeckit bi later changes ti the template [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:09, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) :Hey @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], thank ye fur lettin me ken, it's fixed nou! Coud ye gie me the ither templates tae pit in uiser collogues? In pairticulair, the ane tae wairn a uiser nae tae replace Scots tex wi Inglis; that wad be helpfu. Thank ye ! :) [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 23:58, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) ::<nowiki>{{subst:uw-english1}} ::{{subst:uw-vandalism1}} ::{{subst:uw-disruptive1}} ::</nowiki> ::Gin ye dae a rake fur "Template:uw" there'll be sum ithers [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:22, 8 Mey 2026 (UTC) dyw005043xz6r1nw4hr01oyjd0gvd0p 916458 916457 2026-05-08T04:23:42Z CiphriusKane 74958 /* Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios */ Replie 916458 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Mr.Murdoch78, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Mr.Murdoch78|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> ==Doctor actor list== Hey, wid ye be okay wi pittin [[Leet o actors wha hae pleyed the Doctor|iss airticle]] inti the [[Doctor Who]] airticle insteid? Gien the state o aat airticle, haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 14:34, 10 August 2025 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] an thank ye fur the walcome text. It's true that haein a separate airticle jist fur the actors seems disproportionate, but Ah dinnae kent hou tae put all the names o the actors wha pleyed the doctor in the infobox. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:52, 12 August 2025 (UTC) ::We kin aye anchor it bi pittin <nowiki>[[#The Doctor]]</nowiki> or <nowiki>[[Doctor Who#The Doctor]]</nowiki> in the infobox insteid (an ditch the companion airtin). Is ye needin me ti mell the airticles or dae ye wint ti dae it yersel? [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:00, 12 August 2025 (UTC) == Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios == Could you add more pages that are linked from Template:Walt Disney Animation Studios? The one I want the most is Bambi. Much obliged. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-20655-26|&#126;2026-20655-26]] ([[Uiser collogue:&#126;2026-20655-26|talk]]) 00:58, 4 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo, A wil creaut the Bambi airticle fur ye whan A hae time, an meybe some ither airticles relatit tae Walt Disney Studio. Thank ye fur yer suggeestion tae impruive the Scots Wikipaedia, hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:02, 5 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :When's the Bambi airticle gonna be created? [[Uiser:LivMaddieFan2026|LivMaddieFan2026]] ([[Uiser collogue:LivMaddieFan2026|tauk]]) 20:03, 28 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::Hullo, a'll dae it whan a hae time. A'm aye wirkin on mony airticles, an whan a'v finished thaim, a'll creaut yer Bambi airticle. If a kin, a will dae it on Monanday or Tysday o the comin week. Hae a guid day. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:12, 8 Mey 2026 (UTC) :::Jist a heids ap, the eeser aat postit iss message is a LTA aat's been globally lockit fur abuiss [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:23, 8 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Spellins == Kin a ask faar yer gettin yer spellins? Sum o thaim is gey unco, lik "haw" fur "how" an "wham" fur "whom" [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:39, 6 Apryle 2026 (UTC) :Hullo @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], A dinnae uise "haw" but "hou" fur "how". A maistly owerset airticles frae the Inglis Wikipaedia, bytimes A forget tae owerset certain wirds. A micht mak typos owin tae fatigue an aa. A dae ma best tae mak guid contreibutions tae the Scots Wikipaedia. [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:51, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) ::https://sco.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Dark_Knight&diff=next&oldid=907356 Ye eesed "haw" here an gin yer owersettin ye maun attreibut the oreiginal airticle ti abide bi Wikipaedia's Creative Commons license (the ideal method is ti pit a airtin ti the exact revision in the edit summary, bit jist <nowiki>[[:en:PAGENAME]]</nowiki> wirks in a pinch as weel). A'm jist askin acause we'v hid trouble in the past wi fowks relyin ower hivily on a bad dictionair aat heezed ap certain rare spellins as commonplace. Gif ye hae Discord, there's a [[WP:DISCORD|server]] fur spikkers aat we eese fur wiki wirk as weel [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 02:10, 7 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == Walcomin fowks == Hey, fan yer giein fowks the walcom template kin ye pit "subst:" afore it? It shid leuk lik <nowiki>{{subst:walcome}}</nowiki>. Same applies fur aa collogue templates siclik wairnins. Iss pits the tex o the template on the page, meanin aat it'll nae be affeckit bi later changes ti the template [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 22:09, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) :Hey @[[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]], thank ye fur lettin me ken, it's fixed nou! Coud ye gie me the ither templates tae pit in uiser collogues? In pairticulair, the ane tae wairn a uiser nae tae replace Scots tex wi Inglis; that wad be helpfu. Thank ye ! :) [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 23:58, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) ::<nowiki>{{subst:uw-english1}} ::{{subst:uw-vandalism1}} ::{{subst:uw-disruptive1}} ::</nowiki> ::Gin ye dae a rake fur "Template:uw" there'll be sum ithers [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 04:22, 8 Mey 2026 (UTC) 6yhuvp8je0250hag5zn2wpipezatt4f Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive 4 233261 916391 914945 2026-05-07T15:06:55Z Cobra 3000 28371 Cobra 3000 flittit page [[Wikipedia:Mey 2026 Writin Drive]] til [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive]]: Muived event date 914945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right}} {{nutshell|title=Scots Wikipedia Mey 2026 Writin Drive |'''Whaur an Whan?:''' Yer hoose / Onwab - TBD (drap in, See gin ye cannae mak hit fur the stairt, dinnae get yersel wirkit up!) 11-17 Mey 2026 |'''Fowk tae contact:''' [mailto:scotland@wikimedia.org.uk scotland@wikimedia.org.uk] |'''Cost:''' Free |'''Hou dae a sign up?:''' [[Wikipedia:Discord|Discord here]], [https://matrix.to/#/#scots-wikipedia-edtiors:glasgow.social Matrix here]}} == Anent Us == Jyne us in sortin oot an impruivin the Wiki, we'r hostin a bimonthly event tae git fowk engaged wi the Wiki! This will be oor last writin drive event afore we go on an indefinite haitus. {{en}} Join us in fixing and improving the Scots Wiki, we host bimonthly events to get people engaged with the Wiki! This will be our last writing drive before we go on an indefinite haitus. == Zoom sessions == TODO == Airticles== TBD =={{en}} Tasks for those not confident in their Scots== * Adding images to articles. * Removing unnecessary redlinks. * Checking redlinked categories to see if they need to be created / deleted if they're unnecessary (there's quite a few have been taken over from en.wiki that aren't appropriate to sco.wiki's current size, for example.) * Finding [[:category:Airticles wantin soorces|sources for unsourced articles]], and removing the "unsoorced" tag once that's done. {{The Big Wiki Rewrite navbox}} df2i768kmtf6t3utyvo9zn22hkf0f1m 916393 916391 2026-05-07T15:11:02Z Cobra 3000 28371 Updatit dates 916393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{TOC right}} {{nutshell|title=Scots Wikipedia August 2026 Writin Drive |'''Whaur an Whan?:''' Yer hoose / Onwab - TBD (drap in, See gin ye cannae mak hit fur the stairt, dinnae get yersel wirkit up!) 17-23 August 2026 |'''Fowk tae contact:''' [mailto:scotland@wikimedia.org.uk scotland@wikimedia.org.uk] |'''Cost:''' Free |'''Hou dae a sign up?:''' [[Wikipedia:Discord|Discord here]], [https://matrix.to/#/#scots-wikipedia-edtiors:glasgow.social Matrix here]}} == Anent Us == Jyne us in sortin oot an impruivin the Wiki, we'r hostin a bimonthly event tae git fowk engaged wi the Wiki! This event will celebrate 6 year o daein editathons! This will be oor last writin drive event afore we go on an indefinite haitus. {{en}} Join us in fixing and improving the Scots Wiki, we host bimonthly events to get people engaged with the Wiki! This event will celebrate 6 years of doing these events! This will be our last writing drive before we go on an indefinite haitus. == Zoom sessions == TODO == Airticles== TBD =={{en}} Tasks for those not confident in their Scots== * Adding images to articles. * Removing unnecessary redlinks. * Checking redlinked categories to see if they need to be created / deleted if they're unnecessary (there's quite a few have been taken over from en.wiki that aren't appropriate to sco.wiki's current size, for example.) * Finding [[:category:Airticles wantin soorces|sources for unsourced articles]], and removing the "unsoorced" tag once that's done. {{The Big Wiki Rewrite navbox}} fxs7pdmgvnklgd4mj87tuxkuo3zweog Uiser collogue:Markuss86 3 233304 916446 915038 2026-05-07T23:48:26Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916446 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Markuss86, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Markuss86|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 23:54, 9 Apryle 2026 (UTC) rmh54a3bl4sxghoeqxebwvdv9mqjvrd Uiser collogue:User7778 3 233325 916445 915203 2026-05-07T23:48:00Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916445 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, User7778, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/User7778|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:04, 15 Apryle 2026 (UTC) awjf928l5gy26e3pi6f84620wj26pe2 Uiser collogue:CzechMapping 3 233326 916444 915206 2026-05-07T23:47:44Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916444 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, CzechMapping, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/CzechMapping|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 01:13, 15 Apryle 2026 (UTC) a6fy1m0z284npkq9nyk6iajmuhlx5e9 Uiser collogue:HyBoxwood 3 233328 916443 915212 2026-05-07T23:47:25Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916443 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, HyBoxwood, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/HyBoxwood|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 11:06, 15 Apryle 2026 (UTC) 2t304ziazzlf9wh20g2rfipfv7n2f14 Uiser collogue:-wuppertaler 3 233329 916442 915213 2026-05-07T23:47:10Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916442 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, &#45;wuppertaler, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/&#45;wuppertaler|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 11:06, 15 Apryle 2026 (UTC) kdxv3xfk1fiw3v7ld88rqnbjvw34g31 Uiser collogue:Josh&Robbie 3 233330 916441 915214 2026-05-07T23:46:53Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916441 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Josh&#38;Robbie, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Josh&#38;Robbie|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 11:07, 15 Apryle 2026 (UTC) m9bdy1vimz37n581lctvkp66lh5kt51 Uiser collogue:NoahGeo 3 233333 916440 915239 2026-05-07T23:46:20Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916440 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, NoahGeo, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/NoahGeo|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 00:47, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) 0robrj5g58i631qimm9mwqw8hddpvho Uiser collogue:Greenbay26 3 233335 916439 915266 2026-05-07T23:46:02Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916439 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Greenbay26, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Greenbay26|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 10:51, 16 Apryle 2026 (UTC) 664bzl4gwyiu5sf898187xft2nm7m44 Uiser collogue:Endersslay 3 233365 916438 915565 2026-05-07T23:45:38Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916438 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Endersslay, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Endersslay|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 10:10, 23 Apryle 2026 (UTC) 3qoc9t0qrof86giab5h5m0xxfjbhxu9 Uiser collogue:James500 3 233393 916437 916005 2026-05-07T23:45:12Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916437 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, James500, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/James500|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 09:15, 30 Apryle 2026 (UTC) oa4uxfpypatd16qrupot6za8v2gfsoc Uiser collogue:Themeramisin 3 233394 916436 916315 2026-05-07T23:44:53Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916436 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Themeramisin, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Themeramisin|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 09:19, 30 Apryle 2026 (UTC) == Ee == The plural o ee is een. Een kin mean 1 as weel hence the hatnote. Please dinna remuiv iss again [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 13:03, 2 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Yer airticles == Hey, wid ye please focus on impruivin the airticles ye makkit aareidies insteid o mass creatin unsoorced single-sentence airticles? Thay'r aa o quaistenable leid quality as weel [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 15:51, 3 Mey 2026 (UTC) :(en) Please stop making unsourced articles especially given how the language and grammar quality is extremely questionable. For example, there's several English words that are left untranslated (e.g. known, built) or mistranslated (e.g. basit while a Scots word does not mean based, and namit for named hasn't been used in centuries), and there's capitalisation issues. And we'd rather have one good article on a topic over 10 poor articles on subtopics [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 20:19, 4 Mey 2026 (UTC) ::(en) Again, please stop making unsourced articles, especially when they pertain to living beings. You've only added one source to any of the 11 articles that you created. Any more and I'll block your ability to create pages until you start adding useful sources [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 18:06, 6 Mey 2026 (UTC) == Mey 2026 == <div class="user-block" style="min-height: 40px"> [[Image:Stop x nuvola.svg|40px|left|alt=Stop icon]] Ye hae been '''[[Wikipedia:Blockin policy|blockit]]''' '''indefinitely''' frae editin for [[Wikipedia:Disruptive editin|abuse o editin privileges]]. Gin ye think there are guid reasons whit wye ye shoud be unblockit, ye mey [[Wikipedia:Appealin a block|appeal this block]] bi first readin the [[Wikipedia:Guide tae appealin blocks|guide tae appealin blocks]], then addin the follaein text ablo this notice: <!-- Copy the text as it appears on your page, not as it appears in this edit area. Do not include the "tlx|" code. -->{{tlx|unblock|2=reason=''Your reason here &#126;&#126;&#126;&#126;''}}. </div><!-- Template:uw-block --> [[Uiser:CiphriusKane|CiphriusKane]] ([[Uiser collogue:CiphriusKane|tauk]]) 21:12, 6 Mey 2026 (UTC) l6y2m0yrgpy75wku15v7icsvto02zlc Uiser collogue:Tarisito 3 233395 916435 916007 2026-05-07T23:44:29Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916435 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Tarisito, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Tarisito|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 09:20, 30 Apryle 2026 (UTC) gucdvz7gptqrz98igha8o193vjhdz6p Uiser collogue:Adharsh0102 3 233397 916434 916038 2026-05-07T23:44:11Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916434 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Adharsh0102, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Adharsh0102|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 12:55, 1 Mey 2026 (UTC) 1oop82k03dp9pc52mj1iqkwfpqh6m50 Eric Winter 0 233416 916384 916262 2026-05-07T13:42:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Eric Winter | image = Eric Winter GFCC 2025.jpg | image_size = 190 | caption = Winter at GFCC 2025 | birth_name = Eric Barrett Winter | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1976|7|17}} | birth_place = [[La Mirada, Californie]], U.S. | occupation = Actor, model | years_active = 1999–present | children = 2 |spouse={{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Allison Ford|2001|2005|reason=divorced}} * {{Marriage| [[Roselyn Sánchez]]|2008}} }}}} '''Eric Barrett Winter''' (born 17 Julie 1976) is an American actor. He haes kythed in the telly roles as Sergeant Tim Bradford on the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] shaw ''[[The Rookie]]'' (2018–present), Rex Brady on the [[NBC]] soap opera ''[[Days of Our Lives]]'', FBI Special Agent Craig O'Laughlin on the [[CBS]] drama series ''[[The Mentalist]]'' (2010–2012), Dash Gardiner on the [[Lifetime (TV channel)|Lifetime]] fantasie-drama series ''[[Witches of East End (TV series)|Witches of East End]]'' (2013–2014), an ''[[The Good Doctor (American TV series)|The Good Doctor]]'' (2017–2018). His film appearances include ''[[Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay]]'' (2008), ''[[The Ugly Truth]]'' (2009), an ''[[Sundays at Tiffany's]]'' (2010). == Early life == A hamespun o the Los Angeles area, Winter wis born in [[La Mirada, Californie|La Mirada]] an brocht up in nearby [[La Puente, Californie|La Puente]]. He graduatit frae [[Los Altos Heich School (Hacienda Heights, California)|Los Altos Heich Schuil]] an [[Varsity o Californie, Los Angeles|UCLA]] wi a degree in [[psychologie]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Polin|first=Mitch|date=1993-12-09|title=1993 PREP FOOTBALL ALL-STARS : Players From Bishop Amat on Top of Cream of the Crop : 1993 All-Stars: Four athletes from the school are named to first team, including repeat selection Rodney Sermons.|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-12-09-ga-1487-story.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-05|website=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Days of their lives|url=https://dailybruin.com/2005/04/27/days-of-their-lives/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-05|website=[[Daily Bruin]]}}</ref> Initially he begound modelin an audeetionin fur smaa roles in soap operas wi the intention o anly earnin extra money fur college tuition.<ref name=":0" /> == Career == === Modelin === Afore his actin roles, Winter wis a model an haed some heich-profile campaigns, sic as ane prent campaign fur [[Tommy Hilfiger]]. He kythed in a telly commercial wi [[Britney Spears]] fur her fragrance, [[Curious (fragrance)|Curious]]. === Actin === Winter pleyed the role o Rex Brady on the daytime soap opera ''[[Days of Our Lives]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eric Winter|url=http://movies.msn.com/celebrities/celebrity-biography/eric-winter.1/|access-date=2026-05-05|website=MSN Movies|archive-date=2014-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714131954/http://movies.msn.com/celebrities/celebrity-biography/eric-winter.1/|url-status=dead}}</ref> frae 8 Julie 2002, till 26 Julie 2005. Efter leavin ''Days of Our Lives'', he haed mony smaa roles in telly shaws, sic as ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation|CSI]]''; ''[[Love, Inc. (TV series)|Love, Inc.]]''; ''[[Charmed]]''; an ''[[Just Legal]]''. He guest-starned on [[Freeform (TV chainel)|ABC Faimily]]'s ''[[Wildfire (2005 TV series)|Wildfire]]'' fur five episodes. His chairacter, R.J. Blake, a bull-rider wha dated the chairacter o Dani Davis (pleyed bi [[Nicole Tubiola]]), wis killed in the episode "Heartless", that aired oreeginally on 28 Februar 2007. Winter kythed on ''[[The Parkers]]'' an aa, in the episode "The Boomerang Effect". He kythed in an episode o the CBS series ''[[The Ex List]]'', an in the recurrin role o Jason McCallister, the brither o Senator Robert McCallister ([[Rob Lowe]]) an the luve interest o [[Kevin Walker (Brothers & Sisters)|Kevin Walker]] ([[Matthew Rhys]]) on the ABC drama ''[[Brothers & Sisters (2006 TV series)|Brothers & Sisters]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ausiello|first=Michael|title=Viva's Dead! Will Brothers & Sisters' Gay Reverend Return?|url=https://www.tvguide.com/news/vivas-dead-brothers-8550/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-05|website=[[TV Guide]]|language=en}}</ref> Winter wis a regular on the short-lived CBS series ''[[Viva Laughlin]]'' an ''[[Moonlight (American TV series)|Moonlight]]''. He appears in the featur films ''[[Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay]]'' (2008) an ''[[The Ugly Truth]]'' (2009). In 2010, Winter starned as the chairacter Michael Friend, the imaginary freend o Jane ([[Alyssa Milano]]) in the [[Lifetime (TV chainel)|Lifetime]] telly film ''[[Sundays at Tiffany's]]''. Frae 2010 tae 2012, Winter kythed in the CBS crime drama ''[[The Mentalist]]'' as FBI agent Craig O'Laughlin, the ladfreend an later fiancé o [[Amanda Righetti]]'s chairacter [[Grace Van Pelt]]. In 2012, he haed a recurrin role as Luke Lourd on the ABC comedy-drama series ''[[GCB (TV series)|GCB]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=2011-09-07|title=Eric Winter Joins ABC's New Series 'Good Christian Belles' As Recurring|url=https://deadline.com/2011/09/eric-winter-joins-abcs-new-series-good-christian-belles-as-recurring-167636/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-05|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Winter kythed in the video gemme ''[[Beyond: Two Souls]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McWhertor|first=Michael|date=2012-07-12|title=Beyond: Two Souls adds Kadeem Hardison, Eric Winter to cast|url=https://www.polygon.com/gaming/2012/7/12/3155366/beyond-two-souls-adds-kadeem-hardison-eric-winter-to-cast/|access-date=2026-05-05|website=Polygon.com|language=en}}</ref> In 2013, Winter begound starnin in the Lifetime telly series ''[[Witches of East End (TV series)|Witches of East End]]'' as Dash Gardiner.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Exclusive: Eric Winter Joins Lifetime's Witches of East End as Jenna Dewan-Tatum's New Beau|language=en|work=|url=http://tvline.com/2013/06/26/witches-of-east-end-cast-eric-winter/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-05}}</ref> The series wis canceled on 4 November 2014, efter twa saisons.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|date=2014-11-04|title=‘Witches Of East End’ Cancelled By Lifetime After Two Seasons|url=https://deadline.com/2014/11/the-witches-of-east-end-cancelled-2-seasons-lifetime-1201273362/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-05|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In October 2018, he begound co-starnin in the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] polis procedural drama ''[[The Rookie]]'' as Officer Tim Bradford. He haes kythed in aw aicht saisons o this series starnin Nathan Fillion. == Personal life == He wis marriet tae actress Allison Ford frae 2001 till 2005. He then dated [[Roselyn Sanchez]] fur twa years prior tae thair engagement in 2007, durin a haliday vacation in [[Puerto Rico]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nesvig|first=Kara|date=2023-11-24|title=Eric Winter and Roselyn Sanchez's Relationship: All About the Actor and Singer's Marriage|url=https://people.com/all-about-eric-winter-roselyn-sanchez-relationship-8399880|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-05|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|language=en}}</ref> The couple wed on 29 November 2008, at a historic fort in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], Puerto Rico.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-11-30|title=PR actress Roselyn Sanchez marries Eric Winter|url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/2008/11/30/pr-actress-roselyn-sanchez-marries-eric-winter/|access-date=2026-05-05|website=San Diego Union-Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref> Sanchez an Winter hae twa bairn, a dochter born in Januar 2012 an a son born in November 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roselyn Sanchez, Eric Winter Welcome Daughter Sebella Rose|url=http://celebritybabies.people.com/2012/01/04/roselyn-sanchez-eric-winter-welcome-daughter-sebella-rose/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-05|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Diaz|first=Thatiana|date=2017-11-07|title=First Look: Roselyn Sanchez and Eric Winter Introduce Baby Dylan Gabriel Winter|url=https://people.com/chica/roselyn-sanchez-eric-winter-second-baby-dylan-gabriel-winter/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-05|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|language=en}}</ref> == Filmography == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Film ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2004 | ''[[Back When We Were Grownups]]'' | Hunk | Telly film ([[Hallmark Hall of Fame]]) |- | 2005 | ''{{sortname|The|Magic of Ordinary Days}}'' | Walter | Telly film (Hallmark Hall of Fame) |- | 2006 | ''Break-In'' | Cameron | Telly film ([[Lifetime (TV network)|Lifetime]]) |- | 2008 | ''[[Harold & Kumar Escape from Guantanamo Bay]]'' | Colton Graham | |- | 2009 | ''{{sortname|The|Ugly Truth}}'' | Colin Anderson | |- | 2010 | ''[[Sundays at Tiffany's (film)|Sundays at Tiffany's]]'' | Michael Friend | Television film | Telly film (Lifetime) |- | 2012 | ''[[Fire with Fire (2012 film)|Fire with Fire]]'' | Adam | |- | 2014 | ''[[Comet (film)|Comet]]'' | Josh | |- | 2015 | ''Dead End'' | | Short film; producer an aa |- | 2017 | ''Finding Santa'' | Ben | Telly film ([[Hallmark Chainel|Hallmark]]) |- |2019 | ''Taste of Summer'' | Caleb | Telly film (Hallmark) |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Televeesion ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | rowspan="3"|1999 | ''[[Profiler (TV series)|Profiler]]'' | Todd | Episode: "Heads, You Lose" |- | ''[[Undressed]]'' | Eric | 2 episodes |- | ''{{sortname|The|Parkers}}'' | Anthony | Episode: "The Boomerang Effect" |- | rowspan="2"|2002 | ''{{sortname|The|Andy Dick Show}}'' | {{n/a}} | Episode: "Andy's Tinseltown Chow-House" |- | ''[[Charmed]]'' | Trevor | Episode: "Sam, I Am" |- | 2002–2005 | ''[[Days of Our Lives]]'' | [[Rex Brady]] | Role held: 2 Julie 2002 – 1 August 2005 |- | 2005–2006 | ''[[Love, Inc. (TV series)|Love, Inc.]]'' | Mike Smith | 2 episodes |- | 2005 | ''[[CSI: Crime Scene Investigation]]'' | Julian Harper | Episode: "Room Service" |- | rowspan="3"|2006 | ''[[South Beach (2006 TV series)|South Beach]]'' | Ford Davenport III | Episode: "Every Day Above Ground Is a Good Day" |- | ''[[Pepper Dennis]]'' | Connor Blanchard | Episode: "Heiress Bridenapped" |- | ''[[Just Legal]]'' | Jared Kale | Episode: "The Rainmaker" |- | rowspan="2"|2007 | ''[[Viva Laughlin]]'' | Peter Carlyle | Main cast; 2 episodes |- | ''[[Wildfire (2005 TV series)|Wildfire]]'' | R.J. Blake | 5 episodes |- | 2007–2008 | ''[[Brothers & Sisters (2006 TV series)|Brothers & Sisters]]'' | Jason McCallister | 5 episodes |- | rowspan="3"|2008 | ''Single with Parents'' | Charlie | Main cast; rejectit ABC pilot |- | ''[[Moonlight (American TV series)|Moonlight]]'' | ADA Benjamin Talbot | 4 episodes |- | ''{{sortname|The|Ex List}}'' | Jake Turner | Episode: "Climb Every Mountain Biker" |- | 2010–2012 | ''{{sortname|The|Mentalist}}'' | Craig O'Laughlin | 8 episodes |- | rowspan="2"|2011 | ''Weekends at Bellevue'' | Jared Knox | Main cast; rejectit Fox pilot |- | ''[[CSI: Miami]]'' | Joe Grafton | Episode: "Stiff" |- | rowspan="2"|2012 | ''Scent of the Missing'' | Jake | Main cast; rejectit TNT pilot |- | ''[[GCB (TV series)|GCB]]'' | Luke Lourd | 5 episodes |- | 2013 | ''[[Rizzoli & Isles]]'' | Brandon Thomas 'B.T.' Sarron | Episode: "Built for Speed" |- | 2013–2014 | ''[[Witches of East End (TV series)|Witches of East End]]'' | Dan | Main cast: 23 episodes<br />1 episode |- | 2016 | ''[[Secrets and Lies (American TV series)|Secrets and Lies]]'' | Neil Oliver | 8 episodes |- | 2016–2017 | ''[[Rosewood (TV series)|Rosewood]]'' | Adrian Webb | 9 episodes |- | 2017 | ''Las Reinas'' | Robert Ellison | Main cast; rejectit ABC pilot |- | 2017–2018 | ''[[The Good Doctor (American TV series)|The Good Doctor]]'' | Dr. Matt Coyle | 2 episodes |- | rowspan="2" | 2018–present | rowspan="2" | ''[[The Rookie]]'' | Tim Bradford | Main cast; 126 episodes |- |Jake "Dim" Butler |Episodes: "Day in the Hole" (2022) an "Double Down" (2022) |- | 2021 | ''[[Fantasy Island (2021 TV series)|Fantasy Island]]'' | Brian Cole | Episode: "The Romance & The Bromance" |- | 2022 | ''[[The Rookie: Feds]]'' | Tim Bradford | Episodes: "Face Off" an "To Die For" |} {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Video gemmes ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2013 | ''[[Beyond: Two Souls]]'' | Ryan Clayton | Vyce, 3D model an [[motion captur]] |} == References == {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{sister project links|d=Q1371472|q=no|c=category:Eric Winter|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} * {{IMDb name|0935721}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Winter, Eric}} [[Category:1976 births]] [[Category:20t-century American male actors]] [[Category:21st-century American male actors]] [[Category:American male film actors]] [[Category:American male soap opera actors]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Male actors frae Los Angeles Coonty, Californie]] [[Category:Fowk frae La Mirada, Californie]] [[Category:Varsity o Californie, Los Angeles alumni]] aoqx4s1mgparwdmvl05xhp30vm23lsm Melissa O'Neil 0 233421 916411 916280 2026-05-07T16:43:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916411 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Melissa O'Neil | image = Melissa O'Neil 2016.jpg | caption = O'Neil in 2016 | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|7|12}} | birth_place = [[Calgary|Calgary, Alberta]], Canadae | occupation = {{flatlist| * Actress * sangster * sangwriter }} | years_active = 2005–present | module = {{Infobox muisical airtist|embed=yes | background = solo_singer | instrument = Vocals | genre = [[Pop muisic|Pop]] | label = [[Sony Music|Sony Music Canada]] <small>(2005–2007)</small> }} }} '''Melissa O'Neil''' (born 12 Julie 1988)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Melissa O'Neil|url=https://playbill.com/person/melissa-oneil-vault-0000122112|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Playbill|language=en-US}}</ref> is a Canadian actress an sangster-sangwriter. In 2005, O'Neil wan the thrid saison o ''[[Canadian Idol]]''. As an actress, she is kent fur her roles as Rebecca, Two, an Portia Lin in the Canadian science fiction series ''[[Dark Matter (2015 TV series)|Dark Matter]]'' an as Sergeant Lucy Chen in the American polis procedural drama series ''[[The Rookie]]''. == Early life == Melissa O'Neil wis born in [[Calgary|Calgary, Alberta]] tae a Cheenese Canadian<ref>{{Cite web|title=ABC Celebrates #AANHPIHeritageMonth with The Rookie's Melissa O'Neil|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ge7X-SkEwlo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=}}</ref> mither frae [[Hong Kong]] an an Erse-Canadian faither.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Cardoso|first=Paul|date=2022-07-13|title=Melissa O'Neil History, Personal Life, Career, Husband, Biography|url=https://www.naijanews.com/buzz/people/melissa-oneil-heritage-personal-life-career-husband-biography/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=[[Naija News]]|language=en-US}}</ref> O'Neil attendit [[Lester B. Pearson Heich Schuil (Calgary)|Lester B. Pearson Heich Schuil]] in Calgary, Alberta, whaur she performed in muisicals, pleyed rugby an wis on the basketbaw team.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Volmers|first=Eric|date=2015-06-29|title=Calgary actress Melissa O'Neil charts new path with sci-fi series|url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/television/calgary-actress-melissa-oneil-charts-new-path-with-sci-fi-series|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Calgary Herald|language=en}}</ref> == Career == === ''Canadian Idol'' === In early 2005, whiles in heich schuil, O'Neil auditionit fur the thrid saison o ''[[Canadian Idol]]''. The judges wur impressed bi her vocals, an she mak it throu tae the tap 100 roond. On the furst day, she sang the sang "Concrete Angel" bi [[Martina McBride]] [[a cappella]] an again impressed the judges; bit, on the final day o competeetion, she forgot the wirds tae her chuisen sang an froze. Nivertheless, the judges wur aye sae impressed bi her singin abeelities that she continued tae the tap 32. Efter scorin the heichest nummer o votes in her semi-final group, again wi "Concrete Angel", O'Neil wis grantit a place in the final 10 o the contest. Awthou she wis heichly praised bi the judges, O'Neil suffered huge setbacks in baith the Tap 10 an Tap 9 weeks o the finals, as she wis votit in baith the bottom three an bottom twa, respectively. Shockit bi this, the judges urged viewers tae vote fur contestants lik Melissa, wha clearly haed the best vocal abeelities. Frae then on, O'Neil niver fell back intae the bottom three efter deliverin consistently praised performances, wi judge [[Zack Werner]] declarin that she wis "a threit tae win the whole thing". On 7 September 2005, O'Neil mak it intae the final twa o the competeetion, alangside [[Rex Goudie]], an efter mair performances, judge Werner statit that the heidlines o the nixt day's newspapers wad be "The King [Kalan Porter] is deid, lang live the Queen." Durin the grand finale results shaw on 14 September 2005, O'Neil defeatit Goudie tae be crouned the thrid ''Canadian Idol,'' as weel as the furst female winner, furst winner o Cheenese strynd, an (at 17) the yungest winner in the shaw's history. === Sangster === Immediately efter her win on ''Canadian Idol'', O'Neil received a congratulatory phone caw frae the [[Prime Meenister o Canadae|Canadian Prime Meenister]] [[Paul Martin]].<ref>{{Cite news|date=2005-09-15|title=Calgary's Melissa O'Neil is first female Canadian Idol|language=en-CA|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/calgarys-melissa-oneil-is-first-female-canadian-idol/article25678495/|access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref> She then signed a recordin contract wi [[Sony BMG|Sony BMG Canada]] an lowsed her furst single, "[[Alive (Melissa O'Neil sang)|Alive]]", that hit stores on 4 October 2005, an debuted at nummer ane on the Canadian singles chairt, a poseetion it held fur fower week. The single wint on tae be certifee'd fower-times platinum bi the [[Music Canada|CRIA]]. On 22 November 2005, O'Neil's sel-titled debut album, ''[[Melissa O'Neil (album)|Melissa O'Neil]]'', wis lowsed on Sony an debuted at nummer saxteen on the Canadian albums chairt. The seicont single frae her album, "[[Melissa O'Neil (album)|Let It Go]]" wis lowsed in late 2005 an peakit at nummer seeven on the singles chairt. On 7 Februar 2006, O'Neil embarkit on her furst solo tour in [[North Bay, Ontario]], cried the Let It Go Tour efter her seicont single. Her support ack wis her ''Canadian Idol'' rinner-up, [[Rex Goudie]]. The thrid single lowse frae O'Neil's album wis "[[Melissa O'Neil (album)|Speechless]]", that peakit at nummer thirty-ane. In Mairch 2006, her debut album wis certifee'd gowd bi the [[Music Canada|CRIA]] fur 50,000 unit shipped, an her furst single "Alive" wis kivered bi Becki Ryan in the film ''[[Flicka]]''. On 16 September 2006 O'Neil returned tae the ''Canadian Idol'' stage durin the grand finale o its fowert saison. Here, she wis surprised wi the certifee'd-gowd-presentation disc o her debut album. In 2007, O'Neil wis nominatit fur a [[Juno Awairds|Juno Awaird]] as New Airtist o the Year, alangside [[Daniel Victor|Neverending White Lights]], [[Tomi Swick]], [[Patrick Watson (muisicker)|Patrick Watson]], an [[Eva Avila]] (the latter, her ''Canadian Idol'' successor<ref>{{Cite news|date=2006-09-17|title=Quebec teen Eva Avila crowned new Canadian Idol|language=en-CA|work=The Globe and Mail|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/quebec-teen-eva-avila-crowned-new-canadian-idol/article1103663/|access-date=2026-05-06}}</ref>); houiver, Swick teuk hame the awaird.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2007-04-02|title=Furtado Wins Big At Junos|url=https://celebrityaccess.com/caarchive/furtado-wins-big-at-junos/|access-date=2026-05-06|website=CelebrityAccess|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2009, O'Neil becam the lead vocalist fur the Toronto [[funk]] baund [[God Made Me Funky]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2009-09-12|title=God Made Me Funky on ET Canada!|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuo6EQ0uNjo|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=ET Canada}}</ref> As descrieved bi Glenn Sumi, o ''[[Now (newspaper)|NOW Toronto]]'', "Efter winnin the thrid saison o Canadian Idol... O'Neil lowsed a best-sellin disc an then promptly begound daein muisical theatre, wi roles in ''[[Dirty Dancing]]'', ''[[High School Musical]]'' an the acclaimed Stratford production o ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]''."<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Sumi|first=Glenn|date=2013-10-03|title=Interview: Melissa O'Neil—Actor, Les Misérables|url=https://nowtoronto.com/culture/melissa-oneil/|access-date=2026-05-06|website=NOW Toronto|language=en-CA|url-status=live}}</ref> === Muisical theatre === In the [[Toronto, Ontario]], production o ''Dirty Dancing'', O'Neil wis a featured sangster. In the Drayton Entertainment production o ''High School Musical On Stage'' (in [[St. Jacobs, Ontario|St. Jacobs]] an [[Penetanguishene]]), O'Neil pleyed the role o Gabriella. O'Neil's appearance as Martha/Maid by the Fire durin the 2011 saison's ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]'' wis her [[Stratford Fest|Stratford Shakespeare Fest]] debut. O'Neil wis featured as a lead in the Stage Wast Calgary production o "British Invasion" alangside umwhile lead sangster o [[The Guess Who]], Terry Hatty, an mak an appearance in ''[[Camelot (muisical)|Camelot]]''.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|last=Zekas|first=Rita|date=2010-12-17|title=Bella rocks a yellow silk chiffon cocktail dress|url=https://www.thestar.com/life/beauty-and-fashion/bella-rocks-a-yellow-silk-chiffon-cocktail-dress/article_fe53fcfc-1d15-5a39-9833-fa504ca321c0.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Toronto Star|language=en}}</ref> She pleyed [[Éponine]] in a sit-doun production o ''[[Les Misérables (muisical)|Les Misérables]]'' in Toronto at the [[Princess o Wales Theatre]], that ran frae September 2013 throu Februar 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ferri|first=Josh|title=It’s Official! Ramin Karimloo, Melissa O’Neil & More Will Head to the Barricades in Toronto’s Les Miserables|url=https://www.broadway.com/buzz/167338/its-official-ramin-karimloo-melissa-oneil-more-will-head-to-the-barricades-in-torontos-les-miserables/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Broadway.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kenneth|first=Jones|title=Toronto's New Les Miz Will Star Ramin Karimloo, Genevieve Leclerc, Samantha Hill, Lisa Horner, Cliff Saunders|url=http://playbill.com/news/article/174991-Torontos-New-Les-Miz-Will-Star-Ramin-Karimloo-Genevieve-Leclerc-Samantha-Hill-Lisa-Horner-Cliff-Saunders|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Playbill.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Cameron|first=Kelly|date=1970-01-01|title=LES MISERABLES, ONCE, ALADDIN & More Set for Mirvish's 50th Season|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/LES-MISERABLES-ONCE-ALADDIN-and-More-Highlight-Mirvishs-50th-Season-20130213|access-date=2026-05-06|website=BroadwayWorld.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Gioia|first=Michael|title=Toronto Production of Les Misérables, Starring Ramin Karimloo, Ends Feb. 2|url=http://playbill.com/news/article/187145-Toronto-Production-of-Les-Miseacuterables-Starring-Ramin-Karimloo-Ends-Feb-2?tsrc=hph|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Playbill.com|archive-date=2014-02-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140219200614/http://playbill.com/news/article/187145-Toronto-Production-of-Les-Miseacuterables-Starring-Ramin-Karimloo-Ends-Feb-2?tsrc=hph}}</ref> She wan the [[Dora Mavor Moore Awairds|Dora Awaird]] fur Ootstandin Female Performance fur that role.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|last=Henry|first=Alan|date=2014-06-24|title=Dora Awards 2014: A List Of All The Winners!|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/toronto/article/Photo-Flash-Inside-the-35th-Annual-Dora-Awards-Party-and-Ceremony-at-Harbourfront-Centre-20140624|access-date=2026-05-06|website=BroadwayWorld|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> In Mairch 2012, O'Neil mak her Broadway debut in ''Jesus Christ Superstar'', whaur she pleyed Martha, Maid bi the Fire an wirkit as unnerstudy tae the role o Mary Magdalene.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Inside Playbill Gallery: Jesus Christ Supersar, Who's Who in the Cast|url=https://playbill.com/playbillpagegallery/inside-playbill?asset=00000150-ac86-d16d-a550-ecbeefaf0002&type=InsidePlaybill&slide=1|url-status=live|website=Playbill}}</ref> In 2013, O'Neil wis promotit tae pley [[Éponine]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Les Misérables Cast & Creatives: Melissa O'Neil|url=http://www.lesmis.com/toronto/about/cast-and-creatives/melissa-oneil/|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-06|website=LesMis.com|archive-date=2015-07-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150714041106/http://www.lesmis.com/toronto/about/cast-and-creatives/melissa-oneil/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ahearn|first=Victoria|date=2013-09-26|title=Les Miserables role a ‘dream come true’ for Melissa O’Neil|url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/stage/les-miserables-role-a-dream-come-true-for-melissa-o-neil/article_ca7c7d0d-2934-5183-a271-a03acb911791.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Toronto Star|language=en}}</ref> In Mairch 2014, O'Neil returned tae Broadway in a revival o ''Les Misérables'', whaur she wis a memmer o the ensemble an wirkit as unnerstudy fur the roles o Éponine an [[Fantine]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gioia|first=Michael|title=Casting Now Complete for 2014 Broadway Revival of Les Misérables|url=http://www.playbill.com/news/article/184997-Casting-Now-Complete-for-2014-Broadway-Revival-of-Les-Misrables?tsrc=hph|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Playbill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Inside Playbill Gallery: Les Misérables, Who's Who in the Cast|url=https://playbill.com/playbillpagegallery/inside-playbill?asset=00000150-ac86-d16d-a550-ecbeefaf0002&type=InsidePlaybill&|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Playbill}}</ref> === Actin === O'Neil haes been actin syne 2015. She haes haed recurrin roles in the 2015 [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]] TV drama cried ''[[This Life (2015 TV series)|This Life]]'' that wis set in Montreal, the [[Cole Hauser]] TV crime series ''[[Rogue (TV series)|Rogue]]'', an the muisical drama wab series, ''Lost Generation'', that wis set in Berlin. The shaw wis oreeginally cried ''Pulse'' an haed a beuk an score written bi [[Duncan Sheik]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jarvey|first=Natalie|date=2016-06-02|title=Katie Findlay to Star in Go90 Musical Series ‘Pulse’|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/business/digital/katie-findlay-star-go90-musical-899121/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}</ref> In December 2014, O'Neil wis cast in the starnin role o Two / Rebecca / Portia Lin, on the [[Syfy]] TV series space opera ''[[Dark Matter (2015 TV series)|Dark Matter]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vlessing|first=Etan|date=2014-12-18|title=Melissa O’Neil, Marc Bendavid Board Syfy’s ‘Dark Matter’|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/melissa-oneil-marc-bendavid-board-759225/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}</ref> It wis a role she pleyed frae 2015 tae 2017, fur three saisons o the shaw. In 2018, O'Neil pleyed the role o Suki in [[The CW]] [[Procedural drama|procedural]] [[Crime film|crime drama]] ''[[IZombie (TV series)|iZombie]]'' creatit bi [[Rob Thomas (writer)|Rob Thomas]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Shoaff|first=Brandon|date=2022-05-10|title=The iZombie Character You Likely Forgot The Rookie's Melissa O'Neil Played|url=https://www.looper.com/858156/the-izombie-character-you-likely-forgot-the-rookies-melissa-oneil-played/|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Looper|language=en-US}}</ref> an haed anither recurrin role in the thriller ''[[Condor (TV series)|Condor]]'', a TV remak o ''[[Three Days of the Condor]]''. In October 2018, O'Neil wis cast in the role o [[Los Angeles Polis Depairtment|LAPD]] Officer Lucy Chen an Sava Wu in the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] telly polis drama series ''[[The Rookie]]'', whaur she pleys a fellae rookie polis officer opposite [[Nathan Fillion]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Petski|first=Nellie Andreeva,Denise|date=2018-02-08|title=‘The Rookie’: Melissa O’Neil To Co-Star In Nathan Fillion’s ABC Light Drama Series|url=https://deadline.com/2018/02/the-rookie-melissa-oneil-abc-drama-series-nathan-fillion-1202282153/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Volmers|first=Eric|date=2018-10-12|title=Green in Blue: Calgary's Melissa O'Neil hits the mean streets of L.A. as newbie cop in The Rookie|url=https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/television/green-in-blue-calgarys-melissa-oneil-hits-the-mean-streets-of-l-a-as-newbie-cop-in-the-rookie|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Calgary Herald|language=en}}</ref> == Personal life == O'Neil's maternal grandfaither gae her a [[Cheenese leid|Cheenese]] name Ao Shimin ([[Tradeetional Cheenese chairacters|Tradeetional Cheenese]]: 奧詩敏, [[Simplifee'd Cheenese chairacters|Simplifee'd Cheenese]]: 奥诗敏, [[Pinyin]]: ''Ào Shī mǐn''), that means ''ladylike''.<ref name=":1" /> At the time whan she wis competin in ''Canadian Idol'', O'Neil wis said tae be able tae speak [[Cantonese]], bit nae fluently. ==Discography== ===Albums=== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! rowspan="2"| Year ! rowspan="2"| Album details ! colspan="1"| Peak ! rowspan="2"| [[Muisic recordin sales certification|Certifications]]<br />([[Leet o best sellin muisic airtists|sales threshauld]]) |- style="font-size:smaller;" ! width="40"| [[Canadian Albums Chairt|CAN]] |- | 2005 | align="left"| '''''[[Melissa O'Neil (album)|Melissa O'Neil]]''''' * Lowsed: 22 November 2005 * Label: [[Sony Records|Sony]] * Format: [[Compact Disc|CD]] | 14 | align="left"| * [[Music Canada|MC]]: Gowd |} ===Singles=== {| class="wikitable" !width="40"|Year !Sang !width="40"|Canadae !Certification !Album |- |align="center" rowspan=2|2005 |"Alive" |align="center"|1 |align="center"| 4xPlatinum (CRIA) |rowspan="3"|''[[Melissa O'Neil (album)|Melissa O'Neil]]'' |- |"Let It Go" |align="center"|7 |align="center"|— |- |align="center" rowspan=1|2006 |"Speechless" |align="center"|31 |align="center"|— |} ===Ither appearances=== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Year !Sang !Airtist !Album |- | rowspan="2" |2005 |"Concrete Angel" |[[Canadian Idol]] |''High Notes'' |- |"Whiskey Lullaby" |[[Rex Goudie]] |''Under the Lights'' |} ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" |+ Telly an film roles |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- |2005 |''[[Canadian Idol]]'' |Hersel |Contestant an winner on saison 3 |- | 2010 | ''Broken Hearts'' | Brandi | Film |- | 2015–2017 | ''[[Dark Matter (2015 TV series)|Dark Matter]]'' | Two / Portia Lin | Main role |- | 2015 | ''[[This Life (2015 TV series)|This Life]]'' | Sarah | Recurrin role (saison 1), 7 episodes |- | rowspan="2" | 2016 | ''[[Rogue (TV series)|Rogue]]'' | Jen | Recurrin role (saisons 3–4), 8 episodes |- | ''[[Second Jen]]'' | Naomi | Episode: "Jenny Has the Gay" |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | ''[[Ransom (TV series)|Ransom]]'' | Drita Jakupi | Episode: "The Artist" |- | ''Lost Generation'' | Tasha | Wab series; recurrin role, 5 episodes |- | rowspan="3" | 2018 | ''[[IZombie (TV series)|iZombie]]'' | Suki | Recurrin role (saison 4), 5 episodes |- | data-sort-value="Simple Favor, A" | ''[[A Simple Favor (film)|A Simple Favor]]'' | Beth T.A. | Film |- | ''[[Condor (TV series)|Condor]]'' | Janice | Recurrin role (saison 1), 5 episodes |- | 2018–present | data-sort-value="Rookie, The" | ''[[The Rookie]]'' | Officer/Sergeant Lucy Chen / Sava "Juicy" Wu | Main role; 126 episodes |- | 2022 | data-sort-value="Rookie: Feds, The" | ''[[The Rookie: Feds]]'' | Officer Lucy Chen | Episodes: "Face Off", "The Reaper" |} '''Video gemmes roles''' {| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |2016 |''[[Tom Clancy's The Division]]''<ref>{{Cite web|title=Crafting the Storyline of Tom Clancy's The Division's Faye Lau|url=https://www.massive.se/article/crafting-the-storyline-of-tom-clancys-the-divisions-faye-lau/|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Massive Entertainment|language=en-US}}</ref> |Faye Lau |Main role; Vyce |- |2019–2020 |''[[Tom Clancy's The Division 2]]'' |Faye Lau |Recurrin role (Warlairds o New York DLC, Saison 4: End o Watch) |} == Theatre == * 2007–2009: ''Dirty Dancing''<ref name=":0" /> * ''High School Musical'' at the Drayton Theatre Fest * ''Country Legends'' at the Drayton Theatre Fest * 2010: ''British Invasion'' at Stage Wast (Calgary) * 2010: ''Beauty and the Beast: The Savagely Silly Family Musical'' as Bella at Elgin Theatre (Calgary)<ref name=":2" /> * 2011: [[Stratford Fest|Stratford Shakespeare Fest]]: ''[[Jesus Christ Superstar]]'' & ''[[Camelot (muisical)|Camelot]]'' * 2012: ''Jesus Christ Superstar'' as Martha, Maid by the Fire an Mary Magdalene (unnerstudy) at the Neil Simon Theatre (New York)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jesus Christ Superstar|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/jesus-christ-superstar-490940|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Internet Broadway Database}}</ref> * 2013-14: Les Misérables: Princess o Wales Theatre * 2014–2016: ''Les Misérables'' Ensemble an Fantine an Eponine (unnerstudy) at the Imperial Theatre (New York)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Les Misérables|url=https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-production/les-misrables-494837|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-06|website=Internet Broadway Database}}</ref> == Awairds an honors == * 2007: [[Juno Awairds|Juno Awaird]], New Airtist o the Year (nominee) * 2014: [[Dora Mavor Moore Awairds|Dora Awaird]] fur Ootstandin Female Performance fur role o Éponine in ''Les Misérables''<ref name=":3" /> == See an aw == * [[Rock muisic o Canadae|Canadian rock]] * [[Muisic o Canadae]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== {{sister project links|d=Q3305128|q=Melissa O'Neil|c=category:Melissa O'Neil|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} * {{IMDb name|2047780|Melissa O'Neil}} * {{IBDB name|491491|Melissa O'Neil}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Oneil, Melissa}} [[Category:1988 births]] [[Category:Canadian actresses o Cheenese strynd]] [[Category:Canadian fowk o Erse strynd]] [[Category:Actresses frae Calgary]] [[Category:Canadian Idol winners]] [[Category:Canadian muisical theatre actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Muisickers frae Calgary]] [[Category:Dora Mavor Moore Awaird winners]] [[Category:21st-century Canadian wummen sangsters]] [[Category:Canadian muisickers o Hong Kong strynd]] [[Category:Canadian pop muisickers]] [[Category:Canadian actresses o Hong Kong strynd]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Alberta]] lz0axqohlqcq2ux5daucyggsouwrqqj Jean-Pierre Pernaut 0 233427 916401 916352 2026-05-07T15:29:50Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Jean-Pierre Pernaut | image = Jean-Pierre Pernaut (cropped).jpg | birth_date = {{birth date|1950|04|08|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Amiens]], Fraunce | death_date = {{death date and age|2022|03|02|1950|04|08|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Paris]], Fraunce | spouse = {{marriage|[[Nathalie Marquay]]|2007}} | children = 4 | known = Host o the ''Journal de 13 heures'' (1988-2020) | employer = [[TF1]] }} '''Jean-Pierre Pernaut''' ({{IPA-fr|ʒɑ̃ pjɛʁ pɛʁno}}; 8 Aprile 1950 – 2 Mairch 2022) wis a French [[news presenter]] an broadcaster. He wis widely kent semply bi his initials, JPP.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jean-Pierre Pernaut Il fête ses 20 ans - Actu people - News People - …|url=http://www.voici.fr/potins-people/les-potins-du-jour/jean-pierre-pernaut-il-fete-ses-20-ans-169026?xtor=RSS-4|url-status=dead|access-date=2026-05-07|language=fr|archive-date=2013-02-13|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130213152017/http://www.voici.fr/potins-people/les-potins-du-jour/jean-pierre-pernaut-il-fete-ses-20-ans-169026?xtor=RSS-4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|title=Colère de JPP...|url=http://www.leblogtvnews.com/article-20370874.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=LeBlogTVNews|language=fr}}</ref> == Biography == Pernaut wis born in [[Amiens]], [[Somme (depairtment)|Somme]], on 8 Aprile 1950. The regular presenter o station [[TF1]]'s lunchtime news bulletin, the ''13 Heures'' (1pm) atween 1988 an 2020, Pernaut's combination o avuncular personality an authoritative delivery mak him ane o Fraunce's maist popular news readers. [[Editor-in-chief]] o the [[Bulletin board|bulletin]] an aa, Pernaut lang promotit a deleeberate policy o trivial content in ilka edition, uisually rinnin items aboot local cultur an tradeetional crafts towards the end o the broadcast. The approach wan a regular audience o atween seiven an aicht million fur the ''[[13 heures]]'', a considerable feegur fur a lunchtime news programme. Frae 1991 tae 2010 he wis the langtime presenter o ''Combien ça coûte ?'' (''Hou muckle daes that cost?'') an aa, a monthly consumer programme, again on [[TF1]]. Furthermair, frae 1988 till his daith Pernaut served on the [[board o directors]] o [[TF1 Group]] as a representative o the firm's employees. Pernaut, pairtner o aulder [[Miss France]] winner [[Nathalie Marquay]], published his best-sellin memoirs, ''Pour tout vous dire....'', in 2005. Shortly afore that, he published twa volumes o ''Les magnifiques métiers de l'artisanat'', that wis glossy, bit informative, tomes devotit tae the subjecks that hae mak his news bulletins sae distinctive. Pernaut dee'd frae [[buff cancer]] in [[Paris]] on 2 Mairch 2022, at the age o 71.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jean-Pierre Pernaut est mort : adieu à l’empereur du 13 heures|url=https://www.lepoint.fr/people/jean-pierre-pernaut-est-mort-adieu-a-l-empereur-du-13-heures-02-03-2022-2466787_2116.php|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[Le Point]]|language=fr}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == {{sister project links|d=Q3169632|q=no|c=category:Jean-Pierre Pernaut|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pernaut, Jean-Pierre}} [[Category:1950 births]] [[Category:2022 daiths]] [[Category:French Confederation o Christian Wirkers memmers]] [[Category:French televeesion jurnalists]] [[Category:French televeesion presenters]] [[Category:Fowk frae Amiens]] [[Category:Daiths frae buff cancer in Fraunce]] [[Category:École supérieure de journalisme de Lille alumni]] mzarfn4n484ulymbxhjf1na4j4hh4gg Mercedes Mason 0 233428 916412 916353 2026-05-07T16:43:38Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Mercedes Mason | image = Mercedes Mason by Gage Skidmore.jpg | caption = Mason at the 2015 [[San Diego Comic-Con]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|3|3}} | birth_place = [[Linköping]], Swaden | citizenship = {{hlist|Swaden|Unitit States}} | occupation = Actress | children = 2 | spouse = {{marriage|[[David Denman]]|2014}} | birth_name = Mercedes Masöhn | years_active = 2004–present }} '''Mercedes Mason''' (previously '''Mercedes Masöhn'''; 3 Mairch 1982) is an American actress. She pleyed the role o Zondra in the telly series ''[[Chuck (TV series)|Chuck]]'', an Isabel Zambada<ref>{{Cite web|last=Goldberg|first=Lesley|date=2011-07-20|title=‘The Finder’ Locates Female Lead|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-news/finder-locates-female-lead-213549/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}</ref> in the [[procedural drama]] ''[[The Finder (American TV series)|The Finder]]''. She forby starned in the 2011 American [[horror film]] ''[[Quarantine 2: Terminal]]'', portrayed Louise Leonard in the supernaitural drama series ''[[666 Park Avenue]]'' (2012–2013), pleyed Talia Del Campo in ''[[NCIS: Los Angeles]]'', an wis a regular on [[AMC (TV chainel)|AMC]]'s telly series ''[[Fear the Walking Dead]]'' frae 2015 tae 2017. In 2018 she pleyed Captain Zoe Andersen in the ABC Polis crime drama ''[[The Rookie]]''. == Early life == Mason wis born in 1982 in [[Linköping]], [[Swaden]],<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mercedes Masöhn {{!}} Biography|url=http://www.tvguide.com/celebrities/mercedes-mas%C3%B6hn/bio/339114|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[TV Guide]]}}</ref> an brocht up in the neebourheid o [[Ryd, Linköping|Ryd]]. Her faimily haed emigratit frae [[Iran]]. She haes ane sister.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Can Tannaz Hazemi Kick It?|url=http://www.theaesthete.com/art/tannaz-hazemi-kickstarter|access-date=2026-05-07|website=www.theaesthete.com|archive-date=2016-10-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161005104924/http://www.theaesthete.com/art/tannaz-hazemi-kickstarter|url-status=dead}}</ref> She flittit tae the Unitit States wi her faimily at the age o 12 an wis raised in the Chicago area.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Brännström|first=Linus|date=2012-04-22|title=Hon är Hollywoods nya svenska stjärna|url=https://www.expressen.se/noje/hon-ar-hollywoods-nya-svenska-stjarna/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[Expressen]]|language=sv}}</ref> == Career == Mason starned her career as Mercedes Masöhn on telly cried the Guyattwith a minor ane-episode role in the daytime [[soap opera]] ''[[One Life to Live]]'' in 2005; she returned tae the series fur twa episodes in 2006 as the chairacter Neery. Frae 2008 tae 2011, Mason haed mony ane-episode appearances in series sic as ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'', ''[[CSI: NY]]'' an ''[[Castle (TV series)|Castle]]''. She haed her main role debut in film as Jenny in ''[[Quarantine 2: Terminal]]'', the 2011 [[Foond footage (film technique)|foond footage]] [[Horror film|horror]] film sequel tae ''[[Quarantine (2008 film)|Quarantine]]''. Prior tae that, she kythed in minor roles in ''The [[Break-Up]]'' (2006) an ''[[Red Sands]]'' (2009). In 2011, she starned in the [[Drama (film an telly)|drama]] film ''[[Three Veils]]'' an aa. Throuoot the follaein years, Mason pleyed minor or supportin roles in mony films. In 2012, Mason wis ane o twa lead actresses in ''[[The Finder (American TV series)|The Finder]]'' during its lone saison. She pleyed [[Unitit States Marshals Service|Deputy U.S. Marshal]] Isabel Zambada, the [[Romance|romantic interest]] o [[title chairacter]] Walter Sherman ([[Geoff Stults]]). Baith she an [[Maddie Hasson]] fillt the void left bi the depairture o [[Saffron Burrows]],<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mitovich|first=Matt Webb|date=2011-07-20|title=Exclusive: Fox's The Finder Recruits Chuck Badass, Teen Newcomer|url=https://www.tvline.com/casting-news/fox-the-finder-mercedes-masohn-maddie-hasson-233173/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[TVLine]]|language=en-US}}</ref> the female lead in the series' [[Telly pilot|backduir pilot]] that wis the 19t episode o saison 6 o ''[[Bones (TV series)|Bones]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ng|first=Philiana|date=2011-05-25|title=‘Bones’ Spinoff Loses Saffron Burrows|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/bones-spinoff-loses-saffron-burrows-192359/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|language=en-US}}</ref> She forby co-starned on the ABC supernaitural drama series ''[[666 Park Avenue]]'' in 2012, that wis canceled midwey throu its saison.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Wightman|first=Catriona|date=2012-03-08|title=Mercedes Masohn joins '666 Park Avenue'|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/ustv/a370033/the-finder-mercedes-masohn-tree-hill-star-join-666-park-avenue/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[Digital Spy]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> In the ware o 2014, Mason debuted her role o DEA Special Agent Talia Del Campo on the [[CBS]] series ''[[NCIS: Los Angeles]]'', kythin in seiven episodes frae 2014 tae 2022. In August 2015, she debuted in her role as Ofelia Salazar, on the ''[[The Walking Dead (TV series)|Walking Dead]]'' companion series ''[[Fear the Walking Dead]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Davis|first=Brandon|date=2017-09-06|title=Mercedes Mason Recaps And Previews Fear The Walking Dead|url=https://comicbook.com/the-walking-dead/news/mercedes-mason/|access-date=2026-05-07|website=ComicBook.com|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2018, she pleyed Captain Zoe Andersen in the furst saison o the [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] series ''[[The Rookie]]''. == Personal life == In 2010, Mason stairtit datin actor [[David Denman]]; the couple marriet in 2014.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Juneau|first=Jen|date=2018-01-15|title=Mercedes Mason and David Denman Welcome Son Caius Kane|url=https://people.com/parents/mercedes-mason-david-denman-welcome-son-caius-kane/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|language=en}}</ref> Thair furst bairn wis born on 10 Januar 2018, a son cried Caius Kane.<ref name=":0" /> Thair seicont bairn, Sagan Cyrus, wis born in Mey 2021. Mason cam oot as bisexual in December 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mercedes Mason Actress on Facebook|url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/facebook/136005790287921/534897147065448|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-07|website=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> Mason is a naituralised U.S. ceetizen, haein taken the [[ceetizenship test]] in Aprile 2016. Mason speaks Inglis, French, Spainish, an Farsi. On the Norse tauk shaw ''[[Skavlan]]'' on 30 September 2016, she said that she nae langer speaks Swadish bit unnerstaunds it. ==Filmography== ===Film=== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2006 | ''[[The Break-Up]]'' | Goblet Girl | Uncreditit |- | 2009 | ''[[Red Sands]]'' | Arab Wumman | |- | rowspan="2" | 2011 | ''[[Quarantine 2: Terminal]]'' | Jenny | |- | ''[[Three Veils]]'' | Leila | |- | 2012 | ''[[General Education]]'' | Bebe Simmons | |- | 2013 | ''[[Slightly Single in L.A.]]'' | Stacey | |- | 2014 | ''[[Sniper: Legacy]]'' | Sanaa Malik | |- | 2015 | ''[[Ana Maria in Novela Land]]'' | Ana Gloria | Film credits as Mercedes Mason frae here on |- | 2020 | ''What the Night Can Do'' | Tasha Cole | |- | 2020 | ''Love by Drowning'' | Kazz Martin | |- | 2023 |''[[Little Dixie (film)|Little Dixie]]'' |Julie Reed | |- | 2024 |''[[Guns & Moses]]'' |Liat Rosner | |} ===Televeesion=== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- | 2005–2006 | ''[[One Life to Live]]'' | Neely / Red Cross Nurse | 3 episodes |- | 2008 | ''[[Entourage (American TV series)|Entourage]]'' | Kara | Episode: "Return to Queens Blvd." |- | rowspan="3" | 2009 | ''The Law'' | Theresa Ramirez | Unselt telly pilot |- | ''[[The Closer]]'' | Katherine Ortega | Episode: "Blood Money" |- | ''[[NCIS (TV series)|NCIS]]'' | Polis Officer Heather Kincaid | Episode: "Truth or Consequences" |- | 2009–2010 | ''[[Three Rivers (TV series)|Three Rivers]]'' | Vanessa | 4 episodes |- | 2009 | ''[[CSI: NY]]'' | Frankie Tyler | Episode: "It Happened to Me" |- | rowspan="2" | 2010 | ''[[Castle (TV series)|Castle]]'' | Marina Casillas | Episode: "He's Dead, She's Dead" |- | ''[[All Signs of Death]]'' | Soledad | Unselt telly pilot |- | rowspan="2" | 2011 | ''[[Traffic Light (TV series)|Traffic Light]]'' | Sherry | Episode: Pilot |- | ''[[Chuck (TV series)|Chuck]]'' | Zondra | 2 episodes |- | rowspan="2" | 2012 | ''[[The Finder (American TV series)|The Finder]]'' | Deputy U.S. Marshal Isabel Zambada | Main role |- | ''[[Common Law (2012 TV series)|Common Law]]'' | Ellen Sandoval | 2 episodes |- | 2012–2013 | ''[[666 Park Avenue]]'' | Louise Leonard | Main role |- | 2014–2022 | ''[[NCIS: Los Angeles]]'' | DEA agent Talia Del Campo | Recurrin role, 7 episodes |- | rowspan="2" | 2014 | ''[[Californication (TV series)|Californication]]'' | Amy Taylor Walsh | 2 episodes |- | ''[[Anger Management (TV series)|Anger Management]]'' | Maggie | 2 episodes; TV credits as Mercedes Mason frae here on |- | rowspan="2" | 2015 | ''[[The Astronaut Wives Club]]'' | Dot Bingham | Episode: "Flashpoint" |- |''White City'' | Lizzie Ghaffari | Telly film |- | 2015–2017 | ''[[Fear the Walking Dead]]'' | [[Ofelia Salazar]] | Main role (saisons 1–3) |- | 2017 | ''[[Doubt (American TV series)|Doubt]]'' | Elena Garcia | Episode: "Clean Burn" |- | 2018–2019, 2021 | ''[[The Rookie (TV series)|The Rookie]]'' | Captain Zoe Andersen | Main role (saison 1); guest role (saison 3) |- | 2019 | ''[[How to Get Away with Murder]]'' | Cora Duncan | 3 episodes |- | 2019–2020 | ''[[The L Word: Generation Q]]'' | Lena | 4 episodes |- | 2021 | ''[[American Horror Stories]]'' | Michelle | Episode: "Game Over" |} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Fremmit airtins== {{sister project links|d=Q453654|q=no|c=category:Mercedes Masohn|n=no|b=no|v=no|voy=no|m=no|mw=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no}} * {{IMDb name}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mason, Mercedes}} [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Actresses frae Illinois]] [[Category:Actors frae Linköping]] [[Category:Actresses frae Östergötland Coonty]] [[Category:Swadish televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Swadish expatriate actresses in the Unitit States]] [[Category:Naituralised ceetizens o the Unitit States]] [[Category:American televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Swadish fowk o Iranian strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Iranian strynd]] [[Category:1980s births]] [[Category:LGBTQ fowk frae Illinois]] [[Category:American bisexual actresses]] [[Category:Bisexual actresses]] [[Category:Swadish LGBTQ actors]] [[Category:Swadish bisexual wummen]] sptlm7lsdqqnayhpp64j8ku6j3ljicm Wikipedia:Mey 2026 Writin Drive 4 233435 916392 2026-05-07T15:06:55Z Cobra 3000 28371 Cobra 3000 flittit page [[Wikipedia:Mey 2026 Writin Drive]] til [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive]]: Muived event date 916392 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wikipedia:August 2026 Writin Drive]] foe5jxqjjswz9fo3uqf4p51k1ef3xpj Uiser collogue:RaveDog 3 233436 916419 2026-05-07T19:08:21Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 916419 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Walcome}} [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 19:08, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) d1u3hsxzu9omr61o9cxw50b4y4jmk5e 916433 916419 2026-05-07T23:43:02Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916433 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, RaveDog, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/RaveDog|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 19:08, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) 9ejzs3aj0wxj1szk0wd3chhtf2u0aay Uiser collogue:MPF 3 233437 916432 2026-05-07T23:41:46Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 916432 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, MPF, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/MPF|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 23:41, 7 Mey 2026 (UTC) s2lndcdlk2fekm974vaedrkzv3eidib Uiser collogue:Sakai Yayoi 3 233440 916471 2026-05-08T10:05:36Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 916471 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Sakai Yayoi, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Sakai Yayoi|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 10:05, 8 Mey 2026 (UTC) 521vori3jiwh4vv0za7lkof5jrbpvwr Uiser collogue:~2026-27931-91 3 233441 916473 2026-05-08T10:10:54Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Made page wi "{{subst:uw-english1}} ~~~~" 916473 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]]. I wanted to let you know that I undid one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-27931-91|your recent contributions]] because you changed [[:en:Scots language|Scots]] material to the [[:en:English language|English language]] or added English material to articles. This is the Scots Wikipedia, not the [[:en:Main Page|English one]], and the language of this project is [[Scots leid|Scots]]. If you think I made a mistake, or if you have any questions, you can leave me a message on [[User_talk:Mr.Murdoch78|my talk page]]. Thanks! [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 10:10, 8 Mey 2026 (UTC) 42ffl53kgbsz7m0g2iinqsvwj6e4s66