Wikipedia scowiki https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Special Collogue Uiser Uiser collogue Wikipedia Wikipedia collogue File File collogue MediaWiki MediaWiki collogue Template Template collogue Help Help collogue Category Category collogue Portal Portal talk Define Define talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 1563 916585 916409 2026-05-11T05:21:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Lunnon | image_skyline = London collage.jpg | imagesize = 270px | image_caption = Frae upper left: [[Ceety o Lunnon]], [[Tower Bridge]] an [[Lunnon Eye]], [[Palace o Wastmeenster]] | image_map = London (European Parliament constituency).svg | mapsize = 180px | map_caption = [[Greater Lunnon|Lunnon region]] in the Unitit Kinrick |settlement_type = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o sovereign states|Sovereign state]] | subdivision_name = [[Unitit Kinrick]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|Kintra]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Ingland]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Regions o Ingland|Region]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Greater Lunnon|Lunnon]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Ceremonial coonties o Ingland|Ceremonial coonties]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] an [[Greater Lunnon]] | subdivision_type4 = [[Destricts o England|Destricts]] | subdivision_name4 = [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] an [[Lunnon burgh|32 burghs]] | seat_type = Heidquairters | seat = [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]] | leader_title = Regional authority | leader_name = [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] | leader_title1 = [[Regional assembly (Ingland)|Regional assembly]] | leader_name1 = [[Lunnon Assembly]] | leader_title2 = [[Mayor o Lunnon]] | leader_name2 = [[Sadiq Khan]] | leader_title3 = [[Pairlament o the Unitit Kinrick|UK Pairlament]]<br />*Lunnon&nbsp;Assembly<br />*[[European Pairlament]] | leader_name3 = [[Leet o Pairlamentary constituencies in Lunnon|74 constituencies]]<br />[[Lunnon Assembly constituencies|14 constituencies]]<br />[[Lunnon (European Parliament constituency)|Lunnon constituency]] | established_title = Settled bi [[Roman Empire|Romans]] | established_date = as [[Roman Lunnon|Londinium]], c. 43 AD | aurie_magnitude = | aurie_total_sq_mi = 607 | population_as_of = | population_footnotes =<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/mro/news-release/census-result-shows-increase-in-population-of-london-as-it-tops-8-million/censuslondonnr0712.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-12-18 |archive-date=2015-10-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019123117/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/mro/news-release/census-result-shows-increase-in-population-of-london-as-it-tops-8-million/censuslondonnr0712.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | total_type = Lunnon | population_as_o = 2015 | population_footnotes = <ref name=gla-pop-2015>{{cite web|title=Population Growth in London, 1939–2015|url=http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/population-change-1939-2015/resource/0a026346-960e-49e6-b968-a386d2cfe55f|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150219160246/http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/population-change-1939-2015/resource/0a026346-960e-49e6-b968-a386d2cfe55f|archive-date=2015-02-19|website=London Datastore|publisher=Greater London Authority|accessdate=7 July 2015|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> | population_total = 8,630,000 | population_density_km2 = 5,490 | population_blank1_title = [[Greater Lunnon Biggit-up Area|Urban]] | population_blank1 = 9,787,426 | population_blank2_title = [[Lunnon metropolitan area|Metro]] | population_blank2 = 13,879,757 | population_demonym = Lunnoner {{Collapsible list | title = Ethnic groups | frame_style = border:none; padding: 0; <!--NOTICE: This will hide the borders and make rows closer (padding)--> | list_style = text-align:left;display:none; | 1 = '''59.8% [[White fowk|White]]''' | 2 = 44.9% [[White Breetish]] | 3 = 2.2% [[Erse migration tae Great Breetain|White Erse]] | 4 = 12.7% [[Ither White]] | 5 = &nbsp; | 6 = '''5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Mixed]]''' | 7 = 1.5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed Black Caribbean an White|Black Caribbean & White]] | 8 = 0.8% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed Black Caribbean an White|Black African & White]] | 9 = 1.2% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)#Mixed South Asian an White|Sooth Asie & White]] | 10 = 1.5% [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Ither mixed]] | 11 = &nbsp; | 12 = '''16.9% [[Breetish Asie|Sooth Asie]]''' | 13 = 6.6% [[Breetish Indie|Indie]] | 14 = 2.7% [[Breetish Pakistanis|Pakistani]] | 15 = 2.7% [[Breetish Bangladeshi|Bangladeshi]] | 16 = 4.9% [[Breetish Asiae|Ither Sooth Asie]] | 17 = &nbsp; | 18 = '''13.3% [[Black Breetish|Black]]''' | 19 = 7% [[Black Breetish|Black African]] | 20 = 4.2% [[Breetish African-Caribbean commonty|Black Caribbean]] | 21 = 2.1% [[Ither Black (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|Ither Black]] | 22 = &nbsp; | 23 = '''4.9% [[East Asies in the Unitit Kinrick|East Asie]] [[Classification o ethnicity in the Unitit Kinrick|or Ither]]''' | 24 = 1.5% [[Breetish Cheenese|Chinese]] | 25 = 3.4% [[Classification o ethnicity in the Unitit Kinrick|Ither]] | archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7 |archivedate = 19 May 2011}} | timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]] | utc_offset = ±0 | timezone_DST = [[Bretish Simmer Time|BST]] | utc_offset_DST = +1 | coordinates = {{coord|51|30|26|N|0|7|39|W|region:GB|display=inline,title}} | elevation_footnotes =<ref name = Elevation>{{Cite journal |url = http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |title = London, United Kingdom Forecast : Weather Underground (weather and elevation at Heathrow Airport) |publisher = The Weather Underground, Inc. |accessdate = 6 June 2008 |format = online |ref = harv |archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0HaAk7?url=http://www.wunderground.com/global/stations/03772.html |archivedate = 2011-05-19 |journal = |url-status = live }}</ref> | elevation_m = 24 | postcode_type = [[Postcodes in the Unitit Kinrick|Postcode areas]] | postcode = {{postcode|E}}, {{postcode|EC}}, {{postcode|N}}, {{postcode|NW}}, {{postcode|SE}}, {{postcode|SW}}, {{postcode|W}}, {{postcode|WC}}, {{postcode|BR}}, {{postcode|CM}}, {{postcode|CR}}, {{postcode|DA}}, {{postcode|EN}}, {{postcode|HA}}, {{postcode|IG}}, {{postcode|KT}}, {{postcode|RM}}, {{postcode|SM}}, {{postcode|TN}}, {{postcode|TW}}, {{postcode|UB}}, {{postcode|WD}} | aurie_code = [[Leet o telephone exchynges in Lunnon|020, 01322, 01689, 01708, 01737, 01895, 01923, 01959, 01992]] | wabsteid = [http://www.london.gov.uk/ london.gov.uk] }} '''Lunnon''' ({{IPA-sco|ˈlʌnən|}}; {{lang-en|London}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/london?showCookiePolicy=true|title=London|accessdate=23 September 2014|publisher=Collins Dictionary|date=n.d.}}</ref>, {{IPA-endia|ˈlʌndən|}}) is the caipital an maist populous ceety o [[Ingland]] an the [[Unitit Kinrick]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html|title=The World Factbook|date=1 February 2014|work=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]|accessdate=23 February 2014|archive-date=2019-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107065049/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uk.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Staunin on the [[River Thames]], Lunnon haes been a major dounset for twa millennia, [[History o Lunnon|its history]] that gangs back tae its foundin bi the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], wha named it ''[[Londinium]]''.<ref name=Lunnon_001>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |date= n.d. |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080622181424/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Permanent/RomanLondon.htm |title= Roman London |publisher= [[Museum o Lunnon]] |archivedate= 2008-06-22 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon's auncient core, the [[Ceety o Lunnon]], lairgely retains its {{convert|1.12|sqmi|adj=on}} [[Middle Ages|medieval]] boundaries an in 2011 haed a resident population o 7,375, makin it the smawest [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety]] in Ingland. Syne the 19t century or mair, the term ''Lunnon'' haes referred tae the metropolis developed aroond this core an aa.<ref name="mills_140">{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=140}}</ref> The bulk o this [[conurbation]] forms the [[Greater Lunnon]] [[Metropolitan an non-metropolitan coonties o Ingland|admeenistrative area]] (coterminous wi the Lunnon [[regions o England|region]]),<ref name="region">{{cite web|url=http://www.gos.gov.uk/gol/factgol/London/?a=42496|title=Government Offices for the English Regions, Fact Files: London|publisher=Office for National Statistics|accessdate=4 May 2008|archive-date=2008-01-24|archive-url=https://archive.today/20080124102915/http://www.gos.gov.uk/gol/factgol/London/?a=42496|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref><ref name="elcock">{{Cite book |last= Elcock |first=Howard |title=Local Government: Policy and Management in Local Authorities |url= https://archive.org/details/localgovernmentp0000elco |publisher=Routledge |location= Lunnon |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-415-10167-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/localgovernmentp0000elco/page/n368 368]|ref=harv}}</ref><ref group="note">See an aa: [[Independent ceety#National capitals|Independent ceety § National capitals]].</ref> govrened bi the [[Mayor o Lunnon]] an the [[Lunnon Assembly]].<ref name="politics_uk">{{Cite book |last=Jones |first=Bill |author2=Kavanagh, Dennis|author3=Moran, Michael|author4=Norton, Philip |title=Politics UK |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4058-2411-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/politicsuk0000unse/page/868 868] |ref=harv |location=Harlow}}</ref><ref group="note">The Lunnon Mayor isnae tae be confused wi the [[Lord Mayor o Lunnon]] wha heids the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]], that administers the ceety o Lunnon.</ref> Lunnon is a leadin [[global ceety]],<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/shortcuts/2013/mar/10/london-capital-of-world-divorce-breakfast |title= London: the everything capital of the world |work=[[The Guardian]] |author= Adewunmi, Bim |date=10 March 2013 |location =Lunnon}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://moreintelligentlife.co.uk/content/ideas/john-parker/what-capital-world?page=full |title= What's The Capital Of The World? |publisher= More Intelligent Life |accessdate= 4 July 2013 |archive-date= 2013-09-22 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130922132807/http://moreintelligentlife.co.uk/content/ideas/john-parker/what-capital-world?page=full |url-status= dead }}</ref> wi strenths in the arts, commerce, eddication, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research an development, tourism, an transport aw contributing tae its prominence.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.forbes.com/pictures/edgl45ghmd/no-1-london |title= The World's Most Influential Cities 2014 |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Forbes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.mori-m-foundation.or.jp/gpci/index_e.html |title= Global Power City Index 2014 |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Institute for Urban Strategies&nbsp;– The Mori Memorial Foundation}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/london-is-the-most-desirable-city-in-the-world-to-work-in-study-finds-9779868.html |title= London is 'the most desirable city in the world tae work in', study finds |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/20141218london-leads-the-uk-for-worldclass-research |title= London leads the UK for world-class research |accessdate= 2 March 2015 |publisher= Lunnon & Partners |archive-date= 2019-04-01 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190401181841/https://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/20141218london-leads-the-uk-for-worldclass-research |url-status= dead }}</ref> It is ane o the warld's leadin [[financial centre]]s<ref name="Mastercard">{{cite web |url= http://www.mastercard.com/us/company/en/insights/pdfs/2008/MCWW_WCoC-Report_2008.pdf |title= Worldwide Centres of Commerce Index 2008 |publisher=Mastercard}}</ref><ref name="Global Financial Centres 10">{{cite web |url=http://zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2010.pdf |title=Global Financial Centres 9 |publisher=[[Z/Yen]] |year=2011 |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2011-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008222617/http://zyen.com/PDF/GFCI%2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="forbes.com">{{cite news |url= http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities.html |title= World's Most Economically Powerful Cities |work= Forbes |location= New York |date= 15 July 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0LhcwS?url=http://www.forbes.com/2008/07/15/economic-growth-gdp-biz-cx_jz_0715powercities.html |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> an haes the [[Leet o ceeties by GDP|fift-or saxt-lairgest metropolitan area GDP in the warld]] dependin on measurement.<ref group="note">Rankings o ceeties by metropolitan area GDP can vary as a result o differences in the definition o the boundaries an population sizes o the areas compared, exchange rate fluctuations an the method uised tae calculate throu-pit. Lunnon an [[Paris]] are o about similar size in terms o total economic throu-pit that can result in third party sources varyin as tae whit ane o thaim is defined as haein the fifth- an sixth-lairgest ceety GDP in the warld. A report by the McKinsey Global Institute published in 2012 estimatit that Lunnon had a ceety GDP o US$751.8 billion in 2010, compared tae US$764.2 billion for Paris, makkin thaim respectively the saxt- an fift-mucklemaist in the warld. A report by PricewaterhouseCoopers published in November 2009 estimatit that Lunnon haed a ceety GDP measured in purchasing power parity o US$565 billion in 2008, compared tae US$564 billion for Paris, makkin thaim respectively the fift- an saxt-mucklemaist in the warld. The McKinsey Global Institute study uised a metropolitan area wi a population o 14.9 million for Lunnon compared tae 11.8 million for Paris, while the PricewaterhouseCoopers study uised a metropolitan area wi a population o 8.59 million for Lunnon compared tae 9.92 million for Paris.</ref><ref name=forpolgdp>{{cite news |url=http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |title=The Most Dynamic Cities of 2025 |accessdate=28 September 2012 |work=Foreign Policy |date=September–October 2012 |archive-date=2012-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104144609/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2012/08/13/the_most_dynamic_cities_of_2025 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Global ceety GDP rankings 2008-2025">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |title=Global city GDP rankings 2008–2025 |publisher=PricewaterhouseCoopers |accessdate=16 November 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0M2ast?url=http://www.ukmediacentre.pwc.com/Media-Library/Global-city-GDP-rankings-2008-2025-61a.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon is a warld cultural caipital.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-capital-of-the-world-766661.html |location=Lunnon |work=The Independent |first=Simon |last=Calder |date=22 December 2007 |title=London, capital of the world}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23389580-london-is-the-world-capital-of-the-21st-century-says-new-york.do |author= Teodorczuk, Tom |title= London is the world capital of the 21st century&nbsp;... says New York |work= Lunnon Evening Standard |date= 20 March 2007 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |archive-date= 2009-11-25 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091125151618/http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23389580-london-is-the-world-capital-of-the-21st-century-says-new-york.do |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2008/culturecapital.aspx |title=London is world capital of culture says LSE expert |publisher=Lunnon School o Economics |date=11 March 2008 |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2011-11-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111118132607/http://www2.lse.ac.uk/newsAndMedia/news/archives/2008/culturecapital.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/get-involved/consultations/current-consultations/cultural-strategy |title=Cultural Strategy |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |date=6 September 2010 |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2012-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209210256/http://www.london.gov.uk/get-involved/consultations/current-consultations/cultural-strategy |url-status=dead }}</ref> It is the warld's maist-visitit ceety as measured by international arrivals<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/travel/news-and-advice/london-tops-ranking-of-destination-cities-2291794.html |title= London tops ranking of destination cities |accessdate=12 June 2012 |newspaper =The Independent |location =Lunnon |date=1 June 2011}}</ref> an haes the [[World's busiest ceety airport systems by passenger traffic|warld's lairgest ceety airport system]] measured bi passenger traffic.<ref name=capa1>{{cite web |url= http://www.centreforaviation.com/analysis/beijing-to-overtake-london-as-worlds-largest-aviation-hub-massive-new-airport-planned-58776 |title= Beijing tae overtake london as world's largest aviation hub |accessdate=12 June 2012 |publisher=Centre for Aviation}}</ref> Lunnon's 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o higher education institutes in Europe.<ref name="Lunnon2">{{cite press release |date=20 August 2008 |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/press_releases_mayoral/number-international-students-london-continues-grow |title=Number of international students in London continues tae grow |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0OvJq8?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/press_releases_mayoral/number-international-students-london-continues-grow |archivedate=2011-05-19 |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[2012 Simmer Olympics|2012]], Lunnon became the first ceety tae host the modren [[Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] three times.<ref name=IOC>{{cite web |url= http://www.olympic.org/media?calendartab=1&articleid=52922 |title=IOC elects London as the Host City of the Games of the XXX Olympiad in 2012 |date=6 July 2005 |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]] |accessdate=3 June 2006}}</ref> Lunnon haes a diverse range o fowk an culturs, an mair nor 300 leids is spoken wiin Greater Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_006>{{cite web |url= http://www.cilt.org.uk/faqs/langspoken.htm |title= Languages spoken in the UK population |publisher= National Centre for Language |accessdate= 6 June 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0PFX8H?url=http://www.cilt.org.uk/faqs/langspoken.htm |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= dead }}</ref> The [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] estimatit its population tae be 8.63 million in 2015,<ref name=gla-pop-2015/> the lairgest o ony [[lairgest ceeties o the European Union by population wiin ceety limits|municipality in the European Union]],<ref name="lairgest_city_eu">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=384 |title=Largest EU City. Over 7&nbsp;million residents in 2001 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=28 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5Qd8V9JhM?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=384 |archivedate=2007-07-26 |url-status=live }}</ref> an accoonting for 12.5 percent o the UK population.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/applications/focus-london-population-and-migration |title=Focus on London&nbsp;– Population and Migration &#124; London DataStore |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate=10 February 2012 |archive-date=2010-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101016225915/http://data.london.gov.uk/datastore/applications/focus-london-population-and-migration |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Greater Lunnon Urban area|Lunnon's urban area]] is the seicont [[lairgest urban areas o the European Union|maist populous in the EU]], efter [[Paris]], wi 9,787,426 indwallers accordin tae the 2011 census.<ref name="urbanpopulation">{{cite web | url=http://www.nomisweb.co.uk/articles/747.aspx|title=2011 Census – Built-up areas| publisher=[[Office for National Statistics|ONS]] | accessdate=29 June 2013}}</ref> The [[Lunnon metropolitan area|ceety's metropolitan area]] is the ane o the [[Leet o metropolitan areas in Europe|maist populous in Europe]] wi 13,614,409 indwallers,{{refn|According tae the [[Eurostat|European Statistical Agency]], Lunnon has the lairgest [[lairger Urban Zones|lairger Urban Zone]] that uises [[conurbation]]s an areas o heich population as its definition. A [[lairgest ceeties o the European Union by population wiin ceety limits|ranking o population]] wiin municipal boundaries places Lunnon first. Houaniver, the [[University o Avignon]] in France claims that Paris is first an Lunnon second whan includin the hale urban areaan [[hinterland]], that is the [[lairgest urban areas o the European Union|outlying ceeties as well]].|group=note}}<ref name="appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu show">{{cite web |url= http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=met_pjanaggr3&lang=en |title= Metropolitan Area Populations |publisher=Eurostat |date=30 August 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> while the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] pits the population o Lunnon metropolitan region at 21 million.<ref>[http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/introduction/positioning.jsp The London Plan – Introduction – Positioning London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407025007/http://www.london.gov.uk/thelondonplan/introduction/positioning.jsp |date=2014-04-07 }}. Greater Lunnon Authority. Retrieved 12 July 2013.</ref> Lunnon wis the [[warld's lairgest ceeties|warld's maist populous ceety]] frae aroond 1831 tae 1925.<ref name=Lunnon_030>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |title=London: The greatest city |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=12 October 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0g3KOn?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon conteens fower [[Warld Heritage Steid]]s: the [[Touer o Lunnon]]; [[Kew Gardens]]; the site comprisin the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]], [[Westminster Abbey]], an [[St Margaret's, Westminster|St Margaret's Kirk]]; an the historic dounset o [[Greenwich]] (in whilk the [[Royal Observatory, Greenwich]] marks the [[Prime Meridian]], 0° [[langitude]], an [[Greenwich Mean Time|GMT]]).<ref name=Lunnon_005>{{cite web |url= http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/gb|title=Lists: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |publisher=[[UNESCO]] |accessdate=26 November 2008}}</ref> Ither famous laundmerks include [[Buckingham Palace]], the [[Lunnon Ee]], [[Piccadilly Circus]], [[St Paul's Cathedral]], [[Tower Bridge]], [[Trafalgar squerr]], an [[The Shard]]. Lunnon is home tae numerous [[Leet o museums in Lunnon|museums]], galleries, libraries, [[Sport in Lunnon|sporting events]] an ither cultural institutions, includin the [[British Museum]], [[National Gallery]], [[Tate Modern]], [[British Library]] an 40 [[West End theatre|West End]] theatres.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207&story=E8821201275286&title=West+End+Must+Innovate+to+Renovate%2C+Says+Report |title=West End Must Innovate tae Renovate, Says Report |accessdate=15 November 2010 |work=What's On Stage |date=25 January 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0S4x3M?url=http://www.whatsonstage.com/index.php?pg=207 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |location=Lunnon |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] is the auldest unnerground railway network in the warld.<ref name=Metro150>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-20641351 |title=Oyster card celebrates 150th Tube anniversary |work=BBC News |date=10 December 2012 |accessdate=10 January 2013}}</ref><ref name="railwaygazette.com">{{cite news |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/shanghai-now-the-worlds-longest-metro.html |title=Shanghai now the world's longest metro |date=4 May 2010 |work=[[Railway Gazette International]] |accessdate=4 May 2010 |location=Lunnon |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0Tj3yO?url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view/10/shanghai-now-the-worlds-longest-metro.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> == History == ===Toponymy=== [[File:London Thames Sunset panorama - Feb 2008.jpg|thumb|300px|The name ''Lunnon'' mey derive frae the [[River Thames]]]] The [[etymology o Lunnon|etymology o ''Lunnon'']] is uncertain.<ref name="mills_139">{{Harvnb|Mills|2001|p=139}}</ref> It is an auncient name, foond in soorces frae the 2nt century. It is recorded c. 121 as ''[[Londinium]]'', that pynts tae [[Romano-British]] origin.<ref name="mills_139"/> The earliest attemptit explanation, nou disregarded, is attributit tae [[Geoffrey o Monmouth]] in ''[[Historia Regum Britanniae]]''.<ref name="mills_139"/> This haed it that the name originatit frae a supposed [[Lud son o Heli|Keeng Lud]], wha haed allegedly takken ower the ceety an named it ''Kaerlud''.<ref name=Lunnon_009>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/02/books/chapters/02-1st-ackro.html?ex=1225339200&en=b9c2c11ad6e1f435&ei=5070&pagewanted=3|title=London|last=Ackroyd|first=Peter|work=The New York Times |accessdate=28 October 2008 | date=2 December 2001|isbn=978-0-7011-7279-4}}</ref> Frae 1898, it wis commonly acceptit that the name wis o [[Celts|Celtic]] origin an meant ''place belangin tae a man cawed *Londinos''; this explication haes syne been rejeckit.<ref name="mills_139"/> [[Richard Coates]] pit forrit an explication in 1998 that it is derived frae the pre-Celtic [[Auld European hydronymy|Auld European]] ''*(p)lowonida'', meanin 'burn ower wide for tae ford', an suggestit that this wis a name gien tae the pairt o the [[River Thames]] that rins throu Lunnon; frae this, the dounset gained the Celtic form o its name, ''*Lowonidonjon'';<ref name=coates>{{Cite journal|last=Coates|first=Richard|year=1998|title=A new explanation of the name of London|journal=Transactions o the Philological Society|volume=96|issue=2|pages=203–229|url=http://www.doi.org/10.1111/1467-968X.00027|doi=10.1111/1467-968X.00027|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0UqnAy?url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1467-968X.00027|archivedate=2011-05-19|access-date=2019-10-24|url-status=live}}</ref> this requires quite a serious amendment houiver. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form ''Londinium'' wi the modren Welsh ''Llundain'', that should demand a form ''*(h)lōndinion'' (as opposed tae *londīnion), frae earlier ''*loundiniom''. The possibility canna be ruled oot that the Welsh name wis borrowed back in frae Inglis at a later date, an for that raison canna be uised as a basis frae that tae reconstruct the oreeginal name. Til 1889, the name "Lunnon" offeecially anerly applee'd tae the [[Ceety o Lunnon]] but syne then it haes referred tae the [[Coonty o Lunnon]], an nou [[Greater Lunnon]] an aa.<ref name="mills_140"/> ===Prehistory=== Twa recent discoveries indicate probable vera auld settlements near the Thames in the Lunnon area. In 1999, the remains o a [[Bronze Age]] bridge war foond on the foreshore north o [[Vauxhall Bridge]].<ref name="Denison">{{cite journal|last=Denison|first=Simon|title=First 'London Bridge' in River Thames at Vauxhall|journal=British Archaeology|date=July 1999|issue=46|url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html|accessdate=15 April 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0WdLQ0?url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba46/ba46news.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> This brig aither gaed athort the Thames, or gaed tae a nou lost island in the burn. Dendrology datit the timbers tae 1500 BC.<ref name="Denison"/> In 2010 the foundations o a lairge timmer structur, datit tae 4500 BC, war foond on the Thames foreshore, sooth o Vauxhall Bridge.<ref name="Milne">{{cite web|last=Milne|first=Gustav|title=London's Oldest Foreshore Structure!|url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall|work=Frog Blog|publisher=Thames Discovery Programme|accessdate=15 April 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0WtZpl?url=http://www.thamesdiscovery.org/frog-blog/london-s-oldest-find-discovered-at-vauxhall|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The function o the mesolithic structur is nae kent. Baith structures are on South Bank, at a naitural crossin pynt whaur the [[River Effra]] flows intae the River Thames.<ref name="Milne"/> ===Roman Lunnon=== [[File:Map of London, 1300.svg|thumb|In 1300, the [[Ceety o Lunnon|Ceety]] wis still confined wiin the [[Lunnon Waw|Roman walls]].]] Tho thare is evidence o scattered [[Britons (historical)|Brythonic]] settlements in the area, the first major dounset wis foondit bi the [[Roman Empire|Romans]] efter the invasion o 43&nbsp;AD.<ref name="roman">{{Cite book |title=Roman London |last=Perring |first=Dominic |year=1991 |publisher=Routledge |location=Lunnon |isbn=978-0-203-23133-3|page=1 |ref=harv }}</ref> This anerly lastit til aroond 61, whan the [[Iceni]] tribe led bi [[Boudica|Queen Boudica]] stormed it, burning it tae the grund.<ref name=Lunnon_010>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/romanbritain_timeline_noflash.shtml|title=British History Timeline&nbsp;—Roman Britain|publisher=BBC|accessdate=7 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0V1GXn?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/timeline/romanbritain_timeline_noflash.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The next, heivy planned, incarnation o Londinium prospered an superseded [[Colchester]] as the caipital o the [[Roman Britain|Roman province]] o [[Britannia]] in 100. At its hicht in the 2nt century, Roman Lunnon haed a population o aroond 60,000. ===Anglo-Saxon Lunnon (an Viking period)=== Wi the collapse o Roman rule in the early 5t century, Lunnon ceased tae be a caipital an the walled ceety o Londinium wis effectively abandoned, awtho Roman civilisation continued in the [[St Martin-in-the-Fields]] area until aroond 450.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Londinium.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090108092449/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Londinium.htm|archivedate=2009-01-08|publisher=Museum o Lunnon|title=The last days of Londinium|accessdate=31 March 2013|url-status=live}}</ref> Frae aroond 500, an [[Anglo-Saxon]] dounset kent as [[Anglo-Saxon Lunnon|Lundenwic]] developed in the same area, slichtly tae the wast o the auld Roman ceety.<ref name=Lunnon_011>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Lundenwic.htm |title= The early years of Lundenwic |publisher= The [[Museum o Lunnon]] |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080610043903/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Past/MissingLink/Themes/TML_themes_Lundenwic.htm |archivedate= 2008-06-10 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> By aboot 680, it haed revived sufficiently tae become a major port, awtho thare is little evidence o lairge-scale production o goods. Frae the 820s the toun declined acause o repeatit [[Viking]] invasions. Thare three recordit Viking assaults on Lunnon; twa o whilk wis wun tae in 851 an 886 AD, tho thay war defeatit in the attack o 994 AD.<ref name="Viking Attacks">{{cite web|url=https://web.cn.edu/kwheeler/viking_attacklist.html?showall=1|title=Viking Attacks|publisher=web.cn.edu/kwheeler/|accessdate=24 August 2014}}</ref> [[File:Siege of London (MS 1168).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Hoose o Lancaster|Lancastrian]] siege o Lunnon in 1471 is attacked by a [[Hoose o York|Yorkist]] sally.]] The Vikings established [[Denlaw]] ower a fair feck o the eastren an northren pairt o Ingland wi its mairch gaun frae aboot Lunnon tae [[Chester]]. It wis an area o political an geographical control imposed bi the Viking incursions that wis formally agreed tae bi the [[Dens fowk|Dens]] [[warlord]], [[Guthrum]] an wast-[[Saxon]] [[keeng]], [[Alfred the Great]] in 886 AD. Denlaw lastit in mony pairts o Ingland for centuries tae come. The ''[[Anglo-Saxon Chronicle]]'' recordit that Lunnon wis "refounded" by [[Alfred the Great]] in 886. Archaeological research shows that this involved abandonment o Lundenwic an a revival o life an tred wiin the auld Roman walls. Lunnon then grew slowly until aboot 950, efter whilk activity increased dramatically.<ref name="blackwell">{{cite encyclopedia |last=Vince|first= Alan|year=2001|title=London|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia o Anglo-Saxon England |publisher= Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}</ref> Bi the 11t century, Lunnon wis ayont aw comparison the lairgest toun in Ingland. [[Wastmeenster Abbey]], rebiggit in the [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] style by King [[Edward the Confessor]], wis ane o the grandest kirks in Europe. [[Winchester]] haed aforehaun been the caipital o Anglo-Saxon Ingland, but frae this time on, Lunnon becam the main forum for furren traders an the base for defence in time o war. In the view o [[Frank Stenton]]: "It had the resources, an it was rapidly developing the dignity an the political self-consciousness appropriate tae a national capital."<ref>{{cite book|authorlink=Frank Stenton|last=Stenton|first= Frank|year=1971|title=Anglo-Saxon England|url=https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0000sten|pages=[https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0000sten/page/538 538]–539|publisher= Oxford University Press|edition=3rd|isbn=978-0-19-280139-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Blair |first= John |year=2001|title=Westminster|encyclopedia=The Blackwell Encyclopedia o Anglo-Saxon England|publisher= Blackwell |isbn=978-0-631-22492-1}}</ref> ===Middle Ages=== [[File:Westminster Abbey by Canaletto, 1749.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wastmeenster Abbey]], as seen in this pentin (Canaletto, 1749), is a [[World Heritage Site]] an ane o Lunnon's auldest an maist important biggins]] Follaein his victory in the [[Battle o Hastings]], [[William the Conqueror|William, Duke o Normandy]], wis crowned [[Keeng o Ingland]] in the newly finished Wastmeenster Abbey on Christmas Day 1066.<ref name=Lunnon_015>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_06.shtml|title=History&nbsp;– 1066&nbsp;– King William|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0Yen4R?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/normans/1066_06.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> William biggit the [[Touer o Lunnon]], the first o the mony Norman castles in Ingland tae be rebuilt in stone, in the sootheastren corner o the ceety, tae intimidate the native indwallers.<ref name=Lunnon_016>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml|title=A History of British Architecture&nbsp;— White Tower|last=Tinniswood|first=Adrian|authorlink=Adrian Tinniswood|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ZWxtH?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/architecture_02.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> In 1097, [[William II o Ingland|William II]] began the biggin o [[Wastmeenster Hall]], close bi the abbey o the same name. The hall becam the basis o a new [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]].<ref name=Lunnon_017>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/building.cfm|title=UK Parliament&nbsp;— Parliament: The building|date=9 November 2007|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311032051/http://www.parliament.uk/about/history/building.cfm|archivedate=2008-03-11|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_018>{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/parliament/guide/palace.htm|title=Palace of Westminster|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404171249/http://www.parliament.uk/parliament/guide/palace.htm|archivedate=2008-04-04|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 12t century, the institutions o central government, whilk haed hitherto accompanied the ryal Inglis court as it moved aroond the kintra, grew in size an sophistication an becam increasingly fixed in ane place. In maist cases this wis Wastmeenster, awtho the ryal treasury, haein been moved frae Winchester, came tae rest in the Tower. While the [[Ceety o Wastmeenster]] developed intae a true caipital in governmental terms, its distinct neighbour, the ceety o Lunnon, remained Ingland's lairgest ceety an principal commercial centre, an it flourished unner its ain unique admeenistration, the [[Ceety o Lunnonn Corporation|Corporation o Lunnon]]. In 1100, its population wis aroond 18,000; by 1300 it haed grown tae nearly 100,000.<ref name=Lunnon_019>{{Cite book|last=Schofield|first=John|last2=Vince|first2=Alan|author2-link=Alan Vince|title=Medieval Towns: The Archaeology of British Towns in Their European Setting|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8264-6002-8|url=http://books.google.com/?id=Qu7QLC7g7VgC&pg=PA26&lpg=PA26&dq=london+population+1100+-+1300|page=26|ref=harv}}</ref> Disaster struck during the [[Black Death]] in the mid-14t century, when Lunnon lost nearly a third o its population.<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml |title=Black Death |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ZmE6P?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/middle_ages/black_01.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=3 November 2008 |ref=harv |journal= |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon wis the focus o the [[Peasants' Revolt]] in 1381.<ref name=Lunnon_020>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_ii_king.shtml|title=Richard II (1367–1400)|publisher=BBC|accessdate=12 October 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0aYnXz?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/richard_ii_king.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Air modren=== [[File:Great Fire London.jpg|thumb|The [[Great Fire o Lunnon]] destroyed mony pairts o the ceety in 1666.]] [[File:London - John Norden's map of 1593.jpg|thumb|Cairt o Lunnon in 1593. Thare is anly ane bridge athort the Thames, but pairts o Southwark on the sooth bank o the river hae been developed.]] During the [[Tudor period]] the [[Inglis Reformation|Reformation]] produced a gradual shift tae Protestantism, wi much o Lunnon passin frae kirk tae private ainership.<ref name=pevsner>[[Nikolaus Pevsner|Pevsner, Nikolaus]]. ''Lunnon I: The ceeties o Lunnon an Westminster'' rev. edition, 1962. Introduction p. 48.</ref> The traffic in [[woollen]] cloths shipped undyed an undressed frae Lunnon tae the nearby shores o the [[Law Kintras]] whaur it wis considered indispensable.<ref>J. G. Pounds (1976). "An Historical Geography o Europe 450 B.C.-A.D. 1330, Part 1330". p. 430. CUP Archive,</ref> But the tentacles o English maritime enterprise hardly extendit beyond the seas o north-wast Europe. The commercial route tae [[Italy]] an the [[Mediterranean Sea]] normally lay throu [[Antwerp]] an ower the [[Alps]]; ony ships passing throu the [[Strait o Gibraltar]] tae or frae England war likely tae be Italian or [[Dubrovnik|Ragusan]]. Upon the re-openin o the [[Netherlands]] tae English shipping in Januar 1565 thare at ance ensued a strang outburst o commercial activity.<ref>Ramsay, George Daniel (1986). The Queen's Merchants an the Revolt o the Netherlands: The End o the Antwerp Mart. Volume 2, pp. 1 an 62–63. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-1849-7</ref> The [[Royal Exchange, Lunnon|Royal Exchange]] wis foondit.<ref>The life an times o Sir Thomas Gresham, founner o the Royal Exchange: including notices o many o his contemporaries. wi illustrations, Volume 2, pages&nbsp;80–81, John William Burgon, E. Wilson, 1839.</ref> [[Mercantilism]] grew an monopoly trading companies sic as the [[East Indie Company]] war established, wi tred expanding tae the [[New World]]. Lunnon becam the principal [[North Sea]] port, wi migrants arrivin frae England an abroad. The population rose frae an estimatit 50,000 in 1530 tae aboot 225,000 in 1605.<ref name=pevsner/> In the 16t century, [[William Shakespeare]] an his contemporaries lived in Lunnon at a time o hostility tae the development o the [[Elizabethan theatre|theatre]]. By the end o the Tudor period in 1603, Lunnon wis still vera compact. Thare wis an assassination attempt on [[James I o England|James I]] in Westminster, throu the [[Gunpowder Plot]] on 5 November 1605.<ref name=Lunnon_023>{{Cite book |title=James I |url=https://archive.org/details/jamesi0000durs |last=Durston |first=Christopher|year=1993 |publisher=Routledge |location=Lunnon |isbn=978-0-415-07779-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/jamesi0000durs/page/59 59] |ref=harv }}</ref> Lunnon wis [[Bubonic plague|plagued]] by disease in the early 17t century,<ref name=Lunnon_024>{{cite web |url=http://urbanrim.org.uk/plague%20list.htm |title=A List of National Epidemics of Plague in England 1348–1665 |publisher=Urban Rim |date=4 December 2009 |accessdate=3 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5gVUqcycW?url=http://urbanrim.org.uk/plague%20list.htm |archivedate=2009-05-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> culminatin in the [[Great Plague o Lunnon|Great Plague]] o 1665–1666, whilk killt up tae 100,000 bodies, or a fift o the population.<ref name=Lunnon_025>{{cite web |url= http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/story.html |title= Story of the plague |publisher= Channel 4 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0bPVKk?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/plague/story.html |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Great Fire o Lunnon]] broke oot in 1666 in Pudding Lane in the ceety an quickly swept throu the widden biggins.<ref name="Samuel Pepys' Diary">{{Cite book | last = Pepys | first = Samuel | authorlink = Samuel Pepys | title = The Diary of Samuel Pepys | volume = 45: August/September 1666 | date = 2 September 1666 | origyear = 1893 | editor = [[Mynors Bright]] (decipherer) | editor2 = [[Henry B. Wheatley]] | url = http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4167/pg4167.html | ref = harv | isbn = 978-0-520-22167-3 | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0bzHYi?url=http://www.gutenberg.org/cache/epub/4167/pg4167.html | archivedate = 2011-05-19 | access-date = 2015-06-04 | url-status = live }}</ref> Rebiggin teuk ower ten year an wis supervised by [[Robert Hooke]]<ref name=Lunnon_026>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_02.shtml |title=London After the Great Fire: Civil War and Revolution |author=Schofield, John |date=17 February 2011 |publisher=BBC History |accessdate=4 July 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ckJxq?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/after_fire_02.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_027>{{cite web |url= http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Special/LondonsBurning/Themes/1405/ |title= Rebuilding after the fire |publisher= Museum o Lunnon |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080201204641/http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/English/EventsExhibitions/Special/LondonsBurning/Themes/1405/ |archivedate= 2008-02-01 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_028>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jX8ZAAAAIAAJ&q=rebuilding+of+london&dq=rebuilding+of+london|title=The Rebuilding of London After the Great Fire|publisher=Thomas Fiddian|year=1940|accessdate=27 April 2008}}</ref> as Surveyor o Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_029>The curious life o Robert Hooke, the man who measured Lunnon by Lisa Jardine</ref> In 1708 [[Christopher Wren]]'s masterpiece, [[St Paul's Cathedral]] wis completit. During the [[Georgian era]] new destricts sic as [[Mayfair]] war formed in the wast; an new brigs ower the Thames encouraged development in [[South Lunnon]]. In the east, the [[Port o Lunnon]] expanded downstream. In 1762, [[George III o Great Britain|George III]] acquired [[Buckingham Palace|Buckingham House]] an it wis enlairged ower the next 75 year. During the 18t century, Lunnon wis dogged by crime an the [[Bow Street Runners]] war established in 1750 as a professional police force.<ref>"[http://www.pbs.org/kqed/demonbarber/madding/thieftaker.html Thief Taker, Constable, Police]". Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).</ref> In tot, mair nor 200 offences war punishable by death,<ref>{{cite news |last=Jackson |first=Peter |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8181192.stm |title=Rough justice&nbsp;– Victorian style |work=BBC News |date=3 August 2009 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> includin petty theft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894775,00.html |title=National Affairs: Capital punishment: a fading practice |work=Time |location=New York |date=21 March 1960 |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-10-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111011174652/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,894775,00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Most childer born in the ceety died afore reakin thair third birthday.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/foundling_01.shtml |title=The Foundling Hospital |publisher=BBC History |date=17 February 2011 |accessdate=13 December 2011}}</ref> The [[coffeehouse]] became a popular place tae debate ideas, wi growin [[literacy]] an the development o the [[prentin press]] makkin news widely available; an [[Fleet Street]] became the centre o the British press. Accordin tae Samuel Johnson: {{quote|Ye cannae fin a man, at aw intellectual, wha is willin tae leave Lunnon. Naw, Sir, whan a man is fauchelt Lunnon, he is tired o life; for there in Lunnon aw that life can afford.|[[Samuel Johnson]], 1777<ref name=Lunnon_022>{{cite web |url= http://www.samueljohnson.com/tiredlon.html |title= When a man is tired of London, he is tired of life: Samuel Johnson |ref= harv |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150522151652/http://www.samueljohnson.com/tiredlon.html |archivedate= 2015-05-22 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref>}} ===Late modren an contemporary=== [[File:British recruits August 1914 Q53234.jpg|thumb|British volunteer recruits in Lunnon, August 1914]] [[File:LondonBombedWWII full.jpg|thumb|A bombed-oot Lunnon street during [[the Blitz]] o the Seicont World War]] Lunnon wis the warld's [[Leet o lairgest ceeties throughout history|lairgest ceety frae aboot 1831 tae 1925]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web |url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |title=London: The greatest city |publisher=Channel 4 |accessdate=12 October 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0g3KOn?url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/i-m/london4.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon's overcrowded conditions led tae [[cholera]] epidemics,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/cholera.aspx |title=Hidden extras: cholera comes tae Victorian London |publisher=The Science Museum |location=Lunnon |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111213064834/http://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/broughttolife/themes/publichealth/cholera.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> claimin 14,000 lifes in 1848, an 6,000 in 1866.<ref>{{cite web |author= Brown, Robert W. |url= http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/london_19c.html |title= London in the Nineteenth Century |publisher= University o North Carolina at Pembroke |accessdate= 13 December 2011 |archive-date= 2011-12-30 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111230164544/http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/london_19c.html |url-status= dead }}</ref> risin [[traffic congestion]] led tae the creation o the warld's first local urban rail network. The [[Metropolitan Board o Works]] oversaw infrastructure expansion in the caipital an some surroondin counties; it wis abolished in 1889 when the [[Lunnon County cooncil]] wis creatit oot o those areas o the counties surroondin the caipital. [[German strategic bombin during World War I|Lunnon wis bombed bi the Germans during the First World War]] while during the Seicont World War [[the Blitz]] an ither bombin bi the German ''[[Luftwaffe]]'' killed ower 30,000 Lunnoners an destroyed lairge tracts o housing an ither biggins athort the ceety. Immediately efter the war, the [[1948 Simmer Olympics]] war held at the oreeginal [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]], at a time when Lunnon haed barely recovered frae the war. In 1951, the [[Festeeval o Britain]] wis held on the [[Sooth Bank]]. The [[Great Smog]] o 1952 led tae the [[Clean Air Act 1956]], that endit the "[[pea soup fog]]s" for whilk Lunnon haed been notorious. Frae the 1940s onwart, Lunnon became hame tae numerous [[immigrants]], lairgely frae [[Commonweel o Nations|Commonweel]] countries lik [[Jamaica]], Indie, [[Bangladesh]] an [[Pakistan]], makkin Lunnon ane o the maist diverse ceeties in Europe. [[File:London Thames (1930).jpg|thumb|left|A view frae Victoria Touer, in late 1920s.]] Primarily stairtin in the mid-1960s, Lunnon becam a centre for the warldwide [[youth cultur]], exemplified bi the [[Swinging Lunnon]] subculture associatit wi the [[Keeng's Road]], [[Chelsea, Lunnon|Chelsea]] an [[Carnaby Street]]. The role o trendsetter wis revived in the [[punk rock|punk]] era. In 1965 Lunnon's political boundaries wis expandit tae tak intae accoont the growthe o the urban area an a new [[Greater Lunnon cooncil]] wis creatit. Throu [[The Troubles]] in Northren Ireland, Lunnon wis subjectit tae bombin attacks bi the [[Provisional IRA]]. Racial inequality wis hielichtit bi the [[1981 Brixton riot]]. Greater Lunnon's population declined steadily in the decades efter the Seicont World War, frae an estimatit peak o 8.6&nbsp;million in 1939 tae aroond 6.8&nbsp;million in the 1980s. The principal ports for Lunnon moved downstream tae [[Port o Felixstowe|Felixstowe]] an [[Port o Tilbury|Tilbury]], wi the [[Lunnon Docklands]] area becomin a focus for regeneration, includin the [[Canary Wharf]] development. This wis borne oot o Lunnon's ever-increasin role as a major international financial centre during the 1980s. The [[Thames Barrier]] wis completit in the 1980s tae pertect Lunnon against tidal surges frae the [[North Sea]]. The Greater Lunnon cooncil wis abolished in 1986, whilk left Lunnon as the anerly lairge metropolis in the warld wioot a central admeenistration. In 2000, Lunnon-wide govrenment wis restored, wi the creation o the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]]. tae celebrate the stairt o the 21st century, the [[Millennium Dome]], [[Lunnon Eye]] an [[Millennium Bridge (Lunnon)|Millennium Bridge]] war biggit. On 6 Julie 2005 Lunnon wis awairdit the [[2012 Simmer Olympics]], makkin Lunnon the first ceety tae stage the [[Olympic Gemmes]] three times.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/front_page/4655555.stm |title= London beats Paris tae 2012 Games |publisher=BBC Sport |date=6 July 2005 |accessdate=28 September 2012}}</ref> The naxt day (7 Julie 2005) Lunnon's tube network wis hit bi major bomb attacks. In Februar 2015, Greater Lunnon's population wis estimatit tae be 8.6 million, the heichest level syne 1939.<ref>{{cite web|title = London's population hits 8.6m record high|url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-31082941|website = BBC News|accessdate = 2015-05-21}}</ref> ==Government== {{Politics o Lunnon}} ===Local government=== {{Main|Local government in Lunnon|History o local government in Lunnon|Leet o heads o Lunnon government}} The admeenistration o Lunnon is formed o twa tiers—a ceety-wide, strategic tier an a local tier. ceety-wide admeenistration is coordinatit bi the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] (GLA), while local admeenistration is carried oot by 33 smawer authorities.<ref name=Lunnon_032>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/|title=About the Greater London Authority|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hYGdz?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> The GLA consists o twa electit components; the [[Mayor o Lunnon]], wha haes executive powers, an the [[Lunnon Assembly]], whilk scrutinises the mayor's decisions an can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals ilka year. The headquarters o the GLA is [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]], [[Southwark]]; the mayor is [[Sadiq Khan]]. The mayor's [[statutory planning]] strategy is published as the [[Lunnon Plan]], whilk daed it's maist recent revision in 2011.<ref name=Lunnon_plan>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan|title=The London Plan|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|accessdate=25 May 2012|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/67vG4jMg5?url=http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/planning/londonplan|archivedate=2012-05-25|url-status=live}}</ref> The local authorities are the cooncils o the 32 [[Lunnon borough]]s an the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]].<ref name=Lunnon_035>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london/links.jsp|title=Links tae other websites&nbsp;— London boroughs|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019055428/http://www.london.gov.uk/london/links.jsp|archivedate=2007-10-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay are responsible for maist local services, sic as local planning, schuils, [[social work|social services]], local roads an refuse collection. Certaint functions, sic as [[Waste disposal authorities in Lunnon|waste management]], are providit throu jynt arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by Lunnon cooncils an the GLA amountit tae juist ower £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs an £7.4 billion for the GLA).<ref>http://www.communities.gov.uk/documents/statistics/pdf/1911067.pdf</ref> Policing in Greater Lunnon, except the [[City o Lunnon]], is providit bi the [[Metropolitan Police Service|Metropolitan Police Force]], overseen bi the Mayor throu the [[Mayor's Office for Policing an Crime]] (MOPAC).<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/policing-crime/about-mopac |title= About MOPAC |publisher= Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate= 4 May 2013 |archive-date= 2013-04-11 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130411075040/http://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/policing-crime/about-mopac |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://policeauthority.org/Metropolitan/ |title=MPA: Metropolitan Police Authority |publisher= Metropolitan Police Authority |date=22 May 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013}}</ref> The ceety o Lunnon haes its ain police force&nbsp;– the [[City o Lunnon Police]].<ref name="Policing">{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/policing.jsp |title=Policing |publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080121173357/http://www.london.gov.uk/gla/policing.jsp |archivedate=2008-01-21 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[British Transport Police]] are responsible for police services on [[National Rail]] an [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] services.<ref name="BTP">{{cite web |url= http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas.aspx |title= Areas |publisher= British Transport Police |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hdc31?url=http://www.btp.police.uk/about_us/areas.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Fire Brigade]] is the [[statute|statutory]] [[Fire service in the UK|fire an rescue service]] for Greater Lunnon. It is run bi the [[Lunnon Fire an Emergency Planning Authority]] an is the third lairgest fire service in the warld.<ref name="LFB">{{cite web |url=http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/WhoWeAre.asp |title=Who we are |publisher=Lunnon Fire Brigade |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0hzveR?url=http://www.london-fire.gov.uk/WhoWeAre.asp |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[National Health Service]] [[Emergency medical services|ambulance services]] are providit bi the [[Lunnon Ambulance Service|Lunnon Ambulance Service (LAS) NHS Trust]], the lairgest free-at-the-pynt-o-uise emergency ambulance service in the warld.<ref name="LAS">{{cite web |url= http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/about_us.aspx |title= About us |publisher= Lunnon Ambulance Service NHS Trust |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0iCW89?url=http://www.londonambulance.nhs.uk/about_us.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Air Ambulance]] charity operates in conjunction wi the LAS whaur required. [[Her Majesty's Coastguard]] an the [[Royal National Lifeboat Institution]] operate on the [[River Thames]],<ref name="Coastguard">{{cite web |url= http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/aboutus/mcga-online/mcga-sailing-cg66/dops_-_all-cg66-stationlist.htm |title= Station list |year= 2007 |publisher= Maritime an Coastguard Agency |accessdate= 25 August 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0jzXE7?url=http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/aboutus/mcga-online/mcga-sailing-cg66/dops_-_all-cg66-stationlist.htm |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Lifeboat">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1739401.stm |title=Thames lifeboat service launched |date=2 January 2002 |work=BBC News |accessdate=25 August 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0kXnz9?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/1739401.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> whilk is unner the jurisdiction o the [[Port o Lunnon Authority]] frae [[Teddington Lock]] tae the sea.<ref name="portLunnonauthority">{{cite web |url=http://www.pla.co.uk/assets/Port_of_London_Act_1968__revised_.pdf |title=Port of London Act 1968 |accessdate=30 November 2013 |archive-date=2013-12-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203005959/http://www.pla.co.uk/assets/Port_of_London_Act_1968__revised_.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> ===National government=== Lunnon is the seat o the [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick]]. Mony govrenment departments are based close tae the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]], parteecularly alang [[Whitehall]], includin the [[Prime Minister o the Unitit Kinrick|Prime Minister's]] residence at [[10 Downing Street]].<ref name=Lunnon_036>{{cite web |url= http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page1.asp |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080510193022/http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page1.asp |archivedate= 2008-05-10 |title= 10 Downing Street&nbsp;— Official Website |accessdate= 26 April 2008 |url-status= live }}</ref> The British Parliament is eften referred tae as the "Mother o Parliaments" (awtho this ''[[sobriquet]]'' wis first applied tae England itself by [[John Bright]])<ref name="Lunnon_037">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/96021.stm |publisher=BBC |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=3 June 1998 |title=UK Politics: Talking Politics&nbsp;— The 'Mother of Parliaments' |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0l5vww?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/talking_politics/96021.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> acause it haes been the model for maist ither [[parliamentary system]]s.<ref name="Lunnon_037"/> Thare are 73 Members o Parliament (MPs) frae Lunnon, who correspond tae local parliamentary [[Leet o Parliamentary constituencies in Greater Lunnon|constituencies]] in the national [[British House o Commons|Parliament]]. As o Juin 2017, 49 are frae the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], 21 are [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]], an 3 are [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]].<ref>{{cite web|title = General Election Results 2015|url = http://data.london.gov.uk/dataset/general-election-results-2015|website = Lunnon DataStore|accessdate = 2015-05-10|publisher = [[Greater Lunnon Authority]]|date = 2015-05-08}}</ref> ==Geography== {{Main|Geography o Lunnon}} ===Scope=== [[File:London, United Kingdom.JPG|thumb|Satellite view o inner Lunnon]] [[Greater Lunnon]] is the tap-level administrative subdiveesion coverin Lunnon.<ref group="note">Greater Lunnon isnae a ceety in the sense that the word applies in the Unitit Kinrick, that o havin [[Ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety status]] grantit by the Crown.</ref> The wee, ancient [[City o Lunnon]] at its core ance contained the hale dounset, but as the urban area grew the [[City o Lunnon Corporation|City Corporation]] resistit attemps tae amalgamate it wi its suburbs, causin "Lunnon" tae be defined in a nummer weys for different purposes.<ref name="chancery">{{Cite journal|author=Beavan,Charles|author2=Bickersteth, Harry|title=Reports of Cases in Chancery, Argued and Determined in the Rolls Court|publisher=Saunners an Benning|year=1865|url=http://books.google.com/?id=YFYDAAAAQAAJ|ref=harv}}</ref> Forty per cent o Greater Lunnon is covered bi the [[Lunnon postal destrict|Lunnon]] post toun, wiin whilk 'Lunnon' forms pairt o postal addresses.<ref name=Lunnon_042>{{Cite book|last=Stationery Office|title=The Inner London Letter Post|publisher=H.M.S.O|year=1980|isbn=978-0-10-251580-0|page=128|ref=harv}}</ref><ref name=map_post>{{Cite book|title=London Postcode and Administrative Boundaries|publisher=Geographers' A-Z Map Company|author=Geographers' A-Z Map Company|year=2008|edition=6|isbn=978-1-84348-592-6|ref=harv}}</ref> The Lunnon telephone [[area code]] (020) covers a lairger area, seemilar in size tae Greater Lunnon, awtho some outer destricts are omeetit an some places juist ootside are included. The Greater Lunnon boundary haes been [[Leet o Greater Lunnon boundary changes|aligned tae the M25 motorway]] in places.<ref name=Lunnon_044>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1993/Uksi_19930441_en_1.htm|title=The Essex, Greater London and Hertfordshire (County and London Borough Boundaries) Order|year=1993|publisher=Office o Public Sector Information|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0lyLLA?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/SI/si1993/Uksi_19930441_en_1.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Outward urban expansion is nou preventit bi the [[Metropolitan Green Belt]],<ref name=Lunnon_040>{{Cite book|last=Dilys|first=M Hill|title=Urban Policy and Politics in Britain|publisher=St. Martin's Press|year=2000|isbn=978-0-312-22745-6|page=268|ref=harv}}</ref> awtho the biggit-up area extends beyond the boundary in places, resultin in a separately defined [[Greater Lunnon Urban area]]. Beyond this is the vast [[Lunnon commuter belt]].<ref name=Lunnon_041>{{cite web |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/plansd/london_regional_200104.pdf |title=London in its Regional Setting |publisher=Lunnon Assembly |accessdate=6 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527193714/http://www.london.gov.uk/assembly/reports/plansd/london_regional_200104.pdf |archivedate=2008-05-27 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Greater Lunnon is split for some purposes intae [[Inner Lunnon]] an [[Outer Lunnon]].<ref name=Lunnon_045>{{cite book |url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 |title=London Government Act 1963 |publisher=Office o Public Sector Information |accessdate=6 May 2008 |isbn=978-0-16-053895-7 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mVCtM?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The ceety is split bi the River Thames intae [[North Lunnon|North]] an [[South Lunnon|South]], wi an informal [[central Lunnon]] area in its interior. The coordinates o the nominal centre o Lunnon, tradeetionally considered tae be the oreeginal [[Eleanor Cross]] at [[Charing Cross]] near the junction o [[Trafalgar squerr]] an [[Whitehall]], are approximately {{Coord|51|30|26|N|00|07|39|W|type:city(7,000,000)_region:GB}}.<ref name=Lunnon_039>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/08/15/charingcross_feature.shtml|title=London&nbsp;— Features&nbsp;— Where is the Centre of London?|publisher=BBC|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msV6aAO0?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/08/15/charingcross_feature.shtml|archivedate=2010-01-18|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Status=== Athin Lunnon, baith the [[City o Lunnon]] an the [[City o Westminster]] hae [[City status in the Unitit Kinrick|ceety status]] an baith the ceety o Lunnon an the remainder o Greater Lunnon is the [[Ceremonial counties o England|ceremonial counties]].<ref name=Lunnon_049>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970023_en_1|title=Lieutenancies Act 1997|publisher=OPSI|accessdate=7 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mpHnm?url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970023_en_1|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The area o [[Metropolitan an non-metropolitan counties o England#Greater Lunnon|Greater Lunnon]] haes incorporatit area that war ance pairt o the [[Historic counties o England|historic counties]] o [[Middlesex]], [[Kent]], [[Surrey]], [[Essex]] an [[Hertfordshire]].<ref name=Lunnon_050>{{Cite book|last=Barlow|first=I. M. |title=Metropolitan Government|url=https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000barl|year=1991|publisher=Routledge|page=[https://archive.org/details/metropolitangove0000barl/page/n363 346]|ref=harv}}</ref> Lunnon's status as the caipital o England, an later the Unitit Kinrick, haes never been grantit or confirmed offeecially—by [[statute]] or in written form.{{refn|According tae the ''Collins English Dictionary'' definition o 'the seat o government',<ref name=Lunnon_061>(1994) ''Collins English Dictionary'', Collins Education plc.</ref> Lunnon isnae the offeecial capital o England, as England disnae hae its ain government. Accordin tae the ''Oxford English Reference Dictionary'' definition o 'the maist important toun'<ref name=Lunnon_062>''Oxford English Reference Dictionary'', Oxford English.</ref> an mony ither authorities.<ref name=Lunnon_063>"HC 501 0304.PDF" (PDF). Parliament Publications</ref>|group=note}} Its poseetion wis formed throu [[constitutional convention (political custom)|constitutional convention]], makkin its status as ''de facto'' caipital a pairt o the [[Constitution o the Unitit Kinrick|UK's unwritten constitution]]. The caipital o Ingland wis moved tae Lunnon frae [[Winchester]] as the [[Pailace o Wastmeenster]] developed in the 12t an 13t centuries tae become the permanent location o the [[Noble court|royal court]], an sicweys the political caipital o the naition.<ref name=Lunnon_060>{{Cite journal |last=Schofield |first=John |date=June 1999 |title=British Archaeology |publisher=British Archaeology |issue=45 |issn=1357-4442 |url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/BA/ba45/ba45regs.html |accessdate=6 May 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0mw1Sn?url=http://www.britarch.ac.uk/ba/ba45/ba45regs.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |journal= |url-status=live }}</ref> Mair recently, Greater Lunnon haes been defined as a [[Regions o England|region o England]] an in this context is kent as ''Lunnon''.<ref name=region/> ===Topography=== [[File:London in snow 2 February 2009 387.jpg|thumb|The [[Victoria Memorial, Lunnon|Victoria Memorial]] in the snow in 2009]] Greater Lunnon encompasses a tot area o {{convert|1583|km2|sqmi}}, an area that haed a population o 7,172,036 in 2001 an a population density o {{convert|4542|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}. The extendit area kent as the Lunnon Metropolitan Region or the Lunnon Metropolitan Agglomeration, comprises a tot area o {{convert|8382|km2|sqmi}} haes a population o 13,709,000 an a population density o {{convert|1510|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |title=Metropolis: 027 London, World Association of the Major Metropolises |accessdate=3 May 2010 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084411/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Modern Lunnon stauns on the [[The burn the Thames|Thames]], its primary geographical featur, a [[Navigability|navigable]] river whilk crosses the ceety frae the sooth-wast tae the east. The [[Thames Valley]] is a [[floodplain]] surroondit by gently rolling hills includin [[Parliament Hill, Lunnon|Parliament Hill]], [[Addington Hills]], an [[Primrose Hill]]. The Thames wis ance a fair bit broader, shallaer burn wi extensive [[marsh]]lands; at heich tide, its shores reakit five times thair present width.<ref name=Lunnon_065>{{cite book |url= http://books.google.com/?id=M9qvtYYhRtAC&pg=PR11&dq=thames+%22iron+age%22+london+wide+geography+shallow+marsh |title=London: A History |first=Francis|last= Sheppard | page=10 |publisher= Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-285369-1 |accessdate=6 June 2008}}</ref> Syne the [[Victorian era]] the Thames haes been extensively [[Thames Embankment|embanked]], an mony o its Lunnon [[Tributaries o the River Thames|tributaries]] nou flow [[Subterranean rivers o Lunnon|unnerground]]. The Thames is a tidal river, an Lunnon is vulnerable tae flooding.<ref name=Lunnon_066>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/flooding/?version=1&lang=_e|title=Flooding|publisher=UK [[Environment Agency]]|accessdate=19 June 2006|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215080725/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/flooding/?version=1&lang=_e|archivedate=2006-02-15|url-status=live}}</ref> The threat haes increased ower time acause o a slaw but continuous rise in [[Tide|heich watter]] level bi the slow 'tilting' o Britain (up in the north an doun in the sooth) caused by [[post-glacial rebound]].<ref name=Lunnon_067>{{cite web|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/sealevels/?version=1&lang=_e|title="Sea Levels"&nbsp;– UK Environment Agency|publisher=[[Environment Agency]]|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080523225152/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/yourenv/eff/1190084/natural_forces/sealevels/?version=1&lang=_e|archivedate=2008-05-23|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1974, a decade o work began on the construction o the [[Thames Barrier]] athort the Thames at [[Woolwich]] tae deal wi this threat. While the barrier is expectit tae function as designed til aboot 2070, concepts for its future enlairgement or redesign is awready bein discussed.<ref>{{cite news|first=David|last=Adam|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/31/thames-flood-barrier-london|title=Thames Barrier gets extra time as London's main flood defence|work=The Guardian|location=UK|date=31 March 2009|accessdate=7 November 2009|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0n91QT?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/mar/31/thames-flood-barrier-london|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Climate=== [[File:Summer Love of Russell Square.jpg|thumb|Average simmertime day temperatures range atween 22°C an 28°C. Awbesit uncommon, temperatures as heich as 40°C hae been recordit]] Lunnon haes a temperate [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Cfb&#x202f;''), seemilar tae aw o soothren Britain. Maugre its reputation as bein a rainy ceety, Lunnon receives less precipitation ({{convert|601|mm|0|abbr=on}} in a year), than [[Roum]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Toulouse]], [[Naples]] an even [[Sydney]] in Australie.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_066062_All.shtml|title=Climate statistics for Australian locations|work=bom.gov.au}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm |title=Weather Information for Naples |publisher=Worldweather.org |date=5 October 2006 |accessdate=4 May 2013 |archive-date=2012-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105145214/http://www.worldweather.org/176/c00604.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.meteoam.it/modules.php?name=viewClinoFile&station=289&name_station=Napoli%20CapodichinoVisualizzazione tabella CLINO della stazione / CLINO Averages Listed for the station Napoli Capodichino]{{dead link|date=May 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.theweathernetwork.com/ The Weather Network] 18 November 2011</ref><ref>[http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F31069001 Prévisions météo de Météo-France – Climat en France] {{Webarchive|url=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160517203416/http://france.meteofrance.com/france/climat_france?CLIMAT_PORTLET.path=climatstationn%2F31069001 |date=2016-05-17 }} 18 November 2011</ref><ref>[http://www.worldweather.org/062/c01058.htm World Weather Information Service – Toulouse] 18 November 2011</ref> Temperature extremes for aw sites in the Lunnon area range frae {{convert|40.2|°C|°F|1}} at [[Heathrow Airport]] during 19 Julie 2022 doun tae {{convert|-17.4|°C|°F|1}} at Northolt during 13 December 1981.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_january.htm|title=January 1962 weather|accessdate=18 September 2012|archive-date=2015-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903235843/https://www.personal.dundee.ac.uk/~taharley/british_weather_in_january.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite tweet|number=1549448971676012546|user=metoffice|title=Here are the highest temperatures across the country today 👇 At least 34 sites have exceeded the UK's previous na…|date=19 Julie 2022}}</ref> Simmers are generally warm an whiles het, Lunnon's average Julie heich is {{convert|24|°C|°F|1}}. On average, Lunnon will see 31 days abuin {{convert|25|°C|°F|1}} ilka year, an 4.2 days abuin {{convert|30.0|°C|°F|1}} ilka year. Throu the [[2003 European heat wave]] thare war 14 consecutive days abuin {{convert|30|°C|°F|1}} an 2 consecutive days whaur temperatures reakit {{convert|38|°C|°F|1}}, leadin tae hunners o heat relatit daiths.<ref>{{cite journal|title=The impact of the 2003 heat wave on daily mortality in England and Wales and the use of rapid weekly mortality estimates|journal=Eurosurveillance|volume=10|issue=7|date=1 July 2005|first1=H|last1=Johnson|first2=RS|last2=Kovats|first3=G|last3=McGregor|first4=J|last4=Stedman|first5=M|last5=Gibbs|first6=H|last6=Walton6|url=http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=558}}</ref> Winters are generally cuil an damp wi little temperature variation. Snowfall daes occur frae time tae time, an can cause traivel disruption whan this happens. Spring an hairst are mixed seasons an can be leesome. As a lairge ceety, Lunnon haes a considerable [[urban heat island]] effect,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate-change/docs/UHI_summary_report.pdf|title=London's Urban Heat Island: A Summary for Decision Makers|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|date=October 2006|accessdate=29 April 2015|archive-date=2012-08-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120816015955/http://legacy.london.gov.uk/mayor/environment/climate-change/docs/UHI_summary_report.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> makkin the centre o Lunnon at times {{convert|5|C-change|0|}} warmer than the suburbs an outskirts. The effect o this can be seen ablo whan comparin Lunnon Heathrow that is locatit {{convert|24|km}} wast o Lunnon wi the Lunnon Weather Centre that is locatit in the centre o Lunnon.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ever warmer as temperatures rival France|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1463994/Ever-warmer-as-temperatures-rival-France.html|publisher=Telegraph|date=16 May 2015}}</ref> {{Weather box |location = Lunnon Heathrow 1981-2010 |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 17 |Feb record high C = 20 |Mar record high C = 24 |Apr record high C = 29 |May record high C = 33 |Jun record high C = 36 |Jul record high C = 37 |Aug record high C = 38 |Sep record high C = 35 |Oct record high C = 30 |Nov record high C = 21 |Dec record high C = 17 |year record high C = 38.1 |Jan high C = 8 |Feb high C = 8 |Mar high C = 11 |Apr high C = 14 |May high C = 18 |Jun high C = 21 |Jul high C = 24 |Aug high C = 23 |Sep high C = 20 |Oct high C = 16 |Nov high C = 11 |Dec high C = 8 |year high C = 15 |Jan low C = 2 |Feb low C = 2 |Mar low C = 4 |Apr low C = 6 |May low C = 9 |Jun low C = 12 |Jul low C = 14 |Aug low C = 14 |Sep low C = 11 |Oct low C = 8 |Nov low C = 5 |Dec low C = 3 |year low C = 8 |Jan record low C = -22 |Feb record low C = -10 |Mar record low C = -7 |Apr record low C = -4 |May record low C = 0 |Jun record low C = 3 |Jul record low C = 7 |Aug record low C = 7 |Sep record low C = 3 |Oct record low C = -5 |Nov record low C = -6 |Dec record low C = -12 |year record low C= -22 |Jan precipitation mm = 55.2 |Feb precipitation mm = 40.9 |Mar precipitation mm = 41.6 |Apr precipitation mm = 43.7 |May precipitation mm = 49.4 |Jun precipitation mm = 45.1 |Jul precipitation mm = 44.5 |Aug precipitation mm = 49.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 49.1 |Oct precipitation mm = 68.5 |Nov precipitation mm = 59.0 |Dec precipitation mm = 55.2 |year precipitation mm = 601.7 |Jan sun = 61.5 |Feb sun = 77.9 |Mar sun = 114.6 |Apr sun = 168.7 |May sun = 198.5 |Jun sun = 204.3 |Jul sun = 212.0 |Aug sun = 204.7 |Sep sun = 149.3 |Oct sun = 116.5 |Nov sun = 72.6 |Dec sun = 52.0 |year sun = 1632.6 |source 1= <ref name="UK Met Office" >{{cite web |url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate/gcpsvf37b |title=London Heathrow Airport |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=17 September 2014 }}</ref> |source 2= <ref name="Britain's highest recorded temperatures for each day o the year">{{cite web |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/site/hightempsyear.php |title=British Weather Extremes: Daily Maximum Temperatures |publisher=Torro |accessdate=17 September 2014 |archive-date=2015-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150824032720/http://www.torro.org.uk/site/hightempsyear.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> }} {{Weather box |location = Lunnon Weather Centre UHI |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 8.5 |Feb high C = 8.9 |Mar high C = 11.7 |Apr high C = 15.7 |May high C = 18.6 |Jun high C = 22.4 |Jul high C = 23.6 |Aug high C = 23.2 |Sep high C = 20.8 |Oct high C = 16.1 |Nov high C = 11.9 |Dec high C = 8.6 |year high C = 15.8 |Jan mean C = 6.8 |Feb mean C = 6.8 |Mar mean C = 8.8 |Apr mean C = 12.0 |May mean C = 14.8 |Jun mean C = 18.3 |Jul mean C = 19.6 |Aug mean C = 19.4 |Sep mean C = 17.3 |Oct mean C = 13.5 |Nov mean C = 10.0 |Dec mean C = 7.0 |year mean C = 12.8 |Jan low C = 5.0 |Feb low C = 4.7 |Mar low C = 5.8 |Apr low C = 8.2 |May low C = 10.9 |Jun low C = 14.1 |Jul low C = 15.5 |Aug low C = 15.5 |Sep low C = 13.7 |Oct low C = 10.9 |Nov low C = 8.0 |Dec low C = 5.4 |year low C = 9.8 |source 1= <ref name="Lunnon Weather Centre climate data" >{{cite web |url=http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/maps/city?LANG=en&PLZ=_____&PLZN=_____&WMO=03779&CONT=ukuk&R=0&LEVEL=162&REGION=0003&LAND=UK&MOD=tab&ART=TMX&NOREGION=1&FMM=1&FYY=2001&LMM=12&LYY=2014 |title=London Weather Centre analysis |publisher=weatheronline.co.uk |accessdate=17 November 2014 }}</ref> |source 2= <ref name="Climate Lunnon Weather Centre" >{{cite web |url=http://www.tutiempo.net/en/Climate/London_Weather_Centre/37790.htm |title=climate: Climate London Weather Centre |publisher=Tutiempo |accessdate=17 November 2014 }}</ref> }} ===destricts=== {{Main|Leet o destricts o Lunnon}} Lunnon's vast urban area is aften descrievit uisin a set o destrict names, lik [[Bloomsbury]], [[Mayfair]], [[Wembley]] an [[Whitechapel]]. Thay are aither informal designations, reflect the names o villages that hae been absorbed by sprawl, or are superseded administrative units sic as parishes or [[Metropolitan boroughs o the County o Lunnon|umwhile boroughs]]. Siclike names hae remained in uise throu tradeetion, ilk o thaim referrin tae a local area wi its ain distinctive character, but wioot official boundaries. Syne 1965 Greater Lunnon haes been dividit intae 32 [[Lunnon borough]]s in addition tae the ancient ceety o Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_071>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/boroughs.jsp|title=London boroughs&nbsp;— London Life, GLA|publisher=Lunnon Government|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213025156/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/city-government/boroughs.jsp|archivedate=2007-12-13|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_072>{{Cite book |last1=Dogan |first1=Mattei |first2=John D. |last2=Kasarda |title=The Metropolis Era |publisher=Sage |year=1988 |page=99 |isbn=978-0-8039-2603-5 |url= http://books.google.com/?id=_GFPAAAAMAAJ&q=1965,+32+boroughs+of+london&dq=1965,+32+boroughs+of+london |ref=harv}}</ref> The ceety o Lunnon is the main financial destrict,<ref name=Lunnon_073>{{cite web |url= http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |title= London as a financial centre |publisher= Mayor o Lunnon |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080106051217/http://www.london.gov.uk/london-life/business-and-jobs/financial-centre.jsp |archivedate= 2008-01-06 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> an [[Canary Wharf]] haes recently developed intae a new financial an commercial hub in the [[Lunnon Docklands|Docklands]] tae the east. The [[West End o Lunnon|West End]] is Lunnon's main entertainment an shoppin destrict, attracting tourists.<ref name=Lunnon_075>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1608619.stm |title=West End still drawing crowds |work=BBC News |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=22 October 2001 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0o6fkv?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/1608619.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[West (Lunnon sub region)|West Lunnon]] includes expensive residential areas whaur properties can sell for tens o millions o pounds.<ref name=Lunnon_076>{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/apr/17/tax.g2 |title=Super Rich |date=17 April 2006 |newspaper=The Guardian |accessdate=7 June 2008 |location=Lunnon |first=James |last=Meek |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ofbib?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2006/apr/17/tax.g2 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The average price for properties in [[Royal Borough o Kensington an Chelsea|Kensington an Chelsea]] is ower £2 million wi a seimilarly heich outlay in maist o [[central Lunnon]].<ref name="Lunnon's Properties">{{cite web|url=http://www.rbkc.gov.uk/planningandconservation/planningpolicy/idoc.ashx%3Fdocid%3Dbf56bda1-575c-435b-92ac-9a71625c1746%26version%3D-1|archivedate=2016-12-30|title=Information on latest house prices in the Royal Borough|publisher=Royal Borough o Kensington an Chelsea|access-date=2022-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230190409/https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/planningandconservation/planningpolicy/idoc.ashx?docid=bf56bda1-575c-435b-92ac-9a71625c1746&version=-1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=GuardAug14>{{cite news |url= http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/aug/08/housing-london-jump-19-per-cent-year |title= Average house prices in London jump 19 percent in a year |author=Rupert Jones |newspaper=The Guardian |location= Lunnon |date=8 August 2014 |accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref> The [[East End o Lunnon|East End]] is the area closest tae the oreeginal [[Port o Lunnon]], kent for its heich immigrant population, as weel as for bein ane o the puirest areas in Lunnon.<ref name="East End">{{cite news |url=http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8487518/site/newsweek/ |date=6 July 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060829024354/http://msnbc.msn.com/id/8487518/site/newsweek/ |archivedate=2006-08-29 |title=Tomorrow's East End |newspaper=Newsweek |author=Flynn, Emily |location=New York |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> The surroondin [[North East (Lunnon sub region)|East Lunnon]] area saw a fair bit o Lunnon's early industrial development; nou, [[brownfield land|brownfield]] sites throughout the area are bein redeveloped as pairt o the [[Thames Gateway]] includin the [[Lunnon Riverside]] an [[Lower Lea Valley]], that wis developed intae the [[Olympic Park, Lunnon|Olympic Park]] for the [[Lunnon 2012 Olympic bid|2012 Olympics an Paralympics]].<ref name="East End" /> ===Architecture=== {{Main|Architecture o Lunnon|Leet o tallest biggins an structures in Lunnon}} [[File:Aerial Tower of London.jpg|thumb|right|The Tower of London]] Lunnon's biggins are ower diverse tae be characterised by ony parteecular [[architectural]] style, partly acause o thair varyin ages. Mony grand houses an public biggins, sic as the [[National Gallery]], are biggit frae [[Portland stone]]. Some areas o the ceety, parteecularly those juist wast o the centre, are characterised by white [[stucco]] or whitewashed biggins. Few structures in central Lunnon pre-date the [[Great Fire o Lunnon|Great Fire]] o 1666, thir bein a few trace [[Ancient Rome|Roman]] remains, the [[Tower o Lunnon]] an a few scattered [[Tudor architecture|Tudor]] survivors in the ceety. Faur oot is, for insample, the [[Tudor period]] [[Hampton Court Palace]], England's auldest surviving Tudor palace, biggit by Cardinal [[Thomas Wolsey]] c. 1515.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/hampton_court_01.shtml |title=Hampton Court: The Lost Palace |publisher=BBC History |date=29 March 2011 |author=Foyle, Jonathan |accessdate=16 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0pDL3i?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/tudors/hampton_court_01.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}}</ref> [[Christopher Wren|Wren]]'s late 17t-century kirks an the financial institutions o the 18t an 19t centuries lik the [[Royal Exchange, Lunnon|Royal Exchange]] an the [[Bank o England]], tae the early 20t century [[Old Bailey]] an the 1960s [[Barbican Estate]] form pairt o the varied architectural heritage. [[File:30 St Mary Axe from Leadenhall Street.jpg|thumb|left|200px|[[30 St Mary Axe]], forby kent as "the Gherkin", touers ower [[St Andrew Undershaft]]]] The disuised, but suin tae be rejuvenated, 1939 [[Battersea Power Station]] bi the burn in the sooth-wast is a local laundmerk, while some railway termini are excellent insamples o [[Victorian architecture]], maist notably [[St Pancras railway station|St. Pancras]] an [[Paddington railway station|Paddington]].<ref name=Lunnon_078>{{cite web |url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Paddington_Station.html |title=Paddington Station |publisher=Great biggins |accessdate=6 June 2008 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0pwi86?url=http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Paddington_Station.html |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The density o Lunnon varies, wi heich employment density in the [[Central Lunnon|central area]], heich residential densities in [[inner Lunnon]] an laicher densities in [[Outer Lunnon]]. [[The Monument]] in the ceety o Lunnon provides views o the surroondin areas while commemoratin the [[Great Fire o Lunnon]], whilk originatit fae a biggin naurhaun. [[Marble Arch]] an [[Wellington Arch]], at the north an sooth ends o [[Park Lane (road)|Park Lane]] respectively, hae royal connections, as dae the [[Albert Memorial]] an [[Royal Albert Hall]] in [[Kensington]]. [[Nelson's Column]] is a nationally recognised monument in [[Trafalgar squerr]], ane o the focal pynts o the ceety centre. Older biggins are mainly brick biggit, maist commonly the yellae [[Lunnon stock brick]] or a warm orange-red variety, eften decoratit wi carvings an white plaster [[moulding (decorative)|mouldings]].<ref name=Lunnon_077>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS&grid=A1&xml=/property/2008/03/27/lpgreen127.xml |title=Eco homes: Wooden it be lovely... ? |newspaper=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=12 October 2008 |location=Lunnon |first=Sarah |last=Lonsdale |date=27 March 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0rvzUL?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/property/main.jhtml?view=DETAILS |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- [[File:Buckingham Palace frae gardens, London, UK - Diliff.jpg|left|thumb|[[Buckingham Palace]] is the official residence o the British monarch]] --> In the dense airts, maist o the concentration is via medium- an heich-rise biggins. Lunnon's skyscrapers lik [[30 St Mary Axe]], [[Tower 42]], the [[Broadgate Tower]] an [[One Canada squerr]] are maistly in the twa financial destricts, the [[City o Lunnon]] an [[Canary Wharf]]. High-rise development is restrictit at certaint sites if it wad obstruct pertectit views o [[St Paul's Cathedral]] an ither historic biggins. Housomeiver, thare a nummer o verra heich skyscrapers in central Lunnon ''(see [[Tall biggins in Lunnon]])'', includin the 72-storey [[Shard Lunnon Bridge]], the [[Leet o heichest biggins in the European Union|heichest biggin in the European Union]]. Other notable modern biggins include [[City Hall (Lunnon)|City Hall]] in [[Southwark]] wi its distinctive oval shape,<ref name=Lunnon_079>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2129199.stm |title=Inside London's new 'glass egg' |date=16 July 2002 |work=BBC News |accessdate=26 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0sZ57q?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/2129199.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> an the [[British Library]] in [[Somers Town, Lunnon|Somers Town]]/[[Keengs Cross, Lunnon|Kings Cross]]. What wis formerly the [[Millennium Dome]], bi the Thames tae the east o Canary Wharf, is nou an entertainment venue cried [[The O2 (Lunnon)|The O2 Arena]]. {{wide image|Horniman London skyline 2013.jpg|1000px|[[The Shard]] dominating the [[City o Lunnon]] skyline, as seen frae [[Forest Hill, Lunnon|Forest Hill]] in July 2013}} ===Natural history=== The Lunnon Natural History Society suggest that Lunnon is "one o the World's Greenest ceeties" wi mair nor 40 percent green space or open watter. Thay indicate that 2000 species o flowering plant hae been foond growin thare an that the [[Tideway|tidal Thames]] supports 120 species o fish.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lnhs.org.uk/index.htm|title=Wildlife in London, England: LNHS Home page|work=lnhs.org.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2007-02-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070212143739/http://www.lnhs.org.uk/Index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay forby state that ower 60 species o bird nest in [[central Lunnon]] an that thair members hae recordit 47 species o butterflee, 1173 moths an mair nor 270 kinds o speeder aroond Lunnon. Lunnon's [[wetland]] airts support nationally important populations o mony watter birds. Lunnon haes 38 [[Sites o Special Scientific Interest]] (SSSIs), twa [[National Nature Reserves]] an 76 [[Local Nature Reserves]].<ref>Lunnon Natural History Society.</ref> [[Amphibians]] are common in the caipital, includin [[smooth newt]]s livin bi the [[Tate Modern]], an common [[frog]]s, common [[toad]]s, [[palmate newt]]s an [[great crestit newt]]s, housamiver, native reptiles lik [[slow-worm]]s, [[common lizard]]s, [[grass snake]]s an [[Vipera berus|adder]]s, are maistly anly seen in [[outer Lunnon]].<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/jul/27/london-amphibian-reptile-map "London's amphibians and reptile populations mapped". Laurie Tuffrey, ''The Guardian'', Friday 27 July 2012]</ref> [[File:Flickr - Duncan~ - Fox Trot.jpg|thumb|left|Fox on Ayres Street, [[Southwark]], [[South Lunnon]] ]] Amang ither indwallers o Lunnon are 10,000 tods, sae that thare are nou 16 tods for every squerr mile (2.6 squerr kilometres) o Lunnon. Thir urban tods are noticeably bolder than thair kintra cousins, sharin the pavement (sidewalk) wi pedestrians an raisin cubs in people's backyards. Tods hae even sneaked intae the [[Houses o Parliament]], whaur ane wis foond asleep on a filing cabinet. Anither broke intae the grunds o [[Buckingham Palace]], reportedly killin some o Queen Elizabeth II's prized [[pink flamingo]]s. Generally, housamiver, tods an ceety folk appear tae get alang. A survey in 2001 bi the Lunnon-based [[Mammal Society]] foond that 80 percent o Lunnoners liked haein them aroond.<ref>[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2006/05/foxes-london_2.html "10,000 Foxes Roam London". James Owen in London for ''National Geographic'' News, May 15, 2006]</ref> Other mammals foond in [[Greater Lunnon]] are [[hedgehog]]s, rats, mice, rabbit, shrew, vole, an squirrels,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond-park/richmond-park-attractions/wildlife/mammals|title=Mammals|work=The Royal Parks|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2020-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200307135419/https://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond-park/richmond-park-attractions/wildlife/mammals|url-status=dead}}</ref> In wilder areas o [[Outer Lunnon]], sic as [[Epping Forest]], a wide variety o mammals are foond includin [[hare]], [[brock]], field, bank an watter [[laund-moose]], [[wid moose]], [[yellae-neck moose]], [[mowdiwarp]], [[shrew]], an [[wheasel]], in addition tae tod, squirrel an hurcheon. A deid otter wis foond at The Highway, in [[Wapping]], aboot {{convert|1|mi|adj=on}} frae the [[Tower Bridge]], that wad suggest that thay hae begun tae muive back efter bein absence a hunner year frae the ceety.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thisislocallondon.co.uk/news/topstories/946018.londons_first_wild_otter_found/|title=London's first wild otter found|author=Peter Law|work=This Is Local Lunnon}}</ref> Ten o England's eighteen species o [[bat]]s hae been recorded in Epping Forest: soprano, nathusius an common pipistrelles, noctule, serotine, barbastelle, daubenton's, brown Long-eared, natterer's an leisler's.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/wildlife-and-nature/Pages/Mammals.aspx|title=Mammals|work=cityofLunnon.gov.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2015-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318070552/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/wildlife-and-nature/Pages/Mammals.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Amang the strange sights seen in Lunnon hae been a whale in the Thames,<ref>Liam O'Brien, (24 March 2013). [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/dead-whale-found-floating-in-the-thames-estuary-will-be-examined-8547350.html "Dead whale found floating in the Thames Estuary 'will be examined'"]. ''The Independent on Sunday'' (Lunnon).</ref> while The BBC Twa programme "Natural World: Unnatural History o Lunnon", shaws pigeons uisin the [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] tae get aroond the ceety, a [[Pinniped|seal]] that taks fish frae [[fishmonger]]s athoot [[Billingsgate Fish Market]], an tods that will "sit" gif thay're gien sausages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/nature/18428378?print=true|title=BBC Nature - A Question of Nature: How hidden is the UK's wild side?|work=BBC Nature}}</ref> Herds o [[red deer|red]] an [[fallow deer]] roam freely wiin hantle o [[Richmond Park|Richmond]] an [[Bushy Park]]. A cull takes place ilk November an Februar tae ensure nummers can be sustained.<ref name="Deer cull begins">{{cite news | url=http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/wandsworthnews/10026864.Richmond_Park_deer_cull_begins/ | title=Richmond Park deer cull begins | work=Wandsworth Guardian | date=5 November 2012 | accessdate=9 November 2012 | author=Rachel Bishop | location=Lunnon}}</ref> Epping Forest is kent for its [[fallow deer]] an aa, whilk can frequently be seen in herds tae the north o the Forest. A rare population o [[melanistic]], black fallow deer is forby maintained at the Deer Sanctuary near [[Theydon Bois]]. [[Muntjac deer]], that escaped frae deer parks at the turn o the twentieth century, are foond in the wid. While Lunnoners are accustomed tae wildlife sic as birds an tods sharin the ceety, mair recently urban deer hae becomin a regular featur, an hale herds o [[fallow deer|fallow]] an [[white tailed deer]] come intae residential airts at nicht tae tak advantage o the Lunnon's green spaces.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/in-pictures-londons-urban-deer-9149902.html|title=In pictures: London's urban deer|work=The Evening Standard}}</ref> Thare are in Lunnon mony [[muntjak]] deer an aa, but acause thay are shy it is less common tae see them.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.times-series.co.uk/news/9761337.Photographer_snaps_Muntjac_deer_in_Mill_Hill_garden/|title=Photographer snaps Muntjac deer in Mill Hill garden|author=Emma Innes|work=Times Series}}</ref> ==Demography== {{Main|Demographics o Lunnon}} {{Table Lunnon tap 28 birth kintras}}<!--- Ref name=Pop2001 ---> Wi increasin industrialisation, Lunnon's population grew rapidly outthrou the 19t an early 20t centuries, an it wis for some time in the late 19t an early 20t centuries the maist populous ceety in the warld. Its population peaked at 8,615,245 in 1939 immediately afore the outbreak o the Seicont World War, but haed declined tae 7,192,091 at the 2001 Census. Housamiver, the population then grew by juist ower a million atween the 2001 an 2011 Censuses, tae reak 8,173,941 in the latter enumeration.<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/chd-we-figure-1.xls "2011 Census. London population"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220904221157/https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-unitary-authorities-in-wales/chd-we-figure-1.xls |date=2022-09-04 }}. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 27 May 2015</ref> Houiver, Lunnon's continuous urban area extends ayont the borders o Greater Lunnon an wis home tae 9,787,426 people in 2011,<ref name="urbanpopulation"/> while its wider [[Lunnon metropolitan area|metropolitan area]] haes a population o atween 12 an 14&nbsp;million dependin on the definition uised.<ref name=metro_area_1>{{cite web|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|title=The Principal Agglomerations o the World|work=City Population|accessdate=3 March 2009|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5rRuMtUmh?url=http://www.citypopulation.de/world/Agglomerations.html|archivedate=2010-07-24|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=metro2>{{cite web |url=http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |title=British urban pattern: population data |accessdate=22 February 2010 |date=March 2007 |work=ESPON project 1.4.3 Study on Urban Functions |publisher=[[European Spatial Planning Observation Network]] |page=119 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924002318/http://www.espon.eu/export/sites/default/Documents/Projects/ESPON2006Projects/StudiesScientificSupportProjects/UrbanFunctions/fr-1.4.3_April2007-final.pdf#page=119 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Accordin tae [[Eurostat]], Lunnon is the [[mucklemaist ceeties an metropolitan areas in the European Union (Eurostat)|maist populous ceety an metropolitan area o the European Union]] an the seicont [[Leet o metropolitan areas in Europe|maist populous in Europe]] (or third if [[Istanbul]] is included). in the period 1991–2001 a net 726,000&nbsp;immigrants arrived in Lunnon.<ref name="Immigration">{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |title=Immigration rise increases segregation in British cities |last=Leppard |first=David |date=10 April 2005 |work=The Times |accessdate=8 August 2009 |location=Lunnon |archive-date=2008-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080211185641/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article379434.ece |url-status=dead }}{{subscription required}}</ref> The region covers an area o {{convert|1579|km2|sqmi}}. The population density is {{convert|5177|PD/km2|PD/sqmi}},<ref>{{cite book |url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |title=Metropolis World Association o the Major Metropolises |accessdate=3 May 2010 |isbn=978-0-7306-2020-4 |archive-date=2011-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427084411/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/sections/a_votre_service/lu_pour_vous/les_grandes_metropol/downloadFile/attachedFile/metropolislondres.pdf?nocache=1254397828.63 |url-status=dead }}</ref> mair nor ten times that o ony ither [[NUTS:UK|British region]].<ref name=Lunnon_087>{{cite web |url= http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/regional_snapshot/RS_Lon.pdf |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195152/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/regional_snapshot/RS_Lon.pdf |archivedate= 2008-06-24 |title= Population density o London: by London borough, 2006 |publisher= UK Statistics Authority |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}</ref> In terms o population, Lunnon is the 19t [[World's mucklemaist ceeties|mucklemaist ceety]] an the 18t [[Leet o metropolitan areas by population|mucklemaist metropolitan]] region in the warld. As o 2014, Lunnon haes the mucklemaist nummer o billionaires (British Pound Sterling) in the warld, wi 72 residing in the ceety.<ref name=Billionaires>{{cite news|title='Rich List' counts more than 100 UK billionaires|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-27360032|accessdate=11 May 2014|newspaper=BBC News Online|date=11 May 2014}}</ref> Lunnon ranks as ane o the maist expensive ceeties in the warld, alongside Tokyo an Moscow.<ref name=Lunnon_089>{{cite news |url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/11/pf/costofliving/ |title=World's Most Expensive Cities 2004 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=16 August 2007 |date=11 June 2004 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0ygZWg?url=http://money.cnn.com/2004/06/11/pf/costofliving/ |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Ethnic groups=== {{Main|Ethnic groups in Lunnon}} {{Pie chart |thumb = left |caption = Ethnic groups in the 2011 census <ref name=2011censusdemo>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls "2011 Census: Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales"] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls |date=2016-01-05 }}. [[Office for National Statistics|ONS]]. Retrieved 3 July 2014</ref> |label1 = White |value1 = 59.8 |color1 = Red |label2 = Asian |value2 = 18.4 |color2 = Orange |label3 = Black |value3 = 13.3 |color3 = Yellow |label4 = Mixed |value4 = 5 |color4 = Green |label5 = Arab |value5 = 1.3 |color5 = Blue |label6 = Other |value6 = 2.1 |color6 = Purple }} Accordin tae the [[Office for National Statistics]], based on the [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2011|2011 Census]] estimates, 59.8 per cent o the 8,173,941 indwallers o Lunnon war [[White people|White]], wi 44.9 per cent [[White British]], 2.2 per cent [[Irish migration tae Great Britain|White Irish]], 0.1 per cent [[Gypsy (term)|gypsy]]/[[Irish traveller]] an 12.1 per cent classifee'd as [[Other White]]. 20.9 per cent o Lunnoners are o [[British Asian|Asian]] an mixed-Asian strynd. 19.7 per cent are o full Asian strynd, wi those o mixed-Asian heritage comprisin 1.2 o the population. [[British Indien|Indiens]] accoont for 6.6 per cent o the population, followed by [[British Pakistanis|Pakistanis]] an [[British Bangladeshi|Bangladeshis]] at 2.7 per cent for ilk o thaim. [[British Chinese|Chinese]] fowks accoont for 1.5 per cent o the population, wi [[British Arabs|Arabs]] comprisin 1.3 per cent. A faur 4.9 per cent are classifee'd as "Other Asian". 15.6 per cent o Lunnon's population are o [[Black British|Black]] an mixed-Black strynd. 13.3 per cent are o fou Black strynd, wi thaim that's o mixed-Black heritage comprisin 2.3 per cent. [[Black British|Black Africans]] accoont for 7.0 per cent o Lunnon's population, wi 4.2 per cent as [[British African-Caribbean community|Black Caribbean]] an 2.1 per cent as "Other Black". 5.0 per cent are o [[Mixed (Unitit Kinrick ethnicity category)|mixed race]]. athort Lunnon, [[Black British|Black]] an [[British Asian|Asian]] childer outnumber [[White British]] childer by aboot sax tae fower in state schuils.<ref name=Lunnon_094>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-o-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |title=One fifth o children frae ethnic minorities |author=Paton, Graeme |date=1 October 2007 |work=The Daily Telegraph |accessdate=7 June 2008 |location=Lunnon |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5hYR0tUao?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1564365/One-fifth-of-children-from-ethnic-minorities.html |archivedate=2009-06-15 |url-status=live }}</ref> Altogether at the 2011 census, o Lunnon's 1,624,768 population aged 0 tae 15, 46.4 per cent war White, 19.8 per cent war Asian, 19 per cent war Black, 10.8 per cent war Mixed an 4 per cent representit anither ethnic group.<ref>{{cite web |author= ONS |url= https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/livelinks/12297.xlsx |title=LC2109EWls - Ethnic group by age |publisher=www.nomisweb.co.uk |accessdate=26 March 2015}}</ref> In Januar 2005, a survey o Lunnon's ethnic an religious diversity claimed that thare war mair nor 300 leids spoken in Lunnon an mair nor 50 non-indigenous communities wi a population o mair nor 10,000.<ref name=Lunnon_090>{{cite news |url= http://www.theguardian.com/uk/2005/jan/21/britishidentity1 |title= Every race, colour, nation and religion on earth |work= The Guardian |location= Lunnon |accessdate= 6 May 2008 |first= Leo |last= Benedictus |date= 21 January 2005 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0zlxGl?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/uk/2005/jan/21/britishidentity1 |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> figurs frae the [[Office for National Statistics]] shaw that, {{as o|2010|alt=in 2010}}, Lunnon's furren-born population wis 2,650,000 (33 per cent), up frae 1,630,000 in 1997. The 2011 census shawed that 36.7 per cent o [[Greater Lunnon]]'s population war born athoot the UK.<ref name=Lunnon_092>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/H-A.asp |title=Census 2001: London |publisher=[[Office for National Statistics]] |accessdate=3 June 2006 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo11Wpqv?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/H-A.asp |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The table tae the right shows the 30 maist common countries o birth o Lunnon residents in 2011, the date o the last published [[UK Census]].<ref name=Pop2011/> A portion o the German-born population are as lik as tae be British nationals born tae parents servin in the [[British Armed Forces]] in Germany.<ref name=Lunnon_095>{{cite book |url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=308 |title=Beyond Black and White: Mapping new immigrant communities |last=Kyambi |first=Sarah |date=7 September 2005 |accessdate=20 January 2007 |isbn=978-1-86030-284-8 |publisher=Institute for Public Policy Research |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo11tc6i?url=http://www.ippr.org.uk/publicationsandreports/publication.asp?id=308 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Estimates produced bi the [[Office for National Statistics]] indicate that the five mucklemaist furren-born groups bidin in Lunnon in the period Julie 2009 tae Juin 2010 war those born in [[Indie]], Poland, the Republic o Ireland, Bangladesh an [[Nigerie]].<ref name=Estimates>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/population-by-country-o-birth-and-nationality-jul09-jun10.zip |title=Table 1.4: Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country o birth, July 2009 tae June 2010 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=7 March 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12D272?url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/population-by-country-of-birth-and-nationality-jul09-jun10.zip |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }} figur given is the central estimate. See the source for 95 per cent [[confidence interval]]s.</ref> ===Releegion=== {{Main|Releegion in Lunnon}} {{bar box |title=[[Releegion in Lunnon|Releegion in Lunnon (2011 census)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |title=2011 Census, Key Statistics for Local Authorities in England and Wales |publisher=Ons.gov.uk |date=11 December 2012 |accessdate=4 May 2013 |archive-date=2016-01-05 |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-286262 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent(%) |float=left |bars= {{bar percent|[[Christianity|Christian]]|purple|48.4}} {{bar percent|[[Irreleegion|No releegion]]|violet|20.7}} {{bar percent|[[Islam|Muslim]]|Green|12.4}} {{bar percent|Undeclared|black|8.5}} {{bar percent|[[Hinduism|Hindu]]|Orange|5.0}} {{bar percent|[[Jewish]]|Blue|1.8}} {{bar percent|[[Sikhism|Sikh]]|yellow|1.5}} {{bar percent|[[Buddhism|Buddhist]]|Gold|1.0}} {{bar percent|Ither|grey|0.6}} }} Accordin tae the [[2011 UK Census|2011 Census]], the mucklemaist releegious groupins are [[Christianity|Christians]] (48.4 per cent), follaed bi those o [[Irreleegion|no releegion]] (20.7 per cent), [[Islam|Muslims]] (12.4 per cent), nae reponse (8.5 per cent), [[Hinduism|Hindus]] (5.0 per cent), [[Judaism|Jews]] (1.8 per cent), [[Sikhism|Sikhs]] (1.5 per cent), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (1.0 per cent) an ither (0.6 per cent). Lunnon haes tradeetionally been Christian, an haes a [[Leet o kirks in Lunnon|hantle o kirks]], parteecularly in the Ceety o Lunnon. The well-kent [[St Paul's Cathedral]] in the Ceety an [[Southwark Cathedral]] sooth o the river are [[Anglicanism|Anglican]] admeenistrative centres,<ref name=Lunnon_096>{{cite web|url=http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&pointerid=97320F44yHMK9hndcXZBD5sVH4m52Yc0|title=About Saint Paul's Cathedral|publisher=Dean an Chapter St Paul's|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080407082352/http://www.stpauls.co.uk/page.aspx?theLang=001lngdef&pointerid=97320F44yHMK9hndcXZBD5sVH4m52Yc0|archivedate=2008-04-07|url-status=dead}}</ref> while the [[Archbishop o Canterbury]], principal bishop o the [[Krik o Ingland]] an warldwide [[Anglican Communion]], haes his main residence at [[Lambeth Palace]] in the [[Lunnon Borough o Lambeth]].<ref name=Lunnon_097>{{cite web|url=http://www.lambethpalacelibrary.org/|title=Lambeth Palace Library|publisher=Lambeth Palace Library|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12b6iD?url=http://www.lambethpalacelibrary.org/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Important national an royal ceremonies are shared atween [[St Paul's Cathedral|St Paul's]] an [[Westminster Abbey]].<ref name=Lunnon_098>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/|title=Westminster Abbey|publisher=Dean an Chapter o Westminster|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo12pvY3?url=http://www.westminster-abbey.org/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> The Abbey is nae tae be confused wi nearby [[Westminster Cathedral]], that is the mucklemaist [[Roman Catholic]] cathedral in [[England an Wales]].<ref name=Lunnon_099>{{cite web|url=http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/home.html|title=West Minster Cathedral|publisher=Westminster Cathedral|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080327041736/http://www.westminstercathedral.org.uk/home.html|archivedate=2008-03-27|url-status=dead}}</ref> Despite the prevalence o Anglican kirks, observance is verra laich wiin the Anglican denomination. Kirk attendance continues on a lang, slaw, steady decline, accordin tae Kirk o Ingland statistics.<ref name=Lunnon_100>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.cofe.anglican.org/info/statistics/2007provisionalattendance.pdf |title=Church o England Statistics |publisher=Church o England |accessdate=6 June 2008 |ref=harv |journal= |archive-date=2014-07-09 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20140709133529/http://www.churchofengland.org/about-us/facts-stats.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[File:St Paul's Cathedral, 26 August 2012 (2).jpg|thumb|right|[[St Paul's Cathedral]]]] Lunnon is hame tae sizeable [[Muslim]], [[Hindu]], [[Sikh]], an [[Jewish]] commonties an aw. Notable mosques include the [[East Lunnon Mosque]] in Touer Hamlets, [[Lunnon Central Mosque]] on the edge o [[Regent's Park]] an the [[Baitul Futuh]] Mosque o the [[Ahmadiyya Muslim Community]]. Follaein the ile boom, increasin nummers o wealthy Hindus an [[Middle-East]]ren Muslims hae based themselves aroond [[Mayfair]] an [[Knightsbridge]] in Wast Lunnon.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikhchic.com/history/sikhbritons_second_wealthiest_government_report|title=sikhchic.com - The Art and Culture o the Diaspora - Sikh-Britons Second Wealthiest: Government Report|work=sikhchic.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2013/03/14/comment-british-sikhs-are-the-best-example-o-cultural-integ|title=Comment: British Sikhs are the best insample o cultural integration|work=politics.co.uk}}{{Dead link|date=February 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_102>{{cite web |url= http://www.standard.co.uk/news/the-300-billion-arabs-are-coming-6890813.html |author= Bill, Peter |title= The $300&nbsp;billion Arabs are coming |work= Lunnon Evening Standard |date= 29 May 2008 |accessdate= 3 July 2013 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo15MyJm?url=http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23488244-the-300-billion-arabs-are-coming.do |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= live }}</ref> Thare muckle Muslim commonties in the eastren boroughs o [[Lunnon Borough o Touer Hamlets|Touer Hamlets]] an [[Lunnon Borough o Newham|Newham]].<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211026 Census 2001 Key Statistics, Local Authorities in England and Wales] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719020954/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference-tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-211026 |date=2012-07-19 }} Office for National Statistics</ref> lairge Hindu communities are in the north-wastren boroughs o [[Lunnon Borough o Harrow|Harrow]] an [[Lunnon Borough o Brent|Brent]]; the latter is hame tae Europe's mucklemaist [[Hindu temple]], [[Neasden Temple]].<ref name=Lunnon_103>{{cite web |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/19/hindu_london_feature.shtml |title= Hindu London |date= 6 June 2005 |publisher= BBC Lunnon |accessdate= 3 June 2006 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20060218161357/http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2005/05/19/hindu_london_feature.shtml |archivedate= 2006-02-18 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon is hame tae 42 Hindu temples. Thare are Sikh communities in East an West Lunnon, parteecularly in Southall, hame tae ane o the mucklemaist Sikh populations an the mucklemaist Sikh temple ootside Indie.<ref name=Lunnon_104>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2898761.stm |title=£17&nbsp;m Sikh temple opens |date=30 March 2003 |work=BBC News |accessdate=7 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo18FMYP?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/2898761.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The majority o [[Breetish Jews]] live in Lunnon, wi signeeficant Jewish commonties in [[Stamford Hill]], [[Stanmore]], [[Golders Green]], [[Finchley]], [[Hampstead]], [[Hendon]] an [[Edgware]] in [[North Lunnon]]. [[Bevis Marks Synagogue]] in the [[Ceety o Lunnon]] is affiliatit tae Lunnon's heestoric [[Sephardic]] Jewish commonty. It is the anly synagogue in Europe that haes held regular services continuously for ower 300 year. [[Stanmore an Canons Pairk Synagogue]] haes the mucklemaist membership o ony single Orthodox synagogue in the whole o Europe, owertakin [[Ilford]] synagogue (in Lunnon an aa) in 1998.<ref name=Lunnon_106>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/Partnerships/Regions/Kavimut/Britain+Communities/Stanmore+11.htm |publisher=The Jewish Agency for Israel |title=Stanmore |accessdate=12 October 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo18Qcmw?url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Israel/Partnerships/Regions/Kavimut/Britain+Communities/Stanmore+11.htm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> The commonity set up the [[unnon Jewish Forum]] in 2006 in response tae the growin signeeficance o devolved Lunnon Govrenment.<ref name=Lunnon_107>{{cite news |last=Paul |first=Jonny |date=10 December 2006 |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/1178443551.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Dec+10%2C+2006&author=JONNY+PAUL%2C+Jerusalem+Post+correspondent&pub=Jerusalem+Post&edition=&startpage=05&desc=Livingstone+apologizes+to+UK+Jews |title=Livingstone apologizes tae UK's Jews |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo19jSJq?url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1164881856232 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Accent=== Thare are mony accents that are tradeetionally thocht on as Lunnon accents. The maist weel kent o the Lunnon accents lang syne acquired the [[Cockney]] label, that is haurd baith in Lunnon itself, an athort the wider [[South East England]] region mair generally.<ref>"Cracking Up!". p. 178. Lulu.com</ref> The accent o a 21st-century 'Lunnoner' varies widely; what is becomin mair an mair common amongst the unner-30s houiver is some fusion o Cockney wi a whole array o 'ethnic' accents, in parteecular [[Caribbean]], that form an accent labelled [[Multicultural Lunnon English]] (MLE).<ref name="MCLE">{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/jafaican-and-tikkiny-drown-out-the-east-ends-cockney-twang-473688.html|title=Jafaican and Tikkiny drown out the East End's Cockney twang|first=Jonathan|last=Brown|work=[[The Independent]]|location=Lunnon|date=11 April 2006|accessdate=22 August 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK682mq?url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/jafaican-and-tikkiny-drown-out-the-east-ends-cockney-twang-473688.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> The ither widely heard an spoken accent is RP ([[Received Pronunciation]]) in various forms, that can aften be haurd in the media an mony o ither traditional professions an ayont this area, tho this accent isnae leemitit tae Lunnon an South East England, an can be haurd selectively atouer the hale UK amang certaint social groupins. ==Economy== {{Main|Economy o Lunnon|Media in Lunnon}} [[File:The City London.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[City o Lunnon]] is ane o the lairgest financial centres in the warld.<ref name="Mastercard" /><ref name="forbes.com" />]] Lunnon generates aboot 20 per cent o [[Economy o the Unitit Kinrick|the UK's GDP]]<ref name="Lunnon's place in economy">{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's place in the UK economy, 2005–06 |publisher=City o Lunnon |accessdate=11 March 2008 |archive-date=2006-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525075622/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> (or $446&nbsp;billion in 2005); while the economy o the [[Lunnon metropolitan area]]—[[Leet o ceeties by GDP#Europe, Western|the lairgest in Europe]]—generates aboot 30 per cent o the UK's GDP (or an estimatit $669&nbsp;billion in 2005).<ref name=Lunnon_109>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/073-85.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624195153/http://www.iaurif.org/en/doc/studies/cahiers/cahier_135/pdf/073-85.pdf|archivedate=2008-06-24|title=The Economic Positioning of Metropolitan Areas in North Western Europe|date=December 2002|publisher=The Institute for Urban Planning an Development o the Paris Île-de-France Region|accessdate=27 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lunnon is ane o the pre-eminent financial centres o the warld an vies wi New York ceety as the maist important location for international finance.<ref name="economist1">{{Cite news |title=After the fall |work=[[The Economist]] |date=29 November 2007 |location=Lunnon |url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDNDRPTT |accessdate=15 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1CAPd8?url=http://www.economist.com/finance/displaystory.cfm?story_id=E1_TDNDRPTT |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="economist2">{{Cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753240 |title=Financial Centres&nbsp;— Magnets for money |date=13 September 2007 |work=The Economist |location=Lunnon |accessdate=15 May 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1CVVgP?url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=9753240 |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon's lairgest industry is finance, an its [[financial export]]s mak it a lairge contributor tae the UK's [[balance o payments]]. Aroond 325,000 fowk wis employed in financial services in Lunnon til mid-2007. Lunnon haes ower 480 owerseas banks, mair nor ony ither ceety in the warld. Ower 85 percent (3.2&nbsp;million) o the employed population o greater Lunnon works in the services industries. Acause o its prominent global role, Lunnon's economy haed been affectit bi the [[Late-2000s financial crisis]]. Housamiver, by 2010 the ceety haes recovered; pit in place new regulatory powers, proceedit tae regain lost ground an re-established Lunnon's economic parity wi New York.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/21/business/global/21rglofinuk.html?_r=0</ref> The [[City o Lunnon]] is home tae the [[Bank o England]], [[Lunnon Stock Exchange]], an [[Lloyd's o Lunnon]] insurance mercat. Ower hauf o the UK's tap 100 listit companies (the [[FTSE 100]]) an ower 100 o Europe's 500 lairgest companies hae thair headquarters in central Lunnon. Ower 70 per cent o the FTSE 100 are athin Lunnon's metropolitan area, an 75 per cent o [[Fortune 500]] companies hae offices in Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_113>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/|title=London Stock Exchange|year=2008|publisher=Lunnon Stock Exchange plc.|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1FWjWx?url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/en-gb/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Canary-wharf-one.jpg|thumb|right|[[Canary Wharf]] is ane o the biggest financial centres in Europe an is hame tae some o the [[Leet o tallest biggins in the Unitit Kinrick|UK's tallest biggins]].]] Alang wi [[professional services]], media companies are [[Media in Lunnon|concentratit in Lunnon]] an the media distribution industry is Lunnon's seicont maist competitive sector.<ref name=Lunnon_114>{{cite web |url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's Place in the UK Economy, 2005–6 |date=November 2005 |work=Oxford Economic Forecasting on behalf o the Corporation o Lunnon |page=19 |accessdate=19 June 2006 |archive-date=2006-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525075622/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[BBC]] is a significant employer, while ither broadcasters hae heidquarters aroond the ceety an aa. Mony [[Leet o newspapers in the Unitit Kinrick|naitional newspapers]] are editit in Lunnon. Lunnon is a major retail centre an in 2010 haed the heichest non-food retail sales o ony ceety in the warld, wi a tot spend o aroond £64.2&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217|title=London tops world cities spending league|accessdate=29 April 2011|agency=Reuters|date=17 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1FVjQo?url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217|archivedate=2011-05-19|first=Mark|last=Potter|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Port o Lunnon]] is the seicont-lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick, handlin 45&nbsp;million [[tonne]]s o cargo ilka year.<ref name=handling/> Lunnon haes five major business destricts: the ceety, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington an Lambeth & Southwark. One wey tae get an idea o thair relative importance is tae leuk at relative amounts o office space: Greater Lunnon haed 27&nbsp;million m² o office space in 2001, an the ceety conteens the maist space, wi 8&nbsp;million m² o office space. Lunnon haes some o the heichest real estate prices in the warld.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/2784634/Highgate-trumps-Chelsea-as-priciest-postcode.html | location=Lunnon | work=The Daily Telegraph | first=Felix | last=Lowe | title=Highgate trumps Chelsea as priciest postcode | date=19 February 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.forbes.com/2007/12/11/postcodes-uk-expensive-forbeslife-cx_po_1212realestate.html | work=Forbes | title=U.K.'s Most Expensive Postcodes | date=12 December 2007}}</ref> A growin nummer o technology companies are based in Lunnon notably in [[East Lunnon Tech ceety]], forby kent as Silicon Roundabout. In Aprile 2014, the ceety wis amang the first tae receive a [[geoTLD]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mydotlondon.com/domain-availability/|title=Availability|work=mydotLunnon.com|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2014-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202113544/http://mydotlondon.com/domain-availability/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Februar 2014 Lunnon wis ranked as the European ceety o the Future <ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/london-named-as-european-city-of-the-future | location=Lunnon | work=Lunnon&Partners | title=London named as European City of the Future | date=17 February 2014 | access-date=2015-06-04 | archive-date=2018-06-25 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625162127/http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2014/london-named-as-european-city-of-the-future | url-status=dead }}</ref> in the 2014/15 leet by [[FDi Magazine]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2014-15 | location=Lunnon | work=fDiIntelligence.com | title=European Cities and Regions of the Future 2014/15 | date=17 February 2014 | access-date=2015-06-04 | archive-date=2014-11-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112110111/http://www.fdiintelligence.com/Locations/Europe/European-Cities-and-Regions-of-the-Future-2014-15 | url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon haes the heichest property prices o ony European ceety accordin tae the Office for National Statistics an the European Office o Statistics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.citymayors.com/statistics/uk-european-cities.html|title=City Mayors: UK and European cities compared|work=citymayors.com}}</ref> On average the price per squerr metre in central Lunnon is €24,252 (Aprile 2014). This is higher than the property prices in ither G8 European caipital ceeties; Berlin €3,306, Rome €6,188 an Paris €11,229.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Europe/United-Kingdom/square-meter-prices|title=Price per Square Meter United Kingdom - British Cost per Square Meter|author=Global Property Guide|work=Global Property Guide}}</ref> The gas an electricity distribution networks that manage an operate the touers, cables an pressure systems that deliver energy tae consumers athort the ceety are managed by [[National Grid plc]], [[SGN (company)|SGN]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Gas distributors|url=https://www.ofgem.gov.uk/gas/distribution-networks/gb-gas-distribution-network|website=www.ofgem.gov.uk/|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref> an [[UK Power Networks]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Electricity distributor|url=http://www2.nationalgrid.com/uk/Our-company/electricity/Distribution-Network-Operator-Companies/|website=www2.nationalgrid.com/|accessdate=15 September 2014|archive-date=2014-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914184550/http://www2.nationalgrid.com/uk/Our-company/electricity/Distribution-Network-Operator-Companies/|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Tourism=== {{Main|Tourism in Lunnon}} [[File:British Museum from NE 2 (cropped).JPG|thumb|250pg|The British Museum]] Lunnon is a popular centre for [[Tourism in Lunnon|tourism]], ane o its prime industries, employin the equivalent o 350,000 fou-time workers in 2003,<ref name=Lunnon_117>{{cite web|url=http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/02/15/27958/london-is-the-hr-centre-of-opportunity-in-the-uk.html|title=London is the HR centre of opportunity in the UK|date=15 February 2005|publisher=PersonnelToday.com|accessdate=3 June 2006|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1GNS8r?url=http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/2005/02/15/27958/london-is-the-hr-centre-of-opportunity-in-the-uk.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> while annual expenditure by tourists is aroond £15&nbsp;billion.<ref name=Lunnon_118>"{{cite web |url= http://www.visitlondon.com/uploads/8551importanceoflondon_2004jun.pdf |title= The Importance of Tourism in London |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053808/http://www.visitlondon.com/uploads/8551importanceoflondon_2004jun.pdf |archivedate= 2007-06-28 |ref= harv |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= live }}", Visit Lunnon. Retrieved 3 June 2006.</ref> Lunnon attracks ower 14&nbsp;million international visitors a year; that gars it Europe's maist visitit ceety.<ref name=EuromonitorCityRanking>{{cite web|url=http://blog.euromonitor.com/2012/01/euromonitor-internationals-top-city-destinations-ranking1-.html|title=Euromonitor International's Top 100 City Destinations Ranking |publisher=Euromonitor International|date=10 January 2012|accessdate=25 February 2012}}</ref> Lunnon attracts 27&nbsp;million overnicht-stay visitors every year.<ref name="Lunnon 101">"{{cite web |url= http://corporate.visitlondon.com/ems/downloads/8112london101.pdf |title= London 101: One Hundred and One Amazing Facts About London |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053808/http://corporate.visitlondon.com/ems/downloads/8112london101.pdf |archivedate= 2007-06-28 |ref= harv |publisher= Visit Lunnon |access-date= 2015-06-04 |url-status= dead }}</ref> In 2010 the ten maist-visitit attractions in Lunnon war:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.visitlondon.com/attractions/culture/top-ten-attractions |title=Top 10 London Attractions |publisher=Visit Lunnon |date=1 April 2011 |accessdate=26 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Gbp7Y?url=http://www.visitlondon.com/attractions/culture/top-ten-attractions |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> # [[British Museum]] # [[Tate Modern]] # [[National Gallery]] # [[Natural History Museum, Lunnon|Natural History Museum]] # [[Imperial War Museum]] # [[Science Museum (Lunnon)|Science Museum]] # [[Victoria an Albert Museum]] # [[Madame Tussauds]] # [[National Maritime Museum]] # [[Tower o Lunnon]] ===Housing crisis=== {{Main|Affordability o housing in the Unitit Kinrick}} Thousans o faimlies athoot hames fin thairsels stuck in emergency accommodation for at least twa year.<ref>{{cite news |title=Housing shortage leaves homeless families 'stuck' in hostels for two years |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/housing-shortage-leaves-homeless-families-stuck-in-hostels-for-two-years-9652684.html |newspaper=The Independent |location= Lunnon |date= 6 August 2014 |author= Emily Dugan |accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> A growthe in the nummer o UK households haes led tae the homeless charity [[Shelter (charity)|Shelter]] statin: "This growth is a result o people livin langer, mair fowk livin on thair lanesomes or in weeer hoosehauds, an net migration."<ref>{{cite web |title= Immigration and housing |url= http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/132030/Factsheet_Immigration_and_housing.pdf |publisher= Shelter |page= 9 |access-date= 2015-06-04 |archive-date= 2014-11-28 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141128122805/http://england.shelter.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/132030/Factsheet_Immigration_and_housing.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> ==Transport== {{Main|Transport in Lunnon|Infrastructure in Lunnon}} [[File:Black London Cab.jpg|right|thumb|A black Lunnon taxi, forbye kent as a [[hackney carriage]].]] Transport is ane o the fower main area o policy administered bi the Mayor o Lunnon,<ref name=Lunnon_121>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/|title=Transport for London|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5msa508h4?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/|archivedate=2010-01-18|url-status=live}}</ref> houiver the mayor's financial control disnae extend tae the langer distance rail network that enters Lunnon. In 2007 he assumed responsibility for some local lines, that nou form the [[Lunnon Overground]] network, adding tae the existin responsibility for the Lunnon Unnergrund, trams an buses. The public transport network is administered by [[Transport for Lunnon]] (TfL) an is ane o the priceymaist in the warld. The lines that formed the Lunnon Unnergrund, as weel as trams an buses, became pairt o an integratit transport system in 1933 when the [[Lunnon Passenger Transport Board]] or ''[[Lunnon Transport (brand)|Lunnon Transport]]'' wis creatit. Transport for Lunnon is nou the statutory corporation responsible for maist aspects o the transport system in Greater Lunnon, an is run by a board an a commissioner appyntit bi the [[Mayor o Lunnon]].<ref name=stat_tfl>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.gov.uk/help/faq.jsp#transport|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071019055413/http://www.london.gov.uk/help/faq.jsp#transport|archivedate=2007-10-19|title=How do I find out about transport in London?|publisher=Greater Lunnon Authority|accessdate=5 June 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Aviation=== {{Main|Airports o Lunnon}} [[File:Heathrow Terminal 5C Iwelumo-1.jpg|thumb|[[Lunnon Heathrow Airport]] is the busiest airport in the UK an Europe as well as the seicont busiest in the warld for international passenger traffic. ([[Lunnon Heathrow Terminal 5|Terminal 5]]C is pictured]] Lunnon is a major international air transport hub wi the lairgest ceety airspace in the warld.{{Citation needed|date=November 2014}} Aicht airports uise the wird ''Lunnon'' in thair name, but maist traffic passes throu sax o thir. [[Lunnon Heathrow Airport]], in [[Lunnon Borough o Hillingdon|Hillingdon]], West Lunnon, is the [[World's busiest airport|busiest airport in the warld]] for international traffic, an is the major hub o the naition's banner carrier, [[British Airways]].<ref name=Lunnon_135>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrowairport.com/|title=BAA Heathrow: Official Website|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|archive-date=2011-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195656/http://www.heathrowairport.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In Mairch 2008 its fift terminal wis opened.<ref name=Lunnon_137>{{cite web|url=http://www.heathrow-airport-uk.info/heathrow-airport-terminal-5.htm|title=Heathrow Airport Terminal 5|publisher=TMC Ltd|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1I83JE?url=http://www.heathrow-airport-uk.info/heathrow-airport-terminal-5.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Thare war plans for a third runway an a sixth terminal houiver thir war cancelled bi the [[Unitit Kinrick coalition government (2010–present)|Coalition Government]] on 12 Mey 2010.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8678282.stm |title=Heathrow runway plans scrapped by new government |work=BBC News |date=12 May 2010 |accessdate=30 January 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1J2Xuu?url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/london/8678282.stm |archivedate=2011-05-19 |url-status=live }}</ref> Similar traffic, wi some [[Low-cost carrier|cheap]] [[short-haul]] flights, is forbye handled at [[Gatwick Airport]], sooth o Lunnon in [[West Sussex]].<ref name=Lunnon_139>{{cite web|url=http://www.gatwickairport.com/|title=BAA Gatwick: Gatwick Airport|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1JBGRX?url=http://www.gatwickairport.com/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Lunnon Stanstit Airport|Stanstit Airport]], north east o Lunnon in [[Essex]], is a local UK hub an [[Lunnon Luton Airport|Luton Airport]] tae the north o Lunnon in [[Bedfordshire]], caters maistly for cheap short-haul flights.<ref name=Lunnon_140>{{cite book|url=http://www.stanstedairport.com/|title=BAA Stansted : Stansted Airport|year=2008|publisher=BAA|accessdate=27 April 2008|isbn=978-0-86039-476-1|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1JkALo?url=http://www.stanstedairport.com/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_141>{{cite book|url=http://www.london-luton.co.uk/en/|title=London Luton Airport|publisher=Lunnon Luton Airport|accessdate=27 April 2008|isbn=978-0-11-510256-1|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1KGPZQ?url=http://www.london-luton.co.uk/en/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lunnon ceety Airport]], the weeest an maist central airport, in [[Lunnon Borough o Newham|Newham]], East Lunnon, is focused on business travellers, wi a mixtur o fou service short-haul schedult flichts an considerable [[business jet]] traffic.<ref name=Lunnon_142>{{cite web|url=http://www.londoncityairport.com/Default.aspx|title=London City Airport&nbsp;— Corporate Information|publisher=Lunnon ceety Airport Ltd.|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Kyrhl?url=http://www.londoncityairport.com/Default.aspx|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Lunnon Southend Airport]], east o Lunnon in [[Essex]], is a smawer, regional airport that mainly caters for cheap short-haul flights. The [[Airports Commission]] is due tae report in Summer 2015 on future expansion o airport capacity. ===Rail=== ====Underground an DLR==== [[File:Baker Street tube station MMB 19 S Stock.jpg|thumb|The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]] is the warld's auldest an seicont-langest [[rapid transit]] system]] The [[Lunnon Unnergrund]], commonly referred tae as the Tube, is the auldest<ref name="Metro">{{Cite book |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1604.aspx |title=London Underground: History|author=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=30 December 2012|isbn=978-0-904711-30-1 |ref=harv }}</ref> an seicont langest<ref name="railwaygazette.com"/> [[rapid transit|metro]] system in the warld. The system serves 270 [[metro station|stations]]<ref name="facts">{{Cite journal |title=Key facts |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/modesoftransport/londonunderground/1608.aspx |accessdate=15 October 2009 |ref=harv }}</ref> an wis formed frae several private companies, includin the warld's first unnerground electric line, the [[City an South Lunnon Railway]].<ref name="UrbanRail">{{cite book|url=http://de.geocities.com/u_london/london.htm|title=London Underground|last=Schwandl|first=Robert|year=2001|publisher=UrbanRail.net|accessdate=24 September 2006|isbn=978-3-936573-01-5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006013919/http://de.geocities.com/u_london/london.htm|archivedate=2006-10-06|url-status=dead}}</ref> It dates frae 1863. Ower three million journeys is made ilk a day on the Underground network, ower 1&nbsp;billion ilk a year.<ref name=Lunnon_124>{{cite press release |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/7103.html |title=Tube breaks record for passenger numbers |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |date=27 December 2007 |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJy1HWj?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/7103.html |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> An investment programme is attemptin tae reduce congestion an impruive reliability, includin £6.5&nbsp;billion (€7.7&nbsp;billion) spent afore the [[2012 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The London 2012 legacy |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/projectsandschemes/25869.aspx|publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate= 11 August 2013}}</ref> The [[Docklands Light Railway]], that opened in 1987, is a seicont, mair local metro system uisin smawer an lighter tram-teep vehicles that serve [[Lunnon Docklands|Docklands]] an [[Greenwich]]. ====Suburban==== [[File:King's Cross Western Concourse.jpg|thumb|[[Keeng's Cross railway station]] Western Concourse]] Thare are 366 [[railway stations]] in the [[Lunnon fare zones|Lunnon Travelcard Zones]] on an extensive abuin-ground suburban railway network. South Lunnon, parteecularly, haes a heich concentration o railways as it haes fewer Underground lines. Maist rail lines terminate aroond the centre o Lunnon, running intae [[Lunnon station group|eighteen terminal stations]], cep for the [[Thameslink]] trains connecting [[Bedford]] in the north an [[Brighton]] in the sooth via [[Lunnon Luton Airport|Luton]] an [[Gatwick Airport|Gatwick]] airports.<ref name="Lunnon_127">{{cite web |url=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/Main.php?sEvent=HomePage |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nDd2BCwh?url=http://www.firstcapitalconnect.co.uk/Main.php?sEvent=HomePage |archivedate=2010-02-01 |title=First Capital Connect |publisher=First Capital Connect |accessdate=27 April 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon haes Britain's busiest station&nbsp;by nummer o passengers – [[Lunnon Waterloo station|Waterloo]], wi ower 184&nbsp;million people uisin the interchange station complex (whilk includes [[Lunnon Waterloo East railway station|Waterloo East]] station) ilka year.<ref name="National Rail Station Usage">{{cite web |url= http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 |title= Rail Station Usage |publisher= Office o Rail Regulation |accessdate= 24 October 2009 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5QO6kHRpk?url=http://www.rail-reg.gov.uk/server/show/nav.1529 |archivedate= 2007-07-17 |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Tube exits">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/modesoftransport/tube/performance/default.asp?onload=entryexit |title=Tube exits |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=24 October 2009 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5QW719FI3?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/corporate/modesoftransport/tube/performance/default.asp?onload=entryexit |archivedate=2007-07-22 |url-status=live }}</ref> {{rws|Clapham Junction}} is the busiest station in Europe bi the nummer o trains passing. Wi the need for mair rail capacity in Lunnon, [[Crossrail]] is due tae open in 2018. It will be a new railway line runnin east tae wast throu Lunnon an intae the [[Home Counties]] wi a branch tae [[Heathrow Airport]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/maps/regional-map |title=Crossrail Regional Map |publisher= Crossrail |accessdate=8 September 2013}}</ref> It is Europe's biggest construction project, wi a £15 billion projectit cost.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16289051 |work=BBC News |title= Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled |date=2 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html |newspaper=The Independent on Sunday |location= Lunnon |title= Crossrail delayed tae save £1bn |date=29 August 2010 |first= Mark |last= Leftly}}</ref> ====Inter-city an international==== [[File:St Pancras railway station MMB B9 373213.jpg|thumb|[[St Pancras railway station]] is the main terminal for heich speed [[Eurostar]] an [[HS1]] services, as well as suburban [[Thameslink]] an [[East Midlands Trains]] services.]] Lunnon is the centre o the [[National Rail]] network, wi 70 percent o rail journeys stairtin or endin in Lunnon.<ref>{{cite web|title=Rail|url=http://londonfirst.co.uk/our-focus/londons-transport-infrastructure/rail/|work=Lunnon First|publisher=Lunnon First|accessdate=5 April 2014|archive-date=2014-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407083946/http://londonfirst.co.uk/our-focus/londons-transport-infrastructure/rail/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lik suburban rail services, regional an inter-ceety trains depart frae several termini aroon the ceety centre, linkin Lunnon wi the rest o Britain includin [[Cambridge]], [[Bristol]], [[Cardiff]], [[Exeter]], [[Birmingham]], [[Holyhead]], [[Sheffield]], [[Southampton]], [[Leeds]], [[Manchester]], [[Newcastle-upon-Tyne]], [[Edinburgh]] an [[Glasgow]]. Some international railway services tae [[Continental Europe]] wis operatit during the 20t century as [[boat train]]s, lik the ''[[Admiraal de Ruijter (train)|Admiraal de Ruijter]]'' tae [[Amsterdam]] an the ''[[Night Ferry]]'' tae Paris an Brussels. The openin o the [[Channel Tunnel]] in 1994 connectit Lunnon directly tae the continental rail network, allouin [[Eurostar]] services tae begin. Syne 2007, heich-speed trains link [[St Pancras railway station|St. Pancras International]] wi [[Lille]], [[Paris]], [[Brussels]] an European tourist destinations via the [[High Speed 1]] rail link an the [[Channel Tunnel]].<ref name=Lunnon_128>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurostar.com/dynamic/index.jsp;ERSPRDSession=LJqZB7nyKlW9lVLvZzK534LvMjL519fPDS4R0QGn51CprylVmjH8!685848002 |title=Eurostar |publisher=Eurostar |accessdate=6 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJz4xiY?url=http://www.eurostar.com/dynamic/index.jsp;ERSPRDSession=LJqZB7nyKlW9lVLvZzK534LvMjL519fPDS4R0QGn51CprylVmjH8!685848002 |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The first [[Southeastern (train operating company)|heich-speed domestic]] trains stairtit in Juin 2009 linking [[Kent]] tae Lunnon.<ref name="Southeastern Highspeed">{{cite web |url=http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/highspeed/ |title=Highspeed |publisher=Southeastern |accessdate=5 February 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJzQVXK?url=http://www.southeasternrailway.co.uk/highspeed/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare plans for a [[High Speed 2|seicont heich speed line]] linkin Lunnon tae the Midlands, North West England, an Yorkshire. ====Freight==== Awtho [[rail freight]] levels are far doun compared tae thair heicht, significant quantities o cargo are forby carried intae an oot o Lunnon by rail; chiefly biggin materials an [[landfill]] waste.<ref name="Freight Plan">August 2007, [https://www.tfl.gov.uk/cdn/static/cms/documents/rail-freight-strategy-aug-2007.pdf Rail Freight Strategy], [[Lunnon Rail]]</ref> As a major hub o the British railway network, Lunnon's tracks forby cairy lairge amounts o freight for the ither regions, sic as [[containerisation|container freight]] frae the Channel Tunnel an [[English Channel]] ports, an [[nuclear waste]] for [[nuclear reprocessing|reprocessing]] at [[Sellafield]].<ref name="Freight Plan"/> ===Buses an trams=== [[File:Arriva London bus DW262 (LJ59 GUA), 18 September 2010.jpg|thumb|The [[Lunnon buses|red double decker bus]] is an iconic seembol o Lunnon]] Lunnon's [[Lunnon Buses|bus network]] is ane o the lairgest in the warld, runnin 24 oor a day, wi aboot 8,500 buses, mair nor 700 bus routes an aroond 19,500 bus stops.<ref name="Buses">{{cite web|title=What we do – Buses|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/buses|work=Transport for Lunnon|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref> In 2013, the network haed mair nor 2 billion commuter trips per annum, mair nor the Underground.<ref name="Buses"/> Aroond £850&nbsp;million is taen in revenue ilk a year. Lunnon haes the lairgest wheelchair accessible network in the warld<ref name=Lunnon_131>{{cite web|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3609.html|title=London's bus improvements get Parliamentary seal of approval|date=23 May 2006|publisher=Transport For Lunnon|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1M9NgV?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/static/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/3609.html|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> an, frae the 3rd quarter o 2007, becam mair accessible tae hearin- an sicht- impaired passengers as audio-visual announcements wis introduced. The distinctive reid [[double-decker bus]]es is a international recognised trademark o Lunnon transport alang wi [[Hackney carriage|black cabs]] an the Tube.<ref name=Lunnon_132>{{cite web |url= http://www.londonblackcabs.co.uk/ |title= London Black Cabs |publisher= Lunnon Black Cabs |accessdate= 27 April 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1MLOHV?url=http://www.londonblackcabs.co.uk/ |archivedate= 2011-05-19 |url-status= dead }}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_133>{{cite web |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modalpages/2625.aspx |title= Tube |publisher= [[Transport for Lunnon]] |accessdate= 27 April 2008 |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJwfagc?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/modalpages/2625.aspx |archivedate= 2011-05-20 |url-status= live }}</ref> Lunnon haes a modern tram network, kent as [[Tramlink]], centred on [[Croydon]] in [[South Lunnon]]. The network haes 39 stops an fower routes, an carried 28&nbsp;million bodies in 2013.<ref name=Trams>{{cite web|title=What we do – Trams|url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/about-tfl/what-we-do/tramlink|work=Transport for Lunnon|publisher=Transport for Lunnon|accessdate=5 April 2014}}</ref> Syne Juin 2008 [[Transport for Lunnon]] haes completely owned Tramlink, an it plans tae spend £54m by 2015 on maintenance, renewals, upgrades an capacity enhancements.<ref name=Lunnon_134>{{cite web |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/tramlink-factsheet.pdf |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5o8t78IGj?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/assets/downloads/tramlink-factsheet.pdf |archivedate= 2010-03-11 |date= Summer 2009 |publisher= Transport for Lunnon |title= Tramlink Factsheet |accessdate= 19 February 2010 |url-status= live }}</ref> ===Cable car=== Lunnon's first an anly cable car, kent as the [[Emirates Air Line (cable car)|Emirates Air Line]], opened in Juin 2012. Crossin the [[River Thames]], linking [[Greenwich Peninsula]] an the [[Royal Docks]] in the east o the ceety, the cable car is integratit wi Lunnon's Oyster Card ticketing system. ===Cycling=== [[File:Blue, Yellow and Red Boris Bikes 2015-05-01.jpg|thumb|[[Santander Cycles|Cycle hire]] docking station|200x200px]] [[Cycling in Lunnon|Cycling]] is an increasingly popular wey tae get aroond Lunnon. The launch o [[Santander Cycles|a cycle hire scheme]] in Julie 2010 haes been successfu an generally weel received. The [[Lunnon Cycling Campaign]] lobbies for better provision.<ref name="Lunnon_122">{{cite web|url=http://www.lcc.org.uk/|title=London Cycling Campaign|date=20 November 2006|publisher=Rosanna Downes|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo1Hlskj?url=http://www.lcc.org.uk/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Port an river boats=== Frae bein the lairgest port in the warld, the [[Port o Lunnon]] is nou anly the seicont-lairgest in the Unitit Kinrick, handling 45 million tonnes o cargo each year.<ref name=handling>{{cite web |url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/maritime/ports/provportstats2009 |title=ARCHIVED CONTENT&#93; Provisional Port Statistics 2009 |publisher=Department for Transport&nbsp;– Webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk |accessdate=26 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoJx5cho?url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/statistics/datatablespublications/maritime/ports/provportstats2009 |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Most o this actually passes throu the [[Port o Tilbury]], ootside the boundary o Greater Lunnon. Lunnon haes frequent river boat services on the Thames kent as [[Thames Clippers]]. Thir run up tae every 20 minutes atween [[Embankment Pier]] an [[North Greenwich Pier]]. The [[Woolwich Ferry]], wi 2.5 million passengers every year,<ref>[http://www.tfl.gov.uk/corporate/media/newscentre/archive/27762.aspx Transport for London: Woolwich Ferry, 50 years on] Retrieved 8 September 2013</ref> is a frequent service linking the [[North Circular Road|North]] an [[South Circular Road|South Circular]] Roads. Other operators run baith commuter an tourist boat services in Lunnon. ===Roads=== [[File:Rush hour on the A102 - geograph.org.uk - 205323.jpg|thumb|right|The [[A102 road|A102]], near [[Greenwich]]. This wis ane o the few routes proposed in the [[Lunnon Ringways|Ringways Plan]] wiin [[Inner Lunnon]] tae be biggit.]] Awtho the majority o journeys involvin central Lunnon are made bi public transport, car traivel is common in the suburbs. The [[Lunnon Inner Ring Road|inner ring road]] (aroond the ceety centre), the [[A406 road|North]] an [[A205 road|South Circular]] roads (in the suburbs), an the outer orbital [[motorway]] (the [[M25 motorway|M25]], athoot the biggit-up area) encircle the ceety an are intersectit by a nummer o busy radial routes—but verra few motorways penetrate intae [[inner Lunnon]]. A plan for a comprehensive network o motorways atouer the ceety (the [[Lunnon Ringways|Ringways Plan]]) wis prepared in the 1960s but wis maistly cancelt in the air 1970s. The M25 is the langest ring-road motorway in the warld at {{convert|121.5|mi|km|abbr=on}} long.<ref>Campbell, Ken (2000). "Guinness World Records 2001". p. 150.</ref><ref name=Lunnon_143>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/travel/m25/m25_facts.shtml |title=Beds, Herts and Bucks Travel&nbsp;— All you need tae know about the M25 |publisher=BBC |date=17 August 1988 |accessdate=20 February 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK0nLrV?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/threecounties/travel/m25/m25_facts.shtml |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[A1 road (Great Britain)|A1]] an [[M1 motorway|M1]] connect Lunnon tae [[Leeds]], an [[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] an [[Edinburgh]]. Lunnon is notorious for its traffic congestion, wi the M25 motorway the busiest stretch in the kintra. The average speed o a car in the rush oor is {{convert|10.6|mi/h|km/h|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Lunnon_147>{{cite news |accessdate=1 September 2009 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2009/mar/16/boris-johnson-congestion-charge |title=Boris Johnson mulls 'intelligent' congestion charge system for London |work=The Guardian |location=Lunnon |first=Hélène |last=Mulholland |date=16 March 2009 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK1Mq9U?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/mar/16/boris-johnson-congestion-charge |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2003, a [[Lunnon congestion charge|congestion charge]] wis introduced tae reduce traffic volumes in the ceety centre. Wi a few exceptions, motorists are required tae pey £10 a day tae drive wiin a defined zone encompassing a fair bit o central Lunnon.<ref name="Lunnon_144">{{Cite journal |url= http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/roadusers/congestioncharge/whereandwhen/ |title= Charging Zone |publisher= Transport for Lunnon |accessdate= 7 June 2008 |ref= harv |archiveurl= https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK0vSxb?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/tfl/roadusers/congestioncharge/whereandwhen/ |archivedate= 2011-05-20 |journal= |url-status= live }}</ref><ref name="Lunnon_145">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6741.aspx |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608124006/http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6741.aspx |archivedate=2008-06-08 |title=Who pays what |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=7 June 2008 |url-status=live }}</ref> Motorists wha is resident o the defined zone can buy a greatly reduced saison pass.<ref name="Lunnon_146">{{cite web |url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6735.aspx |title=Residents |publisher=Transport for Lunnon |accessdate=7 June 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK17mHL?url=http://www.tfl.gov.uk/roadusers/congestioncharging/6735.aspx |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Lunnon government initially expectit the Congestion Charge Zone tae increase daily peak period Underground an bus users by 20,000 people, reduce road traffic bi 10 tae 15 per cent, increase traffic speeds by 10 tae 15 per cent, an reduce queues by 20 tae 30 per cent.<ref>Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "Lunnon Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs. 15287084 (2008): 177,177–234.</ref> Ower the course o several years, the average nummer o cars enterin the centre o Lunnon on a weekday wis reduced frae 195,000 tae 125,000 cars&nbsp;– a 35-per-cent reduction o vehicles driven a day.<ref>Table 3 in Santos, Georgina; Button, Kenneth; Noll, Roger G. "Lunnon Congestion Charging/Comments." Brookings-Wharton Papers on Urban Affairs.15287084 (2008): 177,177–234.</ref> ==Eddication== {{Main|Eddication in Lunnon}} ===Tertiary eddication=== [[File:Strand102.jpg|thumb|[[Keeng's College Lunnon]], established by Royal Charter haein been foondit by [[Keeng George IV]] an [[Duke o Wellington]] in 1829, is ane o the foundin colleges o the [[University o Lunnon]].]] [[File:Wilkins Building 2, UCL, London - Diliff.jpg|thumb|The Wilkins biggin at [[University College Lunnon]]]] Lunnon is a major centre o heicher eddication lair an research an its 43 varsities form the lairgest concentration o heicher education institutes in Europe.<ref name="Lunnon2"/> In 2008/09 it haed a higher education student population o aroond 412,000 (aboot 17 per cent o the UK tot); oot o thaim, aroond 287,000 wis registered for unnergraduate degrees an 118,000 war studyin at postgraduate level.<ref name=Lunnonhigher>{{cite web|url=http://www.londonhigher.ac.uk/396.html?&no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=95&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=393&cHash=66a6e680d7|title=Numbers of students in London|accessdate=26 August 2010|publisher=Lunnon Higher|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK24fXt?url=http://www.londonhigher.ac.uk/396.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2008/09 thare war aroond 97,150 international students in Lunnon, aboot 25 per cent o aw international students in the UK.<ref name=Lunnonhigher/> A nummer o warld-leadin education institutions are based in Lunnon. In the 2014/15 ''[[QS World University Rankings]]'', [[Imperial College Lunnon]] is ranked jynt 2nt in the warld (alongside [[The University o Cambridge]]), [[University College Lunnon]] (UCL) is ranked 5t, an [[Keeng's College Lunnon]] (KCL) is ranked 16t.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2014|title=QS World University Rankings – Overall for 2014|accessdate=13 November 2014}}</ref> The [[Lunnon School o Economics]] haes been describit as the warld's leadin social science institution for baith teaching an research.<ref name=Lunnon_156>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |title=The Sunday Times Good University Guide 2007&nbsp;– Profile for London School of Economics |work=The Sunday Times |location=Lunnon |accessdate=6 June 2008 |date=23 September 2007 |ref=harv |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK36cad?url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/education/sunday_times_university_guide/article2496158.ece |archivedate=2011-05-20 |first=Deirdre |last=Hipwell |url-status=live }}</ref> The [[Lunnon Business School]] is considert ane o the warld's leadin business schuils an in 2015 its MBA programme wis ranked seicont best in the warld bi the ''[[Financial Times]]''.<ref name = "ft">{{cite news |url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |title=FT Global MBA Rankings |work=Financial Times |location=Lunnon |accessdate=25 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK3NXwE?url=http://rankings.ft.com/businessschoolrankings/global-mba-rankings |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Wi 120,000 students in Lunnon,<ref>{{cite web|title=About us|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/aboutus.html|publisher=University o Lunnon|accessdate=1 December 2014|archive-date=2016-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905140556/http://www.london.ac.uk/aboutus.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> the federal [[University o Lunnon]] is the lairgest contact teaching varsity in the UK.<ref>[http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0506.xls HESA Statistics: United Kingdom] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044330/http://www.hesa.ac.uk/dox/dataTables/studentsAndQualifiers/download/institution0506.xls |date=2007-09-28 }}. HESA. Retrieved 6 April 2015</ref> It includes fower lairge multi-faculty varsities&nbsp;– [[Keeng's College Lunnon]], [[Queen Mary, University o Lunnon|Queen Mary]], [[Royal Holloway]] an [[University College Lunnon|UCL]]&nbsp;– an a nummer o smawer an mair specialised institutions includin [[Birkbeck College|Birkbeck]], the [[Courtauld Institute o Art]], [[Goldsmiths, University o Lunnon|Goldsmiths]], [[Guildhall School o Music an Drama]], the [[Institute o Education]], the [[Lunnon Business School]], the [[Lunnon School o Economics]], the [[Lunnon School o Hygiene & Tropical Medicine]], the [[Royal Academy o Music]], the [[Central School o Speech an Drama]], the [[Royal Veterinary College]] an the [[School o Oriental an African Studies]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.london.ac.uk/colleges_institutes.html|title=Colleges and Institutes|accessdate=23 September 2010|publisher=University o Lunnon|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK4QvPy?url=http://www.london.ac.uk/colleges_institutes.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Members o the University o Lunnon hae thair ain [[University an college admission|admissions]] procedures, an some awaird thair ain degrees. Thare a nummer o varsities in Lunnon that is ootwi the University o Lunnon system, includin [[Brunel University]], [[City University Lunnon]], [[Imperial College Lunnon]], [[Keengston University]], [[Lunnon Metropolitan University]], [[Middlesex University]], [[University o East Lunnon]], [[University o West Lunnon]] an [[University o Westminster]], (wi ower 34,000 students, the lairgest unitary varsity in Lunnon),<ref name=Lunnon_157>[http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/o90402_3.pdf About London Met] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124143209/http://www.londonmet.ac.uk/library/o90402_3.pdf |date=2009-01-24 }} Lunnon Metropolitan University, August 2008</ref> [[Lunnon South Bank University]], [[Middlesex University]], [[University o the Arts Lunnon]] (the lairgest varsity o airt, design, fashion, communication an the performin arts in Europe),<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/01/universityguide.highereducation42|title=University of the Arts London|accessdate=27 August 2010|work=The Guardian|location=Lunnon|date=1 May 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK4mSBu?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2008/may/01/universityguide.highereducation42|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> [[University o East Lunnon]], the [[University o West Lunnon]] an the [[University o Westminster]]. In addition, thare three international varsities in Lunnon&nbsp;– [[Regent's College]], [[Richmond University]] an [[Schiller International University]]. [[File:Royal College of Music - April 2007.jpg|thumb|The front façade o the [[Royal College o Music]]]] Lunnon is home tae [[Unitit Hospitals|five major medical schools]]&nbsp;– [[Barts an The Lunnon School o Medicine an Dentistry]] (pairt o [[Queen Mary, University o Lunnon|Queen Mary]]), [[Keeng's College Lunnon School o Medicine]] (the lairgest medical schuil in Europe), [[Imperial College School o Medicine]], [[UCL Medical School]] an [[St George's, University o Lunnon]]&nbsp;– an haes numerous affiliatit teaching hospitals. Forbye, it is a major centre for biomedical research, an three o the UK's five [[academic health science centre]]s is based in the ceety&nbsp;– [[Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust|Imperial College Healthcare]], [[Keeng's Health Partners]] an [[UCL Partners]] (the lairgest sic centre in Europe).<ref>{{Cite news |work=The Guardian |location=Lunnon |title=NHS hospitals tae forge £2bn research link-up with university |accessdate=6 September 2010 |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/aug/07/health.highereducation |date=7 August 2008 |first=John |last=Carvel |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK5JH6x?url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/society/2008/aug/07/health.highereducation |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> Thare are a nummer o business schuils in Lunnon, includin the [[Lunnon School o Business an Finance]], [[Cass Business School]] (pairt o [[City University Lunnon]]), [[Hult International Business School]], [[ESCP Europe]], [[European Business School Lunnon]], [[Imperial College Business School]] an the [[Lunnon Business School]]. Lunnon is hame tae mony specialeet arts education institutions an aa, includin the [[Lunnon College o Contemporary Arts (LCCA)]], the [[Academy o Live an Recorded Arts]], the [[Lunnon Contemporary Dance Scuil]], [[Royal Academy o Dramatic Art|RADA]], the [[Royal College o Art]], the [[Royal College o Music]] an [[Trinity Laban]]. ===Primary an secondary education=== The majority o primary an seicontar schuils an faur education colleges in Lunnon is controlt bi the [[Lunnon boroughs]] or otherwise state-funded; leadin ensaumples include [[City an Islington College]], [[Ealing, Hammersmith an West Lunnon College]], [[Leyton Sixth Form College]], [[Tower Hamlets College]] an [[Bethnal Green Academy]]. Thare a nummer o private schuils an colleges in Lunnon an aa, some auld an famous, lik [[City o Lunnon Scuil]], [[Harrow Scuil|Harrow]], [[St Paul's Scuil (Lunnon)|St Paul's Scuil]], [[University College Scuil]], [[Highgate Scuil]] an [[Westminster Scuil]]. ==Cultur== {{Main|Cultur o Lunnon}} ===Leisure an entertainment=== [[File:Open Happiness Piccadilly Circus Blue-Pink Hour 120917-1126-jikatu.jpg|thumb|right|[[Piccadilly Circus]]]] Wiin the [[City o Westminster]], the entertainment destrict o the [[West End o Lunnon|West End]] haes its focus aroond [[Leicester squerr]], whaur Lunnon an warld film [[premieres]] are held, an [[Piccadilly Circus]], wi its giant electronic advertisements.<ref name=Lunnon_160>{{cite web|url=http://www.piccadillylights.co.uk/|title=Piccadilly Lights|publisher=Land Securities|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK7QmKt?url=http://www.piccadillylights.co.uk/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lunnon's [[West End theatre|theatre]] destrict is here, as is mony cinemas, bars, clubs an restaurants, includin the ceety's [[Chinatown, Lunnon|Chinatown]] destrict (in [[Soho]]), an juist tae the east is [[Royal Opera House|Covent Garden]], an area hoosin speciality shops. The ceety is the hame o [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], whase musicals hae dominate the West End theatre syne the late 20t century.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=AWaZ1LAFAZEC&dq=lloyd+webber+%22the+most+commercially+successful+composer+in+history.%22&source=gbs_navlinks_s Sondheim and Lloyd-Webber: the new musical] ''The New York Times''.. refert tae Andrew Lloyd Webber as "the maist commercially successful composer in history"</ref> The Unitit Kinrick's [[Royal Ballet]], [[English National Ballet]], [[Royal Opera, Lunnon|Royal Opera]] an [[English National Opera]] are based in Lunnon an perform at the [[Royal Opera House]], the [[Lunnon Coliseum]], [[Sadler's Wells Theatre]] an the [[Royal Albert Hall]] as weel as tourin the kintra.<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts">{{cite web|url=http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/visiting/topic.jsp?topicid=6482&search_title=Theatres+and+concert+halls|title=Theatres and concert halls.|publisher=Your Lunnon|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080124185332/http://www.yourlondon.gov.uk/visiting/topic.jsp?topicid=6482&search_title=Theatres+and+concert+halls|archivedate=2008-01-24|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Harrods at Night, London - Nov 2012.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Harrods]] in [[Knightsbridge]]]] [[Islington]]'s {{convert|1|mi|km}} lang Upper Street, extendin northlins frae [[Angel, Lunnon|Angel]], haes mair bars an restaurants nor ony ither street in the Unitit Kinrick.<ref name=Lunnon_161>{{Cite journal|title=2001: Public houses|publisher=BBC|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/local_history/city/street_03.shtml?publichouses|accessdate=4 June 2008|ref=harv|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK7ebGH?url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/trail/local_history/city/street_03.shtml?publichouses|archivedate=2011-05-20|journal=|url-status=live}}</ref> Europe's busiest shoppin airt is [[Oxford Street]], a shoppin street near {{convert|1|mi|km}} lang, makin it the langest shoppin street in the Unitit Kinrick. Oxford Street is hame tae vast nummers o retailers an [[department stores]], includin the warld-famous [[Selfridges]] [[Flagship store#Retailing|flagship store]].<ref name=Lunnon_162>{{Cite journal| url=http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06sep/p7a.jsp| publisher=[[The Lunnoner]]| title=Oxford Street gets its own dedicated local police team| date=September 2006| accessdate=19 June 2007| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204913/http://www.london.gov.uk/londoner/06sep/p7a.jsp| archivedate=2007-09-30| ref=harv| journal=| url-status=live}}</ref> [[Knightsbridge]], hame tae the equally renowned [[Harrods]] [[department store]], lees tae the sooth-wast. [[File:London, UK (August 2014) - 156.JPG|thumb|right|[[Shakespeare's Globe]] is a modren reconstruction o the Globe Theatre on the sooth bank o the River Thames]] Lunnon is home tae designers [[Vivienne Westwood]], [[John Galliano|Galliano]], [[Stella McCartney]], [[Manolo Blahnik]], an [[Jimmy Choo]] amang others; its renowned airt an fashion schuils mak it an international centre o fashion alang wi [[Paris]], [[Milan]], an [[New York ceety]]. Lunnon offers a great variety o cuisine as a result o its ethnically diverse population. Gastronomic centres include the [[Bangladesh]]i restaurants o [[Brick Lane]] an the [[Chinese food]] restaurants o [[Chinatown, Lunnon|Chinatown]].<ref name=Lunnon_163>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinatownlondon.org/|title=Chinatown&nbsp;— Official website|publisher=Chinatown Lunnon|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK84XXn?url=http://www.chinatownlondon.org/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thare is a variety o [[Leet o annual events in Lunnon|annual events]], beginnin wi the relatively new [[New Year's Day Parade]], fireworks display at the [[Lunnon Eye]], the warld's seicont lairgest [[street party]], the [[Notting Hill Carnival]] is held durin the late [[August Bank Holiday]] ilka year. Traditional parades include November's [[Lord Mayor's Show]], a centuries-auld event celebrating the annual appointment o a new [[Lord Mayor o the ceety o Lunnon]] wi a procession alang the streets o the ceety, an Juin's [[Trooping the Colour]], a formal military pageant performed by regiments o the [[Commonwealth o Nations|Commonwealth]] an [[British Army|British]] armies tae celebrate the [[Queen's Official Birthday]].<ref name=Lunnon_164>{{cite web|url=http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4820.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620233221/http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page4820.asp|archivedate=2008-06-20|title=One Queen, Two Birthdays|publisher=Royal Government|accessdate=27 September 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> ===Literature, film an television=== {{Main|Lunnon in fiction|Lunnon in film|Leet o films set in Lunnon|Leet o television shows set in Lunnon|Lunnon Television Archive}} [[File:Keats House.jpg|thumb|[[Keats House]], whaur [[John Keats|Keats]] wrote his ''[[Ode tae a Nightingale]]''. The veelage o [[Hampstead]] haes historically been a literary centre in Lunnon.]] Lunnon haes been the setting for mony works o literature. The literary centres o Lunnon hae tradeetionally been hilly [[Hampstead]] an (syne the early 20t century) [[Bloomsbury]]. Writers closely associatit wi the ceety are the diarist [[Samuel Pepys]], notit for his eyewitness accoont o the [[Great Fire o Lunnon|Great Fire]], [[Charles Dickens]], whose representation o a foggy, snawy, grimy Lunnon o street sweepers an pickpockets haes been a major influence on people's vision o early [[Victorian era|Victorian]] Lunnon, an [[Virginia Woolf]], regarded as ane o the foremost [[modrenism|modrenist]] literary figurs o the 20t century.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature">{{cite web|url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/london/londoninliterature.shtml|title=London in Literature,|publisher=Bryn Mawr College|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK8S7iR?url=http://www.brynmawr.edu/library/speccoll/guides/london/londoninliterature.shtml|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> [[File:Sherlock Holmes Museum.jpg|left|thumb|[[Sherlock Holmes Museum]] in [[Baker Street]], bearing the nummer 221B]] The pilgrims in [[Geoffrey Chaucer]]'s late 14t-century ''[[The Canterbury Tales|Canterbury Tales]]'' set oot for [[Canterbury]] frae Lunnon&nbsp;– specifically, frae the [[The Tabard|Tabard]] inn, [[Southwark]]. [[William Shakespeare]] spent a lairge pairt o his life livin an working in Lunnon; his contemporary [[Ben Jonson]] wis forby based thare, an some o his work—maist notably his play ''[[The Alchemist (play)|The Alchemist]]''—wis set in the ceety.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> ''[[A Journal o the Plague Year]]'' (1722) bi [[Daniel Defoe]] is a fictionalisation o the events o the 1665 [[Great Plague o Lunnon|Great Plague]].<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> Later important depictions o Lunnon frae the 19t an early 20t centuries are Dickens' novels, an [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s [[Sherlock Holmes]] stories.<ref name="Lunnon in Literature" /> Modern writers pervasively influenced bi the ceety include [[Peter Ackroyd]], author o a "biography" o Lunnon, an [[Iain Sinclair]], wha writes in the genre o [[psychogeography]]. Lunnon haes played a significant role in the film industry, an haes major studios at [[Ealing Studios|Ealing]] an a [[special effect]]s an [[post-production]] community centred in [[Soho]]. [[Working Title Films]] haes its headquarters in Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_165>{{cite web|url=http://www.workingtitlefilms.com/|title=Working Title Films|publisher=Universal Studios|accessdate=27 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK8c0bN?url=http://www.workingtitlefilms.com/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> Lunnon haes been the setting for films includin ''[[Oliver Twist (1948 film)|Oliver Twist]]'' (1948), ''[[Scrooge (1951 film)|Scrooge]]'' (1951), ''[[Peter Pan (1953 film)|Peter Pan]]'' (1953), ''[[101 Dalmatians (1996 film)|The 101 Dalmatians]]'' (1961), ''[[My Fair Lady (film)|My Fair Lady]]'' (1964), ''[[Mary Poppins (film)|Mary Poppins]]'' (1964), ''[[Blowup]]'' (1966), ''[[The Long Good Friday]]'' (1980), ''[[Notting Hill (film)|Notting Hill]]'' (1999), ''[[Love Actually]]'' (2003), ''[[V For Vendetta (film)|V For Vendetta]]'' (2005), ''[[Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber o Fleet Street]]'' (2008) an ''[[The King's Speech]]'' (2010). Notable actors an filmmakers frae Lunnon include; [[Charlie Chaplin]], [[Alfred Hitchcock]], [[Michael Caine]], [[Helen Mirren]], [[Gary Oldman]], [[Christopher Nolan]], [[Jude Law]], [[Tom Hardy]], [[Keira Knightley]] an [[Daniel Day-Lewis]]. As o 2008, the [[British Academy Film Awards]] haes taen place at the [[Royal Opera House]]. Lunnon is a major centre for television production, wi studios includin [[BBC Television Centre]], [[The Fountain Studios]] an [[The Lunnon Studios]]. Mony television programmes hae been set in Lunnon, includin the popular television soap opera ''[[EastEnders]]'', broadcast bi the BBC syne 1985. ===Museums an art galleries=== [[File:Galería Nacional, Londres, Inglaterra, 2014-08-07, DD 035.JPG|thumb|right|250px|[[National Gallery|The National Gallery]]]] Lunnon is [[Leet o museums in Lunnon|home tae mony museums]], galleries, an ither institutions, mony o thaim free o admission charges an are major [[tourist attraction]]s as weel as playin a research role. The first o thaim tae be established wis the [[British Museum]] in [[Bloomsbury]], in 1753. oreeginally containin antiquities, naitural history specimens an the national leebrar, the museum nou haes 7&nbsp;million artefacts frae aroond the globe. In 1824 the [[National Gallery]] wis foondit tae hoose the British national collection o Western pentins; this nou occupies a prominent poseetion in [[Trafalgar squerr]]. In the latter hauf o the 19t century the locale o [[South Kensington]] wis developed as "[[Albertopolis]]", a cultural an scientific quarter. Three major national museums are thare: the [[Victoria an Albert Museum]] (for the [[applied arts]]), the [[Natural History Museum, Lunnon|Natural History Museum]] an the [[Lunnon Science Museum|Science Museum]]. The [[National Portrait Gallery, Lunnon|National Portrait Gallery]] wis foondit in 1856 tae hoose depictions o figurs frae British history; its holdings nou comprise the warld's maist extensive collection o portraits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npg.org.uk/about/organisation.php|title=Organisation|publisher=National Portrait Gallery|accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref> The national gallery o British airt is at [[Tate Britain]], oreeginally established as an annexe o the National Gallery in 1897. The Tate Gallery, as it wis umwhile kent, became a major centre for modern airt an aa; in 2000 this collection muived tae [[Tate Modern]], a new gallery housed in the umwhile [[Bankside Power Station]]. ===Music=== [[File:Royal Albert Hall Crop, London - Nov 2012.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Royal Albert Hall]] hosts concerts an muisical events]] Lunnon is ane o the major [[Classical music|classical]] an [[popular music]] capitals o the warld an is hame tae major muisic corporations, sic as [[EMI]] an [[Warner Music Group]] as weel as countless bands, musicians an industry professionals. The ceety is home tae mony orchestras an concert halls an aa, lik the [[Barbican Arts Centre]] (principal base o the [[Lunnon Symphony Orchestra]] an the [[Lunnon Symphony Chorus]]), [[Cadogan Hall]] ([[Royal Philharmonic Orchestra]]) an the [[Royal Albert Hall]] ([[The Proms]]).<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> Lunnon's twa main opera houses are the [[Royal Opera House]] an the [[Coliseum Theatre]].<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> The UK's lairgest [[pipe organ]] is at the Royal Albert Hall. Other significant instruments are at the cathedrals an major kirks. Several [[conservatoire]]s are wiin the ceety: [[Royal Academy o Music]], [[Royal College o Music]], [[Guildhall School o Music an Drama]] an [[Trinity College o Music]]. [[File:Abbey Rd Studios.jpg|right|thumb|[[Abbey Road Studios]], 3 [[Abbey Road (street)|Abbey Road]], [[St John's Wood]], ceety o Westminster]] Lunnon haes numerous venues for rock an pop concerts, includin lairge arenas sic as [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre|Earls Court]], [[Wembley Arena]] an the [[The O2 Arena (Lunnon)|O₂ Arena]], as weel as mony mid-sized venues, sic as [[Brixton Academy]], the [[Hammersmith Apollo]] an the [[Shepherd's Bush Empire]].<ref name="Lunnon's Concerts" /> Several [[music festivals]], includin the [[Wireless Festival]], are held in Lunnon. The ceety is hame tae the first an oreeginal [[Hard Rock Cafe]] an the [[Abbey Road Studios]] whaur [[The Beatles]] recorded mony o thair hits. In the 1960s, 1970s an 1980s, musicians an groups lik [[Elton John]], [[Pink Floyd]], [[David Bowie]], [[Queen (baund)|Queen]], [[The Kinks]], [[The Rolling Stones]], [[The Who]], [[Eric Clapton]], [[Led Zeppelin]], [[The Small Faces]], [[Iron Maiden]], [[Fleetwood Mac]], [[Elvis Costello]], [[Cat Stevens]], [[The Police]], [[The Cure]], [[Madness (baund)|Madness]], [[The Jam]], [[Dusty Springfield]], [[Phil Collins]], [[Rod Stewart]] an [[Sade (baund)|Sade]], derived thair sound frae the streets an rhythms vibrating throu Lunnon.<ref name="Top40">{{cite book |url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2006/04/06/garycrowley_londontop40_feature.shtml |title=London's top 40 artists |date=6 April 2006 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=9 September 2008 |isbn=978-0-89820-135-2}}</ref> Lunnon wis instrumental in the development o [[punk muisic]],<ref name=Lunnon_172>{{cite web |url=https://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d204 |publisher=Allmusic |title=Punk |accessdate=19 February 2010 |archive-date=2011-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426153907/http://www.allmusic.com/explore/style/d204 |url-status=dead }}</ref> wi figurs sic as the [[Sex Pistols]], [[The Clash]],<ref name="Top40"/> an [[Vivienne Westwood]] aw based in the ceety. Mair recent artists tae emerge frae the Lunnon music scene include [[George Michael]], [[Kate Bush]], [[Seal (muisicker)|Seal]], [[Siouxsie an the Banshees]], [[Bush (baund)|Bush]], the [[Spice Girls]], [[Jamiroquai]], [[Blur (baund)|Blur]], [[The Prodigy]], [[Gorillaz]], [[Mumford & Sons]], [[Coldplay]], [[Amy Winehouse]] an [[Adele]].<ref name="Scene">{{cite web|url=http://www.londonbc.co.uk/history-of-music-in-london.html|title=History of music in London|publisher=The Lunnon Music Scene|accessdate=2 August 2009|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK9hhlR?url=http://www.londonbc.co.uk/history-of-music-in-london.html|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>Walker, Tim (28 July 2008). [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/reviews/mumford--sons-the-luminaire-london-878562.html "Mumford & Sons, The Luminaire, London"]. ''The Independent'' (Lunnon). Retrieved 13 October 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.guardian.co.uk/music/musicblog/2011/dec/09/10-classic-club-nights |title=From the Dug Out and dreads tae DMZ and dubstep: 10 classic club nights |work=Guardian Music Blog |location =Lunnon |author=Warren, Emma |accessdate= 13 October 2012 |date=9 December 2011}}</ref> Lunnon is a centre for urban music an aa. In parteecular, the genres [[UK garage]], [[drum an bass]], [[dubstep]] an [[grime (music)|grime]] evolved in the ceety frae the furren genres o [[hip hop]] an [[reggae]], anent local [[drum an bass]]. Black music station [[BBC Radio 1Xtra]] wis set up tae support the rise o home-grown urban music baith in Lunnon an in the rest o the UK. ==Notable fowk== {{Main|Leet o fowk frae Lunnon}} ==Recreation== ===Parks an open spaces=== {{Main|Parks an open spaces in Lunnon|Royal Parks o Lunnon}} {{see also|Leet o Sites o Special Scientific Interest in Greater Lunnon|Leet o Local Nature Reserves in Greater Lunnon}} {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | image1 = Aerial view of Hyde Park.jpg | width1 = 220 | caption1 = Aerial view o [[Hyde Park, Lunnon|Hyde Park]] | alt1 = Hyde Park | image2 = St James's Park Lake – East from the Blue Bridge - 2012-10-06.jpg | width2 = 220 | caption2 = [[St. James's Park]] lake wi the Lunnon Eye in the distance | alt2 = Lake wi Lunnon Eye in the background }} The mucklest pairks in the [[Central Lunnon|central area o Lunnon]] are three o the aicht [[Royal Parks o Lunnon|Royal Parks]], namely [[Hyde Park, Lunnon|Hyde Park]] an its neebur [[Kensington Gardens]] in the wast, an [[Regent's Park]] tae the north.<ref name=Lunnon_080>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens/|title=Kensington Gardens|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0tndiN?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/kensington_gardens/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hyde Park in parteecular is popular for [[Lunnon#Sports|sports]] an whiles hosts open-air concerts. Regent's Park conteens [[Lunnon Zoo]], the warld's auldest scientific zoo, an is near the tourist attraction o [[Madame Tussauds]] Wax Museum.<ref name=Lunnon_081>{{cite web|url=http://www.madametussauds.com/London/About.aspx|title=Madame Tussauds&nbsp;— Official website|publisher=Madame Tussauds|accessdate=6 June 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0uQJ4x?url=http://www.madametussauds.com/London/About.aspx|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_082>{{cite web|url=http://www.tourist-information-uk.com/madame-tussauds.htm|title=Madame Tussauds&nbsp;— Tourist Information|publisher=Tourist Information UK|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0v6PMD?url=http://www.tourist-information-uk.com/madame-tussauds.htm|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Primrose Hill]] in the northren pairt o Regent's Park at {{convert|256|ft|0}}<ref name=mills>Mills, A., ''Dictionary o Lunnon Place Names'', (2001)</ref> is a popular spot tae view the ceety skyline. Close tae Hyde Park are smawer Royal Parks, [[Green Park]] an [[St. James's Park]].<ref name=Lunnon_083>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/green_park/|title=Green Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5nE6fuYvF?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/green_park/|archivedate=2010-02-01|url-status=dead}}</ref> A nummer o lairge parks lie ootside the ceety centre, includin the remainin Royal Parks o [[Greenwich Park]] tae the sooth-east<ref name=Lunnon_170>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/greenwich_park/|title=Greenwich Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0w5wlZ?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/greenwich_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[Bushy Park]] an [[Richmond Park]] (the lairgest) tae the sooth-wast,<ref name=Lunnon_084>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/bushy_park/|title=Bushy Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0wb1mJ?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/bushy_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_085>{{cite web|url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond_park/|title=Richmond Park|year=2008|publisher=The Royal Parks|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0x5bB5?url=http://www.royalparks.org.uk/parks/richmond_park/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Hampton Court Park]] is a royal park an aa, but, acause it conteens a palace, it is administered bi the [[Historic Royal Palaces]], unlik the aicht [[Royal Parks o Lunnon|Royal Parks]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/services/leisure_and_culture/parks_and_open_spaces/park_details.htm?parkId=268 |title=Richmond Borough Council |access-date=2015-06-04 |archive-date=2015-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826172424/http://www.richmond.gov.uk/home/services/leisure_and_culture/parks_and_open_spaces/park_details.htm?parkId=268 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Close tae Richmond Park is [[Kew Gardens]] whilk haes the warld's lairgest collection o livin plants. In 2003, the gardens war pit on the [[Unitit Nations Educational, Scientific an Cultural Organization|UNESCO]] leet o [[Leet o World Heritage Sites o the Unitit Kinrick|World Heritage Sites]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.kew.org/ksheets/pdfs/k16kewhistory.pdf|title= Kew, History & Heritage|author= |work= |publisher= [[Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]]|accessdate= 24 January 2013|archive-date= 2008-08-29|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080829192523/http://www.kew.org/ksheets/pdfs/k16kewhistory.pdf|url-status= dead}}</ref> Thare a thrang o parks administert bi Lunnon's borough cooncils, includin [[Victoria Park, Lunnon|Victoria Park]] in the [[East End]] an [[Battersea Park]] in the centre. Some mair informal, semi-naitural open spaces exist, includin the {{convert|320|ha|acre|sing=on}} [[Hampstead Heath]] o [[North Lunnon]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Environment_and_planning/Parks_and_open_spaces/Hampstead_Heath/|title=City of London Corporation Hampstead Heath|publisher=City o Lunnon Corporation|accessdate=19 February 2010|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0xBire?url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Environment_and_planning/Parks_and_open_spaces/Hampstead_Heath/|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> an [[Epping Forest]], whilk covers 2,476 hectares (6,118.32 acres)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://217.154.230.195/NR/rdonlyres/A3CB6563-4D0D-4C35-AC7F-818C28306E79/0/OS_EF_Dogs.pdf |title= Epping Forest You & Your Dog |work= brochure |publisher= ceety o Lunnon |accessdate= 13 March 2010 |archive-date= 2011-07-04 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110704191340/http://217.154.230.195/NR/rdonlyres/A3CB6563-4D0D-4C35-AC7F-818C28306E79/0/OS_EF_Dogs.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> in the east. Baith is controlt bi the [[City o Lunnon Corporation]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Ramblers |url=http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/parks/name/c/corporationoflondon.htm |title=Corporation of London Open Spaces |publisher=Ramblers.org.uk |accessdate=12 December 2011 |archive-date=2008-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029232404/http://www.ramblers.org.uk/info/parks/name/c/corporationoflondon.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/Pages/default.aspx|publisher=City o Lunnon|title=Green spaces|accessdate=27 July 2012|archive-date=2012-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120721005003/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> Hampstead Heath incorporates [[Kenwood House]], the umwhile [[stately home]] an a popular location in the summer months whaur classical muisical concerts is held bi the lake, attracting thousans o fowk ilka weekend tae enjoy the muisic, scenery an fireworks.<ref name=Lunnon_086>{{cite web|url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.00100200800k00800f|title=Kenwood House|publisher=English Heritage|accessdate=26 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yo0xs5EE?url=http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/server/show/nav.00100200800k00800f|archivedate=2011-05-19|url-status=live}}</ref> Epping Forest is a popular venue for various outdoor activities, includin moontain biking, walking, horse ridin, golf, anglin, an orienteerin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/Pages/default.aspx|title=Epping Forest|work=cityofLunnon.gov.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2012-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120811004010/https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/things-to-do/green-spaces/epping-forest/Pages/default.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Walking=== [[File:Carshalton 2007.jpg|thumb|[[Carshalton]] Ponds, on the [[Wandle Trail]] in the [[Lunnon Borough o Sutton]]]] [[Walking in Lunnon|Walking is a popular recreational activity in Lunnon]]. Areas that provide for walks include [[Wimbledon Common]], [[Epping Forest]], [[Hampton Court Park]], [[Hampstead Heath]], the aicht [[Royal Parks]], canals an disuised railway tracks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.innerlondonramblers.org.uk/ideasforwalks.html|title=Inner London Ramblers - Walk Ideas|author=Phil Marson|work=innerLunnonramblers.org.uk|access-date=2015-06-04|archive-date=2020-11-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119050940/https://www.innerlondonramblers.org.uk/ideasforwalks.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Access tae canals an rivers haes improved recently, includin the creation o the [[Thames Path]], some {{convert|28|mi|km}} o whilk is wiin [[Greater Lunnon]], an The [[Wandle Trail]]; this rins {{convert|12|mi|km}} throu [[South Lunnon]] alang the [[River Wandle]], a [[tributaries o the River Thames|tributary o the River Thames]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sustrans.org.uk/ncn/map/route/wandle-trail|title=Wandle Trail - Map|work=Sustrans}}</ref> Ither [[long distance path]]s, linkin green spaces, hae been creatit an aa, includin the [[Capital Ring]], the [[Green Chain Walk]], [[Lunnon Outer Orbital Path]] ("Loop"), [[Jubilee Walkway]], [[Lea Valley Walk]], an the [[Diana, Princess o Wales Memorial Walk]].<ref>Ideas for Lunnon walks frae the Inner Lunnon Walking Group</ref> ===Sports=== {{Main|Sport in Lunnon}} {{multiple image | align = right | direction = vertical | image1 = Wembley Stadium interior.jpg | width1 = 225 | caption1 = [[Wembley Stadium]], hame o the [[Ingland fitba team]], has a 90,000 capacity. It is the UK's mucklemaist stadium | alt1 = The interior o a empy stadium as viewed frae its upper tier o seatin. The seats is a vivid red an the pick is a vivid green. The pale grey sky is visible throuch a openin in the ceilin abuin the pick. | image2 = Twickenham Stadium - May 2012.jpg | width2 = 225 | caption2 = [[Twickenham Stadium|Twickenham]], hame o the [[Ingland naitional rugby union team|Ingland rugby union team]], has an 82,000 capacity, the warld's lairgest rugby union stadium | alt2 = A rugby union stadium packed wi fans watchin a game | image3 = Centre Court, 28 March 2012.jpg | width3 = 225 | caption3 = [[Centre Court]] at [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]]. First played in 1877, the Championships is the auldest tennis tournament in the warld.<ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html 125 years of Wimbledon: frae birth of lawn tennis tae modren marvels] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200218114004/http://edition.cnn.com/2011/SPORT/tennis/06/14/tennis.wimbledon.125th.anniversary.museum/index.html |date=2020-02-18 }} CNN. Retrieved 28 September 2011</ref> | alt3 = Centre Court, Wimbledon | image4 = Lord's in 2005.jpg | width4 = 225 | caption4 = [[Lord's Cricket Ground]] is widely referred tae as the "hame o cricket".<ref>{{cite web|title=Lord's|url=http://www.cricinfo.com/england/content/ground/57129.html|publisher=[[Cricinfo]]|accessdate=22 August 2009}}</ref> | alt4 = A cricket ground during a game }} Lunnon haes hostit the [[Summer Olympic Gemmes|Simmer Olympics]] three times: in [[1908 Summer Olympics|1908]], [[1948 Summer Olympics|1948]], an [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]].<ref name=Lunnon_173>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1908-summer-olympics|title=London 1908|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoK9wPnn?url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1908-summer-olympics|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=Lunnon_174>{{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1948-summer-olympics|title=London 1948|publisher=International Olympic Committee|accessdate=5 February 2011|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKBZHIo?url=http://www.olympic.org/london-1948-summer-olympics|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=live}}</ref> It wis chosen in Julie 2005 tae host the 2012 Olympics an [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Paralympics]], makin it the first ceety tae host the modren Gemmes three times.<ref name=IOC/> The ceety wis forby the host o the [[Commonweel Gemmes|Breetish Empire Gemmes]] in [[1934 Breetish Empire Gemmes|1934]].<ref name=Lunnon_175>{{cite web|url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=ENG|title=England&nbsp;— Introduction|publisher=Commonwealth Games Federation|accessdate=3 November 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKDfTeZ?url=http://www.thecgf.com/countries/intro.asp?loc=ENG|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2017 Lunnon hostit the [[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships in Athletics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/other_news/1216135963.html |title=London Defeats Doha tae host 2017 International Athletics Championships |publisher=Gamesbids.com |accessdate=13 December 2011 |archive-date=2011-11-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113180038/http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/other_news/1216135963.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lunnon's [[Sport in the Unitit Kinrick#Popularity|maist popular sport]] is [[association fitbaw|fitbaw]] an it haes fourteen [[The Football League|League]] fitbaa clubs, includin sax in the [[Premier League]]: [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]], [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], [[Crystal Palace F.C.|Crystal Palace]], [[Queens Park Rangers F.C.|Queens Park Rangers]], [[Tottenham Hotspur F.C.|Tottenham Hotspur]], an [[West Ham Unitit F.C.|West Ham United]].<ref name=Lunnon_176>{{cite web|url=http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/ContactUs/Postings/2004/03/premier_league_contacts.htm|title=TheFA.com&nbsp;— Premier League|date=17 January 2004|work=The FA.com|publisher=The Football Association|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041027030131/http://www.thefa.com/TheFA/ContactUs/Postings/2004/03/premier_league_contacts.htm|archivedate=2004-10-27|url-status=live}}</ref> In Mey 2012, Chelsea becam the first Lunnon club tae win the [[UEFA Champions League]]. Frae 1924, the oreeginal [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] wis the hame o the [[Inglish naitional fitba team]]. It hostit the [[1966 FIFA World Cup Final]], wi Ingland defeatin Wast Germany, an serd as the venue for the [[FA Cup Final]] as weel as [[rugby league]]'s [[Challenge Cup]] final.<ref name=Lunnon_178>{{cite web|url=http://www.wembleystadium.com/GloriousPast/greatmoments/1steverwembleyFACupFinal.htm|title=Wembley Stadium History&nbsp;— Official Website|publisher=Wembley National Stadium Limited.|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403102710/http://www.wembleystadium.com/GloriousPast/greatmoments/1steverwembleyFACupFinal.htm|archivedate=2008-04-03|url-status=dead}}</ref> The new [[Wembley Stadium]] sers exactly the same purposes an haes a capacity o 90,000.<ref name="Wembley Stadium Facts an figurs">{{Cite journal | url=http://www.wembleystadium.com/pressbox/presspack/factsandFigures.htm | title=Wembley Stadium&nbsp;— Presspack&nbsp;— Facts and Figures | publisher=Wembley National Stadium Limitit | accessdate=6 June 2008 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516051636/http://www.wembleystadium.com/pressbox/presspack/factsandFigures.htm | archivedate=2008-05-16 | journal= | url-status=live }}</ref> Five [[English Premiership (rugby union)|Aviva Premiership]] rugby union teams is based in Lunnon, ([[Lunnon Irish]], [[Saracens F.C.|Saracens]], [[Lunnon Wasps|Wasps]], [[Lunnon Welsh]] an [[Harlequin F.C.|Harlequins]]), awbesit currently anly Harlequins an Saracens play thair hame gemmes wiin Greater Lunnon.<ref name=Lunnon_177>{{cite web |url=http://www.premiershiprugby.com/clubs/index.php |title=Premiership Rugby: Clubs |publisher=Premier Rugby |accessdate=5 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKEiEV8?url=http://www.premiershiprugby.com/clubs/index.php |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> [[Lunnon Scottish F.C.|Lunnon Scottish]] play in the [[RFU Championship]] club an ither rugby union clubs in the ceety include [[Richmond F.C.]], [[Rosslyn Park F.C.]], [[Westcombe Park R.F.C.]] an [[Blackheath F.C.]]. [[Twickenham Stadium]] in sooth-wast Lunnon is the naitional [[rugby union]] stadium, an haes a capacity o 82,000 nou that the new sooth staund haes been completit.<ref name="musiccap">{{Cite press release |publisher=Twickenham Rugby Stadium |title=RFU apply for two additional concerts at Twickenham Stadium in 2007 |url=http://www.rfu.com/microsites/twickenham/index.cfm?StoryID=14822 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080625050620/http://www.rfu.com/microsites/twickenham/index.cfm?StoryID=14822 |archivedate=2008-06-25 |date=3 October 2006 |ref=harv |access-date=2015-06-04 |url-status=dead }}</ref> While [[rugby league]] is mair popular in the north o England, thare are twa professional rugby league clubs in Lunnon&nbsp;– the seicont tier [[Rugby League National Championship 1|Championship One]] team the [[Lunnon Broncos]] wha play at [[The Hive Stadium|The Hive]] in [[Edgware]] an the third tier [[League 1 (rugby league)|League 1]] team the [[Lunnon Skolars]] frae [[Wood Green]], [[Lunnon Borough o Haringey|Haringey]]; in addition, [[Hemel Stags]] frae [[Hemel Hempstead]] north o Lunnon play in League 1 an aa. Ane o Lunnon's best-kent annual sports competitions is the [[Wimbledon Championships|Wimbledon Tennis Championships]], held at the [[All England Lawn Tennis an Croquet Club|All England Club]] in the sooth-wastren suburb o [[Wimbledon, Lunnon|Wimbledon]].<ref name=Lunnon_181>{{cite web|url=http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423182334/http://www.wimbledon.org/en_GB/index.html|archivedate=2008-04-23|title=Wimbledon&nbsp;— official website|publisher=The aw England Tennis an Croquet Club (AELTC)|accessdate=29 April 2008|url-status=live}}</ref> Played in late Juin tae early Julie, it is the auldest tennis tournament in the warld, an widely considered the maist prestigious.<ref>{{cite news|title=Traditional Final: It's Nadal and Federer|work=The New York Times | date=7 May 2008| first=Christopher| last = Clarey| quote = Federer said[:] 'I love playing wi him, especially here at Wimbledon, the most prestigious tournament we have.'| url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/05/sports/tennis/05wimbledon.html?ref=tennis|accessdate = 17 July 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia| editor = Will Kaufman & Heidi Slettedahl Macpherson| encyclopedia = Britain an the Americas| title = Tennis|year = 2005 | publisher=[[ABC-CLIO]]| volume=1 : Culture, Politics, an History| isbn = 1-85109-431-8| page=958 |quote = this first tennis championship, whilk later evolved intae the Wimbledon Tournament ... continues as the warld's maist prestigious event.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=What Is The Most Prestigious Grand Slam Tennis Tournament?|url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/monteburke/2012/05/30/what-is-the-most-prestigious-grand-slam-tennis-tournament/ |work=Forbes |location= New York |date= 30 May 2012 |accessdate=25 June 2013 |author=Burke, Monte}}</ref> [[Cricket]] in Lunnon is served by twa [[Test cricket]] grunds [[Lord's Cricket Ground|Lord's]] (hame o [[Middlesex County Cricket Club|Middlesex C.C.C.]]) in [[St John's Wood]]<ref name=Lunnon_179>{{cite web|url=http://www.lords.org/lords-ground/about-lords/|title=About Lord's—the home of cricket&nbsp;— official website|year=2008|publisher=MCC|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKGCiA3?url=http://www.lords.org/lords-ground/about-lords/|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> an [[the Oval]] (home o [[Surrey County Cricket Club|Surrey C.C.C.]]) in [[Kennington]].<ref name=Lunnon_180>{{cite web|url=http://www.surreycricket.com/the-brit-oval|title=The Brit Oval&nbsp;— Official Website|year=2008|publisher=Surrey CCC|accessdate=29 April 2008|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKH3JOW?url=http://www.surreycricket.com/the-brit-oval|archivedate=2011-05-20|url-status=dead}}</ref> Lord's haes hostit fower finals o the [[Cricket World Cup]]. Ither key events is the annual mass-participation [[Lunnon Marathon]], in whilk some 35,000 runners attemp a {{convert|26.2|mi|km}} course aroond the ceety,<ref name=Lunnon_182>{{cite web |url=http://www.london-marathon.co.uk/site/ |title=Flora London Marathon 2008 |publisher=Lunnon Marathon Ltd |accessdate=29 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426224024/http://www.london-marathon.co.uk/site/ |archivedate=2008-04-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref> an the [[The Boat Race|Oxford an Cambridge Boat Race]] on the [[River Thames]] atween [[Putney]] an [[Mortlake]].<ref name=Lunnon_183>{{cite web |url=http://www.theboatrace.org/ |title=The Oxford and Cambridge Boat Race&nbsp;— Official Website |publisher=The Oxford an Cambridge Boat Race |accessdate=29 April 2008 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5yoKHGidM?url=http://www.theboatrace.org/ |archivedate=2011-05-20 |url-status=live }}</ref> == Sister ceities == == Twin ceeties == {{Main|Leet o twin touns in the Unitit Kinrick#Lunnon|l1=Leet o touns an ceeties twinned wi Lunnon}} Thare 46 ither places on sax continents namit efter Lunnon. As weel as Lunnon's twinnin, the [[Lunnon burgh]]s hae [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinnins]] wi pairts o ither ceeties the warld ower. Shawn ablo is the leet o ceeties that the [[Greater Lunnon Authority]] haes twinnin arrangements wi: {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Peru}} [[Arequipa]], Peru * {{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Berlin]], Germany * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Delhi]], Indie * {{Flagicon|Colombia}} [[Bogotá]], Colombie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|South Africa}} [[Johannesburg]], Sooth Africae * {{Flagicon|Malaysia}} [[Kuala Lumpur]], Malaysie * {{Flagicon|Kuwait}} [[Kuwait Ceety]], Kuwait * {{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Moscow]], Roushie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[New York Ceety]], Unitit States * {{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Oslo]], Norawa * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Shanghai]], Cheenae * {{Flagicon|Iran}} [[Tehran]], Iran |} The follaein ceeties hiv a freendship greement wi Lunnon: {| |- |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], Algerie * {{Flagicon|Azerbaijan}} [[Baku]], Azerbaijan * {{Flagicon|China}} [[Beijing]], Cheenae * {{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Bucharest]], Romanie * {{Flagicon|Argentina}} [[Buenos Aires]], Argentinae |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Delhi]], Indie * {{Flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Dhaka]], Bangladesh * {{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Istanbul]], Turkey * {{Flagicon|Unitit States}} [[Los Angeles]], Unitit States * {{Flagicon|Indie}} [[Mumbai]], Indie |width="80"|&nbsp; |valign="top"| * {{Flagicon|France}} [[Paris]], Fraunce * {{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Podgorica]], Montenegro * {{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Roum]], Italy * {{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Sofia]], Bulgarie * {{Flagicon|Japan}} [[Tokyo]], Japan * {{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Zagreb]], Croatie |} ==Notes== <references group="note"/> == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} {{Commonscat|Lunnon}} [[Category:Lunnon| ]] [[Category:Caipitals in Europe]] [[Category:Ceeties in Ingland]] [[Category:Host ceeties o the Simmer Olympic Gemmes]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1st century]] n52a5bzyxnifmb93am5zqnsqqarbv4y 0 4998 916544 916382 2026-05-10T18:21:45Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Croatie | nativename = {{lang|sh|hrvatski}} | pronunciation = {{IPA-sh|xř̩ʋaːtskiː|}} | states = [[Croatie]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]], [[Serbia]] ([[Vojvodina]]), [[Montenegro]], [[Romanie]] ([[Caraș-Severin Coonty]]), an [[Croatie diaspora|diaspora]] | region = | speakers = 5.6 million, includin ither dialects spoken bi Croats | date = 1991–2006 | ref = e18 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Balto-Slavic leids|Balto-Slavic]] | fam3 = [[Slavic leids|Slavic]] | fam4 = [[Sooth Slavic leids|South Slavic]] | fam5 = Wastren<ref name=e18/> | fam6 = [[Serbo-Croatie]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=hbs |title=Serbo-Croatian |publisher=Ethnologue.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-24}}<br> ''The official language of Croatia is Croatian (Serbo-Croatian). ''[...]'' The same language is referred to by different names, Serbian (srpski), Serbo-Croat (in Croatia: hrvatsko-srpski), Bosnian (bosanski), based on political and ethnic grounds.'' [...]'' the language that used to be officially called Serbo-Croat has gotten several new ethnically and politically based names. Thus, the names Serbian, Croatian, and Bosnian are politically determined and refer to the same language with possible slight variations.'' ("Croatia: Language Situation", in ''[[Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics]]'', 2 ed., 2006.)</ref> | fam7 = ''[[Shtokavian dialect|Shtokavian]]'' | fam8 = ''Neo-Shtokavian'' | fam9 = ''[[Eastren Herzegovinian dialect|Eastren Herzegovinian]]'' | script = [[Laitin script|Latin]] <small>([[Gaj's Laitin alphabet|Gaj's alphabet]])</small><br>[[Yugoslav Braille]] | nation = {{HRV}}<br>{{BIH}} (co-offeecial)<br>{{SRB}} (in [[Vojvodina]])<br>{{AUT}} (in [[Burgenland]])<br>{{EU}} | minority = {{MNE}}<br>{{SVK}}<br> {{CZE}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vlada.cz/assets/ppov/rnm/dokumenty/mezinarodni-dokumenty/duvodova_zprava_vlada_2005.pdf |title=Národnostní menšiny v České republice a jejich jazyky |trans-title=National Minorities in Czech Republic and Their Language |publisher=Government of Czech Republic|page=2 |quote=Podle čl. 3 odst. 2 Statutu Rady je jejich počet 12 a jsou uživateli těchto menšinových jazyků: [...], srbština a ukrajinština |language=Czech}}</ref><br>{{HUN}} (in [[Baranya Coonty]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=A1100179.TV |title=2011. évi CLXXIX. törvény a nemzetiségek jogairól |trans-title=Act CLXXIX/2011 on the Rights of Nationalities |publisher=Government of Hungary |quote=22. § (1) E törvény értelmében nemzetiségek által használt nyelvnek számít [...] a horvát |language=Hungarian}}</ref><br />{{ITA}} (in [[Molise]])<br />{{ROM}} (in [[Carașova]], [[Lupac]]) | agency = [[Institute o Croatie Leid an Lingueestics]] | iso1 = hr | iso2 = hrv | iso3 = hrv | lingua = pairt o [[53-AAA-g]] | map = Croatian_dialects_in_RH_and_BiH.PNG | mapcaption = Tradeetional extent o Serbo-Croatie dialects in Croatie and in Bosnie an Herzegovinae | notice = IPA | glotto = croa1245 | glottorefname = Croatian Standard }} '''Croatian''' or '''Croatie''' (''hrvatski'') is a [[Slavic leids|Sooth Slavic leid]] that's tae the maist pairt uised bi [[Croats]]. It is spak bi juist ower 6.2 million fowk an as weel as bein the naitional leid o [[Croatie]] is an offeecial leid o [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] an aw. [[File:Croatian dialects in Cro and BiH 1.PNG|right|300px|Croatie leid]] <gallery widths="100px" heights="100px" perrow="3"> Image:Latin alphabet Aa.svg|('''a''') Image:Latin alphabet Bb.svg|('''be''') Image:Latin alphabet Cc.svg|('''ce''') Image:Latin alphabet Čč.png|('''če''') Image:Latin alphabet Ćć.svg|('''će''') Image:Latin alphabet Dd.svg|('''de''') Image:Latin alphabet Dždž.png|('''dže''') Image:Latin alphabet Đđ.svg|('''đe''') Image:Latin alphabet Ee.svg|('''e''') Image:Latin alphabet Ff.svg|('''ef''') Image:Latin alphabet Gg.svg|('''ge''') Image:Latin alphabet Hh.svg|('''ha''') Image:Latin alphabet Ii.svg|('''i''') Image:Latin alphabet Jj.svg|('''je''') Image:Latin alphabet Kk.svg|('''ka''') Image:Latin alphabet Ll.svg|('''el''') Image:Latin alphabet Ljlj.png|('''elj''') Image:Latin alphabet Mm.svg|('''em''') Image:Latin alphabet Nn.svg|('''en''') Image:Latin alphabet Njnj.png|('''enj''') Image:Latin alphabet Oo.svg|('''o''') Image:Latin alphabet Pp.svg|('''pe''') Image:Latin alphabet Rr.svg|('''er''') Image:Latin alphabet Ss.svg|('''es''') Image:Latin alphabet Šš.png|('''eš''') Image:Latin alphabet Tt.svg|('''te''') Image:Latin alphabet Uu.svg|('''u''') Image:Latin alphabet Vv.svg|('''ve''') Image:Latin alphabet Zz.svg|('''ze''') Image:Latin alphabet Žž.png|('''že''') <!-- Image:Latin alphabet i+e.svg|(''i(j)e'') --> <!-- Image:Latin alphabet r+r.svg|(''ŕ'') --> </gallery> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Croatian language}} <!-- {{Wikibooks|Croatian}} {{wikibookslang|code=hr}} {{wikisourcelang|hr}} {{wikiquotelang|code=hr}} {{Wiktionarylang|code=hr}} --> ==Fremmit airtins== * [http://www.eudict.com EUdict - online dictionary - translation from Croatian into many languages and vice versa] * [http://hjp.srce.hr/ Croatian Language Portal] * [http://crodip.ffzg.hr/default_e.aspx Croatian Old Dictionary Portal] * [http://www.hr/hrvatska/language/index.en.htm Croatian language - basic phrases and general expressions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918012426/http://www.hr/hrvatska/language/index.en.htm |date=2020-09-18 }} * [http://www.visit-croatia.co.uk/croatianfortravellers/ Croatian for travellers] * [http://education.con-sole.hr Croatian Language Study abroad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306192651/http://education.con-sole.hr/ |date=2012-03-06 }} * [http://www.hr/darko/etf/et03.html Croatian Glagolitic Script] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314051303/http://www.hr/darko/etf/et03.html |date=2007-03-14 }} * [http://www.hr/darko/etf/et04.html Croatian Cyrillic Script] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001205504/http://www.hr/darko/etf/et04.html |date=2006-10-01 }} * [http://www.hr/darko/etf/novi.html Croatian Glagolitic Manuscripts held outside of Croatia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001225852/http://www.hr/darko/etf/novi.html |date=2006-10-01 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040606041856/http://www.cam.ac.uk/societies/cro/crolang.htm The Croatian Language Today], a lecture gien bi dr. Branko Franolić [[Category:Croatie leid]] [[Category:Leids o Croatie]] [[Category:Leids o Bosnie an Herzegovinae]] [[Category:Leids o Serbie]] [[Category:Leids o Vojvodina]] [[Category:Leids o Austrick]] [[Category:Leids o Hungary]] [[Category:Leids o Molise]] [[Category:Sooth Slavic leids]] {{Stub/Balk}} {{Stub/Leid}} s5140ezqz7f04r1xzot08elg5dathqo 0 7219 916587 916068 2026-05-11T06:06:09Z Dinaty 131067 916587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Een|the nummer|1 (nummer)}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name =Ee | Latin =oculus | System =[[Nervish seestem|Nervish]] | Image =Schematic diagram of the human eye en.svg | Caption =Human eye | Image2 =Krilleyekils.jpg | Caption2 =Compoond ee o [[Antarctic krill]] }} '''Ee''' is the [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]] o the [[veesual seestem]]. Thay provide organisms wi [[Veesual perception|veesion]], the abeelity tae receive an process veesual detail, as weel as enablin several photae response functions that are independent o veesion. Een detect [[licht]] an convert it intae electro-chemical impulses in [[neurons]]. In heicher organisms, the ee is a complex [[optics|optical]] seestem that collects licht frae the surroondin environment, regulates its intensity throu a [[Iris (anatomy)|diaphragm]], [[Focus (optics)|focuses]] it throu an adjustable assemmly o [[Lens (anatomy)|lenses]] tae form an eemage, converts this eemage intae a set o electrical seegnals, an transmits thir signals tae the [[harn]] throu complex neural pathweys that connect the ee via the [[optic nerve]] tae the [[veesual seestem|veesual cortex]] an ither auries o the harn. Een wi resolvin pouer hae come in ten fundamentally different forms, an 96% o [[ainimal]] species possess a complex optical seestem.<ref name=Land1992>{{cite journal |first=M. F. |last=Land |first2=R. D. |last2=Fernald |year=1992 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.000245 |title=The evolution of eyes |journal=[[Annual Review of Neuroscience]] |volume=15 |pages=1–29 |pmid=1575438}}</ref> Eemage-resolvin een are present in [[molluscs]], [[chordates]] an [[arthropods]].<ref name=Frentiu2008>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1002/bies.20828 | title=A butterfly eye's view of birds | year=2008 | author=Frentiu, Francesca D. |author2=Adriana D. Briscoe | journal=BioEssays | volume=30 | pages=1151–62 | pmid=18937365 | issue=11–12}}</ref> The semplest "een", sic as thae in [[microorganism]]s, dae naething but detect whither the surroondins are licht or [[daurkness|daurk]], that is sufficient for the [[Entrainment (chronobiology)|entrainment]] o [[circadian rhythm]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Education/Pages/Factsheet_CircadianRhythms.aspx |title=Circadian Rhythms Fact Sheet |publisher=National Institute of General Medical Sciences |accessdate=3 June 2015 |archive-date=2020-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313000520/https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/pages/factsheet_circadianrhythms.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Frae mair complex een, retinal [[photosensitive ganglion cell]]s send seegnals alang the [[retinohypothalamic tract]] tae the [[Suprachiasmatic nucleus|suprachiasmatic nuclei]] tae effect circadian adjuistment an tae the [[pretectal aurie]] tae control the [[pupillary licht reflex]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Eyes}} [[Category:Ee|Ee]] [[Category:Sensory organs]] [[Category:Veesual seestem]] <!-- interwiki --> dnqa5dykdby6hpxeg0u7h06yqsapyye 916588 916587 2026-05-11T06:06:36Z Dinaty 131067 916588 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Redirect|Een|the nummer|1 (nummer)}} {{Infobox anatomy | Name =Ee | Latin =oculus | System =[[Nervish seestem|Nervish]] | Image =Schematic diagram of the human eye en.svg | Caption =Human eye | Image2 =Krilleyekils.jpg | Caption2 =Compoond ee o [[Antarctic krill]] }} The '''Ee''' is the [[Organ (anatomy)|organ]] o the [[veesual seestem]]. Thay provide organisms wi [[Veesual perception|veesion]], the abeelity tae receive an process veesual detail, as weel as enablin several photae response functions that are independent o veesion. Een detect [[licht]] an convert it intae electro-chemical impulses in [[neurons]]. In heicher organisms, the ee is a complex [[optics|optical]] seestem that collects licht frae the surroondin environment, regulates its intensity throu a [[Iris (anatomy)|diaphragm]], [[Focus (optics)|focuses]] it throu an adjustable assemmly o [[Lens (anatomy)|lenses]] tae form an eemage, converts this eemage intae a set o electrical seegnals, an transmits thir signals tae the [[harn]] throu complex neural pathweys that connect the ee via the [[optic nerve]] tae the [[veesual seestem|veesual cortex]] an ither auries o the harn. Een wi resolvin pouer hae come in ten fundamentally different forms, an 96% o [[ainimal]] species possess a complex optical seestem.<ref name=Land1992>{{cite journal |first=M. F. |last=Land |first2=R. D. |last2=Fernald |year=1992 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ne.15.030192.000245 |title=The evolution of eyes |journal=[[Annual Review of Neuroscience]] |volume=15 |pages=1–29 |pmid=1575438}}</ref> Eemage-resolvin een are present in [[molluscs]], [[chordates]] an [[arthropods]].<ref name=Frentiu2008>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1002/bies.20828 | title=A butterfly eye's view of birds | year=2008 | author=Frentiu, Francesca D. |author2=Adriana D. Briscoe | journal=BioEssays | volume=30 | pages=1151–62 | pmid=18937365 | issue=11–12}}</ref> The semplest "een", sic as thae in [[microorganism]]s, dae naething but detect whither the surroondins are licht or [[daurkness|daurk]], that is sufficient for the [[Entrainment (chronobiology)|entrainment]] o [[circadian rhythm]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nigms.nih.gov/Education/Pages/Factsheet_CircadianRhythms.aspx |title=Circadian Rhythms Fact Sheet |publisher=National Institute of General Medical Sciences |accessdate=3 June 2015 |archive-date=2020-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200313000520/https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/pages/factsheet_circadianrhythms.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> Frae mair complex een, retinal [[photosensitive ganglion cell]]s send seegnals alang the [[retinohypothalamic tract]] tae the [[Suprachiasmatic nucleus|suprachiasmatic nuclei]] tae effect circadian adjuistment an tae the [[pretectal aurie]] tae control the [[pupillary licht reflex]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Eyes}} [[Category:Ee|Ee]] [[Category:Sensory organs]] [[Category:Veesual seestem]] <!-- interwiki --> ora3zeq1yytabjqogbz41a7g9ep8cey 0 7626 916529 901349 2026-05-10T15:01:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916529 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |official_name = Belfast |irish_name= Béal Feirste |scots_name= Bilfawst |static_image_name = Wikibelfast1.jpg |static_image_width = 275px |static_image_caption = Skyline an biggins throuoot the City of Belfast |static_image_2_name = Belfast City Coat of Arms.svg |static_image_2_caption = Coat of arms with motto "Pro Tanto Quid Retribuamus" (Latin: "What shall we give in return for so much") |coordinates = {{coord|54.597|-5.930|display=inline,title}} |label_position = none |population = |population_ref = City of Belfast:<br />333,000 (2014)<ref name = "demography1">{{cite web|url=http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/council/Yourcouncil/yourcouncil.aspx|title=Belfast City Council|accessdate=22 February 2016|archive-date=2018-02-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210100841/http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/council/Yourcouncil/yourcouncil.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref>&nbsp;<br />Urban Area:<br />483,418 (2001)<ref name="UK stat">[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/fertility-analysis/focus-on-people-and-migration/december-2005/focus-on-people-and-migration---focus-on-people-and-migration---chapter-3.pdf The UK's major urban areas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150411093409/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/fertility-analysis/focus-on-people-and-migration/december-2005/focus-on-people-and-migration---focus-on-people-and-migration---chapter-3.pdf |date=2015-04-11 }} Office for National Statistics (Urban area of Belfast and connected settlements, Table 3.1, page 47)</ref><br />[[Belfast Metropolitan Area|Metropolitan area]]:<br />585,996 (2001)<ref name = "nisra.gov.uk">{{citation|title=Statistical Classification and Delineation of Settlements|url=http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/urban_rural/ur_gaz.pdf|date=February 2005|publisher=NISRA|accessdate=13 May 2012|archive-date=2014-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140401113858/http://www.nisra.gov.uk/archive/demography/publications/urban_rural/ur_gaz.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |irish_grid_reference = J338740 |unitary_northern_ireland = [[Belfast City Council|City of Belfast]] |country = Northren Ireland |post_town = BELFAST |postcode_area = BT |postcode_district = BT1–BT17, BT29 (part), BT36 (part), BT58 |dial_code = 028 |constituency_westminster = [[Belfast North (UK Parliament constituency)|Belfast North]]<br />[[Belfast South (UK Parliament constituency)|Belfast South]]<br />[[Belfast East (UK Parliament constituency)|Belfast East]]<br />[[Belfast West (UK Parliament constituency)|Belfast West]] |constituency_ni_assembly = [[Belfast North (Assembly constituency)|Belfast North]]<br />[[Belfast South (Assembly constituency)|Belfast South]]<br />[[Belfast East (Assembly constituency)|Belfast East]]<br />[[Belfast West (Assembly constituency)|Belfast West]] |lieutenancy_northern_ireland = [[Coonty Antrim]]<br />[[Coonty Doun]] |website = [http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/ www.belfastcity.gov.uk] |area_total_sq_mi = 44.4 }} [[Image:Flag of Belfast.svg|right|200px|= Banner o Belfast.]] {{Historical populations |state=collapsed |percentages=pagr |1757|8549 |1782|13105 |1791|18320 |1806|22095 |1821|37277 |1831|53287 |1841|75308 |1851|97784 |1861|119393 |1871|174412 |1881|208122 |1891|255950 |1901|349180 |1911|386947 |1926|415151 |1937|438086 |1951|443671 |1961|415856 |1966|398405 |1971|362082 |1981|314270 |1991|279237 |2001|277391 |2006|267374 |2011|286000 |2015|333871 ||footnote=<ref>{{cite book| last=Wakefield| first=Edward| title=An account of Ireland, statistical and political: in two volumes| volume=2| publisher=Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown| location=London| pages=693–694| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YeI_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA693 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cso.ie/census |title=Census for post 1821 figures |publisher=Cso.ie |accessdate=12 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100920090814/http://cso.ie/census |archivedate=20 September 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.histpop.org/ |title=Home |publisher=Histpop.Org |date=2 April 2007 |accessdate=13 November 2010 |archive-date=2016-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507023856/http://www.histpop.org/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=NISRA |url=http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census |title=Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency – Census Home Page |publisher=Nisranew.nisra.gov.uk |accessdate=12 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404114651/http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census/ |archivedate=4 April 2010 }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217095720/http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census |date=2012-02-17 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Lee |first=JJ |editor-last=Goldstrom |editor-first=J. M. |editor2-last=Clarkson |editor2-first=L. A. |title=Irish Populatioe, Economy, and Society: Essays in Honour of the Late K. H. Connell |year=1981 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford, England |chapter=On the accuracy of the Pre-famine Irish censuses }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last = Mokyr | first = Joel | author-link = Joel Mokyr | last2 = O Grada | first2 = Cormac | title = New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700–1850 | journal = The Economic History Review | volume = 37 | issue = 4 | pages = 473–488 | date = November 1984 | url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120035880/abstract | doi = 10.1111/j.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x | access-date = 2017-05-20 | archive-date = 2012-12-04 | archive-url = https://archive.today/20121204160709/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120035880/abstract | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/factsandfigures/demographics.asp |title=Belfast City Council. Belfast: A Profile of the City. Demographics |publisher=Belfastcity.gov.uk |accessdate=12 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925231740/http://belfastcity.gov.uk/factsandfigures/demographics.asp |archivedate=25 September 2010 |deadurl=no }} {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925231740/http://belfastcity.gov.uk/factsandfigures/demographics.asp |date=2010-09-25 }}</ref> }} '''Belfast''' (frae the [[Erse leid|Airisch Gaelick]] ''Béal Feirste'', meanin 'saundy fuird at tha fit o tha river';<ref name="Belfast name">{{cite web | title = Placenames/Logainmneacha: Belfast | work = BBC Northern Ireland - Education | publisher = BBC | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/irish/blas/education/beginnersblas/1belfast.shtml | accessdate = 2007-05-17}}</ref> kent as '''Bilfawst''' or '''Bilfaust''' in [[Ulster Scots leid|Ulstèr-Scotch]]) is the caipital citie o [[Norlin Airlan]] (Lallans ''Northren Ireland'').<ref name="MSN Encarta">{{cite web | title = Northern Ireland | work = MSN Encarta - Northern Ireland | publisher = Microsoft | url = http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571415/Ireland_Northern.html | accessdate = 2007-10-29 | archive-date = 2007-12-26 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071226023428/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761571415/Ireland_Northern.html | url-status = dead }}</ref> It's tha mucklest urban aurie in Norlin Airlann an tha Stewartrie o [[Ulster|Ulstèr]] an the seicont-mucklest citie on the islann o [[Ireland|Airlan]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat}} {{UK ceeties}} [[Category:Ceeties in Northren Ireland]] [[Category:Belfast]] [[Category:Ulster Scots leid]] {{Stub/NIreland}} {{byleid|Ulster Scots}} 4e21tse5hm65a07rtq5zsmvn64cm0ma 0 11972 916550 873341 2026-05-10T21:07:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox automobile | image = 1907 Ford Model R front 34.png | name = Ford Model N | manufacturer = [[Ford Motor Company]] | production = 1906&ndash;1908 | predecessor = [[Ford Model F]] | successor = [[Ford Model T]] | class = Entry-level | platform = | body_style = 2-row [[Phaeton bouk|phaeton]] | engine = {{convert|149|CID|cc|abbr=on}} {{convert|15|hp|kW PS|lk=on|abbr=on}} [[:en:Model N engine|Model N]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jupiter.plymouth.edu/~trentb/ModelT/n662/Engine.html|title=1907 Model N Ford Engine|last=Boggess|first=Trent|accessdate=2015-03-31|archive-date=2017-12-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227211801/http://jupiter.plymouth.edu/~trentb/ModelT/N662/Engine.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Kimes>{{cite book|last=Kimes|first=Beverly|title=Standard Catalog of American Cars 1805-1942|url=https://archive.org/details/standardcatalogo0000kime_b7b7_ed03|year=1996|publisher=Krause Publications|isbn=0-87341-428-4}}</ref><ref name=brochure>{{cite web|title=1906 Ford Advance Brochure|url=http://www.oldcarbrochures.com/static/NA/Ford/1906_Ford/1906_Ford_%20Advance_Brochure/1906%20Ford%202.html|publisher=The Old Car Manual Project|accessdate=2015-03-31}}</ref> [[straight-4]] | transmission = 2-speed [[Epicyclic gearin|planetar]]<ref name=Kimes/><ref name=brochure/> | wheelbase = {{convert|84|in|cm|0|abbr=on}} | length = | width = | height = | weight = {{convert|800|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} (1906); {{convert|1050|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} (1907 Model N); {{convert|1400|lb|kg|0|abbr=on}} (1907 Models R an S)<ref name=Kimes/> | aka = Model R<br>Model S | related = | designer = [[Henry Ford]] }} The '''Ford Model N''' wis a cheap [[automobile]] produced bi the [[Ford Motor Company]]. It wis introduced in 1906 as a successor tae the Models [[Ford Model A (1903)|A]], [[Ford Model C|C]] an [[Ford Model F|F]] as the company's cheap entry-level line. The Model N diverged frae its predecessors in that it wis a front-engine caur wi a 4-cylinder ingine. The 15 [[Horsepouer|hp]] straight-4 drove the rear wheels via a lang shaft. The caur haed a wheelbase size o 84&nbsp;in (2.1&nbsp;m). A successfu model, 7000 caurs wis made til production endit in 1908. At $500, the caur wis viewed as heich affordable at the time; bi contrast, the hie-volume [[Oldsmobile]] [[Oldsmobile Curved Dash|Runabout]] wis sellt for US$650, [[Western Tool Works (automobile company)|Western]]'s Gale Model A wis US$500, the [[Brush Motor Car Company|Brush Runabout]] US$485, the [[Black Motor Company|Black]] wis sellt for as laich a price as $375, an the [[Success Automobile Manufacturing Company|Success]] hit the mazin law US$250. {{Commonscat|Ford Model R}} [[Category:Ford vehicles|Model N]] [[Category:Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan]] [[Category:Heestory o Detroit, Michigan]] [[Category:Motor vehicles manufactured in the Unitit States]] ny2okx9ctz0d4bmhwb6q52jqy4vyb6r 0 12204 916551 878559 2026-05-10T21:11:29Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916551 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Forever Slave''' is a [[Spain]]gie [[symphonic metal|symphonic]]-[[gothic metal]] baund foondit bi Servalath (Sergio) an vocalist Lady Angellyca in 2000. They recordit twa demos, Hate an Schwarzer Engel, in 2000 an 2001 respectively, returnin wi anither demo in 2004, Resurrection. In September 2005 they released their first full length album, ''[[Alice's Inferno]]'', produced bi Lars Ratz an released by Armageddon Music. The group released a seicont album, ''[[Tales for Bad Girls]]'' in Aprile 2008. ==Biography== ===''Alice's Inferno'' (2005)=== ''[[Alice's Inferno]]'', Forever Slave's debut album, wis released in 2005.<ref>[http://www.allmusic.com/artist/forever-slave-p748838 allmusic]</ref> ===''Tales for Bad Girls'' (2008)=== Forever Slave finished recordin ''[[Tales for Bad Girls]]'' in August 2007.<ref>{{cite web|title =NEW RELEASE: FOREVER SLAVE|url =http://www.armageddonmusic.de/|publisher =Armageddon Music|accessdate =2008-04-04}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Discografie== * ''Hate'' (demo, 2000) * ''Schwarzer Engel'' (demo, 2001) ("Black Angel" in German) * ''Resurrection'' (demo, 2004) * ''[[Alice's Inferno]]'' (2005) * ''[[Tales for Bad Girls]]'' (2008) ==Members== * [[Lady Angellyca]] – Sangster, composer, leericist, keyboard an programmin * Sergio – Guitar, Bass, keyboard an programmin == References == {{Reflist}} == External links == * [http://www.foreverslave.com Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729230355/http://www.foreverslave.com/ |date=2018-07-29 }} * [http://www.myspace.com/foreverslavemusic Forever Slave official MySpace site] * [http://www.myspace.com/ladyangellyca Lady Angellyca official MySpace site] * [http://www.ladyangellyca.com Lady Angellyca official website] [[Category:Spaingie hivy metal muisical groups]] [[Category:Gothic metal muisical groups]] qxqp0ze93xnbrdr54ejj2r5y0xr57rt 0 12404 916558 916500 2026-05-10T22:31:15Z Atlantic306 30244 ce 916558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox football club | current = Torneo Clausura 2008 (Paraguay)#Positions| image = | clubname = Sol de América| fullname = Club Sol de América| nickname = ''Los Danzarines'' | founded = 1909 | ground = [[Estadio Luis Alfonso Giagni]],<br>[[Villa Elisa, Paraguay|Villa Elisa]], [[Paraguay]] | capacity = 5,000 | chairman = [[Daniel Garnero]]| manager = Ángel Martínez | league = [[División Intermedia]] | season = 2025 | position = 8th | pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=| leftarm1=0033CC|body1=0033CC|rightarm1=0033CC|shorts1=0033CC|socks1=0033CC| pattern_la2=_blueshoulders|pattern_b2=_blueshoulders|pattern_ra2=_blueshoulders| leftarm2=FFFFFF|body2=FFFFFF|rightarm2=FFFFFF|shorts2=0033CC|socks2=FFFFFF| }} '''Club Sol de América''' is a [[Paraguay]]an [[sports club]], kent for its [[fitbaw]] team.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sofascore.com/football/team/sol-de-america/36439|title=Club Sol de América|website=www.sofascore.com|access-date=9 Mey 2026}}</ref> The club is locatit in [[Barrio Obrero (Asunción)|Barrio Obrero]], Paraguay, an it wis foondit in 1909. The stadium Sol de America uises for maist o its first division games is locatit in the suburb ceity o [[Villa Elisa]]. Sol de America hae wan the [[Paraguayan Primera División|Paraguayn First Division]] title on twa occasions, in 1986 an then again in 1991. They hae a strang [[basketbaw]] team an aw. ==Fitbaa== ===Honours=== *'''[[Paraguayan Primera División|Paraguayan First Division]]''' **'''Winners (2):''' 1986, 1991 *'''[[Paraguayan Segunda División|Paraguayan Seicont Division]]''' **'''Winners (3):''' 1965, 1977, 2006 *'''[[Torneo República]]''' **'''Winners (1):''' 1988 ===Performance in CONMEBOL competitions=== *'''[[Copa Libertadores]]''': 6 appearances ::'''Best''': Quarter-Final in 1989 ===Notable coaches=== *{{flagicon|Hungary}} {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Ferenc Puskás]] *{{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Sergio Markarián]] *{{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Ever Hugo Almeida]] ==Basketbaw== Sol de América also haes a [[basketbaw]] team participatin in the [[Paraguayan Metropolitan Basketbaw League]]. They wan the Paraguayan championship seiven times: 1982, 1983, 1984, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999 an 2007. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== [https://espndeportes.espn.com/futbol/equipo/_/id/7465/sol-de-america ESPN (in Spainish)] [[Category:Fitbaw clubs in Paraguay|Sol de America]] [[Category:Basketbaw teams in Paraguay|Sol de America]] [[Category:Association fitbaw clubs establisht in 1909]] c5b8kypoh9do37hg71ge05z1ykzokpq 0 13948 916532 809968 2026-05-10T15:31:55Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916532 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:British_Sign_Language_chart.png|thumb|250px|The BSL Fingerspelling Alphabet.]] '''Breetish Sign Leid''' ('''BSL''') is the [[sign leid]] uissed in the [[Unitit Kinrick]] (UK). It is the wale o the maist feck o [[deif]] fowk in the UK; there are 125,000<ref>IPSOS Mori GP Patient Survey 2009/10</ref> deif adults in the UK wha mak uiss o BSL an 20,000 bairns forby. In 2011, 15,000 fowk wha bide in England and Wales ansuered tae the census as uissin BSL as thair main leid.<ref>[http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_297002.pdf 2011 Census: Quick Statistics for England and Wales, March 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006093247/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_297002.pdf |date=2014-10-06 }}, Accessed 17 February 2013.</ref> The leid maks uiss o tuim space an the muivement o the hauns, bouk, fizog an heid. Monie mae fowk wha arna deif mak uiss o BSL forby; as the kyth o deif fowk wha wiss yet tae taak til thaim, as sign leid interpreters or owersetters, or as the affcome o ither siclyk contack wi the Breetish deif community. ==References== {{reflist}} [[Category:Leids o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Sign leids]] [[Category:Deif cultur]] 38vcj0jjyqsyu60vxq18r9hzh48hvk0 0 15244 916548 902271 2026-05-10T20:08:42Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = El Aaiún |other_name = Laâyoune, Laayoune |native_name = العيون (''al-ˁūyūn''), ⵍⵄⵢⵓⵏ |image_skyline = Street view from Laayoune 2011.jpg |imagesize = |image_caption = Avenue Makkah al-Mukarramah in El-Aaiún |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = |map_caption = |pushpin_map = Western Sahara |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Wastren Sahara |subdivision_type = [[:en:United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories|Non-Sel-Govrenin Territory]] |subdivision_name = [[Wastren Sahara]] |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = [[Laâyoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra|Laayoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra]] |subdivision_type2 = Province |subdivision_name2 = [[Laâyoune Province|Laayoune Province]] |established_title = |established_date = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |area_magnitude = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of=2010 |population_footnotes = |population_total = 196,331 |population_urban = |population_metro = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_density_km2 = |timezone = UTC |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|27|9|13|N|13|12|12|W|region:EH|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes= |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |website = |footnotes = }} '''El-Aaiún''' ([[French leid|French]]: '''Laâyoune'''; [[Arabic]]: العيون, [[romanisation o Arabic|romanisit]] ''al-ʾAyūn'', leeterally ''"The Springs"''), is a ceety in [[Wastren Sahara]] foondit bi the [[Spain]]gie in 1928. Administered bi [[Morocco]] syne 1976<ref>UN General Assembly Resolution 34/37 and UN General Assembly Resolution 35/19.</ref>, El-Aaiún is the caipital o wha the Moroccan government cawed the region o ''[[Laâyoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra]]'', an [[POLISARIO]] cawed ''[[Occupied territory|Occupied Territories]]''. It is an aa claimed bi the [[Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic]] as thair caipital. == Demographics == The ceety haes a population o 194,668<ref name="Population">{{cite web | url = http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&lng=de&dat=32&geo=-70&srt=npan&col=aohdq&men=gcis&lng=en | title = Morocco - largest cities (per geographical entity) | accessdate = 2009-03-25 | author = Stefan Helders | year = 2009 | publisher = World Gazetteer | language = [[Inglis leid|Inglis]] | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071001090358/http://www.world-gazetteer.com/wg.php?x=&lng=de&dat=32&geo=-70&srt=npan&col=aohdq&men=gcis&lng=en | archivedate = 2007-10-01 | url-status = live }}</ref> an is the lairgest ceety in Wastren Sahara. It is a growin economic hub in wha Morocco sees as its [[Soothren Provinces]]. Its population is a mixture o Moroccans frae the North as well as [[Sahrawis]] frae Soothren Saharan Morocco an natives o [[Wastren Sahara]] (who mak up a fift o the population).<ref>"Diplomacy over Western Sahara: Morocco v Algeria", ''[[The Economist]]'', 4th November, 2010.</ref> == Etymology == "El Aaiún" is the transliteration o the Arabic name uised as the Spainyie name for the ceety. "Laâyoune" is a French transliteration even uised in Moroccan literature. The Arabic name means "the springs". == Status == The [[United Naitions]] mission for the referendum, turned tae simply waitin for a poleetical solution, instead o a referendum which wis obsolete efter the UN votit for resolution 1813. [[MINURSO]], which administers the ceasefire dounset o 1991 atween [[Morocco]] an the [[Polisario Front]], haes its heidquarters in the ceety. == Climate == {{Weather box |location = Laâyoune" an aa "El Ayun" |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan high C = 20 |Feb high C = 20 |Mar high C = 22 |Apr high C = 22 |May high C = 22 |Jun high C = 24 |Jul high C = 26 |Aug high C = 28 |Sep high C = 27 |Oct high C = 25 |Nov high C = 24 |Dec high C = 20 |year high C = 23 |Jan mean C = 16 |Feb mean C = 17 |Mar mean C = 19 |Apr mean C = 18 |May mean C = 20 |Jun mean C = 21 |Jul mean C = 23 |Aug mean C = 25 |Sep mean C = 24 |Oct mean C = 22 |Nov mean C = 20 |Dec mean C = 17 |year mean C = 20 |Jan low C = 12 |Feb low C = 13 |Mar low C = 16 |Apr low C = 15 |May low C = 16 |Jun low C = 18 |Jul low C = 20 |Aug low C = 21 |Sep low C = 20 |Oct low C = 18 |Nov low C = 16 |Dec low C = 13 |year low C = 17 |Jan precipitation mm = 17.97 |Feb precipitation mm = 18.51 |Mar precipitation mm = 6.74 |Apr precipitation mm = 2.54 |May precipitation mm = 3.21 |Jun precipitation mm = 0.31 |Jul precipitation mm = 0.0 |Aug precipitation mm = 0.0 |Sep precipitation mm = 1.21 |Oct precipitation mm = 7.47 |Nov precipitation mm = 16.90 |Dec precipitation mm = 18.60 |year precipitation mm = 93.46 |Jan precipitation days = 3 |Feb precipitation days = 3 |Mar precipitation days = 1 |Apr precipitation days = 1 |May precipitation days = 1 |Jun precipitation days = 1 |Jul precipitation days = 1 |Aug precipitation days = 1 |Sep precipitation days = 0 |Oct precipitation days = 2 |Nov precipitation days = 1 |Dec precipitation days = 3 |year precipitation days = 18 |source 1 = Weatherbase<ref name="Weatherbase">{{cite web |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=33006&refer=&units=metric |title=Weatherbase: Historical Weather for El Aaiún |accessdate= |archive-date=2018-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224221737/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weatherall.php3?s=33006&refer=&units=metric%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |date=August 2010 }} == Sport == The ceety's main fitbaa club in El Aaiun is [[Jeunesse Massira]]. The club played in the [[Botola]]/GNF 1. Jeunesse Massira uise [[Mohamed Laghdaf stadium]] in trainin an gemmes. == Transport == El-Aaiún is served bi [[Hassan I Airport]]. == Twin touns an sister ceeties == {{Portal|Wastren Sahara|Africae|Geografie}} * {{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algiers]], [[Algerie]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Renewing the twining agreement between Central Algiers and Wilaya of El Aaiun|url=http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/renewing-twining-agreement-between-central-algiers-and-wilaya-el-aaiun|publisher=[[Sahara Press Service]]|date=30-10-2011|accessdate=02-11-2011|archive-date=2012-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120501181500/http://www.spsrasd.info/en/content/renewing-twining-agreement-between-central-algiers-and-wilaya-el-aaiun|url-status=dead}}</ref> (''Syne 2001'') * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Almería]], [[Andalucía]], [[Spain]]<ref name="hermanadas">{{cite web |url = http://www.aytoalmeria.es/ciudadano/nav/ayuntamiento/concejalias/alcaldia/ciudadesHermanadas/index.jsp |title = Ciudades Hermanadas |editor = Ayuntamiento de Almería |accessdate = 2008-04-12 |archive-date = 2008-01-28 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080128165312/http://www.aytoalmeria.es/ciudadano/nav/ayuntamiento/concejalias/alcaldia/ciudadesHermanadas/index.jsp |url-status = dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Avilés]], [[Asturias]], Spain<ref>{{cite web |url=http://aviles.es/AytoAvilesPortal/portal/cn/NavSec/Noticia |title=Balance del viaje realizado por representantes municipales al Sahara |publisher=Aviles.es |date= |accessdate=2011-09-04 |archive-date=2012-05-29 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120529155215/http://aviles.es/AytoAvilesPortal/portal/cn/NavSec/Noticia |url-status=dead }}</ref> * {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] (''Syne 12 August 2005'') * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Málaga]], Andalucía, Spain<ref name="Málaga2016">{{cite web|url = http://www.malaga2016.es/es|title = Official website for Malaga's candidature for European capital of culture in 2016|editor = [[Ayuntamiento de Málaga]]|accessdate = 2008-04-02|archive-date = 2009-03-22|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090322110144/http://www.malaga2016.es/es|url-status = dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/institucional/relaciones-internacionales/documentos/hermanamiento-entre-el-aaiun-y-montevideo |title=Hermanamiento de Montevideo y El Aaiún |publisher=Montevideo.gub.uy |date=2009-12-13 |accessdate=2011-09-04 |archive-date=2012-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202161652/http://www.montevideo.gub.uy/institucional/relaciones-internacionales/documentos/hermanamiento-entre-el-aaiun-y-montevideo |url-status=dead }}</ref> (''Syne 13 December 2009'') * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Lorca]], [[Murcia]], Spain<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.murcia.com/lorca/noticias/2010/11/12-ayuntamiento-lorca-denuncia-agresion-marruecos.asp|title=El Ayuntamiento de Lorca denuncia la agresión de Marruecos contra el Pueblo Saharaui|publisher=Murcia.es|date=12-11-2010|accessdate=11-02-2013}} {{es icon}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Sorrento]], [[Campanie]], [[Italy]] (''Syne 18 April 2009'') == References == {{Portal box|Wastren Sahara|Geografie}} {{Reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat}} * {{fr}} [http://www.laayouneinvest.ma Investir dans la région de Laâyoune "Invest in the region of Laâyoune"]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://lexicorient.com/morocco/laayoune.htm Entry in Lexicorient] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507120112/http://lexicorient.com/morocco/laayoune.htm |date=2012-05-07 }} * [http://www.travel-images.com/el-aaiun.html Entry in Travel-Images] {{Leet o African caipitals}} {{Stub/NAfricae}} {{Stub/Ceety}} {{DEFAULTSORT:El Aaiun}} [[Category:Populatit places in Wastren Sahara]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Laâyoune-Boujdour-Sakia El Hamra Region]] ouseocjwdyhhrna00ojj5kmhkbwdit8 0 16086 916530 905011 2026-05-10T15:06:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916530 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Fixscots}} {{Automatic taxobox |name = Birds |fossil_range = |image = Bird Diversity 2013.png |image_caption = A composite image shawin the diversity o birds; 18 biological orders are depictit in this image (frae tap, left tae richt): [[Cuculiformes]], [[Ciconiiformes]], [[Phaethontiformes]], [[Accipitriformes]], [[Gruiformes]], [[Galliformes]], [[Anseriformes]], [[Trochiliformes]], [[Charadriiformes]], [[Casuariiformes]], [[Psittaciformes]], [[Phoenicopteriformes]], [[Sphenisciformes]], [[Pelecaniformes]], [[Suliformes]], [[Coraciiformes]], [[Strigiformes]], [[Piciformes]]. |taxon = Aves | parent_authority = [[Jacques Gauthier|Gauthier]], 1986 |display_parents = 3 |authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], 1758<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1 | title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Class Aves | accessdate=11 June 2012 | last=Brands | first=Sheila | date=14 August 2008 | work=Project: The Taxonomicon | archive-date=2008-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505214909/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1 | url-status=dead }}</ref> |subdivision_ranks = [[Class (biology)|Subclasses]] |subdivision = *{{extinct}}[[Archaeornithes]] [[Paraphyly|*]] *{{extinct}}[[Enantiornithes]] *{{extinct}}[[Hesperornithes]] *{{extinct}}[[Ichthyornithes]] *[[Neornithes]] An see text }} '''Birds''' (Aves) are a group o endothermic vertebrates, characterised bi feathers, tuithless beakit jaws, the layin o haurd-shelled eggs, a heich metabolic rate, a fower-chaumbered hert, and a lichtweicht bit pure teugh skelet. Birds bide warldwide and range in size fae the 5&nbsp;cm (2&nbsp;in) bee hummingbird tae the 2.75&nbsp;m (9&nbsp;ft) ostrich. Thay rank as the cless o tetrapods wi the maist livin species, at aboot ten thoosand, wi mair nor hauf o thae bein passerines, whiles kent as perching birds or, less richtly, as sangbirds. The fossil record indicates that birds are the lest surviving dinosaurs, termed avian dinosaurs, haed evolved frae feathered ancestors inwith the theropod group o saurischian dinosaurs. True birds erest appeared while the Cretaceous feck, aroond 100 million years aby. DNA-evident shaws that birds diversified dramatically aroond the time o the cretaceous–paleogene extinction event that kilt aff a ither dinosaurs. Birds in [[Sooth Americae|Sooth America]] owercome this event and syne migrated tae ither bits o the warld via multiple laund brigs, while diversifying while periods o global cooling. primitive bird-lik dinosaurs that lie ootdoors cless aves proper, in the broader group avialae, hae bin fun datin back tae the mid-Jurassic period. Mony o thae earlie "stem-birds", sic as archaeopteryx, wur nae yit capable o fully powered flicht, and mony keepit primitive characteristics like tuithie jaws in steid o beaks, and lang banie tails. Birds hae weengs thae are mair or less made dependin oan the species; the ainlie kent groups wioot wings are the extinct moas and elephant birds. Wings, thae evolved fae forelimbs, gie maist birds the ability tae flee, althoogh further speciation haes led tae some flichtless birds, anaw ratites, penguins, and diverse endemic island species o birds. the digestive and respiratory seestems o birdsarean a uniquely adapted fur flicht. Some doo species o aquatic environments, espeicially the aforementioned flichtless penguins, and a members o the deuck fowk, hae an a evolved fur soummin`. Birds, specifically Darwin's finches, played an important pairt in the inception o Darwin's theory o evolution bi naitural selection. Some birds, especially corvids and parrots, are amang the maist genious ainimals; mony species mak and uise tuils, and mony social species bygae oan knowledge ower generations, thae is considered a form o cultur. Mony species annually migrate stoatin distances. Birdsaresocial, communicating wi visual signals, caws, and doo sangs, and pairteecipatin in sic social behaviours as cooperative breedin and huntin, flocking, and mobbing o predators. The vast maist folk o doo species are socially monogamous, uisually fur yin breedin saison at a time, whiles fur years, bit seendle fur lee. Ither species hae polygynous ("mony females") or, seendle, polyandrous ("mony males") breedin seestems. Birds produce affspring bi laying eggs thae are fertilised throu sexual reproduction. Thayre forordinar leid in a nest and incubated bi the paurents. Maist birds hae an extendit period o paurental care efter hatching. Some birds, sic as hens, lay eggs even whin nae fertilised, tho unfertilised eggs dinnae produce affspring. Mony species o birds are economically important. Tame and wild birds (poutrie and gemme) are important soorces o eggs, bridie, and feathers. Sangbirds, parrots, and ither species are popular as pets. Guano (bird darn) is harvested fur uise as a manure. Birds prominently figure oothrou human cultur. Aboot 120–130 species hae acome extinct due tae human activity sin the 17t yearhunner, and hunners mair afore then. Human acteevity threitens aboot 1,200 bird species wi extinction, tho efforts are underwey tae proteck thaim. Recreational birdwatching is an important pairt o the ecotourism industry. == References == {{Reflist}} {{Commonscat|Aves}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q5113}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Birds| ]] [[Category:Dinosaurs]] [[Category:Santonian first appearances]] [[Category:Extant Late Cretaceous first appearances]] [[Category:Feathered dinosaurs]] [[Category:Taxa named bi Carl Linnaeus]] 2n5k0h07g6oqzyd18eve63l7q3y2dnv 0 17879 916537 906066 2026-05-10T15:55:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Januar 2021}} {{Infobox settlement | name = Byblos | native_name = | native_name_lang = ara<!-- ISO 639-2 code: "fr" for French, "ara" for Arabic --> | official_name = Jubayl | settlement_type = Ceity | image_skyline = The harbor in the old city of Byblos, Lebanon.jpg | image_alt = | image_caption = Byblos Port | pushpin_map = Lebanon | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = Map showin the location o Byblos athin Lebanon | pushpin_map_caption = Location athin Lebanon | coordinates = {{coord|34|07|25|N|35|39|04|E|type:city|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Lebanon}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Govrenorates o Lebanon|Govrenorate]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Munt Lebanon Govrenorate]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Destricts o Lebanon|Destrict]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Jbeil Destrict]] | established_title = <!-- Founded --> | established_date = | founder = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | area_total_km2 = 5 | area_metro_km2 = 17 | population_total = 40000 | population_metro = 100000 | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Eastren European Time|EET]] | utc_offset1 = +2 | timezone1_DST = [[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +3 | postal_code_type = Postal code | postal_code = | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in Lebanon|Dialin code]] | area_code = +961 | footnotes = {{designation list | embed=yes | designation1 = WHS | designation1_date = 1984 <small>(8t [[Warld Heritage Committee|session]])</small> | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_criteria = iii, iv, vi | designation1_number = [http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/295 295] | designation1_free1name = State Pairty | designation1_free1value = {{LBN}} | designation1_free2name = Region | designation1_free2value = [[Leet o Warld Heritage Steids in the Arab States|Arab States]] }} | website = }} '''Byblos''' ({{lang-grc|Βύβλος}}) is the [[Greek leid|Greek]] name o the [[Phoenicie]] ceity '''Gebal''' ({{lang-he|גְבַל}}; earlier '''Gubla''', {{lang-phn|𐤂𐤁𐤋}}). It is a Mediterranean ceity in the [[Munt Lebanon Govrenorate]] o present-day [[Lebanon]] unner the current [[Arabic]] name o ({{lang|ar|جبيل}} ''{{transl|ar|Jubayl}}'') an wis referred tae as '''Gibelet''' durin the [[Crusades]] an aw. It is thocht tae hae been foondit aroond 5000 BC, an accordin tae fragments attributit tae the semi-legendary pre-[[Trojan War]] Phoenician historian [[Sanchuniathon]], it wis biggit bi [[Cronus]] as the first ceity in Phoenicie.<ref>[http://www.sacred-texts.com/cla/af/af01.htm ''The Theology Of The Phœnicians: From Sanchoniatho'']</ref> The day it is believed bi mony tae be [[Leet o auldest continuously inhabitit ceities|the auldest continuously-inhabitit ceity in the warld]]. == History == [[File:ByblosSouk.jpg|thumb|left|The auld souk in Byblos, Lebanon]] The name Byblos is Greek; papyrus received its early Greek name (byblos, byblinos) frae its being exportit tae the Aegean through Byblos. Hence the Inglis wird ''[[Bible]]'' is derived frae ''byblos'' as "the (papyrus) beuk."<ref>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/86962/Byblos</ref> The present day ceity is nou kent bi the Arabic name ''Jubayl'' or ''Jbeil'' (جبيل), a direct descendant o the [[Canaanite leids|Canaanite]] name. Byblos ([[Greek leid|Greek]]) or Gebal ([[Phoenicie leid|Phoenicie]]) is locatit on the [[Mediterranean]] coast o present-day [[Lebanon]], aboot 26 mile (42 kilometres) north o [[Beirut]]. It is attractive tae [[airchaeology|airchaeologist]]s acause o the successive layers o debris resultin frae centuries o human habitation. It wis first excavatit bi [[Pierre Montet]] frae 1921 till 1924, follaed bi Maurice Dunand frae 1925 ower a period o fowerty years.<ref name="MillsBullard1990">{{cite book|author1=Watson E. Mills|author2=Roger Aubrey Bullard|title=Mercer dictionary of the Bible|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA124|accessdate=8 July 2011|year=1990|publisher=Mercer University Press|isbn=9780865543737|pages=124–}}</ref><ref name="Moore">{{cite book|last=Moore|first=A.M.T.|title=The Neolithic of the Levant|publisher=Oxford University, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis|date=1978|pages=329-339|url=http://ancientneareast.tripod.com/143.html|access-date=2011-07-12|archive-date=2023-05-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529063128/https://ancientneareast.tripod.com/143.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> The steid first appears tae hae been settled durin the [[Pre-Pottery Neolithic B|PPNB]] period, approximately 6230 BC.<ref>Vogel, J.C. Waterbolk, H.T., Groningen Radiocarbon Dates X, Radiocarbon, 14, 6-110 / 105, 1972.</ref> [[Neolithic]] remains o some biggins can be observed at the steid. Accordin tae the writer [[Philo o Byblos]] (quotin Sanchuniathon, an quotit in [[Eusebius]]), Byblos haed the reputation o bein the auldest ceity in the warld, foondit bi Cronus. Durin the 3rd millennium BC, the first signs o a [[toun]] can be observed, wi the remains o weel-biggit hooses o uniform size. This wis the period when the Phoenician ceevilisation began tae develop. == Egyptian contact == Watson Mills an Roger Bullard suggest that durin the [[Auld Kinrick o Egyp|Auld Kinrick]], Byblos wis virtually an Egyptian colony.<ref name="MillsBullard1990"/> The growin ceity wis evidently a walthy ane, an seems tae hae been an ally "those who are on his waters" o [[Egyp]] for mony centuries. [[First Dynasty]] tombs uised timbers frae Byblos. Ane o the auldest Egyptian wirds for an ocean goin boat wis "Byblos ship". Beginnin wi Kha'skehemwy maist first dynasty rulers sent a signed gift tae the shrine o the "Mistress o Byblos".<ref>Redford, Donald B: "Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times", pages 33–42. Princeton University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-691-03606-3</ref> Airchaeologists hae recovered [[auncient Egyp|Egyptian]]-made airtifacts datit as early as the [[Fowert dynasty o Egypt]]. Objects hae been foond at Byblos namin the 13t dynasty Egyptian king [[Neferhotep I]], an the rulers o Byblos maintained close relationships wi the New Kinrick pharaohs o Auncient Egyp. Around 1350 BC, the [[Amarna tablets]] include 60 letters frae [[Rib-Hadda]] an his successor [[Ili-Rapih]] who wur rulers o Byblos, writin tae the Egyptian govrenment. This is mainly due tae Rib-Hadda's constant pleas for military assistance frae [[Akhenaten]]. They deal wi the conquest o neighborin ceity-states bi the [[Hapiru]] an aw. It appears Egyptian contact peaked durin the [[Nineteent dynasty o Egyp|19t dynasty]], anerlie tae decline durin the [[Twintiet dynasty o Egyp|20t]] an [[Twinty-first dynasty o Egyp|21st]] dynasties. Although the airchaeological evidence seems tae indicate a brief resurgence durin the [[Twinty-seicont dynasty o Egyp|22nt]] an [[Twinty-third dynasty o Egyp|23rd]] dynasties, it is clear efter the [[Third Intermediate Period]] the Egyptians stairtit favorin [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]] an [[Sidon]] insteid o Byblos.<ref>Shaw, Ian: "The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt", page 321. Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-280458-7</ref> Airchaeological evidence at Byblos, datin back tae aroond 1200 BC, shows existence o a [[Phoenician alphabet]]ic script o twinty-twa characters; an important example o this script is the [[sarcophagus]] o king [[Ahiram]]. The uise o the alphabet wis spread bi Phoenician merchants through their maritime trade intae pairts o [[North Africae]] an Europe. Ane o the maist important monuments o this period is the temple o [[Resheph]], a [[Canaan]]ite war god, but this haed fawen intae ruins bi the time o Alexander. [[File:St JohnByblos.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Medieval]] Kirk o St. John in Byblos, Lebanon]] [[File:Traditional lebanese house at Byblos.jpg|thumb|right|Traditional lebanese hoose owerleukin the Mediterranean sea, Byblos. This hoose in athin the antiquities complex an illustrates the modren grund level wi respect tae excavations]] In the [[Assirie|Assirian]] period, [[Sibittibaal]] o Byblos became tributary tae [[Tiglath-pileser III]] in 738 BC, an in 701 BC, when [[Sennacherib]] conquered aw Phoenicie, the king o Byblos wis [[Urumilki]]. Byblos wis subject tae Assyrian kings [[Esarhaddon]] (r. 681–669 BC) an [[Ashurbanipal]] (r. 668–627 BC) an aw, unner its awn kings [[Milkiasaph]] an [[Yehawmelek]]. In the Persian period (538–332 BC), Byblos wis the fowert o fower Phoenician vassal kinricks established bi the Persians; the first three being [[Sidon]], [[Tyre, Lebanon|Tyre]], an [[Arwad]]. Hellenistic rule came wi the arrival o [[Alexander the Great]] in the aurie in 332 BC. [[Currency|Coinage]] wis in uise, an there is abundant evidence o continued trade wi ither Mediterranean kintras. [[File:Jug Byblos Louvre AO14707.jpg|thumb|right|Terracotta jug frae Byblos (nou in the Louvre), Late Bronze Age (1600–1200 BC)]] Durin the [[Auncient Rome|Greco-Roman]] period, the temple o Resheph wis elaborately rebiggit, an the ceity, though smawer than its neighbours such as Tyre an Sidon, wis a centre for the cult o [[Adonis]]. In the 3rd century, a sma but impressive [[theater]] wis constructit. Wi the rise o [[Christianity]], a [[bishop]]'s seat wis established in Byblos, an the toun grew rapidly. Although a [[Iran|Persian]] colony is kent tae hae been established in the region follaein the [[Islam|Moslem]] conquest o 636, there is little airchaeological evidence for it. Trade wi Europe effectively dried up, an it wis no till the comin o the [[First Crusade]] in 1098 that prosperity returned tae Byblos, kent then as Giblet. Byblos, unner the name o Gibelet or Giblet, wis an important military base in the [[crusade]]r [[Kinrick o Jerusalem]] in the 11t an 12t century, an the remains o its [[Leet of Crusader castles|crusader castle]] are amang the maist impressive airchitectural structurs nou visible at its centre. The toun wis taken bi [[Saladin]] in 1187, re-taken bi the Crusaders, an eventually conquered bi [[Baibars]] in 1266. Its fortifications wur subsequently restored. Frae 1516 till 1918, the toun an the whole region wur pairt o the [[Ottoman Empire]]. Byblos an aw o Lebanon wis placed unner [[French Mandate o Lebanon|French Mandate]] frae 1920 till 1943 when Lebanon achieved unthirldom. == Education == Byblos is hame tae the professional campus o the [[Lebanese American University]]. The LAU Byblos Campus hooses the Medical Schuil, the Ingineerin Schuil, the Pharmacy Schuil, the Schuil o Business, an the Schuil o Airts an Sciences. The Campus is situatit on a hill ouerlookin Byblos an the Mediterreanean Sea. == Tourism == Byblos is re-emergin as an upscale touristic hub.<ref name="Beehner">{{cite news| url=http://travel.nytimes.com/2010/01/03/travel/03next.html | work=The New York Times | title=Byblos, Lebanon's Ancient Port, Is Reborn | first=Lionel | last=Beehner | date=2010-01-03 | accessdate=2010-04-27}}</ref> Wi its auncient port, Phoenician, Roman an Crusader ruins, saundy beaches an the picturesque muntains that surroond it mak it an ideal tourist destination. The ceity is kent for its fish restaurants, open-air bars, an ootdoor cafes. Yachts cruise intae its harbour the day like they did in the saxties an seiventies whan [[Marlon Brando]] an [[Frank Sinatra]] wur regular visitors tae the ceity.<ref name="Beehner"/> * '''Auncient Phoenician temples''' In the airchaeological steid o Byblos there are the remains o the '''Great Temple''' (kent as L-Shaped temple an aw) biggit in 2700 BC, '''Temple o [[Baalat Gebal]]''' biggit in 2700 BC an '''Temple o the Obelisks''' biggit aroond 1600 BC. * '''Byblos Castle''' {{Main|Byblos Castle}} Byblos Castle wis biggit bi the Crusaders in the 12t century. It is locatit in the airchaeological steid naur the port. * '''Medieval ceity waw''' The auld medieval pairt o Byblos is surroondit bi waws runnin aboot 270m frae east tae wast an 200m frae north tae sooth * '''Byblos Wax Museum''' {{Main|Byblos Wax Museum}} This museum displays wax statues o characters frae Phoenician times tae current days * '''St John the Baptist kirk''' Wirk on the kirk stairtit durin the crusades in 1116. It wis considered a cathedral an wis pairtially destroyed durin an earthquake in 1176 AD. It wis transformed intae stables bi Islamic forces efter the faw o the ceity, an wis gien tae the Maronites as a gift bi Prince Youssef Chehab o Lebanon in the mid 1700s, efter they aidit him in capturin the ceity. * '''Byblos Fossil Museum''' {{Main|Byblos Fossil Museum}} Byblos Fossil Museum haes a collection o fossilized fish, shairks, eel, flying fish, an ither marine life, some millions o year auld. * '''Historic Quarter an Souks''' In the sootheast section o the historic ceity, near the entrance o the airchaeological steid, is an auld mercat whaur tourists can shop for souvenirs an antiques, or simply stroll alang the auld cobblestane streets an enjoy the airchitectur. * '''Byblos Internaitional Festival''' This simmer muisic festival is an annual event that takes place in the historic quarter. == The day == The day, Byblos (Jbeil) is a modren ceity. It remains ane o Lebanon's biggest tourist attractions, mainly acause o its rich history an scenic muntains owerleukin the Mediterranean. Maist o the fowk o Byblos are [[Maronites|Maronite Catholics]]. There are some [[Shia Islam|Shia]] Muslims an aw, whose ancestors escaped expulsion bi the [[Seljuq dynasty|Seljuk Turks]] in the Middle Ages. It is said that (The ceity o [[Bint Jbeil]] ("dochter o Jbeil") in soothren Lebanon wis foondit bi those displacit Shi'a. Byblos haes three representatives in the [[Parliament o Lebanon]]: twa Maronites an ane Shi'a.<ref>[http://www.proud-to-be-lebanese.com/e2005/ Lebanon Elections 2005<!-- Bot generated title -->] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121201224012/http://www.proud-to-be-lebanese.com/e2005/ |date=2012-12-01 }}</ref> == Bibliografie == * [[Nina Jidéjian]], ''Byblos through the ages'', Dar al Machreq, Beirut, 1968 * [[:en:Jean-Pierre Thiollet|Jean-Pierre Thiollet]], ''Je m'appelle Byblos'', H & D, Paris, 2005 (ISBN 2-914266-04-9) ==Internaitional relations== {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceities in Lebanon}} ===Twin touns&nbsp;– Sister ceities=== Byblos is [[twin touns an sister ceities|twinned]] wi: {| cellpadding="10" |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Patras]], [[Greece]] * {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Tripoli, Greece|Tripoli]], [[Greece]] * {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Sparti]], [[Greece]] || * {{flagicon|France}} [[Orange, Fraunce|Orange]], [[Fraunce]] * {{flagicon|Malta}} [[Valletta]], [[Maltae]] || * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Cadiz]], [[Spain]] * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Izmir]], [[Turkey]] |} == Relatit pages == * [[Ba`alat Gebal]] * [[Byblos syllabary]] * [[Embriaco family]] * [[Hbaline]] * [[War o St. Sabas]] * [[Ceities o the auncient Near East]] == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons|Byblos}} * [http://tyros.leb.net/byblos Lebanon, the Cedars' Land: Byblos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190909205743/http://tyros.leb.net/byblos |date=2019-09-09 }} * [http://www.middleeast.com/byblos.htm Byblos info] * [http://www.lebanonembassy.ca/eng/byblos.php Embassy o Lebanon in Canadae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010041100/http://www.lebanonembassy.ca/eng/byblos.php |date=2006-10-10 }} * [http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/c14.php?vonsite=200 University of Cologne Radio Carbon Context Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813232858/http://context-database.uni-koeln.de/c14.php?vonsite=200 |date=2011-08-13 }} {{Commonscat}} [[Category:Byblos| ]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Munt Lebanon Govrenorate|Byblos]] [[Category:Jbeil Destrict|Byblos]] [[Category:Airchaeological steids in Lebanon]] [[Category:Phoenicie ceities]] [[Category:Warld Heritage Steids in Lebanon]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Lebanon]] [[Category:Crusades]] [[Category:Phoenicie steids in Lebanon]] [[Category:Roman steids in Lebanon]] [[Category:Hellenistic colonies]] [[Category:Mediterranean port ceities an touns in Lebanon]] [[Category:Auncient ceities]] [[Category:Amarna letters locations]] [[Category:Roman colonies]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 5t millennium BC]] [[Category:Fertile Crescent]] tm10bm7g7mx1wckgn33z970ban4yzfc 0 20940 916592 887565 2026-05-11T07:38:08Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |official_name = Muchalls |gaelic_name= |scots_name= |local_name= |country = Scotland |population= 500 |population_ref= (approx) |os_grid_reference= NO902922 |edinburgh_distance_mi= 115 |edinburgh_direction= SSW |london_distance_mi= 510 |london_direction= SSE |map_alt= Map showin Muchalls on the east coast o Scotland |coordinates = {{coord|57.021|-2.161|display=inline,title}} |post_town = STONEHAVEN |postcode_area = AB |postcode_district = AB39 |dial_code = 01569 |constituency_westminster= [[Wast Aiberdeenshire an Kincardine (UK Parliament constituency)|Wast Aiberdeenshire an Kincardine]] |unitary_scotland= [[Aiberdeenshire]] |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Aiberdeenshire]] |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Wast Aiberdeenshire an Kincardine (Scottis Parliament constituency)|Wast Aiberdeenshire an Kincardine]] |website= }} '''Muchalls''' is a sma coastal ex-[[fishin veelage]] in [[Aiberdeenshire]], [[Scotland]], sooth o [[Newtonhill]] an north o [[Steenhive]].<ref name=gaz>[http://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst3958.html Muchalls.] [[Gazetteer for Scotland]].</ref><ref name=gaz2>[http://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townhistory3958.html Muchalls. History.] [[Gazetteer for Scotland]].</ref> Muchalls is situatit slichtly north o a smawer hamlet kent as the [[Brig o Muchalls]]. At the wastren edge o Muchalls is the historic [[Saunt Ternan's Kirk]]. The ruggit [[North Sea]] coastline near Muchalls featurs numerous cliffs, [[sea stack]]s an [[heidland]]s, no infrequently in [[haar (fog)|haar]]. The [[Grim Brigs]] heidland is situatit at Muchalls soothren edge an [[Doonie Point]] heidland is approximately 1.5 kilometres sooth. [[Charles Dickens]] visitit Muchalls in its heyday as a Victorian resort an declared that Muchalls wis a remarkably bonnie place. Fuitage wis recordit in Muchalls for the 1990 film ''[[Hamlet (1990 film)|Hamlet]]''.<ref name=hamlet>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wheredidtheyfilmthat.co.uk/location.php?loc_id=622 |title=Where did they film that? |access-date=2011-12-08 |archive-date=2017-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110225041/http://wheredidtheyfilmthat.co.uk/location.php?loc_id=622 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Muchalls is the birthplace o [[Richard Henry Brunton]],<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.fownc.org/newsletters/no42.shtml |title=Centenary memorial service for Richard Henry Brunton |access-date=2011-12-08 |archive-date=2007-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914065814/http://www.fownc.org/newsletters/no42.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> considered the faither o Japanese [[lichthoose]]s. ==History== Muchalls is situatit slichtly tae the east o the auncient [[Causey Mounth]] [[trackway]], which wis constructit on heich grund tae mak passable this anerlie available medieval route frae coastal points sooth frae [[Steenhive]] tae [[Aiberdeen]]. This auncient passage specifically connectit the [[River Dee, Aiberdeenshire|River Dee]] crossin (whaur the present [[Brig o Dee (brig)|Brig o Dee]] is situatit) via [[Gillybrands]], [[Muchalls Castle]] an Stanehaven tae the sooth.<ref>[http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=17932 C.Michael Hogan, ''Causey Mounth'', Megalithic Portal, ed. by A. Burnham, Nov 3, 2007]</ref> The route wis that taken bi William Keith, 7t [[Yerl Marischal]] an the [[Marquess o Montrose]] when they led a [[Covenanter]] airmy o 9000 men in the battle o the [[Inglis Ceevil War|Ceevil War]] in 1639.<ref>Watt, Archibald, ''Highways and Byways around Kincardineshire'', Stonehaven Heritage Society (1985)</ref> Frae Muchalls Castle tae the sea is a secret cave aboot ane mile lang which smugglers ance uised. The cave is said tae be hauntit bi the green lady. The cave haes been boardit up at the castle end an at the sea an (near the brig o Muchalls) it haes collapsed juist belaw the railway line. ==References== <references/> ==Freemit airtins== * [http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/nescotland/articles/exmuchl.htm Muchalls on the Kincardineshire Coast - A Health Resort, By William Paul, 1896] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605042858/http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/nescotland/articles/exmuchl.htm |date=2011-06-05 }} * [http://www.stadtlandfluss.co.uk/solar_eclipse.html Solar Eclipse 2003 at Muchalls] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205225602/http://www.stadtlandfluss.co.uk/solar_eclipse.html |date=2007-02-05 }} ==See an aw== * [[Brown Jewel]] * [[Burn o Pheppie]] * [[Frasers of Muchalls]] * [[Mill o Muchalls]] [[Category:Hamlets in Scotland]] [[Category:Veelages in Aiberdeenshire]] 7v67h6r2jaqgowm62fuf0pa1h1pf4gf 0 21260 916533 596699 2026-05-10T15:36:00Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |official_name= Brighton |unitary_england= [[Brighton an Hove]] |lieutenancy_england= [[East Sussex]] |region= Sooth East Ingland |country= Ingland |coordinates = {{coord|50.842941|-0.131312|region:GB|format=dms|display=inline,title}} |constituency_westminster= [[Brighton Kemptown (UK Pairlament constituency)|Brighton Kemptown]] |constituency_westminster1= [[Brighton Pavilion (UK Pairlament constituency)|Brighton Pavilion]] |post_town= BRIGHTON |postcode_area= BN |population_demonym= Brightonian |postcode_district= BN1, BN2, BN50, BN88 |dial_code= 01273 |os_grid_reference= TQ315065 |population = 273400 |population_ref =<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/mro/news-release/census-2011-result-shows-increase-in-population-of-the-south-east/censussoutheastnr0712.html|title=Census 2011 result shows increase in population of the South East|accessdate=20 May 2014|archive-date=2016-01-05|archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20160105160709/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/mro/news-release/census-2011-result-shows-increase-in-population-of-the-south-east/censussoutheastnr0712.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |static_image=[[File:Brighton.UK.JPG|260px]] |static_image_caption= The toun o Brighton, East Sussex |london_distance= }} '''Brighton''' is the lairgest pairt o the [[ceety]] o [[Brighton an Hove]] on the sooth coast o [[Ingland]]. Brighthelmstone wis woned afore the [[Domeday Book]]. ==Eddication== ===Varsities=== [[Brighton Varsity]] haes aboot 20,000 students. [[Varsity o Sussex]] haes aboot 12,500 students. ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Brighton| ]] [[Category:Brighton an Hove]] [[Category:Umwhile nan-metropolitan destricts o East Sussex]] [[Category:Mercat touns in East Sussex]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in East Sussex]] [[Category:Seaside resorts in Ingland]] [[Category:Touns in East Sussex]] [[Category:Beaches o East Sussex]] [[Category:Nude beaches]] {{Stub/Ingland}} {{Stub/Ceety}} tijnlrm7e08fv47nu1xbeyx5tyosa0g 0 31899 916536 888900 2026-05-10T15:53:14Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Roushie federal subject |en_name=Republic o Buryatie |ru_name=Республика Бурятия |loc_name1=Буряад Улас |loc_lang1=Buryat |image_map=Buryat in Russia.svg |coordinates = {{coord|53|48|N|109|20|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |image_coa=Coat of Arms of Buryatia.svg |coa_caption=[[Coat o airms o the Republic o Buryatie]] |image_flag=Flag of Buryatia.svg |flag_caption=[[Flag of the Republic of Buryatia]] |anthem=[[Anthem o the Republic o Buryatie]] |anthem_ref |holiday |holiday_ref |political_status=Republic |political_status_link=Republics o Roushie |federal_district=[[Siberie Federal Destrict|Siberie]] |economic_region=[[East Siberie economic region|East Siberie]] |adm_ctr_type=Caipital |adm_ctr_name=[[Ulan-Ude]] |adm_ctr_ref |official_lang_list=[[Buryat leid|Buryat]] |official_lang_ref=<ref name="Languages">Constitution, Article&nbsp;67</ref> |pop_2010census=972021 |pop_2010census_rank=54t |urban_pop_2010census=58.4% |rural_pop_2010census=41.6% |pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census" /> |pop_density |pop_density_as_of |pop_density_ref |pop_latest |pop_latest_date |pop_latest_ref |area_km2=351300 |area_km2_rank=15th |area_km2_ref |established_date=30 Mey 1923 |established_date_ref |license_plates=03 |ISO=RU-BU |gov_as_of=March 2011 |leader_title=[[Preses o the Republic o Buryatie|Preses]] |leader_title_ref=<ref name="HeadLegis">Constitution, Article&nbsp;5.3</ref> |leader_name=[[Vyacheslav Nagovitsyn]] |leader_name_ref=<ref name="President">Official website of the President of the Republic of Buryatia. [http://president.buryatia.ru/eng/biografy/ Biography of Vyacheslav Vladimirovich Nagovitsyn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091129021451/http://president.buryatia.ru/eng/biografy/ |date=2009-11-29 }}</ref> |legislature=[[Fowkkhural o the Republic o Buryatie|Fowkkhural]] |legislature_ref=<ref name="HeadLegis" /> |website=http://egov-buryatia.ru/ |website_ref |date=August 2010 }} [[File:Buryatia02.png|right|thumb|250px]] The '''Republic o Buryatie''' ({{lang-ru|Респу́блика Буря́тия, Respublika Buryatiya}}; {{lang-bxr|Буряад Улас, Buryaad Ulas}}) is a [[federal subjects o Roushie|federal subject]] o [[Roushie]] (a [[republics o Roushie|republic]]). Its [[caipital ceety|caipital]] is the [[types o inhabitit localities in Roushie|ceety]] o [[Ulan-Ude]]. Its area is {{convert|351,300|km2|sp=us}} with a population of 972,021 ([[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]]).<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist}} == Soorces == *{{Cite Russian law |ru_entity=Верховный Совет Республики Бурятия |ru_date=22 февраля 1994 г. |ru_title=Республика Бурятия. Конституция |ru_amendment_type=Закона |ru_amendment_number=332-IV |ru_amendment_date=7 июля 2008 г |en_entity=Supreme Council of the Republic of Buryatia |en_date=February 22, 1994 |en_title=Republic of Buryatia. Constitution |en_amendment_type=Law |en_amendment_number=332-IV |en_amendment_date=July 7, 2008 }} == Forder readin == *{{Cite journal |last=Leisse |first=Olaf |coauthors=Utta-Kristin Leisse |year=2007 |month=September |title=A Siberian Challenge: Dealing with Multiethnicity in the Republic of Buryatia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nationalities-papers_2007-09_35_4/page/773 |journal=[[Nationalities Papers]] |volume=35 |issue=4 |pages=773–788 |doi=10.1080/00905990701475178 }} == Freemit airtins == {{Commonscat|Buryatia}} *[http://egov-buryatia.ru:8081 Official website of the Republic of Buryatia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041204033734/http://egov-buryatia.ru:8081/ |date=2004-12-04 }} *{{Ru icon}} [http://gov.buryatia.ru:8080 Official website of the Republic of Buryatia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040216024317/http://gov.buryatia.ru:8080/ |date=2004-02-16 }} *[http://gov.buryatia.ru:8082 Official website of the Republic of Buryatia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804011638/http://gov.buryatia.ru:8082/ |date=2004-08-04 }} (in Buryat) *{{Ru icon}} [http://buryatia.org Buryatia.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926214655/http://buryatia.org/ |date=2011-09-26 }}, steid anent life in the Republic of Buryatia {{Subdiveesions o Roushie}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Buryatie, Republic o}} [[Category:Buryatie| ]] [[Category:States an territories established in 1923]] t01cv3s6b66z00oswmg7l7np2fxv1mw 0 32541 916578 893767 2026-05-11T01:55:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox professional wrestler |name = Josef Samael |birth_name = Joseph Cabibbo |image =JosefSamaelMLW2019.jpg |caption =Josef Samael at MLW Saturday Night SuperFight 2019 |names = The Almighty Sheik<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pwtorch.com/artman2/publish/quicknews/article_56945.shtml|title=Corgan promotion crowns first Hvt. champion|last=Caldwell|first=James|date=2012-01-14|access-date=2012-01-19|work=Pro Wrestling Torch}}</ref><br />Joey Machete<br />'''Josef'''<br />'''Josef Samael'''<br />The Sheik<ref name="Slam"/><br />Sheik Ali Azzad<ref name="Slam"/><br /> |height = {{height|ft=5|in=10}}<ref name="Slam"/> |weight = {{convert|225|lb|abbr=on}}<ref name="Slam"/> |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|5|21}} |birth_place = |billed = [[New York Ceety]], [[New York]]<br />'''[[Damascus]], [[Sirie]]''' |trainer = The Blackharts |debut = August 1998 |retired = }} '''Joseph Cabibbo'''<ref name="Slam">{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2009/02/02/8234231.html|title=The Sheik still lives ... in Florida|last=Van Der Griend|first=Blaine|work=Slam! Sports|date=2009-02-02|accessdate=2011-04-25|publisher=[[Canadian Online Explorer]]}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> (born 21 Mey 1974) is an [[Unitit States|American]] [[professional warstler]], who is currently warstlin unner the [[ring name]] '''Josef Samael'''. He is a ane-time umwhile [[National Wrestling Alliance|NWA]] [[NWA World Heavyweight Championship|World Heavyweight Champion]] an [[Pro Wrestling Zero1]] [[Zero1 World Heavyweight Championship|World Heavyweight Champion]]. ==In warstlin== *'''Feenishin muives''' :*[[Professional warstlin haulds#Camel clutch|Camel clutch]] *'''Signature muives''' :*[[Professional wrestling attacks#Elbow drop|Elbow drop]] :*[[Neckbreaker#Shoulder neckbreaker|Hangman's neckbreaker]] :*[[Professional wrestling attacks#Clothesline|Hook clothesline]] *'''[[Nickname]]s''' :*"The Iranian Assassin" :*"The Madman From The Middle East" *'''Managers''' :*Fabulous Frank :*Joey Eastman ==Championships an accomplishments== *'''American Wrestling Federation''' :* AWF Tag Team Championship (1 time) - wi Shawn Murphy *'''Coastal Championship Wrestling''' :* CCW South Eastern Championship (1 time) :* CCW Tag Team Championship (2 times) - wi Shawn Murphy *'''Florida Alliance Wrestling''' :* FWA Tag Team Championship (3 times) - wi Shawn Murphy *'''Four Star Championship Wrestling''' :* FSCW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - wi Shawn Murphy *'''[[Full Impact Pro]]''' :* [[FIP Tag Team Championship]] (1 time) - wi Shawn Murphy *'''[[Future of Wrestling]]''' :* [[FOW Tag Team Championship]] (3 times) - wi Shawn Murphy :* [[FOW Heavyweight Championship]] (1 time) *'''Intense Florida Wrestling''' :* IFW Tag Team Championship (2 times) - wi Shawn Murphy *'''Maximum Xtreme Pro Wrestling''' :* MXPW Television Championship (1 time) :* MXPW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - wi Shawn Murphy *'''[[NWA Florida]]''' :*[[NWA Florida Heavyweight Championship]] (2 times) :*[[NWA Florida Tag Team Championship]] (1 time) - wi Christopher Gray *'''[[NWA Midwest]]''' :* [[NWA Midwest Heavyweight Championship]] (2 times) *'''Pro Wrestling Fusion''' :* [[NWA North American Heavyweight Championship]] (1 time) :* [[NWA World Heavyweight Championship]] ([[List of NWA World Heavyweight Champions|1 time]])<ref name="NWAWorld"/> *'''[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]''' :*PWI rankit him #'''103''' o the 500 best singles warstlers o the [[PWI 500]] in 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prowrestlingillustrated.blogspot.com/2011/08/pwi-500-101-200.html|title="PWI 500": 101–200|date=2011-08-08|accessdate=2011-08-08|work=[[Pro Wrestling Illustrated]]}}</ref> *'''[[Pro Wrestling Zero1]]''' :*[[Zero1 World Heavyweight Championship]] ([[Zero1 World Heavyweight Championship#Title history|1 time]]) *'''United States Xtreme Wrestling''' :* USXW Tag Team Championship (1 time) - with Shawn Murphy ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==External links== {{Portal|Professional wrestling}} * [http://www.cagematch.net/?id=2&nr=2233 Sheik's Profile Cagematch]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.myspace.com/sheikaliazzad Sheik's Myspace] * [http://www.facebook.com/sheikout Sheik's Facebook] {{NWA World Heavyweight Championship}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Cabibbo, Joseph}} [[Category:1974 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:American male professional warstlers]] 92hmmhl8i7fg8qk69we3vi3pnshszr3 0 33377 916546 910920 2026-05-10T19:29:17Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox German location |Name = Dortmund |Art = Ceety |image_photo = Dortmund Panorama.jpg |image_caption = Dortmund skyline |Wappen = DEU Dortmund COA.svg |image_flag = Flag of Dortmund.svg |coordinates = {{coord|51|31|N|7|28|E|format=dms|display=inline}} |Lageplan = North rhine w DO.svg |Lageplanbeschreibung = |Bundesland = North Rhine-Westphalie |Regierungsbezirk = Arnsberg |Kreis = urban district |Höhe = 152 |Fläche = 280.4 |area_metro = |Einwohner = 580444 |Stand = 2010-12-31 |PLZ = 44001-44388 |Vorwahl = 0231, 02304 |Kfz = DO |Gemeindeschlüssel = 05913000 |Gliederung = |Website = [https://www.dortmund.de/ www.dortmund.de] |Bürgermeister = Alexander Kalouti<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.wahlergebnisse.nrw/kommunalwahlen/2025/aktuell/b913000kw2500.shtml |title=Kommunalwahlen 2025 – Endgültiges Ergebnis für: Krfr. Stadt Dortmund |access-date=2025-11-02 |work=Ministerium des Innern des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen |language=de}}</ref> |Bürgermeistertitel = Oberbürgermeister |Partei = CDU |ruling_party1 = SPD |ruling_party2 = CDU |ruling_party3 = |year = }} '''Dortmund''' ([[Laich German]]: ''Düörpm''; {{IPA-de|ˈdɔːdmʊnt||De-Dortmund.ogg}}; [[Latin]]: ''Tremonia'') is a ceety in [[Germany]]. It is locatit in the [[States o Germany|Bundesland]] o [[North Rhine-Westphalie]]. Its population o 580,444 (in December 2010) maks it the 8t lairgest ceety in Germany. It is a pairt o the [[Ruhr]] aurie, an urban aurie wi some 5.2 million (2009) indwallers whilk is the lairgest urban agglomeration in Germany. It is a pairt o the lairger [[Rhine-Ruhr]] metropolitan region o mair nor 12 million fowk an aw. The river [[Ruhr (river)|Ruhr]] flows sooth o the ceety, an the sma river [[Emscher]] rins throuch the municipal aurie. The [[Dortmund-Ems Canal]] terminates in the [[Dortmund Port]] an aw, whilk is the lairgest European canal port, an links Dortmund tae the [[North Sea]]. Dortmund is kent as Westphalie's "[[environmentalism|green]] metropolis". Near hauf the municipal territory consists o watterweys, firthland, agricultur an green spaces wi spacious pairks lik [[:de:Westfalenpark|Westfalenpark]] an the [[Rombergpark]]. This contrasts wi near a hunner year o extensive coal minin an steel millin athin the ceety leemits. == History == A sma veelage at the location o Dortmund wis mentioned in offeecial documents frae aboot 880 as '''Throtmanni'''<ref>Rudolf Kötzschke (Hrsg.): Die Urbare der Abtei Werden a. d. Ruhr (= Publikationen der Gesellschaft für rheinische Geschichtskunde XX: Rheinische Urbare). Bd. 2: A. Die Urbare vom 9.-13. Jahrhundert. Hrsg. von Rudolf Kötzschke, Bonn 1908, Nachdruck Düsseldorf 1978, Bd. 3: B. Lagerbücher, Hebe- und Zinsregister vom 14. bis ins 17. Jahrhundert, Bonn 1908, Nachdruck Düsseldorf 1978, Bd. 4,I: Einleitung und Register. I. Namenregister. Hrsg. von Fritz Körholz, Düsseldorf 1978, Bd. 4,II: Einleitung, Kapitel IV: Die Wirtschaftsverfassung und Verwaltung der Großgrundherrschaft Werden. Sachregister. Hrsg. von Rudolf Kötzschke, Bonn 1958</ref>. Efter it wis perisht bi a fire, the [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor]] haed the toun rebuilt in 1152 an residit thare for twa year. It became an [[Imperial Free Ceety]] in 1220. In that century, it wis the "chief ceety" o the Rhine, Westphalia, the Netherlands Circle o the [[Hanseatic League]]. Efter 1320, the ceety appeared in writin as "Dorpmunde", an the [[Leet o tawest kirks in the warld|1661 yirdquauk]] collapsed the [[Reinoldikirche]]. Athin the [[Kinrick o Proushie|Proushie]] [[Province o Westphalie]], Dortmund wis a destrict seat athin [[Regierungsbezirk Arnsberg]] til 1875, efter whilk it wis an urban destrict athin the region. Throuch the industrialisation o Proushie, Dortmund became a major centre for [[coal]] an [[steel]]. Unner [[Nazi Germany]], the synagogue wis malafoustert in 1938. Anither thing is that, the [[Aplerbeck Hospital]] in Dortmund transferred mentally an/or pheesically disabled patients for euthanasia at the [[Hadamar Clinic|Hadamar mental hospital]] as pairt o the [[Action T4]] (an additional 229 childer wis killt in the "Bairns Specialist Department", whilk wis transferred frae Marburg in 1941). Dortmund bombin targets o the [[Ile Campaign o Warld War II]] includit [[Walter Behrendt|Hoesch-Westfalenhütte AG]], the "[[Hoesch]]-Benzin GmBH" synthetic ile plant, an the '''Zeche Hansa [[Coker unit|cokin plant]]''';<ref>{{cite web | first = | last = | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = Historisches Centrum Hagen : Chronik 1945 | url = http://www.historisches-centrum.de/index.php?id=418 | archiveurl = | work = | publisher = | location = | page = | pages = | language = German | format = | doi = | date = | year = | month = | archivedate = | accessdate = 2009-06-03 | quote = }}</ref> an bombin malafoustert aboot 66 % o the Dortmund hames<ref>A. Schildt, ''Die Sozialgeschichte der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis 1989/90'', Munich: Oldenbourg, 2007</ref> an aboot 98 % o the inner ceety aurie. The [[code wird]] ''Dortmund'' wis radioed tae initiate the 1941 [[Operation Barbarossa]] campaign again the Soviet Union. The Allied grund advance intae Germany reakit Dortmund in Aprile 1945. The US [[95t Infantry Diveesion (Unitit States)|95t Infantry Diveesion]], attackit the ceety on 12 Aprile 1945 again a spiritit German defense. The diveesion, assistit bi close air support, advancit throuch the ruins in urban combat an completit its captur on 13 Aprile 1945.<ref>Stanton, Shelby, ''World War II Order of Battle: An Encyclopedic Reference to U.S. Army Ground Forces from Battalion through Division, 1939-1946'' (Revised Edition, 2006), Stackpole Books, p. 171.</ref> [[Post-war]], biggins lik the Reinoldikirche an Marienkirche (kirks) wis restored/rebuilt, an extensive pairks an gardens wur laid oot. The [[European Route o Industrial Heritage|LWL-Industriemuseum]] began in 1969,<ref>{{cite web | first = | last = | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = LWL-Industriemuseum | url = http://www.lwl.org/LWL/Kultur/wim/portal/profil/englisch/ | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110813203237/http://www.lwl.org/LWL/Kultur/wim/portal/profil/englisch/ | work = | publisher = | location = | page = | pages = | language = | format = | doi = | date = | year = | month = | archivedate = 2011-08-13 | accessdate = 2009-06-03 | quote = | url-status = dead }}</ref> an the ceety subsequently became a centre for heich-tech industry. == Main sichts == Cultural history tones is set bi the kirks in the ceety centre whase touers characterise the skyline o Dortmund. The Reinoldikirche an the Marienkirche is gems o medieval airchitectur. The ceety centre o Dortmund still retains the ootline o the medieval ceety. A ring road marks the umwhile ceety waw, an the [[Hellweg|Westen-/Ostenhellweg]], pairt o a medieval saut tradin route, is still the major (pedestrian) street bisectin the ceety centre. [[File:IMG 2104-Altes-Rathaus-Dortmund.jpg|thumb|right|Dortmund auld Tounhaw]] * Reinoldikirche, a Protestant kirk (biggit in 1233-1450) * Petrikirche, a Protestant kirk (stairt o construction 1322). It is famous for the huge carvit altar (kent as "Gowden Miracle o Dortmund"), frae 1521. It consists o 633 gilt carvit aik figurs depictin 30 scenes aboot Easter. * Marienkirche, a Protestant kirk oreeginally biggit in 1170-1200 but rebuilt efter Warld War II. The altar is frae 1420. * [[Dortmund U-Touer|U-Touer]], umwhile Dortmund Union brewery, nou a museum * [[Florianturm]], (telly touer Florian) * [[Westfalenstadion]]: Fitbaa grund o [[Borussia Dortmund]], licensed till 2016 unner the name Signal Iduna Pairk. Close tae it are the [[Westfalenhallen]], a lairge convention centre, the steid o several major conventions, trade fairs, ice-skeitchin competitions, concerts an ither major events syne the 1950s. * Westphalian Industrial Museum Zollern Colliery, an Anchor Pynt o ERIH, the [[European Route o Industrial Heritage]] * Hansa Coking Plant * Haus Bodelschwingh (13t century), a moatit castle * Haus Dellwig (13t century), a moatit castle partly rebuilt in the 17t century. The façade an the steep touer, an twa hauf-timbered biggins, are oreeginal. * Haus Rodenberg (13t century), a moatit castle. * Altes Stadthaus, biggit in 1899 bi Friedrich Kullrich * Wasserschloss Bodelschwingh * Romberg Pairk Gatehouse (17t century), ance a gatehoose tae a moatit castle. Nou it hooses an airt gallery. * RWE Touer (120 metres heich skyscraper — the tawest in Essen) * [[Opernhaus Dortmund]], opera hoose biggit in 1966 on the steid o the auld synagogue whilk wis wrackit bi the Nazis in 1938. * The major airt museums include the [[Museum für Kunst und Kulturgeschichte]] an the mair recent [[Museum Ostwall]]. == Sports == [[File:Signal iduna park stadium dortmund 6.jpg|thumb|[[Westfalenstadion]]]] Dortmund is hame o the sport club [[Borussia Dortmund]] which wan the [[UEFA Champions League]] an the [[Intercontinental Cup (fitbaa)|Intercontinental Cup]] in 1997, as weel as the UEFA Cup Winners' Cup again Liverpool in 1966. This made it the first European Cup Winner in Germany. Thay play at [[Westfalenstadion]], currently kent as Signal Iduna Pairk. It wis biggit for the 1974 FIFA Fitbaa Warld Cup an hostit some matches o 2006 FIFA Warld Cup an aw, includin Italy's 2-0 defeat o Germany in the semi-feenals. It is Germany's lairgest fitbaa stadium wi a maximum capacity o 80,720 spectators.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.signal-iduna-park.de/Content/Das_Stadion/Fakten_Kurioses/index.php?Z_highmain=7&Z_highsub=2&Z_highsubsub=0&amp;PHPSESSID=83c9745cb0b4c8b508a46a600a5525e2 |title=Fakten & Kurioses |author= |date= |work=Signal Induna Park official website |publisher= |accessdate=10 February 2011 |archive-date=2011-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110131143036/http://www.signal-iduna-park.de/Content/Das_Stadion/Fakten_Kurioses/index.php?Z_highmain=7&Z_highsub=2&Z_highsubsub=0&PHPSESSID=862535b40f0a324403738426fdc5639d |url-status=dead }}</ref><br /> Borussia Dortmund haes a weemen's handbaw team playin in the first [[Bundesliga (handbaw)|Bundesliga]] an aw, while Borussia's [[table tennis]] team an the SVD 49 Dortmund basketbaw team play in thair respective seicont naitional diveesions. Dortmund is the Olympiastützpunkt for [[Westphalie]]. The [[Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting|Sparkassen Chess-Meeting]] haes been hostit in Dortmund syne 1982. == Transportation == [[Dortmund Airport]] is a medium-sizit, but fast growin airport {{convert|13|km|mi|abbr=on}} east o the ceety centre at the ceety leemit tae [[Holzwickede]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Arriving by car - Dortmund Airport | url = http://www.dortmund-airport.de/24.html?&L=1 | accessdate = 2009-06-03 | quote = | archive-date = 2014-10-10 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141010193004/http://www.dortmund-airport.de/24.html?&L=1 | url-status = dead }}</ref> The closest intercontinental airport is [[Düsseldorf Internaitional Airport]]. [[File:DTMTerminalInside.jpg|thumb|Dortmund Airport Terminal]] The central train station ([[Dortmund Hauptbahnhof]]) is the third lairgest lang distance traffic junction in Germany. Dortmund Harbour (''Hafen'') is the lairgest canal harbour in Europe an the 11t fluvial harbour in Germany. Dortmund serves as a major European an German crossroads for the Autobahnsystem an aw. The [[Bundesautobahn 40|Ruhrschnellweg]] follaes auld Hanseatic trade routes tae connect the ceety wi the ither metropolises o the [[Ruhr]] aurie. Connections tae the mair destant pairts o Germany is mainteened bi the [[Bundesautobahn 1|A1]] an the [[Bundesautobahn 2|A2]] whilk pass closely tae the north an east o the ceety an cross ilk anither at the [[Kamener Kreuz]] interchynge northeast o Dortmund. Thegither wi the [[Bundesautobahn 45|A45]] in the wast thay biggit the [[Dortmund Beltway]] (''Dortmunder Autobahnring''). For public transportation, the ceety haes an extensive [[Dortmund Stadtbahn|Stadtbahn]] an bus seestem. In Aprile 2008, the newly constructit east-wast unnergrund licht rail line wis opened, completin the unnergrund service in the ceety centre an replacin the last [[tram]]s on the surface.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ruhrnachrichten.de/nachrichten/nrw/art1544,243917 |title=Neuer U-Bahn-Tunnel: keine Straßenbahn mehr in Dortmunder City |accessdate=2008-08-28 |work= |publisher=Oliver Volmerich |date=2008-04-25 |archive-date=2008-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914092307/http://www.ruhrnachrichten.de/nachrichten/nrw/art1544,243917 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The [[H-Bahn]] at [[Dortmund University o Technology]] is a hangin monorail biggit specifically tae shuttle passengers atween the varsity's twa campuses,<ref>{{cite web | first = | last = | author = | title = H-Bahn - Route map | url = http://www.h-bahn.info/en/index.php | archiveurl = | work = | publisher = | archivedate = | accessdate = 2009-06-03 | quote = }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> whilk is nou flankit bi research laboratories an ither heich-tech corporations an stairtups an aw. A near identical monorail seestem transfers passengers at [[Düsseldorf Internaitional Airport]].<ref>{{cite web | first = | last = | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | title = H-Bahn - Sky-Train Düsseldorf | url = http://www.h-bahn.info/en/skytrain.php | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070813110659/http://www.h-bahn.info/en/skytrain.php | work = | publisher = | location = | page = | pages = | language = | format = | doi = | date = | year = | month = | archivedate = 2007-08-13 | accessdate = 2009-06-03 | quote = | url-status = dead }}</ref> ==Demographics== As o 2010, Dortmund haed a population o 580.400, aboot 180.000 (~30%) o wham wis o nan-German oreegin. Nummer o minorities (1st an 2nt generation) in Dortmund bi kintra o oreegin per 31 December 2009 <ref>http://dev.statistik.dortmund.de/project/assets/template1.jsp?col=2&content=me&smi=10.2.4&tid=66334{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> {{clearright}} {| class="wikitable" |- ! style="background:#efefef;"|Ancestry ! style="background:#efefef;"|Number |- |[[Germans]]||69.5% |- |Ither European||15% |- |[[Turkis fowk|Turks]]||8% |- |[[Afro-Germans|Africans]]||3% |- |[[Asie fowk|Asies]]||2% |- |Mixed/Ither||2.5% |} == Economy == Dortmund haes historically been an industrial aurie. Dortmund is nou hame tae a nummer o medium-sizit information technology companies,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung-dortmund.de/en/standort/ | title = The new Dortmund - space for change | first = | last = | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | month = | year = | work = | publisher = Stadt Dortmund - City of Dortmund Economic Development Agency | location = | page = | pages = | at = | language = | trans_title = | format = | doi = | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114100/http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung-dortmund.de/en/standort/ | archivedate = 2011-07-19 | accessdate = 2010-07-30 | quote = | ref = | separator = | postscript = | url-status = dead }}</ref> mony linkit tae the local varsity [[TechnologieZentrumDortmund]] program.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung-dortmund.de/en/standort/branchen/index.jsp | title = The new Dortmund - space for change | first = | last = | author = | authorlink = | coauthors = | date = | month = | year = | work = | publisher = Stadt Dortmund - City of Dortmund Economic Development Agency | location = | page = | pages = | at = | language = | trans_title = | format = | doi = | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114203/http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung-dortmund.de/en/standort/branchen/index.jsp | archivedate = 2011-07-19 | accessdate = 2010-07-30 | quote = | ref = | separator = | postscript = | url-status = dead }}</ref> The ceety wirks closely wi research institutes, private varsities, an companies tae collaborate on the commercialization o science initiatives.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung-dortmund.de/en/standort/wissenschaft.jsp | title = The new Dortmund - space for change | publisher = Stadt Dortmund - City of Dortmund Economic Development Agency | location = | accessdate = 2010-07-30 | archive-date = 2011-07-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110719114210/http://www.wirtschaftsfoerderung-dortmund.de/en/standort/wissenschaft.jsp | url-status = dead }}</ref> In 2009, Dortmund wis classifeed as a ''Node ceety'' in the ''Innovation Ceeties Index'' published bi 2thinknow.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.innovation-cities.com/2thinknow-innovation-cities-global-256-index/ | title = 2thinknow Innovation Cities Global 256 Index | accessdate = 2010-07-30 | archive-date = 2014-04-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140409165153/http://www.innovation-cities.com/2thinknow-innovation-cities-global-256-index/ | url-status = dead }}</ref> == Politics == The politics o Dortmund is dominate bi the social-democratic SPD. Syne Warld War II, the SPD haes been the biggest pairty on the toun cooncil (German: Stadtrat). Syne the 2004 local election, thare hae been 9 pairties an electors' groups on the toun cooncil (88 seats; 1999: 82 seats): {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:lightgrey;" ! | Pairty ! | Pairty Leet votes ! | Vote percentage ! | Tot Seats ! | Seat percentage |- | [[Social Democratic Pairty o Germany|Social Democratic Pairty]] (SPD) | style="text-align:right;"| 92,509 | style="text-align:right;"| 41.3% (-0.3) | style="text-align:right;"| 36 (+2) | style="text-align:right;"| 40.9% |- | [[Christian Democratic Union o Germany|Christian Democratic Union]] (CDU) | style="text-align:right;"| 73,282 | style="text-align:right;"| 32.7% (-9.0) | style="text-align:right;"| 29 (-5) | style="text-align:right;"| 33.0% |- | [[Alliance '90/The Greens]] (Grüne) | style="text-align:right;"| 25,635 | style="text-align:right;"| 11.5% (+2.6) | style="text-align:right;"| 10 (+2) | style="text-align:right;"| 11.4% |- | [[Free Democratic Pairty (Germany)|Free Democratic Pairty]] (FDP) | style="text-align:right;"| 8,591 | style="text-align:right;"| 3.8% (+2.0) | style="text-align:right;"| 3 (+2) | style="text-align:right;"| 3.4% |- | [[German Fowkunion]] (DVU) | style="text-align:right;"| 6,880 | style="text-align:right;"| 3.1% (+1.1) | style="text-align:right;"| 3 (+1) | style="text-align:right;"| 3.4% |- | Citizens' List (Bürgerliste) | style="text-align:right;"| 6,874 | style="text-align:right;"| 3.1% (+0.5) | style="text-align:right;"| 3 (+1) | style="text-align:right;"| 3.4% |- | [[The Left Party.PDS|Party o Democratic Socialism]]-Open List (PDS-OL) | style="text-align:right;"| 6,346 | style="text-align:right;"| 2.8% (+2.8) | style="text-align:right;"| 2 (+2) | style="text-align:right;"| 2.3% |- | Left Alliance Dortmund (Linkes Bündnis Dortmund) | style="text-align:right;"| 1,751 | style="text-align:right;"| 0.8% (-0.2) | style="text-align:right;"| 1 (=) | style="text-align:right;"| 1.1% |- | [[Law an Order Offensive Pairty]] (Offensive D) | style="text-align:right;"| 1,669 | style="text-align:right;"| 0.7% (+0.7) | style="text-align:right;"| 1 (+1) | style="text-align:right;"| 1.1% |- | Toun-Greens (Stadtgrüne) | style="text-align:right;"| 265 | style="text-align:right;"| 0.1% (+0.1) | style="text-align:right;"| 0 (=) | style="text-align:right;"| 0.0% |- style="background:lightgrey;" ! | '''Totals''' ! style="text-align:right;"| 223,802 ! style="text-align:right;"| 100.0% ! style="text-align:right;"| 88 (+6) ! style="text-align:right;"| 100.0% |} Syne Mey 2010, the laird mayor o Dortmund is Ullrich Sierau (SPD). He leads a coalition made up o SPD an Grüne. == Cultur == [[File:Dortmunder-U-2011 0684.jpg|thumb|right|[[Dortmund U-Touer]]]] The ceety haes a lang tradeetion o muisic an theatre. The orchestra wis foundit in 1887 an is nou cried [[Dortmunder Philharmoniker]]. The first opera hoose wis biggit in 1904, perisht in Warld War II an opened again in 1966 as [[Opernhaus Dortmund]]. It is operatit bi [[Theater Dortmund]] thegither wi ither locations, includin (syne 2002) the Konzerthaus Dortmund. The Dortmund U-Touer in umwhile times a brewery is nou centre o creative industries an the [[Museum am Ostwall]] The ceety is namesake for the [[Dortmunder Export#Dortmund style beers|Dortmunder style beer]] an is hame tae the [[Dortmunder Actien Brauerei]]. == Twin touns — sister ceeties == {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Germany}} Dortmund is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi:<ref name="RuhrTwins2010">{{cite web |url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd |title=List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District |publisher=Twins2010.com |accessdate=2009-10-28 |archive-date=2009-11-28 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5lctsW5KG?url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd |url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Russia}}&nbsp;[[Rostov-on-Don]], [[Roushie]]<ref name="RuhrTwins2010" /> * {{flagicon|France}}&nbsp;[[Amiens]], Fraunce, syne 1960<ref name="RuhrTwins2010" /> * {{Flagicon|United Kingdom}}&nbsp;[[Leeds]], Unitit Kinrick, syne 1969<ref name="RuhrTwins2010" /><ref name=dort>{{cite web|url=http://www.leeds.gov.uk/Advice_and_benefits/Tourism_and_travel/Town_twinning/Leeds__Dortmund_partnership.aspx |title=Leeds - Dortmund partnership |publisher=Leeds.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2008-10-14|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110927074238/http://www.leeds.gov.uk/Advice_and_benefits/Tourism_and_travel/Town_twinning/Leeds__Dortmund_partnership.aspx|archivedate=2011-09-27}}</ref> * {{flagicon|USA}}&nbsp;[[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], Unitit States, syne 1977<ref name="RuhrTwins2010" /> * {{flagicon|Israel}} [[Netanya]], [[Israel]], syne 1981<ref name="RuhrTwins2010"/><ref name="Netanya twinnings">{{cite web |url=http://www.netanya.muni.il/eng/?CategoryID=1779 |title=Netanya - Twin Cities |accessdate=2013-08-01 |work=Netanya Municipality |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130201094809/http://www.netanya.muni.il/Eng/?CategoryID=1779 |archivedate=2013-02-01 |url-status=live}}</ref> * {{flagicon|Serbia}} [[Novi Sad]], [[Serbie]], syne 1982<ref name="RuhrTwins2010" /> * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Zwickau]], Germany, syne 1988 * {{flagicon|China}} [[Xi'an]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]], syne 1992<ref name="RuhrTwins2010" /> * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Trabzon]], [[Turkey]], syne 2014<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.dortmund.de/themen/internationales/staedtepartnerschaften/trabzon/ |title=Städtepartnerschaft mit Trabzon besiegelt |access-date=2025-11-30 |work=dortmund.de |language=de}}</ref> == References == {{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Portal|Germany}} {{Wikisource1911Enc}} {{Commons-inline}} * [http://www.dortmund.de/en/ Offeecial wabsteid] {{Geographic location |Centre = Dortmund |North = [[Münster]] |Northeast = [[Hamm]], [[Bielefeld]] |East = [[Paderborn]], [[Kassel]] |Southeast = [[Siegen]], [[Frankfurt]] |South = |Southwest = [[Düsseldorf]], [[Leverkusen]], [[Cologne]], [[Bonn]] |West = [[Essen]], [[Duisburg]] |Northwest = }} {{Ceeties in Germany}} {{Hanseatic League}} {{Free Imperial Ceeties}} {{Germany destricts North Rhine-Westphalie}} [[Category:Dortmund| ]] [[Category:Imperial free ceeties]] [[Category:Ile Campaign o Warld War II]] 015j7fqg61hawamxrv95e4k7zf2ko2u 0 34158 916545 914833 2026-05-10T19:06:27Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Aboot|the ceety}} {{Infobox settlement <!--more fields are available for this Infobox--See Template:Infobox Settlement--> |settlement_type = |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Turkey}} |timezone=[[Eastren European Time|EET]] |utc_offset=+2 |map_caption =Location o Denizli athin Turkey |timezone_DST=[[Eastren European Simmer Time|EEST]] |utc_offset_DST=+3 |official_name = Denizli |image_skyline = TR Denizli asv2020-02 img12 Town hall.jpg |image_caption = Denizli Municipality Ceety Haw in the toun center o Denizli |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = Denizli Rooster (''Denizli Horozu'') |subdivision_type1=[[Regions o Turkey|Region]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Aegean Region]] |subdivision_type2=[[Provinces o Turkey|Province]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Denizli Province]] |population_total = 511,751 |population_footnotes= |population_as_of = 2010 |population_density_km2 = |area_total_km2 = |elevation_m = 354 |pushpin_map =Turkey |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption =Location o Denizli |pushpin_mapsize = |coordinates = {{coord|37|46|N|29|05|E|region:TR|display=inline}} |postal_code_type=[[Postal code]] |postal_code = 20x xx |area_code = (0090) 258 |blank_name=[[Turkis caur number plates|Licence&nbsp;plate]] |blank_info = 20 |leader_title=[[Mayor]] |leader_name = Osman Zolan ([[Juistice an Development Pairty]]) |website = [http://www.denizli.gov.tr/ www.denizli.gov.tr] |leader_title1= |leader_name1 = |website = [http://www.denizli.gov.tr www.denizli.gov.tr] }} '''Denizli''' is a industrial ceety in the soothwastren pairt o [[Turkey]] an the eastren end o the alluvial valley formit bi the river [[Büyük Menderes]], whaur the plain reaches an elevation o aboot a hunder meters. Denizli is locatit in the kintra's [[Aegean Region]]. The ceety haes a population o aboot 511,751 (2011 census). It jumpit frae 389,000 in 2007, due tae the merger o 13 municipalities an 10 veelages. The aurie o Denizli haes increased amaist five times an the population increase acome aroond 50 percent. Denizli is the caipital ceety o [[Denizli Province|Denizli]] [[Provinces o Turkey|Province]]. Denizli haes achievit a remarkable economic development in the last decades based notably on textile production an exports.<ref>{{cite book | title = Regional Economic Growth, SMEs and the Wider Europe ISBN 0-7546-3613-5, Chapter 11: The changing role of SMEs in the regional growth process: The case of Denizli|author= Bernard Fingleton, Ayda Eraydın, Raffaele Paci, Bilge Armatlı Köroğlu, Burak Beyhan p. 229|publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]|year= 2003}}</ref> Haein acome a vibrant centre o manufacturin focused on exportation, Denizli is frequently citit, alang wi a number o ither Turkis ceeties, as ane o the foremaist ensaumples o "[[Anatolie Teegers]]" in reference tae its rapid pace o development.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://wz.uni.lodz.pl/ersa/abstr/ozgur_p.pdf| title = Integration of a Local Economy to the Global and European Markets through Export–Led Growth and Specialized Textile Products Export: Home Textile Production in Denizli – Turkey| author = Hüseyin Özgür, [[Pamukkale University]]| publisher = [[University of Lodz]]| accessdate = 2007-04-18| archive-date = 2007-06-30| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070630115910/http://wz.uni.lodz.pl/ersa/abstr/ozgur_p.pdf| url-status = dead}}</ref> ==Etymology== The ceety wis umwhile kent as ''Denizli Ladik'', that is, "Laodicaea on the sea/loch", but the toun is no on the coast. The name mutatit throu several spellins an mey hae referred tae the abundance o unnergrund watter soorces or the ceety's location on the wey tae wastren Turkey's lochs region nearbi. ==History== The aurie haes been occupeed syne prehistoric times, thare wur important [[ancient Greek]] an [[Auncient Roum|Roman]] touns nearbi, ([[Hierapolis]] an [[Laodicea on the Lycus]]), which persistit throu the [[Byzantine]] period. The ceety wis foondit in its current location efter the aurie haes been settled bi the [[Turkic fowks|Turks]]. The indwallers o Laodicea wur resettled here in the [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuk]] period.<ref>John Freely, ''The western shores of Turkey: discovering the Aegean and Mediterranean coasts'', 2004. ISBN 1-85043-618-5. p. 182.</ref> In the 17t century, the Turkis traveler [[Evliya Çelebi]] visitit Denizli an recordit the toun as follaes: "The ceety is cried (Denizli) (which means ''seaside'' in Turkis) as thare are several rivers an lochs aroond it. In fact it is a fower-day trip frae the sea. Its fortress is o square shape built on flat grund. It haes nae ditches. Its periphery is 470 steps lang. It haes fower gates. These are: penters gate in North, saddle-makers gate in the East, new Mosque gate in the Sooth, an vineyard gate in the Wast. Thare are some fifty airmit watchmen in the fortress, an they attend the shop. The main ceety is ootside the fortress wi 44 destricts an 3600 hooses. Thare are 57 smaw an lairge mosques an destrict masjids, 7 [[madrasahs]], 7 childer's schuils, 6 baths an 17 [[dervish]] lodges. As iverybody lives in vineyards the upper clesses an ordinar fowk dae no flee frae each ither." The ceety livit in peace for centuries wioot bein involved in wars in a direct manner. Follaein [[Warld War I]] durin the [[Turkis War o Unthirldom|Unthirldom War]], the Greek forces managit tae come as close as [[Sarayköy]], a smaw toun {{convert|20|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} northwast o Denizli, but did no ventur intae Denizli whaur resistance wis bein prepared. ==Climate== Denizli is locatit in Aegean Region o Turkey, but the climate is no uniform neither in Aegean Region nor in the Province o Denizli. A terrestrial climate mey be felt in the centre o the province, acause the aurie is lik a pathwey frae the seaside tae inland auries. The inland auries, lik Çardak, Bozkurt, Çivril, an Çal destricts/coonties o the Province are ceuler an hae a heicher elevation than the seaside, Wastren Pairt o the Province. Tharefore thare are climatic differences athin the Province an even in the Denizli urbanizit aurie. The laund is open tae winds comin frae the Aegean Sea acause the muntains are perpendicular tae the sea. Winters are rainy or whiles snawy, but generally mild.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.pamukkale.gov.tr/EN/content.asp?id=275 The Tourism Directorate of Denizli Official Web Site| title = Climate of Denizli – Turkey| accessdate = 2008-06-06| archive-date = 2007-05-20| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070520154639/http://www.pamukkale.gov.tr/EN/content.asp?id=275| url-status = dead}}</ref> {{Weather box |metric first= Yes |single line= Yes |location= Denizli |Jan record high C= 22.3 |Feb record high C= 25.9 |Mar record high C= 30.8 |Apr record high C= 35.8 |May record high C= 37.0 |Jun record high C= 42.4 |Jul record high C= 43.9 |Aug record high C= 44.4 |Sep record high C= 41.6 |Oct record high C= 34.4 |Nov record high C= 29.3 |Dec record high C= 25.1 |Jan high C= 10.6 |Feb high C= 11.9 |Mar high C= 15.9 |Apr high C= 20.6 |May high C= 26.4 |Jun high C= 31.5 |Jul high C= 34.6 |Aug high C= 34.4 |Sep high C= 29.9 |Oct high C= 23.8 |Nov high C= 16.9 |Dec high C= 11.9 |Jan low C= 2.3 |Feb low C= 2.8 |Mar low C= 5.2 |Apr low C= 9.2 |May low C= 13.4 |Jun low C= 17.7 |Jul low C= 20.5 |Aug low C= 20.1 |Sep low C= 16.0 |Oct low C= 11.6 |Nov low C= 6.9 |Dec low C= 4.0 |Jan record low C= -9.3 |Feb record low C= -10.5 |Mar record low C= -7.0 |Apr record low C= -2.0 |May record low C= 2.7 |Jun record low C= 7.9 |Jul record low C= 13.1 |Aug record low C= 12.0 |Sep record low C= 7.5 |Oct record low C= 0.4 |Nov record low C= -4.2 |Dec record low C= -6.3 |Jan rain days= 9 |Feb rain days= 8 |Mar rain days= 9 |Apr rain days= 10 |May rain days= 5 |Jun rain days= 3 |Jul rain days= 1 |Aug rain days= 1 |Sep rain days= 2 |Oct rain days= 4 |Nov rain days= 7 |Dec rain days= 9 |Jan precipitation mm = 80.4 |Feb precipitation mm = 73.1 |Mar precipitation mm = 65.1 |Apr precipitation mm = 57.4 |May precipitation mm = 39.0 |Jun precipitation mm = 24.6 |Jul precipitation mm = 19.6 |Aug precipitation mm = 9.8 |Sep precipitation mm = 14.8 |Oct precipitation mm = 35.0 |Nov precipitation mm = 65.5 |Dec precipitation mm = 85.4 |Jan sun= 114.7 |Feb sun= 120.4 |Mar sun= 176.7 |Apr sun= 204 |May sun= 282.1 |Jun sun= 336 |Jul sun= 365.8 |Aug sun= 341 |Sep sun= 276 |Oct sun= 204.6 |Nov sun= 141 |Dec sun= 102.3 |source 1= Devlet Meteoroloji İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dmi.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=DENIZLI |title=İl ve İlçelerimize Ait İstatistiki Veriler- Meteoroloji Genel Müdürlüğü |publisher=Dmi.gov.tr |date=1967-12-13 |accessdate=2013-09-01 |archive-date=2013-09-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902200403/http://dmi.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?m=DENIZLI |url-status=dead }}</ref> |date= April 2011 |source 2= Weather2<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.myweather2.com/City-Town/Turkey/Denizli/climate-profile.aspx?month=8 |title=August Climate History for Denizli &#124; Local &#124; Turkey |publisher=Myweather2.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-01 |archive-date=2016-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403191939/http://www.myweather2.com/city-town/turkey/denizli/climate-profile.aspx?month=8 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |date= April 2011 }} ==Denizli the day== [[File:Denizli evi.jpg|thumb|A auld hoose/restaurant in Denizli]] Aside its visitor's attractions, the ceety o Denizli is kent for its [[textile industry]] (a outlet shopping for cut-price clothin), for connectit fields o activity sic as the dye industry, an for its famous [[roosters]]. The sayin goes that Denizli is kent for 'kız', 'toz' an 'horoz'; respectively, the ''girls'', the ''dust'' an the ''roosters''. Resourceful in catchy phraseologies evolvin frae the fowk cultur, the region affirms itsel bi sayin "Denizli'nin horozları bellidir" (''the roosters o Denizli mak thairsels kent''). ===Economy=== Durin [[Warld War I]], Denizli [[minin|mined]] [[chromium]].<ref name=Prothero104>{{cite book|last=Prothero|first=G.W.|title=Anatolia|year=1920|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|location=London|page=104|url=http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/104/|access-date=2014-01-23|archive-date=2013-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015050034/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11766/view/1/104/|url-status=dead}}</ref> The textile industry in Denizli grew rapidly in the 1980s an 1990s makkin itsel a place in the domestic mercat an for exports. Touels an bathrobes an ither hame textiles are products associatit wi Denizli in pairticular emphasis. Sicweys, Denizli grew rapidly in the last decades, raisin a nummer o vera rich businessmen, some reasonable tae very good restaurants, notably ane renouned athort Turkey for servin anerly mushrooms in different varieties (''Mantar Restaurant''), an the leuk an the amenities o a modren ceety. The biggest firms in the ceety include ''Değirmenci'' an ''Funika'' (especially for bathrobes). [[File:Akarsu.jpg|thumb|300px|Denizli, [[Turkey]]]] ===Lifestyle=== The ceety is quite smart wi trees alang the main avenues an views o the surroondin muntains frae mony locations. As Denizli haes prospered in the 1990s, new compoonds o luxury villas hae sprung up on the ceety's ootskirts in auries lik ''Çamlık''. In the ceety itsel, air pollution frae coal-fired central-heatin acome a problem in Winter. Housomeivver, wi the quickly expandin netwirk an extensive uisage o naitural gas, air pollution problem haes declined greatly in the elevatit pairts o the ceety, especially whaur anerly naitural gas are uised for heatin. Thare are some heichly regardit heich schuils sic as Denizli Lütfi Ege Anadolu Öğretmen Lisesi, Denizli Anadolu Lisesi, an Denizli Erbakır Fen Lisesi. [[:en:Pamukkale University|Pamukkale Varsity]] opened in the 1990s, nou in phase o academic maturin wi mair nor 28,000 students. Mony young fowk still leave tae go tae varsity in [[İzmir]], [[Ankara]] or [[Istanbul]], an whiles stay thare tae big careers. ===Cultur an enterteenment=== Thare are lairge shops, bars an cafes, even some live muisic, awtho this is a ceety that grew recently an is locatit deep in the kintraside. The presence o Pamukkale Varsity impruives the cultural amenities o the ceety. The region's indwallers hae been influencit bi the production o grapes an the wine syne centuries an a joyful cultur is present in Denizli, awtho it is coupled wi haurd wirkin an creative thinkin, reflectit in a apparent conservatism. For ensaumple, it is whiles difficult tae get a license tae sell alcohol. On the ither haund, the new walth in Denizli haes been hintle mair rapid than mony ither places in Turkey in investin in developin a [[urban cultur]]. Mony private clubs an associations are openin up includin: ''The society for the Protection o the Environs an History o Denizli''; ''The Poets an Poetry Luvers Association''; ''the Pizza Appreciation Group'' an the ''Jazz-rock Local''. Thare is a annual amateur theater festival, attendit bi groups frae Turkey an owerseas. Denizli haes the seicont-lairgest nummer o rankin chess-players in Turkey, efter Istanbul. An aw, inspired bi the unuisually heich reports o [[UFO sichtins]] in the region ower the years, ane o the warld's haundful o museums dedicatit tae [[ufology]] wis recently opened in Denizli. [[File:TR Denizli asv2020-02 img14 Gazi School.jpg|thumb|Gazi Mustafa Kemal Elementar Schuil]] ===Fuid an drink=== The wines o the [[Pamukkale (Winery)|Pamukkale]] winery are maistly made frae tradeetional Turkis grapes sic as [[Tokat grape|Tokat]], [[Narince grape|Narince]] an [[Çalkarası]], awtho nou thay are plantin [[Şiraz grape|Shiraz]] in the aurie an aw. Thay an aa mak a well-kent cherry wine. The [[Denizli kebab]] is roast lamb served on flat breid. [[Zafer Gazozu]] is a locally produced fizzy fruity flavored soda. ===Transportation=== [[Denizli Çardak Airport]] is aboot 45 minutes drive frae the ceety centre. The extension o İzmir-Aydın [[heich-gate]] tae Denizli remains annooncit syne years. Initial infrastructur is laid in Aydın, but the rest is yet tae come an the present Aydın-Denizli road, awtho straucht an flat, haes a vera heich level o traffeck, especially larries, wi each toun alang the road possessin its awn industrial zone. ===Places o interest=== *[[Laodicea ad Lycum]] - {{convert|6|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} north o Denizli near the veelage o [[Eskihisar, Denizli|Eskihisar]]. The ceety wis established bi [[Seleucid Empire|Seleucid]] King, [[Antiochus II Theos|Antiochus II]] in honour o his wife, Laodice. This tradin ceety wis famous for its ooen an cotton cloths. A letter written bi a Laodecie says: "A am happy. A hae fortune an A am no in need o onything." Follaein a lairge yirdquauk which destroyed the ceety, wha remains o the auncient ceety are ane o the seiven kirks o [[Asie Minor]], the [[stadium]], the [[amphitheatre]] an the [[odeon (biggin)|odeon]], the [[cistern]] an the [[aqueduct (watter supply)|aqueduct]]. ''(see further [[Laodicean Kirk]])'' *[[Hierapolis]] an [[Pamukkale]] [[Warld Heritage Steid]]s -{{convert|20|km|0|abbr=on}} north o Denizli [[:File:pamukkale.jpg|Pamukkale]] [[:File:pamukkale2.jpg|traventines]]. The ceety o Hierapolis wis foondit bi the [[Pergamon]] King [[Eumenes II]] in 190 BC. Its closeness tae Laodicea led tae commercial an militar rivalry. The toun wis biggit in Greek style. Despite sufferin a violent yirdquauk in 17 AD, it reached its peak durin the Roman an Byzantine periods. It wis reconstructit durin the 2nt an 3rd centuries in stane frae quarries in the aurie, in a Roman style. The toun haed its maist glorious years durin the reign o Roman Emperors [[Septimius Severus]] an [[Caracalla]] an became a episcopal seat durin the expansion o Christianity. Housomeivver, as a result o several yirdquauks, the maist violent o which wis in 1354, a great pairt o the toun wis destroyed, an its fowk migratit. *The [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuq]] [[caravanserai]] Akhan, which is {{convert|6|km|0|abbr=on}} frae Denizli on the Ankara heich-gate, an a great pairt o which still remains, wis constructit bi Karasungur bin Abdullah in 1253-54 when he wis actin as the commander o Ladik. It wis recently restored alang wi the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[konak (residence)|konaks]] nearbi an is set tae acome a visitor's attraction bi its awn richt. *[[Honaz]] muntain is a popular picnic excursion for Denizli's fowk in simmer. *The nearbi veelage o ''Goncalı'', which is on the railwey line, is anither excursion. Fowk come tae eat the charcoal-grilled thinly-cut kebab cried ''[[:en:List of kebabs#Turkish kebabs|çöp şiş]]'', preferably wi the local ''[[:en:Turkish cuisine#Dairy products|süzme]]'' yoghurt an a gless o [[rakı]]. *Thare is a statue o [[Atatürk]] at Çınar Meydanı in the ceety centre. *[[Servergazi turbesi]] is locatit close tae the Yenişehir neebourheid. The tomb o the 12t century Turkis commander o the [[Great Seljuq Empire|Seljuk]] [[akinci]] unit is locatit thare. Mony locals enjoy visitin an makkin prayers at the tomb especially on weekends. *Teraspark Shopping an Lifestyle Centre, Teraspark AVM, locatit in the yenişehir. Teraspark AVM is biggest shoppin centre in Denizli. *Forum Çamlık Shoppin an Lifestyle Center, Forum Çamlık AVM, locatit in the hert o the ceety centre, Demokrasi Meydanı/Square an surroondit bi residential auries, walcomes mair nor 450,000 fowk athin a catchment aurie o 20 minutes. The design o Forum Çamlık wis inspired bi the rich airchitectural elements that are unique tae Province o Denizli. Local stanes lik Denizli [[travertine]] an marble are uised for the claddin o mony biggins. The visitors will enjoy a detailed airtwirk, smaw ponds, squares an rich landscapin featurs. Gien its wide range o shop mix an enterteenment facilities, includin theatres/cinemas, the centre became a vera important destination for visitors in Denizli an neebourin ceeties. ==Internaitional relations== {{Main|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Turkey}} ===Twin touns — sister ceeties=== Denizli is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Amasya]], [[Turkey]] * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Bursa]], [[Turkey]] * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Muş]], [[Turkey]] * {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Tokat]], [[Turkey]] * {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Almelo]], [[Netherlands]] * {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Pavlodar]], [[Kazakhstan]] * {{flagicon|Georgia}} [[Tbilisi]], [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] * {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Brăila]], [[Romanie]] * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Samara, Roushie|Samara]], [[Roushie]] * {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Rhodes]], [[Greece]] * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Betzdorf, Germany|Betzdorf]], [[Germany]] * {{flagicon|Belarus}} [[Mogilev]], [[Belaroushie]] * {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Larissa]], [[Greece]] * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Łódź]], [[Poland]] * {{flagicon|Syria}} [[Damascus]], [[Sirie]] * {{flagicon|China}} [[Jiaozhou]], [[Fowkrepublic o Cheenae|Cheenae]] * {{flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnie an Herzegovinae|Bosnie]] * {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Muan]], [[Sooth Korea]] * {{flagicon|Iran}} [[Kazvin]], [[Iran]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.denizli.gov.tr Denizli Govrenment Wab Steid] * [http://www.denizlirehber.org?lang=2 Denizli Telephone Address, Business Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005191927/http://www.denizlirehber.org/?lang=2 |date=2018-10-05 }} {{Destricts o Turkey|provname=Denizli}} [[Category:Populatit places in Denizli Province]] [[Category:Denizli]] [[Category:Ceeties in Turkey]] a9z8anww6i3z6rfjy1tpl5rzz5qiqf9 0 35111 916555 901632 2026-05-10T22:12:09Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} {{Infobox ethnic group |group = Germans <br /> ''Deutsche'' |image = [[File:Germans collage.jpg|300px]] |caption= '''1st Row:''' [[Martin Luther]], [[Otto von Bismarck]], [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], [[Immanuel Kant]], [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] '''2nt Row:''' [[Johannes Gutenberg]], [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]], [[Johann Sebastian Bach]], [[Richard Wagner]], [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel]] '''3rd Row:''' [[Friedrich Schiller]], [[Karl Marx]], [[Brothers Grimm]], [[Konrad Adenauer]], [[Albrecht Dürer]] '''4t Row:''' [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]], [[Karl Benz]], [[Konrad Zuse]], [[Marlene Dietrich]], [[Max Planck]] '''5t Row:''' [[Claudia Schiffer]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Johannes Kepler]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], [[Heidi Klum]] '''6t Row:''' [[Willy Brandt]], [[Jürgen Klinsmann]], [[Wernher von Braun]], [[Catherine the Great]], [[Carl Friedrich Gauss]] |population = German Diaspora '''ca. 150&nbsp;million'''<ref>[http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504094914/http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html |date=2009-05-04 }}. 156 is the estimate which counts all people claiming ethnic German ancestry in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina, and elsewhere.</ref><br /> |regions = {{flag|Germany}} {{nbsp|6}} 75 million<ref name="2005 Microcensus">66.42&nbsp;million is the number of Germans without immigrant background, 75&nbsp;million is the number of German citizens [http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504094914/http://www.en.bmi.bund.de/nn_148248/Internet/Content/Themen/Auslaender__Fluechtlinge__Asyl__Zuwanderung/DatenundFakten/Deutsche__Auslaender__mit__Migrationshintergrund__en.html |date=2009-05-04 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2046121,00.html |title=Deutsche Welle: 2005 German Census figures |publisher=Dw-world.de |accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html |title=CIA World Factbook – Germany: People |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archive-date=2016-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160211075204/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gm.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region1 = [[#Geographic distribution|see below]]; see an aw [[Ethnic Germans]]. |langs=German: [[Heich German]] ([[Upper German]], [[Central German]]), [[Law German]] (see [[German dialects]]) |rels=Roman Catholic, Protestant (chiefly [[Lutheranism|Lutheran]]) |related= [[Austrians]], [[Danes]], [[Dutch fowk|Dutch]], [[Inglis fowk|Inglis]], [[Flemish fowk|Flemish]], [[French fowk|French]], [[Icelanders]], [[Norse fowk]],<ref name="hpgl.stanford.edu"/> [[Romansch fowk|Romansch]], [[Swadish fowk|Swades]],<ref name="hpgl.stanford.edu">{{Cite web |url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2002_v10_521-529.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-07-10 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927060758/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/EJHG_2002_v10_521-529.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> an [[Germanic fowks|ither Germanic fowks]] }} The '''Germans''' ({{lang-de|Deutsche}}) are a [[Germanic fowks|Germanic]] [[ethnic group]] native tae [[Central Europe]]. The Inglis/Scots term ''Germans'' haes referred tae the [[German leid|German-speakin]] population o the [[Holy Roman Empire]] syne the [[Late Middle Ages]].<ref>alangside the slichtly earlier term ''Almayns''; [[John o Trevisa]]'s 1387 translation o [[Ranulf Higdon]]'s ''Polychronicon'' haes: ''{{lang|enm|Þe empere passede from þe Grees to þe Frenschemen and to þe Germans, þat beeþ Almayns.}}'' Durin the 15t an 16t centuries, ''Dutch'' wis the adjective uised in the sense "pertainin tae Germans". Uise o ''German'' as an adjective dates tae ca. 1550. The adjective ''Dutch'' narraeed its sense tae "o the Netherlands" durin the 17t century.</ref> Legally, Germans are ceetizens o the Federal Republic o [[Germany]]. O approximately 100 million native speakers o German in the warld, aboot 66–75&nbsp;million consider thairsels Germans. Thare are an additional 80&nbsp;million fowk o German ancestry mainly in the [[Unitit States]], [[Brazil]], [[Canadae]], [[Argentinae]], [[Fraunce]], [[Roushie]], [[Chile]], [[Poland]], [[Australie]] an [[Romanie]] (who maist likely are no native speakers o German).<ref>{{es}} [http://www.traduccion.at/4.html Hablantes del alemán en el mundo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120320164829/http://www.traduccion.at/4.html |date=2012-03-20 }}</ref> Sicweys, the tot nummer o Germans warldwide lees atween 66 an 160 million, dependin on the criteria appleed (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, pairtial German ancestry, etc.). The day, fowks frae kintras wi a German-speakin majority or significant German-speakin population groups ither than Germany, sic as [[Austrick]], [[Swisserland]], [[Liechtenstein]] an [[Luxembourg]], hae developit thair awn naitional identity an uisually dae no refer tae thairsels as "Germans" in a modren context. ==Leid== {{Main|German leid}} The native leid o Germans is German, a [[Wast Germanic leids|Wast Germanic leid]], relatit tae an classifeed alangside Inglis an [[Dutch leid|Dutch]], an sharin mony similarities wi the [[North Germanic leids|North Germanic]] or Scandinavie leids. Spoken bi approximately 100 million [[First leid|native speakers]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm |title=Most Widely Spoken Languages |publisher=.ignatius.edu |date=28 May 2011 |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archive-date=2011-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927062910/http://www2.ignatius.edu/faculty/turner/languages.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> German is ane o the warld's [[warld leid|major leids]] an the maist widely spoken [[first leid]] in the [[European Union]]. ===Dialects=== {{Main|German dialects}} [[File:Europe germanic-languages 2.PNG|220px|thumb|right|'''Wast Germanic eids''' {{legend|#9cff00|Dutch (Law Franconie, Wast Germanic)}} {{legend|#38ff00|Law German (Wast Germanic)}} {{legend|#00d200|Central German (Heich German, Wast Germanic)}} {{legend|#008000|Upper German (Heich German, Wast Germanic)}} {{legend|#ff8811|Inglis (Anglo-Frisie, Wast Germanic)}} {{legend|#ffbb77|Frisie (Anglo-Frisie, Wast Germanic)}} '''North Germanic leids''' {{legend|#0000ff|East Scandinavie}} {{legend|#00ffff|Wast Scandinavie}} {{legend|#ff0000|Line dividin the North an Wast Germanic leids}}]] *[[Heich German]] **[[Upper German]] ***[[Bavaries]] (ca. 10 million) form the [[Bavarie leid|Austro-Bavarie]] linguistic group, thegither wi those [[Austrians]] who speak German an dae no live in [[Vorarlberg]] an the wastren Tyrol destrict o [[Reutte (destrict)|Reutte]]. [[Swabians]] (ca. 10 million) form the [[Alemannic German|Alemannic]] group, thegither wi the [[Alemannic Swiss]], Liechtensteiners, [[Alsatian leid|Alsatians]] an [[Vorarlberg]]ians. **[[Central German]] dialect group (ca. 45 million) ***[[Wast Central German]] ****[[Central Franconie]] ([[Ripuarian leid|Ripuarian]], [[Kölsch leid|Kölsch]]), forms a dialectal unity wi [[Luxembourgis leid|Luxembourgis]], [[Rhine Franconie]]([[Hessian dialects|Hessian]]) ***[[East Central German]] ****[[Staundart German]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=1205-16 |title=Ethnologue: East Middle German |accessdate=6 March 2011}}</ref> [[Thuringie dialect|Thuringie]], [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]], [[Heich Proushie]], [[German minority in Poland|German Silesian]] **[[Yiddish leid|Yiddish]], a Heich German leid o [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi Jewish]] oreegin, spoken throughoot the warld. It developit as a fusion o German dialects wi [[Ebreu]], [[Slavic leids]] an traces o [[Romance leids]].<ref>[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eyBQn7JrBVwC&pg=PA72 ''Introduction to Old Yiddish literature'', p. 72], Baumgarten and Frakes, Oxford University Press, 2005</ref><ref>[http://www.jewishgen.org/databases/givennames/yiddial.htm "Development of Yiddish over the ages"], www.jewishgen.org</ref> *[[Law German]] (ca. 3–10&nbsp;million), forms a dialectal unity wi [[Dutch Law Saxon]] **[[Wast Law German|Law Saxon]], [[East Law German]] ===Native speakers=== Global distribution o native speakers o the German leid: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Kintra ! German speakin population (ootside Europe) |- | USA | 5,000,000<ref name="Handwörterbuch">[http://www.bpb.de/wissen/08937231579775312662617270950640,1,0,Auslandsdeutsche.html#art1 Handwörterbuch des politischen Systems der Bundesrepublik] (in German). Source lists "German expatriate citizens" only for Namibia and South Africa!</ref> |- | [[Brazil]] | 3,000,000<ref name="Handwörterbuch" /> |- | [[Roushie]] | 2,000,000<ref name="Handwörterbuch" /> |- | [[Poland]] | 800,000<ref name="Handwörterbuch" /> |- | [[Argentinae]] | 500,000<ref name="Handwörterbuch" /> |- | Canadae | 450,000<ref name="Handwörterbuch" /> – 620,000<ref name="Statcan">{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census06/data/topics/RetrieveProductTable.cfm?ALEVEL=3&APATH=3&CATNO=&DETAIL=0&DIM=&DS=99&FL=0&FREE=0&GAL=0&GC=99&GK=NA&GRP=1&IPS=&METH=0&ORDER=1&PID=89189&PTYPE=88971&RL=0&S=1&ShowAll=No&StartRow=1&SUB=705&Temporal=2006&Theme=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&GID=837928 |title=Statistics Canada 2006 |publisher=2.statcan.ca |date=6 January 2010 |accessdate=15 March 2010 |archive-date=2018-12-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225074451/https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2006/dp-pd/tbt/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=837928%20&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=89189&PRID=0&PTYPE=88971,97154&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2006&THEME=70&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF= |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | [[Bolivie]] | 300,000<ref name="Lizcano-CR">{{cite web |url=http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |title=Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI |language=[[Spanish language|Spanish]] |format=[[PDF]] |page=188 |accessdate=12 June 2012 |archive-date=2014-02-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224061845/http://convergencia.uaemex.mx/rev38/38pdf/LIZCANO.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/21/world/americas/21bolivia.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Bolivian Reforms Raise Anxiety on Mennonite Frontier], New York Times</ref><ref>[http://mexico.cnn.com/videos/2012/06/07/los-menonitas-en-bolivia Los Menonitas en Bolivia] '''CNN México/CNN en Español'''</ref> |- | [[Italy]] | 250,000<ref name="Handwörterbuch" /> |- | [[Hungary]] | 220,000<ref name="Handwörterbuch" /> |- | [[Paraguay]] | 186,000<ref name="Lizcano-CR"/> |- | Australie | 110,000 |- | Sooth Africae | 75,000 (German expatriate ceetizens)<ref name="Handwörterbuch" /> |- | [[Belgium]] | 66,000<ref name="Handwörterbuch" /> |- | [[Mexico]] | 40,000<ref name=Mennonite>{{Cite web|url=http://www.hshs.mb.ca/mennonite_old_colony_vision.pdf|title=The Mennonite Old Colony Vision: ''Under siege in Mexico and the Canadian Connection''|format=PDF|accessdate=2007-05-30|archive-date=2013-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404152020/http://www.hshs.mb.ca/mennonite_old_colony_vision.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | [[Chile]] | 40,000<ref name="Handwörterbuch" /> |- | [[Namibie]] | 30,000 (German expatriate ceetizens)<ref name="Handwörterbuch" /> |- | [[Denmark]] | 20,000<ref name="Handwörterbuch" /> |- | [[Romanie]] | 15,000<ref name="Handwörterbuch" /> |- | [[Venezuela]] | 10,000<ref name="Handwörterbuch" /> |} ==Geographic distribution== [[File:Oktoberfest VGBelgrano.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[German Argentine]]s celebrate [[Oktoberfest]] in [[Villa General Belgrano]], Argentinae.]] Ethnic Germans form an important minority group in several kintras in [[Central Europe|central]] an eastren Europe—([[Demographics o Poland|Poland]], [[Demographics o Hungary|Hungary]], [[Demographics o Romanie|Romanie]], [[Demographics o Roushie|Roushie]]) as well as in [[Demographics o Namibie|Namibie]] ([[German Namibie]]), [[Demographics o Brazil|Brazil]] ([[German Brazilian]]) (approx. 3% o the population),<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.passeiweb.com/na_ponta_lingua/sala_de_aula/geografia/geografia_do_brasil/demografia_imigracoes/brasil_imigracoes_alemanha |title=A Imigração Alemã&#124; Brasil &#124; Deutsche Welle &#124; 14.01.2010 |publisher=Passeiweb.com |date=6 January 1990 |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715050625/http://www.passeiweb.com/na_ponta_lingua/sala_de_aula/geografia/geografia_do_brasil/demografia_imigracoes/brasil_imigracoes_alemanha |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Argentinae]] ([[German Argentine]]) (1,5%<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/areas/secretaria_gral/colectividades/?col=1 |title=Obsevatorio de Colectividades – Comunidad Alemana |publisher=Buenosaires.gob.ar |accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> ~ 7,5% o the population)<ref>[[German-Argentine]] Descendants of Germans in Argentina</ref> an [[Chile]] ([[German Chilean|German-Chilean]]) (approx. 1% o the population).<ref name="Oliver Zoellner">{{cite web|author=Oliver Zoellner |url=http://www.research-worldwide.de/article-chile2005.html |title=Oliver Zoellner &#124; Generating Samples of Ethnic Minorities in Chile |publisher=Research-worldwide.de |accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> Some groups mey be classifeed as Ethnic Germans despite nae langer haein German as thair mither tongue or belangin tae a destinct German cultur. Till the 1990s, twa million Ethnic Germans livit throughoot the umwhile Soviet Union, pairticularly in Roushie an [[Kazakhstan]]. In the Unitit States 1990 census, 57 million fowk wur fully or pairtly o German ancestry, formin the lairgest single ethnic group in the kintra. States wi the heichest percentage o Americans o German strynd are in the northren [[Midwast]] (especially [[Wisconsin]], [[Minnesota]], [[North Dakota]], [[Sooth Dakota]], [[Nebraska]], [[Iowa]], [[Kansas]], [[Michigan]]) an the [[Mid-Atlantic states|Mid-Atlantic]] state, [[Pennsylvania]]. But Germanic immigrant enclaves existit in mony ither states (e.g., the [[German Texan]]s an the [[Denver]], Colorado aurie) an tae a lesser extent, the Paceefic Northwast (i.e. [[Idaho]], [[Montana]], [[Oregon]] an [[Washington (state)|Washington state]]). Notable Ethnic German minorities exist in ither [[Anglosphere]] kintras sic as [[Demographics o Canadae|Canadae]] (approx. 10% o the population) an [[Demographics o Australie|Australie]] (approx. 4% o the population) an aw. As in the Unitit States, maist fowk o German strynd in Canadae an Australie hae amaist completely assimilatit, culturally an linguistically, intae the Inglis-speakin mainstream. Distribution o German ceetizens an fowk claimin German ancestry: {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Kintra ! [[Ethnic Germans|German ancestry]] ! [[Germans Abroad|German ceetizens]] ! Comments |- | {{flag|Germany}} | 66,420,000 | 75,000,000<ref name="2005 Microcensus"/> | see [[Demographics o Germany]] |- | {{flag|Unitit States}} | 50,000,000<ref>49.2&nbsp;million [[German Americans]] as o 2005 accordin tae the {{cite web|title=US demographic census|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:535&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=false&-charIterations=047&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en|url-status=dead|archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090403034514/http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/IPTable?_bm=y&-reg=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T:535;ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR:535&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201PR&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201T&-qr_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_S0201TPR&-ds_name=ACS_2005_EST_G00_&-TABLE_NAMEX=&-ci_type=A&-redoLog=false&-charIterations=047&-geo_id=01000US&-format=&-_lang=en|archive-date=2009-04-03|accessdate=2 August 2007|coauthors=United States Census Bureau}}; see an aw [[Leids in the Unitit States#German]].</ref> | | see [[German American]] |- | {{flag|Brazil}} | 5,000,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.passeiweb.com/na_ponta_lingua/sala_de_aula/geografia/geografia_do_brasil/demografia_imigracoes/brasil_imigracoes_alemanha |title=A Imigração Alemã no Brasil &#124; Brasil &#124; Deutsche Welle &#124; 25.07.2004 |publisher=Passeiweb.com |date=6 January 1990 |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715050625/http://www.passeiweb.com/na_ponta_lingua/sala_de_aula/geografia/geografia_do_brasil/demografia_imigracoes/brasil_imigracoes_alemanha |url-status=dead }}</ref> | | see [[German Brazilian]] |- | {{flag|Canadae}} | 3,200,000<ref>[http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?Lang=E&T=501&GV=1&GID=0 2001 Canadian Census] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409060848/http://www12.statcan.ca/english/census01/products/highlight/ETO/Table1.cfm?Lang=E&T=501&GV=1&GID=0|date=2013-04-09}} gives 2,742,765 total respondents stating their ''ethnic origin'' as partly German, with 705,600 stating "single-ancestry", see [[List of Canadians by ethnicity]].</ref> | | see [[Canadians o German ethnicity]] |- |{{flag|Sooth Africae}} | 1,200,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.geocities.com/Heartland/meadows/7589/intro_en.html |title=Germans in South Africa |publisher=Webcitation.org |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archive-date=2009-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091020120941/http://geocities.com/Heartland/Meadows/7589/intro_en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>Professor JA Heese in his book Die Herkoms van die Afrikaner (''The Origins of Afrikaners'') claims the modern [[Afrikaner|Afrikaners]] (who total around 3.5&nbsp;million) have 34.4% German heritage. [http://africanhistory.about.com/od/southafrica/p/AfrikanerGene.htm How 'Pure' was the Average Afrikaner?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013012659/http://africanhistory.about.com/od/southafrica/p/AfrikanerGene.htm|date=2012-10-13}}</ref> | | see [[Afrikaner]]. Awtho studies shaw that atween 30–40% o Afrikaners hae German ancestry, due tae intermarriage this figur is likely tae be hintle heicher. |- | {{flag|Argentinae}} | 600,000<ref>[http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/areas/secretaria_gral/colectividades/?col=1]~3,000,000 Including Volga Germans, and other German ancestries</ref> | | see [[German Argentine]] |- |The {{flag|CIS}} <small>(mainly {{flag|Roushie}} an {{flag|Kazakhstan}})</small> | 1,000,000 | 600,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=17 |title=597,212 in Russia as of 2002, 0.4 of Russian population |access-date=2012-07-13 |archive-date=2012-01-24 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/64vB3cy04?url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/index.html?id=17 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | see [[History o Germans in Roushie an the Soviet Union|Germans in Roushie]], [[Germans o Kazakhstan]], [[Volga Germans]], [[Caucasus Germans]] |- |{{flag|Fraunce}} | 1,000,000<ref>{{cite web|author=Vladimir Geroimenko |url=http://www.ling.gu.se/projekt/sprakfrageladan/english/varldskarta/eng-fra.html |title=France |publisher=Ling.gu.se |accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.everyculture.com/Europe/Alsatians.html |title=Alsatians |publisher=Everyculture.com |date=16 January 2010 |accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> | | predominant ethnic group o [[Alsace]] an [[Moselle]]; 970,000 wi German dialects as mither tongue |- | {{flag|Australie}} | 812,000<ref>The {{PDFlink|[http://www.ausstats.abs.gov.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/AD2222ECE5AD4396CA25712500161734/$File/29330_2001.pdf Australian Bureau of Statistics]|424&nbsp;KB}} reports 742,212 people of German ancestry in the 2001 Census. German is spoken by ca. 135,000 [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=AU], about 105,000 of them Germany-born, see [[Demographics of Australia]]</ref> | | incl. 106,524 German-born. See [[German Australie]] |- |{{flag|Italy}} <small>(in [[Sooth Tyrol]])</small> | 500,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2006/query.php?lingua=ita&Rip=S0&paese=A11&submit=Tavola |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-07-13 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719030027/http://demo.istat.it/str2006/query.php?lingua=ita&Rip=S0&paese=A11&submit=Tavola |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.provincia.bz.it/downloads/Siz_2006-eng.pdf South Tyrol in figures]. Provincial Statistics Institute.</ref> | | |- |{{flag|Netherlands}} | | 179,000<ref>378,947 (2010, 2.3% o Dutch population). [http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLEN&PA=37325eng&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0-1,84,102,139,145,210,225&D6=a&LA=EN&HDR=G2,G3,G4,T&STB=G1,G5&VW=T cbs.nl]</ref> | |- |{{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} | 262,000<ref>German born anerlie; [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born_abroad/countries/html/germany.stm Born Abroad: An Immigration map of Britain: Germany, 2001]</ref> (This figure includes childer born tae Breetish Military personnel serving on Breetish Military bases in Germany) | 92,000<ref>2008, 0.15% o UK population. [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090129001915/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_population/Pop_country_of_birth_and_nationality_Apr07_Mar08.zip statistics.gov.uk]</ref> | see [[German migration tae the Unitit Kinrick]] |- | {{flag|Spain}} | 255,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ine.com |title=INE(2006) |publisher=INE |accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> | | German immigrants |- |{{flag|Swisserland}} | | 266,000<ref>265,944 (2009, 3.3% o Swiss population) [http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/07/blank/data/01.Document.88361.xls Wohnbevölkerung nach detaillierter Staatsangehörigkeit], Swiss Federal Statistical Office. 163 923 resident aliens (nationals or citizens) in 2004 (2.2% of total population), compared to 112 348 as of 2000. [http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/22/publ.Document.67005.pdf 2005 report of the Swiss Federal Office of Statistics]. 4.6&nbsp;million including [[Swiss German|Alemannic]] [[Swiss (people)|Swiss]]: [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sz.html CIA World Fact Book] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112040925/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/sz.html|date=2018-01-12}}, identifies the 65% (4.9&nbsp;million) Swiss German speakers as "ethnic Germans".</ref> | see [[German immigration tae Swisserland]] |- |{{flag|Poland}} | 153,000<ref>2002 census</ref> | | mainly in [[Opole Voivodeship]], see [[German minority in Poland]]. |- |{{flag|Chile}} | 800.000 | | see [[German Chilean]] |- |{{flag|Peru}} | 180,000<ref>{{es}} [http://www.peru-spiegel.de/de/d-per/Deutsche-in-Peru/index.htm / Inmigración Alemana al Perú] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123081129/http://www.peru-spiegel.de/de/d-per/Deutsche-in-Peru/index.htm |date=2009-11-23 }}</ref> | | see [[German Peruvian]] |- | {{flag|Hungary}} | 120,344<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/06/00/tabeng/2/load01_12_0.html |title=census 2001 |access-date=2012-07-13 |archive-date=2005-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050903124933/http://www.nepszamlalas.hu/eng/volumes/06/00/tabeng/2/load01_12_0.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | | see [[Germans o Hungary]] |- |{{flag|Austrick}} | | 124,710<ref>2008, 1.5% o Austrian population. [http://www.integrationsfonds.at/wissen/integration_im_fokus/integration_im_fokus_ausgabe_42008/oesterreich/wer_sind_die_deutschen_migranten/ Wer sind die Deutschen in Österreich?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427214322/http://www.integrationsfonds.at/wissen/integration_im_fokus/integration_im_fokus_ausgabe_42008/oesterreich/wer_sind_die_deutschen_migranten/ |date=2009-04-27 }}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Israel}} | | 100,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4076384,00.html |title=Money overcomes ideology as Israelis hunt down German passports&#124; Yediot Ahronot &#124; 31.05.2011 |publisher=Ynetnews.com |date=20 June 1995 |accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> | |- | {{flag|Venezuela}} | 70,000 | | see [[German Venezuelan]] |- | {{flag|Romanie}} | 60,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laender/Rumaenien.html |title=German minority |language={{de icon}} |publisher=Auswaertiges-amt.de |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718201141/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laender/Rumaenien.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | | see [[Germans o Romanie]] |- |{{flag|Uruguay}} | 46,000 | 6,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/es/Laenderinformationen/01-Laender/Uruguay.html |title=There are 6,000 Germans living in Uruguay today and 40,000 descendants of Germans |language={{de icon}} |publisher=Auswaertiges-amt.de |accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Czech Republic}} | 40,000<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.radio.cz/en/article/27184 |title=Ethnic German Minorities in the Czech Republic, Poland and Slovakia |publisher=Radio.cz |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archive-date=2009-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090126093018/http://www.radio.cz/en/article/27184 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | | see [[Germans in the Czech Republic]] |- |{{flag|Bolivie}} | 40,000<ref>{{cite web |last=Romero |first=Simon |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/12/21/news/bolivia.php |title=Land reform worries Bolivia's Mennonites |work=International Herald Tribune |date=21 December 2006 |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221161413/http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/12/21/news/bolivia.php |archivedate=2006-12-21 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | | German speakin Mennonites. See [[Ethnic Germans in Bolivie]] |- |{{flag|Belgium}} | 38,366<ref>{{nl}} {{cite web|url=http://statbel.fgov.be/nl/modules/publications/statistiques/bevolking/Bevolking_nat_geslacht_leeftijdsgroepen.jsp|title=Bevolking per nationaliteit, geslacht, leeftijdsgroepen op 1 January 2008|publisher=[[Statistics Belgium]]|accessdate=30 May 2010|archive-date=2011-11-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111120220853/http://statbel.fgov.be/nl/modules/publications/statistiques/bevolking/Bevolking_nat_geslacht_leeftijdsgroepen.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> | | excludes [[Eupen-Malmedy|German-speakin ethnic Belgians]] |- |{{flag|Norawa}} | 37,000<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ssb.no/innvbef_en/tab-2009-04-30-05-en.html |title=Norway |access-date=2012-07-13 |archive-date=2010-02-01 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5nDtcE5XJ?url=http://www.ssb.no/innvbef_en/tab-2009-04-30-05-en.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> | | |- |{{flag|Ecuador}} | 33,000<ref>{{cite web|author=Joshua Project |url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/countries.php |title=Ethnic groups around the world |publisher=joshuaproject.net |accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> | | | |- | {{flag|Namibie}} | 30,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE2D71E3CF935A15751C1A96E948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=print |title=Amid Namibia's White Opulence, Majority Rule Isn't So Scary Now |work=New York Times |date=26 December 1988 |accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> | | [[German Namibie]] |- |{{flag|Dominican Republic}} | 25,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laender/DominikanischeRepublik.html |title=Dominican Republic |language={{de icon}} |publisher=Auswaertiges-amt.de |accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> | | |- |{{flag|Denmark}} | 15,000–20,000<ref>in the German-Dens border region; see [http://www.bdn.dk/SEEEMS/4.asp Bund Deutscher Nordschleswiger] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316100649/http://www.bdn.dk/SEEEMS/4.asp |date=2013-03-16 }}</ref> | | |- |{{flag|Greece}} | | 15,498<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1604/Other/A1604_SAP03_TB_DC_00_2001_09_F_GR.pdf |title=Greeks Census 2001 |format=PDF |accessdate=28 September 2011 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120743/http://www.statistics.gr/portal/page/portal/ESYE/BUCKET/A1604/Other/A1604_SAP03_TB_DC_00_2001_09_F_GR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |- |{{flag|Ireland}} | 11,797<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cso.ie/statistics/placebirthagegroup.htm |title=CSO: Statistics: Persons usually resident and present in the State on Census Night, classifieid by place of birth and age group |publisher=Cso.ie |date=13 May 2008 |accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> | | |- |{{flag|Slovakie}} | 5000–10,000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/diplo/en/Laenderinformationen/01-Laender/Slowakei.html |title=Slovakia |language={{de icon}} |publisher=Auswaertiges-amt.de |accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> | | |- |{{flag|Philippines}} | 6,400<ref>2000 census</ref> | | see [[German settlement in the Philippines]] |- |{{flag|Serbie}} | 3,900 | | see [[Germans o Serbie]] |- |{{flag|Turkmenistan}} | 2,700<ref name="joshuaproject.net">{{cite web|author=Joshua Project |url=http://www.joshuaproject.net/peopctry.php |title=joshuaproject.net |publisher=joshuaproject.net |accessdate=28 September 2011}}</ref> | | |- |{{flag|Tajikistan}} | 2,700<ref name="joshuaproject.net"/> | |- | {{flag|Jamaica}} | 160<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jamaica-gleaner.com/pages/history/story0060.htm Out Of Many Cultures The People Who Came The Arrival Of The GERMANS |title=The Arrival Of The GERMANS |work=Jamaica Gleaner |date=2 March 2004 |accessdate=31 May 2012}}</ref> | | [[Germans in Jamaica]] |} ==References== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category|People of Germany}} [[Category:German fowk| ]] [[Category:Germanic fowks]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Germany]] [[Category:Wast Germanic fowks]] aeufxg3pkicq83549kb858htrh5ghx3 0 36277 916547 825454 2026-05-10T19:53:13Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Ingland coonty | name = East Sussex | image = [[Image:Flag of East Sussex.svg|150px|Banner o East Sussex]]<br />Flag of East Sussex County Council<ref name="SAFlagCouncils">{{cite web|url=http://www.sussexflag.webs.com/councilarms.htm|title=Flag of Sussex - Council Arms|accessdate=8 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818055131/http://www.sussexflag.webs.com/councilarms.htm|archivedate=2010-08-18|url-status=dead}}</ref> | motto = | map = [[File:East Sussex UK locator map 2010.svg|200px|East Sussex within England]] | status = [[Ceremonial coonties o Ingland|Ceremonial]] an (smawer) [[Metropolitan an nan-metropolitan coonties o Ingland|nan-metropolitan]] coonty | origin = 1974<br /><small>([[Local Govrenment Act 1972]])</small> | region = [[Sooth East Ingland]] | arearank = [[Leet o ceremonial coonties o Ingland bi aurie|Rankit 33rd]] | area_km2 = 1792 | adminarearank = [[Leet o admeeistrative shire coonties o Ingland bi aurie|Rankit 30t]] | adminarea_km2 = 1709 | adminhq = [[Lewes]] | largestcity = [[Brighton an Hove]] | iso = GB-ESX | ons = 21 | nuts3 = UKJ22 | poprank = [[Leet o ceremonial coonties o Ingland bi population|Rankit {{English cerem counties|RNK=East Sussex}}]] | popestdate = {{English statistics year}} | pop = {{English cerem counties|POP=East Sussex}} (ceremonial county) | density_km2 = {{English cerem counties|DEN=East Sussex}} | adminpoprank = [[Leet o nan-metropolitan coonties o Ingland bi population|Rankit {{English admin counties|RNK=East Sussex}}]] | ethnicity<ref>Census 2001 profile http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/21-A.asp{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> = 97.7% White<br />1.0% S. Asie | council = <br />East Sussex County Council<br /> http://www.eastsussex.gov.uk/ | exec = {{English county control|CTY=East Sussex}} | mps = *[[Norman Baker]] [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|(LD)]] *[[Gregory Barker]] [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|(C)]] *[[Mike Weatherley]] [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|(C)]] *[[Amber Rudd]] [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|(C)]] *[[Charles Hendry]] [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|(C)]] *[[Caroline Lucas]] [[Green Pairty o Ingland an Wales|(Green)]] *[[Simon Kirby]] [[Conservative Pairty (UK)|(C)]] *[[Stephen Lloyd]] [[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|(LD)]] | subdivmap = [[Image:East Sussex Ceremonial Numbered.png]] | subdivs = #[[Hastings]] #[[Rother]] #[[Wealden]] #[[Eastbourne]] #[[Lewes (destrict)|Lewes]] #[[Brighton an Hove]] ([[unitary authority|Unitary]]) }} '''East Sussex''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˈ|s|ʌ|s|ɨ|k|s}}) is a [[Coonties o Ingland|coonty]] in [[Sooth East Ingland|Sooth East]] [[Ingland]]. It is bordered bi the coonties o [[Kent]], [[Surrey]] an [[Wast Sussex]], an tae the sooth bi the [[Inglis Channel]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/England/East_Sussex}} {{Geographic location |title = '''Neebourin coonties''' |Centre = East Sussex |North = [[Kent]] |Northeast = [[Kent]] |East = ''[[Inglis Channel]]'' |Southeast = ''[[Inglis Channel]]'' |South = ''[[Inglis Channel]]'' |Southwest = ''[[Inglis Channel]]'' |West = [[Wast Sussex]] |Northwest = [[Surrey]] }} {{East Sussex1}} {{Sussex}} {{SE_Ingland}} {{Ingland_coonties}} [[Category:East Sussex| ]] [[Category:Nan-metropolitan coonties]] njbn23np60wai5p8ocg0j6sonzin96r 0 36304 916543 838963 2026-05-10T18:13:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916543 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="toccolours" style="border-collapse: collapse; float: right; clear: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="260" |+ <big>'''Conwy Coonty Borough'''<br>'''''Bwrdeistref Sirol Conwy'''''</big> |- | colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: white;"|[[File:Wales Conwy locator map.svg|250px]] |- | colspan="2" style="background: #f0f0f0; font-weight: bolder;"|Geography |- ! style="font-weight: normal;" | '''[[Surface aurie|Aurie]]'''<br />- Tot<br />- % Watter |[[Leet o Welsh principal auries bi aurie|Rankit 6t]]<br />1,130&nbsp;km²<br />? % |- !Admeen HQ |[[Conwy]] |- ![[ISO 3166-2:GB|ISO 3166-2]] |GB-CWY |- ![[ONS codin seestem|ONS code]] |00NE |- | colspan=2 style="background: #f0f0f0; font-weight: bolder;"|Demographics |- ! style="font-weight: normal;" | '''[[Population]]''':<br />- ({{Welsh council population|TXT=Year}})<br />- [[Densitie]]<br />&nbsp; |[[Leet o Welsh principal auries bi population|Ranked {{Welsh council population|RNK=00NE}}]]<br />{{Welsh council population|POP=00NE}}<br />[[Leet o Welsh principal auries bi population densitie|Ranked {{Welsh council population|DRK=00NE}}]]<br />{{Welsh council population|DEN=00NE}} / km² |- !Ethnicity |98.2% White |- ! style="font-weight: normal;" | '''[[Welsh leid]]'''<br />- Ony skills |[[Leet o Welsh principal auries bi percentage Welsh leid|Ranked 5t]]<br />39.7% |- | colspan="2" style="background: #f0f0f0; font-weight: bolder;"|Politics |- |colspan="2" align=center|Conwy Coonty Borough Council<br />http://www.conwy.gov.uk/ |- !Control |{{Welsh council control|ONS=00NE}} |- ![[MPs elect in the UK general election, 2010|MPs]] | *[[Guto Bebb]] *[[David Jones (Welsh politeecian)|David Jones]] |- ![[Members o the National Assembly for Wales|AMs]] | *[[Darren Millar]] *[[Janet Finch-Saunders]]<br />(Constituency) *[[North Wales National Assembly for Wales Electoral Region|North Wales]]<br />(Regional) |- ![[Member o the European Parliament|MEPs]] |[[European Parliament election, 2004 (Unitit Kinrick)|Wales]] |} '''Conwy Coonty Burgh''' (''Welsh: Bwrdeisdref Sirol Conwy'') is a [[Local govrenment in Wales|unitary authority aurie]] in north o [[Wales]]. ==Geography== It contains the major settlements o [[Llandudno]], [[Llandudno Junction]], [[Llanrwst]], [[Betws-y-Coed]], [[Conwy]], [[Colwyn Bay]], [[Abergele]], [[Penmaenmawr]] an [[Llanfairfechan]], an haes a tot [[population]] o aboot 110,000. The [[River Conwy]], efter whilk the coonty burgh is namit, lies hailly athin the aurie: risin in [[Snowdonia]] an flowin throu [[Llanrwst]] an [[Trefriw]] en route tae the [[Erse Sea]] bi [[Conwy]]. The river here marks the mairch atween the [[Historic coonties o Wales|historic coonties]] o [[Caernarfonshire]] an [[Denbighshire]]. Ane third o the land aurie o the coonty burgh lees in the [[Snowdonia]] [[naitional pairk]], an the cooncil appynt three o the 18 members o the Snowdonia Naitional Pairk Authority. ==Welsh leid== Accordin tae the [[Unitit Kinrick Census 2001|2001 Census]] 39.7% o the population o the coonty burgh hae "ane or mair skills" in the [[Welsh leid]], whilk ranks it [[Leet o Welsh principal auries bi percentage Welsh leid|5t oot o 22]] principal auries in Wales.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00NE-A.asp |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-07-24 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629080459/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/census2001/profiles/00NE-A.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> The amoont o Welsh spoken in the coonty burgh greatly varies frae location tae location, wi generally the least bein spoken on the coastal fringe. Insaumples o the percentage speakin Welsh bi electoral ward :<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.conwy.gov.uk/doc.asp?cat=2027&doc=1205 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2012-07-24 |archive-date=2008-09-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080930075919/http://www.conwy.gov.uk/doc.asp?cat=2027&doc=1205 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Mostyn (Llandudno)]] 19.7% *[[Colwyn]] 22.6% *[[Conwy]] 33% *[[Trefriw]] 50% *[[Eglwysbach]] 63% *[[Conwy Uwch]] (Upper Conwy) 66.8% *[[Llangernyw]] 69.3% *[[Cerrigydrudion]] 76% ==Government== {{main|Conwy County Borough Council}} The coonty burgh wis formit on 1 Aprile 1996 bi mergin the destricts o [[Aberconwy (destrict)|Aberconwy]] an [[Colwyn]] whan it wis oreeginally namit '''Aberconwy an Colwyn'''. Housomeivver, its cooncil renamit the destrict a day later, on 2 Aprile 1996 tae '''Conwy'''. ===Politics=== Conwy is representit in Parliament bi [[Guto Bebb]] (Con) an [[David Jones (Welsh politeecian)|David Jones]] (Con), tho David Jones' Clwyd West constituency covers pairt o soothren Denbighshire an aw. In the [[National Assembly for Wales]], it is representit bi Janet Finch-Saunders(Con) an Darren Millar (Con). ===Coat o airms=== Conwy Coonty Borough Council wis grantit a [[coat o airms]] bi the [[College of Arms]] in 2001.<ref>Letters Patent datit 27 August 2001</ref> The new airms recaw thaim that baith Aberconwy an Colwyn Borough Councils haes. The main pairt o the shield depicts blue an siller waws for the river frae whilk the coonty burgh taks its name, an recaws the gowd an blue wavy field o Colwyn's airms an aw. On tap o the waws is placit a symbolic reid touer, representin [[Conwy Castle]]. The ''chief'' or upper third o the shield is coloured green, the main colour in Aberconwy's airms. In the centre o the chief is a severed heid frae the heraldry o Marchudd ap Cynan, Laird o Abergele an Rhos. On aither side are twa black spears ''embrued'', or haein drops o bluid on thair pynts. Thir come frae the reputit airms o Nefydd Hardd, associatit wi the [[Nant Conwy]] aurie. In front o each spear is a gowden ''garb'' or wheatsheaf, for the rural auries o the coonty burgh. Abuin the shield, placit on the steel helm uisual tae Breetish civic airms, is the ''crest''. This taks the form o the Welsh reid draigon supportin a Bible, risin frae a wreath o aik leafs an aicorns. The representation o the [[Bible]] is tae commemorate the fact that the first Welsh leid translation o the beuk oreeginatit in the aurie, while the aik circlet recaws that an aik tree formit the main chairge in the airms o Colwyn Borough Council, an its predecessor the [[municipal burgh]] o Colwyn Bay. The slogan adoptit is "Tegwch i Bawb", meanin "Fairness tae Aw" ==See an aw== *[[Leet o places in Conwy Coonty Burgh]] for a leet o touns an veelages. ==References== <references /> ==Freemit airtins== *{{dmoz|Regional/Europe/United_Kingdom/Wales/Conwy_County_Borough}} {{Conwy}} {{Wales subdiveesions}} [[Category:Conwy Coonty Burgh| ]] [[Category:Principal auries o Wales]] [[Category:Coonty burghs o Wales]] str6vzi0dp3qn9puf0lb7f1zwzsyqxu 0 36595 916538 898447 2026-05-10T17:16:44Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Prefecture Japan | Name = Chiba | JapaneseName = 千葉県 | Rōmaji = Chiba-ken | Symbol = Flag of Chiba Prefecture.svg | Capital = [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]] | Region = [[Kantō region|Kantō]] | Island = [[Honshū]] | TotalArea = 5,156.15 | AreaRank = 27t | PCWater = 0.8 | PopDate = 1 September 2010 | Population = 6,201,046 | PopRank = 6t | Density = 1202.65 | Districts = 6 | Municipalities = 54 | ISOCode = JP-12 | Website = [http://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/english/index.html pref.chiba.lg.jp/<br />english] | Flower = [[Oilseed rape|Rape blossom]] | Tree = [[Kusamaki]] | Bird = [[Meadow Bunting]] | Fish = [[Sparidae|Seabream]] | Map = Map_of_Japan_with_highlight_on_12_Chiba_prefecture.svg | Governor = [[Toshihito Kumagai]] }} {{nihongo|'''Chiba Prefectur'''|千葉県|Chiba-ken}} is a [[Prefecturs o Japan|prefectur]] o [[Japan]] locatit in the [[Kantō region]] an the [[Greater Tokyo Aurie]].<ref>Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Chiba-ken" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|''Japan Encyclopedia'', p. 109|page=109}}; "Kantō" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 479|page=479}}.</ref> Its caipital is [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba Ceety]].<ref>Nussbaum, "Chiba" in {{Google books|p2QnPijAEmEC|p. 109|page=109}}.</ref> == References == {{reflist}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category-inline|Chiba prefecture}} * [http://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/english/index.html Offeecial Chiba Prefectur wabsteid] {{en icon}} * [http://www.chibabeat.com Chiba Information Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304095718/http://chibabeat.com/ |date=2019-03-04 }} {{en icon}} * [http://www.stat.go.jp/english/data/nenkan/1431-02.htm Japan Statistical yearbeuk] {{en icon}} {{Chiba}} {{Regions an admeenistrative diveesions o Japan}} {{authority control}} <!--Categories--> <!--Other languages--> [[Category:Chiba Prefectur| ]] [[Category:Kantō region]] [[Category:Prefecturs o Japan]] hh67s5676ki7uqnsvmcwbna7gq64ikx 0 36635 916593 907695 2026-05-11T09:14:05Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}}{{Infobox settlement |name = Olsztyn |motto = Olsztyn – Miasto Młode Duchem…<br />(Olsztyn– ceety o a young spirit…) |image_skyline = Olsztyn-Stare miasto3.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = Auld Toun |image_flag = POL Olsztyn flag.svg |image_shield = POL Olsztyn COA.svg |pushpin_map = Poland |pushpin_label_position = bottom |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Poland}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships o Poland|Voivodeship]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Warmie-Masurie Voivodeship|Warmie-Masurie]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Powiat|Coonty]] |subdivision_name2 = ''ceety coonty'' |leader_title = Mayor |leader_name = Piotr Grzymowicz |established_title = Established |established_date = 14t century |established_title3 = Toun richts |established_date3 = 1353 |elevation_min_m = 88 |elevation_max_m = 154 |area_total_km2 = 88.328 |population_as_of = 2009 |population_total = 176387 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_metro = 270000 |timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] |utc_offset_DST = +2 |coordinates = {{coord|53|47|N|20|30|E|region:PL|display=inline}} |postal_code_type = Postal code |postal_code = 10-001 to 11–041 |area_code = +48 89 |website = http://www.olsztyn.eu |blank_name = [[Pols caur number plates|Caur plates]] |blank_info = NO }} [[File:Schloss Allenstein.JPG|thumb|250px|[[Ordensburg]] castle built bi the [[Teutonic Knichts]]]] '''Olsztyn''' ({{IPA-pl|ˈɔl.ʂtɨn|-|Pl-Olsztyn.ogg}}; {{lang-de|link=no|Allenstein}}, {{IPA-de|ˈalənʃtaɪ̯n|}}; [[Auld Pols leid|Auld Pols]]: ''Holstin''; [[Auld Proushian]]: ''Alnāsteini''; {{lang-lt|label=[[Lithuanian leid|Lithuanian]]|Olštynas}}) is a ceety on the [[Łyna River]] in northeastren [[Poland]]. Olsztyn haes been the caipital o the [[Warmie-Masurie Voivodeship]] syne 1999. It wis previously in the [[Olsztyn Voivodeship]] (an in [[voivodeships o Poland|ither units]] in 1945–75 an 1975–98). The ceety haes coonty status. == History == In 1346 the auld Posuhie [[Warmie]] forest in the vicinity wis cleared an a place wis selectit on the ''Alle'', nou Łyna River, for a new settlement. The [[Teutonic Knichts]] began the construction o [[Ordensburg]] castle in 1347 as a stranghauld against the [[Auld Proushies]], an the settlement o Allenstein wis first mentioned the follaein year. The German name ''Allenstein'' meant a castle on the Alle River. It became kent in Pols transliteration as ''Olsztyn''. The settlement receivit [[German toun law|municipal richts]] frae [[Johannes von Leysen]] on 31 October 1353, an the castle wis completit in 1397. Allenstein wis incorporatit intae the [[Kinrick o Poland (1385–1569)|Kinrick o Poland]] durin the [[Pols–Lithuanie–Teutonic War|Pols-Lithuanie-Teutonic War]] in 1410 an in 1414 durin the [[Hunger War]], but wis returned tae the [[monastic state o the Teutonic Knichts]] efter hostilities endit. Allenstein joined the [[Proushie Confederation]] in 1440. It rebelled against the Teutonic Knichts in 1454 upon the ootbreak o the [[Thirteen Years' War (1454–66)|Thirteen Years' War]] an requestit protection frae the [[Croun o the Kinrick o Poland|Pols Croun]]. Although the Teutonic Knichts captured the toun in the follaein year, it wis retaken bi Pols troops in 1463. The [[Seicont Peace o Thorn (1466)]] allocatit Allenstein an the [[Roman Catholic Airchdiocese o Warmie|Bishopric o Warmie]] as pairt o [[Ryal Proushie]] unner the sovereignty o the Croun o Poland. Frae 1516–21, [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] livit at the castle as admeenistrator o Allenstein an [[Pieniężno|Mehlsack (Pieniężno)]]; he wis in chairge o the [[Siege o Olsztyn|defenses o Allenstein]] an [[Warmie]] durin the [[Pols–Teutonic War (1519–1521)|Pols-Teutonic War o 1519–21]]. Allenstein wis sacked bi [[Swadish Empire|Swadish]] troops in 1655 an 1708 durin the [[Pols–Swadish wars|Pols-Swadish wars]], an the toun's population wis nearly wipit oot in 1710 bi epidemics o [[bubonic plague]] an [[cholera]]. Allenstein wis annexed bi the [[Kinrick o Proushie]] in 1772 durin the [[First Pairtition o Poland]]. A Proushie census recordit a population o 1,770 fowk, predominantly fermers, in Allenstein, which wis admeenistered athin the [[Province o East Proushie]]. It wis visitit bi [[Napoleon I|Napoleon Bonaparte]] in 1807 efter his victories ower the [[Proushie Airmy]] at [[Battle o Jena-Auerstedt|Jena an Auerstedt]]. In 1825 the ceety wis inhabitit bi 1266 Poles an 1341 Germans<ref>Historia Pomorza:(1815-1850),Gerard Labuda, Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk,page 157, 1993</ref> The German leid newspaper, ''[[Allensteiner Zeitung]]'', wis first published in 1841. The toun hospital wis foondit in 1867. [[File:Kopernikusplatz(plac Bema) - 16.04.1917.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Allenstein's Kopernikusplatz (now Plac Bema) in 1917]] Allenstein became parit o the [[German Empire]] in 1871 durin the Proushie-led [[unification o Germany]]. Twa years later the ceety wis connectit bi railwey tae [[Toruń|Thorn (Toruń)]]. Its first [[Pols leid]] newspaper, the ''[[Gazeta Olsztyńska]]'', wis foondit in 1886. Allenstein's infrastructur developit rapidly: gas wis instawed in 1890, telephones in 1892, public watter supply in 1898, an electricity in 1907. The ceety became the caipital o [[Allenstein (region)|Regierungsbezirk Allenstein]], a govrenment admeenistrative region in East Proushie, in 1905. Frae 1818–1910 the ceety wis admeenistered athin the East Proushie [[Allenstein (destrict)|Allenstein Destrict]], efter which it became an [[independent ceety]]. Shortly efter the ootbreak o Warld War I, truips o the [[Roushie Empire]] captured Allenstein in 1914, but it wis recovered bi the [[German Airmy (German Empire)|Imperial German Airmy]] in the [[Battle o Tannenberg (1914)|Battle o Tannenberg]]. The battle actually teuk place hintle closer tae Allenstein than Tannenberg (nou [[Stębark]]), but the victorious Germans, haein been defeatit in the [[Battle o Grunwald|medieval battle o Tannenberg]], namit it as such for [[propaganda]] purposes). In 1920 durin the [[East Proushie plebiscite]], Allenstein votit tae remain in German East Prussia insteid o becomin pairt o the [[Seicont Pols Republic]]. The fitbaa club [[SV Hindenburg Allenstein]] played in Allenstein frae 1921 tae 45. Efter the [[Nazi Pairty|Nazi]] [[Machtergreifung|seizur o power]] in 1933, [[Poles]] an Jews in Allenstein wur increasingly persecutit. In 1935 the [[Wehrmacht]] made the ceety the seat o the ''Allenstein Militärische Bereich''. It wis the hame o the 11t Infanterie Diveesion, the 11t Airtillery Regiment, an the 217th Infanterie Diveesion. [[File:Stamp Allenstein 1920 5pf.jpg|right|120px|thumb|5-Pfennig stamp]] In 1920 a [[East Poushie plebiscite|plebiscite]] wis held tae determine whether the ceety's populace wished tae remain in [[East Proushie]] or become pairt o [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland]]. In order tae advertise the plebiscite, special postage stamps wur producit bi [[owerprint]]in German stamps an sauld frae 3 Aprile. Ane kynd o overprint read <small>'''PLÉBISCITE / OLSZTYN / ALLENSTEIN'''</small>, while the ither read <small>'''TRAITÉ / DE / VERSAILLES / ART. 94 et 95'''</small> inside an oval whose border gave the full name o the plebiscite commission. Each owerprint wis appleed tae 14 denominations rangin frae 5 [[Pfennig|Pf]] tae 3 [[Mark (money)|M]]. The plebiscite wis held on 11 Julie, an producit 362,209 votes (97.8 %) for East Proushie an 7,980 votes (2.2 %) for Poland. The stamps became invalid on 20 August. Despite their short period o uise, amaist aw o the stamps are cheaply available baith uised an unuised. On 12 October 1939, efter the [[invasion o Poland]] that began Warld War II, the Wehrmacht established an Aurie Heidquairters for [[Militar destrict (Germany)|Wehrkreis]] I that controlled the sub-auries o Allenstein, [[Giżycko|Lötzen (Giżycko)]] an [[Ciechanów|Zichenau (Ciechanów)]]. Beginnin in 1939, members o the Pols-speakin minority, especially members o the [[Union o Poles in Germany]], wur deportit tae [[Nazi concentration camps]]. Allenstein wis plundered an burnt bi the invadin [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Red Airmy]] on 22 Januar 1945, as the [[Eastren Front (Warld War II)|Eastren Front]] reached the ceety. Allenstein's German population [[Evacuation o East Proushie|evacuatit the region]] or wur [[:en:Flight and expulsion of Germans from Poland during and after World War II|subsequently expelled]]. On 2 August 1945, the ceety wis placit unner Pols admeenistration bi the Soviets (accordin tae the [[Potsdam Greement]]) an offeecially renamit tae Pols ''Olsztyn''. In October 1945, the German population o Olsztyn wis expelled bi Order o the Ceety Commanders o Olsztyn an ordered tae assemble on 18 October at [[Karl Roensch]] Street barracks camp for transfer tae Germany an in the case o nan-compliance wur tae be put in a "punishment camp". A [[Tyre (wheel)|tyre]] factory wis foondit in Olsztyn in 1967. == Geografie == Locatit in the northeast pairt o Poland in the "Thoosans Lakes Aurie" === Green belt === Mair nor hauf o the forests occupeein 21.2 % o the ceety aurie form a single complex o the Municipal Forest (1050 ha) uised mainly for recreation an tourism purposes. Athin the Municipal Forest aurie are situatit twa peat-laund flora sanctuars, [[Mszar]] an [[Redykajny]]. Municipal greenery (560 ha, 6.5 % o the toun aurie) developit in the form of numerous pairks, green spots an three cemeteries ower a century-auld. The greenery includes 910 monuments o natur an groups o protectit trees in the form o [[beech]], [[aik]], [[maple]] an [[Lime (fruit)|lime]]-lined avenues. === Lochs === The ceety is situatit in a loch region o forests an plains. There are 15 lochs inside the admeenistrative boonds o the ceety (13 wi auries greater than 1 [[hectare|ha]]). The oweraw aurie o lochs in Olsztyn is aboot 725 ha, which constitutes 8.25 % o the total ceety aurie. {| class="wikitable sortable" style="border:1px solid #f2f2f2; margin:1px 0; font-size:84%;" |- !| Loch !| Aurie ([[hectare|ha]]) !| Maximum depth (m) |- | [[Loch Ukiel|Loch Ukiel (a.k.a. Jezioro Krzywe)]] || 412 || 43 |- | [[Loch Kortowskie]] || 89.7 || 17.2 |- | [[Loch Track|Loch Track (a.k.a. Jezioro Trackie)]] || 52.8 || 4.6 |- | [[Loch Skanda]] || 51.5 || 12 |- | [[Loch Redykajny]] || 29.9 || 20.6 |- | [[Loch Długie]] || 26.8 || 17.2 |- | [[Loch Sukiel]] || 20.8 || 25 |- | [[Loch Tyrsko|Loch Tyrsko (a.k.a. Jezioro Gutkowskie)]] || 18.6 || 30.6 |- | [[Loch Stary Dwór|Loch Stary Dwór (a.k.a. Jezioro Starodworskie )]] || 6.0 || 23.3 |- | [[Loch Siginek|Loch Siginek (a.k.a. Jezioro Kopytko, Jezioro Podkówka, Jezioro Styginek)]] || 6.0 || insufficient data |- | [[Loch Czarne]] || approximately 1.3 || insufficient data |- | [[Lake Żbik]] || approximately 1.2 || insufficient data |- | [[Loch Pereszkowo|Loch Pereszkowo (a.k.a. Jezioro Pyszkowo)]] || approximately 1.2 || insufficient data |- | [[Mummelsee|Loch Mummel (a.k.a. Jezioro Mumel)]] || approximately 0.3 || insufficient data |- | [[Loch Modrzewiowe]] || 0.25 || insufficient data |} === Demografics === [[File:Olsztyn-Stadttor.jpg|thumb|The Upper Gate (Heich Gate) in the Auld Toun]] {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year ! Population |- | 1772 | 1,770 |- | 1846 | 4,000 |- | 1875 | 6,000 |- | 1885 | 11,555 |- | 1890 | 19,373 |- | 1895 | 25,000 |- | 1939 | 50,000 |- | 1941 | 54,300 |- | 1946 | 23,000 |- | 1950 | 45,000 |- | 1972 | over 100,000 |- | 1994 | 165,000 |- | 2000 | 170,000 |- | 2009 (30 Juin) | 176,387 |} == Administrative diveesion == [[File:Olsztyn-ratusz.jpg|thumb|300px|Ceety hall]] Olsztyn is dividit intae 23 destricts: {|border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" style="border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center; font-size:84%" |- !Destrict || Population || Aurie || [[Population densitie|Densitie]] |- |[[Brzeziny, Olsztyn|Brzeziny]] ||align=right| 1,456 || 2.25&nbsp;km² || 647.1/km² |- |[[Dajtki]] ||align=right| 5,863 || 7.5&nbsp;km² || 781.7/km² |- |[[Osiedle Generałów|Generałów]] ||align=right| 6,500 || nae data || nae data |- |[[Osiedle Grunwaldzkie, Olsztyn|Grunwaldzkie]] ||align=right| 6,027 || 1.46&nbsp;km² || 4,128.1/km² |- |[[Gutkowo, Olsztyn|Gutkowo]] ||align=right| 2,256 || 7.2&nbsp;km² || 313.3/km² |- |[[Jaroty, Olsztyn|Jaroty]] ||align=right| 29,046 || 4.82&nbsp;km² || 6,026.1/km² |- |[[Osiedle Kętrzyńskiego|Kętrzyńskiego]] ||align=right| 7,621 || 4.83&nbsp;km² || 1,577.8/km² |- |[[Kormoran, Olsztyn|Kormoran]] ||align=right| 16,166 || 1.1&nbsp;km² || 14,696.4/km² |- |[[Kortowo]] ||align=right| 1,131 || 4.22&nbsp;km² || 268/km² |- |[[Osiedle Kościuszki|Kościuszki]] ||align=right| 6,704 || 1.18&nbsp;km² || 5,681.4/km² |- |[[Likusy, Olsztyn|Likusy]] ||align=right| 2,286 || 2.1&nbsp;km² || 1,088.6/km² |- |[[Osiedle Mazurskie|Mazurskie]] ||align=right| 4,615 || 5.98&nbsp;km² || 771.7/km² |- |[[Osiedle Nad Jeziorem Długim|Nad Jeziorem Długim]] ||align=right| 2,408 || 4.23&nbsp;km² || 569.3/km² |- |[[Nagórki, Olsztyn|Nagórki]] ||align=right| 12,538 || 1.69&nbsp;km² || 7,418.9/km² |- |[[Pieczewo, Olsztyn|Pieczewo]] ||align=right| 10,918 || 2.24&nbsp;km² || 4,874.1/km² |- |[[Podgrodzie, Olsztyn|Podgrodzie]] ||align=right| 11,080 || 1.35&nbsp;km² || 8,207.4/km² |- |[[Podleśna, Olsztyn|Podleśna]] ||align=right| 10,414 || 9.93&nbsp;km² || 1,048.7/km² |- |[[Pojezierze, Olsztyn|Pojezierze]] ||align=right| 13,001 || 2.39&nbsp;km² || 5,439.7/km² |- |[[Redykajny, Olsztyn|Redykajny]] ||align=right| 1,555 || 6.1&nbsp;km² || 254.9/km² |- |[[Śródmieście, Olsztyn|Śródmieście]] ||align=right| 3,448 || 0.58&nbsp;km² || 5,944.8/km² |- |[[Osiedle Wojska Polskiego, Olsztyn|Wojska Polskiego]] ||align=right| 6,759 || 5.03&nbsp;km² || 1,343.7/km² |- |[[Zatorze, Olsztyn|Zatorze]] ||align=right| 6,988 || 0.45&nbsp;km² || 15,528.9/km² |- |[[Zielona Górka]] ||align=right| 1,015 || 6.44&nbsp;km² || 157.6/km² |} There are mony smawer destricts: [[Jakubowo, Olsztyn|Jakubowo]], [[Karolin, Olsztyn|Karolin]], [[Kolonia Jaroty]], [[Kortowo II]], [[Łupstych, Olsztyn|Łupstych]], [[Niedźwiedź, Olsztyn|Niedźwiedź]], [[Piękna Góra, Olsztyn|Piękna Góra]], [[Podlesie, Olsztyn|Podlesie]], [[Pozorty, Olsztyn|Pozorty]], [[Skarbówka Poszmanówka]], [[Słoneczny Stok, Olsztyn|Słoneczny Stok]], [[Stare Kieźliny]], [[Stare Miasto, Olsztyn|Stare Miasto]], [[Stare Zalbki]], [[Stary Dwór, Olsztyn|Stary Dwór]], [[Track, Olsztyn|Track]]. These dae no hae cooncil representative assemblies. == Cultur == === Theatres === * [[:en:Stefan Jaracz Theatre, Olsztyn|Stefan Jaracz Theatre]] (est. 1925) * [[:en:Puppet Theatre, Olsztyn|Puppet Theatre]] === Cinemas === * [[:en:Helios (cinemas)|Helios]] === Museums === Olsztyn's lairgest museum is the [[:en:Museum of Warmia and Mazury|Museum o Warmie an Mazury]]. The ceety haes the [[Gazeta Olsztyńska House]], [[:en:Museum of Nature, Olsztyn|Museum o Natur]], an [[:en:Museum of Sports, Olsztyn|Museum o Sports]]. === Airchitectur === [[File:Olsztyn-katedra.jpg|thumb|300px|St. James's Cathedral]] * The Auld Toun * The [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] castle o the [[:en:Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Warmia|Bishopric o Warmie]] built durin the 14t century. * St. James's Cathedral ({{lang-pl|św. Jakuba}}, {{lang-de|link=no|St. Jacob}} or ''St. Jakob''). * Auld Toun Haw on the [[:en:Old Market Square|Market Square]] – built in mid-14t century. * [[Gazeta Olsztyńska House]] at Fish Mercat. * The toun waws an the [[Upper Gate (Olsztyn)|Upper Gate]] (syne the mid-19t century kent as the Heich Gate). * [[Gothic Revival airchitectur|Neogothic]] [[:en:Church of the Holy Heart of Jesus (Olsztyn)|kirk o the Holy Hert o Jesus]], built durin the years 1901–1902 * The [[:en:New City Hall (Olsztyn)|New Ceety Haw]] * The Railway Bridge ower the [[Łyna River|River Łyna]] gorge near Artyleryjska an Wyzwolenia streets, built durin the years 1872–1873 * The Jerusalem Chapel, built in 1565 * Kirk o St. Lawrence, built durin the late 14t century * [[FM- and TV-mast Olsztyn-Pieczewo]] – 360 metres heich, syne the collapse o the [[Warsaw radio mast]] the tawest structur in [[Poland]] === Music === [[Daith metal]] act [[Vader (baund)|Vader]], regardit as ane o the first daith metal baunds frae Poland. == Economy == The [[Michelin]] tyre company (umwhile [[Stomil Olsztyn (company)|Stomil Olsztyn]]) is the lairgest employer in the region o Warmie an Masurie.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.autoflesz.pl/artykuly/4718,100milionowa_opona_w_olsztynskiej_fabryce_Michelin.html |title=100-milionowa opona w olsztyńskiej fabryce Michelin – Autoflesz.pl – Niezależny Portal Motoryzacyjny |publisher=Autoflesz.pl |accessdate=16 September 2011 |archive-date=2014-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521200658/http://www.autoflesz.pl/artykuly/4718,100milionowa_opona_w_olsztynskiej_fabryce_Michelin.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ither important [[industry|industries]] are [[fuid processin]] an furnitur manufacturin. == Unemployment == Olsztyn- 4,000 (fowk) – 4.8% rate == Education == [[File:Uniwersytet Warmińsko-Mazurski w Olsztynie.jpg|thumb|150px|right|University of Warmia and Mazury]] * [[:en:University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn|University of Warmia and Mazury]] [http://www.uwm.edu.pl/pl/strona.php?b=2&ids=1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060526115542/http://www.uwm.edu.pl/pl/strona.php?b=2&ids=1 |date=2006-05-26 }} * [http://wsiie.olsztyn.pl/english/ University of Computer Science and Economics ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080521045115/http://www.wsiie.olsztyn.pl/english/ |date=2008-05-21 }} * [http://www.osw.olsztyn.pl/ Olsztyńska Szkoła Wyższa im. Józefa Rusieckiego] * [http://www.owsiiz.edu.pl/ Olsztyńska Wyższa Szkoła Informatyki i Zarządzania im. Tadeusza Kotarbińskiego] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101210042054/http://www.owsiiz.edu.pl/ |date=2010-12-10 }} * [http://www.hosianum.edu.pl/ Wyższe Seminarium Duchowne HOSIANUM] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716204923/http://www.hosianum.edu.pl/ |date=2012-07-16 }} * [[Masurian Institute]] (est. 1943) == Sport == * [[AZS UWM Olsztyn|Indykpol AZS Olsztyn]] – [[:en:Volleyball in Poland|men's volleybaw]] team playin in [[Polish Volleyball League|Polish Volleyball League (PLS, Polska Liga Siatkówki)]] * [[OKS 1945 Olsztyn]] – men's [[:en:Football in Poland|fitbaw]] team, (8 saisons in Pols Ekstraklasa as Stomil Olsztyn) * [[Warmia Traveland Olsztyn]] – men's [[:en:Handball in Poland|handbaw]] team playin in Seria A (Pols First League) * [[AZS UWM Trójeczka Olsztyn]] – men's [[:en:Basketball in Poland|basketbaw]] team playin in Pols Seicont League * [[WMPD Olsztyn]] – men's rugby team, playin in First Pols League * [[Budowlani Olsztyn]] Warstlin team == Politics == Members o the [[:en:Sejm of the Republic of Poland|Sejm]] electit frae Olsztyn constituency in 2005 * [[Mieczysław Aszkiełowicz]], [[:en:Self-Defense of the Republic of Poland|Sel-Defense o the Republic o Poland (Samoobrona Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej)]] * [[Beata Bublewicz]], [[:en:Civic Platform|Civic Platform (PO, Platforma Obywatelska)]] * [[Jerzy Gosiewski]], [[:en:Law and Justice|Law and Justice (PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość)]] * [[Tadeusz Iwiński]], [[:en:Democratic Left Alliance|Democratic Left Alliance (SLD, Sojusz Lewicy Demokratycznej)]] * [[Edward Ośko]], [[:en:League of Polish Families|League o Pols Faimilies (LPR, Liga Polskich Rodzin)]] * [[Adam Puza]], [[:en:Law and Justice|Law an Justice (PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość)]] * [[Sławomir Rybicki]], [[:en:Civic Platform|Civic Platform (PO, Platforma Obywatelska)]] * [[Lidia Staroń]], [[:en:Civic Platform|Civic Platform (PO, Platforma Obywatelska)]] * [[Aleksander Szczygło|Aleksander Marek Szczygło]], [[:en:Law and Justice|Law and Justice (PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość)]] * [[Zbigniew Włodkowski]], [[:en:Polish People's Party|Polish Peasant Party (PSL, Polskie Stronnictwo Ludowe)]] Members o [[:en:Senate of the Republic of Poland|Senate]] electit frae Olsztyn constituency in 2005 * [[Ryszard Józef Górecki]], [[:en:Civic Platform|Civic Platform (PO, Platforma Obywatelska)]] * [[Jerzy Szmit]], [[:en:Law and Justice|Law an Justice (PiS, Prawo i Sprawiedliwość)]] == Internaitional relations == [[File:Olsztyn-planetarium.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Planetarium o Olsztyn]] {{See an aa|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Poland}} === Twin towns – Sister ceeties === Olsztyn is [[twin touns an sister ceeties|twinned]] wi: {| class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Calpe]], Spain * {{flagicon|France}} [[Châteauroux|Chateauroux]], Fraunce * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Gelsenkirchen]], Germany<ref name="RuhrTwins2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd|title=List of Twin Towns in the Ruhr District|publisher=2009 [http://www.twins2010.com/index.php?id=home&L=1 Twins2010.com]|accessdate=28 October 2009|archive-date=2009-11-28|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5lctsW5KG?url=http://www.twins2010.com/fileadmin/user_upload/pic/Dokumente/List_of_Twin_Towns_01.pdf?PHPSESSID=2edd34819db21e450d3bb625549ce4fd|url-status=dead}}</ref> || * {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Kaliningrad]], Roushie '* {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Lutsk]], Ukraine * {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Offenburg]], Germany || * {{flagicon|USA}} [[Richmond, Virginia|Richmond]], VA Unitit States * {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Rovaniemi]], Finland * {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Bielsko-Biała]], Poland<ref name="Bielsko">{{cite web|url=http://www.um.bielsko.pl/|title=''Bielsko-Biała – Partner Cities''|publisher=2008 Urzędu Miejskiego w Bielsku-Białej.|accessdate=10 December 2008}}</ref> |} Olsztyn belangs tae the Federation o Copernicus Ceeties, an association o ceeties whare [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]] livit an wirkit, such as [[Bologna]], [[Frombork]], [[Kraków]], an [[Toruń]]. The main office o the federation is situatit at Olsztyn Planetarium an Astronomical Observatory, locatit on St. Andrew's Hill (143 m) in a umwhile [[watter touer]] erectit in 1897. == References == {{reflist}} {{refbegin}} {{commons|Olsztyn}} * {{pl icon}} http://www.olsztyn.eu/ * {{pl icon}} http://www.bezrobocie.net/stat_powiaty.php/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904165651/http://www.bezrobocie.net/stat_powiaty.php |date=2014-09-04 }} {{refend}} * [http://www.zamkigotyckie.org.pl/olsztyn.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100220023326/http://zamkigotyckie.org.pl/olsztyn.htm |date=2010-02-20 }} (pols) * [http://www.pascal.pl/atrakcja.php?id=25797] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308112401/http://www.pascal.pl/atrakcja.php?id=25797 |date=2012-03-08 }} (pols) ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.olsztyn.eu/en.html Offeecial wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215222127/http://www.olsztyn.eu/en.html |date=2015-02-15 }} {{en icon}} *[http://www.olsztyn.com/ Olsztyn Ceety Guide] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120508055500/http://www.olsztyn.com/ |date=2012-05-08 }} {{en icon}} {{Principal ceeties o Poland}} {{Warmie-Masurie Voivodeship|state=autocollapse}} {{Olsztyn Coonty|state=autocollapse}} {{coord|53|47|N|20|29|E|display=title}} [[Category:Populatit places established in the 1340s]] [[Category:Castles o the Teutonic Knichts]] [[Category:Olsztyn]] [[Category:Ceety coonties o Poland]] [[Category:Ceeties an touns in Warmie-Masurie Voivodeship]] tf8f28po20t8fcled4kw7t9jyxk2w9n 0 36639 916581 915554 2026-05-11T04:00:39Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox UK place |country = Scotland |label_position= left |language= [[Inglish leid|English]] |language1= [[Scots leid|Scots]] |official_name= Langholm |scots_name= Langhowm |gaelic_name= Langaim |local_name= ''The Muckle Toon'' |population= 2,311 |population_ref= (2001) |os_grid_reference= NY364847 |coordinates = {{coord|55.152|-2.999|display=inline,title}} |unitary_scotland= [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] |lieutenancy_scotland= [[Dumfriesshire|Dumfries]] |constituency_westminster= [[Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale (UK Parliament constituency)|Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale and Tweeddale]] |constituency_scottish_parliament= [[Dumfriesshire (Scottish Parliament constituency)|Dumfrieshire]] |post_town= LANGHOLM |postcode_area= DG |postcode_district= DG13 |dial_code= 013873 |static_image_name= Langholm.jpg |static_image_caption= Langham an the [[River Esk, Dumfries an Gallowa|River Esk]] |london_distance= |edinburgh_distance= }} '''Langham''' (English: '''Langholm''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|æ|ŋ|əm}}), kent as "The Muckle Toun" an aw, is a burgh the historical coonty o [[Dumfriesshire]] in [[Dumfries an Gallowa]] in soothwast [[Scotland]]. Langham lies atween fower hills in the dale o the [[River Esk, Dumfries an Gallowa|River Esk]] in the [[Soothren Uplands]]. It is the tradeetional seat o [[Clan Armstrong]] wi its maist famous descendant bein [[Neil Armstrong]], the first man tae walk on the muin. In 1972 he acceptit in person bein bestowed the first Freeman an Honorary Burgess o the burgh o Langham. On acceptin the honour he said "The most difficult place to be recognised is in one's home town. And I consider this now to be my home town."<ref name=nls>[http://movingimage.nls.uk/film/0536 "NEIL ARMSTRONG IN LANGHOLM" National Library of Scotland]{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ==Location an geography== [[File:Langholm 09.jpg|thumb|left|Whita hill wi its obelisk commemoratin Sir [[John Malcolm]], Governor of Bombay from 1827-30.]] Langham sits 8 mile north o the [[Scots-Inglis Border|Scots-English mairch]] on the [[A7 road]] rinnin atween [[Edinburgh]] in in east central Scotland an [[Cairl]] in nor'wast [[Ingland|England]]. Edinburgh is 73 mile til the north, [[Copshaw Howm]] is aroond 10 mile til the east, an Cairl is 19 mile til the sooth.<ref name=lang>{{Cite web |url=https://www.langholm-online.co.uk/pages/content.asp?PageID=275 |title=Langholm Online |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2018-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030035455/https://www.langholm-online.co.uk/pages/content.asp?PageID=275 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Langham is immediate surroondit bi fower hills in the [[River Esk, Dumfries an Gallowa|River Esk]] dale within Scotland's wider [[Soothren Uplands]]. The hie-est o the fower hills is the 984 fit Whita hilltat that an obelisk (kent local as "The Moniment" staunds on. The Moniment commemorates the life an achievements o Sir [[John Malcolm]] (1769-1833), an umwhile sodger, statesman, an historian. The ither three hills is Warblaw (in Langhown it's pronoonce't Warbla), Meiklehowmhill (a knowe that is kent there as 'Tinpin', an the Castle Hill. {{clear left}} ==History== Langham is the tradeetional seat o [[Clan Armstrong]] that is praisent representit aroond the warld bi the offeecial Clan Armstrong Trust. Hame o the Clan Armstrong is [[Gilnockie Tour]] 4.5 mile sooth o Langham an 1.4 mile north o [[Canonbie]]. The Episcopalian kirk on Castle Howm gae intae disuse afore convertin intil the Clan Armstrong Museum. The toun wis an important centre for the [[Border reivers]]. The town later growed around the [[claith]] industry. ==Governance== Langham is in the UK pairlamentary constituency o [[Dumfriesshire, Clydesdale an Tweeddale]]. [[David Mundell]] is the praisent [[Scots Conservative Pairty]] [[Member o Pairlament]]. The toun is pairt o the Sooth Scotland region in the [[Scots Pairlament]], bein int he constituency o Dumfriesshire. [[Oliver Mundell]] o the [[Scots Conservative Pairty]] is the MSP. Langham is represented on [[Dumfries an Galloway Cooncil]] by three cooncillors for Annandale East an Eskdale: Archie Dryburgh o the [[Scots Labour Pairty|Scots Labour Pairty]], Denis Male o the independents an Karen Carruthers o the Scots Conservative Pairty. The neist election will tak place in 2027. Afore [[Brexit]] for the [[European Pairlament]] its residenters votit tae elect [[Member o the European Pairlament|MEPs]] for the [[Scotland (European Pairlament consteetuency)|Scotland]] constituency. ==Namely veesitors an residenters== ===Neil Armstrong=== In 1972, astronaut [[Neil Armstrong]] wis walcomed an mae the first freeman an burgess o the burgh.<ref name=hera>[http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/13073067.Neil_Armstrong_s_Scots_roots_celebrated_as_Moon_landing_hero_makes_his_final_journey/ "Neil Armstrong's Scots roots celebrated as Moon landing hero makes his final journey"]</ref> The depute toun clark at the time later said, "The town council had made the approach because this is Armstrong country and we thought it would be appropriate. It turned out that he was coming to Edinburgh to deliver the Mountbatten lecture so he coul accept and come to Langholm."<ref name=scot>[https://www.scotsmagazine.com/articles/neil-armstrong-langholm/ "Mission To… Langholm?" The Scots Magazine 15 June 2015]</ref> The ceremony teuk place at Langham's lairgest biggin o the time, the pairish kirk. Wi his mainer o cannie deegnity he statit:<ref name=nls/><ref name=scot/> :"The most difficult place to be recognised is in one's home town. And I consider this now my home town." He commentit an aw: :"My pleasure is not only that this is the land of [[Johnnie Armstrong]], rather that my pleasure is in knowing that this is my home town and in the genuine feeling that I have among these hills among these people."<ref>http://www.dgstandard.co.uk/dumfries-news/local-news-dumfries/local-news-annandale-eskdale/2009/07/24/armstrong-lands-home-at-langholm-51311-24224663/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://scottishtartans.org/education/space_tartans.php |title="Armstrong's Lantern: Spaceflight Scottish Connections" Scottish Tartans Museum |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2019-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102121004/http://scottishtartans.org/education/space_tartans.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> He syne walkit for his denner at Buccleuch Hall. His veesit is capturt in a online video.<ref name=bbcfarem>[https://www.bbc.com/news/av/uk-19433405/neil-armstrong-remembered-by-scottish-town-langholm BBC 31 Aug 2012 "Neil Armstrong remembered by Scottish town Langholm"]</ref><ref name=nabbc70dec>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/aboutus/wirelesstoweb/decades/index.shtml?decade=70s BBC Scotland, Watch and listen 1970s]</ref><ref name=tynetees>[https://vimeo.com/48610124 Neil Armstrong in Langholm, Tyne Tees]</ref><ref name=bbcrem>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/8158762.stm "Recalling Moon man's 'muckle' leap" BBC, 20 July 2009]</ref> In kiverage bi the international press, the ''[[Chicago Tribune]]'''s front page story includit a map o the Breetish Isles merkin anely [[Lunnon]] an Langham. Armstrong universal kent for his hummleness<ref name=nasa>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/Features/neil_armstrong_passing.html |title="Neil Armstrong: 'We have lost a humble giant, but his legacy is forever'" NASA 27 August 2012 |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2021-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210411155835/https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/Features/neil_armstrong_passing.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> is myndit as haein no interest on his veesit o blowstin o his achievements. Insteid he wis resorbit in findin oot mair o his Armstrong heirskip an makkin a connection with the aurie.<ref name=scot/> ===Ither fowk=== [[Thomas Telford]] wis born nearby an wrocht in Langham as a prentice early in his career. Christopher Murray Grieve (better kent as [[Hugh MacDiarmid]] wis born in Langham. The Scots poet wis a leadin licht in the [[Scots Renaissance]] o the 20t century. Unusual for a communist, he wis a commitit [[Scots naitionalism|Scots nationalist]] an wrate in baith English an leeterar Scots. The toun is hame til a moniment in his honour made o [[watherin steel]] that taks the form o a lairge appen beuk depictin eemages fae his writins. The first female corporate member o the [[Institution o Ceevil Ingineers]], [[Dorothy Donaldson Buchanan]], wis born an reart in Langham, the dochter o Rev James Donalson Buchanan, the langtime meenister in Langham Pairish. [[David Thomas Richardson]], a linguist an an officer in the [[Bengal Airmy]] wis born in Langham. ==Economy== [[Edinburgh Woollen Mill]] wis foondit in Langham in 1946 bi Drew Stevenson, houiver thay recent announce't plants tae muive thair heidquarters fae Langham tae Cairl.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-44239890</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-south-scotland-44239890|title=First minister 'disappointed' by EWM move|author=|date=24 May 2018|publisher=|accessdate=23 August 2018|via=www.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> ==Transport== ===Bus=== The X95 cross-mairch bus service (that is operatit bi [[Borders Buses]] rins throu Langham, the service maistly follaes the route o the [[A7 road]] atween Edinburgh an Cairl via [[Haaick]] in [[The Mairches]]. ===Rail=== [[Langholm railwey station]] appent in 1964, bit closed 100 year later. The last raiglar passenger train wis on 13 Juin 1964, awthou a speicial train ran in Mairch 1967, complete wi a restaurant caur; the fraucht service conteenaed until September 1967. The nearest operational railwey stations is at Cairl in England an [[Lockerbie]] in Scotland. ==Local media== ===Newspaper=== The local newspaper is the ''Eskdale an Liddesdale Advertiser'' sted in Langham High Street. The ''Advertiser'' is awnt bi the [[CN Group]]. The newpaper kivers news fae Langham an its surroondin auries (namely [[Canonbie]] an [[Copshaw Howm]] an is common refert tae locally as "The Squeak". Estaiblisht in 1848, the newspaper wis the first penny newspaper in Scotland. ===Radio=== Ootby o the nationwide services a body can receive transmissions by: * [[BBC Radio Cumbria]] * [[BBC Radio Scotland]] * [[Radio Borders]] * [[Radio WestSound]] ==Eddication== [[Langholm Academy]] is a combine't primary an seicontary schuil. ==Sport== In 1858 Langholm [[Cricket]] Club wis foondit. The club play thair matches on the picturesque Castleholm Ground. They praisently play thair matches in the Border League, finishin mid-table for the 2009 saison. The 2010 saison stairtit again [[Gallae]] at hame on 24 Apryle. In 1871, [[Langholm RFC]] wis foondit, bein the auldest Rugby club in the Mairches. Langholm RFC play in the [[Scots National League (rugby union)]] (Diveesion 1) an in the [[Border League]]. Langham haes an aw a minor [[fitbaw]] team, [[Langholm Legion]], that play an aw on the Castleholm. The toun haes an aw a karate club, Langholm Shotokan Karate club, that is pairt o the JKS Scotland. ==Airts an leisur== Forby the Scots Episcopal Kirk noo uised as the Clan Armstrong Museum, the Roman Catholic kirk o St Francis o Assisi closed in 2010,<ref>[http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/local-news/st-francis-assisi-rc-church-2581198]</ref> an is noo a fine airt gailerie.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.britain123.co.uk/scotland/ua/Dumfries%20and%20Galloway-54/Broomholm-29414/directory/art-galleries-127/details.aspx?referrence=CnRiAAAAx89NLFHu7hkJLPxrzbIR8OK7dm7thbHledybqyYA7g9C4vAwiUiFtiD2ukDaA9JAnznmG5ig-n5mHcMAjtF-Ck-b4D9axtuXFh_xugXk55yDh120CMq55gL17bQfzG6i-ICAryY1_b6e6-BcnUS0AhIQphIXdXABnVaAa5Rq_cUgQxoU340L4i2LXz8PWI0hLIdBZt3D72Q |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-03-23 |archive-date=2020-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323090903/http://www.britain123.co.uk/scotland/ua/Dumfries%2520and%2520Galloway-54/Broomholm-29414/directory/art-galleries-127/details.aspx%3Freferrence%3DCnRiAAAAx89NLFHu7hkJLPxrzbIR8OK7dm7thbHledybqyYA7g9C4vAwiUiFtiD2ukDaA9JAnznmG5ig-n5mHcMAjtF-Ck-b4D9axtuXFh_xugXk55yDh120CMq55gL17bQfzG6i-ICAryY1_b6e6-BcnUS0AhIQphIXdXABnVaAa5Rq_cUgQxoU340L4i2LXz8PWI0hLIdBZt3D72Q |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Buccleuch Centre is a weel-plenisht venue, providin a raiglar programme o muisic an theatre. The toun is hame til a muisic an airts fest, a fuid fest, an the Langham walks. Ilka year mony veesitors come for the annual Common Ridin that taks place on the last Friday o Julie. Langham has a pipe baund an a bress baund (kent as "the Town Band" or colloquial "the Toun Baund", that is leged tae be the auldest survivin bress baund in Scotland. The toun is hame an aw til the Eskdale and Liddesdale Aruchaeological Society. The're an acteeve Archive Group an aw wi a steidy increasin collection o information, muckle o it is noo on-line.<ref>[http://www.langholmarchive.com Langholm Archive Group]. Retrieved 21 May 2010.</ref> ==Industry== Industry for a lang time wis sted on claith wi at ae time 22 mills in the toun. There haes been a muckle o consolidation an closur syne that peak. The High Street retail brand [[Edinburgh Woollen Mill]] wis stairtit in Langham and haes yet a praisence in the toun. ==Langholm Project== The "Langholm Project" or "Langholm Study" is a reference til the Joint Raptor Study, a scienteefic study unnerteuk in the 1990s on Langham Muir intil the effects o birds-o-prey on reid groose populations. This wis a lairge-schale project involvin inrowin a range o organisations includin the [[Game Conservancy Trust]], the [[UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology]] (or (ITE as thay wis than kent), an the [[Duke o Buccleuch|Buccleuch Estates]]. The project wis follaed bi a twa-year study on the effects o supplementary feedin o [[harrier (bird)|harriers]] that endit in 1999. The findins o the study an the effect on the muir hae been the subject o a muckle o commune. In 2007 the [[Scots Govrenment]] annoonce't a forder 10-year project wi the follaein aims: * aim tae estaiblish a commercial viable driven groose muir. Within the time frame o the project, it is the ettlin tae sell driven groose days producin an annual income in a superplus o £100,000 * aim tae replenish an important site for naitur conservation til a fauvourable condeetion * seek tae demonstrate whether the needs o an economical viabe groose muir can be met alangside the conservation needs o protectit birds-o-prey, espeicially the hen harrier. This mair-recent study is teetelt offeecial The Langholm Moor Demonstration Project, bit like its predecessor it is kent general as the "Langholm Project". The praisent project is a jynt ventur atween the Buccleuch Estates, the [[Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust]], the [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds]] , an the [[Natural England]] public body. ==Reference== {{reflist}} == External links == {{Commons category|Langholm}} * [http://www.langholm-online.co.uk/ Langham Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080821104257/http://www.langholm-online.co.uk/ |date=2008-08-21 }} * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uvnqhbGiQfA Video o Langham fae the air] * [http://www.langholmwalks.co.uk/index.html The Langham Walks an Walkin Fest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323093220/http://www.langholmwalks.co.uk/index.html |date=2020-03-23 }} * [http://www.langholmarchive.org.uk// Rake the local paper archive]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.buccleuchcentre.com/ The Buccleuch Centre]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.eladvertiser.co.uk/ The Eskdale & Liddesdale Advertiser] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323070645/http://eladvertiser.co.uk/ |date=2020-03-23 }} * [http://www.snh.org.uk/press/detail.asp?id=1792/ 2007 Press release regardin new Raptor an Grouse project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303192420/http://www.snh.org.uk/press/detail.asp?id=1792%2F |date=2016-03-03 }} * [http://homepages.enterprise.net/iainlogan/langholm/ The Langholm Page] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091126/http://muckletooncricket.intheteam.com/modules/page/page.aspx?type=home&mid=19066&pmid=0%2F Langholm Cricket Club] * [http://www.langholmproject.com The Langholm Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906212816/http://www.langholmproject.com/ |date=2015-09-06 }} * [http://www.centrestagetheatre.org.uk Centre Stage Youth Theatre] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522070901/https://centrestagetheatre.org.uk/ |date=2022-05-22 }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Touns in Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Dumfries an Gallowa]] [[Category:Places o Scotland]] {{Stub/Places o Scotland}} gh9n4boei20f6113goozv1vkm12jyuz 0 39934 916527 892267 2026-05-10T12:50:47Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916527 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |official_name = Arbil |other_name = |native_name = <small> [[Kurdish leid|Kurdish]]: {{lang|ckb|ھەولێر}} {{lang-ar|أربيل}} [[Neo-Aramaic leids|Aramaic]]: {{lang|syc|ܐܪܒܝܠ}} {{lang-tr|Erbil}}</small> |nickname = |settlement_type = <!--For Town or Village (Leave blank for the default City)--> |motto = |image_skyline = |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |pushpin_map = Iraq |pushpin_label_position = <!-- the position of the pushpin label: left, right, top, bottom, none --> |pushpin_map_caption = Erbil in [[Iraq]] |pushpin_mapsize = 300 |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Iraq}} |subdivision_type1 = Autonomous region |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Kurdistan}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://krg.org/articles/detail.asp?lngnr=12&smap=03010300&rnr=140&anr=23911 |title=Kurdistan Regional Government |publisher=KRG |date= |accessdate=2012-05-21 |archive-date=2014-10-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006170845/http://www.krg.org/articles/detail.asp?lngnr=12&smap=03010300&rnr=140&anr=23911 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |subdivision_type2 = Province |subdivision_name2 = [[Arbil Province|Arbil]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = |government_type = |leader_title = Govrenor |leader_name = Nawzad Hadi |established_title = Settled |established_date = 9000 BC |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = Imperial <!--Enter: Imperial, if Imperial (metric) is desired--> |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2011 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total = 1,750,000<ref>{{cite web|title=Iraq|url=http://www.citypopulation.de/Iraq.html|website=CITY POPULATION|accessdate=20 June 2016}}</ref> |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |coordinates = {{coord|36|11|28|N|44|0|33|E|type:city_region:IQ|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = }} '''Erbil''' ('''{{lang|ku|Hewlêr}}''' in Roman-alphabet Kurdish) (written '''Arbil''', or '''Irbil''' an aw) ([[Akkadian leid|Akkadian]]: ''Arba-ilu''; {{lang-ar|اربيل}} ''Arbīl''; [[Kurdish leid|Kurdish]]: {{lang|ckb|ھەولێر}} ''Hewlêr''; [[Sumerian leid|Sumerian]]: ''Urbilum''; [[Syriac leid|Syriac-Aramaic]]: {{lang|syc|ܐܪܒܝܠ}} ''Arbaelo'') is, wi a population o approximately 1.3 million (2009), the fowert lairgest ceety in [[Iraq]] efter [[Baghdad]], [[Basra]] an [[Mosul]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mongabay.com/igapo/Iraq.htm|title=Largest Cities in Iraq|accessdate=2009-01-26|publisher=mongabay.com|date=2002-01-01}}</ref> It is locatit 80 kilometres (50 mile) east o Mosul, an is the [[Caipital ceety|caipital]] o [[Iraqi Kurdistan]]. Urban life at Erbil can be datit back tae at least 6000 BC,<ref name='RP'>{{cite web|title=Czech archaeologists uncover Stone Age tools in Erbil, Iraq|publisher=[[Radio Prague]]|date=2010-03-17|url=http://www.radio.cz/en/section/czechstoday/czech-archaeologists-uncover-stone-age-tools-in-arbil-iraq|accessdate=2010-08-12}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name='UN' /> an it is ane o the [[:en:List of cities by time of continuous habitation|auldest continuously inhabitit ceeties]] in the warld.<ref name='RP' /><ref name='UN'>{{cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5479/|title=Erbil Citadel |publisher=[[UNESCO]]|accessdate=30 August 2010}}</ref> At the hert o the ceety is the auncient [[Citadel o Arbil]]. The Hurrians wur the first tae establish ''Urbilum'' an expand their rule tae the rest o northren [[Mesopotamie]]. The ceety haes syne been unner the rule o mony regional pouers, includin the [[Assirie]]s, the [[Babylonie]]s, [[Kurdish fowk|Kurds]] unner the rules o [[Persie Empire|Persies]], the [[Macedonie Empire|Greeks]], the [[Abbasid Caliphate|Arabs]], an the [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] Turks. Erbil's airchaeological museum hooses a lairge collection o pre-[[Islam]]ic airtifacts, an is a center for airchaeological projects in the aurie.<ref name="ReferenceA">'Directorate Antiquities of Erbil's Guide' Brochure produced by General Directorate of Antiquities, KRG, Ministry of Tourism</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.ierbil.com/ i Erbil] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121028193449/http://www.ierbil.com/ |date=2012-10-28 }} – Portal for internaitional visitors *[http://www.livius.org/ap-ark/arbela/arbela.html Livius.org: Arbela] *[http://studentreader.com/hospitality-in-hawler-arbil/ Hospitality in Hawler] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425130312/http://studentreader.com/hospitality-in-hawler-arbil/ |date=2012-04-25 }} Directory o hotels in Arbil wi contact information, photos an reviews. {{Destricts o Iraq}} [[Category:Arbil| ]] [[Category:Adiabene]] [[Category:Fertile Crescent]] [[Category:Populatit places established in the 6t millennium BC]] [[Category:Destrict caipitals o Iraq]] [[Category:Ceeties in Iraq]] fc6ilqy3aycvqymx46bzl31bln6ay9m 0 40395 916577 910563 2026-05-11T01:40:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement <!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--> <!-- Basic info ----------------> |name = Jesús María |settlement_type =[[Municipalities o Mexico|Municipality]] |other_name = |native_name = <!-- for cities whose native name is not in English --> |nickname = |motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = EscudoJesusmaria.jpg |shield_size = |image_blank_emblem = |blank_emblem_type = |blank_emblem_size = |image_map = Jesus Maria en Aguascalientes.svg |mapsize = |map_caption = Municipality location in Aguascalientes |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Mexico <!-- the name of a location map as per http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Location_map --> |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize =280 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Mexico <!-- Location ------------------> |subdivision_type = Kintra |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mexico}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Poleetical diveesions o Mexico|State]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Aguascalientes]] |subdivision_type2 = Municipal seat |subdivision_name2 = [[Jesús María, Aguascalientes|Jesús María]] |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = |subdivision_type4 = |subdivision_name4 = <!-- Politics -----------------> |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = <!-- for places with, say, both a mayor and a city manager --> |leader_name1 = |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = <!-- Settled --> |established_date = |established_title2 = <!-- Incorporated (town) --> |established_date2 = |established_title3 = <!-- Incorporated (city) --> |established_date3 = <!-- Area ---------------------> |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = |area_total_km2 = 499 <!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |area_blank1_title = |area_blank1_km2 = |area_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- Population -----------------------> |population_as_of =2010 |population_footnotes = |population_note = |population_total =99,590 |population_density_km2 = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_blank2_title =Religions |population_blank2 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |timezone = |utc_offset = |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|21|58|N|102|21|W|region:MX|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes = <!--for references: use <ref> </ref> tags--> |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |postal_code_type = <!-- enter ZIP code, Postcode, Post code, Postal code... --> |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} '''Jesús María''' is a [[municipalities o Mexico|municipality]] in the [[Mexico|Mexican state]] o [[Aguascalientes]]. It staunds at {{coord|21|58|N|102|21|W|}}. The municipality reportit 99,590 inhabitants in the 2010 census. Its municipal seat, [[Jesús María, Aguascalientes]], (population 38,631, the seicont-lairgest ceety in the state) is locatit so close tae the state caipital ceety o [[Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes|Aguascalientes]], that it haes been swallaeed bi it, renderin it pairt o the Aguascalientes [[metropolitan aurie]], wi the function o a suburban aurie. The municipality haes an aurie o 499.18 km² (192.73 sq mi). ==Settlements== *[[Jesús María, Aguascalientes|Jesús María]], municipal seat, population 38631 *[[Jesús Gómez Portugal]], pop. 7126 *[[Corral de Barrancos]], pop. 2329 *[[Maravillas]], pop. 1787 *[[Valladolid, Aguascalientes|Valladolid]], pop. 1608 ==References== *[http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ Link to tables of population data from Census of 2005] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130510204704/http://www.inegi.gob.mx/est/contenidos/espanol/sistemas/conteo2005/localidad/iter/ |date=2013-05-10 }} [[Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática]] (INEGI) *[http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes Aguascalientes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515091406/http://www.e-local.gob.mx/wb2/ELOCAL/EMM_aguascalientes |date=2007-05-15 }} Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.jesusmaria.gob.mx/ Muncipio de Jesús María]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Offeecial wabsteid *[http://www.aguascalientes.gob.mx/ Gobierno del Estado de Aguascalientes] Offeecial wabsteid o state o Aguascalientes [[Category:Municipalities o Aguascalientes]] {{Municipalities o Aguascalientes}} p3usk46nw6fftpe0hnd4hn39n5svsdk 0 47846 916579 914887 2026-05-11T02:38:19Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916579 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:EarthAngels-with-KathyYoung.jpg|thumb|225px|Kathy Young wi [[The Earth Angels]] performin Kathy's hit ''A Thousand Stars'' durin the festival o this genre celebratit at the [[Benedum Center|Benedum Center for the performin airts]] in [[Pittsburgh]], Pennsylvanie in Mey 2010.]] [[File:Kathy Young+Christian Carrasco.jpg|thumb|225px|Kathy Young wi Christian Carrasco, ane o the members o the Spainyie [[Doo-wop]] baund cried [[The Earth Angels]].]] '''Kathy Young''' (born 21 October 1945) is an American muisicker; she wis a [[teen pop]] sanger durin early 1960s, whose rendition, at age 15, o "A Thousand Stars", rose tae No.&nbsp;3 on [[Billboard Hot 100|''Billboard'' Hot 100]]. A native o [[Southern Californie]], Young wis born in the [[Orange Coonty, Californie|Orange Coonty]] seat, [[Santa Ana, Californie|Santa Ana]], an rose tae stardom in 1960 whan Jim Lee, a producer at Indigo Records who, twa years earlier, organisit the [[Sun Valley, Los Angeles|Sun Valley]]-based baund, [[:en:The Innocents (US band)|The Innocents]], an arrangit their appearance on [[Wink Martindale]]'s pop muisic TV show, askit thaim tae sing backup vocals for her on the [[cover version]] o the sang which haed been issued athoot commercial success in 1954 for [[The Rivileers]], "A Thousand Stars". In Dizember, twa month efter her 15t birthday, Kathy Young and The Innocents peakit at No.&nbsp;6 on the [[Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs|Black Singles]] [[record chairt|chart]], an at No.&nbsp;3 on the ''Billboard'' Hot 100.<ref name=amg1>[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p21540/charts-awards|pure_url=yes}} Billboard Singles], Allmusic.com</ref><ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Mo0tAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kJ0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=4371,671807&dq=kathy+young+and+the+innocents+a+thousand+stars&hl=en Schreiber, Charles J. "Elvis Back Again at Top of Hit Parade"] (''[[The Gazette (Montreal)|The Gazette]]'', December 3, 1960, page 42: "...[[Damita Jo DeBlanc|Damita Jo]]. She and Kathy Young look like good prospects to star in the future.")</ref><ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yCRmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ReoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5368,1629665&dq=kathy+young+and+the+innocents+a+thousand+stars&hl=en "Elvis Record on Top Fifth Straight Week"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151006000415/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=yCRmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ReoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5368,1629665&dq=kathy+young+and+the+innocents+a+thousand+stars&hl=en |date=2015-10-06 }} (''[[The Miami News]]'', December 18, 1960, page 116)</ref><ref>[http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=LzAeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=Jr8EAAAAIBAJ&pg=5585,3584754&dq=kathy+young+and+the+innocents+a+thousand+stars&hl=en "'Are You Lonesome Tonight' Stays in Top Spot for 6th Straight Week"] (''[[The Dispatch (Lexington)|The Dispatch]]'', December 28, 1960, page 5)</ref> Young's follae-up wis "Happy Birthday Blues", which hit No.&nbsp;30 on the Hot 100 in 1961.<ref name=amg1/> Subsequent singles, such as "Magic Is the Night" an "[[The Great Pretender]]", missed the [[Top 40]]. In Julie 1961, Kathy Young joined top performers [[Brenda Lee]], [[The Shirelles]], [[Bobby Vee]], [[Etta James]], [[Gene McDaniels]], [[The Ventures]], [[Clarence "Frogman" Henry]], [[The Fleetwoods]], The Innocents an [[Jerry Lee Lewis]] on DJ [[Alan Freed]]'s heichly-publicisit new American road show.<ref name="NME Rock 'N' Roll Years">{{cite book | first= John | last= Tobler | year= 1992 | title= NME Rock 'N' Roll Years | edition= 1st | publisher=Reed International Books Ltd | location= London | pages= 95 | id= CN 5585}}</ref> In 1962 she follaeed Jim Lee tae [[Monogram Records]], recordin solo an wi [[Chicano rock]] sangster [[Chris Montez]]. Still a teenager, she saw her promising career slowin tae a standstill an, in 1964, traveled tae Lunnon whaur she marriet American sangster-songwriter John Maus, whose stage name wis [[John Walker (muisicker)|John Walker]]. The marriage tae Maus, remembered as the foonder o [[The Walker Brothers]], a pop group maist successful in the 1960s, pairticularly in the Unitit Kinrick, lastit frae 1965 tae 1968.<ref>[{{Allmusic|class=artist|id=p21540/biography|pure_url=yes}} Kathy Young] at [[Allmusic]]</ref> Returnin tae the U.S. in 1969, she remarriet twa years later an ower the next twinty years raised childer an helpit manage the faimily citrus ranch in [[Central Californie]]. Efter a move back to Los Angeles in 1994, she began wirkin for a major internaitional company, while comin hame tae her oreeginal passion an aw, muisic an, in the 2000s, performin on numerous rock shows at venues such as the [[Greek Theatre (Los Angeles)|Greek Theatre]] in Los Angeles an [[New Jersey]]'s [[Izod Center]] at the [[Meadowlands Sports Complex]].<ref>[http://www.mccookgazette.com/story/1097956.html Hendricks, Mike. "A Digital Trip Down Memory Lane"] (''[[McCook Daily Gazette]]'', May 28, 2005)</ref><ref>[http://detroit.broadwayworld.com/article/Fox_Theatre_Presents_DOO_WOP_YULE_POP_1217_20101018 "Fox Theatre Presents DOO WOP YULE POP, 12/17" (BroadwayWorld.com, October 18, 2010)]</ref> == Discography == === Albums === * The Sound of Kathy Young (1961) * Our Best to You (1981) === Singles === * "A Thousand Stars" / "Eddie My Darling" (1960) * "Happy Birthday Blues" / "Someone to Love" (1961) * "Our Parents Talked It Over" / "Just as Though You Were Here" (1961) * "Magic Is the Night" / "Du Du'nt Du" (1961) * "Baby Oh Baby" / "Great Pretender" (1961) * "I'll Hang My Letters Out to Dry" / "Lonely Blue Nights" (1962) * "Dream Awhile" / "Send Her Away" (1962) * "(Hey There) Dream Boy" / "I'll Love That Man" (1962) * "Sparkle and Shine" / "Please Love Me Forever" (1979) ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://colorradio.com/kathy_young.htm Kathy Young I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708175601/http://colorradio.com/kathy_young.htm |date=2011-07-08 }} * [http://www.kathyyoung.com Kathy Young II] * [http://www.history-of-rock.com/kathy_young_and_the_innocents.htm Kathy Young & The Innocents I]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.electricearl.com/dws/innocents.html Kathy Young & The Innocents II] * [http://doo-wop.blogg.org/themes-innocents__kathy_young___the_-159236.html Kathy Young & The Innocents III] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216180141/http://doo-wop.blogg.org/themes-innocents__kathy_young___the_-159236.html |date=2012-02-16 }} * [http://www.colorradio.com/innocents.htm The Innocents I] * [http://www.destinationdoowop.com/innocents.htm The Innocents II] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080705034534/http://www.destinationdoowop.com/innocents.htm |date=2008-07-05 }} * [http://doo-wop.blogg.org/themes-innocents-159235.html The Innocents III] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120216180331/http://doo-wop.blogg.org/themes-innocents-159235.html |date=2012-02-16 }} *{{imdb name|id=4389726|name=Kathy Young}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Young, Kathy}} [[Category:American female pop sangsters]] [[Category:Sangsters frae Californie]] [[Category:Fowk frae Santa Ana, Californie]] [[Category:American expatriates in the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] foeyrimc3qt96bzge7rka1kswbenijq 0 50861 916526 896197 2026-05-10T12:31:43Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916526 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox muisical airtist <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | name = Andy & Kouros<br />اندی و کوروس | image = | caption = | image_size = | background = group_or_band | origin = Los Angeles, Californie | genre =[[Pop muisic|Pop]]<br>[[Dance muisic|Dance]] | years_active = 1984–1991 | label = [[Pars Video]]<br/>[[Caltex Records]] | associated_acts = }} '''Andy & Kouros''' ({{lang-fa|''' اندی و کوروس'''}}) wur a [[Iran]]ian duo made up o [[Andranik Madadian]] (better kent as Andy) an [[Kouros Shahmiri]]. ==Career== Andy an Kouros were first introduced at a [[Siavash Shams]] concert bi Siavash hissel who wis a guid friend o Andy.<ref>[http://www.whatsupiran.com/Profile/Andy What's Up Iran: Biography of Andy]</ref> Andy an Kouros released fower consecutive albums: ''Khastegary'' (1985), ''Parvaz'' (1988), the album ''[[Balla!]]'' an finally ''Goodbye'' (1991). ==See an aw== *[[Andranik Madadian]] *[[Kouros Shahmiri]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.andymusic.com Offeecial Andy wabsteid] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101074056/http://www.andymusic.com/ |date=2020-11-01 }} *[http://www.kourosmusic.com Offeecial Kouros wabsteid]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://www.andyandkouros.blogfa.com Andy & Kouros' fans offeecial wablog]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Andy an Kouros}} [[Category:Iranian pop muisic groups]] [[Category:Iranian sangster-sangwriters]] aqrueb6udrliu4hiu8vycfzme402f76 0 51269 916559 898437 2026-05-10T22:43:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist |name = Googoosh |birth_name = Faegheh Atashin |origin = [[Tehran]], [[Iran]] |background = solo_singer |image = Googooshcrop.jpg |alt = Googoosh durin a concert in [[Canadae]] |birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1950|5|5}} |genre = [[Persie pop muisic|Persie pop]] |occupation = Sangster, [[Actor|actress]] |years_active = 1953–1979, 2000–present |label = [[Avang Music|Avang]], [http://www.caltexrecords.com/Scripts/default.asp Caltex], [http://www.mzmrecords.com/ MZM], [http://www.parsvideo.com/ Pars Video], [http://www.taranehrecords.com/ Taraneh] |website = {{URL|googoosh.com}} }} '''Faegheh Atashin''' ({{Lang-fa|فائقه آتشین}}, {{lang-az|Faiqə Atəşin}}, born on 5 Mey 1950 in [[Tehran]]) kent bi her stage name '''Googoosh''' ({{Lang-fa|گوگوش}}, {{lang-az|Ququş}}) an aw is an [[Iran]]ian [[sangster]] an [[actress]]. She is kent for her contreibutions tae [[Persie pop muisic]], but starred in a variety o movies frae the 1950s tae the 1970s an aw.<ref>[http://www.googoosh.com/aboutgoogoosh.htm Googoosh website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231181358/http://www.googoosh.com/aboutgoogoosh.htm |date=2007-12-31 }}; Retrieved on 22 December 2007</ref> She achievit the pinnacle o her fame an success towards the end o the 1970s. Her oweraw impact an contreibutions tae Middle Eastren an [[Central Asie]] pop-muisic earned her the title o the maist iconic female pop-sangster frae those regions.<ref>[http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/83_folder/83_articles/83_news_googoosh.html Googoosh Returns] Azerbaijan International; Retrieved on 22 December 2007</ref> Due tae her great talents an oweraw endearment tae her fowk, she is a seembol o naitional pride tae the [[Persie fowk|Iranian fowk]]. Efter the [[Iranian Revolution]] in 1979, she is famously kent for remainin in Iran till 2000 an no performin again due tae the ban on female sangsters. Still, her follaein grew. Younger fowk hae rediscovered her muisic via bootleg recordins.<ref name=CNN>{{cite news| first=Joanne| last=Suh| title=Iran's pop diva Googoosh returns to the world stage after two decades| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/Music/10/09/wb.googoosh/| publisher=[[CNN]]| date=9 October 2000| accessdate=10 April 2007| archive-date=2008-04-12| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080412032704/http://edition.cnn.com/2000/SHOWBIZ/Music/10/09/wb.googoosh/| url-status=dead}}</ref> Ootside o Iran, she haes a significant follaein in mony Middle Eastren an [[Central Asie]] kintras, an haes even caucht the attention o wastren media an press.<ref>{{cite news|first=Sadeq|last=Saba | title=Iran's pop diva to sing again |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/796962.stm| publisher=[[BBC]]| date=19 June 2000|accessdate =11 April 2007 }}</ref> ==Awards== * '''1971''': first prize an [[gowden record]] at the [[Midem]] [[trade fair]] in [[Cannes]] for her 7" record (as "Gougoush") featurin twa sangs in French: "''Retour de la Ville''" <!-- NOT "retour de la vie" as found on many sites --> (A-side) an "''J'entends Crier Je T'aime''" (B-side).<ref>http://www.encyclopedisque.fr/disque/22945.html</ref><ref name= googooshAwards>{{cite web | title=Googoosh.TV – Googoosh Awards | url=http://www.googoosh.tv/music-awards.html | access-date=2013-05-19 | archive-date=2007-07-12 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070712152057/http://www.googoosh.tv/music-awards.html | url-status=dead }}</ref> * '''1972''': First prize at the Carthage Music Festival * '''1972''': First medal o airts o Tunisie<ref name= googooshAwards/> * '''1973''': The best actress for ''Bita'' in Iranian ''Sepas'' film festival.<ref name= googooshAwards/> * '''1973''': The best airtist o the year at San Remo Music Festival.<ref>{{cite web| last =Bahmani | first = Behrouz | title = A Treasure Hunter's Effort Pay Off! | publisher =Iranian.com | date =11 February 2003 | url =http://www.iranian.com/Music/2003/February/Sanremo/index.html | accessdate =24 April 2007 }}</ref> ==Personal life== She haed ane brither who, at the age o 24, wis struck bi hert rheumatism an dee'd. She haes three hauf-brithers on her faither's side an a brither an sister on her mither's side. Googoosh's first husband wis Mahmoud Ghorbani. He wis a muisic promoter who haed helpit Googoosh mak a name for hersel throuoot the '60s. Thay marriet in Februar 1967.<ref name="official_bio">{{cite web|url=http://googoosh.com/?page_id=36|title=Googoosh's official personal biography at Googoosh.com|accessdate=28 February 2011|archive-date=2012-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425155503/http://googoosh.com/?page_id=36|url-status=dead}}</ref> Thay haed a son, Kambiz,<ref name="official_bio" /> who currently lives in Los Angeles an who is in the muisic industrie an aw. Efter aboot sax years o marriage, Ghorbani an Googoosh divorcit in late 1972.<ref name="official_bio" /> In 1975, Googoosh marriet Iranian actor [[Behrouz Vossoughi]].<ref name="official_bio" /> Thay divorcit fowerteen months later, in 1976. Durin thair brief marriage thay wur considered tae be the kintra's biggest celebrity pouer couple. Durin the late 1970s, Googoosh became involvit wi Homayoun Mestaghi, but efter the Islamic Revolution in 1979, Googoosh servit a three-month jyle sentence acause she wis livin wi him ootside o marriage, which wis illegal unner the Islamic regime. Several years later, Googoosh divorcit Mestaghi. She then marriet director [[Masoud Kimiai]] in 1991.<ref name="official_bio" /> Thay divorcit<ref name="official_bio" /> in 2003.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0453953/bio Biography for Masud Kimiai – 23 June 2010<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Googoosh is rumored tae reside in a fower-bedroom, fower-bath hame in [[Beverly Crest]], which she bocht for $1.37 million frae Jack M. Snyder an Stephanie E. Snyder on 13 Aprile 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://losangeles.blockshopper.com/news/story/2400127190-Iranian_singer_actress_gets_1_37M_4BD_in_Beverly_Crest |publisher=Jay Brownstown |accessdate=13 April 2011 |title=Iranian singer, actress gets $1.37M 4BD in Beverly Crest |archive-date=2011-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529122108/http://losangeles.blockshopper.com/news/story/2400127190-Iranian_singer_actress_gets_1_37M_4BD_in_Beverly_Crest |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Filmografie== {| class=wikitable |- ! Year !! Persie Title<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sourehcinema.com/People/People.aspx?Id=138205180108 |title=The Iranian Movie Database |access-date=2013-05-19 |archive-date=2007-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070418115546/http://www.sourehcinema.com/People/People.aspx?Id=138205180108 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ! Inglis Title |- |rowspan=2|1960 |''Fereşte-ye färari'' (فرشتۀ فراری) |''Runaway Angel'' |- |''Bim vä omid'' / ''Bim o omid'' (بیم و امید) |''Fear and Hope'' |- |1963 |''Pärtgah-e mäxuf'' (پرتگاه مخوف) |''The Cliff of Fear'' |- |1965 |''Şeytun-e bäla'' (شیطون بلا) |''The Naughty One'' |- Googoosh an aa acted in mony telly shows an grund-breaking commercials. |rowspan=3|1966 |''Gedayan-e Tehran'' (گدايان تهران) |''The Beggars of Tehran'' |- |''Fil vä fencan'' / ''Fil o fencan'' (فيل و فنجان) |''Big and Small'' |- |''Hoseyn-e Kord'' (حسين كرد) |''Hoseyn-e Kord'' |- |rowspan=4|1967 |''Çähar xahär'' (چهار خواهر) |''Four Sisters'' (wi [[Leila Forouhar]]) |- |''Därvazeh-e täqdir'' (دروازه تقدير) |''The Gate of Fate'' |- |''Gänc o ränc'' (گنج و رنج) |''Treasure and Toil'' |- |''Där costocu-ye täbähkaran'' (در جستجوی تبهكاران) |''On the Search for Criminals'' |- |rowspan=3|1968 |''Se divane'' (سه ‌دیوانه) |''The Three Morons'' |- |''Şäb-e fereştegan'' (شب فرشتگان) |''The Night of Angels'' |- |''Setare-ye häft aseman'' (ستاره هفت آسـمان) |''The Star of Seven Skies'' |- |1969 |''Gonah-e zibayi'' (گناه زيبايی) |''The Sin of Beauty'' |- |rowspan=3|1970 |''Tolu'' (طلوع) |''Sunrise'' |- |''Cäncal-e ärusi'' (جنجال عروسی) |''The Wedding Brawl'' |- |''Päncere'' (پنجره) |''The Window'' |- |rowspan=3|1971 |''Ehsas-e daq'' (احساس داغ) |''Hot Feeling'' |- |''Asemun-e bi setare'' (آسـمون بی ستاره) |''Starless Sky'' |- |''Qesas'' (قصاص) |''Retaliation'' |- |1972 |''Bita'' (بیتا) |''Bita'' |- |1973 |''Xiyalat-i'' (خیالاتی) |''Imaginings'' |- |rowspan=4|1975 |''Hämsäfär'' (هـمسفر) |''Travelling Mate'' |- |''Nazänin'' (نازنین) |''Nazänin'' |- |''Mämäl-e Amrikayi'' (مـَمَل آمریکایی) |''American Mammal'' |- |''Şäb-e qäriban'' (شب غریبان) |''Nostalgic Night'' |- |1976 |''Mah-e äsäl'' (ماه عسل) |''Honeymoon'' |- |1977 |''Där emtedad-e şäb'' (در امتداد شب) |''Along the Night'' |- |1979 |''Emşäb äşki mirizäd'' (امشب اشکی می ریزد) |''Tonight Someone Cries'' |} Googoosh actit in twa ither movies: ''Märd-e keraye-i'' (مرد کرایه ای) an ''Haci Feyruz'' (حاجی فیروز), but the production o each o thir films wis suspendit durin the feenal stages for unkent raisons. Googoosh haes actit in mony telly shows an grund-breakin commercials in Iran. ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} * [http://www.googoosh.com/ Offeecial wabsteid] * {{Allmusic |class= artist|id= p39110|tab= |label= Googoosh|first= |last= |accessdate=19 April 2012}} * {{IMDb name|id=0329598|name=Googoosh}} * [http://www.iranchamber.com/music/googoosh/googoosh.php Iran Chamber] * [http://lachini.com/artist/googoosh Sheet Muisic o Googoosh Songs] * [http://www.naziran.com/MusicVideo.aspx?ListID=272F57D9C9CB69A4&ListTitle=Googoosh Playlist o Video Muisics o Googoosh] {{DEFAULTSORT:Googoosh}} [[Category:1950 births]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Iranian female sangsters]] [[Category:Iranian pop sangsters]] [[Category:Iranian Shia Muslims]] [[Category:Fowk frae Tehran]] hum6cvm9hqipbbr4vg0w0mxpi57hcmn 0 52664 916586 868531 2026-05-11T05:58:20Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language |name=Marathi |nativename={{lang|mr|मराठी}} ''{{unicode|Marāṭhī}}'' |imagecaption=Marathi written in [[Devanāgarī]] an [[Modi script|Modi]] |image=Devanāgarī and Modi scripts.svg |imagesize=200px |pronunciation={{IPA-mr|məˈɾaʈʰi|}} |states=Indie |region=[[Maharashtra]], [[Goa]], [[Karnataka]],<br> [[Madhya Pradesh]], [[Chhattisgarh]] pairts<br> o [[Gujarat]], [[Andhra Pradesh]],<br> [[Tamil Nadu]], [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli]],<br> [[Daman and Diu]], and [[Delhi]]<ref>http://delhimarathi.com/{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> widely spoken in [[Mauritius]](mainly by Marathi immigrants)<ref>http://www.punemirror.in/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=2&contentid=201211202012112009014238341bcd5fb{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br>, [[United States|United States o America]], [[Israel]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.littleindia.com/nri/12667-keeping-marathi-alive-in-jerusalem.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-06-14 |archive-date=2013-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616013900/http://www.littleindia.com/nri/12667-keeping-marathi-alive-in-jerusalem.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><br>, [[United Kingdom]], [[Fiji]],<br> [[UAE]], [[South Africa]] |speakers = 73 million |date = 2007 |ref = <ref>[[Nationalencyklopedin]] "Världens 100 största språk 2007" The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007</ref> |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=[[Indo-Iranian leids|Indo-Iranian]] |fam3=[[Indo-Aryan leids|Indo-Aryan]] |fam4=[[Soothren Indo-Aryan leids|Soothren Indo-Aryan]] |dia1=[[Varhadi dialect|Varhadi]], Maalavi, Khaandeshi, Ahirani, |script=[[Devanagari]]<br>[[Modi alphabet|Modi]] (historical) |nation={{IND}}: [[Maharashtra]], [[Daman and Diu]]<ref name="goa">The Goa, Daman and Diu Official Language Act, 1987 makes Konkani the sole official language, but provides that Marathi may also be used "for all or any of the official purposes". The Government also has a policy of replying in Marathi to correspondence received in Marathi. Commissioner Linguistic Minorities, [http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm 42nd report: July 2003 - June 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008113359/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/35.htm |date=2007-10-08 }}, pp. para 11.3</ref><br> an [[Dadra an Nagar Haveli]]<ref name="dadra">Marathi is an official language of Dadra and Nagar Haveli [http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/vguide.pdf Administration's profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107091953/http://dnh.nic.in/deptdoc/vguide.pdf |date=2012-11-07 }}.</ref> |agency=[[Maharashtra Sahitya Parishad]] &<br> various [[#Marathi organisations|other institutions]] |iso1=mr |iso2=mar |lc1=mar|ld1=Modren Marathi |lc2=omr|ld2=Auld Marathi |linglist=omr |lingname=Auld Marathi |notice= |notice2= }} '''Marathi''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ə|ˈ|r|ɑː|t|i}};<ref>Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh</ref> {{lang|mr|मराठी}} ''{{unicode|Marāṭhī}}'' {{IPA-mr|məˈɾaʈʰi|}}) is an [[Indo-Aryan leid]]. It is the offeecial leid o [[Maharashtra]] state o [[Indie]] an is ane o the 23 offeecial [[leids o Indie]]. It is the 19t maist spoken leid in the warld. Thare wur 73 million speakers in 2001. Marathi hars the fowerth lairgest nummer o native speakers in Indie<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement1.htm |title=Abstract of Language Strength in India: 2001 Census |publisher=Censusindia.gov.in |date= |accessdate=2013-05-09}}</ref><ref name="encarta">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Languages Spoken by More Than 10 Million People|url=http://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html|work=|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5kwPyXpQ1?url=http://encarta.msn.com/media_701500404/Languages_Spoken_by_More_Than_10_Million_People.html|archivedate=2009-10-31|deadurl=yes|access-date=2013-06-14|url-status=dead}}</ref> Marathi haes some o the auldest literatur o aw modren Indo-European, Indic leids, datin frae aboot 1000 AD.<ref>arts, South Asian." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica 2007 Ultimate Reference Suite.</ref> The major dialects o Marathi are cried Staundart Marathi an Warhadi Marathi.<ref name=kas>{{cite journal|title=Marathi|journal=London Oriental and African language library|volume=13 |first1=Rameśa|last1= Dhoṅgaḍe|first2=Kashi|last2=Wali|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|year=2009|isbn=90-272-3813-8 |id={{ISBN|9789027238139}}|pages=101, 139}}</ref> Thare are a few ither sub-dialects lik Ahirani, Dangi, Vadvali, Samavedi, Khandeshi, an Malwani. Staundart Marathi is the [[offeecial leid]] o the State o Maharashtra. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{InterWiki|code=mr}} {{sisterlinks|Marathi}} {{Wikibooks|Marathi}} {{Wikivoyage|Marathi_phrasebook}} * [http://www.marathijagat.in/ मराठीजगत » इथे मराठीचिये नगरी...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613040906/http://marathijagat.in/ |date=2013-06-13 }} A Marathi Wabsteid an Social Network * [http://www.marathicorner.com/ Marathi] corner- lairgest Marathi fowk community] * [http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/bbjmarathi/contents.html भारतीय भाषा ज्योति: मराठी] —a textbook for learnin Marathi throu Hindi frae the Central Institute o Indian Leids ; Dictionaries * Molesworth, J. T. (James Thomas). [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/molesworth/ A dictionary, Marathi an Inglis]. 2d ed., rev. an enl. Bombay: Printed for govrenment at the Bombay Eddication Society's press, 1857. * Vaze, Shridhar Ganesh. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/vaze/ The Aryabhusan schuil dictionary, Marathi-Inglis]. Poona: Arya-Bhushan Press, 1911. * Tulpule, Shankar Gopal and Anne Feldhaus. [http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/tulpule/ A dictionary o auld Marathi]. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 1999. * [http://www.cfilt.iitb.ac.in/wordnet/webmwn/wn.php Marathi Wordnet] [[Category:Marathi leid|*]] [[Category:Cultur o Maharashtra]] [[Category:Jain leids]] [[Category:Leids o Indie]] [[Category:Leids written in Devanagari]] [[Category:Offeecial leids o Indie]] [[Category:Soothren Indo-Aryan leids]] [[Category:Subject–object–verb leids]] 2oe6t45tqdil30c86xz1xmgo1s7sstu 0 59821 916540 840847 2026-05-10T17:37:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots|date=Mairch 2021}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Stork | fossil_range = [[Early Oligocene]] tae present {{fossilrange|30|0}} | image = Mycteria leucocephala - Pak Thale.jpg | image_caption = [[Pentit stork]] | display_parents = 2 | parent_authority = [[Charles Lucien Bonaparte|Bonaparte]], 1854<ref name="SN">{{cite web | url=http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1 | title=Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Class Aves | accessdate=11 June 2012 | last=Brands | first=Sheila | date=14 August 2008 | work=Project: The Taxonomicon | archive-date=2008-05-05 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505214909/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1 | url-status=dead }}</ref> | taxon = Ciconiidae | authority = [[John Edward Gray|J. E. Gray]], 1840<ref name="SN" /> | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = *''[[Anastomus]]'' *''[[Ciconia]]'' *''[[Ephippiorhynchus]]'' *''[[Jabiru]]'' *''[[Leptoptilos]]'' *''[[Mycteria]]'' | synonyms = }} Tradeetionally, the [[order (biology)|order]] '''Ciconiiformes''' haes includit sindry muckle, lang-legged wadin birds wi muckle bills: [[stork]]s, [[heron]]s, [[egret]]s, [[ibis]]es, [[spuinbill]]s, an several ithers. At present the anly faimily retained in the order is the storks, [[Ciconiidae]]. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q28507}} [[Category:Ciconiidae| ]] {{stub/Bird}} nvcujqnou7fdh1tyw41882z00pwspat 0 61992 916553 874134 2026-05-10T22:07:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Creeminal organization | name = Georgie mafia <br>ქართული მაფია <br>''Kartuli mafia'' | founded = | founding location = [[Georgie (kintra)|Georgie]] | ethnic makeup = [[Georgies]], [[Roushies]], [[Armenies]] | membership = | territory = [[Europe]], [[Roushie]] an aw ither post-Soviet states. | criminal activities = [[Airms trokin]], [[Assassination]], [[Assault]], [[Auto theft]], [[Bank fraud]], [[Bankruptcy]], [[Blackmailing]], [[Bribery]], [[Car bombing]], [[Contract killing]], [[Drog trokin]], [[Extortion]], [[Fraud]], [[Human trokin]], [[Entryism|Infiltration o Politics]], [[Illegal gamblin]], [[Insurance fraud]], [[Kidnappin]], [[Money launderin]], [[Murther]], [[Polis corruption]], [[Poleetical corruption]], [[Protection racket]], [[Racketeerin]], [[Tax evasion]], [[Theft]], [[Witness intimidation]], [[Witness tamperin]]. }} '''Georgie mafia''' ({{lang-ka|ქართული მაფია}}) is regardit as ane o the biggest, pouerful an influential creeminal netwirk in [[Europe]], which haes producit the biggest nummer o "[[Thief in law|thieves in law]]" in aw umwhile [[USSR]] kintras an controls an regulates maist o the [[Roushie]]-speakin mafia groups. A major creeminal group based in [[Roushie]] is the Georgie mafia.<ref>Knowledge For Tomorrow: A Summarized Commentary Of World History, Nature, Health, Religion, Organized Crime, And Inspiration For The Youth: Quinton Douglass Crawford p145</ref> Georgie mafia is kent as ane o the best organisit an maist ruthless creeminal groups.<ref>Germ Warfare: John Lonergan</ref> Georgie mafia is vera "structured" an "hierarchical". Georgie mafia haes twa major creeminal clans:<ref>[http://www.en.rian.ru/military_news/20130620/181758383.html Europol Cracks Down on ‘Russian-Speaking’ Mafia]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n309018 |title=European police bust Georgian 'mafia' in raid |access-date=2013-11-12 |archive-date=2013-12-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131216214527/http://www.focus-fen.net/?id=n309018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Tbilisi]] creeminal clan *[[Kutaisi]] creeminal clan Georgie creeminal groups are active throuoot the umwhile Soviet Union an Europe. ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== *[http://www.dw.de/dozens-arrested-in-swoop-on-georgian-mafia-across-europe/a-5356502-1 Dozens arrested in swoop on Georgian mafia across Europe]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} *[http://cria-online.org/1_5.html Thieves of the Law and the Rule of Law in Georgia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620200808/http://cria-online.org/1_5.html |date=2010-06-20 }} {{Organisit crime groups in Europe}} [[Category:Mafia]] [[Category:Organisit crime groups in Europe]] qs6wd9q5nxq8x11czq9dc1l5b2eugu8 0 64160 916580 887943 2026-05-11T03:35:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916580 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | official_name = Kota Kinabalu<br>(Umwhile, Jesselton)<br>亚庇 | nickname = "Natur Resort Ceety", KK, "A-bi", "Ceety belaw the Wind" | motto = | website = {{URL|http://www.dbkk.sabah.gov.my/en/content/news|www.dbkk.sabah.gov.my}} | image_skyline = KK Composite.jpg | imagesize = | image_caption = Frae top richt clockwise: [[Tun Mustapha Touer]], Wisma Tun Fuad Stephens, Wawasan Intersection, ceety centre an [[1Borneo Hypermall|1Borneo]]. | image_flag = Flag of Kota Kinabalu.svg | image_seal = Seal of Kota Kinabalu.svg | image_map = SabahDistricts-KotaKinabalu-pp.png | map_caption = Location o '''Kota Kinabalu''' in [[Sabah]] | pushpin_map = Malaysia | pushpin_mapsize = | pushpin_map_caption = '''Kota Kinabalu''' is locatit in [[Malaysie]] | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_type1 = [[States o Malaysie|State]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Malaysie}} | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Sabah}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Diveesions o Malaysie|Diveesion]] | subdivision_name2 = [[West Coast Diveesion|West Coast]] | established_title = Settled bi [[Breetish North Borneo Company|BNBC]] | established_date = 1882 | established_title2 = Declared caipital o North Borneo | established_date2 = 1946 | established_title3 = Grantit ceety status | established_date3 = 2 Februar 2000 | leader_title = [[Mayor]] | leader_name = Abidin Madingkir | leader_title2 = Director-General | leader_name2 = Datuk Yeo Boon Hai | area_magnitude = 1 E8 | area_total_sq_mi = 136 | area_total_km2 = 351 | population_as_of = 2010<ref name="census2010">[http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf Census 2010] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011081938/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/census2010/Taburan_Penduduk_dan_Ciri-ciri_Asas_Demografi.pdf |date=2012-10-11 }}, page 71</ref> | population_total = 452,058 | population_as_of = 2012 | population_density_km2 = 1463 | population_density_sq_mi= <!-- Leave blank. Value will be auto-converted. --> | population_metro = 628,725 | population_note = Sourced from the Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2010. Kota Kinabalu metropolitan area including Penampang population of 176,667. | timezone = [[Malaysie Staundart Time|MST]] | utc_offset = +8 | elevation_m = | elevation_ft = | coordinates = {{coord|5|58|17|N|116|05|43|E|region:MY|display=inline}} | postal_code_type = Postcode | postal_code = 88xxx; 89xxx | area_code = 0882 | footnotes = }} '''Kota Kinabalu''' (pronooncit {{IPA-may|ˈkota kinaˈbalu|}}), '''亚庇''' (Cheenese, Mandarin pronoonced Yà bì) umwhile kent as '''Jesselton''',<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abcsabah.com/index.php/kota-kinabalu/|title=Kota Kinabalu|publisher=ABC Sabah|accessdate=12 August 2009}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=kk1/> is the caipital o the state o [[Sabah]], locatit in East [[Malaysie]]. It is the caipital o the [[West Coast Diveesion]] o Sabah an aw. The ceety is locatit alang the northwast coast o [[Borneo]] facin the [[Sooth Cheenae Sea]]. The [[Tunku Abdul Rahman Naitional Pairk]]<ref name="bk1">{{cite book|author1=Charles De Ledesma|author2=Mark Lewis|author3=Pauline Savage|title=Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hS0_GehsGPwC&pg=PA508|accessdate=22 May 2013|year=2003|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-84353-094-7|pages=508–}}</ref> lees on its wast an [[Munt Kinabalu]], which gae the ceety its name, is locatit towards the east. Kota Kinabalu haes a population o 452,058,<ref name=st1>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/03ringkasan_kawasan_PBT_Jadual1.pdf|title=Population Distribution by Local Authority Areas and Mukims, 2010 (page 1 & 8)|publisher=Department of Statistics, Malaysia|accessdate=10 April 2012|archive-date=2015-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205090002/http://www.statistics.gov.my/portal/download_Population/files/population/03ringkasan_kawasan_PBT_Jadual1.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> housomeivver, aften mistaken, even bi maist locals, as a pairt o Kota Kinabalu, locatit side bi side, is the Penampang destrict, it haes a estimatit population o 628,725.<ref name=st1/> Kota Kinabalu is aften kent as '''KK''' athin Malaysie an internaitionally. For the locals it is kent as '''A-bi''' (Hakka for Jesselton).<ref>{{cite web|title=Kota Kinabalu (Capital City)|url=http://www.sabahtourism.com/en/destination/district/1-kota-kinabalu-capital-city/|accessdate=1 June 2013|archive-date=2013-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130409054047/http://www.sabahtourism.com/en/destination/district/1-kota-kinabalu-capital-city/|url-status=dead}}</ref> It is a major fishin destination an a popular gatewey for travellers visitin Sabah an Borneo.<ref name=kk1>{{cite news|url=http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=0225&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Sabah_%26_Sarawak&pg=wb_01.htm|title=Dari Jesselton ke Kota Kinabalu|language=[[Malay leid|Malay]]|publisher=[[Utusan Malaysia]]|date=25 February 2010|accessdate=19 May 2013|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HTyZUeiA?url=http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2010&dt=0225&pub=Utusan_Malaysia&sec=Sabah_&_Sarawak&pg=wb_01.htm|archivedate=2013-06-19|deadurl=yes|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=tourism>{{cite news|url=http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/6/11/business/17978745&sec=business|title=Tourism hub set to lift Sabah real estate|publisher=TheStar|date=11 June 2007|accessdate=15 January 2008|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120713040536/http://biz.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/6/11/business/17978745&sec=business|archivedate=2012-07-13|deadurl=yes|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Kinabalu Naitional Pairk]] is locatit aboot 90&nbsp;kilometres frae the ceety an thare are mony tourist attractions in an aroond the ceety. Kota Kinabalu is ane o the major industrial an commercial centres o [[East Malaysie]] an aw. Thir twa factors combine tae mak Kota Kinabalu ane o the fastest growin ceeties in Malaysie.<ref name=rapid>{{Cite news|title=Rapid development in Kota Kinabalu has its drawbacks|author=Muguntan Vanar|url=http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=/2010/9/20/southneast/7043091&sec=southneast|date=20 September 2010|accessdate=3 January 2011|publisher=The Star, Malaysia|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6HTye0TiQ?url=http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=%2F2010%2F9%2F20%2Fsouthneast%2F7043091|archivedate=2013-06-19|deadurl=yes|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Internaitional relations== {{See also|Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Malaysie#Kota Kinabalu|l1=Leet o twin touns an sister ceeties in Malaysie}} Several kintras hae set up thair consulates in Kota Kinabalu, includin [[Australie]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/missions/countries/myko.html|title=Australian Consulate in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia|publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|accessdate=11 June 2013|archive-date=2014-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204224910/http://www.dfat.gov.au/missions/countries/myko.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Brunei]], [[Finland]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finland.org.my/public/default.aspx?nodeid=38561&contentlan=2&culture=en-US|title=Contact information: Honorary Consulate of Finland, Kota Kinabalu (Malaysia)|publisher=Embassy of Finland, Kuala Lumpur|accessdate=11 June 2013|archive-date=2013-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112173344/http://www.finland.org.my/public/default.aspx?nodeid=38561&contentlan=2&culture=en-US|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Indonesie]], [[Japan]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kotakinabalu.my.emb-japan.go.jp/en/index.html|title=Consular Office of Japan in Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia|publisher=Consular Office of Japan in Kota Kinabalu|accessdate=11 June 2013|archive-date=2023-06-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230604222009/https://www.kotakinabalu.my.emb-japan.go.jp/en/index.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Romanie]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mae.ro/en/romanian-missions/16235|title=Honorary Consulate of Romania in Kota Kinabalu|publisher=ROMANIA Ministry of Foreign Affairs|accessdate=11 June 2013}}</ref> an [[Swaden]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/malaysia/documents/eu_travel/hon_consulates_in_malaysia_en.pdf|title=062a_Hon consulates in Malaysia|publisher=European External Action Service|date=|accessdate=2 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://iguide.travel/Kota_Kinabalu/Communication/Consulates|title=Kota Kinabalu Travel Guide - Mapcarta|publisher=Iguide.travel|date=|accessdate=14 November 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ===Sister ceeties=== Kota Kinabalu currently haes five [[sister ceeties]]: {|class="wikitable" |- valign="top" | * {{flagicon|AUS}} [[City of Rockingham]], [[Australie]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rockingham.wa.gov.au/Council/Latest-News/Friend-and-Sister-Cities-in-the-Clear.aspx|title=Friend and Sister Cities in the Clear|publisher=City of Rockingham Website|date=21 March 2011|accessdate=11 June 2013|archive-date=2013-06-19|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HTyzf4ru?url=http://www.rockingham.wa.gov.au/Council/Latest-News/Friend-and-Sister-Cities-in-the-Clear.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|PRC}} [[Heyuan]], [[Cheenae]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/print/57932|title=Hakka communities of KK, Heyuan City, China have much in common|publisher=New Sabah Times|author=Teh, Michael|date=|accessdate=11 June 2013|archive-date=2013-06-19|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HTz4lcjR?url=http://www.newsabahtimes.com.my/nstweb/print/57932|url-status=dead}}</ref> || * {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vladivostok]], [[Roushie]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.malaysia.com/news/2010/03/vladivostok-to-become-kota-kinabalus-fourth-sister-city/|title=VLADIVOSTOK TO BECOME KOTA KINABALU’S FOURTH SISTER CITY|publisher=''MALAYSIA.com''|date=17 March 2010|accessdate=5 March 2012|archive-date=2012-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027190214/http://www.malaysia.com/news/2010/03/vladivostok-to-become-kota-kinabalus-fourth-sister-city/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Yongin]], [[Sooth Korea]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.yongin.go.kr/en1/yongin_history_view.asp?board_idx=95|title=Friendship Visit to Yongin by Kota Kinabalu City|publisher=YONGIN City|date=18 March 2010|accessdate=5 March 2012|archive-date=2013-06-19|archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6HTyv4UWM?url=http://en.yongin.go.kr/en1/yongin_history_view.asp?board_idx=95|url-status=dead}}</ref> || * {{flagicon|THA}} [[Ratchaburi Province|Ratchaburi]], [[Thailand]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.theborneopost.com/?p=25808|title=Another city wants to be KK’s sister|publisher=Borneo Post|date=23 April 2010|accessdate=4 May 2010}}</ref> |} ==References== ===Footnotes=== {{Reflist|2}} ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons category}} * {{Wikivoyage-inline}} * [http://www.abcsabah.com/kota-kinabalu/ Kota Kinabalu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130109101129/http://www.abcsabah.com/kota-kinabalu/ |date=2013-01-09 }} bi abcSabah.com {{Greater Kota Kinabalu}} {{Sabah}} {{Sabah Development Corridor}} {{Ceeties in Malaysie}} [[Category:Kota Kinabalu|*]] [[Category:Populatit places in Sabah]] [[Category:Ports an harbours o Malaysie]] [[Category:State caipitals in Malaysie]] [[Category:Populatit places established in 1882]] [[Category:Populatit coastal places in Malaysie]] ik2a7bh364o963lj2456eei1h7kos9v 0 64394 916591 880625 2026-05-11T06:48:49Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 3 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement |name = Metropolitan Borough of Solihull |type = [[Metropolitan burgh]] |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_blank_emblem= Coat of arms of Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council.png |blank_emblem_type = Coat o Airms o the Borough Council |blank_emblem_size = 150px |image_map = EnglandSolihull.png |map_caption = Shown athin [[Wast Midlands (coonty)|Wast Midlands]] |mapsize = frameless |subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Sovereign state]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Constituent kintra]] |subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Ingland}} |subdivision_type2 = [[Regions o Ingland|Region]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Wast Midlands (region)|Wast Midlands]] |subdivision_type3 = [[Historic coonties o England|Historic coonty]] |subdivision_name3 = [[Warwickshire]] |subdivision_type4 = [[Admeenistrative coonties o Ingland|Admeenistrative coonty]] |subdivision_name4 = [[Wast Midlands (coonty)|Wast Midlands]] |seat_type = Admeen.&nbsp;HQ |seat = Solihull |government_type = [[Metropolitan burgh]] |leader_title = [[Local govrenment in Ingland#Cooncillors an mayors|Leadership]]: |leader_name = Leader an cabinet |leader_title1 = [[:en:MPs elected in the United Kingdom general election, 2005|MPs]]: |leader_name1 = [[Lorely Burt]] ([[Leeberal Democrats (UK)|LD]])<br>[[Caroline Spelman]] ([[Conservative Pairty (UK)|C]]) |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |established_title = Foondit |established_date = |founder = |area_rank = [[Leet o Inglis destricts bi aurie|{{English district area rank|GSS=E08000029}}]] |area_total_km2 = {{formatnum:{{English district area|GSS=E08000029}}|R}} |population_as_of = {{English statistics year}} |population_total = {{formatnum:{{English district population|GSS=E08000029}}|R}} |population_rank = [[Leet o Inglis destricts bi population|Ranked {{English district rank|GSS= E08000029}}]] |population_density_km2 = auto |timezone = [[Greenwich Mean Time]] |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = [[Breetish Simmer Time]] |utc_offset_DST = +1 |postal_code_type = Postcode |postal_code = <!-- [[XX postcode area|XX]] --> |area_code = |blank_name = [[ISO 3166-2:GB|ISO 3166-2]] |blank_info = <!-- GB-?? --> |blank1_name = [[ONS codin seestem|ONS code]] |blank1_info = 00CT (ONS)<br />E08000029 (GSS) |blank2_name = [[Breetish naitional grid reference seestem|OS grid reference]] |blank2_info = <!-- {{gbmappingsmall|####}} --> |blank3_name = [[Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics|NUTS]] 3 |blank3_info = <!-- UKG## --> |blank4_name = Ethnicity |blank4_info = 89.1% White (85.8% White Breetish)<br>6.5% Asie<br>2.2% Mixed Race<br>1.5% Black<br>0.6% Ither <ref>http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-ks201ew.xls</ref> |website = [http://www.solihull.gov.uk solihull.gov.uk] }} The '''Metropolitan Borough of Solihull''' is a metropolitan burgh o the [[Wast Midlands (coonty)|Wast Midlands]], in [[Wast Midlands (region)|wast-central Ingland]]. It is namit efter its lairgest toun, [[Solihull]], frae which Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council is based. For [[Eurostat]] purposes it is a NUTS 3 region (code UKG32) an is ane o seiven burghs or unitar destricts that comprise the "Wast Midlands" [[NUTS 2 statistical regions o the Unitit Kinrick|NUTS 2 region]]. Hintle o the lairge residential population in the north o the burgh centres on the commonties o [[Castle Bromwich]], [[Chelmsley Wood]], [[Fordbridge]], [[Kingshurst]], [[Marston Green]] an [[Smith's Wood]]. In the sooth are the touns o [[Solihull]] an [[Shirley, Wast Midlands|Shirley]]. Syne 2011, Solihull haes formit pairt o the [[Greater Birmingham & Solihull Local Enterprise Partnership]] alang wi neebourin authorities [[Birmingham City Council|Birmingham]], [[Bromsgrove District|Bromsgrove]], [[Cannock Chase District|Cannock Chase]], [[East Staffordshire]], [[Lichfield District Council|Lichfield]], [[Redditch]], [[Tamworth (burgh)|Tamworth]] an [[Wyre Forest District|Wyre Forest]]. ==Economy== Solihull is regardit as haeing ane o the strangest subregional economies in the Wast Midlands, wi a significantly heicher nominal GVA per caipita an Silhillians enjoyin considerably heicher disposable income rates than baith regional an UK averages.<ref>http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/regional-trends/regional-economic-analysis/sub-regional-productivity--april-2013/prt-subregional-productivity-2013.xls{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/regional-trends/region-and-country-profiles/economy--june-2013/regional-profiles---economy--june-2013.xls{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Analysis shows Solihull as haein the lawest (an fastest fawin) claimant coont for [[Jobseeker's Allowance]] in the region an aw.<ref>http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/subnational-labour/regional-labour-market-statistics/june-2013/rft-lm-table-jsa01-june-2013.xls{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> This is a chairt o trend o regional gross value addit o Solihull at current basic prices [http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf published] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060525140007/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/theme_economy/RegionalGVA.pdf |date=2006-05-25 }} (pp.&nbsp;240–253) bi ''Office for Naitional Statistics'' wi figurs in millions o Breetish Poonds Sterling. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Year || Regional Gross Value Addit{{ref|4|4}} || Agricultur{{ref|1|1}} || Industry{{ref|2|2}} || Services{{ref|3|3}} |- | 1995 || '''1,929''' || 12 || 496 || 1,421 |- | 2000 || '''2,959''' || 8 || 870 || 2,082 |- | 2003 || '''4,023''' || 8 || 1,121 || 2,893 |} {{note|1|1}} includes huntin an forestry {{note|2|2}} includes energy an construction {{note|3|3}} includes financial intermediation services indirectly measured {{note|4|4}} Components mey no sum tae totals due tae roondin ===Dounsets in Solihull=== :''See an aw [[Leet o auries in Solihull]]'' Localities in the burgh include: *[[Balsall]], [[Balsall Common]], [[Barston]], [[Bentley Heath]], [[Berkswell]], [[Bickenhill]], [[Blossomfield]] *[[Castle Bromwich]], [[Catherine-de-Barnes]], [[Chadwick End]], [[Chelmsley Wood]], [[Cheswick Green]], [[Coleshill Heath]], [[Copt Heath]] *[[Dickens Heath]], [[Dorridge]] *[[Elmdon, Wast Midlands|Elmdon]], [[Elmdon Heath]] *[[Fordbridge]] *[[Hampton-in-Arden]], [[Hockley Heath]] *[[Kingshurst]], [[Knowle, Wast Midlands|Knowle]] *[[Lyndon, Wast Midlands|Lyndon]] *[[Marston Green]], [[Meriden, Wast Midlands|Meriden]], [[Monkspath Street]] *[[Olton]] *[[Packwood, Warwickshire|Packwood]] *[[Sharmans Cross]], [[Shirley, Wast Midlands|Shirley]], [[Silhill]], [[Smith's Wood]], [[Solihull]] *[[Temple Balsall]], [[Tidbury Green]] *[[Whitlock's End]] == References == <references/> == Freemit airtins == {{commons category|Metropolitan Borough of Solihull}} *[http://www.solihull.gov.uk/ Solihull Metropolitan Borough Council] {{West Midlands Coonty}} {{West_Midlands}} {{Metropolitan destricts o Ingland}} {{coord|52.40880|N|1.78092|W|region:GB_source:enwiki-osgb36(SP1579)|display=title}}<!-- Note: WGS84 lat/long, converted from OSGB36 grid ref --> {{DEFAULTSORT:Solihull}} [[Category:Metropolitan burghs]] [[Category:Solihull| Borough]] [[Category:Politics o Solihull]] [[Category:Local govrenment in the Wast Midlands (coonty)]] [[Category:NUTS 3 statistical regions o the Unitit Kinrick]] [[Category:Local govrenment destricts o the Wast Midlands (region)]] qsmkqo3xyunm5gd2nvr5kde6ih5uh3q 0 73250 916573 882956 2026-05-11T00:52:46Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox settlement <!-- See {{Infobox settlement}} for the full list of available fields --> | name = Inner Lunnon | image_map = Inner London (statutory).svg | map_caption = [[London Government Act 1963|Statutory]] definition | image_map1 = Inner London (statistical).svg | map_caption1 = [[Office for National Statistics|Statistical]] definition | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = [[Unitit Kinrick]] | subdivision_type1 = [[Kintras o the Unitit Kinrick|Kintra]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Ingland]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Regions o Ingland|Region]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Greater Lunnon|Lunnon]] | subdivision_type3 = Admeenistrative aurie | subdivision_name3 = [[Greater Lunnon]] | population_total = 3231901 | population_as_of = 2011 | area_total_km2 = 319 | population_density_km2 = auto | blank1_name = [[NUTS o the Unitit Kinrick|NUTS]] | blank1_info = UKI1 }} '''Inner Lunnon''' ({{lang-en|Inner London}}) is the name for the group o [[Lunnon burghs]] which form the interior pairt o [[Greater Lunnon]] and are surroondit bi [[Ooter Lunnon]]. Wi its oreegins in the [[Bills o mortality]], it became fixed as a aurie for statistics in 1847 an wis uised as a aurie o local govrenment frae 1855 tae 1965. It nou haes twa common definitions. The first is the statutory definition delineatit in the [[Lunnon Govrenment Act 1963]], comin intae force on 1 Apryle 1965, comprisin twal Inner Lunnon burghs an amaist identical tae the [[Coonty o Lunnon]] that wis abolished at the same time.<ref>Saint, A., ''Politics and the people of London: the London County Council (1889-1965)'', (1989)</ref> The seicont is the current definition uised bi the [[Office for National Statistics]] comprisin eleiven o the statutory Inner Lunnon burghs an twa o the statutory Ooter Lunnon burghs, an the [[Ceety o Lunnon]].<ref name=newham>[http://apps.newham.gov.uk/aboutus/PositivelyinnerLondon.pdf Newham London Borough Council] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630150805/http://apps.newham.gov.uk/aboutus/PositivelyinnerLondon.pdf |date=2007-06-30 }} - Positively Inner London</ref> Inner Lunnon is smawer than Ooter Lunnon baith in terms o population an aurie, but the density o population is mair nor double that o Ooter Lunnon. Inner Lunnon is offeecially the richest aurie in Europe wi the maist expensive street in Europe, GDP per caipita is nearly US$80,000 while the UK GDP per capita is nearly US$46,000. Mony o the warld's richest fowk live in Inner London, but thare is widespread poverty an aw.<ref>[http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/mar/29/indices-multiple-deprivation-poverty-england Indices of multiple deprivation: find the poorest places in England]</ref> [[Central Lunnon]] is locatit at the core o Inner Lunnon. ==History== ===Backgrund=== The aurie that is nou Inner Lunnon wis defined bi the [[Registrar General]] as a collection o pairishes cried "Lunnon" an appeared in the [[Unitit Kinrick Census 1851|1851 Census]]. At the time the metropolitan aurie—commonly cried the Metropolis—haed its oreegins in the aurie o the [[Bills o mortality]] that haed expandit frae the tiny [[Ceety o Lunnon]] intae three surroondin coonties ower the previous several hunder years. The aurie become fixed in 1847 wi the addeetion o Lewisham Poor Law Union an the pairish o Hampstead.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/census/SRC_P/4/EW1861GEN#_edn7 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-04-23 |archive-date=2016-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829013522/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/census/SRC_P/4/EW1861GEN#_edn7 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1855 the Registrar General aurie, wi the addeetion o [[Penge]], wis uised tae define the destrict o the [[Metropolitan Board of Works]].<ref name=davis>Davis, J., ''Reforming London: The London Government Problem, 1855-1900'', (1988)</ref> The Metropolis wis describit as Inner Lunnon frae the 1881 Census an aw.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/census/SRC_P/3/EW1881GEN |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-04-23 |archive-date=2016-08-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160829004020/http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/census/SRC_P/3/EW1881GEN |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 1889 this aurie became the [[Coonty o Lunnon]]. The aurie wis adjustit in 1900 when Penge wis transferred tae Kent an [[South Hornsey]] wis gained frae Middlesex. ===London Government Act 1963=== The "Inner [[Lunnon burghs]]" wur defined bi the [[Lunnon Govrenment Act 1963]].<ref>Office of Public Sector Information - [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/ukpga/1963/cukpga_19630033_en_1 London Government Act 1963 (c.33) (as amended)]</ref> The Inner Lunnon burghs occupee'd the same aurie as the Coonty o Lunnon that wis abolished as they wur creatit. [[North Woolwich]] wis a anomaly as it wis pairt o the Coonty o Lunnon, but became pairt o a Ooter Lunnon burgh. The main difference atween Inner an Ooter Lunnon burghs atween 1965 an 1990 wis that the cooncils o the inner burghs wur no local eddication authorities an thare wis a single [[Inner Lunnon Education Authority]] for the aurie, includin the [[Ceety o Lunnon]]. The inner burgh cooncils became local eddication authorities on 1 Apryle 1990. The statutory definition is uised as pairt o the grant dounset uised tae finance local govrenment.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.local.communities.gov.uk/finance/stats/lgfs/2005/lgfs16/h/lgfs16/images/maps/a1f.gif| title=Local authority lower tier boundaries - Greater London| access-date=2014-04-23| archive-date=2006-08-28| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060828204042/http://www.local.communities.gov.uk/finance/stats/lgfs/2005/lgfs16/h/lgfs16/images/maps/a1f.gif| url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Newham Lunnon Burgh Cooncil]] campaigns for recognition as an Inner Lunnon burgh cooncil for central govrenment grants, as this wad hae financial benefits for the burgh. It is no currently considered a Inner Lunnon burgh as, wi the exception o North Woolwich, it did no fuirm pairt o the Coonty o Lunnon.<ref name=newham/> The statutory Inner Lunnon burghs are: {{div col|3}} *[[London Borough of Camden|Camden]] *[[Royal Borough of Greenwich|Greenwich]] *[[London Borough of Hackney|Hackney]] *[[London Borough of Hammersmith and Fulham|Hammersmith and Fulham]] *[[London Borough of Islington|Islington]] *[[Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea|Kensington and Chelsea]] *[[London Borough of Lambeth|Lambeth]] *[[London Borough of Lewisham|Lewisham]] *[[London Borough of Southwark|Southwark]] *[[London Borough of Tower Hamlets|Tower Hamlets]] *[[London Borough of Wandsworth|Wandsworth]] *[[Ceety o Wastmeenster|Wastmeenster]] {{div col end}} The [[Ceety o Lunnon]] wis no designatit as a Inner Lunnon burgh, but the [[Corporation o Lunnon]] is usually classed as an inner Lunnon local authority.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/londonfacts/londonlocalgovernment/londonboroughs.htm | title=List of inner/outer London boroughs | publisher=[[London Councils]] | accessdate=19 January 2014 | archive-date=2014-01-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140122151507/http://www.londoncouncils.gov.uk/londonfacts/londonlocalgovernment/londonboroughs.htm | url-status=dead }}</ref> ===Statistics=== The [[Office for National Statistics]] an [[Eurostat]] define Inner Lunnon differently, explicitly includin the [[Ceety o Lunnon]], addin [[London Borough of Haringey|Haringey]] an [[London Borough of Newham|Newham]], but excludin [[Royal Borough of Greenwich|Greenwich]].<ref>{{cite web |work=A vision of Britain through time |publisher=[[Great Britain Historical GIS]] |title=Inner London through time: Administrative History (post 1974) |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/relationships.jsp?u_id=10076845 |accessdate=2009-11-20 |archive-date=2012-11-01 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/6BqXtXVCG?url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/unit_page.jsp;jsessionid=6FDDA7BE0539723BE65736D5553628D9?u_id=10076845 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The land aurie is 319&nbsp;km² (123 sq. miles) an the population in 2011 wis 3,231,901.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-qs203ew.xls |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-04-23 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115034/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/census/2011-census/key-statistics-for-local-authorities-in-england-and-wales/rft-table-qs203ew.xls |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Bar chart | title = Historical population | label_type = Year | data_type = Population | data_max = 5,000,000 | label4 = 1891 | data4 = 4,488,242 | label5 = 1901 | data5 = 4,859,558 | label6 = 1911 | data6 = 4,998,237 | label7 = 1921 | data7 = 4,972,870 | label8 = 1931 | data8 = 4,893,261 | label9 = 1939 | data9 = 4,364,457 | label10 = 1951 | data10 = 3,679,390 | label11 = 1961 | data11 = 3,492,879 | label12 = 1971 | data12 = 3,031,935 | label13 = 1981 | data13 = 2,550,100 | label14 = 1991 | data14 = 2,599,300 | label15 = 2001 | data15 = 2,859,400 | label16 = 2011 | data16 = 3,231,901 }} Figurs afore 1971 hae been reconstructit bi the Office for National Statistics based on past censuses in order tae fit the 2001 limits. Figurs frae 1981 onwaird are ONS midyear estimates (revisit as o 2010).<ref>Obtained from Neighbourhood Statistics website at URL http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/datasetList.do?JSAllowed=true&Function=&%24ph=60&CurrentPageId=60&step=1&CurrentTreeIndex=-1&searchString=&datasetFamilyId=1813&Next.x=11&Next.y=10 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140203024814/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/datasetList.do?JSAllowed=true&Function=&%24ph=60&CurrentPageId=60&step=1&CurrentTreeIndex=-1&searchString=&datasetFamilyId=1813&Next.x=11&Next.y=10 |date=2014-02-03 }} (accessed July 12th 2010)</ref> Efter centuries o increase, the population o Inner Lunnon reached a peak o 4,998,237 in 1911. The population o Inner Lunnon then began a steady decline as the population continued tae increase in Ooter Lunnon. Bi 1951 the population o Greater Lunnon as a whole wis in decline an Inner Lunnon reached its nadir in 1981 wi a population o 2,550,100. Subsequently, the trend reversed an the population o Inner Lunnon recovered tae 3,231,901 in 2011, some 1,766,336 short o the 1911 peak. ==Strategic plannin== For the purposes o the [[Lunnon Plan]] plannin document producit bi the [[Mayor o Lunnon]], Inner Lunnon consists o the Ceety o Lunnon, aw the statutory Inner Lunnon burghs an Newham.<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/LP2011%20Chapter%202.pdf | title=London Plan: Chapter 2 | author=[[Mayor of London]] | publisher=[[Greater London Authority]] | access-date=2014-04-23 | archive-date=2015-09-06 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906090756/http://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/LP2011%20Chapter%202.pdf | url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ither definitions== [[File:London Postal District.png|thumb|Lunnon postal destrict shown (in red) against the [[Greater Lunnon]] boondar]] The aurie covered bi the [[Lunnon postal destrict]] is sometimes referred tae as 'Inner London'.<ref>HMSO, ''The Inner London Letter Post'', (1980)</ref> Housomeivver it is no coterminous wi ither definitions o Inner Lunnon as its aurie is somewha lairger an covers 624&nbsp;km² (241 sq. miles). The soothren pairt o the [[London Borough of Lewisham]] as well as a smaw pairt o the [[Royal Borough of Greenwich]] faw ootside its boondars whilst 44 o its 119 destricts are in Ooter Lunnon an its irregular shape stretches tae the Greater Lunnon boondar at Mill Hill an Scratch Wood an ayont it at [[Sewardstone]]. Frae 1990 tae 2000 Lunnon uised twa separate telephone dialling codes wi ane code designated for ''Inner Lunnon'', housomeivver the aurie covered bi this code wis widely different frae aw o the abuin definitions an maist o Greater Lunnon is nou covered bi a single ''[[020]]'' diallin code. ==Economy== Thare are approximately 200,000 businesses wi aroond 2,000,000 employees in Inner Lunnon. 56% o aw private sector jobs in Greater Lunnon are locatit in Inner Lunnon.<ref name="Inner Economy">{{Cite web |url=http://www.centreforcities.org/assets/files/2013/13-10-10-Inner-London.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2014-04-23 |archive-date=2014-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201160354/http://www.centreforcities.org/assets/files/2013/13-10-10-Inner-London.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Thare is significant commutin o wirkers frae Ooter Lunnon an frae ootside Greater Lunnon. Hintle o the commercial activity is focused on [[Central Lunnon]] an [[Canary Wharf]]. 10% o public sector employment is focussed on [[Wastmeenster]] aroond the [[Govrenment o the Unitit Kinrick]].<ref name="Inner Economy"/> ==References== {{Portal|London}} {{Reflist}} {{Sub-regions o Lunnon}} {{Coord|51.508411|N|0.125364|W|display=title|region:GB_type:adm3rd_scale:300000}} [[Category:NUTS 2 statistical regions o the Unitit Kinrick|Lunnon Inner]] [[Category:Lunnon sub regions]] [[Category:Geografie o the Ceety o London]] [[Category:Natural regions o Ingland]] [[Category:1847 establishments]] [[Category:1840s establishments in Europe]] 3yoea7qhqwptb3hbe107jswr2m6kgpf 0 79394 916531 645695 2026-05-10T15:11:25Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Boadilla del Monte | settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Spain|Municipality]] | official_name = <!-- if different from name --> | native_name = <!-- if different from name --> | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = Flag of Boadilla del monte.PNG | image_shield = Escudo de Boadilla del Monte.svg | nickname = | motto = | image_map = Boadilla del Monte (Madrid) mapa.svg | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Spain | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Spain | subdivision_type = Kintra | subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Autonomous commonty]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Commonty o Madrid|Madrid]] | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Commonty o Madrid|Madrid]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Comarcas o Spain|Comarca]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Madrid metropolitan aurie]] | seat_type = <!-- [[Capital (political)|Capital]] --> | seat = | coordinates = {{coord|40|24|25|N|3|52|30|W|region:ES_type:city|display=inline,title}} | coordinates_footnotes = | elevation_m = 689 | elevation_min_m = | elevation_max_m = | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 47.24 | established_title = <!-- Founded --> | established_date = | population_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> | population_total = 41807 | population_as_of = 2008 | population_demonym = Boadillense | population_note = | population_density_km2 = auto | blank_name_sec1 = [[Leids o Spain|Offeecial leid(s)]] | blank_info_sec1 = | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset = +1 | timezone_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = [[Leet o postal codes in Spain|Postal code]] | postal_code = 28660 | area_code_type = [[Telephone nummers in Spain|Dialin code]] | area_code = | leader_title = [[Alcalde]] | leader_name = Juan Jesús Siguero Aguilar (2009) | leader_party = [[Fowkpairty (Spain)|PP]] | website = {{official|http://www.aytoboadilla.com}} | footnotes = }} '''Boadilla del Monte''' ({{IPA-es|boaˈðiʎa ðel ˈmonte}}) is a toun an municipality in central Spain. It is locatit in the centre o the [[Commonty o Madrid]]. It haed a population o 41,807 in 2008. ==Gallery== <gallery> File:boadilla1.JPG|Sector Siglo XXI an the tram File:boadilla2.JPG|Infante Don Luis Street File:boadilla3.JPG|Teepical street -Pio Baroja File:boadilla4.JPG|Statue on a roond aboot File:boadilla5.JPG|Skateboard court File:boadilla6.JPG|Avenida Condesa De Chinchon File:boadilla7.JPG|The tram File:boadilla8.JPG|The tram station </gallery> ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat|Boadilla del Monte}} * [http://www.aytoboadilla.com Offeecial wabsteid] {{es icon}} * [http://www.soloboadilla.es Local magazine]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{es icon}} * [http://www.infoboadilla.com Ceety Information wabsteid on ceety] {{es icon}} {{Municipalities in the Commonty o Madrid}} [[Category:Boadilla del Monte| ]] [[Category:Municipalities in the Commonty o Madrid]] [[Category:Populatit places in the Commonty o Madrid]] khtsd5avru80xa1xo9or1rhleepeu21 0 81922 916589 916468 2026-05-11T06:11:03Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person |name = Mark Zuckerberg | image = Mark Zuckerberg F8 2019 Keynote (32830578717) (cropped).jpg | caption = Zuckerberg in 2019 |birth_name = Mark Elliot Zuckerberg |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|5|14|mf=yes}}<ref name="dob">{{cite news |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/mar/09/forbes-rich-list-facebook-six |title=Forbes rich list: Facebook six stake their claims |work=The Guardian |location=UK |first=Ed |last=Pilkington |date=March 10, 2011 |accessdate=March 30, 2011}}</ref> |birth_place = [[White Plains, New York|White Plains]], [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Unitit States|U.S.]] |home_town = [[Dobbs Ferry, New York]], U.S. |residence = [[Palo Alto, Californie|Palo Alto]], [[Californie]], U.S.<ref name="NEWYORKER2010">{{cite web|accessdate=September 22, 2010|url=http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2010/09/20/100920fa_fact_vargas|title=The Face of Facebook|work=The New Yorker|date=September 20, 2010|author=Vargas, Jose Antonio}}</ref> |alma_mater = [[Harvard Varsity]] |education = [[Ardsley Heich Schuil]]<br>[[Phillips Exeter Academy]] |years_active = 2004–present |occupation = Chairman & CEO o [[Facebook, Inc.]] |known_for = Co-foondin Facebook in 2004;<br>warld's 2nt youngest self-made billionaire (2012)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/03/10/forbess-youngest-billionaire-facebook-co-founder-dustin-moskovitz-edges-out-mark-zuckerberg/ |title=Forbes's Youngest Billionaire: Facebook Co-Founder Dustin Moskovitz Edges Out Mark Zuckerberg |publisher=Newsfeed.time.com |date=2011-03-10 |accessdate=2012-12-29 |archive-date=2018-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226043641/http://newsfeed.time.com/2011/03/10/forbess-youngest-billionaire-facebook-co-founder-dustin-moskovitz-edges-out-mark-zuckerberg/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | networth = US$76.4 billion (May 2020)<!--DO NOT UPDATE THIS UNLESS YOU UPDATE THE ACCESS DATE, no increase/decrease symbols--><ref name="forbes_networth">{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/mark-zuckerberg/|title=Mark Zuckerberg|magazine=Forbes|access-date=May 5, 2020}}</ref> |spouse = {{marriage|Priscilla Chan|2012}} |children = Maxima Chan Zuckerberg |relatives = [[Randi Zuckerberg|Randi Jayne Zuckerberg]] (sister) |awards = [[Time Person o the Year]] 2010 |parents = Edward Zuckerberg<br>Karen Kempner |website = {{URL|https://www.facebook.com/zuck|facebook.com/zuck}} }} '''Mark Elliot Zuckerberg''' (born 14 Mey 1984) is an American [[computer programmer]] an Internet entrepreneur. He is the foonder an CEO o [[Facebook|Meta Platforms]], an wis named [[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]]'s "Person o the Year" in [[2010]]. ==References== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zuckerberg, Mark}} [[Category:1984 births]] [[Category:21st-century American businessfowk]] [[Category:American billionaires]] [[Category:American computer businessfowk]] [[Category:American computer programmers]] [[Category:American Internet celebrities]] [[Category:American philanthropists]] [[Category:American technology chief executives]] [[Category:American technology company foonders]] [[Category:American fowk o Austrick-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o German-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:American fowk o Pols-Jewish strynd]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae New York]] [[Category:Businessfowk frae the San Francisco Bay Aurie]] [[Category:Directors o Facebook]] [[Category:Givin Pledgers]] [[Category:Facebook employees]] [[Category:Harvard Varsity fowk]] [[Category:Jewish American philanthropists]] [[Category:Life extensionists]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Fowk frae Dobbs Ferry, New York]] [[Category:Fowk frae Palo Alto, Californie]] [[Category:Fowk frae White Plains, New York]] [[Category:Phillips Exeter Academy alumni]] [[Category:Fowk wi colour blindness]] [[Category:Umwhile autheists an agnostics]] {{Stub}} 3isdhb4ct66z56y9l4gv30jca06zq5u 0 85252 916590 828570 2026-05-11T06:31:23Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Maçanet de la Selva | native_name = | settlement_type = [[Municipalities o Spain|Municipality]] | image_skyline = Massanet de la Selva - Església.jpg | imagesize = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_size = | flag_alt = | image_shield = Escut de Maçanet de la Selva.svg | shield_size = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | pushpin_map = Spain | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Spain | coordinates = {{coord|41|46|46|N|2|44|0|E|type:city|display=inline}} | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = [[Leet o kintras|Kintra]] | subdivision_name = {{flag|Spain}} | subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous commonties o Spain|Commonty]] | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|Catalonie}} | subdivision_type2 = [[Provinces o Spain|Province]] | subdivision_name2 = [[Province o Girona|Girona]] | subdivision_type3 = [[Comarques o Catalonie|Comarca]] | subdivision_name3 = [[Selva]] | established_title = | established_date = | leader_party = | leader_title = [[Mayor]] | leader_name = Alfons Soms i Quellos | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = 45.5 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 100 | population_footnotes = | population_total = 6871 | population_as_of = 2009 | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = Maçanetencs | population_note = | timezone1 = [[Central European Time|CET]] | utc_offset1 = +1 | timezone1_DST = [[Central European Simmer Time|CEST]] | utc_offset1_DST = +2 | postal_code_type = | postal_code = 17412 | area_code_type = | area_code = | website = {{official|http://www.massanetdelaselva.org}} | footnotes = }} '''Maçanet de la Selva''' ({{IPA-ca|məsəˈnɛd də ɫə ˈsɛɫβə}}) is a [[Spain]]yie [[municipality]] in the [[province o Girona]], situatit in the [[Comarques o Catalonie|''comarca'']] o the [[Selva]], [[Catalonie]]. It is a important communications junction, whaur the routes frae the coast meet those frae the Prelittoral Depression tae shape a single axis north towards [[Girona]] an the [[Fraunce|French border]]. [[RENFE]] railwey lines run both sooth-east (wi the N-II road) towards [[Blanes]] an the coasts o the [[Maresme]] an sooth-wast (wi the A-7 [[Motorwey|''autopista'']] an the C-251 road) towards [[Granollers]]: the station is shared wi the neebourin municipality o [[Massanes, Catalonia|Massanes]]. ==Main sichts== *Romanesque kirk o ''Sant Llorenç'' *Kirk o ''Sant Pere de Martorell'' *Torcafelló Castle *Iberian dounset o Mont-Barbat ==References== * Panareda Clopés, Josep Maria; Rios Calvet, Jaume; Rabella Vives, Josep Maria (1989). ''Guia de Catalunya'', Barcelona:Caixa de Catalunya. ISBN 84-87135-01-3 (Spanish). ISBN 84-87135-02-1 (Catalan). ==Freemit airtins== {{Commons}} *[http://www.massanetdelaselva.cat/ Offeecial wabsteid]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{ca icon}} *[http://www.municat.net:8000/omunicat/owa/mun_p01.dad_ens?via=1&cod=1710300000 Information - Generalitat de Catalunya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929123349/http://www.municat.net:8000/omunicat/owa/mun_p01.dad_ens?via=1&cod=1710300000 |date=2007-09-29 }} {{ca icon}} *[http://www.idescat.cat/territ/BasicTerr?TC=3&V0=1&V1=17103 Statistical information - Institut d'Estadística de Catalunya] {{ca icon}} {{br}} {{Geographic location |Centre = Maçanet de la Selva |N = [[Sils, Girona|Sils]] |NE = |E = [[Vidreres]] |SE = [[Lloret de Mar]] |S = [[Tordera]] |SW = [[Fogars de la Selva]] |W = [[Massanes, Catalonie|Massanes]] |NW = [[Riudarenes]] }} {{Selva}} {{Municipalities in Girona|state=autocollapse}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Macanet De La Selva}} [[Category:Municipalities in Selva]] [[Category:Populatit places in Selva]] 3unwauohva43fj9marzode50z8r6wai 0 123651 916583 916236 2026-05-11T04:27:57Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916583 wikitext text/x-wiki This is a '''leet o wather records''', a leet o the maist extreme occurrences o wather phenomena for various categories. ==Temperatur== ===Measurin condeetions=== The staundart measurin condeetions for temperatur are in the air, 1.5 meters abuin the grund, an shielded frae direct sunlicht (hence the term, x degrees "in the shade").<ref name=running2011 /> The follaein leets include aw offeecially confirmed claims measurt bi those methods. Temperaturs measured directly on the grund mey exceed air temperaturs bi 30 tae 50&nbsp;°C.<ref name=running2011>p. 855-857, [http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/pdf/10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1 Satellite Finds Highest Land Skin Temperatures on Earth], David J. Mildrexler, Maosheng Zhao, and Steven W. Running, ''Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society'', July 2011, pp. 855-860, {{doi|10.1175/2011BAMS3067.1}}.</ref> A grund temperature o 84&nbsp;°C (183.2&nbsp;°F) haes been recordit in Port Sudan, Sudan.<ref>Table 9.2, p. 158, ''Dryland Climatology'', Sharon E. Nicholson, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 1139500244.</ref> A grund temperatur o 93.9&nbsp;°C (201&nbsp;°F) wis recordit in [[Furnace Creek, Californie|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[Californie]], [[USA]] on 15 Julie 1972; this mey be the heichest naitural grund surface temperatur ever recordit.<ref>A possible warld record maximum naitural grund surface temperatur, Paul Kubecka, ''Weather'', '''56''', #7 (July 2001), ''Weather'', pp. 218-221, {{doi|10.1002/j.1477-8696.2001.tb06577.x}}.</ref> The theoretical maximum possible grund surface temperatur haes been estimatit tae be atween 90 and 100&nbsp;°C for dry, darkish siles o law thermal conductivity.<ref>[http://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/abs/10.1175/1520-0450%281992%29031%3C1096%3AEMLST%3E2.0.CO%3B2 Extreme Maximum Land Surface Temperatures], J. R. Garratt, Journal of Applied Meteorology, '''31''', #9 (September 1992), pp. 1096–1105, {{doi|10.1175/1520-0450(1992)031<1096:EMLST>2.0.CO;2}}</ref> Satellite measurements o grund temperature taken atween 2003 an 2009, taken wi the [[MODIS]] [[infrared]] spectroradiometer on the [[Aqua (satellite)|Aqua]] satellite, foond a maximum temperatur o 70.7&nbsp;°C (159.3&nbsp;°F), which wis recorded in 2005 in the [[Lut Desert]], [[Iran]]. The Lut Desert wis an aa foond tae hae the heichest maximum temperatur in 5 o the 7 years measurt (2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 an 2009.) Thir measurements reflect averages ower a lairge region an sae are lawer than the maximum pynt surface temperatur.<ref name=running2011 /> Satellite measurements o the surface temperatur o Antarctica, taken atween 1982 an 2013, foond a cauldest temperatur o −93.2&nbsp;°C (−136&nbsp;°F) on 10 August 2010, at {{Coord|81.8|S|59.3|E}}. Althou this is nae comparable tae an air temperature, it is believed that the air temperatur at this location wad hae been lawer than the offeecial record lawest air temperatur o −89.2&nbsp;°C.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-25287806 Coldest spot on Earth identified by satellite], Jonathan Amos, BBC News, 9 December 2013.</ref><ref>[http://fallmeeting.agu.org/2013/files/2013/12/ColdestPlaceOnEarth.pdf The Coldest Place on Earth: -90°C and below from Landsat 8 and other satellite thermal sensors], Ted Scambos, Allen Pope, Garrett Campbell, and Terry Haran, [[American Geophysical Union]] fall meeting, 9 December 2013.</ref> ===Heat=== ====Heichest temperaturs ever recordit bi continent==== [[File:Koppen World Map BWh.png|280px|thumb|A warld cairt shawin auries wi [[Köppen climate clessification|Köppen]] ''BWh'' (het desert climate). The temperaturs in thir regions hae the potential tae exceed 50&nbsp;&deg;C (122&nbsp;°F) during the hettest saisons.]] ==== Africae{{refn |group="notes"|Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Africae's hettest reliably measured temperatur is 50.7°C (123.3°F) at [[Semara]], [[Wastren Sahara]] on 13 Julie 1961.<ref name="reliably">{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Christopher C.|title=Hottest Reliably Measured Air Temperatures on Earth: PART TWO|url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/hottest-reliably-measured-air-temperatures-on-earth-part-two.html|publisher=Weather Underground|date=19 August 2016|accessdate=2 October 2016}}</ref> This vailyie wis surpassed on 5 Julie 2018 whan {{convert|51.3|C|F}} wis recordit at [[Ouargla]], [[Algerie]] on 5 Julie 2018.<ref name=watts2018/>}} ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Algerie}} |{{convert|51.3|C|F}} |[[El Bayadh]], [[El Bayadh Province]] / [[Ouargla]], [[Ouargla Province]] |{{Dts|2 September 1979}}<ref name=AlgeriaCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/algnc2.pdf |title=Seconde Communication Nationale de L'Algerie Sur Les Changements Climatiques a la CCNUCC |publisher=Ministere de L'Amenagement du Territoire et de L'Environnement |year=2010 |language=French |page=27 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref>/{{Dts| 5 Julie 2018}}<ref name=watts2018>{{cite web |last1=Watts |first1=Jonathan |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731151105/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week |archivedate=31 July 2018 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/13/heatwave-sees-record-high-temperatures-set-around-world-this-week |title=Heatwave sees record high temperatures around world this week |publisher=The Guardian |date=13 July 2018 |accessdate=31 July 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Botswana}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |[[Maun, Botswana|Maun]] |{{Dts|7 Januar 2016}}<ref>{{cite web | url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201601112526.html|title=Botswana: Heat Wave Breaks Maximum Temperature Records}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Burkina Faso}} |{{convert|47.2|C|F}} |[[Dori, Burkina Faso|Dori]] |{{Dts|1984}}<ref name=burkinaclimatechange>{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/napa/bfa01f.pdf |title=Programme D'Action National D'Adaptation a la Variabilite et aux Changements Climatiques (Pana du Burkina Faso) |publisher=Ministere de L'Environnnement et du Cadre de Vie |language=French |page=11 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Chad}} |{{convert|47.6|C|F}} |[[Faya-Largeau]] |{{Dts|22 Juin 2010}}<ref name="wu">{{cite web|url=https://www.cyprus-weather.org/temperature-breaks-all-records/|title=Temperature breaks all records in Cyprus|author=|first=|date=7 August 2010|website=|publisher=Weather Underground|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Comoros}} |{{convert|36.0|C|F}} |[[Prince Said Ibrahim Internaitional Airport|Hahaya Internaitional Airport]] |{{Dts|15 November 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/noaa-earth-had-its-third-warmest-year-record-2017 |title=NOAA: Earth Had Its Third Warmest Year on Record in 2017 |publisher=Wunderground |date=18 January 2018 |accessdate=29 April 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}} |{{convert|47.4|°C|°F}} |[[Lavumisa]] | ?<ref name=swazilandrecords>{{cite web|url=http://resources.bgs.ac.uk/sadcreports/swaziland1991cidagroundwaterresourcesa.pdf |title=Groundwater Resources of Swaziland |publisher=Swaziland Ministry of Natural Resources, Land Use and Energy |page=6 |date=December 1992 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Ghana}} |{{convert|43.8|C|F}} |[[Navrongo]] |{{Dts|26 Mairch 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Guinea}} |{{convert|45|C|F}} |[[Koundara]], [[Boké Region]] |{{Dts|29 Mairch 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Niger}} |{{convert|49.5|C|F}} |[[Diffa]] |{{Dts|7 September 1978}}<ref name=nigerCC>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180506213909/https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf |archivedate=6 May 2018 |url=https://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/non-annex_i_natcom/submitted_natcom/application/pdf/nernc3.pdf |title=Troisieme Communication Nationale A La Conference Des Parties De La Conventioncadre Des Nations Unies Sur Les Changements Climatiques |publisher=Republique de Niger |page=8 |accessdate=6 May 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Nigerie}} |{{convert|46.4|C|F}} |[[Yola, Nigerie|Yola]] |{{Dts|3 Apryle 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Réunion}} |{{convert|36.9|C|F}} |[[Le Port, Réunion|Le Port]] |{{Dts|6 Mairch 2004}}<ref name=reunionrecords>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020215/http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat |archivedate=1 January 2019 | url=http://www.meteofrance.re/climat/description-du-climat |title=Climat de la Réunion |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sooth Africae}} |{{convert|50|C|F}} |[[Dunbrody, Eastren Cape|Dunbrody]], [[Eastren Cape]] |{{Dts|3 November 1918}}<ref name="saws">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517132011/http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa |archivedate=17 May 2017|url=http://www.weathersa.co.za/learning/climate-questions/39-what-are-the-temperature-rainfall-and-wind-extremes-in-sa |title=What are the temperature, rainfall and wind extremes in SA? | publisher=[[South African Weather Service]]|accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sudan}} |{{convert|49.7|C|F}} |[[Dongola]] |{{Dts|25 Juin 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Tunisie}} |{{convert|55|C|F}} |[[Kebili]] |{{Dts|7 Julie 1931}}<ref name=bams>{{cite journal|author1=Khalid Ibrahim El Fadli |author2=Randall S. Cerveny |author3=Christopher C. Burt |author4=Philip Eden |author5=David Parker |author6=Manola Brunet |author7=Thomas C. Peterson |author8=Gianpaolo Mordacchini |author9=Vinicio Pelino |author10=Pierre Bessemoulin |author11=José Luis Stella |author12=Fatima Driouech |author13=M.M Abdel wahab |author14=Matthew B. Pace |title=World Meteorological Organization Assessment of the Purported World Record 58°C Temperature Extreme at El Azizia, Libya (13 September 1922)|journal=Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society|year=2012|doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00093.1|volume=94|issue=2 |pages=199–204|bibcode=2013BAMS...94..199E}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Wastren Sahara}} |{{convert|50.7|C|F}} |[[Semara]] |{{Dts|13 Julie 1961}}<ref name=reliably/> |- |{{flag|Zambie}} |{{convert|42.4|C|F}} |[[Mfuwe]], [[Eastren Province, Zambie|Eastren Province]] |{{Dts|13 October 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |} ==== Antarcticae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperature !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Antarcticae}} (aw laund/ice sooth o 60°S) | {{convert|19.8|C|F}} | [[Signy Resairch Station]], [[Sooth Orkney Islands]] |{{Dts|30 Januar 1982}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=1 March 2017 |archive-date=2021-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211106025041/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Antarcticae}} (mainland an adjynin islands) |{{convert|17.5|C|F}} |[[Esperanza Base]], [[Trinity Peninsula]] |{{Dts|24 Mairch 2015}}<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/mar/31/potential-record-high-temperature-in-antarctica-alarms-scientists | title = Antarctica records unprecedented high temperatures in two new readings | last = Mccarthy | first = Tom | work = The Guardian | date = 31 March 2015 | accessdate = 8 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-continent |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica mainland & adjoining islands): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=1 March 2017 |archive-date=2017-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170302030128/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-continent |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Antarcticae}} ([[Antarctic Plateau]] > {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}}) |{{convert|-7.0|C|F}} | Automatit Wather Station D-80 (coordinates: 70°6'S, 134°53'W, elevation: {{convert|2,500|m|ft|0}}) |{{Dts|28 December 1989}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-plateau |title=WMO Region VII (Antarctica plateau>2500m): Highest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=29 April 2018 |archive-date=2018-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180430113958/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/antarctica-highest-temperature-plateau |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |[[Sooth Pole]] |{{convert|-12.3|C|F}} |[[Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station]] |{{Dts|25 December 2011}}<ref name="Antarctic Sun">{{cite web |url=http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563 |title=Heat wave: South Pole hits record high temperature on Christmas Day |publisher=United States Antarctic Program |date=29 December 2011 |accessdate=1 February 2012 |archive-date=2013-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523025538/http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/features/contenthandler.cfm?id=2563 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} ==== Asie ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Afghanistan}} |{{convert|49.9|C|F}} |[[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]] |{{Dts|August 2009}}<ref name="afghan record">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FVGaAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|title=Afghanistan Constitution and Citizenship Law Handboook – Strategic Information and Basic Laws|last=inc|first=Ibp|date=2013|publisher=Int'l Business Publications|isbn=978-1-4387-7835-8|page=48}}{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Armenie}} |{{convert|43.7|C|F}} |[[Meghri]] |{{Dts|1 August 2011}}<ref name=ArmeniaCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/armnc3.pdf |title=Republic of Armenia Third National Communication on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection |year=2015 |page=3 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Armeniarecordhigh>{{cite web |url=http://hetq.am/eng/news/3377/hottest-day-on-record---437-celsius.html |title=Hottest Day on Record – 43.7 Celsius |publisher=Hetq Online |date=3 August 2011 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |{{convert|46.0|C|F}} |[[Julfa, Azerbaijan (ceety)|Julfa]] an [[Ordubad]] |?<ref name=azhydromet>{{cite web |last1=Mahmudov |first1=Rza |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070524005453/http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |archivedate=24 May 2007 |url=http://www.azhydromet.com/SRIH/Water%20Resurs.html |title=Water Resources of the Azerbaijan Republic |publisher=Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Azerbaijan Republic |accessdate=27 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bangladesh}} |{{convert|45.1|C|F}} |[[Rajshahi]] |{{Dts|30 Mey 1972}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 |title=Bangladesh records highest temperature 42.2 degree Celsius in last 14 years |work=Asian Tribune |date=27 April 2009 |accessdate=7 November 2016 |archive-date=2015-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618065730/http://asiantribune.com/node/17080 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bhutan}} |{{convert|40|C|F}} |[[Phuentsholing]] |{{Dts|27 August 1997}}<ref>{{cite news|author1=Passang Norbu|title=The heat has got into the Himalayas|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Kuensel|date=14 June 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402095043/http://www.kuenselonline.com/the-heat-has-got-to-the-himalayas/#.VPR-x9KUdA0|archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cambodie}} |{{convert|42.6|C|F}} |[[Preah Vihear Province|Preah Vihear]] |{{Dts|15 Apryle 2016}}<ref name="meteofranceasia">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/35905150-asie-vague-de-chaleur-exceptionnelle |title=Exceptional Heat Wave 2016 |work=[[Meteo France]] |accessdate=29 April 2016 |archive-date=2016-04-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428202234/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/35905150-asie-vague-de-chaleur-exceptionnelle |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cheenae}} |{{convert|50.5|C|F}} |[[Erbao Tounship]], [[Turpan]], [[Xinjiang]] |{{Dts|10 Julie 2017}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1572543886818701&wfr=spider&for=pc|title=50.5℃！全国最高气温问世 未来或将再创新纪录|work=baijiahao.baidu.com}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Hong Kong}} |{{convert|39.0|C|F}} |[[Hong Kong Wetland Park|Wetland Park]] |{{Dts|22 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Macau}} |{{convert|39.0|C|F}} |[[Coloane]] |{{Dts|22 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Indie}} |{{convert|51.0|C|F}} |[[Phalodi]], [[Rajasthan]] |{{Dts|19 May 2016}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skymetweather.com/content/weather-news-and-analysis/indian-summer-makes-history-phalodi-in-rajasthan-boils-at-51c/|title=Indian summer makes history, Phalodi in Rajasthan boils at 51°C|work=Skymet Weather}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Indonesie}} |{{convert|39.5|C|F}} |[[Jatiwangi]], [[Majalengka Regency]], [[Wast Java]] /<br>[[Semarang]], [[Central Java]] |{{Dts|December 2006}} /<br>27 October 2015<ref name=wu20151027>{{cite web|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3169|title=Indonesia ties all-time national heat record|accessdate=31 October 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109200547/https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3169|archivedate=9 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iran}} |{{convert|54|C|F}} |[[Ahvaz]] Airport (OIAW) |{{Dts|29 Juin 2017}}.<ref name=reliably/><ref name="Samenow2016">{{cite web |last1=Samenow |first1=Jason |title=Two Middle East locations hit 129 degrees, hottest ever in Eastern Hemisphere, maybe the world|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/07/22/two-middle-east-locations-hit-129-degrees-hottest-ever-in-eastern-hemisphere-maybe-the-world/|publisher=The Washington Post|date=22 July 2016|accessdate=23 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/Weather/iran-ahvaz-hottest-temperature-ever-recorded-world-record-extreme-death-valley-california-a7815771.html |title=Temperatures in Iranian city of Ahvaz hit 129.2F (54C), near hottest on Earth in modern measurements |publisher=independent.com |date=30 June 2017 |accessdate=30 June 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iraq}} |{{convert|53.8|C|F}} |[[Basra]] |{{Dts|22 Julie 2016}}<ref name=Samenow2016/><ref name=Tapper2016>{{cite web |last1=Tapper |first1=James |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/jul/23/think-youre-hot-spare-a-thought-for-kuwait-as-mercury-hits-record-54c |title=Think you're hot? Spare a thought for Kuwait, as mercury hits record 54C |publisher=The Guardian |date=23 July 2016 |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Israel}} |{{convert|54|C|F}} |[[Tirat Zvi]] |{{Dts|21 Juin 1942}}<ref name="ims">{{cite web|url=http://ims.gov.il/IMSEng/CLIMATE/TopClimetIsrael/ |title=Climate Extremes in Israel |publisher=Israel Meteorological Service |date=21 June 1942 |accessdate=5 October 2016}}</ref>{{refn |group="notes"|The temperature has been reported as {{convert|54|C|F}}, however weather historian Christopher Burt argues that the thermograph trace was misread.<ref name="htoe">{{cite web|last=Burt|first=Christopher C.|title=Hottest air temperatures reported on Earth|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=3|website=Weather Underground|date=October 22, 2010|accessdate=7 January 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103200557/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=3|archivedate=3 January 2014|df=dmy-all}}</ref>}} |- |{{flag|Japan}} |{{convert|41.1|C|F}} |[[Kumagaya, Saitama|Kumagaya]], [[Saitama Prefectur|Saitama]] |{{Dts|23 Julie 2018}}<ref name="JMA">{{cite web |url=http://www.data.jma.go.jp/obd/stats/etrn/view/rankall.php?prec_no=&block_no=&year=&month=&day=&view=|title=former National Rankings|accessdate=13 August 2013 |publisher=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Jordan}} |{{convert|50|C|F}} |Jordan University Agriculture Research Center |{{Dts|6 September 2002}}<ref name=Jordanrecords>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127213759/http://jometeo.gov.jo/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%88%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A9 |archivedate=27 November 2016 |url=http://jometeo.gov.jo/معلومات-مناخية-وزراعية/القيم-المتطرفة |script-title=ar:القيم المتطرفة |publisher=Jordanian Meteorological Department |language=Arabic |accessdate=27 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Kuwait}} |{{convert|53.9|C|F}} |[[Mitribah]] |{{Dts|21 Julie 2016}}<ref name=WMOJune2019>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190618130839/https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth |archivedate=18 June 2019 |url=https://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-verifies-3rd-and-4th-hottest-temperature-recorded-earth |title=WMO verifies 3rd and 4th hottest temperature recorded on Earth |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=18 June 2019}}</ref>{{refn |group="notes"|According to the World Meteorological Organization, the reported temperature is the highest recorded in Asia.<ref name=WMOJune2019/>}} |- |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |? |?<ref name=":0">{{cite web |url=http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2055:country-profile&lang=kg |title=Country profile |website=mineconom.gov.kg |publisher=Ministry of Economy of the Kyrgyz Republic |accessdate=13 January 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220074546/http://mineconom.gov.kg/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2055:country-profile&lang=kg |archivedate=20 December 2016 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Laos}} |{{convert|42.3|C|F}} |[[Seno, Laos|Seno]] |{{Dts|12 Apryle 2016}}<ref name=meteofranceasia/> |- |{{flag|Malaysie}} |{{convert|40.1|C|F}} |[[Chuping]] |{{Dts|9 Apryle 1998}}<ref name="climate stats 01">{{cite news| title=General Climate Information| url=http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| publisher=Malaysia Meteorological Department| accessdate=30 June 2010| archive-date=2015-11-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116010753/http://www.met.gov.my/web/metmalaysia/education/climate/generalclimateinformation| url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Maldives}} |{{convert|34.9|C|F}} |[[Hanimaadhoo (Haa Dhaalu Atoll)|Hanimaadhoo]] |{{Dts|16 Apryle 2016}}<ref name="meteofranceasia"/> |- |{{flag|Mongolia}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |[[Khongor, Darkhan-Uul|Khongor]], [[Darkhan-Uul Province]] |{{Dts|24 Julie 1999}}<ref name=MARCC>{{cite web |url=http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf |title=Mongolia: Assessment Report on Climate Change 2009 |publisher=Ministry of Environment, Nature and Tourism, Mongolia |pages=36–37 |date=September 2009 |accessdate=23 October 2016 |archive-date=2015-12-09 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20151209053717/http://www.unep.org/pdf/MARCC2009_BOOK.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Myanmar}} |{{convert|47.2|C|F}} |[[Myinmu]] |{{Dts|14 Mey 2010}}<ref name=Myint2016>{{cite web |last1=Myint |first1=Yee |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/yangon/20063-heat-takes-its-toll.html |title=Heat takes its toll |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=2 May 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=Soe2016>{{cite web |last1=Soe |first1=Kyaw |url=http://www.mmtimes.com/index.php/national-news/mandalay-upper-myanmar/19170-warnings-of-strong-el-nino-through-june.html |title=Warnings of strong El Niño through June |publisher=Myanmar Times |date=25 February 2016 |accessdate=23 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Nepal}} |{{convert|46.0|°C|°F}} |[[Chisapani, Bardiya|Chisapani]] | ?<ref name=faoNepal>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Nepal/Nepal.htm |title=Nepal |work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate=24 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161024140133/http://www.fao.org/ag/agp/agpc/doc/Counprof/Nepal/nepal.htm |archivedate=24 October 2016 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Oman}} |{{convert|50.8|C|F}} |[[Buraimi]],<br>[[Sohar]], <br>[[Qurayyat, Oman|Qurayyat]] |{{Dts|Julie 1990}}, <br>{{Dts|Mey 2009}}, <br>{{Dts|30 Mey 2017}}<ref name=jfwu17>Jeff Masters, [https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/historic-heat-wave-sweeps-asia-middle-east-and-europe Historic Heat Wave Sweeps Asia, the Middle East and Europe], 6 June 2017</ref> |- |{{flag|Pakistan}} |{{convert|53.7|C|F}} |[[Turbat]] |{{Dts|28 Mey 2017}}<ref name=WMOJune2019/> |- |{{flag|Philippines}} |{{convert|42.2|C|F}} |[[Tuguegarao]], [[Cagayan Valley]] |{{Dts|12 Apryle 1912}}, 11 Mey 1969<ref name=PhilippinesCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/phlnc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Government of the Philippines |date=29 December 2014 |page=6 |accessdate=24 October 2016 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Qatar}} |{{convert|50.4|C|F}} |[[Doha]] |{{Dts|14 Julie 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Roushie}} (Siberie) |{{convert|42.3|C|F}} |[[Belogorsk, Amur Oblast|Belogorsk]], [[Amur Oblast]] |{{Dts|12 Julie 2010}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1546 |title=Wunder Blog |publisher=Weather Underground |date=19 July 2010 |accessdate=28 January 2011 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722041822/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=1546 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Saudi Arabie}} |{{convert|52.0|C|F}} |[[Jeddah]] |{{Dts|23 Juin 2010}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2010062476182 |deadurl=yes |title=saudigazette|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930232945/http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&contentID=2010062476182 |archivedate=30 September 2015 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Singapore}} |{{convert|37.0|C|F}} |[[Tengah, Singapore|Tengah]] |{{Dts|17 Apryle 1983}}<ref name=MSSrecords>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature |title=Historical Extremes |publisher=[[Meteorological Service Singapore]] |accessdate=8 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127224631/http://www.weather.gov.sg/climate-historical-extremes-temperature/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sooth Korea}} |{{convert|41.0|C|F}} |[[Hongcheon]], [[Gangwon Province (Sooth Korea)|Gangwon Province]] |{{Dts|1 August 2018}}<ref name="news1">{{cite web|url=https://m.news.naver.com/read.nhn?mode=LSD&sid1=103&sid2=248&oid=421&aid=0003514221|title=한반도 폭염 신기원…서울 39.6도·홍천 41.0도 |publisher=[[news1]]|accessdate=1 August 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Sirie}} |{{convert|49.4|C|F}} | ? | ?<ref name=SyriaCC>{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/syrnc1.pdf |title=Initial National Communication of the Syrian Arab Republic |publisher=Ministry of state for Environmental Affairs |pages=18–20 |date=April 2010|accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Taiwan}} |{{convert|40.3|C|F}} |[[Tianxiang]], [[Hualien Coonty]] |{{Dts|9 Julie 2018}}<ref name=watts2018/><ref name="Wunderground">{{cite web|url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/Heat-Records-Falling-Around-World-2018|title=Heat Records Falling Around the World in 2018|work=[[Wunderground]]|accessdate=20 September 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Thailand}} |{{convert|44.6|C|F}} |[[Mae Hong Son]] |{{Dts|28 Apryle 2016}}<ref name="meteofranceasia"/> |- |{{flag|Turkey}} |{{convert|49.0|C|F}} |[[Cizre]], [[Şırnak Province]] |{{Dts|27 August 1961}}<ref name="DMIGM">{{cite web|url=https://www.mgm.gov.tr/genel/sss.aspx?s=sicaklikenleri2|title=Türkiye'de ve Dünyada Kaydedilen En Düşük ve En Yüksek Değerler |publisher=Turkish State Meteorological Service |accessdate=10 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Turkmenistan}} |{{convert|50.1|C|F}} |[[Repetek Biosphere State Reserve]], [[Karakum Desert]] |{{Dts|28 Julie 1983}}<ref name=TurmenistanCC>{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/tkmnc3.pdf |title=Third National Communication of Turkmenistan Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |pages=12–13 |year=2015 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=TurkmenistanUNCCD>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118145252/http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |archivedate=18 November 2016 |url=http://www.unccd-prais.com/Uploads/GetReportPdf/300703d5-c6bc-416b-8aeb-a0fa014a4a8f |title=Report on implementation of the UNCCD in Turkmenistan |publisher=Ministry of Nature Protection of Turkmenistan |year=2000 |page=7 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Unitit Arab Emirates}} |{{convert|52.1|C|F}} |[[Al Jazeera Mairch Gate]] |{{Dts|Julie 2002}}<ref name=Leon>{{cite news |last1=Ponce de Leon |first1=Janice |url=http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118143949/http://gulfnews.com/news/uae/weather/debunking-weather-myths-in-the-uae-1.1877541 |archivedate=18 November 2016 |title=Debunking weather myths in the UAE |publisher=Gulf News |date=11 August 2016 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref><ref name=UAErecordhigh>{{cite news |last1=Croucher |first1=Martin |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118144107/http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/uae-weather-temperature-soars-to-near-record-level |archivedate=18 November 2016 |title=UAE weather: Temperature soars to near record level |publisher=The National |date=12 July 2013 |accessdate=18 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Vietnam}} |{{convert|43.4|C|F}} |[[Huong Khe Destrict]] |{{Dts|20 Apryle 2019}}<ref>{{cite news |last1=Cappucci |first1=Matthew |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/22/vietnam-just-observed-its-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-degrees-april/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505153741/https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2019/04/22/vietnam-just-observed-its-highest-temperature-ever-recorded-degrees-april/ |archivedate=2019-05-05 |title=Vietnam just observed its highest temperature ever recorded: 110 degrees, in April |publisher=The Washington Post |date=22 April 2019 |accessdate=5 May 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |} ==== Europe ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Albanie}} |{{convert|43.9|C|F}} |[[Tirana]] |{{Dts|1973}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://knoema.com/gbpfred/extreme-temperatures-across-the-world?tsId=1000890|title=Extreme Temperatures across the World|publisher=[[knoema.com|knoema]]|accessdate=26 July 2019 |date=26 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Austrick}} |{{convert|40.5|C|F}} |[[Bad Deutsch-Altenburg]] |{{Dts|8 August 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.zamg.ac.at/cms/de/klima/news/neuer-hitze-rekord-40-5deg-c-in-bad-deutsch-altenburg|title=Neuer Hitze-Rekord: 40,5°C in Bad Deutsch-Altenburg|publisher=[[Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics|ZAMG]]|accessdate=9 August 2013 |date=9 August 2013}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Belaroushie}} |{{convert|38.9|C|F}} |[[Gomel]] |{{Dts|7 August 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Belgium}} |{{convert|41.8|C|F}} |[[Begijnendijk]], [[Flemish Brabant]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"|Part of the [[July 2019 European heat wave]]}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref name=Belgium1>{{cite web |url=https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2019/07/26/hitte-zo-uitzonderlijk-was-het-gisteren |title=Zo uitzonderlijk was het gisteren: 41,8 graden in Begijnendijk |publisher=VRTNWS|language=Dutch|accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |{{convert|46.2|C|F}} |[[Mostar]] |{{Dts|31 Julie 1901}}<ref name="Federal Hydrometeorological Institute">{{cite web |url=http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php |title=Federal Hydrometeorological Institute |accessdate=28 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161009021245/http://www.fhmzbih.gov.ba/engleski/Mostarstanica.php |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="meteofrance"/> |- |{{flag|Bulgarie}} |{{convert|45.2|C|F}} |[[Sadovo]], [[Plovdiv Province]] |{{Dts|5 August 1916}}<ref name="unfccc">{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/bulnc2.pdf |title=Bulgaria Second National Communication |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Croatie}} |{{convert|42.8|C|F}} |[[Ploče]] |{{Dts|5 August 1981}}<ref name="cro">{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 |title=Croatia Sixth National Communication |format=PDF |accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cyprus}} |{{convert|45.6|C|F}} |[[Nicosia]] |{{Dts|1 August 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Czech Republic}} |{{convert|40.4|C|F}} |[[Dobřichovice]], [[Prague-Wast Destrict]] |{{Dts|20 August 2012}}<ref name=autogenerated2>{{cite web|url=http://www.atlasceska.cz/ceska-republika/ceska-nej/ |title=Česká republika – Česká nej |publisher=atlasceska.cz |accessdate=20 August 2012}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Denmark}} |{{convert|36.4|C|F}} |[[Holstebro]], [[Midtjylland]] |{{Dts|10 August 1975}}<ref name="dmi">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426034355/http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ |archivedate=26 April 2017 |url=http://www.dmi.dk/vejr/arkiver/normaler-og-ekstremer/vejrekstremer-dk/ |title=Vejrekstremer i Danmark |publisher=Danish Meteorological Institute |language=Danish |accessdate=25 April 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Estonie}} |{{convert|35.6|C|F}} |[[Võru]] |{{Dts|11 August 1992}}<ref name=autogenerated3>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilmateenistus.ee/kliima/rekordid/ohutemperatuur/?lang=en |title=Weather records |publisher=Estonian Weather Services |accessdate=28 September 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Finland}} |{{convert|37.2|C|F}} |[[Joensuu Airport]], [[Liperi]] |{{Dts|29 Julie 2010}}<ref name=fmirecords>{{cite web|url=http://ilmatieteenlaitos.fi/lampotilaennatyksia |title=Lämpötilaennätyksiä |publisher=Finnish Meteorological Institute |language=Finnish |accessdate=3 January 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Fraunce}} |{{convert|46.0|C|F}} |[[Vérargues]], [[Hérault]] |{{Dts|28 Juin 2019}}<ref name="meteofrance">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721010727/http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin |archivedate=2019-07-21 |url=http://www.meteofrance.fr/actualites/74345599-c-est-officiel-on-a-atteint-les-46-c-en-france-en-juin |title=C'est officiel : on a atteint les 46 °C en France en juin |publisher=Météo France |language=French |accessdate=19 July 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Germany}} |{{convert|42.6|C|F|abbr=}} |[[Lingen, Germany|Lingen]], [[Lawer Saxony]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/wetter-sammlung-100.html|title=Hitzewelle: Lingen mit 42,6 Grad heißester Ort|website=www1.wdr.de|date=25 July 2019|accessdate=25 July 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Greece}} |{{convert|48.0|C|F}} |[[Athens]] {{refn |group="notes"|A temperatur o {{convert|48.7|C|F}} haes an aw been meisurt on the same day in [[Tatoi]], houiver it is nae conseedert tae be the offeecial temperatur record for Greece.<ref name="meteoclub1">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/1468-rekor-thermokrasias |title=Τα χαμηλότερα και υψηλότερα ρεκόρ θερμοκρασίας στην Ελλάδα |publisher=Meteoclub.gr |date= |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2018-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702024059/http://www.meteoclub.gr/themata/egkyklopaideia/1468-rekor-thermokrasias |url-status=dead }}</ref>}} |{{Dts|10 Julie 1977}}<ref name="WMO">{{cite web|url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/world-meteorological-organization-global-weather-climate-extremes-archive|title=Global Weather & Climate Extremes|publisher=[[World Meteorological Organisation]]|accessdate=2 January 2019|archive-date=2013-01-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Hungary}} |{{convert|41.9|C|F}} |[[Kiskunhalas]] |{{Dts|20 Julie 2007}}<ref name="met.hu">{{cite web|url=http://owww.met.hu/eghajlat/Magyarorszag/rekordok/ |title=Website of the Hungarian Meteorological Service |publisher=Met.hu |accessdate=7 August 2015}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Iceland}} | {{convert|30.5|C|F}} | Teigarhorn, [[Djúpivogur]] |{{Dts|22 Juin 1939}}<ref name="iceland">Einarsson, Markús. [http://en.vedur.is/media/loftslag/myndasafn/frodleikur/Einarsson.pdf Climate of Iceland] pg 683. Retrieved 29 April 2009.</ref><ref>[http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&ew_0_a_id=309709 Heat Wave Hits Iceland, New Records Set] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629021152/http://www.icelandreview.com/icelandreview/daily_news/?cat_id=16539&ew_0_a_id=309709 |date=2009-06-29 }} ''[[Iceland Review]]'' 31 July 2008. Retrieved 29 April 2009.</ref> |- |{{flag|Ireland}} |{{convert|33.3|C|F}} |[[Kilkenny Castle]], [[Coonty Kilkenny]] |{{Dts|26 Juin 1887}}<ref name="Met Éireann">{{cite web |url=http://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp |title=Temperature – Climate – Met Éireann – The Irish Meteorological Service Online |publisher=Met.ie |date=2 January 1979 |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2019-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190107003129/https://www.met.ie/climate/temperature.asp%20 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Italy}} |{{convert|47.0|C|F}} |[[Foggia]], [[Apulie]] {{refn |group="notes"|A disputit record temperatur o 48.5&nbsp;°C (119.3&nbsp;°F) wis measurt on 10 August 1999 in [[Catenanuova]], Sicily.<ref name=Italy1/>}} |{{Dts|25 Juin 2007}}<ref name=Italy1>{{cite web |url=http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c |title=BATTUTI I RECORD DI CALDO: Italia del Sud nella fornace africana, punte di +47 °C |publisher=Meteogiornale |date=25 June 2007 |accessdate=8 May 2014 |language=Italian |archive-date=2014-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224114/http://www.meteogiornale.it/notizia/9192-1-battuti-i-record-di-caldo-italia-del-sud-nella-fornace-africana-punte-di-47c |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Italy>{{cite web|url=http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/ |title=Il record italiano di caldo: +48.5 °C|publisher=CentroMeteoToscana |date=7 July 2012 |accessdate=8 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512224554/http://www.centrometeotoscana.it/2012/07/07/il-record-italiano-di-caldo-48-5c/|archivedate=12 May 2014|language=Italian}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Latvie}} |{{convert|37.8|C|F}} |[[Ventspils]] |{{Dts|4 August 2014}}<ref name="meteolv">[https://twitter.com/VSIA_LVGMC/status/496291491539845120 LVGMC Twitter account]. Latvian Environment, Geology and Meteorology Centre. Retrieved 4 August 2014. {{lv icon}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Lithuanie}} |{{convert|37.5|C|F}} |[[Zarasai]], [[Utena Coonty]] |{{Dts|30 Julie 1994}}<ref name="record lithuania">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai |title=(Meteorologiniai rekordai Lietuvoje) |publisher=Lithuanian Hydrometeorological Service |language=Lithuanian |accessdate=28 September 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002123054/http://www.meteo.lt/lt/web/guest/rekordai |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Luxembourg}} |{{convert|40.8|C|F|abbr=}} |[[Steinsel|Steinsel, Luxembourg]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref name="record luxembourg">{{cite web|url=https://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/40-8-c-neuer-offizieller-temperaturrekord-in-luxemburg-5d39c099da2cc1784e3488ff|title=40,8°C: Neuer offizieller Temperaturrekord in Luxemburg|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=AgriMeteo|language=German|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726130556/https://www.wort.lu/de/lokales/40-8-c-neuer-offizieller-temperaturrekord-in-luxemburg-5d39c099da2cc1784e3488ff|archive-date=2019-07-26|dead-url=|accessdate=25 July 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Maltae}} |{{convert|43.8|C|F}} |[[Maltae Internaitional Airport]] |{{Dts|9 August 1999}}<ref name="MaltaCC">{{cite web | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/mlt_nc02.pdf |title=The Second Communication of Malta to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Xhange |publisher=Ministry of Resources and Rural Affairs |pages=40–41 |date=May 2010 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref><ref name=MaltaNSO>{{cite web |last1= Galdies |first1= Charles |url= https://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/B3_Environment_Energy_Transport_Agriculture_Statistics/The_Climate_of_Malta.pdf |title= The Climate of Malta: statistics, trends, and analysis 1951–2010 |pages= 6–7 |year= 2011 |publisher= National Statistics Office |accessdate= 26 February 2013 |archive-date= 2016-04-05 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160405203936/http://nso.gov.mt/en/publicatons/Publications_by_Unit/Documents/B3_Environment_Energy_Transport_Agriculture_Statistics/The_Climate_of_Malta.pdf |url-status= dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Moldovae}} |{{convert|42.4|°C|°F}} |[[Falesti]] |{{Dts|7 August 2012}}<ref name=Moldovarecords>{{cite web |title=Recorduri meteorologice în Republica Moldova |url=http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm |publisher=Serviciul Hidrometeorologic de Stat |language=Romanian |accessdate=25 October 2016 |archive-date=2017-03-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320091515/http://www.meteo.md/newsait/historu/record.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Montenegro}} |{{convert|44.8|C|F}} |[[Podgorica]] & [[Danilovgrad]] |{{Dts|16 August 2007}} /<br/>8 August 2012<ref name="Jeff Masters">{{cite web|last=Masters |first=Jeff |title=2012: Earth's 10th warmest year on record, and warmest with a La Niña |url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html |publisher=Weather Underground |accessdate=17 January 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117064246/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/article.html |archivedate=17 January 2013 |df= }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Netherlands}} |{{convert|40.7|C|F}} |[[Gilze en Rijen]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts|25 Julie 2019}}<ref>https://nos.nl/liveblog/2294980-meting-41-7-graden-in-deelen-niet-geldig-wel-boven-de-40-in-gilze-rijen.html}</ref> |- |{{flag|North Macedonie}} |{{convert|45.7|C|F}} |[[Demir Kapija]], [[Demir Kapija Municipality|Demir Kapija]] |{{Dts|24 Julie 2007}}<ref name=MacedoniaCC>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161124035513/http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf |archivedate=24 November 2016 | url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/macnc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication on Climate Change |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning |page=24 |date=December 2008 |accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Norawa}} |{{convert|35.6|°C|°F}} |[[Nesbyen]], [[Buskerud]] |{{Dts|20 Juin 1970}}<ref name="DNMI">{{cite web |url=http://met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |title=Klima |publisher=met.no |accessdate=20 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129225502/http://www.met.no/met/normaler_ekstremer/maneds_rekorder.html |archivedate=29 November 2007 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Poland}} |{{convert|40.2|°C|°F}} |[[Prószków]]{{refn |group="notes" |Record meisurt on [[Weimar Republic|German territory]] at that time: [[Proskau]], [[Landkreis]] [[Opole|Oppeln]], [[Province o Upper Silesie|Oberschlesien]] (nou [[Prószków]], [[Opole Voivodeship]]). The record in [[Seicont Pols Republic|Poland proper]] at that time wis attained on the same day bi the veelage o [[Zbiersk]] at 40.0&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://meteomodel.pl/rekordy-temperatury/|title=Polskie Rekordy|website=MeteoModel.pl|date=31 May 2011|access-date=2016-02-12}}</ref>}} |{{Dts|29 Julie 1921}}<ref name="klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl">{{cite web |url=http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |title=Rekordy klimatyczne w Polsce |language=pl |publisher=Zakład Klimatologii – [[Uniwersytet Jagielloński]], Kraków |work=Klimat.Geo.UJ.edu.pl |accessdate=20 August 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529040418/http://www.klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl/tematyczne/rekordyklimatyczne/polska.htm |archivedate=29 May 2010 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Portugal}} |{{convert|47.4|°C|°F}} |[[Amareleja]], [[Beja (destrict)|Beja]] |{{Dts|1 August 2003}}<ref name="meteo1">[https://www.ipma.pt/pt/oclima/extremos.clima/ Extremes] Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, IPMA</ref> |- |{{flag|Romanie}} |{{convert|44.5|°C|°F}} |[[Ion Sion]], [[Brăila Coonty]] |{{Dts|10 August 1951}}<ref>[http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=405 THERMAL EXTREMES] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909041857/http://www.meteoromania.ro/index.php?id=405 |date=2008-09-09 }} Administratiei Nationale de Meteorologie</ref> |- |{{flag|Roushie|}} (in Europe) |{{convert|45.4|°C|°F}} |[[Utta]], [[Kalmykie]] |{{Dts|12 Julie 2010}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pogoda.ru.net/news/5076/ |title=Погода и Климат – В России установлен новый абсолютный температурный максимум |publisher=Pogoda.ru.net |accessdate=28 January 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716070750/http://www.pogoda.ru.net/news/5076/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|San Marino}} |{{convert|40.3|C|F}} |[[Serravalle (San Marino)|Serravalle]] |{{Dts|3 August 2017}}, {{Dts|9 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- |{{flag|Serbie}} |{{convert|44.9|°C|°F}} |[[Smederevska Palanka]], [[Podunavlje Destrict|Podunavlje]] |{{Dts|24 Julie 2007}}<ref name="hidmet">{{cite web|url=http://www.hidmet.gov.rs/ciril/meteorologija/klimatologija_temp_rezim.php |title=TEMPERATURE REGIME IN SERBIA, Republic Hydrometeorological Service of Serbia |publisher=Hidmet.gov.rs |accessdate=4 September 2012}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Slovakie}} |{{convert|40.3|C|F}} |[[Hurbanovo]] |{{Dts|20 Julie 2007}}<ref name=slovakrecord>{{cite web|title=Historial Extremes: Review of historical extremes (extreme values) of selected meteorological elements at the territory of Slovak republic |url=http://www.shmu.sk/en/?page=1384 |publisher=Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute |accessdate=9 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Slovenie}} |{{convert|40.8|C|F}} |[[Cerklje ob Krki]] |{{Dts|8 August 2013}}<ref>{{cite web|title=V Cerkljah ob Krki namerili rekordnih 40,8 stopinje Celzija|url=http://www.24ur.com/novice/slovenija/vroce-bo-temperature-pa-okoli-40-stopinj-celzija.html|publisher=24ur.com|accessdate=8 August 2013|language=Slovenian}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Spain}} |{{convert|47.3|C|F}} |[[Montoro, Cordoba]] (as Montoro Vega Armijo) |{{Dts|13 Julie 2017}}<ref name=Benayas2017>{{cite web |last1=Benayas |first1=Victoria |url=https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/14/inenglish/1500017188_072441.html |title=Córdoba sets new temperature record as heatwave continues in Spain |publisher=El País |date=14 July 2017 |accessdate=19 July 2017 |archive-date=2017-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818001445/https://elpais.com/elpais/2017/07/14/inenglish/1500017188_072441.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Swaden}} |{{convert|38.0|C|F}} |[[Ultuna]], [[Uppsala Coonty]]/<br>[[Målilla]], [[Kalmar County]] (tied) |{{Dts|9 Julie 1933}} /<br>29 Juin 1947<ref name="SMHI">{{cite web |url=http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/svenska-temperaturrekord-1.5792 |title=Svenska temperaturrekord |publisher=Sveriges meteorologiska och hydrologiska institut |accessdate=15 August 2017 |archive-date=2017-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170815175701/http://www.smhi.se/kunskapsbanken/meteorologi/svenska-temperaturrekord-1.5792 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Swisserland}} |{{convert|41.5|C|F}} |[[Grono, Swisserland|Grono]], [[Moesa Destrict]] |{{Dts|11 August 2003}}<ref name="Weather in Switzerland">{{cite web |url=http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html |title=Records Suisse |publisher=MeteoSwiss |accessdate=25 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816174245/http://www.meteosuisse.admin.ch/home/climat/passe/extremes-climatiques/records-suisse.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Ukraine}} |{{convert|42.0|C|F}} |[[Luhansk]] |{{Dts|12 August 2010}}<ref name=cgo>{{cite web |url =http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords/ |script-title =uk:Кліматичні рекорди |publisher =Central Observatory for Geophysics |language =Ukrainian |accessdate =4 August 2016 |archive-date =2016-08-04 |archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160804044852/http://www.cgo.kiev.ua/index.php?dv=klimat-rekords%2F |url-status =dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} |{{convert|38.7|C|F}} |[[Cambridge]], [[Cambridgeshire]]{{refn |group="notes"|name="EuropeanJuly2019"}} |{{Dts| 25 Julie 2019|}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/about-us/press-office/news/weather-and-climate/2019/new-official-highest-temperature-in-uk-confirmed |title=New official highest temperature in UK confirmed |publisher=[[Met Office]] |accessdate=29 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="UK Met Office">{{cite web|url=http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/public/weather/climate-extremes/#?tab=climateExtremes |title=UK climate – Extremes |publisher=Met Office |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Vatican Ceety}} |{{convert|40.7|C|F}} |[[Vatican Ceety]] |{{Dts|2 August 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |} ==== North Americae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Anguilla}} |{{convert|34.2|C|F}} |[[The Valley, Anguilla|The Valley]] |{{Dts|12 September 2015}}<ref name=wu20151021>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/sixteen-nationalterritorial-alltime-extreme-heat-records-set-in-2015.html|title=Sixteen National/Territorial All-Time Extreme Heat Records Set in 2015 |publisher=Wunderground |date=27 January 2016 |accessdate=19 July 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Antigua an Barbuda}} |{{convert|34.9|C|F}} |[[V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport]], [[St. John's, Antigua an Barbuda|St. John's]] |{{Dts|12 August 1995}}<ref name=Antiguaclimate>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/Our_Climate.html |title=Our Climate |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2017-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305012206/http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/Our_Climate.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=Antiguaclimatedata>{{cite web |url=http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/STATS/coolidge_dailytemp.html |title=Normal Daily Temperature: TEMPERATURE AT V.C. Bird International Airport |publisher=Antigua and Barbuda Meteorological Service |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2019-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190823025952/http://www.antiguamet.com/Climate/STATS/coolidge_dailytemp.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Breetish Virgin Islands}} |{{convert|35.0|C|F}} |[[Terrance B. Lettsome Internaitional Airport]] |{{Dts|22 Julie 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |last2=Henson |first2=Bob |url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/confirmed-2016-the-warmest-year-in-history-of-global-recordkeeping.html |title= Confirmed: 2016 the Warmest Year in History of Global Recordkeeping |publisher= Wunderground |date= 18 January 2017 |accessdate=7 May 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Canadae}} |{{convert|45.0|C|F}} |[[Yellow Grass]], [[Saskatchewan]]<br>[[Midale]], Saskatchewan |{{Dts|5 Julie 1937}}<ref name="canadaextremes">{{cite web|url = http://www.ec.gc.ca/meteo-weather/default.asp?lang=en&n=6a4a3ac5-1#1921-1940 |title = Top Weather Events of the 20th Century |publisher = Environment Canada |date = May 2010|accessdate = 26 January 2013}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Cayman Islands}} |{{convert|34.9|C|F}} |[[Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport]], [[Grand Cayman]] |{{Dts|21 August 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|Cuba}} |{{convert|39.1|C|F}} |Veguitas ([[Granma Province]]) |{{Dts|30 Juin 2019}}<ref name=Cubarecords>{{Cite web|url=http://www.geoclimat.org/p/records-nationaux-de-temperatures.html|title=Records nationaux de température}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Dominica}} |{{convert|35.5|C|F}} |[[Canefield Airport]] |{{Dts|3 October 2015}}<ref name=wu20151021/> |- |{{flag|Dominican Republic}} |{{convert|43.0|C|F}} |[[Mao, Dominican Republic|Mao]] |{{Dts|31 August 1954}}<ref name=mejia>{{cite web |first1=Mariela |last1=Mejía |url=http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html |title=Frío extremo, calor agobiante |publisher=Diario Libre |language=Spanish |date=7 January 2011 |accessdate=2 May 2017 |archive-date=2013-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104214132/http://www.diariolibre.com/noticias/2011/01/07/i274915_frio-extremo-calor-agobiante.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Greenland}} |{{convert|30.1|C|F}} |[[Ivittuut]] |{{Dts|23 Juin 1915}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/capital-weather-gang/wp/2016/06/10/greenland-witnessed-its-highest-june-temperature-ever-recorded-on-thursday/ |title=Greenland witnessed its highest June temperature ever recorded on Thursday |work=The Washington Post |date=10 June 2016 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm |title=Greenland -Dnk- - Ivigtut |publisher=Pendientedemigracion.ucm.es |date= |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2016-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126080156/http://pendientedemigracion.ucm.es/info/cif/station/gr-ivigt.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ |title=More record lows since 1937 than record highs |work=Iceagenow.info |date=27 June 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2019 |archive-date=2018-10-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005145353/https://www.iceagenow.info/record-lows-since-1937-record-highs/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Guatemala}} |{{convert|45|C|F}} |[[Estanzuela]], [[Zacapa]] | ?<ref name="INSIVUMEH"/> |- |{{flag|Martinique}} |{{convert|36.5|C|F}} |[[Saint-Pierre, Martinique|Saint-Pierre]] |{{Dts|6 October 2010}}<ref name=martiniqueclimate>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101021428/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 |archivedate=1 January 2019 |url=http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/climat972_2pages.pdf/1bb26ab1-630b-4fd4-9757-9adb5da948a6 |title=Le climat en Martinique |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Mexico}} |{{convert|52.0|C|F}} |[[Mexicali]] area |{{Dts|28 Julie 1995}}<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/early-summer-heat-broils-northern-hemisphere.html |author=Christopher Burt|title=Early Summer Heat Broils Northern Hemisphere |accessdate=19 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=García Cueto |first1=O.R. |last2=Santillán Soto |first2=N. |last3=Quintero Núñez |first3=M. |last4=Ojeda Benítez |first4=S. |last5=Velázquez Limón |first5=N. |title=Extreme temperature scenarios in Mexicali, Mexico under climate change conditions |journal=Atmósfera |date=October 2013 |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=509–520 |doi=10.1016/S0187-6236(13)71092-0 }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Panama}} |{{convert|40.0|C|F}} |[[San Francisco, Panamá|San Francisco]] |{{Dts|20 Mairch 1998}}<ref name=ETESA>{{cite web |url=http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing |title=Extreme Temperatures |publisher=Empresa de Transmisión Eléctrica S.A |accessdate=30 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-10-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031151317/http://www.hidromet.com.pa/temperaturas_extremas.php?idioma=ing |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Puerto Rico}} |{{convert|104|F|C|order=flip}} |[[Mona Island]] |{{Dts|2 Julie 1996}}<ref name=NWSpuertorico>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170119141404/http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes |archivedate=19 January 2017|url=http://www.weather.gov/sju/climo_extremes |title=All Time Extremes for PR and VI |publisher=National Weather Service |accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref> |- | |{{flag|United States}} |{{convert|56.7|C|F}} |[[Furnace Creek, Californie|Furnace Creek]], [[Death Valley]], [[Californie]] |{{Dts|10 Julie 1913}}<ref name="KPBS-report">{{cite web |url=http://www.kpbs.org/news/2013/jul/15/doubts-cloud-death-valleys-100-year-heat-record/ |title=Doubts Cloud Death Valley's 100-year Heat Record|accessdate=30 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="WMO-Highest">[http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature World: Highest Temperature] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104143844/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-temperature |date=4 January 2013 }} [[World Meteorological Organization]]. Retrieved 13 September 2012.</ref><ref name="Burt"/> |- |{{flag|Unitit States Virgin Islands}} |{{convert|99|F|C|order=flip}} |[[Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Thomas]]/ [[Cruz Bay, U.S. Virgin Islands|Cruz Bay]] |{{Dts|4 August 1994}} an 23 Juin 1996<ref name=NWSpuertorico/><br/> 31 July 1988<ref name=NWSpuertorico/> |} ==== Oceanie{{refn |group="notes"|On 16 Januar 1889, a temperatur o 53&nbsp;°C (128&nbsp;°F) wis recordit at [[Cloncurry, Queensland]]. It wis measurt wi a non-staundart thermometer, so it is unkent if this readin wis valid or nae.<ref name="NCDC"/> The readin is nae recognised bi Australie's [[Bureau o Meteorology]].<ref name="BoMExtremes"/>}}==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Australie}} |{{convert|50.7|C|F}} |[[Oodnadatta, Sooth Australie]] |{{Dts|2 Januar 1960}}<ref name="NCDC">[http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120525195312/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalextremes.html |date=2012-05-25 }} [[National Climatic Data Center]]. Retrieved 21 June 2007.</ref><ref name="BoMExtremes">{{cite web | title = Australian Temperature Extremes | publisher = [[Bureau of Meteorology (Australia)|Bureau of Meteorology]] | date = 1 April 2009 | url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/extreme/records/national.pdf | accessdate=16 December 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://reg.bom.gov.au/announcements/media_releases/highesttemp.shtml |title=50.5&nbsp;°C – W.A.'s Highest Ever Temperature |publisher=Bureau of Meteorology |date=20 February 1998 |accessdate=12 July 2011}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Marshall Islands}} |{{convert|35.6|C|F}} |[[Utirik Atoll]] |{{Dts|24 August 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|New Zealand}} |{{convert|42.4|C|F}} |[[Rangiora]], [[Canterbury, New Zealand|Canterbury]] /<br>Jordan, [[Marlborough Region|Marlborough]] (tied) |{{Dts|7 Februar 1973}}<ref name="record NZ">{{cite web |url=http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/NaturalEnvironment/3/en |title=Carl Walrond. 'Natural environment', Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand, updated 25-Sep-2007 |publisher=Teara.govt.nz |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816033058/http://www.teara.govt.nz/NewZealandInBrief/NaturalEnvironment/3/en |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Palau}} |{{convert|35|C|F}} |[[Koror]] |{{Dts|22 Mairch 2018}}<ref name=Palauhigh>{{cite web |last1=Masters |first1=Jeff |url=https://www.wunderground.com/cat6/march-2018-earths-5th-warmest-march-record | title = March 2018: Earth's 5th Warmest March on Record | publisher = Wunderground | date = 18 April 2018 | accessdate=29 April 2018}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Samoa}} |{{convert|35.3|C|F}} |[[Asau, Samoa|Asau]] |{{Dts|24 December 1968}}<ref name = WBsamoaclimate> {{cite web |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20161105161301/http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf |archivedate= 5 November 2016 |url= http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/619871468093590816/pdf/E28540EA0v30P10MF000December0202011.pdf |title= Environmental and Social Management Framework for the Samoa Agriculture Competitiveness Enhancement Project |publisher= World Bank |date= 2 December 2011 |page= 53 |accessdate= 5 November 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Solomon Islands}} |{{convert|36.1|C|F}} |[[Honiara]], [[Guadalcanal Province]] |{{Dts|1 Februar 2010}}<ref name="wu"/> |- |{{flag|Tonga}} |{{convert|35.5|C|F}} |[[Niuafoou]] |{{Dts|1 Februar 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|Vanuatu}} |{{convert|36.2|C|F}} |[[Lamap Malekula]] |{{Dts|8 Februar 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |- |{{flag|Wallis and Futuna}} |{{convert|35.8|C|F}} |[[Futuna Airport]] |{{Dts|10 Januar 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |} ==== Sooth Americae{{refn |group="notes"|Accordin tae Christopher Burt, Sooth America's hettest reliably meisurt temperature is 47.3°C (117.1°F) at [[Campo Gallo]], [[Argentinae]] on 16 October 1936.<ref name=reliably/>}}==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region ! Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Argentinae}} |{{convert|48.9|C|F}} * |[[Rivadavia, Salta|Rivadavia]], [[Salta Province]] |{{Dts|11 December 1905}}<ref name="NCDC"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental |title=Continental Weather & Climate Extremes: Based on World Meteorological Organization Defined Regions |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=17 October 2015}}</ref><ref name="meteofa">The record o 49.1&nbsp;°C (120.4&nbsp;°F) in [[Villa de María del Río Seco|Villa de María]], [[Córdoba Province, Argentinae|Córdoba Province]], Argentinae, on 2 Januar 1920, is disputit an conseedert dubious{{cite web |url=http://www.smn.gov.ar/?mod=biblioteca&id=94 |title=Servicio Meteorólogico Nacional (Argentina) |accessdate=31 March 2014}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Bolivie}} |{{convert|46.7|C|F}} |[[Villamontes]], [[Tarija Depairtment]] |{{Dts|29 October 2010}}<ref name="wu"/>{{refn |group="notes"|Temperatur reached on multiple occasions; this is the maist recent.}} |- |{{flag|Brazil}} |{{convert|44.8|C|F}} |[[Nova Maringá]], [[Mato Grosso]] |{{Dts|4 November 2020}}, {{Dts|5 November 2020}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.terra.com.br/noticias/climatempo/brasil-tem-novo-recorde-historico-de-calor,539a60945327d9f61cd981427377c37cuo1khkwn.html |title=Brasil tem novo recorde histórico de calor |author=<!--Not stated--> |date=6 November 2020 |website=www.terra.com.br |publisher=Terra|access-date= 7 November 2020|language=Portuguese||trans-title=Brazil has a new historic heat record|quote=}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Chile}} |{{convert|44.9|C|F}} |[[Quillón]], [[Biobio Region]]{{refn |group="notes"|This record is disputit acause o the [[2017 Chile wildfires|forest fires]] that occurred aroond the toun o Quillón. It is heichly probable thae fires hae influenced this record.}} |{{Dts|26 Januar 2017}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170615134949/http://www.biobiochile.cl/noticias/nacional/chile/2017/01/27/en-bio-bio-se-registro-la-temperatura-maxima-de-la-historia-de-chile-449oc-en-quillon.shtml|archivedate=15 June 2017|title=En Bío Bío se registró temperatura máxima de la historia de Chile|date=27 January 2017|publisher=Biobiochile.cl|language=Spanish |deadurl=no |accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.theclinic.cl/2017/01/26/quillon-tuvo-hoy-la-temperatura-mas-alta-la-historia-chile-44-9-grados-la-sombra/|title=Quillón tuvo hoy la temperatura más alta de la historia de Chile: 44.9 grados a la sombra|publisher=[[The Clinic (newspaper)|The Clinic]] |date=26 January 2017 |accessdate=15 June 2017}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Colombie}} |{{convert|45.0|C|F}} |[[Puerto Salgar]], [[Cundinamarca Depairtment|Cundinamarca]] |{{Dts|29 December 2015}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pronosticosyalertas.gov.co/documents/78690/301070/12_IDA_DICIEMBRE_30_2015.pdf/18413b07-7123-42e7-95f3-6f8b92311265?version=1.0 |title=Informe Técnico Diario N°364 |publisher=[[IDEAM]] |date=30 December 2015 |accessdate=15 January 2016 |archive-date=2016-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129085236/http://www.pronosticosyalertas.gov.co/documents/78690/301070/12_IDA_DICIEMBRE_30_2015.pdf/18413b07-7123-42e7-95f3-6f8b92311265?version=1.0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|French Guiana}} |{{convert|38.0|C|F}} |[[Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] |{{Dts|27 September 2016}}<ref name=JeffMasters2016records/> |-- |{{flag|Paraguay}} |{{convert|45.0|C|F}} |[[Pratts Gill]], [[Boquerón Depairtment]] |{{Dts|14 November 2009}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.meteorologia.gov.py:9191/historico.html|title=Valores extremos históricos climatológicos de la red de estaciones|date=13 January 2011|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=2012-12-21|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121221100002/http://www.meteorologia.gov.py:9191/historico.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Peru}} |{{convert|48.3|C|F}} |[[Juan Guerra]], [[Depairtment o San Martín|San Martín]] |{{Dts|3 November 2018}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/senamhi-regiones-han-registrado-temperaturas-altas-nivel-nacional-noticia-503478|title=¿En qué regiones se han registrado las temperaturas más altas a nivel nacional?|work=[[El Comercio Perú]]|date=11 March 2018|language=es}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Uruguay}} |{{convert|44.0|C|F}} |[[Paysandú]], [[Paysandú Depairtment]] |{{Dts|20 Januar 1943}}<ref name="uruguayrecordssum">{{cite web |title = Clima del Uruguay |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213061537/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm |archivedate=13 December 2016 |url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/Uy_c-info.htm |publisher = Red Académica Uruguaya |language=Spanish |accessdate=13 December 2016}}</ref><ref name="uruguayrecordsraw">{{cite web |title = Boletín meteorológico |url = http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt |publisher = Dirección Nacional de Meteorología |language = Spanish |trans-title = Meteorologic records of Uruguay |accessdate = 1 October 2010 |archive-date = 2015-06-09 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150609015041/http://www.rau.edu.uy/uruguay/geografia/records.txt |url-status = dead }}</ref> |- |{{flag|Venezuela}} |{{convert|43.6|C|F}} |[[Santa Ana de Coro]], [[Falcón]] ||{{Dts|29 Apryle 2015}}<ref name=wu20151021/> |} ====Ither heich-temperature records==== * '''Fastest temperatur rise:''' 27&nbsp;°C (49&nbsp;°F) in twa minutes; [[Spearfish, Sooth Dakota]], 1943-01-22.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book">{{cite book | last = Lyons | first = Walter A | title = The Handy Weather Answer Book | url = https://archive.org/details/handyweatheransw00lyon | edition = 2nd | year = 1997 | publisher = Visible Ink press | location = Detroit, Michigan | isbn = 0-7876-1034-8}}</ref> * '''Maist consecutive days abuin 37.8&nbsp;°C (100&nbsp;°F):''' 160 days; [[Marble Bar, Wastren Australie]] frae 31 October 1923 tae 7 Aprile 1924.<ref name="climateextremes">{{cite web|url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.htm|title=Marble Bar heatwave, 1923–1924|work=Australian Climate Extremes|publisher=[[Bureau of Meteorology]]|accessdate=21 September 2008|archiveurl=https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/temp1.html|archivedate=2009-03-17|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''Surface temperatur:''' Heat records are measurt bi air temperature abuin the grund. Remote sensin can estimate grund or "skin" surface temperaturs: the [[MODIS]] satellite foond in a brief survey a grund temperature o {{convert|70.7|C|F}}, in the [[Lut Desert]] o Iran, the hettest detectit.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=77779|title=Finding the hottest spots on Earth by satellite|publisher=NASA|work=Earth Observatory|date=2012-05-02}}</ref> ===[[Cauld]]=== ===Lawest temperaturs recordit=== <!-- Note: Dates should have name of month SPELLED OUT (as in previous table) to avoid confusion over MONTH/DAY. THIS PAGE IS FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS ONLY, NOT REMOTELY SENSED OBSERVATIONS --> ===Bi continent=== ==== Africae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Algerie}} | {{convert|-13.8|C|F}} | [[Mécheria]] | 28 January 2005<ref name=AlgeriaCC/> |- | {{flag|Burkina Faso}} | {{convert|5|C|F}} | [[Markoye]] | January 1975<ref name=burkinaclimatechange/> |- | {{flag|Botswana}} | {{convert|-15.0|C|F}} | [[Tsabong]] | ?<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203143334/http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html |archivedate=3 December 2008 |url=http://www.weather.info.bw/resources/entry_fs.html |title=Botswana's Climate |publisher=Meteorological Services Botswana |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Eswatini|name=Eswatini (Swaziland)}} | {{convert|-6.7|°C|°F}} | [[Big Bend, Eswatini|Big Bend]] | ?<ref name=swazilandrecords/> |- | {{flag|Ghana}} | {{convert|11.0|C|F}} | [[Kumasi]], [[Tafo]] | ?<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011052633/http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html |archivedate=11 October 2008 |url=http://www.meteo.gov.gh/climatology.html |title=Climatology |publisher=Ghana Meteorological Services Department |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Guinea}} | {{convert|2.5|C|F}} | [[Bareing]] | 2 Januar 1982<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070109004730/http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm |archivedate=9 January 2007 |url=http://www.meteo-guinee-conakry.net/DMN/records.htm |title=Quelques Records en Guinée |publisher=Météorologie Nationale, République de Guinée |language=French |accessdate=31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Lesotho}} | {{convert|-21.0|C|F}} | ? | ?<ref name="lesotho">{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/lesnc1.pdf |title= Lesotho – National report on climate change |publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources |date=April 2000 |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Morocco}} | {{convert|-23.9|C|F}} | [[Ifrane]] | 11 Februar 1935<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/africa-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region I (Africa): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=25 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226055625/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/africa-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Niger}} | {{convert|-2.4|C|F}} | [[Bilma]] | {{Dts|13 Januar 1995}}<ref name=nigerCC/> |- | {{flag|Réunion}} | {{convert|-5.0|C|F}} | [[Gite de Bellecome]] | {{Dts|10 September 1975}}<ref name=reunionrecords/> |- | {{flag|Sooth Africae}} | {{convert|-20.1|C|F}} | [[Buffelsfontein]], near [[Molteno, Eastren Cape|Molteno]], [[Eastren Cape]] | 23 August 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mybroadband.co.za/vb/attachment.php?attachmentid=76495&d=1381902030|title=New minimum temperature record for South Africa |accessdate=12 June 2014}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Sudan}} | {{convert|-1.0|°C|°F}} | [[Zalingei]] | December 1961 an Januar 1962<ref name=faosudan>{{cite web |url=http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/counprof/sudan/sudan.htm |title=Sudan |work=Country Pasture/Forage Resource Profiles |publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization |accessdate=22 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161016075150/http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Counprof/Sudan/sudan.htm |archivedate=16 October 2016 }}</ref> |} ==== Antarcticae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- |{{flag|Antarcticae}} |{{convert|-89.2|C|F}} <!-- Please do not change this record without reaching consensus on the talk page. Recent satellite measurements below this figure, while gaining a lot of publicity, are not considered official (by the WMO, for example) and are not comparable with ground-based measurements. See the article "Lowest temperature recorded on Earth", the footnote below the table, or the source cited in the lead, for details. --> |[[Vostok Station]] |21 Julie 1983<ref name="NCDC"/><ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/><ref>{{cite journal | author=Budretsky, A.B. | title=New absolute minimum of air temperature | journal=Bulletin of the Soviet Antarctic Expedition | url=http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html | issue=105 | year=1984 | location=Leningrad | publisher=[[Gidrometeoizdat]] | language=Russian | access-date=2015-07-22 | archive-date=2009-02-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227071811/http://www.aari.aq/publication/abs_min/abs_min.html | url-status=dead }}</ref>{{refn |group="notes" | This temperature is conseedert the lawest iver offeecially recordit in Antarctica an in the Warld, as it was perceived bi grund-poseetioned thermometers in 1983. [[Satellite]] analyses made on 10 August 2010 pyntit tae a temperatur o −93.2&nbsp;°C (−135.8&nbsp;°F) near [[Dome F]] in [[Queen Maud Land]], but this record is nae offeecially leetit acause it wis meisurt by [[remote sensin]] methods that are nae totally consistent, unlik the 1983 temperatur. See [[Lawest temperatur recorded on Yird]] for details.}} |- |Dome A |{{convert|-82.5|C|F}} |[[Dome A]] | Julie 2005<ref>{{cite web|author=Web Team |url=http://www.aad.gov.au/weather/aws/dome-a/index.html |title=''Australian Antarctic Division'' |publisher=Aad.gov.au |date=5 September 2005 |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> |- |[[Sooth Pole]] |{{convert|-82.8|C|F}} |[[Amundsen–Scott Sooth Pole Station]] |23 Juin 1982<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nsf.gov/od/opp/support/southp.jsp |title=''Office of Polar Programs'' |publisher=Nsf.gov |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2020-04-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200414060623/https://www.nsf.gov/geo/opp/support/southp.jsp |url-status=dead }}</ref> |} ==== Asie ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Afghanistan}} | {{convert|-52.2|C|F}} | [[Shahrak Destrict|Shahrak]] | {{Dts|Januar 1964}}<ref name="afghan record" /> |- | {{flag|Armenie}} | {{convert|-42.0|C|F}} | [[Paghakn]] an [[Ashocq]] | {{Dts|1961}}<ref name=ArmeniaCC/> |- |{{flag|Azerbaijan}} |{{convert|-33.0|C|F}} |Julfa an Ordubad |?<ref name=azhydromet/> |- | {{flag|Bangladesh}} | {{convert|2.6|C|F}} | [[Tetulia Upazila]] | 8 Januar 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Cold claims 8 more |accessdate=8 January 2018 |url=http://www.thedailystar.net/country/lowest-temperature-in-bangladesh-bd-on-january-8-2018-recorded-3-degree-celsius-in-nilphamari-1516666 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cheenae}} | {{convert|-58|C|F}} | [[Genhe]], [[Inner Mongolie]] | 31 December 2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.chinatimes.com/newspapers/20180123000102-260309/ |title=大陸冷極 內蒙根河室內外溫差90℃ - 中時電子報 |work=Chinatimes.com |date=23 January 2018 |accessdate=22 February 2019}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Hong Kong}} | {{convert|-6.0|C|F}} | [[Tai Mo Shan]] | 24 January 2016<ref>{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSpjtXUOu98|title=多雨極寒的一月|date=5 February 2016|via=YouTube}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Indie}} | {{convert|-44.9|C|F}} | [[Dras]], [[Jammu an Kashmir]] | 22 Mairch 1911<ref name="IMD">{{cite journal |last1=De |first1=U. |last2=Dube |first2=R. |last3=Rao |first3=G. |title=Extreme Weather Events over India in the last 100 years |url=http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |journal=Journal of Indian Geophysical Union |year=2005 |volume=3 |issue=3 |pages=173–187 |access-date=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304231319/http://www.igu.in/9-3/3usde.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Iran}} | {{convert|-36.0|C|F}} | [[Saqqez]] | 1972<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1163560/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-71-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7-46-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1|title=رکورد گرمترین و سردترین نقطه ایران مربوط به کی و کجاست؟ / ثبت دمای بالای 71 درجه تا 46 درجه زیر صفر|website=danakhabar.com|access-date=2019-07-31|archive-date=2016-03-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319165039/http://danakhabar.com/fa/news/1163560/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF-%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%88-%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B7-%D8%A8%D9%87-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D9%88-%DA%A9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA-%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%AA-%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C-71-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%AA%D8%A7-46-%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%87-%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%B1|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Israel}} | {{convert|-14.2|C|F}} | [[Merom Golan]] | 10 Januar 2015<ref>Judah Ari Gross, [http://www.timesofisrael.com/golan-sees-record-low-temperatures-during-storm/ "Golan sees record low temperatures during storm"], The Times of Israel, 12 January 2015.</ref> |- | {{flag|Japan}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Asahikawa]], [[Hokkaidō]] | 25 Januar 1902<ref name="JMA"/> |- |{{flag|Jordan}} |{{convert|-16.0|C|F}} |[[Shoubak]] |{{Dts|15 December 2013}}<ref name=Jordanrecords/> |- | {{flag|Kuwait}} | {{convert|-4.8|C|F}} | [[Salmy]] | 3 Januar 2009<ref name=kuwaitclimate>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190213163824/https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng |archivedate=13 February 2019 |url=https://www.met.gov.kw/Climate/climate_hist.php?lang=eng |title=Climate History |publisher=Kuwait Meteorological Department |accessdate=13 February 2019}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |{{convert|-53.6|C|F}} |? |?<ref name=":0" /> |- | {{flag|Malaysie}} | {{convert|7.8|C|F}} | [[Cameron Hielands]] | 1 February 1978<ref name="climate stats 01"/> |- | {{flag|Maldives}} | {{convert|17.2|C|F}} | [[Hulhulé Island]], locatit at [[Ibrahim Nasir Internaitional Airport]] | 11 Apryle 1978<ref name=Maldivesclimate>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127214507/http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives |archivedate=27 November 2016 |url=http://www.meteorology.gov.mv/climateofmaldives |title=Climate of Maldives |publisher=Maldives Meteorological Service |accessdate=22 October 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Mongolie}} | {{convert|-55.3|C|F}} | [[Züüngovi, Uvs|Züüngovi]], [[Uvs Province]] | 31 December 1976<ref name=MARCC/><ref name=MongoliaNC>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181015000101/https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf |archivedate=15 October 2018 |url=https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/2018%20Mongolia%20TNC%20EN.pdf |title=Mongolia Third National Communication |publisher= Ministry of Environment and Tourism |accessdate=14 October 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Myanmar}} | {{convert|-57.9|C|F}} | [[Hkakabo Razi]] | unknown<ref>{{cite web |url=https://livingasean.com/explore/asean-winter-snow-in-the-tropics/ |title=ASEAN Winter Snow in the Tropics |website=Living ASEAN |access-date=2019-07-31 |archive-date=2018-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925191255/http://livingasean.com/explore/asean-winter-snow-in-the-tropics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Nepal}} | {{convert|-26.0|C|F}} | [[Thakmarpha]], [[Mustang destrict]] | ?<ref name=faoNepal/> |- | {{flag|North Korea}} | {{convert|-43.6|C|F}} | [[Chunggangjin]] | 12 January 1933<ref>{{cite web |author=선종일 |url=http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm |title=Korean Climate |publisher=User.chollian.net |date=1 August 1942 |accessdate=29 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229002124/http://user.chollian.net/~jis0523/korea-climate.htm |archivedate=29 December 2011 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Pakistan}} | {{convert|-24|C|F}} | [[Skardu]] | 7 January 1995<ref>{{cite web |author=Hamayoon Janjua |url=https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ |title=Pakistan Climate |publisher=crayon.pk |date=30 January 2019 |accessdate=11 May 2018 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705123907/https://crayon.pk/places-with-extreme-low-temperature-in-pakistan/ |archivedate=2019-07-05 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Philippines}} | {{convert|6.3|C|F}} | [[Baguio]] | 18 January 1961<ref name=PhilippinesCC/><ref>{{cite news|last1=Luces|first1=Kim|title='Abnormally cold' temperatures recorded in January|url=http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/346457/scitech/science/abnormally-cold-temperatures-recorded-in-january|accessdate=2 March 2015|publisher=GMA News|date=31 January 2014|quote=However, these are nothing compared to the all-time lowest temperature ever felt in Baguio City and in the Philippines – the 6.3-degree cold felt on January 18, 1961.}}</ref> {{refn |group="notes" |It is reported by local news outlet that temperatures in [[Mt. Pulag]] in the Philippines which is 2,922 meters above sea level plunges as low as {{convert|2.0|C|F}}. PAGASA cannot verify<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yap|first1=DJ|title=Zero in Mt. Pulag? Pagasa clueless|url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/346661/zero-in-mt-pulag-pagasa-clueless|accessdate=2 March 2015|work=Philippine Daily Inquirer|date=25 January 2013}}</ref>}} |- |{{flag|Qatar}} |{{convert|1.5|C|F}} |[[Abu Samra]] |{{Dts|5 Februar 2017}}<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- | {{flag|Roushie}} (Siberie) | {{convert|-67.8|C|F}} | [[Verkhoyansk]] an<br/>[[Oymyakon]], baith in [[Sakha Republic]] | 7 February 1892<br/>6 February 1933<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |title=Northern Hemisphere: Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=25 December 2016 |archive-date=2016-12-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226145102/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/northern-hemisphere-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Saudi Arabie}} | {{convert|-12.0|C|F}} | [[Turaif]] | ?<ref name=SaudiCC>{{cite web |url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/natc/saunc2.pdf |title=Second National Communication |publisher=Kingdom of Saudi Arabia |page=2 |accessdate=24 October 2016}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Singapore}} |{{convert|19.0|C|F}} |[[Paya Lebar]] |{{Dts|14 Februar 1989}}<ref name=MSSrecords/> |- | {{flag|Sooth Korea}} | {{convert|-32.6|C|F}} | [[Yangpyeong]] | 5 January 1981<ref name=kma>{{cite web|url=http://web.kma.go.kr/eng/biz/climate_01.jsp|title=Climate of Korea|publisher=[[Korea Meteorological Administration]]|accessdate=24 July 2010}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Sirie}} | {{convert|-23.0|C|F}} | [[Idlib]] | Januar 1951<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sy.arabiaweather.com/content/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AF-%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B0-%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85-1950|title=أبرد شتاء مر على سوريا منذ عام 1950 !|work=طقس سوريا – طقس العرب}}</ref> |- |{{flag|Taiwan}} |{{convert|-18.4|C|F}} |[[Yushan Naitional Pairk|Yushan]] |{{Dts|31 Januar 1970}}<ref name="ysnp">{{cite web|url=http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/css_en/page.aspx?path=550|title=The Climate|publisher=Yushan National Park|accessdate=22 April 2018|archive-date=2018-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422202523/http://www.ysnp.gov.tw/css_en/page.aspx?path=550|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Thailand}} | {{convert|-1.4|C|F}} | [[Sakon Nakhon Province|Sakon Nakhon]] | 2 Januar 1974<ref name="tmd">{{cite web |url=http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf |title=The Climate of Thailand |publisher=Thai Meteorological Department |accessdate=31 July 2016 |archive-date=2016-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801225446/http://www.tmd.go.th/en/archive/thailand_climate.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |- | {{flag|Turkey}} | {{convert|-46.4|C|F}} | [[Çaldıran (Destrict), Van|Çaldıran]], [[Van Province]] | 9 Januar 1990<ref name="DMIGM"/> |- | {{flag|Turkmenistan}} | {{convert|-36.0|C|F}} | [[Daşoguz Region]] | ?<ref name=TurmenistanCC/> |- | {{flag|United Arab Emirates}} | {{convert|-5.4|C|F}} | [[Jebel Jais]] | 3 Februar 2017<ref name=JeffMasters2017records/> |- | {{flag|Vietnam}} | {{convert|-6.1|C|F}} | [[Sa Pa]] | 4 Januar 1974<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312003953/http://www.imh.ac.vn/b_tintuc_sukien/bb_tt_khkt/mlfolder.2010-01-25.6091843748/mlfolder.2011-01-28.5026715834/mlnews.2011-01-28.5670939729 |archivedate=12 March 2012 |title=Vì sao miền Bắc lạnh bất thường? |publisher=Vietnam Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology |language=Vietnamese |accessdate=13 October 2016}}</ref> |} ==== Europe ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Country/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Albanie}} | {{convert|-25.8|C|F}} | ? | <ref> {{cite web|url=https://www.climatechangepost.com/albania/climate-change/ |title=Albania |website=Climate Change Post}} </ref> |- | {{flag|Austrick}} | {{convert|-52.6|C|F}} | [[Grünloch]] doline | 19 Februar 1932<ref name="Central Institution for Meteorology and Geodynamics">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-07-22 |archive-date=2013-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112200637/http://www.cnrm.meteo.fr/icam2007/ICAM2007/extended/manuscript_95.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Belaroushie}} | {{convert|-42.2|C|F}} | [[Slavnom]], [[Vitsebsk Voblast]] | 17 Januar 1940<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web |author1=Baglasov Andrey |author2=Belov Alexandr |author3=Sinitsa Valentina |author4=Bychenkov Alexandr |url=http://www.pogoda.by/ |title=Department of Hydrometeorology |publisher=Pogoda.by |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2010-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822154324/http://pogoda.by/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Belgium}} | {{convert|-30.1|°C|°F}} | Valley o the [[Lesse]] in [[Rochefort, Belgium|Rochefort]] | 20 Januar 1940<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html |title=KMI (Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute) site |publisher=Kmi.be |accessdate=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2015-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928195714/http://www.kmi.be/meteo/view/nl/1119603-Januari.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Bosnie an Herzegovinae}} | {{convert|-42.5|°C|°F}} | [[Igman]] in [[Sarajevo Canton]] | 24 Januar 1963<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108030246/https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 |archivedate=8 January 2017 |url=https://www.klix.ba/vijesti/bih/na-igmanu-je-1963-ziva-na-termometru-pala-na-minus-42-5/120210061 |title=Interview with the Federal Hydrometeorological Institute of BiH |publisher=Klix.ba |accessdate=8 January 2017}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Bulgarie}} | {{convert|-38.3|C|F}} | [[Tran, Bulgarie|Tran]] | 25 Januar 1947<ref name="unfccc"/> |- | {{flag|Croatie}} | {{convert|-35.5|C|F}} | [[Čakovec]] | 3 Februar 1929<ref>{{cite web|url=http://unfccc.int/files/national_reports/annex_i_natcom_/application/pdf/hrv_nc6.pdf#page=23 |title=Sixth National Communication and First Biennial Report of the Republic of Croatia under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) |publisher=Croatian Ministry of Environmental and Nature Protection |language=English |accessdate=2 August 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cyprus}} | {{convert|-16|C|F}} | ? | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://viborc.com/lowest-temperatures-records-for-every-european-country/ |title=Lowest temperatures – list of records for every European country|accessdate=1 July 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Czech Republic}} | {{convert|-42.2|C|F}} | [[Litvínovice]] | 11 Februar 1929<ref name=autogenerated2 /> |- | {{flag|Denmark}} | {{convert|-31.2|C|F}} | [[Thisted Municipality]], [[North Denmark Region]] | 8 Januar 1982<ref name="dmi"/> |- | {{flag|Estonia}} | {{convert|-43.5|C|F}} | [[Jõgeva]], [[Jõgeva Coonty]] | 17 Januar 1940<ref name=autogenerated3 /> |- | {{flag|Finland}} | {{convert|-51.5|C|F}} | Pokka, [[Kittilä]], [[Lapland (Finland)|Lapland]] | 28 Januar 1999<ref name=fmirecords/> |- | {{flag|France}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Mouthe]], [[Doubs]] | 17 Januar 1985<ref name="Méteo France">{{cite web |url=http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&document_id=4578&portlet_id=18309 |title=MétéoFrance |publisher=Comprendre.meteofrance.com |accessdate=29 January 2012 |archive-date=2009-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090513102352/http://comprendre.meteofrance.com/pedagogique/dossiers/phenomenes/les_grands_froids?page_id=2764&document_id=4578&portlet_id=18309 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Germany}} | {{convert|-45.9|C|F}} | [[Funtensee]], [[Berchtesgadener Land]], [[Bavarie]] | 24 December 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unwetterzentrale.de/uwz/495.html|title=Wetterextreme (Temperaturspanne von bis zu 146,5°C)|author=Andreas Wagner|date=August 2009|publisher=[[Meteomedia AG|MeteoGroup]]|accessdate=11 August 2014}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Greece}} | {{convert|-27.8|C|F}} | [[Ptolemaida]] | 27 Januar 1963<ref name="meteoclub1"/> |- | {{flag|Hungary}} | {{convert|-35|C|F}} | [[Görömbölytapolca]] | 16 Februar 1940<ref name="met.hu"/> |- | {{flag|Iceland}} | {{convert|-37.9|C|F|sigfig=3}} | [[Grímsstaðir]] | 21 Januar 1918<ref name="iceland"/> |- | {{flag|Ireland}} | {{convert|-19.1|C|F}} | [[Markree Castle]], [[County Sligo]] | 16 Januar 1881<ref name="Met Éireann" /> |- | {{flag|Italy}} | {{convert|-49.6|C|F}} | [[Busa Fradusta]], [[Pale di San Martino]] | 10 Februar 2013<ref name="montagna.tv">{{Cite web|url=https://www.montagna.tv/47324/record-di-freddo-in-italia-49-6c-sulle-pale-di-san-martino/|title=Record di freddo in Italia: -49.6°C sulle Pale di San Martino|date=10 May 2013}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Latvie}} | {{convert|-43.2|C|F}} | [[Daugavpils]] | 8 February 1956<ref name="meteolv"/> |- | {{flag|Lithuanie}} | {{convert|-42.9|C|F}} | [[Utena, Lithuanie|Utena]], [[Utena Coonty]] | 1 February 1956<ref name="record lithuania" /> |- | {{flag|Malta}} | {{convert|1.4|C|F}} | [[Maltae Internaitional Airport]] | 29 Januar 1981<ref name="MaltaCC"/><ref name=MaltaNSO/> |- | {{flag|Moldovae}} | {{convert|-35.5|°C|°F}} | [[Brătușeni]], [[Edineț Destrict]] | {{Dts|20 Januar 1963}}<ref name=Moldovarecords/> |- | {{flag|Netherlands}} | {{convert|-27.4|C|F}} | [[Winterswijk]] | 27 Januar 1942<ref name="meteonet1">{{cite web|url=http://weergegevens.nl/extremes_day.aspx?station=9999999&extreem=X_TX&order=1&maand=7&dag=25&country=3|title=Dagrecords van het weer van KNMI stations in Nederland|work=weergegevens.nl}}</ref> |- | {{flag|North Macedonie}} | {{convert|-31.5|C|F}} | [[Berovo]], [[Berovo Municipality]] | 27 Januar 1954<ref name="meteomk">{{cite web |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070819153102/http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp |archivedate=19 August 2007 |url=http://www.meteo.gov.mk/MeterolKlimaEkstremni.asp?X=1 |title=Климатски екстреми |publisher=Hydrometeorological Service |language=Macedonian |accessdate=4 February 2010 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Norawa}} | {{convert|-51.4|C|F}} | [[Karasjok]], [[Finnmark]] | 1 Januar 1886<ref name="DNMI" /> |- | {{flag|Poland}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Siedlce]], [[Masovian Voivodeship]] | 11 Januar 1940<ref name="klimat.geo.uj.edu.pl"/> |- | {{flag|Portugal}} | {{convert|-16.0|C|F}} | [[Penhas da Saúde]], [[Covilhã Municipality]]<br/>[[Miranda do Douro]] | 16 Januar 1945 an 5 Februar 1954<ref name="meteopt">{{cite web |url=http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm |title=Terras da Beira – "Reveillon" português sem chuva, mas a bater o dente de frio |date=27 March 2014 |accessdate=31 March 2014 |language=pt |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100812052145/http://www.freipedro.pt/tb/301299/soc8.htm |archivedate=12 August 2010 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Romanie}} | {{convert|-38.5|C|F}} | [[Bod, Braşov|Bod]], [[Braşov Coonty]] | 25 January 1942<ref>{{cite web|author=infoTURIST |url=http://www.infoturist.ro/romania.html |title=Romania |publisher=Infoturist.ro |date=25 January 1942 |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> |- | {{flagdeco|Roushie}} [[European Roushie]] | {{convert|-58.1|C|F}} | [[Ust' Shchugor]], [[Komi Republic]] | 31 December 1978<ref name="WMO"/> |- | {{flag|Serbie}} | {{convert|-39.5|C|F}} | [[Karajukica Bunari]], [[Zlatibor Destrict]] | 13 Januar 1985<ref name="hidmet"/> |- | {{flag|Slovakie}} | {{convert|-41.0|C|F}} | [[Vígľaš|Vígľaš-Pstruša]] | 11 Februar 1929<ref name=slovakrecord/> |- | {{flag|Slovenie}} | {{convert|-34.5|C|F}} | [[Babno Polje]] | 15 Februar 1956 / 16 Februar 1956 / 13 Januar 1968{{refn |group="notes" |The lawest unoffeecially meisurt temperatur in Slovenie wis recordit at [[Komna]] on 9 Januar 2009 an reached {{convert|-49|C}}.}}<ref name="ARSO">{{cite web |url=http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |title=Slovenski vremenski rekordi |publisher=Slovenian Environment Agency |language=Slovenian |page=2 |accessdate=22 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001118/http://www.arso.gov.si/vreme/podnebje/slo_vremenski_rekordi.pdf |archivedate=4 March 2016 }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Spain}} | {{convert|-30|C|F}} | [[Calamocha]] Airport, [[Province o Teruel|Teruel Province]] | 17 December 1963<ref name="AEMET">{{cite web |url=http://www.aemet.es/documentos/es/divulgacion/resumen_efemerides/Resumen_extremos.pdf |title=Resumen de extremos climatológicos en España |publisher=Agencia Estatal de Meteorología |language=Spanish |accessdate=31 October 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Sweden}} | {{convert|-52.6|C|F}} | [[Vuoggatjålme]], [[Lapland (Swaden)|Lappland]] | 2 Februar 1966<ref name="SMHI"/> |- | {{flag|Swisserland}} | {{convert|-41.8|C|F}} | [[La Brévine]] | 12 Januar 1987<ref name="Weather in Switzerland"/> |- | {{flag|Ukraine}} | {{convert|-41.9|C|F}} | [[Luhansk]] | 8 Januar 1935<ref name=cgo/><ref name="segodnya1">{{cite web |url=http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14068460.html |title=Погодные рекорды Украины &#124; Новости Украины &#124; СЕГОДНЯ |publisher=Segodnya.ua |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2009-08-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801122521/http://www.segodnya.ua/news/14068460.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Unitit Kinrick}} | {{convert|-27.2|C|F}} | [[Braemar]], [[Aberdeenshire]]<br/>[[Altnaharra]], [[Sutherland]] | 11 Februar 1895<br>10 Januar 1982<br/>30 December 1995<ref name="UK Met Office"/> |} ==== North Americae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperatur !Toun/Location ! data-sort-type="ISOdate" | Date |- | {{flag|Antigua an Barbuda}} | {{convert|16.1|C|F}} | [[V. C. Bird Internaitional Airport]], [[Antigua]] | data-sort-value="1974-12-31" | 31 December 1974 and 28 January 1976<ref name=Antiguaclimate/><ref name=Antiguaclimatedata/> |- | {{flag|Canada}} | {{convert|-63.0|C|F}} | [[Snag, Yukon|Snag]], [[Yukon]] | data-sort-value="1947-02-03" | 3 February 1947<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/><ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region IV (North America): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101101839/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/north-america-excluding-greenland-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cayman Islands}} | {{convert|11.1|C|F}} | [[Owen Roberts Internaitional Airport]], [[Grand Cayman]] | ?<ref name=Caymanclimate>{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate|title=Climate|publisher=National Weather Service (Cayman Islands Government)|accessdate=30 October 2016|archive-date=2016-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161031033225/http://www.weather.gov.ky/portal/page/portal/nwshome/climate|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Cuba}} | {{convert|0.6|C|F}} | Bainoa, [[Mayabeque Province]] | data-sort-value="1996-02-18" | 18 February 1996<ref name=Cubarecords/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sld.cu/galerias/pdf/red/tiempo/programa_y_articulos_en_pdf.pdf |title = III Congreso Cubano de Meteorología |page = 36 | publisher = ACQ & Asociados | language = Spanish |trans-title=Third Cuban Congress of Meteorology |accessdate=27 October 2011 |quote = Desde el punto de vista sinóptico, se realizó un estudio del día 18 de febrero de 1996, cuando se registraron temperaturas notablemente frías en la región occidental, y muy frías en el resto del país. Ese día, en la estación meteorológica de Bainoa se registró el record nacional de 0.6°C.}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Dominican Republic}} | {{convert|-7.0|C|F}} | Valle Nuevo, [[La Vega Province]] | data-sort-value="1983-01-17" | 17 January 1983<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Cassá Bernaldo de Quirós|first1=Constancio|title=Valle Nuevo: su historia y naturaleza|journal=Clío|date=July 2012|issue=184|page=222|url=http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf|accessdate=29 January 2015|publisher=Academia Dominicana de la Historia|language=Spanish|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216100933/http://clio.academiahistoria.org.do/trabajos/clio184/Clio_2012_No_184-07.pdf|archivedate=16 February 2015}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Greenland}} | {{convert|-66.1|C|F}} | [[North Ice]] | data-sort-value="1954-01-09" | 9 Januar 1954<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wmo.asu.edu/content/wmo-region-6-lowest-temperature |title=WMO Region VI (Europe): Lowest Temperature |publisher=World Meteorological Organization |accessdate=31 October 2016 |archive-date=2016-11-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161101102132/https://wmo.asu.edu/content/wmo-region-6-lowest-temperature |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Guatemala}} | {{convert|-11.5|C|F}} | [[Olintepeque]], [[Quetzaltenango Department]] | ?<ref name="INSIVUMEH">{{cite web|url= http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/meteorologia/ESTADISTICAS.htm |title= Datos metorologicos de los departamentos |publisher= INSIVUMEH |language= spanish |accessdate=26 October 2011}}</ref> <!-- Note: THIS PAGE IS FOR OFFICIAL RECORDS ONLY, NOT REMOTELY SENSED OBSERVATIONS for example: http://www.aztecanoticias.com.mx/notas/estados/193862/madera-el-lugar-mas-frio-de-mexico "aunque pocos lo saben porque aquí no hay medidor oficial", Translation: "though few know it because there is no official measurer" The source itself states that the record is not official! --> |- |{{flag|Martinique}} |{{convert|14.1|C|F}} |[[Le Lamentin]] |{{Dts|25 December 1964}}<ref name=martiniqueclimate/> |- | {{flag|Panama}} | {{convert|2.0|C|F}} | Bajo Grande, [[Chiriquí Province]] | data-sort-value="1995-02-20" | 20 February 1995<ref name=ETESA/> |- | {{flag|Puerto Rico}} | {{convert|40|F|C|order=flip}} | [[Aibonito]]/[[San Sebastián, Puerto Rico|San Sebastian]] | data-sort-value="1911-03-09" | 9 March 1911/ 24 January 1966<ref name=NWSpuertorico/> |- | {{flag|US Virgin Islands}} | {{convert|51.0|F|C|order=flip}} | [[Anna's Hope, U.S. Virgin Islands|Anna's Hope]], [[Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands|Saint Croix]] | data-sort-value="1954-01-31" | 31 January 1954<ref name=NWSpuertorico/> |- | {{flag|Unitit States}}<br> ({{flag|Alaska}}) | {{convert|-62.2|C|F}} | [[Prospect Creek, Alaska|Prospect Creek]], [[Alaska]] | data-sort-value="1971-01-23" | 23 January 1971<ref name="NCEC">{{cite web |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/ncec/records |title=National Climate Extremes Committee: Existing Records |publisher=[[National Climatic Data Center]] |accessdate=25 December 2016}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Unitit States}}<br> ({{flag|Hawaii}}) | {{convert|-11.1|C|F}} | [[Mauna Kea]], [[Hawaii]] | data-sort-value="1979-05-17" | 17 May 1979<ref name=usstaterecords>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221174428/https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |archivedate=21 February 2018 |url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/extremes/scec/records |title=State Climate Extremes Committee (SCEC): Records by State |publisher=National Climatic Data Center |accessdate=21 February 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Unitit States}}<br> (Mainland) | {{convert|-57.0|C|F}} | [[Rogers Pass (Montana)|Rogers Pass]], [[Montana]] | data-sort-value="1954-01-20" | 20 January 1954<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/tfx/tx.php?wfo=tfx&type=html&loc=text&fx=topweather| title = Top Ten Montana Weather Events of the 20th Century | work =National Weather Service Unveils Montana's Top Ten Weather/Water/Climate Events of the 20th Century | publisher = National Weather Service |accessdate=9 March 2007}}</ref> |} ==== Sooth Americae ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperature !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Argentinae}} | {{convert|-32.8|C|F}} | [[Sarmiento, Chubut|Sarmiento]], [[Chubut Province]] | 1 Juin 1907<ref>{{cite web |publisher= Arizona State University |url= http://wmo.asu.edu/#continental |title= World Meteorological Organization Global Weather & Climate Extremes Archive |accessdate= 7 June 2015}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Brazil}} | {{convert|-14.0|C|F}} | [[Caçador]], [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]] | 11 Juin 1952<ref name="Caçador municipality">{{cite web |title = História de Caçador |url = http://www.clicrbs.com.br/anoticia/jsp/default.jsp?uf=2&local=18&section=Geral&newsID=a2969554.xml |publisher = A Notícia |language = Portuguese |trans-title = Quarta-feira pode ter recorde de temperatura mínima neste ano em Santa Catarina |year = 2010 |accessdate = 22 December 2010 |quote = Caçador has the lowest recorded temperature, officially, in Brazil, of −14&nbsp;°C in 1952. Another record, unofficial, of −17.8&nbsp;°C in 1996-06-29, at the summit of [[Morro da Igreja]], [[Urubici]], also in [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]], would give the record to this locality. |archive-date = 2011-06-29 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110629103211/http://www.clicrbs.com.br/anoticia/jsp/default.jsp?uf=2&local=18&section=Geral&newsID=a2969554.xml |url-status = dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ciram.epagri.sc.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=140&Itemid=364|title=Recordes de Frio em SC|accessdate=17 October 2014}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Chile}} | {{convert|-37|C|F|1}} | [[Coyhaique Alto]], [[Aysen Region]] | 21 June 2002<ref>{{cite news|title=Bajas temperaturas ponen en alerta a sector agrícola en Aysén|url=http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2002/06/21/88368/bajas-temperaturas-ponen-en-alerta-a-sector-agricola-en-aysen.html|accessdate=18 August 2017|language=Spanish|archive-date=2017-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818093531/http://www.emol.com/noticias/nacional/2002/06/21/88368/bajas-temperaturas-ponen-en-alerta-a-sector-agricola-en-aysen.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | {{flag|French Guiana}} | {{convert|16.9|C|F}} | [[Maripasoula]] | 23 Januar 1964<ref>{{cite web |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101020827/http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 |archivedate=1 January 2019 |url= http://www.meteofrance.gp/documents/3714888/5579049/Climat973_2pages.pdf/0073f8b7-66af-4487-93e7-36a3c32d44e0 |title= Le Climat Guyanais |publisher=Météo-France |language=French |accessdate= 31 December 2018}}</ref> |- | {{flag|Paraguay}} | {{convert|-7.5|C|F}} | [[Pratts Gill]], [[Boquerón Depairtment]] | 13 Julie 2000<ref>{{es icon}} [http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo.php?con-12-grados-bajo-cero-en-asuncion-la-ola-polar-l&edicion=2&sec=10&art=28339 Con 1,2 grados bajo cero en Asunción, la ola polar llegó para quedarse] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102005334/http://www.lanacion.com.py/articulo.php?con-12-grados-bajo-cero-en-asuncion-la-ola-polar-l&edicion=2&sec=10&art=28339 |date=2 January 2013 }}, La Nación. Retrieved 12 February 2012.</ref> |- | {{flag|Peru}} | {{convert|-25.2|C|F}} | [[Mazo Cruz]], [[Puno Region]] | 30 Juin 1966<ref>[http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf Programa de Capacitación Para la Estimación del Riesgo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725004314/http://bvpad.indeci.gob.pe/doc/pdf/esp/doc320/doc320_4b.pdf |date=25 July 2011 }}, Biblioteca Virtual en Prevención y Atención de Desastres (BVPAD). Retrieved 30 August 2009.</ref> |- | {{flag|Uruguay}} | {{convert|-11.0|C|F}} | [[Melo, Uruguay|Melo]], [[Cerro Largo Depairtment]] | 14 Juin 1967<ref name=uruguayrecordssum/><ref name=uruguayrecordsraw/> |- | {{flag|Venezuela}} | {{convert|-12.0|C|F}} | [[Pico Piedras Blancas|Piedras Blancas]], [[Estado Mérida (Venezuela)|estado Mérida]] | 15 Januar 2010<ref name="mherrera"/> |} ==== Oceanie ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- !Kintra/Region !data-sort-type="number" | Temperature !Toun/Location !Date |- | {{flag|Australie}} | {{convert|-23.0|C|F}} | [[Charlotte Pass, New Sooth Wales]] | 29 Juin 1994<ref name="BoMExtremes"/> |- | {{flag|New Zealand}} | {{convert|-25.6|C|F}} | [[Ranfurly, New Zealand|Ranfurly]], [[Central Otago]] | 18 Julie 1903<ref name="TVNZ">{{cite web |url=http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/new-record-zealand-s-coldest-day-4297892 |title=New record for New Zealand's coldest day |publisher=TVNZ |date=12 July 2011 |accessdate=12 July 2011 |archive-date=2011-07-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715024615/http://tvnz.co.nz/national-news/new-record-zealand-s-coldest-day-4297892 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | {{flag|Samoa}} | {{convert|11.1|C|F}} | [[Afiamalu, Samoa|Afiamalu]] | {{Dts|29 September 1971}}<ref name = WBsamoaclimate/> |} ===Ither law-temperatur records=== * '''Fastest temperatur drop:''' 27.2&nbsp;°C (49&nbsp;°F) in 5 meenits; [[Rapid City, Sooth Dakota]], 10 Januar 1911.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''Cauldest simmer (month o Julie in the Northren Hemisphere)''': {{convert|-33|C|F|1}} degrees; [[Summit Camp]], Greenland on 4 Julie 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=*Impressive cold in Greenland and near record accumulations of snow and ice|url=https://www.vencoreweather.com/blog/2017/7/6/115-pm-impressive-cold-in-greenland-and-near-record-accumulations-of-snow-and-ice|website=vencore weather|accessdate=29 July 2017}}</ref> ==Precipitation== * '''Least per year (locale)''': {{convert|0.2|mm|in}} per year or less, [[Quillagua]], [[Antofagasta Region]], [[Chile]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Time to Update World’s Driest and Wettest Locations?|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131|publisher=Weather Underground|accessdate=10 June 2013|author=Christopher C. Burt|archive-date=2013-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329022116/http://www.wunderground.com/blog/weatherhistorian/comment.html?entrynum=131|url-status=dead}}</ref> ===Rain=== * '''Maist in ane minute''': {{convert|38|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Barot, [[Guadeloupe]], 26 November 1970.<ref>{{cite web|title=Service Hydrologique de 1’O.R.S.T.O.M: Intensité extraordinaire de la précipitation du 26 novembre 1970 dans la région des Grands-Fonds de Guadeloupe|url=http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/pleins_textes_4/hydrologie/14877.pdf|accessdate=4 June 2013}}</ref> * '''Maist in ane oor''': {{convert|305|mm|in|abbr=on}} in 42 minutes. [[Holt, Missouri]], Unitit States, 22 Juin 1947.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 12 oors''': {{convert|1144|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cilaos]], [[Réunion]], 8 Januar 1966, during [[tropical cyclone]] Denise.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 24 oors''': {{convert|1825|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cilaos]], Réunion, 7–8 Januar 1966, during [[tropical cyclone]] Denise.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 48 oors''': {{convert|2493|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie, 15–16 Juin 1995.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 72 oors''': {{convert|3929|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, [[Réunion]], 24–26 Februar 2007.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in 96 oors''': {{convert|4869|mm|in|abbr=on}}; Commerson, Réunion, 24–27 Februar 2007.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Maist in ane year''': {{convert|26470|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Cherrapunji]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie, 1860–1861.<ref name="WMO"/> * '''Heichest average annual tot''': {{convert|11872|mm|in|abbr=on}}; [[Mawsynram]], [[Meghalaya]], Indie.<ref name="WMO"/> ===Snaw=== * '''Maist in ane-year period''': 31.5 meters (102&nbsp;ft); [[Mount Rainier]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], United States, 19 Februar 1971 tae 18 Februar 1972.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''Maist in ane saison (1 Julie – 30 Juin):''' 29.0&nbsp;meters, (95&nbsp;ft); [[Mount Baker]], [[Washington (U.S. state)|Washington]], United States, 1998 throu 1999.<ref name="season snow record">{{Citation | last = Burt | first = Christopher | year = 2004 | title = Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book | publisher = W.W. Norton & Co. | ISBN = 0-393-32658-6 |page=77 }}</ref> * '''Maist in ane calendar month''' an '''greatest snow depth''' in North Americae: 990.6&nbsp;cm (390 inches) o snaw fell in [[Tamarack, Californie]] in Januar 1911, leadin tae a snaw depth in Mairch o 1145.5&nbsp;cm (451 inches).<ref name="season snow record"/><ref>Frank H. Forrester, ''1001 Questions Answered about the Weather'' (ISBN 0486242188), page 235: "The greatest amount of snowfall for a calendar month occurred at Tamarack, California, in January, 1911—390 inches."</ref> ==Wind speed== * '''Fastest ever recorded''': 484[[±]]32&nbsp;km/h (301[[±]]20&nbsp;mph) 3-second gust; Observed bi a [[Doppler On Wheels|DOW]] ([[Doppler weather radar|Doppler]] On Wheels) radar unit in a [[1999 Bridge Creek – Moore tornado|tornado]] near [[Oklahoma City]], Oklahoma on 3 Mey 1999.<ref name="fastest wind">{{cite web| url = http://cswr.org/dow/DOW.htm| title = Doppler On Wheels| accessdate = 18 February 2007| author = [http://cswr.org/ Center for Severe Weather Research]| year = 2006| archive-date = 2007-02-05| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205124033/http://www.cswr.org/dow/dow.htm| url-status = dead}}</ref> * '''Fastest recorded wi an [[anemometer]]:''' 113.2&nbsp;m/s or {{convert|407|km/h|abbr=on}} 3-second gust; ane of five extreme gusts during a series of 5-min time periods; [[Barrow Island (Western Australia)]], 10 Aprile 1996, during [[Cyclone Olivia]].<ref>[http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust World: Maximum Surface Wind Gust (3-Second)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303175240/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-maximum-surface-wind-gust |date=2016-03-03 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website</ref> * '''Fastest recorded wi an anemometer ootside a [[tropical cyclone]]:''' 372&nbsp;km/h (231&nbsp;mph) sustained 1-minute average; [[Mount Washington (New Hampshire)|Mount Washington]], [[New Hampshire]], 12 Aprile 1934.<ref name="101 earth facts">{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/scienceastronomy/101_earth_facts_030722-1.html |title=101 Amazing Earth Facts |publisher=SPACE.com |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> * '''Fastest daily average:''' 174&nbsp;km/h (108&nbsp;mph); [[Port Martin]] ([[Adélie Land]]), Antarctica, 24-oor period frae 21 Mairch 1951 tae 22 Mairch 1951.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> ==Tornadoes== {{Main|Tornado records}} [[File:Tri-State Tornado.JPG|thumb|250px|The Tri-State Tornado haulds mony records, includin the langest kent tornado track, fastest speed for a signeeficant tornado, an the deadliest tornado ootside o [[Bangladesh]].]] ===Deadliest in history=== * '''On Yird''': Approximately 1300 daiths; [[Manikganj Destrict]], Bangladesh on 26 Aprile 1989.<ref name="tornado project Bangladesh">{{cite web |url=http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |title=Tornadoes in Bangladesh |publisher=Tornadoproject.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2012-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120919111413/http://www.tornadoproject.com/alltorns/bangladesh.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> * '''In North Americae:''' 695 daiths ([[Tri-State Tornado]]); [[Missouri]], [[Illinois]], [[Indiana]], United States 18 Mairch 1925.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''In Europe:''' 600 or mair ([[Valletta, Malta Tornado|Grand Harbour Tornado]]); [[Valletta]], Malta, 23 September 1551 or 1556 (soorces conflict)<ref name="TORRO records">{{cite web |url=http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |title=Research: Tornado Extremes |publisher=TORRO |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2007-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070814075710/http://www.torro.org.uk/TORRO/research/whirlextreme.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> * '''In Sooth Americae:''' 63 daiths, [[San Justo, Santa Fe|San Justo]], [[Santa Fe, Argentina|Santa Fe]], Argentina, 10 Januar 1973<ref name="Uno Santafe">{{cite web|url=http://www.unosantafe.com.ar/santafe/A-39-aos-del-tornado-en-San-Justo-el-unico-F5-en-toda-Sudamerica-y-Latinoamerica-20120110-0002.html"|title=A 39 años del tornado en San Justo, el único F5 en toda Sudamérica y Latinoamérica|publisher=Uno Santa Fe|accessdate=18 March 2014}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * '''In Australie:''' Three daiths, [[Kin Kin]], [[Queensland]] tornado, 14 August 1971<ref>{{cite web |author=National Climate Centre |url=http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.htm |title=Australian Climate Extremes-Storm |publisher=BOM |accessdate=3 September 2012 |archiveurl=https://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/96122/20090317-1643/www.bom.gov.au/lam/climate/levelthree/c20thc/storm1.html |archivedate=2009-03-17 |url-status=live }}</ref> ===Ootbreaks=== * '''Lairgest an maist severe:''' The [[Aprile 25–28, 2011 tornado outbreak]]: 207 confirmed tornadoes occurred in a span o 24 oors, wi a tot o 337 occurrin throuoot the duration o the ootbreak. Thay affectit sax US states, an includit 11 [[Enhanced Fujita scale|EF4s]] an 4 EF5s.<ref>[http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak World: Largest tornado Outbreak] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926235427/http://wmo.asu.edu/tornado-largest-tornado-outbreak |date=2013-09-26 }} at the World Meteorological Organization website</ref> ==Tropical cyclones== {{Main|Leet o tropical cyclone records}} ===Maist intense (bi minimum surface air pressur)=== * '''Maist intense iver recordit''': 870&nbsp;hPa (25.63&nbsp;[[Inches o mercury|inHg]]); [[ee (cyclone)|ee]] o [[Typhoon Tip|Super Typhoon Tip]] ower the Pacific Ocean, 12 October 1979.<ref name="Handy Weather Answer Book"/> * '''Maist intense in the [[Western Hemisphere]]:''' 872&nbsp;hPa (25.75&nbsp;inHg); ee o [[Hurricane Patricia]] ower the eastren Paceefic Ocean, 23 October 2015.<ref name="strongest hurricane">{{cite web|url=http://www.weather.com/storms/hurricane/news/hurricane-patricia-mexico-coast |title=Catastrophic Landfall Expected in Mexico Friday; Patricia Becomes Strongest Hurricane Ever Recorded |publisher=weather.com |accessdate=23 October 2015}}</ref> * '''Maist intense iver recordit on laund:''' 892&nbsp;hPa (26.35&nbsp;inHg); Craig's Key, Florida, ee o the [[Labor Day Hurricane o 1935|Labor Day Hurricane]], 2 September 1935. While ither laundfawin tropical cyclones potentially haed lawer pressurs, data is vague frae auries ither nor the [[Atlantic basin]], especially afore the invention o [[wather satellite]]s.<ref name="lowest on land">{{cite web |url=http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |title=Extreme Weather: A Guide and Record Book |publisher=Extremeweatherguide.com |accessdate=20 August 2010 |archive-date=2010-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100804232406/http://extremeweatherguide.com/records.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ither severe wather== [[File:Hailstone.jpg|thumb|right|A pictur o the Aurora, Nebraska hailstone, measurt at {{convert|18.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} in [[circumference]]]] ===Hail=== {{Main|Leet o costly or deadly hailstorms}} * '''Hiviest offeecially recordit:''' {{convert|2.25|lb|kg|disp=flip|abbr=on}}; [[Gopalganj Destrict (Bangladesh)|Gopalganj Destrict]], Bangladesh, 14 Aprile 1986.<ref name="weather extremes">{{cite web|url=http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf|title=Appendix I – Weather Extremes|publisher=[[National Weather Service]]|location=San Diego, California|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528065516/http://www.wrh.noaa.gov/sgx/research/Guide/weatherextremes.pdf|archivedate=2008-05-28|accessdate=1 June 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> * '''Lairgest diameter offeecially measurt:''' {{convert|8.0|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} [[diameter]], {{convert|18.625|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} [[circumference]]; [[Vivian, Sooth Dakota]], 23 Julie 2010.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate| title = Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July&nbsp;23, 2010| author = NWS| date = 30 July 2010| publisher = National Weather Service| location = [[Aberdeen, South Dakota]]| archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/5rhd1coDR?url=http://www.crh.noaa.gov/abr/?n=stormdamagetemplate| archivedate = 2010-08-03| accessdate = 3 August 2010| url-status = live}}</ref> * '''Lairgest circumference offeecially measurt:''' {{convert|18.75|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} circumference, {{convert|7.0|in|cm|disp=flip|abbr=on}} diameter; [[Aurora, Nebraska]], 22 Juin 2003.<ref name="weather extremes"/><ref name="NG Hail">{{cite web|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0804_030804_largesthailstone.html |title=Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found |publisher=News.nationalgeographic.com |accessdate=20 August 2010}}</ref> ===Lichtnin=== * '''Langest lichtnin bowt''': {{convert|321|km|mi|abbr=on}} on 20 Juin 2007 in [[Oklahoma]].<ref name=Lang2016>{{cite journal |last1=Lang |first1=Timothy |last2=Pédeboy |first2=Stéphane |last3=Rison |first3=William |last4=Cerveny |first4=Randall |last5=Montanyà |first5=Joan |last6=Chauzy |first6=Serge |last7=MacGorman |first7=Donald |last8=Holle |first8=Ronald |title= WMO World Record Lightning Extremes: Longest Reported Flash Distance and Longest Reported Flash Duration |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |volume= 98|issue= 6|pages=1153–1168 |date=September 2016 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0061.1 |pmid=28111477 |pmc=5240975 |bibcode =2017BAMS...98.1153L }}</ref><ref name=wmolightning>{{cite news|title=WMO rules on longest distance and longest duration lightning flashes|url=http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-rules-longest-distance-and-longest-duration-lightning-flashes|accessdate=16 September 2016|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|date=16 September 2016|archive-date=2016-09-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917075936/http://public.wmo.int/en/media/press-release/wmo-rules-longest-distance-and-longest-duration-lightning-flashes|url-status=dead}}</ref> * '''Langest duration for a single lichtnin flash''': 7.74 seconds on 30 August 2012 in [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]], Fraunce.<ref name=Lang2016/><ref name=wmolightning/> * '''Maist strikes per year''': [[Catatumbo lichtnin]] in [[Loch Maracaibo]], [[Venezuela]] earned the tap spot receivin an average rate o aboot 233 flashes per square kilometer per year.<ref name="NASA lightning">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/news/news/releases/2016/earths-new-lightning-capital-revealed.html |title=NASA – Earth's New Lightning Capital Revealed |publisher=Nasa.gov |accessdate=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref name=Albrecht2016>{{cite journal |last1=Albrecht |first1=Rachel |last2=Goodman |first2=Steven |last3=Buechler |first3=Dennis |last4=Blakeslee |first4=Richard |last5=Christian |first5=Hugh |title= Where are the lightning hotspots on Earth? |journal=[[Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society]] |volume=97 |issue=11 |page= 2051|date=December 2016 |doi=10.1175/BAMS-D-14-00193.1 |bibcode =2016BAMS...97.2051A }}</ref> ===UV=== *On Dec. 29, 2003, a warld-record UV index o 43.3 wis detectit at Bolivia's Licancabur volcano.<ref>http://www.livescience.com/46701-andes-highest-uv-index-measured.html</ref> ==Ither categories== * '''Heichest air pressur ever recorded (abuin 750 meters)''': 1084.8&nbsp;hPa (32.03&nbsp;inHg); [[Tosontsengel, Khövsgöl|Tosontsengel]], [[Khövsgöl Province]], [[Mongolia]], 19 December 2001.<ref name="ASU1">{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Above 750 meters |author= |work= |publisher=Arizona State University |accessdate=7 October 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225735/http://wmo.asu.edu/highest-sea-lvl-air-pressure-above-700m |url-status=dead }}</ref> This is the equivalent [[sea-level pressur]]; Tosontsengel is locatit at {{convert|1300|m|ft}} abuin sea level. The heichest adjusted-tae-sea-level barometric pressur ever recordit (ablo 750 meters) wis at Agata, Evenhiyskiy, Roushie (66°53’N, 93°28’E, elevation: 261&nbsp;m (856.3&nbsp;ft)) on 31 December 1968 o 1,083.3 hectopascals (hPa) (31.99 inHg).<ref name="ASU2">{{cite web |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |title=World: Highest Sea Level Air Pressure Below 750 meters |author= |work= |publisher=Arizona State University |accessdate=7 October 2012 |archive-date=2012-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013225154/http://wmo.asu.edu/world-highest-sea-level-air-pressure-below-700m |url-status=dead }}</ref> The discrimination is due tae the problematic assumptions (assumin a staundart lapse rate) associatit wi reduction o sea level frae heich elevations.<ref name="ASU1"/><ref name="ASU2"/> ==See an aa== {{Portal|Wather}} * [[Extremes on Yird]] * [[Leet o extreme temperaturs in Canadae]] * [[UK rainfaw records]] * [[U.S. state temperatur extremes]] * [[Wather extremes in Canadae]] * [[2013 extreme wather events]] ==Notes== {{Reflist|group="notes"}} ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==Freemit airtins== * [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html National Climate Extremes Committee] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829221108/http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/monitoring/extremes/ncec.html |date=2009-08-29 }} * [http://wmo.asu.edu/ Global Weather & Climate Extremes] (Arizona State Varsity) {{Portal bar|Wather}} {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Leet O Wather Records}} [[Category:Leets o wather records| ]] [[Category:Wather extremes o Yird]] len2n4n15kwi3fxjb14vbyio2zmtosu 0 127463 916576 818150 2026-05-11T01:30:41Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox philosopher |region = [[Wastren filosofie]] |era = [[Renaissance filosofie]] |color = lightsteelblue |image = File:Jan Hus 2.jpg |image_size = 250px |caption = Jan Hus bi an unkent author, 16t century |name = Jan Hus |other_names = John Hus, John Huss or Jan Huss |birth_date = 1369 |birth_place = [[Husinec (Prachatice Destrict)|Husinec]], [[Kinrick o Bohemie]] (nou [[Czech Republic]]) |died_date = {{BirthDeathAge|df=yes| |1369| | |1415|7|6}} |death_place = Executit (burned at the stake) 6 Julie 1415 (aged ca. 45) [[Konstanz]], [[Bishopric o Constance]], [[Holy Roman Empire]] (nou [[Germany]]) |school_tradition = [[Hussite]] |main_interests = Theology |notable_ideas = |influences = [[John Wycliffe]] |influenced = [[John Wesley]], [[Jerome o Prague]], [[Martin Luther]] }} '''Jan Hus''' (c. 1369 – 6 Julie 1415), eften referred tae in Anglic leids as '''John Hus''' or '''John Huss''', wis a Czech priest, filosofer, early Christian reformer an Master at [[Charles Varsity]] in [[Prague]] that becam a kirk reformer, an inspirer o [[Hussitism]], a key predecessor tae [[Protestantism]] an a seminal feegur in the [[Bohemian Reformation]]. Efter [[John Wycliffe]], the theorist o ecclesiastical reform, Hus is conseedert the first kirk reformer, as he lived afore [[Martin Luther|Luther]], [[John Calvin|Calvin]], an [[Huldrych Zwingli|Zwingli]]. His teachins haed a strang influence on the states o Wastren Europe, maist immediately in the appruival o a reformed [[Kinrick o Bohemie|Bohemie]] [[Christian denomination|releegious denomination]], an, mair nor a century later, on [[Martin Luther]] himsel.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Heiko Augustinus Oberman|author2=Eileen Walliser-Schwarzbart|title=Luther: Man Between God and the Devil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vuES0JdltfcC&pg=PA54|year=2006|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=0-300-10313-1|pages=54–55}}</ref> He wis [[Birned at the stake#Historical usage|birned at the stake]] for [[heresy]] against the [[doctrine]]s o the [[Catholic Kirk]], includin thae on [[ecclesiology]], the [[Eucharist]], an ither theological topics. Efter Hus wis executit in 1415, the follaers o his releegious teachings (kent as [[Hussite]]s) rebelled against thair Catholic rulers an defeatit five consecutive papal [[crusades]] atween 1420 an 1431 in whit becam kent as the [[Hussite Wars]].<ref>[http://www.radio.cz/en/article/11864 "Sigismund of Luxembourg"]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Radio Prague</ref> Baith the [[Kinrick o Bohemie|Bohemie]] an the [[Margraviate o Moravie|Moravie]] populations remeened majority [[Hussite]] till the 1620s, whan a Protestant defeat in the [[Battle o the White Muntain]] resultit in the [[Launds o the Bohemian Croun]] comin unner [[Habsburg]] dominion for the next 300 years an [[Coonter-Reformation|bein subject tae immediate an forced conversion in an intense campaign o return tae Catholicism]] until to first world war.<ref>Vratislav Preclík. Masaryk a legie (TGM and legions,Masaryk et legions, "Masaryk et Hus"), váz. kniha, 219 p., first issue vydalo nakladatelství libri Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karviná-Mizerov, Czechia) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (In cooperation with Masaryk Democratic Movement, Praga) , 2019, ISBN 978-80-87173-47-3, pp.17 – 25, 33 – 45, 70 – 76</ref> ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hus, Jan}} [[Category:14t-century births]] [[Category:1415 daiths]] [[Category:14t-century Czech fowk]] [[Category:15t-century Czech fowk]] [[Category:14t-century Protestants]] [[Category:15t-century Protestant martyrs]] [[Category:Fowk executit for heresy]] [[Category:Czech fowk executit bi burnin]] [[Category:14t-century theologians]] [[Category:15t-century theologians]] [[Category:Executit filosofers]] [[Category:Executit Roman Catholic priests]] [[Category:Hussites]] [[Category:Czech academics]] [[Category:Czech theologians]] [[Category:Czech philosophers]] [[Category:Czech releegious leaders]] [[Category:Protestant Reformation]] [[Category:Charles Varsity in Prague faculty]] [[Category:Fowk excommunicatit bi the Roman Catholic Kirk]] [[Category:Fowk celebratit in the Lutheran leeturgical calendar]] [[Category:Charles Varsity in Prague alumni]] [[Category:Fowk frae Husinec]] [[Category:Eastren Orthodox saunts]] snsu1idjz7491bfz9nwdj8fxnlrf1sw 0 144270 916549 879961 2026-05-10T20:36:04Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916549 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox aircraft begin |name= Eurofighter Typhoon |image= File:RSAF Typhoon at Malta - Gordon Zammit.jpg |caption= A Eurofighter Typhoon o the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] ower [[Maltae]] in 2010 }}{{Infobox aircraft type |type= [[multirole combat aircraft|Multirole fighter]] |manufacturer= [[Eurofighter GmbH|Eurofighter Jagdflugzeug GmbH]] |designer= |first flight= 27 Mairch 1994<ref name="maiden">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/27/newsid_2531000/2531051.stm "1994: Maiden flight for future fighter jet."] ''BBC News'', 27 February 1994. Retrieved: 19 March 2008.</ref> |introduced= 4 August 2003 |produced= 1994–present |retired= |number built= 476 (Aprile 2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurofighter.com/news-and-events/2015/09/eurofighter-welcomes-the-agreement-between-italy-and-kuwait-for-the-supply-of-28-eurofighter-typhoons|title=Eurofighter Typhoon - Eurofighter welcomes the agreement between Italy and Kuwait for the supply of 28 Eurofighter Typhoons|work=eurofighter.com|accessdate=3 November 2015|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143938/https://www.eurofighter.com/news-and-events/2015/09/eurofighter-welcomes-the-agreement-between-italy-and-kuwait-for-the-supply-of-28-eurofighter-typhoons|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eurofighter.com/news-and-events/2015/07/eurofighter-typhoon-delivers-300000-reliable-flying-hours |title=Eurofighter Typhoon delivers 300,000 reliable flying hours |work=eurofighter.com |date=17 July 2015 |accessdate=24 August 2015 |archive-date=2015-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016225722/https://www.eurofighter.com/news-and-events/2015/07/eurofighter-typhoon-delivers-300000-reliable-flying-hours |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://militaryaircraft-airbusds.com/Portals/0/Images/Aircraft/OrdersAndDeliveries/AMOrdersDeliveries.pdf |title= Order, Deliveries for Airbus military aircraft |work=http://militaryaircraft-airbusds.com/Aircraft/EurofighterTyphoon.aspx |date= 26 January 2016 |accessdate=26 January 2016}}</ref> |primary user= [[Ryal Air Force]] |more users= [[German Air Force]]<br />[[Italian Air Force]] <br />[[Spaingie Air Force]] |status= In service |unit cost= €90&nbsp;million (seestem cost Tranche 3A)<ref name="kunden">[http://www.bmvg.de/portal/a/bmvg/kcxml/04_Sj9SPykssy0xPLMnMz0vM0Y_QjzKLd4n3sXQCSYGYJu7G-pHoYm7mCLGglFR9b31fj_zcVP0A_YLc0IhyR0dFADbjUEY!/delta/base64xml/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS80SVVFLzZfRF8yOE81?yw_contentURL=%2FC1256F1200608B1B%2FW27T4K7S368INFODE%2Fcontent.jsp "Haushaltsausschuss billigt Bundeswehrprojekte (in German."] ''bmvg.de,'' 17 June 2009. Retrieved: 20 February 2011.</ref><br />£125m (includin development + production costs)<ref>[http://www.nao.org.uk/report/management-of-the-typhoon-project/ "Management of the Typhoon Project."] ''National Audit Office, United Kingdom,'' March 2011.</ref> |developed from= [[British Aerospace EAP]] |variants with their own articles= [[Eurofighter Typhoon variants]] }} |} The '''Eurofighter Typhoon''' is a [[Twinjet|twin-ingine]], [[canard (aeronautics)|canard]]-[[delta weeng]], [[multirole combat aircraft|multirole fechter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurofighter.com/media/press-office/facts-sheet-mediakit/benefits-to-industry.html|title=Benefits to Industry|publisher=eurofighter.com|accessdate=31 January 2012|archive-date=2012-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430234905/http://www.eurofighter.com/media/press-office/facts-sheet-mediakit/benefits-to-industry.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurofighter.com/eurofighter-typhoon/swing-role/air-superiority/overview1.html|title=Overview|publisher=eurofighter.com|accessdate=31 January 2012|archive-date=2013-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131114104259/http://www.eurofighter.com/eurofighter-typhoon/swing-role/air-superiority/overview1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Eurofighter aircraft|Typhoon]] [[Category:Delta-weeng aircraft]] [[Category:Canard aircraft]] [[Category:Relaxed-stability aircraft]] [[Category:Eurofighter Typhoon| ]] [[Category:Twinjets]] [[Category:Internaitional fechter aircraft 1990–1999]] 4e8or77oxjxd7xouzl1gl5g06s7ah2j 0 146666 916535 907002 2026-05-10T15:49:35Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916535 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group |group = българи<br>''bǎlgari''<br>''Bulgaries'' |image = |population = {{circa}} '''9–11.3 million'''<br> 7.3 million Bulgarie naitionals<ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.bg/books?id=vf4TBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA271&dq=bulgarians+9+million&hl=en |title=Native Peoples of the World |work=google.bg}}</ref><ref name=Cole>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.bg/books?id=M9fDifnkMJMC&pg=PA55&dq=bulgarians+9+million&hl=en |title=Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia|work=google.bg}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.bg/books?id=UM3BMtn6TmcC&pg=PA16&dq=bulgarians+four+million+outside+bulgaria&hl=en |title=On the Margins of Nations |work=google.bg}}</ref> |popplace = {{flagcountry|Bulgaria}} 6,000,000{{Cref|a}} (2011 est.) |region1 = {{flagcountry|Turkey}} |pop1 = 351,000 - 600,000 |ref1 = <ref>{{cite book|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|editor1=Raymond G. Gordon, Jr.|editor2=Barbara F. Grimes|publisher=SIL International|location=Dallas, Texas|year=2005|issue=15|isbn=978-1-55671-159-6|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/country/TR/languages|chapter=Languages of Turkey (Europe)|accessdate=14 June 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/default.aspx?aType=SonDakika&Kategori=yasam&ArticleID=873452&Date=07.06.2008&ver=16|title=Türkiye'deki Kürtlerin sayısı!|date=6 June 2008|accessdate=17 August 2010|language=Turkish}}</ref> |region2 = {{flagcountry|Greece}} |pop2 = 300,000 |ref2 = <ref name="Брой на българите в чужбина по данни от МВнР по ЗДОИ">{{cite web|title=Брой на българите в чужбина по данни от МВнР по ЗДОИ, 2011|url=http://www.eurochicago.com/2012/04/v-tchuzhbina/|language=Bulgarian|publisher=EuroChicago.com}}</ref> |region3 = {{flagcountry|Ukraine}} (2001 area) |pop3 = 204,574-500,000 |ref3 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/nationality_population/nationality_1/s5/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=20&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20&n_page=2|title=Ukrainian 2001 census|publisher=ukrcensus.gov.ua|accessdate=2008-04-28|last=|first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bulgarians in Ukraine|url=http://www.parliament.bg/bg/news/ID/2098|website=Bulgarian Parliament|accessdate=21 October 2015}} {{bg icon}}</ref> |region4 = {{flagcountry|Germany}} |pop4 = 226,926 |ref4 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/AuslaendBevoelkerung2010200157004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |title=Migration (2015) |access-date=2016-06-19 |archive-date=2016-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160330233442/https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/AuslaendBevoelkerung2010200157004.pdf?__blob=publicationFile |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Италианските българи"/> |region5 = {{flagcountry|Spain}} |pop5 = 133,427-350,000 |ref5 = <ref>[http://www.ine.es/jaxi/Datos.htm?path=/t20/e245/p04/provi/l0/&file=00000010.px INE 2016]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.bg/books?id=FXvYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA56&dq=bulgarians+in+spain+350000&hl=en]</ref> |region6 = {{flagcountry|USA}} |pop6 = 99,642-300,000 |ref6 = <ref>[http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_3YR_B04003&prodType=table] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200214060723/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_3YR_B04003&prodType=table |date=2020-02-14 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Multicultural America: A Multimedia Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.bg/books?id=VQ1zAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA404&dq=bulgarian+descent+united+states&hl=en}}</ref> |region7 = {{flagcountry|Moldova}} (incl. [[Transnistrie]]) |pop7 = 79,520 |ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistica.md/pageview.php?l=en&idc=295&id=2234|title=Moldovan 2004 census|publisher=statistica.md|accessdate=|last=|first=}}</ref> |region8 = {{flagcountry|Argentina}} |pop8 = 70,000 |ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14306&Itemid=390|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Argentina|language=Bulgarian|publisher=mfa.bg|accessdate=2008-04-29|last=|first=|archive-date=2020-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630020334/https://www.mfa.bg/bg/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=14306&Itemid=390|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region9 = {{flagcountry|UK}} |pop9 = 65,000-150,000 |ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/taxonomy/index.html?nscl=Population+by+Nationality+and+Country+of+Birth#tab-data-tables|title=UK Migration Statistics Quarterly 2014 – Bulgarians in the UK|publisher=ons.gov.uk|accessdate=}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.bg/books?id=8c6D4GxwhVsC&pg=PA351&dq=bulgarians+in+uk+number&hl=en|title=Ethnologia Balcanica|page=349}}</ref> |region10 = {{flagcountry|Brazil}} |pop10 = 62,000 |ref10 = <ref>De acordo com dados do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), cerca de 62.000 brasileiros declararam possuir ascendência búlgara no ano de 2006, o que faz com que o país abrigue a nona maior colônia búlgara do mundo.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.btv.bg/news/svetut/story/340509213-Braziliya_prezidentski_izbori_i_Dilma_Rusef.html|title=bTV – estimate for Bulgarians in Brazil|language=Bulgarian|publisher=btv.bg|accessdate=|archive-date=2010-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101011093705/http://www.btv.bg/news/svetut/story/340509213-Braziliya_prezidentski_izbori_i_Dilma_Rusef.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region11 = {{flagcountry|Italy}} |pop11 = 56,576-120,000 |ref11 = <ref name="Италианските българи">{{cite web |title=Италианските българи |url=http://www.24chasa.bg/Article.asp?ArticleId=2260541 |language=Bulgarian |publisher=24 Chasa}}</ref><ref>http://demo.istat.it/str2014/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026080159/http://demo.istat.it/str2014/index.html |date=2019-10-26 }} DEMOSTAT</ref><ref name="Demo ISTAT">{{cite web |url=http://demo.istat.it/str2014/index.html |title=Demo ISTAT |publisher=ISTAT |accessdate=January 15, 2016 |archive-date=2019-10-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191026080159/http://demo.istat.it/str2014/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |region12 = {{flagcountry|Canada}} |pop12 = 30,485-70,000 |ref12 = <ref name="Брой на българите в чужбина по данни от МВнР по ЗДОИ"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?TABID=2&LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=1118296&GK=0&GRP=0&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=0&D6=0 |title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables|work=[[Statistics Canada]] |accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref> |region13 = {{flagcountry|France}} |pop13 = 30,000-50,000 |ref13 = <ref>{{cite web |url=https://books.google.bg/books?id=FXvYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA39&dq=bulgarians+in+france+number&hl=en |title=Migration from and towards Bulgaria 1989–2011|page=39}}</ref> |region14 = {{flagcountry|Russia}} (2010 area) |pop14 = 24,038-330,000 |ref14 = <ref name=Cole/><ref>[{{Cite web |url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls |title=Russia 2010 census {{ru icon}} |access-date=2016-06-19 |archive-date=2021-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211223052305/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls |url-status=dead }} Russia 2010 census {{ru icon}}]</ref> |region15 = {{flagcountry|Austria}} |pop15 = 22,436 |ref15 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/menschen_und_gesellschaft/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur/bevoelkerung_nach_staatsangehoerigkeit_geburtsland/index.html|title=Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland|author=STATISTIK AUSTRIA|work=statistik.at}}</ref> |region16 = {{flagcountry|Holland}} |pop16 = 23,308 |ref16 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37325&D1=0&D2=0&D3=0&D4=0&D5=a&D6=l&VW=T|title=CBS StatLine - Bevolking; generatie, geslacht, leeftijd en herkomstgroepering, 1 januari|work=cbs.nl}}</ref> |region17 = {{flagcountry|Cyprus}} (excl. [[TRNC]]) |pop17 = 19,197 |ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/732265957BAC953AC225798300406903?OpenDocument&sub=2&sel=1&e=|title=Cypriot 2011 census|publisher=cystat.gov.cy|accessdate=|archive-date=2013-01-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115100623/http://www.cystat.gov.cy/mof/cystat/statistics.nsf/All/732265957BAC953AC225798300406903?OpenDocument&sub=2&sel=1&e=|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region18 = {{flagcountry|Serbia}} (excl. [[Kosovo]]) |pop18 = 18,543 |ref18 = <ref>{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://media.popis2011.stat.rs/2012/Nacionalna%20pripadnost-Ethnicity.pdf|title=Serbian 2011 census|publisher=Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia|accessdate=2012-12-25|archive-date=2018-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181222132740/http://media.popis2011.stat.rs/2012/Nacionalna%20pripadnost-Ethnicity.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region19 = {{flagcountry|South Africa}} |pop19 = 15,000 – 20,000 |ref19 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/113/pages/view/5163|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in South Africa|language=Bulgarian|publisher=mfa.bg|accessdate=2011-02-08|archive-date=2012-01-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120117234240/http://www.mfa.bg/bg/113/pages/view/5163|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region20 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}} |pop20 = 13,171 |ref20 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/modules/publications/statistiques/population/population_natio_sexe_groupe_classe_d_ges_au_1er_janvier_2010.jsp|title=Population par nationalité, sexe, groupe et classe d'âges au 1er janvier 2010|work=fgov.be|access-date=2016-06-19|archive-date=2011-12-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111222192722/http://statbel.fgov.be/fr/modules/publications/statistiques/population/population_natio_sexe_groupe_classe_d_ges_au_1er_janvier_2010.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region21 = {{flagcountry|Poland}} |pop21 = 10,000 – 12,000 |ref21 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.bg/bg/57/pages/view/4924|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria – Bulgarians in Poland|language=Bulgarian|publisher=mfa.bg|accessdate=|archive-date=2012-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321004416/http://www.mfa.bg/bg/57/pages/view/4924|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region22 = {{flagcountry|Sweden}} |pop22 = 8,325 |ref22 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/en/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101E/UtrikesFoddaR/table/tableViewLayout1/?rxid=2b341905-7e62-4ea0-ae41-ccd602b6bed6|title=Statistik Sverige|language=|publisher=|accessdate=}}{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |region23 = {{flagcountry|Denmark}} |pop23 = 7,718 |ref23 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistikbanken.dk/statbank5a/SelectTable/omrade0.asp?SubjectCode=02&PLanguage=1&ShowNews=OFF|title=Population and elections - StatBank Denmark - data and statistics|work=statistikbanken.dk}}</ref> |region24 = {{flagcountry|Portugal}} |pop24 = 7,553 – 12,000 |ref24 = <ref>{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Distritos_2013.pdf|title=National Institute of Statistics of Portugal – Foreigners in 2013|language=Portuguese|publisher=sefstat.sef.pt|accessdate=2011-04-16}}</ref><ref name=SABA> {{cite web |url=http://www.aba.government.bg/?show=38&nid=997 |title=Bulgaria's State Agency for Bulgarians Abroad – Study about the number of Bulgarian immigrants as of 03.2011|language=Bulgarian |publisher=aba.government.bg |accessdate= |last= |first= }} </ref> |region25 = {{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} |pop25 = 10,058 |ref25 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20556729/CIZINCI_2015.pdf/c1801bea-485e-4300-abad-8fcf09b93b27?version=1.0|title=Czech Statistical Office – Foreigners in 12.2014|publisher=czso.cz|accessdate=|archive-date=2017-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203052859/https://www.czso.cz/documents/10180/20556729/CIZINCI_2015.pdf/c1801bea-485e-4300-abad-8fcf09b93b27?version=1.0|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region26 = {{flagcountry|Romania}} |pop26 = 7,336 |ref26 = <ref>{{cite web|format=XLS|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_11.xls|title=Romanian 2011 census|language=Romanian|publisher=edrc.ro|accessdate=|archive-date=2017-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170610134819/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/sR_TAB_11.xls|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region27 = {{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} |pop27 = 6,915 |ref27 = <ref>{{cite web|url=|title=Kazakh 1999 census|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref> |region28 = {{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} |pop28 = 6,000-7,000 |ref28 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bulgaria-news.bg/category/world/tourism/article/post1110.html|title=UAE|language=Bulgarian|publisher=|accessdate=}}</ref> |region29 = {{flagcountry|Australia}} |pop29 = 5,436 |ref29 = <ref>{{cite web|format=PDF|url=https://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/research/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf|title=Australian 2011 census|publisher=abs.gov.au|accessdate=|archive-date=2017-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170417222156/https://www.border.gov.au/ReportsandPublications/Documents/research/people-australia-2013-statistics.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> |region30 = {{flagcountry|Norway}} |pop30 = 5,227 |ref30 = <ref>http://www.ssb.no/eninnvbef{{Dead link|date=August 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |langs = [[File:Cyrylicka litera Б.PNG|25px|border]] [[Bulgarie leid|Bulgarie]] |rels = Predominantly '''† [[Eastren Orthodox Kirk|Orthodox Christianity]]'''<br />([[Bulgarie Orthodox Kirk]])<br/> wi [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Pomak]]s), [[Catholicism|Catholic]] an [[Protestantism|Protestant]] minorities |related = Ither [[Sooth Slavs]], especially [[Macedonies (ethnic group)|Macedonies]]<ref name="DictEastEur">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dt2TXexiKTgC&pg=PA96&dq=political+and+economic+dictionary+of+Eastern+Europe+bulgarians#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Political and economic dictionary of Eastern Europe|first1=Alan John|last1=Day|first2=Roger|last2=East|first3=Richard|last3=Thomas|publisher=Routledge|year=2002|page=96 |accessdate=2011-11-13|isbn=9780203403747}}</ref> |footnotes = {{Cnote|a|The 2011 census figure was 5,664,624.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.nsi.bg/EPDOCS/Census2011final.pdf|title=Bulgarian 2011 census|page=25|language=Bulgarian|publisher=nsi.bg|accessdate=2012-10-15|archive-date=2013-07-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727085038/http://www.nsi.bg/EPDOCS/Census2011final.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The question on ethnicity wis voluntarily an 10% o the population didna declare ony ethnicity,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://epc2014.princeton.edu/abstracts/140592 |title=EPC 2014 |publisher=Epc2014.princeton.edu |date= |accessdate=2015-08-30 |archive-date=2019-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230164002/https://epc2014.princeton.edu/abstracts/140592 |url-status=dead }}</ref> thus the figur is considert insufficient an ethnic Bulgaries are estimatit at aroond 6 million.<ref>{{cite web|author=Свободно време |url=http://www.dnes.bg/stranata/2011/07/27/eksperti-po-demografiia-osporiha-prebroiavaneto.125031 |title=Експерти по демография оспориха преброяването &#124; Dnes.bg Новини |publisher=Dnes.bg |date=2011-07-27 |accessdate=2015-08-30}}</ref>}} {{Cnote|b|Addeetional nummer o ethnic Bulgaries didna declare thair ethnic group an releegion at the same time at the census so these census stateestics excludes a signeeficant nummer o irreleegious fowk (31% o Bulgarie's population.)<ref name=census/>}} }} The '''Bulgaries''' ({{lang-bg|българи}}, ''bǎlgari'', {{IPA-bg|bɤ̞ɫɡɐri|IPA}}) are a [[Sooth Slavs|Sooth Slavic]]<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/topic/Slav Slavs]</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NwvoM-ZFoAgC&pg=PA134&dq=&hl=bg&ei=kPIOTYvSLIyOjAeVn6C9Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD0Q6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=&f=false |title=One Europe, many nations: a historical dictionary of European national groups, James Minahan, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000, ISBN 0-313-30984-1, pp. 134 – 135 |publisher=Google Books |accessdate=2011-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/32675557/Cultural_Proximity_of_the_Slavic_Nations |title=Cultural Proximity of the Slavic Nations |access-date=2018-08-26 |archive-date=2019-12-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208053220/https://www.academia.edu/32675557/Cultural_Proximity_of_the_Slavic_Nations |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[ethnic group]] wha are native tae [[Bulgarie]] an neighbourin regions. ==References== {{reflist}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Bulgarie fowk| ]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Albanie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Bulgarie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Europe]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Greece]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Macedonie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Moldova]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Serbia]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in the Republic o Macedonie]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]] [[Category:Ethnic groups in Ukraine]] [[Category:Slavic ethnic groups]] [[Category:Sooth Slavs]] [[Category:Thracians]] [[Category:Macedonie]] [[Category:Moesia]] 2vm6lsao7ey3flwoi9l26aruhlz8vr2 0 157543 916525 890904 2026-05-10T12:15:18Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916525 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox national football team | Name = Algerie | FIFA Trigramme = ALG | Badge = | Badge_size = 200 | Nickname = ''الخُضر'' &nbsp; "El Khadra" (The Greens) <ref>http://www.aps.dz/en/sports/4927-can-2015-algeria-greens-to-prepare-for-can-2015-in-equatorial-guinea{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 16 November 2014</ref> <br />''الأفناك'' &nbsp;(The Fennecs) <ref>http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=3/news=les-fennecs-spring-surprise-1185501.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917223941/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2010/m=3/news=les-fennecs-spring-surprise-1185501.html |date=2017-09-17 }} 25 March 2010</ref><br />''محاربي الصحراء'' &nbsp;(The Desert Warriors) <ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201406250243.html 23 June 2014</ref> | Association = [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation|Fédération Algérienne <br /> de Football]] (FAF) | Confederation = [[Confederation o African Fitbaa|CAF]] (Africae) | Sub-confederation = [[Union o North African Fitbaa Federations|UNAF]] (North Africae) | Coach = [[Djamel Belmadi]]<ref name="Coach">{{Cite web|url=http://www.dzfoot.com/2018/08/02/officiel-belmadi-nouveau-selectionneur-131901.php#Algeria|title=Officiel : Belmadi nouveau selectionneur|website=www.dzfoot.com|accessdate=19 October 2019|archive-date=2020-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201030836/http://www.dzfoot.com/2018/08/02/officiel-belmadi-nouveau-selectionneur-131901.php#Algeria|url-status=dead}}</ref> | Captain = [[Riyad Mahrez]] | Most caps = [[Lakhdar Belloumi]] (100)<ref name="Caps">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/alg-recintlp.html#app|title=Algeria - Record International Players|website=www.rsssf.com|accessdate=19 October 2019}}</ref> | Top scorer = {{nowrap|[[Abdelhafid Tasfaout]] (36)}}<ref name="Goals">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/alg-recintlp.html#goals|title=Algeria - Record International Players|website=www.rsssf.com|accessdate=19 October 2019}}</ref> | Home Stadium = [[Stade 5 Juillet 1962]] rarely syne 2006 [[Stade Mustapha Tchaker]] eften syne 2006 | FIFA Rank = {{FIFA World Rankings|ALG}} | FIFA max = 15 | FIFA max date = October 2014 | FIFA min = 103 | FIFA min date = Juin 2008 | Elo Rank = {{World Football Elo Ratings|Algeria}} | Elo max = 8 | Elo max date = December 1981 | Elo min = 59 | Elo min date = Julie 2008 | Overall Record = |pattern_la1 = _cruzeiropoa14a |pattern_b1 = _alg15h |pattern_ra1 = _cruzeiropoa14a |pattern_sh1 = _adidasonwhite |pattern_so1 = _3_stripes_black |leftarm1 = FFFFFF |body1 = FFFFFF |rightarm1 = FFFFFF |shorts1 = CFCFCF |socks1 = FFFFFF |extérieur = |pattern_la2 = _alg15a |pattern_b2 = _alg15a |pattern_ra2 = _alg15a |pattern_sh2 = _alg15a |pattern_so2 = _3_stripes_white |leftarm2 = 008000 |body2 = 008000 |rightarm2 = 008000 |shorts2 = 008000 |socks2 = 008000 | First game = {{fb|BUL|1946}} 1–2 {{fb-rt|Algerie}} <br>([[Sofia]], [[Bulgarie]]; 6 January 1963) | Largest win = {{fb|Algerie}} 15–1 {{fb-rt|South Yemen}} <br> ([[Tripoli]], [[Libie]]; 17 August 1973) | Largest loss = {{fb|Hungary}} 9–2 {{fb-rt|Algerie}} <br> ([[Budapest]], [[Hungary]]; 16 August 1967) | World cup apps = 4 | World cup first = 1982 | World cup best = Roond o 16, [[2014 FIFA Warld Cup|2014]] | Regional name = [[Africae Cup o Naitions]] | Regional cup apps = 17 | Regional cup first = [[1968 African Cup o Naitions|1968]] | Regional cup best = Champions, [[1990 African Cup o Naitions|1990]] }} The '''Algerie naitional fitbaa team''' represents [[Algerie]] in association fitbaa an is controlled bi the [[Algerie Fitbaa Federation]]. The team plays its hame gemmes at the [[Stade 5 Juillet 1962]] in [[Algiers]] an thair heid coach is the Serbie [[Milovan Rajevac]]. Algerie jyned [[FIFA]] on 1 Januar 1964, a year an a hauf efter gainin unthirldom. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Algerie Naitional Fitbaw Team}} [[Category:Algerie naitional fitbaw team| ]] [[Category:African naitional association fitbaw teams]] [[Category:Naitional sports teams o Algerie|Fitbaw]] [[Category:1963 establishments in Algerie]] fo9r0i5m60otntml9wbipdqggnxhiw9 0 157878 916582 869881 2026-05-11T04:18:31Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{fixscots}} NOTE: Aw o thir airlie moanarchs cannae be confirmed till 305/312 AD. {| class="wikitable sortable" ! ! ! ! |- ![[File:Constantine II of Scotland.jpg|thumb|Last king o' Pechtland (Causantín III, Constantine II)]] !Ren Began: !Ren Ended: !Dee'd: |- |'''First Monarch:''' Circin |822 |782 |BC |- |'''Last Monarch:''' Causantín III |900 |943 |AD |} ==Early Mythical Kings== '''Aproximeet Ren:''' *Circin 822-782 BC *Fidach 782-742 BC *Floclaid 742-712 BC *Got 712-700 BC *Ce 700-685 BC *Fibaid 685-661 BC *Gede-olgudach 661-581 BC *Denbecan 581-481 BC *Oflinecta 481-421 BC *Guidid-gaed-brechach 421-371 BC *Gest-gurgich 371-331 BC *Wurgest 331-301 BC ==Late Mythical Kings== '''Approximeet Ren:''' *Gilgidi 331-181 BC *Tharain 181-81 BC *Morleo 81-66 BC *Deocliunon 66-26 BC *Cimoiod 26-19 BC *Deoord 19 BC-31 AD *Bliesblituth 31-36 AD *Dectotric 36-76 AD *Usconbuts 76-106 AD *Carvost 106-126 AD *Deo Ardivois 126-146 AD *Vist 146-196 AD *Ru 196-296 AD '''Possible Ren:''' *Gartnait Ioc 296-305 AD *Breth 305-312 AD ==Early Kings== *Vipoig 312-342 *Canutulachama 342-345 *Vuradech 345-347 *Gartnait 347-387 *Talorg 387-412 *Drest 412-452 *Talorc 452-456 *Nechtan 456-480 *Drest II 480-510 *Galan 510-522 *Drest III & Drest IV 522-530 & 522-531 *Gartnait II 531-537 *Cailtram 537-538 *Talorc II 538-549 *Drest V 549-550 *Galam 550-555 *Bridei 555-584 *Gartnait III 584-595 *Nechtan II 595-616 *Cinioch 616-631 *Gartnait IV 631-635 *Bridei II 635-641 *Talorc III 641-653 *Talorgan 653-657 *Gartnait V 657-663 *Drest VI 663-672 ==Later Kings== *Bridei III 672-693 *Taran 693-697 *Bridei IV 697-706 *Nechtan III 706-724 (ferst ren) *Drest VII 724-726 (deposed bi Alpín) *Alpín 726-728 *Nechtan III 728-729 (seecond ren) *Onuist 729-761 & Talorcan 736-750 *Bridei V 761-763 *Ciniod 763-775 *[[Alpín II o the Pechts|Alpín II]] 775-778 *Talorc IV 778-782 *Drest VIII 782-783 *Talorc V 783-785 *Conall 785-789 *Caustantin 789-830 *Óengus 820-834 *Drest IX 834-837 & Talorc VI 834-837 *Éogan 837-839 ==War o Kings== *Uurad 839-842 *Bridei VI 842-843 *Ciniod II 843 *Bridei VII 843-845 *[[Drest X o Pechtland|Drest X]] 845-848 *[[Kenneth MacAlpin|Cinaed]] 848-858 (forby kent as Kenneth I) ==Kings o Pechtland an Scotland== *[[Kenneth MacAlpin|Cinaed]] 848-858 *[[Donald MacAlpin|Domnall I]] 858-862 (forby kent as Donald I) *[[Constantine II, Keeng o Scots|Causantín II]] 862-877 (forby kent as Constantine I) *[[Aed, Keeng o Scots|Áed]] 877-878 (forby kent as Aodh, Aedth an Edus) *[[Giric, Keeng o Scots|Giric]] 878-889 (deposed) (forby kent as Dúngail) *[[Donald II o Scotland|Domnall II]] 889-900 (forby kent as Donald II) ==King o Alba, Scotland an Pechtland (Caledonia)== *[[Constantine II, Keeng o Scots|Causantín III]] (900-943) (died 952) (forby kent as Constantine II) Efter Causantín II Pechtland became pairt o Scotland an Alba, later Alba endin Pechtish moanarchs. ==References== {{reflist}} *http://www.kjhskj75z.talktalk.net/pictish.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615163653/http://www.kjhskj75z.talktalk.net/pictish.html |date=2014-06-15 }} *https://anthonyadolph.co.uk/the-pictish-king-list/ *http://halfmoon.tripod.com/pict2.html{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Pictish Kings}} [[Category:Pecht monarchs]] {{Stub/Ryal}} bqyvtdxxtmiqh6lplp28cm5wkg11z6r 0 159207 916541 884092 2026-05-10T17:48:52Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox clan |clan name =Clan Farquharson |image badge =Clan member crest badge - Clan Farquharson.svg |chiefs crest = On a chapeau Gules furred Ermine, a demi-lion Gules holding in his dexter paw a sword Proper |chiefs motto = Fide et Fortitudine ("Bi Faith an Saul") |chiefs slogan = |war cry = |region = |district = |gaelic names = Clann Fhearchair, Sìol Fhionnlaigh<ref name="m1">{{cite web |author=Mac an Tàilleir, Iain |title=Ainmean Pearsanta |url=http://www2.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/faclair/cuspair/Ainmean_pearsanta.docx |work=[[Sabhal Mòr Ostaig]] |publisher= |date= |accessdate=15 October 2009 |format=[[docx]] |archive-date=2011-07-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717141309/http://www2.smo.uhi.ac.uk/gaidhlig/faclair/cuspair/Ainmean_pearsanta.docx |url-status=dead }}</ref> |image arms = Arms of Farquharson of Invercauld.svg |plant badge =[[Scots fir]] |animal = |pipe music = |chiefs name = Alwyne Farquharson o Invercauld |chiefs title = [[Chief o the Name an Airms]] o Farquharson |chiefs gaelic title=Mac Mhic Fhionnlaigh<ref name="m1" /> |seat = The Valley Farm, [[Norfolk]].<ref>[http://www.clanchiefs.org.uk/p/chiefs.html clanchiefs.org.uk]{{Dead link|date=January 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br>[[Invercauld]] |historic seat = |septs = Barrie, Bowman, [[Brebner]], Bremner, Bryant, Carracher, [[Clan Christie]], Christison, Christy, Coates, Coats, Coutts, Cromar, Farquhar, Ferries, Findlay, Findlayson, Findlaison, Findley, Finlay, Findlay, Finlayson, Finley, Finleyson, Gracie, Grassie, Grassick, Greusach, Hardie, Hardy, Herald, Higgins, Higginson, Kellas, Kerracher, Leys, Lion(s), Lyon(s), MacArtney, MacGaig, MacCartney, MacCraig, MacCuaig, MacEaracher, MacErcher, MacErracher, MacFarquhar, MacFerchar, MacHardie, MacHardy, MacKerchar, MacKerracher, MacKindlay, MacKinlay, MacKinley, MacWade, McKinley, [[Clan Paterson|Paterson]], [[Clan Paterson|Patterson]], [[Clan Paterson|Pattison]], Reaich, Reoch, Riach, Souders, Soutter, [[Tawse]], Tay, Wade, Wood<ref>James Logan's The Clans of the Scottish Highlands, 1845</ref> |branches = |Allied clans = [[Chattan Confederation]]<br>[[Clan Buchan]] |Rival clans = [[Clan MacThomas]] <!-- the following information is for clans without a current chief --> |last chiefs name= |date of death of last chief= |commander = }} '''Clan Farquharson''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=Farquharson.ogg|ˈ|f|ɑr|k|ər|s|ən}}) ({{lang-gd|Clann Fhearchair}} {{IPA-gd|ˈkʰl̪ˠãũn̪ˠ ˈfɛɾɛxɪɾʲ||}}) o Invercauld is a [[Scots Hielands|Hieland]] [[Scots clan]] an is a member o the [[Chattan Confederation]].<ref name="Clan.Encyclopedia.Farquharson">Way, George and Squire, Romily. (1994). ''Collins Scottish Clan & Family Encyclopedia''. (Foreword by The Rt Hon. The Earl of Elgin KT, Convenor, The [[Standing Council of Scottish Chiefs]]). pp. 134 - 135.</ref><ref name="Farquharson1">"The Scottish Clans and Their Tartans". W. & A. K. Johnston Limited. Edinburgh and London. 1886. Page 20.</ref> ==References== {{reflist}} ==Freemit airtins== {{commonscat|Clan Farquharson}} *[http://www.farquharson-clan.co.uk/ Farquharson Clan UK] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102065025/http://www.farquharson-clan.co.uk/ |date=2019-01-02 }} *[http://www.clanfarquharsoncanada.ca/clanintro.html Clan Farquharson Associe o Canada] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101194023/http://www.clanfarquharsoncanada.ca/clanintro.html |date=2019-01-01 }} *[http://www.clanfarquharson.org/ Clan Farquharson, USA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102002231/http://www.clanfarquharson.org/ |date=2019-01-02 }} {{Scots clans}} [[Category:Scots clans|Farquharson]] {{Stub/Clans}} 20u4genghr34dip1r0hfqqgpxw6ugn5 0 159765 916539 903684 2026-05-10T17:31:11Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox MSP | honorific-prefix = | name = Christina McKelvie | honorific-suffix = [[Member o the Scots Pairlament|MSP]] | image = Minister for Equalities and Older People, Christina McKelvie (51190914710).jpg | caption = | office = [[Meenister for Aulder Fowk an Equalities]] | term_start = 27 Juin 2018 | term_end = | firstminister = [[Nicola Sturgeon]] | predecessor = | successor = | office1 = Convener o the [[Committees o the Scots Pairlament|Equalities & Human Richts Committee]] | term_start1 = 14 Juin 2011 | term_end1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | constituency_MP2 = [[Hamiltoun, Laverock Hauch an Stanehoose (Scots Pairlament constituency)|Hamiltoun, Laverock Hauch an Stanehoose]] | parliament2 = Scots | majority2 = 5,437 | term_start2 = 6 Mey 2011 | term_end2 = | predecessor2 = [[Tom McCabe]] <small>(as MSP for Hamilton Sooth)</small> | successor2 = | constituency_MP3 = [[Central Scotland (Scots Pairlament electoral region)|Central Scotland]] | parliament3 = Scots | majority3 = | term_start3 = 3 Mey 2007 | term_end3 = 6 Mey 2011 | predecessor3 = | successor3 = | birth_date = {{Birth date|1968|3|04|}} | birth_place = Glesga, Scotland | death_date =27 Mairch 2025 | death_place = | birthname = | nationality = | party = [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] | spouse = | relations = | children = | residence = | alma_mater = [[Varsity o St Andrews]] | occupation = | profession = Social wirker | cabinet = | religion = | signature = | website = | footnotes = }} '''Christina McKelvie''' (4 Mairch 1968 - 27 Mairch 2025)<ref>{{Cite web|title=McKelvie, Christina, (born 4 March 1968), Member (SNP) Hamilton, Larkhall and Stonehouse, Scottish Parliament, since 2011 (Scotland Central, 2007–11); Minister for Older People and Equalities, since 2018|url=https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.001.0001/ww-9780199540884-e-246558|access-date=2021-06-05|website=WHO'S WHO & WHO WAS WHO|language=en|doi=10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u246558}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> wis a [[Scots Naitional Pairty]] (SNP) politeecian, an the Member o the Scots Pairlament (MSP). Frae 2007 tae 2011 she sat as a MSP for the Central Scotland region, and in 2011 wis electit for the Hamiltoun, Laverock Hauch an Stanehoose constituency.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Christina McKelvie|url=https://www.parliament.scot/msps/current-and-previous-msps/christina-mckelvie|access-date=2021-06-05|website=www.parliament.scot|language=en}}</ref> In 2016 she wis appyntit the Convener o the Pairlament's Equalities an Human Richts Committee.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Christina McKelvie|url=https://www.parliament.scot/msps/current-and-previous-msps/christina-mckelvie|access-date=2025-03-27|website=www.parliament.scot|language=en}}</ref> Frae 2018-2023 election she wis Meenister for Aulder Fowk an Equalities,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Minister for Equalities and Older People - gov.scot|url=https://www.gov.scot/about/who-runs-government/cabinet-and-ministers/minister-for-equalities-and-older-people/|url-status=live|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.gov.scot|language=en}}</ref> an in 2024 she wis placed Meenister for Drogs an Alcohol Policy.<ref name=":0" /> McKelvie dee'd in Mairch 2025.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-03-27|title=SNP minister Christina McKelvie dies aged 57|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/videos/c5y018zn5p1o|access-date=2025-03-27|website=BBC News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == References == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:McKelvie, Christina}} [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2007–11]] [[Category:Scots National Pairty MSPs]] [[Category:2025 daiths]] [[Category:1968 births]] [[Category:Fowk eddicatit at St Leonard's Secondary School]] [[Category:Alumni o the Varsity o St Andras]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2011–16]] [[Category:Members o the Scots Pairlament 2016–]] [[Category:Female members o the Scots Pairlament]] [[Category:21st-century weemen politeecians]] 22ayi3jf2ztmig8z33nx8qv73x77lnt 0 169173 916584 828058 2026-05-11T04:40:29Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Other uses}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2014}} {{Infobox UK place |official_name= Lichfield |local_name= City of Lichfield |country= Ingland |civil_parish= Lichfield |region= Wast Midlands |static_image= [[File:Lichfield Collage.jpg|280px]] |static_image_caption= Frae tap left: [[Lichfield Cathedral]]; [[Samuel Johnson Birthplace Museum]]; Quonians Lane; [[Lichfield Garrick Theatre|Garrick Theatre]]; Cityscape. |static_image_2_name= |static_image_2_width= 75px |static_image_2_caption= Coat of arms of Lichfield<br>'''Motto:''' ''Salve, magna parens'' (Hail great parent) |area_footnotes= <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lichfield.gov.uk/cc-statistics.ihtml |title=Lichfield City Council - Statistics |date= |publisher= |accessdate= |archive-date=2011-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724162428/http://www.lichfield.gov.uk/cc-statistics.ihtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> |area_total_km2= 14.02 |population= 32,219 |population_ref= <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11125588&c=lichfield&d=16&e=61&g=6463512&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1359584381859&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491 |title=Lichfield Parish Population Density, 2011 |work=Neighbourhood Statistics |publisher=Office for National Statistics |date=30 January 2013 |accessdate=30 January 2013 |archive-date=2017-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422041454/http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadTableView.do?a=7&b=11125588&c=lichfield&d=16&e=61&g=6463512&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&m=0&r=1&s=1359584381859&enc=1&dsFamilyId=2491 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |population_density= {{convert|2298|/km2|/sqmi|abbr=on}} |os_grid_reference= SK115097 |coordinates= {{coord|52.6835|-1.82653|display=inline,title}} |post_town= LICHFIELD |postcode_area= WS |postcode_district= WS13, WS14 |dial_code= 01543 |constituency_westminster= [[Lichfield (UK Pairlament constituency)|Lichfield]] |london_distance={{convert|110|mi}} [[Points o the compass|NNW]] |shire_district= [[Lichfield District|Lichfield]] |shire_county= [[Staffordshire]] |website= [http://www.lichfield.gov.uk/ www.lichfield.gov.uk] }} '''Lichfield''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|l|ɪ|tʃ|f|iː|l|d}} is a [[ceety status in the Unitit Kinrick|cathedral ceety]] an [[Ceevil pairishes in Ingland|ceevil pairish]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/about-statistics/geography/products/geog-products-area/names-codes/administrative/index.html |title=Names and codes for Administrative Geography |date=31 December 2008 |publisher=Office for National Statistics |accessdate=15 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100403045115/http://www.ons.gov.uk/about-statistics/geography/products/geog-products-area/names-codes/administrative/index.html |archivedate=3 April 2010 }}</ref> in [[Staffordshire]], [[Ingland]]. ane o aicht ceevil pairishes wi ceety status in Ingland, Lichfield is situatit roughly {{convert|16|mi|km|abbr=on}} north o [[Birmingham]]. At the time o the 2011 Census the population wis estimatit at 32,219 an the wider [[Lichfield District]] at 100,700.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/interactive/vp2-2011-census-comparator/index.html|title = Office for National Statistics - Census 2011|date = 20 July 2012|access-date = 2017-04-22|archive-date = 2012-10-30|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121030091738/http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/interactive/vp2-2011-census-comparator/index.html|url-status = dead}}</ref> == References == {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} == Freemit airtins == {{Commons category|Lichfield}} {{UK ceeties}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Lichfield| ]] [[Category:Buirial steids o the Hoose o Icel]] [[Category:Ceeties in the Wast Midlands (region)]] [[Category:Ceevil pairishes in Staffordshire]] [[Category:Touns in Staffordshire]] kjqxgwr15pt7ipxa8hay9nnjaq83nqu 0 191869 916542 885084 2026-05-10T17:55:21Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916542 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:J M Briscoe - Clyde puffer VIC32 moored at Corpach.jpg|thumb|Clyde puffer]] The '''Clyde puffer''' is a smaw coal-fired an single-mastit cargo ship, biggit mainly on the [[Forth and Clyde canal]], that gied a purvey link athort the wast coast an [[Hebrides]] o Scotland. Biggit atween 1856 an 1939, thir [[steamboat]]s wis the subjeck o sindry short stories [[Neil Munro (writer)|Neil Munro]] wrate aboot the [[Vital Spark]] an captain [[Para Handy]], that produced three telly series. ==Characteristics== [[File:MV Eilean Eisdeal deck 2005.jpg|thumb|''Eilean Eisdeal'' visiting [[Glasgow]]]] Clyde puffers characteristically haed bauch bous, crew's quarters wi table an cuikin stove in the [[focsle]], an a single mast wi derrick afore the lairge hold. The lum an the ship's wheel bidit eft abuin the engine ruim, follaed by a wee captain's cabin in the starn. Whan publication o the ''Vital Spark'' stories began in 1905, the ship's wheel wis aye in the appen, but later a wheelhoose wis addit eft o the lum, giein the puffers thair distinctive image. Thair flat bottom alloued thaim tae saund an liver at laich tide, essential tae purvey hiddly settlements athoot confeerin piers. Teepical cargoes could include coal an furniture, wi ferm produce an gravel whiles bein brocht back. ==Survivin craft== [[File:Vital Spark December 2006 at Crinan.jpg|thumb|right|''Auld Reekie'' at [[Crinan (village)|Crinan]]]] A few puffers survive as conservation projecks, tho maist haes diesel engines. ''VIC 32'' is ane o the last few survivin coal-fired steam-pouert puffers an is based at The Change House, [[Crinan (village)|Crinan]]. She wis biggit by Dunston’s o Thorne, Yorkshire in November 1943 – a busy time fur the Clyde Ship biggin yairds. As the wartime Admiralty needit 50, (later 100) victuallin boats in a hurry, they were biggit in groups o three by various yairds in England. Ne new designs wis needit as the perfeck boat existit in a Clyde Puffer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://savethepuffer.co.uk/|title=Save The Puffer!|accessdate=27 January 2016}}</ref> Steam sailins on VIC 32 haes been available tae the public frae 1979, latterly as cruises on the [[Caledonian Canal]]. Syne 2004, she unnergaun extensive refittin at [[Corpach]] Boatyard at the wast end o the canal naur [[Fort William, Highland|Fort William]], fundit by donations an lottery funds. Efter the fittin o a new [[vertical cross-tube boiler|boiler]] by Pridham’s Engineering an Corpach Boatbuilders,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://savethepuffer.co.uk/history-of-vic-32/|title=History of VIC 32|accessdate=27 January 2016|archive-date=2021-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318154415/http://savethepuffer.co.uk/history-of-vic-32/|url-status=dead}}</ref> she steamed doun frae Fort William tae Crinan, frae whaur cruises on the Caledonian Canal haes nou re-commenced.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.savethepuffer.co.uk/ |title=Save the Puffer |publisher=Save the Puffer |date= |accessdate=2012-05-19}}</ref> ''Vic 56'' wis biggit by Pollock, o [[Faversham]] in 1945. She is preserved in working order at [[Chatham Historic Dockyard]], regularly steaming in the Thames an Medway estuaries. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vic56.co.uk/|title=VIC 56|accessdate=27 January 2016}}</ref> [[File:Clydepufferspartan.JPG|thumb|left|MV ''Spartan'' at [[Irvine, Ayrshire|Irvine]]]] ''Vic 96'' wis biggit by Dunstons o [[Thorne, South Yorkshire]], in 1945, an efter disposal wis restored at [[Maryport]]. The restoration wis complete in 2009, reteenin its steam engine, byler an airn man.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vic96.co.uk/|title=The VIC 96 Trust |accessdate=27 January 2016}}</ref> On 8 August 2009, ''VIC 96'' arrived at her new hame, Chatham No. 1 Basin, efter a 1,000 mile vaige frae Elizabeth Dock, Maryport, that taen five week. ''VIC 27'' wis biggit at [[Rowhedge Ironworks]]. She wis renamed ''Auld Reekie'', an kythed as the ''Vital Spark'' in the third BBC TV [[Para Handy]] series, wis birtht at Crinan Basin fur 14 year dwynin. She wis cofft in October 2006 by the awner o the Inveraray Maritime Museum wha cairried oot some wark on her but she haes been selt again syne then tae a new awner wha haes awready stertit a feck o sotin wark on her. ''VIC 72'', renamed ''Eilean Eisdeal'', continued in operation as the last o the wirkin "puffers" intae the mid 1990s. In 2006, she wis again renamed as ''Vital Spark of Glasgow'' efter the Inveraray writer Neil Munro's ''Para Handy'' stories. She is nou aiccessible tae the public, alangside the ''[[Arctic Penguin]]'' at the [[Inveraray]] Maritime Museum, an continues tae mak sailins. [[File:Pibroch at Letterfrack Sept09.jpg|thumb|right|"Pibroch" at [[Letterfrack]], nou wrackit]] The ''Spartan'', anither diesel-engined "puffer", is on shaw at the [[Scottish Maritime Museum]] at [[Irvine, Ayrshire|Irvine]]. "Spartan" has recently unnergaun sortin wark on her howe, an is still bein refit. The museum forby includes the diesel-pouert motor coaster MV ''Kyles'' at [[Irvine, Ayrshire|Irvine]] (an early Clyde biggit coaster, no a puffer). The [[Pibroch (vessel)|''Pibroch'']], built at [[Bowling, West Dunbartonshire]] in 1957 as a diesel-engined boat fur the Scottish Malt Distillers Ltd, haed been leein at [[Letterfrack]], [[County Galway]], [[Ireland]], syne 2002. The Pibroch dwyned mair wi time passin, an her boukheids began tae yield. In 2010, she wis selt an wis wrackit thareefter. A sister-ship, the ''Julia T.'', lees in 30&nbsp;m o watter in Killary Bay thareaboot a [[furlong]] an twa [[chain [meisur)|chain]] aff Lettergesh. There haes forby been reproduction puffers biggit tae a weeer size, maist recently the ''MV Mary Hill'' fur tourist traffic on the Forth an Clyde canal. ==Notes== <References/> == References == {{refbegin}} *Donald, Stuart (1994). ''In the Wake of the Vital Spark''. Stirling: Johnston & Bacon, {{ISBN|0-7179-4604-5}} (hdbk); {{ISBN|0-7179-4605-3}} (pbk) *Lavery, Brian (2001). ''Maritime Scotland''. London: Batsford, {{ISBN|0-7134-8520-5}} *McDonald, Dan (1977). ''The Clyde Puffer''. Newton Abbot: David & Charles, {{ISBN|0-7153-7443-5}} *{{cite book|last1=McGinn|first1=Keith|title=Last of the Puffermen: The Real World of Para Handy|url=https://archive.org/details/lastofpuffermenr0000mcgi|date=2007|publisher=Neil Wilson Publishing|location=Glasgow|isbn=978-1-897784-99-0}} *Paterson, Len (1996). ''The Light in the Glens: The Rise and Fall of the Puffer Trade''. Colonsay: House of Lochar, {{ISBN|0-948905-78-6}} *Burrows, George W. (1981). ''Puffer Ahoy!''. Glasgow: Brown, Son & Ferguson, {{ISBN|0-85174-419-2}} {{refend}} ==External links== *[http://puffers.clydemaritime.co.uk Puffers and Vics] *[http://www.savethepuffer.co.uk/ Save the Puffer] ''VIC 32'' Puffer Preservation Trust *[http://www.thepibroch.com/body_index.html ''Pibroch'': picture] *[http://www.thepibroch.com/facts/facts.html ''Pibroch'': facts] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20041010170614/http://www.ardmaleishboatbuilding.co.uk/puffer.htm Ardmaleish (''MV Mary Hill'')] *[http://www.clydepuffers.co.uk/ Clyde Puffers – ''Hand Carved Wooden Models''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210508181835/http://clydepuffers.co.uk/ |date=2021-05-08 }} *[http://www.pagenumberone.co.uk/layouts/dock/puffers.htm Melbridge Dock – Clyde Puffers] *[http://vic96.co.uk/ The Restoration of ''VIC 96''] [[Category:Ship types]] [[Category:Tourist attractions in Scotland]] [[Category:Watter transport in Scotland]] [[Category:Ships of Scotland|Clyde puffers]] [[Category:Trade in Scotland]] [[Category:Cargo ships]] [[Category:1856 establishments in Scotland]] [[Category:1939 disestablishments in Scotland]] [[Category:19th century in Scotland]] [[Category:20th century in Schleswig-Holstein]] [[Category:Steamships]] 169i1yvlxjg0110503sshloifbc6wjk 828 229593 916534 912677 2026-05-10T15:46:34Z Sophivorus 73281 Update from [[d:Special:GoToLinkedPage/enwiki/Q52428273|master]] using [[mw:Synchronizer| #Synchronizer]] 916534 Scribunto text/plain -- Module:Excerpt implements the Excerpt template -- Documentation and master version: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module:Excerpt -- Authors: User:Sophivorus, User:Certes, User:Aidan9382 & others -- License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 local parser = require( 'Module:WikitextParser' ) local yesno = require( 'Module:Yesno' ) local ok, config = pcall( require, 'Module:Excerpt/config' ) if not ok then config = {} end local Excerpt = {} -- Main entry point for templates function Excerpt.main( frame ) -- Make sure the requested page exists and get the wikitext local page = Excerpt.getArg( 1 ) if not page or page == '{{{1}}}' then return Excerpt.getError( 'no-page' ) end local title = mw.title.new( page ) if not title then return Excerpt.getError( 'invalid-title', page ) end local fragment = title.fragment -- save for later if title.isRedirect then title = title.redirectTarget if fragment == "" then fragment = title.fragment -- page merge potential end end if not title.exists then return Excerpt.getError( 'page-not-found', page ) end page = title.prefixedText local wikitext = title:getContent() -- Get the template params and process them local params = { hat = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'hat', true ) ), this = Excerpt.getArg( 'this' ), only = Excerpt.getArg( 'only' ), files = Excerpt.getArg( 'files', Excerpt.getArg( 'file' ) ), lists = Excerpt.getArg( 'lists', Excerpt.getArg( 'list' ) ), tables = Excerpt.getArg( 'tables', Excerpt.getArg( 'table' ) ), templates = Excerpt.getArg( 'templates', Excerpt.getArg( 'template' ) ), paragraphs = Excerpt.getArg( 'paragraphs', Excerpt.getArg( 'paragraph' ) ), references = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'references', true ) ), subsections = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'subsections', false ) ), links = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'links', true ) ), bold = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'bold', false ) ), briefDates = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'briefdates', false ) ), inline = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'inline' ) ), quote = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'quote' ) ), more = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'more' ) ), class = Excerpt.getArg( 'class' ), track = yesno( Excerpt.getArg( 'track', true ) ), displayTitle = Excerpt.getArg( 'displaytitle', page ), } -- Make sure the requested section exists and get the excerpt local excerpt local section = Excerpt.getArg( 2, fragment ) section = mw.text.trim( section ) if section == '' then section = nil end if section then excerpt = parser.getSectionTag( wikitext, section ) if not excerpt then if params.subsections then excerpt = parser.getSection( wikitext, section ) else local sections = parser.getSections( wikitext ) excerpt = sections[ section ] end end if not excerpt then return Excerpt.getError( 'section-not-found', section ) end if excerpt == '' then return Excerpt.getError( 'section-empty', section ) end else excerpt = parser.getLead( wikitext ) if excerpt == '' then return Excerpt.getError( 'lead-empty' ) end end -- Remove noinclude bits excerpt = excerpt:gsub( '<[Nn][Oo][Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee]>.-</[Nn][Oo][Ii][Nn][Cc][Ll][Uu][Dd][Ee]>', '' ) -- Filter various elements from the excerpt excerpt = Excerpt.filterFiles( excerpt, params.files ) excerpt = Excerpt.filterLists( excerpt, params.lists ) excerpt = Excerpt.filterTables( excerpt, params.tables ) excerpt = Excerpt.filterParagraphs( excerpt, params.paragraphs ) -- If no file is found, try to get one from the infobox if ( params.only == 'file' or params.only == 'files' or params.only == 'filename' or not params.only and ( not params.files or params.files ~= '0' ) ) -- caller asked for files and not section -- and we're in the lead section and config.captions -- and we have the config option required to try finding files in infoboxes and #parser.getFiles( excerpt ) == 0 -- and there're no files in the excerpt then excerpt = Excerpt.addInfoboxFile( excerpt ) end -- Filter the templates by appending the templates blacklist to the templates filter if config.blacklist then local blacklist = table.concat( config.blacklist, ',' ) if params.templates then if string.sub( params.templates, 1, 1 ) == '-' then params.templates = params.templates .. ',' .. blacklist end else params.templates = '-' .. blacklist end end excerpt = Excerpt.filterTemplates( excerpt, params.templates ) -- Leave only the requested elements if params.only == 'file' or params.only == 'files' then local files = parser.getFiles( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'file' and files[1] or table.concat( files, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'list' or params.only == 'lists' then local lists = parser.getLists( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'list' and lists[1] or table.concat( lists, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'table' or params.only == 'tables' then local tables = parser.getTables( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'table' and tables[1] or table.concat( tables, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'paragraph' or params.only == 'paragraphs' then local paragraphs = parser.getParagraphs( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'paragraph' and paragraphs[1] or table.concat( paragraphs, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'template' or params.only == 'templates' then local templates = parser.getTemplates( excerpt ) excerpt = params.only == 'template' and templates[1] or table.concat( templates, '\n\n' ) end if params.only == 'filename' then local files = parser.getFiles( excerpt ) local file = files[1] excerpt = file and parser.getFileName( file ) or 'Noimage.png' params.inline = true end -- @todo Make more robust and move downwards if params.briefDates then excerpt = Excerpt.fixDates( excerpt ) end -- Remove unwanted elements excerpt = Excerpt.removeComments( excerpt ) excerpt = Excerpt.removeSelfLinks( excerpt ) excerpt = Excerpt.removeNonFreeFiles( excerpt ) excerpt = Excerpt.removeBehaviorSwitches( excerpt ) -- Fix or remove the references if params.references then excerpt = Excerpt.fixReferences( excerpt, page, wikitext ) else excerpt = Excerpt.removeReferences( excerpt ) end -- Remove wikilinks if not params.links then excerpt = Excerpt.removeLinks( excerpt ) end -- Link the bold text near the start of most leads and then remove it if not section then excerpt = Excerpt.linkBold( excerpt, page ) end if not params.bold then excerpt = Excerpt.removeBold( excerpt ) end -- Remove extra line breaks but leave one before and after so the parser interprets lists, tables, etc. correctly excerpt = excerpt:gsub( '\n\n\n+', '\n\n' ) excerpt = mw.text.trim( excerpt ) excerpt = '\n' .. excerpt .. '\n' -- Remove nested categories excerpt = frame:preprocess( excerpt ) excerpt = Excerpt.removeCategories( excerpt ) -- Add tracking categories if params.track and config.categories then excerpt = Excerpt.addTrackingCategories( excerpt ) end -- Build the final output if params.inline then return mw.text.trim( excerpt ) end local tag = params.quote and 'blockquote' or 'div' local block = mw.html.create( tag ):addClass( 'excerpt-block' ):addClass( params.class ) if config.styles then local styles = frame:extensionTag( 'templatestyles', '', { src = config.styles } ) block:node( styles ) end if params.hat then local hat = Excerpt.getHat( page, section, params ) block:node( hat ) end excerpt = mw.html.create( 'div' ):addClass( 'excerpt' ):wikitext( excerpt ) block:node( excerpt ) if params.more then local more = Excerpt.getReadMore( page, section ) block:node( more ) end return block end -- Filter the files in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterFiles( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local files = parser.getFiles( wikitext ) for index, file in pairs( files ) do local name = parser.getFileName( file ) if isBlacklist and ( Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or Excerpt.matchFilter( name, filters ) ) or not isBlacklist and ( not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) and not Excerpt.matchFilter( name, filters ) ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, file ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the lists in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterLists( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local lists = parser.getLists( wikitext ) for index, list in pairs( lists ) do if isBlacklist and Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or not isBlacklist and not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, list ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the tables in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterTables( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local tables = parser.getTables( wikitext ) for index, tableWikitext in pairs( tables ) do local id = parser.getTableAttribute( tableWikitext, 'id' ) if isBlacklist and ( Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or Excerpt.matchFilter( id, filters ) ) or not isBlacklist and ( not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) and not Excerpt.matchFilter( id, filters ) ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, tableWikitext ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the paragraphs in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterParagraphs( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local paragraphs = parser.getParagraphs( wikitext ) for index, paragraph in pairs( paragraphs ) do if isBlacklist and Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or not isBlacklist and not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, paragraph ) end end return wikitext end -- Filter the templates in the given wikitext against the given filter function Excerpt.filterTemplates( wikitext, filter ) if not filter then return wikitext end local filters, isBlacklist = Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local templates = parser.getTemplates( wikitext ) for index, template in pairs( templates ) do local name = parser.getTemplateName( template ) if isBlacklist and ( Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) or Excerpt.matchFilter( name, filters ) ) or not isBlacklist and ( not Excerpt.matchFilter( index, filters ) and not Excerpt.matchFilter( name, filters ) ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, template ) end end return wikitext end function Excerpt.addInfoboxFile( excerpt ) -- We cannot distinguish the infobox from the other templates, so we search them all local templates = parser.getTemplates( excerpt ) for _, template in pairs( templates ) do local parameters = parser.getTemplateParameters( template ) local file, captions, caption, cssClasses, cssClass for _, pair in pairs( config.captions ) do file = pair[1] file = parameters[file] if file and Excerpt.matchAny( file, '^.*%.', { '[Jj][Pp][Ee]?[Gg]', '[Pp][Nn][Gg]', '[Gg][Ii][Ff]', '[Ss][Vv][Gg]' }, '.*' ) then file = string.match( file, '%[?%[?.-:([^{|]+)%]?%]?' ) or file -- [[File:Example.jpg{{!}}upright=1.5]] to Example.jpg captions = pair[2] for _, p in pairs( captions ) do if parameters[ p ] then caption = parameters[ p ] break end end -- Check for CSS classes -- We opt to use skin-invert-image instead of skin-invert -- in all other cases, the CSS provided in the infobox is used if pair[3] then cssClasses = pair[3] for _, p in pairs( cssClasses ) do if parameters[ p ] then cssClass = ( parameters[ p ] == 'skin-invert' ) and 'skin-invert-image' or parameters[ p ] break end end end local class = cssClass and ( '|class=' .. cssClass ) or '' return '[[File:' .. file .. class .. '|thumb|' .. ( caption or '' ) .. ']]\n' .. excerpt end end end return excerpt end function Excerpt.removeNonFreeFiles( wikitext ) local files = parser.getFiles( wikitext ) for _, file in pairs( files ) do local fileName = 'File:' .. parser.getFileName( file ) local fileTitle = mw.title.new( fileName ) if fileTitle then local fileDescription = fileTitle:getContent() if not fileDescription or fileDescription == '' then local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() fileDescription = frame:preprocess( '{{' .. fileName .. '}}' ) -- try Commons end if fileDescription and string.match( fileDescription, '[Nn]on%-free' ) then wikitext = Excerpt.removeString( wikitext, file ) end end end return wikitext end function Excerpt.getHat( page, section, params ) local hat -- Build the text if params.this then hat = params.this elseif params.quote then hat = Excerpt.getMessage( 'this' ) elseif params.only then hat = Excerpt.getMessage( params.only ) else hat = Excerpt.getMessage( 'section' ) end hat = hat .. ' ' .. Excerpt.getMessage( 'excerpt' ) -- Build the link if section then hat = hat .. ' [[:' .. page .. '#' .. mw.uri.anchorEncode( section ) .. '|' .. params.displayTitle .. ' § ' .. section:gsub( '%[%[([^]|]+)|?[^]]*%]%]', '%1' ) .. ']].' -- remove nested links else hat = hat .. ' [[:' .. page .. '|' .. params.displayTitle .. ']].' end -- Build the edit link local title = mw.title.new( page ) local editUrl = title:fullUrl( 'action=edit' ) hat = hat .. '<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span>[' hat = hat .. editUrl .. ' ' .. mw.message.new( 'editsection' ):plain() hat = hat .. ']<span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span>' if config.hat then local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() hat = config.hat .. hat .. '}}' hat = frame:preprocess( hat ) else hat = mw.html.create( 'div' ):addClass( 'dablink excerpt-hat' ):wikitext( hat ) end return hat end function Excerpt.getReadMore( page, section ) local link = "'''[[" .. page if section then link = link .. '#' .. section end local text = Excerpt.getMessage( 'more' ) link = link .. '|' .. text .. "]]'''" link = mw.html.create( 'div' ):addClass( 'noprint excerpt-more' ):wikitext( link ) return link end -- Fix birth and death dates, but only in the first paragraph -- @todo Use parser.getParagraphs() to get the first paragraph function Excerpt.fixDates( excerpt ) local start local s local e = 0 repeat start = e + 1 s, e = mw.ustring.find( excerpt, '%s*%b{}%s*', start ) until not s or s > start s, e = mw.ustring.find( excerpt, '%b()', start ) -- get (...), which may be (year–year) if s and s < start + 100 then -- look only near the start local excerptStart = mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, s, e ) local year1, conjunction, year2 = string.match( excerptStart, '(%d%d%d+)(.-)(%d%d%d+)' ) if year1 and year2 and ( string.match( conjunction, '[%-–—]' ) or string.match( conjunction, '{{%s*[sS]nd%s*}}' ) ) then local y1 = tonumber( year1 ) local y2 = tonumber( year2 ) if y2 > y1 and y2 < y1 + 125 and y1 <= tonumber( os.date( '%Y' ) ) then excerpt = mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, 1, s ) .. year1 .. '–' .. year2 .. mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, e ) end end end return excerpt end -- Replace the first call to each reference defined outside of the excerpt for the full reference, to prevent undefined references -- Then prefix the page title to the reference names to prevent conflicts -- that is, replace <ref name="Foo"> for <ref name="Title of the article Foo"> -- and also <ref name="Foo" /> for <ref name="Title of the article Foo" /> -- also remove reference groups: <ref name="Foo" group="Bar"> for <ref name="Title of the article Foo"> -- and <ref group="Bar"> for <ref> -- @todo The current regex may fail in cases with both kinds of quotes, like <ref name="Darwin's book"> function Excerpt.fixReferences( excerpt, page, wikitext ) local references = parser.getReferences( excerpt ) local fixed = {} for _, reference in pairs( references ) do local name = parser.getTagAttribute( reference, 'name' ) if not fixed[ name ] then -- fix each reference only once local content = parser.getTagContent( reference ) if not content then -- reference is self-closing local full = parser.getReference( excerpt, name ) if not full then -- the reference is not defined in the excerpt full = parser.getReference( wikitext, name ) if full then excerpt = excerpt:gsub( Excerpt.escapeString( reference ), Excerpt.escapeString( full ), 1 ) end table.insert( fixed, name ) end end end end -- Prepend the page title to the reference names to prevent conflicts with other references in the transcluding page excerpt = excerpt:gsub( '< *[Rr][Ee][Ff][^>]*name *= *["\']?([^"\'>/]+)["\']?[^>/]*(/?) *>', '<ref name="' .. page:gsub( '"', '' ) .. ' %1"%2>' ) -- Remove reference groups because they don't apply to the transcluding page excerpt = excerpt:gsub( '< *[Rr][Ee][Ff] *group *= *["\']?[^"\'>/]+["\'] *>', '<ref>' ) return excerpt end function Excerpt.removeReferences( excerpt ) local references = parser.getReferences( excerpt ) for _, reference in pairs( references ) do excerpt = Excerpt.removeString( excerpt, reference ) end return excerpt end function Excerpt.removeCategories( excerpt ) local categories = parser.getCategories( excerpt ) for _, category in pairs( categories ) do excerpt = Excerpt.removeString( excerpt, category ) end return excerpt end function Excerpt.removeBehaviorSwitches( excerpt ) return excerpt:gsub( '__[A-Z]+__', '' ) end function Excerpt.removeComments( excerpt ) return excerpt:gsub( '<!%-%-.-%-%->', '' ) end function Excerpt.removeBold( excerpt ) return excerpt:gsub( "'''", '' ) end function Excerpt.removeLinks( excerpt ) local links = parser.getLinks( excerpt ) for _, link in pairs( links ) do excerpt = Excerpt.removeString( excerpt, link ) end return excerpt end -- @todo Use parser.getLinks function Excerpt.removeSelfLinks( excerpt ) local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() local page = Excerpt.escapeString( mw.title.getCurrentTitle().prefixedText ) local ucpage = lang:ucfirst( page ) local lcpage = lang:lcfirst( page ) excerpt = excerpt :gsub( '%[%[(' .. ucpage .. ')%]%]', '%1' ) :gsub( '%[%[(' .. lcpage .. ')%]%]', '%1' ) :gsub( '%[%[' .. ucpage .. '|([^]]+)%]%]', '%1' ) :gsub( '%[%[' .. lcpage .. '|([^]]+)%]%]', '%1' ) return excerpt end -- Replace the bold title or synonym near the start of the page by a link to the page function Excerpt.linkBold( excerpt, page ) local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() local position = mw.ustring.find( excerpt, "'''" .. lang:ucfirst( page ) .. "'''", 1, true ) -- look for "'''Foo''' is..." (uc) or "A '''foo''' is..." (lc) or mw.ustring.find( excerpt, "'''" .. lang:lcfirst( page ) .. "'''", 1, true ) -- plain search: special characters in page represent themselves if position then local length = mw.ustring.len( page ) excerpt = mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, 1, position + 2 ) .. '[[' .. mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, position + 3, position + length + 2 ) .. ']]' .. mw.ustring.sub( excerpt, position + length + 3, -1 ) -- link it else -- look for anything unlinked in bold, assumed to be a synonym of the title (e.g. a person's birth name) excerpt = mw.ustring.gsub( excerpt, "'''(.-'*)'''", function ( text ) if not string.find( text, '%[' ) and not string.find( text, '%{' ) then -- if not wikilinked or some weird template return "'''[[" .. page .. '|' .. text .. "]]'''" -- replace '''Foo''' by '''[[page|Foo]]''' else return nil -- instruct gsub to make no change end end, 1 ) -- terminates the anonymous replacement function passed to gsub end return excerpt end function Excerpt.addTrackingCategories( excerpt ) local currentTitle = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() local addedCategories = false local contentCategory = config.categories.content if contentCategory and currentTitle.isContentPage then addedCategories = true excerpt = excerpt .. '[[Category:' .. contentCategory .. ']]' end local namespaceCategory = config.categories[ currentTitle.namespace ] if namespaceCategory then addedCategories = true excerpt = excerpt .. '[[Category:' .. namespaceCategory .. ']]' end if addedCategories then excerpt = excerpt .. '\n' end return excerpt end -- Helper method to match from a list of regular expressions -- Like so: match pre..list[1]..post or pre..list[2]..post or ... function Excerpt.matchAny( text, pre, list, post, init ) for i = 1, #list do local match = { mw.ustring.match( text, pre .. list[ i ] .. post, init ) } if match[1] then return unpack( match ) end end return nil end -- Helper function to get arguments -- args from Lua calls have priority over parent args from template function Excerpt.getArg( key, default ) local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() for k, value in pairs( frame:getParent().args ) do if k == key and mw.text.trim( value ) ~= '' then return value end end for k, value in pairs( frame.args ) do if k == key and mw.text.trim( value ) ~= '' then return value end end return default end -- Helper method to get an error message -- This method also categorizes the current page in one of the configured error categories function Excerpt.getError( key, value ) local message = Excerpt.getMessage( 'error-' .. key, value ) local markup = mw.html.create( 'div' ):addClass( 'error' ):wikitext( message ) if config.categories and config.categories.errors and mw.title.getCurrentTitle().isContentPage then markup:node( '[[Category:' .. config.categories.errors .. ']]' ) end return markup end -- Helper method to get a localized message -- This method uses Module:TNT to get localized messages from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Data:I18n/Module:Excerpt.tab -- If Module:TNT is not available or the localized message does not exist, the key is returned instead function Excerpt.getMessage( key, value ) local ok2, TNT = pcall( require, 'Module:TNT' ) if not ok2 then return key end local ok3, message = pcall( TNT.format, 'I18n/Module:Excerpt.tab', key, value ) if not ok3 then return key end return message end -- Helper method to escape a string for use in regexes function Excerpt.escapeString( str ) return str:gsub( '[%^%$%(%)%.%[%]%*%+%-%?%%]', '%%%0' ) end -- Helper method to remove a string from a text -- @param text Text from where to remove the string -- @param str String to remove -- @return The given text with the string removed function Excerpt.removeString( text, str ) local pattern = Excerpt.escapeString( str ) if #pattern > 9999 then -- strings longer than 10000 bytes can't be put into regexes pattern = Excerpt.escapeString( mw.ustring.sub( str, 1, 999 ) ) .. '.-' .. Excerpt.escapeString( mw.ustring.sub( str, -999 ) ) end return text:gsub( pattern, '' ) end -- Helper method to convert a comma-separated list of numbers or min-max ranges into a list of booleans -- @param filter Required. Comma-separated list of numbers or min-max ranges, for example '1,3-5' -- @return Map from integers to booleans, for example {1=true,2=false,3=true,4=true,5=true} -- @return Boolean indicating whether the filters should be treated as a blacklist or not -- @note Merging this into matchFilter is possible, but way too inefficient function Excerpt.parseFilter( filter ) local filters = {} local isBlacklist = false if string.sub( filter, 1, 1 ) == '-' then isBlacklist = true filter = string.sub( filter, 2 ) end local values = mw.text.split( filter, ',' ) -- split values: '1,3-5' to {'1','3-5'} for _, value in pairs( values ) do value = mw.text.trim( value ) local min, max = mw.ustring.match( value, '^(%d+)%s*[-–—]%s*(%d+)$' ) -- '3-5' to min=3 max=5 if not max then min, max = string.match( value, '^((%d+))$' ) end -- '1' to min=1 max=1 if max then for i = min, max do filters[ i ] = true end else filters[ value ] = true -- if we reach this point, the string had the form 'a,b,c' rather than '1,2,3' end end filter = { cache = {}, terms = filters } return filter, isBlacklist end -- Helper function to see if a value matches any of the given filters function Excerpt.matchFilter( value, filter ) if value == nil then return false elseif type(value) == "number" then return filter.terms[value] else local cached = filter.cache[value] if cached ~= nil then return cached end local lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() local lcvalue = lang:lcfirst(value) local ucvalue = lang:ucfirst(value) for term in pairs( filter.terms ) do if value == tostring(term) or type(term) == "string" and ( lcvalue == term or ucvalue == term or mw.ustring.match( value, term ) ) then filter.cache[value] = true return true end end filter.cache[value] = false end end return Excerpt f13qcb3mtjeccbzr0i5jmt33ddc570f 0 233389 916528 916010 2026-05-10T13:05:26Z InternetArchiveBot 79721 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 916528 wikitext text/x-wiki <!-- Please dinnae remuive or change this AfD message until the issue is settled --> <!-- The nomination page for this airticle awreidy existed whan this tag wis eikit. Gin this wis acause the airticle haed been nominatit for deletion afore, an ye wish tae renominate it, please replace "page=Arm nan Gaidheal" wi "page=Arm nan Gaidheal (2nt nomination)" ablo afore gaun on wi the nomination. -->{{Airticle for deletion/dated|page=Arm nan Gaidheal|timestamp=20260430115543|year=2026|month=Apryle|day=30|substed=yes}} <!-- For administrator uise anely: {{Old AfD multi|page=Arm nan Gaidheal|date=30 Apryle 2026|result='''keep'''}} --> <!-- End o AfD message, feel free tae edit ayont this pynt --> {{Infobox militant organization|name=Arm nan Gaidheal|country=[[Scotland]]|dates=|active=1980s-1990s|ideology=[[Scottish nationalism|Scots nationalism]]<br>[[Scottish republicanism|Scots republicanism]]<br>[[Scottish unthirldom|Scots unthirldom]]}} '''Arm nan Gaidheal''' ([[Scots Gaelic]] for Airmy o the Gael), sometimes cawed AnG wis a Scots [[paramilitary]] fychtin for [[Scots unthirldom]] active in the 1980s. It wis mentioned in [[Siol nan Gaidheal]]'s newspaper cawed Firinn Albannach, an it statit that SnG wisnae directly linked wi AnG, but they did support them.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Firinn Albannach|url=http://www.scottishrepublicansocialistmovement.org/Documents/Fir%205%201-3.PDF|url-status=bot: unknown|language=en}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> AnG did mony [[petrol bombins]] an [[arson]] attacks across [[Scotland]] tae force Scots unthirldom.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Scots Daily Express|url=https://www.parliament.scot/help/79056.aspx|url-status=bot: unknown|url=https://www.scottishdailyexpress.co.uk/comment/history-hate-siol-nan-gaidheal-27337403|language=en}}</ref> It ceased operations aroon the 1990s. == References == {{reflist}} 74i1cyqodv85xo5tdoedz47boedyowb 0 233447 916552 2026-05-10T22:05:14Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 New airticle aboot a Scots actress 916552 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ellie MacDowall''' is a Scots actress. == Early life == Born in Edinburgh, she graduatit in 2020 frae The MGA Academy o Performin Airts in Edinburgh, whaur she studied dance fur commercial performance. == Career == Her furst professional actin role wis at the age o eleiven years-auld whan she wis cast in the stage pley o ''Evita'' as a bairn soloist at Evita’s funeral on the Edinburgh leg o a UK tour o the production. MacDowall wis in the short films, ''Mohihi'' (2021) an ''The Proposal'' (2022). In 2023, MacDowall pleys Jennifer Grant, the dochter o Hollywood icon Cary Grant in the 2023 ITVX miniseries ''Archie'' alangside Jason Isaacs in the titular role. MacDowall wis a presenter at the 2023 Breetish Academy Scotland Awairds in Glesga in November 2023. == Personal life == In early 2023, MacDowall's relationship wi Scots sangster-sangwriter Lewis Capaldi wis confirmed publicly. The couple haed been photographed thegither the previous November, an attendit the 2023 BRIT Awairds thegither in Lunnon in Februar 2023. b68168rw13l28v243up6egv9jz11d93 916554 916552 2026-05-10T22:07:38Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916554 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ellie MacDowall''' is a Scots actress. == Early life == Born in Edinburgh, she graduatit in 2020 frae The MGA Academy o Performin Airts in Edinburgh, whaur she studied dance fur commercial performance. == Career == Her furst professional actin role wis at the age o eleiven years-auld whan she wis cast in the stage pley o ''Evita'' as a bairn soloist at Evita’s funeral on the Edinburgh leg o a UK tour o the production. MacDowall wis in the short films, ''Mohihi'' (2021) an ''The Proposal'' (2022). In 2023, MacDowall pleys Jennifer Grant, the dochter o Hollywood icon Cary Grant in the 2023 ITVX miniseries ''Archie'' alangside Jason Isaacs in the titular role. MacDowall wis a presenter at the 2023 Breetish Academy Scotland Awairds in Glesga in November 2023. == Personal life == In early 2023, MacDowall's relationship wi Scots sangster-sangwriter Lewis Capaldi wis confirmed publicly. The couple haed been photographed thegither the previous November, an attendit the 2023 BRIT Awairds thegither in Lunnon in Februar 2023. ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- |2021 | ''Mohini'' |Brooke |Short film |- |2022 | ''The Proposal'' |Emma |Short film |- |2023 | ''[[Archie (miniseries)|Archie]]'' |[[Jennifer Grant]] |Mini series |} == References == {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == * {{IMDb name|13005457}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:MacDowall, Ellie}} [[Category:Scots televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Actresses frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Date o birth unkent]] [[Category:21st-century Scots actresses]] [[Category:Year o birth missin (livin fowk)]] k429dxevygsx2o0gu70pb5pzlc7d2mj 916556 916554 2026-05-10T22:12:28Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Ellie MacDowall | birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | occupation = Actress |education = The MGA Academy o Performin Airts, Edinburgh | television = ''[[Archie (miniseries)|Archie]]'' }} '''Ellie MacDowall''' is a Scots actress. == Early life == Born in [[Edinburgh]], she graduatit in 2020 frae The MGA Academy o Performin Airts in Edinburgh, whaur she studied dance fur commercial performance. == Career == Her furst professional actin role wis at the age o eleiven years-auld whan she wis cast in the stage pley o ''[[Evita (muisical)|Evita]]'' as a bairn soloist at Evita’s funeral on the Edinburgh leg o a UK tour o the production. MacDowall wis in the short films, ''Mohihi'' (2021) an ''The Proposal'' (2022). In 2023, MacDowall pleys [[Jennifer Grant]], the dochter o Hollywood icon [[Cary Grant]] in the 2023 [[ITVX]] miniseries ''[[Archie (TV series)|Archie]]'' alangside [[Jason Isaacs]] in the titular role. MacDowall wis a presenter at the [[Breetish Academy Scotland Awairds|2023 Breetish Academy Scotland Awairds]] in [[Glesga]] in November 2023. == Personal life == In early 2023, MacDowall's relationship wi Scots sangster-sangwriter [[Lewis Capaldi]] wis confirmed publicly. The couple haed been photographed thegither the previous November, an attendit the [[Brit Awairds 2023|2023 BRIT Awairds]] thegither in Lunnon in Februar 2023. ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- |2021 | ''Mohini'' |Brooke |Short film |- |2022 | ''The Proposal'' |Emma |Short film |- |2023 | ''[[Archie (miniseries)|Archie]]'' |[[Jennifer Grant]] |Mini series |} == References == {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == * {{IMDb name|13005457}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:MacDowall, Ellie}} [[Category:Scots televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Actresses frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Date o birth unkent]] [[Category:21st-century Scots actresses]] [[Category:Year o birth missin (livin fowk)]] j76xzmhxeiay9b5wi118bh4lfl99fwn 916557 916556 2026-05-10T22:20:45Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Ellie MacDowall | birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | occupation = Actress |education = The MGA Academy o Performin Airts, Edinburgh | television = ''[[Archie (miniseries)|Archie]]'' }} '''Ellie MacDowall''' is a Scots actress. == Early life == Born in [[Edinburgh]], she graduatit in 2020 frae The MGA Academy o Performin Airts in Edinburgh, whaur she studied dance fur commercial performance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is Lewis Capaldi's girlfriend Ellie MacDowall?|url=https://www.capitalfm.com/news/lewis-capaldi-girlfriend-ellie-macdowell/|access-date=2026-05-10|website=Capital|language=en}}</ref> == Career == Her furst professional actin role wis at the age o eleiven years-auld whan she wis cast in the stage pley o ''[[Evita (muisical)|Evita]]'' as a bairn soloist at Evita’s funeral on the Edinburgh leg o a UK tour o the production.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2023-11-22|title=Ellie MacDowall Talks Acting, ARCHIE & Next Career Moves|url=https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2023/11/22/ellie-mcdowall-archie/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-10|website=Wonderland Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref> MacDowall wis in the short films, ''Mohihi'' (2021) an ''The Proposal'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Santino|first=Catherine|date=2023-07-10|title=Who Is Lewis Capaldi's Girlfriend? All About Ellie MacDowall|url=https://people.com/who-is-ellie-macdowall-lewis-capaldi-7557942|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-10|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|language=en}}</ref> In 2023, MacDowall pleys [[Jennifer Grant]], the dochter o Hollywood icon [[Cary Grant]] in the 2023 [[ITVX]] miniseries ''[[Archie (TV series)|Archie]]'' alangside [[Jason Isaacs]] in the titular role.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Flockhart|first=Gary|date=2023-04-14|title=Lewis Capaldi talks for the first time about his new Edinburgh girlfriend|url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/people/lewis-capaldi-discusses-new-edinburgh-girlfriend-ellie-macdowall-telling-scott-mills-that-hes-a-happy-chappy-4104908|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-10|website=Edinburgh News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tariq|first=Fahad|date=2023-11-24|title=Lewis Capaldi's actor girlfriend shares excitement at starring in new ITV drama|url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/celebs/lewis-capaldis-actor-girlfriend-shares-28165054|access-date=2026-05-10|website=Glasgow Live|language=en}}</ref> MacDowall wis a presenter at the [[Breetish Academy Scotland Awairds|2023 Breetish Academy Scotland Awairds]] in [[Glesga]] in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McStay|first=Kirsten|date=2023-11-22|title=Lewis Capaldi's girlfriend Ellie MacDowall shares Scottish BAFTA snaps|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity/lewis-capaldis-girlfriend-ellie-macdowall-31502939|access-date=2026-05-10|website=Daily Record|language=en}}</ref> == Personal life == In early 2023, MacDowall's relationship wi Scots sangster-sangwriter [[Lewis Capaldi]] wis confirmed publicly.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Macdonald|first=Siobhan|date=2023-06-27|title=Lewis Capaldi's girlfriend Ellie MacDowall is 'supporting' star in career break|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity/lewis-capaldis-girlfriend-ellie-macdowall-30338161|access-date=2026-05-10|website=Daily Record|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Parker|first=Araminta|date=2023-06-28|title=Lewis Capaldi’s romance with girlfriend Ellie MacDowall who is his ’rock’|url=https://www.ok.co.uk/lifestyle/lewis-capaldi-girlfriend-ellie-macdowall-30339972|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-10|website=OK! Magazine|language=en}}</ref> The couple haed been photographed thegither the previous November, an attendit the [[Brit Awairds 2023|2023 BRIT Awairds]] thegither in Lunnon in Februar 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Venn|first=Lydia|date=2024-08-08|title=Lewis Capaldi and Ellie MacDowall have reportedly split|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a42880825/lewis-capaldi-new-girlfriend-ellie-macdowall/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-10|website=Cosmopolitan|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McStay|first=Kirsten|date=2023-02-13|title=Lewis Capaldi and new girlfriend Ellie MacDowall go public|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity/lewis-capaldi-ellie-macdowall-go-29201397|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-10|website=Daily Record|language=en}}</ref> ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- |2021 | ''Mohini'' |Brooke |Short film |- |2022 | ''The Proposal'' |Emma |Short film |- |2023 | ''[[Archie (miniseries)|Archie]]'' |[[Jennifer Grant]] |Mini series |} == References == {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == * {{IMDb name|13005457}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:MacDowall, Ellie}} [[Category:Scots televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Actresses frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Date o birth unkent]] [[Category:21st-century Scots actresses]] [[Category:Year o birth missin (livin fowk)]] p6r0tzi2lr38123tun296a3fkkrdtwl 916568 916557 2026-05-10T23:37:02Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox bodie | name = Ellie MacDowall | birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland | occupation = Actress |education = The MGA Academy o Performin Airts, Edinburgh | television = ''[[Archie (miniseries)|Archie]]'' }} '''Ellie MacDowall''' is a Scots actress. == Early life == Born in [[Edinburgh]], she graduatit in 2020 frae The MGA Academy o Performin Airts in Edinburgh, whaur she studied dance fur commercial performance.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is Lewis Capaldi's girlfriend Ellie MacDowall?|url=https://www.capitalfm.com/news/lewis-capaldi-girlfriend-ellie-macdowell/|access-date=2026-05-10|website=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]]|language=en|url-status=live}}</ref> == Career == Her furst professional actin role wis at the age o eleiven years-auld whan she wis cast in the stage pley o ''[[Evita (muisical)|Evita]]'' as a bairn soloist at Evita’s funeral on the Edinburgh leg o a UK tour o the production.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2023-11-22|title=Ellie MacDowall Talks Acting, ARCHIE & Next Career Moves|url=https://www.wonderlandmagazine.com/2023/11/22/ellie-mcdowall-archie/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-10|website=Wonderland Magazine|language=en-GB}}</ref> MacDowall wis in the short films, ''Mohihi'' (2021) an ''The Proposal'' (2022).<ref>{{Cite web|last=Santino|first=Catherine|date=2023-07-10|title=Who Is Lewis Capaldi's Girlfriend? All About Ellie MacDowall|url=https://people.com/who-is-ellie-macdowall-lewis-capaldi-7557942|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-10|website=[[People (magazine)|People]]|language=en}}</ref> In 2023, MacDowall pleys [[Jennifer Grant]], the dochter o Hollywood icon [[Cary Grant]] in the 2023 [[ITVX]] miniseries ''[[Archie (TV series)|Archie]]'' alangside [[Jason Isaacs]] in the titular role.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Flockhart|first=Gary|date=2023-04-14|title=Lewis Capaldi talks for the first time about his new Edinburgh girlfriend|url=https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/news/people/lewis-capaldi-discusses-new-edinburgh-girlfriend-ellie-macdowall-telling-scott-mills-that-hes-a-happy-chappy-4104908|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-10|website=Edinburgh News|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Tariq|first=Fahad|date=2023-11-24|title=Lewis Capaldi's actor girlfriend shares excitement at starring in new ITV drama|url=https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/celebs/lewis-capaldis-actor-girlfriend-shares-28165054|access-date=2026-05-10|website=Glasgow Live|language=en}}</ref> MacDowall wis a presenter at the [[Breetish Academy Scotland Awairds|2023 Breetish Academy Scotland Awairds]] in [[Glesga]] in November 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|last=McStay|first=Kirsten|date=2023-11-22|title=Lewis Capaldi's girlfriend Ellie MacDowall shares Scottish BAFTA snaps|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity/lewis-capaldis-girlfriend-ellie-macdowall-31502939|access-date=2026-05-10|website=Daily Record|language=en}}</ref> == Personal life == In early 2023, MacDowall's relationship wi Scots sangster-sangwriter [[Lewis Capaldi]] wis confirmed publicly.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Macdonald|first=Siobhan|date=2023-06-27|title=Lewis Capaldi's girlfriend Ellie MacDowall is 'supporting' star in career break|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity/lewis-capaldis-girlfriend-ellie-macdowall-30338161|access-date=2026-05-10|website=Daily Record|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Parker|first=Araminta|date=2023-06-28|title=Lewis Capaldi’s romance with girlfriend Ellie MacDowall who is his ’rock’|url=https://www.ok.co.uk/lifestyle/lewis-capaldi-girlfriend-ellie-macdowall-30339972|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-10|website=OK! Magazine|language=en}}</ref> The couple haed been photographed thegither the previous November, an attendit the [[Brit Awairds 2023|2023 BRIT Awairds]] thegither in Lunnon in Februar 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Venn|first=Lydia|date=2024-08-08|title=Lewis Capaldi and Ellie MacDowall have reportedly split|url=https://www.cosmopolitan.com/uk/entertainment/a42880825/lewis-capaldi-new-girlfriend-ellie-macdowall/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-10|website=Cosmopolitan|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McStay|first=Kirsten|date=2023-02-13|title=Lewis Capaldi and new girlfriend Ellie MacDowall go public|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity/lewis-capaldi-ellie-macdowall-go-29201397|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-10|website=Daily Record|language=en}}</ref> ==Filmography== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! Year ! Title ! Role ! class="unsortable" | Notes |- |2021 | ''Mohini'' |Brooke |Short film |- |2022 | ''The Proposal'' |Emma |Short film |- |2023 | ''[[Archie (miniseries)|Archie]]'' |[[Jennifer Grant]] |Mini series |} == References == {{reflist}} == Fremmit airtins == * {{IMDb name|13005457}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:MacDowall, Ellie}} [[Category:Scots televeesion actresses]] [[Category:Livin fowk]] [[Category:Actresses frae Edinburgh]] [[Category:Date o birth unkent]] [[Category:21st-century Scots actresses]] [[Category:Year o birth missin (livin fowk)]] q9ja3hb6tuv5aaxil4fmzyf0mpx1hvl 0 233448 916560 2026-05-10T22:54:50Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 New airticle aboot a documentary film 916560 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now''''' is a 2023 documentary film directit bi Joe Pearlman that details Scots sangster-sangwriter Lewis Capaldi's journey frae a teen wi a viral performance tae a Grammy-nominatit pop starn. == Owerview == The film splores Capaldi's muisical career stairtin frae his adolescence an his teen years, up tae the lowse o his debut studio album, ''Divinely Uninspired to a Hellish Extent'', as weel as his mental heal struggles, Tourette's diagnosis, an the obstacles he faces durin the creation o his studio album, ''Broken by Desire to Be Heavenly Sent'', an reconnectin wi faimily an Scots ruits efter returnin tae his hame o Whitburn, Wast Lowden owin tae the COVID-19 pandemic. == Release an promotion == The documentary wis offeecially annoonced on 9 Mairch 2023, wi Capaldi himsel postin a video on social media dressed in costumes frae Netflix's maist popular shaws (''Bridgerton'', ''Squid Game'', ''Tiger King'', ''Orange Is the New Black'', ''Money Heist'' an ''Wednesday'') afore switchin back tae casual claethin tae tell the news o the lowse o ''Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now''. On 16 Mairch 2023, the trailer fur the documentary wis lowsed. A day later, on 17 Mairch 2023, Capaldi lowsed the promotional single fur the documentary, titled "How I'm Feeling Now". The sang tauks aboot Capaldi's struggles wi mental heal an the life-chyngin effects o fame. The documentary offeecially premiered on Netflix on 5 Aprile 2023. fx3242xzxp80d7csxvnj5nik19xceov 916561 916560 2026-05-10T23:12:12Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916561 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now''''' is a 2023 documentary film directit bi Joe Pearlman that details Scots sangster-sangwriter Lewis Capaldi's journey frae a teen wi a viral performance tae a Grammy-nominatit pop starn. == Owerview == The film splores Capaldi's muisical career stairtin frae his adolescence an his teen years, up tae the lowse o his debut studio album, ''Divinely Uninspired to a Hellish Extent'', as weel as his mental heal struggles, Tourette's diagnosis, an the obstacles he faces durin the creation o his studio album, ''Broken by Desire to Be Heavenly Sent'', an reconnectin wi faimily an Scots ruits efter returnin tae his hame o Whitburn, Wast Lowden owin tae the COVID-19 pandemic. == Release an promotion == The documentary wis offeecially annoonced on 9 Mairch 2023, wi Capaldi himsel postin a video on social media dressed in costumes frae Netflix's maist popular shaws (''Bridgerton'', ''Squid Game'', ''Tiger King'', ''Orange Is the New Black'', ''Money Heist'' an ''Wednesday'') afore switchin back tae casual claethin tae tell the news o the lowse o ''Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now''. On 16 Mairch 2023, the trailer fur the documentary wis lowsed. A day later, on 17 Mairch 2023, Capaldi lowsed the promotional single fur the documentary, titled "How I'm Feeling Now". The sang tauks aboot Capaldi's struggles wi mental heal an the life-chyngin effects o fame. The documentary offeecially premiered on Netflix on 5 Aprile 2023. == Reception == On the review aggregator wabsteid Rotten Tomatoes, 89% o 9 creetics' reviews are positive. Metacritic, that uises a wechtit average, assigned the film a score o 66 oot o 100, based on 5 creetics, indicatin "generally favorable" reviews. Ben Beaumont-Thomas o ''The Guardian'' ratit the documentary wi three oot o five starns, sayin, "Pearlman shaws that Capaldi haes become even mair o a celebrity cliche, the starn wha’s been on a journey an come oot the ither side – bit ye imagine Capaldi, wi his indefatigable wryness, is aw too aware o that." Reviewin the documentary fur ''The Telegraph'', Neil McCormick, giein the documentary fower oot o five starns, sayin that efter "gettin up close an (gey) personal" wi Capaldi, "A defy ony viewer nae tae end up ruitin fur Capaldi tae owercome his demons an knock oot yit anither sentimental pouer ballad aboot the general misery o his existence." Chris Azzopardi o ''The New York Times'' said the documentary "manages tae escape maist o the promotional trappins o its ilk, strikin a mair meaninfu note nor ither pop starn docs." Emily Bootle o ''The i Paper'' gae the documentary wi three starns, pyntin oot "a sense o instabeelity", sayin, "Ye are niver quite clear if ye’re watchin a film aboot an “ordinary” kenspeckle person, or a “kenspeckle” ordinary person – an it seems a key issue fur Capaldi is that he disnae ken, either." Bootle then continues on tae say that he haes nou become "a fish oot o watter." eytlt3vop297la0dvit8m3mp83vf76c 916562 916561 2026-05-10T23:13:42Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916562 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now''''' is a 2023 documentary film directit bi Joe Pearlman that details Scots sangster-sangwriter Lewis Capaldi's journey frae a teen wi a viral performance tae a Grammy-nominatit pop starn. == Owerview == The film splores Capaldi's muisical career stairtin frae his adolescence an his teen years, up tae the lowse o his debut studio album, ''Divinely Uninspired to a Hellish Extent'', as weel as his mental heal struggles, Tourette's diagnosis, an the obstacles he faces durin the creation o his studio album, ''Broken by Desire to Be Heavenly Sent'', an reconnectin wi faimily an Scots ruits efter returnin tae his hame o Whitburn, Wast Lowden owin tae the COVID-19 pandemic. == Release an promotion == The documentary wis offeecially annoonced on 9 Mairch 2023, wi Capaldi himsel postin a video on social media dressed in costumes frae Netflix's maist popular shaws (''Bridgerton'', ''Squid Game'', ''Tiger King'', ''Orange Is the New Black'', ''Money Heist'' an ''Wednesday'') afore switchin back tae casual claethin tae tell the news o the lowse o ''Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now''. On 16 Mairch 2023, the trailer fur the documentary wis lowsed. A day later, on 17 Mairch 2023, Capaldi lowsed the promotional single fur the documentary, titled "How I'm Feeling Now". The sang tauks aboot Capaldi's struggles wi mental heal an the life-chyngin effects o fame. The documentary offeecially premiered on Netflix on 5 Aprile 2023. == Reception == On the review aggregator wabsteid Rotten Tomatoes, 89% o 9 creetics' reviews are positive. Metacritic, that uises a wechtit average, assigned the film a score o 66 oot o 100, based on 5 creetics, indicatin "generally favorable" reviews. Ben Beaumont-Thomas o ''The Guardian'' ratit the documentary wi three oot o five starns, sayin, "Pearlman shaws that Capaldi haes become even mair o a celebrity cliche, the starn wha’s been on a journey an come oot the ither side – bit ye imagine Capaldi, wi his indefatigable wryness, is aw too aware o that." Reviewin the documentary fur ''The Telegraph'', Neil McCormick, giein the documentary fower oot o five starns, sayin that efter "gettin up close an (gey) personal" wi Capaldi, "A defy ony viewer nae tae end up ruitin fur Capaldi tae owercome his demons an knock oot yit anither sentimental pouer ballad aboot the general misery o his existence." Chris Azzopardi o ''The New York Times'' said the documentary "manages tae escape maist o the promotional trappins o its ilk, strikin a mair meaninfu note nor ither pop starn docs." Emily Bootle o ''The i Paper'' gae the documentary wi three starns, pyntin oot "a sense o instabeelity", sayin, "Ye are niver quite clear if ye’re watchin a film aboot an “ordinary” kenspeckle person, or a “kenspeckle” ordinary person – an it seems a key issue fur Capaldi is that he disnae ken, either." Bootle then continues on tae say that he haes nou become "a fish oot o watter." == References == {{reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== *{{IMDb title|27078772}} [[Category:2023 documentary films]] 6fxeurl7lrdtdozqoiexc8389qvq8uy 916563 916562 2026-05-10T23:15:31Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now | image = | caption = Offeecial poster | director = Joe Pearlman | producer = Sam Bridger<br>Isabel Davis<br>Joe Pearlman<br>Alice Rhodes | cinematography = Sebastian Feehan | editing = Dan Setford | studio = Pulse Films | distributor = [[Netflix]] | released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|04|05}} | runtime = 96 meenits }} '''''Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now''''' is a 2023 documentary film directit bi Joe Pearlman that details Scots sangster-sangwriter Lewis Capaldi's journey frae a teen wi a viral performance tae a Grammy-nominatit pop starn. == Owerview == The film splores Capaldi's muisical career stairtin frae his adolescence an his teen years, up tae the lowse o his debut studio album, ''Divinely Uninspired to a Hellish Extent'', as weel as his mental heal struggles, Tourette's diagnosis, an the obstacles he faces durin the creation o his studio album, ''Broken by Desire to Be Heavenly Sent'', an reconnectin wi faimily an Scots ruits efter returnin tae his hame o Whitburn, Wast Lowden owin tae the COVID-19 pandemic. == Release an promotion == The documentary wis offeecially annoonced on 9 Mairch 2023, wi Capaldi himsel postin a video on social media dressed in costumes frae Netflix's maist popular shaws (''Bridgerton'', ''Squid Game'', ''Tiger King'', ''Orange Is the New Black'', ''Money Heist'' an ''Wednesday'') afore switchin back tae casual claethin tae tell the news o the lowse o ''Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now''. On 16 Mairch 2023, the trailer fur the documentary wis lowsed. A day later, on 17 Mairch 2023, Capaldi lowsed the promotional single fur the documentary, titled "How I'm Feeling Now". The sang tauks aboot Capaldi's struggles wi mental heal an the life-chyngin effects o fame. The documentary offeecially premiered on Netflix on 5 Aprile 2023. == Reception == On the review aggregator wabsteid Rotten Tomatoes, 89% o 9 creetics' reviews are positive. Metacritic, that uises a wechtit average, assigned the film a score o 66 oot o 100, based on 5 creetics, indicatin "generally favorable" reviews. Ben Beaumont-Thomas o ''The Guardian'' ratit the documentary wi three oot o five starns, sayin, "Pearlman shaws that Capaldi haes become even mair o a celebrity cliche, the starn wha’s been on a journey an come oot the ither side – bit ye imagine Capaldi, wi his indefatigable wryness, is aw too aware o that." Reviewin the documentary fur ''The Telegraph'', Neil McCormick, giein the documentary fower oot o five starns, sayin that efter "gettin up close an (gey) personal" wi Capaldi, "A defy ony viewer nae tae end up ruitin fur Capaldi tae owercome his demons an knock oot yit anither sentimental pouer ballad aboot the general misery o his existence." Chris Azzopardi o ''The New York Times'' said the documentary "manages tae escape maist o the promotional trappins o its ilk, strikin a mair meaninfu note nor ither pop starn docs." Emily Bootle o ''The i Paper'' gae the documentary wi three starns, pyntin oot "a sense o instabeelity", sayin, "Ye are niver quite clear if ye’re watchin a film aboot an “ordinary” kenspeckle person, or a “kenspeckle” ordinary person – an it seems a key issue fur Capaldi is that he disnae ken, either." Bootle then continues on tae say that he haes nou become "a fish oot o watter." == References == {{reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== *{{IMDb title|27078772}} [[Category:2023 documentary films]] ix9sou60qc309yzdc391zf98nrtdu8u 916564 916563 2026-05-10T23:17:01Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now | image = | caption = Offeecial poster | director = Joe Pearlman | producer = Sam Bridger<br>Isabel Davis<br>Joe Pearlman<br>Alice Rhodes | cinematography = Sebastian Feehan | editing = Dan Setford | studio = Pulse Films | distributor = [[Netflix]] | released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|04|05}} | runtime = 96 meenits }} '''''Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now''''' ([[Scots leid|Scots]]: ''Lewis Capaldi: Hou A'm Feelin Nou'') is a 2023 documentary film directit bi Joe Pearlman that details Scots sangster-sangwriter Lewis Capaldi's journey frae a teen wi a viral performance tae a Grammy-nominatit pop starn. == Owerview == The film splores Capaldi's muisical career stairtin frae his adolescence an his teen years, up tae the lowse o his debut studio album, ''Divinely Uninspired to a Hellish Extent'', as weel as his mental heal struggles, Tourette's diagnosis, an the obstacles he faces durin the creation o his studio album, ''Broken by Desire to Be Heavenly Sent'', an reconnectin wi faimily an Scots ruits efter returnin tae his hame o Whitburn, Wast Lowden owin tae the COVID-19 pandemic. == Release an promotion == The documentary wis offeecially annoonced on 9 Mairch 2023, wi Capaldi himsel postin a video on social media dressed in costumes frae Netflix's maist popular shaws (''Bridgerton'', ''Squid Game'', ''Tiger King'', ''Orange Is the New Black'', ''Money Heist'' an ''Wednesday'') afore switchin back tae casual claethin tae tell the news o the lowse o ''Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now''. On 16 Mairch 2023, the trailer fur the documentary wis lowsed. A day later, on 17 Mairch 2023, Capaldi lowsed the promotional single fur the documentary, titled "How I'm Feeling Now". The sang tauks aboot Capaldi's struggles wi mental heal an the life-chyngin effects o fame. The documentary offeecially premiered on Netflix on 5 Aprile 2023. == Reception == On the review aggregator wabsteid Rotten Tomatoes, 89% o 9 creetics' reviews are positive. Metacritic, that uises a wechtit average, assigned the film a score o 66 oot o 100, based on 5 creetics, indicatin "generally favorable" reviews. Ben Beaumont-Thomas o ''The Guardian'' ratit the documentary wi three oot o five starns, sayin, "Pearlman shaws that Capaldi haes become even mair o a celebrity cliche, the starn wha’s been on a journey an come oot the ither side – bit ye imagine Capaldi, wi his indefatigable wryness, is aw too aware o that." Reviewin the documentary fur ''The Telegraph'', Neil McCormick, giein the documentary fower oot o five starns, sayin that efter "gettin up close an (gey) personal" wi Capaldi, "A defy ony viewer nae tae end up ruitin fur Capaldi tae owercome his demons an knock oot yit anither sentimental pouer ballad aboot the general misery o his existence." Chris Azzopardi o ''The New York Times'' said the documentary "manages tae escape maist o the promotional trappins o its ilk, strikin a mair meaninfu note nor ither pop starn docs." Emily Bootle o ''The i Paper'' gae the documentary wi three starns, pyntin oot "a sense o instabeelity", sayin, "Ye are niver quite clear if ye’re watchin a film aboot an “ordinary” kenspeckle person, or a “kenspeckle” ordinary person – an it seems a key issue fur Capaldi is that he disnae ken, either." Bootle then continues on tae say that he haes nou become "a fish oot o watter." == References == {{reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== *{{IMDb title|27078772}} [[Category:2023 documentary films]] dga5fxfhaljduykrvdfv5jzjyc8elyl 916565 916564 2026-05-10T23:22:49Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now | image = | caption = Offeecial poster | director = Joe Pearlman | producer = Sam Bridger<br>Isabel Davis<br>Joe Pearlman<br>Alice Rhodes | cinematography = Sebastian Feehan | editing = Dan Setford | studio = Pulse Films | distributor = [[Netflix]] | released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|04|05}} | runtime = 96 meenits }} '''''Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now''''' ([[Scots leid|Scots]]: ''Lewis Capaldi: Hou A'm Feelin Nou'') is a 2023 documentary film directit bi Joe Pearlman that details Scots sangster-sangwriter [[Lewis Capaldi]]'s journey frae a teen wi a viral performance tae a Grammy-nominatit pop starn. == Owerview == The film splores Capaldi's muisical career stairtin frae his adolescence an his teen years, up tae the lowse o his debut studio album, ''[[Divinely Uninspired to a Hellish Extent]]'', as weel as his mental heal struggles, [[Tourette syndrome|Tourette]]'s diagnosis, an the obstacles he faces durin the creation o his studio album, ''[[Broken by Desire to Be Heavenly Sent]]'', an reconnectin wi faimily an Scots ruits efter returnin tae his hame o [[Whitburn, Wast Lowden]] owin tae the [[COVID-19 pandemic]]. == Release an promotion == The documentary wis offeecially annoonced on 9 Mairch 2023, wi Capaldi himsel postin a video on social media dressed in costumes frae [[Netflix]]'s maist popular shaws (''[[Bridgerton]]'', ''[[Squid Game]]'', ''[[Tiger King]]'', ''[[Orange Is the New Black]]'', ''[[Money Heist]]'' an ''[[Wednesday (TV series)|Wednesday]]'') afore switchin back tae casual claethin tae tell the news o the lowse o ''Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now''. On 16 Mairch 2023, the trailer fur the documentary wis lowsed. A day later, on 17 Mairch 2023, Capaldi lowsed the promotional single fur the documentary, titled "[[How I'm Feeling Now (sang)|How I'm Feeling Now]]". The sang tauks aboot Capaldi's struggles wi mental heal an the life-chyngin effects o fame. The documentary offeecially premiered on [[Netflix]] on 5 Aprile 2023. == Reception == On the [[review aggregator]] wabsteid [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 89% o 9 creetics' reviews are positive. [[Metacritic]], that uises a wechtit average, assigned the film a score o 66 oot o 100, based on 5 creetics, indicatin "generally favorable" reviews. Ben Beaumont-Thomas o ''[[The Guardian]]'' ratit the documentary wi three oot o five starns, sayin, "Pearlman shaws that Capaldi haes become even mair o a celebrity cliche, the starn wha’s been on a journey an come oot the ither side – bit ye imagine Capaldi, wi his indefatigable wryness, is aw too aware o that." Reviewin the documentary fur ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', Neil McCormick, giein the documentary fower oot o five starns, sayin that efter "gettin up close an (gey) personal" wi Capaldi, "A defy ony viewer nae tae end up ruitin fur Capaldi tae owercome his demons an knock oot yit anither sentimental pouer ballad aboot the general misery o his existence." Chris Azzopardi o ''[[The New York Times]]'' said the documentary "manages tae escape maist o the promotional trappins o its ilk, strikin a mair meaninfu note nor ither pop starn docs." Emily Bootle o ''[[The i Paper]]'' gae the documentary wi three starns, pyntin oot "a sense o instabeelity", sayin, "Ye are niver quite clear if ye’re watchin a film aboot an “ordinary” kenspeckle person, or a “kenspeckle” ordinary person – an it seems a key issue fur Capaldi is that he disnae ken, either." Bootle then continues on tae say that he haes nou become "a fish oot o watter." == References == {{reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== *{{IMDb title|27078772}} [[Category:2023 films]] [[Category:2023 documentary films]] 069sv7wgcmos8y5qb28datcu9wxx5xv 916566 916565 2026-05-10T23:35:07Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film | name = Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now | image = | caption = Offeecial poster | director = Joe Pearlman | producer = Sam Bridger<br>Isabel Davis<br>Joe Pearlman<br>Alice Rhodes | cinematography = Sebastian Feehan | editing = Dan Setford | studio = Pulse Films | distributor = [[Netflix]] | released = {{Film date|df=y|2023|04|05}} | runtime = 96 meenits }} '''''Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now''''' ([[Scots leid|Scots]]: ''Lewis Capaldi: Hou A'm Feelin Nou'') is a 2023 documentary film directit bi Joe Pearlman that details Scots sangster-sangwriter [[Lewis Capaldi]]'s journey frae a teen wi a viral performance tae a Grammy-nominatit pop starn. == Owerview == The film splores Capaldi's muisical career stairtin frae his adolescence an his teen years, up tae the lowse o his debut studio album, ''[[Divinely Uninspired to a Hellish Extent]]'', as weel as his mental heal struggles, [[Tourette syndrome|Tourette]]'s diagnosis, an the obstacles he faces durin the creation o his studio album, ''[[Broken by Desire to Be Heavenly Sent]]'', an reconnectin wi faimily an Scots ruits efter returnin tae his hame o [[Whitburn, Wast Lowden]] owin tae the [[COVID-19 pandemic]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Mier|first=Tomás|date=2023-03-31|title=Lewis Capaldi Battles Tourette's and Anxiety -- and Gets Support from Elton John -- in Revealing Documentary|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-features/lewis-capaldi-how-im-feeling-now-takeaways-1234707269/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-11|website=[[Rolling Stone]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Release an promotion == The documentary wis offeecially annoonced on 9 Mairch 2023, wi Capaldi himsel postin a video on social media dressed in costumes frae [[Netflix]]'s maist popular shaws (''[[Bridgerton]]'', ''[[Squid Game]]'', ''[[Tiger King]]'', ''[[Orange Is the New Black]]'', ''[[Money Heist]]'' an ''[[Wednesday (TV series)|Wednesday]]'') afore switchin back tae casual claethin tae tell the news o the lowse o ''Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bowenbank|first=Starr|date=2023-03-09|title=A Lewis Capaldi Documentary Is Coming to Netflix: ‘Pretty Terrified for Everyone to See This’|url=https://www.billboard.com/culture/tv-film/lewis-capaldi-netflix-documentary-how-im-feeling-now-release-date-1235282620/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-11|website=[[Billboard (magazine)|Billboard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> On 16 Mairch 2023, the trailer fur the documentary wis lowsed.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Lewis Capaldi's How I'm Feeling Now Documentary: How To Watch, Release Date & What It's About|url=https://www.capitalfm.com/news/lewis-capaldi-how-im-feeling-now-documentary-watch-release-date/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-11|website=[[Capital (radio network)|Capital FM]]|language=en}}</ref> A day later, on 17 Mairch 2023, Capaldi lowsed the promotional single fur the documentary, titled "[[How I'm Feeling Now (sang)|How I'm Feeling Now]]".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Maeoka|first=Toshio|title=Lewis Capaldi Releases New Song “How I'm Feeling Now” & Trailer for Documentary “Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now”|language=ja|work=pm studio world wide news|url=https://www.pmstudio.com/music/20230317-19336|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-11}}</ref> The sang tauks aboot Capaldi's struggles wi mental heal an the life-chyngin effects o fame.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Daly|first=Rhian|date=2023-03-17|title=Lewis Capaldi Opens Up About Mental Health On ‘How I’m Feeling Now’|url=https://www.udiscovermusic.com/news/lewis-capaldi-mental-health-how-im-feeling-now/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-11|website=uDiscover Music|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=Jaden|date=2023-03-19|title=Lewis Capaldi Releases New Intriguing Single “How I’m Feeling Now” -|url=https://music.mxdwn.com/2023/03/19/news/lewis-capaldi-releases-new-intriguing-single-how-im-feeling-now/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-11|website=mxdwn Music|language=en-US}}</ref> The documentary offeecially premiered on [[Netflix]] on 5 Aprile 2023.<ref name=":0" /> == Reception == On the [[review aggregator]] wabsteid [[Rotten Tomatoes]], 89% o 9 creetics' reviews are positive.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/lewis_capaldi_how_im_feeling_now|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-11|website=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Metacritic]], that uises a wechtit average, assigned the film a score o 66 oot o 100, based on 5 creetics, indicatin "generally favorable" reviews.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/lewis-capaldi-how-im-feeling-now/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-11|website=[[Metacritic]]|language=en}}</ref> Ben Beaumont-Thomas o ''[[The Guardian]]'' ratit the documentary wi three oot o five starns, sayin, "Pearlman shaws that Capaldi haes become even mair o a celebrity cliche, the starn wha’s been on a journey an come oot the ither side – bit ye imagine Capaldi, wi his indefatigable wryness, is aw too aware o that."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Beaumont-Thomas|first=Ben|date=2023-03-31|title=Lewis Capaldi: How I’m Feeling Now review – self-aware star struggling with weight of expectation|language=en-GB|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2023/mar/31/lewis-capaldi-how-im-feeling-now-review-self-aware-star-struggling-with-weight-of-expectation|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-11|issn=0261-3077}}</ref> Reviewin the documentary fur ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', Neil McCormick, giein the documentary fower oot o five starns, sayin that efter "gettin up close an (gey) personal" wi Capaldi, "A defy ony viewer nae tae end up ruitin fur Capaldi tae owercome his demons an knock oot yit anither sentimental pouer ballad aboot the general misery o his existence."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now, review: fearlessly frank admissions from Britain's unlikeliest pop star|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/tv/2023/03/31/lewis-capaldi-how-im-feeling-now-netflix-tv-review/|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-11|website=www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref> Chris Azzopardi o ''[[The New York Times]]'' said the documentary "manages tae escape maist o the promotional trappins o its ilk, strikin a mair meaninfu note nor ither pop starn docs."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Azzopardi|first=Chris|date=2023-04-05|title=‘Lewis Capaldi: How I’m Feeling Now’ Review: Breakout Crooner in Meta Form|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/05/movies/lewis-capaldi-how-im-feeling-now-review.html|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-11|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Emily Bootle o ''[[The i Paper]]'' gae the documentary wi three starns, pyntin oot "a sense o instabeelity", sayin, "Ye are niver quite clear if ye’re watchin a film aboot an “ordinary” kenspeckle person, or a “kenspeckle” ordinary person – an it seems a key issue fur Capaldi is that he disnae ken, either." Bootle then continues on tae say that he haes nou become "a fish oot o watter."<ref>{{Cite web|last=Bootle|first=Emily|date=2023-04-05|title=Lewis Capaldi: How I’m Feeling Now reveals a star who doesn’t know how to be famous or ordinary|url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/television/lewis-capaldi-how-im-feeling-now-netflix-review-star-doesnt-know-how-famous-ordinary-2255447|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-11|website=[[The i Paper]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == References == {{reflist}} ==Fremmit airtins== *{{IMDb title|27078772}} [[Category:2023 films]] [[Category:2023 documentary films]] ijlcis9uk3ob6bxd0fo44fjwutchhb5 0 233449 916567 2026-05-10T23:35:46Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Reguidin tae [[Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now]] 916567 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lewis Capaldi: How I'm Feeling Now]] 4atcvlxiixaxppi7s7p7hephssddq74 0 233450 916569 2026-05-11T00:01:51Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 NOTE: This airtin haes been owersettit frae the existin Inglis Wikipaedia airtin at [[:en:Dysorthography]]; see its history fur attreibution 916569 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dysorthography''' is a ail o spellin that accompanies dyslexia bi a direct consequence o the phonological ail. In the American clessification frae the American Psychiatric Association (APA) an the clessification frae the Warld Heal Organisation (WHO), it is a subteep o specific learnin ail wi impairment in written expression. == Signs an symptoms == Dysorthography impacts some individuals mair nor ithers, bit the maist teepical symptoms are uisually difficulty spellin an spellin mistaks, mistakin spaken an written wirds, writin wirds thegither, or confusin letters, uisin apostrophes improperly or nae at aw, an airticle misuse or confusion. == Treatment == The cause o this ail needs tae be identifee'd in order tae be treatit. Pronunciation problems, visual or auditory impairments, or even an unfavorable study environment are frequently the causes. The speech therapist or bairn psychologist mey recommend a coorse o treatment that focuses on learnin an applyin proper spellin, as weel as resolvin relatit issues, based on the cause an degree o impairment. == See an aw == * Orthography * Dyslexia byyfpe9egfdi0g497l4r44882r6ho6a 916570 916569 2026-05-11T00:09:59Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Dysorthography | synonyms = | image = | field = [[Neurology]], [[pediatrics]] | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} '''Dysorthography''' is a ail o spellin that accompanies [[dyslexia]] bi a direct consequence o the phonological ail. In the American clessification frae the [[American Psychiatric Association]] (APA) an the clessification frae the [[Warld Heal Organisation]] (WHO), it is a subteep o specific learnin ail wi impairment in written expression. == Signs an symptoms == Dysorthography impacts some individuals mair nor ithers, bit the maist teepical symptoms are uisually difficulty spellin an spellin mistaks, mistakin spaken an written wirds, writin wirds thegither, or confusin letters, uisin apostrophes improperly or nae at aw, an airticle misuse or confusion. == Treatment == The cause o this ail needs tae be identifee'd in order tae be treatit. Pronunciation problems, visual or auditory impairments, or even an unfavorable study environment are frequently the causes. The [[Speech–leid pathology|speech therapist]] or [[Developmental psychology|bairn psychologist]] mey recommend a coorse o treatment that focuses on learnin an applyin proper spellin, as weel as resolvin relatit issues, based on the cause an degree o impairment. == See an aw == * [[Orthography]] * [[Dyslexia]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further readin== * {{cite journal | last1=Angelelli | first1=Paola | last2=Marinelli | first2=Chiara Valeria | last3=De Salvatore | first3=Marinella | last4=Burani | first4=Cristina | title=Morpheme-based Reading and Spelling in Italian Children with Developmental Dyslexia and Dysorthography | journal=Dyslexia | volume=23 | issue=4 | date=2017 | issn=1076-9242 | doi=10.1002/dys.1554 | pages=387–405 | ref=none| doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal | last1=Adewunmi | first1=Abiodun Taofikat | last2=Similoluwa | first2=Aremu Elizabeth | last3=Abisola | first3=Liadi Suliyat | title=Effect of Multisensory Approach on the Spelling abilities of pupils with Dysorthography in Ibadan, Nigeria | journal=International Journal of Educational Research | volume=12 | issue=1 | date=August 29, 2023 | issn=1595-8485 | pages=47–52 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijer/article/view/253810 | access-date=January 3, 2024 | ref=none}} ==Fremmit airtins== {{Authority control}} [[Category:Neurodevelopmental ails]] [[Category:Writin]] [[Category:Learnin disabeelities]] acnspkye9mc872tignh913y6g39atao 916571 916570 2026-05-11T00:13:37Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition | name = Dysorthography | synonyms = | image = | field = [[Neurology]], [[pediatrics]] | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} '''Dysorthography''' is a ail o spellin that accompanies [[dyslexia]] bi a direct consequence o the phonological ail.<ref>{{Cite book|last=INSERM Collective Expertise Centre|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK10787/|title=Dyslexia Dysorthography Dyscalculia: Review of the scientific data|date=2007|publisher=Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale|series=INSERM Collective Expert Reports|location=Paris (FR)|pmid=21348173}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Nijakowska|first=Joanna|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XP4AisbhYeoC&dq=Dysorthography&pg=PA3|title=Dyslexia in the Foreign Language Classroom|date=2010-06-23|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-84769-400-3|language=en}}</ref> In the American clessification frae the [[American Psychiatric Association]] (APA) an the clessification frae the [[Warld Heal Organisation]] (WHO), it is a subteep o specific learnin ail wi impairment in written expression. == Signs an symptoms == Dysorthography impacts some individuals mair nor ithers, bit the maist teepical symptoms are uisually difficulty spellin an spellin mistaks, mistakin spaken an written wirds, writin wirds thegither, or confusin letters, uisin apostrophes improperly or nae at aw, an airticle misuse or confusion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dysorthography: what is it, symptoms and treatment|url=https://www.topdoctors.co.uk/medical-dictionary/dysorthography|url-status=live|access-date=2026-05-11|website=Top Doctors}}</ref> == Treatment == The cause o this ail needs tae be identifee'd in order tae be treatit. Pronunciation problems, visual or auditory impairments, or even an unfavorable study environment are frequently the causes. The [[Speech–leid pathology|speech therapist]] or [[Developmental psychology|bairn psychologist]] mey recommend a coorse o treatment that focuses on learnin an applyin proper spellin, as weel as resolvin relatit issues, based on the cause an degree o impairment. == See an aw == * [[Orthography]] * [[Dyslexia]] ==References== {{Reflist}} ==Further readin== * {{cite journal | last1=Angelelli | first1=Paola | last2=Marinelli | first2=Chiara Valeria | last3=De Salvatore | first3=Marinella | last4=Burani | first4=Cristina | title=Morpheme-based Reading and Spelling in Italian Children with Developmental Dyslexia and Dysorthography | journal=Dyslexia | volume=23 | issue=4 | date=2017 | issn=1076-9242 | doi=10.1002/dys.1554 | pages=387–405 | ref=none| doi-access=free }} * {{cite journal | last1=Adewunmi | first1=Abiodun Taofikat | last2=Similoluwa | first2=Aremu Elizabeth | last3=Abisola | first3=Liadi Suliyat | title=Effect of Multisensory Approach on the Spelling abilities of pupils with Dysorthography in Ibadan, Nigeria | journal=International Journal of Educational Research | volume=12 | issue=1 | date=August 29, 2023 | issn=1595-8485 | pages=47–52 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijer/article/view/253810 | access-date=January 3, 2024 | ref=none}} ==Fremmit airtins== {{Authority control}} [[Category:Neurodevelopmental ails]] [[Category:Writin]] [[Category:Learnin disabeelities]] 6pupbz0iuaovxhhizxwmkiqe7zyvndv 0 233451 916572 2026-05-11T00:38:16Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 NOTE: This airtin haes been owersettit frae the existin Inglis Wikipaedia airtin at [[:en:Dyslexia]]; see its history fur attreibution 916572 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dyslexia''', forby kent as '''wird blindness''', is a learnin disabeelity that affecks either readin or writin. Different fowk are affeckit tae different degrees. Problems mey include difficulties in spellin wirds, readin quickly, writin wirds, "soondin oot" wirds in the heid, pronouncin wirds whan readin alood an unnerstaundin whit ane reads. Aften thir difficulties are furst noticed at schuil. The difficulties are involuntary, an fowk wi this ail hae a normal desire tae learn. Fowk wi dyslexia hae heicher rates o attention deficit hyperactivity ail (ADHD), developmental leid ails, an difficulties wi nummers. Dyslexia is believed tae be caused bi the interaction o genetic an environmental factors. Some cases rin in faimilies. Dyslexia that develops owin tae a traumatic harn injury, stroke, or dementia is whiles cried "acquired dyslexia" or '''alexia'''. The unnerlyin mechanisms o dyslexia result frae differences athin the harn's leid processin. Dyslexia is diagnosed throu a series o tests o memory, veesion, spellin, an readin skeels. Dyslexia is separate frae readin difficulties caused bi hearin or veesion problems or bi insufficient teachin or opportunity tae learn. Treatment involves adjustin teachin methods tae meet the person's needs. Whiles nae curin the unnerlyin problem, it mey decrease the degree or impact o symptoms. Treatments targetin veesion are nae effective. Dyslexia is the maist common learnin disabeelity an occurs in aw areas o the warld. It affecks 3–7% o the population; houiver, up tae 20% o the general population mey hae some degree o symptoms. Whiles dyslexia is mair aften diagnosed in lads, this is pairtly exponed bi a sel-fulfillin referral bias amang teachers an professionals. It haes even been suggestit that the condeetion affecks men an wummen equally. Some believe that dyslexia is best considered as a different wey o learnin, wit baith benefits an dounsides. 5nufse8lhz6oi1chh7aiam5g7wyx8jb 916574 916572 2026-05-11T01:09:58Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916574 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dyslexia''', forby kent as '''wird blindness''', is a learnin disabeelity that affecks either readin or writin. Different fowk are affeckit tae different degrees. Problems mey include difficulties in spellin wirds, readin quickly, writin wirds, "soondin oot" wirds in the heid, pronouncin wirds whan readin alood an unnerstaundin whit ane reads. Aften thir difficulties are furst noticed at schuil. The difficulties are involuntary, an fowk wi this ail hae a normal desire tae learn. Fowk wi dyslexia hae heicher rates o attention deficit hyperactivity ail (ADHD), developmental leid ails, an difficulties wi nummers. Dyslexia is believed tae be caused bi the interaction o genetic an environmental factors. Some cases rin in faimilies. Dyslexia that develops owin tae a traumatic harn injury, stroke, or dementia is whiles cried "acquired dyslexia" or '''alexia'''. The unnerlyin mechanisms o dyslexia result frae differences athin the harn's leid processin. Dyslexia is diagnosed throu a series o tests o memory, veesion, spellin, an readin skeels. Dyslexia is separate frae readin difficulties caused bi hearin or veesion problems or bi insufficient teachin or opportunity tae learn. Treatment involves adjustin teachin methods tae meet the person's needs. Whiles nae curin the unnerlyin problem, it mey decrease the degree or impact o symptoms. Treatments targetin veesion are nae effective. Dyslexia is the maist common learnin disabeelity an occurs in aw areas o the warld. It affecks 3–7% o the population; houiver, up tae 20% o the general population mey hae some degree o symptoms. Whiles dyslexia is mair aften diagnosed in lads, this is pairtly exponed bi a sel-fulfillin referral bias amang teachers an professionals. It haes even been suggestit that the condeetion affecks men an wummen equally. Some believe that dyslexia is best considered as a different wey o learnin, wit baith benefits an dounsides. == Clessification == Dyslexia is dividit intae developmental an acquired forms. Acquired dyslexia occurs subsequent tae neurological insult, sic as traumatic harn injury or stroke. Fowk wi acquired dyslexia exhibit some o the signs or symptoms o the developmental ail, bit require different assessment strategies an treatment approaches. ''Pure alexia'', forby kent as ''agnosic alexia'' or ''pure wird blindness'', is ane form o alexia that maks up "the peripheral dyslexia" group. == Signs an symptoms == In early bairnheid, symptoms that correlate wi a later diagnosis o dyslexia include delayed onset o speech an a lack o phonological awareness. A common meeth closely associates dyslexia wi mirror writin an readin letters or wirds backwards. Thir behaviours are seen in mony bairn as thay learn tae read an write, an are nae considered tae be definin chairactereestics o dyslexia. Schuil-age bairn wi dyslexia mey exhibit signs o difficulty in identifyin or generatin rhymin wirds, or coontin the nummer o seellables in wirds—baith o that depend on phonological awareness. Thay mey forby shaw difficulty in segmentin wirds intae individual soonds (sic as soondin oot the three soonds o ''k'', ''a'', an ''t'' in ''cat'') or mey struggle tae blend soonds, indicatin reduced phonemic awareness. Difficulties wi wird retrieval or namin things is associatit wi dyslexia an aa. Fowk wi dyslexia are commonly puir spellers, a featur whiles cried ''dysorthographia'' or ''dysgraphia'', that depends on the skeel of orthographic codin. Problems persist intae adolescence an adultheid an mey include difficulties wi summarising stories, memorisation, readin alood, or learnin foreign leids. Adults wi dyslexia can aften read wi guid comprehension, thou thay tend tae read mair slawly nor ithers wioot a learnin difficulty an perform worse in spellin tests or whan readin nonsense wirds—a measure o phonological awareness. === Associatit condeetions === Dyslexia aften co-occurs wi ither learnin ails, bit the raisons fur this comorbidity hae nae been clearly identifee'd. Thir associatit disabeelities include: ; Dysgraphia : A ail involvin difficulties wi writin or typin, whiles owin tae problems wi ee–haund coordination; it can impede direction- or sequence-orientit processes an aa, sic as tyin knots or carryin oot repetitive tasks. In dyslexia, dysgraphia is aften multifactorial, owin tae impaired letter-writin automaticity, organisational an elaborative difficulties, an impaired veesual wird formin, that maks it mair difficult tae retrieve the veesual pictur o wirds required fur spellin. ; Attention deficit hyperactivity ail : A ail chairacterised bi problems sustainin attention, hyperactivity, or actin impulsively. Dyslexia an ADHA commonly occur thegither. Approximately 15% or 12–24% o fowk wi dyslexia hae ADHA; an up tae 35% o fowk wi ADHA hae dyslexia. ; Auditory processin ail : A listenin ail that affecks the abeelity tae process auditory information. This can lead tae problems wi auditory memory an auditory sequencin. Mony fowk wi dyslexia hae auditory processin problems, an mey develop thair awn logographic cues tae compensate fur this teep o deficit. Some resairch suggests that auditory processin skeels coud be the primary shortfaw in dyslexia. ; Developmental coordination ail : A neurological condeetion chairacterised bi difficulty in carryin oot routine tasks involvin balance, fine-motor control an kinesthetic coordination; difficulty in the uise o speech soonds; an problems wi short-term memory an organisation. 5ccb0zh2ng5fjamen4sq25qfc9wvbmy 916575 916574 2026-05-11T01:20:41Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 916575 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dyslexia''', forby kent as '''wird blindness''', is a learnin disabeelity that affecks either readin or writin. Different fowk are affeckit tae different degrees. Problems mey include difficulties in spellin wirds, readin quickly, writin wirds, "soondin oot" wirds in the heid, pronouncin wirds whan readin alood an unnerstaundin whit ane reads. Aften thir difficulties are furst noticed at schuil. The difficulties are involuntary, an fowk wi this ail hae a normal desire tae learn. Fowk wi dyslexia hae heicher rates o attention deficit hyperactivity ail (ADHD), developmental leid ails, an difficulties wi nummers. Dyslexia is believed tae be caused bi the interaction o genetic an environmental factors. Some cases rin in faimilies. Dyslexia that develops owin tae a traumatic harn injury, stroke, or dementia is whiles cried "acquired dyslexia" or '''alexia'''. The unnerlyin mechanisms o dyslexia result frae differences athin the harn's leid processin. Dyslexia is diagnosed throu a series o tests o memory, veesion, spellin, an readin skeels. Dyslexia is separate frae readin difficulties caused bi hearin or veesion problems or bi insufficient teachin or opportunity tae learn. Treatment involves adjustin teachin methods tae meet the person's needs. Whiles nae curin the unnerlyin problem, it mey decrease the degree or impact o symptoms. Treatments targetin veesion are nae effective. Dyslexia is the maist common learnin disabeelity an occurs in aw areas o the warld. It affecks 3–7% o the population; houiver, up tae 20% o the general population mey hae some degree o symptoms. Whiles dyslexia is mair aften diagnosed in lads, this is pairtly exponed bi a sel-fulfillin referral bias amang teachers an professionals. It haes even been suggestit that the condeetion affecks men an wummen equally. Some believe that dyslexia is best considered as a different wey o learnin, wit baith benefits an dounsides. == Clessification == Dyslexia is dividit intae developmental an acquired forms. Acquired dyslexia occurs subsequent tae neurological insult, sic as traumatic harn injury or stroke. Fowk wi acquired dyslexia exhibit some o the signs or symptoms o the developmental ail, bit require different assessment strategies an treatment approaches. ''Pure alexia'', forby kent as ''agnosic alexia'' or ''pure wird blindness'', is ane form o alexia that maks up "the peripheral dyslexia" group. == Signs an symptoms == In early bairnheid, symptoms that correlate wi a later diagnosis o dyslexia include delayed onset o speech an a lack o phonological awareness. A common meeth closely associates dyslexia wi mirror writin an readin letters or wirds backwards. Thir behaviours are seen in mony bairn as thay learn tae read an write, an are nae considered tae be definin chairactereestics o dyslexia. Schuil-age bairn wi dyslexia mey exhibit signs o difficulty in identifyin or generatin rhymin wirds, or coontin the nummer o seellables in wirds—baith o that depend on phonological awareness. Thay mey forby shaw difficulty in segmentin wirds intae individual soonds (sic as soondin oot the three soonds o ''k'', ''a'', an ''t'' in ''cat'') or mey struggle tae blend soonds, indicatin reduced phonemic awareness. Difficulties wi wird retrieval or namin things is associatit wi dyslexia an aa. Fowk wi dyslexia are commonly puir spellers, a featur whiles cried ''dysorthographia'' or ''dysgraphia'', that depends on the skeel of orthographic codin. Problems persist intae adolescence an adultheid an mey include difficulties wi summarising stories, memorisation, readin alood, or learnin foreign leids. Adults wi dyslexia can aften read wi guid comprehension, thou thay tend tae read mair slawly nor ithers wioot a learnin difficulty an perform worse in spellin tests or whan readin nonsense wirds—a measure o phonological awareness. === Associatit condeetions === Dyslexia aften co-occurs wi ither learnin ails, bit the raisons fur this comorbidity hae nae been clearly identifee'd. Thir associatit disabeelities include: ; Dysgraphia : A ail involvin difficulties wi writin or typin, whiles owin tae problems wi ee–haund coordination; it can impede direction- or sequence-orientit processes an aa, sic as tyin knots or carryin oot repetitive tasks. In dyslexia, dysgraphia is aften multifactorial, owin tae impaired letter-writin automaticity, organisational an elaborative difficulties, an impaired veesual wird formin, that maks it mair difficult tae retrieve the veesual pictur o wirds required fur spellin. ; Attention deficit hyperactivity ail : A ail chairacterised bi problems sustainin attention, hyperactivity, or actin impulsively. Dyslexia an ADHA commonly occur thegither. Approximately 15% or 12–24% o fowk wi dyslexia hae ADHA; an up tae 35% o fowk wi ADHA hae dyslexia. ; Auditory processin ail : A listenin ail that affecks the abeelity tae process auditory information. This can lead tae problems wi auditory memory an auditory sequencin. Mony fowk wi dyslexia hae auditory processin problems, an mey develop thair awn logographic cues tae compensate fur this teep o deficit. Some resairch suggests that auditory processin skeels coud be the primary shortfaw in dyslexia. ; Developmental coordination ail : A neurological condeetion chairacterised bi difficulty in carryin oot routine tasks involvin balance, fine-motor control an kinesthetic coordination; difficulty in the uise o speech soonds; an problems wi short-term memory an organisation. == Causes == [[File:Inferior parietal lobule - superior view animation.gif|thumb|300px| Inferior parietal lobule – superior view animation]] Resairchers hae been tryin tae find the neurobiological basis o dyslexia syne the condeetion wis furst identifee'd in 1881. Fur ensaumple, some hae tree'd tae associate the common problem amang fowk wi dyslexia o nae bein able tae see letters clearly tae abnormal development o thair veesual nerve cells. == Resairch == Maist dyslexia resairch relates tae alphabetic writin seestems, an inspecially tae European leids. Houiver, substantial resairch is forby available regardin fowk wi dyslexia wha speak Arabic, Cheenese, Hebrew, or ither leids. The ootward expression o individuals wi readin disabeelity, an regular puir readers, is the same in some respects. == See an aw == * Dyscalculia, difficulty comprehendin nummers an math * Learnin tae read * Orton-Gillingham * Structured literacy * Leet o fowk wi dyslexia 7h354b9fz7d327u5dvuoidm1kzfd9u6 3 233452 916594 2026-05-11T09:24:55Z Mr.Murdoch78 119895 Walcome tae the Scots Wikipaedia ! 916594 wikitext text/x-wiki ==''Walcome!''== Hullo, Dinaty, an [[Wikipedia:Walcome, ane an aw|walcome]] til the Wikipedie! Guid tae see ye. Thank ye for [[Special:Contributions/Dinaty|yer contribution]]. Some gibbles ye'll find uissfu: * [[Wikipedia:Aboot|Aboot Wikipedie]] – whit it is an isna. * [[Wikipedia:Five pillars|The five pillars o Wikipaedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Editin)|Hou tae edit a page]] an [[Wikipedia:Lessons (Stairt an airticle)|Stairtin airticles]] – gang til the [[Wikipedia:Lessons|Wikipedie Lessons]]. * [[Wikipedia:Mercat Cross|Mercat Cross]] – tae caw the crack anent the technical wirkins here * [[Wikipedia:Spellin an grammar]] – gin yer interestit in writin airticles Bi gaun throu the [[Wikipedia:Commonty Yett|Commontie Yett]] ye'll can find aw kynd o wittins adae wi uisin an eikin til the Wikipedie. For tae hae a sey shottie, veesit oor [[Wikipedia:Saundpit|Saundpit]]. '''Dinna haud yer wheesht, haud yer ain!'''<!--Template:Walcome--> [[Uiser:Mr.Murdoch78|Mr.Murdoch78]] ([[Uiser collogue:Mr.Murdoch78|tauk]]) 09:24, 11 Mey 2026 (UTC) gey1tswmqkiytts8he24cnq7nflva8v